RARY OFS INE Ae nveve iv j\ . ee) ‘ B WW Mid Wd : ‘Ss a\" Wedd uve “gi YY QU JU IU DS ES YYUYYY AUN scaytteveed VES yee’ Ria YANO Y | AW . AMWAY A Way) Wortley Gee , Maeva ey devia ‘ CAS FN A dcAL edit chodeit wa AWVWyW iwi: ‘KW WY NAVE WWI JY YY YY VU ERE RRPPDA LS 7_VT VITA IA’ @ : 4, 7 s aa ge! - _ ; . Se * = ae _ . i < - fi we 4 a ; ae > ao f reed ; * ; ; o ee = - i ‘ ‘ : » , 1 7 ~ ' » LY t THE , JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. SECOND SERIES. VOLUME: THE FIFTEENTH PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE. — HOW'D ON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1879, THESE EXPERIMENTS, IT IS TRUE, ARE NOT EASY 5 STILL THEY ARE IN THE POWER OF EVERY THINKING HUSBANDMAN. HE WHO ACCOMPLISHES BUT ONE, OF HOWEVER LIMITED APPLICATION, AND TAKES CARE TO REPORT IT FAITHFULLY, ADVANCES THE SCIENCE, AND, CONSEQUENTLY, THE PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE, AND ACQUIRES THEREBY A RIGHT TO THE GRATITUDE OF HIS FELLOWS, AND OF THOSE WHO COME AFTER. TO MAKE MANY SUCH IS BEYOND THE POWER OF MOST INDIVIDUALS, AND CANNOT BE EXPECTED. THE FIRST CARE OF ALL SOCIETIES FORMED FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR SCIENCE SHOULD BE TO PREPARE THE FORMS OF SUCH EXPERIMENTS, AND TO DISTRIBUTE THE EXECUTION OF THESE AMONG THEIR MEMBERS. Van THAER, Principles of Agriculture. LONDON; PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS, ( iii) CONTENTS OF VOLUME XV. SECOND SERIES. STaTISTICs :-— Meteorology for the year 1878 Eth ects PAGE I-X Imports of Corn, &c., British Wheat sold, artd ‘Ave erage ‘Prices XI-XV Acreage under each Deas of Crop, Fallow, and Grass ; and Number of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs in Great Britain andmireland= 1976, 18% (.andilS78 ~ 2. 2. sae . XVI, XVII Number of Beasts exhibited, and the Prices realised for ihem at the Christmas Markets, since 1843 . er ae Ss XVIII Importations and Average Prices of coset Monsen and Colonial Productions 2. <. .0 | « xix Statistics of Dairy Produce, and Prices Garret He ios ORS ARTICLE I.—Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1878. ee Frederic Beard, of Horton, near Canterbury .. Il.—Report on the System of Cheese-making pain on the ae Prize Dairy Farms. Pe Thomas Jackson, of ‘Tattenhall, near Chester... oo 2A Ill. aoe of the Senior Steward of Live Sik: at Bristol. ey J. Shuttleworth, of Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln 1V.—Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. By J ames H. Caird, Esq., of Northbrook, Micheldever, Hants : V.—Report on the Exhibition of Implements at Bristol. a J. Hemsley, of Shelton, Newark, Senior Steward V1I.—Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders and Miscellaneous Imple ments at Bristol. By John Coleman, of Riccall Hall, York . VIL.—Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements and Machinery at Bristol. By Gilbert Murray, of Elvaston, Derby.. .. V1I1.—Concluding Report on the Experiments at the Brown inet tion on Pleuro-Pneumonia. By J. Burdon-Sanderson, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., late Superintendent of the Brown Institu- tion. With an Appendix by W. Duguid, Esq., M.R.C.V.S., late Veterinary Surgeon at the Institution .. wees 1X.—Yhe Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. By William Macdonald, Editor ‘ North British Agriculturist,’ and James Macdonald, Agricultural Reporter, ‘ Scotsman’ X.—Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of Foote By H. M. Jenkins, F.GS., Ps eg! of the epaauns and Editor of the ‘ Journal’ IV CONTENTS. ARTICLE X!.—The late Sir William Miles, Bart., M.P., Vice-President, and Ex-President of the Society. By J. D. Dent and Sir B. T Brandreth Gibbs, Vice-President of the Society .. XII.—The late Mr. T. C. Booth, of Warlaby. By H. Chandos-Pole- Gell, of Hopton Hall, Derbyshire XI[I.—Report on the Field and Feeding Ezpoene conduetades at Woburn, on behalf of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, during the Year 1878. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker, E.R. Se Consulting Chemist to the Society <. .. .. « X1V.—Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1878. ay Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S. .. =i XY.—Annual Report of the Consulting Botanist for 1878. By N W. Carruthers, F.R.S. .. .- Additions to the Library in 1878 ih ee i baaeee Catalogue of Books and hemlet; in the Library, Dec. in qGTT, 38 re XVI.—Sutherland Reglachptirty By Chadles is Babee of le mere, Surrey .. «. XVII.—The Advantage of converting “Cold Ardhie Clay anal into Permanent Pasture, and the best Method of doing it. By W. T. Carrington, of Croxden Abbey, Uttoxeter er eese XVIIJ.—Waste Hill Lands: How they may be Utilised by SoBe 5 Breeding. By J. Nevill Fitt % XIX.—Cow-Keeping by Farm Labourers. By ne ‘ivenieee XX.—Notes on a Report of Victor Drummond, Esquire, on the Foreign Commerce of the United States ‘for the fiscal year ended June 80, 1878. Washington, January 18, 1879. ss J. D. Dent, of "Ribston Hall, Weatherby XXI.—Report of the Senior Steward of Tae Stock on te ine: national Exhibition at Kilburn, 1879. Ea W. ier Senior Steward dig XXI1.—Report on the Exhibition of Bona at : Kilburn, Bs the ee Francis Lawley XXII1.—Report on the British and Bowie Cattle exhibited at Kilburn, By Thomas Bowstead, Edenhall, Cumberland XXIV.—Report on the Exhibition of British and Foreign Sheep, Gare. and Pigs, at Kilburn. By William Housman XXV.—Report on Butter, Cheese, Provisions, &c., at Kilburn, By Professor Baldwin, of Glasnevin, Dublin 3 XXVI.—Report on the Bees, Hives, ero ig and Manipalatons with Bees, at the Kilburn Show, 1879 . XXVI.— Report upon the Exhibition of Bee at Kilburn, oe Charles Whitehead, F’.L.S., F.G.S., &e., of Barming =“ Maid- stone, Steward .. + ee aS XXVILf.—Report on the Exhibition of Teele at Kilburn. ‘By G. H. Sanday, of Wensley House, Bedale, Senior Steward PAGE 882 . 346 . 487 XXIX.-—Report on the Exhibition of Implements ; Award of Medals, . &c., at the International Meeting at Kilburn. By John Coleman, of Riccall Hall; York... ..: thc) aa CONTENTS. a5 ARTICLE. PAGE XXX.—Report on the Trial of Railway Waggons intended for the Conveyance of Fresh Provisions. “by John Coleman, of Riccall Hall, York .._ .. se Z a3 759 XXXI.—Report of the Judges of aie Plans sent in for Onanpitition at the London International Exhibition, 1879. ey ves Denton F..) ~- 774 XXXII.—Report upon the Market Papin anil Market Garden Taun Competition, 1879. By Charles Whitehead, Barming House, Maidstone .. .. .. «© « Pa coe ce eno APPENDIX. PAGE List of Officers of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1879 2, xix. Standing Committees for 1879 .. .. 6 08 of oF of os iii, li Report of the Council to the General Meeting, December 12, 1878, and May 22, 1879 CaM Mee co encod CRN (ot). esl = capil est v, liii Distribution of Members and Council .._.. SON Oey free Half-yearly Cash Account from 1st ate to 31st December, 1878, and from 1st January to 24th June, 1879... .... -» Xii, lviii Yearly Cash Account from 1st January to 31st December, 1878 ze xiv Country Meeting Account: Bristol, 1878 .. .. «6 2. oe we xvi London Meeting, 1879: Schedule of Prizes, &c. Say ee eee Xviil Memoranda of Meetings, Payment of Subscriptions, &e. .. .. .. xliii, clii Members’ Veterinary Privileges Beeenk Pies .. Xliv, cliii Guide to the Purchase of eal Manures andi Meats “Stufis .- xlvi, clv Members’ Botanical and Entomological Privileges .. .. « xviii, clvii List of Stewards and Judges, and award of Prizes at Kilburn a Ib» Agricultural Education : Examination Papers, 1879 Be exlii Members’ Chemical Privileges .. .. seiah ce Necumiis. ay ls seX lA GILY: List of Ween DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. List of Members at the end. The Binder is desired to collect together all the Appendix matter, with Roman numeral folios, and place it at the end of each volume of the Journal, excepting Titles and Contents, and Statistics, &c., which are in all cases to be placed at the beginning of the Volume; the lettering at the back to include a statement of the year as well as the volume; the first volume belonging to 1839-40, the second to 1841, the third to 1342, the fourth to 1843, and so on. In Reprints of the Journal all Appendix matter and, in one instance, an Article in the body of the Journal (which at the time had become obsolete), were omitted; the Roman numeral folios, however (for convenience of reference), were reprinted without alteration in the Appendix matter retained. VOL. XV.—S. S. b okie 2S aes ¥ f ' > p views pas Vat ae’ i x eae) 6 ‘2. wie ae ” ; Ts ity #) \. ° LA ‘ne a ay , ae or ; if 4 ute o . s * } ’ METEOROLOGY ; IMPORTATIONS OF GRAIN ; SALES OF BRITISH WHEAT; PRICES OF CORN AND OTHER PRODUCE; AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS; AND STA- TISTICS OF DAIRY PRODUCE. —1oo — {The facts are derived chiefly from the Meteorological Reports of Mr. Guaisner, and the Returns of the Boarp or TRADE and of the INsPECTOR- GENERAL OF Imports AND Exports. | METEOROLOGY.—1878. First Quarter (January, February, March).—The month of January was unusually mild, the sky was generally overcast, and there was very little sunshine ; the fall of rain was less than the average, and the fall of snow till after the 24th was small in amount. Till the 24th day, with few exceptions, the temperature was above its average; the temperatures on the 21st and 22nd, both day and night, were extremely high, and the average excess of daily tem- perature from January Ist to the 24th was 5°1. On the 25th a cold period setin,and continued to February 12th. Snow fell daily, chiefly in the north. On February 13th a very warm period set in, and on the 17th there was a remarkably high day-temperature ; this very warm period continued till March 13th. For the 28 days ending March 13th, the daily excess of temperature was on the average as large as 7°; then there occurred 5 days of low temperature, snow falling over the Midland and Northern Counties daily ; the average daily deficiency of temperature was 4}°; then 4 days (March 18th- 22nd) of warmth followed, the excess of temperature being 64°. Up to this time the weather for the whole quarter had been exceedingly mild; but on the 23rd day of March bad weather set in with severity, and from this day to the end of the quarter the weather was bitterly inclement; snow fell every day, accompanied with very cold N. and N.E. winds, and no more trying weather during the winter was experienced than on March 29th and 30th. The snow on these days was large in amount, and was general over the whole country. The average deficiency of temperature for the 10 days ending March 31st was as large as 62° daily. The mean temperature of the quarter was 41°5, and exceeded by 2°8 the average for the corresponding period in 107 years. The VOL. XV.—S. 8. A GC) mean monthly excess was equal to 3°9 in January, 3°5 in February, and 0°9 in March. The fall of rain was below its average in each month; the amount in the quarter was 3 inches, and back to 1815 there have been only four instances of so small an amount in these three months, viz. :— -In the year 1820, when it was 3 inches; in 1829, when it was 2-4 inches; in 1850, when it was 2°8 inches: and in 1874, when it was 2:4 inches. The readings of the barometer were high upon the whole quarter. In January the mean reading was 29°979 inches. In February the mean reading was 30°101 inches ; and there are only two Februaries back to 1841 in which this reading was exceeded, viz. :—In 1849, when it was 30°106 inches; and in 1863, when it was 30°141 inches. Second Quarter (April, May, June).—The weather was cold and ungenial until 11th April, when a warm period set in and lasted until 19th May. From 20th May till 19th June the weather was again cold; after the latter day, high temperatures prevailed until the end of the quarter, especially on 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th June. The mean temperature of the quarter was 54°-6, and exceeded the average for the corresponding period in 107 years by 23. The mean temperature of each month was considerably above its respec- tive average; the excess was equal to 2°1 in April, 2°-7 in May, and 2°1 in June. The rainfall of the quarter at Greenwich was no less than 13°2 inches, and exceeded the average amount in the corresponding period of 63 years by 7°6 inches; 4:3 inches were measured both in April and May, and 46 inches inJune. The excess of rainfall was equal to 2°6 inches in April, 2°3 in May, and 2:7 in June. So far back as 1815, there is no record of so heavy a rainfall during the three months ending June, as that measured last quarter; the nearest approach to it was 10°7 inches in 1860, which was, how- ever, 2°5 inches less than the amount measured last quarter. At the various stations of observation, the smallest recorded rainfall of the quarter was 5:5 inches at Llandudno; while at the other stations the amounts ranged upwards to 14°6 inches at Bath, and 15°6 at Camden Square, London. Rain was measured on but 41 days at Hull and Ventnor, and on 63 and 64 days respectively at Torquay and Truro. On the 10th and 11th of April the rainfall in the London district was very remarkable. At Caterham the fall in the two days was 1°6 inch ; at Croydon, 2-2 inches; at Blackheath, 2 inches nearly ; at Greenwich Observatory, 2°8 inches ; north of London, at Camden . ete » Square, where the fall was the heaviest, 3-23 inches; at Muswell Hill, 2°8 inches ; at Chiswick, 2°3 inches; and Mr. G. J. Symonds states that 24 inches out of the 3-23 inches fell in 12 hours. This unusual fall of rain caused very heavy floods at low-lying places south of the Thames. In May, rain fell on nearly every day from the 6th; there were many heavy rainfalls between May 6th and — May 11th; the heaviest was at Bath, viz., 2 inches on the 10th, causing serious floods in the city. On the same day rain exceeding an inch fell at Wilton and Wrottesley; on the 11th the fall was 1°8 inch at Gloucester, and nearly 0-9 inch at Marlborough, and moderately heavy falls on this day occurred in Cornwall and Devon- shire. On the 7th there was nearly an inch at Ramsgate; an inch or more at Royston, Cardington, Cambridge, Somerleyton, and more than half an inch at many places. On the 8th more than an inch fell at Leicester; and on the 9th the fall exceeded half an inch at many places. At Greenwich, on the 7th, the fall was 1°6 inch, of which one inch fell between 6 h. p.m. and 6h.50m.p.m. On June 23rd a second almost unprecedented local fall of rain occurred in the London district ; but it was chiefly confined to the north of London. At Camden Square, Mr. Symonds measured 3°28 inches of rain, as falling between 1h. 32 m. p.m. and 3h, 2m.p.m., and he remarks that no rain fell between 2h. 12m. and 2h. 46m., so that this large amount of rain actually fell in 56 minutes. The area over which this heavy rain fell was small; there was no rain at Kew; at Blackheath the fall was 0°58 inch; and at most places within a few miles of London, the fall was a few tenths of an inch only. This heavy fall of rain caused the streets in the north of London to be as running rivers, and very much damage was done; a main drain near Camden Square burst. The readings of the barometer were generally below the average throughout the quarter, and showed the greatest depression in May. The number of hours-of bright sunshine measured during the quarter at the Greenwich Observatory was 500, against 486 in the corresponding quarter of last year. June was especially sunless. The earliest. The latest. Field elm in leaf, April 21st, at Oxford and May Ist, at Osborne. Guernsey ; Wychelm ,, » lst ,, Oxford; » @bth ,, Torquay. Oak & » 2st ,, Strathfield ; 7th ,, Torquay. Lime aA » 9th ,, Strathfield ; April 27th ,, Guernsey. Sycamore ,, » Ast ,, Strathfield ; » 2rd ,, Torquay. Horsechestnut » 7th ,, Osborne; » 20th ,, Torquay. Common poplar » LOth ,, Strathfield; May 18th ,, Llandudno. Hawthorn _,, » ALst ,, Osborne; » oth ,, Silloth. A2 Ci’) The earliest. The latest. Hazel in leaf, April 20th at Oxford; May 7th at Torquay. Applein blossom, ,, 19th ,, Llandudno; April 28th ,, Weybridge. Pear x » oth ,, Siloth; » 2th ,, Torquay. Lilac = » 2ist ,, Oxford; May 6th ,, Llandudno. Laburnum _,, » 29th ,, Silloth ; so Bthes Oxford’ Honeysuckle ,, June 2nd ,, Weybridge; June 10th ,, Torquay. Wheat in flower, ,, 15th ,, Llandudno; » 26th ,, Kelstern. Wheat in ear, » 8th ,, Cardington; » 18th ,, Strathfield & Wey bridge. , Barley ,, » 20th ,, Cardington& ,, 25th ,, Kelstern. Llandudno ; Cuckoo arrived, April 14th ,, Stonyhurst; May 3rd ,, Royston. Swallow ,, » ith ,, Osborne; » LOth ,, Torquay. Nightingale » 14th ,, Weybridge; April18th ,, Streatley. Third Quarter (July, August, September).—The weather at the beginning of July was cold. It somewhat moderated from the 5th to the 8th; but cool and cloudy weather was experienced till the 15th, and the average daily deficiency of temperature for the first 15 days of the quarter was 1°. On the 16th the weather underwent a favourable change to higher temperature, bright sunshine, and no rain. The hottest day in the month was the 19th, on which day the temperature in the shade exceeded 80°; this warm period con- tinued till the 24th; the average excess of mean temperature was 74° daily. On the 25th the weather was cool and was changeable to August 3rd, but chiefly cold. From August 4th to the 11th the daily excess of mean temperature was 3°6; from the 12th to the 21st the temperature was nearly that of its average, the sky was mostly cloudy, and rain fell on nearly every day ; on the 22nd a warm period began, but the weather continued unsettled till the end of August, with nearly constant rain and frequent thunderstorms over the country. At the beginning of September the weather was clear and bright, without rain; the mean excess of daily tempera- ture for the 21 days ending September 11th was 1°9 daily ; from the 12th to the end of the month, the changes in temperature were frequent, and the weather was mostly cold; the average deficiency of temperature for the last 15 days of the quarter was 2°°1 daily. The mean temperature of the quarter was 60°8, and exceeded the average for the corresponding period in 107 years by 0°9; an excess of mean temperature prevailed in each month of the quarter, which was equal to 1°5 in July, 0°9 in August, and 0°2 in September. At 44 stations of observation the mean temperature of the quarter ranged from 57° at North Shields to 62°5 at Barnstaple. The mean temperature at Greenwich exceeded the average in each of the first nine months of this year, the mean excess in the nine months being 2°. ; Cy) The rainfall of the quarter at Greenwich was 6°5 inches, of which no less than 5-4 inches fell in August, and only 0-3 and 0°8 of an inch respectively in July and September. The amount in the quarter was nearly an inch below the average; the fall in August showed an excess of 3 inches, whereas the deficiency in July and September was equal to 2°3 and 1°6 inches. The rainfall in August was unprecedently large ; so far back as 1815, the nearest approach to it was 4-6 inches in 1837. During the past 63 years, only three times in July and five times in September was the measured rain- fall so low as that recorded in those months of last quarter. At 44 stations of observation the rainfall of the quarter ranged from 5:3 inches at Cambridge, to 14-4 inches at Stonyhurst. Rain was measured on only 33 days at Osborne and Strathfield Turgiss, but on 46 days at Nottingham and Stonyhurst, and on 57 at Allen- heads. The rainfall at Greenwich during the first nine months of this year amounted to 22-8 inches, and exceeded the average amount in 63 years by 4°7 inches. The number of hours of bright sunshine measured during the quarter at Greenwich Observatory was 451 against 441 in the corresponding quarter of last year. The readings of the barometer ruled considerably below the average during August, whereas they showed a slight mean excess both in July and September. Wheat was cut on the 17th of July at Helston; on the 24th at Osborne ; on the 25th at Guernsey and Strathfield; and on the 29th at Cardington. On the Ist of August at Oxford and Stockton; on the 5th at Torquay ; on the 13th at Kelstern ; and on the 15th at Bath. Barley was cut on the 25th of July at Guernsey, and on the 31st at Cardington. On the 13th of August at Torquay. On the 3rd of September at Strathfield. Oats were cut on the 8th of July at Helston; on the 22nd at Guernsey; and on the 30th at Osborne. On the 2nd of August at. Oxford ; and on the 13th at Torquay. Fourth Quarter (October, November, December).—The weather was generally fine and warm till the 21st of October, the average daily excess of temperature up to this day being 3°-4. From the 22nd day the weather became cold and the sky cloudy, with rain falling fre- quently ; this unpleasant weather continued throughout November and during the first few days of December. On the 6th of Decem- ber the cold increased in intensity, severe frosts set in, and very low temperatures without intermission continued till the evening of the 25th of December; the average deficiency of daily tempera- ture below their averages for the 65 days ending December 25th was 5°-6; between, December 6th and December 25th, on several es ta days the mean temperature was more than 12° below its average, and -on the 24th it was as large as 173° below; the average daily deficiency of mean temperature for the 20 days ending De- cember 25th was 10°8. On December 26th the weather suddenly changed, and became much warmer; the mean temperature of both December 30th and 31st was about 14° in excess of the average, being 31° to 32° higher than that of six days before; viz., on Decem- ber 24th. The cold winterly weather in December was general over the country, and on some of the days the temperature was extremely low. The mean temperature for October was 51°-5, being 1°-9 and 1°3 above the averages of the preceding 107 years and 37 years respec- tively. It was 2°-9 higher than the value in 1877, and 1°3 below that in 1876. The mean temperature for November was 39°7, being 2°6 and 3°°9 below the averages of the preceding 107 years and 37 years respec- tively. It was lower than any value back to 1871, when it was 37°°6, and, with this exception, it is 16 years (or back to 1862) since we have had so cold a November as in the present year (1878). The value in 1862 was 39°8. The mean temperature for December was 33°°7, being 5°4 and 6°5 below the averages of the preceding 107 years and 37 years respec- tively. The following are the only instances back to 1771 when the mean temperature of December was as low as that in 1878, WiZe, coo ° ° In 1784 when it was 31°0 In 1840 when it was 33°3 1798 & 29:0 » 1844 % 33-0 ego = 380°4 », 1846 - 32°9 » 1798 ui Dont », 1870 5 33°6 » 1799 is 32°8 4» 1874 i 33-2 The mean temperature for the quarter was 41°°6, being 2° and 3° below the averages of the preceding 107 years and 37 years respec- tively. The fall of rain at Greenwich in October was 1-7 inch, being 1:1 inch below the average of 63 years. The fall in November was 3°5 inches, being 1:1 inch above the average; and the fall in December was 1:2 inch, being 0°9 inch below the average. ‘The total fall for the quarter was 6-4 inches, or 0°9 inch below the average. The mean reading of the barometer, in the neighbourhood of London, was below the average in each month of the quarter. 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Sv If ° ° 1gz o.f€+ | 4.5 9- €z5 | goz.o—| 99$.6z £ + 6L |*+ 4qsnsny Z.09 0.6€ 6z t ° Qt £.t— £.0 ° gz | 090.0+) £99.6z ° SL |e eee ° ° ‘SOIT "uy “ar ‘s13 “S13 “ar ‘uw is “oO pue 008 ‘suvak g9 JO “sivak 1¢ *suvok Le “svok 1S "Wa “4q31N o0F 008 MOLAq OABIOAB |FUNOWLY] JO oseioav| ‘aveyy | Jo odvioav| ‘aveyy | Jo ofvieav| “uveyy yw qe rd | user | 109V Jory om yo | MOH BIA WOU “BIC WON “WIC WO “HI : Surproyy | surpvoyy eA SHLNOW qsoqsiy | ysanoy Se q fe SBA JL SIQAIN Jo roquunyy —_—| LBFWOZTIOFY 2 , Aye “IVY JO 00,7 o1qny B “TojaTMOINg JO “Ayrprunyy Jo 8L8T “UVY Jo WqZIO.M Surpeey eaido(y ‘SSBLE) UO IOJAMMOMIE,], JO Duprey ‘QU8T UVER AHL dO SHLNOW XIG ISV/T FHL NI ‘HOIMNGTUD ‘AYOLVAUASIO 'IVAOY AHL LY AACYOOMU SNOILVAUISIQ TVOINOTONOILAWY— AT AAV], ( XI ) CORN: ImrortaTions, SALES, AND PRICES. Tante V.—Quantitizs of WuEat, WueaTmealL and Frour, Bariry, Oats, Pras and Beans, Inrorrep into the Untrep Kinepom in the YEAR 1878. 1878. Wheat. wi January .. | 3,974,577 February 357275747 March .. | 4,541,369 April .. | 4,168,020 May... _ | 4,197,262 June s+ | 417455934 fi Months f 2523547999 July... .. | 4,106,561 August .. | 3,230,031 September | 4,592,620 October .. | 4,897,981 November | 4,128,182 December 3,501,359 In last Six)! "Menthe } 24,456,734 Year .. |49,811,643 Wheatmeal and Flour, cwts. 829,108 829,642 9IT, 393 717,455 631,453 541,845 4, 460, 806 — 449.374 355,661 494,261 629, 309 692 ,636 742,952 35363 ,193 7,823,999 Barley. cwts. 1,503,826 799,897 1,066,432 982,440 1,009,098 1,059,944 6,421,637 1,558,291 888,606 1,147,930 1,892,265 1,063,924 1,189,375 717493391 14,162,028 Oats. Peas. Beans. os ts. cwts. ewts. 993,164 79,795 173,972 596,462 54,197 | 334,974 639,411 | 128,687 | 179,297 1,067,114 132,758 207,652 1,127,168 153,988 146,153 1,294,065 | 155,931 42,064 557177384 | 695,356 |r,084,112 1,507,782 | 250,599 77,100 1,082,452 225,850 2795227 690,344 | 125,698 58,832 1,344,743 | 147,648 | 185,705 1,180,437 187,377 116,683 1,242,647 | 172,205 68,849 7,048,405 |I,109,377 | 786,396 12,765,789 |1,804,733 |1,870,508 Norz.—The average weights per quarter of corn, as adopted in the office of the Inspector-General of Imports and Exports, are as follow :—For wheat, 485) Ibs., or 45; ewts.; for barley, 400 Ibs., or 34 ewts.; for oats, 308 Ibs., or 22 cwts. Corn has been entered by weight instead of measure since September, 1864. No duty has been charged since 1st June, 1869. Taste VI.—Comrutep REAL VALUE of Corn ImporTED into the Unrrep Kryepom in each of the Five Yuars, 1874-78. 1874, | 1875, 1876, 1877. 1878, £. £. a £. £. Wheat .. .. -. | 25,201,062 | 27,418,970 |23,140,766 | 33,820,084 |27,397,487 LG i 2 ed 5,266,096 | 4,630,654 | 3,745,420 | 5,396,791] 5,545,802 Oats co ee ee | 5,118,785 | 5,407,928 | 4,619,427 | 4,998,864) 4,553,946 LS i nee 7,484,178 8,112,158 |12,744,432 | 9,851,236 |12, 589,422 Otherkinds .. .. I,959,237.| 2,304,218 | 2,555,397 | 2,321,922] 1,463,433 Wheat Flour .. .. | 5,709,820 | 4,828,167 | 4,729,206 | 6,803,327] 6,790,320 Other kinds of Flour 14,405 12,130 15,474 17, 284 32n2n4 Total of Corn .. | 50,753,583 | 52,714,225 |51,550,122 | 63,209,508 [58,372,624 BZ ( XIE ) TasLe VII.—QuantiTI&£s of British Wuuat Soup in the Towns from which Returns are received under the Act of the 27th & 28th VicroriA, cap. 87, and their AVERAGE Prices, in each of the TwetvE Monrus of the Years 1873-78. QUANTITIES IN QUARTERS. a 1873. 1874, 1875, 1876. 1877, 1878. quarters. Saas ameter Senate saan Taeackaaee First month .. | 183,987 | 187,106 | 210,661 | 154,367 | 152,557 | 146,848 Second month 202,977 | 189,031 | 223,974 | 188,539 | 173,729 | 164,387 i th ee \ 238,125 206,145 292,172 | 208,367 | 213,718 | 174,025 Fourth month 159,268 | 150,725 | 233,970 | 160,868 | 150,012 | 146,933 Fifth month .. | 225,595 | 175,715 | 234,683 | 174,153 | 132,231 | 166,909 ee } 219,750 | 172,298 | 216,016 | 188,611 | 122,390 | 137,981 Seventh month | ror,ror | 95,871 | 121,684 | 90,626 | 77,674} 82,597 Eighth month 96,986 | 82,564 | 135,456 | 88,030 | 89,759 | 119,611 inth th : Wie nee) j| 266,856 | 323,153 | 199,314 | 314,327 | 225,659 | 272,699 Tenth month 265,122 | 248,984 | 226,503 | 216,393 | 217,046 | 329,564 Eleventh month | 214,026 | 225,162 | 186,607 | 192,440 | 175,262 | 216,187 ee wees 285,648 | 335,339 | 234,035 | 225,254 | 212,627 | 276,943 AVERAGE PRICES PER QUARTER, 1873, 1874. 1875, 1876. 1877. 1878, ba Id! sd, 8. 4a: 8s. d. 8. id: 8. d. First month .. 55 10 62 4 44 4 44 II Ey FLL Second a 56 5 63 4 42 3 43 4 ET? «6 Brak Third t Grvermecks) } 55 6 61 1 4I 2 43° 55 br 2 49 8 Fourth month 54 10 60 0 43 0 44 11 53 4 bLre3 Fifth month .. Shae 62) 2 42 5 45 0 65 Io 51 II Sixth month (five weeks) } 58 4 6x 52 42 2 470 64 6 48 o Seventh month 59 6 60 8 45 3 48 6 62 9 44 1) Eighth month 60 I 58 4 e2) A 46 4 64 11 44 7 Ninth th ; (ase sacake) } 6310 | 48a | 49 3 | 46-8 | 59 t | dy x Tenth month .. | 60 10 44 8 4602" | adn as Ceti | 39 7 Eleventh month | 60 9 43 II #7 Ay | Gao 52 3 40 1 Twelfth month Sree 6 6 6 8 (five weeks) 44 Be iys si bepe 5x a2 @ MMT ) Tasie VIIJ.—Averrace Prices of British Corn per Quarter (Imperial measure) as received from the INsprcTors and Orricrrs of Excise accord- ing to the Act of 27th & 28th Vicrorta, cap. 87, in each of the Firry- two WEEKS of the YEAR 1878. Week ending | Wheat. | Barley. | Oats. Week ending | Wheat. | Barley. | Oats. B. Golhaytd. | 8.) de CO AN ee Ne ett January 5..| 51 8 | 43 1] 24 § || July Gae40° Ollie 2 l 2ere January 12../52 1 | 43 5 | 23 8 || July ¥3--| 44 8] 39 IO | 26 4 January 19..| 52 1 | 44 8] 23 9 || July 205614405501 35. | 27.6 January 26..| 51 10 | 44 8 {| 24 o/|| July Dea AA ose eAeae e February 2..| 51 11 | 44 6 | 23 11 || August 3..| 44 10 | 33 3] 27 0 February 9..| 5 5 | 44 3 | 24 ro || August Io..| 44 1] 35 3/24 1 February 16..| 50 11 | 44 2] 24 4 || August 17../ 44 2] 33 3] 26 1 February 23..| 51 3 | 44 ©] 24 1 || August 24..| 45 2] 36 3/27 9 March 2..| $0 10 | 43 6 | 23 10 || August 31../ 45 8 | 42 1 | 26 2 March Gueiego. 2 |\'43 2.) 24° 2 || September 7] 45 4 | 42 5 | 25-4 March 16..| 49 6] 42 2] 23 9g || September14| 45 © | 41 11 | 24 4 March 23..| 48 11 | 42 0 | 24 7 || September2r| 43 2] 40 11 | 23 6 March 30..| 48 9] 41 5 | 23 11 || September 28] 41 5 | 41 1 | 22 10 Average of re “|| Average of rs Winter 50 10] 43 5 | 24 1 Summer 44° 6 |" 38.2 | 25, 25 Quarter Quarter April 6..| 50° 0 | 42 -o-} 25 3 || October 5..| 4o 4 | 40 6] 22 3 April ¥3..) 51 5 | 45 9 | 24 10 || October 12../ 39 9 | 40 I | 21 10 April 2Q..) 541 | 44-7] 25 6 |p October 19../-39..3:| 40 4 | 22 2 April 27.-| 51 8 | 42 6 | 25 10 || October 26..| 39 ©! 40 5 | 21 I0 May Anal 525 x | 40-6 | 2% -S || “November 2:1°39. 0) 39 9 | 22 11 May II..| 52 4] 40 2] 25 8 || November 9/ 39 8} 39 7/ 22 5 May POs. S2. F139 5.| 26 3 || November 16) 40 7+ 39 4/21 3 May 25..| 51 2) 39 6) 26 § |i November 23| 41 2 | 39 9] 21 7 June I..| 50 4 | 39 10 | 26 2 |} November 30] 41 3) 40 1 | 21 3 June 8..| 49 © | 39 10 | 24 9g || December 7! 40 11 | 39 4] 21 1 June 15..| 47 10 | 39 2 | 27 2 || December 14| 40 10 | 38 10 | 21 6 June 22..| 46 9 | 30 9 | 26 2 || December 21] 40 8 | 39 4/21 1 June 29..| 46 I | 35 2} 26 xo || December 28] 39 9 | 38 3] 20 7 Average of Average of : Spring 50 2] 39 4/1] 25 10 Autumn 40% 12) 130) 67 are 8 Quarter Quarter ( XIV ) Taste IX.—QuantitTIEs of WuEatT, Bartey, Oats, Peas, Beans, Inpian Corn or Maize, WuEatmxaL and Four, ImMportep in the Four YEars 1875-78 ; also the Counrriss from which the WHEAT, WHEATMEAL, and FLour were obtained. 1878, Wheat from— ewts, ewts. Russia .. «2 «+ +» «+ | 9,995,295 | 8,769,260 | 10,838,000 | 9,032,930 Denmark WG Gach ye cs 493,599 262,518 73,812 ws Germany aa eee 5,615,984 2,324,148 554555763 | 5,118,135 France .- «+ «+ «+ ++ | 1,296,920 293,350 | 1,494,783 II, 200 pags a arene om 1,308,137 | 1,238,851 | 1,253,018 240, 105 Hieypt <. <. ss “se “se |2,0035855 2,218,227 2,447,709 217,498 United States oe ee ee 123,463,910 | 19,299,785 | 21,308,667 |28,963, 901 Chil) foe. 1. Ges goo, 880 982,619 736,011 50,573 British India... .. -» | 1,334,943 | 3,279,887 | 6,104,940 | 1,819,304 British North America oo | 3,604,610 | 2,417,151 | 2,912,178 | 2,603,586 Other ccuntries .. «.. «. | 1,678,262 | 3,308,356] 1,538,007 | 1,754,411 Total Wheat e+ [51,786,393 | 44,394,152 | 54,162,888 |49,811,643 Barley cx ies Gen es p> -. oe! [MEGOHOSATO 9,770,075 | 12,970,751 |14,162,028 Oats™> 2. bons ces 12,435,888 | 11,204,588 | 12,925,604 |12, 765,789 IPERS, Se (cae fee Ge we Gest tyiGO35 033 1,609,997 | 1,511,846 | 1,804,733 ISCATIN( aes Hose) ss se, os 354535371 | 4,601,206 | 4,573,482 | 1,870,508 Indian Corn, or Maize e+ ee {20,438,480 | 39,958,226 | 30,455,681 |41,631,348 Wheatmeal and Flour from— Germany ae! Ge: pbs! Mise 796,301 930,469 | 1,239,437 | 1,118,761 HYranc® .. ss os os 1,752,079 | 1,083,447] 1,900,213 696,059 United States.. .. «.. «. | 2,273,846 | 2,320,886 | 1,771,558 | 3,635,200 British North America.. .. 358,766 282,053 254,695 294,448 Other countries .. . « 867,697 | 1,325,685 | 2,203,626 | 2,079,531 Total Wheatmeal a Flour 7,359,529 | 7,823,999 6,048,689 | 5,942,540 Indian Corn Meal ~, 7,494 7,706 * Included under ‘‘ Other Countries.” ( XV) LE X.—AveErace Pricgs of Consols, of Wheat, of Meat, and of Potatoes ; also the AVERAGE Nomser of Paupers relieved on the last day of each Week; and the Mean TeMPERATURE, in each of the Sixteen Quarters ending December 31st, 1878. Pota Quarterly Average of the| Mean (York ay Number of Paupers re- per Ton, lieved on the last day of at Waterside each week, Market, Southwark. Meat per lb. at the Metro- Quarter politan Meat Market i (by the Carcass). Tempe- rature. In-door. Out-door. weg ds = 2 42 6 | 5d.—8d. | 4$d.—8d. eee } 146,708 | 622,652 | 39°5 Mean 64d, | Mean 64d. | Mean 96s. 3d. 80s. 6d.— 42 6 |5¢d.—8}d. | 54d.—93d. { ache } 131,717 | 592,362 | 53°4 Mean 62d. | Mean 73d. |Mean 100s.6d. . 6d.— 49 0 | 5$d.—8}d. shd.—o}d.{ 708. ra } 125,614 | 555,499 | 60°7 Mean 7d. | Mean 73d.| Mean 82s. : , 1 x 1058. 6d.— eo. 31 | 942 | 3°20 | 46 7 |53d.—82d. | 6d.—gid. 1278. 6d. f| 736,124 | $46,251 | 43°x Mean 63d.| Mean 73d. |Mean 116s.6d. 1876 ‘ar, 31 1 “18 8 | 54d.—8d, | 5id.—od. |f{ 121s. 6d.— . P nd "i Mean 68d. Mean 73d,|\\_ 1515. 1459086 } 558,026 | 3978 Mean 136s.6d. me 30 4 2°24 | 45 1 | 5d.—82d. sd.—tcd. 1256.—1 708. | 134,3 535541 Fe z “te ; Mean 63d. Mean 73d. Mean 1475.6d. A ae? | ° 2°00 | 47 1 | 53d.—8éd. ce — 98d. . .130,349 | 517,196 | 61°8 m3 cil : Mean 63d. | M t ean 73d, Z pete e0, 31 3 | 2°00 | 48 2 | 44d.—8d. | 523d—-9od. ae 141,90 14, 47°0 = Mean 63d. Mean 744. Tape 75%) ae ls, 2 | 2:00 | 5x 4id.— 78d. | 5d.—g8d. |138s.—172s. | 152,778 | 532,6 re : a Mean 61d. Mean 7}d.; Mean 1553s. panldnnpte °° 97 | At ine 30 4 2°96 | 61 43d.—82d. | 48d.— 92d. | 136s.—174s. | 143,6 23,878 | 5x° Saad 2 ‘ Mean 63d. Mean 7d. | Meani55s, ade 7" | SS pt.30 | 954 | 2°45 | 62 0 | 43¢.—8jd.| 48d.—ogid.| 978.—126s. | 139,211 | 509,110 | 58° Pt ji Mean 6id. Mean 7$d. |Mean 1118.6. ; ac gers 31 | 962 | 4°50 | 52 4 | 39d.—8d. | 42d.—86d. | 152s.—174s.| 151,709 | 512,286 | 45°0 4 ; > Mean 52d. Mean 6id. | Mean 1638. oa ; : ar. 31 | 953 | 2°48 | 50 10 | 43d.—8id. | 43d.—93d. | 1888.—2128, | 162,442 | 540,571 | 41° F Mean 6!d.| Mean 7d. | Mean 200s, ; 2 ; M630] 95§ | 2°85 | 50 2 | 49d.—8§d.| 5d.—ofd. | 150s.—187s.| 151,775 | 533,787 | 54°6 : Mean 63d. | Mean 72d. |Mean 168s.6d. " 4 pt.30 | 95§ | 4°36 | 44 6 | 44d.—83d. | 48d.—o?d. | 1208—1515.| 145,956 | 513,616 | 60°8 : Mean 6: 63d. | Mean—7d.|/Mean 135s.6d. > i eC. 31 | 95 5°4 40 2 | 43d.—78d. | 47d.—88d. | 111s.—132s. | 159,721 | 523,996 | 41°6 Mean 6d. | Mean 6id. Mean 121s.6d. Ne es ( FRY) Taste XI.—ACREAGE under each Description of Crop, Great Briain and GREAT BRITAIN. Description of Crops and Lrve Stock. 1876, 1877. | 1878. Corn Crops :— Acres, Acres. Acres. Wiheat® ... Gage! c.cesttee | fee te 2,995,957 | 3,168,540 | 3,218,417 Barley ‘orBEre, +) J." cde ico. § tose 2,533,109 | 2,417,588 | 2,469,652 Oats. se cs ns ae as ce ee |S, 7985430] | 2575 4s See UCR eogeL Rye Ptr Atte) te Lee 56,210 60,146 60,117 | Bean 55], * cla eomnaea. eae testes 517,556 497,879 437,936 | De aa) A te en Lee 293,407 311,797 282,617 Toran Corn Crops .. .. 9,194,669 | 9,210,129 | 9,167,646 GREEN Crops :— Potatoes con an) avees Sane towel faa 502,719 512,471 508,431 Turnips and Swedes .. .. «- +» | 2,145,573 | 250735455 | 2,031,860 Mangold .. .. Bs 347,889 358,055 343,389 Carrols cs ierPe. sel "ee Peet! ws 16,129 15,953 14,711 Cabbage, Kohl-rabi, and Rape.. .. 179,475 182,710 171,773 Vetee, Lcemesand soy other crop! 520,009 | 4gtyaoa | 420,84 Tora GREEN Crops .. .. 3,571,874 | 3,584,846 | 3,491,010 OTHER Crops, Grass, &. :— MOISE Gon eects «os, Rate we 7,641 7,481 7,261 GN. Se tec cc. ce, Meee 69,999 71,239 71,789 Bare fallow or uncropped arable land 651,212 616,147 632,423 Clover and artificial and other eae under rotation .. 4,540,273 | 4,494,216 | 4,573,107 not broken up in rotation (exclusive 13,515,944 | 13,728,355 | 13,911,296 | of heath or mountain land) .. Permanent pasture, meadow, or sae LivE Stock :— No. No. No. Cattle .. 2. oe ee we oe we | 55 844,141 | 5,697,933 | 52738,128 Sheep «. ss ss «+ ov oo oor | 20,%82, 952 || 20,000 g"O40) ane aon, aco Pigs) «0 oa “ders on URE oe ByagggGaolll "a s490— 720 a eeencs seas Total number of horses used for agriculture, unbroken horses and mares nape nee for 1,3741576 breeding Pe igi: 2 1,388,582 |_ 1,412,502 Acreage of orchard, or of tle or ers} land, used also for fruit-trees Acreage of woods, a and vise} 1575287 163,290 165 415 tations 2,187,078" 2,187,078" 2,187,078" * As returned ( XVII ) Fatiow, and Grass, and Numsrr of Cartiz, Sursp, and Pies, in Trevanp, in 1876-77-78. 1876, Acres. 119,597 221,263 1,487,086 8,631 10,672 Te238 1,848,487 880,693 344,721 48,544 3,217 40,887 45,162 1,363,224 —_—_., 132,878 11,652 1,861,464 10,507,249 No. 4,113,693 4,007,518 1,424,143 479,502 324,152 in 1872. Untrep Kincpom, IRELAND. including the Islands. 1877. 1878, 1876, 1877, 1878. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres, 143,319 154,01L || 3,125,342 | 3,321,065 | 3,381,701 226,603 244,504 2,762,263 2,652,300 | 2,722,879 1,471,698 | 1,412,637 || 4,298,722 | 4,238,957 | 4,124,029 10,441 10,864 64,951 70, 703 71,0974 8,584 8,267 528,556 506,701 446, 466 1,202 1,138 295,012 313,470 284,026 1,861,847 1,831,421 || 11,074,846 | 11,103,196 | 11,030,175 871,522 846,985 || 1,391,885 | 1,392,784 | 1,364,508 336,201 329,942 2,500,425 | 2,419,296 | 2,372,198 48,753 45,187 397,217 407,518 389, 306 3503 3,938 19,845 19,943 19,163 47,006 46,938 220,439 229, 786 218,855 47 ,868 44,770 427,986 492,364 468,165 1,354,853 | 1,317,760 || 4,957,797 | 4,961,691 | 4,832,195 123,362 IIr,808 140,519 130,846 119,076 oe ae 69,999 71,239 71,789 16,678 16,971 663, 363 633,495 650,238 1,925,168 1,942,716 6,441,184 | 6,460,404 | 6,557,748 10,145,227 | 10,124,745 || 24,053,273 | 23,903,314 | 24,065,394 No. No. No. No. No. 3,996,027 | 3,984,751 9,995,028 | 9,731,537 | 9,761,288 3,989,178 | 4,094,230 || 32,262,579 | 32,220,067 | 32,571,018 1,467,999 | 1,269,340 || 3,734,429 | 3,984,447 | 3,767,960 496,165 504,750 1,863,410 1,894,128 | 1,927,066 328,413 Bi: : ( (XVair- .) Tape XII.—Novmner of Beasts exhibited and the Prices realised for them at the CuristmAs MARKETS since 1843. Year. Beasts. wwwnw www wns NW WwW ww PW PP HOH Prices. d. 8. d. o—4 4 o—4 6 6—4 8 o—5 8 4—4 8 4—4 8 4—4 0 o— 3 10 8—4 8—4 0 2—4 10 6—5 4 8—4 2 45 0 4—4 8 H== 53" 0 6.= 5-94 43,6 Beasts. BORIS SR SR A BOW Uw ow w GW Ww urs | Prices. d. | 28. 4-5 4—5 6—5 Je 435 5% ASS 4—5 6—6 6—6 10—6 6—6 4—6 4—6 6—6 4—6 6—6 6—6 oO R DADA HAO KR VKH WOO AR ON OC OM TasLe XIII.—AveErace Pricus of British WHEAT, BaRLEy, and Oats, per ImprrraL Quarter, in each of the Srxrzen Years 1863-78, Year, Wheat. Io II fe) Barley. Oats. Year. 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 Wheat. & 57 58 55 45 46 56 46 d 56 10 ie) wo YP NO ®D Barley. Oats. ad 8. d. Boia ape 37: 4 Wo%esnr2 40 5 255 44 II 28 10 38 5 28 8 35 2 26 3 39 8 25. a0 40 2 24 4 € xXIe-) Taste XIV.—Certarn Articres of Foretan and CoLontAL Propuction ImporTeD in the Years 1875-78; and their QUANTITIES. 1875, 1876, 1877. 1878, Anmats, Living: Oxen, Bulls, and Cows, number 224,969 227,478 174,023 226,455 DRRVGR ction acleteny _ o's 38,729 44,098 30,172 27,008 Sete adi past alte? 985,652 | 1,041,494 | 874,062 | 892,126 Swine and Hogs.. ee 71,928 43,558 20,037 55,911 ears ome oan eaimal gyate | t5ar55 | tonnes | 85.77 Cotton, Raw .. .. «. cwhs. | 13,324,564 | 13,346,739 | 12,112,819 | 11,978,288 Flax Sa are T, 765,068 1,404,661 | 2,216,267 1,553,664 Guano ess - . 114,454 210,918 152,990 178,178 Hemp Cte Ares 1,342,466 1,170,728 1,251,458 1,224,195 Hops . hk eee 256,444 167,421 248,620 169,512 Hides untanned : “Dry ae 552,629 469,460 551,547 565,909 ” Wet * 652,634 583,914 5945542 595,221 Petroleum’.. .. .. .. tuns 77,661 100,175 134,096 119,169 Oilseed Cakes ° tons 180,379 190,225 163,349 201,299 motatoes 4225" f° 7, ewts. 4,696,132 6,034,341 7,969,136 8,751,174 Butter .. pave tials 1,467,870 1,659,357 | 1,637,939 1,795 413 ~S? BE eee 1,627,748 1,538,475 | 1,651,088 1,965,949 Eggs .. .. .. greathundreds | 6,178,433 6,274,924 | 6,257,892 6,529,036 Lard tel ton se oe Cte. 540,244 558,983 592,944 908,187 | OR Se oF } 2,638 875{ 2,809,990 25395 223 3,466,565 Hams ., .. .. «2 ++ 455 car 349,455 423,869 797 336 BET A 181,504 243,342 208 , 364 219,445 BEML GEO Mest cel ‘se 95 232,782 350,151 295 524 369,500 Clover Seeds... a pean 306,551 387,099 358,056 305,049 Flax-seed and Linseed cat Tgre: 1,961,987 1,998,130 | 4,706,796 1,990,529 Rape . ae Ks 501,350 499218 539,263 641,261 Sheep and Lambs’ Wool -» Ibs. |361,133,165.| 385,987,842 |405,949,161 | 395,461,286 Taste XV.—Quvantiry and Vatvue of Meat Ivrorrtep in the 6 Yrars, 1873-8. QUANTITIES. 1873, 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. Cwts. Cwis. Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. - Cwts. Beef, Salted or Fresh .. 260,554] 261,721 215,581 | 413,351 | 678,505 723,558 Meat, ,, » 79,841 119,401 144,954 92,556 130,178 145,493 Total.. .. 340,395 | 381,124 | 360,535 | 505,907 | 808,683 | 869,051 Meat, Preserved other- ; =. hast by salting } 260,749 | 265,223 171,373 283,066 | 469,003 | 438,903 Total Meat .. | 601,144] 646,347 | 531,908 | 788,973 |1,277,686 1,307,954 7 VALUES. eF £. £. £. £. £. Beef, Salted or Fresh . 519,815 | 523,326 | 454,337 | 943,580 1,686,392 |1,753,066 Meat, ,, ya? 216,681 | 335,846 | 419,019 281,830 | 388,933 | 426,864 Total - | 736,496 | 859,172 | 873,356 (1,225,410 2,075,325 [241794930 Meat, preserved other-)| | onl eat by salting } 7339331 | 757,001 | 592,196 | 887,035 jr 834234 1,313,541 Total Meat .. |1,469,827 11,616,173 [1,465,552 2,112,445 3,509,559 |3+493.471 4, ( XX ) The quantity of meat imported in 1876 was 788,973 cwts., showing an increase of 257,065 cwts. over that in 1875. In 1877, the quantity was 1,277,686 cwts., being 488,713 cwts. in excess of that imported in 1876. The quantity imported in 1878 (1,307,954 cwts.) was slightly in excess of that imported in 1877. This increased importation of meat has probably had the effect of reducing the recent high price of butchers’ meat. The average price of beef per lb. by the carcass at the Metropolitan Meat Market was 63d. in 1876; in 1877 it was 62d., or 5:7 per cent. less. The average price of mutton per lb. was 74d. in 1876; in 1877 it was 7d., showing a decrease of 6°7 per cent. In the number of animals imported there was a marked decrease in 1877 compared with the previous year: in oxen, bulls, and cows, of 53,455 ; in calves of 13,926; in sheep and lambs of 167,432; and in swine and hogs of 23,521. Comparing the number of animals imported in 1878 with the number in 1877, there was an increase in oxen, bulls, and cows in the former year, of 52,432, in sheep and lambs of 18,064, and in swine and hogs of 35,874, while in the number of calves there was a decrease of 3164. STATISTICS OF DAIRY PRODUCE. The following remarks relating to Butter and Cheese, are ex- tracted from ‘ The Grocer’ :— Burrer.—The month of January began with prices many shil- lings below those of the two preceding years. Clonmels during this month varied only from 134s, to 135s. for the finest; but after this the quantity offered for sale was not sufficient to establish market prices till May, when they were 112s. to 114s. In June the price for Clonmels varied from 106s. for second-rate brands, to 112s. for the best; and in July from 108s. to 114s. In August there was some improvement in the demand, and the prices ranged from 112s. to 116s. in the first week, and from 108s. to 120s. in the last week of this month. In October, Clonmels ranged from 108s. to 126s., and so continued until the second week in November, when, with a considerable falling-off in supplies of fine qualities, prices ruled from 110s, to 130s. After this, so few really fine qualities were offered for sale, that quotations were nearly nominal. Cork Burrer.—The prices of firsts, during each month of the year 1878, were as follow :—In January, 133s. to 135s.; and to first week in February, 130s. to 135s. ; after this prices varied from (eer) 125s. to 135s., until the middle of March, when the last quotation for that season’s brand was 130s. to 140s. No further quotations were made until May, when the new season’s brand was offered at 125s. in the first week, and at 110s. to 114s. in the last week. In June prices began at 111s., and afterwards varied from 106s. to 111s. In July the lowest prices for firsts throughout the year were quoted, viz., 106s. to 107s. In August they ranged from 112s. to 113s., and from 116s. to 118s. In September, prices were 117s. to 118s. In October they were 120s. In November, prices varied from 125s. in the first week, to 124s. to 129s. in the last week. In December, prices began at 124s. to 120s. Cork Butrer Marxet.—The past season will be long remembered by every one trading in the Cork Market, as one of the most unsatisfactory, unprofitable, and almost disastrous, in the memory of the oldest merchant. Farmers who sent their produce to Cork Market this past season suffered immensely from the low prices which ruled throughout the whole season, and the material difference of 20s. and 30s. between each quality made a “cut” in quality a ruinous loss per firkin. The exporters suffered heavily by trying during the whole season to sustain a falling market, losing considerably from day to day on stocks accumulating through want of orders. The usual reaction at the end of the season was looked for in vain this year; bad trade, bank failures, and want of confidence in the brands prevented the usual winter stocks of Cork butters being bought, and at the end of December some prices ruled in Cork as in the month of May. Forrian Buttrer.—The best brands of Normandy were offered in January at 140s. to 148s., and during the last week at 134s. ta 142s. In the first week of February prices were 132s. to 138s. ; then, with diminished supplies, they were at the end of the month 136s. to 160s., and so continued to the first week in April; after that, with some new coming forward, and early growth of grass, prices rapidly fell, so that by the last week in May they were as low as 108s. to 114s. June and July closed with prices from 112s. to 118s.; but in the middle of August prices rose, and were 114s. to 120s. During the last week of August and first week of Sep- tember they were 112s. to 120s.; after which they varied. In the first week in October there was a sudden advance, viz., 128s. to 136s., and this checked sales: in the second and third weeks in October, Normandys in casks were offered at 122s. to 130s.; then to the middle of November 120s. to 126s., and by the end of this month prices varied from 122s. to 134s. In the first week in ( (XMIF>) December prices were 122s. to 128s., and at the end of this month they left off at 132s. to 136s. Low qualities throughout the year were offered at very irregular prices. American Burrer.—The stock has accumulated, and the demand has been so limited that disastrous losses have resulted to those principally interested in speculations. The qualities varied much, and so did the prices asked early in January. Prices ranged from 50s. to 120s.; the next fortnight, 60s. to 115s.; the following fortnight, 50s. to 102s.; then to the middle of February, 50s. to 100s.; last week in February to the second week in March, 50s. to 110s.; the following five weeks, 45s. to 110s.; middle of April, 45s. to 105s.; the end of April, 45s. to 100s.; the first week in May, 40s. to 90s.; the next fortnight 40s. to 70s., the last week 40s. to 65s. Early in June, to effect clearances, they were offered at 35s. to 60s. ; low qualities were offered the next fortnight at 35s., best at 100s. To the middle of Juve quotations then varied from 85s. to 95s. ; then, for three weeks, 70s. to 95s.; middle of August, 70s. to 95s. ; the third week, 72s. to 95s.; then, to the end of the month, 72s. to 100s.; the beginning of September, 72s. to 96s.; then, to the end of the month, 70s. to 95s.; throughout October, 70s. to 100s. ; November, 70s. to 105s. ; December, 60s. to 102s. CuHEESE.—Transactions were chiefly confined to the sale of American cheese, the supplies of which were unusually large. The following quotations, therefore, relate to this particular market. In January prices varied from 54s. to 64s. ; to the middle of February they were 58s. to 66s.; then 58s. to 68s. in the middle of March. From then to the beginning of May they varied from 45s. to 70s., .and continued about those prices till the end of the month. At the beginning of June, the new season’s make came in and prices fell heavily—the first week in June they were 50s. to 56s. ; the middle of the month, 48s. to 50s. ; 2s. more were then asked for fine qualities. Early in July they were 48s. to 50s.; the end of the month they were 45s. to 46s.; the quoted rates for the next five weeks were 46s. to 48s.; then, to the end of September, 46s. to 50s. In the middle of October holders of fine September make asked 52s. ; after that 54s., about the extreme quotation for finest for the remainder of the year. In the meantime stocks were said to have accumu- lated, sales of which were anxiously pressed at prices, varying according to condition, &c., from as low as 24s. up to 50s. é », 4ths ”» Limerick... .. «. »” | Oonelish Chedd Ty 8 fine, a 76 ” 14 4 14 9 gz 60. , , 94 18 55 go 14» 82 », good,new| 74 5, 93 Say ee 25 5S al cas eae Fic. mae pee Stes oe : Gare * Sy MOi 55) Saar] yOue,;) 86 cor OOS Rew on wen ee egal 42 5, 8 80 ,, 8 76 5, 86 ome pete ons 5 Scotch Cheddar ..| 6 Tah 4 9s 692 |. OF 55 6) 64 5, "80 ) Fo 5, 76 SO ae G Cheshire, new.. .. b | * 87 | 84 ee 88 | 76 a 86; || 9B 55-90 |) 93 55 84 Che ee Bt > goodditto -/ 58 ,, 70] Jo ,, 76) 50 5, 70] 46 »» Jo} 60 ,, 44 Oo ,, 66 Mies sce tj c. cpl go 2, 22 (062 ss. 781) 94 ase 82| 92-5, ad. 4o 2. 94 a ditto | 57 , 64 : 68 sel ee op ee im 50 66 North Wilts Loaf,new| 66 ;, 80| 78 3, 88| 74 ,, 86| .. .. na oS ete 2 ne Derby ” ” 65 5 83 56 55 88 0 5 86 80 45 «oe ; "4 si 98 G4 Sy 70 American, fine ..| 68 ,, 73| 72 », 96| 62 5, 64| 66 ,, 92] 66 ,, Jo | 50 ,, 53 os foot ..| 54 ,, G5} 50 ,, 68) 30 5, 58] 46 ,, Go} 54 5, 62 24 5, 46 usa wen sek oe 49) iy, “Ode 52 5, 60 [°'56.<,55% 62} 50 G5. +62] 56 5, 64 48. 55 150 », 80 Gruyere, new.. ..~ oe oe oe ee es ee oe nee 80 4, 90 72 Taste X VII.— Quantity and Vauvez of Burrer Importep from Denmanrg, 1865-77. Quantities. Se ee Years. Quantities. cere neal Cwts. £. Cwts. £. 65,555 362,440 1872 1735574 1,009, 322 67,305 319,528 1873 201,558 I, 203,459 80,589 422,479 1874 226,053 1,363,433 793437 471,262 1875 206,171 1,275,870 103 ,613 574,981 1876 205,195 I, 311,234 127,013 767,190 1877 210, 322 1,347,791 140,851 803,226 _ ( XXIV) Taste XVITI.— Quantity and Vatur of Burren Imported from the Umitep Staves, Benarum, France and Honnianp; and of Onersr Imported from the Unrrep States and Horiann, 1865-77. | UNITED STATES Years. Butter. CHEESE. Quantities. mse ‘ Quantities. Sy Cwts. £. Cwts. £, 1865 .. 83,216 437,793 442,913 1,296,204 1866 .. 16,059 775754 415,726 1,386,447 1867 .. 39,035 113,290 526,740 1,470,017 1868 .. 7,117 375279 489,117 1,439, 380 1869 . 17,204 84,603 487,870 1,612,325 1870... 16,915 80,928 5555385 1,861,263 187r 83,775 3945359 731,326 2,014,805 1872 .. 45,765 199,679 598,198 I, 701,435 1873... 43,406 199,639 790,238 2,353,181 1874. 36,307 188,769 849,933 2,589,776 1875. 40,331 205 , 900 958,978 2, 786,027 1876 .. 118,131 593,122 936, 203 2,564,977 S77) ves 188,491 920,561 1,082,844 3,129,829 BELGIUM. FRANCE. Years. BorTrter. Burrer. Cwts. £. Cwts. chee 1865 +e 70,619 433,179 353,115 1,867,085 1866... 76,667 426,712 452,196 2,276,493 1867 «. 80,754 470,464 459,693 2,265,147 1868 .. 70,456 405 .987 393,578 2,156,824 1869 .. 85,789 481,609 407,432 2,231,450 1870 .. 84, 408 516,643 289,692 1,672,899 187 oe 94,539 523,460 304,683 1 5636,006 1872 «. 74,191 409,555 355,089 1,916,795 1873 +. 76,610 439,501 446,550 2,409, 861 1874 ., 76,723 465,517 713,251 3,944, 233 1875 + 79950 499,028 567,560 3,387,219 1876 65,309 419,209 622,488 357325405 1877 58,200 378,435 606 , 762 3,654,488 HOLLAND. Years. Bortrter. CHEESE, Cwts. £. Cwts. £. 1865 .. 345,026 1,886,486 386,962 I, 100,037 1866. 383,225 1,979,070 426,559 1,317,237 1867 .. 326,217 1,733,459 332,628 961,245 1868 .. 343,322 1,992,414 329,565 9595547 1869 .. 415,176 2,253,420 426,913 1,262,101 1870 .. 406 , 795 2,388,459 422,553 1,204,830 187I oe 390,616 1,986,708 348,148 954,236 1872 +. 269,091 1,358,579 329,535 942,537 1873 + 279,004 1,453,875 336,654 T, 013,233 1874 351, 605 1,877,755 398,888 1,164,921 1875. 357,106 1,917,910 370,123 1,078,594 1876 .. 402,984 2,252,909 330,435 949,413 1877 + 372,134 2,084,686 341,980 984,855 Sw JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. I.—Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1878. By FrepEriIc Brarp, of Horton, near Canterbury. TuE prizes awarded were offered by the Local Committee in connection with the Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, held at Bristol during the year 1878, for the best-managed arable, and the best-managed dairy or stock farms in the county of Gloucester, the eastern division of the county of Somerset, and the northern division of the county of Wilts. The farms were divided into classes thus: Crass I.—For the best-managed ArRaBLE Farm of 200 acres and upwards in extent, having at least two-thirds of its area under rotation of cropping, 50J. ; for the second best, 251. Cuass II.—For the best-managed ARABLE Farm, above 80 acres in extent, and under 200 acres, having at least two-thirds of its area under rotation of cropping, 30/.; for the second best, 15. Cuass [II.—For the best-managed Datry or Stock Farm of not less than 200 acres in extent, where the cultivation and management are chiefly directed to the production of cheese or butter, or of animal food, 50. ; ‘for the second best, 25/. Cuass IV.—For the best-managed Datry or Stock Farm, above 80 acres in extent, and under 200 acres, where the cultivation and management are directed principally to the production of cheese or butter, or of animal ae, 3802. ; for the second best, 15/. The competition was limited to tenant-farmers, paying a bona fide rent for not less than three-fourths of the land in their occupation. The Judges were instructed to take into full consideration any special advantage which one competitor might have over another, and to withhold the prizes in the absence of sufficient merit in any of the competing farms, and especially to consider the fol- lowing points of merit :— Cuasses I. and II. General Management, with a view to Profit. . Productiveness of Crops. . Goodness and suitability of Live Stock. . Management of Grass and Clover Land. . State of Gates, Fences, Roads, and General Neatness. Mode of Book-keeping pursued. VOL. XV.—S. S. B > OUP oo bo 2. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. Cuasses III. and 1V. . General Management, with a view to Profit. . Productiveness of Crops. . Goodness and suitability of Live Stock, especially for Dairy purposes. . Management of Grass Land. . State of Gates, Fences, Roads, and General Neatness. . Mode of Book-keeping followed. Management of the Dairy and of Dairy produce. AD OP CD The entries were as follows :— Cuass I. R. P A. . Arkell, William, jun. .. 710 0 O Glebe and Townsend Farms, Hatherop, near Fairford, Gloucestershire. Corner, Richard .. .. 512 0 O Inglescombe,near Bath, Somersetshire. Hulbert, Thomas Redman 1848 0 O North Cerney, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Cuass II. In this Class there were uo entries. Cuass III, A. R. P. Beaven, James... ., 226 O O West Leaze Farm, Swindon, Wiltshire. Gibbons, George .. .. 884 0 O Tunley Farm, Bath, Somersetshire. Harding, Joseph .. .. 216 1 24 Slimbridge, near Stonehouse, Dursley. Gloucestershire. ‘ Howell, Henry .. .. 201 0 © Woodcot Farm, Owlpen, Dursley, Gloucestershire. Keen, John Reynolds .. 825 0 O Chewton Farm, Stone Easton, Bath, Somersetshire. Maskelyne, John .. .. 272 0 O MHankerton, Malmesbury, Wiltshire. Paget, Edward .. ., 283 0 O Burnett, near Bristol, Somersetshire. Pearce, James . . 873 0 4 Kingsweston, near Bristol, Gloucester- shire. Savage, George .. .. 200 O O Frocester Farm, Stroud, Gloucester- shire. Steeds, Albert James .. 222 3 20 Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Bath, Somerset- shire. Cuass IV. A. Cadle, John Cornelius ., 136 The Brook, Westbury -on - Severn, Newnham, Gloucestershire. Ubley, Bristol, Somersetshire. _ Park Farm, Bower Ashton, Bristol, Somersetshire. Lipyeat, Bath, Somersetshire. Kellaways Farm, Chippenham, Wilt- shire. Mr. Thomas Willis, jun., Mr. T. F. Jackson, and myself, were appointed to act as Judges in the competition by the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society. We met for the first time at Bristol on the evening of the 21st day of January, were introduced to each other by Mr. Jenkins, the Secretary of the Day, Robert Alfred ,.. 180 Harding, Stephen .. .. 170 Hoddinott, James... .. 127 Long, John William .. 126 oo oo oP oe 1.6 O>.6% Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 3 Society, and were furnished by him with the foregoing and other necessary information. We started on our tour of inspection the next morning, and although the weather was decidedly unfavourable for such work, we managed to keep all our appointments, and to complete our survey of the farms according to our programme on the 29th day of the same month, when we parted from each other at Gloucester, having previously arranged the date of our next survey. This first visit was principally devoted to the inspection of the live stock in the yards and on the farms, of the state of the fields cropped in the autumn, and of the roots grown in 1877 that were not consumed, regard béing also paid to the pre- paration of the land for the spring sowing of cereals, roots, and other crops. Our next meeting was at Gloucester on the 20th of May, and we commenced our inspection on the following morning, revers- ing the order in which the various farms had been previously visited, making a most careful survey of everything we deemed important on each farm, and finishing at Bath on the 30th of the same month. With only one exception, it rained at intervals every day ; these and previous rains had made the land very wet, low-lying and clay fields having suffered severely, and all the corn crops being more or less injured by the superabundant moisture. We agreed in opinion that we had never seen such heavy crops of meadow and artificial grasses; and that although the stock and dairy farms had in some instances suffered much from the poaching of the cattle and consequent waste of grass, parti- cularly near the gateways, which were simply a mass of mud, nevertheless, on the whole, the occupiers of these descriptions of farms had a good prospect of a profitable return on their invest- ments. During this and our former visit to the competing farms, and in our journeys to and from them, we were much impressed by the fact that nearly all the cattle we saw were either Short- horns, or crosses of that valuable breed, more or less distinct. The exceptions were here and there a white-faced animal—whose ancestry was evidently traceable to the Herefords,—an occasional blue roan—whose dam was Welsh,—and a few Devons of a very moderate class. In all the cases that came under our immediate notice, the bulls used were Shorthorns, and when they were from pedigree herds, and the animals of even only moderately good form, excellent results were clearly traceable in the young stock. The use of pure-bred males cannot be too much impressed on the owners of cows in the important dairy districts which it has been our lot to visit; and we feel confident that the small B 2 4. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. extra cost thereby incurred would be amply repaid, and with good interest, in each individual case, while the improvement in the cattle of the district would be a national benefit. The third and last survey was confined to a few farms only, and was made simply to clear up some points affecting our deci- sions, upon which we felt we required some further knowledge: it was made immediately before the Show, to enable us to deliver our awards in time for the General Meeting of the Society at Bristol, on Thursday, the 11th of July, and the results will be found in the following Report. Crass 1.—First Prize. North Cerney, Perrot's Brook, and Scrubditch Farms, in the County of Gloucester —These farms are occupied by Mr. Thomas Redman Hulbert; the two former are rented of Earl Bathurst, under a yearly tenancy, and the latter of Mr. Croome, under a lease, five years of which are unexpired. They are situated on and at the foot of the Cotswold Hills, about 4 miles from Cirencester. Earl Bathurst's farms consist, according to Mr. Haulbert’s entry, of— A. B. P. 831 3 39 Arable land. 192 2 33 Pasture. Mr. Croome’s, of 185 1 16 Arable land. 58 1 31 Pasture. Total 1268 1 39 The soil is described by Mr. Hulbert, in his certificate, as light, and the subsoil as stone-brash. There are ten cottages hired with the farms, and two under a different hiring. The farmhouse at North Cerney is prettily situated ; the farm- buildings are an unconnected lot, some on each farm, and are of a very ordinary type. The tenant has a water-mill on the farm, which he uses for grinding, crushing, and winnowing corn, -and other purposes. The late Earl Bathurst, about a year ago, at his own cost, affixed a set of pumps to force water from a well close to the wheel, through 23-in. iron pipes, a distance of about 2 miles, to a tank holding 7000 gallons, at an elevation of about 240 feet above the level of the valley, and thence supplying other smaller tanks by gravitation, so that the buildings and every field on the farm can have a proper supply. The water from this source is also supplied to the cottages. Considering the elevated position of the greater part of Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 5 Mr. Hulbert’s occupation, and the fact that he uses steam-power largely for the purposes of cultivation, and keeps a large flock on the uplands during the summer months, this work is a great boon to him, as well as being a permanent im- provement to the estate, Mr. Hulbert’s labour costs him on an average of years about 25s. per acre. At pre- sent he pays his men 12s. per week ; shepherds and carters, &c., 14s. to 15s. per week, and 40s. extra for harvest. Nearly all the labour, how- ever, is performed by piece- work, under which system he finds that he gets his work well done, while the men earn better wages and are better satisfied. A large sum is ex- pended annually in food for stock, and also for artificial manure, principally nitrate of soda and superphosphates. | Cattle—The cattle on the \\ farm at the date of our first visit consisted of 12 cows, 4 bulls, 10 heifers in-calf, 2 - weaning-calves, and 88 steers and fatting beasts. Although changes had taken place between then and our next visit—fat cattle having been sold and others pur- chased, and calves bred and weaned—the stock was represented by about the same number. They were, on the whole, a good lot, well done and well managed ; there were some pure Shorthorns among them, and the rest had good crosses of pure blood. Sheep.—The flock of pure Cotswolds numbered in January, 323 breeding-ewes, 188 ewe tegs, 387 tegs; and in May, 271 breeding-ewes with their lambs, 180 ewe tegs, 16 ram tegs, and some fatting sheep. The whole were good and wonderfully well managed; and Mr. Hulbert’s accounts showed a very large return for mutton sold. Fig. 1.—Scrubditch Farm, Glouces- tershire. G > Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. Fig. 2.—Perrot’s Brook Farm, Gloucestershire. Swine.—These are of the Berkshire breed, and of very good quality. 13 breeding-sows are kept on the farm, and in January we found 125 store-pigs. Horses.—The farm is worked by 24 cart-horses, aided by steam-cultivation, Mr. Hulbert having a set of steam-tackle of> his own, which he also hires out to his neighbours; there are | Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 7 also 3 yearling cart-colts, 3 nag horses, and a pony kept on the farm. A large number of poultry is reared at a profit, but no separate account is kept of them. The arable land is farmed on the four-course system. The fences are principally stone walls, well-built and in good con- dition ; the fields are large and admirably suited for steam- cultivation, the benefits of which were visible in the state of the corn crops and fallows after the long-continued rainfall that had preceded our second visit. Mr. Hulbert’s return from the sale of beef, mutton, and pork exceeds that entered under the head of corn sold by nearly one- fourth, and this we take to be the reason of the flourishing appearance of his corn crops. The water-meadows are a great feature on this farm; their extent is about 50 acres, they are well cared for and a very valuable addition to the farm. Mr. Hulbert plants the “ Thousand-headed Kale” largely, approving of it very highly for early autumn and _ spring feeding. That for autumn feeding is planted thick, to facilitate its growth. At our visit in July we found the corn crops much improved, the forcing weather having done wonders in maturing them. This year the corn crops consist of about 200 acres of wheat, 90 acres of barley, 140 acres of oats, 20 acres of peas, and 20 acres of vyetches. Nearly all these were looking well, and some were yery heavy crops. Mr. Hulbert is particular in his selec- tion of varieties of seed-corn, and the growing crops bear evidence of the good results of his care in this respect. The crops of hay were good, about 100 acres of meadow-land and 90 acres of artificial grasses had been cut, and the bulk secured in capital condition. All had been cut by the scythe, at prices varying from 3s. to 5s. per acre. There was a capital prospect of a good root-crop on this farm, so that altogether the tenant has a good look-out for the winter for a large number of live stock. " The roots consisted of about 18 acres of mangolds, very thriving; 12 acres of “ Thousand-headed Kale,” growing fast and looking like making a great crop; an additional 10 acres had also been planted, and the crop in this field had been mixed with Tankard turnips for early feeding. There were also about 80 acres of swedes and 35 acres of turnips planted; and in addition to these crops there were 8 acres of drumhead-cabbages, and 40 acres of land prepared for a crop of late turnips. The swedes were an excellent plant, well drilled and well managed. These were in process of thinning and hoeing by 8 . Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. women, who were doing the work well, at a cost of 8s. per acre for two hoeings. Everything on this farm is evidently done with a view to a profitable return on the outlay, and bears evidence of the con- stant supervision of the master. The land, on the whole, is clean and well farmed, the gates, walls and fences in proper condition ; the live stock is very good, and well suited for the occupation. Keeping in view our instructions, we had therefore much pleasure in awarding the First Prize in Class 1 to Mr. Hulbert. Cuiass 1.—Sreconp Prize. The Glebe and Townsend Farms, Hatherop, near Fairford, Gloucestershire—These farms are occupied by Mr. William Arkell, junior, under a lease for 16 years from Michaelmas 1870, and consist, according to Mr. Arkell’s entry, of— A eee 486 0 1 Arable land. 2230. “15"" Pasture: 1 2 34 Buildings. Total (LOR oy GLO The Rey. P. P. Davies is the owner of the Glebe Farm, and Thomas 8S. Bazley, Esq., the owner of the Townsend Farm, but both are held by Mr. Arkell under one lease. These farms are close to the village of Hatherop and the mansion of Mr. Bazley, and about 3 miles from Fairford in Gloucestershire. The soil is described by Mr. Arkell in his certificate as part light and part heavy, and the subsoil as mostly stone under the light part and clay under the heavy. There are only two cottages hired with the farms, but four others are held by Mr. Arkell under a different hiring. The farm-house and buildings are good, and very suitable for the occupation; they are built of stone in a substantial manner. A large Dutch barn has been built by the tenant, the landowner finding the timber; this is a very good addition to the other- wise well-arranged and commodious homestead. — The farm premises and some of the fields are supplied with water from a well, and pumped by a water-wheel, which also supplies the mansion and the cottages in the village; the water being furnished by Mr. Bazley to his tenantry and the cottages free of cost. The cottages in the village and on the estate are wonderfully . good and pretty, recently built very substantially of stone, and in Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 9 pairs ; they have good gardens, beautifully kept, and are let at rents varying from 3/. 10s. to 5/. per year, of course paying, in a money point of view, a very small interest on the outlay to the spirited owner of the property, but who, we trust, reaps his reward in the gratitude of his tenants and in constantly seeing one of the prettiest villages in the country close to his mansion. Mr. Arkell expends in labour about 24s. per acre in an average of years, paying his labourers weekly wages varying from 13s. to 15s. per week; while the carters and other weekly men get from 15s. to 18s. per week, with cottages rent-free ; women are paid 10d. per day in winter, and 1s, per day in summer. No beer or cider is allowed tothe men except during the corn and hay harvest, and then 1 gallon per day each. Mr. Arkell spends a large sum. annually on food for stock, equal, in fact, to the amount of his rent, but he uses scarcely any purchased manures. Cattle. —At the date of our first visit the cattle consisted of 16 working oxen (somewhat ofa novelty in these days), 8 dairy cows, 2 fatting cows, 5 three-year-old heifers in-calf, 4 fatting heifers, 7 two-year-old heifers in-calf, 5 two-year-old heifers, 25 yearlings, 11 yearling bulls, 2 older bulls, and 7 weaning-calves ; at our second visit, the fatting cattle had been sold, and the weaning- calves increased in number to 23. The cattle are a very useful lot of Shorthorns ; the 2 old bulls are used with the working oxen on the farm. Mr. Arkell sells bull calves at Birmingham and elsewhere, hence the number of young bulls on hand ; he exhibits occasion- ally at local Shows, and evidently intends endeavouring to make himself a name in the Shorthorn world. Sheep.—The flock of Oxford Downs in January consisted of 276 breeding-ewes, 100 ewe tegs, 4rams, and 153 fatting sheep. At the date of our second visit we found 182 breeding-ewes, 97 ewe tegs, 296 lambs and 7 fatting sheep. Some of the ewe tegs had lambs by their sides, and although the lambs were young, they with their mothers were looking healthy and well. Mr. Arkell sells about 50 ram lambs yearly, at an average price of 51. each. ' This flock has been carefully selected, and is certainly well managed. ‘he plan adopted for feeding the sheep is to fold them on the arable and pasture land all the year round. Swine.—Only a small number are kept, and these principally for breeding purposes. The sows are a useful lot. About 24/. per annum is realised from the sale of poultry. The farm is worked by 12 horses, the 16 oxen and the 2 bulls. There are 2 colts bred on the farm and 2 nag horses kept. The horses are a fair class of agricultural animals. 10° - Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. Mr. Arkell manages the light portion of his farm on the four- course system, the heavy land ona double four-course, 7.e., clover only once in 8 years, substituting for it vetches and fallows. About 130 acres of land has been laid down to grass since 1870, the intention being to add to the extent of the park. The soil seems suitable for grass, and although it is perhaps some of the best land on the farm, it will, we think, be as profitable to the tenant as if it were under cultivation as arable land. At our second visit we found the corn crops suffering very much from the excessive wet ; weeds were rather more plentiful than we could have wished, and the fallows were in a backward state; but, taking the farm as a whole, and considering the ex- ceptionally wet month that had preceded our visit, there was no very great fault to be found. Mr. Arkell produces a large quantity of beef and mutton, the returns from the sale of animal food being nearly equal to that of the corn sold. The corn is for the most part drilled, wheat 63 to 84 inch intervals between the rows, at the rate of from 6 to 8 pecks per acre. Barley and oats are drilled at 64 to 734 inches between the rows, and at the rate of from 2} bushels to 3 bushels per acre. Beans, when in wide rows 223 inches, and when in narrow rows, 8 inches apart, and at the rate of 3 bushels per acre. The mixtures sown for seeds are, clover, 10 lbs., hop clover, 6 lbs.; and for mixed seeds, 4 Ibs. red clover, 4 lbs. cow grass, 4 lbs. hop clover, and 4 bushel of rye-grass. At our last visit we found the corn crops improved, but not to so great an extent as we could have wished. One field of winter oats was a great crop, and the wheat on the whole promised well. The barley crop was not looking right, and could not by any possibility be a large one. Beans and peas were good, but showed too many weeds. Mangolds and swedes were a good plant, the latter quite fit to set out. On the whole, this farm shows evidence of previous good management, but the wet spring had been too much for the crops and for the usual staff of labourers to keep them clean. y Mr. Arkell had got together 120 acres of meadow and artificial grasses—a great crop in 7 stacks—in capital order; it had all been mowed by scythe, at a cost of from 3s. to 5s. per acre, and an elevator had been used to put it on the stacks. Although we saw some things to find fault about on this farm, we nevertheless saw much more to commend, and, taking into account our instructions and the merit shown in many points, we had the pleasure of awarding the Second Prize in Class 1 to Mr. Arkell. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 11 Cuass 1. Manor Farm, Inglescombe, near Bath, Somersetshire.—This farm is occupied by Mr. Richard Corner, who resides at Williton, near Taunton. It is held under H.R.H. the Prince of Wales for a term of 21 years, and is situated about 24 miles west of Bath, in a very hilly district. It was entered in the certificate as containing— on 410 0 O Arable land. 102 0 0 Pasture land. Total 512 0 0 exclusive of buildings, cottages, gardens and woods. The nature of the soil is described as moderately light, mixed with Bath stone, and a good part of it sticky yellow clay, the subsoil is stated to be rock and clay. There are 12 cottages hired with the farm, including a blacksmith’s and a carpenter’s house. New farm- buildings have been erected at a large outlay, and at the date of our second visit, the foundations of a new residence had been laid. On p. 12 is a plan and description of the new farm-buildings, which are built in a very substantial manner, and, with a few exceptions, possess very commodious arrangements. There is also a new water-wheel, which performs the threshing, grinding, and chaff-cutting on the farm. It is, however, about 1000 feet from the buildings, and the power is transmitted from the wheel to the buildings by shafting running along the surface of the ground for the whole distance ; this arrangement appeared to us costly and wasteful. Mr. Corner expends in labour about 25s. per acre : he employs 16 men, at wages varying from 14s. to 18s. per week ; 1 woman, at ls. per day ; and 6 boys, at from 5s. to 8s. per week: he also employs extra labour when required. Beer is allowed during corn and hay harvest. The labourers are charged 2s. per week rent for their cottages. A considerable sum is expended in food for cattle and also in artificial manures. Cattle,—At the date of our first visit the cattle consisted of 11 cows and heifers, 12 fatting steers, 6 two-year-old heifers, 24 yearlings, 5 weaning-calves and 1 bull. These were a useful lot, and the 12 fatting steers were very good. The cows are kept to breed and bring up calves, each cow is expected to bring up 5 calves in the year, four of which are of course purchased. The cattle and young stock at both our visits were in good condition and evidently well taken care of. 12. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. Fig. 3.—Ground Plan of Inglescombe Farm Buildings. =. A SSS B < ei 3 = D G Ho ! - | a4! 25° 25% 15 35°x 25° I G R ‘a ACTUAL i * Petr et] Pett | 4 TT] mx f | SF i a | u = ; ) | va fst g u Sy | Ulu Dx | a roe 8 Z PLAN, A. Rickyard. OO. Stabling for 12 horses, B. Shafting for water-wheel. P, Box. C. Roots. Xe. Q. Manure-tank, DD. Chatf-house. R. Calves. E. Dust-house, S. Manure, F. Barn. T. Tool-house. G. Mill. UUU. Cow-stalls. H. Waggon-shed. V. Entrance, I. Feeding-path. W. Stall. JJ. Crib. Wa Stable. K. Open shed. X. Harness. LL. Fattening-boxes, Y. Gig-house, M. Carts, implements, &c. Z. Roadway. N. Yard. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 13 Fig. 4.—First Floor Plan of Inglescombe Farm Buildings. CHAFF-CUTTING ROOM 34° 25° STRAW LOFT erca 68 x 17’ OPEN YARD = a Sar ee ee 68 x17 GRANARY erc. | | A — Sheep.—A cross-bred flock is kept, consisting of, at our first visit, 248 breeding-ewes, 83 ewe tegs, 82 wether tegs, 30 fatting sheep, 38 small tegs, and 3 rams; im all, 650: these were re- duced on our second visit to 419; but the increase in the shape of lambs made the total number about the same. Twelve cart-horses are used to cultivate the farm; they are very good animals, well suited for the work they have to perform, and are kept in good condition. There are also 2 yearling colts and 1 cob kept on the farm. Mr. Corner exhibited his farm under great disadvantages, the whole of it, including the shape of the fields and the buildings, having been in a state of transition since the commencement of his occupation. 14 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. It appears that about 63 miles of hedges have been grubbed. and about 240 rods of new fencing substituted where required, The land has come into his occupation at irregular intervals, some not more than a year since, and in wretched condition, so that he has not really had time to complete his alterations, or get the land in order. In those portions of the farm where the improvements are completed the management and crops were very satisfactory, and we had the pleasure of seeing a growing crop of 109 acres of wheat more promising than any we had seen elsewhere. At some future time, should Mr. Corner enter his farm in competition, we think he will have a fair chance of success. In concluding our Report on the arable farms we would remark that, considering the large district over which the com- petition extended, we were somewhat surprised to find so very small an entry. Although the district is for the most part a dairy and grazing one, there is, nevertheless, a considerable extent of arable land in some portions of it ; and it would have afforded us much more satisfaction if the entries from which we had to select the prize-takers had been more numerous. Without wishing in any way to depreciate the excellent points of management seen in the competing farms, we are disposed to think that in all probability a larger competition would have had the effect of making the weak points in them far more manifest to us. No doubt there are many well-managed arable farms in the district qualified to compete in Classes 1 and 2 with good chances of success ; but of one thing we are quite certain, that those who did enter their farms contrast very favourably with their immediate neighbours in the cleanliness and bulk of their crops, and in their general management. We have avoided entering into a detailed account of the modes of cultivation practised on these farms, contenting ourselves by describing the general system pursued, and only remarking on any novel departures from the well-known modes of cropping land which are adopted under any of the ordinary and equally well-known courses of husbandry. We were much impressed by the small sum expended in labour on these farms, and, if we may venture to say so, are of opinion that a larger amount might be profitably and advantageously employed. Cuass 3.—First Prize. Red House Farm, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, near Bath.—This farm is the property of the Right Hon. Lord Hylton, and is oceupied Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. i5 by Mr. Albert James Steeds under a yearly tenancy. It contains, according to Mr. Steeds’ entry,— Ag ORS! oP: 54 3 25 Arable land. 168 0 1 Pasture land. Total 222 3 26 Fig. 5.—Red House Farm, Somerset. st™ s Foswe Mr. Steeds, in his certificate of entry, describes the soil as light and the subsoil as stone-brash. The farm is situated under the Mendip Hills. The rocky subsoil is pretty close to the surface over a great portion of this farm, which has been held by the present tenant and his uncle for many years. The house and buildings are certainly not of an attractive character, and are not sufficiently capacious for a farm managed as this is, and evidently has been for a very long period. The fields are di- vided by earth-banks and hedges planted thereon, the banks being 16_ Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. for the most part protected by stone walls on one or both sides. These walls are well constructed, make a capital fence, afford good shelter for the stock, and are maintained in excellent order. The bulk of the water-supply for the stock in the buildings, and also in the fields, has to be pumped by hand-power, which is an inconvenient and expensive mode of furnishing the large eels required on a farm carrying so many cattle as this does. or want of sufficient yard and shed accommodation, many of the cattle have to lay out in the fields during the whole of the winter. They are of course fed with artificial food, and although the fences above alluded to are a great protection to them, they must nevertheless suffer much for want of proper shedding and from lying on the damp ground. There must also be a waste of food. When we were on the farm in January it was during a severe hail- and snow-storm, and the poor animals, although well cared for in the matter of food, were certainly not looking their best. Notwithstanding these disadvantages, the tenant had evidently made up his mind to make the most of the good quali- ties of the farm, and has certainly succeeded in doing so, the condition of his cattle, and the good order and cleanliness of his belongings testifying*most fully to this fact. There are three cottages on this farm. The labour costs about 30s. per acre, the men being paid at the rate of 14s. per week ; they have also allowed them 20 perches of potato-land, cultivated ready to receive the seed, and also one quart of cider per day. All the fodder grown on the farm is consumed thereon, and in addition a sum equal to the rent of the farm is laid out in pur- chasing food for the stogk. The returns in the shape of animal food and dairy produce are immense, doing the utmost credit to Mr. Steeds’ management. Cattle—At our first visit in January we saw on the farm 46 cows in-calf, 3 barren cows, 11 two-year-old heifers in-calf, 13 yearling heifers, and 2 bulls. At our second visit in May, 61 cows in-milk, 13 yearling heifers, 2 bulls, and 13 weaning- calves. The cattle are useful, rent-paying dairy stock, well cared for, and consequently kept in nice condition. As cheese is the object sought after, the cows are calved early in the spring, the calves being sold under a week old, with the exception of about a dozen of the most promising females, which are weaned and go into the dairy when a little over two years old. Mrs. Steeds manages the dairy very well, and a detailed account of the mode of management on this and the other farms will be seen in my colleague’s Report (pp. 37-42). Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. = 17 Sheep.—The flock in January consisted of 117 breeding-ewes and 3 rams; and in May, 127 ewes and 111 lambs. The ewes are West Country Downs; Mr. Steeds’ plan is to buy in ewes every year, tup them with Cotswold rams, selling the ewes and lambs fat. At the date of our May visit, 53 lambs had been sold and several others were ready for the butcher ; the ewes were also in a forward state, and would be sold fat during the summer, to make way for a fresh lot. Swine.—Seven breeding-sows are kept on the farm. The pigs are fatted in the usual manner practised among cheese-making farmers, viz., with whey and meal. In Mr. Steeds’ case a very large quantity of pork is sold annually, helping much to swell his large gross returns. Horses.—The work of the farm is performed by 3 horses ; there are also 2 nags kept. The farm-horses are an exceedingly useful lot, 2 of them good brood-mares. The arable land is managed on a four-course system, and is very well done, being free from weeds and in a very high state of cultivation, The course is, (1) roots, (2) wheat, (3) barley, and (4) seeds. With such high farming as we saw here, this deviation from the ordinary four-course system seemed to us absolutely necessary to secure a plant of seeds under the growing crops of corn. The accounts are fairly kept ; in fact, better so than in most of the cases that came under our observation. Taylor’s ‘ Farmer’s Account-book’ is used, and a profit and loss account shown therein every year. Everything under Mr. Steeds’ management shows unmistakable proofs of the interest he takes in his busi- ness; and although his buildings, his gates, and fences were models of neatness and good order, and his land remarkably clean, nevertheless it was evident that the main chance was always kept carefully in sight. The farm is also very well and fully stocked, and the annual returns in the shape of dairy and other produce the largest per acre of any that came under our notice. Keeping our imstructions in view, we were all of opinion that this farm was entitled to first honours, and we had conse- quently very great pleasure in awarding Mr. Steeds the First Prize in Class 3. Cuass 3.—SECOND PRIZE. Tunley Farm, near Bath, in the County of Somerset.—This farm is the property of Miss Jarrett, of Camerton Court, and is occupied by Mr. George Gibbons, under an unexpired term of lease. It contains 100 acres of arable and 284 acres of pasture land ; total, 384 acres. VOL. XV.—S. 8. C 18 © Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. The soil is described as mixed, mostly heavy, and the subsoil various, but mostly clay, The house and main portions of the buildings are on nearly the highest portion of the farm. The new buildings are good, the new cow-house being the best arranged of any we saw during our inspection.* The mode of supplying the animals with food, litter, and water, and of getting rid of the manure, liquid and solid, is excellent, and does great credit to the designer. The liquid manure is conveyed by pipes to a tank some distance from the buildings, and is used for irrigating some lower-lying pasture- land. A small fixed steam-engine is used for chaff-cutting and crushing corn, &c. The land is of very undulating character, of good fair quality, and the farm, as a whole, possesses many advantages. The cot- tages and farm-buildings at the lower end of the farm are rather a sorry lot: Mr. Gibbons accounts for this by stating that he would rather have only one homestead, and therefore simply keeps the sheds here for young cattle and swine. There are 6 cottages, 3 of which are held with the farm, and 3 under a different hiring. Mr. Gibbons pays about 30s. per acre annually for labour, and expends a sum exceeding a year’s rent of his farm upon pur- chased food for his stock. He pays his men at the rate of from 14s. to 15s. per week, allowing them 1 quart of cider per day, from Lady-day to Michaelmas, and extra for harvest. The cows are milked by women, who are paid 3s. per week for milking night and morning. The returns in the shape of pork and dairy produce are large. Mr. Gibbons informed us that he fattened annually about 200 pigs, at an average weight of 200 Ibs. each. Cattle—At our first visit, in January, there were on the farm 76 cows, 16 two-year-old heifers in-calf, 24 yearling heifers, and 2 bulls; and on our second visit, 77 cows in-milk, 5 cows in-calf, 24 yearling heifers, 3 bulls, and 33 weaning-calves. Sheep.—45 breeding-ewes, 63 ewe tegs, 14 wether tegs, and 2 rams. Swine.—12 breeding-sows, 140 store and fatting pigs. ~ Horses kept on the farm consist of 7 cart-horses and 4 cart- colts, 2 nag colts, a pony, and a cob. A large quantity of poultry is reared, but no separate account of the returns from this source is kept. The dairy cows, particularly the young ones, and also the ia annee and mening eal es, are a very superior lot, affording * For eee of these buildings and a detailed description of the farm, sec the ‘Report on the Somerstshire Farm-Prize Competition, 1875, pp. 529 to 543 of vol. xi., Second Series, of this ‘ Journal,’ 1875. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 19 in their appearance ample evidence of the good results due to the use of pure Shorthorn bulls. Those at present in use are well-shaped animals of good quality, bred by Mr. Hugh Aylmer, of West Dereham, Norfolk. Mr. Gibbons farms for cheese and pork, and evidently does so successfully. The dairy is well managed by Mrs. Gibbons ; the mode of cheesemaking and other details of management is described in Mr. Jackson’s Report. The arable land is managed on the four-course system, viz., (1) roots, (2) barley, (3) seeds, (4) wheat. We found the land and also the pasture in a very fair state of cultivation, one large field of wheat being exceedingly good, and the crops of seeds and grass-hay very heavy. ‘There was also a good plant of mangolds, and these were in a clean state and looked promising. Peat’s ‘ Farmer’s Dairy and Account-book’ is used, but we can hardly compliment Mr. Gibbons on the manner in which the accounts were kept. The house and buildings are supplied with water by a hydraulic ram raising water to a tank holding . about 6000 gallons. The tank is at an elevation of about 200 feet above the ram, which is capable of lifting between 3000 and 4000 gallons of water daily. The reservoir, from which the water is taken to work the ram, is built in masonry and sup- plied by a strong natural spring, the surplus water being used for irrigating a meadow nearly adjoining the same. At our third visit to this farm we found that Mr. Gibbons had secured the produce of 10334 acres of meadow land, and 16} acres of seeds in capital condition. The crop was large, and the work had been very well done with the aid of Harrison and McGregor’s mower, Boby’s haymaking-machine, and Nicholson’s horse-rake. The crops on the arable land were looking well; they consisted of 31 acres of wheat, promising to be a great crop; 5 acres of barley, also good; and 223 acres of roots, a good plant, and the land clean and well done. Acting according to our instructions, we had, after our third survey, no hesitation in awarding the Second Prize in Class 3 to Mr. Gibbons. Cuass 33—Exrra Prize Farm. Brook Farm, Hankerton.—This farm is situated about 4 miles north-east of Malmesbury, in the county of Wilts, and is the property of the Earl of Suffolk. According to the certificate of entry, it contains— A. R. P. 80 0 0 Arable land. 192 0 0 Pasture land. Total ea Oues 0 o 2 20 - Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. The tenancy is a yearly one, with a Lady-day entry, and the farm is occupied by Mr. John Maskelyne, who in his certificate of entry describes the nature of the soil as heavy and the subsoil as principally clay. The house and buildings are well suited to the occupation. There are 3 cottages, and 8 labourers are employed on the farm, at wages varying from 12s. to 15s. per week; the labour on the whole costing about 30s. per acre. Mr. Maskelyne does not use this farm as a dairy-farm, finding the soil not suitable for the production of cheese of good quality, and the situation not advantageous for the sale of milk. He, however, produces from it a large quantity of beef, mutton, and pork, buying all his stock in young, and selling them out when fit for the butcher. As his land is not naturally rich, he spends a very large sum for oilcake and corn as extra food for his stock—a sum, in fact, exceeding his rent by at least 50 per cent. This liberal feeding is telling its tale upon the pasture lands, and if continued a few years longer will probably enable him to fatten his stock without so great an outlay for purchased foods. The arable land is exceedingly clean and well managed, and the crops on it were most luxuriant, affording ample evidence of very high farming. Some of the pasture land has been drained, and the good results consequent thereon should induce the pro- prietor of the estate to complete the drainage of the farm. Some of the land had been very recently drained by the tenant, the landlord finding the tiles. This is, at the best, a make- shift mode of carrying out drainage works in the majority of cases, the work not being properly done. Mr. Maskelyne employs 6 horses to do the work of his farm, and has also 2 nags, 1 cart-colt, and 2 yearling nag colts. In May he was grazing 32 two-year-old steers and heifers, 47 yearlings, 25 calves, and was keeping 6 dairy cows. Considerable judg- ment had been shown in the purchase of these, and they were a good, useful lot of animals, well done, and in thriving condition. He was also at the same time grazing 72 tegs, 22 two-year- old wethers, 50 ewes, 76 lambs, and 3 rams. His lambs are made into mutton very early in the spring of each year on roots on the arable land, being sold under one year old. When we were there in January last there were only about half-a-dozen left ; these were very good, and were in fact sold to the butcher. Store pigs are bought in every year to consume the offal of the farm, and are then fatted, adding considerably to the gross returns from the farm. The accounts are well kept, and the balances properly shown. At the date of our third visit we found Mr. Maskelyne very. busy securing his hay-crop, which was good and well managed. The lambs were weaned, and a capital lot they were, doing Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 21 well, and intended to be sold about or soon after Christmas as mutton. The crops of corn, with the exception of one field of spring wheat, were as good as they could well be; and the cabbages, after vetches, were looking well. We had some difficulty in putting this farm in competition with the dairy farms, but as the gross produce in the shape of animal food bears a favourable comparison with some of the best of the dairy farms, we all felt justified in recommending the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society to reward the great merit shown in the management of this farm, by giving Mr. Maskelyne an extra prize for the same, and we have very great pleasure in announcing that our recommendation was adopted. Cuass 3.—ExtTrRA Prize Farm. Chewton Farm, Stone Easton—This farm, the property of the Countess Waldegrave, is situated about 7 miles north-east | of Wells, in the county of Somerset, and is occupied by Mr. John Reynolds Keen. It consists, according to the certificate of entry, of— A. Rk. P. 81 0 O Arable land. 166 O O Pasture land. 78 0 O Mountain pasture. Total 325 0 0 It is held on lease for 21 years, a moiety of which is unex- ired. : There are no cottages on the farm. ‘The house and farm- buildings are good, in excellent condition, and very well suited for the occupation. The soil is described in the certificate as medium,-and the subsoil as lias rock and shale. This is a very nice compact farm, and the land is of good quality. The mountain land being a poor lot on the Mendip Hills, at a long distance from the homestead, is, however, ex- cepted from this description. Mr. Keen gets his labour done very cheaply, viz., at about 20s. per acre, omitting the mountain land. He employs 5 labourers, at 13s. per week, with an allow- ance of cider during the summer months, and 20s. extra for their harvest ; also 2 boys, one receiving 7s. 6d. and the other 5s. per week. Mr. Keen is the owner of a steam threshing- machine, which he lets on hire, and the two men whose duty it is to go with this are also employed on the farm when the machine is idle. C+ Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. The live stock on the farm consists of—- ~ Cattle—41 dairy cows, 5 two-year-old steers, 2 bulls, 10 yearling heifers, 14 weaning-calves, and 7 grazing cows and heifers. The dairy cows were a very good lot, selected with great care and judgment for the purpose for which they are required. There were some unusually good animals among them, some of which Mr. Keen exhibited at Bristol and at some of the local Shows. We cannot compliment him on his bulls, and trust he will see the necessity of using better males to such a good class of cows. Sheep.—The sheep were a very good cross-bred flock, very well done, and in good condition. ‘There were 177 ewes, 222 lambs, 21 barren ewes, 110 ewe tegs, 41 wether tegs, and 3 rams. The wether tegs were nearly ripe for the butcher. Swine.—The swine consisted of 5 breeding-sows, 28 fatting pigs, and 36 stores. They were a good lot, and help to swell, in the shape of pork, the annual receipts in the balance sheet of the farm. Horses.—The horses consisted of 4 cart-horses, 2 two-year-old colts, 2 nag colts, and a brood mare. The cart-horses are a very useful lot, suitable for the purposes for which they are required. Warren’s ‘ Farmer’s Account-book’ is used, the accounts are well kept and a balance sheet shown annually. A considerable return is made from this farm in the shape of beef, mutton, pork, and dairy produce. The farm as a whole is very well managed, and, with the exception of the 78 acres of off-lying mountain land, a general air of neatness pervades this occu- pation. At the date of our third survey we found that Mr. Keen had secured a capital crop of hay, from about 72 acres of land, in excellent order, his stacks being models of neatness. The crops on the arable land were looking fairly well. He told us he only grows wheat when he wants the straw to thatch his ricks with. His course of cropping is usually roots, barley, seeds, oats. He occasionally leaves his seeds two years, and when he does so, this land is broken up immediately after the first hay crop is off to clear it for the next corn crop. ‘The arable land, we consider was, on the whole, very well done, but not very highly farmed. ‘The grass land on the home farm was in yery good condition, and reflects great credit on the management. Since our May visit a pedigree Shorthorn bull had been pur- chased, which, although by no means a perfect animal, was a considerable improvement on his predecessors. We were pleased to recognise two of Mr. Keen’s cows in the Showyard at Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 23 Bristol, and to find that they had been honoured by the Judges. If the 78 acres of mountain land had been, comparatively speaking, as well managed as the remainder of the farm, Mr. Keen might have had the Second Prize awarded to him; as it is, we felt much pleasure in asking the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society to give him an extra prize for the very large amount of merit shown by him in the general management of his farm with a view to profit, for the excellence of his cattle and sheep, and the great neatness of his roads, fences, and premises, and are pleased to record that our request was com- plied with. OTHER Farms In Crass 3. Kambell Farm, Kingsweston, near Bristol, the property of P. W. S. Miles, Esq., and Mrs. Harford, and occupied by Mr. James Pearce, contains— Sh 72 O 22 Arable land. 300 3 22. Pasture land. Total atom Mr. Pearce, in his certificate of entry, describes the largest portion of the farm as heavy, and the subsoil as chiefly clay. The farm is situated about 5 miles from Bristol, and the land is of good quality. The house and buildings are of a useful ordinary type ; on one homestead, formerly in the occupation of the proprietor, there is a very excellent and capacious cow-shed, and the other buildings there are of an equally good and sub- stantial character. i The farm is held under a yearly tenancy; the terms of entry being feed-value for hay, straw, &c., and allowances for the unexhausted value of manures purchased, and of cake fed, during the last year. About one-half of the farm has been occupied by Mr. Pearce for about 25 years, the other half for 10 years. For the last 7 or 8 years the produce of the cows has been sold in the shape of milk, but previous to that cheese was made. Two small fixed steam-engines of 4-horse power, one at each homestead, are used for chaff-cutting, corn-crushing, &c. Mr. Pearce cuts by machinery all the straw grown on his farm for bedding for his cattle, and also from 150 to 200 tons of hay for feeding pur- poses annually. In addition to this quantity of hay, Mr. Pearce also uses linseed-cake, maize, meal and bran to a rather consider- able extent. The milk is delivered to Bristol twice a day, the 24 - Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. number of cows in-milk varying from 40 to 70. At the date of our visit in May, there were 67 in-milk. He also fats 40 or 50 head of cattle yearly, some on grass and some in stalls. There were 14 steers fatting in the stalls when we were there in January, of exceedingly good quality. At our second visit, 4 of these were on hand, good enough to win prizes at local Shows. From 20 to 30 calves are also raised yearly, chiefly heifers. Mr. Pearce has 9 cottages, but these are rented separately. They have each nearly half an acre of good garden, and are let to his labourers at rents varying from ls. 6d. to 2s. per week, He employs 9 men constantly, at wages of 16s. per week, and 3 pints of cider daily, and employs extra labour during hay and corn harvest. The arable land is cultivated on a four-course system, viz., beans, wheat, clover, barley or wheat. This is well managed and in a good state of cultivation. The pasture land is low-lying, and naturally very wet, of good quality, and no doubt is very productive in moderately dry summers. On our visits in January and May we found this portion of the farm suffering much from excess of moisture; and the waste of the grass consequent thereon, and the injury done by the poaching of the cattle, were very great. Cattle—On the occasion of our first visit, the cattle con- sisted of 14 fatting steers, 50 cows in-milk, 34 cows in-calf, 2 bulls, 19 two-year-old heifers, 21 yearlings, and 7 weaning- calves; and at our second visit, 4 fat steers, 67 cows in-milk, 5 in-calf heifers, 29 fattening cows, 1 bull, 10 heifers, 23 year- lings, and 20 weaning-calves. A very excellent lot they were, selected and bred with great care and judgment; their condition was excellent; wonderfully so, if their wet lodgings be taken into account. The bull used was a pedigree Shorthorn of good average quality. Sheep.—The flock consisted of 68 breeding-ewes, 47 ewe tegs. The produce of the 68.ewes being 107 lambs. All these were in good condition, and of a useful cross-bred sort. Swine.—About 10 pigs are usually kept, and these are bought in and fatted. Horses. —There are 10 horses kept on the farm, 2 of which work the milk-carts. There are also 5 two-year-old cart-colts, 7 yearling colts, 4 nags of various ages, 4 four-year-old nags, and 1 two-year-old. The farm horses are an exceedingly good lot. Mr. Pearce is ~ evidently a “horsey” man; he has bred most of his horses, but purchased some, showing great judgment in both respects, making the breeding and selling of his horses a portion of his business. One four-year-old grey nag, a very sporting, hunting- Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 25 like looking animal, he announced his intention of exhibiting at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show. Mr. Pearce is not great in the matter of accounts, but, looking at the way in which the farm is stocked and managed, we all feel sure that he has done something more than make both ends meet, and further, we feel sure that he deserves all he has gained. Elm Tree Farm, Burnett, situated between Bristol and Bath, is the property of the Charity Trustees of Bristol and of the Rey. T. L. Sprye. It is occupied by Mr. Edward Paget, and consists, according to the certificate of entry, of— A. R Fe 81 0 O Arable land. 152 0 O Pasture land. Total 233 0 0 Mr. Paget describes the nature of his soil-as some light stone- brash, but principally heavy stone-brash, and the subsoil as white and brown lias stone and clay. The tenancy is a yearly one, subject to six months’ notice to quit, with a Lady-day entry. This farm has been in the occupation of the family for three generations. The house and buildings are good, and well suited ° to the occupation. The land is poor in quality, and the arable Jand—from the proximity of the rock to the surface and the large quantity of it mixed with the surface soil—is expensive and difficult to cultivate _ The are 4 cottages on the farm, and Mr. Paget employs 6 labourers and a boy, also 2 women to milk the cows. He pays his 4 married labourers 13s. per week, with cottage rent- free, 20 perches of potato-land cultivated ready to receive the seed, and a daily allowance of cider. The two single men have 11s. 6d. per week, and an allowance of cider. The women get 3s. per week for assisting to milk the cows night and morning. No other expenses are incurred for labour on the farm; and the reason why so small a sum is expended, Mr. Paget states, is due to the fact that he can do any sort of work himself, consequently knows the exact amount of work a man ought to do, and, to use his own words, “ By treating his labourers kindly, yet firmly, leads each to take an interest in his work—the carter in his horses, the shepherd in his sheep, and the cowman in his cows and pigs.” Cattle—The cattle on the farm consisted of 35 dairy cows, 4 yearlings, 7 weaning-calves and a bull; these were a very 26 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. excellent lot. Mr. Paget has evidently a good eye for a well- made animal; and the white pure-bred Shorthorn bull which he had in use is a good animal, the best we saw during our visit to the different dairy farms. Sheep.—A very good flock of cross-bred animals is kept, con- sisting of 109 ewes and 106 lambs, 52 ewe tegs,and3 rams. At our visit in January there were also 56 fatting sheep, which had been disposed of before the date of our second visit. Mr. Paget prides himself on his management of his sheep, which are nearly always folded, both on the arable and pasture lands, summer and winter. The draft ewes and lambs are sold at fairs held in the neighbourhood in the months of August and October, and have generally realised high prices. Swine.—The swine are of the Berkshire breed, very good animals, and consist of 6 breeding-sows and 46 stores. A considerable quantity of pork is fattened on the farm, this parti- cular item showing a good profit. The work of the farm is performed by 5 horses, and a cart-colt is bred annually. There are 2 weaning-colts, and 1 nag is kept. Mr. Paget mows annually for hay about 50 acres of pasture land, besides the seeds on the arable portion of the farm. Warren’s ‘ Farmer’s Account-book’ is used, and the accounts are fairly kept. The farm is well managed and in a good state of cultivation, but we should like to have seen larger annual returns in the shape of animal food and dairy produce. Moorend Farm, Slimbridge, Dursley, Gloucestershire, is situated about 3 miles west of thattown. Lord Fitzhardinge is the owner, and it is occupied by Mr. Joseph Harding, under a yearly tenancy, with a Lady-day entry. According to the certificate of entry, it consists of— ia) aa 35 38 2 Arable land. 180 2 22 Pasture land. Total 2G Lt The soil is described as principally heavy, and the subsoil as clay and a little gravel. The house and buildings are very good, kept in good condi- tion, and very neat. The labour on the farm is performed by 5 men, who receive 15s. per week each and cider; 2 women, at 6s. each per week, and there are 2 boys employed. The cost for labour being about 30s. per acre annually. Mr. Harding keeps 4 cart-horses, 2 nags, and a pony; he has also 3 nag-colts, varying in ages from two to five years, and 1 two-year-old cart-colt. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 27 The cattle in May consisted of 32 dairy cows in-milk, 6 ditto in-calf, 9 cows rearing calves, 9 two-year-old heifers, 10 year- ling calves, 13 weaning-calves and 2 bulls. When we were there in January there were 14 fatting cows, which were sold before the date of our second visit. One of the bulls was a young one, lately purchased from the well-known herd of Colonel Kingscote, and is, we think, calculated to effect an improvement in this herd of good dairy cows. The flock consisted of 75 breeding-ewes, 96 lambs and 3 rams —rather a mongrel lot as to breeding, but in very good con- dition, and very well cared for. The swine consisted of 4 breeding-sows, 3 fatting hogs, and 46 store pigs. Mr. Harding is great in cider making, his returns from this source being larger than what we found in any other case. The land is of very good quality, and both arable and pasture land are well managed ; there were some very fine growing crops on the former. No manures are purchased, but a large sum is spent annually in feeding-stuffs for the stock. At our first visit in January, we found the fences by no means in a good state. The dilapidations were, however, rectified at our second visit, Mr. Harding’s custom being to do this annually, as soon as the hunting season is over. Frocester Farm, about 5 miles from Stroud, in the county of Gloucester, the property of J. A. Graham Clarke, Esq., and occupied by Mr. George Savage, contains, according to the certificate of entry,— A. R. Rs 62 0 O Arable land. 138 O O Pasture land. Total 200 0 0 In his certificate the soil is described as light, and the subsoil as gravel. The tenancy is a yearly one, with a Lady-day entry. The house and buildings are almost close to Frocester Station, which is a great advantage to this farm, stocked as it is with dairy-cows, the milk being sent thence to Birmingham and London daily. The rate of wages in this part of Gloucestershire is low, viz., 13s. per week, and an allowance of cider during the summer months. The cottage-rents vary from 3/. to 4/. per annum. Mr. Savage’s land being of good quality, he is not obliged to spend a large sum in purchased foods; his outlay in this respect, however, exceeds 20s. per acre. 28 ~~ Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. The pasture and arable land are very well managed, and the gross returns from the farm are good. The accounts are well kept, and on this farm we found a profit shown by the keeping of poultry, Mrs. Savage being evidently a good manager. Some of the land where hay is grown is let to mow, make, and stack, by piece-work. This year the price agreed on was 10s., and 6 quarts of cider per acre, making a total of 11s. 6d. Four horses cultivate the land, and a nag is also kept. The dairy cows average 40. These are purchased at three-years- old in-calf, the calves being sold within a week after they are born, and the cows going at once into the dairy stock. About 9 of the best heifer-calves are weaned yearly, and we found 9 of these on the farm, and 9 a year older. The dairy cows do credit to Mr. Savage’s judgment in selecting and feeding them. Mr. Savage has a hobby in the shape of a water-wheel just erected for the purpose of cutting chaff, grinding corn, and other farm work. Like most amateur engineers, he has made a few mistakes, but is doing his best to rectify them. West Leaze Farm, near Swindon, about 14 mile west of Swindon, in the county of Wilts, the property of the Governors of the Charterhouse, and occupied by Mr. James Beaven, con- tains, according to the certificate of entry, 40 acres of arable and 186 acres of pasture-land ; in all 226 acres. Mr. Beaven has held the farm for twelve years, under a lease for that term, with a Lady-day entry. The soil is described as heavy and the subsoil as clay. There are 5 cottages on the farm, a good residence, and moderately good buildings. Five labourers are employed, at wages of 15s. per week, with their cottages rent-free. Very little money is expended on purchased food for the cattle, or artificial manure for the land. At the date of our first visit the milk from the cows was sold to the Aylesbury Dairy Company ; but when we were there in May, Mr. Beaven had recommenced making the produce of his cows into cheese, The Live Stock consisted of :— : Cattle.—At our visit in January, 49 dairy cows, 12 two-year- old steers and heifers, 23 yearling ditto, 4 working oxen, and a bull. At our visit in May, 43 dairy cows, 23 yearling steers and heifers, 4 working oxen, 16 weaning-calves, and a bull. The Sheep were, in January, 150 Hampshire Down breeding- ewes; and in May, 64 breeding-ewes, and the same number of lambs. Swine.—Thirty small pigs had been purchased to consume the dairy-refuse after cheese-making was resumed. ‘ Three cart-horses and a nag are kept on the farm, Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 29 Woodcot Farm, Owlpen, Dursley, in the County of Gloucester, the property of Thomas Anthony Stoughton, Esq., is occupied by Mr. Henry Howell, and contains, according to his certifi- cate, 77 acres of arable and 124 acres of pasture land; in all 211 acres. Thé tenancy is a yearly one, with a Lady-day entry. There are no cottages on the farm, and the labourers have to walk at least 14 mile to get to their work. This farm is in a very elevated position, and the land is poor in quality, and very much out of condition. Mr. Howell, during the three years he has held the farm, has evidently done his best to put matters right, and must have spent a considerable sum for so small a farm in doing so. In reference to the competition in Class 3, we were highly pleased to find so large and so good an entry, and hardly know how to express our admiration of the continuous and hard- working energy shown by these farmers and their wives, or our gratification at the proofs of the same in the very large returns from dairy produce and animal food. The percentage of arable land on this class of farms is small, and as only about half of this is devoted to the growth of cereals, the produce of straw for litter for the cattle is very small. Notwithstanding this, and the large number of cattle and pigs kept, the sweetness and cleanliness of the cow-sheds, piggeries, and yards, and the con- dition of the animals, we found to be, in almost all cases, all that could be desired. Some arable farmers with their cattle up to their necks in straw, and this valuable article uncared for and wasted, might learn a useful lesson on this point, and, indeed, on many others, from these West of England dairy-farmers. As.the majority of the farms in this class were worthy of prizes, we found some difficulty in selecting only two to receive them. The great merit shown by the competitors induced us to ask for extra prizes to be placed at our disposal, and we are glad to record that the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society on our recommendation gave two extra prizes in this class. Success in cheese and dairy farms appears to us to consist mainly in a good selection of cows with good milking qualities, either purchased young or bred on the farm; feeding them well, getting every drop of milk from them night and morning; this, and the sale of the produce, being the work of the master. The manufacturing of the milk into a product fit for market is the work of the mistress. These duties, simple in themselves, require skill and unremitting attention to be carried to a successful and profitable issue. Agricultural implement-makers and mechanics have not helped dairy-farmers much—bass brooms and shovels, liquid- 30 | Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. manure pumps and carts, cheese-presses, vats, and heating ap- paratus, being the articles most in use. A good milking-machine, if such could be found, would be a valuable addition to the list. It will be seen in the reports of the various farms that some of the occupiers, who, from their proximity to a railway-station or a large town have special advantages, have availed themselves of these by selling the produce of the cows in the shape of milk ; and the good policy of this is apparent, because if they can sell the raw product well—and in the cases mentioned they do so— good profits are made, and the mistress is saved much labour and many hours of anxiety. Another advantage which milk- selling has over cheesemaking is the quickness of the money return. Cuass 4.—First PRIze. Kellaways Farm, near Chippenham, in the County of Wiits, the property of William Stancomb, Esq., and occupied by Mr. John William Long, contains, according to certificate of entry, 26 acres of arable, and 100 acres of pasture land ; in all 126 acres. The soil is described as medium, and the subsoil as gravel. The farm is well situated, about 3 miles from the market- town of Chippenham; the land is of very good quality, held under a yearly tenancy, with a Lady-day entry. The house and buildings are good, and suitable for the oc- cupation. There are 2 cottages on the farm. Mr. Long employs 3 labourers, at wages of 15s. per week, and 3 pints of cider per day. One has his cottage rent-free, another one pays a nominal rent. The payments for the labour on the farm average about 20s. per acre per annum, but Mr. Long evidently does a large amount of work himself. He is a good workman, as the trophies shown us in the shape of silver cups for ploughing and other farm-work amply testify. The beans and peas grown on the farm are mostly consumed thereon, and in addition thereto Mr. Long spends a considerable sum in purchasing extra food for his stock. He also purchases straw, and a large quantity of manure is brought on to the land from Chippenham. The Cattle on the farm are 38 dairy cows and 1 bull. The cows are bought in annually and sold when barren, usually in the month of February, at about 25/. each, heifers taking their places immediately. The calves are sold young, the best as weaners. The cows are selected with great care for their milking qualities, and are a very good lot. Sheep.—About 80 are usually bought or taken in to keep in Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 31 the autumn of each year, and are fed on clover, rape, and roots, having in addition about 1 lb. of oilcake or corn each per day. Fig. 6.—Kellaways Farm, Chippenham, Wilts. Swine.—Four breeding-sows are kept and their progeny are fattened, other pigs being purchased when required. Mr. Long sells his pigs when they weigh about 200lbs. each, and manages to get a large return from this source. The fatting styes are 32 © Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. well constructed, paved with bricks, with gratings to carry the liquid manure by pipes to a tank; no litter is used, and the styes are kept clean by sweeping and washing. The liquid manure from this source is a wonderful fertiliser, its effects on some of the growing crops we saw being yery good; it is pumped by a chain-pump from the tank and conveyed by barrels to the land. Two cart-horses and one nag are kept on the farm; they are very good useful working animals. The arable land is cultivated like a garden, being wonderfully free from weeds, and the management of the grass land is very good. Mr. Long informs us that he grows about 84 acres of wheat after clover and roots, on which he folds sheep as much as possible before ploughing, and spreads the manure on the surface after- wards. Barley follows this crop, with a dressing of artificial manure in the spring. The beans grown are usually winter beans, and rape is sown with them the last time of hoeing. About four acres of roots are grown annually, drilled on the flat with liquid manure and Proctor’s superphosphate. A very large return is made from this small farm in the shape of dairy produce and pork. The buildings, hedges, ditches, &c., are all that we could desire in the way of neatness ; the accounts are well kept, and the balance sheet properly shown. This farm, in fact, has all the requisites of a prize farm, and we had therefore very great pleasure in awarding the First Prize in Class 4 to Mr. Long, who will, we feel certain, consider it a recognition of the untiring industry shown by himself and his wife in the management of this pretty little farm. Cuass 4.—SEcoND PRIZE. Hill House Farm, Lipyeat, near Frome, in the County of Somerset, the property of F. P. M. Craddock, Esq., and occupied by Mr. James Hoddinott, contains, according to the certificate of entry, 11 acres of arable and 116 acres of pasture land, in all 127 acres. The soil is described as light, and the subsoil as clay, light brash, and a little marl. The Farm is situated about 7 miles from Frome; the land is of good quality, but the fields are rather scattered, entailing the necessity of driving the dairy cows rathera considerable distance to the homestead night and morning to be milked. There are no cottages on the farm. The residence,is a very good one, and the farm-buildings are suitable for the occupation. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 33 Mr. Hoddinott spends about 28s. per acre on labour, paying his ordinary men at the rate of 15s. per week, and 1 quart of cider per day, and he expends considerably more than the amount of his rent in purchasing food for his cows and pigs. This dairy is wonderfully well managed, and we are informed that Mr. Hoddinott has won a considerable sum in prizes for his cheese during the time he has occupied the farm, and we had much pleasure in noting that the Judges of Cheese awarded him two prizes at the Bristol Meeting this year. His returns in the shape of cheese, butter, and pork are large, the average per cow and per acre from these sources being ex- ceedingly good. The Live Stock on the farm consists of 42 cows, 6 two-year-old heifers, 8 yearling calves, and 2 bulls; there were 47 pigs in hand, and 2 cart-horses and 1 nag kept on the farm. Mr. Hoddinott sells nearly all his calves young, at an average price of 30s. each, only keeping a few of the best to fill up the gaps in his dairy stock. The cows are a very nice well-bred lot, doing Mr. Hoddinott great credit. This year he has about 42 acres of his pasture land for hay, and a very good crop there is. He feeds about 534 acres with his dairy cows, and the re- mainder with his young stock and horses: 4 acres of the arable land is in seeds; there also the crop is very good. About 7 acres are in fallow for swedes and turnips. The whole management of this little farm reflects great credit on Mr. and Mrs. Hoddinott, and we were much pleased to award to him the Second Prize in Class 4. Otuer Farms 1n Cuass 4. Park Farm, Bower Ashton, Clifton, near Bristol, in the County of Somerset, the property of Sir P. H. Greville Smythe, Bart., contains 170 acres of pasture land, and is occupied by Mr. Stephen Harding. The house and buildings are pleasantly situated near the mansion and park of the owner, and are very suitable to the occupation. The Live Stock on the farm consists of 28 cows in-milk, 4 in- calf, 16 grazing cows, 10 grazing heifers, and a bull. The dairy cows are a very useful milking sort, having evidently been selected with great care and judgment. The Sheep consist of 1 ram, 73 ewes, 105 lambs, and 78 tegs ; these are very good cross-bred animals, and in very good con- dition. Two breeding-sows are kept and 2 brood mares; there are also 2 nags, 2 two-year-old cart-colts and one yearling. Mr Harding expends about 33s. per acre for labour, paying VOL. XV.—S. 8S. D 34 — - Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. his men at the rate of 18s. per week, and cider during the hay harvest. A liberal sum is spent in food for stock on the farm. Mr. Harding sells his calves young, at an average of about 30s..each, and sells his dairy produce in the shape of milk, which his proximity to Clifton enables him to do with great advantage. He has held the farm for six years, and his returns from his dairy during that time must have been great. The land he occupies is of good fair quality, and his manage- ment is neat, good, and highly to be commended, The Brook Farm, Westbury-on-Severn, Gloucestershire, the property of C. Cadle, Esq., and Mrs. Boughton, and occupied by John Cornelius Cadle, contains 46 acres of arable and 90 acres of pasture and orchard land, in all 136 acres. The trees in the orchards consist of pears and apples, the produce of which is made into perry and cider. The tenancy is a yearly one, with a Michaelmas entry. Mr. Cadle has two cottages, and employs 3 labourers; those occupying the two cottages receiving 12s. per week each, paying no rent, the other one receiving 15s. per week. He also employs extra labour in summer, and expends altogether in labour about 29s. per acre. Nearly all his sheep and cattle are bought in and resold fat. The amount spent for manure and for food for the stock is not large. The Live Stock on the farm consists of 3 cart-horses, 2 colts, 6 dairy cows, and 4 three-year-old heifers, 6 two-year-old steers and heifers, 16 yearlings and 13 weaning-calves; 15 ewes and 21 lambs, and 16 cross-bred tegs; 2 breeding-sows, 9 fatting pigs, and 5 stores. The whole of the live stock are evidently well cared for. The arable and pasture land and the orchards are fairly well managed. Webb’s ‘ Practical Farmer’s Account-book’ is kept. The gates, fences, &c., are in good condition, and Mr. Cadle’s management, with a view to profit, is certainly to be com- mended. Ubley Farm, the property of the Rev. F. Arnold, and in the occupation of Robert Alfred Day, is close under the Mendip Hills, and about 11 miles from Bristol. The farm is in five detached portions, some lying a consider- able distance from the homestead and on the Mendip Hills; it consists of 25 acres of arable land and 155 of pasture, in all 180 acres. The land is wet and not of good quality. The house and buildings for a farm of this size, and occupied as this is, asa dairy farm, are simply wretched ; the house is certainly not Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. 35 fit for a respectable labourer to live in with decency. Labouring under such disadvantages, Mr. Day’s management is much to be praised. He keeps 45 dairy cows, 2 bulls, 7 yearling heifers, and 12 calves. His heifers calve at two years old, and his cast cows are sold in December. Four horses are kept on the farm, and from 130 to 150 pigs are fattened yearly; these are sold when weighing from 160 lbs. to 200 lbs. each. Mr. Day purchases and consumes on his farm 9 or 10 tons of oilcake annually, and about 250 qrs. of corn. He also uses from ten to fifteen pounds’ worth of lime yearly for manure. Six men and boys work on the farm at wages varying from 12s. to 14s. per week ; the men being allowed two quarts of cider and the boys one quart per day. Mr. Day cuts from 60 to 70 acres of grass for hay every year, about 40 acres of which are top-dressed. About 6 acres of the farm are planted with fruit-trees, from which Mr. Day sells from 25 to 30 hogsheads of cider annually. The five farms competing in Class 4 have many points of merit in common with the larger dairy farms, and the prize- takers in both classes have about equally good qualities. The management of the two to whom we have awarded the First Prizes goes very far to prove that land free from weeds, general neatness shown in the state of premises, roads, and fences, unusually large returns per acre from the land, and general management with a view to profit, are phrases representing facts very closely allied to each other. These farms are models of good and profitable management, and as such are worthy of imitation. The active intelligence shown by this and the preceding class of occupiers, and the absence of prejudice as to any particular mode of manufacturing their produce, seem to us the great secret of their success. These qualities have probably been acquired by mixing more with the mercantile world than ordi- nary corn-growing farmers usually do. In concluding our Report, we think it well to note that, with a trifling exception, not one of the eighteen tenants whose farms we visited is in a position te avail himself of a single clause of the Agricultural Holdings Act. In further reference to the various farms we saw, we have much pleasure in remarking that the rela- tions between the owners and the occupiers, and the latter and the labourers, seem to be uniformly good. The large number of dairy farmers in this district, who of necessity spend many working D 2 36 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition, 1878. hours with their servants, thus becoming well acquainted with each other’s dispositions and requirements, may probably account for the retainment of the good feeling that once existed between the majority of the farmers in this country and their workpeople. Be this as it may, we note the fact that the servants we saw evidently take much greater interest in their work than is shown by the generality of farm labourers. We were also much pleased at the keenness shown by the majority of the com- petitors in placing before us all the points which they considered favourable in their respective cases, and some were really amusing in their anxiety, lest some special pet point of theirs should escape our observation. This spirit of emulation we deem a desirable thing to en- courage, and we are of opinion that, at all events as regards the dairy farms, the plan of giving prizes for the best-managed farms is productive of much good, We were not favoured by the elements during any one of our Visits ; the first two were made in rain and snow, compelling the use of umbrellas and macintoshes, and the wading through mud and slush much more frequently than we found agreeable. We nevertheless enjoyed ourselves; and although we started very early every morning, and did not get back to our ever-changing hotels until late at night, being heartily tired at the end of each day, we retain most pleasing reminiscences of pleasant days spent in travelling together through many beautiful parts of some of our best English scenery, receiving everywhere from the farmers, their families, and all connected with them, the greatest possible courtesy, hospitality, and kindness. We have also to thank the competitors for the frank way in which they answered our questions, and placed the documents we required at our disposal; and we hope we have obtained personally much useful knowledge from all we saw and heard during our surveys, (Signed) FrepDERIC BEARD. Tuomas F. JACKSON. Tuomas WILLIs, Junr. ( 37 ) Il.—Report on the System of Cheese-making practised on the Four Prize Dairy Farms. By Tuomas F. Jackson, of Tattenhall Hall, near Chester. HAVING a large dairy myself, and having always taken a lively interest in cheese-making and dairy farming generally, I looked forward with very considerable pleasure to visiting the Somerset- shire and Wiltshire dairies, and my expectations were more than realised. Aided by the moist climate of this part of England, the rich well-managed pastures are well suited for dairy purposes. The cows thus yield a large quantity of milk, which under skilful manipulation produces the rich fine- flavoured cheese for which this district is famous, and which commands a high price. In nearly all the farms entered for com- petition in Classes 3 and 4, the dairy produce was the principal means of the large returns; and with only one exception the dairy was managed by the farmer’s wife, who, in cases where the accommodation was insufficient, having to work early and late : “Each morning finds her task begun, Each evening sees it close, Something attempted, something done, Has earned a nigit’s repose.” It is not a part of our duty to say whether the same work under a skilful manager could not be more economically done in factories, where the best apparatus for saving labour would be made available. The prizes offered by the Royal Agricul- tural Society have certainly stimulated improvements in dairy machinery. The practical way in which dairy appliances were tried in the Bristol Showyard tested their merits, and intending purchasers will, by referring to the Report of the Trials, see which most suits their purpose. We think the farmers in Somer- setshire have dairy appliances equal, if not superior, to those in any other county in England ; but some of the landowners might very much facilitate cheese-making by erecting more suitable premises. There is in Somersetshire, as in the more northern cheese districts, the ever increasing difficulty of obtaining efficient female servants to assist in the dairy work, most girls preferring the higher wages and shorter hours of a town life. There is so much similarity in the method of cheese-making in Somerset- shire, that by describing one dairy and the system pursued one very nearly describes all, the Cheddar system claiming to be the first and almost the only system of cheese-making reduced to rule. The dairy management of the First-Prize Farm (Class 3) is carried on with great care underthe management of Mrs. Steeds, and a large SB.e- Report on the System of Cheese-making quantity of cheese per cow is made on this farm ; in a favourable season more than five hundredweight per cow average. Mr. Steeds labours under the disadvantage of insufficient accommodation both in the dairy and in the cattle-sheds. He has made an addition to his dairy this year at his own expense, from which he will derive considerable benefit. He has suffered much in some years from abortion in his cows, especially in the young ones ; it may perhaps be accounted for by the young cows not being so hardy as the older ones, and less able to stand exposure. Mr. Steeds is fully alive to the importance of having his cows regularly and well milked ; he consequently assists in this operation morning and evening. ‘The milk is carried direct from the cows to the dairy, and placed in a large circular copper vessel, similar in construction to those used in all the Cheddar districts. It suits its purpose very well ; but I think the oblong one which was exhibited and took the First Prize at Bristol much more convenient and less expensive. There is a gauge fixed inside the tub for registering the quantity of milk contained, which enables the cheese-maker to add the rennet in a fixed proportion, a quarter of a pint of Hansen’s patent rennet being used to every hundred gallons of milk. This is purchased from an agent in the neighbourhood at 10s. per gallon, and every one spoke in the highest terms of its merits.) The morning’s and evening’s milk are mixed together, and before the rennet is added the temperature is raised to 80° Fahr. by heating the evening’s milk with hot water run underneath the cavity in the bottom of the tub. An hour is the time most preferred for the milk to coagulate, and when coagulated, the curd is broken small by the aid of a scoop- breaker—which is made in a square frame and with brass bars across, about an inch apart, with a handle attached and hollowed in the middle—and the heat is then raised to 100° by the aid of a low-pressure boiler, put up at the tenant’s expense. The curd is stirred intermittently for about twenty minutes, when the whey is drawn off and set for one day, and used for pig-feeding. The curd is broken finely in the whey, and ground very finely after- wards through the mill, and salted at the rate of 1 lb. of salt to 56 Ibs. of curd. We had not much time to see the cheese- making process on this farm. Having a better opportunity at Mr. Gibbons’s farm, I have given a more detailed description of the cheese-making process carried on there. ; The Second-Prize Farm (Class 3) is in the occupation of Mr. Gibbons, and he has materially assisted to keep up the prestige of Cheddar cheese by going out of his immediate circle to exhibit, and with success, He has taken a prize in France, and has several times contested the honours in Cheshire, and once successfully, taking the Cup for the best cheese in the Show. The cheeses are practised on the four Prize Dairy Farms. 39 made by Mrs. Gibbons, who has been a cheese-maker from her earliest youth, being a daughter of Mr. Harding of Markesbury, a gentleman who most aided in extending the Cheddar system into Scotland, where some really fine cheese is now made. Mrs, Gibbons has good accommodation and the latest appliances ; and these, combined with skill and careful management, enable her to produce an article worthy of exhibition anywhere. The accommodation on this farm is superior to any that came under our notice. ‘The dairy is commodious and well ventilated; both milk and curd are very sensitive to impure air and soon become tainted ; the curing- or cheese-room is over the dairy, and heated with hot air in winter, and the roof is whitewashed in summer ; the heat by these means is pretty much under control. The milk is put overnight into a circular tin vessel, with a cavity under- neath for running cold water wherewith to cool it. The water used for the dairy is pumped by the hydraulic ram noticed in the Report by Mr. Beard, and is conveniently laid on to the whole of the dairy, saving considerable labour in pumping and carrying water, a good supply of which is most essential. The vat, or the vessel in which the milk is put, is fixed on a wooden frame, with a contrivance for tilting to assist in running off the whey. It has also a gauge for registering the milk; the morning’s and evening’s milk are mixed together, and raised to a temperature of 80° Fahr., by heating a portion of the evening’s milk in a boiler of hot water. About 5 drachms of Hansen’s rennet is added to 11 gallons of milk, which coagulates it very regularly in an hour, much more so than when the vells were used, and the rennet made daily, by steeping a small portion of vell overnight in water for use in the morning; and Mrs. Gibbons thinks the milk yields a larger amount of curd with this rennet. When the milk is coagulated, the curd is cut dia- gonally with a large knife, and left until the whey begins to separate, when the scoop-breaker is used, gently moving it at first through the curd, great care being taken not to bruise the curd, so that it may not lose the fatty matter which it would do if broken roughly ; the motion is gradually increased until the whole is very finely broken. Some of the whey is then drawn off and heated, and when near boiling is poured into the whole, which raises the temperature up to 90°, stirring at the same time to prevent the curd packing, and to heat it regularly. This, to use the local term, is the first scald; and after about 10 minutes the same is repeated, and the temperature raised to about 100° Fahr. Mrs. Gibbons prefers raising the heat at twice and heating the whey, to applying the heat underneath the tub; the whole is still kept stirred until the curd becomes more tenacious, offering quite a resistance when placed between 40 Report on the System of Cheese-making the teeth, no perceptible acidity taking place in the whey. After standing for some time, varying from half an hour to an hour, the time being ruled very much by the season of the year and the temperature of the atmosphere, the curd is collected in the centre of the tub by a circular action of the breaker, and the whey drawn off by a syphon and conveyed down an open tin spout, which is easily cleaned, into cisterns and left for one day, the top skimmed off and made into butter, and the refuse pumped direct into the piggeries. The curd is cut into squares of 6 or 8 inches, of an inch thick, and laid up to drain, being occasion- ally turned, and it is in this stage that the acidity is allowed to take place. There seems no means of testing the proper time to arrest the fermentation by adding the salt ; it would greatly assist cheese-makers if some simple test could be applied, instead of it resting entirely with the experience of the cheese-maker’s taste and smell. The curd is ground through acurd-mill before being salted, at the rate of 1 lb. of salt to 56]bs. of curd, and, after being well mixed, is spread thinly over a lead cooler. It has to be turned several times, pure air being allowed to pass over it; when sufficiently cool, that is, at 60° to 65°, it is pressed under iron lever-presses to expel all the whey. The third day it is taken into the curing-room to ripen for market, a man putting on the bandages and turning it daily. Mr. Gibbons has a con- trivance for turning a number of cheeses at once. There is a frame made of stout planks, with sufficient space for the cheese to go between, and a back hollowed to fit each cheese, to prevent its slipping through when turned over. The frame is fixed on two axles, and a windlass attached, which enables a man to turn 30 or 40 cheeses at once with comparative ease. The cheeses vary in weight from 40 Ibs. to 112 lbs., and are covered with stout calico. The dairy on the First-Prize Farm in Class 4 is managed by Mrs. Long, who strongly believes in the maxim that you cannot get any one to serve you as well as you can serve your- self. Although this farm is in Wiltshire, the cheese is made on the Gloucester system, both thick and thin cheese, or Single and Double Gloucester, being made. The manufacture is much the same in both, except that the thick cheese is made richer. The cows are brought up for milking into yards, and the milk is carried direct to the dairy. The evening’s milk is placed in a tub into a cooler to facilitate its keeping sweet, a current of air through the dairy assisting to cool it. The cream is taken off the evening’s milk during the early part of the year and made into butter, which meets with a ready sale in the Chippenham Market and surrounding neighbourhood, the price of butter varying from 1s. to 2s.a pound. Butter-making involves practised on the four Prize Dairy Farms. 41 a large amount of labour. I saw Mr. Long watching the trial of churns at the Bristol Show with very considerable interest. The use of the butter-working machine exhibited there would mate- rially assist Mrs. Long. The price of Gloucester cheese will not compare favourably with that of the Cheddar, but Mrs. Long makes a large quantity of butter, and thinks it an equi- valent. The milk is set together in the morning at 80°, and left an hour to coagulate, when it is broken and the heat raised to 100° by the aid of a small steam-boiler, which Mr. Long has had fixed under his own superintendence, with a good deal of mechanical skill, and which is well suited for the purpose. The surplus steam in cold weather is utilised for warming the cheese-room. The whey is heated to nearly 100°, the curd being constantly stirred while being heated, and the whey afterwards drawn off for butter-making and pig-feeding. The curd, after the whey is drawn off, is ground, and salted at the rate of 1 1b. of salt to 56 lbs. of curd, that is for the thick cheese ; the thin cheese is salted under press by rubbing the salt over the outside every morning when the cheeses are turned. The whole of the dairy department is excellently managed, and is most creditable to Mrs. Long. The dairy management on Hill House Farm, the Second- Prize Farm in Class 4, will compare very favourably with any in Somersetshire, and any practical cheese-maker having the privilege of seeing Mrs. Hoddinott’s dairy management would derive pleasure and profit therefrom, and would find in Mrs. Hoddinott a lady who is not only courteous and communicative but eminently practical. Though not having the best accommo- dation, she produces the best results, as the many prizes her cheeses have gained fully testify. The dairy is detached from the house a considerable distance from the cow-sheds, and the curing- rooms are some distance from the dairy, all these disadvantages involving extra labour. The curing-rooms have been adapted from loose boxes to their present purpose. Some of the best cheeses we saw were made on this farm. The round tub is used, similar in construction to those already described, and hav- ing a gauge for registering the quantity of milk. The rennet is added in a fixed proportion ; in fact, the whole process is carried on by strict rules. The liquid rennet is used, and is spoken highly of ; the dried vells seem quite a thing of the past. The quantity of rennet used is next in importance to the quantity of salt, as too much renders the cheese tough and unpalatable, affecting the flavour; and too little causes considerable loss, by not separating all the caseine or cheese from the milk. The heat of the milk before the rennet is added varies slightly according to the season, being 82° in early spring and autumn, and 80° in 42 Report on the System of Cheese-making, §c. summer. When the milk has coagulated, the curd is broken, not very finely, with the ordinary breaker slowly and carefully, great pains being taken not to get the whey white. When sufficiently broken the heat of the whey is raised to 100° in spring, and in summer to about 98° Fahr. The whey is kept stirred for some time, and the curd not allowed to pack very rapidly. When the curd is collected the whey is drawn off and the curd lifted into a drainer and laid moderately thick, the heat being kept up. It remains entirely with the cheese-makers to say when it is ready for grinding and salting; this knowledge, at present, can only be obtained by experience. The curd is ground once, not very finely, and salted, at the rate of 1 |b. of salt to 56 lbs. of curd ; when salted, it is laid out to cool and often turned over. Mrs. Hoddinott being very particular not to vat the curd too hot, it is sometimes 10 o’clock at night before it is vatted and put under press, and has to be watched and turned during this time. The cheese remains under press for three days, when it is moved into the curing-room, and bandaged and turned daily by a man. In writing this Report, I have endeavoured to be as accurate as possible; but having had only a limited time in the dairy of each farm, I have depended pretty much on the information given by the cheese-makers. I must take this opportunity of thanking them for the frank way in which they described their method of cheese-making. In the neighbourhood in which I live, there is a certain amount of reticence amongst the makers of the best cheese in imparting information ; but the cheese-makers in Somersetshire all seemed only too willing to impart or gain knowledge. In manufacturing milk into cheese a thorough change takes place, milk being so easily spoilt and so sensitive to atmospheric changes; consequently the Cheddar cheese- makers, although so much alike in their management, do not all produce the same results. I should recommend any one wishing to adopt the Cheddar system to endeavour to get per- mission to see the cheese-making process in this district, from its commencement to its finish. (Signed) Tuomas F. JAcKSoN. Tuomas WIL1Is, Jun. FREDERIC BEARD. a ae I11—Report of the Senior Steward of Live Stock at Bristol. By J. SaurTLEworTH, of Hartsholme, Hall, Lincoln. At the termination of a four years’ service, the Steward of Live Stock, having held the important position of Senior, is expected to write a short address as a preface to the more technical Report on the animals exhibited which is written by an official reporter—this year by Mr. Caird, son of the well-known agricul- tural statistician. After an almost unbroken succession of Shows extending over a period of forty years, there is still sufficient variety in the Society’s Country Meetings to justify the continuance of the old custom. The Bristol Meeting was certainly not wanting in this respect ; and whether we consider the position of the Show- yard, the state of the weather, the antique city, or the reception of the Society, much might be found by a ready writer to “ point a moral and adorn a tale.” The Showyard, situated on Durdham Downs, an expanse of greensward on the top of the tall cliffs which border the winding river Avon, was an admirable Showyard when reached ; and the means of getting there were alone sufficient to arrest the atten- tion of any thoughtful visitor. Tramway and railway stations had both been brought, by circuitous routes it is true, very near the Showyard, although it was at an elevation of several hundred feet above the heart of the city, about two miles distant. Bristol, although much modernised of late years, still retains many interesting marks of its medieval importance; and its citizens, although more famous for ploughing the sea than the land, gave a most hearty welcome to the tillers of the soil. The weather was everything that could be desired, sufficiently dry and not too hot, the perfection of comfort for man and beast. The great feature of the Meeting was the visit of the Prince of Wales, the President Elect of the Society, on that occasion. Nine years had elapsed since His Royal Highness last visited an Exhibition of the Society, namely, when he was President at the Manchester Meeting in 1869. The citizens of Bristol thoroughly appreciated the honour thus conferred upon them, and were ex- uberant in the manifestations of their loyalty, which were limited only by the comparative shortness of time which His Royal Highness could devote to his visit to the city and the Show. Although it is tolerably well known, it may not be amiss to repeat the often-told fact that the Prince of Wales takes an active interest in farming pursuits, and those who saw for the first time the critical way in which he examined his own sheep, as well as those which had either beaten them or been beaten by them, 44 Report of the Senior Steward of Live Stock at Bristol. must have thoroughly understood this at Bristol, if they never did before. The traditional “‘ men from Bristol city, who took a ship and went to sea,” are represented in these days by a guild, called “The Society of Merchant Venturers.” These gentlemen fol- lowed the example of the Mayor and of the Local Committee in entertaining the Council and Officers of the Society at a sump- tuous banquet; and thus for three successive evenings were the labours of the day brought to a harmonious close. It is said that every medal has its reverse, and unfortunately the Bristol Meeting affords another illustration of the truth of this dictum. Two accidents, one of which was fatal, occurred to grooms during the week. The first happened on the judging day to probably the most experienced Show- going servant in the whole Exhibition. If any stranger had asked who was the most knowing, the most handy, the most useful man in the Yard to attend and show-off animals for exhibition, every officer of the Society, and probably most other people whose opinion was reliable, would at once have said “ Lord Elles- mere’s Dan”; for as Dan, and nothing else, he was familiarly known, and yet that man was killed by a kick from one of his Lordship’s fillies in the judging ring. The other accident was the result of skylarking out of the ring by two young lads on ponies.. They took the opportunity of retiring from the parade-ground to their stables to get up an impromptu race, much to the danger of the public. The result was that they cannoned against each other, and one of the lads paid the penalty of his disregard of instructions in the form of a broken leg. The mention of these lamentable occurrences suggests the performance of a duty which is expected of the senior Steward, and that is, to give his colleagues on the Council the result of his observations and reflections on the rules and regulations which have been in force during his four years’ term of office, with a view to their improvement in the future. It is not always desirable that the suggestions of the senior Steward should be published, at any rate until they have been considered in Council; but on this occasion I feel that the few remarks I have to make ought to be carefully digested by every exhibitor of live stock at the Shows of the Royal Agricultural Society. The rules of the Society relating to the live-stock depart- ment of the Country Meetings appear to have been drawn up originally with the view that the exhibitors would co-operate with the Stewards in making the Show attractive to the public. Of late years, as the Exhibitions have grown in magnitude, the Stewards have found it increasingly difficult to induce exhi- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 45 bitors, or rather their servants, to perform their part of the con- tract after the judging day; in other words, at the time of parade the servants in charge of animals are often absent, and, if present, they too frequently disregard the instructions given them. Thus, at Bristol, as many as twenty or more of the Society’s yardmen might have been seen leading animals into the ring at one time, in the absence of the exhibitors’ servants ; and several of those servants who did attend, did not, after leaving the ring, return at once to their stables or their shedding, in accordance with their instructions. It seems to me clear that the Council will be compelled to make the exhibitors responsible for the actions of their servants in the Showyard. I once heard Lord Chesham, during a discussion at the Council on disqualifi- cation for unfair shearing, make this statement: ‘ The first time I showed a sheep I was disqualified for unfair shearing. I said to my shepherd, ‘The next time this happens, you go,’ and I have never been disqualified since.” This seems to me to point to the true solution of the difficulty. It now only remains for me to take leave of my brother Stewards and the officers of the Society, and to express the hope that, arduous as the duties of Steward may be while they last, they will be accompanied to them by as many pleasant associ- ations as I have met with during my four years’ term of office. IV.—Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. By James H. Carrp, Esq., Northbrook, Micheldever, Hants. AN interesting, beautiful, and ancient city like Bristol, the centre of a large and varied agricultural district, was well chosen for the Royal Show of 1878. Cool and for the most part fine weather rendered the Showyard a pleasant resort, to say nothing of the magnificent display of live stock and implements. The visit of the Prince of Wales added another inducement ; and the feeling of loyalty, always strong in the Western district, drew large crowds on Friday to the heights of Durdham Downs. Of the arrangement of the Showyard I need not say more than that it was excellent; and I have to thank the Judges for their courtesy in giving me information when they were in the midst of their arduous duties. The Show, I take it, was one of the best for general excellence that the Society has ever held; and, though the attendance in larger cities with more thickly populated country around has been greater, I think, considering all things, Bristol and its neighbourhood did its best to make the Meeting a success. 46 — Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock-at Bristol. HorsEs. In Class 1, for Agricultural Stallions foaled in the year 1876, the Earl of Ellesmere’s “ Young Prince of the Isle,” a big, powerful bay horse, carried off the first prize. Mr. Frederic Street was second with “ Grand Duke,” an iron-grey, perhaps a little short in the ribs. The third prize was secured by the Earl of Ellesmere’s “ Young Drayman,” a compact little horse. There were twenty-one entries in this class, but though the com- petition was a long one, nothing very nearly approached the winners. The Agricultural Stallions foaled before Jan. 1, 1876, were an excellent class, and many of them were carefully examined before the decision of the Judges was made known. Mr. Stephen Davis was first with a grand five-year-old roan, “General.” Mr. G. Herbert Morrell took second honours with “ King of the Vale,” a blue roan, with good trotting action. The third prize went to the Earl of Ellesmere, for “ Pride of the Shires,” and the reserve number to James Hibbard, Sen., for “The Sultan,” a bright bay, with white face. “ Young Champion,” belonging to the Stand Stud Company, a noble old chestnut horse, frequently successful in former times, would probably have taken a place, but that he went slightly lame. Class 3, for Clydesdale Stallions foaled in the year 1876, only produced four competitors. Mr. R. Loder’s “Scotland Yet,” a large-boned horse, was selected first. The Duke of Beaufort, K.G., was second with “ Prince Charlie;” and “ Waverley,” the pro- perty of Mr. Vincent P: Calmady, was reserved and commended. Mr. James Firth Crowther, in the Clydesdale Aged Stallion Class, repeated his triumph at Liverpool with “Topsman,” a dark chestnut, with white feet; he is a strong compact horse, with splendid action. The Duke of Beaufort, K.G., was second with “Paragon Tom,” a large heavy horse, almost too much so for a Clydesdale. The third prize was secured by “ The Baronet,” a three-year-old bay, for Messrs. E. and A. Stanford. Lord Fitzhardinge’s “Prince of Clydesdale” (reserve) might have been placed higher had he been a better mover. Tt is worthy of remark that the first and second horses in this class were bred by Mr. George Wilson, of Aberdeenshire. There were only two entries for Suffolk Stallions foaled in the year 1876. Mr. William Byford’s “ Reliance” took the prize. “Farmer's Glory,” belonging to Mr. William Wilson, was the reserve number and highly commended. The entry for Aged Suffolk Stallions was not much better than that in the previous class. Of five, only three put in an appear- ance. Mr. Horace Wolton’s great chestnut horse, “ Royalty,” Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 47 was first. Mr. George E. Elliot’s “Iron Duke” was second, and Mr. William Byford’s “ Enterprise” was reserved and commended. To continue the draught-horses I must pass on to Class 11, comprising Agricultural Mares other than Clydesdale or Suffolk. Here Mr. Lawrence Drew’s “ Countess” was unmistakably first. She is a brown mare, five years old, in foal to the celebrated “Prince of Wales;” well put together, and a good mover. Number two was “ Dainty,” belonging to the Earl of Ellesmere, a ten-year-old mare, in very high condition. Mr. W. Wynn’s * Queen of Trumps” was third, and Mr. James Hibbard, Jun.’s *‘ Diamond ” was reserved and highly commended. Mr. R. Loder headed the list for Clydesdale Mares with “ Jean,” in-foal to “Scotland Yet,” the prize winner in the Two- year-old Clydesdale Stallion Class. Mr. Loder was also suc- cessful with “ Dandy,” she securing third place for him. Mr. Christopher W. Wilson’s “Mrs. Muir” was second. Mr. Loder’s “ Jess,” reserve number and highly commended; and Mr, Lawrence Drew’s “ Young Rosie” commended. Mr. Loder’s three mares, and the second-prize animal also, were bred in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. There were only four entries for Suffolk Mares, the breed not being strongly represented in this or in the Stallion Classes. The prize animal, however, “ Belle of the Ball,’ belonging to the Duke of Hamilton, did credit to her county ; her head, small and well set on, a powerful shoulder, and great girth being her salient features. ‘‘ Duchess of Newbourn,” Mr. Horace Wolton’s mare, the second-prize taker, was also a good specimen. Mr. William Byford’s “ Doughty,” a good goer, was reserved and commended. After a very long conference, the Judges gave the first prize in the Agricultural Filly Class (including Clydesdale and Suffolk) to Mr. Lawrence Drew’s brown filly, by ‘’Topsman.” The public were evidently against this decision, but the filly, though a little undersized at present, has splendid legs and feet, and looks as if she would grow into a great mare. The second prize went to Mr. Thomas H. Miller, for “ Princess Dagmar,” a very compact bay, with good shoulders. The Earl of Ellesmere’s “Empress” was third. She is a light chestnut, a little long in the leg. Mr. William Byford’s chestnut filly by “Hercules,” a very strong-looking animal, was reserved and highly commended. It was during this long judgment that one of Lord Ellesmere’s men was fatally kicked by his charge. The next class, for Agricultural Fillies, three years old, was a small but good one. There were two absentees out of the eight entries. ‘ Miss Linton” secured the first prize for 48 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. the Earl of Ellesmere. A fine large mare, “ Countess,” belong- ing to Mr. Joseph Hennessy, a local exhibitor, was placed second, and Mr. Lawrence Drew was third, with a brown filly. Mrs. Mary Pearce’s “ Diamond” was reserved and highly commended. This class ends the exhibition of the Agricultural Horses, an exhibition that all farmers must take great interest in, as the horse is the most important animal used on the farm. No doubt of late years steam-cultivation has lessened the weight on his shoulders, but a good useful cart-horse is still essential to the agriculturist. On the whole, the display of draught-horses showed good quality. The Judges did not complete their labours till late in the afternoon, long after most of their col- leagues in the other classes had finished, which was an evident proof that out of a generally superior lot; they had a hard task to decide on the winners. The following is their Report :— Cuiass 1.—Agricultural Stallion foaled in the year 1876, not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk.—The first prize in this class was awarded to a fine powerful bay colt, owned by Lord Ellesmere, named “ Young Prince of the Isles,” he was bred by Mr. Fyson of Somersham, St. Ives, his sire being “ Pride of the Isles.” He is a grand colt, with a wide thick back and loins, very deep in his ribs, a fine round barrel, an excellent mover, with a good ’shaped head and firm legs with good feet. The second-prize horse was a very useful iron-grey, owned by Mr. F. Street, Somersham (who has been instrumental in the formation of the English Cart- horse Association), with big legs and feet, he was hardly in so good a condi- tion as he might have been, but at some future day will take a more prominent position in the Show ring. The third-prize horse is a capital brown, with big limbs and full of hair, also owned by Lord Ellesmere; he is well formed and will make a good horse at more mature age. The competition in this class was good, there having been no less than twenty-one entries. Cuass 2. Agricultural Stallion foaled before January 1st, 1876, oat qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk.—The first prize in this class was awarded to a big heavy red roan horse, owned by Mr. Davis, of Woolashill in the county of W orcester, bred by himself; he has tremendous muscle and big flat legs with extraordinary good feet, his back and loins are very thick, shoulders massive, though well- formed, with big fore-arms, and sound thighs, head large, masculine, but well shaped, action excellent for such a horses He is every inch a cart-horse, and will be of great service to the county he represents. The second horse is a weighty blue roan, four years old, owned by Mr, Morrell, named “ King of the Vale,” in many points equal to the first, and, had his feet been in better condition, we should scarcely have known to which to award the coveted red ribbon. The third-prize horse is a good-framed bay, owned by Lord Ellesmere, witha good back, round barrel, limbs well set the outside of him ; he had rubbed the fair from his fore-legs, which spoiled his appearance for the time being ; he has taken several prizes, and will take more when in form. This class was a very fine one, being represented by eighteen entries. Crass 11. Agricultural Mare in Foal or with Foal at Foot, not qualified Report om the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 49 to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk.—This was a very grand elass, represented by sixteen entries; the first prize was deservedly won by Mr. Lawrence Drew ‘with a bay mare named “Countess ;” although shown by a Scotchman she was _ bred in England by Mr. Hawksworth, near Derby; she has splendid action, is very deep in her chest, with beautiful silky hair on her legs, head finely set on, and altogether is a very splendid mare. The second-prize mare, again owned by Lord Ellesmere, was named “ Dainty ;” she has taken a great many prizes, and is a very massive, wide, powerful animal. The third prize was awarded to a capital grey mare, owned by Mr. William Wynn, Stratiord-on-Avon; she was raising a fual which did not give her a - reasonable chance with the vthers; the Judges thought it would be better if mares im foal were shown separately from those having foals by their side. Cuass 18. Agriculiural Filly iucludiag Clydesdale and Suffolk, Two Years old.—The Judzes differed very much in their opinion as to the merits of the various breeds shown in this class, as they represented the Clydesdale, Suffolk, and Shire horse; they hope the Council will seriously consider the propriety of showinz the distinct breeds separately aud to select three Judzes in all Cart-horse Classes, one portion to judye Shire horses, another Clydesdale, the remainder Suffolk. ‘This would avuid a vast amount of unpleasantness. We very much rezret that during the time this class was in the Rinz one of Lord Ellesmere’s men was killed by a kick from the third-prize mare. Cusss 19. Agricultural Filly including Clyplesdale and Suffolk, Three Years old.—This was a splendid lot indeed ; Earl Ellesmere was once more to the front with a splendid mare, bred by Mr. J. Linton of Westwick Hall, Cambridse, that will one day prove a valuable investment to her owner, as she is sure to add lustre to the stud she represents. We thought this the best class in the yard. The sceond-prize animal was owned by Mr. Joseph Hennessy, Clifton, Bristol, bred by himself; she is 2 capital filly, and will again be heard of amongst the winners. The third prize was awarded to Mr. Drew for 2 brown mare, breeder unknown. The reserve number in this class was given to Mrs. Pearce of Dyers Farm, near Bristol, for a very nice level mare, bred by the exhibitor. The Clydesdale classes were as well represented in respect of both number and quality as eould be expected at a Show held so far south. Several of the exhibits appeared to disadvantage from not being in Showyard-eondition, but ___ the animals submitted to inspection included some first-class specimens of the | breed, among which may be particularised the aged stallion and mare which were placed first in their respective classes. i Crass 3.—The first-prize horse, a bright bay, was not in Showyard-con- dition, but his large bone, excellent feet and pasterns, and good action, entitled _ him to the first place. The second prize was awarded to a brown horse of less _ Substance than the first-prize one. __ Cuass 4. The first-prize horse in this class was a massive dark chestnut, nine Years old, of immense substance and splendid action, which far outstripped every one of his competitors. The second-prize horse was eleven years old, and thad good hair, fair bone, and moderate action. The third prize was awarded toa fair horse three years old. » Gass 12. The first animal in this class was a very grand mare, which was ‘Bot in Showyard-condition, but her extraordinary bone, excellent feet and pasterns, and capital action fully entitled her to her place. The second-prize has a larze frame, but she is too old-looking to appear to advantage in a LOW-Ti The five-year-old mare, which was placed third, has true Clydes- VOL. XY.—-s. 8. E 50 —- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. dale character, but she was rather deficient in substance. The commended mare has also in a high degree the leading characteristics of a true Clydesdale, but she was in low ‘condition, owing probably to the fact that she was nursing a foal (a filly), which appeared an extremely promising youngster. The Suffolk breed were on the whole poorly represented, in consequence of the Show being so far from its home. Cxiass 5.—The first prize in this class was awarded to a very good horse. Cuass 6.—The first-prize animal is of the true Suffolk stamp, and the second- prize one is a very fair animal. Crass 13.—Suffolk mares were not well represented, those brought under inspection not being possessed of the true Suffolk character. ANDREW MonTGoMERY. THoMAS PLOWRIGHT, Jun. ARTHUR WILLIAM CRISP. Report on Thoroughbred Horses, Hunters, Hackneys, and Ponies. Crass 7.—The action, quality, and character of the majority of the horses entered in this class were eminently satisfactory. The winner of the first prize was, in the opinion of the majority of the Judges, a horse of a higher class than is commonly exhibited in a Showyard, and admirably adapted from his quality, power, and fine action, to produce weight- carrying hunters and hacks of the highest class. The other winners and the reserve numbers, in this class, were also unusually good specimens of sires suitable for getting hunters; and, amongst the numbers of unmentioned stallions, there were many that came up to the ordinary standard of prize stallions. Cuass 8 contained horses of exceptional merit. Nevertheless, the character of the class was very uneven. Many of the stallions entered were of a non- descript class, and it would be a difficult task to determine what class of animal many of them would be likely to get. Cuass 9.—The winners, again, redeemed the quality and general character of this class, which, as a whole, was a weak one. Crass 10.—In this class the third prize was awarded to a bios This incident must assuredly be a sufficient proof of its weakness. Oxass 14 wasan unmistakably strong one. The winners of the prizes were mares of considerable merit, and the foals at their feet were especially promising. Cxiass 15.—All the mares exhibited, with the exception of the winner of the first prize, were of a very inferior class. Cuass 16.—The animals in this class were wholly devoid of merit. Cxass 17 was much better than the preceding one, the takers of the prizes being very fair representatives of their class. Cuass 18, though weak in numbers, was satisfactory in point of merit, several of the animals shown giving promise of high future excellence. Cuass 21 was very good and uniform, and was the strongest class at this Exhibition. Ouass 22.—The entries were very numerous; and though, considered as a whole, this class was a good one with but few exceptions, the horses were not of sufficiently high class to meet the requirements of the hunting-field at the present day. Cuass 23 contained several horses whose quality and character were of a high order. G. Ass 24.—Though some of the horses exhibited in this class were not equal to the weight set forth in the conditions, the majority were fair specimens of the weight-carrying hunter. Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 51 Crass 25.—The entries were numerous; but the percentage of superior animals was smaller than it should have been. Ciass 26.—A weak class, both in regard to quality and numbers. Crass 27 was fairly good and even throughout—the first-prize pony pos- sessing exceptional merit. Cxass 28.—Though containing no animal of more than average merit, this class was a fairly good one throughout. Remarks on the Exhibition of Horses in general, &c., and Suggestions in regard to the Entry of Stallions. There was no want of the useful or second-class animal manifested at this Exhibition; but, in the majority of the classes alluded to above, there was a great want of quality and action. Formation does not appéar so difficult to attain as quality and action; and until the general character of the horses exhibited shall be considerably raised in these particulars, the objects of the Society, in offering the liberal prizes they have annually done for the promotion of breeding high-class horses, cannot be said to have been attained. The Judges have great pleasure in bearing testimony to the excellence of the arrangements in the Show-ring, as well as to the courtesy and efficiency of all the officials in attendance upon them. It may be further desirable that some allusion should be made to a protest that the Judges are informed was entered with reference to the award of the first prize in Class 7, ow the ground of unsoundness. Whether the horse in question is sound or unsound, the Judges do not feel warranted in recording an opinion. Nevertheless, as the horse exhibited no symptoms of lameness during the usual trial in the Ring, to which he was subjected, they deemed it unnecessary to consult the Veterinary Inspector in attendance, in regard to the horse’s soundness. (*). The Judges, very reasonably, feel reluctant to offer any suggestions with reference to any matter of detail in-connection with the regulations of the Society. Notwithstanding, they consider that the present instance warrants their making the suggestion that all entries in the Stallion Classes shall, for the future, be accompanied by a certificate, from a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, of soundness—given within one calendar month of the date of entry. (*). Their reasons for suggesting this alteration in regard to the Stallion Classes only are that the trial to which a stallion can, under the most favour- able circumstances, be subjected, is necessarily very limited in extent ; and that it is very possible that any slight unsoundness might not be detected by them. Diesy CoLins. T. Pain. THOMAS PARRINGTON. Duncombe Park Estate Office, Helmsley, near York, Dear Sir, 12th September, 1878. Ihave signed the Report, but I entirely disagree with the part I have marked thus (*). I know from experience that horses have been sent for exhibition at the Agricultural Hall, with certificates of soundness from Members of the Loyal Veterinary College, that were notoriously wnsound. With regard to “Preakness,” the winner at Bristol, he has coarse bony E 2 52 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. hocks; it would be no difficult matter to get ten members of the Royal Veterinary College to swear he was sound, and ten more to swear the contrary. * * * % * I am, dear Sir, yours very truly, THomas PARRINGTON. H. M. Jenkins, Esq. SHORTHORNS. The Judges of the Shorthorn cattle communicated to me their remarks on the noteworthy animals in their classes in the Showground, so I give them nearly verbatim. In Class 29, Bull above three years old, the Earl of Ellesmere’s “ Attractive Lord” was first; ‘a grand massive beast, with great style and majestic carriage, a wonderful barrel, and short legs; he is a little short of hair.” Mr. William Linton’s “ Sir Arthur Ingram” took second place (he was first at Liverpool last year) ; “a grand old bull, has been exhibited very often; it would be wise in his owner to withdraw him from Showyards.” ‘General Fusee,” belonging to Mr. Thomas Hardwick Bland, took third place ; fourth, Mr. Jabez Cruse, “‘ Oxford Duke 10th ;” reserve number and highly commended, Mr. W. Handley’s “Royal Irwin ;” Mr. A. H. Browne’s “ Pioneer,” Mr. J. Vicker’s “ Duke of Howl John,” and Mr. J. S. Bult’s “Gallant Gay,” were highly com- mended. ‘ The whole class, excepting prize animals and those commended, was a middling one.” Bulls above two and not exceeding three years old were “a very modest class.” ‘ Kalamazoo,” the property of Mr. W. Tennant, secured first place, and was second in the yearling class last year at Liverpool ; he is a red and white bull, sired by “Sir Arthur Ingram,” but “ does not show sufficient masculine charac- ter.” Mr. R. Stratton’s ‘“* Pearl Diver” was second. Mr. John Elwell’s “ Bainesse Windsor,” third. The Stand Stud Com- pany’s “ Favourite” was fourth; the reserve and highly com- mended “ Huntley ” belonged to Mr. George Gibbons. Mr. Thomas Willis, junior’s, “ Vice Admiral,” a roan, with good outline, was first among the yearling bulls; he is rather short of hair, and “ his horns show delicacy of constitution, and lack of masculine character.” Colonel R. Loyd-Lindsay, V.C., M.P., was second, with a nice-looking roan bull, “ Churchill.” Colonel R. Nigel F. Kingscote, C.B., M.P., took third place with “‘Cowslip Boy.” Fourth, the Duke of Northumberland’s “Lord Mayor.” Reserve number and highly commended, “ Lord St. Vincent,” belonging to Mr. W. Handley. This was “a middling class, some useful animals, nothing leading.” - Among the Bull-calves, Mr. Samuel T. Tregaskis’s “ Master-- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 53 man” was put first by the Judges after a rather long compe- tition. “ There was some little criticism as to the award ; many preferring Mr. Kennard’s white Bull-calf; the prize animal was sold the first day to go to Australia.” The second prize was given to the Rey. Robert Bruce Kennard’s “ Prince Victor,” a charming- looking pure white little calf, much admired by the public. Third, Mr. A. Garfit’s “ Scothern Butterfly 2nd.” Fourth prize, Mr. T. Wilson’s “ Oxonian.” Reserve number and highly com- mended, Mr. R. Stratton’s “ Autumnus.” ‘ Beyond the prize and commended animals, there was nothing worthy of remark.” In Class 33, the first of the Cow Classes, for cows above three years old, Lord Fitzhardinge’s “ Rugia Niblett” came to the front; she is a red cow, “a little wanting in character, showing slight coarseness, rather an old style of Shorthorn.” The second- prize animal was “Moonshine,” belonging to Mr. Thomas Atkinson ; this was an attractive cow, “ with very nice top, neat, and full of character, but not so massive as the winner of the first honours.” The third place was awarded to Messrs. William Hosken and Son’s “ Carnation 4th ;” the fourth to Mr. T. H. Hutchinson’s “Grateful.” Reserve number and highly com- mended, Mr. Benjamin St. John Ackers’ “ Princess Georgie.” Highly commended, Lord Fitzhardinge, for “ Minstrel 4th.” ** Beyond the prize animals, this was a weak class.” The Class for Heifers in-milk or in-calf produced a fine lot of animals; according to the Judges “the best class they have seen.” Mr. Richard Marsh’s “ Diana,” a handsome roan, gene- rally admired, with a very level back and good touch, was first. She seemed a very good example of what a Shorthorn heifer should be. ‘She was the best in the Heifer Class, had a beautiful barrel, and would have been female champion had there been such a prize; she keeps her place well from last year.” Number two, “ The Lady,” belonging to the Earl of Ellesmere, was another fine specimen of a Shorthorn heifer. Mr, James Slee Bult’s “Bertha 3rd” took third prize, and ** Blooming Bridesmaid” secured the fourth for the Stand Stud Company. The reserve number and highly commended was Mr. George Ashby Ashby’s “Innocence ;” highly commended, Mr. Benjamin St. John Ackers’ “ Lady Carew 2nd.” The com- mended heifer, “ Red Rose of Virginia” “ appeared to be hardly in Showyard trim.” In the Yearling Heifer Class “there were a good many absentees, and no leading animals.” ‘Jemima 4th,” the pro- perty of Mr. Albert Brassey, was “a massive heifer, but had not quite the style of the winner in the previous class; she is common coloured, but has good form.” Colonel R.N. F. Kings- cote, C.B., M.P., secured second place with “ Honey 60th ;” her D4 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. hind legs are not very good.” The third and fourth prizes were awarded to the Duke of Northumberland’s “ Lady Jane,” and Mrs. Sarah Jane Pery’s “‘ Lady Violet.” In the Heifer Calf Class “Lord Fitzhardinge came to the front with a splendid animal,” “ Kirklevington Empress 3rd;” she is a roan, light in colour behind, with beautiful hair and style ; “‘ she has a valuable pedigree, and was probably the best bred among the female classes.” ‘Rose of Oxford 3rd,” belonging to Messrs. W. Hosken and Son, was second ; ‘she is a soft roan, and looked as if she would improve, but has one horn cropping up rather, and is a little steer-like about the head.” ‘ Melody,” who came third, has the advantage of a good sire, “ Attractive Lord,” first at the Bath and West of England Show ; she belongs to the Earl of Ellesmere. Fourth prize, Mr. A. Garfit’s “ Blanche Rosette 4th ;” and reserve number and highly commended, the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire’s “ Lady Agnes,” a nice-looking heifer, with good colour and long silky coat. There were several other exhibits mentioned by the Judges, and they called the whole ‘‘a strong good class.” Class 37, cow, and not Jess than two of her offspring. The Judges thought this “a very interesting class and worthy of support, but there were several absentees, and some were short of numbers.” Colonel R. Loyd-Lindsay, V.C., M.P., came first with ‘ Burlesque,” and her descendants, “a very even-looking lot; it appears from the entries that she never bred a bull.” Mr. Joseph Stratton’s ‘“* May Rose 2nd” included a very good- looking bull; and “ Rosette,” the first of her offspring, was exactly like her mother, and appeared to be a great milker. Mr. T. H. Miller’s “family ” came third. Report of the Judges of Shorthorns at Bristol. The Shorthorn entries numbered some 145; many, however, were absent, detracting very much from the appearance of the standings. The animals of such well-known breeders as the Marquis of Exeter, Lady Pigot, Mr. George Garne, and some others, were among the absentees, The competition in most of the classes was large, the cow class being the exception, ‘There were some very prime specimens of this popular breed of cattle, but, as a whole, the show of Shorthorns cannot be said to come up to the usual Royal standard. We append particulars of each class :— Crass 29.—This was a large class; there was no difficulty in awarding its first, second, and third prizes. No. 860, to which the first prize was awarded, was an animal of considerable merit, and full of bloom; while the second prize, although a first-class animal, was suggestive of autumn leaves; his Showyard career is surely almost at an end; the same may be said of several others in this class. Cxiass 80.—This was a moderate class, nothing of a leading character. Many of the animals showed great unevenness ; particularly noticeable in this _ respect were one or two white ones. Cxuass 31,—This was also a moderate class. No. 395, the first prize was Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 55 beautifully got up, he has a good outline but showed a little delicacy. The second- and third-prize animals were of excellent quality, the latter will doubtless improve in his fore-quarters as he grows older. Ciass 32.—Although this was a large class and contained many useful animals, yet, beyond those to which the prizes were awarded, there was nothing to call for especial remark. The first-prize calf has better sprung ribs, more fiesh, and is a truer made animal, than the second-prize, which, although shown in the finest trim, lacks the same depth of flesh ; his tail too is not so well put on, something mizht also be said about his nose. We had no hesitation in making these awards. Cass 33.—This was a small and moderate class, by no means up to the mark for a Royal Show ; the first-prize cow took by very far the lead. Crass 34.—There were eleven entries in this class, and to show our appre- ciation of it seven were noticed. The first- and second-prize animals were especially good, the former reminding us of the gems of the late Mr. Richard Booth in his palmiest days. Cuass 35.—The entries in this class numbered twenty-three, six of which, however, were absent; eleven out of the remaining seventeen were noticed, a fact suggestive of our appreciation of the class. Crass 36.—There were also twenty-three entries in this class, eighteen of which appeared in the ring, ten receiving notice. The first prize was a gem; if fortune favours her she will adorn future Showyards. Many of the youngsters in this class promise well. Cass 37.—There was not that competition in this interesting class we could wish to have seen; we consider it one well worthy the encouragement of the Society. A family group will test the merits of a herd. The prize animals in this class were well worthy of their distinction. In conclusion, we have the satisfaction of adding, that after due and careful attention io the merits of the various animals brought before us, all our decisions were unanimously arrived at. Our best thanks are due to the steward of our department for the business-like arrangements he made for placing the animals in the ring. Cuartes Howaxp. Joux Lyxx. Guonce Maxx. HEREFORDS. There were only three entries for the Old Bull Class, and the owners of the prize-winners took the same position as last year at Liverpool, though Mr. Taylor won on this occasion with another animal. His bull, “ Thoughtful,” first in the three-year- old class last year, was a grand beast, with great depth and very good hind-quarters. Mr. Thomas Thomas's “ Horace 2nd,” the same that took second place at Liverpool, looked a more massive bull than his conqueror in this class. Messrs. J. Lewis and Edwin Powell were successful with “Telescope,” who in his breeder's hands took second in the younger class at Liverpool ; he has a great dewlap, but seemed not quite so good behind the shoulders as he might be. In the female classes the pair of heifers under three-years-old, belonging to Mrs. Sarah Edwards, Were very much admired. “Leonora” wasa splendid animal, in great condition, with short legs, enormous barrel, and level top ; 56 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. she was specially led out for the inspection of the Prince of Wales. Mr. John Morris’s yearling heifer “ Empress” had great size for her age. The Judges report as follows :— Cuass 38.—Two shown. No. 496, first prize; a bull of good quality, with a lot of substance about him, and shown in good working condition. No. 497, second prize; a very fat bull, and not quite equal to his opponent as a breed- ing animal. Cxuass 39.—Three shown. No. 502, first prize; a bull of considerable merit and of nice quality. No, 501, second prize; a useful bull, but stood badly on his hind legs; would be more serviceable if not so fat. No. 499, third prize; defective in his hind-quarters, and had not quality enough to be elassed as a first-rate animal. Cuass 40.—Eight shown. No 508, first prize; a fine young bull, full of good points, and he will doubtless be seen again in the Showyard. No. 504, second prize; a very good young bull, rather too fat. No. 510, third prize; a young bull of nice character, with considerable substance, and in all proba- bility he will appear in public again. Crass 41.—Six shown. No. 516, first prize; a nice young bull, but in- clined to be “tubby ;” should have plenty of exercise, and not too much succulent food. Cuass 42.—Three shown. No. 522, first prize; a very fine old cow, full of good points and quality, but rather too fat for a breeding animal. No. 521, second prize: a very large fine cow, more fleshy than her rival, and likely to breed weighing animals. Cuass 43.—I"our shown. No. 528, first prize; a remarkably fine heifer, good all over, probably the best animal in the Hereford classes. No. 527, second prize; « beautiful heifer, but could only be placed second to such a rival. No. 581, third prize; rather too patchy. Crass 44,—¥ive shown. No. 541, first prize; a very nice young animal ; will be seen again at future Meetings. No. 582, second prize; a good heifer, but not quite equal in character to her rival as a breeding animal. Cass 45.—Nine shown. No. 552, a very nice heifer, that will appear again asa show animal. No. 546, also a nice heifer that ran the first-prize one very hard, but had to give way in point of quality. No. 551, third prize ; a smart heifer and well-grown for her age. JOHN WALKER. G. W. BAKER. JOHN CRANE. DEVONS. Not being far from the home of this breed, it might naturally have been imagined that there would be a good muster at Bristol ; however, though the quality was good, and the prize-winners made a beautiful appearance on parade, the classes were by no means full. Viscount Falmouth’s “Sirloin” was first in the old class; he has a great girth and level top, and was first last year . among the younger bulls. Mr. Walter Farthing’s “ Royal Aston” showed beautiful quality in the class under three years, The bull-calves were a very excellent lot. Mr. Walter Farthing’s exhibits were preeminent among the cow classes; he was first and second out of a very good lot of old cows. “ Prettyface” Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 57 is lightish in colour, with a great barrel ; she appeared to be dheavy in-calf. “ Picotee” has a sweet expression. The heifer- calves were a very even-looking and attractive class. The following is the Report of the Judges of Devon and Sussex cattle :— It being wished that we should write a Report of the Cattle we have judged, we beg to state that the Devons shown are very fine specimens of the breed ; some of the first-prize animals are really wonders, and they certainly do very great credit to the breeders and exhibitors. We would, however, suggest that the breeders of Devons should not lose sight of size, so as not (if possible) to allow the animals to get smaller. With reference to the Sussex beasts, we consider that they are much im- proved, especially the female animals; but we should much like to find in them a little more quality and greater mellowness of touch. Tuomas Pope. Henry OVERMAN. JOSIAH PITCHER. SUSSEX. There were some good animals of this breed, that so nearly resembles the Devon, but the entries were few in number. Messrs. E. and A. Stanford’s old bull “ Dorchester” had only another bull, belonging to the same owners, to compete with ; he had great length and short legs, was light in colour, with a darkish face. Mr. James Brady’s ‘ Bouncer” isa great cow ; and his yearling heifer “ Rival,” a dark-coloured one, showed well. LoNGHORNS. It is a pity there were not more entries of this breed of cattle, which certainly have a grand and picturesque appearance, with great size. ‘Conqueror 3rd,” belonging to the Duke of Buckingham, took first place, which makes the third time he has been in that coveted position at the Royal Shows; he is an enormous animal, with immense girth, and showed good quality. The second bull, “ Prince Victor,” did not fall much below the first in general features, some people in fact seemed to think he was the better of the two. A cow with the curious name of “ Calke ” took first prize in the class for cows, in-calf or in-milk, for Mr. R. Hall; her long even horns, bending down on either side of her face, nearly met over her nose. The following is the Report of the Judges of Longhorns and Dairy Cattle :— Crass 63 contained only three entries, but they were all grand specimens of this old-fashioned breed, and possessed qualities which would do honour to any class of cattle. , a tia There was rome difference of opinion amongst the Judges as to the award 58 ~~ Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. in this class, the majority of them preferring the old bull No. 645, consider- ing him to have better quality of flesh and better sides than the fine active bull No. 646, which has a beautiful brindle colour, and wou the second rize. No. 644, reserve and highly commended, had good flesh and masculine character, but was not quite level in his back. In Crass 64 the two bulls exhibited were well worthy of the prizes. Ciass 65 contained only one cow, a fine specimen of the breed, of the much coveted brindle colour. Cuass 66 contained two fine heifers, the first prize, No. 652, being bigger for her age than the other. The number of Longhorns exhibited would have been larger but for the unfortunate circumstance that several of the best cattle of this breed were detained in quarantine on their return from Paris. Dartry CATTLE. Cuass 74 contained five pairs of cows, all Shorthorns pure or crossed. The pair of roan cows, No. 740, had good frame and quality, and large bags. They looked like good milkers, but one had a coarsely-formed udder. The pair of cows, No. 746, would have been placed second, but one had not so good an udder. Crass 75 was not so good as might have been expected. Cass 76 contained two pairs of nice Shorthorn heifers and a pair of Jerseys. None of them were forward enough in calf to show fully their milking properties. The Judges consider that they should have in their Catalogues the date of the last calving of the dairy-cows, as this is an important aid in deciding upon their milking capabilities. Witii\m T. CaRRIneTon. JoHN DENCHFIELD. R. H. Carman. The Dairy Cattle competing for the prizes offered by the Bristol Local Committee did not muster strongly, but there were some good-looking animals among them. The first prize for a pair of cows in-milk, over four years old, was secured by Mr. Richard Stratton, who showed a good matching pair of Shorthorn roan cows, with grand backs, and mild-looking heads ; one of the cows had a badly-formed udder, but was apparently a large milker. Mr. J. R. Keen took second prize, and Mr. Frederick Harvey third, both with Shorthorns. For the cows under four years old, Sir Philip Miles, Bart., took first prize, and Mr. John Yalland second. This class did not altogether meet with the approbation of the Judges. There were three good entries of heifers in-calf under three years old, but it was difficult to judge of their milking properties from their appearance. Mr. R. Stratton was first with a nice pair of pedigree-looking heifers of the Shorthorn breed. Mr. John Yalland was second, also with a pair of attractive Shorthorn heifers; and Mr. John Cardus had the reserve number awarded for a pair of Jerseys. Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 59 CHANNEL ISLANDS. The Judges of the Jersey and Guernsey breeds of cattle have made such a full report, that it is unnecessary for me to add anything to it. JERSEY AND GUERNSEY. ‘The total number of entries was eichty-three, whilst the average of the ing seven years was fifty-six. In the Jersey Classes the entries were fifty-six ; but, out of this number, - sixteen animals failed to come before us in the Show-ring. If, in the absence of these sixteen entries—ten of them being Mr. George Simpson’s, of Wray Park—the competition was less keen, yet there was evidence, on the whole, of progressive improvement in the breed, and some of the animals showed marked superiority in this respect. An increasing interest is now shown, not only at the Royal, but also at the principal county Shows in England, in this particular breed of animals, pos- sessing, as they do, not only beauty and docility, but the richest and best milk-producing capacities. In the year 1876 the Judges, in reporting upon the classes, wrote as follows :—“* No less than thirty-three heifers, in-milk or in-calf, under three years old, were entered ; and when it is considered that these specimens, vary- ing from sixteen months to two years and seven months of age, were competing against each other, it will be easy to understand that a certain degree of difficulty existsin determining how the prizes are tobe awarded. In this case a@ young heifer, twelve months old, without development of udder, might be brought before the Judges by the side of a powerful three-year-old in full milk, which might have given birth to two calves, and have no good claim to the distinction of heifer. How then, in fairness to the merits of each cow, can they compete in the same class? For this reason, therefore, and in consider- ation of the position which this class has attained numerically, the Judges deem it their duty to point out for the consideration of the Council the advisa- bility of dividing for the future the heretofore existing heifer class into two distinct classes—viz., heifers in-milk or in-calf above two years and not ex- ceeding three years old, heifers above one year and not exceeding two years old.” Again, in the Report last year (1877), the Judges concluded as fol- lows :—“ The Jersey animal is by no means a nieat-making animal, but especially a milk-producing breed; it is of the highest importance that the milk properties shall be developed as early as possible, hence we take the liberty of recommending the introduction of three additional classes for young stock—viz., bull above six months and not exceeding twelve months old; heifer in-milk or in-calf, above one and not exceeding two years old; heifer in-calf, above six months and not exceeding twelve months old.” We feel it necessary to again call the attention of the Council to the recum- mendations given above, with which we cordially agree ; and we desire to add that, on the present occasion, we were quite unable to satisfy ourselves as to the order of merit of the various heifers brought into the Ring, consisting as they did of heifers fourteen months old, without development of udder, and cows just under three years old, in full profit. Under these conditions we could scarcely be expected to satisfy either the exhibitors or the public. Crass 67. Jersey Buils above Two Years old.—Ten animals were entered, but two were absent. This class was of average merit. No. 657, first prize, “Saint Brelade” (three years and two months), bred in the Island, and shown by Mr. Cecil Bernadino Dixon, was an animal of true character. No. 664, the Second prize, “ Gipsy Lad * (two years and four months), bred and exhibited by ain 60° Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock. at Bristol. Mr. Herbert Addington Rigg, was a lengthy bull of good quality and colour ; and the like may be said of No. 663, third prize, “ Grey King” (two years and one month), bred and exhibited by Mr. William Alexander. No. 658, reserve number (three years and four months), was bred by Mr. William J. Beadel, and shown by Mr. John Cardus. Cuass 68. Jersey Bulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old.— Eight animals were entered, but two were absent. Though small in number, the quality of this class was good. No. 666, first prize, “ Lord Montague” (one year and eight months), was bred by the exhibitor, the Earl of Egmont. No. 667, second prize, “ Ranger” (one year and eight months), was bred by the exhibitor, Mr. Findlater Crang. No. 665, third prize, “ Emperor” (one year and four months), was bred by the exhibitor, Lord Chesham. This animal showed a deal of quality; his horns, however, were plain and too straight ; he was also at a disadvantage in respect to age, otherwise he might have obtained higher honours. No. 672, reserve number and highly commended, “ Tommy ” (one year and three months), was bred in the Island by the exhibitor, Mr. William Alexauder. This animal possessed many fine points; he may be said to be very taking in general appearance, but on close inspection his crumpled horns showed that they had been too closely scraped; and he had, what is considered a fatal objection to many breeders, a white tongue. Crass 69, Jersey Cows above Three Years old.—Qighteen animals were entered, but five were absent. The animals comprised in this class were very good. No. 687, first prize, “‘ Duchess” (five years and four months), bred by Mr. Robert Gosling and exhibited by Mr. Thomas Barker Miller, is of a silver- grey colour, beautiful in form, and, what is all-important in a dairy-cow, showed rich and capacious milking qualities. No. 674, second prize, “ Hap- hazard” (four years and two months), bred by Mr. Walter Gilbey, exhibited by Lord Chesham, may be classed as a very good animal ; and the same praise as to her extraordinary milking qualities may be bestowed upon her as upon “ Duchess” (first prize). No. 675, third prize, “* Laura” (four years and ten months), bred and exhibited by Lord Chesham. No. 682, reserve number and highly commended, “ Beauty ” (four years and eight months), bred and exhibited by Mr. Willianr Hood Walrond. No. 684, highly commended, “Brunette” (three years and two months), bred and exhibited by Mr. Cecil Bernardino Dixon. No. 685, highly commended, “ Grisette ” (four years and one month), bred in the Island by Mr. C. Vibert, also exhibited by Mr. C. B. Dixon. No. 688, highly commended, “ Darling ” (four years and three weeks), bred by Mr. W. J. Beadel, exhibited by Mr. Herbert Addington Rigg. No. 689, highly commended, “ Flat” (over three years), bred in the Island by Mr. John Birch, exhibited by Mr. H. A. Rigg. The above five cows, which we highly commended, showed fineness of breeding and unusual richness in milk-producing points. No. 683, ‘‘ Beauty” (four years and one month), bred and exhibited by Lord Poltimore, would possibly have taken honours had she been shown with less meat and fat upon her, the latter a fault which should be carefully avoided where milking qualities are required, more especially in the breed under notice. Cuass 70. Jersey Heifers not exceeding Three Years old.—'Twenty animals were entered, but eight were absent. Several good animals were to be found in this class, and the number exhibited was double that of last year at Liver- pool, but did not compare with the previous year at Birmingham, when the entries numbered thirty-three. No. 706, first prize, “ Fancy ” (one year and five months), bred and exhibited by Mr. James Odams. his heifer (silver-grey in colour) was far advanced in calf, and had appearances pointing to the development of a great yield, rich in quality ; in the Ring she certainly showed herself to be as near per- fection, in all the necessary points, as could be expected, Report on the Exhibition of Live Stockh at Bristol. 61 No. 692, second prize, “ Laurel” (one year and two months), bred and ex- hibited by Lord Chesham, silver-grey in colour; this heifer may be said t» be well-bred and promising. No. 707, third prize, “ Beauty” (one year and ten months), bred and exhibited by Mr. Thomas Barker Miller, a rather dark fawn; this heifer also apppeared to be well-bred and promising; being close to her time for calving, a good report can be recorded of her udder, which gave great promise, and she will doubtless prove an excellent milker. No. 698, reserve number and highly commended, “ Pattii” (one year and six months), bred and exhibited by Lord Chesham; an animal with good looks and quality. No. 699, highly commended “‘ Hawthorn” (one year and seven months), bred - and exhibited by Lord Poltimore. ‘This heifer had the misfortune to come before us in too meaty and fat a condition, otherwise she would most likely have taken higher honours. No. 703, highly commended, “Queen of the Vale” (two years and seven months), bred and exhibited by Mr. George Digby Wingfield Digby. In the Guernsey Classes the entries were twenty-seven, as against one animal only which put in an appearance at Liverpool last year. The animals selected for honours in the following classes showed themselves to possess a type and qualification peculiar to this breed; they are in size much larger than the Jerseys, and carry more meat on their frames. In the catalogue the animals are described as red and white, yellow and white, and fawn and white; to more correctly define the colour we should call them red and white, and red. Cuass 71. Guernsey Bulls above One Year old.—Five were entered, and all came into the Ring; only two prizes were offered, but after the first, second, and reserve numbers were selected, we found the two remaining animals so good that we considered them worthy of being highly commended. No. 714, first prize, ‘‘ Prince Charlie” (two years and five months), bred and exhibited by Mr. Robert N. G. Barker. No. 712, second prize “The Count” (one year and six months), bred and exhibited by Mr. William Hood Walrond. No. 716, reserve number, highly commended, “ Chieftain ” (one year and ten months), bred in the Island by the exhibitor, Mr. James James. No. 713, highly commended, “ Duke” (one year and six months), bred and exhibited by Mr. William Hood Walrond. No. 715, highly commended, “Cloth of Gold 6th” (four years), bred on the Island by Mr. de Putron, and exhibited by the Rev. Joshua Rundle Watson. Cxass 72. Guernsey Cows above Three Years old.—Twelve were entered, and eleven came into the Ring. No. 719, first prize, “ Young Nancy” (three years and nine months), bred and exhibited by Mr. Robert N. G. Barker. No. 724, second prize ‘‘ Miranda” (four years and seven months), bred and exhibited by the Rev. J. R. Watson. ) No. 721, reserve number and highly commended, “Sylvia No. 2” (four years), bred and exhibited by the Rev. J. R. Watson. No. 725, highly commended, “ Juno” (three years and three months), bred in the Island by Mr. Davy, and exhibited by the Rev. J. R. Watson. No. 717, commended ; this cow, unnamed in the Catalogue, was bred in the Island by Mr. Orgier, and exhibited by Mr. Herbert S. Woodstock. No. 737, commended, “ Gipsy ” (four years and eleven months), bred in the Island by Mr. James James, and exhibited by him. Cuass 73. Guernsey Heifers in-Milk or in-Calf, not exceeding Three Yeurs old.—Ten animals were entered, but only six came into the Ring. No. 730, first prize, “Dolly”-(two years), bred and exhibited by Mr. Robert N. G. Barker. 62 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol, No. 781, second prize, “‘ Lady Jane” (two years and six months), also bred and exhibited by Mr. Robert N. G. Barker. No, 732, reserve number and highly commended, “ Crocus ” (two years and ten months), also bred and exhibited by Mr. Robert N. G. Barker. No. 734, commended, “ Nelly” (two years and ten months), bred in the Island by Mr. Waldron, and exhibited by the Rev. J. R. Watson. Before concluding this Report, we think it desirable to mention that a meeting of the breeders of Jersey cattle was held in the Showyard during the Exhibition at Bristoi, for the purpose of establishing a ‘‘ Herd Book for Jersey Cattle bred in England.” The meeting was well attended, and, alter a fair discussion, it was resolved to ask breeders to record the breeding and pedigrees of their animals, and a sum of 200/. was at once subscribed for the purpose of printing and publishing these particulars, as a first volume of a ‘ Herd Book.’ This meeting, as well as the increased entries at the Show (which were nearly fifty per cent. above the average of the last seven years), clearly indicated the increased number of animals that are being bred, and the interest that is being taken in them, especially for dairy purposes. This is the more notice- able in the neighbourhood of large cities; and we are firmly of opinion that when the Society’s Show is held near the large southern cities, the classes for this breed should be increased, and a larger amount of money in prizes offered. Watrter GILBEY. C. STEPHENSON. WELSH BLACK. This picturesque-looking breed took a very prominent posi- tion in the Yard, and there were some animals of great merit among them. Mr. Charles Salusbury Mainwaring took the first prize for bulls over two years, with “ Taihirion,” an immense bull, very powerful about the neck and shoulders, and good all over. Earl Cawdor’s “Prince of Wales” was second; he was first last year at Liverpool. The third-prize animal, Mr. David Davies’ “ Young Robin Dhu” may take a higher position on some future occasion, as he was very little more than two years old at the time of the Show. The class for young bulls was not quite so good as the preceding one. Mr William James’s “Nigger Boy,” the first prize, is a fine specimen, rather small, with straight horns, and curly hair on the head and neck. The old cow class was very much admired by the Judges and by the public. Mr. J. C. Best’s “ Welsh Duchess,” a handsome old cow, with great depth, and a little white about the udder, was placed first after a close competition. Mr. J. Walters’ “ Favourite” was second, and Mr. J. C. Best’s * Black Queen” third. This was such an even class that it was difficult to distinguish the prize animals. Mr. Walter Jenkins’s “ Nell” came to the front very decidedly among the heifers in-calf or in-milk under three years old. Earl Cawdor’s “Kitty 6th” took second place. Heifers under two years old: this was a good class; Earl Cawdor’s “ Leonora,” the first-prize animal, was very handsome, with a glossy coat and delicate touch ; she has a streak of white ’ Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 63 along the belly. Mr. R. Humphrey’s “ Black Queen 2nd ” was second, and Mrs. Lettice Williams’ “ Myfanw ” third. The Judges report as follows :— We are pleased to note a marked improvement in these classes since last year’s Show. Cuass 77.—The eight bulls shown (one entry being absent) over two years old were a good lot. Last year’s winner, having grown coarse at the shoulder, was beaten by “ Taihirion,” a thorough Welshman, with no bad point. The third-prize bull, just over two years old, is very promising. Cuass 78. ‘The bulls under two years old were hardly so good a class. Of ten entries the five named were decidedly the best, without any particular merit calling for remark beyond the excellence of the first-prize bull. Crass 79. Cows were a magnificent lot, the nine entered being all good specimens. We had great difficulty in awarding the honours. Cuass 80. Heifers between Two and Three Years old.—Vhe first-prize taker isa heifer of extraordinary merit ; nothing better was shown. The class being uneven, the prizes were easily placed. Cuass 81. Heifers under Two Years old.—Some of these had grown to such a size that we doubted the ages given, which, however, were verified by the Inspector, proving what early generous treatment will achieve. All the prize-takers in this class have great merit. Notwithstanding the creditable exhibits of Welsh Blacks both at Liverpool and Bristol, we do not consider a fair criterion can thereby be formed of the value of the breed to Wales generally, or of the estimation in which it is held by Midland Counties graziers and West End butchers. Prizes offered by the Royal Agricultural Society will do much towards developing this useful breed, a ‘ Herd Book’ of which has lately been established. JOHN WILLIAMS. JOHN Evans. SHEEP. The show of sheep was on the whole a very good one, and all the important English breeds were well represented. The Devon Long-woolled, the Dartmoor, and the Exmoor sheep must have appeared as novelties to many visitors to the Exhibition, as they are seldom seen away from their particular districts. LEICESTERS. Mr. T. H. Hutchinson showed the first-prize shearling ram, an animal with good wool and large frame. Mr. Hutchinson was first also in the aged class, with a ram of great size and rare quality, in high condition. Mr. Hebden Borton was second in the same class with a fine old ram, very level, with good fore- quarters. Mr. George Turner, Jun., was first and second, for the pen of five shearling ewes, with two good even-looking well-bred lots of sheep. Mr. William Brown’s third-prize pen was rather open in the wool. The Leicesters exhibited at Bristol were, taken as a whole, of only moderate quality ; but the prize sheep in each class were exceptions to this remark, 64 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. as we have seldom seen so good a one as the two-shear belonging to Mr. Hutchinson. The race between the first- and second-prize shearlings was well contested, being only won by a “neck.” Mr, Turner’s first- and second- prize shearling ewes showed great character and good breeding. Mr. Brown’s had good fleeces and fat backs, but did not show quite such good breeding as Mr. Turner's. Joun 8. JoRDAN. Witttam SANDAY. CoTswoLps. A champion prize, offered by the Gloucestershire Agricultural Society for the best ram of this breed, was awarded to Mr. Russell Swanwick for the six-tooth ram No. 871, the first in its class. This was a great ram, with level back and full frame. Mr. Swanwick also took third prize in this class, Mr. Thomas Brown being second. In the shearling ram class there were a good many entries. No. 845, Mr. John Gillett’s first-prize ram, was a fine-looking animal, with massive fore-quarters and good back. Mr. Russell Swanwick was second and third for two sheep in great condition. Mr. John Gillett was first and third for the shearling ewes, and Messrs. T. and 8. G. Gillett second ; these pens did not appear to be quite soeven as they might have been, but the wool seemed to be of fine quality. The twenty-six shearling rams in Class 85 made a good entry as to num- bers, but were not quite up to the usual standard with regard to quality. In Class 86 there were eight entries, three of which were absent. No. 871 was a very good specimen of a Cotswold ram, being of good quality, though rather deficient in wool. The six entries in Class 87 call for no special remark. W. T. GARE. Tuomas Porter. LINCOLNS. Mr. H. Smith was first in the Shearling Ram Class with a very compact sheep. Mr. A. Garfit took second place. In the Aged Rams, Mr. H. Smith was again successful, showing ‘“‘ Hermit,” the winner at Liverpool, in the same class. This sheep is a little deficient in wool, but has a great carcass and a fine straight back. The Lincolns, as a whole, looked very well, but the Judges made some remarks to me about shearing, and I see they have embodied them in their Report. The number of pens shown in this section was good in the Shearling, but limited to four pens in the Aged Ram, and four in the Shearling Ewe classes. Mr. H. Smith maintained the high position he has lately taken, as he carried off the first prize in both the ram classes. His aged sheep, bred by Mr. ‘om Casswell, of Pointon, is a remarkably fine specimen of a Lincoln ; but we do not consider that, taken as a whole, the average of excellence of the - sheep shown is equal to that of some former years. We think it worthy of remark by Lincolnshire sheep-breeders that, out of the nine prizes given by merits, Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 65 the Society to Lincoln sheep, five were awarded to gentlemen residing outside the county of Lincoln. We take this opportunity of expressing a doubt as to the wisdom of the course taken in abolishing the office of Inspector of Shearing. It is a suffi- ciently ungrateful task for Judges to select prize animals from amongst the flocks of their friends and neighbours, without devolving upon them the onus of making a charge of dishonesty against any of them, which a disqualification for unfair shearing evidently implies. We fear that under the present sys- tem, in most cases where unfair shearing is found, Judges will not have the courage of their convictions, and the offender will escape the punishment he CHARLES WILLIAMS. Wixiram CoLuiInawoop. OXFORDSHIRE Downs. This very useful breed of farmers’ sheep did itself full justice at Bristol. There was a large entry of shearing rams, and though but a small one of aged rams, it was composed of sheep of very fine quality Mr. Charles Howard’s first-prize shearling ram had a perfect shape and beautiful head ; he looked like good mutton, and was very close in the wool. Mr. Charles Hobbs’s ram took second place; a well-bred sheep, with the wool quite on to his head. The old rams were al] splendid specimens. Mr, John Treadwell was first and second, Mr. F. Street third, and Mr. C. Hobbs highly commended. Mr. Treadwell’s first, “ Royal Liverpool,” was a great and very well-made sheep, with immense girth, and the second was little inferior. Mr. Frederic Street’s sheep, as the Judges say, was worthy of a third prize. Mr. Albert Brassey’s pen (No. 947) was the winner in the Shearling Ewe Class; they were very uniform in character, with dark faces and good size. Mr, Treadwell’s were also a good pen. | The Judges have reported as follows :— Cuass 91, for Shearling Oxford Down Rams, was well represented as to numbers, there being an entry of twenty-three. The first-prize sheep, No. 918, was a very true-formed sheep of good size and quality, and covered with good flesh, and of. good character. No. 915, the second-prize sheep, was also of good character and formation, and promises to be a good sheep another year. Cuass 92, for Rams of any age. There were only four entries, all good; indeed, so good that we strongly recommended the three prizes to be given. This was a superior class of grand character, and did the most to uphold the character of this superior breed of sheep. Crass 93, for Shearling Ewes. There were six entries, of good general character. The first- and second-prize pens were very large heavy sheep. The first-prize pen were the most matching lot, Rk. J. Newron. G., Hircouman. VOL. XV.—S. S. F 66 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. SouTHDOWNS. Lord Walsingham was a large exhibitor, and the chief prize- taker, in the well-represented classes of this breed: he took first and second place in the shearlings with a couple of nice level rams. Mr. Hugh Gorringe was third, with a good-looking animal, light in the face. Several exhibitors were commended and highly commended; and even after that there were some excellent rams left, of which no notice could be taken. In the Old Ram Class, Lord Walsingham carried all before him, the three prizes falling to him for a beautiful trio, the first one apparently perfect, showing true colour, close wool, and choice mutton. Lord Walsingham was first in the Shearling Ewes, with a pen of splendid character and perfect match. Sir Nicholas William Throckmorton, Bart., was second ; and for third place the Prince of Wales was successful with a very nice pen of ewes, matching well, a little dark in the face. Taken altogether, the show of Southdowns was an excellent one. The following is the Report of the Judges of Southdown, Hampshire Down and other Short-wool Sheep :— The Classes of Southdown sheep mustered very strong. The Shearling Rams were a very good class, many of surpassing excellence. In the old class Lord Walsingham was invincible, showing three remarkably good specimens of the Southdowns, the second in the class being of great size, with quality combined. ‘The shearling ewes produced a very close contest, the pens being remarkably even, aud well matched, and the Judges had some difficulty in awarding the prizes, the whole class being commended. The Hampshire Downs did not muster so strong, but some very good animals were shown, Mr. Morrison easily taking first prize with his wonderful shearling. The old ram class was fairly represented. The shearling ewes were exceedingly good. The first- and second-prize pens we considered first-class, doing very great credit to Mr. Read. Hl. Fooxss F. Bupp. F, M, Jonas. HAMPSHIRE AND OTHER SHORT-WOOLS. These were chiefly Hampshire Downs, but the entry was not a heavy one. Among the Shearling Rams, Mr. A. Morrison was placed first, for a fine sheep of true type, with good girth and long delicate ears. Mr. H. Lambert came second, and Mr. J. Barton third with a large sheep. In the Old Ram Class, Mr. Morrison again succeeded, showing a massive animal. Mr. James Read had two beautiful pens of shearling ewes, good in the girth, with dark faces. Mr. Frank R. Moore had a very useful-looking pen of farmers’ sheep. SHROPSHIRES. The very large muster of Shropshire sheep shows the high estimation in which this useful breed is held. The Judges Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 67 have reported so fully that it is unnecessary for me to add any- thing to their Report :— The Class of Shearling Rams had sixty-one entries. A large proportion of these were uniformly good, while there were none which the Judges could at once fix upon as standing out far beyond their fellows. The Aged Rams, eighteen in number, were, with few exceptions, very good. Captain Townson’s is unmistakably at the head of this class, and does great credit to a young breeder of Shropshires. The winners of the first prize for Shearling Ewes, Lord Chesham’s, were exceedingly good; the second, Mr. C. Byrd’s, were larger, but not so uniform ; the third, Mr. Nock’s, larger still, but still more varying in form, showing that in Shropshires, as in other breeds, it is more easy to combine perfection in form and quality with moderate than with extraordinary size; but size must be maintained. Some of the ewes in other pens were too small and light of bone, wanting the characteristics of this breed, which are a bold head well covered, a big neck, strong bony limbs, the indications of heavy lean flesh. These qualities, combined with oblique shoulders and a spine well covered, dark-brown features, and a close heavy fleece free from grey wool, are the attri- butes we have looked for in awarding the prizes offered for Shropshire sheep. The services of the Inspectors of Shearing were dispensed with on this occasion, and we should have been glad to find that they were not necessary. In their absence the Judges were requested to notice those animals which had not been shorn bare after the 1st of April, one of the conditions of entry. There were a few suspicious cases ; but one, No. 1081, admitted of no doubt. We hope, for the credit of our fellow breeders of Shropshire, that there will be no instance of this sort in future; it is quite certain that such attempted deception does not tend to success in the Showyard. R. H. MaAsren. Joun Coxon. C. RANDELL. Devon LoNG-wWooLs. The muster was not strong here. Mr. Richard Corner’s shearling ram was a good one, very level, a little small, but showing character. Sir J. H. Heathcoat-Amory, Bart., M.P., had a fine even pen of shearling ewes in high condition. The following Report has been received from the Judges :— The Devon Long-wools were a fair average lot. The competition in the Shearling Ram Class was good. In the aged class the competition was not strong in numbers, but of equal quality. There were only two pens of shearling ewes shown, each of which we thought well merited a prize. THomAs WILLIs, Jun. JAMES TREMAINE. SOMERSET AND Dorset Hornep. Mr. Herbert Farthing was the chief exhibitor and prize-taker among the rams, and Mr. John Mayo was the owner of the two pens of shearling ewes. DaRTMOORS. The chief characteristics of this rather uncommon breed are heavy-looking wool and white faces. Mr. John Lendon Brem- Er 2 a Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. ridge’s first and second shearling rams showed good size, with curly wool. Mr, Roger Palmer’s old ram was rather deficient in girth, but had good close wool for the breed. ExMoors. _ These most picturesque-looking sheep are admirably adapted fer adorning a gentleman’s park. Lord Poltimore’s two shearling rams, with their small size, curling horns, and white faces, had a charming appearance. Earl Fortescue had a fine old ram, with good wool, beautiful eye, and immense horns. The pens of shearling ewes were most attractive. Lord Poltimore’s well- matched lot drew a great deal of attention, and seemed to be almost regarded as pets by the fair sex. The Judges report on the three preceding breeds as follows :— The general character of the entries of Somerset and Dorset Horns was very good, and we strongly recommended that a second prize should be awarded to No. 1166. ‘There is a great improvement in the breed of Dartmoors, especial attention evidently having been paid to their wool-bearing. We cannot speak too highly of the whole of the classes of Exmoors. WinuiaAmM Poore, WitiiAm Bens. Heppircs. Pigs. The pigs on a farm are too apt to be left pretty much to themselves. They get on fairly well without great care being bestowed either on their feeding or breeding, so it is a good thing for the farmer to be able to see what can be done by enterprising people in the way of selection and management. Pork is almost the sole animal food of the labouring class ; and even the very useful annual statistical reports are insufficient to show the numbers of swine that are every year converted into meat, as there are a certain number of pigs born, too young to be included in one report, that are probably eaten before the next one is made up. 7 Large White Breed.—Except for the breeding-sows, the entries were not very good. Messrs. James and F. Howard’s young boar had good colour, fine hair, and great size for his age. Mr. kh. E. Duckering’s boar looked like one that would put on flesh well. In the Old Boar Class the Earl of Ellesmere was first with “Samson 2nd,” an enormous animal. Messrs. J. and F. Howard’s “ Tiger 2nd” had long glossy hair and true colour. The Earl of Ellesmere showed a perfectly matching and well- bred pen of three young breeding-sow pigs of the same litter. © The breeding-sows all were of good quality. Mr, R. E. Duck- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Bristol. 69 ering’s prize animal was a mountain of flesh, with long fine coat, erfect colour, and immense back. Small White Breed.—There were some very good specimens of this breed. The Earl of Ellesmere had a very promising young boar, and Mr. Sanders Spencer was successful in three classes, his boar “ Omega” being of great excellence. Small Black Breed.—The breeding-sows of this breed were all of very high quality. It must have been a difficult matter for the Judges to pick out the best animal, The Rev. William Hooper’s “Gipsy Queen” was a splendid sow, with a great show of hams and bacon. The Berkshire Boars generally were not very good; the sows, however, made a very fine exhibition, and were all commended by the Judges. Among the pigs not eligible to compete in the preceding classes, there were some good animals. ‘The Earl of Ellesmere’s breeding-sow “ Kate Vaughan ” had great size, and some of the characteristics of the Small White breed as well. Large White Breed. Cuass 115. Four entries ; with the exception of the first- and second-prize animals, they were of moderate quality. Crass 116. Five entries, and, like the other class, they were only of moderate merit after selecting the first- and second-prize animals. Cxass 117. Five entries. This class was fairly well represented. Cuass 118. Ten entries. This was a good class thronzhont, rather above the average, some of the animals combined good quality with great size. Small White Preed. Cxass 119. Nine entries. There was good competition in this class, several of the animals being of great merit. Cuass 120. Hight entries. This was also a good class. Crass 121. Three entries, and only of moderate quality. Cxiass 122, Hight entries. There were several good animals exhibited in this class, but nothing special except the first- and second-prize animals, which were very good. Small Black Breed. Cuass 123. Nine entries. This class was well represented, several good specimens of the breed being amongst them. : Crass 124, Four entries; all good animals. Cuass 125. Four entries, of average merit. Cuass 126. Eleven entries. This was a very superior class, four highly commended, and the remainder of the class were commended. Berkshire Breed. Cuass 127. Seventeen entries. This class was well filled but, with the exception of the prize animals and two highly commended, were only of moderate quality. Crass 128. Five entries. A very good class, all the animals either took prizes or received commendation. Ciass 129. Ten entries. This class was fairly well represented, but nothing of any special merit. Crass 180. Twenty-nine entries. This class was the great feature of the 3 70 ~~ ~Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at. Bristol. show of pigs; it contained probably the largest number, and the best animals ever exhibited in Gne class of pigs since the establishment of the Society ; and notwithstanding their number, the Judges awarded two special commenda- tions and nine bigh commendations, and the whole of the class was commended. As may be supposed, the three animals that took the prizes and the reserve number were of very high order of merit. Other Breeds, not eligible to compete in the other Classes. Cuass 131. Four entries. Small class, but of fair average quality. Cxass 132. Four entries. Some very good animals in this class. Crass 133. Seven entries. This class was of very moderate quality. Crass 134. Nine entries. There were several very good specimens of the middle breed exhibited in this class, especially the prize animals, which were unusually good. We are glad to be able to report that the disqualifications were much fewer than on some previous occasions; but several of the breeding-sows were so over-fed as greatly to imperil their future usefulness. JOHN FISHER. Epwarp LIttTie. MatTHew WALKER. The Judges report well and fully of the exhibitions of cheese and butter. The large number of entries proves that dairy farmers appreciate the verdicts of the Royal Agricultural Society, and there is no doubt that a general improvement in the manu- facture of cheese and butter is necessary, to enable the British producer to hold his own against the large importations from abroad of both these articles. Cuass 141. Fresh Butter.—In this department there were eighty entries— Nos. 111 to 191; nearly all were presented to the notice of the Judges. There were no disqualifications ; all arrived in good condition save one lot, which was injured in transit. The general character of the fresh butter shows a manifest improvement as regards flavour, firmness, purity, and appearance. Indeed, the general excellence of the article imposed on the Judges a difficult task :—to award the prizes when all the entries were good. They minutely reviewed their decisions, and are satisfied they have done their best, and have given a larger number of commendations than is usually the practice. One deprecatory remark alone they feel it their duty to make, z.e., some lots exhibited a higher colour than is natural, and led to the suspicion that artificial means had been used to produce it. Ciass 142. Salt Butter—Thirty-four entries. Quality generally good. ‘Two entries were much too salt, and one was too mild. This butter having been made a month, showed the effect of heat more than the fresh butter class, which has the advantage of being churned in cooler weather. JosePpH MATTHEWS. WrtiiaMm TiTLEY. There was a very good show in Classes 135 and 186, of cheese made in 1877. The quality generally was very good, and the condition, considering the age of the cheese and the hot w eather, was all that could be desired. In Class 137 the competition was great, and the quality and condition were” excellent. Report on the Exhibition of Implements at Bristol. a Crass 138.—The lots varied very much ; there were some very fine cheese, but much of it was very middling, both in quality and make. Crass 139.—Many very creditable lots, but some that had better have been kept away, possessing no merit whatever. Crass 140.—Some very good cheese, but the competition was not so keen as in the other classes. We are sorry to notice the absence of Wiltshire “ Doubles,” and think prizes should have been offered for this class of cheese. We also think it would have been advisable to have made separate classes for white and coloured in the two classes Nos. 137 and 138. The show of cheese on the whole was very satisfactory, and we feel that the encouragement of the Society may well be bestowed on such an important article of consumption, whenever the Meetings are held in a cheese-making district. James HuGHEs. R. P. Epwarps. V.—Report on the Exhibition of Implements at Bristol. By J. Hems ey, of Shelton, Newark, Senior Steward. In following the usual custom of the retiring Steward, by writing an Introduction to the Implement Report, I feel that it will be quite unnecessary to occupy the space of the ‘Journal’ at any length, the Council having engaged a gentleman so able and experienced as Mr. Coleman to write the General Report. I wish, however, to express in this public manner the pleasure I have had in serving my term of office, and to refer to the agreeable associations with all the officials connected with the Society. That pleasure will be better understood when I call to their remembrance the cordial and liberal receptions we met with on our visits to Taunton, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Bristol, and the Stewards have particularly to thank those several local Committees for their kindness. The duties of Stewards are certainly rendered as light as they can be, considering the great magnitude of our exhibitions; and if any improvement has been noticed in the general management of the implement department, and if more carefulness has been observed in the trials of implements and agricultural machinery during the past few years, it is largely due to the indefatigable and untiring exertions of the Secretary, and the able superintendence of the Steward of general arrangements, and to those gentlemen who have given their services as Judges. The trials of agricultural implements during the last four years have been confined to mowing, reaping, and sheaf-bind- ing machines, with the usual disposal of siver medals. With respect to the sheaf-binding machine, the highest honour of the Society has been awarded to it with the sanction of the Stewards after the late trials, although the Members of the Society 72° Report on the Exhibition of Implements at Bristol. probably might have felt more satisfaction if a less dangerous material than wire had been used for tying. It may possibly have been noticed that the Stewards lately have insisted upon increased carefulness in the disposal of the Society’s silver medals for new implements, and that a much fewer number are given away than formerly. This action has been considered quite necessary ; and although complaints are frequently made on that score, it must be admitted that if the Society’s practical Judges, with the assistance of so able a staff of engineers, were to patronise with our medal an article which, however alluring this year, might next year prove worse than useless, the intention of the Society would be frustrated. It may be thought that, after so long a term of office, some suggestions might be made as to the future, but I will only make two or three. Now that so many agricultural implements are struck off the list for future trials, it would be advisable to give any new selected machines which might be thought eligible for a medal, a more lengthened and thorough trial at a suitable season of the year than can be done in the week of the Exhibition, before their merits are endorsed with the Society’s approval ; and by this means a much greater value would be attached to the Society’s silver medals than at present. I may add, that the Stewards have recommended that a perfected new machine, exhibited for the first time, may be eligible for a medal, although the same machine, in an uncompleted form, may have been exhibited at a previous show. It appears necessary that there should be better arrangement in the Showground for the exhibition of machinery in motion, as there seems to be an increasing desire for such on the part of the manufacturer. The general complaint is, that the Showyard is too large. To meet this, there might be a much closer weeding out of those articles not of a purely agricultural character from amongst those that are so, and, if the former are admitted at all, they should be placed in a part of the ground to be set apart for the purpose. The time also appears to have arrived when a classification of many of the most important agricultural implements and machinery might be made. Visitors would thus be better able to find the particular class they wished to see, and there would also be a better opportunity for comparison. I would also wish to see the Society’s regulation as regards duplicates most strictly enforced. With these few remarks I make my bow, believing that there is a larger legacy of increasing exertion left to my successors than I inherited four years ago. " sale Vi.—Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders and Miscellaneous Implements at the Bristol Meeting. By Joun Co.reman, of Riccall Hall, York. SHEAF-BINDERS. Ir will be in the recollection of those who take an interest in these machines, that the Judges at the Trials at Aigburth last year did not consider that either of the three machines then tried was sufficiently adapted for an English crop to justify the award of the Gold Medal. They, however, recommended, and the Stewards confirmed, the award of a Silver Medal to Walter A. Wood, and they highly commended the binding-mechanism of F. D. Osborne and Co. At that trial, as reported on by the late Mr. Jno. Hannam, only three inventions were presented, and these all by Americans. In this country it is only quite recently that attention has been directed to sheaf-binders, probably five or six years would represent the age of the oldest patents; whereas on the other side of the Atlantic it is twenty- two years ago that the first patent was taken out. There is another reason why the Americans are so far ahead of us in this matter. There, enterprise has been stimulated by the greater certainty of the value of the prize that awaited the successful inventor. Here, it is only recently that the increasing difficulty as to labour has forced upon our conviction the importance of the invention. Again, it may be that the natural conditions of a riper crop, drier climate, and shorter straw, are more favourable to this class of machinery. This, however, is a subject for experience. English enterprise is now at work, and, crude as have been some of the attempts, we cannot doubt that in course of time we shall have machinery of our own, possibly more suitable for our crops than the inventions of our neighbours. In gauging the progress of inventions in this direction, it must not be forgotten that the experimenter has very limited opportunities of practically working his machinery. The har- vest lasts but a short time—three or four weeks at most—and then there must be a year’s interval before the alterations which this short experience may have suggested can be actually tested. Consequently, it may be several years before practical efficiency can be obtained. To Mr. Walter A. Wood, of Hoosick Falls, New York, much eredit is due for having persevered with unflagging energy, and at one time amid much that was discouraging, in perfecting the various inventions combined in his machine. The first patent referred to above was taken out by Messrs. 74 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders Watson and Renwick, examining solicitors in the United States Patent Office, and though, as is often the case, the original inventors did not make much of it themselves, it proved the basis of all the present successful machines, It is one thing to invent and another to successfully bring out an invention. I am indebted to Mr. Wood himself for the following par- ticulars. From the date of this first attempt, up to about eleven years since—. e. the year 1867—numerous patents were granted by the United States Government, but nothing actually workable and that was worked was produced. In the year 1867 Mr. Wood commenced his experiments. In the two following years field trials were carried out, and in 1870 he had four machines out, two of which were sold. As far as Mr. Wood knows, these were the first successful automatic grain-binders ever made. I think it only fair to Mr. Wood to state that at one period of his work the Company whom he represented were not prepared to continue the experiments any further, probably daunted by the large capital absorbed without any apparent results. It was then that the progress and future of the inven- tion hung in the balance, and depended on the unconquerable determination of one man, who never hesitated, assumed the whole responsibility, and now deservedly reaps the whole profits. Those who know nothing of the years of weary thought, and the thousands spent, may consider the machine far too costly at the price charged, but let them pause before they form their judg- ment, and hear what Mr. Wood says :— “Taking the expenses of the eleven years I have had this machine in hand, which would include labour in the works and field, material, patents purchased, travelling expenses and freight, on account of testing the different experimental devices in the field, they would foot up over $150,000, and this is the third year it has brought me in any profits. No other builder of agricultural implements in our country gave the matter of an automatic grain-binder serious thought, until after I] had begun to make a profit out of them. I do not think my competitors would object to my saying this. The numerous patents granted on grain-binders went to ingenious workmen without means to carry on field experiments, which were absolutely necessary to the bringing into use of a practical and successful machine. I happened to have the means and sufficient ingenuity to accom- plish this, and was the first to do it.” Such is Mr. Wood’s unassuming statement of an enterprise which has resulted up to the present time in the sale of some- where about 12,000 machines. In order to prevent any mis- conception, I may mention that the fact of Mr. Lock’s name and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 75 appearing on the binder-arm is in accordance with a contract entered into for fifteen years. In 1868 Mr. Lock, who has certain patents involved in the machine, entered Mr. Wood's employ, where he is still. The contract states that the name is to appear on the principal distinguishing feature of the machine, hence it is placed on the revolving arm. Neither that nor the twisting-pinion, however, were his inventions. I trust that these remarks will not be misconstrued as in any way slighting to other inventors. Great credit is due to them— - especially McCormick and Co., and F. D. Osborne—for the energetic way in which they have followed up Mr. Wood’s lead in this important direction. As regards the former, some details may prove interesting. Our readers may be reminded that the head of the firm at Chicago, Mr. Cyrus H. McCormick—still a hale, vigorous man —is the same individual who exhibited a reaping machine in our Exhibition of 1851. Mr. McCormick was present at the Bristol trials, and has kindly furnished me with some facts as to his connection with the Binding Machine, which promises to render his name even more famous than it became in 1851. It is four or five years ago that the manufacture of automatic binders was first decided on at the Chicago manufactory of C. H. and L. J. McCormick. And it was commenced after a visit paid by Mr. Cyrus H. McCormick to Canada, in order to witness the operation of a binding machine made by a Mr. Gordon, then owned by a Canadian Company of which he was a member, and which machine, whilst very imperfect in its construction and operation, embraced the reciprocating motion of the binder arm, which exists in the present machine. An agreement was entered into, with a view to having the exclusive right to manufacture under their patents, and $20,000 were paid in advance, with certain other terms and conditions, one of which was the production of the patents for inspection at a certain stipulated time. In the meantime it was ascertained that these patents were invalid, a Mr. Withington being proved to be the original inventor of the reciprocating action, and eventually he was paid a considerable sum for his part of the invention found in the Gordon Machine, as well as for a differential gear, which was the original, though not at all arranged in the same way as the extremely clever and simple mechanism for twisting and cutting the wire which is now employed. Unless by those who had watched the progress of the invention, it would be difficult to recognise in the admirable machine of to-day the elements of Withington’s patent. Change after change has been made, and many patents have been taken 76 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders out. The latest improvements, which were made by Mr. Cyrus H. McCormick himself, have adapted the machine to the require- ments of English crops. In the year 1866 this machine, then in an experimental condition, was exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, and even during that meeting, a new machine with several important improvements was substituted for the one which was first sent. During that summer much time was devoted to field trials, with such beneficial results that the firm were enabled to sell over a thousand machines for use in the harvest of 1877, fifty of them being sold in New Zealand. So successful was the work done by those machines that 800 machines have been sold in New Zealand for the last harvest (1878). Up to the period of Mr. McCormick’s corres- pondence with me, the end of August, he estimates that over 6000 of the automatic binders have been sold by his firm in the United States, and that they have given satisfaction. Before describing the machines which were shown at Bristol, a word or two as to the relative advantages of string or wire. Formerly there was, and to some extent there is even now, a strong feeling in England against wire, under an impression that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to prevent portions of wire passing through the threshing-machine, and eventually reaching an animal’s stomach, where they would undoubtedly cause very disastrous effects. Mr. Wood’s experience—who assures me that he has never had a single complaint under this head— might be deemed a sufficient answer that this alarm is ground- less; but straw in the States, especially in the prairies and Western districts, is not much used for food. Mr. Scotson, the intelligent tenant at Aigburth, near Liver- pool, where the trials were held last year, reported that with two sets of nippers there would be no difficulty as to threshing ; and he now assures me that no portions of wire remained with the straw, and consequently no injury resulted to his stock. It is evident, however, that great care must be exercised by those who are employed to use the nippers; and when no such pre- cautions are taken, portions of wire will not only pass through with the straw and eventually cause serious injury to farm-stock, but it has been found in America, that the grain contains por- tions of wire, and this to an extent which seriously injures the miller’s machinery, and reduces the value of the bran. The following is from ‘The St. Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer Press’ of November 14, 1878. At a meeting of the Minneapolis Millers’ Association, held yesterday morn- ing, the damage resulting to mill machinery from the use of wire binders in the harvest fields, was brought up by the following report of a special com- mittee to whom the matter had been referred : and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 77 * 70 the Minneapolis Millers’ Association : “ GuxrLEMEN,—Your committee appointed to investigate the question of damage by wire in wheat, respectfully beg leave to report: “ At the Washburn ‘ A’ mill, we found the stones were marked and glazed by the wires passing through, and we were told that the bolting-cloths were frequently cut and damaged by the sharpened edges of the wire. Mr. McDaniel, the head miller, produced several quarts of wire, varying from one-quarter to two inches in length, which he said had been taken from the stones. He stated emphatically that the wire found in the wheat was a great damage to the mills. “At the Pillsbury mills we learned that they had been greatly troubled by wire in wheat, at each of their four mills, damaging their brush machines, stones and bolting-cloths. “ At the Palisade mill we found that they had suffered much by the damage to brush machines and bolting-cloths. “ At the Model mill they say their brush machine and bran duster have been badly damaged, also bolting-cloths injured, by the sharp pieces of wire. “Tn short, we found it to be the unanimous opinion of all the millers that the wire now found in wheat is doing great damage to mills. It is the unani- mous opinion of your committee that the continued use of the wire binder ° will materially affect the value of wheat so bound. “We earnestly recommend that the farmers discontinue the use of the wire binders. “ Witntr1am H. Dunwoopy, “ JouN Crossy, “GEORGE HINELINE, Cominittee.” After considering the above report, the Association adopted it, and the following : “ Wuernas, The committee appointed by this Association to examine into and report upon the damage to mill machinery arising from the use of wire binders for wheat, having rendered a report recommending the discontinuance of the use of said wire binders, and said report having been accepted by this Association, therefore, be it “ Resolved, hat whenever practicable a difference of ten cents per bushel, under corresponding grade, be made in the purchase of any wheat containing wire. And be it further “ Resolved, ‘That we most earnestly recommend the discontinuance of the use of wire binders for binding wheat.” * It would be unwise to say that wire is the best material for a sheaf-binder ; its comparative rigidity renders it more suitable in some respects than string, and possibly it may be found less perishable ; and so far, at any rate, the machinery for its use is less complicated than that for string. * In,reference to the above resolution, it is evident that, in order to discourage the use of wire binders, the Association put a very exaggerated value on the damage. And it is also probable that the farmers neglected the use of the nippers, and allowed the sheaves occasionally, at any rate, to go into the machine uneut. After the experience of Mr. Scotson alluded to above, and the in- ereased gale of the leading machines, we cannot belicve that, with proper pre- cautions, there “is this liability to injury; but it is evident that, but for such precautions, very serious results may arise. , Pt tS ” Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders The following machines were exhibited at Bristol :— Wire Binders. No. 2853. W. A. Wood. No. 2879. McCormick’s (Waite, Burnell & Co.). No. 2925. Osborn & Co. No. 181. J. and F. Howard. String Binders. No. 2915. Johnston Harvester Company. No. 2930. Hetherington & Co. No. 2851. H. J. H. King. Melville Thompson Neale’s Machine, entered in the Catalogue, did not reach the Showground until the Tuesday, and was then so manifestly incomplete, that it was decided that no further notice should be taken of it. Inasmuch as the first three Machines—~. e. Wood’s, McCormick’s, and Osborne’s Reapers— have already been fully described in the pages of the ‘ Journal,’ I only propose giving such details as relate to improvements recently introduced, or which elucidate the mechanism. For the somewhat detailed accounts of the machines, which appear for the first time, I am principally indebted to Mr. Anderson, the Society’s Engineer, in whose company the examinations were made. W. A. Wood (2853).—This machine has been so fully de- scribed in my Report of Philadelphia, and again last year by the late Mr. Jno. Hannam, that a lengthened description is unnecessary, and would be tedious. After the trials at Aigburth, certain alterations were suggested by the Judges, especially as regards the divider-board and the capacity of the platform. These have been attended to, and the result is that the machine is now more suitable for an English crop than before. The knife, which is serrated, clears about 5 ft., the depth of the endless web is also 5 ft.: this machine can therefore cut grain 5 ft. high. The knife being driven by pitman and connecting-rod in the ordinary way, the straw can be sheared close to the ground. I am able, through the courtesy of Col. Griffin, Mr. Wood’s leading representative in England, to give drawings and details of the binding mechanism, which have not appeared before, and which cannot fail to prove interesting ; but, before doing so, I shall briefly notice the other improvements that have been made since 1877. The binding platform, which slides on a tram both above and below, has a range of 18 in., and is now controllable by means of a leverage worked by the driver. The gear can now be thrown in and out by the driver, without leaving his seat. The frame is raised by means of a chain and rack, and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. ) the platform-wheel being similarly altered by hand. The reel is now adjustable as to height, which was not the case formerly. The pitch of the fingers and the height of the cutter-bar can ‘be altered from 2 to 94 in., by a leverage on a pole actuated from the driver’s seat ; any greater alteration is by the chain and rack described above. In the old machine the method of raising was by turning the sleeve with a lever, and holding the pinion in the rack by means of pins. The driving-wheel, 42 in. by 7, has now a flange on the outside =7, square, to hold the wheel in wet or sidling ground. Inside the wheel is a wooden rim screwed to the wheel, to keep dirt out of the gearing. Fig. 1.—Showing the Needle of Wood’s Sheaf-Binder entering the Grain. The binder-head a is carried by a bent arm, 6, centered upon a shaft, c, and is rotated by bevel gearing, d, and a shaft, e, which is operated by the gearing f from the main bearing-wheel of the machine. ‘The head a, in descending, passes within a slot formed by a division of the board g, on which the straws gather from the elevator, and the pinion / (Fig. 5, p. 81) in the head gears into the teeth of a rack fitted in the side of the slot to turn the pinion, and thus cause the two portions of the wire to twist. The wire having been previously led between the teeth of the pinion by the angle, one portion of the thread takes by the movement of the head, and the other by slipping into the recess ¢ of the head as the head passes the binding point for the purpose of making the loop or band in which the cut straws are bound intoa sheaf, this taking place at the 80 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders part of the slot just behind where the wire from the reel j enters the slot, the tension of the wire in forming the band being governed by the compressor arm k, whose outer end forces the wire round the sheaf, while the head follows for binding operations. When the wire enters the recess 7 (Figs. 3 and 4, p. 81) of the head, it passes into the jaw of a cutting plate, p ; and as this plate, which is centred, turns on its pin by a lug, g, striking a projection in the slot of the board directly after the twisting has taken’place, the wire is severed by a cutting action, and the end leading to the reel is held fast by the shouider of the cutting- plate to enable the head to carry the wire up for the next binding operation. The compressor-arm & is upon the same shaft as the binding-arm, and turns for a part of the distance at the same speed, but directly the severing of the wire is effected the binder-arm stops, the compressor-arm alone continuing its travel, which raises the newly bound sheaf clear of the binder-head, and tilts it over on to the ground clear of the machine, which continues its travel. While the compressor-arm is producing the sheaf upon the board, the straws bear against a pair of tender steel strips, 7, and against a curved arm, s, which is acted upon by irregular shaped teeth on its hub ¢ engaging into teeth on the hub of the compressor-arm, the two arms being thus caused to approach each other jor the formation of the sheaf. Fig. 2.—Showing the Position of the Compressor-arm of Wood's Sheaf- Binder previous to the Discharge of the Sheaf. As soon as the sheaf is complete, the curved arm has a quick movement imparted to it to get it clear of the sheaf, which is then raised and thrown over the head on to the ground by the compressor-arm as before stated. The accompanying engravings, Figs. 1 and 2, represent two positions of the binder-head and its accessories. In Fig. 1 the head is shown just entering the slot of the board, and the compressor-arm moving with it to collect the straws into a sheaf, the straws at the bottom of the board resting against the wire. When the compressor-arm has moved a certain distance towards the lower end of the board (to the left) the curved arm moves to the \ and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 81 right, and relieves the wire from the strain, the two arms then form the sheaf, The head has during this stage been moving comparatively slowly, but it continues its travel to drag the wire around the sheaf. The compressor-arm and the curved-arm stand still at this point until the one portion of the wire has crossed the path of the other portion by its engagement in the jaw of the head, and the twisting and severing operations have been performed, when all parts of the mechanism take fresh positions for a repetition of the operation. © The details of the binder-head will be understood by the detached views, Figs. 8, 4 and 5. Fig. 3 is a side view of the head, with the plate in posi- Fig. 3.—Side View of Head, idle dtl l Nhe tion for the wire to pass through the recess into the jaw of the plate, whereby the wire also enters between the teeth of the pinion which is in the back of the head,—the end of the wire, which has been held by the head and taken round with it, being between other teeth of the same pinion, so as to cause the two portions of the same wire to be twisted when the pinion is turned. Fig. 4 represents a similar view of the head with the plate in position, after Fig. 4.—Position after Wire is severed. w Ss al iri al £ y, we severed the wire, and holding the free end of it ready for the next ind. Tig. 5 shows the back of the head, with the pinion and plate in the hollows provided for them. The small roller u enables the head to ride upon the board and assists in guiding the head in its travel in the slot; visa VOL. XV.—-S. s. e-5¢ 82 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders bent stout wire, as a guard to press upon the straws and prevent them entering between the gear work. When the twisting operation of the wire-ends is being effected, the end of the wire which has been held by the plate p is released, the plate turning on its centre in the reverse direction by the nose w of the plate striking against a projection in the slot of the board; directly after this the opposite nose q is struck to sever the twisted wire and to take hold of the end then formed, and to retain its hold until the next sheaf is tied. The projecting lugs « y limit the movement of the plate p. No. 2879.— Waite, Burnell, Huggins, and Co., of 228, Upper Thames Street, exhibited the improved harvester and binder of C. H. McCormick of Chicago. This machine having been described in my Report of the Philadelphia Exhibition in 1876, and the same description having been repeated by the late Mr. Hannam in his Report of the Liverpool trials, I shall content myself with alluding to certain improvements in details, and give some simple illustrations explanatory of the binding mechanism. The platform has been enlarged so as to meet the require- ments of English crops. The driving-wheel is 40 inches in dia- meter, with a 9-inch face, which carries a number of clogs or pro- jections, 3 inch by 3, which occupy about 5 inches of the centre of the face. The mechanism for raising the reel, and altering its position in reference to the knife, is very simple and good, although it has this disadvantage, that the two motions being combined, height and position are adjusted at the same time, and it is not possible to regulate them independently. Practically this is not of much importance, for when it is desirable to have the reel in a forward position, it is also desirable to have the axle of the reel as low as possible, in order to pick up grain that is down. The driver has perfect command of the reel, and can adjust the knife-bar from 3 inches to 9 inches. Greater height of cut can be obtained by means Fig. 6.—Bridle to regulate the height of of a bridle with holes on cut in McCormick's Sheaf-Binder. each side of the main driving-wheel, by altering which the height can be raised to 16 inches -from the ground (see Fig. 6). The binding apparatus and cover, 3 feet 6 inches wide, slides 11 inches, in order to regulate the posi- me tion of the band according ~ al to the length of the straw. This is effected by a screw and chain. The chief improvements are :—An adjustable paul or conveyor-wheel, which drives the twister, by which any wear and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 83 on the drive-chain, which would otherwise cause the twister-case to get out of the exact position necessary to receive the wire, can be regulated. A cam, with a paul working in it, holds up the binder when it is returning to the grain. This was formerly arranged by lugs connected with the link, which were apt to get out of order. It will be remembered that the wire is supplied from two spools, and that each band has two twists. A pay-off in connection with the lower spool supplies a given quantity of wire, being about one-third of that which is given off from the upper spool. The use of two wires and two fastenings is claimed as an advantage, allowing of simple and more durable mechanism, no clamping apparatus for holding the end of the wire being required, and no knife, as the differentiated gear, acting on the two wheels of the twister at a particular portion of their traverse, causes the teeth to close and cut; each tooth can thus act as a knife. This will be understood by reference to Fig. 14, p. 87. Fig. 7 shows the position of the binder-arm when brought up to the inflowing grain, previous to its descending and enclosing the corn. The wire from the upper and lower spool is shown passing over pulleys at the end of the binder-arm and com- pressor. Fig. 7.—Position of the Binder-arm of McCormick's Sheaf-Binder before enclosing the Sheaf. FROM LOWER Fig. 8 shows the position of the arms after binding the sheaf. The base of the binder-arm having liberated the jointed arm behind, the latter, actuated by the springs, drops and meets the compressor-arm under the sheaf. The position of the two wires G 2 SPOOL 84 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders, &c. in reference to the twister is more readily understood by refer- ence to Fig. 9. Fig. 8.— Position of the Arms of McCormick's Sheaf-Binder after binding the Sheaf. Fig. 9 shows the point of the binder-arm descending into the grain. Fig. 10 shows the position of the binder-arm and wires preparatory to the operation of twisting. Fig. 11 shows the action of the pinions after the first revolution. Fig. 12 shows the twist completed and the wire cut. It will be seen that a second twist has been made below the pinions at the same time. This is done in order to maintain a continuous wire, and does away with the necessity for holding-jaws. Fig. 13 shows the different positions of the wire, according to the progress of the operation. Fig. 14 is an excellent representation of the twister-pinions and differentiated gear of the segment. The fact that the upper teeth of the segment are more numerous than the lower ones causes the teeth of the two pinions to close at a particular point of their Fig. 9.—Point of the Binder-arm of McCormick's Sheaf-Binder descending into the Corn. = Kijpjpre Ss SE See WSS SA FIXED PLATE PULLEY LEADING TO LOWER [H/ PULLEY #4 Fig. 10.— Position of the Binder-arm ard Wires preparatory to twisting. / / / Fig. 11.—Action of the Pinions after the first revolution. = |Z ZA ma Neon a Q FIXED BAR U7 NSF aK = d SW y Z —y DAN NS) fs TERA) a a, Fig. 18.—Different Positions of the Wire in the progress of the Binding-operation. \ Ee \ ROLLER .( @ \ WIRE ARM IN THE ACT OF RISING Fig. 14.— Twister-pinions and differentiated Gear of the Segment. ee SS ~~ ) { ; Z i) Ls NY iG 49 TEETH . i i Ag : TWISTING ie AND a) ae CUTTING ve ie ‘ipa WHEELS pool ae Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Biuders . traverse, when the twisting is completed, and when it is neces- sary to sever the wires. This is a very ingenious and simple arrangement, which appears to answer admirably. There may be some objection to having two twists, inasmuch as there are four ends instead of two, which makes the sheaf more difficult to handle; but this is really of very little conse- quence, and there is no doubt that there is very little in the mechanism to wear out or get out of order. As the machine shown by Osborne and Co. was in all respects identical with the one tried at Liverpool last year, and was very fully described in the late Mr. Hannam’s report, no further description of it is required. A new machine, with modifications designed to meet the requirements of an English crop, was expected from Paris, but did not arrive in time for the trials. Messrs. J. and F. Howard, of the Britannia Works, Bedford, appeared on the scene for the first time with a self-binder with wire; and it may be here remarked that, so far, this firm are the only English makers who employ this material. All the other inventions attempt to deal with string, a fact which indicates the strong feeling—probably, to some extent at least, prejudice —which has existed in this country against the use of wire, and which might be greatly modified, if uk entirely removed, by experience. There are several fates of this machine Cae are commendable, and I therefore shall not apologise for in- troducing a saint ae detailed description. The knife is 4 feet 8 inches long, with smooth sections; fingers 3-inch pitch, of malleable iron; depth of platform, 5 feet 6 inches, giving consider- able capacity for dealing with long-strawed crops; width over all going way, 11 feet 3 inches: depth of machine, 9 feet. In its present form this machine cannot pass through ordinary gateways without being placed on a trolly. This and many other mior points require improvement. The driving-wheel is 3 feet diameter, with 7-inch face, and carries Messrs. Howard’s lautern-wheel gearing. ‘The intervals between the teeth are open, in fact a sort of skeleton- wheel, through which dirt can pass. ‘The platform-wheel is 2 feet 3 inches diameter, made of wood, with iron tire and hub, raised by means of a slot and two screws. ‘The frame is of wood, and the apron and elevators are made on the American model. ‘The kni‘e is capable of being varied as to height of cut from 3 to 63 inches by the driver. Motion is communicated from the driving-wheel to a cross-shaft by means of the annular lantern-wheel (already alluded to) engaging a pinion. On the said shaft is a bevel-heel driving a bevel-pinion on a Jongitudinal shaft, put in and out of gear by aclutch actuated by a lever from the driver’s foot. At the forward end of the same shaft is a sproggle-wheel to drive the upper roller of the elevators ; and at its extremity the crank-disc actuating the knife counecting-rod, which is made of wood, the knife-bar being of angle-iron The cross- or fast-motion shaft at its extreme outer end carries a pinion with clutches under control by the driver’s foot, which drives a spur-wheel ona second cross-shalt ; on the outer face of the said spur-wheel is cast a bevel-wheel> which engazes into another on a second longitudinal shaft, which carries at and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 89 its forward end a cylindrical cam which actuates the lower end of a vertical lever, the upper end of which has a segmental rack connected with the tying mechanism, the lever being kept up to the cam by a spiral spring. On the rear end of this same longitudinal shaft is an eccentric sproggle-wheel, which drives a corresponding wheel on a third longitudinal shaft, near the ground on the extreme outside of the machine, actuating two forks or prongs for dis- charging the sheaf when tied. On the extreme reat end of the second longitudinal shaft is a crank, the connecting-rod of which actuates a corre- sponding crank on the rear end of a longitudinal rocking-sha(t at the top of the machine which carries the binder-arm. ‘The wire-reel is carried by a bracket beside the binder-arm and above the sheaf. The tension on the wire is regulated by a’spring-friction brake pressing on the wire. On the axle of the wire-reel is pivoted a lever, hooked at its outer end, and hollowed out to carry the wire, the office of which is to take up the slack ; the tail end of the said lever is bent up at right-angles, and actuated by a pin on the side of the binder-arm, the end of which is merely slotted to carry the wire within a small friction-roller. I will now endeavour to describe the binding mechanism, which, unfor- tunately, Iam not able to illustrate by drawings. The binder-arm, when it has moved forwards towards the elevator, strikes into an india-rubber adjustable cushion placed on an arm at right-angles to the vertical bracket which carries the tying mechanism. The end of the wire is at this point held by a spring clamp on the inside of the twister; the wire then passes through the front of the arm under the grain as it falls on to the binding-platform, to the slack lever which is up. The rack already described is now right over to the rear, having been brouzht into this position by the action of the cylindrical cam on the same shaft. The binder-arm now retires, causing the wire to loopround the top of the spring-clamp ; and as the end of the arm clears the twister, a spring lever, which had been held up by the arm, drops on the wire and forces it into the twister. ‘The binder-arm continues to rise, during which time the rack moves slowly forward by the action of the cam, and causes the twister to revolve without any action except to bring the wire to the bottom of the pinion, and thereby allow of the upper wire coming into place. The binder- arm now descends, enters above the twister, and the wire is forced down by the action of a second lever, actuated by the same spring as that which brought the wire before into the upper portion of the twister-pinion, which has been already described. The said lever remains down during the operation of twisting, keeping the wires close together, and assisting the twister, and when the twisting is effected it is released by the cam and pulled back by the spring into its former position; the segment being at its extreme forward position, and being held there by the cam. The rack segment on its inner face carries two cutting-knives, the outer of which shears the wire off the face of the twister, and the inner one has a double action; its lower face drives the wire into the spring-clutch, which holds it, and the upper edge cuts the loop which has been formed as already described ; the said loop being thus liberated, falls into a receptacle below. Such is a brief description of the mechanism, which I fear will hardly prove intelligible to those who have not seen the machine in action. In reality the mechanism is simple, and the manner in which the wire is held by the loop is both simple and efficient. The wire is twisted two and a half times, which is quite sufficient for durability. The reel for collecting and directing the corn on to the platform is carried by an adjustable wooden arm. ‘The reel can be raised or lowered by altering the position of a bolt, but is not controllable by the driver. It is driven by pitch-chain and tension-gear from the axle of the driving-wheel. The elevator consists of four rubber-bands, carrying cross- laths with iron fingers. ‘hese revolve between fixed wooden boards, the corn 90 - Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders being pressed on tothe pins by a spring frame. The binder-arm and platform cannot be moved by the driver; and in order to shift their position, according to variations of crops, bolts have to be removed, and then the range of traverse is only 43 inches. Improvements in detail as rezards this point and the adjustability of the reel are desirable, and may, we think, be readily made. It will be seen from the description of the trials that the platform arrangements are too imperfect to allow of successful work. The corn, cut and well laid on the lower platform, could not be properly elevated to the tying mechanism. In other respects the machine is well made, and reasonable as compared with others, the price being 60. The machine shown by the Johnston Harvester Company, of Brockport, New York, and 1 and 2, Chiswell Street, London, is described in the Catalogue as an automatic twine-binder, which is hardly sufficiently descriptive. A string-knotting machine would perhaps be more accurate. I shall endeavour to give my readers some idea of the construction of this very ingenious machine, which, complicated as it may appear, succeeds in making an excellent knot, which cannot come loose. The basis of the machine is an ordinary American harvester, from which the binding apparatus is easily detached for travelling by removing one bolt, when the whole gear slides on the frame and is taken off. This reduces the entire width over all to 9 feet 8 inches, and makes it possible to pass this machine through an ordinary farm gate, which cannot generally be done. Some few details as to the general features may be admitted. The knife, 4 feet 9 inches, has serrated sections, and is driven from its centre by connecting- rod and lever from behind the frame. The fingers are of wrought iron, with 38-inch pitch. The horizontal platform consists of the ordinary travelling web; the elevator comprises two chains (malleable iron), carrying cross-laths of wood furnished with iron teeth. There is an additional chain, with similar iron teeth on the front side in advance of the knife, which is of use in carrying up the butts of the straw. The driving-wheel, 40 inches diameter and 7 inches tire, comprises two iron hubs, 113 inches apart, held together by 43-inch bolts, which, being drawn together, force the spokes, sixteen in number, set bracing, up to the tire. This makes a very strong and light wheel. ‘The platform-wheel, 28 inches diameter, is of wood, with an iron tire. I hope that the mechanism by which the various motions are obtained will be understood by the accompanying description. : Motion is transmitted from the driving-wheel by a spur-wheel, gearing into a pinion, keyed on a short cross-shaft in the rear of the machine, on the other end of which a bevel-wheel engages a pinion on a longitudinal shaft acted on by a spring clutch controllable by the driver, which throws out of gear all motions except the reel, which is driven by a sproggle-wheel and pitch-chain from the axle of the driving-wheel. On the rear end of the longitudinal shaft is a sproggle- wheel, actuating by a pitch-chain a second longitudinal shaft on the outside of the machine which drives the binder; next on the first-named longitudinal shaft is a pulley, which also serves as the crank-dise for the knife, and which drives by a rubber-band the upper shaft of the elevator, and the outer roller of the platform-apron, tension-pulleys being applied as required. ‘The sproggle- wheel on the second longitudinal shaft is thrown in and out of gear by a spring- clutch from the driver’s foot, who can thus regulate the size of the sheaf by and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 91 suspending the revolution, for as long as he likes, of the binding-arm. On the forward end of this shaft, which is near the ground, is a pinion which engages a spur-wheel on a third longitudinal shaft. On the forward face of this spur-wheel is a crank-pin actuating two connecting-rods ; one of these works inwards to a swinging-lever, from the lower joint of which a return-rod rocks the binder mechanism across the machine towards and from the inflowing grain pivoting on the shaft. The second connecting-rod is jointed to the binder-arm, and gives the necessary up and down motion. From the joint of the binder-arm a spiral spring actuates a forked compressor which follows the motion of the binder-arm. Behind the spur-wheel on the third shaft is a mutilated bevel-wheel, one-third of its circumference being toothed and the rest a plain cone. This engages into a pinion on a short upright shaft; the lower part of the pinion has a flat stop, which bears against the cone and prevents its turning whilst the gear is disengaged. The upper end of the upright shaft carries a crank, the horizontal connecting-rod from which passes to the rear of the binder-platform and operates the knotting and string-cutting mechanism by a reciprocating horizontal motion. The reel of string is placed at the heel of the binder-arm, and the string is carried round a pulley or swinging-jaw for taking up the slack and guiding the string-arm over a fixed pulley on the top of the binder-arm, and through another pulley in the eye of the needle, which is a brass trough-shaped casting. It now remains to describe the really extraordinary movements by which the very difficult operation of tying the knot is effected. I confess that this is quite beyond my powers, and I can only give the result. It is not even true to say that it must be seen to be understood, for my indefatigable colleague Mr. Anderson, to whose admirably lucid descriptions I am indebted for so much of this report, had to place himself in various uncomfortable positions before his experienced eye could detect the why and wherefore. Briefly, however, this is the result. One end of the string is held by a spring clamp or jaw, the other end is brought down by the arm, having the sheaf between them; then the two strings pass through a pair of tongs, which do not travel, but make a single revolution, and they are closed by the forward motion of the box. The tongs seize both strings, and so form the loop round themselves by a turning motion ; then through the hollow centre of one tong a hook protrudes which catches the cross portion of the loop and draws it through, making the knot complete. The cutting is done at the same time, and the operation is finished. The cutting is by a pair of shears immediately under the tongs. The binder- platform can be varied in position about 15 inches, being actuated through a simple rack and pinion by means of a hand-wheel within the driver’s reach. There is necessarily a gap between the binding mechanism and the binding- platform to allow of the binder-arm operating, and this is filled up by sacking, attached at the rear-end to the binding mechanism, and at the front-end to a roller actuated by a spring, which keeps it tight, according as the size of the Opening varies with the movement of the binder-arm. The binder-attachment is all carried on a single bed-plate, pivoted to one stud-bolt. The reel, which is overhung, comprises a wooden shaft, kept level by bearings, and controlled as to its position, which admits of considerable variation, to suit difference of crop by lazy-tong-arms. The reel can be raised or pushed backwards or forwards by the driver without leaving his seat. Hetherington and Co., of Manchester, appeared for the first time with a string-twisting machine, of which the main features are based upon King’s invention ; indeed, I believe this firm manu- factures under a royalty from him. I am indebted for the following excellent description to Mr. Anderson, who devoted much time 92 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders q in mastering the somewhat complicated mechanism by which _ the required motions are produced :— It may be as well in the first instance to give details of measurement, premising that the foundation, as in King’s, is one of Samuelson’s ordinary Eclipse Manual Reapers with double throw of knife. ft. in. Width) of:cnt).5 2, Sic eas ake ieae a eats Depthofjplatformic yy: can ns | een ener Width over allrunning way .. .. .. 8 6 Ditto at right angles .. .. 10 6 Weight, said to be about... .. .. . 21 ewts. Driving-wheel, smooth .. .. .. . 28”x83 The platform at the rear of the knife is slotted in a direction parallel to the knife-bar, to allow the traverse of five iron rakes, which project up through the slots 18 inches; they are slightly hooked at their upper ends towards the binder, and have a traverse of 5 feet 6 inches. The platform is horizontal as far as the width of cut, it then rises towards the binder; the two sections, as -will be hereafter described, are hinged, and have a certain amount of - rocking motion. The rakes traverse from the extreme outer side of the plat- form to close up to where the sheaf is tied; when they reach the limit of travel towards the binder they fall back below the platform, return to the outer side of the machine underneath it, in a horizontal position, and rise up again to rake the freshly cut corn. The rakes are keyed on to a rocking-shalt, which is kept in two positions by spring catches. In the one position the rakes are up and advancing to the binder; when they reach the end of their traverse the catch is drawn aside by coming against a wedge-shaped stop, the end of which, as soon as the catch is drawn out, strikes against a stop, and turns the rakes down below the platform, and in a similar manner at the end of the return stroke the rakes are released and raised. The motion of the driving-wheel is communicated by means of a pinion to a short shaft and bevel wheel capable of being connected by a clutch actuated by a lever under the driver’s control to an inclined shaft, the lower end of which carries the disc-crank which actuates the knives, while about its centre is keyed a bevel wheel which engages with another actuating a vertical shaft, which by means of a tangent screw causes a short shaft, on a higher level than the inclined shaft, to revolve, and also by a worm drives the reel. The forward end of the short shaft last deseribed carries a crank, the pin of which engages into a slotted lever, the lower end of which is furnished with a bevel-toothed segment which actuates a corresponding segment on the short end of a curved horizontal lever, the long end of which is connected by a rod to the axis of a small spur wheel, one side of which runs in a fixed rack under the platform, and the other side in a movable rack, the outer end of which is secured to the rocking-shaft which carries the rakes. By this arrangement the stroke of the lever is doubled in a very simple and efficient manner. Binding Mechanism.—Under the raised outer portions of the platform is a rocking-shaft, the rear end of which carries the curved binding-lever, and the forward end has a crank actuated through a pair of links by a swinging-lever furnished with a curved slot, into which engages the pin of a crank secured in a crank-disc keyed on the rear end of the shaft last described. The reel holding the stiing is placed near the ground on the outer side and in rear of the platform ; the string is carried inwards through a short bell-mouthed pipe, and then upwards through a tube along the binding-arm. The upper end of the tube is furnished with a light spring, which presses on the string and locks it in the event of its tending to slip backwards and become unthreaded, From this tube the string passes through a double wedge-shaped projection or string- and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 93 guide on the side of the lever, and is led to a spring clamp or catch in the twisting box, where it is firmly held. he two sections of the inclined platform, which have been described as hinged at their lower ends, have their upper extremities connected by links to a rocking-shaft, round which is wormed a spiral spring, which always tends to keep the sections raised up so as to consolidate the straw being tied. When the straw is first delivered these have to be depressed, and that is done by a crank at the forward end of the rocking-shaft, which is operated on by a cam keyed on the shaft, and which forms, in fact, the crank-dise operating the rakes. The same cam, by means of tooth-segments, operates simultancously a second rocking-shaft, also enveloped by a spiral spring, and which carries two _ hooked prongs, which serve to compress the straw against the binder-arm, and a third prong on the opposite side, the office of which is to throw off the finished sheaf. The box containing the twisting mechanism stands vertically over that portion of the platform where the sheaf is formed, but it is pivoted so that it can turn down through about 45° to a horizontal position still at right angles to the sheaf, and this movement is communicated by a lever on one end of a rocking-shaft enveloped by a spiral spring, and actuated from its other end by a rack-segment lever, the lower end of which is brought into action by a cam dise keyed on the middle of the shaft. The upright or vertical shaft, by means of bevel gear, drives a pulley, which actuates by friction a smaller wheel keyed on a light shaft not quite horizontal, the other end of which passes into the twisting box and sets the twister in motion. The shaft is arranged so as to fall over with the box, keeping always in gear with its driving-pulley, so that the operation of twisting can continue in all positions of the box. -On the opposite side of the cam disc which works the box is fixed a catch which engages into a lever connected by a pair of links to one end of an upper rocking-shaft enveloped in a spiral spring, the other end of which carries a peculiar shaped lever or cam, the office of which is to raise the spring knife which cuts the string, to hold or release the box, and to guide the head of the twister spindle so as to make it assume the proper position at the end of each operation. ‘The twister spindle, which is vertical in the box at the commencement of the tying, is furnished at its lower end with two spring- clamps or jaws, with Y-shaped guides leading to and from them; these guides are entered by the wedge-shaped pieces through which the string passes on the end of the binder-arm, and are thus forced open to allow the string to be drawn through and clamped. The spring knife acts vertically, is placed close beside the twister, and is released by a pin on the binder-arm as soon as ‘the string is passed through the clamp and secured, when it is immediately cut before the twisting begins. The wedge-shaped string-guide in the end of the binder-arm has a short play along the arm; it is kept up by a spring, and on its rear end has a wedge-shaped pin which works through a slot in a portion of the framing opposite the box. In this slot there is a shunt piece which makes the striug- guide pass towards the platform at a lower level than when advancing to the binder, so as to make it pass through the lower clamp. The process of making the sheaf is as follows :—'The string projects a couple of inches through the string-guide in the binder-arm. The arm moves over towards the platform and sinks belowit. ‘lhe box is vertically over the plat- form, and in passing it the string-guide on the binder-arm has passed throuch the lower clamp and left the end of the string fast in it, and the string stretched between the box and the platform. The corn is now raked up the inclined platform, pressed against the string, the binder-arm rises and clasps the corn between itself and the two holding prongs and the rising platform ; in doing so the string-guide passes between the upper clamp in the twister, and 94 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders is immediately cut off. The twister begins to revolve, twists the two ends of the string together, holding them vertically over the sheaf. The box then falls into the horizontal position, the twisting is continued, but, as the twisted portions lie alongside the string surrounding the sheaf, the two twist together, and have the effect of tucking the twisted part two or three times between the straw and the band. As soon as this is complete, the string is released by the end of the pin passing through the hollow twisted spindle, being pressed down by a lever actuated by a cam on the rock shaft releasing the box, and the sheaf is thrown off by the prong provided for that purpose. ‘The lever which released the box draws up the knife ready for a fresh cut, and the box, on returning, has its cams adjusted to the correct position by the same cam- shaped lever and wedge-shaped termination of the twisted spindle. The string is about 3 in. diameter, and is twisted the reverse way of the lay. The knife is a thin blade passing between two fixed guides. There appears to be some difficulty in cutting the string. The reel, which is worked for the vertical shaft by a worm, cannot be moved backwards or forwards in reference to the machine. It comprises 6 arms, one of which terminates in a feathering brush, intended to push the corn to the platform. The feathering is done by means of a cam keyed to a sleeve on the reel-axle. The sleeve can be turned round by a tangent screw and wheel, so as to regu- late the point of feathering in the revolution; the feather is worked by a roller running on a cam, and actuating a lever against a spiral spring; the outer end being jointed to a crank on the brush shaft. H. J. H. King’s Sheaf-binding Machine, to tie with string, No. 2852, was shown at Liverpool last year, but was obviously then in an incomplete state, indeed it was more as a model than a practical reaper. Much has been done in the interval, and although the workmanship is rough, and further alterations, especially with a view to simplify the mechanism, are desirable, it is sufficiently complete to require description. I am sorry that I have not been able to produce detailed drawings, which would have been of use to my readers in helping them to understand the construction of the machine. The basis of this machine is a Samuelson reaper, and the gearing is of course similar as regards the cutting parts. Thus the knife is 4 feet 34 inches. long ; depth of platform, 5 feet 1 inch ; width over all going way, 8 feet 6 inches, which allows of the machine passing through ordinary gates; depth, 9 feet 6 inches. The reel is fixed, and comprises three ordinary fans and one collecting brush, which sweeps the corn up a concave platform, feathering away when the work is done, this action being secured by means of a cam on the reel-shaft, which is not self-adjusting, but can be altered by shifting ascrew. At the back of the first platform is a transverse platform which receives the grain as it is swept up by the brush. ‘This consists of fixed boards with five openings or slots at unequal distances, for the traverse of the rakes, five in number, which move backwards and forwards, and rise and fall by mechanism similar to that in Hetherington’s reaper, which is shown as a modification and improvement on this machine. ‘The stroke of the rakes is 5 feet 6 inches, they drop and clear themselves differently. The platform rises towards the binding mechanism about 6 inches, and is fixed. The driving wheel is 2 feet 8 inches diameter, width of tire 74 inches. The driver throws the machine in and out of gear by aclutch, A bevel wheel on the axle gears into an inclined shaft, which carries at its forward end the crank-dise and knife and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 95 connecting-rod, and behind Robinson’s friction gear for working the twister. The tying mechanism is all below, and looks as though it were rather near the ground for practical work. An upright shaft, which drives the reel at the upper end, has at its lower end a crank, the pin of which works in the slotted end of a long lever which actuates the rakes. Above is a rocking-shaft with spiral springs round it, the rear end of which carries the binder-arm, and the fore end a crank with a roller pin, which runs on a cylindrical cam on the upright shaft. A little below is a second rocking-shaft, which carries four arms for compressing, and two for discharging the sheaf. This also is surrounded by aspiral spring, and its forward end carries acrank witha roller pin, which runs on a cylindrical cam at the base of the one just described. The binding mechanism is below the platform, and consists of a pair of spring clamps or jaws actuated by a pair of spur wheels at its lower end, the forward wheel being on a vertical shaft driven by the Robinson friction gear. The string, in a box above, is carried down the binder-arm in a channel, and passes through a string-guide or double-ended wedge. The box rocks on the end of a hollow horizontal shaft, through which the twister spindle is carried; this shaft is linked by a pair of cranks and short links to a second hollow parallel shaft, to the forward end of which is secured a crank kept up by a spiral spring, and connected by a vertical link to a swinging-lever which carries a roller pin running on the under side of the lower and larger cam on the shaft. ‘Vhrough this hollow shaft is the knife-rocking shalt, which terminates in the forward end in a crank kept up bya spiral spring, and actuated by a vertical link with a roller on its top, and also working on the under side of the cam as described. There are, in fact, four cam motions from the shaft, and the whole of the motions for the rakes and tying machinery are effected by one revolution of this shaft, always excepting the motion of the twister. The lever which actuates the knife has a tail through which the twister spindle passes, and is placed in and out of gear by its action. The same motion lowers the shaft which carries the box, and so enables the string-guide and the binder-arm to pass through the upper clamp. By an ingenious arrangement the stroke of the rack for the traverse of the rakes is increased more than two to one by the wheel underneath being in two parts, one above the other, and of different diameters. The string draws itself out of the jaws when the twisting is com- pleted. he frame is of wrought iron, and is carried at the end by a small caster-wheel; thus the frame runs on three wheels. Price of machine, 600. Tue TRIALS. Great difficulty was experienced in finding crops suitable for the trials within such easy distance of Bristol as would allow those who had done so much for the success of the Meeting an opportunity of being present. Up to the date of the Show nothing was fixed, and a placard was posted in the Showyard, asking those who had the requisite areas of the necessary crops within a certain radius of Bristol to communicate with the Secretary. The neighbourhood on all sides is principally in grass. What arable fields exist are small, and inasmuch as the Society required a considerable area of the three cereals, no replies of at alla suitable nature were received, and finally, the Stewards fell back upon an offer which they had originally declined, viz. : to hold the trial on the Abbot’s Leigh Estate, at the Hill Farm 96 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders of Sir Philip Miles, about a mile from the Suspension-bridge and adjoining Ashton Park. ‘The situation was admirable. This, and the apparent difficulty of finding anything else, induced the Stewards to accept the offer, notwithstanding that the crops were miserably light, unequal, and extremely dirty. I was much surprised to learn that this was a farm of about 500 acres which the late Sir William Miles, whom I remembered as a great agri- cultural authority, had occupied for many years. There may have been peculiar reasons tor its impoverished and neglected condition, but, after seeing it, 1 was not surprised at a remark which was once made by a shrewd neighbour: “If it were not for Sir William, Farmer Miles would soon be in the County court.” The soil of the higher ]and was thin, on mountain limestone, and full of stones, which were in some cases of rather inconvenient size. It would have been most unfortunate if the trials had been entirely confined to crops manifestly below the average yield of the country, and which, from the shortness of straw and perfect upstanding state, presented no test of the capabilities of the machines to deal with full crops. The grass in the bottom was, on the whole, advantageous, because even on the cleanest farms there are crops with seeds to be cut, and the couch grass was very similar. It would have been so natural for sceptics to say, “ Yes, you did fair cutting and tying on crops representing about one half of a fair yield, but how would the machines have behaved in big good com? Weknow that in the States the yield is much below us, and the straw is shorter, to start with, and the stubble left higher; no evidence has been afforded that these machines can deal with English crops, and the very point which it was your business to prove you have left undecided.” This would have been just criticism ; moreover, the Judges could hardly have satisfied themselves with such inefficient tests. It was then extremely fortunate that, on the second day, a piece of oats was found within half a mile of the Hill Farm, estimated to yield 8 quarters, with straw about 5 feet long, and though not lodged yet somewhat dis- turbed from the perpendicular. It was here that the final and decisive trials were made, and they were of such a character as to confirm previous results, and to leave no shadow of doubt on the minds of the Judges as to the verdict which they would give. The public, who are so deeply interested in this question, as well as the Society and its officials, have cause to feel grateful to Mr. Bishop, the enterprising tenant of Sir Greville Smyth, for coming forward at a moment’s notice, and placing his partly cut field at our disposal. Nothing could have been more oppor- tune, and we trust he will enjoy the satisfaction of feeling that his willing compliance, at no doubt considerable personal in- and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 97 convenience, with the Steward’s request converted into a com- plete success what must otherwise have been a trial open to grave criticism. Now, the reader may be interested to know how it was that we found eight quarters an acre of oats within half a mile of the miserably deficient crops of the Hill Farm. It was not owing to any improvement of soil, for the land was thin and the stone equally near—indeed a considerable portion of the field was occupied as a stone quarry for lime-burning. Mr. Bishop is the contract scavenger for Bristol, and also a lime- burner. He delivers lime into the city, and brings back manure, which the somewhat hungry soil is grateful for. Last year the oat field was occupied by a capital root crop, which was well mucked, and there remained enough in the land to produce the oats. The lesson here taught might with advantage be taken home by others, for I should judge, from the general appearance of the crops in the neighbourhood, that high farming is the excep- tion. Not only were the crops originally chosen much too light for the purpose, but the date finally fixed for the trials was fully a week too soon, and this, notwithstanding the experience at Aigburth last year. The oats alone were anything like ready, and they might have waited without injury. The wheat and barley were actually green. I believe that the original arrange- ment was for the 7th and 8th of August, which even would have been too soon; but during the hot weather which followed the Show, the bailiff at the Hill Farm, only recently appointed, and who therefore may be excused for misjudging appearances, wrote urging an earlier fixture, viz., on the 2nd and 3rd, stating that the crops would be dead ripe, and great loss would occur even if left so long. Finally, the Society, misled where they naturally expected correct information, fixed Monday and Tuesday, 5th and 6th, whereas the proper time would have been the 12th and 13th. In one respect the test of cutting green corn was more severe ; the grain was heavier to handle, and it proved the ability of the transporting mechanism to bring the corn to the binding machinery, and also showed the comparative efficiency of the latter to get rid of the sheaves when bound ; but, on the other hand, it was impossible to judge as to whether there would be any waste of corn in a fairly ripe crop, and with which machine this would occur. Moreover, as a general principle, it is more satisfactory to place the machines during the trial under the same conditions that they are designed for and will have to work under. The condition of the corn was aggravated by the weather, which was certainly trying. On Saturday and Sunday, the 3rd and 4th, rain fell, and on the latter day there was a regular downpour, which lasted from 10.30 a.m. to 4 o'clock VOL. XV.—-S. s. H 98 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders the next morning. The prospect from that excellent hostelry, the Clifton Down Hotel, on Monday morning was anything but encouraging, for, though not actually raining, heavy clouds obscured the sun, and to the uninitiated it looked more like rain than fine. About 9, however, a break occurred and the sun appeared, and so rapid was the drying action of sun and wind, that by noon the crops were tolerably dry, and the ground, thanks to its light porous nature, was actually able to carry the machines without their clogging. Our Steward, Mr. Sanday, who was indefatigable in his energy and whose excellent arrange- ments tended not a little to the successful result, had the respective fields measured and lotted out on the Friday and Saturday, chiefly in half-acre plots, so that no time was lost in getting to work when once the conditions were suitable. It will be remembered that at Liverpool the machines entered for trial were impounded by the Society from the conclusion of the Show until the trials took place. This was felt to be some- what hard, especially upon novelties, as further improvements were precluded. On this occasion a different policy was pur- sued. Exhibitors were allowed to remove their machines, on depositing with the Secretary a cheque for 50/., to be returned if they fulfilled conditions, but forfeited if they failed to come to the scratch, and with this proviso all the machines shown at Bristol were ordered by the Stewards for trial, whether so entered or not. It is only fair to state that neither Messrs. J. and F. Howard’s nor the “ Johnston Harvester” Company’s machines were entered for trial, and that both firms were somewhat re- luctant to exhibit their machines in the field. When the Judges reached the scene of action, on Monday morning about 11.30, they were disappointed to find that although lots had been drawn for seven machines for a trial in oats only three were actually prepared for work, viz., McCormick’s, shown by Waite, Huggins, Burnell, and Co., Mr. W. A. Wood’s, and Messrs. Howard’s, the representatives of the latter by no means confident of being able to work, as though the binding mechanism appeared efficient, the elevators did not properly bring up the grain. However, they cheerfully com- plied with our request that they should try, and a piece of ground was found for a preliminary run. The Johnston Harvester Co. people declared their inability to work, for much the same reason; they, like Howard, had adopted what is known in America as the Marsh Harvester as the basis of their invention, and, having had a trial on Saturday, were satisfied that they were not in such a condition of efficiency as to compete. It will be seen that, later on, they were brought out, and the efficiency of the string band and the knot was made evident. Of Hether- and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 99 ington’s Twister the parts were not completely put together, and we were encouraged to hope that, later on, it would come out, but soon after the work actually commenced we were informed that a worm-wheel had brdken, which precluded the possibility of its working. Ona suggestion being made by Mr. Sanday, that a telegram should be sent to the works at Manchester for a duplicate, the ingenious representative expressed his regret that, being a Bank holiday, the works were closed. I should be sorry to do him an injustice, but the so-called accident looked very much like a scheme, to get out of the difficulty of having to ex- hibit a machine which, whatever its merit, and I have already alluded to its great ingenuity, was not capable in its present state of making a successful trial. King was, we heard, on the road with a machine which might arrive on the following morning ; and Osborne and Co., who had the same machine they exhibited in the Showyard, and which was identical with that tried last year, were hoping that their new machine, tele- graphed for from Paris, would arrive at the same time. Such was the state of affairs at the commencement of the trials, and it must be allowed that it was sufficiently disappointing, after all the expectations that had been formed as to the competition that would take place between our own makers and our American friends. It is evident that the production of an efficient machine is more difficult than some have supposed ; the backwardness of English makers is, after all, only what might be expected when the comparatively short time the subject has engaged their attention is taken into account. As has been already mentioned, Messrs. Howard’s machine could not be made to work properly. The corn was not delivered far enough on to the platform, and therefore could not be elevated with sufficient regularity. The reel, not being capable of adjustment, may have had something to do with this, but it struck the Judges that the motion of the elevator was not right. When once the corn reached the bind- ing platform, the tying mechanism appeared to work well. After several attempts, the attendants withdrew from further competition. ‘The McCormick and Wood’s machines were the only ones to take up the lots they had drawn; the former having Plot No. 3, more oblong in form, and therefore necessi- tating fewer turns than Lot 6, drawn by Wood, which was nearly square. The latter was the first to start, a fact that should be noted, inasmuch as the corn was less dry than afterwards. The total time occupied in cutting half an acre was 324 minutes, of which 4 minutes were consumed in repairing wire, which broke four times. The driver was provided with a rod, shod with iron at the end, with which he dexterously assisted the arrange- H 2 100 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders ment of the grain as it fell from the elevator and before the binder-arm descended, thus materially aiding the regularity of placement, notwithstanding which there was quite sufficient litter or scatter to necessitate the use of a horse-rake in order to make a clear finish. Occasionally, the end of the binder-arm caught in the sheaf just made, when assistance was required to liberate it. The green and somewhat damp condition of the straw accounted for this; with ripe dry corn, the sheaf is un- failingly discharged, not only clear of the machinery, but is thrown off some feet, receiving a kick from the back of the arm and additional motion from two springs. The effect of this somewhat violent action on ripe corn is a point we had no opportunity of testing, but there can be no doubt that some loss from shedding must occur. The twister pinion and cutting gear, being contained in the head of the needle, is liable to become choked by portions of grass, &c., and therefore one attendant would be required to follow and wait upon the machine ; this, again, would be less apparent in a ripe dry crop. The driver’s attention being divided between the travel of the horses and the delivery of the grain to the binder, he has very little power over the former. The sheaves varied somewhat in size, being made according to the discretion of the driver. The binding was excellent, the twist being well secured, and the tension sufficient. Improvements as regards the dimensions of the table and form of divider-board made the cutting and reeling very superior to last year’s work; and the adjustability of the reel and the position of the binding mechanism are also noticeable improvements. McCormick’s machine made a start on Plot 3 at 12 h. 47 min., and finished the half-acre at 1 h. 10 min. 45 sec., total time 23 min. 45 sec. No stoppage of any kind occurred, and the gentle, steady action of the binding mechanism—which carries the last- made sheaf at the edge of the platform, until the next gently displaces it, when it drops to the ground, always maintaining a parallel position—was generally admired by the spectators. The sheaves were not so tightly bound as by Wood’s, and it will be seen that the breaking-strain, especially on the side of the twists, was not so great. Referring to Mr. Hannam’s Report, the reader will be struck with the extraordinary advance that has been made in this machine, due to causes already described ; then the great draught was most evident. This is the descrip- tion: —‘* The noticeable features in this machine were the strength and the weight of the implement, the great number of shafts, pinions, and wheels, indicating a heavy draught, and the tact with which the clever conductor had striven to reduce this objection in practice by providing a yoke of team-horses of the and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 101 most wonderful shape and size.” Now the horses were of me- dium strength, and certainly less powerful than Wood’s team. Then the stoppages were frequent, and at last even the strong horses lost their temper and grew restive. Now the driver, instead of being a clever servant, was a young farmer named Pearce, from King’s Weston, who, it is said, had never even seen one of these machines before the trials, and he was able to devote his whole attention to driving the team, which he did uncommonly well. Not only was the binding-arm perfectly ~ automatic—that is, doing its work without assistance of any kind—but a sheet-iron shield or cover, above the point where the corn is delivered by the elevator, prevents the driver from even following the traverse of the arm. One man was in attendance, in order to regulate the position of the tying-plat- form, alter the position of the reel, &c., all which could have been done by the driver with a little more experience of his machine. In this feature of adaptability both McCormick’s and Wood’s machines are admirably finished, and leave nothing to be desired. These trials on the oats finished the work of the forenoon. After an interval for luncheon, two plots of wheat (a moderate upstanding crop probably 22 to 26 bushels per acre), each containing la. Or. 28p., were set out. Lots were drawn, and the two machines started nearly at the same time. Here McCormick’s agents drew No. 1, the upper plot, which was rather the lightest, but equally grassy in the bottom, and the stones were about the same. The conditions were as follows :— 1, Height of cut not to exceed an average of 6 inches. 2. Every attendant except the driver will be noted. 3. Time of cutting will be taken. 4, Number and duration of stoppages will be taken. 5. Quantity of wire used will be taken. McCormick’s machine started at 4 P.M., stopped twice on account of wire breaking, consuming 14 minute, and finished at 4.501. Actual time in work 48? minutes. The weather having become fine, and it being a Bank Holi- day, the attendance was very large, great interest being evidently taken in the proceedings. At first the spectators were pretty evenly divided in their attention to the two machines; but, as the work proceeded, there was a manifest leaning towards Mc- Cormick’s, and when the last grain was cut the driver received quite an ovation. There was one man in attendance as before. The stubble averaged about 5} inches, and was very evenly cut. The sheaves were laid with great regularity at intervals of about 15 feet. This is the distance at which the arm works auto- matically. They cannot be placed nearer, as far as | know; 102 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders but the driver can vary the distance according to the crop, and can, of course, hold the corn whilst turning corners, Kc. Again, the tidiness of the work was most noticeable. There was less for the gleaners than after hand-shearing with the sickle, and no raking was necessary. This is a matter of importance, not only because labour is saved, but rakings are always less valu- able, owing to dirt and stones. Wood’s machine was started two or three minutes after McCormick’s. Deducting 6} minutes’ delay from an accident, the knife coming in contact with a stake, the whole time occupied in cutting the plot was 534 minutes, of which 6°45 were consumed repairing the wire, which broke seven times. Much attention was required at times to relieve the binder-arm from the sheaf. The actual time in work was, it will be seen, 46 min. 45 sec., being just two minutes less than McCormick’s. The horses were driven rather fast, and the sheaf was discharged with a considerable kick. The sheaves were made well, but the scatter was again considerable, notwithstanding the exertions of the driver, whose rod was seldom idle. Two attendants were again required in addition to the driver. Fifty sheaves from each plot were selected, and the strength of the wire tested by a spring link. An adjournment was then made to a barley-field, where the crop was light and short. Here McCormick. who was certainly fortunate throughout, drew a plot more oblong than Wood. The half-acre was cut down without stoppage of any sort in 214 minutes. Wood’s machine did not complete its piece, an aecident occurring which rendered it necessary to stop, and the trial was adjourned to the following morning. During the night there was heavy rain, and, though an earlier start was . made, the ground was soft and unfavourable. Wood’s breakage, which was a small casting which affected the raising of the platform, having been repaired, a fresh plot of barley was allotted, and a start made at 9.55. Very wisely, as I think, the tactics were altered ; the machine was driven much slower, the sheaf was Phe with less force, and the result was much more satisfactory. The wire broke twice only, consuming 22 minutes, and the half-acre was finished at 10.30, making a total time of 35 minutes. A smart shower came on in the middle of the trial, which, however, was continued right through it. The straw being short and uneven, considerable litter was made. This appears inevitable from the form and action of the binder-arm, and the way in which the grain is delivered by the elevator. Whilst this trial was going on, McCormick’s machine was being prepared for the Dynamometer trials, which con- sumed the whole of the morning, and were ably and successfully and Miscellaneous Implementsat Bristol. 103 conducted by Mr. Rich, the Assistant-Engineer, every run being duplicated, so as to insure reliable results. 1 am justified in saying that on no previous occasion has this important part of the programme been more successfully performed. Whilst this work was in progress, Osborne and Co., having repaired a breakage which kept them out of the run on Monday, were set to work with the old machine (exactly similar to that worked last year at Aigburth), first in the oats, next in wheat, and lastly in barley. The crops being short and light, no diffi- culty was experienced in cutting and elevating, and, with occa- sional assistance, the binder-arm performed its work satisfactorily. Indeed, this very elegant and clever mechanism attracted much attention, and was deservedly admired. The same faults were apparent as last year; there is no sufficient separation between the sheaf made and the inflowing grain, consequently instead of falling to the ground, the sheaves accumulate and hang together like a string of sausages. And as will be seen, when I come to describe the final trials, ordinarily long straw and average English crops cannot be dealt with by this machine in its present form. The Johnston Harvester Company’s machine was, at the request of the Judges, brought out into the wheat, and although, for the reasons explained, it was not able to compete, enough was done to show that the knotting and binding mechanism was efficient as to the result, the band being sufficiently tight and the knot well secured. No opinion is offered as to the dura- bility of the machinery, if brought into regular work. Forty-two sheaves were made without a stoppage of any kind, and only one of these was loose, the string breaking, caused, it was said, by too great tension. No stoppage was necessary, as the end of the string was caught by the jaws, and the next sheaf was properly bound. This appears a very important point; an occasional unbound sheaf is of little importance compared to the delay which occurs from the breakage of wire. As a further test of the ability of McCormick’s machine, a piece of wheat in another field, where the crop was considerably heavier than the trial-plot of the previous day, was selected. I should estimate the crop at 28 to 30 bushels per acre, straw 4 feet long, and the bottom full of grass and quite damp, owing to recent rain. No time was taken. Here again, as in all previous trials, this machine exceeded in its results all expectation ; driven with great steadiness and without, apparently, distress to the horses, it cut the plot, supposed to be half an acre, without stoppage of any kind, and the character of the work left nothing to be desired. As this was something like an average crop, the Judges requested that the binding mechanism might be left to work automatically. The result was a fair-sized sheaf, dropped 104 - Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders at intervals of about 15 feet, and left with great regularity. There is a manifest advantage in the automatic gear being so arranged as to suit ordinary crops, the interference of the driver, by means of his foot-leverage, being only necessary when the crop varies in different parts, or is altogether so light that greater intervals are required. Both Wood’s and Osborne’s machines are equally automatic and controllable, but, unless the crop were extraordinarily heavy, the action is too rapid, and the result would be sheaves too small for practical manipulation. The work described occupied the morning of Tuesday, and after luncheon, or as soon as the necessary arrangements could be effected, a move was made to Mr. Bishop’s field of oats, of which some 6 or 7 acres on somewhat sidling ground was fortunately standing, and when set out formed, as has been stated, a most valuable test of the capability of the machines to deal with average English crops. It was decided to start the machine that first reached the ground, and let the others follow, thus in- suring as far as possible to each similar conditions as to crop, &e. The weather was very threatening, heavy banks of thundery- looking clouds appeared likely to discharge their contents, and consequently no unnecessary delay took place. W. A. Wood's machine was the first to charge into the heavy damp corn, and very pluckily the attendants faced the difficulty, and, taking all things into consideration, very successfully was it accomplished. The horses were driven at a moderate pace, consequently, not- withstanding the heavy and damp state of the straw, only two breakages occurred. More than once the canvas of the platform had to be tightened. The attendants, realising their difficulties, seldom took more than half the cut of which the knife was capable, and even with this reduced area they had no easy task to keep the needle-point from clogging, nor were they by an means sorry when the order was given to stop. It should be stated, however, that the first few rounds in the field (being close to hedges on two sides) undoubtedly gave the most troublesome bit of work in the trials, and the Judges were quite aware of the difficulties here encountered, and gave the machine full credit for them. “ McCormick got to work about half an hour later, and the superiority of the machine was incontestable.—Taking a full cut, the sheaves were delivered with regularity and without any assistance ; as before, there was no scatter, and the work was admirably done. During the second round the knife clogged and the wire broke once. Previous tests were fully confirmed. Osborne and Co. were last in the field, and first to stop, as it was found impossible to deliver the tangled long grain; and, after a plucky attempt, the machine came to grief and was with- and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 105 drawn. The Judges had, despite the unfavourable weather and the unsuitable crops, satisfied themselves and arrived at a unani- mous decision, which was made public during the same evening by means of the following Report :— The Judges appointed by the Royal Agricultural Society of England to try the machines entered to compete for the Gold Medal of the Society, offered for an efficient Sheaf-Binder Machine, are of opinion that the Machine No. 2879, exhibited by Burnell, Waite, Huggins, and Co. (McCormick’s -Sheaf- Binder), fulfils the conditions of the Society, and they award the Gold Medal to it accordingly. They also highly commend the Sheaf-Binder No. 2853, exhibited by Walter A. Wood. August 6th, 1878. JOHN CoLEMAN, Henry CANTRELL, } Judges. J. W. Kiser, Whilst the Judges were occupied in watching the nature of the work, the Engineers and their assistants were busy applying those mechanical tests which are of such importance in aiding a conclusion. It so happened that the superiority of the work done by McCormick’s machine fairly distanced competition ; but it is easy to imagine that two machines might be so nearly equally efficient, that small differences would have to be con- sidered, and then the results of the dynamometer would be most important. The first Table (p. 106) relative to the tension of the wire is novel and interesting. It is quite clear from this Table that the double knot of McCormick’s binding reduces its strength, for the breaking strain with the knot up was less than half what it was when the knot was under, and in both positions it is much less strong than either Wood’s or Johnston’s. Another point of interest that requires to be noticed is the greater strength of the straw binding, a fact that we were hardly prepared for ; but there is one point not shown in the Table, which is that, as a rule, the fastenings of the Wire resist much more than the twist of the straw. Lastly, it would seem that my estimate of 1s. per acre for the wire is much below the mark ; indeed, double the money is necessary. As was to be expected, McCormick, although the weight per foot is almost identical, uses most wire per acre, owing to the double twist, yet the difference is too slight to materially affect the cost. The Dynamometer tests were carried out on a level upstanding crop of wheat, very suitable for the purpose, only it was neces- sary to run in the same direction as the drills, consequently it Was not easy to measure accurately. According to the Table, Mr. W. A. Wood’s machine cut more space than any of the Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders 106 SOULYOVU ON} STV} JoyoMOMLeU KG OANQNY UT ¥G GZ &% 9% IWHeAod “HH 4p | ‘IH uMod ‘TH dp 96-9 L LL& L6& GG L-9 6-09 €-9¢ "HAUSMAN NOLSNHOL “ANUOUSO GEG £0-9 696 1-9 9-99 09 “eDVIOAV “S[[LIP, OF} Ssolow payIOM oq prnoys “ST[LIp oy} 07 o[[ered Ayreau O19 suNI oY} sv A]O}BINODV oINSBOUT OF Y[NOLYIp SVA SIT, “GN « ¢-10G 8&P CLIT “un IIH Uso 60¢ 9IL | %-9¢ GSP 186 Re GI | 90-IT | 29-11 08 9g ‘ €3-G | 39-9 | 20-9 €9-¢ €F-9 Z0-9 88S 98g | ¢-198 1-9 1-9 ¢.G 9:49 | 9-89 | 09 = “ 09 rer oar | Siar dan: eA *d0OM "V "AM £69 FSP 9-11 68 GP-9 1€-9 6LE 9-¢ 6S - mut da *MOINNONOW “HO - qno W109-JBoYs JO *q] tad YIOM ‘sq]-JOO 7 ** SoAVATS JO [SION [BOT “- oo og SOABIYS JO JYSION OSVIOAY * - - oe quo SOABOYS JO JoquINy ** jd JO Y}prIA-yout tod ‘sq] Ur yysnBiq aFtUY JO YPPLA-Youy sod ‘sqy Ur yyonVg ‘sq[ UI JYonvIp uvayq eTqqnys Jo FqSIOH - ee - - - - » 709 JO TFPIM - - oo oo QyTOy JO WAPI earyooyy "SL8T “IOLSIUG LY SUNIHOV]T DNIdVOY YNIGNIG- TIIG £O SIVIUT, IVOIULANOWVNAQT JO SLIOSAY—] AAV], 107 and Misceilaneous Implements at Bristol. “POL “ST ‘Sq IIF-F F9I- "7993 LEDS “Sq CLG ‘Sq[ GET 7s *Sq] LIZ “BqI $8 Sq] G-1L “Sq[ 9L ‘DME 16 LOGY 10800- “pury fq Avis *UHLSAANY WHA punog seavaqg NOISNHOP “ANUOmSQ) PIL 8E “SQ F69-F 61Z- "P29 GIG «+S "841 GST “sq LOL “Bq 99 “‘D'M A 1G WHoqy 00800 - “doo M "V “AM “PELL 8 ** ‘qy ded “pe ye ‘oxoe aod arta Jo 4809 "Sq FGL-F ** 9108 Jad pasn OAT JO SIO [R10], 622 { os jeayg your-g ue jo soueroyuno : -I]0 0} POjSVM O1IM Jo YSUET JO OILY ; vom, ee ae coee tne eh 28 yeoyg yours 499} ELS -G tis Io} posn O1IM JO YYSuey, aoBIoAW ‘Jeayg jo *8qi 9-S0L “ ** UMOp 70UH YIM } pusg uo ‘SQ 8-1F sere ss dn qouy, WTA ures SulyBolg ; i as ages OIIM O[SUIS B UI JooIIp sal ee (en peop YA ureyg Supyeorg ‘D'M'A IS oqgy |) ** ** ** OILA Jo Jo}oWBIP payepnoyeD 90800- "* 8 ‘Sq UE Joo} Jad OITA Jo FY SIO MA “MOIMUOODOYT "S181 “TOLSING LV SUNIHOV]T PNIAVEY ONIGNIG-AIGG fo SaNVG GNV SHUIAA NO SLNGWIYGAXY JO sLIAsHY—]] wavy, 108 © Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders others, exceeding McCormick’s by 6}inches. The lowest and most even stubbles were left by McCormick’s, although all the work was creditable in this respect. It will be seen that the mean draught in lbs. per inch-width of cut, which is the real draught- test, was practically identical in the two machines which alone were tried. The average weight of sheaves was in favour of McCormick’s ; indeed, the difference in the up- and down-hill runs (the incline being very slight) was only -15, whereas in Wood’s down-hill run the weight was increased nearly 4 lbs., being from 11:06 to 15 lbs. On the whole, it will be seen that the resnles fully confirm the award of the Judges. _McCormick’s takes the least power for given work. This is shown in the last column. For foot-lbs. work per lb. of sheaf cut we have an average of 562:2, whereas in Wood’s this is raised to 612°5. We think, on the whole, the Society may be congratulated on the successful results of their trials. The time is coming, if it has not already arrived, when English farmers must have recourse to labour-saving machinery; and enough has been done to show that practical efficiency has been obtained. In our Colonies, especially Australia and New Zealand, American Sheaf-binders have been largely introduced, and I am informed on credible authority that in certain parts of New Zealand the land has doubled in value in consequence. MiscELLANEOUS AWARDS. The Council of the Society some years ago made a rule as re- gards the award of Silver Medals, which disqualifies any machine, however worthy and however improved in detail, if it is not entirely novel in principle, or has ever before been shown. No doubt there were good reasons for this strictness at the time when the rule was made, but we cannot avoid the conclusion that it is somewhat hard upon exhibitors, and has a tendency rather to check than encourage improvements. How often it happens that a machine is shown for the first time with features of great merit, yet so defective in certain points, that the Judges do not pomeiier themselves justified in recommending it for award ! The exhibitor, educated by the advice he has received, or by the suggestions of his friends, goes home and remodels iid inven- tion, and produces a really vate and practical machine which supplies a want. He is now, we maintain, much more worthy of notice than before; yet he is shut out on account of this rule. Again, it may happen that the Judges themselves have some hesitation in giving their unqualified approbation of an entirely new machine, anal would be glad to have the advantage of prac- ~ tical experience. Satisfied on this point, they would gladly and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 109 make their award; but the implement has been shown before, and consequently is shut out. When the rule was made, machines were subject to periodical competition, and the ex- hibitor of a novelty, though ineligible for a Silver Medal, had but to bide his time, and was able, sooner or later, to bring his invention to trial. Now that all this is altered, it is the more necessary that due encouragement should be given to those who are devoting their talents to perfecting agricultural machinery. The Judges therefore hope that this subject will be considered by the Implement Committee ; and suggest that Clause 2 of the Society’s Regulations be altered, so that a novel principle may be rewarded, whether the same has been shown before or not. At Bristol there were not many absolute novelties, and of these very few of any practical importance. Improvements in detail were numerous, and some of the more striking will be described and illustrated. The following were awarded Silver Medals ;—3729, Hornsby and Sons, Machine for Cutting and Trimming Hedges. 75, J. Fowler and Co., Church’s Circular Steam-valve. 6606, Morris and Griffin, Turton’s Permanent Rick Coverings. No. 3729.—Hornsby and Sons’ Hedge-cutting and trimming Machine was probably the greatest novelty of the Show. ‘The first patent was taken out by Mr, J. G. A. Walker in 1876, who must therefore be considered the inventor, although Messrs. Hornsby, who purchased his interests, have greatly altered and improved the original design. A second patent, No. 373, was taken out in January of this year. The machine, in its present form, costs 50/., and weighs 18 ecwt. The following drawings (pp. 110, 111) will fully explain its form. ‘The frame is carried on two travelling-wheels, 4 feet in diameter, fixed about as far apart as a pair of cart-wheels; the tires, 6 inches wide, have a number of projections for securing a bite in wet ground. Both wheels are loose on the axle, with ratchets, so that either is free in backing. In for- ward motion both wheels are drivers. Keyed on the axis is a gear-ring, b, which drives a clutch pinion, ¢, and a lever to the pinion d puts the machine in and out of gear. ‘This pinion ¢ drives a shaft above and parallel with the axis, which carries on its opposite end a bevel wheel, e, driving a vertical spindle carried by an upright frame. A pinion, g, on the top of this spindle drives a loose wheel, 4, working on a horizontal spindle, z, lying at right angles to the main axis. On this spindle hinges an extendable telescopic arm, j, from the end of which depends the cutting apparatus, or rather from the end of the tube &, which slides on the aforesaid arm, and it will be seen by reference to Fig. 15, that by the agency of a lever, 7, and rod, m, the cutters - are under the driver’s control. The arm j can be raised or lowered by a serew; the bottom end of which is supported by the main axle, whilst the top end (also telescopic) is attached to the extendable arm ; by this means the cutter can be set to the required height, the range of variation being about 3 feet. Inside the arm 7 is a square telescopic tube driven by the pinion p from the loose wheel h, This square tube drives a spindle, on the end of which is a wheel, driving the crank pinion and the cutters. The cutting apparatus is so hinged on the crank-spindle that it can swing round its own axis without affecting the free action of the knife. By a worm and wheel it can be set to cut at any angle, and be folded back over the Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders 110° *sdno odoosopay, ‘a m *1OA9] LOJ Jox00g LOAOT 7 MoLos Fao, Aayaynyuoo oqny, “Mm Uy peMoOs pNjs V UO Buyyiom wopuyg "UO 7809 4904 TTA INT ; “MOLOg "7008 H,UVUTYLOM LOY O]|PUVT-LOAO'T ‘uoyoag us hpgaud ‘uonvaopy your hh TLIO. *[OOTM-UILIO AA *8.10)9N9 0} UOTJOUL Bay79 -junorm09 “om ‘oqny odooseyoy ovenbs ysnoagy ‘qorqa puv 'y Aq uPAyp ‘AOLUfd "77 OGNY OT} UY] PoArosos spNys Aq pop. O44IC, *S10][O1 UOPPOLAYLE * *s109)n0 sopLavo YorYA f Jo yno puv uy Aoyprys oqng, *paduarq sy f ain ojdoos ~91} Jo OqNy ops Yor uo ‘uyd pox ‘t “2 ad [uqUOZ{A0y UO JOYA OBOOT “YY ‘a q uaAlip 1048 [vO}}19A UO suOjUTd ToAog ° puv ‘ajpayds 10 yeuy y ‘Oo M-[9AoE ‘(008 Jo yno piv uf) s9A0]-puvyy *q Aq waatap ‘mopuyd-qoyn{D *o)xv uo pokox Dupt-aw9s) “B00 -“puor UTE YT ‘ounpoyy Curmury pun buyyno-ebpoyy suog pun hqsusoy7—Go{ ‘B1iq and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 111 Fig. 16.—Plan of Hornsby and Sons’ Hedge-cutting and trimming Machine. | | | ca] \ iac\ | | —\5 t= Fig. 17.—Enlarged View of Cutter. A b A B 112 Report on the Trials of Sheaf- Binders frame for travelling, The cutters consist of a set of fixed knives and reciprocating knives, on the double-throw principle (Fig. 17), the knife moving from A to A, thus making four complete cuts to one revolution of the crank. The machine requires a boy to drive the horses and a man to guide the cutters, which he does by means of the lever s; thus the cutter can be moved nearer to or farther away from the machine, according to what has to be done, or it can be withdrawn from the hedge altogether, in passing a tree or other obstruction. All this adaptability is obtained by the following simple mechanism :—Made fast to the cutter is a worm-wheel, g, in which works a worm, 7, in connection with the handle s. From the illustrations given, my readers will obtain a correct idea of the mechanism. The modus operandi is as follows. The driver, on his seat, places the cutter in the required position against the hedge by operating the worm and worm-wheel at the head of the cutter. The horses are put in motion, being carefully driven, so as to keep the machine a given distance from the hedge. The side of the hedge next the machine is thus cut. The driver, having perfect control over the knives, can extend or withdraw them without stopping the machine. The machine is then brought back to its original starting-point; the cutter-bar is passed over the hedge, and adjusted, so as to cut with cor- responding accuracy the opposite side. These two cuts will usually suffice to leave a well-preserved fence in the proper A shape, that is, pointed at the top and gradually widening to the base. Should it be desired to cut the top of the fence in a horizontal sense, nothing is easier. The cutter-bar is adjusted in a horizontal position by means of the worm and wheel; then the attendant leaves his seat, and raises the arm by means of the handle of pinion v. The wooden lever z is then placed in the socket y. This lever is so pivoted that the man, by it, can move up or down the telescopic cap wa, which fits over the tube w, thus moving the cutter to the required height to the top of the hedge. It will thus be seen that the machine is capable of doing all the work when travelling on one side only. This is of great importance when ditches have to be avoided; also in the case of crops interfering, or boundary fences. A trial was arranged on Monday evening, July 8th, on a wide, badly-trimmed fence of Captain Allcock’s, near the Showyard. The fence had vertical sides and a wide top. The cutters were set at such an angle as entailed the cutting through of about a foot of the fence at one part, and wood more than : an inch in diameter had to be severed. The ease and precision with which the work was executed was a matter of surprise even to the Judges. This was a most severe test, and it would be difficult to imagine a harder bit: of work. After both sides had been trimmed into something more approach- ing a right shape than it originally possessed, the top was sheared and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 113 pretty hard, in order to show the capabilities of the machine for topping. It is quite certain that every time the machine is used on the same fence the work will become easier and the cutting more accurate. The efficiency of the machine to do the work for which it was designed being thus apparent, it remained to ascertain its economy. Mr. J. Hornsby stated that the machine is capable of cutting 5 miles of fences per day of 10 hours. Suppose, for the sake of argument, that we reduce this to 4 miles. The lowest price at which the same could be trimmed by manual labour would be 4/., supposing the price paid was 3d. per 22 yards run, which is quite a reasonable rate :— Dihorses, man, and\boy, says>. «2 £10 0 Wear and tear, &c., calculated at 20 per vil 010 0 per annum =10/., spread over 20 days = £110 0 Thus, then, we have a cost of 1/. 10s. as against 4/., supposing that such a machine could be employed twenty days in a year. Something might be added for interest of money ; but, making every allowance, it is quite clear that, given a certain amount of work, the saving in money would be quite one-half, whilst the saving in labour and time would be most important. It would require 20 men to cut 4 miles of fence ina day. I was told, on reliable authority, that a Lincolnshire farmer occupying 1000 acres of land, with fields ranging from 20 to 30 acres, has cut all his fences in three days. Such a machine would soon pay for itself, if hired out. Thus, looked at from every point, the hedge-cutting and trimming machine is a practical invention, worthy of the Silver Medal which was awarded. Some doubt has been expressed whether the shears can be kept sufficiently sharp to take off the light twigs which, in a well-shaped hedge, constitute the annual crop. It requires a rapid blow with a slasher to make a clean cut, and it is quite possible that very light wood would not offer sufficient resistance to allow of the shears catching hold. The only remedy for this difficulty, if it exists, would be to leave the hedge uncut for a year, or else to cut rather closer than usual. In one important respect there is a considerable practical ad- vantage in using this machine instead of manual labour, viz., that the cuttings, instead of being scattered in all directions, drop down close to the hedge, and can be raked up at half the labour. Churci’s Circular Steam Valve.—Messrs. J. Fowler and Co., of Leeds, ex- hibited Church’s Patent Slide Valve, a novelty, as applied to locomotive and agricultural traction engines, which, as containing valuable economical features, was considered worthy of a Silver Medal. VOL. XV.—S. 8. I 114 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders This valve is an improvement on one introduced by Mr. Webb on the London and North-Western Railway, and fully described by him in the ‘ Pro- ceedings’ of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. The general appearance of the valve will be understood by the following drawings, which have been supplied by Messrs. Fowler themselves. For the description I am indebted to Mr. Anderson. WKY Y The valve is circular, in plan like a cheese, and is free to revolve in the bridle a a, by which it is moved backwards and forwards like an ordinary slide valve. The ports of the cylinder are segmental, so as to coincide with the circular edges of the valve. The effect of this arrangement is that, if there is the least inequality of friction between the valve and and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 115 cylinder faces, the valve revolves a little in the bridle, and by thus yielding prevents abrasion or scoring, and at the same time brings fresh surfaces into contact. The consequence is that wear becomes extremely uniform, and the irregular wear, as in ordinary valves, is entirely prevented, so that not only do the valve and cylinder faces last much longer, but there is also much greater economy of steam. ‘The experience on the London and North-Western Rail- way quite corroborates Messrs. Fowler’s statements. There is a simple and ingenious method of reducing the pressure on the valve. The valve bears not only on the cylinder face, but also on a kind of cup, }, inside the valve-—this cup being connected by means of the hole ¢ with the steam space, so that the area of surface represented by the cup is quite relieved of pressure, and consequently the valve is more easily moved and will work longer. It is therefore Mr. Anderson’s opinion, on which the Judges entirely based their award, that the introduction of the balanced circular slide valve is a decided gain to the agricultural locomotive, and deserves the recognition of a Silver Medal. Turton’s Patent Rick Covering (Morris and Griffin).—The importance of a cheap and efficient substitute for thatch has of late years been felt to be a great desideratum, Straw is now so dear and scarce, that it is positively difficult to get material; then, again, good thatchers are not so common as formerly, and, above all, however carefully arrangements are made, it is often impossible to prevent loss from rainfall before the thatching is done. Dutch barns are undoubtedly the most permanent, and in the end probably the most economical investments; but such are rather landlords’ than tenants’ work, and it is not every one who can afford the outlay ; and therefore a cheap substitute for thatch is highly important. The Judges considered that such was exhibited by Messrs. Morris and Griffin in Turton’s Patent Permanent Rick Coverings, in felt, galvanised iron, or plain sheet iron. The invention consists of a series of rafters, a a, 43'"x13" of deal, fixed 3 feet apart, and held in position by iron rods 7, diameter, 6 6, kept tight by cottar pins, ecce. The following sketch, Fig. 21 (p. 116), shows this arrangement. It will be seen that the top and lower distance rods are of different construction, the former, which represent the ridge-board, have space for the end of the two rafters. The appearance of the roof, partly covered by asphalte, is shown in the following drawing, Fig. 20. The felt or iron is laid on in lengths and held in position by iron pins, Fig. 22, p. 116, about 2 feet long, which pass through the rafters into the rick, metal collars or brass eyelets being fitted into the felt to prevent wear, thus both timber and felt are securely attached on the rick. The advantages claimed for this invention are, (1) that it is watertight; (2) that it is quickly fixed; (3) it is cheap. Without calculating the timber, which will with care last for a number of years, the cost of the felt is not more than that of straw and labour; the best felt can be bought for 6d. a yard, and I question whether a good coat of thatch, taking the value of the material into account, can be done at much less, certainly the felt, even if untarred, will last four or five years. It is said that a good-sized rick can be covered by two men in two hours ; this, however, is rather a vague statement, and the Judges had no means of testing the question. If all the parts were laid out in order, I see no reason why much time should be occupied, and certainly there would be a great saving over the 12 116 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders Fig. 20.—Turton’s Patent Rick Cover. Dre bie ap % copee wate ett hips appr . Fig. 21.—Iron Rods. Fig. 22.—Iron Pin. and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 117 time occupied in thatching. One great feature of merit in this invention is that a certain amount of ventilation is provided for by the depth of the rafters and space beneath the ridge. I am not sure that it would answer so well for hay as for corn, since un- equal sinking of the former might interfere with the outline of the covering, but the iron rods would form a considerable sup- port. In felt, the price named, and at which I presume the exhibitors are willing to furnish the material, is 1s. 10d. a square yard; with galvanised iron, 3s. 3d. ; and with plain sheet iron, 2s. 2d. a yard. A Silver Medal was awarded. Although, owing to the restrictions with regard to Silver Medals, the Judges were unable to make any other awards than the three described, many improvements in details deserve mention, of some of these I am enabled to present illustra- tions, without which, a report on machinery must necessarily be uninteresting and incomplete. In these days of competition and highly paid labour, every attempt to simplify machinery must be regarded as a boon to the agricultural interest, and deserves the fostering care of our great national Society. In this struggle for success much that is worthless naturally is put forward, and it is quite as much the business of the Society to repudiate what is radically bad as to encourage what is really deserving. In the Liverpool Report, the Turnip topper and tailer of Thomas Hunter, of Maybole, was described as it then appeared —not sufficiently novel to have a chance of a medal—but still valuable as aiming at economising labour in the important operation of storing the root crop. Very material improvements have been made since last year, and, but for the hard-and-fast line laid down by the Council as to novelty, this invention, had it made a successful trial, would in its present form have been worthy of an award. I cite this as an example of the unsatis- factory working of this rule. Last year the machine was not practical; the driver had not only to drive his horse and steady the implement, but he had to raise or lower the saw frames, according as the roots varied in size; failing this, a tall bulb was cut in two and a short one was not properly topped. It was impossible to give that attention required for such a delicate operation. ‘The machine is made in two forms, according as it is required to deal with one or two rows at a time. In the latter case, the frame is mounted on wheels; in the former (shown in the illustration, Fig. 23, p. 118) it slides on the ground ; the horse being so attached that whilst drawing from the side it does not cause undue side-draught. The great im- 118 - Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders Fig. 23.—Elevation of T. Hunter’s Turnip Topping and Tailing — Machine. provement consists in the form and action of the serrated blades by which the leaves are removed. Formerly, each cutter con- sisted of one blade placed somewhat diagonally to the line of draught. Now, the cutter comprises two blades placed in a strong spring frame, the open end being towards the crop; as the bulb approaches the closed end, the jaws are partially opened, Fig. 24,—Plan of Hunter’s Topping and Tailing Machine. 12 e / 2 3 Po TE ST | } p thy beer el AT and the action of the spring, forcing them back, assists in the cutting of the leaves. The saw frames are jointed to the main frame in such a way that they rise and fall according to the size of the roots, and the blades being fastened to the upper face of half-inch guards, the latter ride upon the shoulder of the root, and so prevent the saw cutting too low. It is said that a and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 119 single-row machine, with an active horse, will top and tail from 3 to 4 acres a day, effecting a saving in expense of 5s. to 6s. an acre at least. This, if it works well, is a most practi- cal and important improvement, making the machine almost self-acting. Fig. 24, a plan of the saw frame, and Fig. 25, showing elevation of the slotted standard, through which the saw frames rise and fall, will illustrate the chief features of this improvement. Traction Engines.—Considerable im- provements have been recently made in Traction Engines, which tend to increase their practical utility, by stronger con- struction and increased duty, especially by the use of driving wheels of larger dia- meter. Both Messrs. Aveling and Porter and Messrs. Fowler and Co. exhibited engines with 7 feet wheels. A short description of the special features in each case will be read with interest. Messrs. Aveling and Porter’s Engine, No. 72 in Catalogue, is described as an 8-horse power, road-locomotive, with Aveling’s patent wrought-iron side-plate brackets. The peculiar and novel arrangement of gearing, which has been patented, will be best un- derstood by reference to the plan (Fig. 26, p. 120). From this it will be seen that all the gearing upon the crank-shaft and counter- shaft is contained within the side-plate brackets, by which the width of the engine is lessened by a foot, overhung gear dispensed with, and the fly-wheel brought close to the crank-shaft bearing. The chief object of this invention is to enable road-locomotives, of say 6-horse power and upwards, to be used on railways, the usual gauge of which is less than the gauge required for the road- wheels of engines of such capacity. The two pinions of equal size, marked a, are cast together and keyed fast to the crank- shaft, instead of sliding on feathers as formerly. The intermediate shaft, shown on the plan, is fixed, but carries a revolving sleeve, on which are keyed the wheels which transmit the motion to the wheels on the counter-shaft. On the left-hand end are two wheels of different sizes, to give fast or slow motion; on the opposite end is the driving pinion, which is cast on the sleeve. The sleeve can be moved into three positions by a hand lever, and retained in each securely by a strong pin; in this way the driving gear can be made slow or fast, or disconnected altogether. In the illustration, the gearing is shown in its fast speed posi- ‘tion; but if the sleeve is shifted to the right, the second pinion Fig. 25.—Elevation on 120. Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders Fig. 26.—Plan of Messrs. Aveling’s Engine. Vee YYZ 7 3 Ly y — ner a 7 3 : —— 4 a : on the crank-shaft engages with the pinion on the sleeve, and the other pinion on the right-hand side engages the right-hand pinion on the counter-shaft. The counter-shaft carries a pinion on its right-hand side, and outside the frame, which gears into the open wheel on the main axle of the road-wheels, which also carries the differential gear. On the main axle on the left-hand side, and inside the driving-wheel, is a drum with 100 yards of wire rope coiled in it, which can be used for hauling purposes in case the engine gets into difficulties. When the lever handle is placed in the middle position all the wheels are disengaged. This is a simple and excellent arrangement and a decided im- provement. The pinions a, a, c, and d, are shrouded, which greatly increases their strength. It should also be noticed that the intermediate shaft, being stationary, acts as a brace to the brackets. The price of the engine is 5101. “ Messrs. John Fowler and Co., not to be behind their enter- prising competitors, exhibited two Traction Engines with com- mendable improvements. The first of these to be noticed is No. 85 in the Catalogue, which was not very accurately described as a 6-horse power large wheeled traction engine, adapted only for traction purposes, having no fly-wheel, inasmuch as the engine which the Judges examined had a fly-wheel. Mr. Anderson has furnished me with the following description, which, with the assistance of the illustration, will, | hope, be understood. and Miscelianeous Implements at Bristol. 121 Fig. 27.—Plan of Messrs. Fowler’s Traction Engine. ———S = The driving-gear of this engine is also inclosed between the frames. On the left-hand side of the crank-shaft are keyed a pair of pinions, which engage with spur-wheels on a second motion- shaft, on which they slide together on a pair of feathers, and can be moved into three positions by a lever, under the driver's control, so as to be in fast or slow speed, or out of gear altogether. The second motion, on its right-hand end and within the frames, carries a pinion which gears into the spur-wheel of the differential gear on a third motion-shaft. The right-hand bevel-wheel of the differential gear has a pinion which is cast solid with it, and which gears overhung into the right-hand driving wheel, while the third motion-shaft on its left-hand end carries the pinion actuating the left-hand driving-wheel. Both driving-wheels have internal annular wheels, about 18 inches less diameter than themselves, and bolted to their peripheries. By this arrangement, which is novel as regards traction engines, the power is trans- mitted direct to the rim of the road-wheels, instead of passing in the ordinary manner through the spokes. Care is taken, by a deep upper flange on the outside of the wheel as well as by a shield, to keep dirt out of the teeth of the annular wheels. In other respects the engine is of the ordinary type, with the strength and finish for which this firm is justly celebrated. Another engine of Messrs. Fowler and Co., No. 80 in the Cata- logue, is an 8-horse Traction Engine, fitted with a spring between the main driving-wheels, and is thus described by Mr. Anderson. The main axle is square where it passes between the frames through apertures considerably deeper than itself, and in which it is guided laterally, but is free to rise and fall. To the central portions of the axle are riveted a pair of plates, which descend vertically to within a foot of the ground, and carry the centre of a powerful transverse spring, the outer ends of which support the engine on pairs of adjustable swinging links. Round the 122 . Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders fixed brackets, in which the main axle is guided, revolve two drums, one of which serves as a winding drum and the other as a brake ; to these are secured the spur-wheels with which the driving-pinions gear the shaft which carries them, having also the differential machinery on it. The connection between the driving-drum, which also forms the brake, and the road-wheels is as follows :—A loose ring is carried on the inside of each road-wheel by two driving-lugs cast on to it, and held in recesses in the driving-drum in such manner that it is free to move radially in the line of the lugs, as far as the play of the spring requires. By this arrangement the vertical motion of the axle caused by the play of the springs does not in any way interfere with the gearing. Many attempts have been made to place a traction engine on springs; hitherto interference more or less with the gearing has proved the difficulty which Messrs. Fowler and Co. have apparently over- come by this ingenious mechanism. How long the parts sub- ject to friction will last is a question for practical experience. The engine was sent out for trial, made to run over a number of deals, which showed very plainly the action of the springs, and the consequent saving of wear and tear to the engine; next over big stones, and then across the downs over rough land. The steadiness of the body and the compression of the springs were points that could not be gainsaid. According to Mr. Greg’s statement, the additional cost of the springs would be about 60/., but no extra price is put upon the erigine, which stands as before at 5101. The Savile Street Foundry and Engineering Company, Sheffield, exhibited Hall’s improved Bone Mill, No. 5600. The ingenious arrangement for reducing the speed of the rollers by differential gear, combined with an improved friction-break, deserves a short notice. The belt-speed, which is rather high, is thus reduced 20 to 1. Ina strong iron frame is mounted a pair of toothed rollers (having separate rings of teeth of wrought iron, machine cut, and case-hardened), geared together by expanding- gear. One roll, by a screw arrangement, is movable, so as to be set closer or wider, according to the materials to be crushed or the results desired. These rollers revolve in bearings, the spindles being hollow. Through one of these spindles, a high- speed shaft with a 4-feet fly-wheel thereon, driven by friction through a break-strap, rotates, having forged or keyed thereon an eccentric, upon which is mounted loosely an external toothed- wheel with 19 teeth, a wrought-iron tail-lever preventing this wheel from turning round. On the spindle of the roller is keyed an internal toothed wheel, having 20 teeth, into which. the aforesaid external toothed-wheel gears. The amount of and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 123 throw given to the eccentric on the high-speed shaft is such as to cause the pitch lines of the two wheels to coincide at every part of their revolution, and the outer wheel or roller is consequently advanced exactly in proportion to the difference in the number of teeth per revolution, and in the same direction. The great merit of this invention is the reduction of gearing, and conse- quently of expense and friction. A bracket containing adjust- able scrapers is secured against each roller, and a rotatory screening apparatus is attached when required. As a means of further increasing the utility of these mills, chilled rolls can be sub- stituted for the serrated teeth; this is important for grinding coprolites. A small farmer’s mill costs 45/. Thomas C. Fawcett, of Burmantoft Foundry, Leeds, exhibited a Plastic brickmaking machine, No. 5648, which deserves notice on account of a very ingenious mechanism for causing an intermittent action to the pug mill. The machine comprises a pug-mill and a cylindrical mould. When the latter has been filled with clay, and its revolution prevents more clay entering, pressure of the clay against the revolving cylinder would be a waste of power, in other words, a loss of force. The object of the peculiar mechanism which the drawings illustrate is to make the action of the pug-mill so intermittent that it only comes into force when the mould or die has done revolving, and presents itself at the mouth of the pug-mill to be filled with clay. This is effected by a friction clutch on the pug-mill shaft. Fig. 28 (p. 124) shows a cross-section of the driver-wheel in the pug-mill shaft, with the clutch which connects it with the shaft, by the action of the setting-out wedge. Fig. 29 shows a front section at a b, and Fig. 80 the setting-out wedge. The steel wedge or pin is drawn in and out by means of a cam on the wheel of the crank shaft, in front of the machine, that presses the brick. This cam, through the agency of a connecting-rod, throws the pin in, opening the expansion-levers, and thus starting the pug-shaft, as soon as the mould or die has done revolving, and presents itself to the mouth of the pug-mill to be re- filled with clay ; then, just as the mould is filled and about to revolve, the cam draws out the wedge and stops the pug mill till the mould has revolved to another opening, and so repeats the operation. The cylindrical mould is pulled round by a small crank and connecting-rod, and a four-toothed ratchet-wheel on the shaft of the mould; this crank being keyed on the top crank-shaft that presses the brick, each time it revolves and presses a brick the mould is pulled round one-fourth or one mould, the cylinder having four moulds. The pulley, or sheave, on the clutch, shown in the drawings, is continually running, being driven by a belt from the first driving-shaft. The clutch is keyed to the pug- mill pinion shaft, so that when the expansion wedge pushes in, the clutch and pulley become, as it were, one solid piece, until the cam on the top shaft draws out the wedge, then the pulley runs loose on the clutch. There is great simplicity and ingenuity in this arrangement, which effects a consider- able economy of power. This machine, catalogued at 175/., will probably press and make 8000 bricks a day. Fig. 28.—Oross-Section of the Driving-wheel of Fawcett’s Brick Mill, — No. 5648 B; Wane Fig. 30.—Setting-out Y Wedge. 7 7 SANS | WE A and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 125 James Smyth and Sons, Peasenhall, Essex, have made im- portant improvements in their Corn Drill, which may be shortly described. The object in view has been (1) to obviate the necessity of removing the seed-cups or hoppers in the seed-box, and thus to facilitate the removal of the spindle, as well as avoid the breakages which sometimes occur in consequence of the im- perfect refixing of the hoppers ; (2) to provide such a change of gear, without alteration of wheels, as will compensate for dif- ference of pace caused by travelling up instead of down hill, or the reverse. Fig. 31.—Elevation of Seed-box of Smyth's Drill. lc lz ~~ _____ yee ens ANA SUA Fig. 31 is an elevation of the seed-box, with its cup-barrel and wooden hoppers. a is the upper chamber of the seed-box. dd, the discs which carry the cups ee. Ff, the cup-wheel spindle. 99, the receiving hoppers through which the seed passes to the conductor, h, attached to the underside of the seed-box. The forward part of the hopper extends upwards to the level of the top of the cup-wheel spindle, and the rear part up to the level of the under side of the said spindle. kl are two plates attached to the rear of the hopper by the joints m m. The plate % inclines towards the cup-wheel d d, so that the seeds fall upon it and descend to the hopper g. 126 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders m is a link which couples the plate & to the plate 7, and retains & at its proper inclination, the plate, 7, resting at its lower extremity against the side of the hopper. The side of the hopper next to the cup-wheel carries a plate, 0, which turns on a pivot, p; this plate serves the purpose of covering the space between the top of the hopper (in rear of spindle /) and the lower edge of the late k. “ When taking out the cup-barrel with its spindle, or when it is desired to shut off the seed for reaching any of the conductors, the plate 7 is brought into a horizontal position and this pulls the plate 4 away from the cup-wheel, causing it effectually to close the top of the hopper m, and allows free exit to the cup-wheel and spindle. Fig. 32.— Mechanism of Smyth’s Drill for regulating Hill-side Delivery. The following particulars explain the Figs. 32 and 33, and illustrate the mechanism for regulating hill-side delivery :— a, cog-wheel on nave of carriage-wheel (22 cogs). “ a, ditto ditto (24 cogs). b, cog-wheel on end of counter-shaft ¢ (16 cogs). d, Hollow spindle into which c slides end ways. e, cog-wheel (14 cogs) secured on end of hollow spindle d. J, intermediate cog-wheel, which communicates motion from e to g. g, cog-wheel attached on end of cup-wheel spindle. 2, radius plate to which the radius arm h is secured and adjusted, so as to bring the intermediate wheel f correctly into gear with the various sized change wheels which are applied to the cup-wheel spindle s. k, ‘bolt by which radiating-arm is secured to radius-plate (this bolt fitting into the grooves m and n. p> catch for retaining support-plate in position. and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 127 q, support-plate, which carries the brass bearings in which the cup-wheel spindle revolves. . ba This support-plate turns on a fixed pin, w, and, by raising the catch p, the plate and bearings fall away from the cup-wheel spindle, leaving the spindle free to come out of the seed-box u; 7, stud fixed in counter-shaft c, to drive the hollow spindle d. Fig. 833.—Smyth’s Drill. s, cup-wheel spindle, supported at each end of the box in bearings affixed to the plate g. t, iron side-plates which carry the seed-box (c, Fig. 31) ; the point of support is shown cut away, in order to show the gearing arrangements. u, seed-box. v, recess in shaft c, to receive a forked lever for sliding the shaft endways, in order to bring the cog-wheel 6 into gear with the nave-wheels a ora’, as may be required. A larger cog-wheel can be placed on the hollow spindle d, in place of e ; but when this is attached, the bolt & is moved into the groove n, in order that the intermediate wheel / may gear properly in e. The above explanations of Figs. 32 and 33 will enable the reader to understand the very simple mechanism by which an alteration of speed is provided for the cup-spindle, according as the drill is travelling up or down hill. For want of this arrange- ment we frequently find great irregularity of seeding,-and a reference to the Report of the Drill-trials at the Centennial Ex- hibition will show that, even in the best force-feed drills, when on the hill-side and level, the regularity was almost perfect ; serious differences of discharge were noticeable up and down hill. At the Paris Exhibition, trials of drills were carried out at 128 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders Petit Bourg on July 29th. The drill which I have endeavoured to describe gave the following results :-— The produce of the two outside rows (Nos. 1 and 10) weighed 2584 grammes. The produce of the two middle rows (Nos. 5 and 6) weighed 264 grammes. Total of ten rows, 2565 grammes. Average per row, 256 grammes. In last year’s Report, Otto’s Gas Engine was described at some length. For some reason—probably as not being strictly an agricultural implement—no medal was awarded, although the invention was deservedly eulogised as a great advance upon previous attempts in this direction. At Bristol, Crossley Brothers, who manufacture these engines, exhibited a machine with 14-1 indicated horse power. This is another advance. Hitherto gas has been considered suitable only for small powers. Mr. Anderson has furnished me with the following report upon the three gas engines exhibited at Bristol :— Crossley Brothers (5549 to 5552) showed the “ Otto Silent Gas Engine,” in which a mixture of gas and air is exploded at one end of an ordinary steam- engine cylinder, at every alternate revolution. The explosive mixture is fired by means of a small permanent gas jet. The gas is admitted by a slide- valve working across the rear-end of the cylinder: the exhaustis actuated by a cam motion, and the governor regulates the admission of gas. A large number of these engines are now in successful operation, and they have attained toa considerable size. No. 5552, rated as 8-horse power, has a 9-inch cylinder and a 16-inch stroke, running at 160 revolutions per minute. The indicator-diagram, taken in the yard, gave a maximum pressure at the moment of explosion of 162 lbs. per square inch, a mean pressure of 693 lbs., and consequently 14°1 indicated horse power. Messrs. Thompson, Sterne and Co., of the Crown Works, Glasgow, exhibited No. 5858, a hydrocarbon engine, which depends for its action on the expan- sion produced in compressed air by the combustion of petroleum. It consists of an air-pump, an oil-pump, and a working cylinder. The air-pump com- presses air into a receiver, whence it is admitted into one end of the cylinder at the same time that the oil-pump injects a sufficiency of oil to develop the greatest pressure without causing the smoke due to imperfect combustion. The distribution of the oil and air is managed by tappet valves, and ignition is effected by a permanent flame in the inlet orifice. The whole apparatus, though at first sight complicated, is not really so, and is arranged in a very compact and accessible form. The advantage of using oil instead of gas is very considerable, as it enables the engine to be used when gas cannot be obtained, and in this respect commends itself as a useful source of power for the farm and dairy. It works under 80 lbs. pressure, and is said to con- sume a little less than + of a gallon of oil per horse-power per hour. The engine shown at Bristol was of 5-horse power, measured on the break. Its price was 100/. at Glasgow. The greatest novelty in this direction was shown by Messrs, Louis Simon, and Son, of Nottingham, in Article 5919, the “ Patent Eclipse Gas Engine,” which has some features in common with the hydrocarbon engine. Com- and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 129 pressed air, heated by combustion, is here also the source of power ; but instead of petroleum, gas isused. The gas is drawn into the air-pump with the air, and the mixture is compressed together, and in this state admitted into the working cylinder, where it is fired by a permanent flame, burning in the inlet orifice. In this engine the heat of combustion is not wasted, but serves in the first instance to heat a water-jacket round the cylinder, through which the water is pumped into asmall field tubular-boiler, where it is converted into steam by the heat of the exhausted gases, and the steam so generated is ad- mitted into the working cylinder, and mixes then with the gas. This admix- ture of steam, besides conducing very materially to economy of working, is said to increase the durability of the working parts, and render very little _ lubrication necessary. The various valves are actuated by cam motions, and, like the hydrocarbon engine, the mechanism appears complicated, though it really is not so. Amongst the novelties of the Bristol Meeting was a tipping waggon, shown by Frank P. Milford, of Kenn, Exeter, con- structed to carry 6 tons. The material and workmanship are highly creditable. The bed-framing of the body and also the bottom-boards are of oak, the sides and shelvings (the latter over the wheels) consist of 14-inch elm planks, well stayed with iron, and firmly bolted together. Capacity, 11 ft. 6 in by 4 ft. 4 in. by 1 ft. 5 in. clear of the body ; shelvings, 11 in. wide each side ; area of curved ladders 18 ft. 6 in. wide, by 3 ft. deep. The object of this construction is to enable the waggon to carry a large quantity of corn, hay, or straw, without the necessity for ropes, as the farther the load is carried the tighterit gets. The tipping apparatus consists of an oak framing, fitted between the framing of the bed; consequently, no additional height of body is re- quired. The front and back body pillars are bolted and fitted to the tip-frame, the front pillars taking the front carriage at the main pin (the pin from which the carriage locks under) and the hind pillar taking the hind axle and case. The framing is so oes made that it is impossible for it to shift or get out of place. In the front part of the bottom of the waggon, and directly behind the front carriage, is a hole 12 in. by 24 in., through which the front part of the load empties itself. This hole is covered by a hinged door, which is held up by a pin; when this is knocked away, it follows that the fore part of the load is dis- charged, and the weight of the tail causes the waggon to tip and discharge the rest of the load. The horses are moved on, and the body gradually resumes its proper place. This is a clever arrangement, very suitable for the discharge of coals, lime, stone, oreven roots. The tailboard is hinged, and when thrown back is held up by a spring so as to be out of the way. The hind- wheels are placed well forward, which materially aids the tipping. A trial was made with a load of coals, which were discharged in a few minutes—certainly in much less time than if they had VOL. XV.—s. s. x 130 Report on the Trials of Sheaf-Binders been shovelled out. The Judges were much pleased with this invention. Mr. J. H. Knight’s Patent Digging Machine by steam-power for Hop-grounds, exhibited, I believe, for the first time, excited considerable attention: driven by an 8-horse power engine, it was stated by the inventor that this machine will dig from 3 to 5 acres a day, at a depth of from 8 to 12 inches, and I hear from hop-growers that it has done very good work. The machine comprises a frame or carriage on four wheels. The front-wheels, which are comparatively small and close together, are for steering. The hind-wheels, which carry the greater part of the weight, are used for propelling. On the upper part of the frame and a little behind the driving-wheels, a crank-shaft of three throws is fitted, which works three vertical connecting-rods, into the lower end of which, guided by radius-rods or guides, are fitted the tines which penetrate the earth, turning it up and over. One end of the crank-shaft carries a bevel wheel which gears into a pinion on the driving shaft; on the other end of the shaft is a grooved pulley, driven by a high-speed hemp rope, which communicates motion from the engine to the machine. A train of wheels commu- nicates motion from the crank-shaft to the driving-wheels. The engine may be placed in any corner of the field, pulleys attached to ordinary farm waggons being used as movable anchors on each headland. The cost of the machine, including two sets of tines, rope, 3 corner porters, 4 working rope-porters, 14 post-porters, tension carriage, pulleys to attach to waggons, pulley blocks, anchor- bars, tools, &c., is 2302. Mr. Knight calculates the daily cost of working, including allowance for interest and wear and tear, at 21. 12s., for which four acres can be dug, thus giving a total cost of 13s. an acre, against an average of 25s. for hand labour. The work has been very favourably reported upon in some of the leading agricultural papers. The ‘Agricultural Gazette’ of Noy. 6th, 1876, thus describes actual work, which unfortunately the Judges had not the opportunity of seeing: ‘When the machine is in motion, these forks or spuds are forced into the soil evenly and regularly, being guided uniformly by the gaide- rods, taking spits or furrows of about 5 inches wide, lifting the earth, and throwing it not exactly over perhaps with perfect accuracy, but moving it, disintegrating it far more than hand- digging could, and fairly burying the weeds and manure.” As it is in contemplation to offer prizes for steam-cultivating ma- chinery in 1880, it is probable that this machine will receive a thorough trial. In setting the apparatus to work the hemp rope is led round the field from the engine on pulleys and porters, taking a turn round the driving pulley on the machine ; and Miscellaneous Implements at Bristol. 131 when the digger has made a journey up the field and arrives at the headland, the tines are lifted out of the ground by the hand- wheel and screw, which forces backward the lever, on which the forward ends of the radius rods are hung. As it is forced back, the tines are raised out of the ground ; the land-side wheel is then released from its axle by the clutch, and remains stationary, while the machine is turned round by the other wheel. The machine is worked by three men and a boy. It is made by Messrs. J. and F. Howard of Bedford. In connection with steam-cultivating machinery may be noticed an improved Cultivator, shown by Messrs. Barford and Perkins of Peterborough, which has been still further simplified since the Meeting. The novelty consists in an arrangement by which the tines of the cultivator can be lifted out of the ground, or set shallower or deeper at any point of traverse, as well as at the land’s end, by the action of the steersman; the travelling- wheels are attached to a crank-axle in the ordinary way. The lifting power is attained by two scoop-shaped double-ended awls on a crossbar on the top of the frame, and two notched wheels bolted to the bosses of the travelling-wheels. When these pawls are depressed, which is easily done by foot-leverage, the notches and pawls are brought together, when they lift the frame and tines clear of the ground. A pawl dropping in a catch holds them in position. When it is required to put the cultivator into work, the pawl is pulled out of the top catch, and dropped into some of the other catches on the quadrant, according to the depth required. This is a simple and efficient arrangement. (ood steering power is secured by having a sliding draw-bar, looped on a crossbar, thus the draw-bar can adjust itself to the line of draught. Side thrust is thus removed, and the implement can be steered out of the line of the pulling rope. Two sizes were shown—a 7-tined costing 50/., and a 5- tined, price 35/. I cannot conclude this Report without expressing my acknow- ledgments to the Society’s engineer, Mr. Anderson, for the great assistance rendered me by his examinations and reports on several of the machines which are therein described. ( 132 ) VII.—Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements and Machinery at Bristol. By GinBert Murray, of Elvaston, Derby. INTRODUCTION. THE growing importance of the dairy interest of these islands is inducing a great desire for information likely to elucidate any of the various processes in the manufacture of butter and cheese, and to guide to new and improved practices. Since the intro- duction of the factory system of cheesemaking into England in 1869, the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society have, at considerable cost, obtained and published a large amount of information descriptive of the different systems which exist in Great Britain, as well as in other countries. Before entering into a detailed account of the trials of the dairy utensils exhi- bited at Bristol, I must briefly sketch the growing importance of the dairy interest. Within the last twenty years vast improvements have taken place in dairy management; the introduction of the Cheddar system of cheesemaking into the great dairy counties of the south-west of Scotland produced a revolution in that district. The new system, where intelligently carried out, enhanced the prices obtained by cheesemakers from 25 to 30 per cent., and, in the case of first-rate makers,even more. But, like every innova- tion on established customs, the new system met with considerable opposition, and its principle was warmly discussed; a spirit of rivalry sprang up, and was fanned through the publicity of the press, hence the rapid development and perfecting of the system, which has long since surpassed the old Dunlop method. The introduction of the factory system of cheesemaking from America nine years ago, the passing of the Adulteration of Foods Act, and the fatality of the contagious diseases with which the urban cowsheds have recently been infested, have each contributed in no small degree to the extension of dairy farming in the rural districts. The promoters of the factory system, in dealing with the raw material on a large scale, elicited and conveyed to the public a large amount of practical information, hitherto unatfain- able in this country. Previously, many who had been engaged in cheesemaking from childhood had hazy ideas as to the quantity of milk requisite to produce a pound of dry curd, or of the percentage of shrinkage entailed in curing the cheese. The protection afforded to the consumer by the provisions of the Adulteration of Foods Act has immensely increased the con- sumption of milk in its natural unprepared state. So recently as ten years ago, except in the case of a few small farmers located round the suburbs of the large towns, there was no established Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements, §c., at Bristol. 133 new-milk trade from the country to the towns; although in the large manufacturing centres of the northern counties, where a considerable percentage of the working classes are of Celtic origin, buttermilk had long been in demand, and until a short time ago was the only milk sent by rail. Ten years ago the Midland Railway had no milk traffic; now special milk-vans are attached to the morning and evening trains running from Derby to St. Pancras. Between 7 and 8 o'clock in the morning fifty milk-carts may be seen at Derby Station; only a few days ago I counted 200 milk-cans on the platform, whilst intermediate stations, between Derby and Leicester, contribute their quota to swell the aggregate. Not only to London, but also to Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Nottingham, and even to Middlesborough-on-Tees, does Derby- shire furnish supplies. Manchester also draws large quantities of milk from Cheshire and Lancashire; and many of the Manchester innkeepers are now first-rate customers. Milk at the present time forms no inconsiderable addition to the traffic on every line of railway having a terminus in the metropolis. It is estimated that from 100,000 to 120,000 gallons of milk is daily consumed in the metropolis; taking the larger quantity, this gives a fraction over a quarter of a pint per diem for each of the four millions of human beings living in London and its suburbs. This being so, the question naturally arises, Does the trade admit of greater expansion? Those best qualified to form correct opinions on the subject maintain that, at least for the present, consumption has nearly reached its limits. Yet the public require, so to speak, a sort of probationary education in order to dispel popular prejudice, and it is only by slow degrees that the current of established habits can be diverted into a new course. Milk is the only true natural food we possess; it con- tains all the elements of nutrition in an easily assimilative form. Considered from an economical point of view, milk is relatively as cheap an article of food at 5d. per imperial quart, as beef at 8d. per lb., with the further advantage that the former will sustain life for a lengthened period, whilst the latter is inca- pable of doing so for any considerable time. Professor Johnstone had clear ideas as to the comparative value of milk when he published his ‘ Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology,’ more than half a century ago. He re- marked, “if a vigorous economy of food ever becomes a national question, a milk diet will then become the daily subsistence of all classes.” Although the literal: fulfilment of the Professor’s prophecy is still distant, milk, either in a raw or manufactured state, has now become a necessary adjunct to the bill of fare of every household, where, a few years ago, it was only introduced 134 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements as an expensive luxury. Various methods are now adopted for preserving milk. In a condensed form it retains all its original properties unimpaired for a long period, and is said to be capable of withstanding every vicissitude of climate. When condensed, it is stored in hermetically sealed tins, and by adding about four times its bulk of water, it forms a good substitute for new milk when that is not procurable. So far I have looked at the subject entirely from a consumer’s point of view ; now I turn to the interests of the producer. It is generally admitted that more progress has been made during the last ten years than during the previous three-quarters of a century. Virtually the same systems of treating dairy- cattle had been in operation for ages, and had been handed dewn from sire to son, and mother to daughter, unimpaired and unimproved, ‘The cows were turned out into the pasture-fields, during the daytime, even in the severest weather, to crouch and shiver under the temporary shelter of some hedge or tree ; whilst in the sheds their chief food throughout the long and dreary months of winter was hay, frequently of poor quality, and invariably in an unprepared state, with the exception of an occasional load of brewers’ grains. No artificial food of any kind was ever used; the young stock were confined to the same meagre fare, hence they were stunted in their growth, and late in arriving at maturity, the heifers never coming to the pail until three years old and upwards. Very little attention was bestowed on the selection of bulls of a superior type or quality, their chief merit was the capability of reproduction. Happily those ancient notions have been dispelled, and the dairy farmer has now become fully alive to his own interests. There are few farmers who milk 20 cows and upwards who do not use a bull with two or three pure crosses of blood ; the young stock are better reared and better kept, and bring their first calf at twenty-four to twenty-eight months old. This not only saves eight months’ or a year’s keep, but it is generally admitted that two-year-olds milk better than three-year-old heifers, if they are well kept. The factory system and the milk trade have taught the dairy farmer a valuable lesson, by bringing more forcibly under his notice the exact yield of milk which his cows daily produce; hence the utility of selection is forced upon the farmers, and all inferior milkers are drafted out. Some persons, with only a superficial knowledge of the subject, raise an objection to milk- selling, on the ground that it injuriously affects the interests of the landlords by exhausting the manurial condition of the land. On the contrary, my experience of milk-selling for the last five years on large estates, both in Derbyshire and in” Cheshire, has fully convinced me of the beneficial results which and Machinery at Bristol. 135 the system has already produced on the manurial condition of the land, I can point to numerous cases where the sum expended yearly on purchased food has recently been equal to, and has sometimes exceeded, the rent of the land, and this on farms where, previous to the sale of milk, no artificial food was ever purchased. As an illustration, I may mention, amongst others, the case of a farm of 132 imperial acres in East Cheshire, of which 35 acres are tillage and 97 acres are old pasture; about one sheep to 2 acres has always been wintered on the grass-land ; six or eight cow-calves were reared each year to keep up the stock. Ten years ago, 21 cows were considered a full stock, for the last two years 40 cows have been kept, exactly the same acre- age being under tillage. The number of calves reared yearly is now 12. The farm is within two miles of a railway station, and within twenty miles of Manchester, where the milk is sent ; nearly the same quantity of milk is produced in the winter as in the summer months. To keep up this supply the cows must calve at different periods throughout the year: they are highly fed ; during the winter large quantities of Indian meal and grains are used.* Some of the older cows and the light milkers are drafted out to the butcher before they are quite dry, and replaced by others, either recently calved or at the point of calving. The tenant has erected a fixed steam-engine which drives a grinding- mill, chaff-cutter, root-pulper, and other machinery. Nearly all the farm has been boned ; independently of this, there can be no question as to the benefit the land is deriving from such a system of management. Had there been no other method of disposing of the milk except by converting it into cheese, it is highly probable that the farmer would have had little money to spend on the purchase of artificial food for his stock. In point of pro- gressive improvement, dairy farms contrast favourably with those principally under tillage, where the results of a cycle of unfavour- able seasons, occurring at a time when the farmer has been beset by the difficulties of the labour question, has resulted in leaving the generality of tillage farms both in a lower manurial condi- tion and in a worse state of cultivation than previously, and the tenant a poorer man also. On the stronger description of un- drained tillage lands, landlords have had considerable difficulty * Indian meal and grains do not make the best food for milk-cows. The addi- tion of decorticated cotton-cake to Indian meal has proved in practice very useful as a food for milking-cows; which is intelligible enough, if it be borne in mind that Indian meal is comparatively poor in nitrogenous constituents, in which decorticated cotton-cake abounds,and that for the production of the easeine or curd in milk, food is used which, like decorticated cotton-cake, contains nitrogenous compounds analogous to caseine in considerable proportions. The supply of decorti- cated cotton-cake to milk-cows at the same time materially increases the value of the dung of cows fed upon this description of food.—-A. V. 136 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements 2 in letting arable farms, whilst they have experienced no diffi- culty in letting dairy farms, particularly when situated near a railway. The principal obstacle which at present impedes the progress of improved dairy husbandry is the want of adequate buildings. Throughout the whole of the dairy districts good buildings are the exception: evidently, as a rule, but little thought has been bestowed, either to secure the health and comfort of the animals Heoniddlerest the economy of labour, or the general convenience of the farmer. The entire system has so rapidly and completely changed that on most farms, even where the buildings are substantial, they require an entire re- arrangement, and additional buildings are necessary for the preparation and the mixing of food. There are already indications of the soiling system being adopted by dairy farmers, provided covered yards could be obtained. Wood and iron might be more generally and econo- mically employed in the erection of farm buildings, particularly covered yards; by this means more extended accommodation could be furnished at considerably less cost than heretofore. The universal importance of the subject at the present moment must be my apology for having so far digressed from the subject of this Report. Tue TRIALS. The Judges entered on their duties on Monday, the 8th of July, and spent the greater part of the day in inspecting the stands of the numerous exhibitors and selecting the various im- plements for trial. 1200 gallons of milk and 200 gallons of cream were used in the trials. I shall now in this description follow the printed instructions to the Judges. Crass I.—MILK-CANS SUITABLE FOR CONVEYING MILK LONG DISTANCES. Of the leading points of a good milk-can, the first is facility of cleaning. This is of the utmost importance, particularly to the farmer who has to depend entirely on hand labour. In“large establishments, where steam can be used, the work of cleansing can be more easily and effectually accomplished. In no case should there be any projections or angular depressions inside ; imperfect cleansing is the greatest source of loss and annoyance, both to seller and purchaser ; facility of filling, freedom from spilling, means of preventing motion whilst in transit, are all points of minor importance. There were 15 cans shown by 8 different exhibitors; these varied in capacity from 9 to 40 imperial gallons, and in price from 1/, 10s. to 4d. 15s. and Machinery at Bristol. 137 The most practicable and easily handled size is that in general use in the London trade. These are all of uniform capacity, and hold 8 barn or 17 imperial gallons, and weigh, when full, 13 ewt. That shown by Mr. Campion was mounted on wheels, and therefore unsuited to railway transit. Mr, Cluett’s was made of a uniform width throughout ; the lid fitting inside and float- ing on the surface of the milk—beautiful in theory, but unsound in practice—a little rough usage would prevent the lid from working. Vipan and Headly showed several substantial cans. They were constructed of strong tinned charcoal-iron ; the largest was divided into two compartments, mounted on wheels, and fitted with locking cover and ventilating pipe, and taps for drawing off the milk. A smaller can by the same makers was also mounted on low wheels, with the object of facilitating its movement when full. No. 1918, exhibited by Messrs. Alway and Sons, was considered the best adapted for railway transit ; it is tapering from the bottom upwards. The material of which it is constructed is of itself sufficiently strong to enable the use of hoops or outside casing to be dispensed with; and the can is free from inside angles and projections, is fitted up with malleable cast-iron top, and also with an inner and outer lid. A practical fault would be met by constructing both in one, in the form of an ordinary bottle-stopper: when separate, the inner lid is liable to get lost. The cans were all subjected to a severe practical test; they were filled with milk and placed side by side on a truck, and drawn by a traction engine at a high speed over very rough ground for a considerable distance round the Showyard, the Judges and others riding on the truck. Al! the lids of the cans were removed in order to observe the action of the milk inside the cans of different constructions. Having tested and thoroughly examined them in every possible way, we unani- mously agreed to award the prize of 10/. to No. 1918, Alway and Sons, as most nearly fulfilling all the practical requirements of the Society, highly commending Vipan and Headly for No. 1684. Crass Il.—CHURNS CAPABLE OF DEALING WITH A QUANTITY oF MILK SUFFICIENT TO PRODUCE NOT MORE THAN 20 LBS. OF BUTTER. There were 19 entries in this Class, contributed by 14 differ- ent exhibitors. The estimated capacity of the different churns varied from 7 to 70 gallons; the Society’s instructions were explicit, so that the latter were equally as eligible as the former. Of these 11 came up for trial. A line of shafting, driven by 138 — Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements a steam-engine, was fixed in the trial-shed for the purpose of supplying motive power. Several of the exhibitors had con- siderable difficulty in fixing their churns, so as not to cause the belts to slip. This entailed a loss of time. The shafting was driven at a speed of 81 revolutions per minute. Messrs. Follows and Bate’s churn, No. 4022, a small barrel-churn, was constructed of thin cedar, and can be easily cleaned. Those belonging to J. Brown, Llewellyn and Son, Robinson and Richardson, and W. Waide, were all on the ordinary barrel principle. R. Tinkler’s was a barrel-churn, with dia- gonal beaters and intermediate action. Mr. G. Hathaway’s was an improved barrel-churn, with a metallic mouthpiece, and the dash-boards of which were readily removed for facility of cleaning. Mr. Ahlborn’s differed materially from anything in use in this country, its outward appearance more nearly resembling the old Scotch plunge-churn of a bygone age ; it was a vertical Fig. 1.—WMr. Ahlborn’s Prize Holstein Churn (No. 2116), in Class IT. and Machinery at Bristol. 139 barrel, slightly conical in shape, hung from central pivots, so as to admit of being easily turned upside down, if required for emptying and cleaning, and was supported on a wood frame. A wood spindle, armed with two thin wings, or strips of wood, 3 inches wide, runs on a central boss in the middle of the churn ; power is communicated by bevel gear from a counter shaft, supported on the top of the frame, to which the upper end of the spindle is connected, Before distributing the milk to the various competitors on the morning of the 9th, the samples were taken by Dr. Voelcker, both from the surface and bottom of the vat.* We were thoroughly * The milk used in the experimental trials had a specific gravity of 1:031 at a temperature of 66° Fahr. On standing, it threw up 11 per cent. of cream by measure. The milk brought into the yard on the evening of the 8th of July was received intoa large yat. Before distributing the milk to the various competitors on the morning of the 9th, it was well stirred up, but in the short space of a quarter of an hour a partial separation of the cream took place, as will be seen by the fol- lowing trials. A sample of milk taken from the top of the vat, in the course of 12 hours threw up 15 per cent. of cream, by measure. Temperature of milk, 63° Fahr. Another sample taken from the bottom of the same vat, in the same period, and at the same temperature, produced only 4 per cent. of cream, by measure. It is of the highest importance to bear in mind in trials on the production of butter by different churns, that a partial separation of cream rapidly takes place in milk, and it is to be feared that the great differences in the quantities of butter produced in different churns in recorded trials from a given quantity of milk are mainly due to this source of error, which the Judges in the Bristol trials have overcome by not giving each competitor his full quantum at once, but by doling out the milk in two-gallon lots all round, continuing to well stir the milk in the large vat all the time. As soon as all the competitors had obtained their allowance, test samples were taken after a few turns of each churn, to secure a perfectly uniform condition of the milk, and these samples were set aside in separate cream- gauges, at 12.30 p.m. on the 9th; and at the same time the temperature of the milk in each churn was taken. At 9 o'clock on the morning of the 10th, the per- centage of cream was registered with the following results :— MILK UsED IN CRURNING ON THE 9TH OF JULY, 1878. Percentage of Temperature of Milk Churn. Cream on the 10th on the 9th, before July. Churning. Number, Per cent. ° 2116 7 62 2018 7 642 2022 7 64 1904 a. 643 2347 Z 62 1974 ves 643 1813 ib 65 1953 72 65 2088 7 64 6346 7 64 4023 zy 64 The result, it will be seen, was most satisfactory ; the greatest variation in the 140 | Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements aware of the difficulty of furnishing each competitor with a uniform quality of milk. As the practical value of the trials entirely depended on this, we exercised the utmost vigilance in its distribution, and, instead of giving each competitor his full quantum at once, we doled it out in two-gallon lots all round, continuing to well stir the milk in the vats all the time. As soon as all the competitors had obtained their allowance, test samples were taken in a separate cream-gauge from each churn, and the Catalogue number was attached to each gauge. These samples were set up at 12.30 P.M. on the 9th, remaining in the dairy, at a mean temperature of 56°, until 9 o’clock on the morning of the 10th, when the percentage of cream was registered. The result was most satisfactory, the uniformity of quality far exceeding our most sanguine expectations—they varied one-half per cent., and that in a single instance only. The quantity of butter obtained varied from 1:241 to 2-117 per cent. This was a meagre result, as the milk was above an average quality. This confirms our opinion that the churning of sweet milk is a wasteful system, as it is scarcely possible to extract more than half the butter from perfectly sweet milk ; where the practice obtains the milk is always soured, or, to use a provincialism, “ sappered,” before being churned, and, if so, quality is sacrificed at the expense of quantity: it is impossible to produce fine butter from either sour milk or sour cream. In a good dairy, having an equable temperature of 55°, the milk should stand 36 hours, and be skimmed thrice, or every 12 hours ; the cream should be churned regularly every day, and in this way not only the greatest quantity, but the best quality of butter can be obtained. Where the skim-milk and buttermilk can be utilised and a really fine quality of butter made, it is unquestion- ably the most profitable system of dairy management. In this department there is still a wide field open to the enterprising percentage of cream amounted only to 4 per cent., and that only in a single instance. When the milk was received in the temporary dairy, it threw up 11 per cent. of cream, but after the agitation to which it was submitted in distributing it amongst the different competitors, the percentage of cream that rose to the top amounted only to 7 per cent., clearly showing that the percentage of cream which milk throws up when it has undergone more or less violent agitation, cannot be taken as a sufficient test of the quality of such milk. The buttermilk produced in making butter on the 9th, was tested for cream in four instances. The buttermilk from— Temperature of Buttermilk. Churn No. 2088 threw up in 12 hours, 4 per cent of cream 67° Fahr. » 1904 a fp re is ae ” 2088 ” ” 4 ” ” 679 ” » 2116 ” » 6 ae a 1G75---. The rest of the buttermilks were not tested, the makers having used cold watér or lumps of ice in churning.—A. Y. 4 and Machinery at Bristol. “10; N JO odvyuod.10g T ap "8Z0 nnn oe &© &© @® I ‘Sq “TOS IOM “qn Ysnormyy oor) Suyssvd 1oyV JOWIN , Jo Ayyuvngy ¢ "820 no m6 © © O&© 0 mm § I “Bq “JOY IOM-1O} NGL 8 a10q ITV ysnoaqy Suyjssvd oouo Joye Aqyarne 28 fol 9 te mk lle L 9 tg «68 fe '§ sI § Le t tIL & B28 2 Oe “many mo Jong Jo Ayawnry aa 2 BOT *poodg ‘ony -viodurey, “AUN? cos Chee tees tOUTO Gs A | OL Le oe ee KowoqyerT 9 | 810% ts ae ee opr ta | BB0% i ‘OC: pus LOTYULT, “YW POGL ** **"0F) pus plgypuig “T, | LEZ TospreYOny pus uosurqoy | PLET uog puv uxTOMOT'T OSL00H | SIST sss OVuET pUB SMOTIO,T | SZOF ose te SOUT ee ED | . 9FS9 te ee ee MOTE SoTBe | SCbT “7 ** TOBTIM, pus copAug, | 880% ‘NOLIGINXG JO TY N “OQUINAT | ‘WHPL UIA “[T] SsVI Ul SNUONH jo SIVIUT, Jo suIAsHY—] Wavy, 142 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements manager. At least 80 per cent. of the butter made in England is still only of a second or third-rate quality. The manager of the Midland Hotel, Derby, tells me that, although living in the centre of one of the best dairy districts in England, he imports all his fresh butter from Normandy. His average con- sumption ranges about 200 lbs. per week, and if he could obtain an equal quality in the Derby market, he would greatly prefer to purchase there. As to the yield of butter, I have some reliable data which may be of interest to the reader. The accounts of a butter dairy have passed through my hands for some years. The cows are principally pure-bred Shorthorns with a few Ayrshires ; the quantity of butter varies from 30 lbs. to 80 lbs. per week ; throughout the year the milk is all mea- sured into the dairy, and an accurate account is kept of how it is disposed of, and monthly abstracts are made out. I need scarcely say that the cows are well kept, both during summer and winter. The quantity of butter is within a fraction of 4 per cent., or, in other words, 24 imperial gallons of milk produce 1 lb. of butter. Cuass II].—CuurNs FOR CHURNING A SUFFICIENT QUANTITY oF CREAM TO PRODUCE NOT MORE THAN 20 LBS. OF BUTTER. There were 39 entries in this class, 16 of which came up for trial; these were constructed on various principles. Messrs. Follows and Bate showed a barrel-churn with revolving beaters. A considerable number were revolving barrels with fixed beaters. Of this class Messrs. Tinkler and Co., W. Waide, Hathaway, Robinson and Richardson, and Llewellyn and Son exhibited well-known examples; these differ in the arrangement of the beaters, and the means of ventilation, which is accomplished by an air-valve, which, if desirable, can easily be made self-acting. Mr. Ahlborn’s vertical “ Holstein,” already described, Bradford and Co.’s “ Midfeather” and “ Declivity,” and Thomas and Tay- lor’s “* Self-acting Patent Eccentric ” did good work. The churns by these makers are somewhat similar in construction; an important point in their favour is the facility they afford for removing the butter. In this trial each competitor was allowed to wash and make up the butter in his own way, and as he con- sidered fit for market. That from the “ Holstein” churn was washed in the churn, and was never touched at all by the naked hand. In this trial the Judges inadvertently committed a prac- tical mistake, in meting out full quantities of cream to each churn at once. It ought to have been dealt out in two-gallon lots all round until each churn had its quantity, as was done a and Machinery at Bristol. 143 Fig. 2.—Messrs. Thomas and Taylor’s Prize Patent Self-acting Eccentric Churn (No. 2244), in Class IIT. with the milk ; but as it was, those filled first had much the richer cream. Asa practical test, this trial was therefore worthless, but the Judges think it worth recording here, if only as a beacon to warn future experimenters from committing the same error. The quantity varied from 26-06 to 41°87 per cent. This can, to some extent, be accounted for by the want of skill in manipula- tion, but is chiefly due to the cause just indicated. In some of the samples a much greater quantity of buttermilk and of water was left than in others; these impurities increased the weight, but depreciated the market-value. Although all made from precisely the same cream, we considered the butter to vary in value at least 6d. to 8d. per lb. From this trial we selected, as the best qualities of butter, Nos. 2244, 2021, and 2087. Being particularly desirous of thoroughly testing the merits of the different churns, and, if possible, of arriving as far as practicable at a sound decision, in order to satisfy our own minds, we found it necessary to give the churns another trial, and to supply each competitor with 30 lbs. of cream. This was a most satis- factory trial. The results showed a remarkable uniformity in the yield of butter; the competition throughout was an exceed- ingly close one, involving a degree of individual merit highly creditable to the manufacturers. The quality, however, was not nearly so uniform; this we attributed partly to the speed and partly to the number of beaters, whether fixed or portable, inside the churn. 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XV. 146 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements of the operation, is fatal tothe production of a really fine quality of butter; by rapid churning the fatty globules may be so broken up, that it sometimes becomes impossible to get the butter at all, and in this case we have known the ignorant and superstitious attribute it to the power of witchcraft. The suc- cess of Mr. Ahlborn, with his small dashers, in the milk-trials, and that of Messrs. Thomas and Taylor’s “ Peg” arrangement, with the cream, fully confirm our opinion that numerous and large dashers are a mistake; though both these competitors finished at a high speed, the percentage of butter, when washed and removed from the churn, varied from 122 Ibs. (the highest) to 112 lbs. (the lowest). After having been passed through Ahlborn’s butter-worker, the highest was 114 lbs., and the lowest 1031bs. In order that each individual competitor should not have cause to complain of having been placed at a disadvantage, we decided to submit the seven which in our opinion possessed the highest order of merit to a final trial on Friday morning, and arranged that the competitors should have nothing to do with their working, but that the churns should be driven by the So- ciety’s servants. They each had an allowance of 21 lbs. of cream, at a temperature of 61° Fahrenheit. The butter was washed and weighed from the churn, at once passed through the butter- worker, and again weighed : it gave from the churn 4 lbs. 1} oz. and 3 lbs. 103 0z. as the highest and lowest respectively ; after having been passed through the butter-worker, the quantities were reduced to 3 lbs. 15 oz. and 3 lbs. 83 0z. respectively, as shown in the accompanying Table, p. 145. Guided by the quality of the butter and the general results of the repeated trials, we awarded the first prize to No. 2244, Messrs. Thomas and Taylor; highly commended No. 1973, Robinson and Richardson; and commended No. 2342, T. Bradford and Co. Crass IV.—MeEcHANICAL OR AUTOMATIC “ BUTTER-WORKERS,” SUITABLE FOR LARGE DAIRIES AND FOR FACTORIES. There were 4 entries and only 3 competitors in this class. Mr. Ahlborn’s machine (No. 2118) consists of a circular table, slightly sloping from the centre to the circumference, with a rim or hoop standing some 2 inches above the edge of the table. Round the outer edge of the surface of the table runs a shallow groove, into which trickles the expressed fluid, which flows through a pipe into a vessel set underneath. The butter is placed on the table, and is carried under a fluted roller driven by hand. Motion is communicated to the table by a small counter-shaft and pinion movement. The roller is held in posi- tion by a thumb-screw, and the pressure regulated at pleasure. and Machinery at Bristol. 147 A wedge-like piece of smooth wood is placed at each end of the roller, and acts as a guide to keep the butter from passing off the table. The attendant turns the butter over with wooden boards: in passing through all the different operations it never comes into direct contact with the naked hand. Fig. 8.—Mr. Ahlborn’s Prize Mechanical Butter-worker (No. 2118), suitable for large Dairies (Class IV.). = jl a ae | J Mr. Hancock’s butter-worker (No. 1818) is simply a piston working in a cylinder, the bottom of which is perforated by numerous small holes. The butter is placed in the cylinder, and sufficient pressure is applied to the piston, screwed down so as to force the butter in spiral threads through the small orifices at the bottom. No. 6348 is an American machine, somewhat resembling No. 2118, to which the First Prize was awarded, only that a fluted roller is made to work backwards and forwards along an inclined straight table. No. Name or Exnisiror. | Article. Quantity. | ‘Time. Quantity. | Ibs. | Minutes. | Ibs. oz, 2118 | Ahlborn, FE... .. ina Sudech 5 13. | 4 143 Greenwood, Hancock Butter urif ing- . — ANd CO, 2. —«- { faahine i Bi el Sh 1818 | Hancock, F. and C. eo ab iegad| pee) a Log Ge) Min, em. {Pa et 8 | uk | #8 emer ds eV. and wasner -- J) . * The smaller quantity of butter after being washed was in this case due to loss y adhesion to the flannel cover of the piston and to the case of the machines, and not to more thorough working or pressing-out of the butter-milk or water. Teg 148 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements Ciass V.—MECHANICAL OR AUTOMATIC BUTTER-WORKERS, SUITABLE FOR SMALL DAIRIESs. There were 8 entries and only 5 competititors in this class, but only 3 came up for trial. No. 2119, capable of working 5 lbs. of butter, and No. 2121, of a capacity for dealing with 2 lbs., both belonged to Mr. Ahlborn, and were tried with 3 lbs. each. The former occupied 2} minutes, and reduced the quan- tity to 2 lbs. 15 0z.; the latter occupied 1 minute, and reduced the quantity to 2 lbs. 153.0z. The other was No. 1819, belong- ing to Messrs. F. and C. Hancock, and constructed on the same principle as that tried by them in the preceding class. The quantity for trial was 3 lbs., and the time occupied 24 minutes. When again weighed, the butter had decreased to 2 lbs. 134 oz. One of the two machines shown by Mr. Ahlborn was extremely simple. It consisted of a board 3 feet long and 10 inches wide. Each side of the board has a raised projection of about 1 inch in height; it is traversed by a fluted roller, having at each end a groove, which fits the raised projections on the sides of the board. The roller has projecting wooden handles at each end : these are grasped in each hand, and the roller is moved back- ’ f ; wards and forwards over the Fig. 4.— Mr. Aklborn’s Prize Me- )ytter as it lies on the board. chanical Butter-worker (No. 2121), Thei@nd of chewed text suitable for small Dairies. to the operator is supported by two legs; the other end rests on a tub or other vessel (Fig. 4). The legs are fas- tened to the board by hinges, and are folded under it when the board is not in use. For the amateur, or small farmer, or cottager, this is a most use- ful article, for the maid-of- all-work is seldom a good - butter-maker. This 4s so - simple an appliance that the inexperienced may use it as successfully as the most skilful; and the price, from 7s. 6d. to 10s. 6d., places it within the reach of all. The prize was awarded to No. 2121. The other machine, No. 2119, shown by Mr. Ablborn, was of precisely the same construction as No, 2118 in Class I1V., only of smaller size. dual and Machinery at Bristol. 149 Ciass VI.—CHEESE Tuss. . The chief points to be considered were facility of filling and cleaning, mode and cost of heating, method of drawing off whey, and general economy of labour in putting in milk and getting out curd. There were 10 entries in this class, 7 of which came up for trial. They varied considerably in construction, representing - several systems of cheese-making. Whether it be in the farm- house or the factory, if a really fine quality of cheese is to be made, steam must be used. Hot water is not sufficiently sen- sitive or controllable ; hence it is impossible at all times to regu- late the temperature to that degree of nicety so essential in the production of first-class qualities of cheese. No. 2122, exhibited by Mr. E. Ahlborn, is a strong metallic vat, having a capacity of 100 gallons. Inside is a false bottom, constructed of tinned copper, between which and the wooden bottom is a space of several inches for the purpose of holding steam or water. This space is supplied from the outside by a pipe, having a funnel-shaped mouth ; on the opposite side is a tap for running off the water, and another for drawing off the whey. To prevent the milk from entering the whey-pipe when the tub is filled, a long plug, reaching to the top, is used. This is objectionable, as it rather interferes with the operation of cutting the curd. No. 2381, H. Bamford and Sons, is the patent circular brass cheese- making apparatus. This apparatus is largely used in the farm- house dairies of Staffordshire and Derbyshire, It is applicable to steam, but hot water is more generally used. No. 2045, David Noble, is circular in shape, constructed of strong tin, sup- ported on a wooden stand fitted up with steam-pipes and hot- water chambers, with a tap at the bottom to draw off whey. It is extensively used in the Cheddar dairies of the south-west of Scotland. No. 6325, Wilkins and Sons, is a tin tub with brass rim, circular in shape, with lifting platform and rotatory knife. This is constructed for heating either by steam or hot water. No. 6350, H. E. Mines, and No. 2039, William Gilman, and Ahlborn’s, resemble each other, and are constructed on the American principle—or that generally used in cheese-factories. They consist of an outer and an inner case, the former of which is constructed of deal and the latter of tin, attached to a wooden ledge, which rests on the upper lip of the inner case. A coil of pipes is arranged lengthwise inside the outer case ; a continuous flow of cold water circulates through these during the night, to lower the temperature of the milk: steam or hot water is used when the temperature requires to be raised. A skeleton wooden frame rests on the pipes, and supports the weight of the inner 150 Report on the Trials of Dairy Implements vat. No. 1512, Reuben Cluett, was mechanically on the same principle, but constructed internally of strong tin, and mounted on wheels. The bottom of the inner vat was sloped to the centre, with a fall to one end. The advantage gained by this arrange- ment is that the whey drains better from the curd. The curd- knife was of the ordinary shape, and exactly fitted the vat in width and form of bottom, and was worked by a handle attached to the centre ; the cutting edges were so arranged as to cut the curd into small cubes at one operation. The vat could be heated either by steam or hot water. The whey and the curd were easily removed, and it was equally available for the factory or the farmhouse dairy. The catalogue price of 15/. 10s. was mode- rate. We considered this the most nearly to fulfil the Society’s conditions, and awarded it the First Prize. Cuass VII.—Curp KNIVEs. There were 7 competitors for this prize. Mr. R. Cluett’s convex knife, already described, though fully answering the purpose for which it is constructed, is not generally applicable to every description of vat ; and the same remark applies to Mr. Wilkins’s rotatory knife, No. 6327. Practical cheese-makers differ in their mode of manipulating the curd. There is no doubt that the quality of the cheese may, to a certain extent, be deteriorated in value by the application of a wrong principle to the cutting of the curd. When a blunt instrument is used, it may be bruised, and a portion of the butter washed out, or it may be cut too coarse. When this is so, and the temperature is rapidly raised, a portion of the whey becomes hermetically sealed in the granules of curd, which no after pressure can expel. The quantity of whey so enclosed, however small, sets up a fer- mentation, which soon completely destroys the clean flavour of the cheese. The infant curd, when first cut, is excessively tender and easily injured; it requires steel knives as thin as can possibly be made, and as sharp almost as a razor, and should be used by skilful hands to accomplish the work satisfactorily. The most satisfactory knives were No. 2123, shown by Mr. Ablborn, and No. 2040, by Mr. William Gilman. These were no new inventions, but they have been somewhat improved. They were first introduced into this country from America, in 1869, by Messrs. Schermerhorn, who came over to manage the Derbyshire cheese-factories. These knives are of cast steel. The vertical knife is made 20 inches long and consists of 16 blades, which vary from 2 to } inch apart. This knife is passed lon- gitudinally through the curd in the vat, cutting it into columns. The horizontal knife is constructed of the same materials, and and Machinery at Bristol. 151 the blades are placed the same distance apart. This knife is passed through the curd, cutting it into cubes. The temperature is then slowly increased and the whey expelled. When in skilful hands, these knives are equally applicable to any system or any description of vat. The prize of 3/. was awarded to Mr. W. Gilman for No. 2040, as being, in the opinion of the Judges, the best adapted to general purposes. Crass VIII.—Curp-MILLs. The use of a curd-mill is to reduce the mass of curd into sepa- rate particles, which become cooled and aérated during the operation. There are three separate principles of arranging the working parts. In one, the hopper is fixed to an iron or wood stand, and the ground curd is delivered from a spout into a receptacle prepared to receive it; in another, the hopper and movable part are attached to a skeleton-frame, called a ladder, resting on the top of the tub or vat into which the curd falls when ground ; the third is attached to the lip of the tub by a clip, and held in its place by set-screws. The mechanical arrangement likewise differs considerably. One consists of a metallic, galvanised, slotted concave, into which are geared either one or two cylinders, on which are fixed rows of hooked teeth. These work into the slots of the concave, carrying por- tions of the curd with them as they revolve; the others consist either of one or two rollers, the teeth of which are variously engaged. The rollers are sometimes made of wood, but more commonly of galvanised iron. They are driven by hand at a high speed. No. 2041, exhibited by William Gilman, though very roughly constructed, was on correct principles. It consisted of two wooden cylinders, with iron spikes placed in rows. To my mind its great merit consisted in the cylinders revolving at dif- ferent speeds, thus insuring greater regularity of feed and better work. The prize in this class was awarded to Mr. Bamford’s mill, No. 2380. This was made entirely of galvanised iron. It con- sisted of two spiked cylinders, working up to a spiked breast. The hopper, when turned back, sets the cylinder free. All the working parts admit of being removed with the greatest facility and despatch, and can easily be cleaned. It is highly essential that all the working parts of a curd-mill which come into direct contact with the curd should be cleanly finished, otherwise there is the danger of the curd being bruised, and a portion of the butter separated. The time occupied in grinding 10 lbs. of curd of a uniform quality varied from 5 to 40 seconds. 152 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements Crass [X.—CurEEsr-TURNERS. There were only 3 competitors in this class. These were Mr. H. E. Mines, of 79, Redcliff Street, Bristol, Messrs. H. Bamford & Sons, of Uttoxeter, and Messrs. Carson and Toone,- of Warminster, Wilts. All the appliances were on the same principle of construction, though slightly differing in detail. There is nothing either particularly new or original in these inventions. A similar contrivance has been in use in Leicester- shire many years. In these times of dear labour it is likely to come into more general use. The turner of Messrs. Carson and Toone, to which the Prize was awarded, consists of two cast-iron standards, springing from a base which rests on the floor. These standards are secured in position by a top and bottom brace, which, correctly speaking, together form a square frame. Attached to these standards is an inner frame, hung on a central pivot, on which it revolves. The inner frame consists of a series of wood shelves, braced and supported by wrought iron. The turners are made in lengths of about 6 feet, and hold from 30 to 40 cheeses. When evenly loaded throughout, they are easily turned by a crank-handle which fits on to the end of the centre-pin. On one side of the board a quadrant- shaped lattice projects, which prevents the cheeses from slipping off when being turned. Messrs. Bamford’s differed only slightly from the Prize Turner in matters of detail. Criass X.—MeEcHANICAL MEAns oF CLEANING CHURNS AND OTHER Darry UTENSILS. Messrs. Wilkins and Sons were the only competitors in this class. Their invention consisted of a small conical boiler, in the top of which was inserted a pipe secured by a steam tap. To this pipe was attached an india-rubber hose. This was introduced into the vessel to be cleaned, and steam from the boiler turned on. It was not considered by the Judges to be of sufficient practical utility to merit the award: the prize was therefore withheld. As the supply of milk to towns becomes mere general, some cheap and effective means of thoroughly cleaning dairy utensils is a pressing want. In the majority of cases, hot water is the only agent at command; it is most effective, when used with ordinary care. Owing to the time and trouble it involves, the work is often very imperfectly performed. It is a common practice in many dairies to use either steam or hot water exclusively for cleansing the dairy vessels, and to this cause alone may be attributed much sour milk and strong- . flavoured cheese and butter. Hot water, when used at a tem- perature only slightly under 212°, instead of removing impurities, and Machinery at Bristol. 153 acts on the caseine and butter, causing it to form a thin glassy film on the inner surface of the vessels; hence certain seed- germs are preserved and communicated to the next supply. Dairy managers should insist upon every vessel that has come into contact with milk being first carefully rinsed in cold water, and afterwards either steamed or scalded at a temperature of not less than 212°. Cuass XI.—Avtromatic MACHINES FoR PREVENTING THE Ristne or CREAM. Mr. H. E. Mines was the only competitor. The system em- ployed is that generally practised in the cheese-factories both in England and America. Though very imperfectly worked by the exhibitor, the practical utility of the system is fully recog- nised as being far superior to any other in use, and the Society’s prize was therefore awarded to it. The evening’s milk is delivered into the ordinary factory cheese-vat, consisting of an outer and an inner vat, the space between them containing coil- pipes, which convey the water from a tank or reservoir situ- ated at a higher level than the vat. For the convenience of working, this pipe is connected to the vat by a portable hose, which can be detached at pleasure. The flow of water is regu- lated or shut off by a stop-cock on the water-pipe. At the opposite end of the vat is an outlet-pipe, of the same diameter as the feed-pipe; to this, again, is attached a portable tin pipe, which conveys the water to a miniature overshot water-wheel. This wheel is about 2 feet in diameter; the buckets are close, and about 6 inches wide, at right angles with the vat; and opposite the centre a wood or iron shaft is hung in bearings. Perpendicularly attached to this shaft is a lever-arm, depending exactly over the centre of the vat. Two horizontal shafts, one on each side, meet and are secured to the lever by a thumb-screw. At right angles to the ends of these shafts are fixed rakes, con- sisting of three round deal rods, of about one inch in diameter. The axle of the water-wheel is connected to the main-shaft by a light strip of wood. When the water is turned on, it rises slowly in the yat until it reaches the level of the outflow-pipes, through which it passes on to the wheel. As soon as one or two of the buckets are filled, it causes the wheel to make a single revolution, which is communicated to the shaft, and the rakes or floats move backwards and forwards, slightly agitating the surface of the milk. Having made one revolution, the wheel comes to rest for a few seconds, until the buckets are again filled; and the same operation continues to be repeated as long as required. This not only prevents the cream from rising; but the constant , 154, Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements circulation of cold water through the vat reduces the tempera- ture, whilst the constant stirring aérates and dispels the animal odour.* Cuass XII.—Minx Coorers. There were 5 exhibitors in this class. These were Green- wood, Hancock, and Co., Lawrence and Co., Wilkins and Son, H. E. Mines, and G. Campion. Lawrence and Co. were the only exhibitors who came up fortrial. Their Refrigerator is now wellknown. It consists of a coil of pipes, which occupy a space of 2 feet 6 by 6 inches. A tank containing cold water is placed at a higher level than the cooler; this tank is generally sup- plied by a force-pump from a well in the farmyard. The cooler is fixed on a wood frame; the water flows through a pipe from the tank, and enters the bottom of the cooler, and slowly circulates through the pipes to the top, where it passes off by an overflow. The pipes are enclosed in a corrugated tin case, at the top of which is a small trough, the bottom of which is per- forated with small holes throughout its entire length. The milk flows through these holes, and follows the corrugations of the outer surface, the temperature of which is reduced by the circu- lation of the cold water. Inside, in its downward course, the milk is not only cooled, but it is to a great extent purified, broken up, and aérated, and all animal heat and smell are re- moved. Whether the milk is to be manipulated in the home dairy or the factory, or goes to the milk-vendor, it should be cooled as soon as it is drawn from the cow. From practical ex- perience I am fully convinced that a really uniform and first-class quality, whether of butter or cheese, cannot be produced unless this point is strictly enforced. The losses sustained by those who send their milk long distances by rail have fully convinced them of the necessity of cooling. The result of the trial with Lawrence’s cooler was that the temperature was reduced from 105° to 65° in one minute. The water was raised into the cistern by a ‘force-pump, the temperature of the water at the time being 64°. The machines are made in three sizes. The smallest will cool 80 gallons an hour, price 4/.; the next will cool 125 gallons an hour, price 5/.; and the largest 175 gallons an hour, the cost of this being 6/. 15s. * The Bristol trials on automatic machines for preventing the rising of cream were by no means favourable to Mines’s appliances. A sample of milk, which produced in twelve hours 15 per cent. of cream, the temperature having been 624° Fahr., was tested next morning, the 9th July, after having been in Mines’s agitator all night on the 8th. A sample taken from the top of the vat threw up 20 per cent. of cream after two hours’ standing in a cream-gauge, and the second sample, taken from the bottom of the vat, produced 12} per cent. of cream in the same time: thus showing that the agitator did not prevent the rising of the cream—A, VY. and Machinery at Bristol. 155 Crass XIIL.—Mernop or KEEPING A LARGE QUANTITY OF MILK AT A TEMPERATURE OF UNDER 40° FAHRENHEIT, FOR A PERIOD OF NOT LESS THAN 12 HOURS, SUFFICIENTLY ECONOMICAL FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES. A prize of 20. was offered in this class, and there were 3 entries, but none of the exhibitors succeeded in complying with the conditions. That known as the Swartz system consists of deep-setting cans, 2 feet long, 20 inches deep, and 6 inches wide, are filled with new milk, and placed side by side in a vat, or cistern, filled with cold water. If the temperature of the water can be still further reduced by the use of ice, so much the better. A wooden vat may be used ; a slate or brick-and-cement cistern would answer Fig. 5.—Trough with deep Cans for Setting Milk on the Swartz System. —=s san | 2 L Y aie Sea the purpose better, particularly where water is plentiful, and capable of being so contrived that a constant circulation could be kept up by gravitation. Milk at a low temperature will keep sweet for a long period, and the cream rises very rapidly and in large quantity. Deep setting, however, is opposed to English ideas. The trial commenced by setting the milk at 11-45 on the night of the 8th July, the temperature then being 66° Fahrenheit ; at seven o'clock on the morning of the 9th the temperature had risen to 774°. Ice was then used, and by 10 o'clock the temperature had fallen to 48°; at 10 A.M. of the 10th the tem- perature was 45°. The milk was skimmed on the 11th at 12°30. The cream was perfectly sweet and in full quantity, and the butter made from it was of excellent quality. On the recom- mendation of the Judges, the Council awarded a special prize of 10/. to Mr. E. Ahlborn. Since the Bristol Meeting I have tested the Swartz system,* and am fully convinced of the superior quality of the butter produced by that method. * Of late, an American of the name of Cooley has announced the discoyery of this property and the perception of its practical bearing on Dairy-husbandry as his own (see ‘ Farmer, December 30, 1878),—Eb. 156 Report on the Trial of Dairy Implements, §c. The Judges greatly regret that there was no entry in Class XIV. for the best Milking-machine. He who success- fully solves the difficulty will reap a rich reward. The want of such a machine is the one missing link in dairy management. Greater mechanical difficulties have been overcome, and we hope before many years to see the milking-machine difficulty practically solved. Before closing this Report we beg most heartily to record our thanks to Dr. Voelcker for his attention and able aid, and to the Stewards for their courtesy and assistance. (Signed) G. MAnpER ALLENDER. T. Riapy. GILBERT Murray. Note on Swartz’s System.—At 11.45 on the night of the 8th of July, 86 gallons of milk were put in Ahlborn’s deep-setting cans, kept surrounded by cold water, in accordance with Swartz’s system, the temperature at that time being 66° Fahr. At 7 o’clock in the morning of the 9th of July the temperature of the milk was 724°, and thus had risen 64° during the time it had been set. Lumps of ice were then placed into the water surrounding the setting tins, and in an hour’s time the temperature of the milk went down to 48° Fahr. On the 10th, a maximum and minimum thermometer was placed into the milk, and from time to time lumps of ice were placed into the water used for cooling down the milk. At 12.30 p.m. on the 11th, the milk was skimmed, and at that time had a temperature of 47° Fahr. During the 10th and 11th of July, the highest temperature of the milk registered by the maximum thermometer was 65° Fahr., and the lowest 42° Fahr, On the 10th, the cream, when tested with delicate litmus- paper, was found to be perfectly neutral ; and on the 11th it was still sweet, and, after some time, gave merely the faintest indication of turning delicate litmus-paper slightly red. The skimmed milk was perfectly sweet at 12.30 P.M. on the 11th, and did not redden in the slightest degree delicate litmus- paper, showing that no trace of acid had been generated in the milk by keeping it in deep-setting tins, surrounded by cold water, at a temperature ranging between 723° and 42° Fahr., during a period of 843 hours, or 4 days and 3 nights. The cream, which was deliciously sweet, was churned on the 11th, and produced butter of the finest quality, leaving nothing to be desired as regards texture and fine flavour. The following is the composition of the butter made according to Swartz’s system of raising cream, a system which has proved most successful” both as regards the quantity and the quality of the cream which Concluding Report on Pleuro-Pneumonia Experiments. 157 it furnishes, and the excellence of the butter which the cream produces :— ~ Composition of Butter made in accordance with Swartz’s system. GMM Ae Es os. ened LOZ CSTE ere RP Ps "92 MeNVORDUGED fats!) | oc. 4 ce fem) e+ J de | eay OD! 10 Mineral "matter (ash) <2 «2-2. eee “12 100°00 Avaustus VoELcKER, F.R.S. VIII.—Coneluding Report on the Experiments at the Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumonia. By J. BuRDON-SANDERSON, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., late Superintendent of the Brown Insti- tution. With an Appendix by W. Duaurmp, Esq., M.R.C.V.S., late Veterinary Surgeon to the Institution. } | THE inquiries which were undertaken in 1876, relating to the origin and nature of pleuro-pneumonia, and to the use of inocu- | lation as a means of preventing its spread, having now been | brought to a conclusion for the present, in consequence of the | legislative difficulties which stand in the way of further experi- / ment, I beg leave to submit to the Council the following state- | ment of the results of our labours. The circumstances which led to the inquiry were set forth in a preliminary Report which was published in 1876. At that time no experiments had been made, but our first batch of experimental animals had been purchased, viz., two cows, two calves, and four other animals of different ages. They had been kept at Wandsworth Road for three months—a time which | we considered sufficient, but not more than sufficient, to afford security against previous infection. I then stated that we should exclude any living source of infection from our premises, but would “try, in succession, every channel of mediate contagion known to us, using in our experiments all that deliberation and caution which the consideration of the importance and difficulty of the inquiry énforced upon us.” Before proceeding with the narrative of our experiments it will, I think, be useful to state somewhat more fully than has hitherto been done, the nature of the practical questions which we have had in view, some of which have now assumed a greater importance than they had at the outset. Our objects have been (1) to ascertain by experiment by what different ways a healthy animal can be infected ; (2) to ascertain whether inoculation is 158 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the practically useful; and (3) to discover a way of inoculating an animal without risk. With reference to the first point, the opinion generally enter- tained is, that a healthy animal may get pleuro-pneumonia either directly from a diseased animal, or indirectly by being brought into relation with its hide or carcass, or with persons or things that have been in contact with its body. Thus, Mr. Fleming, the author of the well-known ‘ Manual of Vete- rinary Sanitary Science,’ expressed his belief very decidedly in 1875, that ‘infection may occur through the medium of forage, straw, &c., which have been soiled and breathed upon by infected cattle, by the utensils which have been used with them, as well as by the persons who have attended to the sick ;” and has since that period expressed the same opinion in still stronger terms. An opposite view had, however, been guardedly pro- mulgated by a very high authority. In the excellent article by Professor Brown on the contagious and infectious diseases of animals, which appeared in the tenth volume of the ‘ Journal,’ the author said, that “ so far as his own observations had enabled him to decide, the disease is only communicated by the actual contact of a diseased animal with a healthy one, and that it is at least exceedingly probable that the mode of communication is by the inhalation of the breath of the diseased subject.” With reference to the second question, that of the utility of inoculation, opinions are also, as needs scarcely be said, much divided, although the majority are in its fayour. One of the strongest arguments against it is founded on the acknowledged fact, that although inoculation as ordinarily practised produces very severe effects, yet these effects are neither the disease itself nor any modification of it. It has, indeed, been alleged by some authorities that actual lung disease can be generated by the insertion under the skin of bits of diseased lung ; but this inference, which if it were well established would be of great importance, can be shown to be mistaken. The observa- tions quoted in support of it are too good to be true. In most instances, the time which intervened between the inoculation and the appearance of lung disease was far too short; for we have evidence from the pathological inquiries of Professor Yeo, as well as from other sources, that the development of the disease in the lungs requires a very long time, and usually produces no obvious symptoms at all until it breaks out in the acute form in which it is ordinarily recognised. Consequently, the appearance of symptoms within a week or two after inoculation could not reasonably be referred to the operation as their cause; so that we need not hesitate to conclude that the animals in question had been previously infected by other means. Another statement that has been made with reference to the Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumonia. 159 mode of action of inoculation is equally unfounded, viz.: that although inoculation never produces actual pleuro-pneumonia, yet, that it gives rise, at the place where the morbid material is introduced beneath the skin, to a local disease which is of the same kind as the real disease of the lungs, and that consequently the effect of the inoculation is to produce a sort of pleuro- pneumonia of the skin! Now it is quite true that there is a great resemblance between them—a likeness sufficiently striking to have impressed some very well informed persons—but very little stress ought to be placed on it. All inflammatory exuda- tions, whether specific or not, are very like each other as regards their chemical and anatomical characteristics; so much so that it is not possible to distinguish them from each other excepting by their disease-producing properties. In other words, the only way in which it would be possible to prove that any diseased material derived from the skin of the inoculated animal was pleuro-pneumonic would be by showing experimentally that ‘when introduced into another animal it produced pleuro-pneu- monia. If this proof were given we should have a right to conclude from analogy with similar cases, that in all probability immunity would be conferred on the infected animal; but in the absence of such proof, the only way in which the protective power of inoculation can be settled for practical purposes, is by observing whether inoculated animals can get pleuro-pneumonia by exposure. The experiments which had previously been made for this purpose were unquestionably in favour of the protective power of inoculation. The inquiries of the French Commission, carried out in 1851, in which fifty-four animals were experi- mented upon at an expense of 2400/., led to the conclusion that “inoculation possesses a preservative power conferring on the inoculated animal an immunity which protects it from the contagion of the disease for a time which remained undeter- mined,” inasmuch as the experiments could not be continued for more than six months. This conclusion, founded on experi- ments which were evidently conducted with the utmost care and impartiality, has been largely confirmed by the trials which have been made of the practice by owners of stock in this and other countries, and particularly in our Australian colonies. It appears from a recent Government Report, that in the colony of New South Wales the practice of inoculation has been so suc- cessful as a preventive that it has become general ; so much so, that the chief inspector of the colony was prepared in 1876, to recommend to the colonial government that it should be made compulsory. But the proof of the protective power of inoculation, even if it were much stronger than it is, would afford an insufficient 160 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the reason for recommending it as a practice, unless it can be shown that the third question—that which relates to the risk of the operation itself—admits of a satisfactory answer. On the ground of its danger the French Commission, notwithstanding their opinion as to its protective power, declined to recommend it as an economically advantageous practice ; for they considered that their own experiments showed “ that inoculation causes a larger mortality than the disease which it is intended to pre- vent.” No less than 11 per cent. of their animals had diedy whereas it was extremely improbable that so large a number would have been sacrificed had they been subjected without inoculation to the ordinary risks of infection. Notwithstanding these facts, the Commission, of which M. Bouley was the Secretary, recommended that it ought to be encouraged on the ground that, its protective power having been demonstrated, the dangers above referred to would be diminished by improved methods. Inoculation is usually performed by inserting the liquid which drains from diseased lungs into the cellular tissue. The situa- tion chosen for the purpose is the end of the tail. The reason why this part is selected is, that if, as often happens, the local inflammation becomes excessive, it may be limited by amputa- tion. But notwithstanding this safeguard, the diseased action is apt to spread to the neighbouring parts, in which case it occasions serious illness and often death. The position of the question was therefore clear. The pro- tective power of inoculation, though by no means definitively settled, had been rendered sufficiently probable to justify a more extended trial than it had as yet received. But the effects of the operation as hitherto practised were sometimes so severe that it appeared probable that the risk would more than cover the advantage. One of the first objects which we had in view in our experi- ments was to test the possibility of communicating pleuro- pneumonia by mediate contagion. ‘The lungs of animals which had been slaughtered in an advanced state of the disease (see Appendix I.) were placed, in the fresh state, under the roses of ten healthy animals of all ages. As none were infected, it did not seem necessary to repeat the trials in a systematic manner, the more so as the persons who attended on the animals were in the habit of handling the diseased organs which were at that time frequently brought to the Institution for pathological examination. The experiments on inoculation were commenced in September in 1876. The first practical question which required an answer was whether it was possible by taking extra precautions in the Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumenia. 161 collection of liquid, and particularly by using it only in an absolutely fresh state, to avoid the inflammatory results which have been above described. Five animals were inoculated with perfectly fresh material from a cow killed the same morning (see Appendix II.). A few drops of the clear exudation-liquid from the lungs were injected under the skin either of the shoulder or of the side of the neck. For five days the animals remained well; on the sixth day a swelling appeared at the puncture, which gradually increased. In three of the cases it began to subside a week after it had commenced, and eventually dis- appeared ; but in the other two it went on increasing until it had involved the integument of the neck, chest, and belly, at length causing death by general infection, in the one case on the twelfth, in the other on the fifteenth day of the illness. It is to be noticed that the animals exhibited no loss of appetite, nor any other sign of general disturbance, until the third or fourth day after the swelling appeared, nor did the temperature begin to rise in any instance until that time (see Appendix II.). In the two fatal cases the highest temperature, four and a half degrees above the natural standard (106°4 Fahr.), was reached three days before death. The mode of progress of the illness indicated very distinctly that, although we had not communicated pleuro-pneumonia by our inoculations, we had introduced an infection of another kind. If the liquid injected had been a mere irritant it would, if its action had been intense enough, have produced a limited abscess, not a rapidly-spreading and diffuse infiltration. That this was so was confirmed by the appearances observed after death. The internal organs, and in particular the lungs, were found to be perfectly healthy ; but the serous membranes exhi- bited the appearances ordinarily observed in animals that have died of acute general infection, that is, from what is popularly called blood-poisoning. In the cases I have related, the effects of inoculation were, as has been seen, severe in every instance ; for even in the three animals that recovered, the disturbance of health, as indicated by the high temperature and general state of the animal, was considerable. When the tail is selected as the seat of inocula- tion the case is much more manageable. Here, as before, it is not until the fourth or fifth day that the seat of puncture becomes painful and swollen. The swelling continues for about a week, by which time a slough of dead tissue has usually formed, which eventually separates. About the time that the slough comes away secondary swelling usually begins, and gradually extends ‘to a greater or less distance towards the root of the tail, until, in unfavourable cases, the neighbouring integument is involved, VOL. XV.—S. S. M 162 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the becoming the seat of diffuse cellular infiltration of the same kind as that which has already been described. In the ordinary case, a common result of tail inoculation is that part of the organ separates by necrosis, an event which is often not attended with any serious disturbance of the animal’s health (see Appen- dix III.). There are two reasons why inoculation, as practised in the above instances, is necessarily attended with danger. One of these is that the liquid used, however carefully it is collected, not only contains the virus of pleuro-pneumonia, but possesses morbific properties of another kind, which are due to its being the product of an unhealthy, or, as it is often called, an infective inflammation—properties which would have manifested them- selves if, instead of the juice of a pleuro-pneumonia lung, we had used any other exudation-liquid of a similarly infective character. A second source of danger is, that the living tissue which serves as the channel of introduction is one which we know to be particularly susceptible to infective influences of this kind. By previous experiments, relating to another inquiry, we had found that this second danger could be avoided by infusing the morbific liquid directly into the circulation. We therefore resolved to adopt this plan, feeling sure that, if the pleuro-pneumonic virus possessed any protective power at all, that power would be exercised to the greatest advantage if the liquid were mixed with the circulating blood ; for in this way it would necessarily come into contact, not merely with any particular part, but with every organ in the body. Another advantage which the method of infusion into the blood-stream offered was, that from fifty to a hundred times the quantity of liquid could be introduced at once, and thus the chance of infection be vastly increased. Fourteen animals were thus inoculated (see Appendix IV.). The instrument employed was a syringe, capable of containing two drachms of virus, and furnished with a slender, sharp- pointed steel tube. The point was made to enter the principal vein by which blood returns from the back of the ear, and was usually secured by a ligature. The syringe was then” slowly discharged, the greatest care being taken to avoid contact with the cellular tissue. It was often unnecessary to divide the skin. The whole operation was conducted without any appreciable suffering to the animal. In the first batch of eight animals the operation was, in all but one, performed twice in each case, at an interval of several weeks, with a view to greater certainty of result.. With the exception of a small prominence which marked the seat of the inoculation, and subsided in a few days, it was in general Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumonia. 163 followed by no morbid effects, either local or constitutional. In one instance, however, that of an old cow, unfavourable symp- toms presented themselves on the sixteenth day after the infusion. On that day the bodily temperature, which at the time had been natural and had until then continued so, rose to 103°2° Fahr., and on the day following to 105-6°. At this point it remained until the twenty-second day, after which it declined till death, _ which occurred two days later. The rise of temperature was attended with other signs of fever, and with difficult breathing, which continued to the last. The post-mortem examination re- vealed that the cause of death was an acute double pleurisy ; but in addition to this there were appearances which showed that the animal, which was thirteen years old, had suffered from chronic lung disease of very old standing. This, although not the immediate, was the predisposing cause of death. The imme- diate cause was, I have no doubt, the infusion, which, acting on the pre-existing disease, occasioned consequences to which a healthy animal would not have been exposed. It is perhaps desirable to add that the affection of the pleura from which this animal suffered, although properly called a pleurisy, was of an entirely different kind from the pleurisy which forms part of pleuro-pneumonia. The sub-pleural tissue, which in the contagious disease is the principal seat of alteration, was in this animal entirely unaffected ; nor were any of those characteristic changes in the lung tissue observed which have been so well described by Mr. Yeo in this Journal. We are therefore justified in concluding that, whatever may have been its antecedents, it was free from pleuro-pneumonia during the time that it was under observation. The remaining seven animals were, as has been already reported to the Society, exposed to the infection of pleuro- pneumonia in the most effectual manner that could be devised. They were removed from the Brown Institution, and placed in sheds which were at the time occupied by diseased animals, and in stalls in which such animals had stood. They remained under these conditions for three months, and in some instances _ for four, after which they were kept under observation for periods which in the majority of the cases extended to six months, None of them showed any signs of infection. In those that were slaughtered (see Appendix V.) the lungs and other internal organs were found to be perfectly healthy. ‘The other six animals were inoculated early in the present year ; but in consequence, first of our being unable to meet with cases of pleuro-pneumonia in situations convenient for our purpose, and subsequently of the obstacles imposed by legis- lation, all attempts to test the immunity of these animals in M 2 . 164 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the an effectual manner proved unavailing; and I found myself obliged to recommend to the Committee that they should be sold. The results of the experiments have been so far satisfactory that I cannot help regretting that they have been brought to an abrupt termination. The smallness of the number of the animals which we have had the opportunity of experimenting on renders it impossible to regard them as conclusive. The utmost that can be said is that, so far as they have gone, the results are sufficiently favourable to justify us in recommending further trial of the practice of venous infusion to those who are unlucky enough to have their herds invaded by pleuro-pneu- monia. As regards the safety of the operation itself, I can speak with confidence. Provided that an operator can be found with sufficient dexterity to perform it, and sufficient conscien- tiousness to avoid the known sources of danger, the trial can be made without risk. Certainty as to its value can only be attained by the experience of some years. I cannot conclude this Report without pointing out that, in case the value of inoculation should be established, there is no reason why the measures of sanitary police which have been enforced by the Legislature should interfere with its useful employment. It has been distinctly recognised as the basis of this legislation that pleuro-pneumonia is a disease of ex- tremely long incubation—i.e. one which may exist and pro- gress in the organism for months without producing obvious symptoms; and that it is chiefly communicable by actual co- habitation. The recognition of these two facts has been em- bodied in the principle of prolonged segregation of all animals that have been exposed to intercourse with living sources of con- tagion. If it is found possible to carry out this principle effectually throughout the United Kingdom, it may be con- fidently anticipated that the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia will gradually diminish until, as may be hoped, it may even- tually disappear. The realisation of this desirable result would, no doubt, tend to diminish the importance of the question of inoculation. So long, however, as outbreaks of pleuro-pneu- monia still exist, the limitation of its areas of prevalence by restrictive regulations would, in my judgment, materially faci- litate the application, within the areas so limited, of whatever other means of prevention might be found to be effectual for the diminution of the number of animals attacked. Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumonia. 165 APPENDICES. J. Exposure of animals to emanations from diseased organs. II. Subcutaneous injection of pleuro-pneumonia exudation-liquid. III. Inoculation in the tail by the ordinary method. IV. Fatal case of “blood poisoning” apparently consequent on infusion of pleuro-pneumonia liquid into the circulating blood. V. Inoeculations by infusion into the veins. VI. List of animals experimented upon. APPENDIX I. Exposure of Animals to the Emanation from diseased organs. Sept. 9, 1876.—Portions of lung from a cow affected with pleuro-pneumonia were conveyed direct from a slaughter-house to the Brown Institution, and while still warm were placed in the mangers of two two-year-old bullocks, known as animals Nos. 3 and 4 in this Report. The diseased material was allowed to remain in the mangers during the night, and removed in the morning along with a considerable amount of serous fluid which had drained from it. No washing or disinfection was done after its removal. Both these animals were kept under close observation, and no result of this exposure was observed, and no rise of temperature was recorded. March 27, 1877.—The above experiment was repeated by placing portions of diseased lung in the mangers of a cow, about six years old, and a two-ycar- old bullock, known as animals Nos. 2 and 5 in this Report. In this experi- ment the portions of lung were allowed to remain for twenty-four hours, and when removed the mangers were neither washed nor disinfected. It should be noted that in the case of No. 5 he had barely recovered from an attack of foot-and-mouth disease, communicated by means of saliva obtained from diseased animals at the Metropolitan Cattle Market. Neither of these animals was affected by this contact with the pleuro-pneumonia virus, and the daily recorded temperature remained normal. August 16, 1878.—A favourable opportunity presented itself for repeating this experiment on a larger scale, when portions of fresh diseased lungs were placed in the mangers of seven animals, two cows and five yearlings, known as animals Nos. 10 to 15 in this Report; these animals did not suffer from an exposure of twenty-four hours to these diseased organs. APPENDIX II. Injection of Pleuro-Pneumonia Exudation-liquid into the Cellular Tissue. September 6, 1878.—Five yearling heifers which had been kept under daily ‘observation at the Brown Institution since March, and had been the subjects of experiments on anthrax, were inoculated by the injection of a few drops of the liquid obtained from a portion of diseased lung (taken from a cow slaughtered the same morning) into the subcutaneous cellular tissue on the side of the neck and front of the shoulder. The punctures could be felt as mere prominences on the following day, and continued so in all the animals for four days. On the fifth day, in one there was some swelling and tenderness at the seat of puncture, and on the following day a similar appearance was observed in another. The daily record kept will best show the progress and the result of this swelling. Sept. 11, 1878.—At the seat of puncture in No, 14, there is a little doughy painiul swelling, 166 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the Sept. 12.—Swelling increasing in No. 14, and just beginning in No. 10. Sept. 13. —Swelling still increasing in Nos. 10 and 14, temperature normal in all, and no evidence of constitutional disturbance in the two that show local symptoms, Sept. 14.—Indication of slight swelling in Nos. 11, 12, and 13; in Nos. 10 and 14 the swelling is spreading, the temperature of No. 14, 102°9, in the others still normal. Sept. 15.—Increase of swelling in all, but most marked in No, 14, Sept. 15.—No. 10. 102°6. Sept. 16.—No. 10. 102°2. » 11. 102°4, » ll. 102°6. » 12. 102°8. » 12. 102°8. » 13. 102°4, » 13. 102-2. » 14. 103-4, - yy 14, 104°2, Sept. 16—The swelling in the case of No. 14 increasing rapidly, very tender, doughy, and pits on pressure. Sept. 17.—No. 10. 103°2. Swelling extends along one side of neck. BA No. 11. 102°9. Swelling about the size of an egg. +) No. 12. 103°6. Swelling about 6 inches S aiameter. Sy No. 13. 102°6. Swelling as large as an eg No. 14. 105°4, The swelling now area along both sides of the ‘neck, animal ill, and refuses food. Sept. 18 ‘—No. 10, 1042. The swelling is still confined to one side of neck. 3 Now O19 3 No. 12. 103°9. Swelling still spreading. No. 13. 102°0. No. 14. 106°0, At the seat of inoculation the skin is soft and moist, "put there is no softening of the swelling generally. Sept. 19.—No. 10. 104°3. The swelling is now extending along on both sides of the neck. 3 No. 11. 102°2. ; x No. 12. 104°0. The infiltration of the cellular tissue still pro- gressing. “5 No. 13. 101°9. Swelling not increasing. No. 14. 106°4. Constitutional disturbance great, the cede- matous swelling now extends from the head along the whole “under surface of the neck to the sternum. Sept. 20.—No. 10. 105°0. The infiltration spreading rapidly. By No. 11. 102°0. The progress of the cedema now seems arrested. 3s No. 12. 104°0. The swelling involves nearly the whole of one side of the neck. 39 No. 18. 102°0. Swelling does not increase. No. 14. 106°4. Animal ; getting weak, losing flesh rapidly ; the swelling spreading down both fore- legs, but more particularly the left, the inoculation having been performed on that side. When some incisions were made into the swollen cellular tissue a quantity of serous fluid drained away. On cooling, this liquid became of a gelatinous consistence, and a soft clot separated. Under the microscope few ‘ted blood globules and great numbers of large granular cells were seen, but no bacteria or allied organisms could be made out. Sept, 21.—No. 10. 105°8. The swelling is still advancing, and the animal refuses food, and is losing condition, A few incisions made to relieve the tension if possible. No. 11. 102°0. No. 12. 104°0. Swelling very tender. No. 13. 102°0. 6 - No. 14, 105°6. Very weak, lies almost constantly, the incisions ~ Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumonia. 167 discharging freely, but the swelling spreading under chest and along the belly, skin sloughing where it was scarified. Sept. 22.—No. 10, 105°8, The infiltration of the cellular tissue extending down the fore-legs as well as along the whole under surface of neck. No. 11. 102°2. Swelling subsiding. " No. 12. 104°5. The swelling still confined to the side of the neck on which the puncture was made, A few small punctures made in the skin with a lancet. ss No, 13. 102°6. “ No. 14. 103°0. Can scarcely stand, sloughing condition of the skin, with fcetid discharge. Sept. 28.—No. 10. 106°4. Very weak, and the incisions in the skin assuming an unhealthy appearance. 5 No. 11. 102°0. Swelling subsiding. * No. 12. 103°8, Swelling less tense, but wounds unhealthy. - No, 18. 101°8. Swelling subsiding. ae No. 14. 100°2. Died in the course of the day. Post-mortem same night. A large quantity of straw-coloured gelatinous exudation in the subcutaneous cellular tissue, extending from the lower jaw along the inferior aspect of the neck, chest, and abdomen, and also extending down both fore-legs below the knee. In some places the exudation was nearly an inch in thickness, and when cut it yielded a pale straw-coloured juice. There was a small quantity of exudation in the peritoneal cavity, but the abdominal viscera were otherwise healthy. On the pleura and pericardium there were some peporsnacio spots as well as on the surface of the lungs, which were otherwise ealthy. Sept. 24.—No. 10. 106°4. Wounds sloughing and weakness progressing. pid eNO. LL. 101°8. x No, 12. 104°0. The swelling now subsiding. i No. 13, 102-0, Sept. 25.—No. 10. 105°8 The swelling extending along the belly, animal sinking. 55 No. 11. 101°8. Very little swelling now remains, = No. 12. 103°0, Swelling subsiding, fluid still draining freely from the wounds, which are of a very ' unhealthy character. as No. 13. 101°8. The swelling has almost disappeared. Sept. 26—No. 10. 104°0. Lies constantly, can scarcely get up, evidently sinking. bs No. 11, 101°8. iy No. 12. 103°2. Swelling much reduced, a fetid discharge continues from the wounds. Sept. 27.—No. 10. 102°3. Unable to stand; slaughtered; post-mortem immediately. With the exception of a few hemorrhagic spots on the peri- toneum, the abdominal viscera were healthy. Pleura studded with hemor- thagic spots, and contained a small quantity of exudation. Lungs perfectly ealthy. In this case the swelling extended from the lower jaw along the under surface of the neck and body to the mammary gland, and down both fore-legs as far as the fetlock joints. Sept. 28.—No, 12. 102°0. Swelling fast disappearing. Sept. 30. No. 12. 101°8. Wounds healing, and swelling almost gone, 168 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the APPENDIX III. Inoculation in the Tail by the ordinary Method. A healthy cow, about six years old, which had been kept under daily observation for several months, and had on three occasions during the month of June, 1876, resisted infection with foot-and-mouth disease, calved on August 15, 1876, and for a few days both before and after calving an increase in the bodily temperature was noted. As determined by a long series of observations, the mean normal temperature was 101°6 Fahr., the range of readings being from 101 to 102°2. Nov. 3, 1876.—About two drops of the fluid which had drained from a diseased lung were injected into the cellular tissue of the tail about 3 inches above its termination. For the first four days the seat of the puncture could be felt as a very small prominence, but on the fifth day it was tender and slightly swollen. The swelling slowly increased up to the 10th day, and was at that date confined to the seat of puncture, and about 13 inch in diameter. On the 12th day a slough had formed in the centre of this swelling, which separated on the 17th day, and left an ill-conditioned sore. A much more extensive secondary swelling now began, involving the whole circumference of the lower part of the tail, and spread gradually upward for 9 inches above the seat of the inoculation by the 33rd day. At this time about 12 inches of the lower part of the tail was twice its natural thickness. ‘This swelling was firm, cold and painless, except at its upper margin, where it terminated somewhat abruptly in a narrow band, where the skin was hot and tender, and, at which point by the 38th, softening began, and the future line of separation was marked out. The dead portion of the tail gradually shrivelled, and finally separated without hemorrhage on January 3, 1877, the 58th day after inoculation. Under ordinary circumstances the dead portion of the tail would have been amputated long before, but in this case the sequel to the inoculation was watched without interference. While these changes were taking place at the seat of inoculation the animal showed no signs of constitutional disturbance; the mean temperature during the 58 days was 101°64, and the daily readings ranged from 101:2 to 102°2. No suppuration attended this sloughing, and the small raw surface on the end of the stump healed in a few days. This animal was afterwards placed in a cow-shed where pleuro-pneumonia existed on November 23, 1877, and kept there until January 9, 1878, when, being so ill that there was little prospect of recovery, she was slaughtered. A post-mortem examination showed that the illness of this animal was due to the presence of a large surgical needle which had been swallowed with the food, and having transfixed the wall of the second stomach had injured the liver and diaphragm, causing a large diaphragmatic abscess ; in addition, the liver was extensively diseased and contained a large number of parasites. The lungs and pleura were perfectly healthy. No trace of any adhesions or sub-pleural exudation. APPENDIX IV. Fatal case of “ Blood poisoning,” apparently consequent ypon the injection into the circulating blood of Pleuro-Pneumonia Virus. A cow supposed to be about thirteen years old had been kept under daily observation at the Brown Institution for eight months. In June, 1876, she - Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pneumonia. 169 resisted infection with foot-and-mouth disease on four occasions. With the exception of a cough (which was mostly heard in the morning or when disturbed after she had been lying for some time), she appeared in good health. The mean normal temperature obtained by daily observations extend- ing over several months was 100°8° Fahr., the range of the readings being from 100°1 to 101°7. About the middle of November for several days the temperature rose without any apparent cause, and again declined to the normal; no other change in the animal’s condition was noted. During the first 12 days of November the highest recorded temperature, that on the 12th, was 102°2, and the lowest, on the 10th, 101°2. - The daily record was as follows :— Nov. 12.—102°2 Nov. 15.—103°8 » 18—103°4 » 16.—102°4 » 14.—104°0 » 17.—102°0 The temperature continued normal during the remainder of this month and the early part of December. Dec. 12, 1876.—Three fluid drachms of the exudation-liquid from pleuro- pneumonia lung were injected into the posterior auricular vein. Little local effect was produced for the first 15 days; the animal showed no constitutional disturbance, the temperature being 101-73 Fahr., and the highest 102° Fahr. ' Dec. 28.—The 16th day the temperature rose to 103°2, but no other symptom was observed ; the pulse and respiration remained normal, and the cow fed and ruminated as usual. Dec. 29.—Still feeding and ruminating, but appears ill, breathing difficult and irregular, 30 per minute, pulse 60, temperature 105°6. Stands with head elevated and nose protruded, evinces no signs of pain when the intercostal spaces are pressed. Dec. 30.—Dull and prostrate, not feeding, constipation with mucous coating of feces; respirations 32, pulse 70, temperature 105-4. When moved, she grunts and shows some indication of pain when the intercostal spaces are pressed. Auscultation does not reveal any lung consolidation. Dec, 31—In same prostrate condition as yesterday, neither feeding nor ruminating, respirations 30, pulse 68, temperature 105-2. January 1, 1877.—Prostration increasing, losing condition rapidly, respi- ration 32, pulse 64, temperature 105°6. Jan. 2.—Respirations 36, pulse 70, weak, and temperature 105-6. Jan. 3, 9 A.M.—Respiration 60, and accompanied by a grunt, which proved, on examination, to be due to the closure of the glottis after each inspiration, the pulse was indistinct in the superficial vessels; temperature 104°8. At 3 p.m. on the same day the temperature had fallen to 104, and by 9 P.m. to 102'8 — 2° in twelve hours. Jan. 4.—Lying, and unable to get up, breathing heavily, grunting, shivering, and grating her teeth; respirations 82, pulse imperceptible, temperature 101°6 in a morning, and only 100°4 at 10 p.m., when the animal was evidently sinking, Jan. 5.—Died about 7 a.m. Post-mortem 8 hours after death. With the exception of a small blood-clot under the capsule of the liver, the whole of the abdominal viscera were healthy; this small clot was recent, and probably due to a slight rupture in some of the animal’s struggles to get up. The costal pleura on both sides showed numerous patches of recent exudation, the vicinity of which was studded with small hemorrhagic spots, the surfaces of both lungs were smooth, and free from any adhesions to the sides of the chest, and from sub-pleural exudation, although on the surface of both there were some hemorrhagic patches. The right lung, from the animal having died on that 170 Concluding Report on the Experiments at the side, was dark-coloured and full of blood, but its tissue was healthy and cre- pitant throughout. Along the thin margin of the middle part of the left lung there existed a patch of partially consolidated tissue, about three or four inches in extent. The firm straw-coloured exudation, which was confined to imter- lobular tissue, not invading the lobules themselves, varied in thickness from = to 4 inch. When cut, no juice exuded from the surface, such as is always seen in cases of acute contagious pleuro-pneumonia. The whole appearances showed conclusively that this exudation was not the result of any recent inflammatory action, but some old morbid process in the interlobular tissue. In addition, about the middle of the superior aspect of the left lung, there existed a cavity bounded by a strong resisting membrane containing a mass of dead lung, the remains of the interlobular tissue being easily made out under the microscope. This piece of necrosed lung was as large as an egg, and was infiltrated and partially surrounded by cheesy material. Such cavities, containing portions of dead-lung tissue, have frequently been met with in the lungs of cattle which have recovered from limited or partial attacks of pleuro-pneumonia. Professor Brown, in the Annual Report of the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council for 1876, at pp. 18, 19, describes a case of this kind where the animal was slaughtered eleven months after recovery. The French Commission, in reporting the results of their experiments in 1854, stated that in six out of eleven uninoculated animals that had been exposed to the influence of contagion by three months’ cohabitation with diseased animals without apparent result, they found portions of dead lung encysted. This would go far to show that these six animals had been the subjects of limited attacks of the disease. APPENDIX V. Inoculation by the infusion of Pleuro-Pneumonia Virus into the blood. In performing inoculation by this method, the vein running down the back of the ear was selected on account of its moderate size and superficial position. The vein was exposed by a small incision in the skin, and the sharp-pointed steel cannula of a subcutaneous syringe introduced into the vein, and the fluid obtained from the diseased lung slowly passed into the blood-stream by the syringe. ‘The vein was afterwards secured by a ligature, and the small wound in the skin closed by a suture. In the first attempts at inoculation by this method, it was found that the ligature of the vein and the suture in the skin caused some swelling which did not subside in less than fourteen days. It was also seen that by making an incision in the skin, the risk of introducing the virus into the cellular tissue, which has since been proved to be extremely dangerous, was very much increased. It was afterwards found that, with the exception of one case in which the vein was very small, in a calf about two months old, the incision in the skin could be dispensed with. By shaving the hair off the spot selected for the operation and applying pressure so as to cause the distention of the vein by blood it could be distinctly seen, and a fine-pointed steel cannula passed into it in the direction of the blood-stream. That the cannula was in the vein itself, and not merely lodged in the sheath or surrounding cellular tissue was readily demonstrated by allowing a few drops of blood to flow before attempting to inject the virus. By this means the risk of inoculating the cellular tissue was reduced to a minimum if not entirely avoided. ‘The application of slight pressure over the vein for a few seconds after the with- Brown Institution on Pleuro-Pnewmonia. 172 drawal of the cannula was found sufficient to stop any slight bleeding from the puncture, and thus the trouble and danger of applying a ligature to the vein was found unnecessary. Sept. 9, 1876.—The animals, known in this Report as Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 (see Appendix VI.), had been under daily observation at the Brown Insti- tution for three months, and during the whole of that time had remained perfectly healthy, as is shown by the following temperatures :— Highest. Lowest. Mean. No. 5.—102°6 p 101°45 x 101°65 »» 6.—102°6 oc 100°4 “: 101°55 », 7.—102°8 as 101°1 Ae 101°95 », 8.—102°6 a 101°2 “2 101°9 The inoculation was performed by injecting two fluid-drachms of fresh pleuro- neumonia exudation into the vein. The only local effect observed was a ittle swelling of the wound, which disappeared, leaving only the cicatrix of the incision by the fourteenth day. No constitutional disturbance followed this injection of the virus into the blood; the daily temperature of all the animals continued normal, as is shown by the following Table, the results of forty daily observations of each animal :— Highest. Lowest. Mean. No. 5.—102°6 = 101°4 “2 101°65 », 6.—102°2 oe 101°3 “ 101-71 » 7-—102°9 Se 100°7 ¥ 101°8 », 8.—102°4 a 101°0 = 101°7 Nov. 8, 1876.—Some of the fluid collected for the inoculation of No. 2 in the cellular tissue of the tail was used for infusion into the vein in animals Nos. 3, 4 and 9 (see Appendix VI.). The animals Nos. 3 and 4 had been exposed to contact with portions of diseased lung on Sept. 9, but the daily temperature recorded commencing in June, shows that they had been healthy during the whole time :— Highest. Lowest. Mean. No, 3.—101°9 = IOLs1 ce 101-29 » 4—102°0 = 100°9 = 101°15 In the case of No. 9, the animal was barely three months old, and the normal temperature, as the mean of twenty daily observations, was found to be 102°2. The local effect produced by the injection into the vein was only slight in Nos, 3 and 4, and the wounds had closed and all swelling disappeared in from twelve to sixteen days. In the case of No. 9 the vein was so small that eyen when fully exposed some difficulty was found in introducing the cannula. Although no infiltration of the surrounding cellular tissue resulted from the injury inflicted, an abscess about the size of a pigeon’s ege formed, and the wound was not closed until the twenty-third day after the inoculation, but no secondary swelling appeared, and no general disturbance was observed in any of these animals, even although the quantity of fluid injected was three fluid drachms. As proof of this, the result of the daily temperature observations, during the forty days immediately succeeding the operation, may be quoted :— Highest. Lowest. Average. No, 3.—102°4 as 101°2 ae 101°7 » 4.—102°0 ss 101°2 33 101°6 » 9.—102°8 “ 101°9 ae 102°21 Dec. 12, 1876.—A portion of the material used for the inoculation of the cow No. 1, referred to in Appendix IV., was used for the second inoculation of 172 Concluding Reports on the Experiments at the Nos. 3, 4,5 and 6. he operation was this time performed without making an incision in the skin. The local effect produced by the puncture was only a very slight prominence, which could be felt for a few days. The quantity of fluid injected was again three drachms. No constitutional effects were visible, as the result of this inoculation, although the animals were under observation for some months, as will be seen by reference to Appendix VI. They were afterwards submitted to contact with diseased animals, and were kept in infected places, to test, as far as practicable, the protective value of the inoculation. ‘The animals Nos. 3 and 4 were slaughtered March Ist, 1878, after a test exposure in an infected shed in November and December, 1877. A post-mortem examination was made, and the lungs of both were found in every respect healthy. Animal No. 5 was infected with foot-and- mouth disease in March, 1877, and was placed in a shed infected with pleuro- pneumonia, in November, 1877, and continued healthy up to the end of March, 1878, when he was disposed of. No. 6 was placed among infected stock, July, 1877; was brought back to the Brown Institution in February, 1878, when he was made the subject of a test experiment relating to the communication of anthrax by feeding. March 27, 1877.—Animals Nos. 7, 8 and 9 were a second time inoculated by injecting into the veins three drachms of pleuro-pneumonia virus, Since their previous inoculation on September 9, 1876, Nos. 7 and 8 had been castrated in November, the result of which operation was to cause an increase of temperature for a few days. They had also been affected with foot-and-mouth disease in February, 1877, induced by eating hay moistened with the saliva of diseased animals. As the result of this pleuro-pneumonia inoculation, no general effect was produced ; they were all kept at the Brown Institution till July, and then placed along with No. 6 among diseased stock, and brought back to the Brown Institution, for experiments on the production of anthrax in February, 1878. Nos. 7 and 8 were afterwards sold at the end of March, but No. 9, for which another animal was obtained in exchange, remained at the Brown Institution in a healthy condition till the middle of May. September 2, 1878.—The five yearlings referred to in Appendix II. were inoculated by the injection of two drachms of pleuro-pneumonia virus into the vein, At the seat of puncture a mere prominence could be felt, which had quite subsided by the 6th, when the subcutaneous injection was performed. These animals had been the subjects of anthrax experiments in May and June, but their temperatures had remained normal from the middle of July, and continued so until after the subcutaneous inoculation on September 6. As no opportunity was found for placing these animals in infected sheds, they were finally sold in a healthy condition in November. September 6, 1878.—Two cows, which had been under almost daily observation at the Brown Institution during May, June, and July, while the subject of vaccination observations, not connected with the work of” the Royal Agricultural Society, were purchased for pleuro-pneumonia experiments. Some of the pleuro-pneumonia virus used for the subcutaneous inoculation of the five yearlings, Nos. 10 to 14, was injected into the vein of these two cows. No result was observed further than a mere prominence at the seat of puncture, which could be felt for a few days. 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By Witu1aAm Macponatp, Editor ‘ North British Agriculturist, and JAMES MACDONALD, Agricultural Reporter, ‘Scotsman.’ INTRODUCTION. THE great “ World’s Fair” which opened in the Champ-de- Mars, Paris, in May, and closed in November, has been a credit to the French authorities, whether a profit in a financial respect or not. It is beyond our province to report on the latter aspect of the gigantic undertaking ; but it is our agreeable duty to record here the great success of the Exhibition from an agricul- tural, or, for that matter, industrial, point of view. In some respects the arrangements were admirable, though in others, as was to have been expected, they were not quite what an Englishman could have wished, or indeed was accustomed to see at his own national agricultural gatherings. It must be admitted, however, that the arrangements for the live-stock displays were, in some of their features, considered supe- rior to anything that the ordinary British Show-goer has hitherto seen. We refer in particular to the design and work- manship of the buildings, which it may be stated had a semi- permanent character, and served first for the cattle display and afterwards for that of horses. Perhaps it should also be stated that expense was no object. The rows of shedding were roomy, airy, well-lighted, and very comfortable both for man and beast. The stalls were commodious, clean, and tidily kept. It is not our purpose to dwell on the charms of the gay capital of France ; on the extent and beauties of the Exhibition ground and buildings; on the facilities afforded to visitors by the various competing routes from England ; nor on the extent to which the attractions of the Exhibition affected the revenue of railway companies and hotelkeepers in the different parts of Britain, more especially Scotland, frequented by tourists. We may refer, however, to certain circumstances which prevented a larger and better representation of British stock from putting in an appearance at Paris. In the first place, the journey was long and rough, and the risks of disease were great. These facts could not be ignored by the owners of very valuable Short- horns, and the fears of this nature entertained at the outset proved only too well founded, for the most valuable animal that crossed the Channel succumbed to disease before she could regain her own pastures. Another thing that operated against - the exhibition of cattle from the United Kingdom was the period The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 175 up to which the ages of the animals were reckoned—lIst May, 1878. For this country, in which there is a pretty regular calving season—the spring months—the date of calculating ages could not haye been more unsatisfactory. The two-year-olds had to compete among cows, and the class under two years on 1st May had to be made up chiefly of what is usually termed yearlings. Then the maximum age for bulls was four years on 1st May last. That still further limited British competition. There was no such limitation in the female classes, and we could see no reason for it in those for males. The system of judging by large juries is also unpopular with British exhibitors of live stock, and is year by year getting more so. Again, there was little prospect that the body of jurors would include gentlemen familiar even with the main characteristics of the various British breeds. For example, we happen to know that but for this fear there would have been a good representation at Paris of the heavy-milking Ayrshire, the valuable grazing Polled Galloway, and the excellent beef- making Hereford. As it was, these breeds were almost, if not wholly, a blank. The grouping of various breeds rather awkwardly together in the original premium-list had also a deterring effect—more, however, in the sheep than the cattle classes. Those splendid mutton-makers, the Shropshire Downs, for instance, were conspicuous by their absence on this account ; so were those valuable crossing sheep, the Border Leicesters. The former were linked with the Oxford and the Hampshire Downs, and the latter with English Leicesters, Lincolns, and some other Long-woolled breeds. Anything like satisfaction could not have resulted from so many different breeds competing together. Breeders were fully aware of this, and many who would otherwise have sent their stock kept them at home. That the jurors would succeed in getting prizes for the representatives of each of the distinct breeds could not have been foreseen months before by stock-owners, who, of course, had only the official premium-list to guide them. While these circumstances unquestionably made the display of British live stock less representative, smaller, and generally not so creditable as it otherwise would have been, it cannot be said that this country has cause to complain, or to be ashamed of the result. England carried the “ blue ribbon” of the Exhibition for sheep and swine, and Scotland that for cattle. For horses the champion prize was considered by British visitors to be more decidedly theirs than the cattle, sheep, or pig trophies were ; but a different system of adjudication was adopted in the equine department, as will be afterwards explained, and the coveted honour was retained in France. q 176 = The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Agricultural implement-makers from Great Britain made a capital appearance—at great labour and expense, no doubt; yet they maintained their high reputation. In this department our American cousins not only pressed us hard, but in some points surpassed us. France and several other Continental countries have improved wonderfully since the last Paris Exhibition, in 1867. The improvements made in that comparatively short period, most notably perhaps in France, have not been confined | to agricultural implements. They were rendered very evident _ in the live-stock sections of the Exhibition. Both cattle and sheep from the home country made a relatively better appear- ance than they have done at any of the previous International Exhibitions in the fashionable French capital. Agriculturally speaking, the Exhibition of 1878 showed France in a con- siderably advanced state from that in which it appeared even in 1867. Live STOCK. The display of cattle, sheep, and swine opened on the 7th of June, and continued over twelve days. The official Catalogue contained 1700 entries of cattle, 825 of sheep, and 381 of swine —in all, 2906. A considerable number of the animals entered were not exhibited, but, on the other hand, the “entry” in numerous sheep and swine classes consisted of three or more animals, so that it may safely be stated that over 3000 animals were gathered together. The countries represented were France, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Italy, Portugal, and Switzerland; those having the largest number ot entries being France, Great Britain, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. Austria showed neither cattle nor swine, and was represented in the sheep department by two pens of the Zakkel and three of the Merino breed. Though it cannot be claimed that the display was complete as an exhibition of European cattle, sheep, and swine, still it is not too much to say that it was not only the largest and most valuable, but also the most varied and most interesting that has ever yet been opened to the eye of the public. In proof of this it will be sufficient to state that no fewer than 65 distinct races and sub-races of cattle, 50 races and sub-races of sheep, and 21 races and sub-races of swine were represented ; and that in addition to all these the turn-out of cattle comprised specimens of over 30 different crosses, that of sheep about 20, and that of swine 25. What a panorama of form, colour, and characteristic! What a study for the student of agriculture! What a field for the curious and the inquiring! It has perhaps never had an equal; it has cer- tainly never been surpassed. In those sixty-five varieties of the The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 177 bovine race there was room for contrast, room for numerous grades of development, room for animals, good, bad, and in- different. Comparisons are sometimes odious ; here they were often instructive, sometimes amusing. It was both tempting and entertaining to institute comparisons, to pass from class to class, and contrast one breed with another—the gay handsome Shorthorn with the light-waisted, low-loined, many-shaped, Pyrenean breeds; the sleek black Polls with the symmetrical white Charolais; the massive, powerful-looking Limousin with the tiny Kerry; the clumsy, thick-necked Swiss with the slim Fleming, the plump three-feet-high Breton with the tall blue Italian. Then among the fleecy and porcine tribes the contrasts were scarcely Jess amusing, and every whit as instructive. It may be explained that in each of the three departments there were two divisions, namely a “Foreign Division,” open to nations other than France ; and a “ Home Division,” confined to French exhibitors. We shall begin, as the Catalogue does, with the “Foreign Division,” and, like it also, speak first of British cattle. En@.LisH Breeps. Shorthorns.—Of this justly popular breed England and Ire- land contributed 42 entries. Several of these, however, includ- ing the Irish, failed to put in an appearance. Both the classes of bulls were rather indifferently filled as regards quality. In neither of the male classes was the merit so high as one sees usually at an open show in this country. First and third in the younger bull class were a pair of moderate specimens from Flanders. Shorthorns from other countries foreign to France competed with English animals of the breed, but, except in this class, they made little of it. Lady Pigot—whose exhibits we have often seen in better bloom—got second worthily with “ Nobilis,” a nineteen-month-old roan, son of “ Royal Com- mander,” out of “ Victoria Gloriosa,” whose name indicates the tribe to which she belongs. ‘ Nobilis,” though thus very well bred, can hardly be called a bull of first-class Showyard form. He was bred by the exhibitor, and may improve with age. The class of bulls between two and four years was rather better filled than the younger one. With a pair of good useful whites, England got first and second honours. Lady Pigot had here also to be contented with a second ticket. Her Ladyship’s exhibit was “The Beau,” a two-year-and-five-month bull, bred in the West Hall herd, after “ Damon,” now at Coulardbank, Morayshire, and out of “Mary Belle.” “The Beau” is big for his age, with plenty of masculine character, and no lack of VOL. XV.—s. 5. N 178 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. substance, but deficient somewhat in shape and symmetry when © you come to “take him to pieces.” Still he pushed pretty closely on the first one, “Baron Australia Bates,” a two-year- and-eight-month-old animal of Bates blood, shown and bred by Mr. George Fox, of Elmhurst Hall, Staffordshire. This bull was not all that could have been desired in a first-prize animal, though he is a strong, massive, useful-looking sire. The female classes were decidedly superior to the male. In the class of heifers under two years, perhaps the best looking Shorthorn in the Exhibition appeared in the shape of — the Marquis of Exeter’s beautiful twenty-three-month-old roan “Sea Bird.” This charming heifer, bred at Burghley, is a worthy daughter of that distinguished prize bull ‘“ Telemachus,” and out of the valuable breeding cow “Sea Gull.” “Sea Bird” has inherited from her sire rare quality and wealth of flesh, is very level all over, with wide ribs, strong loins, nice hair, much style, and attractive head and neck. Shown as she was in the best of trim, and having nearly all the advantage that the maximum age could give, she was an easy first in a good class. The well-known Booth and Knightley herd at Windsor fur- nished a creditable second in “Cawlina 9th,” a seventeen- month-old roan, daughter of the Knightley cow “Cawlina 5th,” and after Mr. Booth’s “ Manrico” (26,805). This heifer is long in the quarter, level in flesh, and handsome in form. She did not display so much substance and wealth of carcass as “Sea Bird” did, being younger; yet Her Majesty’s exhibit showed much style and feminine character. She is the result of at least two crosses of Booth blood on Knightley. Those having experience of this cross would readily believe that she is not the produce of a first cross of this nature, because it is seldom that it appears in such good form. Second and subsequent crosses of Booth blood on the grand milking Knightleys pro- duce excellent animals—generally nicer than those of the first cross. Lady Pigot and Mr, Fox had a hard pull for the third ticket. Eventually preference was given to Mr. Fox’s tidy little roan, daughter of the celebrated American-bred “ Duchess” bull, “24th Duke of Airdrie.” She was only thirteen months old, had a good coat of hair, handled well, and looks like making a good cow, not having been overdone in the way of feeding. Lady Pigot’s “ May Queen,” a seventeen- month-old roan, half-sister to “The Beau,” and by her Lady- ship’s well-known bull “ Red-Cross Knight,” had more size and substance than the third heifer, with a truer outline ; but the West Hall heifer did not prove so sweetly under the hand, nor display so much feminine character as the other. Lord Bective got a well-deserved “ honourable mention” for a good red and The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 179 white twenty-one-month-old heifer of his Lordship’s own breeding, viz., “* Marchioness 11th,” a daughter of the highly- bred “ Duchess” bull “Duke of Underley,” son of the 6300 guinea cow “10th Duchess of Geneva.” Five prizes, varying from 12/. to 24/., having been offered for cows or heifers over two years old, good competition was secured. Here again Her Majesty the Queen and the Marquis of Exeter _ had the best of it; the Queen with the mother of the second yearling heifer and the Marquis with the half-sister of the first- ‘prize heifer. Victory, however, was once more clearly on the Marquis’s side. His beautiful four-year-and-five-month-old roan cow “ Telemacina,” sired by “ Telemachus,” and out of “ Lady Penrhyn,” by the “Duke of Wharfdale” (21619), whose name indicates that Bates blood is in her veins, was not to be denied. ‘Telemacina” isso well known to many of the English Show-goers that little need be said of her appearance on the banks of the Seine. She was really the only firm rival that her half-sister had for the distinction of being the best Showyard Shorthorn in the Exhibition. “Telemacina” has a grandly arched rib, good loin, nice shoulder, and good quality. Along the top she is faultless, and the deficiency which characterised her last year, when she was third at the Liverpool “Royal,” viz., alittle bareness below, is less visible than it was in 1877. If we mistake not, she is a better Shorthorn cow than any we have seen in the British Showyard this season. ‘ Cawlina 5th,” from Windsor, which was the second-prize two-year-old at the Aberdeen Highland Show in 1876, and was third at the Edinburgh Highland Show in 1877, made a capital second. Lengthy, heavy, and stylish, she proves well under the hand, is getting a trifle patchy, but is all over a handsome daughter of the late Mr. T. C. Rooth’s “ King Tom” (31,521). Lady Pigot was stiffly in for the third ticket in this class also; she had nothing to say to it earlier. The Jurors hesitated a considerable time between her Ladyship’s cows and Mr. Robert Bruce’s “ Miss Fox,” from Manor House, Northallerton, and bred by Mr. Outhwaite. “ Miss Fox” isa four-year-old white daughter of that remarkable nine-year-old bull, ‘ Royal Windsor” (29,890), bred by Mr. Willis, and the winner of first honours at the Cardiff Royal and Kelso Highland Shows in 1872. This cow won the coveted ticket at the Edinburgh Highland Show in 1877, beating then “ Cawlina 5th,” now preferred without a murmur. To handle, “ Miss Fox,” since exported to New South Wales, is a little stiff, but her outline is good, her neck vein remarkably well filled, while she covers a great deal of ground in proportion to her apparent size. She was ultimately chosen for third honours, which was all that her plucky owner could have ex- N 2 180 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. pected in suchcompany. Lady Pigot’s “ Rosalba,” a three-year- old red roan, of Mr.Richard Stratton’s breeding, and fourth winner at Liverpool in 1877, had strong claims for higher honours in the estimation of an “all-round” sort of bench, being thick, massive, and, like all the Stratton Shorthorns, very well fleshed. At the tail, however, she is a little bumpy, and lacks the degree of Shorthorn character displayed by some of the other exhibits. With fourth place she had to be content. No exhibitor was _ permitted to take more than one prize in any class, so that her Ladyship’s other cows —all more or less known to fame—had to be set aside when the destination of the fifth ticket was being settled. It fell to a fair two-year-old roan heifer, shown by Mr. J. B. Spence, Half-moon Street, Piccadilly. “ Honourable Mention” was deservedly bestowed on Her Majesty the Queen’s “ Benedicta,” by the recently deceased Warlaby sire, “ Royal Benedict” (27,348); on Lady Pigot’s “ Zvezda,” “ Dainty Dame,” and “ Victoria Lucida ;” on Lord Bective’s “* Red Rose of Teviot,” a two-year-old thickly-fleshed heifer of the rising tribe indicated by hername; and on Mr. J. K. Fowler’s “ Griifin Foggathorpe 8th,” from Prebendal Farm, Aylesbury. That the class of cows or heifers over two years was a good one may be readily inferred from the fact that it contained the third and fourth Royal winners of 1877, and the first and third Highland Society’s prize-takers the same year. Lady Pigot’s “ Zvezda” was evidently past her bloom. Indeed, she has not been in good Showyard form since she suffered so severely from foot-and-mouth disease two years ago. Her grandly arched ribs, immense width of chest and splendid character were as at- tractive as ever, but her patchiness on the hind-quarters and un- evenness along the top would not “ go down” with the foreign Jurors and she only got “* Honourable Mention,” though she was the first-prize Royal and Bath and West yearling in 1875, was sired by the late Mr. T. C. Booth’s “King James” (28,971), and was considered the most valuable Shorthorn, so far as pedi- gree was concerned, in the Exhibition. This is not all; she most unfortunately fell a victim to a second attack of foot-and- mouth disease, and died just at calving in the quarantine pre- mises at Brown’s Wharf, London, in the first week of July. Her Ladyship’s loss by the death of this precious cow was heavy, and occasioned much regret in Shorthorn quarters ; but it is not without its lessons. The career and early death of this very valuable animal should be instructive to the owners of cattle worth in the market “four figures.” By subjecting such animals to the trying ordeal of preparation for a high place in the modern Showyard, unfortunately a very great risk is run. When she appeared for the first time in public at Croydon in The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 181 June 1875, at the top of the yearling class, she was as ripe apparently as a pear—as “hard fat” as a Smithfield beast. That displayed the natural aptitude of a well-bred Shorthorn to mature early, but it did not augur well for her future usefulness as a breeder and milker. The very hard life of a Showyard animal, with all its risks of disease, undoubtedly hastened her end. The more is the pity! ‘ Herefords.—Four classes were arranged for this breed, and prizes were offered of the value of 4600 francs (about 184/.). But only two animals were entered—one by Her Majesty the Queen, and the other by Mr. Hewer, Marden, Hereford. The latter did not send his animal, so that the “‘ white-faces” were repre- sented by Her Majesty’s three-year-and-five-month-old bull, got ‘« Alexander,” and out of “Caliope 2nd.” He was a fair speci- men of the breed, and well deserved the first premium of 800 francs, or 32/. It is much to be regretted, however, that some of the magnificent herds in the stronghold of the breed did not put in an appearance. Devons and Sussexr.—These two breeds were conjoined in competition; but, though similar in some points, they differ sufficiently to make such mixing of them undesirable and un- satisfactory. Both mustered in greater force than the Herefords, but still they were not such a large show as might have been expected, considering how strongly. they usually congregate at Shows in their native country. Together they numbered only about a dozen. In regard to merit, however, both breeds made a good appearance. In the class for bulls under two years old, Mr. Walter Farthing, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset, well known as one of the most successful breeders of Devon cattle, came first, getting 800 francs (32/.) with a handsome one- year-and-ten-month-old bull, “ Cherry’s Duke,” got by ‘“ Croy- don Boy” and out of “‘ Cherry 3rd” (2572). The second prize 700 frances (28/.) fell to a good specimen of the Sussex breed, shown by Messrs. E. and A. Stanford, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex, aged one year and nine months. In the old bull class the same exhibitors stood alone, but in this case the Sussex breed turned the tables on its friendly opponent, the Messrs. Stanford getting the 800, and Mr. Farthing the 700 francs. Perhaps the best class in this section was that for heifers under two years of age. A very neat, plump, well-brought-out Devon heifer, one year and eight months old, shown by the Queen, got by “ Prince George Frederick,” and out of “ Rose Bud,” was invincible for the first prize of 400 francs, or 16/. With ‘“ Queen Mary,” got by “Duke of Plymouth” (1080), and out of “Lemon,” Mr. W. R. Fryer, Lytchett Minster, Dorset, came second ; while Mr. Farthing had to be contented witha “ high commendation” 182. The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. for “ Lassie 2nd,” got by “Master Willie” (1163), and out of “Lassie” (3626). The Messrs. Stanford also got a “ high com- mendation ” for a fair specimen of the Sussex breed. In the cow class, Mr. Fryer again had the best of a keen tussle with My. Farthing, the former coming first with “ Quail,” a good cow, four years and five months old, got by “ Emperor” (1096), out of “Queen,” and bred by Viscount Portman, Bryanston ; while Mr. Farthing got second with “ Lady Bird,” a promising heifer, two years and six months old, in-calf, full sister to Mr. Fryer’s “ Queen Mary.” The Messrs. Stanford obtained a “ very high commendation ” for a good six-year-old Sussex cow. Mr. Farthing, it may be mentioned, did not send his best cattle to Paris. He retained a sufficient number of his “ cracks” to take a good position, as has been his wont, at the Bath and West of England and the Royal Shows. The Messrs. Stanford’s Sussex cattle were generally well fleshed and symmetrical. Suffolks——This breed was at first grouped with the Polled Angus and Aberdeen Cattle, but, through the influence of the British Jurors, it was drawn out, and arranged into classes by itself. In respect of numbers, however, the breed was not largely represented, Mr. J. J. Colman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich, being the only exhibitor. He showed three—a young bull, a heifer, and a cow; and it was unfortunate that they had no competition, for they would have held their own against for- midable opponents. He was justly awarded a first prize for each. Longhorns.—In the unfortunate absence of classes for them- selves, the specimens exhibited of this good old race had to appear in the section composed of “various breeds not in- cluded in the preceding categories,” or, as it is expressed in England, the Extra Stock Section—a circumstance which must be regarded as barely just to such a valuable breed. The Duke of Buckingham showed a cow and a two-year-old heifer; and Mr. W. G. Farmer, Hinckley, Leicestershire, a cow, a two-year- old heifer, and a one-year-old heifer—all of which competed in one class formed of about 30 distinct breeds, besides nearly half a score of differently crossed animals. The first prize ef 400 francs was awarded to a Shorthorn-cross cow, of fair form and excellent quality, hailing from Belgium ; while the second prize went to Mr. Farmer’s “ Gentle,” a very handsome two-year-old Longhorn heifer; and the third to the Duke of Buckingham’s magnificent nine-year-old Longhorn cow, “ Wild Rose.” The fourth prize and a supplementary prize both went to Shorthorn- crosses from Belgium—very good animals certainly—but in- ferior, we think, to Mr. Farmer's fine five-year-old Longhorn cow, ‘‘Springflower,” that was first at the “Royal” Show at The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 183 Liverpool last year, and that handles so sweetly ; and still more clearly inferior to his beautiful yearling heifer, “ Mayflower.” The latter animal was, in the opinion of many, the nicest in the class, and we think she is one of the best specimens of the Longhorn breed of modern times. In geueral contour she leaves little to be desired, her quality is fair, and her style and promise are satisfactory. It is worthy of mention here that the first volume of the ‘ Longhorn Herd Book’ has just made its appearance in England, while the Society, formed three years ago, to promote the interests of this fine old breed, has already done good service. ScotcH CaAtTTLe. Polled Angus or Aberdeen.—This rising and valuable beef- making Scotch breed was remarkably well represented. Fifteen were entered, and all were sent. Eight came from Tillyfour, six from Ballindalloch, and one from Keig. This section of the Show was distinguished not only by the presence of some very fine animals, but by what is even more creditable, the absence of anything approaching “a weed.” Evidence of this was furnished by the fact that every one of the fifteen animals had either a prize ticket or an “ Honourable Mention.” This was not all the distinction that was in store for the “ black skins,” for to them fell the championship of the Exhibition. - The young bull class contained only two animals, “ Pride,” a well-bred fourteen-month-old, large-sized bull from Ballin- dalloch, and a tidy little fifteen-month-old youngster, shown and bred by Mr. M‘Combie. The latter’s dam, a ten-year-old cow, and the daughter of a Battersea winner in 1862, has since been sold at 80 guineas, and the former’s dam cost 91 guineas two years ago, while his half-sisters were sold by auction lately at 100 and 91 guineas respectively, and his half-brother, only a few months old, at 100 guineas. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that either of the yearling Polled bulls at Paris was a first-class Showyard animal. The Tillyfour one was placed first. He was very good in front, and neat all over, but was not particularly well filled in the flank, and was not big for his age. Sir George Macpherson Grant’s bull, on the other hand, was big and “outcoming;” but he was sharp on the chine, and not so well made up as an animal of less growth would have been. The same combatants appeared in the old bull class, with a different result. Both bulls were just turned three years, and were bred by Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart. “ Judge,” shown by Sir George, was much larger than “ Cluny,” exhibited 184 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. by Mr. M‘Combie. The two were in the prize-list at- the Edinburgh Highland Show in 1877, and “Judge” was second as a yearling at the Aberdeen Highland Show the year before, while his sire “* Scotsman” was a first-prize Highland Society’s — yearling. “Judge” was easily first, being a bull of great substance for his age. He is not surpassingly fine in his shapes, but he has matured well, girthed 8 feet 2 inches, and was not only the best Polled bull in the Exhibition, but also the heaviest animal for his age. So much was he an object of attraction, that, in order to give him necessary rest and peace, two soldiers were stationed beside him to keep the visitors away. This | animal was regarded as one of the “sights” of the Meeting. A Frenchman, who wanted “Judge” for crossing with the white Charolais cattle, offered 200 guineas in vain for him. His dam as well as his sire, it may be added, were bred at Tillyfour, ‘ Cluny” is a nice little bull, good forward, but not so well filled-up aft. In respect of breeding and quality he leaves little to be desired, being descended from Sir George’s much-prized “ Ericas,” his dam having been the third-prize cow “Nya. Heifers under two years old made a capital appearance. Mr. M‘Combie had three and Sir George two, the latter being full sisters. The rule already referred to, by which no exhibitor was allowed to take more than one prize in a class, came into force here. Mr. M‘Combie had evidently the best of it in this class. His first-prize one was a very handsome twenty-month- old heifer, with a nice head, fair rib, and grand hind-quarters. For her age she was big, and was very well brought out. Her dam was bred by Mr. Reid, Baads, Aberdeenshire, and was a prize-winner at the Inverness Highland Show as a yearling in 1574, but having ceased to breed, she has since been sent to the Fat Shows, taking first honours at the Birmingham Show of 1878, and beating there the first-prize Paris cow. Very level in flesh all over, and stylish, this heifer was not grudged first honours. The other two from Tillyfour, which got “ Honourable Mention,” were a heavy twenty-one-month, long-quartered, shapely “ Pride,” -and a handsome yearling of good quality, out of an East Tulloch cow. The “Pride” heifer has a wonderfully true underline, and — a splendid front, but she has rather much white on her hind-legs, and “touches” somewhat stiffly. The other one looks like making a very fine cow. Sir George got the second-money premium with “ Birthday,” the smallest, but the youngest, and decidedly the nicest specimen of the breed in the class. Imme- diately behind the fore-arm it might have been a little better filled, yet all over it was a beauty. Its symmetry, quality, and plumpness were all that could have been desired, though, if The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 185 anything, it was undersized. It was indeed a pretty little picture, and was out of “ Bertha,” the first-prize cow at the Highland Society’s Stirling Show in 1873, while the sire was an Erica bull, “ Elchies,” bred at Ballindalloch. “ Birthday’s” full sister was only a few days under the maximum age, but she was not very nice towards the tail, and, though a good useful heifer, had her deserts with an “ Honourable Mention.” The class of cows or heifers over two years old was also made up of three from Tillyfour, and two from Ballindalloch, with the important addition of one owned by Mr. George Bruce, Keig, Aberdeenshire. The five first mentioned included the first- and second-prize cows at the Edinburgh Highland Show in 1877; the second-prize yearling heifer on the same occasion, and the first-prize cow at the Perth Highland Show in 1871; albeit none of these got the premier award in Paris. It was given to Mr. Bruce’s cow, which, having been hopeless as a breeder at least a year before, had been long under training for the Fat Showyard. On her dam’s side she has a rather short-recorded pedigree. Her sire was a cup bull at Aberdeen, and, like most of the animals on her pedigree, was bred at Tillyfour. She was in a higher state of feeding than any others in this section, and accordingly stood the long journey better. Her head, neck, and shoulders were magnificent, and her handsome frame was laden with flesh and fat uniformly taken on. Second honours were hers at the Edinburgh Fat Show in December 1877, when Mr. Bruce pur- chased her. As noted above, she has gone to the English Fat Shows, but having, through the effects of “ foot-and-mouth disease” and long quarantine, lost bloom, she was only placed second at Birmingham and Leeds in December last. There having been no stipulation at Paris regarding the breeding condition of the animals, she was not unfairly, though unex- pectedly, pulled to the front ; her plump, massive, level appear- ance proving attractive to foreigners. Mr. M‘Combie’s “ Sybil,” a five-year-old cow of Mr. Reid’s breeding at Baads, and Sir George’s “ Eva,” a seven-year-old Erica cow of his own breed- ing, fought their Edinburgh battle of 1877 over again, with a like result. Neither of the two is strong on the back. Both are wide, deep, heavy, wealthy-fleshed animals, on fine bone. “Sybil,” however, being younger, won in 1877, and kept her place in 1878. She has a charming head and neck, and stylish gait. She was the first yearling at the Inverness Highland Show in 1874, and the first cow at Edinburgh in 1877; while her daughter was the first yearling at Aberdeen the same year, and got “ Honourable Mention” at Paris, where she displayed a noble front and massive proportions for a two-year-old. The other cow from Tillyfour was “ Gaily,” a four-year-old hand- 186 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. some, feminine-looking animal, out of a Ballindalloch cow, sold for 100 guineas, and largely of Tillyfour blood. Her son, a yearling bull, has since gone to Mr. Thomson, Hatton Park, Westmoreland, at 69 guineas. ‘ Eva” is now past her bloom somewhat, and, never having been very strong on the back, she looked, as did her eleven-year-old sister ‘ Eisa,” con- siderably jaded by the journey. ‘ Eva,” however, was chosen for the third prize. She stands very wide in front, and has been a frequent winner at the Scotch National Shows. “ Eisa” was a cup-winner at Aberdeen, as well as a first Highland Society’s cow, and was nicer in “her day” than any Polled female at - Paris. Her age prevented her from taking the position on the Seine which she has often done in Scotland, but an “ honourable mention” was well bestowed on her. She and “ Eva” are two of the best bred cows of the present day, and, though past their best, they would bring considerably into “the three figures” in the market. The Erica pedigree, though not the longest, has perhaps fewer “stains” than any other in the ‘Polled Herd Book.’ The “ Pride” family, however, double it in the number of registered crosses, though some of the later crosses can hardly be said to have improved the tribe. The contest for the 100/. for the best group of cattle bred by the exhibitor in the Division foreign to France, was practically confined to the Tillyfour and Ballindalloch Polls, and Lady Pigot’s Shorthorns. The Tillyfour lot included a four-year- old cow, four heifers, and a yearling bull, and had the bloom of youth to recommend them. The Ballindalloch group was more valuable perhaps, individually in the market, and included all the animals forwarded by Sir George. The conditions of the competition required the presence of at least one bull and four females. Sir George had just the yearling bull more than the minimum and he drew him in with the others, but did not thereby heighten his chances of success. The weak point in the group was its inequality, and the presence of the little bull rather aggravated that defect. Mr. McCombie’s group, on the other hand, was weak on the male side, but was exceedingly strong in females and uniformly made up. From the tidy little yearling bull up to the four-year-old cow his lot were graded like steps of stairs, and wholly composed of nice animals, evenly covered with flesh and looking their very best. ‘Though these two groups had the honour of remaining last in before the Jurors in this critical contest, the only division was on the Polls versus Lady Pigot’s Shorthorns. Her Ladyship’s Shorthorns, as previously intimated, did not appear in so good a form as they have sometimes done in Royal English Showyards. Unfortu- nately, some of her best cards, such as ‘‘ Zvezda,” were past 1 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 187 their bloom, and her ladyship’s bulls were hardly up to the mark, The “red, white, and roan,” however, had their advo- cates among the Jurors; but a large majority decided in favour of the blacks. Lady Pigot’s group was accordingly turned away, though the favourable impression they made on the Jurors led to their being awarded a special prize of honour in the shape of an “object of art;” which was also given to Her Majesty the Queen, for her Herefords, Devons, and Short- horns ; and to Mr. McCombie, of Tillyfour, whose black group, on account, no doubt, of their youth and symmetry, was pre- _ ferred to the Ballindalloch lot for the coveted premium of 100/. : The only occasion on which British and French cattle had any opportunity of trying their respective merits was in the competition for the 100/. prize for the best group of beef- producing animals, bred by the exhibitor. After the verdict already noted, the public will be prepared for the fact that Mr. _ McCombie’s was really the only group firmly pitted against the | French cattle for this prize. The adjudicating bench had by _ this time increased from 16 to 31. Eventually the chance of _ France achieving the honour was reduced to Count de Massol’s Shorthorns. They were really a good, useful, well-fleshed, evenly matched group, and ran the Polls much closer than the English Shorthorns did. But ultimately, by a majority of 24 to 7, the Aberdeenshire animals triumphed. This breed is rapidly rising in value and increasing in numbers. The favourable impression it made on many visitors -to Paris has led to fresh inquiries after Polled animals from various countries. Regarding the maturing properties of this breed erroneous impressions have hitherto existed. It has often been said that Polled Angus or Aberdeen beasts are slow in ripening. Those who said so must have had no experience of the improved race of cattle of that description. When well fed from calf-hood, they will come out quite ripe at the age of _ two years and some months, though they will “keep” longer, and retain their levelness and quality of flesh. Three-year-olds of this breed have in recent years carried the championship several times at the leading English Fat Shows. The early . maturing faculties of the “ Polls” should, even outside their own country, be placed beyond doubt by the fact that only one of Mr. M‘Combie’s best “ beef-making group ” of six was over two years and a few months. Gentlemen with a hobby for the possession of three- and four-year-old black Polled bullocks “spare” the animals in the matter of diet until the last year; hence to a considerable extent the grounds for the idea enter- tained by many that the breed is long in ripening. Another cause of this opinion is the fact that, until comparatively 188 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 4 recent years, few of the owners of Polled Scotch cattle were good feeders. The animals were not kept progressing from birth. All this has been changed within the last fifteen years; and when liberal feeding and good management are bestowed, it has been proved to demonstration that the Polled Angus or Aberdeen cattle are early maturers, and very profitable beef- making animals. Scotch Highland.—Of this shaggy breed there was only one exhibitor, namely, Mr. James Duncan, Benmore, Kilmun, Argyleshire. He showed half-a-dozen, all good specimens of the breed. Among them was the fine three-year-old bull got by - “ Prince,” and out of “ Queen,” and that won the first prize at the Highland Show at Edinburgh in 1877. His outline is good, and his quality and style are excellent, his countenance being that of a true West Highlander. In the cow class the handsome six-year-old cow of the Bochcastle stock, after “ Athole,” that won the first prize as a three-year-old at the Highland Show at Glasgow and the third at Edinburgh in 1877, stood alone, and was readily awarded the first prize. Four very good animals were entered in the heifer class; a very handsome two-year-old, also of the Bochcastle stock—as, indeed, were all the lot—getting the first prize. The regulations pre- cluded Mr. Duncan, as well as every other exhibitor, from taking more than one prize in each class, so that only three first prizes were awarded in the Highland Section. Two of these amounted in value to 400 francs, or 16/. each, and the other to 700 francs, or 28/. It is worthy of mention that Mr. Duncan had the honour of . forwarding his first-prize bull and first-prize cow to the residence of Rosa Bonheur, to be immortalised by the brush of that talented artist. "The Bochcastle herd, from which several of Mr. Duncan’s animals were descended, has long been one of the best of its kind. Only the other year a two-year-old Highland bull, bred by Mr. Stewart, was sold for 200 guineas. Ayrshires—This valuable dairy breed was almost without representation—at any rate in the “ Foreign Division,” for in it only one specimen was exhibited—a fair five-year-old cow, shown by Mr. Wood, The Wilderness, Aintree, near Liverpook She was awarded a third prize, of the value of 250 francs. As ex- plained in the introduction, a better display of this breed would have come forward if exhibitors had had any prospect of their stock being judged by men acquainted with the characteristics of this useful race of cattle. ere IrisH CATTLE. Kerry Breed.—In the Cattle Department, Ireland was te- presented by one breed, namely, the small black Kerry cattle. The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 189 Mr. James Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide, county Dublin, his three sons, and Mrs. Robertson, were the only exhibitors. They showed in all about a dozen of these neat little animals, and as specimens of the Kerry breed they would not have been easily beaten. The first-prize bull, in particular, was a very fine specimen of the breed—neat, even, and proportionate. This breed of cattle is perhaps not quite so well known as most of the other British breeds referred to in this Report, and therefore a few sentences on its general characteristics may be of interest. By Youatt the Kerry is regarded as an aboriginal Irish breed, and the cow is spoken of as “truly a poor man’s cow, living everywhere, hardy, yielding, for her size, an abundance of milk of good quality, and fattening rapidly when required.” A good specimen of the breed may be described as a small, neat, lively animal, with light round frame, narrow rumps, fine bone, rather long limbs, fine small head, keen eye, and white upstanding horns with black tips. The prevailing colour is jet-black, but some are red and some brindled. The beef of the Kerry is of the finest quality, and for their size they carry a fair quantity of it. A well-fed, fully grown Kerry steer will weigh about 4 cwt., dead weight. Twelve quarts of milk are reckoned as the daily average yield for a Kerry cow during the season, and from _ 6 to 7 lbs. as the weekly yield of butter. Cows have been known _ to give as much as sixteen quarts of milk daily for some time after calving. The breed is one of the hardiest existing in the British Isles, and we were informed that some of the specimens exhibited at Paris had hardly ever before been under a roof. _ For many years this breed was greatly neglected by the Irish farmers, which led to a slight deterioration in its “rank and file.’ Recently more attention has been bestowed upon it, and some improvement has already been effected. Prominent among the improvers is Mr. Robertson. A famous Show bull of the Kerry breed (“ Busaco”) belonging to this gentleman, when exhibited as a two-year-old, measured 34 inches from the shoul- der-top to the ground, and 38 inches from the shoulder-top to the tail-head, and girthed behind the shoulders 4 feet 2 inches. Dutcu CATTLE. In the Foreign Division there were 59 entries of this valuable race of cattle, 42 of which came direct from Holland, 9 from France, and 8 from Belgium. Throughout Great Britain the Dutch breed is one of the best and most favourably known of all the Continental breeds, and that it deserves the distinction we have little hesitation in affirming. For many years it was im- ported in large numbers; and while it proved itself a fair sort ‘190 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. of beef cattle, it perhaps surpassed most in the dairy. As a butcher’s breed it may be ranked behind the white Charo- lais of France, but, taking milking and beef properties to- gether, the question of preference is not so clear. For the purposes of labour the French breed is entitled to the first posi- tion. In France, therefore, where working bullocks are so much in request, the advantage all over might lie with the Charolais race. In Great Britain, where horses leave little to be done by bullocks, the advantage, perhaps, might lean the other way. For many years large numbers of Dutch cows were imported into England and Scotland, and extensively kept” in the principal dairies in and around London and other large towns. They milk well, but when dry are not so easily fattened, nor are they so valuable when fat, as Shorthorn or — Shorthorn-cross cows. Some store cattle for fattening have been brought from Holland to this country, but they are slow feeders, and have not paid very well. The characteristics of the Dutch race are very marked. The prevailing colour is black and white, in unmixed spots, some being gray, or “pepper” coloured. In general form this breed resembles somewhat the Shorthorn. The Dutch animals stand rather higher, that is to say, they have longer legs than the Shorthorns; their frame is equally as long, and their quarters often as well-drawn-out and as broad. Indeed, their quarters are generally excellent, sometimes almost perfect, being long, broad, even, and as straight behind as could be imagined. The head is rather long, but fine; the forehead is broad ; the eyes are large and bright; horns are slightly turned forwards, and frequently black; neck is slender and tapering; breast is often a little narrow ; shoulder and fore-arm are not very powerful; rib is pretty well sprung, and loins and rumps as a rule are excellent. The tail is usually well set, long, and bushy at the end. The leading property of the breed, as already indicated, is its won- derful milking powers. Thoroughly good specimens have been known to give over 40 litres (about 70 English pints) of milk in 24 hours; and we were assured by M. D. Geode, one of the principal exhibitors, that his cows gave an average of 25 litres (nearly 44 English pints) per day all the year round. When giving such large quantities of milk as this, however, the animals have to be liberally fed; and, as to their food, they are as a rule somewhat fastidious. The race is fairly hardy, and quickly adapts itself to strange soils and climates. It still has its head-quarters in Holland, but has spread and become popular over a great part of the Continent. Change of climate, soil, and treatment, have wrought modifications in the outward appearance of the breed ; but with all these, and wherever situ- The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 191 ated, it retains its fundamental characteristic as valuable for the production of milk. Dutch bulls have been extensively used in France in crossing with other breeds, particularly the Flemish race, and the crosses thus bred are not only excellent milkers, but also good beef cattle. The breed has long been kept tolerably pure in Holland, and in 1875 a Dutch ‘ Herd- Book’ was started by “ The Herd-Book Society of the Nether- lands.” The entries already number over 300, and there can be no doubt that the movement will result in the further im- ‘provement of the race. One rule attached to entry in the ‘ Herd- Book’ deserves notice. It is novel, but not without recom- mendations. When registered, the animal is branded on the side and on the horn with its number in the ‘ Herd-Book.’ Most of the young bulls exhibited were shapely, and of good quality, the old bulls as a rule being heavy, but rather plain. The cows formed the charm of the lot. A few were indeed very handsome animals, large and massive, with fine, soft, mellow skin and kindly touch. A slight coarseness of bone was observable in some, while a good many were a trifle narrow in front. It was evident that, in awarding the prizes in the cow class, the Jurors had given most weight to the ‘“ appear- ance of milk” presented by the animals. The first-prize cow was far from being the most handsome in form, but she had calyed very recently, and showed wonderful development of the milk-vessels. A four-year-old cow, fully an average in size, girthed 6 feet 94 inches, measured 5 feet 5 inches in length from the shoulder-top backwards, and 4 feet 4 inches in height at the shoulder. We asked the price of this cow on behalf of a Scotch farmer, and found that she could not be bought under 80/. Others were offered at from 50/. to 100/., the cow offered at 50/. being a “ pepper ”-coloured one of good build, but rather under-sized. In the bull class the first, second, and fourth prizes, and an honourable mention, went to Holland ; the third prize to France; and the fifth and a supplementary prize to Belgium. In the cow class the first and a supplementary prize went to Belgium; and the second, third, fourth, fifth, and six tickets of honourable mention, to Holland. The largest lot from Holland were exhibited by the Herd-Book Society ; the French winner was M. Roberti, Paris; and the most successful Belgian exhibitor, M. Derboven, Malines. BELGIAN CATTLE. Though not figuring conspicuously with any breed which could be called peculiarly its own, Belgium had nevertheless no fewer than 108 entries of cattle in the Catalogue. Nearly one- half were Shorthorns ; but a few of those entered did not appear. 192 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. As a lot, the Belgian Shorthorns were hardly up to the mark. Many of them were plain, narrow, and lanky, wanting in flesh and substance. A Belgian exhibitor, however, M. Mathieu, Thourout, West Flanders, had the credit of beating Lady Pigot, and of heading the prize-list, in the young Shorthorn bull class. Only three bulls competed, however, and none of the three was above average merit. In the old bull class, which was only a degree more creditably filled than the young one, Belgium claimed the third and fourth prizes, as also an honourable mention. The strength of the Belgian Shorthorn muster lay in the cow class; and we were not surprised that the Belgian Jurors were dissatisfied with the awarding of the five prizes to English cows. It was perfectly clear that England deserved all she got—all that was available in the class; but, naturally enough, it was discouraging to Belgians that for their contingent, numbering close on thirty animals, they had been adjudged nothing higher than an honourable mention. They accord- ingly petitioned for three supplementary prizes, specially for Belgian cows, which the French authorities, with most com- mendable liberality, at once granted. The British and other Jurors cordially joined the Belgians in this petition, believing that the spirit and enterprise shown by Belgian farmers in bringing out so many of their pure-bred cattle deserved recog- nition. ‘Though lacking character and substance, a few of the Belgian Shorthorn cows exhibited evenness, fine bone, and fair quality. It is obvious that great improvement might be effected in the Belgian Shorthorns by the introduction of more of the best English blood. Good British bulls put on the present breed of Shorthorn cows there, together with a little more liberal feeding when the animals are growing, would impart symmetry, substance, wealth, stamina, and quality to the animals. The tenth Section in the Foreign Division, “ Breeds of the Polders and Low-lands of the North, not comprised in the pre- ceding Classes,” was filled almost exclusively by Belgian cattle. About one-half of the animals in the Section, 16 in all, were of the Flemish breed, which will be more fully noticed hereafter.” Only one young bull appeared, and he was not thought worthy of a prize. In the old bull class, which was composed of four animals, the first prize was withheld, the second being awarded to a little black bull, three years and six months old, with spotted muzzle, white stripe in the face, short black buffalo-looking horns, thick, clumsy neck, strong forearm, moderately fine bone; owned by M. Roberti, Paris. The third prize went to a Flemish bull from Belgium, a monster in size, with massive crest, coarse bone, uneven form, dun colour, and short black-tipped horns. i The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 193 He was entered as thirty months old, though to a stranger he looked more like twice that age. The first-prize cow, entered as a Fleming, would have passed as a cross between the Shorthorn and Flemish breeds, being a sort of roan in colour, propor- tionate in shape, nice in bone, and altogether just what, in England, would be regarded as a good average Shorthorn-cross, The second-prize cow, also entered as Flemish, showed similar symptoms of an admixture of Shorthorn blood. She too was roan in colour, of fair quality, fine head, and generally well- made-up frame, though rather plain quarters. Most of the other cows were good specimens of the Flemish breed; two of them and all the heifers being of the same sort as the second- prize little black bull. In colour they were black and white, marked similarly to the Dutch breed, but in size and “make” they showed more resemblance to the Kerry breed of Ireland. Again, in the Section for different breeds, “not included in the preceding Sections,” Belgium had not only the largest number of entries but also carried off the lion’s share of the spoil. Indeed, with the exception of a second and a third prize which came to England for Longhorns, Belgian cattle won all the honours. The majority of the animals in this Section were Shorthorn-crosses of different kinds. Unfortunately, only ina few cases did the Catalogue indicate the breeding of the animals beyond saying that they were “Durham Crosses ;” and the difficulty as to language made it impossible always to obtain satisfactory information where it was wanted. The majority, however, of those which hailed from Belgium were evidently crosses between the Shorthorn and the Flemish breeds, the characteristics of the former largely predominating. It certainly could not be said that success had been attained in every case, but, taking the class as a whole, a great improvement had been effected by contact with the Shorthorn. Further on we shall refer to the wonderful ameliorating influence of the Shorthorn when crossed with other breeds, and shall here only give a few notes on some of the animals in this Section. The class for bulls contained about twenty animals, and presented perhaps nearly as much variety as any other class in the Exhibition. The winner of the first prize, belonging to M. Lorio Thulin, Hainaut, was clearly among the best in the class. Indeed, barring a little roundness, he would have passed as a fair speci- men of the Shorthorn breed. He was entered as a Shorthorn- cross, and looked like a cross between a Shorthorn and a Flemish. Red in colour, with white spots, his muzzle was blue, and his head rather short and clumsy. The second-prize bull, also from Bel- gium, was similar in colour, form, breeding, and general charac- teristics ; and though entered as fourteen months, he had an older VOL. XV.—S. S. O 194 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. appearance. His quality was fair, but he also lacked true Short- horn character. The third-prize bull, owned by M. Derboven, was entered as a Dutch-cross, and would have passed as a cross between the Dutch and the Shorthorn. Black and white in colour, he was two years old, and was a thick well-fleshed animal ; muzzle and horns were black, fore-rib and shoulder-top excellent. A very fair Shorthorn-cross from West Flanders, thirty-nine months old, came fourth ; while an Ayrshire-looking Shorthorn-cross from Liége, Belgium, got an honourable men- tion. The latter showed fine quality and hair; spotted muzzle, fair head and horns, stood neatly on his legs, but was plain and © round behind. Several of the others in the class would have passed in England as good crosses between the Shorthorn and the Ayrshire breeds ; others were evidently crosses between the Shorthorn and Dutch breeds, showing better beef properties than the pure Dutch, but a plainer form than the pure Shorthorn. The female class, which numbered about thirty, was similar to the male class in regard to character, form, colour, and breed- ing. The first prize went to a very handsome four-year-old Shorthorn-cross, lacking substance and character, but full of quality. Dark roan in colour, she handled exceedingly well, and was owned by M. de Wonck-Valéraine, Cras-Avernas, Liége, Belgium. The second and third prizes went to Longhorns, already noticed. The fourth prize was won by a thick two-year- old Shorthorn-cross, owned by M. Tiberghien, Manage, Hainaut, who exhibited a lot of very good cattle. Several of the females were rather leggy and wanting in flesh and character ; nearly all had either black or spotted muzzles, and the majority had dark horns and plain hind-quarters. Thick stiff skins were also too plentiful, and so were flat ribs. One of the best-looking cows in the class, a heavy handsome six-year-old Shorthorn-cross, owned by M. de Wonck-Valéraine, was entirely passed over by the Jurors. She was a trifle light in the waist, but in every other respect was at any rate the third best cow in the class. In England she would have ranked above the average of Shorthorn- crosses. < DanisH CATTLE. Denmark was represented in the Cattle Department by about a dozen animals, owned by two exhibitors. The Danish breeds of cattle are so fully described in the admirable “ Report on the Agriculture of Denmark,” drawn up by Mr. H. M. Jenkins, and published in part ii. of the 12th volume of the second series of the Royal Agricultural Society’s ‘ Journal,’ that little more need be added here. The first-prize bull was a gay-looking little animal, of the Ange/n breed, close on four years old, with ] a rr The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhilition. 195 rather clumsy head, thick neck, clean well-shaped horns, black muzzle, very rough tail-head, light thighs, and rather deficient flank. He was bare of flesh, and badly “ ribbed-back.” Though the four year-old Fionie* bull, in the same class, was apparently not thought worthy of the second prize, he seemed to those un- acquainted with the breed superior in some points to the first- prize bull. Red in colour, he had a beautiful horn; head and neck handsome, quality good, size moderate, legs long, and thighs bare. The first-prize cow, also of the Angeln breed, was a very tidy little animal, with fine bone, sleek mellow skin, very sharp on the shoulder-top and all along the back, and possessing in a high degree the elements of an excellent milker. As a lot the cows were keen, lively, and light-legged, displaying some resemblance to the red deer, with fine skin, narrow frame, flat ribs, sharp back, long turned-up horns, black muzzles, slender neck, and very light thighs. Their value as beef-producing cattle is not so great as their worth in the dairy. Still a considerable number of cattle is annually imported from Denmark into this country for beef. These belong, however, to the Jutland breed, which is black and white, and of comparatively little value for milking purposes. Swiss CATT Le. Swiss breeds were the only races that appeared in the Section set apart to Central Europe. Switzerland itself exhibited 45 ; France contributed 5 more. Of the Swiss race proper 32 came from Switzerland and 4 from France. - Perhaps no breed in the Exhibition had more marked characteristics than this one. The prevailing colour is a sort of dun or “ bay-chestnut,” often showing a black tinge, and invariably a light-coloured stripe along the back and round the muzzle. The size varies, but as a rule the cattle are large; the head is short, thick, and clumsy; the mouth is large; the horns are thick, and usually black; the neck is pretty thick, and the frame generally long, and occasionally well drawn out behind, but hollow on the back ; the chest is wide and well formed ; the forearm is power- ful, the bones are rather large, and the muscular development is very prominent. “The tail does not offer at its source that exaggerated height which was formerly considered a point of beauty, but which is now more properly considered a grave imperfection” (Moll and Gayot). It is not claimed that the face is anything more than moderately valuable for beef pro- * These cattle are the country cattle of the island, known as Fionie to the French, Fiinen to the Germans, and Fyen to the Danes. They bear the same relation to the Angeln as the common Yorkshire cow does to the pedigree Short- horn,—Eb. 0 2 196 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. duction, but the cows give large quantities of very fine milk, about 30 English pints being the daily average. They are robust and docile, and easily pleased with food. Their working powers are great. This department of the Exhibition presented a quiet, con- tented, picturesque appearance, which at once carried one’s mind away to the lonely mountains from which these animals hailed. Each had its bell hanging near its head; and it seemed as if ringing these were a favourite pastime with the animals, for the neighbouring stables constantly echoed with the shrill tolling of the Swiss bells. The first-prize-winner in the cow class, which numbered 23, had great appearance of milk, finer bone than most of the others, drooping quarters and sharp back, but ex- cellent quality, and nice soft free skin. The second also showed good milking properties and rare quality. Several of the other cows were much larger, and had also better and truer build. It would therefore seem that the milking properties of the breed were regarded as of paramount importance. The Agricultural Society of Switzerland exhibited several good specimens of the breed, and, besides two third prizes, obtained three tickets of honourable mention. Sixteen representatives of the Swiss Simmenthal race were also exhibited from Switzerland. In colour and general character- istics they are nearly as uniform as the Swiss breed of which we have just been writing. The face and legs are usually cream- coloured, the body is light dun and sometimes mixed with pale white, the horns are neat and small, ribs flat and quarters de- ficient. The first-prize bull had a very neat Shorthorn-looking head, white muzzle, tremendously thick neck, long dewlap, rather strong bones, round and compact body, short quarters, badly-set tail, well-covered shoulder-top, and thick well-let-down thighs. He belonged to the “Society of Breeders of the Lower Sim- menthal,” by which some very good specimens of the breed were exhibited. The females were much better; some of them, indeed, being handsome well-made-up animals, resembling in many respects good Shorthorn crosses. Others, again, were rather masculine-looking, too much “ rounded-off” in the frame. Some handled well; others were stiff in the skin, hard in the hair, and bare of flesh. On the whole, however, they could clainr many good points. Of the Fribourg species of the Swiss race, only two were shown, and neither of these was above mediocrity. ITALIAN CATTLE. In the Cattle Classes there were 19 entries from Italy, but two or three of the animals were not present. It cannot be’ said The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 197 that, as a lot, they were good beef cattle, but the display had at least the merit of presenting abundance of variety. It included four different breeds and two distinct crosses. The specimens of the Val di Chiana breed and the crosses from the same sort were indeed wonderful animals. They were light grey or blue in colour, of immense size, and very rough in bone and form, bare of flesh, low on back, and high on shoulder-top and rump. The Val di Chiana-Romagnole bull, shown by M. Lundi, had about as many visitors as any other animal in the Exhibition, for he could claim the distinction of being both the tallest and the ugliest animal within the enclosure. He measured close on 6 feet in height at the shoulder, and in general form might have passed, we should think, as the prototype of the ancient cattle of labour, which Palladius says were “ tall, with huge members, of stern countenance, small horns, brawny and vast neck, and confined belly.” M. Bertani’s bull was very nearly as tall, measuring 5 feet 7 inches at the shoulder-top—a giant height for a two-year-old! Though entered as twenty-four months old, examination proved that he had passed that age at which the mouth ceases to be a safe indication ; indeed, in general appear- ance he was quite a patriarch. He girthed 7 feet 3} inches, measured 6 feet from the shoulder-top backwards, and 2 feet 8 inches from the fore flank to the ground. Two or three specimens of the Pugliese breed were also tall, gray in colour, big in bone, with thick plain quarters, light waist, heavy dewlap, long limbs, and were seemingly better suited for work than for producing either beef or milk. A bull and a cow of the Romagnole breed were blue in colour, and could not claim beautiful form, but displayed better quality than some of the other breeds in the Section. The bull, entered as two years old, was sharp and slack on the back, very high on the shoulder-top, had great development of dew- lap, long horns and black muzzle. The cow, three years old, was of finer quality, with a neat head, turned-up horns, black muzzle, flat rib, deficient quarters, and light flesh. Four or five animals of the Reggiana sort were shown by the Agricultural Society of Reggio-Emilia. It could hardly be said that their admirers were numerous. Bright dun in colour, they presented characteristics very similar and marked. Large in size, they had long, but not very even quarters, white muzzles, and thick massive bone, and were, on the whole, of rough build: The females handled better than one would have expected from the first glance; but their general appearance was masculine and clumsy. Lovers of “ox-tail soup” must have looked at them with some interest, for they were most liberally provided with the development which supplies that savoury nutriment. 198° The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. PORTUGUESE CATTLE. Nineteen of these were exhibited, all by M. Gagliardini, Director of the Training-Farm of Central Portugal. Like the Italian display, the Portuguese exhibited great variety and very marked characteristics, four different breeds being represented. To a British eye the neatest and most taking animals were those of the Aronqueza breed, of which three specimens were shown. They are a sort of red in colour, and little in size, but neat in shape. The first prize in the bull class was awarded to an animal of this breed. In outline and covering of flesh he had no equal in the Section. Though four years old, he would, perhaps, not have “ dressed” more than 3 cwt. Along the top he was broad, even, and well clad; his thighs were good, skin mellow, and touch soft. On his legs he stood prim and neat, but had plain sharp shoulders and clumsy head. The other two were females, and were similar to the bull in general appear- ance. They had truer under-line than most of the others, but were not free from that narrowness of chest which is character- istic of so many of the Continental breeds. Not unlike these in colour, size, and form, were the animals of the Barroza race, of which one bull and two cows were ex- hibited. The bull, three years old, was neat, but very small in stature, perhaps not more than one-fourth the weight of some of the others in the class. His skin was soft and thick, quality good, horns thick and black at the point, colour red, with a dark tinge about the neck and dewlap, curious white ring round the mouth, and black muzzle. One of the cows, a three-year-old, was indeed a very pretty creature, but exceedingly small. Her horns were long and white, eye bright and lively, head and mouth very tidy and well balanced, and on her limbs she stood beautifully. The Mirandeza breed, of which there were two bulls and two cows, has little, at least in appearance, to recommend it. Our verdict at the time we examined the animals, as it appears on our note book, was—“ little miserable-looking creatures, bad shapes, stiff hides, thick clumsy legs, red or brindled in célour, seemingly of little value for any purpose whatever.” Perhaps the strangest of the lot were the entries of the Alemtejana breed, two bulls and two cows. Large in size, reddish in colour, and roughish in general get-up, their quality was inferior, and their head and face were strangely formed. The forehead was curiously bent backwards, face very long and mouth nice. One of the cows measured no less than 14 inches from the eye to the tip of the nose. In addition to these breeds, four specimens of the Galleya- | | : | | | The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 199 Vermelha cross were exhibited by M. Gagliardini. They were also a sort of red in colour, with white rings round the eyes, and white muzzles. Little in size, they had narrow frames, short quarters, flat ribs, clumsy head, but fair quality and bone. One of the two bulls was broad, and fairly covered with flesh ; but would have measured nearly as much round the neck as round the woist. Frencu Cattie. The display of French cattle, or, more properly speaking, of cattle belonging to French farmers, was a marvel in its way. Perhaps no other nation in the world ever mustered for exhibi- tion so large a number of cattle; probably no other nation in the world could exhibit so many different races and sub-races of cattle as France did on this occasion. Its entries numbered in all 1314, and of empty stalls there were very few. The following Table indicates the various races, sub-races, and varieties of crosses represented, the order in the Catalogue being followed :-— Race. Entries. | Race. Eatries. Norman Boo er ten 750"? Bourbonnais 2 Flemish .. .. . « « 84 Manceau iE Miers) calerss tress oceans voy) 66. 40 Maraiehini «ital! .ne ase 2 Gascon and Carolais .. .. .. 23] Bourguignon .. .. « 4 Garonnais .. .. .. « « 43 Montbéliard 6 Bazadais .. .. .. «o « 14] Morvandeau 6 Hemelin Tho 0... 687 | Meusien Aw a 3 Pyrenees races (several varieties) 389 | Boulonnais ai ¢arien 2 ATHOUSHA 65 ce se py 08 ne INAS one PE, eee eae eee af en were, es | lL SHOKDNOINS «a se. les tee, op OS niet re ek EL AVISOITG: 50 oon wee oe % oe LO Mézenc Pere 20,10 21929 |O Ditech ?: os ; 60 Parthenais and two sub-races, | -9 Swiss .. & 0G: 39 Mantais and Vendéen .. : Glane .. bee «cerry (ieee 2 PUATENESIS. eee te oe oe 52) | SHOrGMOLNM iCLOSSES) “ie. Even <<) 90 Breton See eo, OO | VAPIOUS.CIOSSES .-. osy cer enh AO Demons TOL REO CCL i) It will be easily imagined that, with such variety of form, colour, and general features, as so many different breeds neces- sarily presented, the French Division of the Cattle Department contained much that was interesting as well as instructive. The display was, no doubt, a fair, and perhaps a favourable, sample of the general cattle-stock of France; and it is pleasing to be able to say that in the collection there was a large number of animals of high merit, whether viewed as “ general purposes ” beasts, as butchers’ cattle, as milk- and _ butter-producers, or as animals of labour. We cannot help thinking, however, that there was rather too much variety in the collection,—too many 200 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. breeds which are perhaps valued in particular districts as good workers, as being easily kept, hardy and docile, and perhaps also, in some cases, as being fair producers of milk and butter, but which as butchers’ or beef-yielding animals are next to worthless, or, at any rate, are of a very inferior description. There were too many narrow frames, flat ribs, long legs, light waists, scooped quarters, weak backs, hanging dewlaps, deficient flanks; and too much bone and too little flesh; in short, too many “ scraggy ” animals. Doubtless it is desirable, indeed essential, that a country possessing such variety of soil and climate as France should embrace several different breeds of cattle, so that each particular district might be stocked with the race or sub-race best adapted to its peculiarities. There can be little doubt, however, that this idea has been carried too far in France. It has been followed to the loss of all concerned, first the farmers themselves, and then the nation at large. We should say that at least one-third of those races and sub-races of cattle exhibited in the “‘ Home Division,” and mentioned in the list on p. 199, are not worthy of the care and attention of the farmer, nor are they the cheapest produce any country could raise; and they could hardly be regarded, in any sense of the term, as profitable farm animals. It is claimed for each of these inferior breeds that it has some particular and ex- ceptional qualifications which recommend it to the attention of farmers of certain districts; that it is well suited for light farm work; that it will live on food upon which few other breeds would survive ; that it gives a good supply of excellent milk ; that it requires very little attention, no housing and no herding. All this may be true so far; but if these special services can be got, even in a modified degree, out of cattle of much superior merit, why cover even a poor country with those ill-shaped unprofit- able creatures, whose value as butchers’ beasts—the natural and proper end of all cattle—is scarcely worth reckoning? France might weed out one-third of its numerous breeds of cattle, and still have its farm work as well attended to as now, its varieties of soil and climate as well suited, and at the same time have its yield of beef increased twofold. As a rule, it is undeniably bad farming, therefore bad economy, to breed and keep cattle which are useful only for their milking or working properties, inasmuch as these properties are obtainable in a very high degree in breeds which are also valuable as beef-producers. In the greater part of France, indeed in the whole nation, with the exception of Maine, and parts of Anjou, and of Eastern Brittany, it is stated that under the present system of farming the first and primary objects for which cattle are kept are milk and labour. Making all due allowances for the peculiarities of the country, this is The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 201 surely not exactly as it ought to be. It is calculated that “France rears enough cattle for her own wants;” but should not so well-favoured a country be equal to more than that? It was estimated that 10,469,000 head of cattle in France in 1873 yielded 464,283 tons of beef—a small yield certainly, even taking into account the large number of calves annually slaugh- tered. The 10,240,000 head of cattle in the United Kingdom in 1876 produced about 800,000 tons of beef. We have been led into this digression mainly by a feeling of regret that in so rich a country as France there should be so many inferior varieties of cattle; and partly also by the unsatisfactory character of the reason given for this—namely, that the working and milking elements, which are of paramount importance in France, cannot be found, or developed, in sufficient degree, in breeds also valuable for beef. We must now proceed to speak in detail of the different breeds in the French Division, beginning with Shorthorns, as being of special interest to English agriculturists, and afterwards following the order of the Catalogue.* FRENCH SHORTHORNS. The history of the Shorthorn in France dates from 1825. In that year M. Briere, of D’Azy, Nievre, imported from England one bull and six cows, all descended from “Comet ” (155), and “ Favourite” (252); and a few years afterwards MM. Hunt and Brewter, tenants on M. Briere’s estate, made two other small importations. Probably, in the main, from want of knowledge of the characteristics of the race, these enterprising gentlemen met with limited success. The produce of the im- ported animals did not realise the expectations that were enter- tained of them, and after some time the majority of the animals were scattered through the adjacent districts, and, in a manner, lost. A few, however, passed into the hands of a M. Jachard, who, with creditable perseverance, formed a herd which grew and prospered, and doubtless conferred substantial benefit on the surrounding country. In 1836 the Minister of Agriculture, recognising the necessity for something being done by the State to improve the native breeds of cattle, imported, through M. Yvart, Inspector-General of the Veterinary School at Alfort, seven females and one bull of the best Shorthorns that could be obtained in England. These were placed in the Veterinary School as objects of study; and so favourably was the move- ment received, that soon after nineteen females and fifteen males * It will be noticed that the writers of this Report have throughout criticised the foreign breeds from a British, and indeed almost from a Shorthorn point of view.—E 202 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. were imported. Of this last importation twelve bulls were at. once re-sold to leading French agriculturists; while the others were located at Pin, where they formed what might be called a Government Experimental Herd. The first sale of bulls reared at Pin and Alfort was held in 1839, when the demand was found sufficient to warrant more importation. Between 1836 and 1848, 108 male and 89 female Shorthorns were thus introduced into France ; while in 1849 an importa- tion of considerable importance was made for the foundation of a Herd at the General Agricultural Institute at Versailles, an institution which, unfortunately, flourished only for a short period. Pin being found more suitable for the strange breed than Alfort, the two herds were united, and carried on success- fully at the former centre. The demand for the young stock was, as a rule, fully equal to.the supply; and around Pin they proved prolific and throve well. When, however, they were sent into districts, the climate of which differed materially from that of Pin, they did not succeed so well. To overcome this difficulty as far as possible, it was resolved to acclimatise the breed in several localities ; and accordingly the herd at Pin was partly broken up. In 1843 two bulls and eighteen cows were sent to Saint-L6, Dep. de la Manche, and in 1844 seven bulls and twenty-two cows to Poussery, Nievre ; and, three years later, two bulls and eight cows went to a Government farm in Mayenne. After some time these breeding dépots successively disappeared ; and since 1861 the national Shorthorn herd has been kept at Corbon, a Government farm, which was established as an annexe to the dépét at Pin in 1854, and which is well situated in the celebrated grass-land district of the Pays d’Auge in the department of Calvados. The favourite English breed had by this time got a footing in the country; it had earned a good name among French agriculturists, particularly for the wonderful ameliorating influence it displayed when crossed with native breeds ; and it has grown in numbers, and gained in popularity year by year—“its partizans are numerous, and its numbers could no longer be counted.” The French ‘Shorthorn Herd Book, which seems carefully conducted, has reached its 4&ighth volume. It contains the pedigrees of over 19,000 pure-bred Shorthorns. The Shorthorn Section in the French Division was not only the second largest in the Cattle Department (the largest having been the Norman breed), but, to Englishmen at any rate, it was one of the most interesting in the Exhibition. The Cata- logue contained no fewer than 138 entries, and the absentees were, indeed, very few. That the average merit of the display of French Shorthorns was superior to that of the English must The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 203 have been evident even to the most casual observer; yet a comparison of the Shorthorn strength of France, in full muster at Paris, and that of England at Bristol a month later, showed a clear superiority in favour of England. That this should be so need surprise no one, and should be no discouragement to French breeders; for it must be remembered that, both as to experience and material at command, our English Shorthorn breeders have had a great pull over their brethren in France. It must be admitted, and we do so with pleasure, that French breeders have made a very creditable use of their comparatively short experience, as well as of the limited materials within their reach. They have not all been equally successful—our own breeders have not been that—but they have shown a keen appre- ciation of the properties of the breed, and have displayed some skill and commendable care in the rearing of it. The display of French Shorthorns was in some respects fully up to expectation, yet the collection exhibited certain defects to which we may here allude. Perhaps the most general and striking of these was a want of what is well known as true Shorthorn character —those square, well-drawn-out, well-balanced, symmetrical proportions, which make the ideal Shorthorn -fill the eye so pleasingly from all points of view. To put it the other way, re was a roundness and a commonness about many of the animals which deprived them of true Shorthorn type and style, and which are usually regarded by Englishmen as suggestive of mixed breeding. There was also a plainness about the head, a deficiency of quarter, a flatness of rib, and a want_of rich natural flesh. Their hair, too, was shorter and harder than that of average English Shorthorns; it wanted that soft velvety touch which adds so much to the apparent quality of English Shorthorns. Taking the warmer climate of France into con- sideration, however, this is easily accounted for, and is a less serious fault than most of the others. Weight and substance were not strong points of the display, but still no one could complain very much of deficiency in these respects. The majority were thick, substantial, useful-looking animals, losing much in appearance by the want of that finish and style which give to an animal the characteristics of good breeding. As a tule, they were in fair showing condition, certainly not over-fed, and they had a healthy lively look about them, which would contrast favourably with the somewhat stiff, sleepy, over-fed condition in which many English Shorthorns are exhibited. It was indeed pleasing to find so little pampering and dressing, and French breeders will show wisdom if they continue to keep clear of those damaging practices. It was noticeable that the prevailing shade of colour was lighter than one is accustomed to _ 204 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. see in a collection of English Shorthorns. Few were wholly red in colour, not yery many dark roan, a good many pure white, and the large majority light roan. This, of course, is explainable by the extensive and systematic use of white bulls in France. The French Shorthorn Section, divided into five classes, had no less than 522/. allotted to it as prize money; while, in addition, three supplementary prizes were awarded in four of the classes and two in the other, besides numerous tickets of commendation. The class for bulls under two years old con- tained 29 entries, fully one-half being really good, well-bred, promising bulls. A few were very plain, and showed little — breeding and less skill in bringing them out. The first prize went to a lengthy, well-balanced, well-formed red and white bull, eighteen months old, shown and bred by Count de Massol, of Souhey, Cote d’Or. This bull showed a slight want of charac- ter, which was increased by a bareness of hair, and he was also plain in the shoulder; but still he possessed many of the better points of a true Shorthorn, and was deserving of the position into which he was placed. His grandsire, “Tout Blanc,” a famous French bull, traces back through Mr. Jonas Webb’s “Duchess,” by “ Vanguard” (5545),* a daughter of Earl Spencer’s ,* No. 6 Marmisole,” and “ Dedona,” by “ Alabaster” (1616), to “ Favourite” (252), “ White Bull” (421), “ Boling- broke” (86), and “ Hubback” (319). Count de Massol showed two others of similar breeding in this class, one being a very neat and promising white bull, twelve months old. The second- prize bull, shown by Count de Falloux, of Bourg-d’Iré, Maine- et-Loire, was neater in form than the first-prize bull, and had excellent front and neck-vein, but lacked hair and substance. Through “ Young Primrose,” by “ Pilot” (496), this neat little bull’s sire runs back to “ Flora,” by “ Young Comet” (157). M. Lacour, of Saint-Fargeau, Yonne, came third with a shapely little yearling bull, red and white in colour, with good rib, very strong loins, and fine quality. Through “ Autumn Rose,” by “ Vatican,” he traces back to the best of Mason’s and Colling’s blood. One of the most handsome, most promising, and best- haired bulls in the lot got only honourable mention, namely, “ Lord Derby,” a neat thirteen-month roan, got by “Sir Olive Barrington ” (35,384), and owned by M. Cazenove, of Idron, Basses-Pyrénées. ‘This was the highest price bull, and was sold for 120/., to go to Italy. Bulls over two and under four years old numbered 22, and were a good lot. A few were very plain, and there were no stars of the first magnitude. The —_ were — — * The numbers within brackets, thus ( ), refer to ‘ Coates’s Herd Book, The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 205 formed, useful-looking bulls, showing moderate quality and fair substance, but lacking style and character. A good many were also a trifle long in the limbs and light in the flanks, while hair was even more scanty here than in the younger class. Count de Massol won the first prize here also, with a three-year-old bull, bred similarly to the one which came first in the young class. His form and general characteristics were also very similar, but he was lighter in colour, rather neater about the shoulders, very even all over, and, except that he stood too high above the ground, he was indeed, all round, a thoroughly good Short- horn. The Marquis de la Tullaye, of Ménil, Mayenne, came second with a large, heavy, fairly shaped three-year-old roan bull, showing plenty of substance and fair quality. The sire of this bull—* Roan Bull” got by “Prince Regent” (24,857), and out of “Princess Pearl,’ by “ Prince Pearl” (29,764)— was imported to France from Mr. F. Fowler, Henlow, in 1875; while his dam traces back through “ Rachel,” by “ Reveller” (8430), to “ Jane,” by “ Monk” (2266), and “ Rufus” (570). Following closely upon this one came a very handsome roan bull, three years and ten months old, owned by M. Morisse, of Bretteville, Seine-Inférieure. One of the neatest in the class, this bull claims descent through “Hero,” by “ Hartforth” (3986), from “ Marske” (481), and “Comet” (155), of which ball there is a double cross in the pedigree. The fourth-prize bull, a very promising animal, two years and four months old, exhibited by Count de Falloux, is half-brother to the Count’s second-prize young bull, and is got by “ Tric-trac,” who claims an excellent English pedigree, including, among others, “ The Beau ” (12,182), “ Duke of Cornwall” (5947), “ Prince Ernest” (4818), “ Phenomenon” (491), “ Favourite” (252)—double cross—and “ Hubback” (319). Heavier, and better fleshed than this bull, but older—by a year and a half—and not quite so stylish, was the fifth-prize winner. Exhibited by M. de Villepin, Sarthe, he traces back, through “ The Baron” (9711), and “Gleaston Castle Bull” (6040), to “ Wellington” (686), and “ Favourite” (252). The class composed of heifers under two years old—27 in number—showed better quality and more character than any of the other classes in the Section. Compared to the older classes, it exhibited substantial improvement, particularly in regard to character, but also in a slight degree in quality of flesh and in other respects. It is an undisputable truth, however, that good heifers are much more numerous than good cows. M. Auclerc, of Allichamps, Cher, headed this — class with a very promising red and white heifer, twenty-two months old, descended on her dam’s side, through ‘* Columbus” 206 = The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. (12,616), from “ Miranda,” by “ Regent” (544), and “ Jubilee,” by “ Prince” (521). A very handsome nineteen-month heifer, roan in colour, showing perhaps better breeding than her more fortunate opponent, and owned by M. Tiersonnier, of Gimouille, Nievre, made a close second. Got by “ Noble Oasis,” this fine heifer is descended from a tribe that has had a long and successful career in France, and that traces back, through “ Young Matcham ” (4423), and “ Rose’s Red Bull” (5009), to “ Turnell’s Red Bull” (1536). His dam traces through “ Baltic” (12,431) to “ Pilot” (496), “Orpheus” (473), and “ Favourite” (252). The third-prize heifer, owned by M. — Gardye de la Chapelle, of Farges-Allichamps, Cher, claims descent, through “ Third Duke of Athole” (12,734), from “ Young Remus” (2522) and “ Bolingbroke” (86). Count de Massol had in this class to content himself with the fifth prize, the winner of which was a neat, stylish, thirteen-month heifer, got by “ Turenne,” the sire of the first-prize young bull, and out ofa cow whose family has long been in France, and claims descent, through “ Little John” (4232), from “ Flora,” by “ Young Comet” 157). : Heifers, two and three years old, were grouped in one class, and numbered about 20. The majority were very good, of fair size, well-shaped, and fairly bred, but among the lot were a few without much to recommend them. Count de Falloux came first here with a three-year-old roan heifer, got by “ Tric- trac,” and out of a cow tracing, through Earl Spencer's “ Tinker” (8710), and “ Duchess,” by “‘ Belvedere 2nd” (3126), to “ The Paddock Bull” (477). Large in size and evenly fleshed, this heifer lacked style and character. A somewhat common- looking three-year-old roan, owned by the Marquis de la Tullaye, and got by Mr. Fowler’s “ Roan Bull,” out of a cow tracing, through “ Reveller” (8430), to “Rufus” (570), was placed second ; but in preference to her we should have taken three or four others that were placed further down the prize-list. M. Salvat, of Saint Claude, Loir-et-Cher, came third with a three- year-old roan heifer that, in our opinion, was the best specimen of the Shorthorn breed in the class. Her sire traces back, through “Sir Richard” (15,298), to “ Favourite” (252) and “ White Bull” (627) ; while her dam claims descent, through “Favourite” (8066), from “ Fisher’s Bull” (2022). The fifth-prize heifer, a handsome two-year-old roan, is related to Count de Falloux’s first-prize heifer, and was got by a bull descended, through “« Wiseton” (11,054), from “ Pope” (514) and “ Chilton” (136). The cow class was by far the largest in the Section, con- taining, as it did, about 40 animals. In so large a class there was room for variety, and it is but right to say that a The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 207 good many could claim but few strong points. The want of style and true Shorthorn character, already spoken of, was more noticeable here than in any of the other four classes; but while this was the case, it must be admitted that, in regard to the size and substance of the animals, the muster of cows was a very strong one. The majority were strong, massive, use- ful, but common-looking animals, healthy and active in appear- ance, but lacking the style and gaiety which usually charac- terise the display of Shorthorn cows at the English national Show. M. Després, of la Guerche, Ille-et-Vilaine, came first, with a good four-year-old roan cow, M. Salvat following closely with a five-year-oldroan. M. Lépine, of Rouez-en-Champagne, Sarthe, won the third prize with a four-year-old roan cow, showing fair style, and out of a cow descended, through “ Lexi- con” (7139), from “ Marske” (418) and “Comet” (155), of which latter bull there is a double cross. A large but rather common-looking five-year-old cow, owned by M. Daudier, of Naifles, Mayenne, came fourth. She claims descent, through “ The Baron” (9711), from “ Wellington” (686), and a son of “ Favourite” (252), of which bull there is a double cross. M. Tiersonnier won the fifth prize with a red and white cow, three years and five months old, out of a cow got by “Baltic” (12,431), and tracing back, through “ Morning Star” (217), to “ Orpheus” (473) and “ Favourite” (252). A sixth prize went to the Marquis de la Tullaye. In addition to three supple- mentary prizes, no fewer than eighteen tickets of “ very honour- able” and “ honourable” mention were awarded in this class, so that more than one-half of the forty animals entered carried tickets of distinction over their heads. One of the largest cows in this Section girthed 7 feet 9 inches ; another, less in size, 7 feet 3 inches; and another 7 feet 2 inches. One three-year-old bull girthed 7 feet 9 inches; an- other, of the same age, 6 feet 64 inches; and a two-year-old bull, 6 feet 113 inches. In taking leave of this part of the subject we would say, in a sentence, that France has proved itself admirably adapted to the rearing of Shorthorns, and that the very slight deterioration which the breed has shown since its introduction into the country is perhaps more directly trace- able to.a want of knowledge and care on the part of the French breeders than to any defect in the soil or climate of France. Native Frencu BreEEpDs. Normandy Cattle—Of these there were no fewer than 150 entries, and thus they formed the largest Section in the Cattle Department. The native cattle of Normandy have branched out 208 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. into several varieties, the principal being the Cotentin, the Bessin, and the Augeron. Collectively they present great variety of size, form, and colour, but it is claimed that, nevertheless, they ‘form a magnificent race of cattle, robust and well-conditioned, notable for their remarkable milking qualities.” The prevailing colour is brindled, some being black, and some red. As a rule they are keen in the temper, rather high on the leg, rough and big in the bone, heavy about the shoulder and neck, flat in the ribs, and too quickly ‘rounded off” in their contour. During recent years they have been considerably improved, mainly by in- creased care in breeding and rearing, but partly also by a slight admixture of Shorthorn blood. It cannot, however, be denied that there is still room for further improvement. The Short- horn cross has had a very marked effect. It has shortened the legs, diminished the bone, greatly increased the quantity of flesh, and has not decreased the yield of milk. The majority of the Norman breeders, however, are not willing to admit the desirability of going beyond their favourite breed for any improving influence. Indeed they stoutly deny it. But when we add to the deficiencies already noted the fact that the Norman cattle are six years old before they are “properly fit for the butcher,” impartial outsiders will at once see the advantage that would arise from extensive crossing with the Shorthorn. It is contended that the meat of the Normandy cattle is superior to that of the Shorthorn ; but any advantage in this respect is due mainly to the fact that they are fed exclusively on grass, and are not “ forced,” as many Shorthorns are. The strongholds of the Norman cattle are the departments of La Manche and Calya- dos, but it is asserted that they are used more extensively outside their own locality than any other French breed. In the depart- ments of Orne, Eure, Lower Seine, Eure-et-Loir, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, and Seine, they are to be found in large numbers, while the dairies of Paris and the surrounding district are mostly stocked with Norman and Flemish cows. The beef of Norman cattle also forms an important element in the meat markets of Paris, where it enjoys a high reputation for its quality. Though they are slow in growth, the size attained by oxen is sometimes enormous. ‘They have been known to exceed 35 ewt. each, or about 15 cwt. above the average weight of fully matured oxen in the London Christmas Fat Stock Show.* It is for its value in the dairy, however, that the Norman breed has acquired most fame. The milk of the Norman cow has perhaps no equal in the production of butter. The butter of Isigny, in Calvados, and that of Gournay, in the Lower Seine, which have all along won the * Mr. Richardson states that a hundred thousand. grass-fed beasts leave the fine Norman pastures every year, | The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 209 leading honours at the great annual Paris Butter Show, are made from the milk of Norman cows; and so are the famous cheeses of Camembert, Livarot, Neufchatel, &c. To show the import- ance of the butter industry in France, it may be mentioned that in 1874 France exported 740,000 ewts., value 3,600,0002. ; and, further, as indicating the superiority of the milk of the Norman cows, it has been stated that the Isigny fresh butter often brings as much as 10/. 10s. per ewt. at Isigny, and from 3d. to 9d. per |b. more than any other at Rio Janeiro and else- where to which it is exported. This superiority in the quality of the milk of Norman cows is no doubt the main reason why their breeders are so reluctant to intermix the breed with strange blood ; and if crossing is to become general, it certainly ought to be carried out with the greatest possible care. Flemish.—This race, of which 84 specimens were shown in the French Division, is pre-eminent for milking properties. In the Departments of the North, of Pas-de-Calais, of Aisne, and around Paris, the Flemish cattle are kept in large numbers, and are regarded as a profitable kind. Deep-red in colour, they are described in the French Catalogue as animals of great weight, with splendid conformation, fine skin, neat head, true outline, good rump, neatly attached tail, but narrow chest and flat ribs. It is also stated that recently the breed has been improved both in its milking and beef properties by judicious selection in breeding. Mr. Richardson states that in Flanders, which is almost wholly stocked with Flemish and Dutch cattle, the former fatten much more quickly than the latter; and he mentions that it is a general practice among farmers there to take one, two, or three calves from cows of the breed and then prepare them for the butcher. The large majority of the male calves of the Flemish race are slaughtered for veal, few more being allowed to grow up than are necessary for the maintenance of the breeding herds. Crossing with the Shorthorn has been frequently tried, and indeed is constantly practised to a slight extent; but it is asserted that while the cross improves the cattle from a butcher’s point of view, it depreciates their milk- ing properties. The annual produce of milk from a good Flemish cow is stated at about 2600 litres, or a little over 4500 English pints. For a considerable time after the cow has -dropped her calf the daily yield is very often about 25 litres, or close on 44 English pints; in some exceptional cases even as much as 30 litres, or a little over 52 English pints. The breed was very well represented, and had the coveted honour of carrying away the 2500 franc (100/.) prize offered for the best group of milk-producing cattle. This group was exhibited by M. Bosse, Director of the Asylum of Bailleul, VOL. XV.—s. 5. P 210 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Nord, and was clearly enough deserving of the high distinction awarded to it. Several of the young bulls were fairly well put together ; but the old bulls, as a rule, were not so nice, from an Englishman’s point of view. Their ribs were very flat, frames narrow and not very even, muzzles black or spotted, and horns black, pointed, and sometimes long. Most of them were soft and free under the hand, and exhibited fair quality of flesh. The females, as with almost all heavy milking races, were much more handsome in appearance than the males, and finer in bone. A good many, however, were narrowly “made-up,” and very light in the middle. The first-prize animal in the young heifer class, looked more like a Shorthorn cross than a pure Flemish, and did not show a satisfactory development of the milk vessels. The first-prize cow, owned by M. Bruyer, of Albert, Somme, was symmetrical, with straight top and fair quality. She was by far the best of the lot. Some of them were high-standing and long in the legs, others being narrow in front and slack on the back. On the whole, of the two valuable breeds so popular in the north of France, the Flemish and Dutch breeds, the majority of English farmers would perhaps, in point of general utility, give the preference to the latter. It may also be stated that it was asserted by many competent judges, men well acquainted with both breeds, that had the Dutch breed been as fairly represented in the group contest as the Flemish, the Dutch woald have won the 100/. milk prize. There isa sort of friendly rivalry between the votaries of the two breeds, which, as is invariably the case, has evidently resulted in good to both. Charolais.—Of all the many different races of cattle in France, the Charolais is perhaps the most handsome, and in regard to value or importance is equalled only by the Norman breed, if indeed by it. Hailing originally from Charolais and Brioni this breed has spread over the greater part of the centre of France ; and in its march it is gradually displacing all other breeds. The truest specimens of the Charolais breed are to be found in the Brionnais district, but the finest specimens of cattle passing under the name of Charolais are reared in the Nivernais, into which region the breed was introduced from Charolais about a hundred years ago. The breeders in the Brionnais, proud of their native cattle, have carefully guarded it from all foreign in- fluence, good and bad, and thus in that part the faulty and the good points of the breed have been preserved and developed alike, In the Nivernais and other districts which have adopted the race, the breeders have been rather less zealous as to its purity, and the result has been a wonderful improvement in the structure and quality of the animals. So marked indeed has been the The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 211 improvement in the Nivernais, that the Charolais cattle of that country are distinguished by the name of Nivernais-Charolais. It is contended by some that this improvement has been brought about by the exercise of increased care in the selection of ani- mals for breeding, and of better treatment in rearing. The most generally accepted explanation, and probably the most correct one, is that the improvement is due mainly to an infusion of Shorthorn blood. It is evident, from what we have ascertained, that very substantial improvement had been effected in Nivernais and elsewhere by careful selection of sires and good treatment ; but it is equally clear that it is since the crossing with the Shorthorn, commenced in Nivernais (only recently), that the improvement has been most rapid and most marked. Writing of the Paris Show in 1877, M. de la Trehonnais, a recognised authority, says: ‘The most striking part of the Show was, in my opinion, the marked improvement evident in the Nivernais cattle. It is whispered that this is owing to an infusion of Shorthorn blood. I know nothing as to this, but I say with pleasure that I have never seen such an assemblage of fine Nivernais cattle as those which formed, undoubtedly, one of the chief ornaments of the Show.” The Charolais cattle being always white in colour, the greatest possible care must of course be exercised in the introduction of Shorthorn blood. It is not enough that the Shorthorn bull selected should himself be pure white ; it is also essential that he should be descended from a tribe whose characteristic colour is white. It will thus be easily imagined that crossing with the Shorthorn has not as yet become very general or very extensive. There is now, however, a _certain and growing demand for white Shorthorn bulls for mating with Charolais cows, and it is pleasing to know that systematic efforts are being made to meet that demand. The French writer, already referred to, states that M. Colcombet, a farmer in the Bourbonnais, where the Charolais breed prevails, has set to work to build up a herd of white Shorthorns. “He started,” the writer says, “ by buying the whole of the twenty-two volumes of the ‘ English Herd-Book,’ and every volume of the French ; and, with the patience worthy of a Benedictine monk, he traced back from generation to generation the accidents of colour in each family. With the knowledge thus jaboriously acquired, he was able to select his stock with such certainty that the most perfect success has rewarded his toil. He is now somewhere about his fortieth calf, each perfectly white, without a single hair of red or roan appearing in any of them to upset his calculations or betray his hopes.” At the Exhibition we had the pleasure of meeting M. Colcombet, and were glad to learn that his praiseworthy industry is still being rewarded with unbroken success. Up to P 2 212 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. this time he has devoted his attention mainly to the establishment of a pure white colour in his herd ; and having successfully accom- plished that, he now intends to look more than he has hitherto done to the form and quality of the animals. There is every prospect of all the bulls he can rear being purchased at fairly remunerative prices. At present he sells them, when from six to twelve months old, at from 20]. to 25/. a head. But to return to the Charolais breed. The hair is short and sleek ; body well-balanced and cylindrical ; head short and thick ; horns rather long, white, wide, and rising towards the point; muzzle white ; eye large and bright ; countenance pleasant ; hind- quarters broad, but slightly deficient and rough on the rump; ribs fairly sprung; back a trifle slack; chest broad and pretty deep; shoulders rather big. The race has all along been regarded as one of the best for work in the country, and it has been very extensively used for that purpose. It is therefore natural to expect that, despite the so far successful efforts that have been made to improve the breed, slightly coarse shoulders should still remain one of its characteristics. The tail is not neatly set on, indeed it comes out too soon; from the hooks backwards there is a need of making up; the thighs should come down a little further; the back should be broadened a little, and the ribs slightly better sprung ; the bone is big, and the head a trifle clumsy; and the quality is not exactly what could be desired. As a rule these defects were much less apparent among the females than among the males, and still less among some of the younger females, in which latter a likeness to the Shorthorn was easily recognised. A comparison between some of the older cows, which were pointed out to us as being the truer specimens of the old Charolais breed, and a few young females showed an unmistakable leaning towards the Shorthorn type. Some of the heifers, for instance, displayed as neat heads and horns as any breeder of cattle could wish to see, and had also finely Jaid-in shoulders, well-sprung ribs, moderately even quarters, fine bone, and excellent quality. It is asserted as the main objection to the extensive use of Shorthorn bulls among the Charolais breed that the influence of the Shorthorn impairs the working powers of the Charolais. As to that we are scarcely prepared to speak positively ; though we are inclined to think that ihe improvement which the Shorthorn bulls effect in regard to the production of beef, should be at least equal to any loss which might be caused in working power. An animal with good beef-producing qualities, and fair working powers, should be more valuable to all interested in it than one good for work and fair for beef. We have seen few breeds of cattle better fitted for crossing with the Shorthorn than the Charolais. ; The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 213 Its defects are such as the Shorthorn is pre-eminently fitted to remove. No breed of cattle has ever proved itself so effective as the Shorthorn in the improvement of other breeds, particu- larly as regards the hind-quarters, head, rib, bone, and quality ; and these are the very points in which the Charolais need slight improvement. It is evident that some breeders have already made successful efforts in this direction. While justly held in high esteem for its working powers, the Charolais breed stands unequalled among the French races for its value from a butcher’s point of view. The quality of its meat is regarded among Frenchmen as superior to that of the Shorthorn; the animals grow to a great size, and mature at a satisfactory pace. During the last few years the Nivernais-Charolais animals have been carrying off the lion’s share of the prizes at all the more important Fat Stock Shows in France ; and in some cases have beaten specimens of the pure Shorthorn breed. In his admirable work on ‘The Corn and Cattle-producing Districts of France, Mr. Richardson gives the following result of the fattening of four Nivernais-Charolais oxen, bred and fattened by M. de Béhague :— Weight at Age at Weight at Increase Birth. Sale. Sale. per Month. INOe waar 06. 1bs, 31 months. 1,478 lbs. 472 lbs. Pe" ee te: 1,987 ,, 55, aS of, OOS 7 aus 1,893 ,, 51k ,, » 4 64 ,, 40 5 2,079 ,, 52 It is stated that these animals were treated from their birth as being intended for the butcher, and that they were fed in summer, in covered yards, upon lucerne, clover, and green maize ; in winter, in stalls, on hay, mangold, cabbage, and ruta- bagas. No. 1 was sold when just fat enough for the butcher, the others when fully matured. The Section filled by the Charolais breed was one of the most attractive in the French division, and drew large crowds of admirers. We fully agree with M. de Ja Tréhonnais when he says that it is “in lots that the Charolais race shines out the best,” and that, “examined separately, the Charolais, even the best of them, are less admirable.” A finer sight of the kind we have seldom seen than was presented by the long rows of handsome pale-white Charolais cattle at the Paris Exhibition. In Scotland we are accustomed to see still more symmetrical displays of glossy blacks, but a sort of novelty hung round the white rows at Paris, which gave a pleasing aspect to the sight. In the class for bulls under two years old there were eighteen entries, and the four prizes and first two honourable men- tions went to animals from Nievre. Of the second-prize cow 214 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. we are able, through favour of her owner, M. Clair, to give an illustration (Fig. 1). She is five years of age and girthed, at the Exhibition, 6 feet 11 inches. The photograph from which our figure is given was taken nearly two months after the Cattle Show was held; and M. Clair states that, as she had been on moderate pasture during that time, she had lost bloom a little. Fig. 1.—Charolais Cow, Five Years Old, the Property of M. Clair. The representation, however, though barely doing justice to M. Clair’s cow, gives a pretty correct idea of the characteristics of the better specimens of the Charolais breed. The thick substantial body, strong fore-arm, rather big bone, short legs, flat rib, badly-set tail, and rather long horns, are all indicated. This animal’s head is much finer than that of an average specimen of the breed, and so are its underline and quality. Indeed, she handled as well as could have been wished, M. Clair also exhibited in this class a six-year-old cow, which was pointed out to us as one of the truest specimens exhibited of the old Brionnais-Charolais. She was even rougher than the others on the hind-quarters, and particularly about the tail-head ; had long horns, rather long face, very rough shoulders, and deficient neck-vein. She girthed 6 feet 114 inches, and had good flank. For his very fine collection of the breed M. Clair was awarded a special prize of an ‘object of art”—an honour which every one who saw his splendid group turned out would The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 215 at once admit he well deserved. In a letter we received from him he says :— “The élite of this race is centered in this locality, but it occupies a great part of the centre of France, extending over the Departments of Niévre, Allier, and Scine-et-Loire, and branching into Cher and Yonne. The im- proved race is called the Nivernais-Charolais. The stock, it is true, came from Charolais; butsince coming to Niévre, the breed has been so much modi- fied and ameliorated in the form of the animals and their aptitude for work and fattening, that they are now completely transformed. ‘The best specimens of the Nivernais-Charolais are now very much sought after, not only by French- men, but also by foreigners. The Germans, in particular, take away a number of our best young stock, to be re-sold in their own country by the agricultural societies. Some are also bought for the French colonies. The merits of the race being now fully recognised, prices have risen greatly. Choice cows and heifers sell at from 1000 to 2000 francs—from 40/. to 807. a head. The bulls are usually sold at the age of from eight months to a year, and bring prices ranging from 800 to 3000 franes—82/. to 1507. I sold a bull of my own breeding for 4800 francs—232/.—at the age of 1l months. An annual sale of bulls has been instituted at Niévres, and is held in February. From 200 to 360 bull-calves are usually sold there.” The cows are only moderate milkers, but it is maintained that the Shorthorn cross effects a slight improvement in this respect. Though all seemed pure white in colour, and without spots of any kind, a good many exhibited two strange, sand- coloured, waiving lines running one on each side of the backbone. They are from six to twelve inches apart, and stretch from the tail-head to the shoulder-top. The lines could be seen only when viewed narrowly, but, once caught, could be traced quite distinctly. This is jocularly said to be a “ harking back” to lines that were. Gascon and Carolais.—The first of these two races is to be found in the largest numbers in the district of Carolles, in Upper Ariége ; and the second in the Department of Gers. Both are derived from the Swiss cattle. and still present many points of similarity to the parent stem. Their leading quality is aptitude for work, at which they are very enduring. They are very strong and healthy, and are frequently preserved to the age of fifteen years. Their body is cylindrical and even, their chest broad and deep, bones coarse and strong, muscular development great, tail very high at the source; colour usually a sort of grey, sometimes a sort of dun, and often tinged with black. The cows are fair milkers, and the quality of the beef is good. It cannot be said, however, that they are valuable, or indeed profitable, butchers’ cattle. They exhibit too much bone, too much muscle, and too little flesh and quality. The section contained twenty specimens, the majority being of the Gascon variety. They were, as a whole, perhaps barely so large as the Swiss, but, on the other hand, were a trifle neater. 216 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Garonnais.—This sort is most numerous in the basin of the South Pyrenees. It is divided into two varieties, the one occupying the valley of the Garonne, and the other the higher- lying lands. The former is the more valuable and nicer of the two, but the latter is more enduring at work. Indeed, the race is held in high esteem for its working powers, being strong, quiet, and docile in temper. The cows are poor milkers; and, though they are not difficult to fatten, the breed would have to undergo great improvement before it could stand high in a butcher’s estimation. The quality of the beef is good, but muscle is too plentiful. In regard to this latter point, however, there is less room for complaint in the case of this breed than in most of the other Continental working breeds. Forty-three specimens were exhibited, and the uniformity in colour and general appearance was very marked. The prevailing colour is a sort of light dun, or “ wheat-colour,” as it is called in the official Catalogue. The body is long and of fair size; the head neat, but rather thick; horns short and neat; muzzle white; bone finer than that of most of the other working breeds, but still a little too strong; neck and fore-arm powerful; top straight ; ribs short and flat. Under the hand they are soft, free, and spongy, and thus they grow in one’s favour by close inspection. Bazadais.—This race takes its name from the Arrondissement of Bazas, in which it has been most largely reared. It has spread in considerable numbers into the Departments of Landes and Gers, and into different districts of other neighbouring Depart- ments. In colour the animals are similar to Swiss cattle—dark dun, with light-coloured stripes along the back. Of fair size, the body is even and proportionate, but hardly “ pointy” enough. As a rule they are well spread in front, and have better thighs and haunches than the average of Continental breeds ; but their ribs want spring, their backs all along should be broader, their neck and head are too thick, horns are long and coarse, and tail- head is high. Their faces are often dark in colour, and muzzles spotted. The eye is fiery and wild, and the general appearance of the animal lively. The bulls, as a rule, are ferocious, and have to be carefully handled. The cows are evidently poor milkers; but the quality of the beef is excellent. The quantity is deficient, but would be increased and the breed greatly improved in every respect, we should think, by the infusion of a little Shorthorn blood. Femeline.—T his variety, which belongs to the “ type comtois,” has its principal centre on the borders of the Doubs and the Sadne. Its colour is light dun, sometimes approaching white, or “wheat colour.” The head is fine, horns long and thin, eyes far apart, neck slender, chest narrow, body long and slim, legs short The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 217 and fine, skin fine and supple, and tail-head high. The general appearance is sprightly, but there is a want of weight and substance. The cows are good milkers, the daily yield for some time after calving being from 15 to 18 litres, or from 26 to 32 English pints. For moderately light work the Femeline oxen have few equals, being active, durable, and docile. The breed is easily kept, but fattens slowly. Its value to the butcher is not very great. The breed was largely and very creditably repre- sented, 57 specimens having been entered. In these classes, also, we thought more of the females than the males. We think, however, that the country which this sort occupies might be stocked with a better race of cattle. Pyrénées.—In this Section no fewer than six different varieties were represented. Of the Lourdes race, which was shown by itself, 12 specimens were entered. Its head-quarters are in the valley of Argeles, in the High Pyrénées, and, being the best milk-breed in that part of the country, the dairies of Tarbes, Bagneres, and the principal towns in the south-west are supplied by it. Small in stature, the characteristic colour of these animals is pale-red, or similar to that of red wheat ; the head is long and clumsy ; horns rather long, and dingy white in colour ; the neck thick, and shapes not very good. A three-year-old heifer of this breed, owned by M. Langlade, Pau, Hautes- Pyrénées, was a very tidy little beast—one of the beauties in the Section, indeed. Her head was neat and fine, and her form true and attractive. The races of the valleys of the Awre and Saint-Girons, which are similar in characteristics, were shown together, the former numbering 6 and the latter 10. The Aure variety occupies the high valleys of the Pyrénées, and the Saint-Girons the district of that name. The latter is regarded as the mother of the Bazadais race, already noticed; and though the animals are small in size, they are symmetrical, good milkers, fair beef- producers, and very easily kept. The colour is, as a rule, a sort of grey, or similar to that of a badger, but is sometimes chestnut. They are not so strongly built as the Lourdes cattle, but enjoy a good reputation for dairy purposes. They are freely ex- ported into the plains of Ariege, the high Garonne, the Aude, and Hérault. The Aure cattle are not quite so fine in form, nor such good milkers, but their hair is of better quality and is lighter in colour. The Bearnais, the Basquais, and the Urét varieties, all belonging to one family, were joined in competition, the first numbering 5, the second 4, and the third 8. They are pretty much alike in form and general characteristics, almost the only difference being in colour and in the length and form of the horns. 218 The Agricultural Features of the Paris. Exhibition. They are gay prim-looking animals, shapely, and very lively ; their colour is usually red, variously tinted. Their predo- minant quality is aptitude for work, the cows being used mainly for that purpose. They are poor milkers, but their beef is greatly esteemed for its quality, and contributes largely to the meat supply of Bordeaux. ‘They are reared chiefly in that part of the Pyrénées between Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Cauterets. The prizes were about equally divided among the three varieties. Limousin—The Limousin breed is one of the most impor- tant in France. Excellent workers, they carry a large quantity of good beef, and are massive substantial animals. Their head-quarters are in Haute-Vienne. Of medium height, they are dun in colour, or, as the official Catalogue has it, coloured like “red wheat ;” the head is moderately fine, and well proportioned ; the muzzle is white, and surrounded, like the eyes, with a light-coloured rim ; the horns are white, strong, and gracefully bent upwards; the neck is rather thick, and not tapering enough ; the forearm is powerful, and well spread ; the chest is deep, strong, and stretching far forwards; the back is straight, strong, and long; the crops are excellent; ribs are pretty well sprung; the tail sits high and open; thighs are thick, but rather round ; limbs are short, very strong, and well covered with flesh and muscle. No breed in the Exhibition showed a stronger or more uniform family stamp. In colour and form they were all after one pattern, and made up a very attractive and imposing display. Their predominant qualities are stated to be “sobriety, aptitude for work, and precocity in fattening.” It is evident that the most prominent of all their qualities is their working powers. To these, however, they add good beef-producing properties, though in this respect con- siderable improvement is desirable. For beef-makers the bone is not fine enough, and the muscular development is too great; the neck is rather clumsy, skin a little thick, the quarters are rather round, the tail is badly set, and the quality slightly deficient. Possibly, improvements in these respects would, to a certain extent, impair the working properties, which in France are of great importance. We, therefore, sympathise with the caution which the Limousin breeders, as well as the breeders of some other French cattle, are exercising in the im- provement of their valuable native cattle, and their reticence in admitting foreign blood of any kind. But, without going beyond this breed itself, very substantial improvement might yet be effected in all the defects mentioned. No doubt a good deal has already been accomplished in this way; but, judging from Arthur Young’s description of Limousin oxen, written at the end of the last century, it is evident that the The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 219 improvement of the Limousin breed in recent years has not progressed as it ought to have done. Young says that the form of these oxen was beautiful, “their backs straight and flat, with a fine springing rib, clean throat and leg,” and that they were very well fattened. Mr. Richardson states that attempts have been made to increase the size of the breed by a cross with a more southern race, the Agenaise ; but adds that it “ had been successful only where the pastures and general feeding are exceptionally rich.” Crossing with the Shorthorn has also been tried, and is still being pursued to a slight extent, and, from a beef point of view, the result has been most satisfactory. The crosses, however, are said to be neither so good workers nor so well suited to that part of France as the pure Limousin ; and it seems that for a time at least improvement must proceed from selection in breeding. It is worthy of note that in Limousin the cows accomplish the home labour, and that the bullocks are sold when from a year to eighteen months old, and are moved into other parts of the country, where they are first worked and then fattened for the butcher. The cows are model workers, but only moderate milkers. Many of these can do little more than rear their calves. Fig. 2.— Limousin Cow, Five Years Old, the Property of M. Caillaud. Poo ———_ ————— At the Exhibition the breed was very creditably represented, both as to numbers and quality. The entries were 69, and a group belonging to M. Caillaud, Chatenet-en-Dognou, Haute- 220 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Vienne, who showed a lot of very fine specimens, won the 2500 francs (100/.) offered for the best group of any working variety. So much has already been said as to the general characteristics of this breed, that it would be a needless waste of space to transcribe the notes we have in our note-book referring to the individual animals exhibited. Through favour of M. Caillaud, we are enabled to give a representation (Fig. 2, p. 219) of his handsome five-year-old cow, which won the second prize in her class. The first prize in the cow class was awarded to a very fine, thick fleshy cow, with excellent front and crops, belonging to M. Léobardy. M. Caillaud’s cow, here illustrated, is quite a representative specimen of the breed. Salers.—Belonging originally to the group of the mountains of Auvergne, in which it occupied the central plateau, the Cantal of the Puy-de-Dome, and neighbouring Departments, the breed of Salers has long held a prominent position among the herds of France. It is mentioned by Mr. Richardson as the only one considered really good “all round, for work, for milk, and for meat ”—a distinction which attaches to it more than ordinary importance. Its characteristics are striking, and the family ‘“‘ current,” we should think, exceedingly strong. The colour is dark red, usually marked with white spots on the belly. The head is triangular in shape, the face being long and full, and thickly covered with curly hair; the muzzle is black; the horns are turned upwards in a strange manner; the body is long, and wanting in depth; shoulder and neck are powerful ; dewlap is very large; top straight, but narrow ; ribs are short, and a little flat; tail is pretty neatly set, just a trifle high; flank is light; twist and thighs are very round, and not heavy ; bone rather strong, but finer than that of the Limousin ; great muscles, long legs, and general appearance lively and durable. The outline, on the whole, is tolerably good; and perhaps the general form resembles that of the Shorthorn more closely than that of any of the other French breeds, ex- cepting the Charolais. The frame of the Salers, however, is too narrow, and too far from the ground. It is stated that in the plains of Limagne and in the east the breed shows different colours—piebald, dapple, red, black, and chestnut ; and that in Limagne the body is thicker, and the legs shorter. The family stamp, however, is well defined all through. For activity, endurance, and force at work they have very few equals, and are surpassed by none. At certain kinds of heavy work the Limousin, a thicker, lower-set race, might have the advantage, but for ordinary farm labour preference may be given to the Salers. True, the Limousin beat them in the con- test for the 100/. prize for the best working group; but we were The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 221 assured by several French farmers, well acquainted with both breeds, but not directly interested in either, that. had the two breeds been equally well represented by the respective groups the trophy would have gone the other way. All the animals exhibited in the group had to be bred by the exhibitor, and with that condition it is often very difficult to muster a fairly representative group. The milking qualities are good ; for beef- making the breed stands high. The entries of Salers numbered 81, and in point of average merit the display was very creditable. In some respects, par- ticularly in hair, the Salers cattle present a slight resemblance to the Herefords of England, with which race, we should think, they would mate admirably. The Hereford would give them what they so much want, breadth and depth, and would also increase their covering of flesh. D? Aubrac.—This variety, said to have had its origin in the mountains of Aubrac, is reared most extensively in Aveyron and Lozere, as well as in part of Cantal. The animals are powerful steady workers, and fair producers of beef and milk. It is stated that they are usually kept in the high lands till about three years old, when they are removed to Lozere, where they are worked for three or more years, and then sent to be fattened on the famous pastures of Mézenc. They contribute largely to the beef markets of the south-eastern towns. ‘The entries numbered 47, and the uniformity throughout the ranks was striking. In colour, which varied from a tawny to a silver-grey, and in form, which was superior to that of the average of Continental breeds, they displayed some resemblance to Swiss cattle. The horns were large and black at the points; head moderately fine; eye lively, muzzle black ; neck thick; shoulders strong; dewlap large ; fairly developed chest; body round, thick, and pretty even ; tail-head rather high; skin variable; and muscles strong. The females were of rather better quality than the males, which is not saying a great deal. Some of the cows were symmetrical ; one or two would have passed as good specimens of the West Highland breed of Scotland. True in the outline, the better class of cows handled softly, and were stylish with a fair coating of flesh. A few had lengthy well-covered quarters. One three-year-old heifer girthed 6 feet ; while the first-prize cow girthed no less than 7 feet. Mézenc.—The head-quarters of this variety, of which Mount Mézene is regarded as the cradle, are in the Departments of Ardéche, Haute-Loire, and Loire. Twenty-nine specimens were exhibited, and in general features they strike one as being more powerful at work, and more robust and better milkers than the D’Aubrac race, but not quite so easily fattened. The colour 222 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. is usually clear light, or “‘ wheat,” red ; the head clumsy; horns long and coarse; neck heavy ; dewlap large; hair coarse ; skin usually thick, but often free and soft ; form of body only middling; back hollow ; ribsflat ; flank deficient ; tail-head rough; loins weak ; bone large; and quality not very good. A few of the females had a fair outline and a moderate covering of flesh. One of the largest of the cows girthed 6 feet 84 inches. Though lighter in colour and rougher in form, their general appearance was not unlike that of the Aubrac cattle. They are said to be very robust, and it is claimed that the flavour of their beef is excep- tionally fine. Parthenais and its Branches.—This boasted breed of Poitou is considered by its votaries to be pure; while others maintain that it is nothing more than a cross derived from various Swiss races. Be that as it may, it is now pretty well defined, and deserves many of the good things as well as some of the bad that have been said about it. Mr. Richardson says, “ carefully-tested experiments have shown that, of all the various breeds in France, that of Parthenay unites in the highest degree aptitude for work, quality of meat, and production of milk ;” and that the “ breed gives less offal than any other.” The Parthenay cattle should be excellent workers, and fair milkers; and the quality of their meat, under proper feeding, ought to be good. In quantity, however, the meat is deficient, especially on those parts where the most valuable beef is found. There are three varieties, the Vendéen and Nantais being the more important. Cholet is the principal feeding centre of the Parthenay cattle; and hence in Paris these fat cattle are known as Choletais. Despite strenuous efforts to maintain the breed in its purity, the Shorthorn cross is gradually creeping into its ranks, and producing a substantial increase in the yield of beef, but a decrease in their endurance at work. In some parts the breed is used mainly for work, and in others principally for milk. .The entries numbered 58, the majority being of the Nantais variety. The colour is usually very light grey ; the head is thick and short, and the frame similar to that of the Aubrac race. The bone, however, is finer than in that race, the dewlap is less; but hollow backs are also more characteristic of it. As a rule they are high on the leg, and bare below. Our note-book says that the first-prize bull in the older class had more style than most of the others, but slack back, coarse hair, and stiff skin; and that some .of the others should be good for work, but little else. The first-prize young heifer, of the Vendéen variety, was narrow in the frame, wanting in style, and big in the bone. The first-prize heifer, in the older class of the Nantais branch, was slim and red-deer- like both in colour and form, but had fair quarters, evenly laid ta. - ——h- i ee eh iin The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 223 shoulder, and good under-line. The first-prize cow was one of the best in the Section, large, even, and well covered with flesh ; but flat in the rib, and not sweet about the head and horn. The Nantais variety seemed the smallest in stature, but rather the neatest. The muzzles, as a rule, were black, the horns black at the point, and the ears long. Tarentais.—This race belongs to the mountains of the Taren- taise (Alps), and, like most other mountain races, is distinguished for its powers of endurance. The cows are also good milkers ; but to the butcher this variety possesses very moderate value. The colour is usually light grey, the bulls being described as “badger grey.” The Section contained 52 entries and presented remarkable similarity of colour and general characteristic. Of moderate size, the animals stood on short limbs, showed firm build and plenty of muscle. The muzzle was perfectly black ; the eye large and mild; horns short, thick and black ; the neck thick and sometimes developed into a high buffalo-crest, and the body even and round; skin very thick; rough high tail-head ; and the shoulders often prominent. Some had deficient quarters and thighs, others flat ribs, and most of them wanted quality and fineness of bone. Several of the females were neat in form and lively in gait, and handled fairly well. ’ Breton.—This is one of the most numerous breeds of cattle in France. It is also one of the most valuable; and it is stated that the inhabitants of the Province of Brittany, which of course is the home of the breed, are more dependent upon the produce of cattle than those of any other province in the nation. The pure Brittany cattle are very small in size, but very thick and fleshy ; white and black in colour ; head short, neck thick, and altogether their appearance is somewhat dumpy. Their most notable feature is their wonderful milking properties. The quantity given per day is not very large, not over seven quarts from a newly-calved cow, but the yield of butter is exceptionally high. The yield of milk sometimes exceeds seven quarts per day, but in these cases the quality is usually not quite so rich. Attempts have been made to increase’the size and otherwise improve the Breton cattle by infusions of Ayrshire and Jersey blood; but the results were not satisfactory. The Shorthorn was next tried, and in this case the success was most gratifying. The size and general value of the breed as beef-producing animals were greatly increased, while the milking properties were but very slightly disturbed. Where sufficient food can be raised to do justice to the animals the Shorthorn crosses have become very popular, and year by year they are growing in favour. A large portion of Brittany is bleak and very cold in winter; and in these parts the crosses do not thrive so well as the native breed, which, 224 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Mr. Richardson says, is so hardy that it would “live and thrive where any other sort would die.” Fifty-eight specimens of the Breton breed were entered. Many of the animals presented some resemblance to Ayrshires; but as a rule were smaller, and more round in form. They stood very close to the ground, and their girth in many instances was quite surprising. The first-prize bull in the old class, an animal three years old, and owned by M. Feunteun, Finistere, had rough quarters but fine quality. He girthed 6 feet, and measured in length, from the shoulder-top backwards, 4 feet 4 inches. The second-prize bull, about the same age, the property of M. Flock, girthed 6 feet 5 inches, and was about the same length; he had an excellent coat of flesh, and neatly laid-in shoulders. Some of the other bulls were good in front, though deficient behind. The females were, as a rule, rougher at the tail-head and still smaller than the bulls, but full of flesh and, on the whole, pretty creatures. The first-prize heifer in the older class, also owned by M. Feunteun, measured in girth 5 feet, length 3 feet 6 inches, and height 3 feet 3 inches. M. Flock headed the cow class with an animal larger than most of the others, and showing superior quality. Other French Races.—In the Section formed of French breeds not ‘ comprised in the foregoing categories,” specimens of ten different races or sub-races were entered. Of the Comtois ten specimens were shown. One was a young bull, red and white in colour, somewhat like a cross between the Shorthorn and Ayrshire breeds, bare of flesh and big in the bone. Four were young heifers, similar to the bull in colour and stamp. The others were cows. The females had a masculine appearance, but some of them possessed fair outline, and carried a deal of flesh. Quality, however, was deficient. One first prize, and one second, and three tickets of honourable mention were awarded to this sort. Of the Morvandeau, six specimens were shown, and won two third prizes, one fourth, and one honourable mention. Red and white in colour, they showed strong bone, rough tail-head, and stiff skin. They were rather peculiarly marked, a white stripe running along the back and down behind, while the“sides were pale-red. One of the cows was neat and compact, but very thick in the hide. A like number were entered of the Mont- béliard variety, the prizes falling to their lot being one first and three seconds. They were also red and white in colour, variously marked, fairly shaped, but stiff to handle, and deficient in quality. Their faces were white, and in other respects they resembled a secondary lot of English Herefords. ‘The Bourguignon numbered four, and received one first prize, which was awarded to a two-year-old bull that would have passed for a moderate speci- ee ee The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhilition. 225 men of the Salers breed. A young heifer, also red, had good out- line, strong loins, but unsatisfactory quality. Three of the Meusien variety were entered; and one, a four-year-old cow, obtained a third prize. That animal was mostly white, with pale-red spots ; it was large in size, moderately fine in the bone, and soft in the skin, though not fascinating in shape. The Bourbonnais race was represented by a yearling bull and a three-year-old heifer. The former, white in colour, had big flat horns, prominent shoulders, and an uneven contour. The heifer, first in her class, also white, resembled the Charolais breed in form. A like number represented the Maraichin variety. One was a red yearling bull, but not shapely. The other was a thirty-month red heifer, also of uninviting form. The Boulonnais numbered two—a thirty-four-month heifer and a five-year-old cow. Both were red and of inferior merit. One specimen of the Lorraine race was shown, a red two-year-old heifer. Last, but not least, comes the solitary specimen of the Manceau breed, which, crossed with the Shorthorn, earned so favourable a distinction in the Cross-bred Section. This animal, a yearling bull, was exhibited by M. Cherbonneau, who also owned such fine crosses. Red and white, it reminded one of crosses between the Ayrshires and Shorthorns both in shade of colour and in general get up. Altogether this bull was above the average of English Shorthorns, among which he might have passed but for his Ayrshire shade of red. His muzzle was tinted with black, yet he was considered the best bull, and perhaps also the best animal in the Section. French Carrie or ForeigN Breeps (other than Shortherns). Ayrshires—Of this valuable Scotch breed 13 specimens were entered in the French Division. Some were good and true, but a few were so large and rough as to suggest im- purity of blood. The Marquis de Dampierre, of Plassac, Charente-Inférieure, came first in the young bull class with a little animal of fair outline, but light waist. The old bull class was headed by an animal which would pass in Scotland as an average Ayrshire. Several of the heifers were promising. The first cow, an excellent specimen, belonged to M. Marhin, of Pontivy, Morbihan. Dutch—This useful description of cattle has become very popular in France, and has proved itself well suited to the country. In the French Division 60 specimens of the breed were entered ; and though the average merit was hardly equal to that in the Dutch Section of the Foreign Division, the breed was nevertheless very fairly represented. No appreciable difference VOL. XV.—S. Ss. Q 226 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. could be observed between the animals shown from Holland and those exhibited from France. Swiss.—France exhibited 39 specimens of Swiss cattle. M. Broquet, of Void, Meuse, entered three of the Fribourgeois variety and one of the Bernois; none of them were very good. All the others were of the Swiss race proper, and were fair specimens. Other Foreign Races.—In this Section only two animals were entered and one of these did not appear. The other was a fair yearling bull of the Glane breed, shown by M. Chemery, Morre- mont, Marne, and was awarded a second prize. Cross-BRED CATTLE. Shorthorn Crosses.—If further evidence were required to prove the wonderful ameliorating influence of the Shorthorn when crossed with other breeds, it was supplied in great abundance in the Cross-bred Sections at the Paris Exhibition. Attractive and interesting as many of the other French Sections were, that filled by Shorthorn crosses was in many respects the most interesting and entertaining. To Englishmen in particular, an inspection of these classes must have been gratifying in the extreme ; for none could have failed to perceive the remarkable improving influence which had been exercised upon the animals by Eng- land’s favourite breed. This Section was undoubtedly one of the chief features of the live-stock display, and should have un- folded many valuable lessons to Continental farmers. During the past 50 years more than 19,000 male and female Shorthorns have been in use in France; and while it is evident that in some districts this great influence has been well employed, it is equally clear that the country generally has not taken full advantage of it. A large proportion of French farmers seem to trouble them- selves very little about the improvement of their cattle, bad as many of these are. Never having obtained a large revenue from the production of beef, they do not feel the want of it. Accustomed to look upon their cattle mainly as animals of labour, they content themselves with varieties, certainly valuable at work, but, for all other purposes, inferior to what they’should and might be. Among those who think more and strive harder to advance their own interests and increase the wealth of the ~ country, the desirability, or rather necessity, for great improve- ment in the French breeds of cattle has long been fully recog- nised. Those improvers, too, readily admit that on whatever French breed the Shorthorn has been used it has effected a sub- stantial improvement, not only in its beef-producing properties, but also in its outward form and general quality. Many of them, however, contend that the Shorthorn impairs the working powers of the native breeds ; and they also complain that the Shorthorn The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 227 crosses will not thrive properly under the same treatment, usually very careless indeed, as that bestowed on the pure-bred French animals. A slight deterioration in those working powers, which are prized so highly, seems to be regarded as of far; greater moment than a large increase in the yield of beef. Anyhow, it is an in- disputable | fact that French farmers cause immense loss to them- selves, as well as to their country, by maintaining and propagating inferior breeds of cattle, which are unworthy of the fertile country they occupy. The breeders of the better French races adduce with some force reasons for their reluctance in seeking to im- ana Aen infusion of foreign blood. Take, for instance, the breeders of the Limousin cattle. They glory in the striking uniformity and general good character which their favourite breed presents ; and while they acknowledge the desirability of increas- ing the fattening tendency, they dread the introduction of foreign blood, lest it should result in the modification or even extinction of those family features. To a certain extent we sympathise with that caution; but we think much good might be done on the one side with but very little, if any, loss on the other. Herd Books ought to be established for all the more important breeds; and thus, while crossing might go on freely, a pure and unadal- terated fountain would be maintained of each. In the northern counties of Scotland, where the Shorthorns and Black Polled cattle flourish side by side, the general cattle stock consists of crosses between these two breeds—animals superior for ordinary husbandry to either of the two pure strains—and yet this ex- tensive intermixing of the two does not, and could not, in any way contaminate the parent streams. It is in the Western Departments of France that crossing with the Shorthorn has been pursued more extensively; and where, according to the official Catalogue, its “influence on agriculture and on the economical conditions of agricultural industry has been most The Section comprised no fewer than 93 animals; and con- taimed crosses between the Shorthorn and twelve different breeds. It could not be said that success had been attained in every case; but, taking the Section as a whole, it exhibited a most decided leaning towards the male side. The variety in colour, size, form, and general appearance was great ; but still all through, with very few exceptions, there was a stamp of the Shorthorn which could not be mistaken. It was, indeed, startling to con- the many rough and widely different ‘tribes which had been the foundation on one side, and to think that a little foreign blood could have produced all the unformity and similarity that Were apparent. It was not easy to ascertain how many Short- _— crosses could have been registered to the credit of the a2 Zz 228 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. various animals; but the large majority seemed to be either first or second crosses, though in a few cases the crossing had evi- dently gone on for several generations. The Shorthorn-Manceau carried off the lion’s share of the prizes, and were, indeed, very excellent beef cattle. Eighteen specimens of this cross were shown, and no fewer than eleven prizes and four tickets of honourable mention were awarded to them. They showed an evenness, compactness, and quality which distinguished them from all the others. Some of them were rather small, and some defective in form; but, all over, they were so much superior to the others, especially in regard to fineness of bone and quality, that they could at once be recognised. The best specimens of this cross were shown by M. Cherbonneau, of Contigné, Maine-et-Loire, to whose lot fell one first and four second prizes, and two tickets of honourable mention. The Manceau race is stated to be one of the oldest in France, and to have at one time been the most numerous in the country. These animals are small but compact, and of fair quality. For his own herd M. Cherbonneau selects pure-bred Shorthorn bulls of considerable merit, and mates these with the best Manceau cows. During the last 20 years he has reared those crosses which gained him so much honour at the Paris Exhibition. He allows the calves to suckle for about six months, and afterwards sends them out to the pasture part of the day, and feeds them with cake in the house the other part. For seven months of the year he keeps his cattle out on the fields, but takes them in during the hottest hours of the day, and allows them green fodder and roots. Towards the month of December they are housed for the winter, and are kept in till about the month of May. Besides fodder, they are twice a day fed with cabbages, or something similar, and part of the time an allowance of cake is added. Water is supplied to them twice a day. The gem of this fine lot, which made so creditable an appearance in the contest for the beef- group prize, was a dark-roan heifer, which came first in the young class. Though only twenty months old she seemed almost fully matured, would have “ dressed,” perhaps, 7 cwts., and was one of the best butcher-beasts in the Exhibition. She was fine in the bone, broad and deep in the frame, neat about the head, grand in front, of very fine quality, and literally beef from head to heel. On the back she might have been stronger, but her straightness below fully made up for that. Though small in size and barely so even on the top, she reminded us of Mr. Stratton’s handsome Birmingham champion of last year (1877). M. Cherbonneau was second in the bull class with a twenty-one-month white of fair size, good quality, and wealthy coat of flesh, but lacking character, though his head, horn, and shoulders were almost all that could have been desired. The others were thoroughly good The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 229 butcher-beasts. M. Parage, of Chaze, Maine-et-Loire, headed the cow class with a heavy four-year-old cow of the Durham- Manceau cross, well-clad with flesh of superior quality, but not very neat in form. M. Daudier, of Niafles, Mayenne, also showed a few very good specimens of this cross, finer in the bone than the average of the other crosses in the Section. It is evident that the two breeds blend together admirably. The charac- teristics of the Manceau, however, are giving way to those of the popular “red, white, and roan.” Eleven specimens of Durham-Charolais crosses were entered, and deserve to be placed next to the Manceau cross. They were awarded one first, one second, one third, and two fourth prizes, and two honourable mentions. In the class for bulls under two years old, Count de Massol, of Souhey, Cote d’Or, led off with a white that had better quarters than the pure Charolais breed, finer bone, better quality, and finer shoulders. He was a little round in shape, but would otherwise have passed as a very good Short- horn. The Count was second in the corresponding class among the females with a stylish roan, rather too tar from the ground, but neat, and true in outline. She was a little bare on the shoulder and on the thighs, and her horns came rather straight out. Her head was neat, and her rump and quarters were greatly improved from those of the pure Charolais. Again, in the class for two-year-old heifers he was fourth, with an animal displaying a good deal of Shorthorn character, while in the cow class the third prize fell to a plainish exhibit of his. M.Mativon, of Bannegon, Cher, was awarded the fourth prize in the old bull class for a very large three-year-old white bull, strong in the bone, bare on both sides of the tail, not heavy in the waist, and with rough horns; but neat head, white muzzle, good front, fair quality, and longer in the body than the pure Charolais. Next to these would rank the Shorthorn-Norman cross, of which eleven specimens were entered. These were generally good ani- mals, and had a fair share of the prizes—one first prize, one sup- plementary prize, one third, and two fourth prizes, and one ticket of honourable mention. MM. Gregorie and Son, of Almenéches, Orne, topped the class for heifers between two and three years old, with a roan, thirty months old, very strong and fleshy. Neither style nor quality, however, was displayed by her. In the old bull class the same gentlemen were third with a strong animal, unsatisfactory in the outline, more like the Norman than the Shorthorn breed, and bare on the top, but soft and kindly under the hand. An honourable mention was also awarded to these gentlemen for a big plain five-year-old soft- handling roan cow. As a rule, these Norman crosses were big and pleasant to touch, though not true in form. M. Ancelin, of Chapelle-sous-Gerberoy, Oise, got the fourth prize in the 230 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. young bull class with a Norman cross, indicating great improve- ment on the original Norman race. The Shorthorn-Dutch crosses were not quite so successful as one might have expected, looking to the similarity in the form of the two breeds. The Shorthorn influence has only effected slight improvement. Ten specimens were entered, but only one prize —a fifth—was theirs.- That premium was awarded to M. Plaisant, of Beaurains-les-Arras, Pas-de-Calais, for a pepper- coloured heifer, thirty months old, of finer quality than the pure Dutch breed, but lacking style and symmetry. The other specimens were only fair. Ten specimens of the Shorthorn-Flemish cross were entered, but several failed to appear. These crosses showed improve- ment on the pure Flemish breed in regard to weight and wealth of carcass, and also in respect of quality ; but still it could hardly be said they were animals of a high class. They got only a fifth prize and two tickets of honourable mention. The former went to a red heifer, twenty months old, large in size, but bare of flesh, owned by M. Fétel-Longueval, of Loon, Nord. Two Shorthorn-Limousin crosses were shown, but no official honour could be spared to them. One cross between the Shorthorn and the Femeline was shown, but had to go home without any mark of distinction. A two- year-old Shorthorn-Bourguignon heifer, the property of M. Merle, of Chatol-Gerard, Yonne, was awarded an honourable mention. White-and-black in colour, she was all over a fair © animal, massive, yet likely to makea good milker. M. Abafour, of Miré, Maine-et-Loire, obtained a well-deserved supplementary prize for a three-year-old Shorthorn-Breton roan cow. She was a useful stamp of an animal; there were, perhaps, not half-a- dozen better in the Section. She was short in the legs, thick, even, and splendidly covered with flesh of superior quality. From what we saw and learned of it we thought this cross preemi- nently successful. The Breton cattle are pretty little animals, and the infusion of Shorthorn blood increases the size wonderfully. A Shorthorn-Lorraine cow, exhibited by M. Lamy, had fair out- line and size if she had only had more flesh. More success was exhibited in a Shorthorn-Swiss cow, shown by M. Broquet, of Void, Meuse. This animal displayed great improvement upon the pure Swiss cattle, and was in some respects a curiosity. It is evident that the two breeds would blend well together, and that the Swiss would be greatly benefited by the English infusion, In the Section were shown a good many animals whose breeding was not specified beyond that they were Shorthorn crosses. Some were good, others only fair. Vartouk Crosses—In the Section for Croisements Divers, 47 animals were entered. The variety of colour, form, and general ——— The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 231 characteristics presented was quite bewildering, close on 30 different crosses being represented. Many of the animals pos- sessed plenty of size and substance, but only a few showed either superior form or good quality. Among these few were crosses between the Manceau and various races, the Swiss and the Shorthorn, the Ayrshire and the Shorthorn, the Nivernais and the Bourguignon, and different kinds of Dutch crosses. The Limousin-Garonnais cross seemed an excellent animal for work, but lacked quality, and was not very neat. The Swiss cross was indeed a very good animal, much more like the Short- horn breed than the Swiss. The most satisfactory of all, how- ever, were the Manceau crosses, which were shown by M. Cher- bonneau. SHEEP.—BrRITISH BREEDS. Southdown Breed.—Though not quite equal either in numbers or average merit to what is usually seen at the “ Royal” Show, the display of this valuable mutton breed was nevertheless highly creditable to English breeders. Of this we have ample proof in the fact that the celebrated flocks of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales and of Lord Walsingham were represented. No better material of the kind could be found anywhere than in these flocks, especially the Merton one. Here, as has often been the case, Lord Walsingham had the best of several smart contests, though His Royal Highness also won several coveted honours, From the flocks of Messrs. Emery, Messrs. Heasman, Mr. J. J. Colman, and Mr. Hugh Gorringe, there came sufficient mate- rial to make keen competition. In the young female class Mr. Gorringe scored a decided victory. In the class for tups under eighteen months old, Lord Walsingham was invincible, with a handsome fourteen-month tup, very good on the back, true in form, and well-covered with flesh, though he might have been a trifle neater about the head. He was got by the first-prize winner at the “ Royal” at Birmingham, and out of a ewe by “ Royal Manchester.” Closely following came a fourteen-month tup, showing grand style, fine-turned quarters, and excellent front, owned by Mr. Hugh Gorringe, Kingston-by-Sea, Shoreham, Sussex. His quality and wool were very good, but he would have been better with a little more flesh along the back. Mr. J. J. Colman, M.P., of Carrow House, Norwich, ranked third with a short, thick, neat tup of the same age; the Messrs. Emery, of Hurston Place, Pulborough, Sussex, came fourth with a son of “ Old Hurston,” and out of “ Battersea.” In the old tup class, Lord Walsingham again came to the front, the successful animal in this case being “ Royal Birming- ham,” the sire of the first-prize young tup. First at Birmingham in the young class, and at Liverpool last year in the old class, 232 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. this animal needs no further comment here. He was still in grand form, and attracted many admirers, carrying, as he did, his mutton very evenly. Mr. Colman’s second ram wasa handsome two-year-old, specially good in front and well covered with mutton and wool. The Messrs. Emery were third, with a tup of similar breeding to their fourth-prize youngster; while the Prince of Wales came in fourth with a tidy twenty-seven-month tup, showing good style and breeding. The contest in the class for females under eighteen months old was exceptionally keen, and yet Mr. Gorringe was clearly en- titled to the highest position with his stylish, well-brought-out, well-bred pen. They had smart, lively heads, attractive sym- metry, and excellent quality. The second-prize pen, owned by the Prince of Wales, were lengthy well-covered sheep, showing good breeding and fine quality. Two were specially good ; the other lacked character a little. A well-matched pen shown by Mr. Colman stood third, Lord Walsingham having to be contented with a fourth prize, as he had reserved his best pen for the Bristol “ Royal,” where they were unbeaten. In the ewe class, however, his Lordship pulled up into his wonted position, coming first with an excellent pen, two of which were got by * Royal Manchester,” and the other by “ Perfection.” Two of them were very fine ewes, splendidly covered all over, but the third was rather weak on the loins. Messrs. Emery came second, with a pen got by “Old Hurston,” Mr. Gorringe third, and the Prince of Wales fourth. With such success in the Section, Lord Walsingham was early expected.to have a strong chance of carrying off the 1500- franc prize (60/.), for the best group of mutton-producing sheep of any breed not French, in the Exhibition ; an honour which, in due time, fell to his Lordship’s credit. Stiff as sales were, as a rule, at the Exhibition, the demand for Southdown sheep was brisk, and nearly all the English specimens which were offered found ready purchasers in French flock-owners. Mr. Gorringe sold a tup to Count de Bouillé, of Villars, Nievre, a prominent breeder of Southdowns in France. The whole of Lord Walsing- ham’s group was sold to M. Nouette-Delorme, Loiret, whé ex- hibited in the French Division a lot of good specimens of the Southdown breed. He also showed a tup among the English animals, beside which it lacked finish somewhat. Oxford Downs.—Originally, Shropshires, Oxford Downs, Hampshire Downs, and similar breeds were grouped together in the premium list; but before the judging took place each breed was arranged by itself, and awarded prizes. Of the Oxfordshire - Downs there were thirty-three entries from England, and four or five from Belgium. Mr. J. Treadwell, Upper Winchenden, Aylesbury; Mr. Chas. Howard, Biddenham, Bedford ; Mr. G. The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 233 Street, Maulden, Ampthill, Bedfordshire; and Mr. F. Street, St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, divided the prizes pretty equally, Mr. Howard having rather the largest share. He came first in the two female classes with large and very handsome sheep, well- clad with both wool and mutton; while in each of the two male classes he was second. Mr. Treadwell was first in the young tup class, and second both among old tups andewes. His sheep handled admirably, and they were broad and evenin form. The old tup class was headed by a very fine twenty-seven-month sheep, owned by Mr. G. Street, and descended from the stocks of Messrs. Howard, Druce, and Roberts. The mere mention of the flocks represented is sufficient to convince every English- man that this early maturing and very valuable mutton-pro- ducing breed made a good appearance on French soil. M. Tiberghien, Manage, Hainault, in whose name the Belgian sheep were entered, demonstrated his desire to improve his flock by securing at a good price one of Mr. Howard’s tups. Hampshire Downs.—Four good specimens of this breed were shown by Mr. Robert Russell, Horton Court Lodge, Dartford, Kent. They had no opposition, however, and two special prizes were deservedly awarded to them. Dorsets.—Ot this hardy breed eight very fine sheep were shown by M. G. W. Homer, Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester. They, too, were alone in their glory, which was to be regretted, for they would have held their own against very strong opponents. They were reared from stock which has been in Mr. Homer's possession for a long time ; and were large in size, symmetrical in form, broad on the back, long in the quarters, and carried a heavy load of mutton, evenly laid on. They were awarded two special prizes and one ticket of “ very honourable mention.” They formed the strongest opponents to Lord Walsingham’s successful group of Southdowns for the 1500-franc mutton prize, and we understand that among the Jurors there was division of opinion as to which of the two groups best deserved the coveted trophy. It is said of the Dorsets that “the body is tall and light, and the legs are long.” Mr. Homer’s sheep were certainly tall, but their bodies were very thick and heavy, and their legs of moderate length. Leicesters.—\n the Foreign Division there were twenty-nine entries of this justly popular breed, twenty-one of which were from England, four from France, and four from Belgium. The foreign sheep were nothing more than fair specimens of the breed ; and, with one exception, all the premiums came to English animals. The contest lay chiefly between Mr. George Turner, junior, Thorpelands, Northampton, and Mr. R. W. Creswell, of Ravenstone, Ashby-de-la~-Zouch. Mr. Turner showed a very fine lot of sheep,—compact, thick, well-matured, splendidly 234 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. covered, and of very fine quality. He was first in three of the classes and second in the other. Mr. Creswell, whose sheep handled exceeding well, and showed good frames, was second in the two young classes and first in the old tup class, the winner of the latter prize being a very excellent specimen of the English Leicester. ‘The second prize in the ewe class went to a very good pen belonging to M. Noblet, of Chateau-Renard, Loiret. Mr. Turner’s first-prize pen of ewes were first at the Bath and West of England Show last year, and third at the “ Royal” at Liverpool ; while his first-prize two-shear tup was second in the young class at the latter exhibition. Lincolns.—T his useful long-woolled breed was very creditably represented. Twenty-five pens were entered, and in point of merit the display was exceptionally strong. Mr. John Pears, Mere, Lincoln; Mr. R. C. Catling, Needham Hall, Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire ; and Messrs. Dudding, Panton House, Wragby, Lincolnshire, had a very close and exciting contest for the honours,—Mr. Pears carrying off rather the largest share. His sheep, bred by himself, and descended from strains which have been in the flock for nearly half a century, were large, well woolled, evenly covered, and showed that, from a butcher's point of view in particular, this breed has been substantially improved during recent years. He was first in the young tup class, first for ewes, and second in each of the other two classes. Mr. Catling, whose sheep were also well bred, large, and well-woolled, topped the young female class, and also the old tup class. —The gimmers were especially good, and were got by “ Volunteer,” a distin- guished sire. The Messrs. Dudding had two second prizes and one ticket of honourable mention. Their flock is old and well established, and the appearance it made on this occasion was worthy of its reputation. Like those of Mr. Catling, the Messrs. Dudding’s young sheep claimed descent from the stock of Mr. Kirkham. Kentish.—Of this very hardy variety of the fleecy tribe there was only one exhibitor, Mr. R. Russell, Horton Court Lodge, Dartford, Kent. Both they and the Lincolns were originally grouped with Leicesters; but it was found that such mixing up could but result in dissatisfaction, and the breeds were separated accordingly. Though Mr. Russell had no opposition, he was deservedly awarded a special prize, which was adjudged to a handsome tup, fourteen months old. All his animals were of the improved Kentish breed. Cotswolds.—Probably none of the English breeds were better represented than this one. Mr. Russell Swanwick, of the Agricultural College, Cirencester, had the field entirely to him- self ; but better specimens of the breed than those exhibited by 4 | : The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition, 285 him could not possibly have been found. Of great size, they were well brought out and full of character. Both mutton and wool were plentiful in these lots. They were descended mainly from the stocks of Mr. William Lane, Broadfield, Gloucestershire, and Mr. Garne, Aldsworth, Gloucestershire. Four special prizes were awarded to them. Cheviots.—Mr. John Robson, Birness, Otterburn, Northum- berland, was the only exhibitor of these hardy, active, Border mountain sheep. He entered ten, all very good sheep, well- bred, nicely furnished animals, well-covered with flesh of fine quality. Black-faces. —Of this profitable Scotch breed there were twelve entries, the only exhibitors being Mr. J. Duncan of Benmore, Kilmun, Argyleshire; and Mr. W. Beattie, Crock- nacunnie, Ireland. The premiums were equally divided between the two, Mr. Duncan being first and Mr. Beattie second among the tups, while the order was reversed in the female class. In each of the two lots there were some really good specimens. Mr. Duncan’s first-prize tup, two years old, handsome in body, and excellent on the top, was bred by Mr. Aiken, Listonshiels, and was third in his class at the “ Highland” Show at Edin- burgh last year. Mr. Beattie’s sheep were descended mainly from the Overshiels stock, and were well-bred, large in size, and of good quality. The demand for Black-faced sheep was active, and Mr. Beattie disposed of his lot to Frenchmen at high prices. One yearling tup and three gimmers were secured for a Zoological Garden in the West of France. FRENCH SHEEP. Merino Breed.—Justice will be done to French Sheep-hus- bandry by another pen. We need therefore say very little on the subject here. The importance which attaches to the Merino breed will best be understood when it is mentioned that, in a pure state or nearly so, it is represented in round numbers by about 9,000,000 animals; and that, with all the crosses which possess less or more Merino blood, it makes nearly two-thirds of the whole stock of sheep in France, which in 1873 numbered close on 26,000,000. This woolly tribe, which, having been brought from Africa to Spain, spread from the latter country not only over a vast extent of the continent of Europe, but also Westwards into the broad prairies and wide mountain ranges of America, was introduced into France in 1786. In that year Louis XVI. obtained permission from the King of Spain to select and import 364 specimens of the breed ; and with these he established a Government or National bergerie or flock at his property of 236 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Rambouillet, in the Department of Seine-et-Oise. In 1800 another importation was made ; and during the many years that have since elapsed, the flock thus founded has been managed with a perseverance and intelligence that reflect the highest credit on the country. The Rambouillet flock, indeed, has acquired qualities so widely different, not only from the stock from which it sprung but also from the general body of Merinos as they appear over the country at the present day, that it has come to be regarded as a distinct branch of the breed bearing the name of Rambouillet. The Merinos in Austria, and the surrounding region of the Continent are called Negretti-Merinos ; and in Germany Electoral-Merinos, the title in the latter case having been assigned from the circumstance that in 1765 the Elector of Saxony introduced the breed into Germany from Spain. Though differing in a slight degree, neither of these two varieties has such distinctive characteristics as the Rambouillet stock of France. In his admirable report on “ The Agricultural Features of the Vienna Exhibition” (published in part i., vol. x., second series of this Journal), Professor Wrightson dealt spe- cially with the characteristics of the Metina: breed. It will therefore suffice here to state in a few words that originally the Merino sheep were unequalled for their yield and quality of wool, but were very inferior in the production of mutton. The Govern- ment officials who had charge of the Rambouillet flock, desirous of obtaining a double revenue from the breed, turned their atten- tion at an early period to the improving of the size and sym- metry of the frame, and the increasing of the weight of the fleece, which before had been noted more for its quality than its weight. They kept the breed pure, but so carefully and systematically did they carry out the process of selection, that in both respects their efforts were eminently successful. The originally high quality of the wool was modified slightly, but this was more than compensated for by the increase in the weight of the fleece and in the strength and length of the staple. Early maturity and capacity to aie on flesh were next cultivated, and that too with almost equal success. The stock that hea been reared — during recent years at Rambouillet are, we believe, as different from the animals that were stationed there in 1786 as it is pos- sible to conceive. The breed has been transformed in outline and characteristics. The Rambouillet flock has earned a world- wide reputation; and between 1797 and 1872, no less than 3,472,343 francs (about 138,893/) were received from the sale of its wool and surplus stock. During that period 4309 rams, 3581 ewes, and 3025 mutton-sheep, and 131,165 kilogramimes (about 130 tons) of wool, were sold from this establishment. The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 237 The great majority of the breeding-sheep, of course, were secured by Frenchmen and other breeders on the Continent of Europe ; but'a good many went both to Australia and America. National breeding establishments have been formed and carried on suc- cessfully at other centres ; and the favourable influence which the movement has exercised on the rural industry of France can hardly be overestimated. From the preliminary notice referring to Merino Sheep in the Catalogue of the Exhibition, we quote the following :— “The Merinos are widely scattered over France; and their introduction has caused quite a revolution initsagriculture. It has been the point of departure of numerous and important improvements, among which we may cite in the first instance the extension given to the cultivation of artificial meadows. A great part of the native French flocks have been completely transformed by the continiied employment of Merino tups, the result of this absorption of the indigenous races by the Merinos being that the absorbed races are now known as Metis-Merinos [or half-bred Merinos]. The most celebrated of the French Merinos are those of Soissonnais,-of Chatellonnais, of the Beauce, and of Champagne. To the bergeries in these different districts, as to the experi- mental bergerie of Rambouillet, where the Merino race has remained perfectly pure, foreign breeders come every year and buy breeding animals at the highest prices. During the last fifteen years the race has undergone some happy changes. In consequence of the decrease in the price of wool and the increase in the demand for mutton, the fleece of the Merino, as well as its con- formation and aptitude to fatten, have been singularly-changed. Thus we have to-day in France Merinos carrying sufficient wool—fine, long, soft, and stron¢—and furnishing, at an advanced aze, mutton of much finer quality than formerly.” The muster of Merinos, which were naturally awarded the premier position in the Catalogue, was one of the most attrac- tive features of the Exhibition. Pure-bred and metzs or half- bred Merinos were joined in competition; and together they formed a display which has perhaps never been excelled, if indeed equalled by any other variety of the fleecy tribe. No fewer than 27Y entries were made, and in each of the female pens there were three animals. The question as to the desira- bility of further improvement in the breed may be referred to afterwards. In the meantime it is gratifying to be able to say that the turn-out of Merinos was as remarkable in point of merit as in regard to numbers; indeed, the improvement displayed, particularly in the size and symmetry of the body and in the cover of flesh, was quite wonderful. In America, where in many cases no attempt has as yet been made to develop the meat- producing properties of the breed—the ancient fine-woolled variety being still quite common—we have examined many large flocks of so-called pure-bred Merinos. Between these, however, and the French ones exhibited at Paris there was as much difference as between a third-rate specimen of the Black- 238 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. faced breed and a thoroughly good Cotswold. Instead of the light, uneven bodied, coarse-boned, bare-fleshed Merino of old, there were at Paris Merinos handsome in frame, large in size, moderately fine in bone, and carrying a heavy, well-laid-on coat of flesh. Indeed, it is as evident as anything can be that in the better flocks of France the value of the Merino has been increased twofold by the improvement which it has undergone since its introduction into that country. That improvement has been brought about in the main, as already noticed, by careful selection in breeding and by better treatment of the flocks, but still in many cases infusion of strange blood has had something to do with it. It is significant that while pure-bred and half- bred Merinos were nearly equal in number, thirty-two premiums and commendation tickets were awarded to the former and only seventeen to the latter. The apportionment of the honours will be better understood when it is mentioned that in the four male classes two first, two second, two third, three fourth, and one fifth prizes, and three tickets of honourable mention were awarded to pure-bred Merinos: and two first, one second, and two third prizes to Metis-Merinos, In the four female classes the pure- breds secured four first, three second, three third, three fourth, two fifth, one sixth, and one seventh prize, and two tickets of honourable mention ; while the Metis-Merinos had to be content with one second, one third, one fourth, two fifth, two sixth, one seventh, and two eighth prizes, and two tickets of honourable mention. It would thus appear that in the eyes of the Jury the improvement effected by selection had been the most successful. The breed was originally entered in four classes, without any distinction as to characteristics; but in the awarding of the honours each of these four classes was divided into two, abund- ance and fineness of wool being the important or ruling points in the one, and development and conformation of the body in the other. It is interesting and important to note that the half- bred Merinos were more successful in the wool-classes than in what may be called the mutton-classes. Indeed, as will be seen, only two or three of the higher premiums in the “ development and conformation” classes fell to their lot. The inference which might thus be drawn from the awards is that the Merinos are less likely to be satisfactorily improved in the respect in which they most need improvement, namely, their mutton-pro- ducing properties, by the infusion of blood from any of the French breeds than by careful selection within their own ranks, together with liberal feeding. With that inference our opinion fully coincides, for we do not think that any of the French breeds could be expected to produce such improvement as -is required by the Merinos. Indeed, the French races themselves The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 239 stand in need of improvement in “development and conforma- tion,” which have always been regarded as the weak points of the Merino breed. From the National Bergerie at Rambouillet a few specimens of what may be called the pure improved Merinos, which have rendered Rambouillet famous all over the country, were forwarded for exhibition only. They were about equal in size, but bigger in the bone and rougher in the shapes than the average of the Metis-Merinos. Specimens were also shown of the Mauchamp and the Merino-Mauchamp sheep. The Mauchamp sub-race is Merino-cross, started by M. Graux about fifty yearsago. Its form is imperfect, but its wool is very fine. Long-woolled French Sheep.—The second Section was filled by what are called the “ Long-woolled Races of France.” They occupy a large portion of the north-west of France, and though now divided into several varieties, they were originally descended from the Flemish breed. In the Nord they were called Flamand ; in the Pas-de-Calais, Artoisien ; in the Somme, Picard ; in Seine- Inférieure, Normand ; in the two Charentes, Saintongeots ; and in La Vendée, Vendéen. The difference between the several varie- ties is slight, and all still retain the leading characteristics of the original Flemish race. They stand high on the leg, are not very fascinating in form ; and their wool is long and coarse. It is stated that their principal merit is aptitude to fatten; but a stranger would not place them very high as meat-producing sheep. During the past thirty years they have been greatly improved, in some cases by selection in breeding, and in others by the infusion of Leicester (Dishley) or Improved Kentish blood. The Leicester cross was invariably most successful. The principal prizes went to the Norman variety, the most successful exhibitor of these being M. Lasnou, Seine-Inférieure. Common-woolled Races of the Plains.—Of these the principal varieties are the Berrichon and Solognot. The former are found chiefly in Indre, Cher, and part of Loir-et-Cher; and the latter in Loir-et-Cher. Similar in form and general appearance, these two races are described as being rustic, and easily fed up; while their flesh is said to be very savoury and much sought after. The wool, as a rule, is short, coarse, and dry ; the head is cu- riously curved, with the nose pointing upwards and the ears hanging back. The thighs are very thin and bare of wool. The Solognot is distinguished by the reddish colour of its nose and legs. Inthe south of Chateauroux there is a variety of the Berrichon called the Berrichon-Crevant, which enjoys a good re- putation for its fattening properties. These races have also been very substantially improved by crossing with other breeds, par- ticularly with the Southdowns and Leicesters of England. The 240 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. French Charmoise race—a cross between the Berrichon and New or Improved Kentish of England—has also been used with good results in crossing with these breeds. The latter cross, less vio- lent than that of the Southdown or Leicester, because of its afh- nity to the Berrichon, has become very popular with some flock- owners. The Section contained some twenty entries, and among the lot were some very fair sheep, In the tup elass a thirteen- month-old Solognot, firm on the back, brown in the face, and in general appearance a little like the English Southdown, came first; while the second and third prizes went to Berrichon tups, one of which had a short thick head, fair body, good rib, but short quarters. The other was neat, but rather light round the waist. The Solognot variety again came to the front in the female class, the winning pen in “each case belonging to M. Lefebvre- Laforge, Saint-Florent, Loiret. The females were even little animals, brown in the face and of fair quality. The second prize here went to a Crevant pen, also small in size and pre- senting some likeness to English Leicesters. The other varieties in the Section were of inferior merit. French Mountain Sheep.—These breeds seem to be numerous, but hardly any of the specimens of them exhibited were above mediocrity. The Section contained fifty entries, which repre- sented about a dozen different races or sub-races. The Larzae, of which six were shown, is found principally in Aveyron. The animals are small, and narrow in the chest; the wool is coarse and strong, but the flesh is said to be of nice quality. The breed is famous for its milking properties, and its milk is largely used in the manufacture of the celebrated Roquefort cheese. The Lauragnais, originally belonging to the neighbourhood of Castelnaudary, has spread into Haute-Garonne, Aude, Gers, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, and Ariége. Like the Larzae race, it is hornless, the head is moderately fine, the body large, the chest deep, quarters long, and wool coarse and thick. It is very prolific, and its milk is also used in the manufacture of cheese. The second prize in the male class fell to a speci- men of this tribe, owned by M. Bajol, Aude. This tup, only thirteen months old, was large and symmetrical, and re- sembled the Cheviot breed about the head and face. . The first prize was awarded to a specimen of the Barbarin race, shown by M. Tempier, Gard. Brown in the legs, partly brown in the face, this animal had long hanging ears of the same colour, a long narrow frame, bare of flesh, but weli-covered with wool of fine texture. The legs were rather long and coarse, and on the tail there was a strange development measuring about eight inches in breadth. A pen of the same race and ownership was also first among the females. These were large, and good on the | The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 241 loins, but rather defective in quality. The second prize in the female class went to a pen of the Mézenc race, and the third to sheep of the Ariégeois breed, which in some respects resembled Cheviots. Three specimens of the sheep of the Alps were shown, ‘but could not have earned a very high reputation. They were bare, thin creatures. Among this small flock there were four black sheep !—specimens of the Chilloe breed, shown from the Haute-Loire. They were not very good—nor could we see much about the other varieties to recommend them. - Charmoise.—As already stated, the origin of this race was a cross between the New Kentish and the Berrichon breeds. It was established about thirty-eight years ago by a celebrated French breeder, M. Malingié-Nouel, at the farm of Charmoise, in Loire- et-Cher ; and has attained wonderful uniformity in shape and characteristics. The animals are “near the ground, short and thick.” The head is small, the eyes are keen and dark, the body is broad and compact, and well-covered with mutton. These sheep fatten much more quickly than most of the other French breeds, the bone is fine and the amount of offal very small. They need, however, some improvement, more particularly an increase in size. A cross with the Border-Leicester or the Cotswold breed should give satisfactory results. The Charmoise race has been freely crossed with the Berrichon and Solognot breeds, and it is stated that it has contributed in a notable degree to their improvement. About forty of the breed were entered. Leicesters (Dishley).—T he main object for which English breeds have been imported into France was the crossing with and thus improving the native sorts. Both of Leicesters and South- downs, however, several pure-bred flocks are maintained in the country. French breeders affirm that the Leicester in its pure state is too soft for France; that it can neither withstand cold nor endure much walking; but they readily admit that it has rendered and is still rendering valuable services in the improving of the native breeds. On this latter point more hereafter. More than eighty pure-bred Leicesters were exhibited in the French Division, the principal exhibits coming from the departments of Nievre, Manche, Maine-et-Loire, Cher, Loiret, and Aisne. A few would have made a creditable appearance in an English Showyard ; but, on the other hand, a good many showed a slight want both of quality and true Leicester character, as well as rather big bones and lack of finish. M. Tiersonnier, Gimouille, Nievre, who owns a well-bred and very valuable flock of Leicesters, was first in both classes, his first-prize tup being a beautiful sheep of three summers. Large, broad, deep, and level, he was well-sprung in the rib, full in front, and good below, but a little uneven behind. His wool was of beautiful VOL. XV.—-S. 8. R 242 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. texture. The first-prize pen in the female class was composed of three good thirteen-month-old sheep, with fine bone and capital wool. One had a magnificent top ; another was a very tidy little sheep, a trifle light on the quarters and thighs, but wide and deep in the rib; and the third was a little deficient in the quarters, 7 but of superior quality. A Manche breeder, M. Millard, fol- lowed M. Tiersonnier in both classes. His second-prize tup, three years old, was uniformly grown, well-covered with flesh, a trifle short in the body, fine in the wool, and excellent on the rib and bosom. His second-prize pen in the female class, three two-year-old ewes, showed style and quality. They had immense fore-rib and shoulder, and a good coating of flesh, but deficient quarters. The third prize in the tup class went to a very heavy, thick, fine-woolled tup, splendidly covered, and owned by M. Abafour, Maine-et-Loire. A neat little shearling, well-sprung in the rib, good over the shoulder, narrow in the quarters, of — fine quality, and fine long curly wool, exhibited by M. Massé, Cher, was very highly commended ; while a similar honour was conferred on a good fourteen-month tup, not very fine in the bone, shown by M. Noblet, of Chateau-Renard, Loiret. A supplemen- tary prize was deservedly awarded to a very good tup shown by M. Gillain, of Carentan, Manche. Our note-book says that another tup had excellent top, but coarse bone; another, short and thick ; another, bare below and flat on the rib, and lacking character. M. Gillain was third in the female class with a pen of fine-woolled but slightly strong-boned ewes. Several of the other pens in the female class handled well, but were rather big in the bone. As a rule, the animals were in good showing condition. Southdowns.—This breed may almost be said to have had the Section for foreign (not French) Short-woolled sheep to itself, as was the case with the Leicester in the corresponding Long- woolled classes. In this Short-woolled Section, however, there were four classes, and about 175/. of prize money, as against two classes, and 87/. for Long-woolled foreigners— a preference which must be set down to the popularity of the Southdown in France. Of the fifty entries, the majority came from the departments of Nievre, Loiret, Vienne, and Mayenne. The principal exhibitor was M. Nouette-Delorme, of Ouzouer- des-Champs, Loiret, whose flock of Southdowns is one of the largest as well as one of the best in France, and who, as already stated, purchased Lord Walsingham’s fine group of South- downs. ‘The honours, however, were equally divided between him and Count de Bouillé, of Villars, Nievre, whose name is perhaps better known than that of any other gentleman in France in connection with the rearing of Southdowns. The Count came to England to make himself acquainted with the breeding of The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 248 Southdowns, and had the benefit of advice from that dis- tinguished breeder and judge, Jonas Webb. In 1855 he founded a flock with fifteen ewes in-lamb, ‘each of which cost 16/., and two years later he made a further importation of one ram and fifty-five ewes. He is said to have personally superin- tended the management of his valuable flock, and it is pleasing to note that his success has been most gratifying. The sheep he exhibited on this occasion were indeed thoroughly good specimens, such as any English breeder might be proud to exhibit. His first-prize young tup was a little light round the waist, but very good on the loins and quarters. His first- prize pen of gimmers were neat, finer in the bone than most of the others, and showed more character and better quality even than his tups. The second-prize aged tup, also shown by Count de Bouillé, had fair style, good form and excellent quarters, but was.a trifle long in the legs, and slightly rough about the head. He was again second in the ewe class with large fleshy sheep, coming wonderfully up to the true South- down character. M.Nouette-Delorme’s sheep, as a rule, showed, if anything, a better quality than those of the Count de Bouille, but, all over, the advantage either way was_ insignificant. M. Nouette-Delorme’s first-prize aged tup was a heavy sheep, twenty-five months old, very good on the thighs, and grand in the neck. His first-prize ewes were not well matched. In the young tup class he came second with a thirteen-month ram, of satisfactory size, good top, well-sprung rib, and rich cover of flesh, but somewhat lacking in style. He occupied a similar posi- tion in the young female class, with a pen of small but very uni- form sheep, with fine bone. Several tickets of very honourable and honourable mention were also awarded to the Count de Bouille and M. Nouette-Delorme, between whom the contest was warm | and interesting. The third prize in the old tup class went to a _ short thick sheep, good on the loins, but bare on the shoulder, _ owned by M. de Villepin, of Jupilles, Sarthe ; while the corre- | sponding premium in the ewe class fell to a very fair pen | shown by Baron de Saint-Priest, of Parage, Tarn-et-Garonne. _ In each of the two young classes M. Boulay, of Jonvelle, Haute- _ Sane, came third with sheep of the Swiss breed. It is evident | that the Southdown takes kindly to the climate of France; and on the whole the breed was well represented in the French Divi- _ sion of the Exhibition. Special prizes of objects of art were awarded to the Count de Bouillé and M. Nouette-Delorme, for | their groups of Southdowns. M. E. Teisserenc de Bort, jun., of Saint-Priest-Taurion, Haute-Vienne, had forwarded, for exhi- bition only, a few very good sheep of the Southdown breed. | Cross-Bred Sheep—Much as the Merino breed has been R 2 | 244 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. ameliorated since its introduction into France, there is still room for further improvement, more particularly in its mutton- producing properties. It is also clear that the influence neces- sary to produce that improvement does not exist in any of the native races. Indeed, as a rule, French sheep are poor mutton- producers. Of the meat eaten in France, only about 13 per cent. consists of mutton, and yet, small as the consumption is, it is greatly in excess of the home supply. The yearly im- portations exceed the exportations by over 1,000,000 head, and the balance of the money-cost is stated by Mr. Richardson to exceed 2,000,000/. Great Britain has taken the lead of all countries in the production of mutton, as well as in the raising of beef; and therefore it is natural that France should have come to England to seek the influence by which the desired improve- ment in its sheep might be effected. The New Kentish breed was tried, but did not succeed ; and, as far as British breeds are con- cerned, the Leicester and Southdown breeds have now the field almost wholly to themselves. They have both been used exten- sively for many years; and, despite a prejudice against them in some districts, they are fast spreading over the country. As already hinted, these two important English breeds succeed fairly in France in their pure state ; but it is evident that their proper mission in that country is the amelioration of the native and acclimatized races. It has also been demonstrated that — they are eminently qualified for that purpose, and that already they have done much good work. Ever since the commence- ment of this crossing, a hot controversy has been going on iff France among the votaries of the two races, as to which is best fitted for mating, with the French breeds. We might turn Irish and reply, ‘Both are best!” In dry exposed parts, where pasture is bare or short, and therefore a good deal of walking ne- cessary, the Southdown deserves the preference ; but, on the other hand, where there is fair shelter and good pasture, the Leicester- cross should prove the more profitable. From the result of the Government sale at Grignon, in May 1877, it would seem that in that neighbourhood, at any rate, the Leicesters were most in favour. The Leicester tups averaged 28/. each, one bringing 441. ; 11 of the Leicester-Merino cross averaged 311, one reach- ing 66/.; 5 Shropshires brought an average of 17. 10s. ; and 12 Southdowns 13/. each. The arguments against “ microscopic cutlets,” and in favour of heavy early maturing sheep, are met by such doubtful assertions as that it costs “less to grow 110 lbs. of mutton with two sheep than with one, and that one pound of mutton from a two-year-old sheep costs less than from a sheep only one year old.” There are no doubt some parts of I’rance in which shelter and pasture are too scanty for a soft, heavy, The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 245 rapidly maturing breed of sheep; but even in those parts both the weight and precocity of the sheep might be greatly increased, with equal advantage to the breeders and to the nation at large. French sheep management, as a rule, is not satisfactory; and of course the introduction of a finer class of sheep, in place of the rough rustic races that at present occupy a great part of the country, would necessitate the adoption of more careful and more liberal treatment. In the Cross Section there were in all 78 entries, representing sixteen different varieties of crosses. Whatever may be the case throughout France generally, as between the Leicester-Merino and the Southdown-Merino cross, the advantage in this display clearly enough lay with the former. About 60 specimens of the Leicester-Merino cross were exhibited, and of the 1500 francs offered in the Section as prize-money, 1400 francs fell to their lot. Speaking generally, these crosses showed a decided improve- ment on the pure-bred Merinos in regard to outline, depth of body, size of bone, and wealth of flesh. The majority, too, exhibited good quality and fair wool ; but, on the other hand, several were big in the bone and of rather indifferent quality. In a few the Merino features predominated, and in these there was, as a rule, a want of quality and a bareness of flesh. All over the lot, however, the improvement from the original Merino, in a butcher’s sense, was so manifest, that the cross must be pro- nounced a decided success. M. Martine-Lenglet, of Aubigny, Aisne, showed a few very fine sheep of the Leicester-Merino cross, and was first in the one class and second in the other. His first-prize ewes were well-formed, of good quality, and richly covered with flesh ;. while his second-prize tup was a thoroughly good mutton-sheep. M. Wallet, of Gannes, Oise, headed the tup class with a three-year-old Leicester-Merino of exceptionally fine quality, broad and deep, and carrying a heavy load of mutton ; while the fourth prize in the female class fell to the same cross. The second prize in the female class was awarded to a pen of wealthy, well-topped two-year-old Leicester-Merino ewes, shown by M. Gouache-Baret, of Ollé, Eure-et-Loire. Of a com- mended tup of this cross, our note-book says: “light on the shoulder and neck, but good on the back, and well-sprung in the rib;” of another, honoured with no official recognition, “would pass for a fair pure-bred Leicester tup, good under the hand, well-furnished below, and wool of fine quality ;” of another, “big in bone and lacking in quality, more of the Merino than the Leicester ;” of another, “good mutton-sheep, great improvement upon the Merino, and full of quality ;” and of another, “ coarse wool, broad on the top, but rather long and strong in the legs.” The superiority of the display of this cross 246 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. is proved by the fact that the 1500-franc (60/.) prize offered for the best group of French sheep, excluding Merinos and Metis- Merinos, was won by a Leicester-Merino group, the property of M. Wallet. Only 8 animals of the Southdown-Merino cross were entered. Some of them, however, should have got a little further into the prize-list. No ticket of any kind could be spared to them, though *‘ supplementary prizes” and “ honourable mentions” were doled out to inferior animals with a liberality quite characteristic of the Exhibition. Two tups of this cross were shown. ‘The one was well clad with mutton of good quality, and was of fair size, but not very even in form ; the other, undersized, was deficient on the thighs, but good on the rib and fine in the bone. Two pens of Southdown-Merino ewes showed good quality, but wanted size and substance. Of the Southdown-Berrichon cross, one thick clumsy-looking tup was exhibited. Southdown-Cauchois ewes got a supplementary prize, and were fair-sized well-formed sheep, but somewhat bare of wool. Of the Leicester-Berrichon cross there were several pens, two supplementary prizes being awarded to tups of this cross. The were fairly sized, with good ribs and quarters, but deficient fore- parts. The females were fine in the bone and of good quality, but rather light in the body and long in the legs. A -tup of the Leicester-Cauchois cross got the fourth prize, but he was big in the bone and long in the legs. A few crosses between the Leicester and the Norman breed showed a great improvement on the pure Norman, especially in wealth of flesh; while the specimens of the Leicester-Artésien were very much finer in quality than those of the pure Artésien race. Among the other crosses there was nothing particularily noticeable. Other Foreign Breeds.—Austria was represented in the Sheep Department by two or three specimens of the Merino breed, and two of the Zakkel breed. The former were shown by Count Hungadi-Emerie, Urmeney, Hungary, and were pretty good sheep. The latter were exhibited by Baron Romasynan, Galicia, and were long, coarse-woolled, and not very handsome in form. From Holland several pens of the Texel breed were exhibited ; while Belgium contributed a few sheep of different breeds. In the Merino Section in the Foreign Division, Italy entered some nineteen animals, fair in point of merit, but not equal to the French Merinos. Swine.—BritisH BreeEpbs. The mention of the names of Messrs. Duckering, Messrs. Howard, Mr. Sexton, and Mr. Swanwick, as among the British ‘ The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 247 exhibitors of swine is sufficient guarantee that the piggeries of England were thoroughly well represented. The entries of English breeds numbered over 100, and, though heavier and fatter pigs than any shown here are generally seen at the “ Royal” Show, the Paris display was nevertheless worthy of England’s fame in this line of rural industry. Originally there were only two Sections, one for large and another for small breeds ; but before the prizes were awarded, each Section was arranged into a division for black and one for white pigs. As might-have been expected, however, the grouping together of different breeds did not give satisfaction. In the Large-breed Section, the Berkshire was the most extensively represented, there being of it no fewer than forty-five entries. They were alone in the black classes in the Large Section; and between Mr. C. E. Duckering, Whitehoe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire, Mr. Swan- wick, Cirencester Agricultural College, and Mr. W. Hewer, Highworth, Wiltshire, the contest was very interesting. The former, however, took the lead in both classes with well-bred massive pigs. Mr, Swanwick came second for boars, and third for sows, with portly fine-boned pigs; while Mr. Hewer was second in the sow class, and fourth among boars. Mr. Stewart, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester, also showed some fine Berkshires, and got the third prize in the male, and fourth in the female classes. In the latter a “ very honourable mention ” was awarded to Mr. Humfrey, Shrivenham, Berkshire. The Messrs. Howard of Bedford, and the representatives of the late Mr. R. E Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, had the white classes in the Large-breed Section almost to themselves. They exhibited some excellent specimens, and divided the honours evenly. In the Small-breed Section the contest was exceptionally keen, particularly in the white classes. The representatives of the late Mr. R. E. Duckering appeared here also, and with neat, plump, fleshy pigs obtained the highest premium in each of the classes , while Mr. C. E. Duckering secured a similar honour among black sows with symmetrical pigs of the Essex breed. Mr G. M. Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk, showed a lot of very superior Suffolk pigs; and, in addition to one first, two seconds, and a third prize in the classes, he was awarded “an object of art” in special recognition of the excellence .' his group, which had a close run for the 1000-franc priz: offered for the best group of pigs in the Exhibition. That honour fell to a French exhibitor, M. Poisson, but his winning group were of the English Middlesex breed. Her Majesty the Queen exhibited two good specimens of Prince Albert’s Windsor breed, and got a third prize for the one, and an honour- able mention for the other. 248 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. FRENCH SWINE. Since the beginning of the present century the stock of swine in France has increased by one-third, or from four to six million head. All over France pigs were formerly allowed to run about and pick up their food as best they could, in the fields and in the woods ; but during the past thirty years a great deal more at- tention has been bestowed upon them. More care and selection have been evinced in breeding, and in some parts house-feeding has become quite general. English boars, principally of the Berkshire, New Leicester, and Yorkshire breeds, have for several years been used extensively with most satisfactory results, and, altogether, the raising of pork in France has assumed a very different magnitude from what it had half a century ago. In the French Section there were over 250 swine, the large majority being either pure specimens of English breeds or crosses between English and French. The more important French breeds represented were the Norman, the Craon- nais, the Bressan, the Lorraine, the Limousin, and the Bour- bonnais. Of the two first mentioned, a few very good pigs were shown; but, with these exceptions, the display of French native pigs was not very fine. As a rule, they were ill-shaped animals, much too big in the bone, too narrow in the frame, and showed too much offal for the quantity of pork. Their heads were long and coarse, their legs long, strong, and rough ; indeed, the remark of an expert in regard to one lot might have truly enough been applied to the large majority: “Cut off the rough parts and you haye little left.” It may be true, as is asserted, that these indigenous breeds haye been greatly improved during the past thirty years; but they are still so inferior that we do not think any of them, without further amelioration, would re- munerate liberal feeding, such as is extended to pigs in England. It was clearly demonstrated in the Cross-bred Section that these native swine produce very good stock when mated with English sires ; and there is little doubt that the highly credit- able appearance made by these crosses will result in the more extensive use of improved and imported sires. Specimens of crosses from the Berkshire, Yorkshire, Essex, Windsor, New Leicester, and Suffolk breeds were shown; the more success- ful being the Yorkshire-Norman, the Yorkshire-Craonnais, the Yorkshire-Picard, the Berkshire-Craonnais; and the New Leicester-Craonnais. A comparison between the pure French races and these crosses showed a wonderful improvement, par- ticularly in regard to fineness of bone, breadth of frame, and wealth and quality of flesh in proportion to the size of bone and offal. Thedisplay of pure-bred English pigs by French breeders ‘The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 249 was large and astonishingly good, the breeds represented being the Berkshire, Yorkshire, Middlesex, Essex, Windsor, and Suffolk. M. Poisson, Director of the Farm-school of Launoy, Cher, showed some beautiful specimens of the Middlesex breed, and won with them the first prize in each of the two classes ; and also the 1000-franc prize for the best group of swine in the Ex- hibition, a success which reflects the highest credit on M. Poisson’s skill and management. The second prizes in both classes went to pigs of the Yorkshire breed; and to a group of this sort owned by M. Noblet, of Chateau-Renard, Loiret, a special “prize of honour” was awarded. In the boar class, Berkshire pigs came seventh and eighth ; while a Berkshire sow got third in her class. On the whole, the Yorkshire breed was rather better represented than its friendly rival the Berkshire. M. E. Teisserenc de Bort sent, for exhibition only, a few superb pigs of the Suffolk and Yorkshire breeds, Tue Horse SHow. The Horse Show, which took place in the same enclosure as the display of cattle, sheep, and swine, opened on the Ist and closed on the 10th of September. The courts in which the eattle were exhibited were transformed into commodious and comfortable stables, each animal having to itself a loose box, enclosed partly by wood and partly by iron railing. The general arangements for the horse show were not so satisfactory as those for the other live-stock display. It was intended that, in the horse show, the contest in every class should partake of an international character, and thus horses from all nations were grouped together. There was no distinction of breed; all draught horses, for instance, of a certain height being shown in one class. In the majority of the classes three first, three second, and three third prizes were offered, and it was left to the discretion of the jurors to award one or all of these premiums to one nation. The result of this was, that in several of the classes the international character of the contest was let slip. The French jurors saw most merit in the French horses, the British jurors thought the British horses best, the Belgians could not get past their own breeds, and the warm international rivalry was cooled by an agreement to award one first, one second, and one third prize to each of these three nations. An arrangement was made whereby each nation’s horses were stalled together, but all the many different breeds were mixed up in a confused condi- tion ; while, to make confusion worse confounded, the catalogue, except in a few cases, did not specify the breed. Another, and perhaps still more substantial cause for dissatisfaction, was the 250 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. reserving, as the particular patronage of the French jurors, the bestowal of the champion or group prizes to them. Despite these detracting influences, however, the horse show was a decided success. The entries, including 14 donkeys, numbered 1050, and the absentees were very few indeed. The following shows the entries from the various countries: France grees 14 ae 20” 32. 2 ee Belgium Ag we SBF, 72D 91 Great Britain 49.23 pel) hiceadb ian 6, Sake ee 66 Austria +: jaa tacgh Se: Logos, Migteeas con Laas Ee 56 RUSSIB VSS eek see ea aes eee eee 26 Ttaly oe wai Se RL BST ee ae ee Denmark. -4,' 4 .¢/)hes dee A A a eee 6 Holland wom, Saad) (erase Ot hh Sha Fn cee 4 Wotals:) wa... «shi vaiacoraimel nee British Horses. Light-Legged Horses.—England had no representation in the thoroughbred classes, but in the carriage and saddle, as well as in the draught section, English exhibitors made a very creditable appearance. Of the sixty-six British horses entered, twenty-seven were light-legged ; and of these latter the Stand Stud Company, Manchester, had thirteen. The fine five-year-old mare “ Rosa- lind,” which beat the Duke of Hamilton’s “ Bird’s Eye” at the * Royal” Show at Bristol, was, perhaps, the gem of the thirteen, good as were some of the others. She attracted many admirers; and though the Official Prize List gives the credit to a French mare, we believe she was really placed first in her class—that for saddle-mares four years old and upwards, and over 61 inches high. She is nearly pure-bred, and was got by the celebrated “ Laughing Stock ;” and along with “ Speculation,” another fine mare, six years old, was sold to a French officer, the price for the pair being 700 guineas. One of the three first prizes in the class for carriage-mares four years old and upwards, and over 64 inches high, fell to “Speculation,” which was got by * Garibaldi,” and which also elicited much admiration. The seven-year-old stallion ‘ Little Wonder,” by “ Royal Oak,” not unknown in English Showyards, had build and action worthy of the leading position which was assigned to him in his class. His merits were sufficiently attested by the fact that he was bought by the French Government for 300/. In the same class this Company were second with the four-year-old stallion “ All Fours,” got by “Tom Thumb.” A second prize was also awarded to the six-year-old well-known mare “ Expectation,” by “Confidence,” of the same ownership. “ Star-of-the-East,” also the property of this Company, showed grand action and The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 251 fine form, and got first in his class. Another of “Confidence’s” get, “Bessie Brown,” also familiar to the English Show-goer, secured a first ticket for Mr. Plate, Werneth Park, Lancashire. Her beautiful bone, clean muscle, and nice form, attracted the attention of foreigners. The celebrated Roadster Stallion “Young Fireaway,” by “ President,” owned by Mr. Holmes, Scar- borough, well merited the first honour awarded him. He showed excellent build and fine action, and has won many prizes in English Showyards ; among last summer’s winnings being the first at Manchester, the 50/. and Gold Medal at the Agricultural Hall, London, and the first at the Yorkshire Show. The only first prize in the class for pony stallions was not grudged to Mr. Christopher Wilson’s strongly built, exceedingly active pony “Earl Derby,” by “ Perfection.” Mr. Wilson’s ponies are so well known in British Showyards, and have, indeed, so often been favourably noticed in the pages of this Journal, that a full description of their many grand points is unnecessary. The mere mention of Mr. Wilson’s name as an exhibitor will satisfy many Englishmen that there was high merit in the class. The beautiful little four-year-old pony “ George II.,” owned and bred by Mr. Wilson, had barely his deserts in second honours. He was first at the last two ‘“ Royal” Shows, and has won many other prizes, while his sire, the distinguished ‘Sir George,” was first at the “ Royal” eight years in succession. ‘“ Sir George’s” trot- ting powers, as displayed year after year in the Royal English Showyard ring, were invincible, and are, no doubt, in the recol- lection of many of the members of the Society. Lady Spencer Churchill’s fine pony-mare “ Matchless” deservedly won the only first in her class. Draught Horses—British draught horses to the number of thirty-nine were entered in eight different classes, viz., four for horses and mares over 16 hands, and a like number for those under that height. It must not be forgotten, however, that, as previously explained, these classes were open to animals from all countries. In the class of entire horses over 16 hands and under four years, Mr. Wolton, Butley Abbey, might be proud of his first position ; for although his colt “ Royal Duke III.,” out for the first time, is a heavy-bodied chestnut, partaking largely of the Suffolk type, he won against many good animals. Some British judges would have preferred Mr. Masters’s second colt *Topsman,” got by “Champion.” He is a powerfully built, strong-legged, young horse, likely to make a useful sire. He will be remembered as the third winner at the Liverpool “ Royal” in 1877, and second at the Bath and West of England Show the same year to the celebrated colt “ British Wonder.” 252 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. Mr. Stanford’s (Ashurst) third-prize Bristol Clydesdale colt, the ‘‘ Baronet,” took a similar position here. In the aged stallion class over 16 hands there was a very large competition, including many valuable animals of the Shire and Suffolk breeds. With such variety of type and character before the Judges, and so much really high merit, the decisions not unnaturally failed to accord with general public opinion. So close was the contest here, that the Jurors were glad to be relieved by the opportunity afforded them of giving a first, second, and third prize to each of the three leading countries competing, namely, England, France, and Belgium. The decisions were thus deprived of their international aspect. In the English section of the class Mr. Crowther’s (Knowl Grove) “Carleton Tom,” got by the well-known “ Honest Tom,” was selected for the highest premium. In English Shows he has won many honours, including the first at Man- chester in 1876, and the second at the Birmingham “ Royal” the same year. The Stand Stud Company’s “ Heart of Oak,” also by “ Honest Tom,” looking his best, ran ‘ Carleton Tom” closely. The Manchester horse was the first three-year-old at the Bedford “ Royal” in 1874, and has since been in service in various parts of England, notably Gloucestershire. Mr. Garrett, Carleton Hall, got third for his handsome Suffolk stallion “Crown Prince,” a frequent winner at county Shows. Mr. Wolton’s first-prize Bristol Suffolk horse “ Royalty” had to content himself with an honourable mention, as had also Mr. Crowther’s ‘“‘ Compact Tom.” Additional evidence of the severity of the competition is sup- plied by the fact that Mr. Davis’s powerful grey horse “General,” the first-prize winner in his class at both the Taunton and Bristol “ Royal” Shows, and Captain Betts’s “ Sir John Falstaff,” were entirely passed over. In Great Britain there are very few entire horses of the draught stamp admissible in the class under 16 hands, the great majority being over that height. Mr. Toller, Gedgrave, barely got his deserts in second honours for his flat clean-boned colt “ Robin Hood,” the second winner at the Liver- pool “ Royal” last year; while the Stand Stud Company had to be content with a third ticket for ‘ Ploughboy.” In the various female classes, nine English and eight Scotch mares appeared. The three-year-old class over 16 hands was headed by Mr. Capon’s “ Matchet II.,” a beautiful Suffolk, from “ Dennington.” Characteristic of the breed, she displays heavy well-turned quarters, with an excellent top, strong body, and clean, active, though rather light legs; she was got by “Conqueror.” The other two first prizes in this class were reserved, Mr. Drew’s “ Lucy” and “ Barbara,” from Merryton, 4 a : The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 253 Hamilton, getting second and third respectively. The Merry- ton fillies have good legs and feet, and are fairly built, with good action, The former is a dark blue, likely to come out well as a mare; while “ Barbara” is a useful-looking bay with good head and neck, and was third at Bristol. Mr. Drew was in better form in the mare class over four years and 16 hands. Of the five first-prize tickets awarded in this large and excellent class, Mr. Drew had the honour of gaining the leading two. The Jurors appeared to have no hesitation in setting the beautiful bay mare “ Countess,” first at Bristol, and the handsome dark bay “ Regina,” readily aside for the premier tickets. “Countess” is all over a charming mare, possessing rare symmetry, nice flat bone, and true couplings. She girthed more than any other animal in the show, and is proportionate in build, and full of action. She lifts her legs gracefully, and carries them very neatly under her. She was only third, however, at the Dumfries Highland - Show last summer, where “ Regina” was fourth. ‘“ Countess” was bred in Derbyshire, from which county Mr. Drew selects some of his most successful prize takers. ‘ Regina’s” legs and feet are likely to wear well. The other three first tickets went to one Belgian and two French mares. Sixth in order of merit, with the first of the second tickets at her head, stood Mr. Drew’s very compact, powerfully built, strong-limbed, roan, English-bred mare ‘“ Queen,” which beat ‘ Countess” and “ Regina” at Dumfries. “Queen” is well feathered, and has a strong short back ; but she has not the same showy appearance, and with an all-round sort of Jury was not likely to be so popu- lar. The second of the third-prize tickets was awarded to Mr. Waddel’s (Edinburgh) “ Maggie,” a very heavy, strongly put together, dark brown, with immense fore-arm, and great muscle. : When the property of Mr. Meikle, Seafield, West Lothian, she was a winner in several Scotch shows. Her head is rather clumsy, but her neck, shoulders, and chest, are remarkably good ; while she displayed heavier feather and more Clydesdale character, perhaps, than any other animal in the Show. Before a body of Clydesdale judges she would have stood higher. The first of the four coveted tickets in the younger class under 16 hands, ultimately became the property of Mr. Drew’s nice, out-coming, grey mare “ Lovely,” which has been a winner at local shows. The last of the four fell to Mr. Garrett’s Shire mare “Scott.” In the older class of mares under the 16 hands’ limit there was a good collection. Special first prizes were awarded to Mr. Drew’s “ Myra,” Mr. Stanford’s “ Poppet,” and Mr. Wilson’s (High Park) “ Maggie.” In the competition for the 3000 francs offered for the best 254 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. collection of horses (won by M. Lefevre), both Mr. Drew and the Stand Stud Company made a good appearance. The latter had the larger number, and had, also, a greater variety repre- sented by the seventeen, principally of the light-legged sort, which were drawn together, as it turned out, to no purpose. Of variety, Mr. Drew had not, of course, much; his lot of seven being all mares and three-year-old fillies of the heavier legged sort. The latter’s mares made a stronger impression upon jurors and visitors, when drawn out to compete for the special prize for the best group of heavy draught horses. Ultimately they lost the prize, as elsewhere noticed ; but, in the estimation of British visitors, the Merryton group had no rivals in the Show for heavy draught purposes. Mr. Drew had very great credit indeed in bringing out such a splendid lot of animals in such good trim ; and though he had hard lines of it in the group contests, he fared well in the classes, getting for his seven animals four first tickets, two second, and a third. Some of them were bred by himself. The more successful of his prize animals, however, in recent years have been brought from England, where they were bred, and are understood to be crosses between Clydesdale stallions and Shire mares. The animals thus bred can hardly be termed Clydesdales ; but call them what you may, there is no mistaking their high individual merit. In the selection of his horses Mr. Drew is exceptionally fastidious, not only as regards the.form and build of the animals, but more especially in reference to the cleanness of leg, flatness of bone, and above all the size and soundness of the feet. It is noticeable that while the English “ horsey ” men apparently give preference to the form, size, and substantiality of the body, south-west of Scotland judges make the legs and feet the very first considera- tion, whether in purchasing or judging agricultural horses. Frenco Horses. The stock of horses in France reaches, in round numbers, about 3,000,000. It is computed that of these about 1,800,000 are draught horses, 700,000 light, and 500,000 medium? The French army having proved such a heavy drain on the home stock of horses, the Government deemed it desirable to make special efforts, not only to maintain the strength of the chevaline ranks, but also to bring every animal within the command of the army. These steps have exercised a very important influence on horse-breeding in France, and therefore deserve brief notice here. In 1874 a decree was passed for the registration of all horses, the object being to render all suitable animals promptly available in case of war. The registration is The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 255 conducted by commissioners who visit every commune, and, in presence of the mayor, examine and classify all horses above six years old and not already in the public service. Horses haye to be sent, sometimes more than fifteen miles, to the centres of examination, and, in case of failure to comply with this injunction, owners are liable to penalties varying from 2/. to 401. A list of the horses examined, as well as a list of their owners’ names and addresses, are deposited in the recruiting office for the district, a copy of each being left in the possession of the mayor. At these examinations the horses are classed as follows, viz.:—Ist, those 15 hands 1 inch and over, for heavy cavalry ; 2nd, from 14:3 to 15-1 for dragoons; 3rd, from 14-2 to 14:3 for hussars; 4th, heavy horses from 14-2 to 15:1 for artillery drivers ; 5th, light horses of similar height, for the traces ; 6th, heavy horses of 14:2 and under, for baggage waggons (only in this class entire horses are registered); and 7th, mules of 14-1 for various purposes. Of far greater importance are the Government breeding studs and dépéts. First established in 1666, discontinued during the Revolution, and re-established by Napoleon in 1806, these institutions have been in existence in France ever since the latter date. At present there is only one breeding stud—at Pompadour in Limousin ; but there are twenty- two dépots for sires, the latter being pretty well spread over the country. Thelaw under which the stud and dépdts are now managed, and which was passed in 1874, provides that 60 mares are to be stationed at Pompadour, and devoted exclu- sively to the rearing of thoroughbred Arab and Anglo-Arab horses. It also provides that the number of sires at the dépdts —in all, 1060 in 1874—shall be increased at the rate of 200 a year until it reaches 2500. In addition to these, 700 sires, after undergoing an examination or sort of trial, are certificated ; and thus of the 12,000 stallions said to be in use in France more than one-sixth may be called Government sires. The sires for the dépéts are selected from the best breeds in the respective districts, light or blood horses always having the preference. The stallions intended for getting saddle-horses have to gain admission into the Government haras by public trial; and the care exercised by the Government is well illus- trated by the fact that, of 600 horses tried at Caen in the autumn of 1876, only 156 were chosen. The charges for the sires, which are much superior to the general run of entire horses, are _ very moderate, and the farmers, as a rule, are fairly active in availing themselves of the undoubted advantage thus afforded them. There are complaints, however, that the Government is overdoing the raising of light horses; that, of the light horses reared from the Government sires, little more than one-half find 256 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. a profitable market, either for army or other purposes ; and that the remainder can hardly be got rid of at any price. For what the Government select for the army, they pay about 46/. for heavy cavalry horses, 40/. for dragoons, and 36/. for light cavalry ; but the large number of unsaleable horses left on hand make the rearing of light horses less profitable than these prices would indicate. Farmers find a better market for a moderately . heavy-draught horse, and consequently many prefer to use other than Government sires, or at rate to use only the heavier among of the Government have exercised a beneficial influence on the general stock of horses in France. What was seen at Paris this year clearly demonstrated that the French horses are, on the whole, far superior to the rest of its live stock—indeed, several degrees in advance of its general agriculture; and it would seem that a very large share of the credit of this is due, directly or indirectly, to the liberal and systematic efforts of the Govern- ment. It may be mentioned that the Government give a large amount of money as prizes for horses at shows, and that State support is bestowed on sixteen schools, which are carried on for the training of horses for the saddle, and for teaching grooms and horsemen. While it may be that these laudable efforts on the part of the Government have done most to improve the breed of French horses, we record with pleasure that English blood has been a powerful instrument in its hands. Indeed, it is since the free use of English blood began—about forty years ago—that the improvement has mostly taken place. But to this we shall refer more fully when speaking of the different breeds. The export of horses from France in 1874 exceeded the imports by 13,500; and of these over 7000 came to England, which was more than one-half of the total number of horses of all kinds imported into Great Britain in that year. French horses are brought to this country mainly for army purposes, and for omnibus and light waggon work. The Percherons are pre-eminently suited for the two latter varieties of work, and also for the heavier services in the army. For lighter army purposes recourse must be had to the ranks of the Anglo- Norman and Anglo-Arab, of which there is an extensive and valuable supply. Percheron Breed.—As being, perhaps, the most characteristic, and certainly one of the most valuable, of the French breeds of horses, we shall first refer to the Percherons. Supposed to be of Arabian origin, this breed is said to have been brought into France during the wars in the eighth century. It now presents these There can be no doubt, however, that these efforts on the part ' | The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 257 little similarity to the light, lively Arab; but great as the trans- formation has been, it is attributed by most authorities entirely to change of soil, climate, and treatment, and not in any degree to infusion of strange blood. The old county of Perche, lying in the south of Normandy, may be called the cradle of the breed in France. It is devoted chiefly to the rearing of Percheron horses, the colts, as a rule, being sold, and the fillies retained. These colts are employed at agricultural work till three, four, or five years old, and afterwards the majority of them find their way into Paris, and other large towns, where they are used at omnibus and similar work. They usually pass through two or three hands between La Perche and the towns, the selling price in the breed- ing districts ranging from 10/. to 30/., and when maturity has been reached, from 40/. to 601. The breed is thoroughly well defined—handsome and valuable ; and France has good reason for the pride which she evinces in it. The prevailing colour is grey, but sometimes black is seen; the height is about 15 or 16 hands; the head sometimes heavy and sometimes fine; the fore- head broad ; the nostrils wide; the eyes bright and intelligent ; the neck short and well turned ; the mane full and long; the body, back to the last rib, well built and handsome; but the hind- quarters and thighs are deficient, and the tail is low set. The shoulders are strong and well sloped; the back is short; from the hooks there is a quick droop; the bone is light and too round ; the muscular development good ; the feet neat and hardy, and bare of hair ; and the action true and lively. In England or Scotland they would be called “light-legged ” farm-horses. They are lighter in the body—indeed lighter altogether—than the Suffolk horses of England; but they resemble that breed more closely than either the Shires or Clydesdales. They are, perhaps, the fastest breed of draught horses existing; and for light farm- work, and for running in omnibuses and light waggons, as well as for heavy army-services, they have doubtless few equals. With a moderately heavy load they can pace along at a wonderful rate, exhibiting great endurance and steady draught. For heavy cart- ing, however, and for heavy lorries, and such work, they fall _ far short of the qualifications of the Shires of England and the *Clydesdales of Scotland, and are also inferior to the Suffolks of England. It is contended in France that no draught-breed of horses can nearly equal the Percheron ; but, if correct in any degree, that assertion is true only in regard to the lighter varieties .of work. At the harrows, or plough, on the farm, or in an omni- bus or a baker’s van in the town, the Shires or Clydesdales could not be compared to them; but at heavy pulling, and sustaining great weights, these larger British breeds have more than a cor- responding advantage in their favour. In Paris, and elsewhere VoL. XV.—S. s. S 258 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. in France, it is no unusual sight to see half-a-dozen Percheron horses dragging away at a load which would be easy work for a pair of good Shires or Clydesdales. Indeed, one needs but — to see and examine the Percheron breed to know that its forte is — moderately light work, in which speed is a leading element. Just as surely does an inspection of the Shires and Clydesdales mark them out as above all others the proper horses for “ heavy lifts.” We do not think that the importation of Percheron horses would be an acquisition to British farmers or others who have heavy draught-work to perform; nor do we think it likely that an infusion of Percheron blood weuld exercise a beneficial influence on our stock of heavy-draught horses. For light- draught work of all kinds the greys of France are admirably suited : ; and any deficiency in our home supply of horses for — these purposes ‘might well enough be met by drafts from their ranks. Already their suitability for these purposes has been well proved in England; for a few years back they have been used in large numbers in London, and other large English towns. In America, too, they have earned a high reputation, and a great many sires have been drawn away > shee at long prices. The display of the breed was large and of very high merit, and formed one of the most prominent features of the Show. So many handsome horses of similar type—so uniform, in size, character, and gait, could not fail to prove an attractive sight. A large share of the prizes fell to their lot. Other Draught Horses—Throughout France, as in most other countries, there are a great many varieties of draught horses, though only two or three could be called distinct well-defined breeds. Judging by the specimens exhibited at Paris they are, as a rule, Lintites in the body, with less muscle and rounder bone, than British draught horses. We have already said that wé did not think that Hass importation of Percheron horses would be an acquisition to British farmers and others who employ heavy-draught horses; and still less advantageous, we think, would be the introduction, either directly or by crossing, of any of the other draught breeds of France. There may be faults in our heavy-draught horses—undoubtedly there are. Bu we have not seen anything in the French breeds that would dead us to recommend them as likely to eradicate those faults. France has gained much, and she may gain still more, by the infusion of English blood into her live stock ; but in the meantime, at any rate, we do not think it likely that any advantage would accru to Great Britain by a reversal of the process either-in regard horses, cattle, sheep, or swine. As already hinted, however, an deficiency that may exist in our own supply of light-draug! - The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 259 horses and of horses for army remounts might well be met by having recourse to the Percherons and Anglo-Normans of France. The Brittany draught horses resemble the Percherons pretty closely, and are similarly bred. Their origin is also Oriental ; and between Perche and the north, where the best class of Brittany draught horses are reared, a constant interchange of blood has been going on. Brittany rears but very few of the many horses it breeds, the majority going when quite young to Normandy, where, Mr. Richardson says, the greys are known as Percherons and the bays as Normans. Norfolk trotter-sires have been used freely in some parts of Brittany during recent years, and the specimens we saw of this cross were hardy, useful- looking, light horses, well adapted for “vans” and such work. The Norfolk Cob sires have evidently been very successful in ising horses to suit French ideas, for during the past few years the demand for stallions of this type has increased greatly. At La Baude, in Cher, a local breeding-stud for draught horses was established in 1874, the sires selected being of the type of the Norfolk Cob. In Nivernais, the Society of Agriculture has been making endeavours to improve the local breed of horses— and have met with gratifying success—by the introduction, at high prices, of choice black Percheron sires, of which a few very good heavy specimens were shown. ; Some of the heaviest draught horses in the French classes belonged to the Boulonnais race, which has its headquarters in the Pas de Calais, and which is not unknown in England. Asa rule, the breed is thicker and more powerful than the Percherons, and better suited for the heavier varieties of work. Their hind- are better formed than those of the Percheron, while their legs are shorter and stronger; but their action is slower, general appearance less gay, and quality coarser. Withal, how- ever, they seem to be a thoroughly profitable class of draught horses. They stand over 16 hands, are usually dark grey or black in colour, strongly built, short thick neck, good chest, shoulders strong but not sufficiently sloped, and bone rather round. They enjoy a good name for their working powers, and they appear worthy of it. The special prize of an “Object of Art,” offered by the Agri- cultural Society of France, for the best group of “ heavy-draught” (gros trait) horses, was awarded to a group of very fine Boulon- nais horses shown by M. Modesse-Berquet, of Any-Martin-Rieux, Aisne. In the contest for the latter premium, Mr. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Scotland, exhibited one of the finest groups of British heavy-draught horses that has ever been placed before Judges; and, with all due respect to French ideas, we cannot s2Z , © - agree with the award in favour of the gay but light French group. The decision practically amounts to this, that by Frenchmen the Boulonnais horses are considered superior to the Shire and Clydes- dale horses even for “ heavy draught,’—an opinion with which few who know anything of those British breeds will be inclined to concur. In the same contest, a very fine group of Percheron horses, shown by the Paris Omnibus Company, were, like Mr, Drew’s mares, awarded a well-deserved diploma of honour. It was evident that the French could not understand the size and weight of our heavy horses. An English visitor had two or three of Mr. Drew’s and Mr. Garrett’s horses “trotted out” to show them to some French friends who really appreciated them, but the remarks of the bystanders, made with all freedom, amounted to this:—‘ My dear sir, this isn’t a horse, it is an elephant.” Anglo-Norman Horses.—As the name would indicate, this race has been formed by a cross between English sires and Norman dams, It claims an age of about forty years, and occupies a prominent position among the French breeds. The ancient carriage and saddle horses of Normandy, though useful and hardy, were coarse and not very handsome; and an attempt was made to improve their form and quality by an infusion from English thoroughbred sires. Now and again the result has been successful, but it is spdken of as having been very uncertain. The Norfolk Cob next got a trial, and in this case the result has been, as a rule, satisfactory. Indeed, it is mainly through the agency of the Norfolk Cob that the Norman horses have been brought to what they are—a thoroughly good class of — carriage and saddle horses. ‘Though the English thoroughbred sires were not successful alone, it is the general .impression that their contact with the Norman breed materially aided the Norfolk sires. At the dispersion, in 1874, of the stud of Anglo- Norman horses—a stud that contained a large percentage of English blood—belonging to the late Marquis de Croix Ser- quigny, 7 young mares brought an average of 130/.; 8 aged mares, 174/; 12 yearlings, 71/.; 9 two-year-olds, 112/; 4 three- year-olds, 180/.; 7 four-year-olds, 172/.; and 10 horses in use, 153/. each. ‘Trotting-matches are held throughout France in great numbers, and the records of the Anglo-Norman horses are highly creditable. Though bred in the same province, the Anglo-Normans have never been crossed to any appreciable extent with the Percherons, ‘and the real Anglo-Normans are nearly as uniform in stamp as the race of greys. We say real Anglo-Normans, because the good name that the race has acquired has tempted horse-dealers to pass off for Anglo-Normans many horses which really have very little English 260 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. | | | The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 261 blood in them. In height, the Anglo-Normans vary from 15 to 16 hands, the average being about 15-3. Dark bay in colour, they are lively blood-looking animals, well adapted for carriages. The truer specimens are elegant and well formed, perhaps a trifle long in the limbs, but fairly provided with muscle; flat and fine in the bone; feet clean and firm; head fine; nose straight, eyes bright, ears small; neck light and graceful ; shoulders long and sloping ; the body usually handsome and well ribbed up, but frequently rather light ; their mane and tail are full, and their general gait and action lively and graceful. The turn-out of this breed made up a large portion of the French display of horses, and formed in itself a very grand show. In the parade before the jurors, the Anglo-Normans, as a rule, exhibited excellent action, good looks, fine quality, and fair sub- stance. There was perhaps a tendency to an excessive length of legs, and a lightness all over ; but, on the other hand, a large number were well knit, flat and clean in the bone, with good muscle, fine heads, sleek skin, and silky hair. High in spirit, and very lively, their action was often faultless, “corky,” and graceful. Most people who saw the appearance they made at Paris would admit that the Anglo-Normans are a thoroughly good and useful class of light-legged horses. The race deserves careful tending, and is, in fact, well worthy of further pains and expense being devoted to its amelioration. A little more sub- stance and muscle, and in many cases more quality, might be infused with great advantage. Selection in breeding, and im- proved treatment, would, no doubt, accomplish much of this ; but past experience proves that gain would result from a larger infusion of English blood. It is worthy of mention, that the stud which carried the champion prize of 3000 francs for the best collection of horses—that belonging to M. J. Lefevre, of Chamant, Oise—contains a large proportion of Norman blood, as well as some of the best English strains. Other Light-legged Horses.—Brittany is spoken of as being the largest nursery of horses-in France, and is said to contain more than one-tenth of the whole stock of horses in the country. The ancient Brittany breed is supposed to have been brought from the East in the twelfth century ; but, like the Percherons, they now present few of the characteristics of pure-bred Oriental horses. In the south and centre of Brittany, Arab, Anglo-Arab, and Anglo-Norman horses have beenextensively used, and in these _ parts there is a large stock of useful light carriage and saddle horses. From Finistere, particularly, there was a very good muster of these light horses; and, both in the carriage and saddle classes, they obtained a fair position in the list of awards. They averaged over fourteen hands, and some reached sixteen, 262 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. while they seemed a very hardy useful lot, notin every case handsome. In front they are well formed, chest broad, shoulders — sloping, action good, and colour usually chestnut or grey. As light saddle horses they would command esteem in any country. For the heavier saddle work in the army, however, they want substance and muscle; while for fashionable carriage horses their quality, character, and looks need improvement. In La Manche, Orne, Mayenne, and Poitou, the breeding of light carriage and saddle horses is pursued extensively ; but the bulk of the produce are sold while young for conversion into “ Nor- man” horses. Of both Orne and La Manche horses the muster in the carriage and saddle classes was highly creditable, and between them they snatched a moderate share of the honours from the famous Calvados horses, whose success was quite remarkable. Thoroughbred Horses.—Of English thoroughbred horses and mares there were sixty-three entries, of which sixty belonged to France, two to Italy, and one to Austria. Though there might have been differences of opinion among authorities as to the real average merit of the display, it was admitted on all hands that it was on the whole highly creditable to France, and that it contained several animals that would have graced the finest collection of thoroughbreds that has ever been exhibited in England or anywhere else. M. Lefevre, of Chamant, Oise, whose fine lot won the 3000-franc prize for the best turn out belonging to one exhibitor, showed several beautiful animals, and got the first and third prizes in the stallion class, and first among mares. His winner in the former class was the well-known horse “ Fla- geolet,” who, in 1873, beat the two Derby winners, “ Favonius” and “ Cremorne,” for the Goodwood Cup. He is now eight years old, and showed himself in grand form, displaying magnificent action, and wonderful muscle. M. Lupin’s equally celebrated six-year-old chestnut “Salvator,” by “Dollar,” who has also well sustained his good looks, made an excellent second, the decision against him being given by the casting vote of the Chairman of the jury. ‘ Salvator,” it will be remembered, won the Grand Prize of Paris in 1875, and has been on hire during the past season in the Neasham stud, near Durham. The third prize fell to a horse perhaps better known on the turf than either of these two, namely, M. Lefevre’s “* Mortemer,” whose pro- — duce have already won, among other honours, the Two Thousand ~ Guineas, the Grand Prize of Paris, and the Ascot Cup; among his produce being “ Verneuil,” “*Chamant,” “St. Chris- tophe,” and *‘ Clementine.” ‘ Mortemer” is now thirteen years” old, but looked fresh and lively, and well deserved his position, Among the unsuccessful horses was “ Plutus,” the sire of “ Fla- geolet.” a The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 263 M. Lefévre’s “ Regalia” won easily in the mare class, which, considering the strong opposition, is high honour to her owner. Got by “ Stockwell,” this fine old mare is out of “ The Gem,” the winner of the Epsom Oaks in 1865, and the dam of “ Verneuil” and “Clementine.” For the second place there was a very close contest, opinion among both the jurors and the onlookers being somewhat divided. Ultimately the handsome twelve-year-old bright chestnut “ Mademoiselle-de-Fligny,” by “ Bois-Roussel,” owned by M. Grégoire, of Almeneches, Orne, was put second; the third prize falling to the equally gay eleven- year-old, “ Finistere,” got by “Tournament,” and belonging to the Haras of Villebon, in the Seine-et-Oise. Two fine stable companions of “ Regalia ”—* Reine,” the winner of the One Thousand Guineas and the Oaks, in 1872, and ‘ Camelia,” who won the Newmarket race, and ran a dead heat for the Oaks with “ Enguerrande ”—were regarded by many as deserving of positions in the prize list. The former, however, was entirely passed over, while the latter got only a bronze medal. Bronze medals were given to other fine mares, but we think the standard of merit and the number of entries in the class were sufficient to have justified the awarding of at least two or three supple- mentary prizes. Of pure Arabian horses there were ten entries belonging to France, the display in point of merit being good. The first prize in the stallion class went to a Russian horse, but the second was retained in France, by “ Simoun,” a gay little greyish mare, owned by M. Curial, of Thiviers, Dordogne. The honours in the mare class went to animals from Cantal, and the Lower Pyrenees—very fair specimens of the breed. France showed nine thoroughbred Anglo-Arab horses, a race which includes all ‘those horses that have in their pedigree at least a sire’s sire or a dam’s dam of pure Arabian blood, the other progenitors being all thoroughbred English horses.” Here again Russia carried the highest as well as the third premium in the stallion class, the other honours falling to French horses—animals showing good muscle and fair quality. BELGIAN Horsss. The draught horses of Belgium have long had a good repu- tation in England and Scotland, and perhaps a greater number of them have been imported into this country than representatives of ‘ any other foreign draught breed. They could not claim a high position for their good looks, but they are hardy, active, useful horses, and adapt themselves wonderfully well to the climate of Great Britain. They are a trifle heavier than the Percherons of 264 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. France, and can be bought for lessmoney. They are not so hand- some, however, nor can they go over the ground so quickly under aload. The Belgian display consisted almost wholly of these draught horses; and it must be admitted that, from an English- man’s point of view, they were entitled to rank above the general run of French draught horses. They are neither so high nor so heavy as the Suffolks of England, but they come nearer to that breed than does any French race. They were represented in all the draught classes, and got a fair share of the honours. In the classes for horses and mares over four years old and under 16 hands high, in particular, they had a very creditable victory, having carried off against some good Percherons two of the three first prizes in each. It may be explained that, in the mare class there were several very fine British animals, but the British Juror having refused to accept for any of them less than a first prize, the three best were awarded each a supplementary prize, the ordi- nary prizes being left to the French and Belgian horses. In the stallion class referred to, there was only one English horse, and both by the Belgian and French horses he was fairly enough beaten. From our note-book we find that some of the Belgian horses were short and thick, with rather round bone, but very good muscle ; that they nearly all had what is called a Roman nose, and were all a little slack on the back; that the prevailing colours were bay and chestnut ; that most of them had good fore- arms, broad chests, expressive eyes, rather coarse and heavy heads, small ears, short thick neck, plain hind-quarters, and deficient flank and thighs; that several had bad feet, and only fair quality, and that a good many were unsound in the legs. The light-legged horses shown from Belgium were only fair. Indeed, the Roman nose and hollow back are leading character- istics of the Belgian, or Flemish, horses, as they are more com- monly called. AUSTRIAN Horses. During recent years the Austrian Government has done a great deal to improve the native breed of horses, particularly those suited for carriage, saddle, and general army purposes. At numerous points choice sires are stationed, and let to breeders at from 2s. 6d. to 30s. per mare; while there are several Govern- ment breeding-studs at which thoroughbred and other horses are reared. Many of the Hungarian landowners, too, have private breeding-studs of their own, and raise a class of horses scarcely inferior to the best specimens bred by the Government. The Austrian muster consisted wholly of light-legged horses, and the majority were shown by the Government. As a rule, they were bay in colour, neatly formed, with fine bone, good quality, ex-_ The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 265 cellent action, gay carriage, and fine expression ; but they were light in the body, wanting in substance and muscle, and, in most cases at least, rather long in the limbs. A few, too, were common-looking, and lacked the hardy useful appearance which characterises the Anglo-Normans. For general army purposes the Austrian Government horses want both weight and muscle, but for lighter work they should prove satisfactory. The Austrian, like the Russian, stables were largely patronised by the public, the attractions of the equine display being enhanced by the odd appearance of the grooms, who were attired in their somewhat eccentric-looking national costumes. Rosstan Horses. The Grand Duke Nicholas had a whole stable to himself ; and perhaps no other part of the Show received so much patronage from the public. He showed no fewer than 17 stallions—3 pure Arabians, 2 Oriental, 1 Anglo-Arab, 5 Orloff, the others being mixed-bred. As already stated, the first prizes both in the pure Arab and Anglo-Arab stallion classes were won by the Duke for horses which he rode during the recent Russo-Turkish war, namely, “ Rustchuk” and “ Drouze.” These were both hand- some horses, and found many admirers, but of the others, the | majority were not particularly fine. OtuHerR ForeicGN Horses. From Italy a few very good light-legged horses were shown, the principal exhibitor being the Count Telfener, Rome. Most of them were rather sleepy-looking, and a little plain in form; | but they had fair bone, good muscle, and fair quality. Six draught horses were shown from Denmark. They were long and light in the legs, and round in the bone, and not heavy in the body; but were neat in form, with fair muscle, soft and silky hair, and full tail and mane. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Not the least interesting department of the Paris Exhibition was that occupied by agricultural machinery. The display, en masse, Was extensive, and of such a high order that it drew large crowds of intelligent and appreciative visitors. The annexes, particularly of Great Britain, the United States, and Canada, were carefully inspected, and in each there was much to interest and repay close examination. Few implements, however, of importance, entirely new, were to be seen in any of the collections. During the past year or two, since the inven- 266 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. tion of the sheaf-binder, there has been no very material addition to the list of labour-saving machinery. Not that the inventive genius at the command of agricultural implement makers has been unemployed or inactive; but it would seem that for the time attention has been devoted more to the perfecting of pre viously invented implements than to the introduction of new ones. It must not be imagined that the time thus spent has been lost or misused. Indeed, at the Paris Exhibition there was abundance of proof that it has not been so, for while we saw no implements of great importance that could be called altogether new, we observed many mifor inventions newly attached to old machines, which must be regarded as real improvements. A very lengthy report on the agricultural implement de partment of the Exhibition would only bring the readers of this Journal over ground already familiar to them. By more competent pens the subject has been fully treated of from time to time in the ‘ Journal ; and in this number there will appear a valuable contribution from another source. Brief reference to the more prominent features of the various collections at Paris will therefore suffice. Britiso IMPLEMENTS. England’s superiority in the manufacture of agricultural imple- ments has often been clearly demonstrated, and was once more placed beyond doubt. As might have been expected, considering the cost of transit, the British collection was not large; but it was very select, and included consignments from almost all the better known English makers. There was perhaps less brillianey of polish than in the American annexe, but the English display presented a fineness of execution and finish, combined with substantiality, which could not be found in the same degree in that from any other nation. Every Englishman who visited the English annexe felt proud of the production of his country, while all impartial foreigners acknowledged its superiority. And in the collection there was a good deal to interest the foreigner, for, in addition to a varied assortment adapted to home use, it contained many implements specially constructed for the agri- culture of foreign countries. Several English makers have recently been devoting considerable attention to the productior of implements for foreign use, and have met with gratifying success. 7 Commencing with implements for the cultivation of the soil, we may state that among the English exhibitors of these were Messrs. J. and F. Howard, Bedford; Messrs. John Fowler anc The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 267 Co., Leeds; Messrs. Ransome, Sims and Head, Ipswich; Messrs. Barford and Perkins, Peterborough; Messrs. Coleman and Morton, Chelmsford ; Messrs. W. Ball and Son, Rothwell; Mr. J. P. Fison, Cambridge; Mr. Denton, Wolverhampton ; Messrs. Hornsby and Sons, Grantham ; and Messrs. Rainforth and Sons, Lincoln. The collection of the Messrs. Howard included steam engines adapted to the combined purposes of ploughing, thresh- ing, grinding, hauling, and other farm work; steam ploughs, steam cultivators, steam harrows, steam scarifiers, single and double horse ploughs, potato-ploughs, vine-ploughs, Kc. The arrangement of their steam plough and subsoiler has been so improved that the wheels always run on the unploughed land, which both reduces the draught and leaves the ploughed land unpoached ; while their twin steam cultivator can now be folded up to pass through 9-feet gates and totravel onroads. On both twin and single cultivators a simple but effective automatic appliance has been introduced for lifting the teeth out of the ground at the turnings, which renders it unnecessary for the driver to leave his seat. The smaller ploughs, for which the firm have long been justly celebrated, have also been further improved by the incorporation of an appliance for raising the implement out of the ground at the turning. A plough, which may be used either as a double or single furrow plough, was exhibited by this firm for the first time at the Smithfield Show last year, and was on their stand at Paris. It is a simple, sub- stantial, and very useful implement, and may in a few minutes be conyerted from a double to a single-furrow plough with or without wheels, and vice versd. It will plough from 7 to 14 inches deep, and the depth can be altered without stopping the horses. Several small but useful improvements have been made in their harrows. Messrs. Fowler and Co. exhibited in the agricultural section two of their celebrated traction steam-ploughing engines; one 16-horse-power representing the large, and the other 6-horse- power, representing the smallest type of this class of machinery made by them. The former showed some novelties of construc- tion. The boiler is made of steel, and the boiler barrel—a fine piece of workmanship—of a single steel plate. The valve (Church’s Patent) is circular in shape, and turns freely within a circular ring moved by the valve-spindle, the steam-ports being of a corresponding circular form. This allows the valve to turn _ freely round itself whilst moving backward and forward in the usual manner, keeping thereby the valve-seat and its own sur- face straight and smooth. Besides, it is partially relieved by a disc-plate bolted to the valve-seat, and touching the upper part of the inside of the yalve. A saving not only in wear and 268 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. tear, but also of power, is effected by the adoption of this plan. The smaller engine, an exact counterpart of the larger, has recently been constructed with the view of meeting a growing demand for steam cultivation on small estates and limited farms, and is a beautiful piece of workmanship. Numerous ploughs of various kinds, four-furrow, three-furrow, double and single, con- structed for British agriculture, as well as for sugar-cane fields, and other foreign cultivation, were shown by this firm, as were also cultivators and harrows adapted to various countries. The three-furrow plough, specially constructed for sugar-cane fields, deserves particular notice. The main plough-beam, instead of being a straight angle-iron diagonally extending over the single plough, is bent into a zigzag, so as to give plenty of space for roots and cane-stools to pass between the ploughs. The plough middle, by which the frame is supported, is capable of swinging freely round a vertical stud. Thus, in going over the ridges of an old cane field, especially if these ridges are slanting to the furrow-line, the shock which the land-wheel constantly receives does not communicate itself to the main frame, and the latter retains its position, undisturbed by the unevenness of the ground. Models of some of the more novel implements invented and made by Messrs. Fowler and Co. elicited much admiration, more particularly those of the implements constructed specially for the Duke of Sutherland’s reclamation works in the far north of Scotland. On the stand of Messrs. Ransomes, Sims and Head, were ploughs made specially to suit the requirements of New Zealand and the other Colonies, the corn-growing districts of Southern Russia, Egypt, India, China, and South America. One of the New Zealand ploughs is a new double-furrow imple- ment, fitted with circular coulters, and specially adapted for breaking up grass-land after it has been used as pasture for sheep. The ploughs for Southern Russia and the east of Europe are single, and constructed to turn a large furrow, and to break up the soil, instead of laying the furrow-slice at an angle of 45°, as in the English system. The Indian and Egyptian ploughs are simple and primitive looking. Messrs. Hornsby and Sons’ stand contained a beautiful 8-horse- power portable steam engine, suitable for all ordinary kinds of farm work to which steam engines can be applied, as also two ploughs constructed mainly for Continental countries. One of the latter was a three-furrow implement, substantial and light in make ; the other a single-furrow plough, with a neat arrange- ment of wheel and rest for carrying the implement round when out of work at the headlands. The collection of drills and broadcast sowers was large and The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 269 varied; the chief English exhibitors having been Messrs. R. Garrett and Son, Suffolk; Mr. James Coultas, Grantham ; Messrs. Holmes and Sons, Norfolk; Messrs. Kell, Meats, and Co., Gloucester ; Messrs. Rainforth and Sons, Lincoln ; Messrs. Corbett and Peele; Messrs. James Smyth and Sons, Suffolk ; Messrs. Woolnough and Co., Kingston-on-Thames; and Mr. Gilbert, Berkshire. Many of these implements showed minor improvements, particularly in the way of increasing the facilities for varying the outlet of seed, and of adapting the machines to foreign countries ; but none call for special mention. One of the leading features of the British display was the magnificent muster of reapers and mowers and other imple- ments used in the harvesting of crops. ‘The exhibitors of these were numerous, among them being Messrs. Hornsby and Sons ; Messrs. Howard; Messrs. Samuelson and Co., Banbury ; Messrs. Aveling and Porter, Rochester; Messrs. Picksley, Sims and Co., Leigh; Mr. G. Kearsley, Ripon; Messrs. Burgess and Key, London ; Messrs. Harrison, McGregor and Co., Leigh ; Mr. Bamlett, Thirsk; Messrs. Ruston, Proctor and Co., Lincoln ; and Mr. Neale, London. Among a collection of these well- known reapers and mowers and other harvesting machines, made by Messrs. Hornsby and Sons, there was the five-arm spring- balance self-raker for two horses, with an ingenious arrangement by which the driver without leaving his seat has control over the rakes, and can at will cause them to deliver the cut crop lying on the platform, or to pass it over to make a larger sheaf for delivery by the following or any other rake. The arrangement may be fixed to work automatically, and can yet be varied at will, adapting the machine to all kinds and states of crop, and the customs of different localities and countries. In the ‘ Paragon’ Grass-mowers some recent improvements were seen, notably a new spring slide for holding the connecting-rod in the knife, and a spring stop for keeping the knife in its place; a new arrangement for throwing the machine in and out of gear by a slight movement of the driver’s foot, and a spring catch for holding up the finger-bar when travelling. Messrs. Howard have introduced in their reapers and mowers an open gearing, which, among other advantages, is light in weight, of great strength, and prevents earth or anything else from embedding and endangering the teeth. The arrangement for allowing the knife to be drawn out and replaced has also been simplified by _ the substitution of springs for bolts, pins, and screws. One of the leading features of this stand was the sheaf-binder con- structed by the Messrs. Howard, which was exhibited at Bristol. Of it we need only here say that in Paris it attracted a good deal of attention, though, of course, it was not tried in the fields 270 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. there. Mr. M. J. Neale’s string-knotting sheaf-binder was also exhibited, and was minutely inspected by many. Mr. Neale’s invention is ingenious, and has the lead of all other binders in respect that string-binding has advantages over wire; but of course it is one thing to look at an implement and another to see it put to the practical test in the field. Another curiosity among harvesting machinery is Messrs. Aveling and Porter's steam reaping machine, not unknown to English agriculturists. This mechanical monster is driven by an 8-horse-power loco- motive crane-engine, and cuts 12 feet wide. It is stated that about 30 acres ought to be cut in a day with this implement, which, in censtruction, does not differ much from the old reaper. Messrs. Samuelson and Co.’s reapers exhibited several serviceable alterations ; such as an appliance for controlling the rakes, with the view of regulating the sheaves; self-cleansing fingers, of the open pattern, preventing accumulation under the knife; a new near-side shoe and knife-slide, giving greater facility for the removal thereof; new means of rapidly raising and lowering the height of the cut; means of putting in and out of gear with the driver’s foot ; a head-lifter working in conjunction with the rake; and last, but perhaps the most important of all, new fingers of welded steel and iron. The judicious use of the materials composing this finger not only permits of a lighter weight and improved form, but also a greater proportionate strength, while they dispense with steel-rivetted plates which sometimes cause annoyance by getting detached from the ordi- nary malleable-iron fingers. Mr. Kearsley, besides other im- provements, has introduced in his machines a lifting-lever to enable the driver to raise the outer end of the finger-bar to pass overany impediment. Several other reapers and mowers showed various minor improvements too numerous to mention. An object of interest on the Stand of Messrs. Ruston, Proctor and Co., Lincoln, was Mr. Loader’s harvesting-machine, which may be used as a hay-maker or for loading hay or corn. It is ‘asserted that it will load a ton of hay or corn in five minutes, with the assistance of two men to place the hay or corn when delivered on the waggon or cart. Few implements earned a better reputation in the Exhibition. Of hay-makers and horse- rakes there was a large and varied assortment, but nothing strikingly novel. In few classes of agricultural implements has greater im- provement been recently made than in threshing and dressing- machines. They formed a large display at Paris; and in detail several important alterations were noticeable. Accidents to persons employed in feeding these threshing-machines formerly occurred so frequently, that, by Act of Parliament, manufac- The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 271 turers are now required to provide drum-guards; some of those exhibited were very ingenious, and all efficient. Messrs. Ran- somes, Sims and Head exhibited a threshing-machine designed for hot countries, where straw contains a larger amount of sac- charine matter and silica than that grown in cold countries, and where, in consequence, animals’ mouths are apt to be damaged in the masticating of the strong woody fodder, unless it is cut or bruised in some fashion. In this machine the process of threshing and cleaning the grain is performed in the same way as in the ordinary machine; but instead of the straw falling from the shakers to the ground, it passes into a hopper, in which are two rollers revolving at a high speed—one fitted with a series of sharp knives, which cut the fodder into lengths of about 2 inches, and the other studded with blunt projections, which split and soften the straw in the same manner as when the grain was trodden out under the feet of animals—the ancient process of threshing in Eastern countries. Efficient bruising and chopping apparatuses were also attached to the threshing- machines shown by other manufacturers, notably those of Messrs. Garrett and Sons, of Leiston, and Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth, of Lincoln. A self-feeding apparatus, with a con- trivance for dividing the sheaves, has been adopted by Messrs. Ruston, Proctor and Co.; while Messrs. Hornsby’s celebrated portable threshing, shaking, finishing, and dressing-machine, with reversible drum, has been slightly improved. Messrs. Robey and Co., Lincoln, exhibited a threshing and dressing-machine with wrought-iron frame, which they claim to be both light and strong—much stronger than a wooden frame. A _ threshing- machine specially adapted to France was shown by Messrs. Marshall and Sons, Gainsborough. Among the other exhibitors of this class of implements were Messrs. Davey, Paxman and Co., Colchester; Messrs. Holmes and Sons, Norwich; Messrs. Turner, Ipswich; Mr. Fison, Cambridge; and Mr. E. Hum- phries, Pershore, Worcestershire. Several superior grinding- mills were shown; but there was little that could be called new among them. Mr. J. Harrison Carter, Mark Lane, London, showed a middlings roller-crushing mill, which is intended to introduce into England the Hungarian system of high grinding, and which it is predicted will by-and-by become popular in this country. It is constructed with chilled iron rollers, for the grinding of middlings or the better parts of wheat. Some very efficient grain-dressing machines were also exhi- ‘bited. Perhaps the most notable of these was the combined winnower, elevator, and weigher, which attracted so many Visitors to the Stand of Messrs. Corbett and Peele, of Shrewsbury. The elevator stands at the end of an ordinary winnower, and is 272 = The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. operated upon by a band from that machine. “As the grain passes from the winnower it is taken up by a series of cups, and — delivered into the hopper of the elevator, and, passing through the spout, fills the bag which sits on the weighing-machine. The weight required is placed on the back of the weighing- machine, and when sufficient has fallen into the bag, the descent of the weighing-machine disengages the catch (connected to the machine by a cord), and the supply is instantly cut off, not a grain being wasted.” The combination is happy, useful, and simple, and elicited much admiration both from foreign and English visitors. The construction is so perfect, that it is very - easy work for one man to drive the machine; and all the other manual labour required is one person to put the grain into the winnower, and to remove the bags when full. His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales closely inspected the combination, and tested the motive-power it required when in full operation, remarking, we were informed, as he left it, that a child might turn it. This firm, very justly, enjoys a good name for the manufacture of winnowers ; and in those exhibited at Paris there were some further improvements worthy of notice. One is an arrangement whereby the same motion is secured at both ends of the riddle. The riddle rests in front on a sliding bar, and hangs on chains behind; and is driven at the centre by a crank-wheel connected to a fan-spindle by bevel gear. Small as this change is, its importance will be easily conceived, espe- cially in the dressing of damp or inferior grain. In addition to this, a brush has been attached beneath the bottom-oscillating screen, which greatly facilitates the cleaning of the meshes. Messrs. Davey, Paxman and Co.’s steam corn-dryer, well known to the readers of this Journal, was much admired. Of smaller implements, such as chaff-cutters, corn-crushers, root-pulpers, cake-breakers, &Kc., there was almost an endless variety ; but though they exhibited improvement there was no radical change. In the fine collection shown by Messrs. Rich- mond and Chandler, of Salford, was a chaff-cutter provided with a lever for reversing the movement of the rollers, both the rollers and the feeding web being instantaneously reversed~by one movement of the lever. Thus, as soon as the feed is run back — the web carries it away from the rollers, rendering it impossible for them to catch it on their points or carry it round with them, Messrs. Riches and Watts, of Norwich, exhibited several of their celebrated ‘Felton’ and ‘ Eureka’ grist mills; one of the former was shown on a strong four-wheel carriage, with wrought-iron axles, and wrought-iron spoke road wheels, upon which a chaff-cutter was also fixed. ‘The two machines may be worked together or separately, and when fitted with a chaff-cutting The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 273 apparatus, they form a handy combination for farmers. A new turnip-cutter, arranged so as to cut the roots into three different sizes, was exhibited on the stand of Messrs. Woods, Cock- sedge and Co., Suffolk, while Messrs. Penny and Co., of Lincoln, showed a potato digger and a potato separator, both of which should work well. Messrs. W. Smith and Son, of Kettering, Northamptonshire, exhibited a rotatory turnip-thinner for two rows, which was inspected with interest. No mechanical contrivance, however, has ever yet satisfactorily accomplished this somewhat difficult operation. On the same stand were to be seen two well-constructed horse-hoes, one of which is a new design. An improved turnip-thinner was also shown by Messrs. Holmes and Sons, of Norwich. Messrs. Picksley, Sims and Co.’s display of chaff-cutters, cake-mills, grain-bruisers, root-cutters, Kc., attracted the attention of visitors, as also did the stand of Messrs. Carson and Toone, of Warminster, Wiltshire, on which were three superior horse-hoes, easily con- vertible into grubbers. Ornamental and plain entrance and field gates, various kinds of wire-netting, garden and field rollers, and similar articles, were exhibited by Messrs. Hill and Smith, of Brierley Hill, Dudley ; Messrs. Brown and Co., of Cannon Street, London; Messrs. Barford and Perkins, of Peter- borough, and others, while some excellent liquid-manure carts, with distributor and pump, were shown by Messrs. W. Ball and Son, of Rothwell, Northamptonshire. As was to have been expected, portable, traction, and fixed steam engines adapted for agricultural purposes formed a prominent feature of the British display. Among the exhibitors of these not already mentioned were Messrs. Robey and Co. ; Messrs. Ruston, Proctor and Co.; Messrs. Aveling and Porter ; Messrs. Ransomes, Sims and Head; Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth; Messrs. Marshall, Sons and Co.; Messrs. J. and H. McLaren, Leeds ; Messrs. Turner, Ipswich; Messrs. Tuxford and Sons, Boston, Lincolnshire; Messrs. Davey, Paxman and Co.; Messrs. Barrows and Stewart, Banbury, Oxford ; Mr. Hindley, Bourton, Dorsetshire. On the stand of Messrs. Ransomes, Sims and Head, the well known engine patented by Head and Schemioth for burning straw, cotton, maize-stalks, and other vegetable fuel, as well as wood and coal, occupied a prominent position. This engine, if we mistake not, made its first public appearance at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873 ; and its construction was fully reported upon in this Journal by Professor Wrightson (second series, vol. x. part 1, p. 71). Since that time many hundreds of these engines have been introduced into Russia, Hungary, Egypt, India, and many of the Colonies, where ordinary engines can hardly be used for VOL. XV.—S. 8S. T 274 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. want of coal. In Russia they are chiefly employed at threshing; straw being used as fuel, while in Egypt, where the refuse cotton stalks compose the fuel, they are used mainly in irrigation works. Apparatuses for accomplishing a similar object have been patented by Messrs. Garrett and Sons; Messrs. Ruston, Proctor and Co., and by Messrs, Clayton and Shuttleworth ; and these firms claim that their inventions are quite as efficacious as that of Head and Schemioth, which has been licensed to other firms besides Messrs. Ransomes, Sims and Head. The patent of Messrs. Garrett and Sons introduces no complication on the engine with the exception of the hopper before the straw burn- ing grate. The straw is introduced by means of a fork in light parcels or wisps, where it is thoroughly dried before ignition ; and each wisp is pushed forward by its successor into the fire- grate, where combustion instantaneously takes place. Messrs. Ruston, Proctor and Co. have introduced patent expansion stays on their engines, and have fitted them up with variable expan- sion gear, while Messrs. Robey and Co.’s fixed engine shows some important novel features. The boiler is connected with the engine by being bolted to the cylinder-end only, and carried by rollers, working in grooves, at the fire-box end,—an arrange- ment which relieves the boiler of all strain. The engine lies under the boiler, and is thus kept in arigid position. The work- manship displayed by many of the English engines was not excelled, if indeed equalled, by anything in the Exhibition. The only Scotch firm represented in the implement depart- ment was that of Messrs. Reid and Co., of Aberdeen, whose crowded little stand had many visitors. Their patent “ Dise” drill and broad-cast sowers, well known and extensively used in various parts of the country, added to their fame by their appearance at Paris; which may also be said of the tidy, com- pact, and efficient hand and foot threshing machines made by this firm, only the latter machine is newer than the former. MACHINERY FROM OTHER COUNTRIES. United States—From the United States there was a sthall but very select collection ; binders, harvesters, reapers, and mowers forming its leading feature. The American reapers and mowers have earned a higher reputation in France than those of English make, chiefly on account of their lighter build; and we believe an extensive sale was obtained for the better class of these machines. Messrs. J. H. McCormick and Co.’s wire sheaf- binder, which has this season acquired so much fame, drew many visitors to the American annexe and elicited universal admiration. A well-known authority says that it has been so The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 275 much improved since last year that as a wire-binder it leaves little to be desired. Mr. Walter A. Wood’s celebrated binder was also forward, its ingenious and efficient construction attract- ing much attention. This machine, the first of the kind which came before the public, has also undergone some improvements since last year, and is drawing a large trade to its enterprising maker, whose output of separate machines in 1875 was over 23,000. Of Mr. Wood’s well-known reapers and mowers there was a large and interesting display. Their superior construction and finish were generally and fayourable commented upon, and we observed some small improvements. In some the plan of removing the knife has been simplified ; one has been improved by a modification of gearing, which is placed on the spindle ; the cutter-bar in another is attached both to the frame and to the cover in front of the knife-crank, which secures greater strength. An arrangement has also been introduced for con- trolling the rakes, which may be made to work automatically. The Johnston Harvester, shown along with a collection of other well-finished machines, by the Johnston Harvester Company, of Brockport, New York, came in for a fair share of attention. This ingenious machine, by its light draught, durability, and efficiency, has gained a good name in France; and recently it has undergone some improvement. “The main frame is connected with the pole by a leverage, and works up and down as required on an upright shaft, the pitch of the fingers being regulated by a second leverage, which acts on the hind part of the platform. The rake shaft is driven by a pitch chain, regulated by tension pulleys.” A recognised authority gives it as his opinion that a change of trip-wheels is desirable in order to alter the action of the rakes. A string-knotting machine, made and exhibited by this firm, formed one of the leading novelties in the agricultural implement department. The mechanism is very ingenious and, of course, complicated, but it seemed to stand the tests admirably. Messrs. Warder, Mitchell and Co.’s New Champion Mower had many admirers. This machine is a conversion from the hay-maker’s mowing machine of Otis Brothers, of New York, which attracted much attention at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, and was favourably reported upon in this Journal by Mr. Coleman. Its peculiarity, says that well-known authority writing elsewhere, consists in motion being communicated to the knife through two wheels, one fixed on the axle, which revolves, and the other, ‘fixed ona gimble joint, which has a wobbling motion, just like a cheese-plate when made to revolve. Consequently six or seven of its teeth are always in contact with the driving-wheel, which has one more tooth, and thus the motion is produced, which by T 2 3 crank and connecting-rod, steadied by a sort of balanced weight, gives the necessary backward and forward motion to the knife. The motion is remarkably smooth, and friction appears reduced to the minimum. Messrs. C. Aultiman and Co., of Canton, Ohio, showed their ingenious and efficient table-rake reaper, also fully described by Mr. Coleman in his admirable report in this Journal ‘‘ On the Agricultural Implements at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition” (second series, vol. xiii. part 1). Ina good collection of reapers and mowers, shown by Messrs. Adriance, Platt and Co., of Poughkeepsie, New York, was a well-con- structed new reaping machine, with simple gearing and control- lable rakes driven by chain-gear. The outside wheel is fixed on the side of the frame ; and by removing one rake-arm the platform can be turned up at right angles. Messrs. Osborne and Co., of Auburn, New York, had also an attractive stand, including one of their well-known binders. A large assortment of ploughs and similar implements, “ nickelled” and silver-plated in no niggard fashion, gave brilliancy and effect to the American display. Canada.—Canada sent a small but interesting collection of substantial and well-finished implements, which must have very — favourably impressed foreigners, alike with the genius and en- terprise of Canadian agricultural machinery manufacturers, and with the system of farming which prevails in the Dominion. — There was little in the collection, however, that would greatly interest English agriculturists. France.—The system of equally dividing real estates among children, which has reduced French holdings to such small dimensions, has tended to retard the introduction of improved agricultural machinery into the country. During recent years, however, the demand, more particularly for harvesting and threshing machinery, has increased largely, and English and ~ American makers have long been competing keenly in the French _ market. As already hinted, the American machines, owing to their lighter construction, have apparently earned the larger share of favour and latterly have found, perhaps, a more ex- tensive sale than English implements. As might be expected, France is bestirring itself to promote the home manufacture of improved machinery ; and it is the opinion of not a few that at no distant day it will be self-supporting in this as in so many other respects. An English visitor to the Exhibition has thus written regarding the French display of agricultural implements :—‘ We were astonished at the progress shown by some of the principal firms, especially in the way of threshing machinery. It is quite true that the finish, and probably also, the quality, of the materials are not yet equal either to -the best English or American patterns; but they are produced at 276 ©The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. - The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 277 considerably less money, and therefore suit the pockets of the farmers, although probably less economical in the long run than better made machines.” The display of the small farm imple- ments was very large and varied ; but among these we observed nothing of special interest to English agriculturists. Some well- constructed steam engines were exhibited, as also were a large number of reaping machines, the majority of the latter being made either upon the English or the American type. Modifica- tions of Wood’s reapers and mowers, with ingenious mechanism for altering the action of the rakes, seemed deservedly high in public estimation. A leading feature in the department was the display of threshing machines, many of which showed admirable arrangement and construction, and included most of the modern improvements known in England. In most cases the feeder stands on a footboard by the side of the machine, and thus supplies the grain in a direction nearly parallel with the drum. Asa rule, these machines are adapted for horses as the motive-power ; but on the stand of M. J. Cumming, of Orleans, Loiret, we observed a neat combination of an engine and thresh- ing machine. The engine stands behind, on the frame above the axle, and is thus placed near to the work ; an arrangement which, it is claimed, economises power and prevents any waste of time in fixing the machinery. Horse-gears are extensively employed in France, and formed a prominent feature in their de- partment. Their construction differs greatly from English horse- gears—‘ the motion of the horses is transmitted to a vertical shaft, which is enclosed in a column; on the lower end of the shaft is a pinion, which engages with the second motion shaft, namely, a multiplying wheel, and on its upper end is a pulley wheel ; or, if that position is objected to, then a broad wheel on the shaft engages a bevel pinion on a short horizontal shaft, on the other side of which the pulley is attached.” Several hay, fruit, and other presses attracted deserved attention ; as also did a machine for improving grass-land by opening its surface, shown by MM. Albarie and Co., of Laincourt, Oise. Some French firms have achieved creditable success in the manufac- ture of corn-screens, of which there were a large and varied assortment. Most of them exhibited good workmanship and efficiency, and were offered at from 30 to 40 per cent. less money than the cheapest screens forwarded by English makers. Other Countries.—The collection from Russia, small as it was, showed that the agriculture of that vast and varied country has made considerable progress during recent years; and it as clearly demonstrated that Russian farmers are still to a large extent dependent on foreign countries for agricultural machinery. It is stated that there are now 205 agricultural implement 278 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. makers throughout Russia (the majority being in Poland and the central districts), employing close on 7000 workmen, and producing annually such machinery of the value of 16 million francs. Only 85 of these, however, possess foundries ; few of the firms can produce steam engines ; and they have hitherto not been successful in the manufacture of reapers. It would ap- pear that threshing and dressing machines have received the larger share of attention, for in that class of machinery they have achieved on the whole satisfactory results. Threshing and ; winnowing machines formed the chief feature of the Russian _ display. Some were well made, combining English patterns ; and to some good horse-gears were attached. From Sweden there was a large collection of well-finished and substantial-looking ploughs, harrows, winnowers, &c. On one stand several good drills and mowers, partaking largely of American character, were to be seen. Norway was represented in the agricultural department by two firms, their collections consisting mainly of ploughs, harrows, and similar implements. X.—Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. By H. M. Jenkins, F.G.S., Secretary of the Society and Editor of the ‘ Journal.’ Tue part of France which will be treated of in this and some other reports on French Agriculture nearly coincides with that which formed the subject of Mr. Gibson-Richardson’s very interesting book, entitled, most aptly, ‘The Corn and Cattle- producing Districts of France.’ * It is more accurately included in the portion of M. Delesse’s instructive map which is en- graved on p. 279. Without some such graphic representation as this map, it would be almost impossible to comprehend how small a proportion of the land of this region is really in per- manent grass, in the face of the outcry that has recently arisen in England and Ireland in consequence of the influx to our markets of French butter of superior quality. It is mecessary to draw particular attention to this point, because the excellence of the French product has hitherto been attributed chiefly to the alleged superiority of the pastures of Normandy, whereas most of the butter imported into England from France and some other foreign countries is made in districts where “ arable- land dairying” is the rule, and “ permanent grass dairying” the exception. It is not, however, pretended that every strip of grass in North-western France is represented on a map upon so small a * Cassell, Petter and Galpin, 8vyo. 1878, uw i acl le 6 we" S rf te ss vows ee nit) Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. ri | rf i ! ) fi bolt “4 li EBrireue 5s = = SS a A a ES? yak = fe Arable land Vines. H = 279 B. Le Bessin. A. Pays d' Auge. 280 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. scale as that on p. 279; and therefore I have calculated from official sources the actual extent of arable and grass-land in Imperial acres in the several departments of Normandy :— | | bei Unk: Perman ank Sheenwalke epartments. rable. Tass and . | i | Orchards, | Mountain — ee eed | ha Manche" .cm on es 895,052 | 200,295 61,205 | Calvados piing 4c 769,570 | 242,500 15,000 Eure Be ren iere 947 ,627 83,100 27,925 | Seine Inférieure aS 904,592 | 193,190 28,825 | Orne Pi hl ba 877,752 | 193,402 14,425 It thus appears that in the two westernmost departments of Normandy—the celebrated dairy-departments of la Manche and Calvados—much less than one-fourth of the whole cultivated land is in permanent grass of all qualities; in the Lower Seine and the Orne between one-fifth and one-sixth, and in the Eure scarcely more than one-tenth. In Brittany the permanent grass is even less extensive, but, on the other hand, the acreages of mountain pasture and sheepwalk (which were formerly included in the returns with the uncultivated land) are so large that, unless kept quite distinct from ordinary rent-paying erass-land, they would lead to an erroneous inference. On our side of the Channel the counties placed opposite to the Norman shore have the following acreages of arable and grass land :— | | Counties, Arable. ee | as \ | Scone os” ee ew) S6B,289. |" 170-49R | Devonshire .. .. .. | 666,892 | 457,661 | Somersetslire.. .. .. | 283,735 | 566,356 | Wiltshire boty wc 553,218 196,185 {'Dorsetshire™ >. 7.611) = 233,865 249, 883 Thus in Cornwall one-third of the whole cultivated area is in permanent grass, in Devonshire the proportion is considerably more, and in Dorsetshire amounts to one-half. In Somerset- shire two-thirds of the agricultural land is in permanent grass, but in Wiltshire not much more than one-fourth. Therefore, on our side of the Channel, the least grassy of our western counties has a larger proportion of its cultivated area “ with verdure clad” than the most pastoral of the French departments. It should, however, be added that the deficiency of permanent grass in France i is to a great extent neutralised by the extensive cultivation of lucerne, which in favourable seasons gives three ee ee Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 281 crops of green food or hay, and which in most districts can be profitably laid down for from seven to ten years.* The importation of French butter into England is, however, a great fact, although it is not due to the superiority or the extent of French grass-land ; and, what is more important still, the French product commands prices which cannot often be approached by any English butter offered for sale in large quantities on the London market, where also Irish butter is fast becoming an article of mere antiquarian interest. The following Table gives the quantities and estimated values of French cheese, butter, and eggs imported into the United Kingdom in the years 1873 to 1877 inclusive :— Inrorts of Cueresr, Burrer, and Eecs into the Unrrep Kinepom from Francz, from the years 1873 to 1877 inclusive. (From the English Official Statistics.) 1873. 1874, | 1875. 1876. 1877. Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. Cwts. (O) cc: oe 4,819 5,487 7,741 8,744 9,614 IED Micah? Tae’ <5 446,550 | 713,251 567,560 622,488 606,762 Gt. 100. Gt. 100. Gt. 100. Gt. 100. Gt. 100. Eggs -. «. «. |4,307,468 [4,494,062 '4,835,103 |4,187,790 | 3,678,166 1878. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. £ £ £ £ £ OC 17,496 20,741 28,175 33,291 37,280 Butter .. .. «. |2,409,861 [3,944,233 3,387,219 3,732,405 | 3,654,488 Eggs .. .. « |1,952,814 2,018,725 2,078,659 1,864,135 | 1,602,038 * Arthur Young devotes a chapter to lucerne, and, in summing up his notes, makes the following statement :—“‘ The culture of the plant under our considera- tion is one of the principal features of French husbandry. We have gone to the French school for the culture of it, yet it is ill-managed, and with bad success in England, and has been so in every period; but in France, even in climates similar to our own, it is an object of almost uniform profit; and it must therefore be unfortunate indeed if we do not extract something from the French practice deserving our attention and imitation. The first leading circumstance that demands our attention is the unvarying practice of sowing it broadcast. The lucerne in Spain, which is of a luxuriance we have no conception of, and the little I have seen in Italy, is all sown in the same way: a contrary practice, namely, that of drilling, has very generally taken place in England; it has been repeatedly urged that the humidity of our climate renders hoeing necessary to keep it free from the spontaneous grasses; and, if hoeing is necessary, drilling is certainly so. But this necessity is not found to take place in the north of France, ‘the climate of which very nearly resembles our own. After some years those grasses destroy it there as well as here; but the French think it much more profitable when that happens to plough it up, than to insure a longer possession by perpetual expense and attention.” See also the late Mr. Jolin Clayden’s note on the growth of Lucerne in the first volume of the second series of this Journal, 1865, p. 359. 282 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. The Northern and North-western departments of France are so well known to Englishmen that very little need be said about the configuration of the country, but it may be well to point out certain variations in the land of the different provinces of France included in the sketch-map on the frontispiece. The relative agricultural value of the arable land is sufficiently indi- cated by the gradations of horizontal shading, from the light portions, which show a mean rent to the landlord, whether occu- pier or otherwise, of 6s. per acre, to the nearly black portions, which command a rent of between 30s. and 50s. per acre, or even more, according to situation. Grass-land, vines, and woods are indicated by distinctive shadings, as is shown by the index to the map. What is knownas French Flanders is, for the most part, a rich plain, exactly a counterpart in appearance, climate, culture, and people, to the region on the other side of the Belgian frontier, which has already been described by Dr. Voelcker and myself in this Journal.* Artois, Picardy, and the Pays de Caux— districts embracing part of the department of the Nord, together with the departments of the Pas de Calais, Somme, Aisne, and Oise—present the appearance of a rolling plain, chiefly posses- sing a rich loamy soil on chalk, with scarcely a fence or a house to be seen for miles.| The farmhouses are congregated in villages and the farms consist of innumerable strips, often very scattered, their boundaries being only discoverable by careful search for the landmark, which consists of a fair-sized and some- times a large stone, called a “borne.” Farther west the character of the country changes gradually, and in Western. Normandy and Brittany, and even in the grass-land districts in the eastern portion of those provinces, hills and valleys are more pronounced, farmhouses are on the farms, and fences and trees are as abun- * Second series, vol. vi. part 1, 1870. + Arthur Young thus describes the soil of Normandy and Flanders:—* This noble territory includes the deep, level, and fertile plain of Flanders, and part of Artois, than which a richer soil can hardly be desired to repay the industry of mankind ; two, three, and even four feet deep of moist and putrid, but friable and mellow loam, more inclining to clay than sand, ona calcareous bottom . . . Every step of the way from the very gate of Paris to near Soissons, and thence to Cambrai, with but variation of some inferior hills of small extent, is a sandy loam of an admirable texture, and commonly of considerable depth. . . . The line through Picardy is inferior, yet for the most part excellent. But all the arable part of Normandy, which is within these limits, is of the same rich friable sandy loam, to a great depth; that from Bernay to Elbceuf can searcely be exceeded; four to five feet deep of a reddish-brown loam on chalk bottom, and without a stone. As to the pastures of the same province, we have, I believe, nothing either in — England or Ireland equal to them: I hold the vale of Limerick to be inferior. The famous Pays de Beauce, which I crossed between Arpajon and Orleans, resembles the vales of Meaux and Senlis; it is not, however, in general so deep as the former. The limits I have traced are those of great fertility, but the caleareous district, and even that of chalk, is much more extensive.’— Travels in France,’ vol. i., pp. 297, 298. / Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 283 dant, and, indeed, as superabundant, as in some portions of the West of England. In fact, in some parts of the country the small fields are surrounded by a fence consisting of a huge raised bank, with a growth of underwood upon it, protected and guarded, as it were, by a row of closely planted trees on each side. Another peculiarity may be seen in the apple-orchards. Cider is as much the national beverage of the Normans and Bretons as of the people of Hereford, Devon, Somerset, and the rest of the West ; but the French farmer expects that his thickly planted orchard will not interfere with the growth of corn or grass. I _ do not propose at present to describe the “ Rural Economy ” of _ France, but it may be observed that the small farmers have a _ great desire to make one instrument perform two duties, The tendency is, of course, economical ; and although it may be in some cases a little strained, yet in the long run, reflected as it is in the daily life of the farmer and his family, it has done much to place the small French farmer in the comfortable posi- tion in which he is frequently now seen. Many writers have been severe upon the French peasant-farmer for his economical and hoarding propensities, but I should be inclined to hold him up as a pattern of virtue, considering the extent of English im- providence, in the hope that our labourers might be induced to adopt his “providence” to some extent, and in the belief that it is not in the nature of Englishmen to pursue such self- denying practices too far. In one respect French “ providence,” aided by the Continental necessity of a large standing army, has done much to check the development of the French nation, both agriculturally and commercially.’ All over rural France there is the same com- plaint—“ want of hands,”—but still agricultural wages do not rise to the height one would expect in the face of so universal a dearth of labour. From 2s. to 2s. 6d. a day without food, and from 16/. to 20]. a year with food, besides lodging in the stable or cow-house, are the prices usually paid for agricultural labour in the north of France, except where the immediate neighbour- hood of a large town or an extensive manufactory exerts a distinct influence on the labour-market. The wages just mentioned do not include, it need scarcely be stated, the earnings of the maker of the cheese or butter on a dairy farm ; but it is generally the case that the farmer’s wife _or daughter performs this very important duty. The French law of succession to property—which limits almost to vanishing point the power of the father of the family to devise his property otherwise than in equal shares to his children—whatever its bad effects may be, produces one undeniably good result amongst 284 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. the small farmers, as it makes the two or three children, who constitute a large family in France, work together for the common benefit. To this fact must in some degree be ascribed the success of the French farmers in producing butter, and especially soft kinds of cheese, of delicate flavour, and therefore possessing a high market-value. Under no other circumstances, probably, would so much care be bestowed on the making, and such constant supervision in the curing, to say nothing of the delicacy in packing, of these highly susceptible and easily perishable articles of commerce... After I have described, in the reports which I propose to write on French agriculture, the results of the national system of laws and customs on the cultivation of the soil, and upon the owner, occupier, and labourer, it may be useful to endeavour to connect causes and effects, and to contrast the merits of the French system with those of our own. At present, however, it appears to me more profitable to confine myself to a simple description of the facts relating to dairy-farming as I have gathered them, especially as the improvement of our butter, and of our dairy-products generally, has become one of the most pressing agricultural questions of the day. CATTLE. The breed of cattle seen almost universally in the North-west of France is the Norman in its several varieties, the purest and best of which is known as the Cotentin. In colour these cattle are generally brown, red, or brindled interwoven with white, and with a tendency to a white face, which, without being characteristic, is often observed. They have the distinc- tive characters of a good milking breed, but are somewhat large-boned and thick-skinned. ‘The size of the animals varies very much with the physical features and the fertility of the country, and the more or less advanced state of its agriculture. In the more hilly districts, and also on the elevated plains of arable land, where the farms are small and the food of the cows poor in quality and not over abundant in quantity, the “cows are small and do not fetch more than from 102. to 15J. each. But in the rich grass-land districts of the Pays d’Auge and the Bessin the cows are worth from 20/. to 25/. each, and on the average give that sum as an annual return in butter and offal from a yield of 500 to 600 gallons of milk, while the best ymakers of the celebrated Camembert cheese can show a gross return of an additional 50 per cent. on the higher figure. Considering the value of the milk and its products, it is not to be wondered at that the ordinary farmer shrinks from the | Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 285 experiment of crossing his breed with the Shorthorn. Tradi- tion, which is more remembered than history, tells him that the Shorthorn is a gluttonous fat-making machine, suitable only to produce gross meat for the English market, at a great ex- penditure in artificial food. Official reporters, like M. Le- febvre de Sainte Marie, Inspector-General of Agriculture, and winners of the Government Prizes of Honour, may give a dif- ferent version of their experience, but they have hitherto had little or no effect upon the ordinary farmer. Many of the large proprietors, and some even of the larger farmers, use a Nor- man-Shorthorn bull, and frequently one sees cows which, in the shape of their horns, the colour of their nose, and an approach to squareness of form, give the idea that a little infusion of Shorthorn blood runs in their veins. On farms where Camembert and other soft cheeses are made, it is preferred to have the calves drop in September, as between that date and the end of April the best prices are made for such descriptions of cheese, all of which are more or less difficult to transport in the middle of summer. On butter-making farms, on the other hand, spring-born calves are preferred, April being the favourite month. French butter is at its worst in the winter, especially in the grass-land districts, while Camembert cheese is then at its best. The calves on dairy farms are not allowed to suck their dams, but they get for the first few days a fair allowance of the milk, if it is intended to rear them; and after- wards they are brought up chiefly on skim-milk, which has been gradually more and more denuded of cream. With the exception of bran, additional food is rarely given. In some districts the calves are not only reared, but are fattened for the Paris market on a forcing system, so that, owing to the high price of veal in Paris and the cheapness of lean cows in the country, a well-fattened calf of three to four months old is not unfrequently worth nearly as much as a lean old cow. The price of fat calves varies from 6d. to 9d. per lb., live-weight, according to the season, so that a fat calf weighing 13 cwt. would be worth from four to six guineas. With regard to the summer-fattening of oxen on the pastures of Normandy at the present day I cannot do better than give the following translated extract from M. de Sainte Marie’s notice of the Department of Calvados * :— The best pastures are those which rest on a somewhat light soil, which is not wanting, however, in tenacity. Then the grass is bushy, tender, and nutritive, and the vegetation is always active if the soil is fertile. Prolonged droughts need not then be feared, since the more fertile the soil, the more it * ‘Les Primes d’Honneur, &., décernés dans les Concours Régionaux en 1867. 286 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. is charged with humus; and the better it is covered with a thick vegetation, the longer will it retain its freshness. If, on the contrary, the soil is very tenacious, although rich in vegetable matter, the water will remain on its sur- face for several months; then again it hardens and cracks during the summer, the grass becomes tough, and it fattens the cattle slowly and imperfectly. ‘The pastures upon the Dive clay in the valley of Auge and upon the Liassie clay in the Bessin are the most productive. The beautiful valley of Auge is divided into several secondary valleys, known as the valleys of Livarot, of St. Julien, of Crévecceur, of Corbon, of Lisieux, cf Pont ]’Evéque, &c. In these valleys of Lower Normandy, two kinds of oxen are fed every year; namely, those of the district (Norman breed), and those brought from other departments of France. Towards the end of the winter or the beginning of spring, a little earlier or a little later, according as vegetation is more or less forward, the graziers and cattle-dealers frequent the lean-cattle fairs. The earliest-bought oxen frequently arrive before the pastures are sufficiently furnished with grass; they are then, if necessary, fed with hay, care being taken to gradually diminish the quantity given them as the pastures come on. Generally, grass feeding is in full operation in the month of May, the purchases having arrived some- what as follows :—In March, the oxen bought at the fairs in the departments of la Manche, la Mayenne, la Sarthe, l’Orne, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Calvados ; in April those purchased in the districts of Avranchin, Perche, Brittany, Anjou, and the Department of Mayenne; in May further purchases from these same districts and from Poitou. The best feeding beasts come from la Manche, Calvados, Orne, and Mayenne, districts where the Shorthorn is often crossed with the native breeds. The oxen which fatten the most slowly are those which have been bought in the Loire-Inférieure, the Deux-Sevres, and the Indre et Loire. The following is the usual order of proceeding in grazing beasts in Normandy :— From the 15th of October to the 1st of December, according to the nature of the soil and the abundance of grass, the oxen which have been bought lean at the autumn fairs of la Manche, Calvados, and Orne, are put on the pastures where they will pass the winter. ‘These oxen find a sufficient quantity of food in the fields; but, nevertheless, when the weather is bad and the land is frozen, each ox is given two “ bottes” of hay per day. The hay is placed in a rack attached at the back to the end of the stable, and having a roof forming a pent-house, or in a wooden cage, or a kind of crate. In this latter case, the worst parts of the pasture are chosen, and the position of the cage is changed when the land has been much trampled if the weather is very wet. No matter what the weather, the beasts are never put under cover. The number of oxen that can be wintered on the land varies very much ; but it is rare that more than one-fifth of those that can be fattened during the year can be kept. There is, however, the certainty that the grass is sufficient to support them but not to fatten them. In the spring, after the temperature has risen so that vegetation becomes active under its influence, the grass soon grows and the oxen begin to fatten. These winter-kept cattle can thus be sold generally towards the end of May and in June, and they are nearly always heavier than summer-fed beasts. From the middle of April to the middle of May, when vegetation is fully active, and the winter-kept cattle are tolerably well advanced, and when the grass begins to gain upon them, the total number of cattle which the land will carry is bought in, generally from 6 to 20 oxen, for each farm, according to the extent and the quality of the pastures, and the probability of a good crop of grass. If the year should turn out favourable, these animals are sold poe the middle of September to the middle of October. Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 287 Sometimes, in proportion as the winter-kept cattle are sold off, they are replaced by an equivalent number of beasts, bought later than the spring pur- chases, if the grass will carry them; but generally the summer-fed beasts consist only of those bought in during April and May. ‘Those, however, which can be sold in September are always replaced by others, which are sold before the cold weather sets in, especially if they were in good condition when they were put on the pastures, It is calculated that it requires, on the average, to fatten a bullock, the following quantities of land :— First quality grass, large bullock, seven-eighths of an acre. Second quality grass, medium bullock, 1 acre. Third quality grass, small bullock, seven-eighths of an acre. It has also been estimated that a medium-sized bullock consumes during its fattening period a quantity of grass equivalent to three tons of hay, The greater part of the pastures fatten also a number of Norman sheep every year. In some localities they are bought in at Michaelmas and in others towards All Saints’ Day. They are sold during the winter or at the commencement of spring, but always before the first of April. The advantage of this practice is that the sheep eat with avidity the grass which has grown under the stimulating influence of the cattle manure. ‘The tufts of grass thus produced are always rejected by the bullocks, while the sheep, on the contrary, browse the pieces of grass which would be completely lost unless utilised in this way. The beasts which are beginning to be fit for the butcher become more and more difficult to feed, and they frequently refuse to graze land which is shaded by trees as well as that which has grown vigorously where their excrements have dropped. It is therefore found necessary to put up such fields to be mown for hay. In confirmation of this statement, which English graziers will not regard as indicating a very advanced condition of “ Pastoral Husbandry,” it may be interesting to quote a portion of Arthur Young’s description of the cattle-feeding and cow-keeping of this very rich grass-land district (‘Travels in France,’ vol. ii., pp- 48-50). It will be seen that, although prices and profits have altered, practices have remained the same as they were a hundred years ago :— ee Normandie—Neuchatel.—There are dairies here that rise to fifty cows, the produce of which in money, on an average, rejecting a few of the worst, is 80 to 100 liv. (87. 10s. to 4/. 7s. 6d.), including calves, pigs, butter and cheese. In winter they feed them with straw; later with hay; and even with oats and bran; but not the least idea of any green winter food. The vale from hence to Gournay is all full of dairies, and some also to Dieppe. One acre of good grass feeds a cow through the summer. To Rouen.—Good cows give 3 gallons of milk a day ; they are of the Alder- ney or Norman breed, but larger than such as come commonly to England. Pont au Demer.—Many very fine grass enclosures of a better countenance than any I have seen in France, without watering ; grazed by good Norman cows, larger than our Alderneys, but of the same breed : I saw thirty-two in one field. In the height of the season they are always milked three times a day ; good ones give three English gallons of milk a day. A man near the town that has got cows, but wants pasture, pays 10 sous (about 5d.) a day for the pasturage of one, which is a very high rate for cattle of this size. Pont ? Bvéque.—This town is situated in the famous Pays d’ Auge, which is the district of the richest pasturage in Normandy, and indeed of ali France, 288 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. and for what I know, of all Europe. It is s vale of about thirty-five miles long, and from half a mile to two miles over, being a flat tract of exceedingly rich land, at the bottom of two slopes of hills, which are either woods, arable, or poor land; but in some places the pasture rises partly up the hills. I viewed some of these rich pastures, with a gentleman of Pont l’Evéque, Mons. Reval, who was so good as to explain some of the circumstances that relate to them. About this place they are all grazed by fatting oxen: the system is nearly that of many of our English counties. In March or April, the graziers go to the fairs of Poitou, and buy the oxen ledn at about 240 liv. (102. 10s.) ; they are generally cream-coloured ; horns of a middle length, with the tips black; the ends of their tails black; and tan-coloured about the eyes, which are the distinctions about the Poitou breed. At Michaelmas they are fat, and sent to the fair at Poissy, that is Paris: such as are brought in at 240 liv. lean, are sold fat at 350 to 400 liv. (152. 6s. 3d. to 177. 10s.). An acre of good pasturage carries more than one of these beasts in summer, besides winter fattening sheep. This acre is 4 vergés, each 40 perches, and the perch 22 feet, or a very little better than 2 English acres. The rent of the best of these pastures (called herbages here) amounts to 100 liv. (47. 7s. 6d.) per Norman acre, or nearly 2/7. 3s. 9d. the English ; the tenant’s taxes add 14 liv. (12s. 3d.), or 6s. 13d. per English acre. ‘The expenses may be stated thus :— Value in English Money, according to Arthur Young’s Table. Livres, Se a Rents cats estes aspects wien) Veen a 4° 6 axes "ae, 0 cs nog ites 14 a 0 12 474 .. 2014 Suppose 13 ox fattened, bought at 240 livres 360 .. 1515 O 9 Interest of that'total .. 25 2. (a0 0 23) 00 byOyed: Total. aa ss. as. 490) pecans Say?) so wo! Ose) ee SOOO RRS Ox and a-half fat, at 375 livres... .. .. 562 .. 2411 9 Bxpenses ©3064. 9 ee Do) Ee) BOO) ces eee Profit) cs se ce, Gee) es bacco eee 214 3 Which is about 17. 6s. 6d. per English acre profit; and will pay a man well, the interest of his capital being already paid. As these Norman graziers are generally rich, I do not apprehend the annual benefit is less. In pieces that are tolerably large, a stock proportioned to the size is turned in, and not changed till they are taken out fat. These Poitou oxen are for the richest pastures ; for land of an inferior quality, they buy beasts from Anjou, Maine and Bretagne. The sheep fed in the winter do not belong to the graziers, but are joistéd ; there is none with longer wool than 5 inches, but the pasture is equal to the finest of Lincoln. In walking over one of these noble herbages, my conductor made me observe the quantity of clover in it, as a proof of its richness; it was the white Dutch and the common red: it is often thus—the value of a pasture depends more on the diadelphia than on the triandria family. To Lisiewx.—This rich vale of the Pays d’Auge some years ago was fed almost entirely with cows, but now it is very generally under oxen, who are found to pay better. Whatever cows there are, are milked three times a day in summer. To Caen.—The valley of Corbon is a part of the Pays d’Auge, and said to be the richest of the whole. In this part, 1 acre of 160 perches of 2+ feet, or , . Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 289 about (not exactly) 24 acres English, fattens two oxen. Such rents are known - as 200 liv. (87. 17s. per English acre), but they are extraordinary: the propor- tions here are rather greater, and more profitable than in the former minute. They buy some beasts before Christmas, which they keep on the pasturage alone, except in deep snows; these are forwarder in spring than such as are bought then, and fatten quicker; they have also a few sheep. There are graziers here that are landlords of 10,000 liv. (437/, 10s.), and even 20,000 liv. (875/.) a year, yet 100 acres are a large farm. Bayeux.—The rich herbages about this place are employed in fattening oxen of the Poitou breed, as before; bought lean, on an average, at 200 liv. (82. 15s.), and sold fat at 350 liv. (157. 6s. 3d.). ‘Their cows are always - milked thrice a day in summer; the best give 12 pots a day, or above 4 galls., and sell at 7 or 8 louis (67. 2s. 6d. to 71.) each. Isigny to Carentan.—Much salt marsh, and very rich; they fat oxen; but I was surprised to find many dairy-cows also on these very rich lands. A cow, they say, sometimes pays 10 louis in a year; giving 8 lb. of butter a week, at 20 sous to 30 sous (103d. to 153d.) a pound at some seasons, but now (August 25) only 10 sous, which they say is ruinously cheap. All are milked thrice aday. Others informed me that a cow gives 10 lb. a week, at the average price of 15 sous (nearly 8d.). These cows resemble the Suffolk breed in size and brindle colour, round carcass and short leg; and would not be known from them but by the horns, which are of the short Alderney sort. The profit on fattening a cow here they reckon at 72 liv. (8/. 3s.), and an ox of the largest size 300 liv. (187. 2s. 6d.). They havealso a common caleulation that dairy cows feed at the expense of 8 sous (4d.) a day, and yield 20 sous (103d.), leaving 12 sous (more than 6d.) profit. It is remarkable, and cannot be too much condemned, that there are no dairies in this country ; the milk is set and the butter made in any common room of a house or cottage. Carentan.—Many oxen are bought at Michaelmas, and kept a year. They eat each in the winter 300 bottes of hay, or 50 liv., but leave 150 liv. (67. 11s. 3d.) profit, that is, they rise from 300 liv. (13/7. 2s. 6d.) to 450 liv. (197. 13s. 9d.). Cows pay, on an average, 100 liv. (4/. 7s. 6d.), and are kept each on a vergé of grass, the rent of which is from 30 liv. (1/. 6s. 3d.), to 40 liv. (1/. 14s.). As the vergé is 40 perches of 24 feet, or 23,040 feet, it is equal to 96 English square perches, which space pays 100 liv., or per English acre, 7/. 5s. 3d.; but all expenses are tu be deducted, including what the win- tering costs. Here they have milk-rooms. They work oxen al! the way from Bayeux in yokes and bows, like the old English ones, only single instead of double. Advancing, cows sell so high as 10 and 12 louis (87. 15s. to 107. 10s.). Many are milked only twice a day; good ones give 14 lb. or 13 1b. of butter a day. They remark that cows that give the largest quantity of milk do not yield the largest quantity of butter. Fat cows give much richer milk than others. Again ; a good cow gives 6 pots of milk a day, which pays in butter 24 sous (over Is.). 3000 liv. (181. 5s.) profit has been made by fatting thirty cows. A great number of young cattle all over the country, especially year-olds, _ As an appendix to the foregoing very interesting extract, _ written at the end of the last century, it may be useful to state that __’ several years ago the farmers of the beautiful pasture-land around _ Livarot objected to dairy-cows, because they poached the land so much in winter; whereas feeding-beasts, being on the land during the summer months only, did little or no damage. The Count de Neuville told me that he had great difficulty with his tenants on this score, although dairy-cows have of late years paid VOL. XV.—S. S. U 290 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. so much better than feeding beasts, until he hit upon a means of economically manuring the land. His estate near Livarot lies for some distance along the course of a river, which in winter is charged with a large quantity of mud brought down from higher ground. This river he tapped at its highest point on his estate, and besides using some of its muddy water for winter irrigation, he conducted a portion of it along a canal to a reservoir, where it formed a lake and deposited the suspended material, the effluent water being comparatively clear. In the spring this sediment was spread over the land, enormously increasing its productiveness, and rendering it much less tender. - Livarot is now in the heart of the principal Camembert district, besides having a special skim-cheese called by its own name. In the treatment of dairy-cows,’the farmers of each district pursue the same method; but there is the greatest possible contrast between the practices of the grass-land and the arable dairy districts. In the best district for Camembert cheese (Pays d Auge) and in the butter district of Isigny (le Bessin), the cows are always kept on the pastures, except for a short time before and after calving. On the other hand, in the arable regions of Eastern Brittany and in the neighbourhood of Paris, cows are kept in the sheds all the year round, except for a short time in the morning and afternoon in summer. Again, the food is nearly always the natural produce of the soil, the sub- stances generally known as “artificial” foods being seldom used in France for dairy-cattle. Bran, however, is largely used in the arable districts, where also the whole of the natural grass and a large proportion of the lucerne are always reserved for hay. M. Paynel has a farm of about 500 acres, close to the station of Mesnil Mauger, near Lisieux, in the Pays d’Auge. It is all in grass, and the rent averages three guineas an acre. He keeps 80 cows, and feeds annually about 120 beasts. The cows are never in the stables except at calving-time ; but from the first appearance of frost to the end of the cold weather they get hay in the fields. The hay is given in boxes divided into par- titions, to ensure as far as possible that each cow gets its fair share. The whole of the grass-land is fed more or léss until May, when about one-third of it (taken in rotation) is reserved for hay. The feeding-beasts are bought in April or May and sold the following August or September, being generally five- or six-year-old Norman bullocks. Considerable attention is paid to the rolling of grass-land in this district, and M. Payne] uses a roller of his own construction, namely, a cart with the roller in place of wheels. In this manner he has solved his previous difficulty of regulating the weight of the roller. . Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 291 In the Isigny district a similar procedure is followed, and one hectare (24 acres) is at least sufficient to keep a cow all the year round, the rent obtained being about 4/. 16s. per acre. Within a mile of this town is a farm where some of the best Isigny butter is made. It consists of 125 acres, of which one-half is annually pastured, 50 acres are mown annually in rotation and the aftermath fed by cows, and there are 124 acres of ploughed land used to grow carrots, beetroots, and a small quantity of white crop chiefly for the straw. There are 50 Norman cows, whose average annual yield per head is 2 ewt. of butter, which is sent to Paris, and for which the farmer (an unmarried lady) receives from 2s. to 2s. 3d. per English pound (5 fr. 50 ¢. to 6 fr. 80 ¢. per kilo.). In round numbers this represents a gross annual return of 22/. to 25/. per cow from butter alone, to which must be added the value of the calf (generally sold fat to the butcher at three months old), and of the skim-milk and butter-milk, with which a large number of pigs and calves are annually fattened. On this farm, the cows are never put in the houses except for two or three weeks before calving, and a couple of months afterwards. In very bad winters they may be sent into the houses for the night; but as a rule there is a shed in the fields into which they may go for shelter. In contrast to these Norman practices, I may place the system pursued in Eastern Brittany, near Rennes,—the district where the celebrated butter of la Prevalaye is made. The farm-school of Trois Croix, close to Rennes, is a good example of this style of farming. It consists of 225 acres, rented at 54s. per acre. The rent is high for this part of France; but M. Bodin, the tenant, has the advantage of close proximity to the town, where his milk is sold, and whence he obtains the vidange from the garrison of between 800 and 900 men. There are no less than 70 cows kept, as well as 10 working oxen and 10 horses. The cows are kept in the stalls all the year round, and are fed in winter upon chopped hay and straw, which are mixed with pulped mangolds and allowed to ferment. In the summer the cows are soiled on different kinds of green-food. All the young eattle are reared, as they are a cross between the Norman and the Shorthorn, and sell for half as much again as the cattle of the country. This is no great price, however, as near Rennes from 12/. to 13/. is thought to be a good price for a cow. M. Bodin finds that the Shorthorn cross gives size and adaptability to fatten, while it does not decrease the yield of milk. But this yield is generally small in the Rennes district, as compared with that of the best Norman cattle, and probably does not average more than 350 gallons. The rotation of crops pursued on this farm is a six-course UZ 292 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. shift, namely (1) roots, chiefly mangolds; (2) barley ; (3) clover ; (4) wheat ; (5) rape-seed ; (6) wheat. In favourable seasons, the rape-seed would be gathered in about the middle of June, and a catch-crop of buck-wheat taken afterwards on part of the course. Again, part of the root-course is cropped with maize, which is drilled in May, after the land has been prepared by cultivation and manuring as for mangolds. On September 6th, when I saw it, the plants averaged from 9 to 10 feet in height, and the crop was being cut green as required to be given to the cows in the stalls. The amount of fodder per acre yielded by this crop of maize must have been enormous; and as regards its feeding properties, although there are differences of opinion as to whether it has most effect upon the quantity or the quality of the milk, it is universally admitted to be an excellent food for all kinds of cattle. M. Bodin’s land had for the most part been drained, and the state of cultivation of the stubbles, the growing crops of maize and mangolds, and the condition of the pastures, all showed what the land is capable of. This farm is worth seeing in the midst of a district which looks a complete picture of neglect, the stub- bles being rank with weeds, the pastures reedy, and the stacks unthatched, often built round a growing tree. The average rent of land is about 30s. per acre, chiefly in consequence of the large proportionate return from the apple-orchards, which extend over nearly the whole acreage of the farms. A curious contrast to everything else in the neighbourhood was the well-made, firmly consolidated, square-trimmed manure-heaps, which stood in front of even the meanest and dirtiest little farm-house. An intermediate practice is to be found in some districts, where lucerne is pastured during the summer by dairy-cows, which are tethered or folded. In the latter case, the cows are placed at night in a small fold near the homestead, and not un- frequently the hind sleeps in a movable hut placed close to the fold. As an example of this system, I may quote the farm of Bailleux, near Longeons, Oise, rented by M. Ancelin. It consists of 575 acres of rather strong land, situated “on an elevated plain. The rent is about 32s. per acre, and the expense of cultivation comes to a similar amount. There are 25 acres of old grass; and an additional 75 acres, laid down by the tenant within the last few years, had a very promising appear- ance last autumn. About 100 milch-cows are kept, between 20 and 30 of the most unprofitable ones being fed off every year on the pasture-land, stall-feeding being unknown. The other live stock consists of a breeding flock of 250 ewes (Merino and Leicester cross), the lambs being sold in the wool at from 3 to Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France, 293 4 months old, and about 200 fatting sheep bought and sold annually. In the summer the cattle are tethered on grass or lucerne, and in the winter they get carrots and beetroot, pulped and mixed with cut straw and lucerne-hay to ferment, as well as bran or about 2 lbs. of linseed cake each per day. This some- what extravagant feeding, for a French farm, is divided into five meals, and it is stated that the cows give an average of more than two gallons of milk per head per diem, which would make a total of at least 600 gallons per head per annum, supposing them to be in milk ten months in the year. The cows are of the ordinary Norman breed, but they seemed to me to have more hair and a more robust appearance than other herds I had seen, M. Ancelin buys between 40 and 50 tons of bran every year, using it for the cows in winter, for rearing calves, and for his horses. The cows are tethered night and day in the summer, and the herdsman sleeps in a small hut on wheels close to the line of cows. Considering the quality of his land, which is indicated by its rent, I have no doubt that M. Ancelin finds his expenditure on artificial food a profitable investment, as may be inferred by the yield of milk just stated. I should add that the National Jury awarded a large gold medal to M. Ancelin at the Prize Farm competition in his Department in 1869. Sate or MILK 'ro Paris. At first sight it would appear that the supply of milk to Paris, estimated at about 70,000 gallons per day, or con- siderably more than one-half that of London, must necessarily be conducted on principles similar to those which govern the milk-trade of our own metropolis; but in point of fact there are, so far as I know, very few examples in England of such establishments as are the rule in and around Paris. Two systems are in vogue in Paris, namely, the sale of milk by large dairy-farmers direct to the rich consumer; and the ordinary wholesale milk-trade, which involves collection and preparation by the merchant, sale to dealers, and distribution by them to the ordinary consumer. As an example of the former system I may quote the farm of Mons. Emile Tétard, at Gonesse, a few miles from Paris. His brother, who is a farmer and a sugar-maker, also lives in that commune, and the two are partners in a double set of steam- ploughing tackle. The dairy-farmer occupies 750 acres of arable land, which he cultivates on the usual French three- course shift, namely (1) winter corn, (2) spring corn, (3) arti- ficial grasses and beetroots, with a separate portion of the land in lucerne, which remains a number of years, and, as usual in the 294 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. arable districts, takes the place of permanent grass. M. Tétard keeps about 60 cows, sometimes more and sometimes fewer ; he buys them in Normandy through the medium of commission agents, arfd aims to get them about three or four weeks after they have calved, selling them at the best price he can get when they begin to run dry. The loss on the cows which this system entails is not so great as would at first sight appear, in consequence of the number of sugar-makers and distillers, who want cattle of some kind or other to consume the beetroot-pulp, and other residue of their factories. The cows are fed on hay and straw, mixed with beetroct-pulp, and bran is added as an auxiliary. The distinctive feature of the system lies in the distribution of the milk to the consumer. The milk as it comes from the cow having been cooled to about 55°, by immersing the cans containing it in a bath of cold water, fed by means of an arte- sian well, it is transferred to small vessels of tin or porcelain, containing either one litre or half a litre each. These vessels are immediately sealed by means of a piece of lead passed through a staple, in front of a hasp; the lead being then pressed flat by a pair of pincers carrying the seal of the dairy, the little vessel cannot be opened without destroying this impres- sion. Purchasers thus have the security of receiving the milk as it leaves the dairy; and it appears that in Paris they are quite willing to pay for this guarantee of quality, the prices of some of the leading dairies being 70 centimes per litre, or 40 to 50 centimes the half-litre, delivered to the house.* Some dairies charge a little less for the milk delivered in tin vessels than for that sent in porcelain, and others again charge a little higher price to occasional purchasers, the tariff quoted being for regular subscribers. The empty vessel is given up when another full one is delivered. The careful cleansing of such a large number of vessels as this system must necessarily entail is a most important element in its success, and one the cost of which must be reckoned as paid for in the high price received for the milk. M. Tétard employs for this purpose a machine which is simply a series of rétating brushes of various sizes, according to the size of the vessel for which it will be used. This machine is made by M. Rouffet, ainé, Rue St. Ambroise, Popincourt, Paris, and nothing can be more simple than its construction. On one side of a vertical plate is a series of cog-wheels, all or any of which can be put in or out of * A litre being a pint and three-quarters, this price amounts to nearly 8d. per quart, or more than half-a-crown per gallon. 'This.is 50 per cent. above the price of milk to the West-End consumer. i Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 295 gear. The axles of these wheels are prolonged on the other side of the plate, and are fitted to carry the rotatory brushes. Above is a series of taps to regulate the supply of hot and cold water, for all these brushes are intended to cleanse the inside of the vessels. At the end of the machine are some more brushes, working at right angles to the rest, and used to polish the out- side of the vessels, therefore they are worked dry and supplied with a polishing material. As a favourable example of the ordinary system I will take _ two of the establishments of Mons. Lecomte, President of the Association of Wholesale Dairymen, to whom I am most deeply indebted for the ready and kind manner in which he devoted his valuable time to facilitate my inquiries. M. Lecomte has several establishments, but it will only be necessary to refer to the two which I visited with him. He sells milk wholesale to the value of 40,0007. per annum, makes on the average half a ton of Gruyere cheese per day, feeds and fattens between 400 and 500 pigs per annum, and keeps about 70 horses for the sole purpose of collecting milk from the farmers, of whom he purchases. He buys from each farmer as much or as little milk as each one chooses to sell, probably not more than a gallon or two of one, 30 or 40 gallons of another, and so on. The milk is put into his own cans, holding 20 litres, or a little more than 4 gallons each. As these milk-cans are universally used in Fic. 2. Mik the north of France for the conveyance of ts d ae pin rh milk long distances, I have thought it — yy;7, long distances desirable to give a sketch of one of them (Fig. 2), as well as of the two-storied rail- way-waggon (Fig. 3, p. 296) in which they are stowed. It is claimed for these cans that their shape, more especially their shoulder, retards the rising of the cream longer than any other form of can. For use in the sum- mer months, M. Lecomte has these cans made with a double case, the space between the inner and outer case being stuffed with wool. I should add that the cans are made and repaired by M. Lecomte’s own people at his Montereau establishment. The morning’s milk is brought in by M. Lecomte’s collectors between 8 and 10 o'clock, and is immediately scalded by placing the cans containing it in a hot-water bath having a tem- perature nearly approaching the boiling-point. It is afterwards cooled by the cans being immersed in a bath of cold water, fed either by a running stream—as at his Melun establisk- by road or rait. 296 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. Fig. 3.—Railway-van, loaded with two tiers of Milk-cans. ne UE fect — 9h ment—or by water pumped from a deep well, as at Villeneuve- la-Guyard, near Montereau.. The evening’s milk is delivered between 5 and 7 o'clock, is cooled and mixed with the morning’s milk, and the whole arrives in Paris early the next morning. It is said that this mixture has a slightly nutty flavour, which causes it to be preferred to ordinary new milk. At M. Lecomte’s establishment near Melun, there is one of M. Raoul-Pictet’s freezing-machines, which enables him to reduce rapidly to freezing-point a large quantity of milk every evening. The remainder of the mixture of morning’s and evening’s milk that cannot be refrigerated is placed in cans in a bath fed by a running stream, which keeps it at about 50° Fahr. Before the milk is sent out, the two lots are mixed together, and the whole is thus reduced to about 45° Fahr. The cost of the freezing-machine, including steam engine, pump, aspirator, tanks, and everything complete, was between 16002. and 1700/. The retail price of milk in Paris varies with the season, but is generally about 14d. per gallon. When the lucerne gets frost-bitten the price rises suddenly to the winter level, because the cows must then be put upon their winter diet and therefore give less milk ; while, on the other hand, it appears that more milk is consumed in Paris in cold weather than in the summer, when fruit enters so largely into the dietary of the French people. A wholesale and even a retail milk-merchant must therefore have some outlet for his surplus stock, and many retail milkmen make butter or a special kind of cheese with it. M. Lecomte has, at Villeneuve-la~-Guyard, a large Norman churn, with which he makes butter on the Isigny plan (see p. 298). It is worked by a two-horse Tangye’s engine, the churn being set to sixty revo- lutions per minute. Butter is only made when he considers that it will pay better than Gruyere cheese, of which he can make at that establishment 20 every day. Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 297 BUTTER-MAKING. In France, as elsewhere, several distinct methods of butter- making exist in the different parts of the country, and it might interest the curious in such matters if I described each of them in detail. From the primitive method of shaking cream in a wide-mouthed bottle, which I saw in the Médoc, to the most refined method pursued in the best districts of Normandy, there is almost every gradation. But, for practical purposes, it will be sufficient to describe the types of manufacture by which are made the Normandy and the Brittany butters which come into our markets and realize higher prices than the English product. It would be idle to deny that several factors enter into the production of good butter. Asa rule, dairy-farmers believe that the actual process of butter-making has little or nothing to do with it; but all admit that the most scrupulous cleanliness is absolutely essential. The bad quality which is too often charac- teristic of English and Irish butter is ascribed to various causes :— to the wet season having produced bad food, to bad ventilation, bad water, a thunderstorm, and all sorts of causes, preventible and non-preventible, to the exclusion of what is, in my judgment, the general cause, namely, inattention to the true principles of butter- making. No doubt, bad or unsuitable food will taint the milk, and that milk will produce rank butter, and the other reasons usually given will generally have the effect ascribed to them. But, after all, why is it that so much bad butter is made where and when none of these unfavourable conditions exist? I have heard landowners complain that they cannot get good butter, such as they get in a Parisian hotel, made at their home dairy, where economy and profit are secondary considerations ; and | have even heard farmers declare this year (1878) that one of the attractions of Paris, which they discovered by going to see the Exhibition, was the delicious French butter! Individually, I should not place French butter so high as Danish for keeping purposes, but as fresh butter, especially in summer, it has a delicate and slightly nutty flavour which almost every one appreciates, although ex- perts judging of it as an article of commerce would sometimes pronounce it “ weak.” The main point for the farmer is that the best French butter makes a very high price, and that a slight difference in the process of manufacture sensibly affects its market value. Isigny Method.—In the Bessin district of Normandy, where the premier French butter (known as Isigny butter) is made, the process is as follows:—In this district the cows are milked morning and evening, and in some cases three times a day, into jug-shaped vessels, made of copper lined with tin, and holding 298 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. about two gallons each. The milk is taken to the dairy, and that from the several cows being more or less mixed together, it is strained through a sieve lined with clean linen into earthenware buckets. These buckets are placed in a row in the milk-house, generally on a course or two of brickwork raised above the general level of the floor, and the milk is then set for 12 hours. The cream skimmed after the first 12 hours is not mixed with what is taken off afterwards until immediately before churning, and in some instances butter of exceptional delicacy for Paris is made entirely from the 12-hours’ cream. Some farmers let the milk stand 24 hours in summer and 48 in winter, and others even longer still, but it is almost needless to add that they do not get the best price for their butter. Nor does the increase in quantity which they obtain compensate them for lack of quality. The cream is churned twice or three times a week in a barrel- churn. Generally, the true Norman barrel-churn (Fig. 4) is used. = SS ELEVATION. ENp-viEw. d. Spigot. i. Ventilation Peg. (The head being removed.) It has fixed dashboards, and, as will be seen by the engraving, they do not extend to the circumference of the churn. Thus the only corners where butter or butter-milk could lodge“are the very small ones at each end of the dashboards. ‘The dash- boards are perfectly plain laths, and the churn altogether is a model of simplicity and effectiveness, completely illustrating the truth of the conclusion arrived at by the Judges of Dairy Appliances at Bristol—* that numerous and large dashers are a mistake” (see p. 146). According to the size of the churn it is furnished with one or two large openings, which are opened and shut by one of the usual contrivances employed in other barrel-churns. ‘There is also a vent-peg placed in or near the Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 299 head, and intended to be used as a ventilator if necessary, and a spigot placed in the bulge midway between the two large openings of a large churn, or opposite the large opening of a small one. This spigot plays an important part in the process of butter-making. The churn is about half-filled with cream at a temperature, more frequently guessed at than tested, of about 57° Fahr., and the best butter-makers do not churn at a greater pace than from 30 to 40 revolutions per minute, according to the season.* -As a rule, the butter comes in from 20 to 30 minutes, and the churner listens most attentively so as to detect in an instant the slightest alteration in the sound of the churning cream. An alteration being detected, or even being thought to be detected, the churn is at once stopped, in such a position that the spigot is at about the level of the cream in the churn. The spigot is then carefully withdrawn, and the adherent matter mi- nutely examined. If this is still cream the churning is renewed and the sound carefully attended to; but if, on the contrary, there are particles of butter on the spigot, no larger even than a pin’s head, the churning proper is finished. A quarter of a turn of the handle now brings the spigot to its lowest point (nearest the ground), and immediately beneath it is placed a sieve over a vessel to receive, or over a conduit to carry away, the butter-milk. The spigot being then slightly drawn out, the butter- milk escapes and filters through the sieve, which retains even the smallest particle of butter which may be carried out with the butter-milk. When most of the butter-milk has thus been with- drawn from the churn, the small quantity of escaped butter is replaced in it, and fresh spring water is also put into the churn until it is half-full. Three or four turns are then given, and the mixture of water and butter-milk is again withdrawn as before. This process is repeated, often seven or eight times, until the water which comes out of the churn is as bright and as clear as when it was put into it. These various washings and turnings completely cleanse the butter from the butter-milk from which it had been separated during the process of churning, and at the same time they con- solidate gradually the particles which have been individually thoroughly scoured. At the end of the process the butter may be seen floating as one mass in a small Jake of clear water. When removed from the churn by means of large wooden spoons or spatula, the butter requires no more working than is sufli- cient to consolidate it and express the particles of clear water from its interstices. The butter thus made goes direct to Paris, * Compare the Report of the Judges on the Trials of Dairy Appliances at Bristol, supré p. 143. 300 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. and I am informed on high authority that the farmer receives for it as much as 2s, and upwards per English pound, according to the season.* The mere fact of such high prices being given for first-class butter implies that there is comparatively little of it. In fact, it may be safely asserted that none of it comes to England, and that the butter which is still good enough to command higher prices than our own on the London market is made with far less care and skill than that just described. A careful inquiry into the manner in which butter is made in the several districts of Normandy has convinced me that, other things being equal, © the quality of the butter depends upon the earlier or later period at which the washing in the churn is commenced. ‘This is so far recognised by some of the dairy-farmers that they have their churns fitted with a glass window, to enable the eye to see and thus assist the ear to hear when the butter first begins to be formed. Prevalaye Method.—This mode of butter-making takes its name from the historical Chateau near Rennes, in Brittany, where probably it was first imtroduced, or where very fine butter, in comparison with the general product of the district, was made many years ago. The old farm has long since dis- appeared, and at the date of my visit only six cows were kept in the dairy belonging to the chateau. To see the making of the real Prevalaye butter of the market I went to a farm about 10 miles from Rennes, and about 100 acres in extent, where 22 cows were kept. They were of all sorts, sizes, and colours, but most of them appeared to be crosses of the Norman and Breton breeds. ‘The floors of the farm-house were of mud throughout, and in the principal apartment there were four large and lum- bering bedsteads, which article of furniture was abundantly represented in the kitchen also. Everything about the place was primitive and old-fashioned except the churn and the manure-heap, which latter was well and solidly made. The churn was a revolving barrel-churn, differing from the Norman in having the fixed dashboards extending to its cireumference. Madame was very proud of her churn, and believed it’was the only one in the neighbourhood. Doubtless she was right, as the farmers in that district generally use an upright piston-churn, with a perforated dashboard at the end of the piston. The cows are milked very early in the morning and again at noon. * As this Report is intended for the information of agriculturists, I lave pre- ferred to give throughout. when possinle, the prices actually received by the farmers, instead of the market value; but in February this year (1879), the price of Isignuy butter on the Paris market was quoted at more than 8 fr, per kilo. wholesale, or above 2s. 10d. per lb. avoirdupois. Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 301 The system of butter-making is curious. The morning’s milk, for instance, is skimmed on the evening of the next day, that is, after thirty-six hours’ standing, and the cream is put into the churn, together with the whole milk of another milking. The exact arrangement of this process depends upon the weather, as in summer butter is made every day, and therefore with fresh cream and milk; but in winter it would not be made more than twice a week, and consequently with staler cream, the skimmings from more frequent milkings, and with less whole ‘milk in proportion. After the churning has proceeded for ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, according to the temperature, a quantity of pure water is added to the mixture of milk and cream in the churn. In summer, this water would be as cold as possible, but in winter it would be warmed more or less, according to the weather. On some farms, the temperature of the mixture is modified by placing into it an earthenware bottle, filled with warm or cold water, instead of turning the water itself into the churn. The butter comes slowly under this system, and takes generally between one and two hours, and in hard wintry weather even longer. The butter is not washed in the churn; in fact, on most farms it would be impossible to do this, in consequence of the piston-churn being almost uni- versally used.* It is, however, well washed and worked in a kind of dish afterwards. ~ Some people assert that the butter made in this manner rivals that of Normandy; but whether the very choicest makes sold fresh, or the ordinary makes sold more or less salted, be taken as the standard of comparison, the crucial test of market price is largely in favour of Normandy. Nevertheless, the butter has a fine delicate taste when fresh; but to make it keep it requires, like all French butters, to undergo another process, which will be described presently. In this district, as already mentioned, the cows are kept in the houses all the year round, except for a few hours in the morning and evening in summer. They get artificial grasses (chiefly lucerne) cut green at that time of year, and lucerne-hay, straw, roots, and bran, in the winter. Brittany Butters.—In the different parts of Brittany, butter is * Arthur Young mentions a dairy of cows in the Isle of France, “ fed entirely with lucerne, and the butter excellent; I admired it much, and found the manu- facture quite different from the common method. The milk is churned instead of the cream. Her (the Viscountess du Pont’s) dairy-maid is from Bretagne, a proyinee famous for good dairymaids. The evening’s milk and the morning’s are put together, and churned as soon as the latter is milked ; the proper quantity of salt isadded in thechurn, and no washing or making in water, which these dairy- maids hold to be a very bad method. Finer butter, of a more delicate flavour, was never tasted, than procured by this method from lucerne,”—Op. cit., vol. ii. p. 46, 302 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. made by systems which vary between that of Isigny, already described, to the churning of a mixture of cream and curd. In the most pronounced of the latter methods the milk is actually curdled by artificial means, so that to a certain extent curd and cream may rise together. In other cases the milk is not skimmed until after it has turned sour, which comes to nearly the same thing, as the souring of the milk causes the separation of a portion of the curd from the whey. The objects in view are to increase the quantity of so-called butter, and to obtain a constant supply of curd, which is a staple article of food for the Breton labourers who are fed on the farm, and indeed for people in more affluent circumstances. It need not be said that the money return from such an attempt to do two things together (namely, cream-rising and curd-separating), that ought to be done in succession, is not favourable to the pockets of those who follow it; but the Breton is, more than any other Frenchman, obstinate in his adherence to old practices, which even time and tradition should allow to be more honoured in the breach than the ob- servance. Tue Burrer Traber. A most essential element in the French butter-trade consists of the middlemen, who bring the producer and the consumer together; and the systematic, and even scientific, manner in which the collection, purification, packing, and exportation are carried out requires a brief notice to enable English and Irish dairy-farmers to understand the whole process by which their rivals are enabled to compete so successfully against them in their own markets. French dairy-farms, where the butter made is not good enough to go direct to Parisian or provincial private customers, are generally small in size; and the quantity of butter made weekly on each is therefore inconsiderable. The butter is generally made twice a week in summer, and often not more than once a week in winter; but, however many times a week it may be made on these farms, one making always takes place on the day preceding the holding of the local weekly market. ¢ach make of butter is wrapped in a clean linen cloth, and on a market-day * in Normandy and Brittany one may see scores * The number of markets and fairs in France is something beyond belief; but so also are the number of vendors and the small quantity which each one thinks it worth while to bring tomarket. On this point, Arthur Young wrote in his graphic way, in 1788 :—* August 9th, Market-day. Coming out of the town I met at least an hundred asses, some loaded with abag, others a sack, but all apparently with a trifling burthen, and swarms of men and women; but a great proportion of all the labour of a country is idle in the midst of harvest, to supply a town which in England would be fed by |, of the people; whenever this swarm of Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 303 and even hundreds of women in the market-place of the towns, standing in double rows facing each other, and each with a basket before her containing one, two, or more lumps of butter (larger or smaller according to circumstances), separately en- veloped in clean linen. This basket, or other baskets, may also contain a certain number of eggs, a few chicken (perhaps only a couple), some veal or pork, and any other marketable. produce of the farm. Confining myself for the present to the butter, the next step -in the process is the advent of the butter-merchants. Some of these buy for sale to their customers in the neighbourhood, but they take only the best-made butter fit for immediate consump- tion and suited to the local taste. The great commerce, how- ever, is made by the wholesale butter-merchants, or their “buyers,” who taste, bargain, and at length buy little parcels of butter varying from half-a-dozen pounds or so upwards. The buyer has with him sundry large hampers, into which the sepa- rate lumps of butter are placed after they have been denuded of their linen wrappers, weighed, and paid for in coin of the realm. At the end of the day the merchant sends a greater or less number, of these hampers filled, and generally over-filled, weighing up to 200 lbs. each, carefully covered over and secured by means of linen and canvas, to his “ fabrique,” either by road or rail, and there is enacted the next stage of the process. As soon as possible after arrival at the factory (fabrique) the baskets are uncovered, and an experienced “hand” takes out each lump of butter separately. By the evidence of his senses of smell and taste, the former being generally sufficient, he classifies them, as a rule, into three qualities. Each quality is then dealt with separately, according to its needs for the market for which it is destined. The operations to which each quality of butter is subjected before packing are three, namely, kneading, washing, and salting. The kneading is continuous from the commencement of the washing to the end of the salting ; and it should be added that in many cases an intermediate process, namely, that of colouring, is found necessary to fit the butter for some markets, where the sentimental quality of colour is considered as essential as the practical qualities of taste and smell. Kneading has until recently been done almost entirely by hand ; and even now in most small factories, and in a few large ones, the old method is practised. A long trough (Fig. 5, p. 304), having a hole fitted with a plug in the centre of its lowest part, is used in such cases, and strong men knead the butter with triflers buzz in the market, I take a minute and vicious division of the soi] for granted.”—Op. ec’t., vol. i. p. 39. 304 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. Fig. 5.—Trough for Washing, Kneading, and Salting Butter (after M. Pouriau*), Xi SA = = W Trough on tressles, M. M. Lumps of butter. t Hole fitted with plug, for the escape of water and butter-milk. their fists, while water dribbles upon it and helps to wash out the butter-milk. The salt is afterwards incorporated in the butter by the same means. At the factory of M. le Noé Bidard, at Rennes, the mixing and washing tables are specially designed to enable the very hard winter-butter of the district to be efficiently dealt with. They are constructed of solid oak from the floor to the surface, and are about 32 inches in height. The surface of the table is nearly flat, and is surrounded by a rim about six inches high. The butter having been sorted into qualities as already de- scribed, each lump is subdivided by means of a wooden knife and spread over the surface of the table. Six men armed with heavy wooden mallets then range themselves, three on each side of the table, and, keeping time like so many blacksmiths at an anvil, pound the butter into a more soft and tractable mass. This process being finished, the butter is transferred to a Second table, where the washing, mixing, and salting are carried on in the usual manner. Some years ago, a ‘“ Mixing-machine” (Figs. 6 and 7) was invented by M. Hauducceur; and it has found a certain amount of favour with some of the butter-merchants. It consists of a hopper, into which the butter is placed, leading to a pair of fluted rollers, between which the butter passes, and falls into a second hopper leading to a pair of smooth rollers. The butter * «La Laiterie,—an admirable little book. “Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 305 Fig. 6—View of M. Hauduceeur’s Butter-mixing Machine (after M. Pouriau). é Water-jet. T’ Second hopper. K Receiving tub. T First hopper. R Smooth roller. m Expressed butter. C Fluted roller. B Mixing tub. having passed through the smooth rollers, falls into a tub fitted with a vertical axis carrying curved arms (see Fig. 7), which Fig. 7.— Vertical Section of Mixing-tub of M. Hauducew’s Butter- mixing Machine (after M. Pouriau). Ii | ZA B B Circumference of tub. bb Fixed arms on circumference. hit Revelving curved arms on axis A. VOL. XV.—S. S. xX 306 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. revolve in a horizontal sense, and mix the butter thoroughly together. The butter then passes through an aperture close to the bottom of the tub into a trough placed to receive it. To my mind, however, the most effectual and economical machine for mixing, washing, and salting the butter is one on the plan of the now well-known American and Danish Butter- workers, which were described years ago in this Journal by Mr. Coleman and myself,* and which received the Prize offered for such an implement at the Bristol Meeting.| This machine (Fig. 8), was invented and patented by a firm of French butter- Fig. 8.— View of Messrs. Gauthiot and Chollet’s Butter-working Table. merchants, Messrs. Gauthiot and Chollet, of Saumur, and it is manufactured at some works close to their butter-factory. The machine consists of a slightly conical circular table, mounted upon a strong wooden cruciform pediment. Each wing of the pediment carries one or two fixed rollers, on which the table travels when in operation. In the engraving (Fig. 8), it will be noticed that there are two of these rollers or castors at what may be termed the foot of the pediment, and one at the side which is in view. These are supplemented by two others at the head of the pediment, under the gearing, and by one at the * Second Series, vol. xi. p. 225, and vol. xiii. p. 83. t Supra, p. 147. Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 307 side which is out of sight. Immediately above the pediment is a channel which receives the expressed water or butter-milk, and carries it off by means of a pipe shown at the right-hand side of the engraving. The table itself is surrounded by an outside protecting rim. When in action, the table revolves towards the slightly bevelled cog-roller, which itself turns towards the table, and thus the butter is drawn between the two and the butter-milk squeezed out. The bevelled cog-roller is faced at each end by curved shields, which prevent the butter from clogging it at either end; and it is surmounted by a water-jet, which can be turned on or off as required. There are also arrangements for bringing the roller closer down to the table, or raising it higher up, according to the greater or less pressure which it is desirable to exert upon the butter. Some tables are furnished with an index which registers the revolutions made in the course of the day, and thus acts as a check upon the workpeople. A machine of this kind # Messrs. Brétel Brothers, at Valognes, was said to be capable of working, washing, and salting from 10 to 12 tons of butter per diem, requiring an in- dicated power of 3 horses by the 6-horse nominal fixed steam engine, which, however, is capable of being worked up to 12-horse power without difficulty. Such a butter-working machine, about 7 feet 3 inehes in diameter, costs in France about 200/., but smaller machines can be purchased at a some- what reduced cost. The best butter destined for exportation to England is not actually salted, but for the final washing a strong solution of salt is used in place of pure water. Ordinary butter is salted by the admixture of from 3 to 5 per cent. of its weight of salt if for consumption in England, and as much as from 8 to 10 per cent. if intended for the Brazilian market. The fact is that French butter of ordinary qualities receives so much battering after it is made that whatever strength of grain it may have originally possessed is utterly destroyed. The article as “ made up” by the butter-merchants is excellent for imme- diate consumption, but it will not keep very long without the addition of a large quantity of salt. Then the butter-merchants are less economical about the percentage of salt than they other- wise would be, because they receive a “ drawback” upon the duty which they had previously paid on the quantity used. Recently the French butter-merchants who export to Brazil _ haye found the competition of the Danish tinned butter so _ severe that they have begun to copy theirrivals. At one factory near Carentan (entirely devoted to this trade), Messrs. Denant and Co., of Periers, employ no less than 200 persons in making, filling, and packing the tins for exportation to tropical climates, x 2 308 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France.” chiefly Brazil and the South American Republics. Messrs. Brétel Brothers, of Valogne, whose name is so well known on the London market, have also made a beginning in the same direction. The extent of business done by some of the French butter- merchants is astonishing. For instance, the firm of Lepelletier, of Carentan, whose trade is solely with England, send the butter over in their own vessels, and in 1877 their exportation exceeded 4000 tons, and the estimated average value in France for the ten years then ended was nearly half a million sterling per annum. They estimated that in 1878 their trade would show an increase of about 30 per cent. over its average amount in the previous ten years. The following figures, showing that the trade of the house has doubled during the last twelve years, have been published by the firm as given by the Custom House authori- ties :-— le Number of | Net Weight of Year. Packages, Contents. Kilogrammes.* 1865 71,603 | 2,106,184 1866 97,593 | 2,732,604 1867 108,056 | 3,025,564 1875 | 120,200| 3,435,025 1877 | 131,333 | 4,230,527 Paching.—French butter is sent to market in a great variety of packages, according to the requirements of each locality. For the London market, kegs holding about 70 Ibs. each, crocks holding 50 lbs., and boxes containing one dozen 2-lb. rolls are most frequently seen. Extreme cleanliness and a refreshing neatness (amounting almost to what the French call coquetterie), are characteristic of all the methods, and they are further dis- tinguished by the free and almost lavish use of clean linen linings. The kegs and linen linings cost about ls. 9d. each; the crocks, which are protected by an outside basket, and also lined with linen, cost about 2s. each, including everything ; and the boxes holding a dozen rolls cost about 9d. each, in- cluding linen and paper. In the hottest weather the boxes are sometimes double, the space between the two boxes being filled with cotton wadding. In fact, the French butter-merchants thoroughly realise the importance of delivering their wares in an attractive condition, entailing neither trouble nor waste upon * For rough practical purposes 1000 kilogrammes may be taken to represent one ton ayoirdupois. »Y Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 309 the retailer.* Small tins for exportation to the tropics add something considerable to the price of the butter, namely, in round numbers, 24d. for 1-lb. tins, 33d. for 2 lbs., and 5d. for tins holding 4 lbs. Thus the cost per lb. decreases very rapidly in proportion to the augmentation in the size of the tin. CHEESE-MAKING. Cheese is not regarded exactly in the same light in France as in England. With us it is much more of a food, with our neighbours across the Channel it is much more of a flavour. The working classes in both countries use cheese as food ; but in France the skim-cheese is, as a rule, softer in texture and more pungent in flayour than it isin England. The kinds of cheese made, even in the north-western departments of France, are almost too numerous to mention ; and they present every possible gradation from the “Suisse double creme,” with its extraordinary richness and extreme delicacy, to a farmhouse skim-cheese, made for the resident labourers, that would blister an unaccustomed palate. It will be sufficient for me to sketch briefly the processes of manufacture, relating to a few different types of cheese made from cows’ milk, in the district of France which I have already defined. These are (1) the “ Bondon,” or “ Neufchatel,” with its more luscious outcome called “ Suisse,” and “Suisse double creme,”(2) the “ Camembert,” which stands in the first rank of French soft whole-milk cheeses, (3) the Livarot, a soft skim-cheese ; and (4) the well known Gruyére, as an example of a hard cheese having a distinct individuality. To show how far this is from exhausting the list, I reprint the following abstract of a classification of French cheeses, from Professor Pouriau’s valuable work entitled, “La Laiterie,” (p. 231) :— Creme, Double Créme (called swisses), Neuf- a Fresh Cheese .. chatel, Bondons, Malakoffs, Coulommiers, j Gournay, Mont d’Or, &c. Marolles, Rollot, Macquelines, Compiégne, Soft Cheeses Neufchatel, Camembert, Livarot, Pont Cured Cheese ..¢ V’Evéque, Mignot, Brie, Coulommiers, Troyes, Mont d’Or, Saint Florentin, Se- ¥ necterre, and many others. ed, but not) or Auvergne, Septmoncel, Gex, Mont Cenis, Hard Cheeses({ cooked .. | Géromé (dry), Sassanage, Roquefort. Pressed, salted, oe Gruyere, Port du Salut, Rangi- and cooked ..} port. Pressed and “not | ork (made in France), Bergue, Cantal, * On this point I may be allowed to quote the remark of an English friend :— “My cheesemonger said to me the other day, ‘ Look here at this French box—I open it (which he did),—here is the butter fit to weigh out to you without an atom of loss. Now let us break open this cask of Irish ; you see I have to scrape it all round and lose a lot, besides the trouble.’ ” 310 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. Bondon.—The head-quarters of this class of cheese may be regarded as the district of Bray in the Seine-Inférieure, having the little town of Neufchatel as its capital. In fact it is known in England better as “ Neufchatel” than as “ Bondon,” and many people are under the impression that the little cylindrical cheeses are imported from the town of Neufchatel in Switzerland. This delusion has been fostered by the fact that the variety of the cheese which has a certain proportion of cream added to the curd, is called in Paris “‘ Suisse double creme ;” but the epithet no more indicates the nationality of the cheese than it does that of the Parish Beadle, who is also known as “ le Suisse.” The process of manufacture, as I saw it near Monterolier under the guidance of M. Rasset, fils, the mayor of that com- mune, is as follows: The rennet is added to the milk, in pots holding about three gallons, at its natural temperature as it comes from the cow. Various devices are resorted to in the winter to preserve this temperature, without actually warming the milk. The pots may be warmed by immersion in scalding water; a number may be placed in a case, and the inter-spaces filled up with straw and chaff, well packed in; or they may be wrapped up in the linen cloths which are afterwards used to receive the curd. The rennet being added to the milk, it is left for many hours, even as many as forty-eight, for the curd to be fully de- posited ; the curd is afterwards placed in a linen cloth, which is suspended from the four corners of a skeleton box, and is there left for several hours, to enable the whey to drain off. It is then transferred to a clean cloth, in which it is carefully folded up, and is submitted to pressure for about twelve hours, or at least until the whey ceases to run out; but the ‘pressure is neither very great nor very even. The curd is next passed through cylindrical moulds, and the small cylindrical cheeses thus formed are at once salted on the outside. The cheeses, being then made, are put into a cellar on boards, each one being quite separate from its neighbours. In a few days, more or less according to the temperature, the first mould, thick and white, makes its appearance, and soon afterwards, especially in sum- mer, the cheeses are sold fresh. At other times the process of “ curing” is continued longer, and the cheeses are sold later at higher prices. On the whole, a fairly good maker will realize an average of 10 centimes (1d.) each, and as it is reckoned that the milk of an average Norman cow (say 400 gallons) in a comparatively poor district like that of Monterolier will make 4000 cheeses, this gives an average return of 16/. per cow per annum, without reckoning the value of the whey and the calf, The much richer quality of cheese for immediate consump- tion, already referred to as ‘* Suisse” and “ Suisse double creme,” | | : | | Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 311 is made near Gournay, and largely in Paris from curd sent from the same district. For the manufacture of the former a greater or less quantity of cream is mixed with the milk, before adding the rennet ; and for the latter a large quantity of cream is mixed with the curd after the whey has been expressed, either on the farm or in Paris. The mixture of cream and curd, whether made in the country or in Paris, is rolled in cylindrical lumps, weighing about 3 oz. each, in paper bearing the name, address, Kc., of the maker. These little cheeses are carefully packed in boxes lined with clean well-cut lengths of straw, which are also used to keep the rows of cheese in the box from impinging upon each other. The price realized for the cheese very much de- pends upon its appearance when sold to the restaurateur, or the private consumer; therefore great care is bestowed upon all the details of the packing. The straw is carefully combed to get out all leaves and adventitious matter, and is then cut by means of a fixed sharp knife, into the exact lengths required. It seemed to me remarkable that so simple a process of manufacture should not hitherto have been adopted in England, as such cheeses, imported from France, have a considerable sale in London at high prices. Camembert.—Of all the soft kinds of cheese made in France, the Camembert, when properly manufactured, is no doubt the king. Its rivals are the Brie and the Coulommiers, but the more unwieldy shape and shorter season of the former, and the restricted manufacture of the latter, deprive their competition of any serious importance. On the other hand, the popularity of the Camembert has so increased the demand, that many of the smaller, and especially of the newer, makers take too much toll in the shape of cream, before they commence the process of cheese-making, and thus tend to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. When properly made, the Camembert quite deserves the eulogium passed upon it by the Reporter of the Jury, at the Paris Dairy Show in 1874: “It surpasses in delicacy everything that the ingenuity of the cheese manufac- turer has been able to invent, to flatter the most fastidious palate.”* This result cannot, however, be obtained without great care, some experience, and especially a most watchful attention to the details of the process of curing. Many of the successful makers of this kind of cheese believe that they possess a valuable secret in their method of procedure, and not unnaturally are averse from giving technical information to a possible competitor, or even to an outsider. I visited several Camembert dairies, which are generally situated in the Pays * Richardson, op. cit., p. 165. 312 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. d’ Auge, although there are some also in Le Bessin; but I have found it necessary to discard my notes on all but three dairies, namely, one in Le Bessin, near Isigny (that of the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville), and two in the Pays d’Auge, that of M. Paynel at Mesnil Mauger, near Lisieux (whose grandmother first made this kind of cheese, in 1791, at Camembert in Orne), and one near Livarot, where I was taken by that dis- interested and enthusiastic pioneer of agricultural progress, the Viscount de Neuville, President of the Société d’ Encouragement de Lisieux. Even in these dairies there are differences in the details of the various processes of making and curing, and it must frankly be admitted that Camembert cheese-making is still a “ rule-of- thumb” procedure, and has not yet been reduced to scientific principles. The cows are generally milked three times a day, namely, at 4.30 a.m., 11.30 a.m., and 6 p.m. In most dairies the evening’s milk is lightly skimmed in the morning, after having stood 12 hours, and butter is made with the cream. The skimmed milk is divided into two portions, one of which is added to the morning’s and the other to the midday’s milking. The mixture of two-thirds whole ‘and one-third skim milk is immediately put into earthenware vessels, holding about 12 to 15 gallons each, and sufficient rennet is added to make the curd fit to be transferred to the cheese-moulds in about three or four hours, or perhaps after a longer interval in winter. It should be men- tioned that, before adding the rennet, the milk is brought to about the temperature which it is supposed to have had when it was drawn irom the cow, say about 86° Fahr. After adding the rennet, its mixture with the milk is ensured by a gentle stirring, and the pots are then covered with a square board. The curd is known to be ready for removal when it does not adhere to the back of the finger placed gently upon it, and when the liquid which runs off the finger is as nearly as possible colourless. When ready, the curd is carefully transferred, without break- ing it more than is possible, to perforated moulds, of the same diameter as a Camembert cheese (say 4 inches), but about three times the height.* The moulds are placed on reed mats, resting on slightly inclined slabs made of slate, cement, or other hard material, and having a gutter near the outer edge. The curd remains in the moulds about 24 to even 48 hours, according to * Practice differs considerably at this stage of the process. Some makers prefer to add new curd from time to time, as the first shrinks in consequence of the drainage of the whey; others prefer high moulds and putting as much curd in them at first as will allow for probable shrinkage. 7 , Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 313 the season, being turned upside down after an interval of 12 to 24 hours, that is to say, when sufficiently drained at the bottom. After the turning, the face of the cheese that is then inside the moulds is sprinkled with salt, and about 12 hours afterwards the opposite face and the rim of the cheese are also salted. The cheeses are then placed on movable shelves round the walls of the dairy for a day or two, according to the season and to the capacity of the room in relation to the number of cheeses made daily; and thus ends the first stage in the manufacture of this renowned dairy product. It must be understood, however, that the above description is merely general, and that each maker knows by experience how much rennet of an ascertained strength he should add to the milk, how long the curd takes, under different circumstances of weather, to become fit for putting into the moulds, how large the perforations in the moulds should be, how long the cheeses should be left to drain in the moulds, how often they should be turned, how much salt should be used, and so on through the whole of the processes which constitute the manufacture and the curing of the cheese. The curing of Camembert cheese consists of two distinct stages. In the first stage, the cheeses are placed in a thoroughly well ventilated room (“drying room”), on shelves made of narrow strips of wood, having narrow intervals between them, or of ordinary planks, covered with reed mats or clean rye-straw. The great point is to secure as dry an atmosphere and as equable a temperature as possible, and the greatest ingenuity is exercised in efforts to attain these objects. Generally the windows are numerous and small, placed at different heights, and furnished with three fittings, viz., with glass, to exclude air, but not light, when the glass is shut ; with a wooden shutter, to enable both light and air to be excluded; and with a wire-gauze fitting, which will admit both light and air, but will exclude flies and all kinds of winged insects, which are the great bane of the curer of soft cheese. The cheeses, as a rule, are turned every day at the commencement of their curing, and every other day afterwards while they are in the drying room, except in damp weather, when daily turning is absolutely necessary. During the sojourn in the drying room the cheeses show the following succession of appearances :—After an interval of three or four days they become speckled, in another week they are covered with a thick crop of white mould; by degrees the colour of this mould deepens to a dark yellow, while the outside of the cheese becomes less and less sticky. At the end of about a month, when the cheese no longer sticks to the fingers, it is taken to the finishing room, where light is nearly excluded, and where the atmosphere is kept very still and slightly damp. Here they 314 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. remain for three or four weeks, being turned every day or every two days, according to the season, and carefully examined periodically. When ready for market—that is to say, in winter when they are ripe, and in summer when they are about half- ripe—they are made up into packets of six, by means of straw and paper, with a skill and tidiness worthy of the reputation of the cheese. The prices of Camembert cheese vary very much according to quality and season. A really good cheese should havea mottled external appearance, the colours being a reddish brown and a dirty yellow, the former predominating. If the colour is too bright it betokens a skim-cheese ; as also does an elasticity or toughness when the cheese is pressed on the face with the finger. The quan- tity of milk required to make a Camembert cheese varies a little, according to its richness in cream when used for cheese-making. Thus the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville, who has a dairy of 30 cows, near Isigny, makes 8 cheeses from 243 pints of milk, or about 3 pints of milk to a cheese; but he takes off no cream. He sells them at from 7} to 8 francs (6s. to 6s. 5d.) the dozen ; and assuming that his cows (which are remarkably good ones, and graze on some of the best pastures in Normandy, having a rent value there of nearly 5/. per acre) give an average of 550 gallons, their gross return in cheese alone would be 36l. per head per annum, if it were all made into Camembert. Indeed, the Marquis himself told me that the average gross return of his cows exceeded 401. per head per annum. ‘ Mons. Paynel, of Mesnil Mauger, near Lisieux, received a large gold medal from the Imperial Jury in the district compe- tition of 1867. His farming then was similar to what it is now, but was not on so large a scale; and his books showed that in 1865 his 57 cows had given over 320,000 gallons of milk (an average of more than 550 gallons per head). With this milk he had made 2700 lbs. of butter, 3125 Livarot cheeses, and 59,146 Camembert cheeses (using 3} pints of milk to each). Putting these products at the prices which a French farmer may obtain for them now-a-days, supposing them to be of the best quality, they make a total of over 32/. per cow, without reckoning the value of butter-milk, whey, or calf. Considering that the rent of his land is about 56s. per acre, his net return would probably not fall far short of that of the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville. Livarot Cheese-—This is a skim-cheese about twice the weight of a Camembert. It takes its name from a town in the Pays d’Auge, about nine miles from Lisieux—the head-quarters of the manufacture of Camembert cheese at the present time. It is estimated that the quantity of Livarot cheese made annually has a value of about 80,000/.—more or less according to the season, Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 315 and that about one-fourth of the value of the make, not of its quantity, is sold in Paris, which takes the best of this as of every other kind of French dairy-produce. It is a moot point in the district of Livarot whether, on the whole, it is not more profit- able to make a large quantity of butter, and Liyarot cheese with the skim-milk, than a small quantity of butter and Camembert cheese with whole or nearly whole milk. My observations have led me to the conclusion that unskilful or inattentive cheese- makers do best by adopting the Livarot system, because they get rid of the cheese about a week or ten days after it is made, and thus avoid the losses which would result from any mistake in the management of the delicate processes of curing the Camem- bert. On the other hand, a good manager of Camembert in all its stages would surrender some portion of the profit which is the payment for his skill if he made Livarot instead of Cam- embert, except perhaps in the middle of the summer, when the weather is too hot for the manufacture of really fine Camembert. As in the case of every other kind of skim-cheese, the quality of the Livarot depends upon the length of time which the milk has stood before being skimmed. This varies, according to the markets, from 24 to 48 hours. The skim-milk is warmed to the natural temperature of milk just drawn from the cow, and rennet is added sufficient to coagulate the curd in from half an hour to two hours, according to the season—the shorter time being of course in the height of summer. When fit, the curd is taken with a bowl out of the pail in which it was set; it is spread upon a cloth placed upon a table-shelf, which is furnished with a gutter to carry off the whey, and is there broken up fine. The broken curd is then placed in perforated tin moulds upon the usual reed mats, and left to drain, the moulds being frequently turned at the commencement of the process, namely, every twenty or thirty minutes. By degrees the turning takes place less fre- quently, but the cheeses are kept in moulds, first of tin and afterwards of wood, until they are sold at the next available market-day. As a rule, the cheeses are thus kept by the farmer for seven or eight days, after which time they are sold “ green,” as we should term it, to dealers, who cure and otherwise prepare them for the market. At the establishments of the curers the cheese undergoes a variety of operations. It is first carefully salted on the outside, and then placed for about three weeks in the drying room, which is similar to that used for Camembert cheese. While there it is frequently turned, and at first rubbed with a strong solution of salt so long as it readily absorbs the brine. After about three weeks, it is moved to the “finishing room” or “ cellar,” also similarly arranged to that used for completing the curing of 316 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. Camembert. Here it is turned at frequent intervals and, after a lapse of a week or ten days, it is tightly bound by winding round its rim strips of the leaf of the reed-mace ( Typha latifolia), the object being to prevent the bursting of the cheese by the fermentation which is now going on inside it. After another six weeks, or two months, or longer, when the cheese has ac- quired the bright red colour which is thought characteristic of a good Livarot, it is sold for consumption. In the event of this colour not coming naturally to a proper hue, many curers do not hesitate to paint the cheese with annatto. The size and the quality (richness) of Livarot cheeses vary so much that it is difficult to give a mean price for them, but the richer cheeses are smaller and mature sooner than the poorer qualities. The price of good cheeses may be put at from 1 france to 1 shilling each, retail, except in Lent, when they are much dearer, on account of the greater demand for them during that fast. As to the return to the makers, M. Pouriau puts the net amount from butter and from this kind of cheese at from 107. to 12/. on the average, rising to 14/. in exceptionally well- managed dairies; and he quotes a dairy where the gross return per cow is between 22/. and 24/. per annum, Gruyére.—Of all foreign kinds of cheese, the Gruyere is probably the best known to English travellers at home and abroad, as it can generally be obtained at the best hotels both in London and the provinces. The familiarity of the consumer with the product is not, however, accompanied by an exact knowledge of the process of its manufacture; and I have heard the most amusing descriptions given by people who assumed the air of being well informed on such subjects. As an illustra- tion of the prevailing ignorance, I may quote the following description of Gruyeére from one of the favourite text-books still used in the elementary private schools :—‘ Gruyere, made in a small town of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg. It is a mixture of goats’ and ewes’ milk, and very strong in flavour”! In France alone the value of the Gruyere cheese made annually is estimated at more than 600,0002. Owing to differ- ences in the physical and economical conditions of the districts in which it is manufactured, there are many variations in the size and quality of the cheese, as well as in the arrangements under which it is made, cured, and marketed. It would require a lengthy treatise to enter into all these details, and I therefore propose to confine myself to a brief description of the making of the cheese, as I saw it done at M. Lecomte’s factory, near Montereau, about 50 miles south of Paris. Gruyere cheeses have a sort of cart-wheel shape, that is ‘to say, they are thin cylinders of large diameter. In weight they Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 317 vary from under half a hundredweight to more than three times as much. M. Lecomte has four cheese-tubs placed round a central pillar in the middle of his cheese room. Each of these tubs holds nearly 70 gallons of milk, and is heated by means of steam injected into a coil of pipes in the space beneath the false bottom. ‘The whey is drawn off by means of a siphon, and runs through pipes into one of the three whey-tanks, which have a total capacity of nearly 9000 gallons. One man has charge of each tub, and if the supply of milk is sufficient he can make five cheeses per diem; and at the time I visited the factory, seventeen cheeses per day were being made. Each cheese is numbered, and is also branded with the distinguishing mark of the dairyman, who receives a bonus for each really good cheese that he makes, in addition to his daily wages. Considering the rapidity with which such heavy cheeses—weighing at M. Lecomte’s about 66 Ibs. each,— can be turned off by one man without any attendant, the follow- ing brief sketch of the modus operandi may be interesting. The milk, measuring as nearly as possible 66 gallons, having been put into the tub, the temperature is raised to 95° Fahr., when about 21 oz. of rennet are added and carefully mixed with it, and the tub is covered. The curd comes in about 40 minutes, and the whey is then raised to a temperature of 138° to 140°, at which it is kept for another 40 minutes to cook the eurd. Towards the end of this period, a large flat wooden shovel (Fig. 9) is placed carefully upon the top of the curd, the progress of which is now and then ,,. : testetl by the attendant gently moving the BIG 2 acs a, ane shovel over its surface. If the shovel sticks or hangs to the curd, the cooking process is still incomplete, but when it glides smoothly along, the attendant commences cutting the curd gently into horizontal slices which he removes towards the rim of the tub. After this has been done suffi- ciently, in his judgment, he uses one of various forms of curd-breakers. Amongst others, 1 noticed a wooden pole armed with a number of pro- jecting slanting spikes, which cross one another along about two feet of its length, also a hoop and band arrangement, such as is shown in Fig. 10. Great practice appears to be necessary in order to acquire skill in this part of the operation, and the object in view appears to be to break up the curd as evenly but as ruggedly as possible. Towards the end of the breaking, the dairyman, by varying the movement of the breaker, collects all used in making Gru- yere cheese. 318 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. the curd into the centre of the vat, and then allows a few moments for the rotatory movement of the whey to subside. He then takes a cloth, puts Fig. 10.—Curd-breaker for Gruyeére cheese. one corner between as teeth, holds the lateral corners in each hand, holding at the same time a curved iron wire over which the remain- ing corner of the cloth is folded. He then bends over the cheese- tub, and by deftly passing the wire completely under the heap of curd collects it all in the cloth. The clothful of curd is then taken out and placed in a frame of the size and shape of the cheese, the ends are carefully folded over the top of the mass of curd, a board is put on, and the cheese submitted to pressure for 24 hours, in the course of which it is turned seven or eight times. After pressure it is rubbed with salt and transferred to a cellar, where it is turned and rubbed every other day for about three months, when it is fit for market. It may not be out of place to add that M. Lecomte, making as he does over 1000 gallons of milk per day into Gruyere cheese, necessarily has a large pig-feeding establishment. Be- tween 400 and 500 pigs are fattened annually, a large number being bred by himself, and the remainder bought in as required. Their food consists of crushed maize, more or less cooked and mixed with whey. It is given them three times a day in a series of small yards, where each pig knows his own trough. They eat as much as they like at the fixed hours, but have nothing in the intervals. CONCLUSION. Readers of the foregoing pages should now be in a position to consider the inferences which may be derived from the facts therein given. At the present time the annual value of the imports of butter into the United Kingdom is in round numbers ten millions sterling, and of this large amount more than one- third is paid annually to France. The imports of cheese amount to about five millions annually, but of this very little comes from the other side of the Channel. The inference from these facts seems clear :—Americans, Swedes, Danes, and even Rus- sians, have learnt from us how to make Cheddar cheese, and have flooded our markets with practically our own wares, which they can afford to sell profitably at prices such as have ruled this year (even as low as 24d. per lb.), which mean simple ruin to the English cheese-maker. On the other hand, France sends us Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 319 excellent butter in summer and autumn, Denmark and Sweden in winter, and Holland in spring and summer, to an extent that similarly influences the price of English goods, and similarly affects the receipts of our native dairy-farmers. We have taught all the world how to make a cheese that will travel with little or no injury, and that can be made of such uniform quality that hundreds may be safely bought as per sample. Cannot we in our turn learn how to make butter and soft cheese of good quality and in large quantities? It is to no purpose to state that the butter made by such or such an English farmer is as good as any in the world. The question is, How much of such butter can be delivered every week to market? The best English butter is, no doubt, the best in the world; but, unfortunately for us, it is so scarce that it is rarely seen, and is practically out of the wholesale market. Shopkeepers, hotel-keepers, and others who supply the public, must buy a commodity the quality of which they know will be uniform throughout. This cannot at present be expected of English, and still less of Irish goods, and therefore purveyors purchase foreign—French, Dutch, and Danish—according to its season. What Mr. Gilbert Murray states on another page (142) is doubtless true of many other large hotels as well as the Mid- land; and although in some shops one may see butter labelled “Best Dorset,” ‘“ Best Aylesbury,” &c., the expert knows that in many cases these designations are trade fictions, and that Normandy is generally the home of the article in question. With regard to butter-making, the first step of course is to produce a better material than the bulk of English butter now is, and the second is to secure uniformity of quality, either by the establishment of co-operative butter-factories, or by the inter- position of a middle-man like the French butter-merchant. The first step is comparatively easy, for it only requires a firm con- viction that sour milk causes a mixture of curd with the cream, and that for every shilling gained in quantity by skimming sour milk, five shillings are lost in the quality of the butter made from it. This conviction having been arrived at, milk would always be skimmed while still sweet, and thus a minimum of curd would be taken off with the cream; while by thoroughly washing the butter in the churn as soon as it comes, all curd and butter-milk would be washed out from every particle of butter. In the absence of fermentable and putrefying matter, there can be no fermentation and no putrefaction. It is the very thoroughness with which the French achieve this result that causes some people to pronounce their butter tasteless ! This result, however, is not obtained by the French farmer in the case of the butter which finds its way to the English market ; 320 Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. but, as I have already described in detail, by a merchant who completes the process of butter-making. What has been so successful in France ought surely to succeed in England, and more particularly in Ireland. It seems to me that here is an opening for men of enterprise and capital, and with proper management their success ought not to be doubtful. If, how- ever, the farmers of a district wish to retain for themselves the profits of this new middle-man, let them combine and furnish their own factory, appoint a paid manager, and sell a uniform quality of butter under their own brand. With regard to cheese, my conviction is that it will not pay any but the very best English cheese-makers to produce hard cheese many years longer. The American competition is be- coming more and more keen, the markets are becoming more and more glutted, not only with cheese, but with tinned meats and other kinds of cheap food which tend to lessen the con- sumption of cheese, and therefore the price of cheese will neces- sarily be kept low. All the while, the price of really good fresh butter is high, because there is so little of it, most of the foreign butter being more or less salted. Therefore it seems well worth a vigorous effort on the part of the English farmer to come once more to the front with a good quality of the less transportable article. I have devoted some pages to a description of three kinds of soft French cheese, two being articles of luxury, while the third (a skim-cheese) is very much superior to anything made from skim-milk in this country. The processes of manufacture which I have described entail no hard manual labour, and are therefore infinitely better adapted to a woman’s organization than the slavery of making a huge Cheddar. Again, the process of _ curing in its various stages is of a nature to interest the dairy- woman in its ultimate success. ‘The making of such cheeses on farms which are too far from a railway or large town for the milk to be sold unmanufactured would be very remunerative at those seasons when the markets are glutted with butter of all nationalities; but such a practice would necessitate yigilant supervision on the part of the farmer’s wife. The usual answer to such a suggestion as that Neufchatel, Camembert, and Livarot cheeses should be made in England will doubtless be given, namely, “ Our climate and soil are not adapted to that class of cheese.” But if Scotchmen, Americans, Canadians, Swedes, Russians, &c., can make Cheddar cheese, if Frenchmen and Russians can make the Edam cheese of Holland and the Gruyere of Switzerland, why should not English dairy-farmers make soft French cheeses? Mr, Allender, Managing Director of the Aylesbury Dairy Company, has kindly Report on the Dairy-Farming of the North-west of France. 321 given me the following account of his first experiment in this direction, which is at any rate sufficiently encouraging to stimu- late further attempts based on more exact knowledge of the French processes :— “Having visited some dairy farms in France, where Bondons, Neufchatel, Camembert, Petit Suisse Créme, and other small cheeses are made, 1 saw no reason why such cheese should not be made in this country. ‘These cheeses are made from ‘soft or uncooked paste’ (pate), as distinguishing them from the hard or cooked curd, from which cheese is principally made in - England. 1 took good ordinary fresh milk, as received in London from the country, and without heating it, added a small quantity of rennet. I left the milk to stand in a moderately warm temperature, until curd had formed, from 12 to18 hours. I hada crate made, similar to those I had seen in France, about 3 ft. 6 in. long, 15 in. wide, and 18 in. deep. I tied the corners of a coarse cloth to the corners of this crate, allowing the cloth to form a bag in the crate, the bottom of the bag being some inches from the bottom of the crate. Into this bag I poured the curdled milk, and allowed it to remain until the whey had fairly drained from it. The corners of the cloth were then loosened, and the mass of curd, still in the cloth, allowed to fall to the bottom of the crate; the edges of the cloth were then folded over the curd, thus making it into ‘a parcel,’ as it were. A piece of board was placed upon the lumps of curd, and upon this a weight, so as to squeeze out more whey. This draining process occupied some twelve hours. On opening the cloth the curd was found in a solid, but not too hard mass. This was broken up with the hand and worked into a smooth paste. It was then moulded into tin rings, about four inches in diameter, and aninchdeep. ‘The paste was squeezed into the ring, and the small cheeses thus made were shaken out on to a board. The boards were cut so as to take three dozen cheeses in three rows, The : cheeses were then put into a vault to dry and ripen. The French farmer who gave me the most information on the subject, told me that there was but little difference in the paste from which the various cheeses are made, the great difference being the manipulation, especially in the treatment of the cheese during the drying and ripening process. This I found to be the case with me, Having but little time to spare for my experiments, and the attention I could give being very irregular, I obtained all sorts of results, some of my cheeses turning out very fair specimens, closely resembling Camemberts, others of quite a different character, more like the Bondon or Neufchatel. These differences were mainly brought about by variations of temperature, both during the period of curdling and while the cheeses were drying. The state of the atmosphere had also much to do with the differences of production. Of one thing, however, I am fully convinced as the result of my trials, viz., that these soft cheeses can be just as well made in England as in France, and that much of the money now paid to our neighbours for that product of the dairy might be put into the pockets of our own farmers ; but, to succeed, great per~ sonal and minute attention must be bestowed upon the manufacture, and it is in this alone that the Frenchman has the advantage over the Englishman, an advantage which need not exist. “T may mention that the delicious cream-cheese, sold in Paris as Fromage Gervais,* is made by adding to the‘ paste,’ as described above, as much cream as the paste or curd will carry or absorb. This is done by the hand; the paste is sent fromthe farm at Gournay to Paris every evening during the season, the cream is then worked up with it and the cheeses are made up and * This is the “Suisse double creme” described on p. 37, “ Gervais” being the name of one of the largest and best-known makers.—H, M., J. VOL. XV.—S. 5. y 322 In Memoriam.—The late Sir W. Miles, Bart., M.P. put each into its little paper envelope in Paris during the night. M. Gervais sends out over 400,000 of these cheeses daily in Paris alone.” It will have been noticed that I have laid very little stress upon the nature and quality of the food given to milch-cows, and, indeed, have almost ignored the processes which lead up to the production of the milk. In England, the breeding, rear- ing, and feeding of cattle, whether for the production of meat or milk, are more thoroughly understood than in any country in -the world. The necessity of cleanliness in the dairy, the in- fluence even of the water which the cows drink, and with which the butter is washed, upon the flavour of the product, are also generally recognized. But where English dairy-farmers fail is in the process of manufacture, and that is why I have concen- trated so much of my attention upon that branch of the subject. In conclusion, I wish to express my very grateful thanks to the numerous French dairy-farmers and butter-merchants whom I visited, and who treated me, one and all, with a most charming frankness and hospitality. Iam afraid that I never properly recognize the value of my nationality, except when I am ina foreign country, but when I am in France I am almost made patriotically conceited. Several of the gentlemen whom I visited are mentioned in the foregoing pages; but in addition 1 am specially indebted for introductions to them and others :—to my distinguished friend M. E, Tisserand, Director of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, to my courteous and able colleagues, M. E. Lecouteux, Secretary-General of the French Agricultural Society, and M. Delalonde, Secretary-General of the French Dairy Society, and last, though by no means least, to my enthusiastic friend Mr. Gibson-Richardson, the author of the ‘Corn and Cattle Producing Districts of France,’ who left no stone unturned, and no pen untried, to facilitate the object of my journey,—of which this Report forms the first part of the record. XI.— The late Sir WitttaAm Mins, Bart., M.P., Vice-President, and Ex-President of the Society. Dear Mr. JENKINS, I send you a memoir of the late Sir W. Miles’ work in connection with the early Shows of our Society, which Sir B. T. Brandreth Gibbs has furnished to me. In addition to the work in the Showyard, Sir William took interest in practical experi- ments on his farm, which he communicated to the early numbers of the ‘Journal. I find several short notices from him on ex- periments which he had made with Poitevins manure, Daniell’s In Memoriam.— The late Sir W. Miles, Bart., M.P. 323 manure, refuse from the glue manufactories, guano, several reports on different species of wheat selected by the Council, cultivation of mangolds as compared with swedes, &c. Nor did he confine himself only to the results obtained in the field; he sends analyses by Liebig, Davy, and Herepath—quotes a quaint old book on agriculture written by C. Venlo, and published at Winchester in 1773, describing experiments on wheat culture at that period. Again, he is Chairman of the Local Com- mittee at Bristol in 1842, down at Pusey watching trials of ploughs, lending his own steam engines at Leigh Court in order that some experiments may be made in consequence of a protest in 1847, and in every way showing the most lively interest in the welfare of the Society. And all this time he was Member for East Somerset, for which division of the county he sat from 1834 until his voluntary retirement in 1865, and at the same period was for thirty-five years Chairman of Quarter Sessions. He was no idle politician; he took a very decided line as a partizan, and threw into this pursuit his characteristic warmth and ardour. Indeed he appears to me to have well represented the class of English country gentlemen— a keen sportsman, a hard rider with Sir R. Sutton at Lincoln in his youth, an earnest politician, an able magistrate, an en- lightened agriculturist, and a warm-hearted friend. It is tomen - like him who sat on the early Council of the Society, that we owe much of the large spirit which has guided its discussions. Its founders, of whom Sir W. Miles was one, were generally men who combined a love of agriculture with keen political instincts ; but both in the Council and the Showyard party feelings were forgotten ; and, whether Whig or Tory, Protectionist or Free Trader, they worked harmoniously for the interests of the agri- culture which they loved, and, by their example, handed down a traditional good feeling to their successors in the Council, which I am happy to think exists at this day as strong as ever. I am, truly yours, Joon Dent Dent. Ribston Hall, 31st December, 1878. In Memoriam. By Sir B. T. Branpretra Gipss, Vice- President of the Society. By the death of Sir William Miles, Bart. (late M.P. for ' Somersetshire), the Society has lost one of its original Members __ of Council, and one who served the offices of Steward of Imple-~ ments, of Vice-President, and of President. To fully trace his connection with the Society would almost involve writing its early history, or, at least, an account of the ¥ 2 324 In Memoriam.—The late Sir W. Milés, Bart; M.P. rise and progress of the Machinery department, as well as of the first trials of implements and of that which has eventually been denominated the “ Prize-System.” It is, indeed, true that at the first Meeting at Oxford in 1839 the exhibition of implements was on a very limited scale; and although at that time the few waggon-loads of machinery which were exhibited were looked upon as a good display, the whole only occupied comparatively a few square yards of uncovered space in the centre of the Show-ground. The same may be said of the succeeding Meeting at Cam- _ bridge, where there certainly was an increase, still it was not sufficient to necessitate special shedding being provided, nor regular stands allotted. The few machines that required pro- tection were stored in the unoccupied end of one of the live- stock sheds. It was, however, at the Liverpool Meeting in 1841 that this portion of the Show began to assume large proportions: special shedding was devoted to implements, which were classified, as far as possible, according to their respective uses. Now, for the first time, there were three Stewards of Imple- ments; and Mr. Miles, in conjunction with Mr. Handley and Mr. W. Patten, undertook this department, and conducted the Trials which were then made under the auspices of the Society on the race-course at Aintree. At the Bristol Meeting, in 1842, for the first time, each ex- hibitor showed his entire collection together, on what has since been called his Stand; and on this occasion more extended trials than hitherto were made. Again Mr. Miles was a Steward, together with Mr. Shelley (afterwards Sir John V. Shelley) and Mr. John Benett, M.P. At Derby, in 18438, the Implement department became still further developed, and, for the first time, each machine had a reference number corresponding with the Catalogue, Mr. Miles was again a Steward, in conjunction with Mr. Shelley and Mr. Pusey, M.P. Indeed, at the succeeding Meetings at South- ampton, Shrewsbury, Newcastle, and Northampton, Mr. Miles and Mr. Shelley continued to discharge the arduous duties of Stewards. It was at the Meeting at Southampton that Mr. Miles sug- gested the plan of having all the implements which had been entered for trial brought together and classified for the inspec- tion of the Judges; but this arrangement, however good in theory, had subsequently to be abandoned in consequence of the increasing number of exhibits from year to year. From the above remarks, it will be seen that Mr. Miles acted as a Steward of Implements for seven consecutive years; and In Memoriam.— The late Sir W. Miles, Bart, M.P. 325 that, too, at a time when the duties were borh important and laborious ; for during his Stewardship the Exhibition had grown from a couple of sheds to an extent which even then gave promise of the vast proportions which the Shows have attained in recent years. It is somewhat remarkable that, although Mr. Miles took such an active part in connection with this department of the Society’s Shows, his name does not appear conspicuously in the Journals of that period. This, however, may be accounted for from the fact that it was not then the custom for the Senior Steward of the year either to write the Reports or any introductory com- ’ ments on those furnished by the Judges. The amount of work which Mr. Miles did for the Society, therefore, must not be measured by this silence; for there can be no doubt that many of the difficulties inherent to the establishment of an Exhibition of Implements, and to conducting the Trials, were in a great measure overcome by his personal activity and perseverance. Although Mr. Miles retired from the office of Steward after the Northampton Meeting, in 1847, he continued to take a leading part in the proceedings of the Society as a Member of the Council, and, from the year 1852, as one of the Vice- Presidents. In 1854-5 he occupied the important office of President of the Society ; and in this capacity he headed a deputation sent by the Council to the Universal Exhibition of 1855 in Paris, where he and his colleagues were received, both by the Emperor, the Ministers, and the learned Societies of that capital, with marked courtesy. The Society’s Meeting at Carlisle being held under his Pre- sidency, he most handsomely offered his corn crops for a thorough trial of reaping-machines during the harvest ; and he received and entertained the Stewards, Judges, and officials, with the greatest hospitality, at his seat, Leigh Court, near Bristol. The Report on the Trials concluded with the following tribute: “The Judges cannot close this Report without ex- pressing their obligations and thanks to Mr. Miles for the great facilities offered by him for the trials of these machines, and for his obliging kindness to themselves and to all engaged in the experiments.” In concluding these imperfect remarks, it is only just that ample testimony should be borne to the unwearied energy which Sir William Miles (then Mr. Miles) displayed in everything he undertook. No day was too long for him, and no obstacle too great to be surmounted ; and whatever want of previous pre- parations may have occasionally marked his administration, 326 In Memoriam.— The late Mr. T. C. Booth. this was always more than counterbalanced by his readiness and devotion in carrying out whatever he saw to be necessary. He was endowed with great promptitude of decision, an attribute often requisite in the early days of the Society’s Trials of Implements, when the exhibitors and their employés were not so well trained as they have become by subsequent experience ; and although he required his decisions to be carried out to the very letter, and enforced them when necessary, there always predominated a frankness and manliness of character which won the confidence of all with whom he came fn contact, and | endeared him to those who had the advantage of being associated with him as colleagues. By the writer, who is now the only remaining officer who shared his labour in the early days of the Society’s history, his memory will ever be cherished, and sincerely respected. XII.— The late Mr. T. C. Booth, of Warlaby. By H. Cuanpos- PoLEe-GELL, of Hopton Hall, Derbyshire. Tue subject of this brief memoir, Thomas Christopher Booth, was born at Killerby Hall, near Catterick, Yorkshire, on De- cember 3rd, 1832. He was the third son of the late Mr. John Booth, of Killerby, and of Jane, daughter of Mr. Charles Wright, of Cleasby, one of the spirited purchasers of the celebrated bull “ Comet” (155), Coates’s ‘Herd Book.’ Mrs. Booth’s mother was the daughter of Mr. Charge, of Barton, near Darlington, another of the joint owners of this animal. Mr. Booth’s paternal grandfather, Mr. Thomas Booth, of Killerby and Warlaby, was one of the earliest breeders of Shorthorns, and founded the herd which has been handed down to the present time through three generations. The present Booth family may thus be said to have been born and reared in an atmosphere of Shorthorn interests, and the mantle of their ancestors fell on no unworthy shoulders, as both the brothers who engaged in farming pursuits have made a mark in their profession. Mr. T. C. Booth was educated at the Kepier Grammar School at Houghton-le-Spring, in the county of Durham, under the mastership of the Rev. J. Young, D.D. During his school career he distinguished himself by steady application to work in school hours, and earnest attention to play when work was over: he was generally head of his class, a leader in all boyish games, and a universal favourite with his — fellows. At about the age of sixteen he entered’ the office of Messrs. T’. and H. Littledale and Co., brokers, of Liverpool, to whom he was apprenticed for the usual term of five years. Here, — In Memoriam.— The late Mr. T. C. Booth. 327 attention to his duties soon attracted the notice of his employers, who found him not only steady and industrious, but one on whose energy and thoroughness they could rely. Mr. John Torr, now Member for Liverpool, at that time one of the partners in the firm, has told me that, during his connection with the house of Littledale, he never had greater pleasure in endorsing the inden- tures of any of their apprentices than in the case of Mr. Booth. Whilst serving his term of five years, spent amongst the busy docks and warehouses of that great commercial town, and in the office of those well-known merchants, Mr. Booth acquired accurate business habits, which stood him in geod stead when he became an agriculturist. Having been trained to a mer- cantile life, he naturally endeavoured to find an opening for his abilities, and at one time contemplated going out to India; but the death of his two elder brothers, followed soon after, in 1857, by that of his father, altered his position so materially that he decided on remaining in England. He returned home, and entered into partnership with his brother John in the management of the farm at Killerby. From this time for- ward his whole attention was given to agriculture, and he spared no pains to make himself master of his business. Whilst the brothers were together they worked very hard, and brought the farm into a high state of cultivation, improving their stock of every kind, and soon showing to their friends and neighbours that the old “ Booth blood” was to be found in the sons of the house as well as in the cattle. At this time Mr. Booth took great interest in the volunteer movement, and was instrumental in raising the 14th North York Rifle Volunteers, of which corps he became the first captain, on January 8th, 1860. He was an excellent shot, and at Wimbledon, in 1862, succeeded in being placed sixth for the Queen’s prize, winning an Enfield rifle. The next step in Mr. Booth’s life Was a most important one. On April 28th, 1864, he married Fanny, daughter of the Rev. W. Lockwood, vicar of Kirkby Fleetham, Yorkshire, and granddaughter of the Rey. W. Glaister, who was well known in the early days of Short- horns, and owned the once celebrated bull “Son of Denton” 198). It will be seen that by this marriage a fresh infusion of the “blue blood” of Shorthorn breeders was introduced into the family at Warlaby, and we may fairly hope that, amongst the eight children left to deplore their father’s loss, some will be found to inherit the taste and talent of their prede- cessors, and to carry on the pursuit which has made the name of “Booth” famous, not only in Great Britain and Ireland, but wherever the ubiquitous Shorthorn is found. The death of his uncle, Mr. Richard Booth, in 1864, put Mr. Booth in possession 328 In Memoriam.— The late Mr. T. C. Booth. — of the family estate at Warlaby. The herd there then consisted of 31 females and 29 bulls, and was left by will to be sold. It was decided that Mr. T. C. Booth should become the purchaser, taking the stock at a valuation. The well-known auctioneer and judge of Shorthorns, Mr. W. Wetherell, and Mr. W. Torr, of Aylesby, were appointed arbitrators. On May 26th, 1865, the valuation was made, and Mr. Booth became owner of the Warlaby herd. At first all went well with him, and fortune seemed to smile upon her favourite ; but, alas! a change soon came ; that dreaded scourge, “ foot-and-mouth disease,” attacked the herd. After a time of great trouble and anxiety it passed away, but not without leaving sad traces behind. In 1865-66 the rinderpest appeared in England, and soon laid its hold on many of the farms surrounding Warlaby. Happily the energetic sanitary precautions which were taken averted the threatened evil, and the herd escaped. A brook which nearly surrounds the farmsyead and home pastures was constantly patrolled, and no living thing allowed to cross it, as the plague was raging on the other side. ‘Tar-barrels were constantly burning at dif- ferent parts of the buildings; disinfectants were freely used ; all servants, horses, carts, and carriages were placed in quarantine after being at any market; and even the cat that had strayed was not allowed to return to the premises. This danger safely passed, matters seemed to progress fayour- ably for a few years ; but, in the great outbreak of 1870—-i-2, ‘foot-and-mouth ” again appeared, and with such dire results that in 1873 only three calves were born alive. These sad troubles and reverses did not, however, quench Mr. Booth’s energy ; in spite of his anxieties, he was never cast down; the farm improvements were carried on without inter- ruption. He rented a farm adjoining his own property, and soon brought it into good order, draining all the land that required it, grubbing up useless old fences, and laying the fields into such form as suited steam cultivation, which he was one of the first to introduce into his neighbourhood. Mr. Booth’s activity of mind was not satisfied with merely attending to his own affairs ; he also took great interest in the welfare of those around him. At the time of the restoration of his parish church of Ainderby he rendered most valuable assistance; he became a member of the Board of Guardians, and of the Highway Board, and at the time of his death was chairman of nearly all the local public bodies in the district. He was also a Member of Council of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, and took an important part in its transactions. In 1868 he was elected Member of Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Here his sound sense and capacity for business soon brought him to the front. For In Memoriam.— The late Mr. T. C. Booth. 329 three years he acted as a Steward of Implements, being most untiring in the performance of his duties, which were at times very arduous. Mr. Booth often took part in the discussions at the Council Meetings of the Society. Firm and decided in his opinions, he was always listened to with attention. He spoke his mind freely, but, however strongly he advocated his cause, never hurt the feelings of those who differed from him, and no man was more popular even with his opponents. These qualities were testified to by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, when, as President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, he announced the death of Mr. Booth to the Council, at their Meeting last November, in the following terms :— “It is my painful duty to announce to you the death of Mr. T. C. Booth, who has for ten years been on the Council of this Society, during which time he has been one of its most active members, serving as Steward of Finance, also of Implements, and Chairman of several important Committees. Of his work as an active member of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, and other local associations, it is not necessary to speak. He is well known to us in regard to the untiring and unceasing efforts he made in conjunction with Mr. Jacob Wilson, for the passing of a measure for the prevention of contagious diseases in animals, watching with unflagging attention the proceedings of the Com- mittee of the House of Commons in 1877, and the passing of the Act this last Session. I have always been told that he was a man of most equal mind and temper, fair and unprejudiced in all matters, holding his own judgment and opinion, but always prepared to give way when shown to be in error; one with whom especially it was a pleasure to work.” He was also one of the first promoters of the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Iretand. From its formation he was one of the “ Editing Committee,” and his colleagues in that office can speak to the efficient manner in which he did his share of their somewhat invidious work. As a Judge of Shorthorns Mr. Booth was unsurpassed, and no man was more free from prejudice. As a breeder of a particular line of blood which had taken a very high position, he naturally preferred his own cattle to those of rival strains; but these con- siderations never biased his judgment, and he always “ went for the best animal” when it appeared before him. Though con- stantly requested to act as Judge, he almost always refused, holding that the owner of so many bulls whose stock were being exhibited had better leave others to decide on the respective merits of the animals. In the early part of his career at Warlaby he himself showed occasionally, and the once familiar names of “ Lady Fragrant,” “ Patricia,” and “ Commander-in- 330. InNienartian= Tila Chief,” &c., will remind some of my readers of the exciting Showyard conflicts of a few years ago. At the time of the Meet- ing of the Royal Agricultural Society of England at Oxford, in 1870, Mr. Booth’s herd was in magnificent order; and pro- bably no one man could have shown 13 such grand cows as were then running in the Burnaston Hill pasture at Warlaby, * Commander-in-Chief,” the Sultan of the harem, being in his box a few hundred yards distant. A curious circumstance happened at this time, which I think I may be excused for recording here. Mr. Wright, of Chesterfield, once well known as a Judge of Shorthorns, and, at the time of which I am speaking, between eighty and ninety years of age, came to see the herd, and whilst looking at the cows, said, “It is almost fifty years to a day since I stood in this field with your grandfather. There were then, as now, 13 cows, as good as these, but of a different stamp, and the best of them was a cow called ‘ Dairymaid ;’ have you any of that family left?” Mr. Booth was happily able to reply, “Yes; and the one you selected to-day as the best animal here is descended directly from her.” This anecdote Mr. Booth related to me a few days after it occurred, as we were admiring “ Soldier’s Daughter,” the cow in question, After suffering such heavy losses through foot-and-mouth disease, Mr. Booth considered it advisable to relinquish exhibiting; his herd being so greatly reduced in numbers, he was afraid to run the risks which arise from over-feeding. He felt that the reputation of the Booth cattle was firmly established in the public mind, and their successes would not easily be forgotten; in addition to which many breeders, using his bulls, were exhibiting, and doing battle for him in public, whilst he at home was quietly preparing for them the means by which they achieved their victories. At first he had considerable difficulty in supplying the wants of his customers, who were anxiously awaiting the arrival of young bulls, to take the place of the veterans with which they were obliged to content themselves. The few young animals to be let were eagerly snapped up, and still the cry was “ More ; more.” In the year 1875 took place the sale of the late Mr. W. Torr’s Shorthorns at Aylesby, and here, after due consultation with his most intimate friends and supporters, Mr. Booth deter- mined to purchase the larger portion of the “Bright” and “ Riby ” families, both of which were descended from “ Anna ” by “Pilot” (496), sold at Mr. R. Booth’s sale at Studley, near Ripon, in 1834. Accordingly, twelve of the best of these animals came into Mr. Booth’s possession, at an average of about 1000 guineas each, and were taken back to the pastures whence they originally sprang. In their ancestral home they have been most fortunate, and have multiplied in a thoroughly satisfactory In Memoriam.— The late Mr. T. C. Booth. 331 manner ; and the Warlaby herd, thus reinforced, has increased so well that, at the beginning of this year (1878), Mr. Booth was enabled to let a number of the finest young bulls that were ever at Warlaby at one time. ‘Though so well known in his own part of the world, and though so much connected with local interests, Mr. Booth had not taken any very active part in public matters until the year 1877, when he supported his friend, Mr. Jacob Wilson, in his endeavours to get a bill brought before Parliament for the better régulation of our foreign-cattle trade. Convinced of the immense importance of such a measure to farmers of all classes, and to the community at large, as, owing to the effects of imported diseases, our stock of cattle and sheep had diminished in an alarming degree, Mr. Booth devoted his time and attention to the subject; and, when the Duke of Richmond brought in his “ Contagious Diseases (Animals) Bill” of last session, he was, in conjunction with Mr. Wilson, indefatigable in his endeavours to obtain evidence to show how greatly the consumer would be benefited if the farmer could carry on his business with immunity from disease. Mr. Booth was in communication with members of Parliament, railway directors and managers, cattle salesmen, cattle importers, dead-meat importers both in London and Liverpool, and with persons of every class from whom he thought that anything was to be learned; and, through his and Mr. Wil- son’s exertions, a mass of information was obtained, which was of inestimable value when the witnesses were examined before the Committee of the House of Commons through whose hands the Bill passed. The moment he was released from the business connected with this Act, Mr. Booth went to attend to his duties at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show at Bristol, which occupied-him for more than a week. He then returned home, to prepare for the Exhibition of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, which was to be held at Northallerton. Being so near home he was very desirous that it should be a success, and he gave the officials all the assistance that lay in his power. How far his object was gained was seen in the large and splendid show of all classes of stock, and in the excellence of the general arrangements, This labour over, Mr. Booth found leisure for a few days’ grouse shooting, and keenly enjoyed his favourite sport; he then was obliged to go to Ireland, where it was evi- dent that he felt the fatigue of travelling very much, and where it was supposed that he caught cold. Returning home, he found himself too ill to resist any further the necessity for rest and care, and he at once placed himself in the doctor’s hands. The supposed cold soon developed into low fever, of which, no doubt, the seeds had been sown before the journey to Ireland. At first 332 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. all went on favourably ; but bad symptoms appeared ; he became rapidly worse; and, at 5 A.M. on the morning of the 7th of Sep- tember, passed away from us one of the kindest, best, and truest- hearted men that it has been my lot to know; a man who ful- filled every relation of life as a Christian should do; a good husband, father, and friend; simple, honest, straightforward, and single-minded ; always striving to do his duty in the station of life in which he was placed. Long will his memory be cherished by those who knew and loved him. Long will that handsome face and quick cheery voice be missed from the council-rooms of those societies to which he belonged. Long will he be mourned by those friends and neighbours in whose welfare he took such an active interest. Amongst the many good and great men that Yorkshire has produced, none has gone to his grave more truly lamented than he, so recently cut off in the prime of life and the fulness of his strength, our dear friend “Tom Booth.” XIII.—Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments conducted at Woburn, on behalf of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, during the Year 1878. By Dr. Auacustus VoELCKER, F.R.S., Consulting Chemist to the Society. Tue EXPERIMENTS ON THE CoNTINUOUS GROWTH OF WHEAT. THE mineral manures were sown broadcast on the 2nd of November, 1877, before the seed was sown, and the dung also was applied in autumn. The seed—Browick wheat—was drilled in on the 5th of November, 1877, and the salts of ammonia and nitrate of soda were top-dressed on the 4th of March, 1878. The harvest was begun on the more mature plots on the 2nd of August, and the whole of the produce of the several plots was carted and stacked on the 19th of August, and threshed out on the 16th of October, 1878, yielding results which are embodied in the Table on the opposite page. The wheat on all the plots was more or less blighted, and on several plots attacked in places by the red maggot. The hot weather which set in at the beginning of July brought on the wheat very fast. During a period of four weeks and three days in June and July no rain had fallen; and when it rained at last, towards the middle of July, the wheat had ceased growing, and did not come out well in the ear on some of the plots, especially on plot 4, dressed with minerals alone, and plot 3, top-dressed in spring with nitrate of soda alone. Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. 333 Propuce oF WHEAT. SeEconp Season, 1878. PRODUCE PER ACRE. Dressed Corn. Prots. MANURES PER ACRE. Straw, Chaff, Number Weight &e. Weight. of — per Bushels. Bushel. Ibs. Ibs. cwts. qrs. lbs. 1 PEEING Mare ns wt Nas on.” pe 943 15°8 60 19° 2 4 2 ie lbs. ammonia-salts, alone alii 1053 16°7 63 21 1 16 in the spring) ya Ibs. nitrate of soda ae in pea 695 11°9 58-4 119 2 0 spring) sulphate of soda, 100 lbs. sulphate of magnesia, aire ewt. ppoenhehale oflime.. .. ios ~ 651 10°4 62°6" | 18 14 6 é Ibs. sulphate of potash, 100 Ibs. soda, 100 lbs. sulph. magnesia, 33] ewts. superphosphate of lime, and a Ibs, ammonia-salts (in spring).. .. 200 Ibs. sulph. potash, 100 Ibs. sulph. | 777 13 59°8 | 18 2 20 soda, 100 lbs. sulph. magnesia, 3 ewts. superphosphate of lime, and 275 Ibs. nitrate of soda (in spring) 842 14 | 60°71 | 23 2 19 for) 200 Ibs. sulph. potash, 100 Ibs. = 7 | Unmanured .. .. . 704 12; 58°6 |18 3 9 soda, 100 lbs. sulph. magnesia, 33 ewts. superphosphate of lime, and 400 lbs. ammonia-salts (in spring) .. 200 Ibs. sulph. potash, 100 lbs. sulph. | 1661 27 61-5" | 4251" ~O soda, 100 lbs. sulph. magnesia, 33 ewts. superphosphate of lime, and 550 Ibs. nitrate of soda (in spring) .. 1658 26-1 | 63°5 | 42 3 0 ¢ Ibs. sulph, potash, 100 Ibs. sulph. (Farmyard-manure, estimated to contain) nitrogen = 100 lbs. ammonia, made from 376 lbs. decorticated cotton-cake, 10 940 lbs. maize-meal, 12,857 lbs. man- 772 12°1 G32Sni| L573 9 2 golds, 3215 Ibs. wheat-straw, as food ; and 3164 lbs. barley-straw as litter \ Weight 5 tons, 103} cwts. .. .. .. (Farmyard-manure, estimated to contain) nitrogen = 200 lbs. ammonia, made from 752 lbs. decorticated cotton-cake, 11 1880 lbs. maize-meal, 25,714 lbs, man- 990 15°8 63°7 | 20 0 24 golds, 6430 Ibs. wheat-straw chaff, as b food ; and 6328 lbs. barley- -straw as litter. Weight, 11 tons 1 ewt. 334 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. The ammonia plot 2 ripened three or four days before the nitrate of soda plot 3, and yielded a larger produce, both in corn and straw, than the latter. With the exception of plot 8, manured with minerals and 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts, and plot 9, dressed with minerals and 550 Ibs. of nitrate of soda, which produced about the same amount of corn and straw, the yield of all the other plots was very poor. It will be borne in mind that, before the experiments on the continuous growth of wheat were begun, a crop of wheat, yielding 254 bushels of dressed corn and 203 ewts. of straw, was grown by the late tenant. The third crop of wheat in succession thus was grown in 1878, on very light sandy land, and it was to be expected that on such land the wheat-producing powers would materially decrease on the unmanured plots. Last year the unmanured plot 1 yielded 221 bushels of dressed corn, and the second unmanured plot 7, 202 bushels. In 1878 the produce on plot 1 was only 15-8, bushels, and on plot 7, 12 bushels. Neither mineral manures nor farmyard-manure, it will be seen, had any decidedly beneficial effect in 1878, which agrees well with the experience of the preceding year. It should be mentioned, however, that the dung was applied to the land in a long and undecomposed condition, which had the effect of making the naturally very light soil still more loose and hollow; a circumstance which, no doubt, in some measure may account for the poor yield of wheat on the dunged plots 10 and 11. In order to remedy this defect in this year’s experiments, the dung of a given composition for the permanent wheat and barley experiments was made last autumn, and next season (1879) the dung will be applied to the wheat in a short rotten state as a top-dressing in spring; and care will be taken to keep the land as firm as possible. Compared with last year’s results, the produce in 1878 has considerably fallen off. Thus in 1877 the largest produce which was obtained on plot 8, manured with minerals and 400 lbs. of ammonia, amounted to 433 bushels of corn, and 482 ewts. of straw and chaff. In 1878 the greatest weight of corn was again produced on plot 8; but it amounted to only 27 bushels of corn. The yield of straw on plot 8, in 1878, weighed 42} ewts, as against 482 cwts. in 1877. The decrease in corn in 1878, it thus appears, was more marked than that of straw. The same remark applies to all the experimental plots, whether unmanured or dressed with various mineral and nitrogenous manures; they all yielded more straw in proportion to corn in 1878 than in the preceding season. | Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. 335 Although the experiments on the continuous growth of wheat on very light land certainly were not successful in an economical point of view, they are, nevertheless, instructive, as they appear to point in the direction that on very light soils wheat cannot be economically grown for a succession of years, even with the application of large quantities of artificial manures, the cost of which must prevent their being used in practice. It would, however, be premature to draw such a conclusion from the results of two years’ experience in growing wheat in succession, but I fully anticipate that a few more seasons will definitely decide this question. The following is the cost per acre of the artificials employed in the experiments on the continuous growth of wheat and barley : About SG. ash On Plot 2. Ammonia-salts alone Bebe tete Kost) Be v2 ad 8. Nitrate of soda alone ae 2 0 o 4. Minerals alone .. me ear 3 5 ~ 5. Minerals and ammonia .. .. .. oF at s 6. Nitrate of soda and minerals ., Sy a 8. Ammonia and mincrals A a 9 9. Nitrate of soda and minerals .. m =5 Tue EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF BaRrtLeEY. The manures applied for the barley were the same as those for the wheat experiments. The dung, which was made in the experimental boxes at Crawley Mill Farm, from a weighed quantity of food and litter, and was estimated to contain nitrogen corresponding to 100 lbs. of ammonia per acre for one plot, and to 200 lbs. of ammonia per acre for the other plot, was put upon the land on the 14th of February, before the barley was sown. The mineral manures as well as the ammonia-salts were sown broadcast on the 2nd of March, 1878, and the barley was drilled in on March 6th, 1878. The barley-harvest began on the 8th of August, and the whole of the produce was carted and stacked on the 19th of August, and threshed out on the 21st of October, 1878. The Table on p. 366 shows the produce obtained. The permanent barley was light, slightly blighted, but not nearly so much so as the wheat grown by its side. The barley was not well filled. The only plots on which the barley went down to some extent was plot 9, manured with minerals and 550 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre. On all the other plots the crops stood well. On plot 9, it will be seen, more straw was produced than on any of the others. 336 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. Propucr or Bariey. Sxconp Ssason, 1878. PrRopUCE PER ACRE. Dressed Corn. PLorts. MANURES PER ACRE. Straw, Chaff, Number | Weight &e, of per Bushels. | Bushel. Ibs. lbs. TASMUnmannred wees se ee eee ee 1226 24 51 2 | 200 lbs. ammonia-salts,alone .. .. | 1864 36 51°8 Weight. ewts. qrs. lbs. 16 0 16 23 2 8 8 | 275 Ibs. nitrate of soda, alone .. .. 1632 30°1 49°3 "23-3 2 sulph. of soda, 100 Ibs. sulph. mag-)} 1204 23°7 50°8 | 15 2 @ 200 lbs. sulphate of potash, 100 lbs. nesia, 35 cwts. superphosphate of lime 200 Ibs. sulph. of potash, 100 lbs. sulph. of soda, 100 lbs. sulph. of magnesia, 33 ewts. superphosphate of lime, and 200 lbs, ammonia-salts xe | 29), Oaaes E lbs. sulph. of potash, 100 Ibs. Fi] 1851 36°7 50°4 of soda, 100 lbs. sulphate of magnesia, 33 cwts. of superphosphate of lime, and 275 lbs. nitrate of soda 2145 42°6 50°3 | 28 3 II 7 Unmanured: 1, ieee eens 950 19°3 49877) 120 ieee of soda, 100 lbs. sulph. of magnesia, 4 ewts. of superphosphate of lime, and 400 lbs. ammonia-salts : 2592 co a | 52:1 | 38 0 16 oo ks Ibs. sulph. of potash, 100 Ibs. “ne of soda, 100 lbs. sulph. of magnesia, : 34 ewts. of superphosphate of lime, Aah +75 za 200 Ibs. sulph. of potash, 100 Ibs. sulph. and 550 Ibs. of nitrate of soda .. nitrogen = 100 lbs. of ammonia, made from 376 lbs. decorticated cotton-cake, 940 lbs. maize-meal, 12,857 lbs. man- golds, 3215 lbs. wheat-straw chaff, as food; and 3164 Ibs. barley-straw as litter. Weight 5 tons, 103 cwts. 1096 22°% 48°38 +16 1 26 nitrogen = 200 lbs. ammonia, made from 752 lbs. decorticated cotton-cake, 1880 lbs. maize-meal, 25,714 lbs. man- golds, 6430 lbs. wheat-straw chaff, as food; and 6328 lbs. barley-straw as litter. Weight 11 tons, 1 cwt.. | Farmyard-manure, estimated to = ( Farmyard-mauure, estimated to z Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. 337 On the whole, the experiments on the continuous growth of barley were quite as successful in 1878 as in the preceding year, and most of the results obtained in one year accord well with those of the other. Thus, it will be seen that 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts alone applied on plot 2 produced 6 bushels more barley than 275 lbs. of nitrate of soda, containing the same amount of nitrogen. In conformity with last year’s experience, neither mineral- manures alone, nor farmyard-manure containing nitrogen equal to 100 lbs. of ammonia, had any effect on the barley ; and double the quantity of dung on plot 11 only raised the produce in corn about 6 bushels over that of the unmanured plot No. 1. As last year, the heaviest crop in 1878 was produced on plot 8, manured with minerals and 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts. The pro- duce on plot 8, it will be seen, amounted to nearly 50 bushels. Last year the same plot yielded 522 bushels. Nitrate of soda, containing as much nitrogen as 400 lbs. of ammonia-salts, applied in conjunction with minerals on plot 9, produced about 5 bushels less barley than plot 8. On the other hand, plot 6, manured with minerals and ni- trate of soda containing as much nitrogen as the 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts, applied in conjunction with minerals to plot 5, produced more barley than plot 5. It is singular that the produce in corn and straw of one of the unmanured plots (No. 7) was nearly the same in 1878 as it was in 1877. Thus, last year No. 7 produced 192 bushels of barley and 12 ewts. of straw, and in 1878 the same plot yielded 19-3, bushels of corn and 12 ewts. 1 qr. 4 lbs. of straw. Last year there was a considerable difference in the weight of produce of the unmanured plots, and a similar difference will be noticed again in the produce of the two unmanured plots | and 7. Last year, plot 1 yielded 224 bushels of corn and 132 cwts. of straw, and this year 24 bushels of corn and 16 ecwts. 16 lbs. of straw. It is well to bear in mind that similar differences in the pro- ductiveness of two parts of the same field treated precisely alike’ have a real existence, and that for this reason no undue infer- ences must be drawn from comparatively small differences in the results of field experiments with various fertilising materials. THe EXPERIMENTS ON ROTATION. The Woburn Rotation Experiments comprise 16 acres, di- vided into four sections, one for each rotation. WOU, XV.—S. S. Z 338 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. The following plan shows at one view the course of cropping of the 16 acres under Rotation Experiments :— | | | Rotation No. 1. | Rotation No. 2. Rotation No. 3. | Rotation No. 4. | 4 Acres, 4 Acres. 4 Acres. | 4 Acres. 1877 | Seeds Roots Barley with 7 ewt. rape-cake per acre. 1878 Whieat Barley Seeds Roots. 1879 | Roots Seeds Wheat Barley. 1880 | Barley Wheat Roots Seeds. 1881 ae Barley Wheat. - Rotation No. 1.—1877, seeds; 1878, wheat; 1879, roots; 1880, barley. Z The seeds were fed off in 1877 by 10 sheep kept on each of the four acres of this Rotation during 15 weeks. On the Ist acre (plot 1) the sheep consumed as additional food 728 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake. ; On the 2nd acre (plot 2) they consumed in 15 weeks 728 lbs. of maize meal. On the 3rd and 4th acres (plots 3 and 4) no additional food was given; but on plot 3 the wheat was manured with artificial manures containing as much nitrogen and other fertilizing con- stituents as the manure from 728 lbs. of decorticated cotton- cake, namely, 275 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 73 Ibs. of bone-ash made into superphosphate, 45} lbs. of sulphate of potash, and A7X lbs. of sulphate of magnesia. And, lastly, on the 4th acre (plot 4) the wheat was manured with artificial manures con- taining as much nitrogen and other fertilizing matters as the manure from 728 lbs. of maize-meal, namely, 5814 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 112 lbs. of bone-ash made into superphosphate, 5 lbs. of sulphate of potash, and 8 lbs of sulphate of magnesia. The wheat, Browick Wheat, a variety usually grown in the Woburn district, was sown on the 6th of November, 1877, and the artificial manures were top-dressed on the 9th of March, 1878. The harvest was begun on the 11th of August; the wheat was carted and stacked on the 20th of August, and threshed out on the 15th of October. The Table on the opposite page shows the produce obtained. The wheat on all the four rotation acres, it will be seen, pro- duced a full crop. With the exception of plot 3, which was top-dressed with nitrate of soda(275 Ibs.) and artificial manures, which together contained an equivalent quantity of nitrogen and other fertilizing matters to the dung resulting from the con- sumption of 728 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake, the produce in corn of the three remaining acres varied but little. The maize- plot (plot 2) yielded a few bushels more corn and rather less 339 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. a } 96 & 8L & oS § G “Sq] ‘Sab "s}.A\0 ‘sa04 _—_— “oy ‘BRD ‘aveyg “LL8T ws “aqt "sub “syao “WoTL AA -PBOH “NYOD aassaucy [woul-ozveur JO sq] SzL Woy Sunp oy} Sv IO}JVUL DuIZIpWAOy YORE se SurUreyU0 ‘SOIMUCUL [CLOVE TIM Sutids ur possorp -o} ‘ut00 10 exeo ynoyyTA dooys Aq JO poy} ** 9¥BO-110}}00 Poyworjzodap JO ‘ST SZL sv “on ‘prow-opoydsoyd ‘qsejod ‘HosOMIU YONUL 8B Surare;Uo0o ‘somueUl Torogyre TWA suds ut possorp-doqz ‘UI00 10 OBO JOYA dooys Aq Yo poy spoog ) + ** — 7ROTI-OZIBUT JO "BGT SZL OXBO-10}}09 PoywBoyLOOOp JO “Sq] SZL ie] pownsuoo qorya ‘deoys Aq yo poy wt 6 poumsuoo youya ‘deoys Aq Jo pay spoog ql “a0 ouQ JO SLOT NI GNWYT GHL NO Gua sauug uMtav “Q/ST NI ‘T “ON NOMVLOY sO HONGOUG “LVTHAA NOLVLOY nl 340 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. straw than plot 1, upon which the seeds, the preceding year, had been eaten off with 728 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake. The wheat on plot 3 in the beginning of July looked very luxuriant and promised to produce the heaviest crop. The actual weighings of the produce showed that 9 bushels more corn and 15 cwts. more straw were produced when the fertiliz- ing constituents in the dung resulting from the consumption of 728 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake were supplied to the land in the shape of nitrate of soda, superphosphate, and potash, soda and magnesia-salts. The contrast in the appearance of the wheat-crop in the rotation experiments, and in the experiments on the continuous growth of wheat was most striking throughout the whole season. Rotation No, 2.—Four acres as follow: 1877, roots ; 1878, bar- ley, after mangolds fed on the Jand; 1879, seeds; 1880, wheat. The mangolds in 1877 were grown on: Plot 1. With dung, made from 3230 Ibs. of straw as litter, 5000 lbs. mangolds, 1250 lbs. wheat-straw chaff, and 1000 lbs. cotton-cake. Plot 2. With dung, made from 3230 lbs. of straw as litter, 5000 lbs. mangolds, 1250 lbs. wheat-straw chaff, and 1000 lbs. of maize-meal. Plot 3. With dung, made from 3230 lbs. of straw as litter, 5000 lbs. of mangolds, 1250 Ibs. of wheat-chaff, and artificial manure containing two-thirds as much nitrogen and other con- stituents of the manure from 1000 lbs. decorticated cotton-cake, namely, 248 lbs. nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. bone-ash (made into superphosphate), 62} lbs. sulphate of potash, and 65 lbs. sulphate of magnesia. Plot 4. With dung, made from 3230 lbs. of straw as litter, 5000 Ibs. mangolds, 1250 lbs. wheat-straw chaff, and artificial manure containing as much nitrogen and other constituents as the manure from 1000 lbs. maize-meal, namely, 80 Ibs. nitrate of soda, 161 lbs. bone-ash (made into superphosphate) 7 lbs. sulphate of potash, and 11 lbs. sulphate of magnesia. The succeeding barley on plots 1, 2, and 4 was grown Without artificial manure ; on plot 3 with artificial manure containing one-third as much nitrogen as the manure from 1000 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake, namely, 124 lbs. of nitrate of soda, applied as a top-dressing on the 20th of March, 1878. The barley was drilled on the 16th of March, and the crop cut on the 15th of August, the produce from plots 1 and 3 were carted and stacked on the 28th of August, and that from plots 2 and 4 on the 2nd of September. The barley was threshed- out on the 21st and 22nd of October. The produce of the four rotation-barley acres is given in the following Table: ts at Woburn. 341 xperimen E: Report on the Field and Feeding UGeeL 6" AE $6 @ ST I Wet SOs 7 Lit 3G oe. “BT “Sab *S}.M9 “st0} ‘oy ‘Yeqo ‘avyg “GNV'T FHL NO GH SMIOONV]T AALAV ‘BIST NI ‘Z ‘ON NOLLVLOY £0 MOAGOUg ‘AXIUVG NOWVLOY ‘NUON Gassaucy £9 I-¢ Co Teel any $-88 Fae aly Che oF 8-1 0 $0 ban4 9-6h | ESL 0 22 for 1-@ 61 § 0 | #¢ LSS. | e9t € LL {9F I? Cha kG. al £g¢ GLE Deer “sq ‘Sq, ‘Sub ‘syo “Sq ‘sq, ‘sab ‘syavo *yeqsng *joysng sod ‘spaqsng “qq 510M rod “soysng “QU 310M IBIO AA INTIAL “1109-110, } “u109-pvayy oe oe oe oe - - Ups JO OVAYLU “Sq Fat ‘Afourvu ‘OYVO-U0}}OO POYVoI}.LO0Op “SGT QUOT Woz )|OlnUBoL oY} SB UesOLIU Youu sB pai] -OUO0 SULUIE}U0D ‘oINULUL [LIOYIIB YALA, ** Gold ozyeur) sperograe ynoUgtAL os (god 380-109} 00) s[eloyTyTe ynoyyLA, OINUBUL [LIOYTAB JNOTIT AA ALY ouQ JO SLOT 342 Report on the Field and Feediny Experiments at Woburn. It will be seen that the barley crop on plot 1, after mangolds, manured with dung from 1000 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake, produced a few bushels more corn than on plot 2, manured with dung resulting from the consumption of 1000 lbs. of maize- meal ; but the differences in the amount of produce on plots 1, 2, and 3, on the whole, are inconsiderable. On the other hand, nitrate of soda applied at the rate of 124 lbs., or little more than 1 ewt. per acre, had the effect of producing an increase of about 12 bushels of head-corn and nearly 7 cwts. of straw over the pro- duce of plot 1, after mangolds grown with cotton-cake dung. Rotation No. 3, commencing 1878.—Area under experiment, four acres. Previous Cropping.—Seeds failed in 1874. Spring tares 1875, fed off with 5} cwts. cake per acre. Barley 1876: produce per acre—dressed corn, 16 bushels; offal corn, 14 bushel ; straw, 94 cwts. Barley 1877, with 7 cwts. of rape-cake per acre: produce per acre — dressed corn, 413 bushels; offal corn, 43 Ibs. ; straw, 253 ewts. Seeds 1878.—The four acres of clover and rye-grass have been fed off by sheep during the summer, and the land is now sown with wheat. On one acre 672 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake have been consumed ; on a second acre, 728 lbs. of Indian corn- meal; and the third and fourth acres were separately eaten off without any purchased food. On each of the four acres 10 sheep were put on in the beginning of May, and kept on the seeds until the 24th of July, when each lot was weighed and sold off. On the 10th of September the clover-seeds were again sufficiently advanced in growth to afford food for a fresh lot of sheep. On each acre 10 sheep were maintained until the 14th of October, one lot receiving cotton-cake, a second maize-meal, and the two remaining ones were fed upon clover-seeds only. As there was still a fair bite of seeds after the sheep were taken off on the 14th of October, 5 more sheep were put on each acre of seeds, and kept thereon for a week. The sheep which had cotton-cake and maize in addition to green clover, consumed on an average about } lb. of eake or meal per day. The first lot of sheep going over the clover twice, and kept on the seeds from the 2nd May to the 24th of July, in that period of 12 weeks yielded the following increase in live-weight : Tnerease in Prors. Live-Weight, Ibs, 1 Fed-off by 10 sheep, with 448 Ibs. decorticated cotton- iad ; cake ; on the land 12 weeks .. < = Fed off by 10 sheep, with 448 lbs. niotaene on my the land 12 weeks ae Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. 343 Increase in Live- Weight. Ptors, Ibs. 3. Fed off by 10 sheep, without other food; on the perc D868 12 weeks .. .. 4. Fed-off by 10 ans without other food; on the land 0953 12 weeks .. Se eee It may be mentioned, that the sheep on ens A, cones aa de- corticated cotton-cake as an additional food, gained more live- weight during the month of May and first week of June than the sheep on plot 2, which had maize-meal in addition to clover- seed. ‘Towards the end of June and in the early part of July the weather got very hot, and then the sheep on plot 1 gained but little in weight, whilst those on maize made satisfactory progress. I have frequently noticed that a highly nitrogenous food like decorticated cotton-cake does not agree with stock when the weather gets very warm, and that maize during tlie warm summer months appears to be a more suitable food for fattening sheep and cattle. The second lot of sheep was put upon clover-seeds on the 10th of September, and kept on the land until the 14th of October, in which period of five weeks they made the following increase in live-weight : Increase in Live-Weight. 1 bs. Cloyer-seeds fed-off by 10 sheep, with 224 lbs. of de- 404 | corticated cotton-cake ; kept on the land 5 weeeks = | 2 Clover-seeds fed-off by 10 sheep, with 280 Ibs. off 444 : maize-meal ; kept on the land 5 weeks., .. ..f - Clover-seeds fed-off by 10 nce without other food ; 86 on the land 5 weeks fe wT Clover-seeds fed-off by 10 heeds without other nen O72 ; on the land 5 weeks Cok faath 3s : = The third lot of sheep, kept on the land for one week and two days, gained as under : Increase in Live- Weight. PLors. lbs. 1. Fed off by 5 sheep, kept on the land for 1 week and 2 days 18 2. ” ” ” 11 3. ” : ” ” 19 4, ” ” ” 2 The following Table shows the number of sheep fed on each ; acre, the quantity of purchased food consumed (if any), the number of weeks the animals were kept on the land, and the total increase in live-weight yielded :— 344 Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. Roration Crover Szeps, 1878, arrer Bary. Increase in Live-Weight. Pots. Ibs. Fed-off by 10 sheep, with 672 lbs. of decorticated cotton-cake; on the land 17 weeks; and 5 bia 447 on the land 1 week and 2 days at ies Fed-off by 10 sheep, with 728 lbs. of maize- saul on the land 17 weeks; and 5 reine on the land 1 week 4433 and 2days.. .. Fed-off by 10 sheep, ison sities food on the land 17 weeks; and 5 sheep on the land 1 week and; 8813 2 days Apacer °. Fed-otf by 10 sheep, Nithont nite food ; on the ta 4, 17 weeks; and 5 sheep on the land 1 week and} 3254 2 days ce 8s ss es oa) 7 de Soe ae The average increase in live-weight obtained without pur- chased food was 353% Ibs. Deducting this increase from that obtained by the consumption of 672 lbs. of decorticated cotton- cake, we obtain 933 lbs. as due to the cotton-cake ; and making the same deduction in the case of the second acre, on which 728 lbs. of maize-meal were consumed by the sheep, the total increase due to the maize amounts to 90lbs. Accordingly, 6 cwts. of decorticated cotton-cake produced almost the same additional increase in live-weight as 64 cwts. of maize-meal. The clover-plant stood very thick, and grew most luxuriantly, on the four acres, which, with the addition of 6 ewts. of decor- ticated cotton-cake and 64 cwts. of maize-meal, produced an increase of 1597} lbs. of live-weight, or 596 lbs. more than the seeds on Rotation No. 1 in 1877. Rotation No. 4.—Four acres. Mangolds 1878, Previous Cropping.— Seeds failed in 1874. Winter tares 1874-5, fed off with 5} cwts. cake per acre. Barley 1876: pro- duce per acre—dressed corn, 37 bushels ; offal corn, 8 bushels ; straw, 24 cwts. Barley 1877, with 7 cwts. rape-cake per acre: produce per acre—dressed corn, 43 bushels; offal corn, 56 Ibs. ; straw, 26 cwts. The mangolds were respectively manured as follows: ome acre with dung made from a given quantity of straw as litter; and of mangolds and wheat-straw chaff as food, with 1000 Ibs. of decor- ticated cotton-cake consumed in addition. The second acre with dung from the same amount of litter, and of mangolds and wheat~ straw chaff as food, with the addition of 1000 lbs. of maize-meal. The third and fourth acres, each with dung from the same amount of litter, and of mangolds and wheat-straw chaff as food, without purchased food in addition ; but one of them received ortifelal manure, supplying two-thirds as much nitrogen, and as much of the other constituents, as were estimated to be contained in the Report on the Field and Feeding Experiments at Woburn. 345 manure from the 1000 lbs. of cotton-cake ; and the other received artificial manure supplying the whole of the nitrogen and other constituents estimated to be contained in the manure from the 1000 lbs. of maize-meal. There was a fairly regular plant on all the four acres. Gaps in the rows here and there were filled up by transplanted roots, which grew fairly well, but did not nearly attain the dimensions of the roots not checked in their growth by transplanting. The following Table shows the produce of each of the four acres : Rotation Mancoips, 1878, arrer BAR ey. PRODUCE PER ACRE. Pots. Roots. Leaves. tons. ewts, qrs. Ibs. tons. cwts. qrs. Ibs. With dung, made from 3230 lbs. straw | as litter; 5000 lbs. mangolds; 1250 1 |) Ibs. wheat- straw chaff, and 1000 lbs. 13 21 0/2 15 1 0 decorticated cotton-cake . # With dung, made from 3230 lbs. straw as litter; 5000 lbs. mangolds; 1250 j S Ibs. wheat-straw chaff, and 1000 Ibs. 11 16 0 0/2 15 0 21 of maize-meal = eat With dung, made from 3230 Ibs. straw) | as litter; 5000 lbs. mangolds; 1250 lbs. wheat-straw chaff; and artifi- cial manure, containing two-thirds as much nitrogen, and the other constituents, of tle manure from 3 1000 lbs. decorticated colton-cake ; 18 13 020)3 13 3 0 namely, 248 lbs. nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. of bone-ash (made into superphosphate), 623 lbs. sulphate of potash and 65 lbs. a. aulphate of mag- nesia ac _ ith dung, made from 3230 lbs. straw as litter; 5000 lbs. mangolds; 1250 lbs. wheat-straw chaff; and artificial manure, cuntaining as much nitro- 4 gen, and other constituents, as the manure from 1006 lbs. maize-meal ; namely, 80 Ibs. nitrate of soda, 164 lbs. bone-ash (made into superphos- phate), 7 lbs. sulphate of potash, and 11 lbs. sulphate of magnesia .. ie ho) Joie) | oe So LoD The nitrate of soda on plots 3 and 4 was sown separately by hand, between the drills, after the plants were singled out and well established on the land. Its effect became plainly visible in the greater luxuriance of the young plants in about ten days, 346 Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1878. after a gentle rain had washed the nitrate into the soil; and by the time the roots on plots 1 and 2 measured scarcely 4 an inch in diameter, those on plot 3 measured fully 13 inch in diameter. Even on plot 4 the 80 lbs. of nitrate of soda produced a marked effect on the mangolds, but of course nothing like the effect of the 248 lbs. which had been applied to the third acre. The roots on plot 4 were first taken up, and, in consequence, the leaves were greener, and produced a comparatively greater weight, than the leaves on plot 1, the roots upon which were taken up later. It should also be mentioned, that the land on which the mangolds were grown was not quite level. On the side far- thest from the road-side the ground forms a little hill, the highest part of which is in the acre occupied by plot 3, from whence it slopes down towards plot 2, turning nearly level on plot 1. On plot 3 the roots nearest to the road were much bigger than those at the opposite end, on the more elevated portion of the field. Plot 1 was the only plot of the four acres on which the roots were as large at the end farthest from the road as they were at the opposite, or road-side, end. If it had not been for these inequalities in the level of the four-acre field the produce on plot 3, and, in a minor degree, on plots 4 and 2, would no doubt have been somewhat larger. It appears from these experiments : 1. That the cotton-cake dung produced a somewhat heavier crop of mangolds than the maize dung. 2. That the constituents of the dung resulting from the con- sumption of either cotton-cake or maize-meal, when supplied in the shape of artificial manure, had a better effect on the mangold-crop than the dung from these articles of food. X1IV.—Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1878. By Dr. Aucustus VoELCKER, F.R.S. TuE tabulated summary appended to this Report shows that the number of analyses made for the Members of the Royal Agri- cultural Society during the period between December 1877 and December 1878 has exceeded that of last year by 82, and has reached 724, which number has been surpassed only once, and then only by 6, viz., in 1871, Nearly twice as many samples of Peruvian guano as last year were sent for analysis in 1878, owing, no doubt, to its variable composition. These, with ina exceptions, were found to be genuine, but of very variable composition and value, Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1878. 347 Judging from the number of samples of nitrate of soda which were received for analysis, this valuable ferliliser, notwithstanding the considerable rise in price which took place in the beginning of the present year, appears to have been extensively used by the British farmer, but not with uniform success. On light land more especially, where nitrate of soda was used as a top-dressing for cereal crops, it had the effect, in not a few instances which have come under my notice, of producing rather rank straw and thin grain. As a rule, nitrate of soda is used as a spring top-dressing for wheat or barley and rarely for other crops. It may, however, be applied with much advantage to roots grown with super- phosphate or bone-manure. The best time for applying nitrate of soda to root-crops is the period after the plants have been singled out; upon mangolds, from 1 to 14 cwt. of nitrate of soda, sown by hand along the rows, has a marvellous effect, which is plainly visible in the course of a week or ten days, provided rain has fallen in that time and washed the nitrate into the soil. I had an opportunity of noticing, in the Woburn experiments this year, the striking effect of nitrate of soda on mangolds. On the acre in the rotation experiments where the mangolds were top-dressed in spring with 248 lbs, of nitrate of soda, the yield in cleaned and topped and tailed mangolds was 18 tons 13 ewts. and 20 lbs.; whilst on the adjoining acre of mangolds, not manured with nitrate of soda, the produce in clean roots was only 11 tons and 16 cwts. In the Quarterly Reports of the Chemical Committee for the past year, reference has been made to several cases of grossly adulterated samples of nitrate of soda which were sent for analysis during that season. I need not therefore refer to them in detail in the Annual Report. It may, however, be satisfac- tory to the Members of the Society to learn that, in one of these adulteration cases, the buyer of a lot of nitrate of soda, which I found largely adulterated with common salt, was allowed by the seller to deduct no less than 62/. from the bill amounting to 162/. for nitrate of soda. This was not a bad return for the 10s. paid for the analysis and the annual subscription of a member of the Royal Agricultural Society. Of the 41 samples of bone-dust analysed by me in 1878 there were some which, although bought as “ pure raw bones,” in point of fact were mixed raw and boiled bones (such as glue-maker’s refuse). If it be borne in mind that raw bone-dust is worth from 1/. 5s. to 1/2, 10s. per ton more than glue-maker’s or steamed bones, purchasers of bone-dust will at once recognise the propriety of obtaining from dealers in bone-dust a written guarantee warranting the bone-dust to be made from clean raw 348 Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for 1878. bone, and not to be mixed with steamed or glue-maker’s refuse bones. ; The majority of the 188 samples of artificial manures analysed by me were superphosphates, which I am glad to find are now much more generally sold on the strength of an analytical guarantee than in former years. Special compound manures, on the other hand, are seldom sold by analysis, but in many cases are charged for at a much higher price than it costs a farmer to produce them, with little trouble, by mixing together in certain proportions well-known artificial manures which can be bought in every market-town. The following case is an illustration of the preceding remarks. A Member of the Society sent me for analysis a sample of wheat-manure, the price of which was 8/. 10s, This wheat- manure had the following composition :— Moisture ... <2, | sony Fe) culleahl) «eLOROm Water of combination ... wot vas, ust Meas eee Reet Monobasic phosphate of lime : 10°97 (Equal to tribasic phosphate of lime 17-17 rendered soluble by ssi har 1) Insoluble phosphates «~ v=, <3» oP ae 8 ee ee eee ee; Sutherland Reclamation. \ WSS 3y ts “ssaUUIY 1) SHOynUMpay ayr burmoys dom—t ‘SLT NAZLAO o7 ° AL 412 Sutherland Reclamation. many stone-drains were put in, at a cost of 7s. to 8s. per chain for cutting and filling. The stones were laid alongside the drain ready for use, a square open channel was built with four large flat stones in the bottom of the drain, and the smaller stones were then loosely filled in on the top. The existence of a field of limestone on the shore of Loch Shin within two miles of the works has been of the utmost value in the reclamations. Four kilns have been kept constantly at work; but in addition to this it has been occasionally neces- sary to obtain a further supply from other kilns in the far north, ; belonging to the Duke, at Erribol, near Tongue. This lime is y brought by sea from Erribol to Helmsdale, and thence carried by rail to Lairg. The quantity applied is usually 60 bushels ! per acre. The Shinness limestone was analysed in 1871 by Professor Anderson. He found it of somewhat inferior quality, contain- ing carbonate of lime, 64°35; carbonate of magnesia, 12-19; and silica, 20°11 per cent. The economy of carriage made it better to employ the weaker lime in large quantities rather than fetch by sea from England better lime to be used more sparingly. The burnt lime obtained from Erribol contains— : | Lime = a = ch -- 10°53 Magnesia os a ~- 22°48 Tron and allumina * Ee ea 3: Silica SF chs os Ss ae ge Carbonic acid a -f a. = 2°39 99-90 In February 1874 the fields marked No. 1b, No. 2, and No. 2a (Fig. 1, p. 411) were harrowed down, limed, and dressed with 4 cwt. of superphosphate and 1 cwt. of kainite; a part of the land also received a later dressing of nitrate of soda; oats were sown in the end of April and beginning of May. The rest of this farm was brought under crop in 1875. | Colabol Farm.—The following notes are the result of careful ; inspections of each field of this farm, made in July 1877, September 1878, and August 1879 :-— No. 1 (15a.0r. 1p.), This field has a good free yellow sub- soil, and is one of the best fields upon the farm; it was cropped in 1875 with oats ; in 1876, hay; aftermath stocked by cattle ; sheep were brought on to it from the hills in February 1876. In July 1877 there was a good plant of grass; it was close fed without intermission till it was broken up by the “ discer” * in February 1878 with excellent effect; it was then harrowed, ridged, * This is an ae: pence oxides for these works of reclamation ; a description and figure of it will be found on p, 429. Sutherland Reclamation. 413 dunged, and drilled in May with turnips, yielding a very good crop. These were eaten off by hoggets, getting a little hay and a run out on the hill. In the spring of 1879 the field was grubbed by oxen and sown with 6 bushels per acre of Swiss oats, without any artificial manure, but seeded down with clover and rye-grass. In August 1879 the oats looked well, a good even crop. Two small plots were sown as an experiment, one of them with seed that had been grown one year, and the other with seed that had been grown two years upon the farm. There was no very marked difference to the eye between these plots in August. Last year the crop from home-grown seed was one- third more than that grown from similar seed bought elsewhere. No. la (20a. 3r. 32p.). A field of deep peat, imperfectly drained ; it was treated up to February 1878 in all respects like the previous field, but it has since been broken up; it is much overrun with sorrel and moss. In one part many rough pieces of dry fibrous peat remained on the surface in 1877; the result of running ordinary heavy harrows over the land after it was ploughed in 1874, and then leaving it exposed to the sun and wind till the loose pieces acquired the toughness and elasticity of dry sponges. This would not have occurred if the “ discer,” a subsequent invention, had been employed. . William Brenton’s Door and Gate Fastenings, showing bolt withdrawn. Fig. 19 shows the position of the handle when the bolt is withdrawn. It will be seen that a spring shown at c holds the handle when unlocked. By re- versing the handle and placing it in the position shown at Fig. 20 (p. 724), the end of the bolt, which is tapered, is pushed into its socket. It is quite impossible that a gate or door so fastened could be accidentally opened ; and for horse-boxes and all farm-building purposes, such a fastening is most valuable. The jack-fastening for windows is much on the same prin- ciple; but in this case the handle is drawn out in the act of turning it round, and the end of the bolt, which is rounded and projects on one side, keeps the handle extended until, when turned again, it can enter the socket. 3) (0) 724 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, Fig. 20.—Door and Gate Fastenings, showing bolt in ils socket. The Kirkstall Forge Company received first-class mention for patent-roller shaftings, not only on account of the considerable economy in their production, over that of the ordinary turned shaftings, but because of their additional strength, in consequence of the skin not being in any way removed or interfered with. I am indebted to the ‘Textile Manufacturer, of Dec. 15, 1878, for the following description of the process by which the result is obtained :— - “The first operations of piling and rolling the iron are identically the same as when ordinary round bars are being produced. When the bar leaves the rolls, however, it is a trifle larger in diameter than in the shaft intended to be made fromit. The bar, after being rolled, is at a good red heat ; it is therefore allowed to cool toa low red heat in daylight, at which temperature it is in the best condition for ‘planishing,’ as the operation which makes it true and straight is called. The planishing machine is very strongly constructed, and stands well down on the floor to avoid lifting the bars to be operated upon. The machine consists of a pair of vertical discs, which rapidly revolve on horizontal shafts. ‘They are nearly equal in diameter, and are placed face to face, but not with their centres opposite, there being a horizontal distance of about 9 inches between the centre lines of the discs. Supposing the faces to a Award of Medals, &c., at Kilburn. 725 be 3 inches apart, and the discs to be revolving in the same direction, then if a bar slightly larger than 3 inches is placed between them the bar will revolve on its own axis, and will be reduced in diameter to exactly 3inches. The bar is horizontal, and when it is at the same level as the centres of the discs, it will simply revolve between them, and will have no other motion ; if, however, it be lifted above the centres, say about a quarter of an inch, it will, besides revolving, travel lengthways between the discs ; should it be a quarter of an inch or so below the level of the centres, it will also travel lengthways, but in the reverse direction. In this way, then, works the machine at Kirkstall Forge. The bar is brought from the rolls slightly larger than is the intended - shaft; After cooling in the right temperature, it is placed on the table of the machine, which is on the floor level, and one end is inserted between the discs. It immediately commences to revolve, and travel longitudinally, so that after a little time the whole length of the bar has been operated upon or planished. When it leaves the discs the bar is a shaft, being now, for all practical pur- poses, quite round and straight, not of course so true as the highest class of shafting, which has been carefully finished in a lathe, but still entirely up to the average of turned shafting, and much better than many specimens. The surfaces of the discs which perform the planishing are perfectly smooth, and during the operation a copious supply of water falls upon them and upon the shaft ; hence the latter leaves the machine perfectly free from scale, and with a smooth skin, haying a dark blue polish. The Kirkstall Forge Company at present are prepared to roll their shafts of all sizes, from 7 inches diameter down to = inch, but they intend shortly to produce them by their patent pro- cess so small as } inch in diameter. ‘They prefer in all cases to supply their patent shafting cut by themselves to dead lengths, and with faced ends, in order that they may be erected without further manipulation, their customers being thus saved a considerable amount of trouble and expense. These planished bars are of course applicable for many purposes besides shafting; thus with engineers they are used for every imaginable purpose where a true and round plain bar is suitable. For instance, an agricultural implement maker will order some thousands of planished pins about 8 inches long and 14 inch diameter, and other machinists are similarly supplied. It remains to be mentioned that, according to tests made by Mr. Kirkaldy with his machine, these shafts (in torsion) are one-fifth stronger than rolled shafts of the same diameter, and consequently show a greater gain even than this over turned shafts of the same diameter. This, however, is what might be expected from the nature of the planishing operation. “The patentees claim, as the most important effect of their patent machine on the bar, the entire removal of all kinks, doglegs, and bends, and the conse- quent production of a perfectly straight and true shaft. For all ordinary speeds this shafting can be run safely without the trouble and expense of turning any necks, which, by removing the skin, and reducing the diameter, lessen the strength and wearing power. For ordinary purposes, the American clamp couplings, which are loose collars, answer perfectly, and secure the full strength of the shaftings, the necessity for bosses and key-slots being entirely done away with. The patentees claim that they produce their shafting, Sufficiently uniform in size— - Mechanically round. . Perfectly straight and true. . No turning being required. - No waste, no trouble, no labour to user. With 20 per cent. extra tension over ordinary rolled iron in the rough. . With increased rapidity. 8. With a smooth skin.” Judging from the specimens exhibited at Kilburn, which ranged from 1D OV Od DO 726 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, # inch to 7 inches diameter, this is really am important improvement; and the economy of the manufacture enables the article to be sold at a considerable teduetion in price. Thus the price per cwt. ranges in iron’from 12s. 6d. to 19s., and in steel from 16s. 6d.to17s. 6d. In the latter material, 42 diameter is the largest size made. The price of KM Kirkstall bars is 7/. 10s. a ton, whereas the same quality of iron in patent roller would be 12/. 10s. Mr. Henry Brinsmead, of Ipswich, received first-class mention for a novel construction of straw-shakers. The main feature is the use of only one crank, which is placed in the centre under the shakers. Each shaker is in two parts, jointed over the crank. This arrangement produces the same effect as a double lift. The wear and tear on the crank is greatly reduced by springs under the backbone of each shaker, which accumulates the power and gives it out. This plan secures the same effect at both ends that others with a single crank do at one. It is stated by the exhibitor that this shaker has 50 per cent. more throw than any other. Price 35]. I regret that 1 am not able to give aceurate illustrations, as Mr. Brinsmead’s patents were not in a sufficiently secured condition to make full publication desirable. Fig. 21.—Mr. Henry Brinsmead’s Patent Double-action Straw-shaker. Numerous specialities in the way of drum-guards, which are now a necessary adjunct to every threshing-machine,* were shown at Kilburn, and of these the judges selected two for first- class mention. The first of these to be noted is Hunt’s patent drum-guard, exhibited by Geo. H. Innes, of Royston. The nature of this invention will be understood by the following drawings, in which Fig. 22 gives a section of the guard, showing the mouth of the drum open. for feeding. Fig. 23 shows the drum coyered by the slide; and Fig. 24 gives a plan by which it will be seen that the side-boards, &e., are so connected with the feed-board that pressure on any part sets free the slide. The principle is very similar to that of an ordinary mouse-trap. The slide is connected by means of iron rods on either side with strong springs, con- tained in two tubes attached to the sides of the feed box, and seen in Fig, 24. The slide is drawn back and retained in its place by a lever, one end of which * An Act of Parliament, passed April 16th, 1878, and which came into opera- tion on August Ist last, imposes a penalty of 5/. on every person using a machine without a proper and sufficient guard. (|, Award of Medals, &e., at Kilburn. 727 Fig. 22.—Mouth of Drum Fig. 23—Drum covered open for feeding. by the slide. o Pi FEED DOARO _ \ RINE SE ES SSS = - DRUM a ita, pa | Algae rat Ma DRUM he BH eriebe aet F es.» Fig. 24.—Plan showing the connection of the side-boards with the feed-board. EXTENDED FEED BOARD 728 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, catches a notch or lug on the iron rods, whilst the other is balanced by the weight of the feed-board. The setting is so delicate that any considerable pressure on the feed-board, side-boards, or bonnet depresses the end of the lever, thereby raising the opposite end clear of the lug, and thus removing the resist- ance to the springs which drive out the rods and slide. The action is very rapid, and when the slide has reached the opposite side and come in contact with the woodwork below the bonnet, safety is insured. ‘The only element of risk is the possibility of the hand or foot being caught by the slide, when the conse- quences would be serious. The price is 3/., exclusive of fixings. It will be understood that the feed-board is so hinged that any pressure on any part of the apparatus, cover, &c., relieves the catch. The other guard similarly noticed was shown by P. and H. P. Gibbons, of Wantage, and is the invention of E. W. Pamplin and Co. It is described as an improved combined hood and platform, and safety-drum shield. The following illustration, which shows the guard open for work, will enable the reader to understand the mechanism :— Fig. 25.—Messrs. Gibbons’ Guard open for work. 1 py SF <—e ! Z ce a = The apparatus comprises an adjustable hood a, which is suspended on pivot pins inserted in the bearing standards zn. The lower end of the hood is attached by means of light connecting-rods, c, to hinged pivots on the feed- board, D, and the latter is hung on a tremulus. A self-acting flap-board, EF, is also attached by means of an adjusting chain to the hood on the inside, and the “ flap-board” is provided with a toothed rack, F, having a small hand " chain, F!, attached as shown. A short connecting link, K, joins the feeding board to a ratchet-wheel, G, into the teeth of which an adjustable spring is TE Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn. 729 depressed, to any pressure required, by means of a tightening screw, in an angle plate, so that it can be adjusted to the nicest requirement. From the above it will be seen that when undue pressure is applied, either to the feeding-board or the hood, the drum-mouth is at once closed by the meeting of the feed-board and the flap-board, and both are securely locked, and cannot be opened until the locking spring is released by the hand out of the ratchet teeth, when the feed-board by its weight falls open. The flap-board still remains closed until the locking rack is released by the hand chain. The board then falls back, leaving the drum-mouth open for work. It would be very difficult for any one to get into the drum of the machine. The mechanism is simple, efficient, and not liable to get out of order. It will be seen that the hood is made in two parts. The upper portion can be turned back when its position is found to interfere with the feeding of coarse materials into the drum. Francis Ley, of the Vulcan Malleable Cast-iron Works, Derby, received first-class mention for introducing the manufacture of, and improvements on, Ewart’s Patent Detachable Driving-Chain. Hitherto this valuable means of transmitting power has been made only in America. Mr. Ley is able to supply it on the same terms, the purchaser saving expenses of carriage. Nor is this all, Important improvements have been introduced, which render the article much more accurate. First of all, as regards the metal : much attention has been paid to the production of malleable castings that are strong, durable, and homogeneous. The metal has the appearance of a mild steel; it is very ductile, and may be readily stamped, punched, drawn, or twisted, without heating. When turned it takes a high polish, and when burnished is peculiarly rich. It can be readily hardened, not being blistered, scaled, or warped, in the process. It is therefore specially suit- able for chain gear, where the friction on the links is so con- siderable. Mr. Ley has introduced special machinery for the mouldings of the links, in which accuracy of pattern is of the greatest importance, not only as ensuring a secure joint, but also enabling the links to be removed. Instead of moulding from loose patterns, as on the American and English system, he has invented a system of moulding the links from stereotypes, which produce marvellously accurate castings. The stereotypes insure perfect accuracy in the pitch of the chain, as no rapping or other carelessness in moulding can render the casting imperfect in dimensions. Thus the chain must always work true on the wheels. The shape of the links has been altered from the American pattern. The latter are straight at the neck, whereas in these they are bulged out slightly, thus preserving the sec- tional area throughout. This is considered a great improvement. Mr. Ley is prepared to guarantee the metal to stand a tensile breaking strain of 25 to 28 tons per square inch with a fair amount of elongation. The nature of the chain will be readily understood by the subjoined drawing (Fig. 26, p. 730), which represents four links, the upper one partly detached. 730: Report on the Exhibition of Implements, The chain in its simplest form consists of a plain hinged link. The hinge has a groove, in width about one-third of the circumference of the opening. The link is flattened out on one sides at’ the opposite end to the hinge, to the thickness. of the groove, and thus enables the links to be joined together by merely passing the plain end of the link into the corresponding hinge in the next link. As the chain can only be threaded together at the angle shown in the illustration, and as it’ runs, when at Fig. 26. work, with the groove outwards, it cannot possibly fall to pieces in work; whilst every link being interchangeable enables it to be lengthened or shortened with the greatest dispatch. These chains are available for many purposes, and are especially valu- able for carrying elevator buckets. Mr. Ley has lately executed orders for rice elevators for Rangoon, to raise 100 quarters per hour to a height of 50 feet; for cement-clinker elevators, to raise from 18 to 20 tons per hour; also elevators for brick- machines and linseed-cake mills, for discharging coals out of ships’ holds, lifting sewage-water, &c., including a chain-and- bucket pump to lift water out of a mine shaft, the miners putting in more links and buckets as they lower the “ shaft.” Our readers are probably aware that this form of chain has been adopted in all self-binding reaping-machines in America, and answers admirably. The following are some of the advantages of chain-gearing over leather or india-rubber fittings :—1. Posi- tive transmission of power. 2. Stands exposure to wet or heat. 3. Much less liable to break. 4. No expense in belt-fasteners. 5. No friction. 6. No tension. 7. No stretching. 8. No loss of time, as, if the chain breaks, any one can put in a new link. 9. Less costly, being only about half the price of ordinary belting of corresponding strength. The sprocket-wheels are also much cheaper than turned pulleys. They should be accurately made. The pitch. of the teeth should very slightly exceed that of the - chain; so as to enable the teeth to gain on the chain. Messrs. Polyblank and Co., of Newton Abbot, Devon, were Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn. 731 ; Fig. 27:— View of Messrs. Polyblank and Co.’s Band-saw Machine. a Mh 732 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, awarded first-class mention for a great improvement in band- saw machinery (Knowling’s patent). The great peculiarity of this machine is that the standard moves, altering the angle of the saw, whilst the table maintains a horizontal position. This allows of timber being cut at any angle. The saw can be canted to an angle of 45 degrees. The table is fitted on rollers to follow the saw ; hence the saw does not drag the timber along the table, as is the case with most band-saw machines. The main frame has trunnions at its base, is journalled in the foundation-frame, and is moved by a screw underneath the table, worked by a hand-wheel, which cants the screw and moves the table at one and the same time. Another important feature in this machine is the way in which the top saw-wheel is bracketed to the standard, by means of a pivot, and supported by indiarubber tension- springs. The adjustment by a hand-screw is very sensitive. The arrangement for adjusting the plane of the upper band- pulley, so as to make it coincident with the lower one, is simple and good. Any small obstacle getting between the saw and the pulleys does not break the saw. The machine is made in three sizes, and was catalogued as follows :— | | Diameter of - Diameter of Average Size. | Driving | ies laa Driving Power | Saw Wheel. Pulleys. required, | | £ No. 1 30Inches 10 an, | 12 Inches Half horse | 45 | | ae 2) Soles Se sete) tee One 5, “Fl aon £ e | | Price. | Two Messrs. Nalder and Nalder, Limited, have introduced into this country a much-desired combination, viz., a portable com- bined threshing and straw-elevating machine. Something of the same arrangement has been used in America, but only, as far as I know, capable of delivering the straw in the same direction as that in which the machine stands, whereas this can be worked with equal effect at any angle. Moreover, the frame of the eleva- tor is so jointed that it can be folded very snugly for travelling. The following illustrations (Fig. 28)—showing 1, the machine as fixed for work ; and 2, as packed up for travelling—will give an idea of the appearance, and assist the reader to understand the means by which this desirable result is obtained. The elevator is affixed on the straw-delivery end of the thresh- ing-machine, being mounted on a horizontal axis, which allows, the delivery-end of the trough to be raised or lowered, and on a vertical axis, admitting of a lateral or side-motion; and the 733 Award of Medals, &e., at Killurn. Buynaaja Ulog pun bu SS WsaWyT, paurque WOW WE S "AULD IT O11) 2)QDMOT 8.uopO AT pun sapponr ‘sussayy fo woyn.snjyy— . 86 Bf NI 734 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, apparatus is so constructed that the operation of raising or lowering the trough, or of adjusting it laterally, can proceed whilst the elevator is in motion. It will be seen by reference to Fig. 28, that a table or platform is attached to the main frame of the threshing-machine. The upper portion of this table is mounted, so as to be capable of rotation, or partial rotation, on a pivot. The lower end of the elevating trough is hinged to the upper portion of the platform in such a manner that the trough can be raised or lowered, the means of actuating the trough being a crane or winch fixed to the upper frame of the threshing-machine, with suitable pulleys, over which a rope or chain, wound at one end on the drum of the crane, and attached at its other end to other ropes or chains attached to the de- livery-end of the trough. The rotation of the elevator is effected by means of a worm and worm-wheel. The endless web and chain of the elevator are driven by a pair of spur-wheels on the end of an upright shaft, to which motion is communicated by pulleys and belts from the threshing-machine, the arrangement being well shown in Fig. 28. In order to ensure stability in any required position, adjustable props may be used, one of which is shown in Fig, 28. In order to facilitate the packing up of the elevating trough the sides are detachable. The regulations of the Society preclude the awarding of medals without an ade- quate trial, for which there was no opportunity at Kilburn, otherwise I think the merits of this invention or combination might have justified such a distinction. The advantages claimed by the patentees are:—1. Saving of labour, inasmuch as the straw can be delivered in any position, or waggons may be loaded without stopping the machine. 2. Saving of time in starting machinery, as there is no time spent in fixing and setting the elevator. 3. Saving of power, owing to a peculiar arrange- ment of the prongs or tines, which are separately attached to each belt. 4. Saving of horse-power in removing from place to place, and of an extra attendant. The additional weight of the attached elevator is under half a ton, whereas an ordinary_ele- vator weighs from 25 to 30 ewt. 5. Equal advantage when the implement is drawn by a traction-engine. 6. Greater facilities for working in a barn. 7. Saving of shed-room when stored. The price of the elevator varies from 40/. to 45/, according as it is attached to medium or large-sized machines. Its addi- tion to old machines of Messrs. Nalders’ make involves an additional charge of 5/. Messrs. Christy and Co.’s incubator has been already noticed. Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn. 735 No. in 2. Second-Class Mention. Catalogue. 4131 M. Francois L’Heron, for Agricultural Barrow. 6927 Pulsometer Engineering Company, for Centrifugal Grinding and Sift- ing Mill. 7368 Messrs. Entwisle and Kenyon, for Riley’s Patent Engineer’s Vice. 9056 Messrs. Everett, Adams, and Co., for Patent Double-row Turnip Thinner. 9144 M. Nicolas Noel, for Valve attached to Pump. 9714 Mr. Thomas Adams, for Patent Spring Safety-Valve. Messrs. J. Sabatier and Co., of Bread Street Hill, London, showed M. Francois L’Heron’s universal barrow, for which are claimed special advantages. The shafts are high, and therefore the workman is not obliged to stoop. Part of the load bearing directly on the wheel, some considerable portion of the weight, said by the inventors to be 30 per cent., is thus saved. When unloading, the load is thrown forward over the wheel, and the load automatically opens the front flap, and is discharged, thus saving the trouble of turning the barrow oyer on one side, which is dangerous, and likewise requires more room. This article was not entered in the catalogue, and therefore | have no knowledge of the relative cost. That there is some advantage in the position of the load over the wheel and the mode of dis- charging is evident ; and if equal strength without undue cost is obtained, this is a creditable invention. The Pulsometer Engineering Company, of Queen Victoria Street, London, exhibited a complete novelty in their com- minutor (Thompson’s patent), a centrifugal grinding and sifting mill. The nature of the machine will be understood by refe- rence to the sectional view (Fig. 29, p. 736). The grinding is effected by the centrifugal action of the ball, which revolves with the spindle, and the revolutions of the discs. The spindle, which is driven at a high speed, when rotating carries with it the discs and the ball. The material to be ground or pulverized is placed in the external hopper, seen on the left side of the section, and fed from thence according to its nature, and by a controllable feed, into the cups of an annular elevator, by which it is raised and discharged into the internal hopper, from which it falls into the mill by double apertures ; It is first crushed by the rapid blows of the ball, which freely exerts its centrifugal force upon the materials under operation ; and by means of a simple rolling motion kept up by the discs the whole becomes rapidly pulverized, and is then, through the fans of each disc, raised out of the mill and falls into the sieve, through the meshes of which the fine flour escapes, whilst the coarser materials are brought back to the elevator, to be again 736 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, raised and reground. There is much merit in this machine; the wearing parts are not liable to serious wear, and renewals can be made with facility. The way in which the action is ob- tained is ingenious. This combines the blow of the stamper with the triturating action of the pestle. The position of the mill inside its own sifter is also a great advantage, as it ensures the delivery of a completely prepared article. Another point, upon which some stress is properly laid, is that the powdering action does not depend upon the momentum of the substance to be powdered, but that it is actually pounded and rubbed be- tween surfaces of chilled iron and steel. As compared with Fig. 29.—Sectional View of Thompson’s Patent Comminutor. edge runners, the Concessionnaires declared that the commi- nutor shows a large increase in the out-put for the horse-power employed. And as regards horizontal stones, there is the entire saving of dressing, and greater results with half the horse-power required for grinding. The claims are :— 1. That the mill can be run at a comparatively slow speed, and therefore wear and tear is reasonable. 2. That the grinding and sifting are thoroughly done at one operation. 3. That the wearing parts are easily renewed when required. The ball, the path on which it travels, and the discs, are made of hard chilled iron, The ball by rolling wears itself true, and Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn. 737 the bearing parts are so made as to be readily renewable. The shaft is of steel, and all the bearings are carefully protected against dust. There were two mills shown at Kilburn, the smaller one priced at 50/., the other 160 I should imagine such a mill would be valuable and economical for grinding coprolite, phosphates, &c. Messrs. Entwisle and Kenyon, of Accrington, received second- class mention for Riley’s patent engineer's vice, remarkable for strength and simplicity. It comprises a sliding vice with parallel jaws, which can be adjusted so as to receive nearly any article by merely pushing the outer jaw in direct with the hand, and then tightening the grip by turning the handles through a half circle. A vice spindle ending in a.cam carries, above, a loose serrated grip-piece, which, on the handle being turned, locks into a corresponding saw (serrated piece) on the inside and above it. Directly it thus engages, the screw thread draws the outer jaw in, and fixes the object with a grip which is certain. Any size of work can be dealt with, and there is nothing to get out of order. Four different entries were made, viz., No. 1 J. Riley’s patent joiner’s bench-vice, price 16s. This can be changed instantly from —, inch to 1 foot, and vice versa, by half a turn of the handle. The other entries were :— No. 1 =. Patent Engineer’s Vice, 43-inch jaws. Price 2/7. 10s. No. 2 £. ditto 6-inch jaws. - Price 57. No. 1s. ditto 43-inch jaws, on double stand, with wheels. Price 5/. Messrs. Everett, Adams, and Co. exhibited a complete novelty in their “Simplex” turnip-thinner, which very deservedly re- ceived second-class mention. It is a matter of regret that circumstances precluded a trial, as the apparent merits of the machine would probably have earned for it a silver medal. In these days of labour-difficulties, any mechanism that facilitates operations which have hitherto required skilled labour, are of great value. The Simplex imitates more closely the action of the hand-hoe, than any invention I have seen. The drawings (Figs. 30, 31) represent the front and side elevations. It will be seen that an iron frame is supported by travelling wheels, the tires of which have a central rim and cross spuds, to prevent slipping. The axle carries a large bevel wheel, which engages a pinion on one end of a shaft, which terminates with a disc fitted with a crank-axle, to which are attached the coupling-rods carrying the hoes; to the end of these rods are jointed upright rods which are socketed to the frame, and can be raised or lowered by a lever handle with segments, seen in Fig.{30. It will be seen that by this arrangement each hve can be raised or lowered when the machine is in motion, as each hoe works independently of the other. Owing to the attachment to the disc, the face of each hoe as it recedes from its cut is pitched downwards, so as to discharge any adhering soil. The dis- tance between the plants depends upon the size of the hoes and of the VOL. XV.—S. 8. 3 D Report on the Exhibition of Implements, 738 “UMOYDAOTT IPW—' TE ‘SMT “HOW TD, di Ud ny MOt-9)Qnoqy ‘ ‘uoyMaayyT 20. warduag , aq {~— 08 "SM Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn. 739 pinions; four different sizes, varying from 11 to 8 cogs, are supplied. The 11-cog pinion is to work with the large hoe, the 10-cog with middle hoe, and the 9-cog with the smallest hoe, the 8-cog pinion with the smallest hoe, when it is desirable to cut very close. The pinions are readily replaced; and to adjust the bevel wheel, all that is necessary is to slack back the collar on the boss of the bevel wheel, and shift the same for a pin to screw intoa hole, farther from or closer to the wheel, as the case may require. The hoe-blades are fixed to stems, which can be shifted along the coupling-rods to suit any width of ridge. The road-wheels are also capable of expansion. The machines can deal with drills from 18 to 30 inches apart. They are made either for single _ or double rows; the latter are decidedly more economical. Price from 8/. 10s. to 107. 10s., according as single or double action is preferred. The hoes will remain in any position they are put in, without the attendant retaining hold of the handles. This implement has already gained several medals, and I regard it as a valuable invention at this time, and a decided advance upon previous efforts, nee Mons. Nicolas Noel, of 60, Rue d’Angouléme, Paris, received second-class mention for the valves of a force-pump, and for the very simple manner in which, by unscrewing four bolts, the upper portion of the pump can be opened and the working parts got at. This will be seen at a glance by the following sectional drawing. Fig. 32.—Section of Mons. Nicolas Noel’s Force-pump. The upper casting is hinged to the lower at a. The suction- and delivery- valves are shown at H H. ‘The ball-valves are either of vulcanised india- rubber, or, for greater force of discharge, metal is used. They are 2 inches in diameter, over 13-inch apertures. The seats are screwed in. ‘The barrel is 52 inches diameter. The maximum stroke is 53 inches. Thirty revolutions per 3 D2 740 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, minute. The pumps are double-action, and deliver 2640 gallons per hour at any height. With india-rubber valves the water can be forced 24 yards vertically, and 28 yards horizontally. Hence it forms a powerful fire-engine. The action of the pump will be further understood by reference to the plan (Fig. 33). Fig. 33.—Plan of Mons. Nicolas Noel’s Force-pump. A, Suction-valve under piston; 8B, Suction-valve under ditto; c, Passage from top of piston ; pp, Delivery valves. The merits of this pump are its simplicity, the durability of the valves, easy access to all parts, and perfect action; the muddiest water does not cause it to choke. The universal pump for liquid manure, fire extinction, and watering purposes, is supplied, carriage-paid to London, for 13/. 15s., and comprises :— The pump, mounted on an iron two-wheeled carriage. 23 yards of spiral wire rubber-suction hose. 2 brass unions, one bent union, and an iron strainer. 4 yards of canvas delivery-hose, with brass double-union. 1 delivery-jet and fan-spreader for watering purposes. Mr. Thomas Adams, of West Gorton, Manchester, exhibited several spring safety-valves. I am indebted to Mr. Courtney for the following description, and to the exhibitors for the illus- tration, which shows a section of the valve and spring. The special feature as compared with the ordinary mushroom safety-valve is, that the head of the valve, instead of merely covering the valve-seating, is made to extend over the seating. This is well seen in the section. By this means, as soon as the steam pressure in the boiler has risen sufficiently to lift the valve, the escaping steam compresses on the outer ring, and, owing to the increased area exposed to the pressure of the steam, the valve is lifted still higher, thus rapidly relieving the boiler Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn, 741 of undue pressure. So soon as the pressure is reduced, it at once closes. In November 1878 this valve was awarded the Fig. 34.—Section of Mr. Thomas Adams’s Spring Safety-valve. 1007. prize offered by the Editor of the ‘Nautical Magazine.’ There were eight competitors. The following Report appeared in the ‘ Nautical Magazine’ of November 1878 :-— 742 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, * Duration of test, one hour. “The whole of the steam generated had to pass through the valve, and the following is the result :— “On the gauge showing 60 lbs. the valve went off. The gauge instantly started to go gradually back to 59:4 lbs., when the valve closed tight; the time occupied being 13 seconds, and the mean difference between the greatest and least pressures being 0°6 of a pound. (There being no accumulation whatever.) “The valve repeated this cycle of operations during the hour’s test with unvarying regularity of pressure and time. “The time was taken simultaneously by all the arbitrators from a 15-inch diameter dial clock fixed on the wall, having a second-hand moying round its periphery, and they were unanimous in awarding the prize to ‘ Vena Contracta,’ which has since been claimed as the valve of Mr. Thomas Adams, of Manchester.” A boiler was under steam during the Show, fitted with one of these valves, in which the pressure was very uniform, a quarter of a pound excessive pressure at once opening the valve, which closed promptly as soon as the pressure had fallen a quarter of a pound below the point at which the valve was set to blow off. Although unnoticed by the Judges, I have been requested by them and the Stewards to draw attention to the hurdles made Fig. 35.—Junction of Bottom Rail Fig. 36.—Junction of Top Rail with Upright. with Upright. | | 1 il | Hy | a by Messrs. William Glover and Sons, of the Eagle Works, Warwick, which were designed by the Society’s Surveyor, as an improvement on those used for the exhibition of sheep and pigs in connection with the Paris Universal Exhibition last year, and which were employed with such manifest advantage for the pig- pens at Kilburn. Though readily removable, they make, when properly fixed, a very strong inclosure. They are light in appear- ance, and provide abundant ventilation. The simplicity of the gates fixed in the centre of each 9-feet hurdle, and their perfect efficiency, are very noteworthy. Award of Medals, §c., at Kilburn. 743 “ The dimensions of each pen were 9 feet by 6 feet, each hurdle being 3 feet 6 inches high, composed of a framing of deal 4 inches by 13 inches, the junctions being additionally secured by stout hoop-iron straps, fastened with 1-inch screws, the holes being countersunk. Fig. 35 shows the junction of the bottom rail with the upright, and Fig. 36 that of the top rail-posts ; these are 3 inches by 3 inches, and are driven in at the corners, which gives great strength. Fig. 37 shows the bolt connecting two hurdles, the position Fig. 37.— Connection between two Hurdles. y LA, Qe eq ee ——————— of the post, as well as the broader division between two pens. A is the top of the corner-post ; B the boarded division between two pens; cc the top-rails ; DD the uprights; E the bolt with screw-heads for fastening two hurdles; a similar bolt is used at the bottom. Upright iron rods, 54 of an inch in diameter, are fixed between the rails, 3 inches apart from centre to centre, having a supporting-bar in the centre Fig. 38.—Fastening of the Hurdle-gate. through which they pass. This completes the ordinary 6-feet hurdle ; but where a gate is introduced, the clapping-post is a 3-inch rod, replacing the ordinary wire; and the hanging-post, of similar thickness, is allowed to revolve. The 744 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, gate-bars terminate both above and below in 3-inch rails. The middle-bar being extended, and coming above the middle-bar of the fence, affords the means for fastening with a pin and short chain. This will be understood by Fig. 38. The effect of this very excellent arrangement will be seen at a glance by the subjoined isometrical view of the hurdles as fixed (Fig. 39). Fig. 39.—Isometric View of the Hurdles as fixed. The price given in the Catalogue is from 1s. 8d. a yard. I conclude that this represents the cost of the ordinary hurdle without gate—the gates, bolts, &c,., being additional. I have briefly alluded to the portable railway and train ser- vice of Messrs. John Fowler and Co., of Leeds, which did much useful work in conveying visitors from one end of the Showyard to the other. Some further details as to this valuable invention will not be out of place. The apparatus was originally in- vented and patented by M. Decauville, of Petit-Bourg, France. Messrs. Fowler, in undertaking the English trade, have greatly improved the details. The principle which pervades the system, and gives it distinctive features, is the distribution of the load on a number of small light waggons (each vehicle seldom carrying more than half a ton). This allows of the use of a light rail, so that the lengths of rails are easily moved about. The sleepers, placed 3 feet 6 inches apart, are made. of cor- rugated steel. The attachment between the rails and sleepers is effected by a coupling-bolt, which makes a very strong con- nection, and ensures rigidity of gauge. No more thorough Award of Medals, Sc., at Kilburn. 745 test could be suggested than the yielding mud at Kilburn. Yet the gauge and connections remained intact throughout. The rails of steel are made in three strengths—of 10, 14, and 18 lbs. weight per lineal yard. It has been found that iron rails, ori- ginally employed, will not answer, as they bend too much on soft ground under the influence of a load. Three gauges are made, viz. 16 inches, 20 inches, and 24 inches, according to requirements. The 16- and 20-inches have been chosen as the most rigid and portable, because a man, by placing himself between the rails and grasping one in each hand, can carry a length, the weight of which does not exceed 1} cwt. Each rail is thus secured: a wrought-iron chair is riveted to the sleeper, which fits over the flange, and against the outside of the rail a hooked bolt is passed through the corrugation of the sleeper under the rails, and the hook holds the inside flange of the rail, and presses it firmly against the chair. All that is required in fixing the railway is to see that the rails are laid upon the sleepers against the chairs, and the bolts tightened up, care being taken to keep the ends square. The price of the 20-inch- gauge rails is ds. per yard. A variety of carriages for the con- veyance of farm-produce are also supplied at reasonable rates. When operations are conducted on a large scale, such an apparatus must, I think, prove highly advantageous for the transport of the root-crops, carting manures, &c. Amongst other novelties exhibited by Messrs. Fowler and Co., was a patent scoop, designed for the making of ponds. This is specially exported for Australia, for which colony it was designed. The merit of its invention is mainly due to Mr. Peter Waite, the pasture manager for Sir Thomas Elder, of the Paratoo Run, South Australia, who, finding it impossible by manual or bullock labour to excavate to any great depth, so as to secure a proper supply of water for a dry country, turned his attention in 1875 to the application of steam-power to the formation of deep arti- ficial water-holes ; and, in conjunction with Messrs. Fowler and Co., devised and patented the scoop, which has since been con- siderably improved, until at the present time it is a very efficient machine. It should be mentioned that, previous to the intro- duction of the scoop, the greatest depth that could be practically reached was about 12 feet. Now double that depth, and probably more, is obtainable; and this, in a country where the evaporation frequently reaches 4 to 6 feet per annum, is a point of immense importance, securing thereby, not one, but three years’ supply of water, and practically insuring a permanent water-supply. The method of working may be shortly described :—Two winding- drum self-moying engines of 16-horse-power are used; the one engine is placed on the edge of the dam, the other on the 746 Report on the Exhibition of Implements, bank some distance back from the opposite edge, so as to allow space for the deposit of the earth; also a strong balance-plough capable of carrying four shares on each side; and the scoop, which is bell-mouthed, 7 feet 6 inches at the mouth, and 6 feet broad at the narrowest point, 6 feet from back to front, and about 4 feet deep at the shallowest part, and which, when full, holds 24 cubic yards of soil. The removal by plough and scoop of 2000 cubic yards per week is considered fair work. The ploughs are first employed to tear up the soil at the bottom of the dam to a depth of 10 or 12inches. The soil is frequently, owing to drought, as hard as a road, and could not be touched by ordinary means. When the surface has been ploughed, the scoop is substituted for the plough. It is drawn forward by the engine on the bank into the loose clay, and when full drawn back and up the side of the excavation by the other engine; and then at a suitable distance it empties itself, and to some extent spreads the material as it is discharging. The cost of excavating a dam to 12 feet, which was the greatest depth possible by bullock labour, ranged from 10d. to 1s.a cubic yard. The steam- plough and scoop, when in fair working order, can excavate to adepth of 24 feet, at 6d. a cubic yard: Mr. Waite considers that a depth of 30 feet might be reached without inconvenience or undue strain on the machinery. SS oa =F =| SS = SF SFA DFA 766 Report on the Trial of Railway- Waggons further arranged that Mr. Tindall should purchase the necessary animals in Smithfield market and elsewhere, in company with a veterinary surgeon, and see the same slaughtered on the day before the experiment was commenced ; Meat for each van. One side of ox beef. One carcass of ewe mutton (about 80 lbs.). One carcass of wether mutton (about 80 lbs.). One side of veal. One porker (not exceeding 64 lbs.). Couple of fowls. Couple of ducks. One gosling. One leveret. Couple of rabbits. Mr. Tindall’s notes as to the purchase of the above provisions are duly attached. The following regulations were issued to the competitors, and for the guidance of Messrs. Easton and Anderson’s assistants (Mr. Courtney and Mr. Devonshire) who were placed in charge of the waggons. Trial of Railway-Waggons intended for the Conveyance of Fresh Provisions. The two railway waggons will be at Camden Station, London and North- Western Railway, by Thursday, June 19th. The Judges will arrive about three o’clock on the above date, and see the meat packed into the waggons. The engineers will fix a maximum and minimum thermometer into each waggon, and will arrange that an ordinary glass thermometer may be inserted into each waggon without interfering with its tightness. This should be arranged with the exhibitors in good time. Sealing-wax, a seal and lantern, to be provided. When the waggons are loaded they are to be sealed up so as to make access to them impossible. The waggons will leave London at 11:10 p.m. on the 19th for Holyhead, where they will arrive at 1 p.m. on the 20th. They will start on the return journey at 5°40 p.m. on the 20th, and reach London at 4°30 a.m. on the 21st. Three engineers are to accompany the waggons. One of them must always be on duty, and never lose sight of them when they are standing in any station. Observations of temperature inside and outside are to be taken at intervals of about one hour when the waggons are at rest, and at every available opportunity when the train is in motion. A note-book must be kept for each waggon, in which everything that occurs must be noted, and if ice or any other material is added, notes of the time and quantity must be made. The waggons on their return to London will be shunted into the show- yard, and kept there till Saturday, the 28th inst. The engineers must continue the watch, and make observations night and day all the time, On the 28th the waggons will be opened by the Judges, in intended for the Conveyance of Fresh Provisions.’ 767 48, Collingwood Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 16th July, 1879. John Coleman, Esq., Estate Office, Escrick, York, Dear Sm,—I have to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of yesterday’s date, and, in accordance with your request, have pleasure in handing you my notes with reference to the purchase of animals to be slaughtered for the trial of “ Railway Vans,” entered for competition at the Royal Agricultural Society Show. They are as follows: In accordance with a resolution passed at the Secretary’s Oflice, 12, Hanover Square, on the 29th of May, I attended the Smithfield’ Cattle Market on Monday, June 18th, for the purpose of purchasing the animals necessary. I at once put myself in communication with Messrs. John Giblett and Sons, the eminent cattle salesmen of London, who were kind enough to lend me their valuable assistance. ‘The market was a very dear one, and small lots such as I required were difficult to get; however, I at length succeeded in getting a really nice bullock, and four sheep, two gimmers, and two wethers, also of the best quality; but I could not succeed in getting either pigs or a calf such as I thought suitable in the whole market, consequently the Messrs. Giblett were kind enough to take in hand to have a calf sent in from the country for me, and a really first-class one they succeeded in procuring. I have to thank Mrs. Davis of the ‘‘ Black Bull Hotel,” Metropolitan Cattle Market, who supplied the two pigs, of her own breeding and feeding, and which were of the very finest quality. I could not get any lambs which I considered suitable, therefore did without them. All the lot I had sent to Mr. Bonser’s slaughter-houses, where they were properly fasted, till the Wednesday night (June 18). At 5 o’clock p.m. on the latter date they were all professionally examined by} Mr. Thomas Avis, from the Royal Veterinary College, London, who reported as to the condition in which he found them, both previous to slaughtering and after being slaughtered. The poultry, &c., I had supplied by Messrs. Bailey and Sons, of Mount Street, London. The lot comprised two goslings, four ducklings, four fowls, four rabbits, and two leverets. They were all of the very best quality, and - were sent (with the exception of the leverets) to the Camden Street Station, on the morming of June 19th, where they were killed just previous to the waggons being packed. The leverets were, I expect, killed the day before, but this I cannot vouch for. As to the packing of waggons, &c., you have all particulars, therefore it will be unnecessary for me to report further. I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, A. Trypatt, On Thursday, June 19th, the Judges, Mr. Anderson and assistants, and myself, on reaching Camden Town Station about 3.30 P.M., found No. 1, Colonel Mann’s waggon, charged with ice, and ready for loading, and after a thorough inspection, loading was proceeded with in the following manner :—The side of beef was divided into two quarters (London fashion). One sheep carried the kidneys, from the other they were removed and hung up separately. The porker’s head was detached. The levyeret and rabbits were paunched. The poultry had the feathers only removed. The side of veal was very prime, indeed, the whole of the provisions were of first-rate quality. The meat in this van was not sheeted, simply hung up, in con- 768 Report on the Trial of Railway-Waggons venient positions. The engineer had provided a small stage in the centre to carry the maximum and minimum thermometers, and also for supporting a wooden tube in which slided a ther- mometer which could be got at from the outside, and enabled the engineers to take frequent observations recorded in the interesting diagram (Fig. 8, p. 770) which accompanies Mr. Devonshire’s notes. As soon as the process of packing was completed the doors were closed, locked, and sealed. Similar provisions were placed in the Swansea waggon, but some delay occurred in completing the ice-filling process, as the size of the material had to be reduced. The inside of this van had been recently painted, and afterwards whitewashed, with a view to remove the paint smell. The meat was carefully packed in calico sheetings, being arranged in exactly the same manner as in No. 1 van, and about 6.30 the waggon was closed and sealed. The history of the waggons during their journey, 500 miles, and whilst standing at Kilburn, will be gathered from Mr. Devonshire’s diary, which follows. Two waggons were entered for these trials, one by Colonel W. D. Mann, the other by the Swansea Waggon Company, the latter being the invention of Mr. K. Knott. The two waggons were loaded on the afternoon of Thursday, June 19th, at the Camden Goods Station, London and North-Western Railway, the engineers in charge having previously fixed in each waggon a stand to carry registering maximum and minimum thermometers, and a tube through the side through which an ordinary thermometer fixed to a long stick was inserted, for making observations of internal temperature from time to time throughout the trials. A wet and dry bulb thermometer was also placed in each waggon. The maximum and minimum thermometers were laid on wool in a box which formed part of the stand, fixed by coach-screws to the floor of the waggon. By this arrangement it was hoped that the effects of jolting would be obviated, but on examination at the conclusion of the trials, the indices of the thermometers were found to have been displaced, owing no doubt to the unusually rough treatment which they necessarily experienced when the waggons were dragged into their places at the showyard. The stick thermometers were found to answer admirably, and may be assumed to have given indications of the internal temperatures throughout the trials. The bulbs were wrapped round with a piece of linen, which rendered them less sensitive, so that in withdrawing the thermometers the external temperature did not affect the columns of mercury before time had been given for observation. The temperatures inside each waggon and outside in the shade were taken about every hour and a half during the trials. The results are shown in curves of temperature, a diagram of which is appended to this Report. All the thermometers in use were lent by Mr. Casella, of Holborn, and were verified at the Kew Observatory especially for the trials. Colonel Mann used ice in blocks, with the addition of a very small quantity of salt on one occasion during the trials ; Mr. Knott employed powdered i ps mixed with salt in the proportion of about 3 of ice to 1 of salt. Previously to the commencement of the trials, both the under-carriages were examined and passed by the inspector of the London and North-Western Railway Company. ° intended for the Conveyance of Fresh Provisions. 769 At 11 a.m. on June 19th, Colonel Mann placed 1456 lbs, of ice in the tank in his waggon. This ice lasted until June 23, when 930 lbs. more ice were added to fill up the tank. A small quantity of salt (about 1 cwt.) was used on this last occasion, Colonel Mann wishing to reduce the temperature of his waggon below 45°, as required in the conditions of trials. As, however, the ice was in solid blocks, the salt did not take hold of it, and on next opening the tank the salt was found caked in hard lumps. On the evening of the 26th and the morning of the 27th inst., further additions of ice, amounting to 995 lbs., were made, again filling up the tank. The total quantity of ice used in this waggon was 3381 lbs., and of salt about 100 lbs.—the quantity of ice remaining in the tank at the close of the trial being roughly estimated at 12 ewt. The average temperature from June 19th to 28th in this waggon was 49°37 deg. Fahrenheit. The variation of the external temperature was very considerable, as is shown by the diagrarn, the weather throughout being cloudy, with frequent rain and very little sun. Mr. Knott on first filling his tank with ice and salt used 2016 lbs. of ice and 550 lbs, of salt ; the ice was broken up into small pieces, and mixed with the salt, forming a freezing mixture of about 3 to1. Further additions of ice and salt were made on the 21st, 23rd, 24th, and 27th instant, amounting in all to 5298 lbs, of ice, and 1492 lbs. of salt. The loading of this waggon always occupied a considerable time, as the ice had to be broken up small, and mixed with the salt, before packing it between the air-tubes which intersected the ice-tank. About two inches of brine remained in the tank at the end of the trial. The two waggons were attached to the 11.10 p.m. express goods train from Camden to Holyhead, where they arrived at 1 o’clock on the afternoon of the 20th. For the return journey they were attached to the 5.40 p.m. passenger train from Holyhead, and arrived at Camden at 4.30 a.m. on the 21st. They were then sent on by a special engine to Salusbury Road, Kilburn, where they were shunted into the goods siding. On the 23rd and 25th June respectively the waggons were drawn into their places in the Showyard, where they were left for the rest of the trial, in charge as before of the engineers, who had never lost sight of the waggons through- out, one always being on duty to note temperatures and any occurrences that might take place. At 3 p.m, on the 28th inst., the Judges arrived to examine the contents of the waggons. As already stated, the registering maximum and minimum thermometers were found to have been so shaken as to be unreliable, and one of the wet and dry bulb thermometers being injured, no comparison of dryness could be made. Eastons AND ANDERSON. On Saturday, June 28th, No. 1 van was opened at 3.30 P.m., and after the thermometers had been duly examined by the engi- neers, the Judges entered the van and proceeded to make a minute examination of its contents. A slightly unpleasant odour told that something had gone wrong, and this was soon found to be the leveret, but as this was the only animal which was not bought alive, it is possible it was not so fresh at starting as was stated. The beef had a slight coating of mould, which did not improve its appearance. The Judges’ Report was as fol- lows :—Goslings in perfect condition, sweet and firm. Rabbits wonderfully fresh, Chicken excellent. Beef dry on the out- side, quite sweet and firm. In the ewe sheep in which the VOL. XV.—S. 8. p 3 F ~1 I >) Report on the Trial of Railway- Waggons kidneys were left in, the skirt between the kidneys, which should always be re- moved, but was left in on purpose, smelt slightly, but the kidneys were not affected. The veal was perfect, even the kidneys quite good. The wether sheep, from which. the kidneys had been re- moved (and separately con- veyed), was perfectly good. The porker was quite good. The tongue was slightly affected. The leveret was gone at the kidneys, and smelt so offensively that it was at once removed. No. 2 van was opened at Hat 4.10 p.m. The walls were path eest tT dry, but it was evident that 2 some of the condensed water had dripped down. The meat on being unsheeted was found more attractive to the eye. The surface equally dry, but there was no coating of mould. The provisions were decidedly in a more perfectly fresh state than No. l van. Thus the leveret, though suffering, was not nearly so offensive. The sheep with the kidneys left in was decidedly sweeter, and the pig’s head “was hardly affected at all. In- deed, the condition of the food generally was an agree- able surprise to the Judges, who had not expected such results, seeing the somewhat rude arrangements. The reason, however, is not far to seek. It will be seen by re- ference to Mr. Devonshire’s diagram, that the mean tem- ggons for the conveyance of y Wa “Bem a cb, pm I9S79NI357 aa) sill | a E.”_-| g the Trials of Railwa Fresh Provisions. im if Temperature dur 23m 10ns O ariatt 2ano y 2 rt » ™ yO ~ | ~” jo r » ed a r » ” in r “ - a — » 7 9 6 » ” 2 6 iw on” 2 é 4 ” y S79 —Diagram showing the V Fig. 8 intended for the Conveyance of Fresh Provisions. 771 perature in No. 2 was 39°3 as against 49°3 in No. 1, and this difference accounts for the results. —The consumption of ice was, however, much greater, as will be seen by the following figures, and there wasa man in attendance night and day ; and when the van was stationary in the yard he occasionally worked the fan, in order to keep up the circulation of the air, The patentee, how- ever, states that if the van had been provided with four openings at each end, two above and two below, and these had been opened according to the direction of the wind, 7.e., the two upper ones at one end and the two lower ones at the other, then a proper current of air would have been established without the use of the fan. The Judges had no means of testing this statement, and can only deal with the facts before them. ‘There was the man, and there was the consumption of the ice and salt. No. 1 Van.—Consumption of Ice. lbs. June l9 . - : A ‘ 1456 Met $l : ri ; ‘ 930 ta 4c pee , ; : 995 Total : : 3381 Salt x ‘ ; 5 100 The ice in the chamber on Saturday, June 28th, was found to be dry and but little wasted. No. 2 Van.—Consumption of Ice. Ibs. June l9 , : . “ 2016 ae ; : . ‘ 1500 eon ts Q ; ; é Cay thet aaa : , é 500 Bagel 4 ier . ‘ + P 525 Total d : 5298 Salt ‘ , : < 1492 The material was in a fluid condition when examined on the 28th. : The next point to which the Judges directed attention was the further keeping properties of the meat. The leverets were removed from both vans, a further supply of ice was obtained, and the vans were again sealed up until 10 o’clock on Monday morning. The following is the information received from the Judges. No. 1 Van. June 30; 10.20 a.m. Temperature of van, 45°. —When the Judges entered the van there were unmistakable 3 OF 2 772 Report on the Trial of Railway-Waggons evidences of decay. The odour was anything but agreeable, and further examination fully proved the fact that the process, how- ever efficient it might be for a limited period, was unequal to the test required by the Society. It will be remembered that the meat was not covered up, which the Judges consider a great dis- advantage to its keeping qualities, as also to its appearance ; the surface of it, being more or less covered with a green mould, was very unsightly. The beef was first examined. The meat was fairly good and not unsuitable for immediate consumption ; it was noticeably discoloured about the neck, and there was a consider- able percentage of waste, the meat requiring to be dressed in order to be fit for the table; moreover, the flesh had lost the firm condition which was so noticeable on its first inspection, and its general character is best described by the term “ flabby.” The wether sheep exhibited the same mouldy appearance. The mutton, however, was fairly firm, although indications of change were visible about the neck. The veal was soft, though sweet, and had lost all its bloom. The porker when cut in two was soft and the shank end discoloured, as well as the neck, and when tested with a skewer in these parts there was a perceptible odour. Mr. Turner, of 233, High Street, Camden Town, a practical butcher, who had cut up the sides of beef on the 19th of June, and had been present at the opening of the van on the 28th, stated his opinion that the pork was depreciated 4d. perlb. The head was decidedly high. The poultry appeared sweet, though somewhat soft. The rabbits were decidedly going rapidly, being much discoloured about the kidneys. No. 2 Van; opened at 10 A.M. Temperature 43° 50”.—On entering the carriage the Judges were struck with the perfect sweetness of the air and absence of all unpleasant odour. When the cloths were removed the appearance and condition of the meat was quite as good as on Saturday as regards colour and dryness, and it was considered to be even firmer in texture. The poultry and rabbits were equally preserved. Mr. Turner gave his opinion that this meat was worth fully 3d. per lb. more than that in No.1 van. The extra cost of working the Swansea waggon, the necessity of an attendant, and the additional quantity of salt, &c., are thus much more than covered by the difference in value of the meat. The Judges desire to record their thanks to Mr. Turner for the great assistance which he gave them throughout the trials. The general survey being thus satisfactory, the next point was to cut up the meat. The first part taken off the beef was the skirt, which would naturally be the most liable to de- composition; it proved as fresh and sweet as possible, and was perfectly firm. Next the sirloin was cut out, and this intended for the Conveyance of Fresh Provisions. 773 again was in admirable condition; and so on throughout the process. A portion of the chine, a handsome joint of about 16 pounds, was sent to the Society’s purveyor for cooking, together with a haunch of mutton from the gimmer sheep, and these were eaten on Tuesday at luncheon. Next, as regards the pork, which, as is well known, is more difficult to keep than either beef or mutton; when cut down the back, the flesh ap- peared as firm and sweet as possible, even to the neck end, with- out an ounce of waste meat, and offering a pleasing contrast to the condition of the same article in No. 1 van. And, most important, the head, which is most difficult to keep, was also in thoroughly good condition. The sheep were next examined and proved equally good. Next came the veal, which, almost marvellous to relate, was thoroughly sound and good. A minute examination especially directed to those portions of the carcass which experience has shown are always the first to suffer, proved the fact that the process was perfectly successful, even with flesh so difficult to preserve. The poultry and rabbits were equally good. The former were sent to the purveyor for a cooking test, which I believe was quite satisfactory. The award will be gathered from the Judges’ Report. Special Prize for Waggons conveying Perishable Goods by Railway. The Judges beg to report that the competition for this very important prize offered by the Mansion House Committee was confined to only two exhibitors, one of which was “The Swansea Waggon Company, Glamorgan, No. 11,845,” and the other “ William D’Alton Mann, of the Junior Athenzeum Club, London, No. 11,847.” The meat was slaughtered on the night of June 18th, and the poultry and rabbits on the morning of the 19th, the whole of which the Judges saw carefully placed in the respective vans on the afternoon of the 19th. After the journey of these vans to Holyhead and back, in charge of three assistant engineers of the Society, they were placed in the Showyard until they were opened on the afternoon of Saturday, the 28th. After this very severe test they found the meat, poultry, and rabbits in good condition, but in the van No. 11,847 indications of mould and decay showed themselves on the quarters of beef, and the pork and also the kidneys of the sheep were slightly affected. The vans were again closed, and left untouched until Monday morning, the 30th, and were then finally examined. There was no doubt in the minds of the Judges of the superiority, condition, and market value of the contents of the van No. 11,845, They therefore consider this van to have carried out the conditions on which the premium was to be awarded. The average tempe- rature of yan No. 11,845, both on transit and when stationary, was 39:3, that of van No. 11,847 was 49°37. On these considerations they award the premium of 50/. and the gold medal to the van of the Swansea Waggon Company, No. 11,845, and they recommend a Commendation be given to No. 11,847 for principles of construction and finish. (Signed) JouN Krerstrey Fowier, Aylesbury. A. TrypaLu, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Joun Wueat ey, Latimer, Chesham. (Cornmsy XX XI1.— Report of the Judges of Farm Plans sent in for competi- tion at the London International Exhibition, 1879. By J. Bai.ey Denton, Esq. THE prizes offered for plans of farm buildings were as fol- lows :— = ~ For arable farms above 300 acres.. .. « «. 50 For arable farms not exceeding 300 acres .. .. 50 For dairy farms above 100 acres... .. .. «.. 50 For dairy farms not exceeding 100 acres 1. .. 50 It was duly notified to the competitors that the plans were to be on a scale of 8 feet to the inch, and were to be accompanied by “complete specifications” and “money bills of quanti- ties.” There were 68 sets of plans sent in for competition from 39 different authors, of which 3 sets were disqualified. It is due to the competitors, who took considerable pains in the preparation of their designs, that it should be stated before any observations be made upon them, that the important con- dition insisted upon by the Society, that each design should be accompanied by ‘‘a complete specification” and “ money bills of quantities,” was regarded by the Judges as tantamount to instructions that no prize should be awarded unless approved arrangement and accommodation were afforded at such a pro- bable outlay as might fairly be charged on land in the oceupa- tion of practical farmers, and would be justified in the economy of rural estates. As Judges acting on behalf of the highest agricultural authority in the kingdom, we considered that we should fail in our duty if we awarded a prize to a design which might present admirable features of arrangement, but which could not be executed at a reasonable cost—such a cost, we repeat, as a landowner would be justified in expending, and which the Enclosure Commissioners, who are the protectors of reversionary interests, would allow to be charged on entailed estates. To arrive at a conclusion on this point, it became necessary that the Judges should, in the first place, prescribe for them- selves a limit of expenditure, beyond which they could not convey approval, although they were thoroughly impressed with the truth that farms of the same acreage and character might require homesteads differing in accommodation, and therefore differing in cost, according to the productive capability of the” land, the proportion of arable and pasture, and the customs of localit y: Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, &c. 775 Having recognised such a limit, it was found that none of the plans which provided superior accommodation, with modern improvements, were so designed that they could be executed within it. Without pointing out instances in proof of this assertion, we may state that in the design which we considered exhibited the greatest merit in arrangement and detail, and which we therefore “highly commended”—we refer to the design sent in with the motto “ Cheddar,” by Mr. W. E. Keates, of Hanley, Staffordshire, which represented a homestead and dairy arrangement suitable for a large farm of 400 acres—the estimate of the competitor himself was 6146/. for homestead and dairy, exclusive of the dwelling-house, road approaches, and contingencies, which with architect's charges would raise the outlay to upwards of 18/. per acre. To repay this outlay with interest at 4} per cent., in 31 years, would amount to 21s. 2d. per acre, while if the outlay be repaid in 25 years, the annual charge would amount to 24s. 1d. per acre. Such a charge, the Judges considered, no farm of 400 acres, even if it consisted of the best land and commanded the best market, could bear without loss to the owner, let attendant circumstances be what they may. Having regard to the present state of agriculture, it was certainly not difficult to come to this conclusion ; at the same time, it is hardly possible to over-estimate the value of those arrangements which best secure economy in manual labour, and warmth and comfort to live stock, and it was the wish of the Judges, while withholding the prize of 50/., to convey by the expression of “high commendation” their approval of Mr. Keates’ design in these respects. Mr. Keates’ description, with a ground-plan and isometrical view, is appended to this Report. When considering which of the plans in each class best met the intentions of the Society, the Judges encountered insuper- able difficulty in classification and comparison. This arose from the fact that, although in the conditions issued by the Society certain figures were given as a limit of the size of farms to be dealt with in each class, yet the latitude left was so gTeat that there were hardly two competitors who aimed at the same thing. This was shown not only by the different sized farms adopted, but by the great difference of estimate where the size of the farms was the same. The difference exhibited even in the same class clearly indicated that neither in extent of accommodation nor in strength of structure were the same fundamental data recognised. This will be evident by the following illustrations, which form in the aggregate a proportion _of three-eighths of the designs examined :— 776 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Crass I. (Araste Farms above 300 Aocrgs). peer Assumed Size of Farm. peer f Acres, Ss 9 900 5,158 17 700 2,098 1 600 7,924 3 500 4,675 7 450 | 2,878 22 400 2,064 18 300 2,780 Total 3850 | 27,577 Average cost 71. 4s. per acre. Cuass IT. (AnaBLe Farms not exceeding 300 Acrzs). Acres. £ 31 300 ' 5,000 38 160 1,351 34 150 558 39 95 805 Total 705 7,714 Average cost per acre 101. 19s, Cuass III. (Damy Farms above 100 Acrgs). Acres. £ 45 500 3,665 54 400 6,146 51 300 5,073 48 200 1,206 46 150 4,500 Bb) 150 1,066 53 100 2,709 Total 1800 | 24,365 Average cost per acre 137. 10s.’ - Cuass IV. (Darry Farms not exceeding 100 Aorgs). Acres £ 59 100 3,750 63 100 845 61 95 735 67 50 523 Total 345 | 5,853 Average cost per acre 171. —_——————— London International Exhibition, 1879. Tt The foregoing tabulated estimates do not include the dwell- ing-house nor sundry other items of outlay, which, as already pointed out in the case of “ Cheddar,” would involve an addi- tional charge of 3/. or 4/. per acre, from which the landowner ought fairly to look for a return in some form or another. With- out these necessary additions, the average estimated cost of the 22 designs enumerated reaches 9/. 16s. per acre ; while, with such additions, it would not be less than 13/. per acre. Th@Preat difference in the estimated cost of the designs in each class, without any correspondent difference in the size of the farms, clearly shows, as already intimated, that not only has a different amount of accommodation been aimed at— which it is possible the customs of the different localities might justify—but that the materials intended to be used, the height and thickness of walls, the scantlings of timbers, &c., were in some instances adopted in disregard of those recognised rules and regulations which are deemed essential to strength and durability, and which therefore prevail on well-managed estates in all districts alike. The Minute issued by the Enclosure Commissioners, and put in force by them when they are called upon to sanction the borrowing of money for the erection of farm buildings, will best explain what the accepted rules and regulations are. It is probable that this important public docu- ment was unknown to some of the competitors. As a further illustration of the different provisions made where no great difference could reasonably exist, it may be pointed out that in Class I. two plans from the West of England were presented, of which one was to cost 2143/., and the other nearly double, 7.e. 4093/.; while from the North two designs, haying the same object in view, were sent in, of which the estimated outlay was in one case 2028/., and in the other 3460/. It can hardly be conceived that any special powers on the part of the architect could effect such a saving as is dis- played by these differences, if the amount of accommodation be the same in each case, and equal attention be paid to durability and strength of structure. Haying made these observations, we have to record in a tabular form our selection of the following six designs (in addi- tion to that of Mr. Keates) as severally displaying, in the order in which they stand, many points of excellence, both in arrange- ment and structure. The whole were “commended” when exhibited at Kilburn, and, having closely examined them since, the Judges are of opinion that to the authors of the first three designs (as well as to Mr. Keates) medals should be presented, and that there should be published in the Society’s Journal a plan and view of each. Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, 778 "poy 08z‘L6 OF P[NOM poIOAo. Jr spared Ot[} JO. 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JONCM “A 'A | “IL. | op (2 on )AVTTIN ») “une ‘dorosoyy “¢f “M pus ‘f “mM | ‘T SI ose os (cow “loysvyy oy} Jo oA ONL.) PVD “¢ pue'g | “zy | og te ee ee ( AUIOUOOTT TATA aoyowrg ,,) oyeyQ Aojpng "vy | ‘Tt rat | (,, BIUOLIOd XG ,,) UOSyeM “EC | “T 02 | (,,SHOTMOTOD ,,) OFTVAA pV | 7 L ‘daaqNaANNOD - (,. Teppey ,-) Syvoy “WM | TTT | Fe ‘diag NAWMWOo/ ATHDIFL anZoy “UBD ‘“OLLOY, ANY UOHLAY FO aGKVN “SSBID aac oe a nn mma ‘AVILAG JO TLVNILSH OT} TIM “UBisoq poyoopos Yoo UT poprIOYY Norkyadowmwoooy Jo savpnoyazed oy} SUIAIS GNGNKALVLG uvtaavy, London International Exhibition, 1879. 779 The most striking feature in the exhibition of farm plans at Kilburn, viewed as a whole, was the fact that the covering of stock and manure was the object most frequently aimed at—a large number of the exhibitors adopting permanent roofs for fold-yards, and, in some cases, for corn, straw, and hay stacks. Of the selected plans in Classes I. and II., intended for arable farms, those of “ Colonicus” (Mr. Richard Waite, of Duffield, Derby), and of “ Per Mare per Terram” (Mr. F. E. Walker, of Scole, Norfolk), represent yards wholly covered ; while the plans of “ Practice with Economy” (Mr. A. Dudley Clarke, of Sun- dorne, Shrewsbury), of ‘ Experientia” (Mr. J. E. Watson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne), and of “ Utility,” No. 2(Messrs. W. J. and W. J. Moscrop, jun., of Stockton-on-Tees), are well-considered designs, in which partial covering is proposed. The design of “ The Eye of the Master is necessary to the due Economy of Labour” (Messrs. C. and J. Cadle, of Gloucester) represents open yards only, though care has been taken to indicate that these yards may be readily covered at a comparatively small cost. There is no doubt whatever that the principle of protecting from the weather both animals and manure has gained ground considerably since the Society offered prizes for plans of farm buildings thirty years ago. The economy of warmth in feeding both growing and fatting stock, and the value of straw for fodder as well as litter, have both tended to the covering of fold-yards—a step which is likely to be more and more appre- ciated as our population increases and agriculture undergoes those changes which best promote the increased production of winter-fed meat. It is difficult to say which of the two characters of stock—matured beasts preparing for the butcher, or growing steers and heifers, which it is intended to turn into pastures during the summer—do best under cover during winter. Experience in a majority of cases has contradicted the assertion, that open yards with shelter-sheds are more healthy than covered yards for young animals. It is found to be hardly possible to make any animals too snug and warm if the accommoda- tion is associated with proper ventilation, though many tenants of tillage farms, producing a large quantity of straw, prefer open fold-yards, on the simple ground that straw is more quickly consumed. It has been advanced with great truth that farmyard-manure made under a roof, owing to its dryness and want of solidity, loses a great part of the ammonia it should hold, and that its fertilising powers are thereby much reduced ; but experience has proved that this dry and light condition is due rather to the wasteful use of straw as litter, where the obligation to consume it on the premises prevails, than to any 780 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, other cause. Not unfrequently there exists a deficient number of feeding stock which, with a desire on the part of the tenant to get rid of the straw he is obliged to consume rather than turn it to the most profitable account, explains the cause of the inferior condition of the manure. It is found, in fact, that if only enough straw is used as litter as will make the best manure, while keeping the stock in the yard comfortable, half the straw usually consumed as litter will suffice, and that then the manure, instead of being inferior, is of the very best description. It is needless to point out that the advantages to be gained by the use of covered yards depend very greatly upon the mode in which they are divided, and the arrangements which are made for feeding the stock they are intended to hold. The plans of “ Experience with Economy” (Mr. James Martin, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire), which show a homestead arranged in the form of a long parallelogram, with shelter-sheds dividing the yards (which are all open) one from the other, present several excellent features, although the buildings do not appear to us to be laid out on the best principles for the saving of labour ; and the time is evidently approaching when the wholesale con- sumption of straw as litter, involved in such an arrangement as is here indicated, will be considered wasteful. It has, however, the same advantage which was claimed for Messrs. Cadle’s design, that the yards can be readily covered should occasion arise. We refer particularly to Mr. Martin’s design in contrast to covered yards, because we believe that this form of homestead has been adopted on the Duke of Bedford’s estate at Thorney, in the county of Cambridge, and is much approved by the tenants. A very ingenious design was sent in under the motto “A 1,” which contained some very valuable features, although on the whole it was too imperfect for commendation. In the majority of the designs presented in competition, the saving of labour in the mixing and preparation of food, its con- veyance to stock in the several parts of the homestead, and the removal of the manure from the stalls, boxes, and yards, was well considered, though in only a very few instances was this im- portant object as fully attained as it might be. In the several designs of Mr. Waite, Mr. Watson, and Mr. Clarke, there are excellent features aiming at this object; and in that of Messrs. Moscrop great practical knowledge of the subject is shown, though the high buildings appear to us to be much more costly than necessary. It will be observed that in three of the plans tramways are intended to be laid down within the building for the carriage of food, and in one instance for the removal of manure, while in the design of Mr. Waite rails are proposed to be used for the London International Exhibition, 1879. 781 conveyance of corn-stacks from the yard to the threshing barn. We do not wish to convey by these remarks our unreserved approval of tramways, though there is much to be said in their favour. Where they are in use by tenants of superior intelli- gence and capital they are found to work well and to save money, but the time has certainly not arrived when they can be gene- rally adopted as an improvement for which an ordinary tenant may be fairly expected to pay interest on the cost, No further remarks on the selected plans are necessary, as the authr of each will explain, by prefatory remarks and in most cases by a bill of quantities, his own design. In conclusion the Judges beg with great deference to suggest that in the event of the Council of the Society renewing the offer of prizes: (1.) That in every case plans of the farm-house should accompany those of the homestead ; (2.) That the acreage of arable and ‘pasture composing the sized farm for which plans are sought should be specified, and the amount of stock of all sorts to be provided for set forth ; (3.) That a certain sum per acre should be named repre- senting the amount of outlay which should not be exceeded ; (4.) That the plans should be in the hands of the Judges a sufficient time previous to the opening of the Show, to enable them to examine them fully. Hatirax Wyatt, THoMAS SAMPLE. J. BAtLtEY Denton. APPENDIX TO THE JUDGES’ REPORT. ‘¢s CHEDDAR.” Tue annexed general plan is for a farm homestead providing accommo- dation for 400 acres of land, the bulk being in pasture and worked as a dairy farm. The cow-houses are all double, and provide tying for 112 milch cows, continuous and centrally placed. The calves are located at the south end of the cow-houses. The south-east range contains eight boxes, which are convertible into stalls; and on the south-west, and immediately opposite the house, are the nag-stables, harness-room, and chaise-house, together with large box for calving, or for a brood mare. These buildings form the sides of two open yards, proposed to be kept clean and pitched with stone; in the centre of each is a spacious dung-shed, with liquid manure-tank con- veniently placed for the reception and preservation of the manure made. These yards are open to the south and enclosed with a dwarf wall. The straw-barn and food-preparing room are annexed to the cow-houses and ~l 82 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, i Fig. 1—Dairy Farm Homestead, 400 Acres.—* Cheddar.” S STACK YARO x a a te =e = e's |}2\ z = 4><\2 g & lz=8A3 al = .— J = — = = o =< q 3 2 4 3 3 s J R 0 A _ —_ OH DUNG Sec SHED ae on) bune> SCALE. 20 EEEr Te 1 Ince ee oa i @ we “= References to Farm Homestead. A. Hospital. ~ | M. Privy.‘ B. Artificial manure stores. N. Tools. N1. Harness. N 2. C. Poultry. | Hay and chaff. D. Coals. O. Feeding passage, E. Boiler. P. Loose-box. F. Engine-room. | Q. Feeding passage. G. Meal. / R. Hay and straw. H. Meal. S. Bin. I. Cake. T. Nag stable. J. Mixing. U. Harness. K. Chaff-box. | V. Gig-house. - L, Bull. | W. Trough, References to Dwelling House. 1. Butter-room. 11. Store for clean utensils, 21. Stores. 2. Cheese-room. | 12. Privy. 22. Passage. 3. Steamer. 13. Dust. 23. Hall. 4. Washing. | 14. Coals. 24. Vestibule. 5. Slop-stone. | 15. Wash-house. 25. Porch. 6. Engine-room. 16. Scullery. 26. Living-room. 7. Churning. | 17. Larder. | 27. Stairs. . 8. Churn. 18. Kitchen. 28. Hats and coats. 9. Passage. 19. Business-room. 29. Parlour. 10. Milk-room. | 20. Pantry. | London International Exhibition, 1879. 783 extend north towards the stack-yard, with a gangway through on the south. The floor over this range contains granary, mill-room, and chaff-room. The mixing or preparing room is fitted with the cake and meal bins, chaff steam- ing-chamber, steamers and tanks for mixed food and milk. The north range consists of waggon, cart, and implement sheds, artificial-manure store, infirmary, engine-room, boiler-shed, and chimney-stack. The poultry-house adjoins the boiler and stack, and is provided with circulating flues for warmth. Root-house, bull-box, and tool-house. Adjoining the mixing-house, with a southerly aspect, are the pig-dens and courts for 150 pigs, all roofed in, with two open yards adjoining. ‘The cart-stables are placed on the north-east, and enclose a yard for colts or young stock, provided with a shelter-shed. On the west side, and opposite the cow-houses, is the dairy or factory for the conversion of the milk into cheese and butter, and comprises a milk- room, store for clean utensils, churning-room, engine-room, wash-house, cheese and butter-making room. To equalise the temperature the walls are built ‘‘hollow,” with double roofs covered with felt and tiled. A 6-foot verandah is carried round three sides, and the windows are provided with outside Venetian shutters. The walls internally are lined with Marsden’s patent glazed interlocking tiles. Throughout the premises particular attention is paid to the ventilation and drainage. All the feeding-passagesare fitted with a tramway, likewise the cow-houses, for the removal of the manure and milk. The buildings throughout to be supplied with water from a well and pumped into a 3000-gallon cistern for distribution, A 10-horse power engine for the farm premises, and a 3-horse power engine for the dairy fed from a Cornish boiler, will work all the machinery and pump water. The roofs are spouted and drained into a tank near the boiler. The dairy premises to be heated by hot-water pipes in the winter, and means are provided for raising the temperature of the water supplied to the cows. « COLONICUS.” DESCRIPTION BY THE AUTHOR. in this design all the buildings except the waggon-shed and artificial-manure stores are grouped together in a parallelogram, 184 feet by 121 feet, the total cubic space, including walls and roof, being 380,390 feet, of which rather more than three-fourths are devoted to accommodation of live stock, and the remainder to the necessary offices. Full particulars of the provision made for the various classes of stock are given in the accompanying schedule. The design also includes an arrangement for drawing in entire stacks on wheels, and thrashing under cover. The buildings face due south, with the waggon and implement-sheds, mixing-room, straw-barn, and stackyard, on the north side. It has been the endeavour of the architect, who also occupies a small ex- perimental farm and is a successful exhibitor of stock, to so arrange the premises as to reduce the labour of attending cattle as much as possible, to provide easy means of communication, and to construct the buildings in a plain and substantial manner, avoiding everything tending to render necessary large periodical outlays for painting and repairs. Stables.—The stables are in all cases 18 feet from back to front, and the stalls 6 feet wide; thus allowing ample space for hanging up gearing behind each horse. ‘There is direct communication with the covered yards for dis- posal of manure, and also with the mixing-room and stack-yards, by means of See Da cre enna a s oY hm SS -~ SEQ Se "811010]0Q) y;— "8090 QGP fo WunyT of shupyng fo nar4—'S “OLT “cc London International Exhibition, 1879. 785 Fig. 3.—Plan of Stackyard. wsSo 20 2 30 40 so 60 70 £0 90 Im i fs S-SCALE of FEET~- AAA. No. 20 Corn stacks, 20 X 12 ft. on frames over B. _ Traverse way for corn-stacks. tramrails for conveyance to the threshing barn. CCC. Hay and straw-barn. D. Artificial-manure store. Fig. 4,—Plan of Floor over Implements. i = O2ccss aca | i it © ek | | | i | 4 E. Granary. E’. Pulley. F. Chop-floor. F’. Steamer. G. Upper part of straw-barn. tramrails and gangway. The carthorse-stable is divided by a store for fodder and spare harness. The nag-stable with harness-room and coachhouse are placed at the south-. west corner, to be conveniently near the dwelling-house. Cattle-stalls—Tie-up stalls are shown for forty beasts, available for either dairy or fattening purposes, in a double row, separated by a central gangway 6 feet wide, in which a tramway, 20-inch gauge, is laid. he standing room for each pair is 7 feet in width; the feeding-troughs are of blue, or other suit- able bricks, and there is a cast-iron water-trough, with hinged lid to each pair of beasts, all opened and shut by wheel and pinion-motion. ‘The beasts are fed through transverse rails next the gangway, instead of the oid system of build- ing a dwarf brick wall, which prevented a free circulation of air in front of the cattle when lying down. Fattening-boxes.— Four fattening-boxes are shown adjoining the tie-up stalls, and under the same roof; the number may be increased by reducing the number of stalls. It will be observed that the area of floor-space in each box is the same as for a pair of beasts tied up, but considerably less per head than in the covered yards. An enclosed box fora bull and also a hospital are also shown, with access to gangways and covered yards. Covered Yards.—Two large covered yards, 95 feet by 55 feet, shown sub- divided on the plan, will accommodate 80 beasts, if those of various ages are kept distinct, the area of floor-space provided for each being on the average 135 feet 7 inches. Feeding-troughs and self-filling water-troughs are shown so situated as to be available for each portion if the yards are subdivided. VOL, XV.—S. 8. 3G 786 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Fig. 5.—Plan of Farm Buildings—* Colonicus.” ==> A A A A A. Covered yard. Je Harness. S. Implements. BB. Stalls for beasts. K, Loose-box. T. Roots. eca. Tramway. L. Nag-stable. U. Mixing. DD. Bull-box and hospital. MM. Calves, V. Engine. EE. Feeding-pens. N. Fowls. W. Straw-barn. F. Stable. 00. Pigs. X. Shoeing-forge. G. Harness and passage. iP: Breeding-sty. Y. _ Threshing-barn. HA, Carthorse-stable. Q. Boiling-house. Z. Waggon-shed. I, Coach house, RRRR. Boozing water. a. Drawing-room, | Ff. Scullery. k, Yard. o. Wash-house. b. Dining-room, | g. Dairy. 1, Ashes. } p- Back staircase, c. Porch, h. Store. m. Fuel. q- Staircase, d, Hall. t. Pantry. n. Boots. r. Garden entrance. ¢, Kitchen, j. Shed. , The yards are well lighted and ventilated by ridge skylights and louvres; also by large arched openings on the south front, 10 feet wide and 12 feet high, to admit loads of hay and corn for temporary shelter in harvest time, If desired, these yards may be left uncovered at a great saving of expense, providing only lean-to sheds for shelter against the high building on the north side ; they could be roofed in at any future time without difficulty, The walls are carried up to the roof-line to prevent infection, should disease appear; the floors are excavated with a graduated fall of 2 feet 6 inches from the south front, so as to hold as great a depth of manure as possible. London International Exhibition, 1879. 7387 Calf-pens.—Two calf-pens are provided, fed from a gangway in connection with the mixing-room, and with access both to covered yard and the external road, Piggery.—Three large pig-styes (one being specially prepared for breeding purposes) are shown, all under cover, with boiling-house and swill-cistern adjoining. The author has had practical experience of the difficulty of breed- ing and feeding pigs for sale at a profit in competition with American importa- tions, and has provided but little more accommodation in the piggery than is needed to supply the house with bacon, &c. Fowl-house.—The fow]-house, situate between the calf-pen and piggery, is convenient for access from the dwelling-honse. Offices —It will be seen that the mixing-room and root-store, with ‘ chop” or cutting-room over, are in the centre of the block on the north side adjoining the stackyard; tramrails communicate with all parts of the buildings and stackyard. In the mixing-room is a brick-built steaming-closet (supplied with steam direct from the engine hereinunder described), also a grist-mill. The root-house being intended to hold only a few days’ supply, space is provided to stack the bulk of the roots in clamps in the stackyard to be brought in on tram-waggons. as required. It is found in practice that this is not a waste of time or labour, as the tram-waggons run close to the pulper, and roots keep much longer in clamps than when stacked in a building in large quantities. Straw-barn.—The straw-barn is carried up to the full height of two floors, and contains 516 cubic yards of space for storage. It is provided with doors to the stackyard and granary, and communicates with the cutting-room above the mixing-room. Steam-engine——Motive power is supplied by a portable or a traction engine resting on grooves in the floor, by which it is always secured in the same posi- tion, and is connected with shafting running the whole length of the chopping- room above; it also supplies the steaming-closet, and is available for threshing, steam-ploughing, &c., as may be required. ‘he connection between the engine- funnel and brick chimney-shaft is made by means of a telescope-slide resting on the base of the funnel, worked by a lever. This has been carried out in practice by the author, and works very satisfactorily. A blacksmith’s forge, shoeing-place, earth-closet for the use of men, and stores for artificial manures, are shown. The waggon and implement-sheds adjoin the carthorse-stable on either side, facing due north. A granary is constructed on the implement-shed, with suit- able provision for raising and lowering corn from or to waggons underneath. Threshing under cover—The plan under consideration was the only one exhibited which provided means for drawing entire stacks to a barn under cover, so as to be available in all weathers. The stacks are built on wood- frames over tramrails, 7 feet 6 inches gauge, resting either on wheels (old railway-waggon wheels answer every purpose) or on the ordinary supports to stack frames. In the latter case the frame is lifted by jacks, and wheels are inserted under each end. The stacks (except the four centre ones) are then drawn by horses on a trolly running on rails along the traverse-way, which is sunk 2 feet 6 inches below the surface, and thence to the threshing-barn. The threshing-drum is placed as shown under a Dutch barn, and straw delivered direct into the straw-barn. Seven men only are required to perform all opera- tions, including stacking the straw, cleaning, and weighing the corn in sacks ready for market. Two galvanized hay-barns, 62 feet by 17 feet, on wrought-iron standards, are included in the estimate. All drainage from the live stock is conducted to a liquid-manure tank: rain-water also to tanks as required. 3G 2 788 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, The fences round the buildings may be either quickset-hedge, or brick walls ; they are not included in the estimate. It has been the endeavour of the architect to design a good homestead, with accommodation for 150 head of horned stock, and 13 horses. In determining the number of acres for which it is suitable, much must depend on the system of farming pursued. Ricuarp Waltz, Architect, Sept. 5, 1879. Duffield, Derby. Brit oF QuANTITIES AND DerTArLeD EstTIMaTE. Yards, | Feet. | Inches.| No. | GS ORa” ae EXCAVATOR AND BRICKLAYER. 794 | cube oe .. | Excavate soil in trenches and tank, and deposit on site,at 6d. .. .. DS ad bio Allow the sum of 70/. for drainage, and include No. 27 ay and gratings .... 70 0 0 2738 | sup. | | 9 in. reduced common brickwork in mortar, all external and internal surfaces neatly pointed, at 4s. 6d. 616 1 0 153 | sup. “ .. | 42in. arch and spate, with manhole to tank, at 4s.. 3 2 0 4) 9 in. elliptic arches to 10 ft. “open ings, at 10s. .. 2°'0..0 8 | Semi-cireular arches to 6 ft. “open ings, at 7s... 216 0 65 | Segmental arches to 3 ft. 6 in. open: ings, ati2s. § . 610 0 6 Segmental arches to 4 ft. 6 i in, open ings, at 3s... 018 0 } 32 Segmental arches to 3 ft. openings, at 2s. 3.4 0 3 | Segmental arches to 2 ft. 6 in. open- ings, at 2s. 0 6 0 7 | Circular arches to 2 ft. 3 in. diameter, | at4s. . 17%8) 70 1033 | lin. 3 -. | Ex. only cut to rake of gables, at Sd. 3.9 0 PEE S| oo Spey cel] sla only 13 ea cornices, at 6d. oir = 6 Sy) on ae ES .. | Cement render to tank and swill | cistern, at 1s. 6d. .. 4 3 8 9233 Selected hard-paring bricks in mortar | on dry foundations, at 2s. 6d. = 115. S 9 1523 | .. x -. Common brick flat ditto, at 1s. 9d... 13 610 11023 | .. . -. | 8 in. concrete floor to covered yews, | . at Is. 4d.. 7310 0 73 | lin. . +s, | 9. ans) by, 4h bevelled blue - brick sills, jointed in cement to door | _ openings, at 2s. 1. oO 37 5 * .. | Throated blue - brick window sills | ‘at 2s. 314 0 96 me 7 .- | Blue- brick coping, ‘one edge in | cement, at 1s. 9d. .. “8:93.0 Brickwork and fixing only to copper 012 0° 4 | Ex. only labour to chy. caps, at 3s. 012 0 4 } Carried forward .. «» £} 962 9 London International Exhibition, 1879. 789 Bit or QuanTITIES AND DerameD Estimats—continued. SO Yards. | Feet. | Inches.) No. £ 8. d. Brought forward .. 962 9 4 13 | Stable mangers in blue bricks, 6 ft. long, 1 ft. °10 in. wide, at 1l. 7s. 6d. pe 1G With 4 brick arch under, the bricks to be purpose made and jointed in cement. 40 | Cow boozing-troughs, 3 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 3 in., of similar bricks, but no arches under, with divisions for water troughs, at 15s. .. . 30 0 0 6 | Boozings to bull and hospital boxes | and feeding pens, at 1l. 3s. : 618 0 | 233 |lin. | .. | Boozings to calf-houses and covered | yards, with divisions, at 5s... .. 08 53 0 Bed all window and door-frames in cement. Carried to Summary £} 1075 9 10 Mason. 15 1 cube} Tooled stone templets, at 3s. 6d... 212 9 Ti 7 -» | Tooled stone lintels and heads, at Ber Ods =o 1 8 6 5 0 Tooled stone outlets to gutters, at 886d. = .. OL 6 15 1 .. | Tooled stone coping ‘to cutters, at 38.6... 213 0 153 4 .. | Tooled stone hook and catch ‘stones and labour only, let-in hooks and | catches, at 3s. 6d. Pe 2616 8 31 3 .. | Tooled stone steps to granary, at | 3s. 6d. Se) ¢ 36 | Tooled stone bases ‘to columns, at | AEA = Ae 6 6 0 1 3 | .. | Tooled stone stops to gates, at 38. 6d. O44 2 6 cube Tooled stone curb to manhole of | tank, at 3s.6d. .. 0s 9 6 3 | sup.) 3 in. fork cover to tank, at Is. 3d. Oi 8) 10 6 .. | 8 in. fork hearth to harness- -., at Is. 3d. orlias HO Wet eee (iy a Carried to Summary .. .. | £4717 8 CARPENTER AND JOINER. 206 8 cube Floor joists, ABS Gel Weare |) oe Bee ep 8) 15 93 |sup. | .. | 1}-in. matched floor-boards, with | three trap-doors trimmed for and | framed in same, at ll... .. 1518 7 763 7 cube Red deal framed in roof trusses, with | all necessary wrt, iron - work, at Squares, Donde 2 oe as 82 14 5 119 | 10 | .. | Wall plates and ‘bond, at 2s. 2d... | 1219 7 12 De Malleys abi2s. 2d.) ., as Loi Carried forward .. .. £| 13355 TL 790 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Bint oF QUANTITIES AND DETAILED EsrimatE—continued. Yards. | Feet. 425 43 1007 138 132 | 5a | 2238 1899 216 157 | Inches. | sup. lin. No. Brought forward Purlines, at 2s. 2d. & Ridge, at 2s. 2d. Spars, at 2s. 2d. . Bearers and stretchers to ‘skylights and gutter beams, at 2s. 2d. ; Wrt. framing to skylights, at 2s. 10d. Wrt. lintels, : aes Sd. .. 3 by 2 skylight bars, wrt., and rebated, at 8d. An 7 by 1 wrt. and fixed louvres, ‘at 3d. Jacob’s ladder, 9 ft. long, 2 ft. wide fixed against wall . Ventilators framed on ridge. over stables and granary, at 1/. 10s. Solid deal frames, oak sunk and weathered sills, half filled with fixed glass bars, the remaining half with movable louvres, at Is. 4d. 7 by 1 fixed louvres i in solid circular frames, 2 ft. diameter, measured square, at 1s. 8d. 43 by 3 wrt., reb. and chambered door-frames, cambered heads, at 4id.. 23 rained and ledged_ doors for appa- ratus to slide, average width 8 feet, at Is. 6d.. 5 2 in, framed and ledged ‘doors for apparatus to slide, 3 ft. 3 in. wide, at Is. 4d. aie 13 ledged and braced, matched and beaded doors, part in two heights, at 10d. .. 1 in. ledged and braced, matched and beaded doors, part in two heights, at 8d. .. 24 framed and ledged. gate entrance to covered yards, the upper part filled in with 3 in. iron rods 5 in, apart, wood capping on top = at 2s. is 3 by 2 grooved sliding rail, at 3d. . Oak gate to stackyard a3 Pair 36 bands and hooks, at 6s. 6d. Shall f at 5s. 6d. 9, oF 55 at 58. .. ore A at 48. .. Hels. 4 at 3s. 9d. 12 in. ce at 3s. 6d. Latches and catches, at 2s... Sets of wheels and runners to sliding doors, 8 ft. opening, at 21... .. Sets of wheels and runners to sliding doors, 7 ft. opening, at 21. .. .. Carried forward £ 135 46 4 109 14 18 7 74 23 0 10 13 13 592 oo fos) NWNeKONOrN Or ~ oe ce eco Seo Sona oS SS SOAaSGooaenoe - London International Exhibition, 1879. 791 Bint ofr QuANTITIES AND DETAILED EstimatE—continued. Yards. | Feet. 15 o4 672 54 69 Inches. sup. lin. lin, sup. No. Brought forward .. . Sets of wheels and runners ‘to sliding doors, 3 ft. 2. in. opening, at 11. Lbs. Set of wheels and runners to sliding doors, 6 ft. opening, at 11. 17s. 9'in. stock locks, at 3s. ? wrt. rod for hanging doors, at 1s... Fastenings to piggery doors, at 2s.. Bolts to piggery doors, at 6d... .. Turnbuckles and padlocks, at 2s. 6d. 12 in. barrel bolts, at 2s. . se ; Catch plates, at 2s. Oak bolts, at 1s. ac 2 in. tongued elm stall divisions at leiGdi Cast-iron work only, for 2-in. tongued elm stall divisions, heel post, top and bottom rail, at LL. 15s, Ex. only to three doors in loose box and stall division, forming passage in carthorse-stable, at 12s. 3 in. wrt. vertical railing, 42 centres, 18 in. high, and fixing, at Is. 6d. lin. wrt. one side elm boarding to divisions to cow stalls, 6 ft. by 41 in. by 3 in. head, 5 ft. by 43 in. by 4 in. heel posts, rails, 6 ft. 1 in. by 43 in. by 14 in. at top, 43 in. by 13 in. middle and bottom rails, at 1s. 3d.. Cast-iron rail and sill to Joose box and passage divisions in stable .. Heel posts, at 5s. ; 22 ash boozing stakes, with two 5 ir in, screw pins to each, ‘at 2s. 1 in. straight joint boarded divisions to corn bays i in granary, and post, | at ls. ee 3 by 2 rails in front of cows and calves, at 3d. .. Allow the sumof£ for fittings to nag-stable and harness-room .. Allow the sum of £ for fittings to cerca fy” and carthorse harness-room . Note.—The two sums “above do not include stall divisions, but hay- racks and harness-pegs. Allow the sum of £3 10s. P. C. for pulley wheel, and fixsame.. . 2 in. valley boarding, at 22d. per ft. Moule’s Patent Earth piosct with seat, riser, and cistern complete .. Fittings to fowl-house .. .. a Carried to Summary os 5 eae 5S oy LE h 0-0 Liz 0 4 4 0 013 6 016 0 0 2 6 iis 0 0 Si76 08 0 i oO Xs) alee (0) 15) 15) 70) 116 0 45 1880 42 0 0 210 0 {an 48 0 2414 0 40 0 10) 0 i) O @ 40 0 16 610 310 0 110 0 £813 14 10 792 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Bint or Quantities AND DetarLeD Estrmate—continued. Inches. | Yards. | Feet. 171 }-/lin. 292 | lin | 42 | 171 | lin 42 106 | No. a Iron-FoUNDER. 4 in. cast-iron eaves, spout, and stays, painted three coats, at Vs 60s ee sa ed | Stop ends and outlets, at 1s. | 3 in. circular cast-iron rain - water conductors, at 1s. 6d. Swan necks, at 2s. ‘ 4 in. cast-iron rain-water conductors, atls. 8d. . a ae F Cistern heads, at 26. 6d. . Macfarlane’s cast-iron centre cutter, Avis: 5 ; : Stop ends, at Qs. Outlets, at 2s. | 4ft. 6 in. by 3 ‘ft. cast-iron case- ments, each to open, at 13s. 6d. 3 ft. by 2 ft. cast-iron casements, without openings, at 6s. ae Cast-iron columns, 10 ft. long, average diameter 6 in., 1} in. metal and . flanged caps, at oT. OSs sre Cast - iron columns, 6 ft. long, at 1. 10s. é Cast-iron columns, 9 ft. long, average diameter 4 in., at 11. 18s. Hay Larns with 10 rolled iron, 4 by 4, standards to each + 17 ft. long, bedded on stones, covered with : ‘4 semicircular roof of corrugated iron, with in. tie-rods, complete. Area of each 60 ft. by 16 ft. Cast-iron water Pere 3 ft. by AN igre Cabana bene Hit- and-miss cast- -iron air ventilat- ing grates,at2s. .. .. .. Copper... : Threshing barn with 6 rolled iron standards, 18 ft. long and 3 ft. 8in,1l1 ft. long, bedded on stones, covcred with semicircular roof of corrugated iron with ? in. tie rods, and a portion with lean-to roof of the same material. The area of the whole 31 ft. square.. Allow the sum of 21, P. ©. for vanes, | and fix same . | 1 in. wrt. rail and stays ‘to protect young pigs, at 6d... .. .. Decanville’s rb at 20in. gauge, at 3s. 9d. Ex. only curved ou Plan, at Is. ‘6d. | 5 ft. turntable Stove to harness room, pipe, Plate, and door to steamer .. . Carried to Summary 12 16 8070) "0 om » w (—) London International Exhibition, 1879. Bru or Quantitizs AND Detamep EstimatE—continued. Yards. | Feet. Cwt. qrs. 19 2 Feet. 333 2008 Squares.| Feet. 256 15 Yards. 104 240 123 201 sup. 743 957 14 | cube 185 | sup. 90 | sup. 9 12 42 158 1 24 Inches. Inches. sup. lin. i No. lin. eube) PLUMBER AND GLAZIER. Milled lead in valleys and flashings, at IU. 4s... 21 oz. seconds sheet slozing, puttied, at 7d. i in. rough plate glazing in to sky lights, at 7d. .. Glass tiles, at 2s. 6d. ,, sprigged Carried to Summary TILER, Roof tiling with Poole’s patent cor- rugated roofing tiles, 85 of which cover a square, include } x ? deal sawn laths, at 11. 3s... Cutting to valleys, at 6d. . Ridge tiles, P.C., 4d. per foot, bedded in : mortar, at 1s. 3d, : Cement fillet, at 3d. Carried to Summary PLASTERER. L. P. and set to ceilings, at 1s. 4d... Lime-white, two coats to walls, at 2d. Carried to Summary .. PAINTER, Prime stop knob, and afterwards paint 2 coats, plain oil-colours on wrt. woodwork, at 8d. .. Be Note.—The painting on iron windows, spouting, &e., is included in Iron- founder. Japan all ironmongery black. Carried to Summary ARTIFICIAL MANURE STORE, Excavating to trenches, at 6d. oe 9 in. reduced brickwork, at 4s, 6d... Common brick flat paving, at 1s. 9d. Blue-brick door-sill, at 8d... Blue-brick window-sill throated, at 8d. .. a: Cut to rake of galles, “at 3d. 2 course plain-sailing to eaves, at 2d. Stone templet, at 3s. 6d. aa. 6 Red deal in roof trusses, at DE. 2dsiee Carried forward .,.. Z| aww, 23 8 0 914 7 BG} © 15 OlnG ES) It Ga 284 11° 2 12 15 0 0 3 0 Ie lO 3 £303 13 6 3118 0 a i Noncea aQnnw~l SaPAHO SCARS wporoce onro or or Lol on Hh 794 Yards.} Feet. | Inches. | No. £ wei td. | Brought forward 55 5 4 zl 7 Purlins, ridge, wall ae and spars, at 2s; 20. rc4 wes 7.) cue Telp ee? 4 .. | Wrt. lintel, at 2s. 8d. a 010 8 1 | Set wheels and runners to sliding door, 8 feet opening, at 21. .. .. 2 0 0 1 Lurnbuckle and padlock, at 2s. 6d... 026 54 | sup. a 3 in. framed and ledged door, with ‘liding elie (fixing only), at | Squares. 410 il 48 Poles” "patent “corrugated roofing tiles, on laths, at 1U. "3a, i 13 4 1 56 lin. | Ridge tile in mortar, at 6d. OFS: 10 41 Cement fillet, at ld. . : Ueeiseaey 374 a0 4 in. 2-round eaves " spouting and stays, painted 3 coats, at 1s. 6d. 216 0 5 3 in. R. on conductors, No. 2 swan | necks, at 1s. 6d. Ot 6 24 |sup.} Cast-iron casements and painting 3 | coats, at Is. a bal 223 21 oz. sheet glazing, puttied, at 7d... 013.1 143 oe Prime knob stop and paint 3 coats, At SA.p i< ashy. ss coal bocleh tacit 0.9 8 Carried to Summary « | 480) 0) 5 SUMMARY. | Excavator and ee 1075 910 | Mason... . 4717 8 | Carpenter and Joiner 813 14 10 | Painter and Glazier . 92 11 4 Tronfounder 217 5 3 | Tiler .. 303 10 6 | Plasterer 1405 | | Painter =A oe 3118 0 | | Artificial Manure Store .. a 909 0 5 | Leave all clean and complete. | Amount of Estimate £| 2686 7 10 | Add.. : 19117 6 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Bint oF QuantiT1ms AND Detaitep EstimatE—continued. Totals jeett. cae £ 2878 5 4 London International Exhibition, 1879. 795 Supplementary Estimate of Stack-Frames, Tram-Rails, Traverse- Way, Threshing-Barns, and Hay-Barns, as shown on Plan No, 16. Yards. | Feet. | Inches. | No. oe, EGE 180 | cube ae .. | Excavate soil in traverse way, at 6d. 410 0 77 | sup. .. | 9 in. reduced brickwork in mortar, 75 t CSG e L7iG)pPSG 280 | lin. Coping on edge, traverse way, ‘at 8d. 310 0 20 | Deal stack-frames, 20 ft. x 12 ft., each containing 17 cube feet, at Ly ce ee 37 0 0 80 | Iron supports to stack- frames, at 4s, 16 0 0 46 | lin. oid .. | Tramway, 12 ft. gauge, in traverse wall, longitudinal for sleepers, dipped in creosote, rails 21 lb. per yard, complete... 164L 30 150 ee .. lin. | Tramway, 7 ft. 6 in. gauge, with transverse sleepers 4 ft. apart, 9 ft. long, at 6s. .. .. 49. 0 .0 1 | Threshing barn with corrugated i iron covering, rolled iron standards, size 31 ft. Dy Gitta ness 32 0 0 1 | Lean-to same, for drum and engine. 20 0 0 otal s. yea hos. \ ean) SLOl 17. 6 Note—No part of this amount is included in the general estimate of 26861. 7s. 10d. Hay-barns, 16 ft. wide and 16 ft. high (for covering either corn or hay), with corrngated-iron roof and rolled-iron standards, cost 1/. per foot lineal. Alternative Estimate of Stack-Frames, Tram-Rails, and Turntable, together with Threshing-Barn, as shown in Plan No. 16a. Yards. | Feet. | Inches.} No. Pay ey 24 | cube se Ac Excavate soil to turntable, at 6d... 012 0 11 | sup. oe .» | 9 in. reduced brickwork, es at 5s. 6d. oe 3.0 6 1 50 | lin. | .. | Coping to same, circular, at4s. |. 016 8 18 | Deal Sy a ae 20 ft. Pa LDA sire at 37s... 33 6 0 72 | Iron supports to same, at 4s, 45S 10 189 | lin. ne -. | Tramway, 7 ft. 6 in. gauge, rails 21 Ib. per yard, dogspiked to dipped sleepers 4 ft. apart, at 6s. 56 14 0 1 | Turntable and underworks, 16 ft. diameter, including bottom rails and wheels, and dipped batten framing .. 40 0 0 1 | Threshing barn with corrugated-iron covering, as described .. .. .. 32 0 0 1 | Lean-to same, as described .. .. 20 0 0 AMGEN G5 Go ao con lpesrANU (7 a a a ee Note.—No part of this sum is included in any previous estimate. 796 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans. ‘¢ EXPERIENTIA.” SHort STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR. These buildings, according to the Plans, &c., forwarded herewith for com- petition, are entirely covered in with roofs the full area of the steading, con- sequently the servants attending the stock at nights and in stormy weather can do so with every comfort; the dung is also protected from the weather. Fig. 6.—View of Farm Buildings— Experientia.” The rails forming the boxes are movable, and can be taken out when required to make one open fold. SMO BE SoOdp> Fig. 7.—Ground Plan of Farm Buildings for Arable Farm of 300 acres— Experientia.” = Open fold. Shed for sheep. Open fold. Shed for young cattle and dung court, Open fold. Shed for young cattle and dung court. Open fold. Shed for young horses. Open fold for pigs. Piggery. » REROOWOZZS MP Duck-house. Boiling-house. Feeding-boxes. Feeding-passage. Passage. Stall for young cattle. Stalls for dairy cows. Q. Loose-box. Movable Partitions, Harness-room. (Stable. T. Cart-sheds. . Turnips owas s rns Passage way for carts. Hay-house. and fodder- house. . Straw-house. . Chaff. Barn. . Implements. . Engine. . Boiler. . Saw-pit. 798 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, The doors can be fastened and locked at nights, so as to prevent any one having access to the building. By extending or contracting the Plan, it can be made suitable for any sized farm, without at all interfering with the general arrangement or design. BILL OF QUANTITIES AND DETAILED EstTIMATE. Excavator and Bricklayer. toa 2500 cube yards of excavations, at 8s. .. 83 6 8 1200 ft. run of 4 in. socket drain pipe, at 6d. 30 0 0 2564 yards super. of main walls, at 4s. . 517 16 0 228 >> yard walls, at 3s. 6d. 39 18 0 310 “ gables, at 4s. . 62 0 0 438 & retaining walls, at 3s. 6d. 7613 0 70 9 in. brick partitions, at 5s. 1710 0 200 ft. cube of ashlar pillars, at 1s. 6d. : ad eg foo (PO OMIO 218 35 foundation to metal pillars, at 1s. 6d. ere ee) 32 post stones chiselled and chamfered, at 2s. 6d. , 4 00 180 ft. run of chiselled quoins, 2 ft. 6 in. girt, at 2s. 18 *0 $0 350 55 jambs to arches, 4 ft. girt, at 3s. . 52 10 0 107 ft. cube of pillars to ditto, at 1s. 6d. .. .. 8 0 6 220 ft. run of arch stones, 3 ft. 9 in. girt, at 3s, 33 0 0 240 55 window jambs, at 2s. .. .. .. 24 0 0 170 . door jambs, at 2s. .. Le 0 80 320 ms heads and sills to doors and windows, at 1s. 6d. 24 0 0 50 53 thresholds to arches, at ls. 6d... se 315 0 400 ft. cube of foundation stones to wood pillars, at Is. 6d. se | G0 OBO 120 pillar stones to ditto, at 2s. 6d. .. 04) Keo! 0 4 LOMO BO 250 ft. run of coping to yard walls (rough), at Is. 12 10 0 18 post stones to stalls, at 2s. 6d. .. .. Zz 5 70 Sundries and contingencies .. .. «. 20 0 0 Rotall ysis. Toei hs | esate £1122 11 Carpentry. 296 squares of roofing, at 380s... 444.0 0 430 ft. run of beam, 12 by 6, to pillars, at is. .. 21 10 0 1680 ft. super. of gutta board, 13 in. thick,"at 4d... 28 0 0 236 yards. super. of joisting ‘and flooring joints, 9 by 3, flooring 6418 0 14 in. feathered and grooved, at 5s, 6d. sc. ses ee 128 yards super. of ditto, joists Ta by 3, at 6s. 6d. .. s 41 12:80 275 ft. run of ¢ in. skirting, 63 in. high, to granary, at 3d, 3.8 9 i trap dgorin eranary feors oes) el cee ene 1-0 80 1 wood spout from granary to corn-bin , 1 070 220 ft. super. of sashes and frames (louvres), at 1s. 6d. 1610 0 110 3 plain sashes and frames, at 1s. 4d... .. 7 68S 792 53 14 in. feathered and crooved doors, at 8di 5. 3=6826 8 BO 36 ai ditto to piggeries, &c., at 8d. .. 1. 0s ove 1 490 420 re 1 framed and battened doors, at1s. 9... 2. 43=2h0" 0 158 ditto ditto pabls. ss TASsO 40 yards super. of batten Joisting and flooring to poultry) 8 0 0 house, at 4s. ; 230 ft. run of lintels, 16 in. by 4i in., aes, *s, PPB ativan iy KO) 0) 210 ft. super. of 1} treads and risers to stairs, at Rd tsicnws 070 Carried forward od | ee hugvent amine aati une ot = London International Exhibition, 1879. 799 £: ay ids Broughtforward .. . . . 71215 5 64 ft. run of string to ditto, 11 by 2, at 1s. Ser henns 38 4 0 240 ft. super. of 1 in. partition to ditto, at 6d... .. .. 6 0 0 210 ft. run of dressed posts 10 by 4, at 6d. my 5 5 0 150 5 9 10 by 8, at 1s. 71040 180 * ¥ 5 by 4, at 4d. oy déew ssullh. 3.0 0 210 5 > ARDY: Oy Bb GM.) Piss) es vel we 212 6 60 4) y SUbyAiaw2dnimiw) <2. as ox. 010 0 130 a 3 GmbyiGratiGd:, ah eric. 3 5 0 1590 ie rails, 52 by 3, at 4d. ee 2610 O 96 ft. super. of stall partition to byres, aHSAMYe ed. sen izes 3 4 0 570 = ditto to stable, 2} in. thick, at 8d. . So, post, » LOMOMEO 210 ft. run of feeding troughs, at 2s, “pailec oc ah ee 21 0 0 70 bs ditto to byres, at 2s. Si aces gece (Geko: 20; 660 ft. super. of 14 in. partition to harness room, at 6d. 1610 0 Extra labour to 8 doors in ditto, at 5s. te bole MEE 015 O 420 ft. super. of ditto in front of stables, at 6d. og tg ce! 1010 0 Extra labour to 14 doors in ditto, at 5s. rh aes 38 10. 0 42 ft. run of hay-rack, at 2s... wn we “uP CEE 4 4 0 42 7 manger, at 2s, 6d. nA > one0 Otte ss scantling, 9 by 12, to stable: partition, ‘at 4d. ee lL 3.4 270 5 pet to piggeries, 44 by 44, at 4d... 53 410 0 380 super. of 1} partition to ditto, at 6d. ad 4 log pe fee LO Extra labour to 5 doors to ditto, at 5s. Ly De 0 56 ft. run of feeding-troughs, at 2s... .. 5 12 0 SO) Bde Memel gate-posts, 14 by 10, at 2s, 8'0)20 160 5 gates, battened and braced, at Is. 8 0 0 1 corn-bin complete .. “ts Gham Dak soe 2 ONO 650 ft. super. of 12 partition to barn, a Oo ae 20 LO oO ieee CONtTeSTOR’ATCHES” (os) 0s. ee ee se) ee se 2080 Sundries and CONN FENCIES Hoe ssa amyl cess eee) (tert tes) 20) OmO Carried toSummary .... . £939 5 3 Tron Work and Hardware. 27 cast-iron pillars, at 20s, oe come dn .tee Toe, 0: 10 9 sets of iron work for sliding doors, ‘at 30s. 13, 10)) 0 12 sets of stall divisions, at 25s. # ; 1s 0 0 18 sets of small stall divisions, at 15s. .. .. 13 10 0 12 pairs of crooks and bands, 30 in. long, at 10s. GOO » crooks to piggeries, at 5s. be 2 5 0 132 {-in. screw-bolts to iron pillars, 12 in., at 1s. 6d. 918 0 132 Ditto ditto 8 in, "at 1s. 6.12 0 65 3-in, ditto to cattle-troughs, at 1s. : 3.5 0 88 3-in. iron pins to ditto, 9 in long, at Is. 4 8.0 12 sets of opening cranks to louvres, at 10s. : 6 0 0 4 sets of hinges, &c., to swing doors to piggery, at Bae. 1:00 4 pairs of cranks and bands to fold gates, at 30s. .. 6 0 0 ‘78 2-in. iron bolts to stall posts, at1s. .. .. 318 0 14 din. ditto ditto at 1s. 014 0 75 iron pins to support slip rails, at 6d. Liane AZIStOCK 1OCKS, at DS. 2 20 ee 8 0 0 Carried toSummary .. .. .. £12317 6 800 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Slating. £4 ween. 8484 yards super. of slating, at 3s. wi! Was? Daw iaw\ coef Ieee ee 1736 ft. run of ridge stone, ‘at 8d. Jat) news Negenereeiiee BON Ee (wet 84 squares of rough plate-glass lights, at Bs. WMT eh OL. Pointing fillets with cement ft. SS ie Eee 5) O10 Carried to Summary oo Css ow OOG EOIN: Plumbing and Spouting. 95 ewt. of lead to gutters, at 17. 8s. 133 0 0 G80 ft. run of metal spouting, 5 by 33 , fixed with iron bracket 2213 4 holdfasts, at 8d. a 320 ft. run of 3-in. down-pipes, at Sd. sce sas nie ot te 18 heads to down-pipes, at 2s. 6d. .. .. «1 os 00 os 2 5 0 18 shoes to ditto, at 2s... eT ee ro 11670: Carried to Summary. <0. sa) en SION fae Plaster Work and Cementing. 170 yards super. of 1 coat cement on walls of granary, at 1s. 6d. 1215 0 1270 ». concrete cement flooring to stables, byres, piggeries, straw-house, ee oe re at to be} 169 6 8 grooved, at 2s.8d... es Sie et Carried toSummary .. .. ., £182 1 8 Painting and Glazing. 110 ft. super. of crown glass to windows, well bedded in oil putty, at 1s. ee Bee 480 yards super. of 4-coat painting to wood-work, “metal 18 00 spouting, &., at 9d. a Carried toSummary .. .. « £23810 O Summary. ¢ Masonvy .» ov ,.cv..00 bdecgiodey Bool Geppiiy ool Nceuinleeaanmn smn caernet aS Carpentry PTT re Tron Work Prine Pr Te OURO ee ie Slatings s- ..ce ce 08 ylee athde gige saueelp keel neuen comes tsar ase Plumbing, Bsc, | anc) bah cymes len ip ciel Snes wh ean can Pisstering, &o,......5 ..0,/ Rect, patgucbpb eee gveeiel teem pa ppietaee meee Painting ‘and glazing Te ar er ere ee Total .«\ sem aftcs ios, -at-ypene epee London International Exhibition, 1879. 801 “ PRACTICE WITH Economy.” DESCRIPTION BY THE AUTHOR. This design is for buildings suitable for a 400-acre farm, 300 of which are arable and 100 pasture. My aim has been to give ample accommodation in the most approved manner and at the least cost, combined with the use of the most durable materials and with workmanship of the best description. ‘To attain this end I have “ grouped” or ‘“‘ attached” the buildings as much as pos- sible, without sacrificing light, ventilation, orconvenience. Although they are not all in one group, their doors all open inwards, so that the entire set form their own roadways, without any additional walling or fencing than that shown on the plan. I have also endeavoured, by studying the arrangement of parts, to lessen the labour on the part of the farmer in his superintendence of opera- tions, and also of his men in their attendance upon the stock. These can be quickly fed, and their dunging out can almost be done with a cast of the shovel over the low walls which run from pier to pier, and separate the stalls and pigsties from the yards. There are also doors provided for this purpose ; and it will be seen that every one of the four covered yards will receive a part of the manure from the stalls to be trodden in with that made by the animals running in them. As it is necessary that this description should be as concise as possible, I will call attention as briefly as I can to the points which I consider are most worthy of notice, or which are otherwise necessary to convey to the reader a fair conception of the ideas embodied in my plan. I wish to call particular attention to my mode of ventilation by means of air-shafting under the mangers, which is spoken of further on. General Construction and Arrangement.—The whole is built of brick and slated, the covered yards being only what is termed half slated. The stable, cowhouse, and food-store floors are cement, concreted for the sake of cleanliness _ and durability. The feeding-passages are the same, and being thus very smooth, a tramway is unnecessary. Glazed-ware manger-blocks are used throughout, both for cattle and horses, as they are strong and clean. The drains are of glazed-ware socket-pipes, and run direct from cesspool to cesspool, to facilitate examination and cleaning out without disturbing the flooring or drains themselves. Drains are put in the covered yards, but they would only require to be used when litter was very scarce; they could be plugged up at other times. Water is supplied to yards and boxes by pipes from a large tank forming part of the roof over the steaming-house. This tank can be filled by pumping by steam-power out of a well to be sunk near, if a supply of water is not otherwise obtainable. To make the plan as generally useful as possible, and suited for additions or modifications as might be required by local circumstances, if ever it was erected, I have designed it in two parts, and have given separate estimates for each—the main block, with the east and west ranges, forming one part, and the open yard block to the south forming the other part. The walls dividing the cow-house and pigsties from the yards are only 4 ft. 6 in. high between the piers. This economises material and causes a free circulation of air. Ventilation.— Although the main block is “grouped” to save walling, ventilation is not sacrificed. In addition to the usual supply of windows and ventilating bricks, the eaves of the covered yard roofs are carried, by means of the pillars, high enough to give an opening all their length and 12 inches deep above the eaves of the stable and pigsty ranges. This causes a current of air from east to west, or vice versd, quite across the covered yards and cow- house, notwithstanding the abutment of the stables and pigsties, and the amount may be regulated by shutters or louvre boarding. Ventilating shafts VOL. XV.—S. 8. 3H 802 or”, = - Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, 8.— View of Farm Buildings—* Practice with Economy.” ig. 7 London International Exhibition, 1879. 803 Fig. 9.—Plan of Farm Buildings—* Practice with Economy.” AA. Covered yard for 10 beasts. N. Mixing-floor. BB. Ditto ditto 8 beasts. 0. Straw-barn. CCCCCCC. Boxes. 1 Box for horse. DDDDDD.~ Feeding-passages. QQQ. Harness. EEEE, Cow and bullock-stalls. R. 4-horse stable. FF. Calves. 8. 6-horse stable. GG. Box or calves. | Bie Hay and chaff. HHHHHH. Pigs or loose-boxes. UU. Covered entrance to yard. ii Boiling-house. | ve Portable threshing-machine. J. Bull-house. | We Fodder. KK. Loose-boxes. | ».€ Steaming-house. L. Winnowing floor. Ne Suggested apparatus. M. Root-house. Z. Portable engine-shed. aaaaaa. Roadway. | m. Office and master’s stores. b. Implements. n. Gig-house. es Tools. | o. Hackney stable. d. Waggons, carts, and imple- p- . ments. | q. Entrances to open yards. €. For shoeing horses. | rr. Sheds. ue Blacksmiths’ shop. CE Food stores. g- Carpenters’ shop. t. Sheep shed. h. Reaping machines, drills, 01 uu, Open yards. artificial manures. v. Portable fittings. a Slaughter-house. w. Box for mare and foal. j: Fowl-house. ax. Shepherd’s stores. k. Poultry. y. Liquid marure. 1. Infirmary. z Concrete feeding-path. aes 804 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, are constructed under the mangers adjoining the feeding-passages with common 12-inch pipes, laid from the outside walls, and having air brick- openings every 10 feet apart. The air thus admitted comes into the lower parts of the centre of the buildings, where it is most wanted, and will conduce greatly to the health of the animals standing continually opposite to each other in the stalls. In the roofs of all buildings occupied by horses, cattle, and pigs, the ordinary louvre boarding is dispensed with, and an opening 33 inches deep for ventilation is provided by putting a “ pitching” piece on to the rafters, resting on the upper purlin, and footing the short top rafters on toit. This is carried all along both sides of the roof, and is more economical than louvres. Food Stores.—It will be seen that the straw and various sorts of cattle food, as well as the means of converting and mixing the same, are placed as near to each other as possible, and convenient for feeding stock at any part of the farmery by means of the feeding-passages. The second story, com- prising the chaff-cutting floor over the mixing-floor, the corn and cake store over the turnip-house, and the granary over the winnowing-floor, are all easily accessible from the inside or outside of the building for unloading into or otherwise. The mixing-floor has a pair of doors large enough to admit a cart, which will be found useful in many ways. Portable Engine-Shed, and Shafting—The main shaft is worked by the portable engine as it stands in the engine-house, and runs through the steam- ing-house into the centre of the food apartments to drive the machinery required in any of them. The engine can be drawn to its position in the shed without any ‘‘ backing,” which is no small advantage. The house is built low to save building material, and necessitates the funnel being turned down when drawn in and remaining sv. There is, however, a fixed funnel in the roof, with a telescopic slide to drop on the engine to take the smoke when in use cutting chaff, &c. Straw Barn.—A waggon can be admitted here to unload hay, &c., under cover on to the cutting-floor, or corn and cake for the corn-room beyond. Grain for market from the granary can be hand-trucked, and loaded here in the dry. The first stack for threshing after harvest might also be stored here, and threshed by the portable engine being admitted through the large doors. The straw could be stored on the chaff-cutting floor or in one of the covered ards. Stables.—Chaff and pulped or cooked food can be brought here with great facility from the main food-stores. The feeding-passage in front has many advantages, not the least being the ample supply of light and air which can be admitted and circulated by means of the windows in front of the horse. There is also a direct communication with the straw-barn for supplying litter, which, when soiled, can be removed easily by putting it through the shutters pro- vided for the purpose into the covered yards, The walls between the stable and yards are built up eaves high, to sever all communication. In this respect they differ from those of the cowhouses and pigsties. Cart Shedding.—TVhis faces the best aspect, the east. The tools are also kept here, all to be at hand as near as possible to the stables when required. Loose Boxes.—These are only provided to a limited extent, the covered yards being thought more desirable on account of their general utility, There is, however, quite a sufficient supply for any animals which may be found to thrive best in separate quarters. Pigsties—The manure made in these is easily cast over the dwarf walls which separate them from the yards. he food is close at hand in the boiling- house, with its wash-drain direct from the house into the cistern. Should, however, the food be prepared in the steaming-house, or if they are used as loose-boxes for cattle, for which they are equally suitable, there is direct and easy communication by means of the feeding-passages, London International Exhibition, 1879. 805 Granary.—tThis is over the winnowing-floor, and has easy communication with the corn and cake store, to which place any refuse corn could easily be removed to be ground for stock. Steps are provided from the winnowing- floor below, and also a door for winding-up sacks from the outside. ‘These are in addition to the stairs from the roadway. Calf Pens.—These are not usually required to be very large on an arable farm, and only moderate accommodation is provided. The boxes at the lower end of the cowhouse, however, are easily available if more room is required. Infirmary.—This is apart from the other places for stock, and near the sup- posed position of the house, so as to have easy access at night. The drain runs to an isolated tank, to prevent infection by connection with the other system of drainage. Slaughter-house.—This has the advantage of being near to the infirmary, for slaughtering any animal found incurable and difficult to move. Fowl and Poultry-houses.—Vhe doors of these could be put on the other side of the building, if desired to open into a poultry-yard proper, which could be got at by the mistress from the back of the supposed house without entering the farmery Office and Master’s Stores.——This will be found useful for¢many purposes, storing and mixing medicines, &c., and is close to the infirmary. Open Yards and Sheep Sheds.—The sheep shed is placed between the two yards, that it may be useful for iambing-pens when required, the flock having the run of one or both of the yards and shelter of their sheds. ‘hese yards are intended for cattle, young horses, or sheep, as may be required, and are easily fed from the main stores. The sheep shed is small, but can easily be extended in its present position. It is not fitted up; this is left for the tenant to do in a portable manner, that it may serve the many purposes for which it is adapted in turn, such as fattening a few sheep, housing sick or cripples, or bringing forward a pen or two for showyard purposes. It will be seen that the shepherd’s store with fireplace is near at hand. Steward’s Office, Sundorne, A. DoupLey CLARKE. Shrewsbury, Sept. 1879. Britt or Quantities AND DetTArLeD EstiImMaTE. Part I.—For the Main Block of Buildings and East and West ranges (exclusive of the block of open yards and shedding to the South, but including the boundary wall from East to West, against which they are built). ‘ Yards.|} Feet. | Inches, | No. | £ is a. Excavator, BRICKLAYER, AND SLATER. 445 | cube .. | Excavating and ramming and wheel- | Rods. ingaway,at7d. .. . 5 PAO Ff LOVE 5. ae as Reduced brickwork in mortar, at Rod. IY ROL EE ee ee 1192 12 6 1 20 oe -- | Reduced brickwork in ‘cement to manure tank, at 157... 16 2 0 4| Yards dished and rammed, at 9], 10s, ). » dO: 0) 0 2 Calf-houses, dished anit rammed, under sparred floors os On IGG 4 | Cesspools of 44 in. brickwork, inelud- ing stone frames and 18 in, grates, | complete, at li. 7s. 6d... .. .. 510 0 Carried forward .. .. ..£ | 1238 1 7 - 806 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Britt or QuantTITIES AND DerameD Estimate—continued. Yards. | Feet. | 280 | run 37 | run 500 | run 40 run 20 | run Inches. run Tun sup. sup. No. 29 Brought forward Cesspools, including 9 in. grates with iron frames, complete, at 14s. 6 in. earthenware socket manure drain, jointed with clay and exca- vating, at 2s. 3d. 9 in, earthenware socket manure drain, jointed with clay and exca- vating, aloes. -- ay, Pant eese Junctions, at 2s. 6d. Syphon traps, at 5s. .. Allow for small manure tank, 3 ft. by 3 ft. by 3 ft., near infirmary, and cover, complete 6 in. main water-drains and. exca- vating, at 9d... .. 3 in. branches to ditto, at ‘6d. Junctions, at 6d. a Bends at feet of down-pipes, at 3d. Glazed socket wash-drain, jointed in clay and excavating, at 2s. .. Extra to rebated rae with bull- Nosed *arris; ai Qds..2e. {ee Extra to bull-nosea arris to piers, door-jambs, &e., at 1d. Extra to 1} brick rebated and bull- nosed arches, at 44d. .. Extra to 1 brick rebated and bull- nosed arches, at4d. .. Extra to 1 brick plain and "bull- nosed arches, at 3d... Extra to 4 brick plain and bull- nosed arches, at 2d. A | Extra to chamfered blue - 1 brick window-sills, at 2d. Plain 12 in. earthenware ventilating pipes under mangers, at 1s.. Bends to earthenware ventilating pipes under mangers, at 4s... 3 in. outlets to earthenware ventilat- ing pipes under mangers, at 6d... 9 by 3 iron gratings to cover outlets, atQ9d. . Large grates to 12 in. pipes outside buildings, at 4s. .. Hook stones, 14 by 14 by 9, at 38. 6d. Plinth stones, dowelled for posts, at 63.60. s, Iron boiler and furnace built in brick, case complete.. : Half-round coping in mortar, at bd. Brig to brick cornice in sien at 13d. a Cementing to wash- tank, at 3d. Stone slab cover to manure tank, at ls. oo Carried forward .. .. £ £ 1238 20 31 — O wo wo bw &. oso aa oF © WB MW WS oc Ssses SS fad —) 1412 18 9 2S oF AS oro o GO So Co ¢s — | | London International Exhibition, 1879. 807. Bit or Quantitims AND Derattep Estimate—continued. | Yards. | Feet. | | ll 3 1360 | sup. 39 | sup. 375 | sup. | 19 212 128 425 16 1100 Squares. 1822) sup. 943) sup. 418 1000 Yards. | 350 56 | sup. 243) sup. Inches. sup. Tun Tun run Tun run mun Tun No. 70 18 64 sup. Brought forward .. .. Manhole and cover to manure-tank, extra Building 42 in. work round posts in cowhouse, and other concrete floor- ing, at 2s. Chimney caps finished to ‘drawings, at 4s. ae at vate am Flues parged, at 2s. 6d... 9 by 6 air-bricks, at 1s.3d... Allow for sheet-iron dome to flue of blacksmith’s shop and iron kerb to hearth.. Hard brick on edge in cement to liquid manure-tank floor, at 5s. .. 6 in. concrete flooring, including bed of hard building rubbish, at 3s. 6d. | Blue-brick paving in mortar, at 4s. Pitching with pebbles in sand, level- ling and ramming for same, at 1s. Flooring squares in mortar to hackney-stable low-racks, at Sd... Conerete dished for drains extra, at Dans Mew Blue-brick door-sills in cement, ‘at 6d. Extra for posts to stable, bedded in concrete, raised to form Loe bs for same, at 9d. .. Glazed’ stoneware manger blocks, divisions and ends, in mortar, at 3s. 6d. | Glazed stoneware manger blocks, divisions and ends, in cement for water, at 4s... Sets of bars for fireplaces, ‘and built in, at 5s. .. | Plain stone mantel and shelf to office Angular stone Let at 6s. 6d... oe Extra for beam-filling, at 2d. . Dowel stones and dowels to ‘door- frames, at 2s. 3d. .. Allow for bedding all roof ‘and ‘bond timbers, lintels, &c. : Allow for fixing shaft-bearings and forming holes for driving-straps .. .. | Best Bangor Duchess slating, at 2, .. | Ditto ditto half-slating to covered yards, at 11.138. .. Cutting to gables and valleys, at 134. Plain blue crest tile in mortar, at 6d. Cement filleting, at 14d. ue Render and set ‘to office walls, at 8d. Lath, plaster, and set-to rafters ‘of office walls, at 1s. 4d. oF Carried toSummary .. <£ Ge Suds 1412 18 9 ojo 0 7 aon, 1 10)50 012 6 LeLORG 2 10" 0 216 8 238 0 0 716 0 1815 0 0 12 10 115 4 3 4 0 013 6 des hee 3.4 0 015 6 017 6 () 2s} (0) sy 33 8! y ie nt) 3 10) 0 i 0: 0 365 10 0 155, 10) 33 212° 3 25° 0) 10 2 38.9 119 8 112 8 2354 2 6 808 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Bint oF QUANTITIES AND Detramep EstimaTE—continued. Yards. | Feet. 3925 202 | run Inches. cube cube sup, sup. sup. sup. sup. sup. sup. sup. No. sup. | 4 by 13 sparred fi flooring, CARPENTER AND JOINER. Fir timber in roofs, joists, lintels, bond timbers, &e., at 3s. ‘ Oak in posts and rails to boxes and door-posts to pigsties, at 5s. 6d. . 1 in. wrot. deal floor laid sank at 1l. 10s. . 14 in. grooved and. ‘tongued deal “floor laid folding, at 2/.. 1 in. rough deal floor laid folding, at Il. 2s, 1hi in. ‘apart, to calf- houses, at 11. 5s. ‘6 Partition. in waggon shed, at 11. 5s. Partition in granary and fodder store, at 11. 7s. 6d. : | 23 in. framed, ledged, and braced doors, filled in with 1 in. ploughed and tongued boards, and painting, at Is. 103 ds ate 2 in. fanted, ledged, and braced doors, filled in with 1 in. ploughed and tongued boards, and painting, at Is. 9d.. 1 in. ledged and braced doors filled in with 1 in, ploughed and tongued boards, and painting, at 1s. 1d. .. 2 in, 4 panel square doors, filled in with 1 in. ploughed and i ca boards, and painting, at 1s.. 7 by 13 ridge, at 2d.. 9 by uu valleys, at 24d. E Herring-bone struts, at 3d... : 12 by 14 deal back to manger, tongued, at 33d... 5 by “4 rebated door frames and painting, at 94d. Chamfered capping to doors and painting, at 2d... Rack and manger sill (cal) in cart stables, at 3s. . Of loose-box partition in hackney stable, at 1l. lis. .. 1} W. C. seat with dished hole on bearers, at 8d. | 1 in. front to W. ©, at 6d. Allow for 4 cupboards i in office, ae lete 18 by 13 deal shelving and bearers, at Is. de 1 in. deal laying boxes and brackets, at 7d. oh as Treads to stairs, 1} in, at ls... Risers to stairs, 1 in., at 10d. 9 by 3 deal strings housed, at 8d. .. Carried forward Ge he 588 15 0 oo 0 TEP E2ING 268-30 Dig Be 2 532-9 116 0 4 710 95°73 a ava ‘6 56 14 3 iad °9 Piz 8 016 8 ae be at 515 9 22 8 10 0 710 9 0 0 210 6 Ost is Oy, Bias 2) s0A80 160 3.15 10 Qn 8in0 1 16°10 Li 00 989.19 <3 London International Exhibition, 1879. Bint oF QUANTITIES AND DeErAILen EstimatE—continued. Yards. Feet. 72 300 Inches. Tun run No. 53 70 10 Brought forward Strutting pieces to ey aes perches, QbIGd: | tds Ten *. : 2 in. round perches. on roosting- pieces, at 17d. - 2 oak pieces for sack ‘hoisting, “built in walls of granary and corn-room Small divisions (trayises) in cow- house, at 10. 5s. Large divisions (travises) in cow- house, at 11. 10s. Divisions in cart and hackney stables, at 21. i Low wooden racks to. hackney stable, at 10s. oe Oak posts, 9 ft. 6 in. long, cased 7 ft. 6 by 5 for loose-boxes, at 7s. 6d. . Step ladders, at 11. 2s. 6d. se Large and 3 small ventilators, with zine roofs, complete, and painting, at 12s.6d. .. Windows, averaging 4 ft. by 3ft.6in. complete, including glazing of upper part and slides for ventila- tion to lower part, painting, &e., at 1, 6s. | Large mullion window ak iron casement and glazing and paint- ing, complete... Skylights formed with 2 by 1 ‘strips, nailed on sides of rafters, including glazing, at 4s. 6d. Small shutters and slides to “bull’s- eye” openings to barn, &c., and painting, at 5s. €d. : ; Swing shutter to cow- -house and painting . 2 10 ft. oak roadway "gates, strong posts, hinges and latches, complete, at 21. 5s. 2. Extra to hanging 7 doors’ in halves, at 1s. 6d.. : Pair butts and rim lock to office gor... ss Pairs wrot.-iron “hinges and hooks, painting and fixing, at 6s. Wrot.-iron drop latches and painting and fixing, at 2s. 6d. Strong wrot.-iron door bolts and painting and fixing, at 2s. 8 in. stock locks, at he Sunk latches to stable doors, at 3s... Dung-doors and frames complete, at 5s... Ledged trap-door and hinges to granary, at 7s.Gd... .. .. Carried forward .. .. £ 20 18 68 15 s 18 17 10 15 15 809 o> ooo ce ce lop) D> S ooo for) Oo for) ler) So 1139 4 3 810 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Bint oF QuANTITIFS AND DETAILED EstimatTE—continued. | Yards.| Feet. | Inches. | No. | £ gerd: Brought forward .. 1139 4 3 1 18in. galvanized-iron bucket to W.C. 0 7 6 | | | Allow for fixing No. 54 tie rods, 18 | single and 18 double shoes, and | 54 straps to collars nee S in | Ironfounder .. .. | 2) O10 24 | Wood pegs in harness rooms, at 6d. | 012 0 Carried toSummary .. £ 1145 8 9 | ITRONFOUNDER AND PLUMBER. 1 | Strong wrought-iron water tank, to hold not less than 3000 gallons, and painting inside and out A: | 8 | Wrought rolled joists, 7 in. by 4 in., | and 17 ft. 6 in. long, and painting for supporting ditto .. 4 | Cast-iron water troughs, 4 ‘ft. by YT ft. "4 in. by 1 ft: 2 in., hwith | | protection for ball-cock, at 50s. .. 10 1} Do. do. 6 ft, long, with ditto 3 6 | Cast-iron movable pigsty troughs, at 7s. 6d.. 2 2 3 50 0 0 iss) or Oo 18 | Single cast-iron shoes and painting, Bt 2a Cds seh ce ames 18 | Double ditto, at 4s. - 54 | Straps and bolts to collars, wrought iron, at 4s, 6d. 3k 12 3 1010 | run ANKE wrought-iron tie rod- nuts, washers, and painting complete, at 5d... 21 0 10 1 | Cast-iron weathercock, pending and XI oe 110 0 | 1 | Fixed funnel to portable engine- | house, 10 ft. long, and 4 ft. tele- | | scopic slide of strong riveted sheet-iron, and suspending chains, | complete., .. e | 38 Cast-iron angle racks, at 8s. | 40 | Siron stanchions for cowties, at 1s. 9d. | | | 13 | Stall rings and staples to et at | * oO We p _ i ao ooo 8d. run |, .. | .. | £m. square “cast-iron gutter to caves, with the requisite down-pipes, heads, outlets, stop-ends, &c., and painting, at ES 37 14 3 49})run | .. | .. | 3 in.iron water- supply pipe for main, | including angles and junctions, and coated with Dr. Angus Smith’s SOlMMON abe Oke ese miec! a at ee) E200), as Be -- 1 in. galvanized-iron ditto, for branches to taps and water troughs, including Smptrcs: | bends and junctions, ati28,.07 a. 12,0 0 5 | Ball-cocks, at 7s. 6d. ia: seh LAT 6 Carried forward ..' - £/, 173819 O 431 | London International Exhibition, 1879. 811 Bitt oF QuantTITIES AND DETAILED EstmmatE—continued. Yards. | Cwt. 35 Feet. Ibs. 16 Inches. No. 8 1 Brought forward Brass taps to loose- boxes, cow- -house, &e., at 5s. es Hydrant, fixing and ‘connecting to 3 in. main water-supply Milled lead in gutters and a valleys, &e., at 25s. | King pins to principals Carried to Summary .. (The glazing is charged with the Carpenter work, as is also the painting.) SumMMARY. | Excavator, bricklayer, and slater Carpenter and joiner .. | Ironfounder and plumber Total of Part I. 173 19 2 0 3 0 33 18 d 0 0 0 6 315 0 £216 12 6 2354 2 6 1145 8 9 216 12 6 3716 3 9 Part II.—Seperate Estimate for Open Yards, Shedding, éc., built on to the South side of South boundary wall. Yards. Feet. | Inches. 45 30 18 56 | cube 82 | rods Tun No. EXCAVATOR, BRICKLAYER, AND SLATER. Excavating, wheeling, and ramming, as before,at 7d. .. .. = Brickwork in mortar, at 111. 156. Yards, dished and rammed, at 21. 10s. Sheds to ditto, sloped and rammed Cesspools, 18 in. strong grates and stone frames, at ll. 7s.6d. . Cesspools, 9 in. iron grates and iron frames, at 14s. : Bes cap, finished to drawing, at oe Set of bars and building in fire-place, at 5s. F Flue parged Plinth stones dowelled for posts, at 6s.6d. .. Rebated and bull-nosed door-jambs, at 2d. .. Extra to bull-nosed ‘angles only, at 1d. Extra to 91 in. rebated and bull-nosed arches, at4d... .. pois 9in plain do. “do, ate pnb. ay ~ _Carried forward .. .. on Sc So oS SS So ooww 812 42 30 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Britt oF QuaNTITIES AND DETAILED EstimaTE—continued. Brought forward | 11819 2 24 | 44 in. do. do. do,at2d. .. 040 41 | bee Chamfered blue-brick window-sills, | | and sills for feeding-doors, at 2d. 0 610 | 8 Hook stones, 14 by 14 by 9, at | Saree: mee i 180 16 Hook stones, ‘9 by 9 by 6, to feeding- | doors, at 28. 6d... 28 run .. | 6 in. earthenware socket drain and excavating, at 2s. 3d. .. 414 6 3 in. rain-water drain and ditto, at 7 tale 25 0 | | 12 Bends to ditto, at 3d. | ee 386 |run | .. | Extra to brick cornice, at ‘lid. 2 4 2-23 4... | .. | Blue-brick sill, at 6d. 0 20 4 |run | | Glazed stoneware manger, at 3s, 6d. 014 0 312 | .. | Beamfilling, at 2d. .. 212 0 | | 12 | Dowel stones for door-jambs and | dowels, at 2s. 3d. ae Ae es i) Extra for setting roof-tim timbers, ‘door- | | frames, bond, ‘&e. > 15 0 | sup. Concrete flooring and bed for same | as before (this includes the feed- | ing paths across and along the roadway), at 3s. 6d. 30 2 0 . | Pitching with stones in sand, » and | YTamming,atls. .. ee 310 0 323. sqrs. Bangor Duchess slating, at Ql... a 65 10 0 120° | ron Cutting to gables, at 1d. Se 015 0 | 156 - |: Plain blue-tile ridge, at 6d. 318 0 Carried to Summary £241 17 9 | | | CARPENTER AND JOINER. |313 6 (cube Fir in roofs bond lintels, at 3s. ..| 47 0 6 156 = run .. | 7 by 13 ditto, ridge, at2d. .. .. GA 13 cube | Oak in posts ‘to sheds, at 5s. 3.5 0 76 | run 14 deal manger and supports, at 1s. 316 0 ‘6 Windows complete, eee at'26s:" = 716 0 8 1 in. ledged feeding-doors, and painting, at 4s. 6d. 2 116 “0 | 228 sup. . | 25 ain. framed, ledged, and braced | _ doors, and painting, at 1s. 103d... | 21 7 6 60 | 2 in. ditto ditto, and painting, at | Is. 9d... | 550 126 | 1 in. ledged and braced, and paint | / | ing, ats. 1d...°". 616 6 ; 21 |run Chamfered capping, ‘and. ditto, at | 2d. ] 03 6 | 110 . | 5by4 rebated door frames, and ditto, at 9}d." .: 471 fa .. | 18 by 1} shelves and ‘bearers, at ls. 013 0 4 | Oak posts to yard-doors, at 1l. se 2 D0 { | Carried forward .. .. £)] 10712 1 es) Feet. v SS 2 oe Inches. No. London International Exhibition, 1879. 813 Bit, or QuanTITIES AND DeTAILED EstimaATE—continued. Yards. | Feet. | Inches.| No. Ee ae Brought forward .. 107 12 1 14 | Pairs hinges and hooks, and paint- ing, at 6s, 44.0 8 | Pairs small ditto, to feeding-doors, at'2s. 6d... . it .08+0 3 | Strong bolts to large double doors, at 2s. 6d... .. O76 1 | 8 in. stock lock to shepherd's sf store .. OFZ a0 19 | Latches, average each 2s. 6d. os ZT. iG Carried toSummary .. .. | £115 13 1 | a IRONFOUNDER AND PLUMBER. 104 | run x -. | £in. cast-iron gutter as before, in- cluding down-pipes, &c., and painting, at 1s. 9d. Secs 9 2 0 2 | Cast-iron water-troughs, as before, at 2l.10s.. ceantae Syed 5 0 0 1 | Do. iron corner hay-rack ... 50 OF S0 30 | run 30 Sotylpal sie Se cd water- -supply, Saas) las : SELON | | 2 | Ball-cocks, at 78. 6d... : 015 0 11 | King pins ‘to principals, at 2s. 6d. . Ly Tas | Carried toSummary .. .. | £19 12 6 Summary (Parr 2). Excavator, bricklayer, and slater .. 241 17 9 Carpenter and j joiner frm orte ap th wiley ils? jal Ironfounder and plumber.. .. .. 19 12 6 4 ole A Le aren rEMIs Tie MEY ocoootzormoostn oc coo eCSeoeeooCSCaOMRHOS OAS COC KPODOO fe 822 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Britt or QUANTITIES AND DETAILED HstTiIMaTE-—continued. CARPENTER AND JOINER. Undressed lintel, 4 in. thick.. 33 in. by 2} in. undressed spars .. oi in. by 22 in. 12 in. by 4 in, framed, undressed to principals . 55 7 in. by 23 in. ” ditto ‘ditto 9 in. by 3 in. ditto ditto 4 in. by 23 in. wall Ee “- 63 in. by 22 in. pad 9 in. by 13 in. ridge 7 in. by i in. ditto .. 7 in. by 22 in. strutts .. 5z in. by 3in. ditto . 6 in, by 4 in. purlins : 7 in. by 23 in. hip and valley rafters’ 3% in. by 3 in. joisting to gutter re in. undressed boarding and bearers 2 in. by 13 in. rolls for lead 12 in. by 9 in. by 10 in. cesspool, 12 in. thick, with outlet 8 cwt. of wrought iron in straps, bolts, rods, &c., including painting and fixing .. vie sap ttbG Bae. sos 91 in. by 3 in. joists .. eB. bytd Oe 5.8 . 43 in. by 13 in. wall plate 1; in. F, and G. boarding to eranaries 1 in. rough boarding to poultry house.. 6 in. by 6 in. oak post to gallery Ventilators to roof . z in. by 3 in. rebated frame with iyi in. sash ”» 2 in. F. and G. clead doors ”. 13 in. 4 “field gates and. fixing with posts Fencing to box divisions : Musgraves fittings for 10 cows 0 ventilators to walls zy stable fittings to nag stable 9 in. by 3 in. string to staircase .. 13 in. tread. : 3 in. by 2 in. handrail Newel posts 5 in. by 5 in. oak ‘hind- -post to stable division 5 in. by 3} in. oak head- “post to stable division C 42 in. by 34 in. tops and bottom rails hi in. stall ‘division .. Pr Mangers and feeding troughs ; 4% in. by 3 in. oak plate in cement 3 in. iron plate fixed to same 36 sets of rollers for sliding doors 64 feet sup. @ 643 squares a 164 9 2 910 feet run a 1564 y 4 2371 £ > 1595 - 5; 154 y + 130 ~ ~ 836 ” ” 728 ” ” 745 sy ” 2864 es . ae i iy square Fi 18 yards sp. __,, 36 feet run - 2 7 ” 8 ewt. 5 54 squares *; 520 feet run ee 615 yards sp. 5 36 ” ” 12 ft. ¥ 14 35 i 708 . + 1082 * re 1388 {t. sp. “5 1050 co 4 ” ” a yardsrun ,, eee z Stalls £4 10 0 BOX. a2 OO Manger4 0 0 64 ft. run + 78 feet sup. _,, 16 ” ” 4 ” ” 50 feet =) 60 ,, ” 180 ,, » 440 feet sup. ,, 375 ” ” 840 feet * SAO!” 5 a BG x _ me OrFMmMococeccooo co FUSS & mp 9 mow oo or in} or RON OE HO OC WNeE wOoocrFrKc SO co wooo Carried forward . Owen & tole to) NRoRIS Na AOCOWONDH © ODHAHOS o AD FY PONHWWNHENNWNHH OS mh CAaABDBOF DB A COU & ete: 1 12 16 2 34 17 bo bo io — OQ —_ SC OSOSCCURWDEMDNDNORKN © OCOUS rs Oo CFONHFONBREH fot fe WO WRORTIAONHUAN _ i) — wWNooanwwub 23 12 — bo _ — coow on bo ~I — oO SCooaceo o coc OoOoao o eoowocon Oo OSCTOKSCS o to (oa) Roonweooc © | | nm a o © | London International Exhibition, 1879. Bitt or QuANTITIES AND Derartep Estimare—continued. 10 sets gearing for opening sashes 24 in. smith made T-band hinges 18 in. aa » 14 in, 9 in. metal barrel bolts 6 in. Hasps and staples ‘. Norfollx latches Snecks and handles 12 in. stock locks LPO Se OA Fitting up ma houses... say Sundries 45 <5) SSN MA SLATER. Slating, as per specification .. Eaves Ae a Cutting to valleys, &e. Ridge and hip “8 Rough plate plas so, eee Slating in underflashings PLUMBER. Milled lead to gutters, flashings, &e. 6 in. $-round eaves spouting 4 in. ” 3 in, down-pipes PAINTER AND GLAZIER. 4 coats oil-paint to woodwork 3 at ironwork . Glazing with 15 oz. sheet glass $23 s. d. £ s. d. Brought forward .. | 810 9 7 10 feet @ 3 0 PL0n 0 18 pr. Fy Ab 1 ry ae SIG has 6 15 ,, BE OHO 10 eye 09 216 3 12", 5 LOBHG 0 6 0 30 ,, 9G Gopi Peis 25 ,, 5 tO 210 0 20 ,, wey Ga oe LOLA 12 » D1 OL Se aO sé a 5 0 0 15 0 0 Carried to Summary .. £} 850 0 10 3072 yards sp. @ 3 0 | 460 5 0 542°, 127 0 90 7 ily XO 4 10 0 784 . i 0) | 39" 4 0 25 piece 2 6 Be PAS ae * 2 0 0 Carried to Summary .. £| 536 14 6 20 ewt. 3 qrs. @ 28 45 yardsrun ,, 2 359 3 Be 133 yards “yak Carried to Summary .. 972 yards @ 0 150 ” ” 0 333 feet sp. opel? Carried to Summary .. SUMMARY. £ Ie s. Mason, bricklayer, &c. pe | UPI Ye Carpenter and joiner 850 0 Slater ie 536 14 Plumber : 86 6 Painter and glazier 38 11 Whitewashing, 3 coats .. 25 0 0 Total £2786 15 5 824 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, “PrR MARE PER TERRAM.” DESCRIPTION BY THE AUTHOR, The drawings, &c., to which this description and estimate refers, are for a farm of about 300 acres ; 200 being arable, the remainder grass. The chief objects endeavoured to be arrived at are economy of labour in the care and feeding of stock, combined with as small an outlay as possible in the construction of the buildings. Nothing novel can be claimed in the arrangement or construction of the buildings, as they are not intended for a model farm where more elaborate details would be gone into, but are intended to try and represent a class of buildings a landlord could put up, with a few alterations, to adapt them to any particular situation. Fault will no doubt be found in horse-gear being proposed, and not a portable engine, but that is one of the above alterations, as an engine-house might very easily be built on to the barn. The idea in not providing for a portable engine is that an extra horse on such a farm as that for which accommodation is here provided would be more economical. The horse-gear is intended to cut chaff, pulp roots, and pump water; 300-gallon tank being provided in a drop loft, which supplies a 30-galion tank placed below in ‘the passage of the barn, the latter being on a level and connected with a water trough in the covered yard, A pipe also leads from the large cistern to a boiler, “along the feeding-passage, with branch pipes to every other stall, fitted with taps. The rainwater-tank is capable of holding over 5000 gallons. The barn is calculated as tiled in the specification ; but the difference if slated with best Bangor slates, taking into consideration the smaller scantlings, would be 26/. 2s. 6d. An estimate for two Dutch barns, capable of holding 80 to 95 tons of straw each, are given, the straw-barn being small. BILL OF QUANTITIES AND DETAILED EstrMAtTe. Yards. | Feet. | Inches. | Ss Cire Rare, | EXcavATor. 218 | cube | .. | Dig, part fill-in and ram-to founda- | | | tions, at 6d. .. tit dines ¢) 64 |cube | .. | .. | Dig, part fill-in and ram-to tank, at ae anars 2) 32) 8 77% cube | Concrete, rubble 6 parts, lime 2 parts, to foundations, ati6s: 6d. ae os wor eo. o 16 cube ie .. | Rubble filling-in to mangers, at ¥ AesiGdss) si: ee : 3 12° 0 1223) sup. | .. .. | Conerete, 4 in. thick, for floors, 3 parts gravel, 1 part cement, at | | Dende ea. 1 6 3 802 | sup. «. | «- | Concrete, 4 in. under Stafford bricks, at 2s. . 15 4 0 La WBUD. wl) was .. | Concrete 4 in. under floor of tank, | | | ate | Lae 0 246 | sup. | Marl and cinder-ash floors, 4 in. | | | thick, 3 parts marl, 2 ot ts cinder- | | ash; at) lexadrse. “alo coe Skee 16° 8 0s Carried forward .. .. «| £8419 8 London International Exhibition, 1879. 825 Bitt oF Quantities AND DetaAILeD EstimArE—continued. Yards. | Feet. inchs, No. a 69 run | | 18 | run 23 run | | Rods. | 393 sup. | 1} sup. 163 sup. Yards. | 583) sup. 302 "sup. 17 sup. | | 377 | 85 Gre" cs) ie 442 run | 84 run } 198 | run } 1* 113 | run | | 503° ran | | 132) run 33 run | Brought forward Drains. 6 in. glazed stoneware socketed pipes, jointed in clay, average depth 1 ft. 9 in., at 2s... ae Extra to 6 in. bends, at 2s. 6d. = junctions, single, at 3s. connections to stack- pipes, "at 2s. 9d. 6 in. connection to trap, at ane Ends of drains made good to aes at 2s. 6d.. - 18 in. glazed earthenware _ half- round pipes for mangers, at 4s. 6d. 15 in. glazed earthenware half- round pipes for mangers, at 3s. 6d. Tron trap for hospital, at 7s. 6d. Carried to Summary BRICKLAYER. Reduced brickwork in mortar, at | 91. 5s. ze Reduced brickwork | in cement, at 121. lds. | Damp course of pitch, tar, and quick: lime, at 2d. | Portland cement rendering, 7 in. | thick, to tank, at 5d. . | Stafford-brick paving in cement, at 3s. 6d. Brick flat paving to floor of tank, | at 2s. os Rough cutting, at 13d. Fair cutting to facin gs, at2d... . circular, at od. Twice ‘white walls, at 2d. Cement filleting, at 2d. Cutting to Stafford paving, at 3d. | Extra to guttering in stable and cow- | | | house, at 10d.. Brick on edge window-sillsi in cement, at 4d. Labour only to over ‘railing course, atid. . Cutting to groin i in tank . Cut and fine stone landing 5 Bed and point window frames, at 4d. Flues cored and pargeted Set copper, with all furnace work, complete .. Extra labour, forming manhole to tank.. a4 Carried forward .. .. £ 84 19 “10 0 aes 365 7 6 19) 256 baie lee 1 4 43 5116 0 ‘ic oe) yay fl * 014 2 012 8 110 6 63 1B) 53 ie eR, 8 5 0 L738 Lene oF OF 62.9 0 3 6 011 4 116 0 014 0 0} a6 465 19 10} 826 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Bru oF QUANTITIES AND DETAILED EstimaAtTE—continued. Yards, Squares. 1063 873 Feet. Inches, run sup. sup. sup. sup. run 3) run run run 18 No. Brought forward .. Extra to rough arches, 14 in. soffit, average opening 3 ft. 9 in., at 1s. Extra to rough arches, 14 in. soffit, 11 ft. opening... Extra to rough arches, 9 in. "soffit, averaze openiny 3 1 6 in., at 9d. Extra to rough arches, 9 in. soffit, 9 in. 6 in. opening, at 3s. 6d... Ends, cut and pinned, at Is. Allow for cutting chases for pipes as required .. . : Carried to Summary TILER. Red pantiles, pointed and splices at 1l. - 3 Red pantiles, laid dry and splices, at 15s.3d. .. “ Ridge tile and pointing, at 63d. Carried toSummary .. .. MAson. 33 in. tooled landing, York stone, a NOs. ta % in. tooled steps, York stone, at 6d. 3) mM. 4.) doorsills ,, ‘atilid; 4 in. at 1s, Tooled stone for manhole, 2 ft. by 2 ft. Tooled stone for ports, 9 ft. by 9 ft. by 6 in., with bevelled edge and morticed, at 2s. 6d. Tooled stone for gates, 9 in. by 9 in. by 15 in., with iron catch let in and run with lead, at 5s. ‘ Tooled stone bases for columns, 18 in. by 18 in. by 18 in., bevelled and morticed, at 12s. 6d. 5s Plain stone chimney- ple for 16 in. opening, at 5s. 6d.. Carried to Summary CARPENTER. 3 by 23 rough fir in rafters, at 1d... 43 by 3 rough fir in pole and wall- plates, at 13d. se 43 by 4 rough fir in pillars of root- house, at |?d... 9 by 14 rough fir in valley rafters at Idd. ->.. Carried forward . oS a ee 465 ly 10} 018 0 04 0. 1 4 9 0-7 20 0 12 0 0 6 0 106 10 0 66 14 3 6 0 8 £179 +4 11 £73 5 5h London International Exhibition, 1879. Bit or QUANTITIES AND DETAILED EstimmatTE—continued. Yards. Square. 1 Feet. Inehes. ! 6472) run 272 36 8133 1900 206 1903 sup. | Tun run Tun Tun Tun run No. | 34 24 | i aa Ge Brought forward .. 73 3 5j 7 by 13 rough fir in ridge, at 13d. .. Bx 6 by 3 Tough fir in wall-plates, at 2d. 2 5 4 6 by 4 rough fir in templates, at 2)d. 077.6 7 by 3 rough fir in joists, at 23d. 4) 4 94 8 by 3 rough fir in purlins, at 23 18 15 10 9 by 3 rough fir in wall-plates, at 23d. . 2d 'S 9 by 4 rough fir in wall- -plates, at Bates! an = 215 62 Fir framed in Roofs. 43 by 3 rough fir in struts, at 13d... 3.0 2 7 by 3 rough fir in collar ties, at 23d. CHa eS vi fe 4 rough fir in tie beams, at 3d. 4 2 104 9 i 3 rough fir in principals, and collar ties, at 29d... .. 19} ties 9 by 4 rough fir in tie beams, at 33d. Lie g 9 by 9 rough fir in beams, at 9d. .. 4: tO 7 by 3 rough fir in beams, bolted together, : at 23d. .. 0 4 103 7 by: 33 oak templates, at 6d. 010 0 7 by 7 oak parts, at 1s... Li 8 Labour on 190 squares roofing, ‘at 5s. 4710 0 1 in. rough gutter boards and bearers, at 15s... 5 058 Centering, atid... Oa Centering to tank, at bd. . 33 tt 6 Nails for roof, at 1s. 6d. - 14 5 0 Cross strutting to joists, 7 in. deep, at 2d. pete Ol 4 o Turning pieces to window arches, average 3 ft., at 1s. 114 0 Turning pieces to window arches average 4 in. by 3 in., at Is. 4d... LAZO Carried toSummary .. £| 213 6 6% JOINER. 12 in. rough grooved-iron tongued “floor to granary and chop loft, at 198. 6d... 815 6 Extra to forming hatch with joints, ring, and bolt... OU <> 6 42 by 3, solid fir, ‘wrought ‘frames, at 4d. 010 8 6 by 4, solid fir, wrought frames, at Gaes 8 8 0 7 by 4, solid fir, wrought fr ames, at | 7d. 019 3 . | 43. by 2 solid fir, wrought frames reg. heads, at 6d. 011 6 6 by 4, solid a wroucht frames, res. heads, at 8d. a 316 0 Carried forward .. | £23 & 5 827 828 Yards. Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Britt oF QUANTITIES AND DeraILeD EstrimatTe—continued. Feet. | 22 | 22 40 40 367 489 240 55 55 64 120 sup. | sup. sup. Tun sup. | Inches. | No. | Brought forward 7 by 4, solid fir, wrought frames, reg. heads, at 9d. 43 by 3, oak main- -tree to yand-gates at4id. . 9 by 9, wrought oak posts, ‘at 1s. 9d. W: rought, weathered, and rounded edge-capping to gates, at 4d. Doors. 13 in. wrought, framed, and braced, covered with 1 in. wrought, | grooved, tongued and beaded boarding, batten widths, single hung, at 7d. .. 13 ditto ditto, with segmental head, “at 8d... 13 ditto ditto, hune folding, at 9d.. 13 ditto ditto, with square head, “hung in two heights, at 73d... 1? ditto ditto, hung sliding with iron rollers, bar, &c., complete, at 92d. . 12 ditto ditto, segmental head, hung folding, at 93 d. 1} ditto ditto, gates: bung g folding, at 9d. Windows. Wrought, rabbeted, and chamfered frames, 14 in. casements, upper half hung on pivots, with set-offs complete, ratis.4d, Window-fixed casement, at Is. 3d. Stable Fittings. 1} in. rough deal boarding to stall divisions, at2dee sa = 3 by 23, wrought fir-rails, at ld. a 6 by 3, ‘wrought fir runner, at 23d... 6 by Je oak “wrought and rounded nosing to mangers, at 1s... 6 by 6 ditto, and chamfered heel- posts, at 1s. 9d. st Waonestiiei rings to mangers, at BT ee af Iron angle manger for hay house Allow sum of 5/. for harness fittings Nag Stable Fittings. 1 in. wrought deal partition to loose- box, including door hung therein, with hinges and fastenings com- plete, at 23d. .. Carried forward .. .. o wo So 10 aor oS or iw) one 19 10 15 mw ON OD oO oo - 10 11 i oow o i—) oon ce London International Exhibition, 1879. BILL oF QuANTITIES AND DeraiLeD EstimMaTE—continued. Yards. 126 | 174 | 168 69 120 139 54 374 153 50 Feet. run oo | | run sup. Tun Tun Inches. No. 17 os RPNOAONr wor ao Brought forward .. 3 by 23 wrought deal rails, at ‘Id. 3 by 2k wrought oak rails, at 4d. Tron angle manger for loose-box Tron manger and hay-rack complete | Allow sum of 1/. for harness fittings Hospital. Tron angle manger, with hay-rack ‘Stable-door latches, at 10d... Cow-house Fittings. lin. rough deal boarding to stalls, at 2d. : | 3 by 23 waouetiee fir- rails, at ld. 43 by 3 wrought fir-runners and rails, at Qed. .. 43 by 4 wrought: head posts, at 33 d. | 44 by 43 wrought and ehariered oak heel- -posts, at 9d. : 6 by 3 wrought oak nosing to man- gers, at Is. ; Tron fittings to cow- -house ‘and ‘feed- ing stalls, at 4s, 6d. per head Calf-house. Wrought fir-paling, 4 ft. high, ? by 23, including 2} by 3 rail and 5 gates, hung complete A Root and Chop House. 1} wrought, grooved, and tongued fir boarding, rough, at 23d. .. .. 3 by 22 rough fir-rails, at Id. .. 43 by 4 rough fir-posts, at 33d. Pairs 13 in. oe hinges, at Is. 3d. Pairs 18 in. hook-and- -eye “hinges, at Us Idis | 5s Pairs 30 in. hook-and- “eye hinges, at 25905 etn Pairs 42 in. hook- and- ~eye hinges, a at Sere Pairs 20 in. an hinges, at 1s, 10d. 6 in, neck bolts, at 9d. . 50 9 in. do, at Is. 9 in. barrel bolts, at Is... 12 in. do. at 1s. 3d. 18 in. do. at 2s. 2d. 9 in. wardstock locks, at 4s... 10 in. do. at 5s. 6d. Norfolk thumb latch, at 1s. Carried to Summary enor ooF —_ lor) ae So Oo Dd - _ oO a bowl 13 in) = o oow = _ oorocorcocoor- bo £138 16 6 829 ocoooonk fad = —] — eSeoooacoene o ior) o NOE fon ca) 830 Report of the Judges of Farm Plans, Brit or Quantities AND Deraitep EstrmaTE—continued. Yards.| Feet. | Inches.} No. oP ae ayye Smith and Founder. Wrought-iron King and tie-rods in roofs, with nuts and washers com- plete es 3116 0 56 | § in. heel-bolts, 1 ft. 6 in. . each, at 6d. 1 36 | § in. heel-bolts, ‘L ft. 9 in. . each, at 1 Sar 1M dad Leh) 70 | 3 dog anchors, 2 'tt., at tg ty 310 0 46 | Tron straps to head of principals, 2 ft. by 3 in. by 3 in., at 4s. 1d. Jet] 3s 30 | run . MacFarlane’s cast-iron centre gutter, No. 35, at 7s. 7d. .. S117. 6 43) | run . .. | Cast-iron round stack-pipes, includ- ing nails and fixing, at 1s. 7d. 38 7% 1423 a oo .. | 4 in, half-round- cast-iron guttering, at ls. Id.. : + 714 43 12 | Stopped ends, at Is. 4d. 016 0 9 | Socketed outlets,at 2s. .. . 018 0 1 | Purpose-made exterior angle, at 2s. O20 129 6 | Half-round cast-iron Rigi at 1s. 80..9 ee pate ath ee 10 15). 10 10 | Stopped ends, eke cst 3 1005.0 5 | Socketed outlets, at 3s. 6d. OSL7, 6 | 1 | Galvanized-iron boiler, 24 in. diam. 1 5-0 1 | Heater stove, 16 in. opening .. Oe 13/20 16 | Wrought-iron hit-and-miss windows, 3 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in. at 18s." .. 14 8 0 12 | Cast-iron columns, 10 ft. long, with moulded bases and copes, at 11. 5s. 1 0 0 1 | Hoist and crane in granary, to work on pivots (at about 4/.) Baie ec 4°00 Carried toSummary .. .. | £119 6 8 Plumber. Cwt. qrs. Ibs. » 13 1 21 .. | Milled lead and labour in gutters, valleys, a and step flush- Yards.| Feet. | Inches, ings . 16 0 6 5 cS ts ao eerie “lead pipes, weighing ‘9 lbs. per | yard, at 1s. 103d. e 0 9 43 162 Le 2. .. | 12 in. lead pipes, weighing 15 Ibs. per yard, at 3s. 13d. .. .. « 2 12° 1 451 ag sg -- | 1} in. lead pipes, weighing 17 Ibs. eR per yard, at 3s.6}d. .. .. 8 0 62 | 26 Soldered joints, at is. Odie! 5s 113 0 11 | 3 in. Guest and Chrime’s brass high- pressure bib-cocks, at 7s. 6d... 4 2 6 1 | 20-gallon galvanized-iron tank, at L0da.0 2% 016 8 1 | 300- gallon galvanized-i iron tank, at ia: age aei eee 6 5 0 | Carried toSummary .. .. | £40 5 8}- London International Exhibition, 1879. 831 Bit or QUANTITIES AND DetatLeD EstimatE—continued. Yards.| Feet. | Inches.| No. Painter. aves a: 433 43" | run sé Two coats of anti-corrosive paint on | 3 in. stack pipes, at $d. ., . 0 5 52 1423 a .. | Two coats of ditto oe on 4 in, gutters, at 2d. ; ERS ES 129 3 fe Two coats of ditto ‘ditto, on 6 in. gutters, at 4d. de 74 Bx MY) 314 | sup. na .. | Three coats on joiner’s work in anti- corrosive paint, at 6d... .. .. Lite 16 29 | Sashes and trames, at Is. 8d... .. Jidis 3 Carried toSummary .. .. | £13 5 52 Estmate, &c., FOR DutcH Barn, 20 ft. by 132 ft. by 18 ft. high. Rim bels eerste tae baval 20 es 42 5 0 Nails and felt * aoe 1216 3 Tron work Py Gy ie Joiner’s work .. Srse a0 18 | Stone blocks, at 6s. oF 8) 10: Strutts for roof .. 018 4 Eaves-boards 018 0 352 AA ae .. | Labour on tarring 2 4 0 Tarring timber .. OaG: FO Scaffolding .. ON iaaS Bricklayers’ setting-stones 2 013 0 Mortar and old tiles for ditto .. 010 O Tar for roof... l* 6y0 11 we .. | Clout nails, at Td. 0 6 5 1 we Nails? ss) ce) (Ve ai 3: £78 15 1 SumMarRY. ixcuvatonerd = sc) coun ser lanetinss 107 12 5 Brieislayenye; e023. heen cee 469 11 7 SITCOM Ba coiare Aint peait awh ss bey Bee printed se 179 4 11 EASON SMe id rs: eee Pot ners 19 AS 55 Grrpentery c.) [as | o9 ese eo eed) 21 Ome a Ge: Joiner... .. Sen Pickin s. Mae 138 16 62 Smith and founder Fm asics. Sz 119 6 8 Jee MB pe. Mog) co on BE 40 5 8 Painter talent gaits fog irate oi 13 5 5k | 130M ess Estimate for difference of barn roof, if slated . a somes 26 2 6 Ditto for two Dutch barns. rae me 157 10 2 Allowance for builder’s pe at US \ICeM, ae VBE obh Aa Ao 222 14 3 £ "1707 10 2 ( 882 ) XXXII.—Report upon the Market-Garden and Market-Garden Farm Competition, 1879. By Cuartes WHITEHEAD, Barming House, Maidstone. AMonG the numerous and liberal premiums that were offered by the Mansion House Committee in connection with the Inter- national Exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, were handsome prizes for market-gardens and market- garden farms. It was expected that there would be a large entry in the three classes of this competition, seeing that so much of the land near London, upon all sides of the Metropolis, is devoted to market-gardening, in which much skill is displayed and a large amount of capital invested; while beyond the limit of market-gardens proper, the cultivation of vegetables and herbs is extensively adopted in alternation with ordinary farm crops, upon what have been styled market-garden farms. The Mansion House Committee and the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society were, however, much disappointed to find that but little interest was taken by the market-gardeners and farmers, and it was thought by some that the competition had not been sufficiently made known to the public. The first announcement of it was advertised for some time in the Agri- cultural and Horticultural Journals, and failed to attract more than two or three competitors. The Council of the Royal Agricultural Society therefore requested these to allow the time for sending in entries to be extended, and with their con- currence the schedule of prizes was again advertised for some weeks in the same and in other journals, without much result ; for in the end it was found that only two entries had been made in each class. No doubt a feeling of jealousy, and an unwillingness to let the secrets of the prison-house be made public, prevented many from entering. It was ascertained by the Judges during their pere- grinations that there was a decided objection on the part of many market-gardeners and market-garden farmers to have their market-gardens and farms inspected, and their methods of ¢ulti- vation and systems of cropping reported upon, and their profits made known to the world. Some had an idea that their land- lords would raise their rent if they saw “in print” that their tenants were making a good thing out of their land. This notion has, it is believed, in many instances prevented com- petition for the prizes offered by Local Committees, or private individuals, for farms in the neighbourhood and at the time of the annual Exhibition of the Royal Agricultural Society. The main object of the Mansion House Committee in offering Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 833 these prizes was to extend and improve the cultivation of vegetables and herbs, and to bring a better supply of these almost essential elements of food within the reach not only of the artisans, mechanics, and workers of all kinds who rarely can get them, but also of the very many members of what are styled the lower middle classes, dwelling in London and other cities and towns, in whose households fresh vegetables are almost equally scarce commodities. The Mansion House Committee may also have desired to point a moral from the success of market- gardeners for the benefit of agriculturists, and to show them that they may profitably add the culture of at least the most hardy, and most easily grown vegetables to their usual routine of farm production. Hints of this kind, leading to a practical result, will be gladly welcomed in this much perplexed, transitional state of agriculture, where the values of the present staple products of the farm are materially depreciated by foreign importations. Those fortunate market-gardeners who live within the charmed area—the radial limit of twenty miles prescribed by the rules of this competition—hardly need fear that their occupation would be gone, though their balance-sheets and methods of culture were proclaimed from the house-tops. They have the great advantage of being within reach of London by road, so that they are enabled to load up to market with produce and back with manure. They have also a suitable soil, and an esta- blished business, with the special knowledge that is necessary to carry it on. Market-garden farmers, who are within easy distance of London, equally share these advantages of esta- blishment, experience, and a trained staff of labourers, and have besides, in common with the market-gardeners, a local reputation and a name in very many cases. Thus one man is famous for his celery. The lettuces of this one are peculiarly crisp; while the cabbages of that one are always succulent. But there is ample room for many more vegetable growers. ‘Though occasionally there may be a glut of certain vegetables, which is to a great extent caused by the imperfect methods of distribu- tion, to be explained farther on, there would always be a very large and increasing demand for vegetables at a fair price, which would at the same time remunerate the producers. It is said that the importation of vegetables from foreign countries in- terferes most considerably and will interfere much more each year with the home growers; it will be shown, however, that the supply from abroad comes for the most part before the English yegetables are ready, also that the cost of carriage is a heavy burden upon the importers. In most seasons and at most times in each season the price VOL, XV.—S. 8. 3K 834 | Report upon the Market-Garden and of vegetables prohibits the working classes, the lower middle classes, and even many families of the middle class with fixed incomes, from having them at their tables save as articles of luxury instead of regular essentials of diet. No doubt the price of all vegetables is greatly enhanced by the system of selling and the unsatisfactory media of distribution, as in the first place all market-garden and market-garden farm produce is sold by a salesman or factor, whose pay or commission is of course added to its cost. These sell it to middle-men, chiefly greengrocers, who take the créme de la créme and require their handsome profit. Costermongers as a rule take the leavings of the greengrocers and make as much profit as they can get out of these. Jobbers occasionally buy the crops of the growers, either as they grow, or delivered into their carts and waggons on the spot. These expect a good “pull” for their venture, to which must be added the salesman’s pay and the middleman’s profits. As in the case of almost all home-produced articles of food, the producers and the consumers of vegetables are too far apart, and before either of these can get their full and proper advantages this gulf must be bridged over in some way. Factors and middlemen must be content to work for less money, or the producers and consumers must co-operate to provide huge supply associations in London and all cities and large towns, not only for vegetables, but also for fresh butter, milk, cream, fowls, and eggs, all of which now are simply beyond the reach of the majority of the people. How very few are the farmers who attempt to supply these, as they think, small things! We calmly allow the French and the Danes to beat us in butter and fancy cheese-making, and to send in fowls and eggs at their own price, and have hitherto made but little effort to check the importation of “ fresh” vegetables from France, Holland, Spain, and Africa. It is hoped that we shall try to change all this before we finally despair of making farming pay in this country. Vegetables of all kinds were almost at famine prices in the English markets in the early spring of this present year. The long continued frost had proved too much for the cabbage-tribe in many situations. Those who were lucky enough to preserve any kind of greens obtained very high prices for them. Such small things as parsley actually were almost worth their weight in silver, because so few persons think it worth while to cultivate such unconsidered trifles. After the frost came an almost unparal- leled period of wet, which prevented the sowing of crops in due season, and caused an abundant growth of weeds, which it was almost impossible to keep in subjection. Indeed there hardly Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 835 could have been a worse season for the competition. Everything fought against the careful cultivation of land; and the Judges put off their first inspection until the end of April, at the request of the competitors, who told them there was nothing to be seen before this date. ‘They were struck with the energy and in- domitable perseverance of all these, and with the comparative freedom from weeds in the competing gardens and farms at their last visit. In this competition there were three classes, in each of which a first prize of 50/., a second prize of 25/., and a third prize of 101. respectively were offered, viz. : Crass I. For the best managed market-garden, exceeding ten, and not exceeding fifty, acres in extent, within a radius of twenty miles from the Mansion House. Crass II. For the best managed market-garden above fifty acres in extent, within a radius of twenty miles from the Mansion House. Cuass III. For the best managed market-garden farm situated in one of the five metropolitan counties, viz.: Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Hertfordshire, and Essex ; or, if situated in any other county, such farms to be within a radius of fifty miles from the Mansion House, upon which market-garden crops alternate with farm crops, above one hundred acres in extent. With regard to Classes I. and II. the Judges were instructed especially to consider : 1. General management with a view to profit. 2. Productiveness of crops. 3. State of gates, fences, roads, and general neatness, 4. Method of book-keeping pursued. Concerning Class III. their instructions pointed to : . General management with a view to profit. . Productiveness of crops. . Goodness and suitability of live stock. . Management of grass and clover land. . State of gates, fences, roads, and general neatness. . Mode of book- -keeping pursued. The accompanying Schedule (p. 837) shows the names of the competitors in the various classes, as well as those of the owners on ke Dor wd kr 836 Report upon the Market-Garden and of the land, the extent of each holding, and the nature of the soil. Cuass I. Mr. William John Gay's Market-garden. The Judges awarded the first prize in this class to Mr. W. J. Gay, for his exceedingly well-managed market-garden, forty- four acres in extent, situated close to the town of Barking, in Essex. This is a typical market-garden, worked in the most approved manner, with every inch of it highly and thoroughly cultivated. Mr, Gay has no particular rotation of crops ; but he endeavours to get as much as he can off the land, and to suit the course of cropping to the season, as well as to what he imagines will be the chief requirements of the markets. Most market-gardeners prefer to work in this manner, and grow what they think will pay them best. A few, however, like Mr. Lancaster, who com- peted in another class, grow specialities, as celery, for example ; but, as a rule, the rotation depends upon circumstances in a great degree. Thus, in the present most backward and trying season, many of the crops were late before they were got off, so that there was not time to put in the crop that should have followed in due course. In some cases the crops, as winter onions, cab- bages, coleworts, and other greens, were destroyed by the frost, necessitating an entire change in the arrangements. Again, in many instances, scarlet-runners, French beans, carrots, parsnips, cucumbers, and vegetable-marrows, and these two last espe- cially, were so much injured by the wet and cold weather, that they were ploughed up. Mr. Gay’s aim is to get two crops in the year, if possible, from every part of his holding. He sows onions, carrots, parsnips, spinach, peas, and potatoes, in the early spring, after the winter “ greenstuff”—such as hardy greens, or coleworts, known as collards, savoys, purple sprouting broccoli—has come off the land. After cabbages, which should be all cut inlordi- nary seasons quite by the end of May, Mr. Gay plants potatoes, scarlet-runners, French beans, blue peas, red beet, marrows, cucumbers, and summer lettuces. Where cabbages come off latest, peas are sown between the rows, or Lisbon onions for “bunching” in early spring, or savoys, or coleworts, or winter spinach. Mr. Gay grows all manner of herbs: thyme, mar- joram, sage, mint, parsley, and lemon thyme, and his large bed of beautifully shaped winter lettuces was a sight to be remembered, considering the ordeal of weather the plants had passed through, 837 Marhet-garden Farm Competition, 1879. ‘Trosqns ATPoAvAS TYLA YS {; ie pe eae OHNO ley Wee 0 Suryieg ‘esnoy Trosqns *Trotere WHA WT | 0 0S | 0 0 M08 ve “oy ‘Amasteg yo embrepys|\toog ‘KaueED siTeM WRIT °Z Smo ate Uo bmg eo ets wees dee Od eUSIlT ‘Trosqns A]ToAvAS TIM ‘poxIp. | 0 O 88!0 0 OST {: Rie tee \ ‘nue g Armopy f xossqy ‘Ureyurery ‘aca ‘tv la ca cy |} te OL8eO Pea corca ase a Ymolg ‘OD ‘f eye jo saoqsnty, *T TIT ssvi19 “TIos | Pe MeO ger? a "Angee \\(isey Mer ne Eee fee ee Sire -qns Ajjoavrs Aporgo { umnrpeut pus erat 0095 |0 & 06 Necauitea “qaeq ‘os[nyT “a gate ‘ssomorteyy ‘yeg Svwory, *Z *£arvo ie *) ** S1OT4O puL ‘toysuTUr Wie " xessq] ‘HMO, SurmmeD H 7% a o i‘ M4 a som ‘Auveduioy oxo puv seos|\‘osnoyy ourA ‘aojysvouey uyor ‘T ‘TL SsvIp . ‘ . 6 ‘ Sera e+ ea ee? xossq “prof Tosqns Auvoy yy ‘umpayT 0 0 ¢ | O° <0 Ops) “PlORCUET RASA So Teese. soley San ‘gMysyoqtop ‘keg MUTT °% [Ios | ae | PS ree TOT UBT ANOG } Ney sith age xossoy “Surypieg: -qns A[[aAvIs YIM ‘oIUIpeut pus nee ee | - . ie ‘coped ‘s10q}Q puv Apouuey “Vs ||Goog oxy ‘Avg ugor UeNIIM ‘T uae, 21qe1y *T}og Jo uondrrosaqy ! *SI9UMO JO SSOIPPY puv otavyy *s1o}IyadaIog JO ssaippy pue ome yy “me JO az1g ‘L ssvIg ‘ATLLINWOD TSAOF{T NOISNV] oy} Aq poloyO SAZIUT OY} IO} NOILILAAWOD AOF podojuo SWUV,] NIGUVH-LAMAV] PUY SNEGUVH)-LAMUV]T JO ATAGIHOG 838 Report upon the Market-Garden and and made a most important addition to his receipts for the year. The land is hired on a lease of fourteen years, which gives an enterprising tenant spirit to garden well; though it was ascer- tained that by no means all market-gardeners are protected by leases, in spite of their extremely large outlay in the shape of manures and cultivation. The soil of this market-garden is a darkish clay upon the London Clay formation, from three to four feet in thickness, resting upon a thick bed of gravel. It is not naturally very fertile, but is grateful and works well. Four horses of a most serviceable stamp for land and road work, quick movers, yet large-framed, which cost from seventy to eighty guineas, and a pony, are fully employed upon the forty- four acres. This may appear to be an excessive strength of horses ; but the greater part of the land is ploughed twice in the year, and the whole of the produce is taken by horses to the Borough and Spitalfields Markets, respectively distant eight and seven-and-a-half miles from Barking. Manure from the stables and cowsheds is brought back from London in the waggons and vans that have taken up the vegetables to the markets, as much as six waggon loads per week having been brought on the farm during the six months preceding the Judges’ visit. Six shillings per ton is the cost of this manure, and not less than thirty tons are put on an acre, with but few exceptions, for every crop. Besides London dung, horse-hoof parings at from three to four tons per acre, horn shavings at eight to ten cwts. per acre, bone dust at ten cwts. per acre, guano at five cwts. per acre, nitrate of soda at from two to four cwts. per acre, are used, Nitrate of soda is found to answer remarkably well for cabbages and onions upon this land, being applied in two dressings of from one-and- a-half to two ewts. peracre. The average annual'cost of London manure upon Mr. Gay’s land is 270/., or 7. per acre; and the average annual cost of artificial or other manures is 130/. or 3/. per acre, making a total expenditure of 10/. per acre per annum for manure alone. It cost Mr. Gay 595/. last year for labour, or, 13/. 10s. 5d. per acre; and it will cost him more this year on account of the rampant weeds. Mr. Gay was one of the lucky market-gardeners who had a good quantity of “greenstuff” in the early spring of this year. Much of this either had been cut up entirely, or much retarded in growth by the long-continued frosts; and the price of all green vegetables was consequently unusually high in April. On the occasion of their first visit the Judges found Mr. Gay engaged in pulling a capital crop of well-grown coleworts, which were making figures evidently most satisfactory to him. According Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 839 to the crop, set at the least at 250 dozen bunches per acre, and the prices which were then ruling, viz., at from 9s. to 12s. per dozen bunches, the gross return of this crop must have been consider- ably above 100/. per acre. Later on, when all the coleworts had gone and cabbages were cabbages, Mr. Gay was cutting large quantities from one of the best pieces that was seen in the travels of the Judges, and the gross return was at least 80/. per acre. All the peas which had followed the earliest hardy greens looked remarkably well at the first visit. These, as well as some that were put in later, were decidedly the best that were seen. The earliest peas were Sangster’s William L., and Sangster’s Improved No. [., and the seed cost from 16s. to 24s. per acre, two bushels being drilled per acre, about two feet to two feet four inches apart. After these, the Fill- basket, Fortyfold, or Veitch’s Perfection followed in succession. An average crop of peas is about 150 bushels per acre, and the average price obtained in market is about 2s. per bushel, or 154. per acre. It is not a very remunerative crop, as the expenses of »picking are heavy ; but it only occupies the land for a short time, and serves as a good preparation for other crops. Onions are largely grown upon this market-garden, chiefly after winter greens, savoys, and sprouting broccoli,and looked very promising. Mr. Gay sows 50 lbs. of onion seed broadcast, so that the plants were exceedingly close together, as they were intended for pulling early for bunching, and some later on for pickling. Though the elements had been unpropitious for carrots, there was a capital plant both of Harrison’s Early Market, and Carter’s Early Short- horn for pulling or “bunching” in June, in ordinary seasons. About 12 lbs. of seed are sown broadcast per acre. Six pounds of parsnip seed, of the sort known as the Hollow Crown, had been drilled per acre in rows 15 inches apart, and had given an excel- lent and regular plant. Scarlet-runners also were remarkably good; but the French beans showed that they wanted heat. Mr. Gay contemplated ploughing these up at first, and fortunately held his hand, as they improved wonderfully in June and bid fair to give a remunerative yield. This, it must be said, was the only crop that was at all under the mark in the whole of this occupation, and it took up a very small portion of it. Upon a detached part of this holding, a quarter of a mile from the homestead, small things are cultivated. There were lemon thyme, mint, sage, parsley, quite ornamental with its beautifully curled leayes, which was making 3s. 6d. per |b. in the London markets, perfectly shaped little Paris Cos lettuces, and other “ sallets,” all in a most flourishing state. Rhubarb also, beet, and red cabbages, for pickling, thrived amazingly ; 840 Report upon the Market-garden, and and in a corner was a large border of odorous wallflowers, small bunches of whose flowers were making 4d. each. Here is variety enough in all conscience! Mr. Gay grows many things and grows all well and successfully, for while many of his neighbours either had lost plant of parsnips, carrots, scarlet- runners, F’rench beans, and onions, by reason of the onslaught of slugs, or the rapid progress of weeds, or from stress of weather, all his crops were good, with one slight exception—the French beans. His land was remarkably clean for the year, and his style of gardening finished and neat; and the Judges had not the slightest hesitation in awarding him the first prize in this class. The weak point in Mr. Gay’s armour is his book-keeping. This is somewhat rudimentary, though it is at the same time sufficiently plain to convince the Judges that his balance is on the right side, and that he makes his market-gardening profitable. As a rule it appears that market-gardeners do not keep accounts. In the first and second class of this competition the ‘ method of book-keeping” was found to be of the simplest order. One competitor frankly said that he kept no accounts—* My bank- book is my account-book.” Another took his cheque-book from his pocket, with a triumphant wave in the air, remarking that he required no other “‘ method of book-keeping,” thereby leading the Judges to infer that his banking account was in the most flourishing condition. It reminded them of the indignant pro- test—Rexr sum, et super grammaticam, or, in the vernacular, ‘ I am a market-gardener; | make such profits that I can dispense with figures.” Sundry small account-books were produced by one competitor, merely containing lump sums representing receipts on the one side and payments on the other—records of weekly sales and weekly payments. Failing complete accounts, the Judges accepted secondary evidence with regard to profit and loss, in the shape of the general prosperous appearances of the market-gardens and the contented minds of the market-gardeners themselves, which were pleasant to contemplate, while every one else connected with Jand was groaning and grumbling. They saw enough to show them that labour is the most serious,item of expenditure, particularly in wet seasons like the present, when it was most disheartening to see weeds hoed up one day at great cost and set again the next. There is a good supply of general labourers in most of the market-garden districts of Essex, but skilled labour is somewhat scarce. Wages run from 3s. to 3s. 6d. per day for men, and from 1s. 3d. to 1s. 9d. for women. The greater part of the work is done by the piece. Contracts are made with the labourers to keep onions clean through the season at from 4/. 10s. to 5/. per acre, for which they are ex- Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 841 pected to hoe them over three times. Carrots, sown broadcast, are put out for hoeing at from 3/. to 4/. per acre; parsnips that had been drilled in, at 2/. 5s. to 2/. 10s. per acre. Preparing vege- tables for market is also a costly process, as such things as carrots, parsnips, radishes, celery, onions, and lettuces have to be taken to sheds and washed, and done’ up in bunches for market. Upon Mr. Gay’s market-garden there is suitable convenience for these operations, and great pains are taken to send away the produce fresh and clean. Mr. William Gay's Market-garden. This market-garden, to which the Judges awarded the second prize, is situated at Corbetstye, about five miles south-east of Romford, upon the London Clay formation. Its soil is of a lighter colour * than that at Barking, containing less iron and more sand in its composition, and not so valuable, nor so well suited for gardening purposes, being more inclined to cake or crust over, after a heavy rain. The superficial soil is from two to four feet in thickness, and the gravel bed immediately under it is from five to six feet deep. Mr. W. Gay pays 21. 2s. per acre rent for the land, and holds it upon a twenty-one years’ lease. ‘There are several acres of useful meadow-land, part of which was fed off by two useful dairy cows, and part laid in for hay, that promised to give a heavy cut. Like his namesake, the occupier of this land has no stereo- typed rotation of crops, but is guided by circumstances in this respect, and he endeavours to get, and usually succeeds in getting, two crops every year from the greater part of the land. His arrangements for the present year comprised : Four and a half acres of onions, succeeding coleworts, which had been preceded by cucumbers and scarlet-runners. These were very good and were found very free from weeds at each visita- tion. In a piece of scarlet-runners of nearly three acres there was a fairly good plant; coleworts had been taken before these, and onions before the coleworts. Next came ten acres of pota- toes, principally Shaws and Dalmahoys; after these—coleworts, sprouting broccoli, seed-bed, and small crops, put in early and the ground heavily manured. The cucumbers upon the next piece of two and a half acres were an indifferent plant, as much of the seed had rotted in the ground, and the slugs had been busy among the few plants that were above the ground. Spring * The brown colour of the London Clay at and near the surface is merely a colour of decomposition, the protoxide of iron that gives the blueish tinge per- oxidating by exposure to atmospheric action.— Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. iv. parti p. 73. 842 Report upon the Market-garden, and cabbages had immediately preceded the cucumbers, and onions had come before the cabbages. Close by the'cucumbers were two acres of pretty good East-Ham cabbages, planted in the early autumn after onions, before which scarlet-runners had been grown. Late spring coleworts, of which only a few stragglers not ready for cutting remained, had occupied the adjoining two acres, whose antecedent crops were cucumbers and coleworts. A forward and good piece of mangel-wurzel was next seen, before which cabbage, broccoli and other seeds had been taken, for Mr. Gay, like many other market-gardeners, grows much of his own seed from carefully chosen plants. He was lucky to have near here over half an acre of uncommonly good lettuces, well-grown in every way, which had borne the trying season unusually well, grown after scarlet-runners and coleworts; a first-rate seed-bed of cabbages and sprouting broccoli, after potatoes, one and a half acres in extent; also a good Tripoli onion seed-bed. Patches of spinach, parsley, and other herbs, after mangel-wurzel, occupied the remaining portion of this market-garden. Some idea of the course of cropping will be gathered from the above description. It will also be seen that the land has no fallow, no rest, and that it is attempted to obtain two crops in the year from it. In one or two cases that end will not be accomplished this year on account of the weather, which had evidently affected the crops upon this land more than those upon the land near Barking, either by reason of the somewhat different nature of the soil, or to the country round about being more wooded. Some of the crops were rather patchy and wanting in vigour, which partly may be due to the tact that Corbetstye is at least sixteen miles from London—the great source of manure supply. This is a great disadvantage, as ‘ae waggons that have taken up produce are very rarely laden with manure on the return journey, on account of the distance, and the manure has to be hauled, by traction-engines or horses, from Rainham, to which place it is brought by rail or river, and costs 8s. 6d. per ton. All the buildings appeared commodious, and in -good tenantable repair ; and the gates, fences, and hedges serviceable and trim. Four horses are kept, of a useful stamp. The supply of labour is not so good, nor of such skilled quality as at Barking. Mr. Gay sells his own produce himself in the Borough Market, which saves him the high commission charged by salesmen. Taking one year with another, the cost of ma- nual labour, inclusive of preparing and washing the vegetables for market, is about 490/. per annum, or close to 11/. per acre, which, together with 11/, per acre for manure, according to Mr, Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879.. $43 Gay’s estimate, makes 22/. per acre. Rent, rates, which amount to about 3s. 9d. in the pound, tithes at 9s. per acre, the cost of horses, waggons, vans, baskets, and other incidentals, quite bring up the annual expenditure to 30/. per acre. From the books shown to the Judges, which contain merely entries in the shape of lump sums of receipt and expenditure, and from other sources of information, it appeared that, taking the average of the past four years, one of which—1878—was by no means favourable for market-gardening, Mr. Gay’s business had re- turned a handsome profit, equal to 11/. per acre per annum, or equal to an interest of something like seventeen per cent. per annum upon the capital employed. Taking into consideration the very neat and clean state of this market-garden .the Judges considered that Mr. Gay deserved the second prize for his perseverance. Cuass II. Mr. Lancaster's Market-garden. This comprises eighty acres, situated at Stratford, in Essex, within four and a half miles of the General Post Office, and is, with the exception of a few pieces of land at Rotherhithe and Deptford, the nearest market-garden to London. Three acres are meadow land and the remainder is closely cropped with various vegetables. The land is partly held on lease and partly upon a short tenancy, at rents varying from 5/. to 6/. per acre. Its soil is a dark-coloured loamy clay, heavy and naturally fertile, about eight feet in thickness, resting upon a peaty subsoil two feet in depth, lying on the gravel, upon the Woolwich Beds, or the Oldhaven Beds of the Lower Tertiaries, which crop up here and overlie the London Clay, forming a curiously irregular patch nearly two miles in length from north to south, and hardly a mile in width.* Though heavy and difficult to work in wet seasons, this soil soon dries and becomes pulverised quickly and absorbs a deal of moisture. In Mr. Lancaster’s words :—“ It is peculiar stuff to work and requires an apprentice- ship before you can manage it according to the varying seasons. It is most prolific when there is some amount of heat, when we say ‘things go mad.’ I have had Veitch’s spring sown cauli- flowers measure four feet round, and quite close, and celery one foot round, indeed like sturdy trees.” * “This series seems to stretch across the Thames into Essex, and perhaps the inlying patch of the Lower London Tertiaries at Stratford may belong to it, at least in part.”—‘ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. iv. part i. p. 258. 844 Report upon the Market-garden, and Mr. Lancaster has with much ingenuity adopted irrigation upon his market-garden most successfully in dry summers, having fixed a steam-engine to pump up the water, and laid pipes and cut channels to spread it over the land. A wide sewer or watercourse whose water runs into the Thames intersects this land, and small ditches connected with this watercourse divide it at intervals. These formerly served as fences to part the fields when it was pasture land and grazed by cattle. In wet seasons like the last it happens that the water in these ditches overflows, and in this event the steam-engine is used to pump it out. Mr. Lancaster said that he is the only market-gardener, except those who have sewage-farms proper, who systematically irrigates his land in dry seasons. ‘‘ My neighbours,” he added, “laughed at first when I began to irrigate, but the first season I did so turned out to be a very dry one, so that I had good crops when others were bad, and therefore made high prices, which stopped their laughter.” When the Judges went over this market-garden the engine was pumping the surplus water away from the land. Only about twelve years ago the whole of this garden was grass land, and has been gradually broken up by Mr. Lancaster. He has built a comfortable dwelling-house, with stables, sheds, green-houses, forcing-pits, and an engine- house, and has changed the land from average grazing land to highly productive, profitable market-garden ground, fitted with all appliances for its management. As the soil is heavy and lies wet in the winter and is unsuitable for growing winter greenstuff, so much so that Mr. Lancaster cannot grow his own cabbage plants, it is found much better to let much of the land lie dormant during the winter, and to work it as hard as possible in the spring and summer when it has been dried by March winds. Therefore the system of cropping differs from that of ordinary market-gardens, inasmuch as radishes, lettuces, marrows, cucumbers, spring onions, cauli- flowers, and celery are principally grown. Celery is Mr. Lancaster’s speciality, which he grows singularly well, and for which his soil is peculiarly suited. He has a reputation for celery in Covent Garden, and almost invariably makes the top prices in the market. He either sows the celery seed first in frames with a eertain amount of heat, from whence the plants are put out into the rows; or the seed is sown in hot-houses having a high temperature, and the plants are pricked out into small frames close to the ground, with a gentle heat under them, and taken from thence for planting out. This plan answers well in cold, changeable seasons, as the plants are gradually accustomed to changes of temperature; but it entails Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 845 a great amount of work, of which some idea may be gained when it is stated that it requires 10,000 celery plants per acre, set at one foot apart in the rows, and that Mr. Lancaster usually plants about 46 acres, which would take 460,000 plants. London manure to the depth of a foot is put into the trenches prepared for the celery plants, and covered with soil. The trenches are 5 feet 6 inches apart, and the distance from plant to plant in the trenches is one foot. Earthing up is done by hand gradually, three or four times, to suit the growth of the plants. Early in the next spring radishes are sown thickly upon the spaces lately occupied by the celery ; or cauliflowers or coleworts are planted, all of which thrive wonderfully in the richly manured soil. Celery is grown again in the next season. In many parts of this land, where the soil is best suited for celery, this crop has been taken now five years successively, the position of the trenches having been shifted each year, and radishes and other quick growing crops grown upon their situation in alternate years. The beds of radishes are 4 feet 6 inches wide, and one foot is allowed for the celery trenches, so that in the autumn when the catch crops are gone the celery has a space of 5 feet 6 inches. At the time of the first inspection over 5000 dozen of bunches were being marketed each week, and made from 6d. to 8d. per dozen bunches. ‘They were turnip radishes, known as French radishes in the market, of a bright pink colour, beautifully shaped and cutting firm even to the largest and oldest bulbs. As many as 1500 dozen bunches are occa- sionally grown per acre, but an average crop runs to about 1200 dozen bunches, a bunch being a good sized handful. In other parts of the land coleworts, or cabbages, or cauliflowers were planted in the spaces between the celery, and in one part there were rows of splendid Paris Cos lettuces ready for tying, and the celery plants between were looking fresh and vigorous. Near the house there were innumerable small frames set in rows with plants of vegetable-marrows within them, which were covered with glass by night and served to protect the plants from the weather until they were well established. These plants were strong and luxuriant, and in fact were almost the only marrows that the Judges saw which looked like yielding a good crop. Rows of osiers were planted at intervals in this place to serve as a shelter for marrows, or cucumbers, or other delicate plants that may be cultivated. Osiers are grown upon most of the market-gardens in corners or wet places, to furnish twigs for bunching radishes, and other produce, and rods for making baskets. Near the marrow frames were many hundred thousands of Veitch’s cauliflower plants in a seed-bed, and many 846 Report upon the Market-garden, and thousands in small frames with a little heat from manure under them, that had been transplanted from the seed-bed, and were ready to go out into their places on the land, being splendid plants, showing no tendency to “run,” and having well paid for their intermediate transplantation. It was a novel experience to find two acres covered with mint, with an abundance of leaves that seemed sufficient to supply all the lamb eaters in London with mint sauce. Although this bed of mint was only two years old it was doomed to be dug up this summer, and tiny shootlets were being taken from it and set 9 inches by 3 inches apart, in an adjoining piece of land to form a new bed, It was suggested that it was a pity to destroy such a wealth of mint, but Mr. Lancaster inferred that he had already found it a satisfactory and sufficient mint of wealth. There were three acres of sea-kale, six acres of horse-radish, which thrives upon this soil, one acre of parsley, patches of beet, and of cabbages for pickling, and large beds of rhubarb, and divers other things, all of which are shown as in situ upon the plan (p. 847) of this market-garden. Among the material cabbages and cauliflowers were plots of ground devoted to moss- rose bushes, which were just bursting into buds to adorn the button-holes of London beaux. The rhubarb plants are a sight to be seen, having elaborately serrated leaves, and are handsome enough for ornamental shrubs. It is a peculiar sort of rhubarb, and the Judges saw nothing like it in their travels. Mr. Lancaster grows it about four feet apart, and strips the plants bare of leaves twice and sometimes thrice in a season, leaving nothing but the main stem. Like all the other crops grown on this market-garden, the rhubarb is well manured each year with London manure. As Mr. Lancaster does not indulge in the luxury of accounts, being, as he said, too tired to write after his marketing, for he and his daughter sell all his produce, no definite notion of the quantity of manure bought in a year could be obtained. Neither could the Judges get any precise information as to the cost of labour, but they were assured, and can well believe from the amount of work that is entailed by such crops as radishes, celery, and lettuce, that the labour comes to 50/. per week during the summer and autumn months. Labour wages are rather higher than at Barking. Carters and skilled hands get from 20s, to 24s. per week. Ordinary labourers get 18s. per week, and both these and skilled labourers make considerably more at piece-work. Women earn 2s., 3s., and even 4s. per day. Seven horses of a good stamp are kept, which do all the work on the market-garden and take the vegetables to the Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 847 yA — spine ee es \ Parsn q 3s Se sg 8 Y) y / YW a Fig. 1.—Mr. J. Lancaster’s Market-garden. omy oT Sdiwing, = “ 848 Report upon the Market-garden, and Borough and Spitalfields Markets in the summer, and the celery to Covent Garden in the winter, when it sells best. The buildings are suitable and in good repair, and there are capital sheds for preparing and washing the vegetables for market, fitted up with boilers for heating water for washing the celery and radishes, which is a great comfort to the women in cold weather, and causes them to wash the celery better. There was a want of neatness about the whole garden, owing in a degree to its being surrounded by gasworks, lines of railway, land recently taken for building purposes, sewers, drains, and ditches. Dzisjecta membra of old machines and “ fancy” im- plements were scattered about in some confusion, but the land itself was clean and well cultivated, and evidently was yielding a handsome return. By dint of putting this and that fact together it was gathered that an average crop of radishes sown between the celery would make at least 28/. per acre: say 1100 dozen bunches at 6d. per dozen ; and the celery, planted in the rows between the beds of radishes, would make from 50/. to 60/. per acre, taking an average of seasons: say from 1000 to 1200 bunches at 12s. per dozen bunches. Again, taking lettuces and celery together, an average crop of lettuces, grown as Mr. Lancaster grows them, would be worth about 30/. per acre. Or a crop of coleworts and cabbages grown with celery would be worth from 251. to 30/. per acre, plus the value of the celery crop; so that even if the expenses amount to 40/. per acre, there is still a good margin of profit. Mr. Lancaster grows his own seed, and is most particular in keeping his sorts distinct and true. He has improved his various kinds of vegetables by selection, by sowing the seed from the best plants with the required characteristics most strongly marked. His celery, as has been mentioned above, is of par- ticular excellence, and is well known in the London markets. Being of a good type, and carefully prepared for market, it generally makes rather more money than that grown by other market-gardeners. The Judges were much struck with the energy and skill displayed in the management of this market- garden, as well as with the manifold indications of large profits made upon it. Much courage, capital, and ingenuity were required to change ordinary meadows in such a situation and with such surroundings into a garden of cucumbers—a very oasis in a wilderness of building land. The first prize in this class is well deserved by Mr. Lancaster, who has brought about this transformation. It should be mentioned, as a proof of the “culture” of market-gardeners, in Mr. Matthew Arnold’s meaning of the term, that Mr. Lancaster has a large collection Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 849 of pictures, chiefly by old ‘masters, some of which are valuable specimens of art. Mr. Patch’s Market-garden is close to Barking, and is distant about seven miles from the Spitalfields Market, to which the greater part of its produce is consigned in waggons, which, as in most other cases, bring manure back. The soil is a light friable clay, on the London Clay formation, about 12 to 18 inches in thickness, resting upon beds of sand and small gravel, not good enough for road mending. It is somewhat more heavy in texture towards the southern part of the garden, and not of high class quality in any part: but it may be said to be grateful land, and costs Mr. Patch 520/. per annum for rent, rates, and taxes, or close upon 5/. 15s. per acre. Seven horses are kept, high-class animals, strong, active, and clean- legged, fitted for field and road work, and must have cost at least 70 guineas each. Horses are also occasionally hired in busy seasons. As to the profits made, the cost of labour, the annual average expenses of manure, and other incidentals, the Judges could form no very definite idea, for Mr. Patch does not “ worry his head with figures,” being too much occupied with the outdoor part of his business, and being “too tired at right to post up his account-books.” They managed to glean, however, from conversation with him, that he was perfectly satisfied with the general results, and that his profits in some seasons and upon certain vegetables are very large, although it costs him 3000/. per annum, or rather more than 30. for each acre, before he can touch a farthing of profit. From data furnished by other persons and from other sources, the Judges believe that the average expenses of market-garden land, cultivated in the ordinary manner, amount to 30/. per acre, taking an average of seasons. In some cases, however, as in that of Mr. Lancaster and his special culture of celery, the annual outlay per acre is much larger; but it must be admitted that 30/. per acre is a large sum, and that it requires great judgment, much forethought, energy, and practical knowledge, with con- tinuous supervision of labourers, and personal labour also, to ensure success. Sometimes the seasons are utterly out of course, and, as in the last winter, spring, and summer, baffle the efforts of the most foreseeing and energetic. Constant frost destroyed a great part of the greenstuff, upon which the cultivators depend for much of their profit. Constant wet weather made weed- killing at least one-third more expensive than usual, and caused many of the seeds of such plants as scarlet-runners, French beans, marrows, and cucumbers to rot in the ground. Sometimes the VOL. XV.—S. 8. 3 L 850 Report upon the Market-garden, and price of produce falls in a most sudden and disastrous manner, owing to a glut of particular vegetables, as in the early spring of 1878, when coleworts and cabbages, in consequence of the mild winter, were literally not worth carriage to London, and these crops were ploughed in on very many acres; while at the same date in the next year they were at famine prices. Occasionally a market-gardener, being a lucky individual, or blessed with a prophetic soul, makes a grand coup by having furnished his garden with a good supply of a commodity which few others. have. “It is a good plan generally,” said one fortunate com- petitor, “to plant that vegetable extensively of which there has happened to be a large quantity in the previous year. Nine men out of ten would be afraid to venture largely again for a time.” This gentleman practised what he preached, and went in heavily for coleworts and cabbages in 1879, regardless of the losses upon them in 1878, and was reaping a rich reward for his sagacity. Mr. Patch had some good coleworts and early York cabbages, which were making close to 90/. per acre, though they were neither so well grown nor so regular as others that were seen. At the first inspection of this garden the crops taken all round looked well, particularly some Fortyfold peas, got in early after scarlet-runners. The seed was dropped by hand into rows hoed out, which were filled with horse-hoof parings at the rate of one ton per acre. Both the autumn sown onions for bunching or drawing for sale in bunches in the spring, and those that had been sown in the spring for “bulbing” or for marketing as small or large bulbs in the summer or autumn, according to the demand, were fairly good, and the potatoes looked well. At the subsequent inspection the Judges were somewhat disappointed at the comparatively poor progress that some of the crops had made, due no doubt in a degree to the bad weather, as well as to some little neglect in getting the weeds checked. To kill these was perhaps almost out of the question, and to check them was a task worthy of Sisyphus, but others had tackled them a little more pluckily than Mr. Patch. Some of the potatoes were patchy, and the onions and carrots had lost plant. Slugs were suggested as the cause of the weakness of the carrots, but this soft impeachment was indignantly denied by Mr. Patch, who prides himself upon never having such beasts upon his land. The Judges imagined that they should then and there discover a great slug-preventing secret, but looking furtively into the hearts of the cabbages, where slugs love to lie, they saw enough to con- vince them that Mr. Patch is slug-blind. Like other market-gardeners Mr. Patch has no_ systematic rotations of crops. His most usual method is to take winter Marhet-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 851 greens or cabbages first, then to follow with peas, scarlet-runners, parsnips, carrots, potatoes, and French beans. He grows more potatoes than is the practice generally, and most of these are early sorts, which he digs and sends to market as soon as possible, getting on an average about 4 tons 10 cwts. per acre. More than a fourth of his land was planted with potatoes this year. : Some idea of the rotation will be obtained from the following statement of the present cropping of Mr. Patch’s land, and of the last crop, as far as could be ascertained :— SratemMent or Orors on Mr. Paton’s Marxket-GarpDEn. Acreage. Crop in 1879. | Previous Crop. Beetroot and Mangels : e i Beans’. Scarlet-runners, eas Parsley, Onions, Windsor Beans Scarlet-runners Re oor > ties 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 3 5 0 0 Cabbage and Cauliflowers . . |)Sprouting Broccoli. 1 0 0 Red Cabbage and Lettuces 1 0 0 Tares . - . 3 an 3 0 0 Carrots. . - : : ae et Or ev HO Rhubarb . “ ° = . | Savoys & Hardy Greens. 2 0 0 Seed-bed - : . - 4 0 0 Onions . 5 - ° : 1 0 0 Fallow - 2 * . | Seed-beds. 4 0 0 Potatoes . A : : . | Hardy Greens. 0 2 0 Rhubarb . : 4 0 0 Parsnips . ° 2 0 0 Cabbages 7 = Saal pe * |\Hardy Greens and Karly 10 0 O | Potatoes . York Cabbages. 2 0 0 Onions : = 5 2 0 0 Broad Beans . - . : i OF 0. | Mangel . : 5 : . | Potatoes. 9 0 0 Cabbages P - 2 5 5 0 0 Potatoes . 2 c : : }Mangel. 5 0 0 Wheat . 5 - : . | Plants. 4 0 0 Marshland . . : . 2 0 0 Parsnips . ~ . A . Dee O. | Potatoes: 4 . : . |pHardy Greens. 3 0 0 Potatoes . : S : Considerable quantities of London manure are used upon this market-garden, but Mr. Patch has a special weakness for Ichaboe guano, which he applies to most crops at the rate of 3 or 4cwts. per acre—the effect of which was not very apparent in some instances. He also uses nitrate of soda with good results for cabbages, putting it on in small quantities at frequent intervals. Horse-hoof parings and horn shavings are also favourite manures, ain & 852 Report upon the Market-garden, and As to the quantity of manure used no definite conclusion could be arrived at, but it struck the Judges that the outlay for manure was not so large as upon other market-gardens which they had inspected. Cucumbers and marrows are grown to some extent upon this market-garden. These are set in rows from 4 to 44 feet apart. In most cases the seed is put at once into the ground, and it is exceptional to have transplanted plants. Mr. Patch sometimes “‘ spears” the seed by putting it in damp flannels before it is sown. If the weather is warm, this answers well, but a low temperature afterwards will frequently arrest further vegetation. Between each row of cucumbers and marrows one drill of rye is set early in the spring, to serve as a shelter to the tender young plants against the wind. Strangers, seeing these solitary rows before the cucumbers and marrows have put in an appearance, wonder that they are set so wide apart, and think that the gardeners have taken a leaf out of the Lois Weedon system of corn-growing. These rows of rye are sometimes most prolific, and yield from 13 to 2 qrs. per acre of corn. The marrows and cucumbers upon the land were very indifferent, like most of those that were seen by the Judges. Much of the seed had rotted, and the few plants that had struggled up were miserable specimens. All the fences on this holding were good, and remarkably well kept by the tenant. Grates and buildings were in good order. Though the management of the land was not so thorough as that of Mr. Gay’s in Class I., nor so original as Mr. Lancaster’s, there was sufficient merit to warrant the Judges’ recommendation that Mr. Patch should have the second prize. Crass III. MARKET-GARDEN Farm. The Market-garden Farm of the Trustees of the late J. C. Circuit. (Manager, Henry Swann.) Many farmers in Essex, near London, grow vegetables most successfully in alternation with corn and other usual farm crops. They do not, as a rule, cultivate the smaller vegetables, nor herbs, nor salad stuff, but confine their attention mainly to cabbages, peas, onions, scarlet-runners, potatoes, carrots, parsnips, marrows, cucumbers, and French beans. Cabbages, coleworts, carrots, and onions are, however, chiefly grown, The soil here is not, in many respects, better suited for the growth of vege- tables than that in many other parts of England. The proximity to the London markets, and the almost inexhaustible manure- Marhet-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 853 supply of the metropolis, with skilled labour at hand, give this district certain advantages over other localities; but there can be no reason why similar advantages should not be obtained in the vicinity of most other cities and towns. The South Hall Market-garden Farm, to which the Judges awarded the first prize in this class, is one of a series of market- garden farms, amounting in all to 700 acres, situated in various parts of this district of Essex, and carried on by the Trustees of the late Mr. J. C. Circuit, for the benefit of his orphan Daughters, under the most able and judicious management of Mr. H. Swann. Some idea of the magnitude of this business will be formed when it is stated that two traction engines and a set of Fowler’s tackle are kept, and 900 hands and 70 horses are employed during the height of the season. ‘There are shops for wheel- wrights, carpenters, basket-makers, blacksmiths, and all the repairs are done; and waggons, vans, carts, and implements, as far as possible, are made on the premises. At least 30,000/. of capital must be required to carry the business on. Considerable skill and genius are necessary to manage 700 acres of ordinary land successfully. It requires an exceptional amount of genius and energy to work profitably 700 acres of land as a huge market-garden farm, Everything was working well throughout its length and breadth. All was going smoothly as clockwork. No hurry ; no confusion; no want of power in any direction could be observed. The crops were all in due season, and with singularly few exceptions were looking remarkably well in every part of each separate holding, and although the weather had been disastrously wet, the weeds had not been permitted to get the upper hand in any case. South Hall Farm was selected by the Trustees of the late Mr. Circuit for this competition, and the Judges therefore had to deal with this alone so far as their ultimate award was con- cerned ; but, in accordance with their instructions, they inspected all the other farms to satisfy themselves that the farm actually in competition was not deriving unfair advantage at their expense, and that they were not robbed in any way to benefit it. They were perfectly satisfied that there had not been any undue concentration of horse or hand labour upon South Hall, nor any extraordinary outlay for manure. On the contrary, it struck them that there were two or three of the other farms, especially one adjoining, that were even cleaner, and generally in a better condition than South Hall. The soil upon the upper part of this farm is a kindly clay loam on the London Clay, of useful quality; it is somewhat 854 Report upon the Market-garden, and heavier in the lower part, near the marshes, and being closer upon the gravel has a tendency to burn. The rent is 3/. 10s. per acre, and rates, taxes, and tithes amount to ll. 5s. per acre. ‘ All the buildings are in capital order and most suitable, th majority having been recently put up; and the gates and fences were in a good state. There are three enclosures of marsh land, which will fatten bullocks at the rate of from 1} to 1} per acre in ordinary seasons. Upon these were some very useful and well-bred Irish steers and heifers, that had been bought in March and were . getting “smooth,” though the season had been unfavourable for grazing. Near the homestead are some small meadows, which are fed and mown alternately. Two are useful pasture with fine herbage, lying high and dry; the other meadows are wet and marshy, and cannot be drained by reason of the level, and yield coarse grass. All the meadow land showed signs of care and attention, and was free from thistles and other weeds. There is a more regular and definite rotation of crops upon this market-garden farm than was found in the case of market- gardens, though it is occasionally altered by circumstances and the seasons. It will be well to give here in some detail the scheme of cropping, which is adhered to as closely as possible upon South Hall Farm. (1) Potatoes intended to come off in time to plant (2) cab- bages in the autumn, to be taken off in the spring following and succeeded by (3) cucumbers, which stay only a few weeks upon the land, and give place to (4) winter onions. After these come (5) cabbages, then (6) potatoes, followed by (7) carrots or parsnips, (8) wheat, (9) oats, (10) broccoli, (11) potatoes or scarlet-runners, (12) coleworts, (13) peas, (14) Brussels sprouts, returning again to potatoes. This will show that the land is made to bring forth her increase continuously. Premising from the fine crops that were found upon it by the Judges, there has been no exhaustion of its resources; the great and constant drain upon these has been amply restored by liberal dressings of manure. Without these it would be impossible to work the land in this fashion. Quantities of nitrogenous manure are essential for the production of the brassice as well as of onions and carrots, whose plants thickly cover the ground, whose roots penetrate it in every direction with countless fibres. Much of the land of South Hall Farm, moreover, is peculiarly well fitted for the work of preparing the crude nitrogenous manures for assimilation by plants. Its mechanical condition and its power of absorption and retention of moisture make it well suited for this purpose. Its natural inherent fertility is . — — Market-qarden Farm Competition, 1879. 855 not of a more than average order. A happy combination of qualities renders it a most perfect medium for cramming vege-~ tables. The natural fertility of a soil does not go far towards the production of, say, 1000 dozens of cabbages upon an acre, or 10 tons of onions, or other equally exhaustive crops; and the extraordinary results obtained from extraordinary applications of manure upon market-gardens and market-garden farms may teach all of us who are engaged in the cultivation of land not to put too much trust in the assumed “ natural fertility” of land, in our ordinary farm management, and to use manures with more liberal hands. London manure, from stables and cowsheds, is put on for almost every crop, at the rate of from 25 to 30 tons per acre, not in its rough state, as it comes from London, but rotten and short; which means a thick coat, covering the ground com- pletely. Refuse fish from the London fish-market is often brought back by the horses that have taken up vegetables, and is applied at the rate of from 5 to 8 tons per acre for summer crops. This costs about 12 per ton, and is found to be a good stimu- lant, but not lasting. Horn-shavings are also used, and nitrate of soda to some extent, in cases where any crops show symptoms of flagging energies. Manure is applied with unsparing hands, as, from a statement furnished by Mr. Swann, it appears that the total sum expended upon this farm last year, ending at Christmas time, was 1178/.: or equal to 9/. 10s. per acre upon the 124 acres of arable land. It will be convenient here to describe the state of each field upon this farm, with the crop upon it, and the mode of cultivation adopted. The number of each field corresponds with that given upon the accompanying map (p. 856) of South Hall Farm. Upon field No. 1, 27 acres in extent, there was a magnificent display of East Ham cabbages, after cucumbers in one part, and onions in the other part of the field. These were planted in September, and 30 tons of London manure had been put on per acre. Nothing could be finer than these cabbages. Hardly a plant had missed, and their shape and quality were perfect. They were being packed off to market as fast as possible in huge spring vans, piled up in rows marvellously high, in two-horse loads of 190 dozens cabbages. “Red Bog” potatoes—a quick- growing, early-maturing sort—were being dibbled in between the rows of plants, the land having been kept mellow and in good order by the horse-hoe.* When the cabbages were removed, a narrow scarifier was put between the rows of potatoes, to cut up the old ‘ “ sleds potatoes were dug in August and sent to market, haying been planted in June! 856 Report upon the Market-garden, and Fig. 2.—South Hall Market-garden Farm, Rainham, Essea. Water sssRoads : Hi Cabbages, 27 acres, 10. Onion seed, 5 acres. 2. Carrots, 12 acres. 11. Mangold, 54 acres. 3. Wheat, 7 acres. 12. Wheat, 24 acres. 4, Peas, 5 acres, 13. Mangold, 44 acres. 5. Spouting Broccoli, to be followed with 14. Pasture. Scarlet-runners, 5} acres. 15. Pasture. 6. Pickling Onions, 144 acres, 16. Pasture. 7. Potatoes, 14 acres. 17. Pasture. 8. Carrots, 10 acres. 18. Pa-ture. 9. 64 acres. roots and weeds that grew between. All the ground was then harrowed with light harrows, six in number, which cover ]4 feet, attached to a long “ wey-tree,” or whipple-tree, with a horse hooked on at each end, driven by a man from behind with reins, who also clears the harrows when it is requisite. These are made at home, to suit the 43-yard “lands,” or stetches, that the horses may walk in the furrows instead of treading the land. When the ground is steam-ploughed, and there are no furrows, the horses are attached close together, so that the harrows may cover their feet-marks. These hamows can go with three “ wey- trees,” of different sizes, taking three, four, or six harrows. Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 857 When three harrows are used, one horse is required. Four require two light horses, and six want two strong animals. There were at least 1200 dozens of cabbages per acre upon this land, whose prices ranged from 6s. to 10s. per tally of 5 dozens; or, taking an average of 8s. per tally, equal to 9642. per acre. This, it must be remembered, is an exceptional price, caused by the scarcity at that time. In the next field, No. 2, comprising 22 acres, were Early Horn and James’s Intermediate carrots after potatoes. The land had been steam-ploughed in the autumn, and 28 tons of London manure put on in the early spring and “scuffled” in. About 10 Ibs. of seed were sown broadcast, mixed with finely triturated earth. The carrots were intended for bunching, that is, for marketing when they are about half an inch in diameter, in bunches of from 20 to 40. Taking the last three years, the average return for carrots appears to be, nearly 70/. per acre ; but it is an expensive crop, for the hoeing costs 4/. per acre, and in ordinary seasons the expense of pulling, washing, and bunching, is also considerable. When the Judges visited the farm there was a hard fight going on to keep the weeds down. Some of these carrots had literally to be raked over with small-toothed iron rakes to get rid of the weeds. But this process did not materially affect the carrots, which looked remarkably thriving through- out. French Shaw potatoes upon No, 3, 144 acres, looked most vigorous. ‘These were after wheat, and were intended for early digging, and had been put in early in March. Twenty-eight tons of dung were ploughed in for this crop, just after Christmas. On the next field, 7 acres, No. 4, there was wheat of a sort called “‘ Kissingen,” a red wheat, with peculiarly stout, upstand- ing straw, which had been drilled in February, with 5 pecks of seed per acre, after parsnips, for which crop the land had been heavily dunged. The plant was decidedly thin, as it had had no chance to grow properly ; but it had pulled up and wonder- fully improved by the end of June, and looked all over like yielding 5 quarters per acre. eas of the sort called Harrison’s Glory, and the Yorkshire Hero, occupied No. 5 field; one bushel of seed was drilled here, after parsnips, and were most luxuriant. No. 6, containing 5 acres of scarlet-runners,* after broccoli, were doing very well, set in rows 3 feet apart. Upon No. 7 were 14 acres of “‘ two-bladed” onions, which had succeeded cucumbers, the land having been steam-ploughed and manured with nearly 30 tons of dung, and 65 lbs. of seed were sown broadcast. These are small-bulbed onions, well suited for pickling, and many tons are sold by contract to Messrs. * The first scarlet-runners were gathered about the 15th of August, or 6 weeks later than usual. 858 Report upon the Market-Garden, and Crosse and Blackwell for this purpose. At each visit these onions were found to be remarkably free from weeds. Labourers usually engage to keep onions sown broadcast free from weeds for Al. per acre. They could not manage this at anything like this money this season. When the onions are small they use two small tools, nearly a foot and a half long, which are so useful and unlike any known in other districts, that sketches of them are given. That shown in Fig. 3 is a short-handled hoe, a miniature of the ordinary-shaped tool. The other, represented in Figs. 4 and 4a, is styled a “knife,” having a very short, 4 ON nee ~ i ANY, by ORS Fo ee premaeey 2 BERNOTNS Sect aan Hie te te Max) ore Mr Fle ay WOUAL, Vis curved, sharp blade, admirably adapted for “ knifing” the weeds out of onions, carrots, and other plants set thickly. Both are used by men and women, either stooping or kneeling down, and serve admirably to cut up the weeds. When the onions get high, the men fasten coverings of sacking over their boots, that they may not bruise the plants, and go delicately upon their hands and knees. Their trail is seen for some hours after they have gone over the onions, and it takes them some time to recover and get upright again. Pickling onions are a profitable crop if well farmed. In the course of their investigations in connection with this competi- tion, the Judges had proof that an average amount of over 1504. per acre had been made for three years upon a very large acreage of onions. At the same time, the expenses of cultivation are enormous, and it requires exceptional skill and management to obtain such results, as well as judgment in making sale con- tracts. On No. 7 was a 7-acre piece of “‘ Kissingen” wheat, put in about the middle of November, with 5 pecks of seed per acre, showing a strong and even plant, well forward, and looking like at least 6 quarters peracre. Part of this was after cabbage-plants, which had made 40/. per acre, having only occupied the ground about eight weeks, the seed having been sown in August, and Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 859 the plants taken up and sold in October. The crop previous to the cabbage-plants was carrots, cleared off by July for bunching, whose return was between 55/. and 65/. per acre. French Shaw potatoes were doing remarkably well upon 3 acres, No. 8. Osiers for bunching-twigs were growing on part of No. 9, which is 11 acres, and wheat upon the remaining portion. The land here lies so low that it had been under water from the heavy rains several times during the spring, so that the wheat plants were not in first-rate plight. Two-bladed onion-seed was growing and flourishing exceedingly upon 4% acres, No. 10. Before this crop mangels had been taken which had yielded 60 tons per acre, and were sold at 1/. per ton, and had taken the first prize offered by Messrs. Carter, at the Brentwood Show, in 1878. There was a pretty good piece of mangels upon No. 11, 5 acres. The plants were not so thick as they might have been, but they were strong and luxuriant. Before these, scarlet-runners had been grown; the land was manured with 8 tons of fish refuse per acre for the mangel, and 6 lbs. of seed drilled in rows 18 inches apart, the plants being left 1 foot apart in the rows. Theré were no less than eight varieties of mangels in this field. Taking the crops described above generally, they were very good, and promised to prove most remunerative, as from the appearance of many of the market-gardens and farms in the district, it seemed as if the weeds would prove too much for many fields of carrots, parsnips, and onions; while scarlet- runners and French beans had, in most instances, been injured by the weather. The cost of labour upon this farm amounted to 14/. per acre upon the arable land, as an average of the past three years ; or a total sum of 1736/. If the cost of manure is added to this, as given above, at 11782, or 9/. 10s. per acre, and the amount of rent, rates, and taxes, 4/. 15s. per acre, it will show a total sum of 28/. 5s. per acre; besides the cost of other items not enumerated, such as commission, seeds, baskets, and other incidentals. Large though this sum of the outgoings is, it is not at all disproportionate to that of the incomings. The most elaborate accounts that are kept of the whole business, in a strictly commercial style of double entry, were submitted to the Judges, who, if it were not a breach of confidence, could a tale unfold that would harrow up the souls of depressed farmers with unmitigated envy. From these accounts it was plainly shown that large profits had been made upon South Hall Farm, in common with all the other farms in the occupation of the Trustees of the late Mr. J. C. Circuit. 860 Report upon the Marhet-Garden, and Mr. Glenny’s Market-garden Farm. This is another good specimen of a market-garden farm, and is illustrative of a judicious and liberal outlay of capital, and of skill in arranging the sequences of crops, and in carrying out the details in connection with their thorough cultivation. The extent of Mr. Glenny’s holding is 208 acres, consisting almost entirely of arable land. It may be thought that the management of 208 acres would not greatly exercise a man’s brains, nor require particular judgment and knowledge ; but this opinion would not be held for one moment by any one who realised the amount of forethought necessary to plan the rotation of crops of vegetables in alternation with corn, the close, careful supervision requisite to ensure the best possible return, and the amount of capital involved. To begin with, the annual average cost of manual labour is 23002, or 11/. 4s. per acre, per annum. Rent ranges between 3l. and 3/. 10s., and rates, tithes, and taxes amount to from 1. 5s. to 12. 7s, per acre. Putting all expenses together, the total cost per acre is about 25/. per annum. It will be observed that this is not so high as in the case of market-gardens, nor as in that of South Hall Market-garden Farm, in competition with Mr. Glenny’s entry, and the explanation of this is that more wheat and potatoes are growing upon the latter, and the part that lies nearly a mile from the homestead is farmed more as ordinary farm land. ‘The fact that the cost of manure per acre over the whole farm was under 2/. 10s. per acre confirms this. The soil is a clay or loamy clay of medium quality, upon the London Clay formation, and works fairly well. It is from 3 to 4 feet in thickness, and rests upon a gravelly subsoil. Geo- graphically, it lies in three divisions—one near Mr. Glenny’s house and homestead, in the town of Barking; another a mile away to the north-east ; and the third half a mile south of Barking. This last portion of the land is devoted chiefly to the production of those vegetables usually grown by market-gardeners. That lying at a little distance from the homestead is cropped avith corn to some extent, in alternation with vegetables ; while upon the most distant division, wheat, oats, potatoes, and mangels are the main productions. For example, the usual rotation here is wheat, oats, potatoes or mangels, with a good dressing of London manure for the potatoes. Upon the land nearest home, cabbages, savoys, parsnips, and potatoes are taken, or four crops in three years, for which two dressings of London manure are given. As Mr. Glenny pointed out, the rotations upon these three divisions are liable to frequent variations consequent upon Marhet-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 861 Fig. 5.—Mr. W. W. Glenny’s Market-garden Farm, Barking, Essex. N Faircross Farm A . J Occupied by B Thomas Pateh. . Y » & S “yy t 7) “$ ¥ Bifronhs. { wllding Land, nol now occupat: Lop i} 1 Cis ! 862 Report upon the Market-Garden, and weather, the state of the markets, and other contingencies. At the time of the first inspection of the Judges, Mr. Glenny was marketing quantities of well grown East Ham cabbages, with solid hearts. ‘The crop was above the average, and the prices made of them were most remunerative. In the second week of June, autumn-sown Lisbon onions were being sent to market from a large field in the second division of the farm, upon which there was an abundant yield. These were sent up to London in bunches containing as much as a man could hold in both his hands. The bunches are spread out in a fan-like shape, and packed in layers in baskets, which are piled up on large strong waggons or vans with springs built to carry a weight of 5 tons and upwards. ‘There must have been at least 350 dozen bunches per acre on this piece of land, and the gross return from them was, as far as could be ascertained, between 602. and 70/. per acre. After the onions had been all marketed, peas, carrots, and broad beans soon would have been ready for market, if the weather had been favourable. As it was cold and wet there was an unusual hiatus of some weeks, during which there was but little for market. After the peas, carrots, and beans were ended, early or “ young” potatoes would come on, for Mr. Glenny, like other market-gardeners and market- garden farmers, does not clamp any potatoes, but digs and sells them directly they are ready. Scarlet-runners, French beans, marrows, and cucumbers would follow in rapid succession. By the preceding map (p. 861) of Mr. Glenny’s land, it will be seen that it does not lie together, nor conveniently for working ; and there is much consequent disadvantage and increase of expense in respect of supervision, cartage of vegetables and other produce, as well as of manure. The following table (p. 863) gives the letter of each field, corresponding with those upon the map, and shows the rotation of crops for the past three years :— All the wheat-plant upon B’, E, and F, was promising, espe- cially that upon B', which was a remarkably healthy piece of 4 acres, with a full and even plant. There was not quite so much plant upon F, after potatoes, and in places it was inclined to be thin and patchy in May, but it had filled up and improved marvellously by the end of June, and the ears were beginning to show. It was considered that there was a prospect of at least 534 qrs. of wheat per acre all round upon this farm ; there was straw enough to grow 6 qrs. all round. The wheat had followed potatoes and mangel, for which the land had been heavily dunged, and 5 pecks of seed had been drilled per acre towards the end of November, the land having been ploughed, up directly the previous crop had been removed. It is not Market-garden Farm Competition, 1879. 863 customary to put wheat in before the middle of November in this part of Essex, as it is apt to get “winter proud” if it is sown earlier. Mr. Glenny grows a sort of wheat called “Tall Straw,” a red wheat with stout stiff straw, that seemed closely allied to the “ Kissingen” wheat, grown upon the farm of the Trustees of the late Mr. J. C. Circuit. Number Description of Crop in of a apm 1877. 1878, 1879, A. Parsnips oe Onions. Scarlet-runners| Cabbages. 1538 Lisbon onions... .. | Mangel as Wheat. e «+ os | Wheat oe ites Windsor beans, lip piB? Willow-bed Willow-bed ws Willow-bed. ' |fEarly potatoes. fol- C. { lowed by t urnips f) | Wheat os o» ee | Early potatoes. Gaenibces 1 ee greens, varie- Potatoes .. ties to follow. hibeer: and ee l Potatoesei| iter i peas,’ pota- and beans .. toes, onions, wheat. | Oats series » ue | Botatoes Wheat. | Whiedtt “Lifi}.. e Py. ages eat = Potatoes. —————SSa a eee Rhubarb and lucerne . | Rhubarb and lucerne. Dz. E. F, rt | a whan? on : ‘otatoes .. ea Ac ats. if Potatoes .. Oats and wheat . Mangel and seed-bed. K. Parsnips.. .. Potatoes paneer r Early Shaws an : ucumbers and red Lee { parsnips hie oases and onions { cabbages, M. Onions . | Parsnips. N. Pasture .. Pasture -- .« | Pasture. Rye cut green, then O. Whcat.cc a0. + { patie tT lee Cabbages ParsnipS yw. s<- |<. || Onions: Q. Potatoes .. .. | Cabbages Onions. R Parsnips and cu- French beans, cabbage, cca cabbages, : { cumbers : and mangel .. ..f|| tares, beetroot. Ss. Onions, rhubarb, and)| Rhubarb, carrots, iz { DEGHOOE sa) Jsis sas cabbage, zr. Lisbon onions Parsnips | Potatoes. U. Potatoes .. Red cabbage : | Parsnips. Ve W. — BBE | | Peas, scarlet-runners. It would have been difficult to find a more luxuriant piece of oats than that upon H field; there was quite plant enough to yield 12 qrs. per acre, and withal it looked sturdy and strong, and as if it would not go down under any circumstances—and after wheat too !—a liberty which Mr. Glenny can afford to take with his land successfully, as he said, and of which the Judges had proof positive in this instance. For the potato crop in 1877, the land had been heavily dunged ; then came the wheat without manure in 1878, and the oats without manure in 1879. Nitrate of soda would have been applied if the oats had shown 864 Report upon the Market-garden, and any symptoms of flagging energies. They were “ Lincolnshire Polands,” drilled early in March, the wheat stubble having been smashed up in the autumn by a steam cultivator. Potatoes are generally planted immediately after the plough on this farm, and the seed is put into every other furrow, or about 18 inches from row to row. The seed is dibbled in by hand, at a distance of 15 inches apart in the rows. After the seed has been planted the furrows are harrowed down. When the Judges saw the potato land, early in May, it seemed to them to lie somewhat roughly and unevenly; the furrows in some places had not been thoroughly broken down,/and the marks of the horses’ hoofs had not been harrowed out. Probably it had been difficult to work the land properly on account of its wet unkindly state; but when the Judges saw the potato ground in June, after the rows of plants had been earthed up by the mould- plough, no fault could be found with the tillage. Red Bogs, Champions, and Dalmahoys, are the sorts principally planted : the seed, as a rule, comes from Scotland. ‘Though potatoes are cultivated in frequent succession upon this farm, as wellas upon many of the farms and gardens in this part of Essex, the injury and loss from the potato-blight are comparatively incon- siderable, and the immunity, or comparative immunity, from blight is due to the fact that early potatoes are planted for the most part, and are dug, as early as possible, and therefore escape the blight, which is not usually developed, or at all events does not seriously affect the tubers, until late in the season. Mr. Glenny was irying a new sort of potato, the Schoolmaster. Though it is a capital sort, he feared that it would not be adapted for field-culture, as the haulm was not strong and vigorous. The peas in the field marked E bade fair to give a most pro- ductive yield ; they were somewhat backward, like all the peas this season. ‘The Fortyfold, Fillbasket, William the First, and Dr. Maclean are the sorts usually sown on this farm. Near the homestead was a very fine show of Broad Windsor beans, for pod- ding, which were set 18 inches apart and earthed up like potato plants to protect the stems and keep them standing erect. Mr. Glenny grows scarlet-runners to a considerable extent. Owing to the inclement season he had been obliged to plough up some acres, as the seed had rotted in the ground. Scarlet-runners are planted towards the end of April, from 10 to 14 inches distant in the drills, which are at least 3 feet apart. No sticks, nor supports of any kind, are put to the scarlet-runners, and the plants are kept low by having their tops cut off two or three times in their early stages, which in some degree alters their habit and tends to make them more productive. French beans are not planted so far apart, and are more delicate than “run- Year when Elected. 1855 1857 - 1850 1861 1863 1868 1854 1860 1839 1856 1858 1861 1873 1861 1839 1867 1847 1848 1858 1848 1852 1872 1859 1855 - 1858 1877 1875 1875 1863 1861 1874 1878 1860 1868 1871 1873 1876 1879 Ropal Agricultu.al Soriety ut England. 1879. President. H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES, K.G. Crustees. ACLAND, Sir THomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., Sprydoncote, Exeter, Devonshire. Brrprort, General Viscount, Cricket St. Thomas, Chard, Somersetshire. Cursuam, Lord, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks. Dent, J. D., Ribston Hall, Wetherby, Yorkshire. Kiyesoore, Colonel, M.P., Kingscote, Wotton-wnder-Edge, Gloucestershire. Licurie.p, Earl of, Shugborough, Staffordshire. Macpona.p, Sir ARCHIBALD KerrE., Bt., Woolmer Lodge, Liphook, Hants. Marxegorovan, Duke of, K.G., Blenheim Park, Oxford. Porrman, Viscount, Bryanston, Blandford, Dorset. Powls, Earl of, Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire. Rurtanp, Duke of, K.G., Belvoir Castle, Grantham, Leicestershire. WELLs, Wriu1am, Holmewood, Peterborough, Northamptonshire. PViceBrestyents. Beprorp, Duke of, Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. Catucart, Earl, Thornton-le-Street, Thirsk, Yorkshire. CurcHesteR, Earl of, Stanmer Park, Lewes, Sussex. Devonsuire, Duke of, K.G., Holker Hall, Lancashire. EvERSLEY, Viscount, Heckfield Place, Winchfield, Hants. Grsss, Sir Branpreta, Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, London, W. Kerrison, Sir Epwarp C., Bart., Brome Hall, Scole, Suffolk. Lawes, JOHN BeNNET, Rothamsted, St. Albans, Herts. RicumonD anp Gorpon, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussem. Sxetmerspars, Lord, Lathom Hall, Ormskirk, Lancashire. e VERNON, Lord, Sudbury Hall, Derby. Wynn, Sir WaTEw Wiiiiams, Bart., M.P.,Wynnsiay, Ruabon, Denbighshire. @ther Filembers of Council. Amos, CHARLES Epwarps, 5, Cedars Road, Clapham Common, Surrey. ArgwnricHt, J. H., Hampton Court, Leominster, Herefordshire, Ave tne, THomas, Rochester, Kent. Ayuimer, Hueu, West Dereham, Stoke Ferry, Norfolk. Bowty, Epwarp, Siddington House, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. CANTRELL, CHARLES S., Riding Court, Datchet (Bucks), Windsor. CHANDOS-POLE-GELL, H., Hopton Hall, Wirksworth, Derbyshire. Davis, Davin Reynoips, Agden Hall, Lymm, Cheshire. Druvce, Joseru, Lynsham, Oxford. Epmonps, WILLIAM Joun, Southrop, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Ecerton, Hon, Wuprauam, M.P., Rostherne Manor, Knutsford, Cheshire. Evans, Joun, Ufington, Shrewsbury, Salop. Frverrsoam, Earl of, Duncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire. Foster, 8. P., Killhow, Carlisle, Cumberland, VOL. XV.—S. 8. a ii Year when Elected. 1875 1874 1876 1878 1871 1869 1872 1874 1865 1871 1874 1871 1879 1878 1857 1861 1875 1867 1871 1869 1861 1875 | 1874 1878 1856 1874 1875 1873 1874 1845 1871 1871 1870 1870 1865 1878 List of Officers. FRANKISH, WILLIAM, Limber Magna, Ulceby, Lineolnshire. Hems ey, Joun, Shelton, Newark, Notts. Howarp, Cuar.es, Biddenham, Bedford. Howarb, James, Clapham Park, Bedfordshire. JONES, J. BowEN, Ensdon House, Montford Bridge, R.S.O., Salop. LEDs, Ropert, Keswick Old Hall, Norwich. Leicester, Earl of, K.G., Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk. Lixpsay, Colonel Loyp, M.P., Lockinge Park, Wantage, Berkshire. Lorgs, Sir Massey, Bart., M.P., Maristow, Roborough, Devon. Molytosn, Davi, Havering Park, Romford, Essex. Martin, Joserx, Highfield House, Littleport, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire. MasrFen, R. Hansury, Pendeford, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire. NEVILLE, Rosert, Butleigh Court, Glastonbury, Somersetshire. Opams, James, The Grange, Bishop Stortford, Herta. Paty, THomas, The Grove, Basingstoke, Hants. RANDELL, Cuantes, Chadbury, Evesham, Worcestershire. Ransome, RopertT CHarwes, Ipswich, Suffolk. RavVENswWorTH, Earl of, Ravensworth Castle, Durham. Raw ence, James, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury, Wilts. Rowtey, Sir M. Warts, Bart., M.P., Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland. RiepEN, WiLt1aM, Ashcroft, Kingston-by-Sea, Shoreham, Sussex. RussELL, Rospert, Horton Court Lodge, Dartford. Sanpay, Grorce Henny, Wensley House, Bedale, Yorkshire. SHERATON, WILLIAM, Broom House, Ellesmere, Salop. SHUTTLEWORTH, JosEPH, Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln. Spencer, Earl, K.G., Althorpe, Northampton. Srratton, RicwarD, The Duffryn, Newport, Monmouthshire. Torr, Jonny, M.P., Carlett Park, Eastham, Cheshire. TuRBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. Picron, Hwenny Priory, Bridgend, South Wales. Turner, GrorcE, Great Bowley, Tiverton, Devonshire. TURNER, JABEZ, Norman Cross, Yaxley, Huntingdonshire. WAKEFIELD, WiLu1aM H., Sedgwick, Kendal, Westmoreland. Wetsy-Grecory, Sir Wmitam Eare, Bart. M.P., Denton Hall, Grantham, Lincolnshire. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent. 7 Wuson, Jacos, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, Northumberland, Wise, Grorce, Woodcote, Warwick. Secretary and Editor. H. M. JENKINS, 12, Hanover Square, London, W. Consulting Chemist—Dr, Aveustus VoELCEER, F.R.S., 12, Hanover Square, w. Consulting Botanist—W. CarruTueErs, F.R.S., F.LS., British Museum, W.C. Consulting Veterinary Surgeon—Protessor JAMES Beart Smaonps, Royal Veteri- nary College, Camden Town, N.W. Veterinary Inspectors—THeE OFFICERS OF THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE. Consulting Engineerse—Eastons & ANDERSON, 3, Whitehall Place, S.W. Surveyor—GeorcE Hunt, Evesham, Worcestershire. Seedsmen—Tuomas Gripzs and Co., Corner of Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, W. Publisher—Joun Murray, 50, Albemarle Street, W. Bankers—Tue Lonpon AND WESTMINSTER Bang, St. James's Square Branch, S.W, (a tS) STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1879. Finance Committee. Kiyescore, Colonel (Chairman). Briwrort, General Viscount. Rivtey, Sir M. Wurre, Bt. Davis, D. R. FRANKISH, W. RANDELL, CHARLES. SHUTTLEWORTH, J. Bouse Committee. Tue PRESIDENT. Cuatrman of Finance Committee. Brwwport, General Viscount. Gisgs, Sir BRANDRETH, CANTRELL, C. S. Kuyescorn, Colonel. Pournal Committee. Dent, J. D. (Chairman). Caruoart, Earl, We py-Grecory, Sir W. E., Bt. Rom.ey, Sir M. Wurrs, Bt. Cuanvos-PoLre-GELL, H. FRANKISH, W. Hems ey, J. Howarp, J. JonEs, J. BOWEN. Kryascore, Colonel. Ransome, R. C. TURBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. WELLs, W. WHiTEHEAD, CHARLES. Wise, G. Chemical Committee. WELLS, Wii.1am (Chairman), BeprorpD, Duke of. LIcHFIELD, Earl of, Vernon, Lord. Macpona.p, Sir A. K., Bart. We By-GRreEGoRY, Sir W. E., Bt. ARKWRIGHT, J. H. AVELING, T. CarRuTHErs, W. Dent, J. D. Epmonps, W. J. Howarp, C. Jones, J. BowEn. Lawes, J. B. TUBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. VoELCEER, Dr. A. WAKEFIELD, W. H. Warren, R. A. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Seeds and Plant-Diseases Committee. Vernon, Lord, Wexpy-Grecory, Sir W. E., Bt. Guess, Sir BRANDRETH. AREwRIGHT, J. H. CaRRUTHERS, W. FRANKISH, W. JONES, J. BowEN. TURBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. VoELCEER, Dr. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Veterinary Committee. Eerrton,.Hon. WitBRAHAM (Chair- man). Catuoart, Earl. Bripport, General Viscount, Rwtey, Sir M. Warts, Bt. Grsss, Sir BRANDRETH. Brown, Professor. CHANDOs-PoLE-GELL, H. Davis, D. R. Dueurp, W. FLEMING, GEORGE. GREENFIELD, Dr. Wm. SmiTH. Harp ey, M. J. Krvescorte, Colonel. Opams, JAMES. Sanpay, G. H. Sanperson, Dr. J. Burdon, Smionps, Professor. WAKEFIELD, W. H. WELLS, WILLIAM, Wuison, JAcos. Stock:Prises Committec. Spencer, Earl. Evans, Joun. Briport, General FRANKISH, W. Viscount. Hemstey, J. Gisss, Sir BRANDRETH, Howarp, C. ARkKwricnt, J. H, McInrosu, D. AYLMER, H. Masren, R, H. Bowty, Epwarp. Pan, 'T. Cxanvos PoLE-GELL,H. Sanpay, G. H. Davirs, D. R. SaEraton, W. Simonps, Prof. Stratton, R. Torr, J. Turner, Gro. WAKEFIELD, W. H. Wuson, JAcos. Wiss, G. The Stewards of Live Stock, a2 iv, Standing Committees for 1879. Hemstey, J. (Chairman). Briprort, Gen. Viscount. Vernon, Lord. Gisss, Sir BRANDRETH. ANDERSON, W. Ave.ine, T. CANTRELL, Cuas. S. Epmonps, W. J. Entplement Committee. FRAnxKIsH, W. Howarp, J. JONES, J. BowEN. Martin, J. Ransome, R. C. Sanpay, G. H. SHERATON, W. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH. Srmonps, Prof. STRATTON, R, TURBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. TURNER, JABEZ. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Wison, J Aco. The Stewards of Imple- ments. General London Lyhibition Committee. Krnescorte, Col.(Chairman), Briprort, Gen. Viscount. CuersHam, Lord. Grosvenor, Lord R. SKELMERSDALE, Lord. Egerton, Hon. W. Grpps, Sir BRANDRETH. ALLENDER, G, M. AVELING, T. Aytmer, H. Bow ty, E. CANTRELL, CHARLES S. Cuanpos-PoLE-GELL, H, Davizs, D. R. FRANKISH, W. GILBEY, WALTER. Hapiey, Alderman. Hamepro, CHARLES. Howarp, C. Hems.ey, J. Jones, J. Bowen. MclInvosu, D. Marri, J. Masren, R. H. Mayor, The Rt. Hon. the Lorp. Paty, T. RANDELL, CHARLES, Ransomg, R. C. RAWLENCE, J. Rosset, R. Sanpay, G. H. SHUTTLEWORTH, J. Smronps, Professor. Sounssy, W. J. Srapies, Alderman an Sheriff. Stratton, R. TURBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. TURNER, JABEZ. WAKEFIELD, W. H. WELLS, W. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES, Wison, JACOB. | Show-Vard Contracts Committee. Wison, JAcop (Chairman), Bripport, General Viscount. Gisss, Sir BRANDRETH. Amos, C. E. Ave tine, T. Cxanpos-PoLe-Gett, H. Dent, J. D. Frankisu, W. Hemstey, J. Howarp, C. RANDELL, CHARLES. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH, Stratton, R. Committee of Selection. Carucart, Earl (Chairman)., Briprort, General Viscount. Cuanpos-Pote-GeELu, H. Hems ry, J. Kinescote, Colonel. Wiuson, J AcoB. And the Chairmen of the Standing Committees, Evucatton Committee. Brprorp, Duke of (Chairman). Kiyesoore, Colonel. ~ AvELine, T. TURBERVILL, Lieut.-Col. CarruTuers, W. VoELOKER, Dr. Dent, J. D. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES, Jonus, J. Bowen. Wisp, G. Cattle Plaque Committee. THE WHOLE CouNOIL, *," The Presipent, Trustees, and Vicr-PrestpEents are Members ex officio of all Committees. Ropal Agricultural Society of England. GENERAL MEETING, 12, Hanover SquaRE, WEDNESDAY, December 121TH, 1878, REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Tue Council have to report that during the year 1878 the number of Governors and Members has been increased by the election of 4 Governors and 451 Members, and diminished by the death of 5 Governors and 110 Members, and the removal of 183 Members by order of the Council and by resignation. The Society now consists of :— 79 Life Governors, 73 Annual Governors, 2377 Life Members, 4242 Annual Members, 26 Honorary Members, making a total of 6797, and showing an increase of 157 Members during the current year. The Council announce with deep regret the death of their most valued colleagues, Sir William Miles, Bart., a Vice- President, and Mr. T. C. Booth, of Warlaby, Northallerton, a Member of the Council. They have also to report the resig- nation of Mr. Milward, of Thurgarton Priory, Notts, as a Trustee of the Society. The vacancies thus caused have been filled up by the election of Mr. Wells, of Holmewood, Peterborough, as a Trustee, of Lord Skelmersdale as a Vice-President, and of Mr. D. R. Davies, of Agden Hall, Lymm, Cheshire, as a Member of the Council. The half-yearly statement of accounts to the 30th of June last has been examined and approved by the Society’s auditors and accountants, and has been published for the information of the Members in the last number of the ‘Journal. The funded vi Report to the General Meeting. property of the Society remains the same as at the last General Meeting, namely, 26,5117. 11s. 5d. New Three per Cents. The balance of the current account in the hands of the Bankers on the 1st instant was 942/. 19s. 10d., and the sum of 1000/. remained on deposit. The Bristol Meeting was in every respect highly satisfactory. The entries of Live Stock and Implements were very large, the attendance of the public was good, and the result to the Society profitable. The visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales gave the citizens their long-wished-for opportunity of showing their loyalty, while the Mayor of Bristol, the Local Committee, and the Merchant Venturers, vied with each other in their hospitality to the Society. The trials of Dairy Appli- ances were most successfully carried out in the Showyard, and were daily watched with interest by numbers of dairy-farmers and others. The trials of the Sheaf-binders which competed for the Society’s Gold Medal took place at harvest-time on Mr. Miles’s farm at Leigh, near Bristol, and resulted in the award of the Gold Medal to Messrs. Waite, Burnell, and Co., for McCormick’s Sheaf-binder, the Binder exhibited by Mr. Walter A. Wood being highly commended. The Prizes offered by the Local Committee for Arable and Dairy Farms attracted only 3 competitors in the former class, but as many as 15 in the latter. The Reports on this compe- tition, on the trials of Sheaf-binders and Dairy Appliances, and on the exhibition of Stock and Implements, will be published in the forthcoming number of the ‘ Journal.’ In connection with the Paris Universal Exhibition, an Agri- cultural Congress, at which the Society was influentially represented, was held at the Palace of the Trocadéro. At the desire of the Society of French Agriculturists, the Council caused a memoir on English Agriculture to be prepared and laid before the Congress. That memoir has since been issued to the Members of the Society in lieu of the usual autumn num- ber of the ‘ Journal,’ and the Council believe that this proceeding has met with general approval. The preparations for next year’s Meeting of the Society, which will assume the form and proportions of an International Agricultural Exhibition, are in active progress. A very con- venient site at Kilburn, 100 acres in extent, has been obtained Report to the General Meeting. vil from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, whose agents have shown themselves most desirous of furthering the objects of the Society. The land selected is situated between the London and North- Western and the North London Railways, and adjoins the new Salusbury Road station on the former, and the Kensal Green station on the latter line. It is three-quarters of a mile from the West End station on the Midland Railway, the same distance from the Westbourne Park station on the Great Western Railway, and two miles and a half from the Marble Arch. The Prize-sheet will contain classes for all the distinctive breeds of English Horses, Catile, Sheep, and Pigs, and also for the distinctive breeds of Foreign Stock from countries which are not prohibited by any Orders in Council issued under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1878. Prizes will also be offered for Asses, Mules, Goats, Butter, Cheese, Wool, Hops, Seed-corn, and Meat. The Shorthorn Society have offered Prizes for Foreign Shorthorns ; the Hop-growers have offered the Prizes for English-grown Hops, and the Mansion House Committee have offered the Prizes for Foreign Stock and Produce. The Mansion House Committee have also offered handsome Prizes for Sewage Farms and Market Gardens, and the Council are glad to report that there will be a fair competition in all the classes. In addition to the exhibition of British and Foreign Imple- ments, Live Stock, and Produce, it is proposed to enhance the interest and the instructiveness of the Meeting by showing some of the processes of Foreign dairying in actual progress in the enclosure, as well as Traction-engines and Automatic Imple- ments in action. It is also proposed to exhibit side by side representatives of ancient and of modern Farm Implements and Machines, which the Council trust will be lent by their possessors for the purpose, and thus aid in the comprehension of the great advance which has been made by Agricultural Machinery during the forty years which have elapsed since the Society was established. The Exhibition will commence on Monday, June 30th, and will close on Monday evening, July 7th. The district assigned for the Country Meeting of 1880 includes the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, viii Report to the General Meeting. and Westmoreland ; and the Council have already received a pressing invitation for that year from the Mayor and Corporation of Carlisle. During the past year the Legislature have amended the law relating to the Contagious Diseases of Animals of the Farm, giving additional protection against the importation of such diseases with Foreign Animals, and securing greater uniformity of action amongst Local Authorities in the event of outbreaks within the United Kingdom. The Council have continually urged the necessity of adopting measures based on these prin- ciples, and they trust that the recent Act, and the Orders of the Privy Council based upon it, will not only prevent to a great extent those losses which English farmers have hitherto suffered from the outbreaks of contagious diseases amongst their flocks and herds, but also enable them to increase their stock profit- ably, on account of the diminished risk which breeding on an extended scale will henceforth entail. The experiments upon Pleuro-pneumonia have been continued during the greater part of the year at the Brown Institution, under the superintendence of Dr. Burdon-Sanderson, whose complete Report will appear in the next number of the ‘ Journal.’ Very valuable indications have been obtained, but unfortunately one of the provisions of the new Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act prevents the further continuance of these investigations. With the sanction of the Council, Dr. Burdon-Sanderson has commenced a series of researches into such diseases as Splenic Apoplexy and Quarter-evil, the nature and causes of which are at present more or less obscure. The experiments at Woburn are being continued on the plan originally laid down, and Dr. Voelcker’s Report on the results obtained during the past year will appear in the next number of the ‘Journal.’ Further experiments on feeding stuffs haye also been commenced, and the utilization of a portion of Crawley Farm for experimental purposes is in contemplation. As reported at the last Annual Meeting, the Council have decided to furnish the Consulting Chemist with a laboratory and all its adjuncts, so as to reduce the fees for analysis to be charged to the Members of the Society to about one-half their present amounts. The structure of the laboratory is now finished, and the Council expect that the fittings will shortly Report to the General Meeting. ix be in place, so that the operation of the new scheme will com- mence with the approaching year. The advantages thus offered to Members of the Society are so great, that the Council con- fidently expect them to attract a large accession to the roll of Members. Twenty-nine candidates were entered for examination for the Society’s Junior Scholarships from the following schools :— Aspatria Agricultural School (4), Bedford County School (2), Devon County School (2), Glasnevin College (1), Sandbach Grammar School (4), and Surrey County School (16). The following candidates, arranged in order of merit, have gained Scholarships — Ist. C. Sere AG Guntcors ~ -} suroy County Schoo ord. R.P. Coops .. .. Devon County School. 4th. J.Rocuze .. .. .. Glasnevin College. 5th. A. J. WAGHORN Be Wervar ""¢ Surrey County School. 7th. J. Riepy .. t. i Sandbach School. 8th. J. Haynes.. .. .. Devon County School. 9th. T. Leese .. .. .. Sandbach School. Four candidates have entered to compete for the Society’s Medals and Prizes offered to Veterinary Surgeons of not more than fifteen months’ standing, for proficiency in Cattle Patho- logy, and the examination will be held at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in the course of the ensuing month. By order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. Roval Agricultural Society of Gngland. 1879. DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY AND OF MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. NUMBER NuMBER DistTRICTS. CounNTIES. OF IN MEMBERS OF COUNCIL, MemMBers. | Councin. Duke of Bedford, v.p. ; BErDFORDSHIRE 7 3 O eo: James Hows Lor hesham, 7.; C. 8. BucKINGHAMSHIRE.. 74 2 { Cantrell: CAMBRIDGESHIRE 92 ie J. Martin. Essex Pr 190 1 D. McIntosh. HERTFORDSHIRE 117 2 J. B. Lawes, v.p.; J. Odams. A. HUNTINGDONSHIRE.. 44 2 Jabez Turner; W. Wells, T MIDDLESEX 295 1 Sir Brandreth Gibbs, v.p. < Earl of Leicester; Hugh NorroLk.. 304 3 { Aylmer; Robert Leeds. Duke of Marlborough, T.; J. OXFORDSHIRE .. 137 2 { Perle Sir E. C. Kerrison, v.p.; R. C SUFFOLE .. aS ee { Bacon 4 ——1476 | — 19 CUMBERLAND .. 103 1 S. P. Foster. Durum .. 108 1 Earl of Ravensworth. =. \ NorTHUMBERLAND.. | 144 2 (PA Wilso a bse Hadley; Jag WESTMORELAND 65° 2. 1 Wi oa “Wakefield, — 420 | — 3 Lord Vernon, v.v. ; H. Chand DERBYSHIRE .. 132 2 { Pole-Gell. LEICESTERSHIRE ., 98 1 Duke of Rutland, tv. Sir W. Earle Welby-Grego: C. LINCOLNSHIRE... 213 3 W. Frankish; J. Shuttl . worth. NorTHAMPTONSHIRE it 2s 1 Earl Spencer. NorrinGHAMSHIRE.. | 149 .. | 1 J. Hemsley. RUTLAND aie 16-5 ; — 732|/—8 Distribution of Members of the Society. xi DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY—continued. DistRIcTs. CounTIEs. HAMPSHIRE KENT SoMERSETSHIRE SURREY . BERKSHIRE CoRNWALL =- DEVONSHIRE .. .. DORSETSHIRE .. .. | SussEx WILTSHIRE z. YorKSHIRE .. .. GLOUCESTERSHIRE . HEREFORDSHIRE MONMOUTHSHIRE .. SHROPSHIRE STAFFORDSHIRE WARWICKSHIRE WORCESTERSHIRE .. SoutH WALEs Ze CHESHIRE LANCASHIRE .. NortH WALES ScorTLanpD . TRELAND .. CHANNEL ISLANDS ForEIGN COUNTRIES... .. ERS WITHOUT ADDRESSES .. NUMBER IN Counc. [jet ped at WD CD hte 09 i wo i) bo MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. Colonel Loyd Lindsay, Sir T. D. Acland, t.; Sir M. { Lopes; G. Turner. Viscount Portman, T, Viscount Eyersley, v.P.; Sir A. { K. Macdonald, t.; T, Pain. T. Aveling; R. Russell; C. { Whitehead. Visct. Bridport, tT. ; R. Neville. C. E, Amos. Earl of Chichester, v.p. ; Duke of Richmond and Gordon, y.p.; W. Rigden. J. Rawlence. Earl Cathcart, v.P.; Earl of | Feversham ; J. D.-Dent, T.; G. H. Sanday. ‘a Bowly; W. J. Edmonds; Col. Kingscote, T J. H. Arkwright. R. Stratton. ae Evans ; Wi Sheraton, (eet of Lichfield, rt. ; Masfen. George Wise. C. Randell. Lt.-Col. Picton Turbervill. J. Bowen Jones; R.. H. {Bon W. Egerton; D.R. Davies; John Torr. {Pee of Devonshire, v.p.; Lord Skelmersdale, v.p. Earl of Powis, T.; Sir W. W. { Wynn, v.P. ROYAL AGRICULTURAL Dr. HALF-YEARLY CasH ACCOUNT To Balance in hand, 1st July, 1878 :— epee tet? Le Bs: Oe Bankers - -:9<-~:00-- 680.600 We 88 eee ESE sien e 3467 5 8 Secretary se cs se cs ‘ec jos ew soul ost oe ae fe ce 28 4 5 3,495 10 1 At Deposit, London and Westminster Bank .. .. «6 .s os 3,000 0 0 6,495 10 1 To Income :— Subscriptions :— £. 8. d. Governors’ Life Compositions.. .. «. .. «. 100 0 0 Governors’ Annual .. .. «os «sc «cs ec es 25 0 0 Members’ Life-Compositions .. .. .. « «. 547 0 0 Members’ Annual §.. «2 «eo oe ce «se of 206 O 5 1,378 0 5 Dividendsjon Stock... .asicaty isis ine) uceg we’ ‘el ucey feeihen 389 7 9 Intérest-on Deposit Account ois, <. esl as sbE be jec,y oe 67 65 1 Establishment :— Rent, &¢: fuuiceotsieuth oe fice” cose) dé oc tee fect tee 10110 0 Journal :— Sales” isa.” eetlilieh ae Veep hes, wed ssh_ee ere los) manG Advertisemionts..s0 cos es ce eos se «se L1G 19 16 — 285 7 4 Farm Inspection :— Prizes given by the Bristol Local Committee .. 195 0 0 Entry Fees for1879 2. .6 «2 «cs oo «se as 41 0 0 _—_ 236 0 0 Juiverpool Meeting: ‘es\- as, tee as1_ cel sa) oe) ee) fwoliiela 31 8 6 Total Income Se eh cehh ce Spas Juqaree 2: Etat 2,488 19 1 To Bristol Meeting “ss; ce set felet Palsy: Pech ohiysicl i selineewnata Pr Se 13,141 19 4 Po Sphdon Cxkibition bynid....dei'|.5 sap se ss ee ban ben Seed ee 10 10 0} in i (a £22,136 18 6 | BaLANCE-SHEET, To Capital :-— LIABILITIES, em. és an Surplus, 30th June, 1878, .. .- ec oe se «ce oo os of 31,743 8 10 i Less Excess of Expenditure over Income during the | | Half-year, viz. :— & 84 | Expenditure... «2 «s c+ of os eo eo 4,277 16 1 Imcome «co co oe ce ce 6 cf ee eco 2,488 19 1 | 1,788 17 0 Less half-year’s interest and depreciation on } 143 2 8 Country Meeting Plant .. «2 «2 oF «s ——$—_$___— 1,931 19 8 | To Bristol Meeting :— ar 29,811 9 2] Excess of Receipts over Expenditure .. .«, «se «2 «+ « ot oe se 2,185 11 OF £31,997 0 2 QUILTER, BALL, & CO., Accountants. = xili SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. FROM Ist JuLy To 3lst DEcEMBER, 1878. Cr. By Expenditure :— £ 8. d. £, 3. da. £ 8s d. Establishment :— Salaries, Wages, &c. ast me) a6 ap ect Goa 10 -O House :—Rent, Taxes, Repairs,&c. .. .. «. 28410 3 Office: —Printing, Postage, Stationery, &c... .. 23414 4 1,211 14 7 Journal :— Printing and Stitching .. .2 s. «oc e« o 907 6 O Postage and Delivery Ret ctmatenscmaannee «62006 60 UO Literary Contributions .. .. of «+ «+. ++ 156 0 0 Advertising MEnnsheD ae co 08 be 1313 6 1,326 19 6 Literary Contribution to Memoir prepared for International Congress at Paris 2. 0 ce ce oe 0 ce ee, oe ge 100 0 0 Chemical :— Consulting Chemist’s Salary .. .. ». «2 «- 150 0 0 On Account of New Laboratory .. «. .. »« 350 0 0 —_——_—. 500 0 0 Veterinary :— The Brown Institution, Half-year to Christmas af was rele 125 0 0 Botanical :— Consulting Botanist’s Salary .. 2. «2 «+ e+ 8 08 os 50 0.0 Education :— Scholarships .. .. «es «se «e of «+ ef 140 0 0 AEVCREIUES, uw “ce, cc «6. se cose «6 3 9 6 -__oo- 143 9 6 Farm Inspection :— Judges Dacha the “ea oe en ca f19.35 0 Pe te cel iva ide «¢ "ss es ae ee 215 0 0 ———__—- 433 15 0 Subscription returned (paid in error) .. «2 ++ +e os os 100 Sundries :— Secretary’s Expenses at Paris Congress .. «2 «2 os 25 0 0 Liverpool Meeting .... .. o» «e+ os «8 «+ oe «8 oe 360 17 6 Total Expenditure .. «2 «6 «so cs oe ee ce ee 4,277 16 1 PMPERIREOUMICEEIES co ce op sce rien) 06) 06 tees oe ee Shoe. Ad 14,408 19 1 By London Exhibition .. 1. os oe 08 of oe oe oe of wea es. ae 3,249 9 9 By Balance in hand, 30th June :— IBAMENS ce cn ce ce (cee ce ce os te te ve 9510 7 SEAURGREUONG S| sia ss Decl mbites cs ac of «se 08 oe 105 3 0 : — —____— 20013 7 £22,136 18 6 31st DrecEeMBER, 1878. ae. Dy Sie £ 8. da By Cashinhand.. .. ° aah (s[6 wel Vee mtene te 20013 7 By New 3 per Cent. Stock 26,5110. Ils. 5d cel) sin) fale ee) ee Ip’ 25,340 7 1 By Books and Furniture in Society’s House det ine aes oat eae ea 1,451 17 6 Bepeanincey Macchi Pant 8 .. os oc cc of os ce o8 of 15166 ‘2's —_—_—_——__|_ 28,758 0 5 By London Exhibition .. .. «. «se .e 0 of es ce oo Pn OO EOG 3,238 19 9 * Value at 954 = £25,252 5s. 5d. Mem.—The above Assets are exclusive of the amount recoverable in respect of arrears of Subscription to 3lst December, 1878, which at that date amounted to 8391.} { —_—_— — £31,997 0 2 Examined, audited, and found correct, this 24th day of February, 1879. FRANCIS SHERBORN, 2 A. H. JOHNSON, Auditors on behalf of the Socrety. : HENRY CANTRELL. > gh fay z in etiae Dr. YEARLY CasH Account, & 2 & £. 8. d. Z's. & To Balance in hand, 1st Jan. 1878 :— BBANKETS | 506, s0/ fie’ «mis; Yet tenia) Lee iene 250 8 2 Secretary. . «lis « is =| « « os Nolte 20 9 6 ano eee At Deposit, London and Westminster Bank . . epee ra se 9 1,270 17 8 ee ’ To Income :— Subscriptions :— Governors’ Life Compositions . . . .-, te : 4 Governors’ Annual . . . . 2. « 6 « « 1,253 0 0 Members’ Life-Compositions . . . ... 3.998 19 5 Members’ Annual 2. =. 3°. « 4. 3 & Lhe mL! oh! 5,716 19 5 j ’ ae 782 19 Dividends:on'Stock © 2 2% 5 oS ess -* fe 67 5 1 Interest on Deposit Account. . . . ... Journal ;— 1eRi re Sales’ 5 ms)! fo of] ajde: sa “a, «ie 116 19 10 Advertisements . . . ». 2 « « «+ « « 285 7 4 Farm-Inspection :— Bristol Local Committee (Prizes). . . . . 195 00 Entry ‘Fees for 1878.2 295) G=ss ar t 900 Ite CE GG G £6 a on “ion asco un Establishment :— Rent, fo. iP BR eS sme 20110 O Veterinary :— Donation from the Yorkshire Agricultural } 100 0 0 Rociety) 4.0": (ag ae cae OI Nie ar: — TotalIncome. . . .... awe yte 7,398 3 7 To Country Meetings :— Tilverpiool,°%, 7. fs cone a> KO UmeC Ise ki 14918 6 Besta juny >: i: it 3 4712 0 MeGHtOISERMIGIS 5 55 se 8 Ce 21 0 0 Pete REA oc a) 6” 6 eps. 6 1418 6 333 10 6 Botanical :— Consulting Botanist’s Salary. . . . «6 « « ae: 100 0 0 Education :— SSDS eee 140 0 0 SOD 6 20 a 25 0 0 Fees to Examiners. . . ° meas s acta 5210 0 Advertising and Printing ~ “ . 1718 6 235 8 6 Subscriptions (paid in error) returned. . . . eis 420 Farm =. Mia eG ie. cc) “Site? jetta) 6 ie, 215 0 0 ais ME sire ot fo1lsi ot erh4a\) dl) si © 213 15 0 ee ae ee 6519 6 499 14 6 Sundries :— Secretary’s Expenses at ParisCongress . . . se 25 0 0 Total Expenditure. . ... ana 7,054 311 By Country Meetings :— Liverpool, . . 2 ae ee Te 510 13 6 oe Ge aS aaa Tessie 17,366 1 1 17,876 14 7 By London Exhibition . . . . . . « - 2 ee 3,249 9 9 By Balance in hand, 31st Dec. :— JOU co yeh S005 ISS Se o. 9510 7 LIS be ho ers lage 105 3 0 ae 200 13 7 * Including Printing of Memoir presented to the International Congress at Paris. £28,381 110 Eee SS... j\_j»_j , xvi COUNTRY MEETING | REOEIPTS. £ 8. @ Subscription from Bristol . . . Seep eho « 6 « » © © Ae = a gue Admissions to Show-Yard by Payment ache @ le 6, 4. o. SAeiviennét mel eee Admissions by Season Ticket oF Pe on any we os ee woe 669 6 0 Admissions to Grand Stand .s/cs" << s< sien) Sieelivell wi ute) Jee 'a) Saul Sine 250 15 O Saic‘of Catalogues: 3... 6. 6 =. wi. wemey sibs) =) el et) «bol ounbee 621 3 0 Entries in Implement Catalogue 1. 4 =... © « = « © © © &» © ws 8 400 0 0 Advertisements in Stock Catalogue: &. S05. cfc 10) 25) ot op ct oy lop) UCR 239 8 O Implement Exhibitors’ Payments for Shedding . . « « « «6 « « « « « 3,006 5 3 Non-Members’ Fees for entry of Implements . . . . « « «© « «© « «© « 271 0 0 Fees forentry of Live:Stock 4 % %\ "Si uctp « ic) ql.0 seae SeleeweDanal 607 10 O Fees for Horse Boxes and Stallges—a-nmartserie 0) @ se ot wae ale as 25410 0 Fees for entry of Cheese.and Butter . » 2 «|© «© . » #6) »)) >) miele 33 10 0 } Premiums for Supply of Refreshments . . 2. « «© « « « © « © «© « « 505 0 0 Sale of Manure ae o @ @ G@Bte whe © & is 4 (6 einen Oe 426 Premium for Cloak Rooms aad Bavatoriesesirs) a oes se Ve Ge See ene 60 0 0 Fines for Non-Exhibition of Live Stock . . « « 2 «© « © © © «© © «@ « 75 0 0 Reference Number Fines .« «6 © 3 Gi. sie s. « « "e em entcn asl a 2"6 Sales'of Butter, Curd,&c. . 3 @ Gf wpe «)y 6 « « 0 5 oo «OS 43 5 2 { + £18,749 2 10 xVil ACCOUNT, BRISTOL, 1878. EXPENDITURE. Lead & Show-Yard Works :—viz. Carriage, Storage, Erecting, Repairing, Paint- ing, taking to pieces, pecelnk and Insurance of Permanent 801 3 Buildings, and other Plant . . . Implement Sheds, 15477. vei ; Seed and Model ‘Sheds, 218I. 3s. 5d. 1766 0 5 Stock Sheds, 8177. 10s. 1d.; Horse Boxes, 10601. 19s.10d.. . . 1878 911 Cheese and Butter Sheds, 1251. 12s. 11d.; Fodder Sheds, 411.12s.10d. 167 5 9 Horse and Cattle Rings, 321. 2s. 10d.; Trial Shed, 1057. 5s. 8d. . 137 8 6 Fencing, Gates, &c., 2451. 11s. 4d.; Hurdles, 2251. wert Reed 470 11 4 Members’ Club, 2671. 9s. 6d.; Lavatories, 531. 3s. 8d. Eure | 32013 2 Grand Stand, 2341. 0s. 11d.; Band Stand, 105J. 5s. 8d. Si a 339 6 7 Platforms 75/. 17s. 4d. ; other Offices and Works, 2141. 19s. 8d. 29017 0 Awnings, 56l. 13s. 10d.; Chairs, 327.16s.6d. . . . 89 10 4 Draining Show-yard, 691. 10s. 4d. ; Clearing after show, 681. iis 6d. 138 110 Ee a eh kw, SIA OG Depreciation of Plant . . « « « »o Wells) (eble « « 298 2 5 —————- 7,011 14 3 Judges: Implements, 132/.; Stock, 3247. 17s.; Cheese and Butter, 261.0s.6d. . . . 48217 6 Consulting Engineers and Assistants . . 2. « « s 8 « + «© «© e+ « « 261 1 @ Veterinary Inspectors Ton ae . © ue bt) oth ee oi 86 2 0 Police: Metropolitan, 3721. 13s. ad; “Gadaty: 12. 138. 4d. cams 385 7 0 Clerks and Assistants: sod 3il. 10s.; Post Office, 30l. 18s. od. 5 ‘Seeretary and 155 3 8 Stewards, 92]. 15s.6d. . . . AEB bale to Journeys previous to Show, 161. 1s, 6d.; Official Staff, 281. 6s. a OP) ecbteretapneghe 44 13 10 Assistant Stewards: Implements, 53/. 11s.; Stock, 38/.10s. . . a - c 2 0 Foremen: Implements, 221. 0s. 8d.; Cattle, 120. 6s. 4d.; Horses, 131. 165.5 ; Sheep 10; ae Seu dara Pigs, 81. 3s.; Fodder Yard, 181. Ibs. Ser ein cat Rte s eeeest a as Yardmen, Peidernans Labourers, Grooms, &c., . . . . . 212 10 aa ay Money Takers, 74, 12s. 6d. ; Money-changers, 101. oe arity 12211 6 Lodgings for Implement Judges, and other Official . . . 2. 1. 2 ee 010 0 Stewards’ Lodgings and Expenses . . . Pate HE ot Stee oh a 4 ey eS 3 6 Refreshments for Stewards, Judges, and baie Oficials PPO, ee tats, LOR Fs _ Catalogues: Implements, 355/. 1s. 6d.; Stock, 1871. 15s.; Riteagieeieaie in ditto, 721. 13s.; Awards, 281. 11s. 6d.; Plan of Yard, 201. ; is 41l, 5s.; Carriage anit 730 15 0 Packing,” 251. 9s. digas : Ph, samen Moree. 2 (ieee Printing, 59vl. 4s. 11d.; eaters ae Bil Posting, goal. Vis. ope: tare ars) ORO U1) Hay, 1661. 12s. 8d. ; Straw, 3511. Is. id.; Green Food, 287l.17s.6d.. . « . . » 80517 9 Postage, Telegrams, Carriage, Stationery, lees a a PC CMT ee ae ee ag 10 2 Repairs, Insurance, and Carriage of Testing Machinery . . . . * 4 3 Trials in Show-yard: Milk and Cream, 1271. 8s. 6d.; Ice, 71. 10s.; Laying | on Water 185 13 5 221. 11s.: Testing and Instruments, 81, 16s. 7d. 5 Gas Engine, 191. 7s.4d. « Horse Hire, 817. 11s. 3d.; Carriages, &c., 541.9s. . . « » . 136 0 3 Caps and Jackets for men, 17/. 18s, 6d.; Veterinary Medicines, Ql. 5s. sd. 3 Hire of i! 2913 4 Buckets, Brooms, Rakes, Weighing Machines, C5, OK 98..6d.» ome ve Royal Tent and Luncheon . . . 5 See ame © se . « 75a 9! G6 Trials of Sheaf-binders, Labour, &c., 261. pits = surveyor, ni. 15RD care 38 0 0 Hire of Tent, 91. 13s. 4d.; Hire of Furniture, 5/.; Tan and Ashes, 531. 0s. 6d.; Oil, “31.3 ae 85 19 11 SCM ds Ss et eee agent Rosettes, 187. 3s. 6d. ; Mica mie. , UO Cee oey toile siefic) 4210 6 Prizes: Stock, 37101.; Implements, 1102. .- . 5 + «6 6 © « «= « # « « 8820 0.0 £17,081 12 2 Ep LEA CT A a Sa >! ead ae ie 1,667 10 8 £18,749 Exclusive of 749/. offered by the Bristol Local Committee and 1501. by the Gloucestershire Agricultural Association. VOL. XV.—S. S. b 210 ( xviii ) ABondon Bxrhibition, 1879. ON MONDAY, THE 30Tx JUNE, AND SIX FOLLOWING DAYS (SUNDAY EXCEPTED). SCHEDULE OF PRIZES. Prizes FoR BeitisH LivEe-STOcK. Reference Number in Certificates. Class 1 2 is) onan HORSES. STALLIONS. Agricultural Stallion, four years old and upwards, not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk Agricultural Stallion, three years old, not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk .. .. « *A Champion Cup, value £25, will be given for the best Stallion, three years old and upwards, in Classes 1 and 2, Agricultural Stallion, two years old, not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk .. Agricultural Stallion, one year old, not qualified to compete as Cly ydesdale or Suffolk .. rank ap tA Champion Cup, value £25, will be given for the sac aa year-old or yearling Stallion in Classes and 4. Clydesdale Stallion, four years old and upwards.. Clydesdale Stallion, three yearsold .. .. .. Clydesdale Stallion, two yearsold .. .. .. Clydesdale Stallion, one yearold.. .. .. .. {Two Champion Cups, value £25 each, will be given for the best Stallion and the best Brood Mare or Filly in the Clydesdale Horse Classes. Suffolk Stallion, four years old and upwards... Suffolk Stallion, three yearsold ., 2. 0. oe Suffolk Stallion, two yearsold .. ., Suffolk Stallion, one year old §Two Champion “ President’s Cups,” value £25 oa, will be given for the best Stallion and the best Brood Mare or Filly in the Suffolk Horse Classes. First Prize ae 50 50 50 Second Prize. &. Third Prize. * Offered by the Earl of Ellesmere, President of the English Cart Horse Society. + Offered by the English Cart Horse Society. + Offered by the Clydesdale Horse Society of Great Britain and Ireland. § Offered by Lord Waveney, President of the Suffolk Stud Book Association, Prizes for British Live Stock. Certificates. HORSES—continued. Thorough-bred Stallion, suitable for getting Hunters... <3 Stallion, suitable for getting Coach Horses . Stallion, suitable for getting Hackneys, above 14 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 15 hands 2inches... Pony Stallion, above 13 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches .. Pony Stallion, not exceeding 13 hands 2 inches... Broop Marrs AND AGRICULTURAL FILLIEs. Agricultural Mare and Foal, not qualified to com- pete as Clydesdale or Suffolle ~Cy) met Oh pee Olydesdale Mare SMUG ORs) Petes) Sow sa Suffolk Mare and Foal .. .. Agricultural Filly, three years old, not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk Pe ee *A Champion Cup, value £25, will be eet for the _ best Mare or Filly (not ‘Clydesdale or Suffolk), three years old and upwards, in Classes 18 or 21. t Clydesdale Filly, three yearsold.. .. .. Suffolk Filly, three years old EA Agricultural Filly, two years old, not qualified to compete as Clydesdale or Suffolk .. .. os Clydesdale Filly, two yearsold .. .. .. « Suffolk Filly, two yearsold .. .. «2 «2 Yearling Agricultural Filly .. .. 1. oo Yearling Clydesdale Filly .. .. 1. «© «. Yearling Suffolk Filly .. .. . *A Champion Cup, value £25, will - given for the best two-year-old or yearling Filly in Classes 24 and 27. Enter, Mare"and Foal. se. se. ne wes yes Coaching Mare and Foal Hackney Mare and Foal, above 14 hands 2 ‘inches and not exceeding 15 hands 2inches_. Pony Mare and Foal, above 13 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches .. AGRICULTURAL MARES AND GELDINGS OF ANY BREED. Pair of Mares or Geldings (or one of each).. .. Gelding, four years old or upwards .. .. .. Gelding, three yearsold.. .. .. «. : Gelding, two years old .. Mare, four years old or upwards Se pe v5, * Offered by the English Cart Horse Society. 10 10 10 10 Ov9srvodsr1oreresr oror corer oro © ss Prizes for BritisicLine Stool | Reference 5 i Second | Third Reale in HORSES—continued. ize. | Prize, | Prize. Class £ £ HontTERS. 39 Hunter Mare or Gelding, up to 15 stone, five years old or upwards... .. 20 10 40 Hunter Mare or Gelding, up to 12 ‘stone, five years old or upwards .. ba Een | 20 10 5 80 Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two and not exceeding three years Ghee 15 10 5 81 Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two years ial «a ta 15 10 5. 82 Heifer-Calf, above six and not exceeding twelve months old’ee Sst Grd Syacs. eee Ae 15 10 5 Two Champion Prizes of £50 each wil be given for the best Devon Male and the best Devon Female in the Exhibition. Sussex. 83 Bull, above three years old .. 20 10 5 84 Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old ~ 20 10 5 85 Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two years sold ee 15 10 5 86 Bull-Calf, above six and not exceeding ‘twelve months old... en SRM a 10 5 oa 87 Cow, above three years old ....,,. nye 20 10 5 88 Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two and not exceeding three years old . - 15 10 5 89 Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two years eld. 15 10 5 90 Heifer-Calf, above six and not exceeding twelve monthsold... .. .. 28 10 5 5 *Two Champion Oui, value £25 ah, will Pi mee for the best Sussex Male and the best Sussex Female in the Exhibition. Lone-Horn. 91 Bull, above three yearsold .. .. 20 10 5 92 Bull, above two and not exceeding three years old 20 10 5 93 Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two years old' wh aeyie af 3, 053, to noaleS, sehen 10 5 94 Cow, above three years old . 20 10 5 95 Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two and not ex- ceeding three years old 15 10 5 96 Yearling Heifer, above one and “not " excceding tworyears Old =<. 6. 0 en ee $s 15 10 5 * Offered by a Committee of Sussex Breeders. tTwo Champion Prizes of 25 guineas each will be given for the best Longhorn Male and the best Longhorn Female in the Exhibition. + Offered by the Longhorn Society. © Reference Number in Certificates, 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 Prizes for British Live Stock. CATTLE—continued. JERSEY. Bull, above two yearsold .. .. Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two years IE. Ve Pon. fia Sian en Bull-Calf as eer aoa oie Cow, above three years old Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two and not ex- ceeding three years ripe Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two SCHISM bee Mts Usenmissy s6, oes, 06, “ioe Heifer-Calf .. .. + Ap a *Two Champion Prizes of £25 ae will be parka for the best Jersey Male and the best Jersey Female in the Exhibition. GUERNSEY. Bull, above one year old.. 6 22 «2 « oe Cow, above three years old. a Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two and not exceeding PHRCCAVCATAIOIG say fori deer icomiges NorFoLK AND SuFFOLK POLLED. Bull, above two yearsold .. .. Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two years a. TA seine ete. sama Cow, above three years old .. Heifer, in-milk or in-calf, above two and not ex- ceeding three yearsold .. .. Yearling Heifer, above one and not exceeding two years “old si Sa Basen Ge hey. {Iwo Champion Prizes of £25 ae will be given for the best Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Bull, and for the best Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Cow or Heifer in the Exhibition. WELSH. Bulls, above two years old Yearling Bull, above one and not "exceeding two years old... Sau ehaer Gade. “ae elles Cow, above three years old .. ne Heifer, in-calf or in-milk, above two and not ex- ceeding three years oe gpe ae mode Yearling | Heifer, above one and not exceeding two VESUSIGIOMME te Nlesy © Sesimicsccesy cs |) cs, iiss 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 xxiii -oa annraa oO oor on or o oror ao 5 * Offered by the Association for publishing the English Herd-book of Jersey Cattle. + Offered by Breeders and Exhibitors of Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Cattle. XXiV Prizes for British Live Stock. Reference polo pes ‘Number in , rize. rize. Seer CATT LE—continued. AYRSHIRE. 135 136 Bull, above two yearsold .. «. Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two VOSTSIOIG (0 ee copra ene Cow, above three yearsold .. .. « Heifer, in-calf or in-milk, above two and not ex- ceeding three years oid warata Cece PoLLeD GALLOWAY. Bull, above two years old... Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two years sold. dal oce>. haa-Gleee war Cow, above three years old Heifer, i in-calf or in-milk, above two and not ex- ceeding three years oldie a Roe ie (et PoLLep ANGUS, OR ABERDEEN. Bull, above two yearsold .. .. Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two yearsold .. .. 5p cee ae Cow, above three years old Heifer, in-calf or in-milk, above two and not ex- ceeding three years old *A Champion Cup (or money), value £25, will ns given for the best Polled Angus or Aberdeen animal in the Exhibition. West HIGHLAND. Bull, above two years old : Yearling Bull, above one and not exceeding two years old .. Eppa esl Ontarians Cow, above three years old .. Heifer, in-calf or in-milk, above two and not ex- ceeding three years bk cei eke ae Kerry. Bull, of any age Cow. or Heifer, in-calf or ‘in-milk . OrHER British BReEEDs. Full, of any age Cow or Heifer, in-calf or ‘in-milk |. oOo ono on a oo on oo oa oo oa go Go oo * Offered by a Commitee of Breeders of Polled Angus or Aberdeen Cattle. Prizes for British Live Stock. XXV Reference 2 i Sec Third * “a CATTLE—continued. Pose. | ‘Poe pee Class oo |? sf) | ene Darry CarTrie. 137 Pair of Cows of any breed, in-milk, milking pro- perties to be specially considered .. .. .. | 25 15 10 138 Cow of any breed, in-milk, milking properties to | be specially considered .. well ites AiTeon SIZ 15 10 SHEEP. LEICESTER. 139 Shearlmp) Ham. 2257 ver 00, GE. il ae! Gites. Uitee., 20 10 5 140 Ram of any other age .. «- | 20 10 5 141 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, “of the same flock .. 15 10 5 142 Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879} 15 10 5 Woo. Prizus (see p. XXXiv.). Borper LEIcEsTER. 143 HPAES HOIST way (se) ivechiptsaat salrred 4 9® 20 10 5 144 Ram of any other age .. 20 10 5 145 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock . 15 10 5 146 Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879] 15 10 5 Woot Prizzs (see p. ¥xxiv.), | CoTswoLp. im 147 Shearling Ram ee apart, teseumcaimntct n¥ixe 20 10 5 | 148 Ram of any other age .. 20 10 5 | 149 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, “of the same flock . 15 10 5 im 150 Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879 15 10 5 | Woot Prizzs (see p. xxxiv.). LIncoLn. 151 CREO M AM: “co: ace Se se ealimael lee 20 10 5 152 Ram of any other age .. 20 10 5 153 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, jof the same flock . PP 15 10 5 154 Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879] 15 10 5 Woot Prizzs (see p. xxXiv.). KentTisH oR Romney Marsu. 155 Sheanmnesnam .. .tiacsHuGhl GaDAgADAS 20 10 5 156 Ram of any other age .. br 20 10 5 > aby Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, ‘of the sare flock = 15 10 5 158 Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879 | 15 10 5 Woo. Prizes (see p- XXxiv.). XXVi * Reference Number in Certificates. Class 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 172 173 Prizes for British Live Stock. SHEEP—continued. OXFORDSHIRE Down. Shearling Ham) si) 5 i ss .Saeiet Paes We Ram of any other age aa Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, ‘of the same flock .. Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879 Woon Prizzs (see p. xxxiv.). SouTHDOWN. Shearling Ram ool™ ee” 9 c0 "hoo MERE DINO ann Ram of any other age .. ee Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, ‘of the same flock. Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879 Woot Prizzs (see p. xxxiy.). SHROPSHIRE. Shearling Ham 9.6/5. = cane jew tere! lecteen Ram of any other age .. . Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock = Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879 Woo. Prizes (see p- XXxiv.). HAMPSHIRE AND OTHER SHORT- WOOLLED BREEDs. Not qualified to compete for the Prizes offered for definite Short-woolled Breeds. Shearling Ram Perr ee Sat ewe ee Ram of any other age .. ae Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, ‘of the same flock .. Pen of Five Ewe Lambs, lambed in the year 1879 Woo. Prizzs (see p. xxxiv.). CHEVIOT. Shearlinp Ram: 2°.) ci cs) We cae Ram of any other age .. Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, ‘of the same flock . Woo. Prizes (see p. Xxxiv). Buack-FaceD Mountain. Shearling Ram ae Ram of any other age i Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock ie Woo Prizes (see p. Xxxiv.). AH o1or1or crore coor RCA OL OT Prizes for British Live Stock. XXVii Reference First | Second | Third oe SHEEP—continued. Fie. | Eel ee Class £. £. &. HERDWICE. 181 C2 Cm mm i Ue 5 oe 182 Ram of any other age .. By YEO 5 - 183 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock x 10 5 Woot Prizzs (see p. XXxXiv.). Lonk. 184 Shearlme Ham <2. <2 «2. ss *ee ‘ee of 10 5 ee 185 Ram of any other age .. - | 10 5 ee 186 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, af the aitie flock ie 10 5 Sp: Woot Prizes (see p. xxxiv.). RYLAND. 187 RiteeriearIeAM 5c as we ise pam web LO 5 ae 188 Ram of any other age .. -« | 10 5 . 189 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock = 10 5 Pe Woon PRIZES (see p. Xxxiv). Devon Lone-Woo.. 190 RUcarIRERIT | sc Ges Gee secs et we | LO 5 ee 191 Ram of any other age ee 10 5 o 192 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, 0 of the same flock ‘ 10 5 by Woot Prizzs (see p. xxxiv). SomErsET AND Dorset Hornep. 193 Shearling Ram 2 RE ee ee 5 = 194 Ram, of 2 any other age es -. | 10 5 . 195 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, ‘of the same flock | 5 os Woon Prizes (see p. XXXiv.). DarTMOOR. 196 SLO Tg is i a ire ee TS har iA Bd LL 5 oe 197 Ram, of any other age .. -- | 16 5 198 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock mt} 10 5 Woot Prizes (see p. xxxiv.). Exmoor. 199 SURI sos ae wa, ne. on] 10 5 = 200 Ram, of any other age ap 10 5 ‘ 201 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock ay) het 5 Woo. Prizes (see p. XXxiv.). xxvill Prizes for British Live Stock. Reference Bice Second bi Number in ° fast = Certificates. SHEEP—continued. Prize. £ £. £. We so Mountain. Shearling Ram ys") upel Aone Mkooey aac maee le aide 10 5 a Ram, of any other age ... tx lake 5 23 Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock 10 5 Se Woot Prizes (see p. XXxiy.). LIMESTONE. Nhearlinp any: lise eigen imc. ures neces Ram of any other age Pen of Five Shearling Kwes, ‘of the same flock Z 10 5 Z Woot Prizes (see p. XxXiv.). RoscoMMOoNn. phearling Ham’ 72) joc, es ues giacl iste tnn O 5 Ram of any other age .. “ 10 5 > - — — - — | Total Income AbatNG ecu Gk Oo eto os. 6D oc oe 6,818 0 S— To London Exhibition... «2 «2 ©. 6. ee ee ee ee ce oe) = = 15,613 19 0 | | | | | | | £24,687 133 BALANCE-SHEET, To Capital :— LIABILITIES. 2 4a ee Surplus, 3lst December, 1878 .. 2 «se «os oe oc co of | 31,997 O 2 i. | / 7 Surplus of Income over Expenditure during the | Half-year, viz.:— ££ 8. a: | Income .. ss ss «2 oe oe oe v6 oe 6,818 0 8) | Expenditures. os «co cc of ef eco o¢ 4,943 9 5] 1,874 11 3 == ——) 33,87111 5 Less half-year’s interest and depreciation on } 127 6 3 Country Meeting Plant .. .. «2 «- « Bias “hale “9 ten | ! | ___ ae | £33,744 5 2. QUILTER, BALL, CROSBIE, GLEGG, & WELTON, Accountants. SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. From Ist JANUARY TO 24TH JUNE, 1879. By Expenditure :-— Establishment :— Salaries, Wages, &c. ore fale House :—Rent, Taxes, Repairs, &c. oe Office: —Printing, Postage, Stationery, Mevawess Journal :— Printing and Stitching Postage and Delivery Literary Contributions Woodcuts .. Chemical :— Grant for Investigations 1878 Salaries On Account of erecting Laboratory ae Chemical Apparatus Ba wat sie.“ si6 Furniture, Xc. Veterinary :— The Brown Institution for Inv seeeettons to | SAUDE Ae LOTO sat sic) Weig Ubssi suse pas “ais | Prizes and Medals .. .. .. «« Fees to Examiners Pe AC OC ie ae Professional Fees to Royal Veterinary College . : Botanical :— Consulting Botanist’s Salary .. Education :— Pees to Mxaminers .. .. «2 «+ «os «« POMC Mecien “sles el ete ce ee ve RUMOR CM ec ei ccia) moo sw) Gen, o's) oe roe MR aca «6 wide, fos | sis) ea. unis | Subscriptions (pald in error) returned .. .. SHMGMES shia iss os os Farm Prizes :— Advertising, &C. 1. os «se o- «- / Bristol Meeting .. .. den uxe See Vee. “ae Total Expenditure .. .. By Country Meeting Plant .. .. .. «2 o« By London Eshibition .. .. .. «- By Balance in hand, 24th June :— IBAMKCFS) cis sell ele sie, cle) ce cei) 0 oe BECKOtARY.c) <<. ss os 96 2 40 j oe . £s. d 692 459 397 685 210 284 65 200 272 514 300 81 125 30 21 22 ocao 8s. ds 1,548 10 1,245 1,368 17 138 4,943 9 5 32 11 O 17,856 15 4 22,832 15 9 1,804 17 6 £24,637 13 3 Eee 24TH JUNE, 1879. | ASSETS. By Cashinhand.. .. oe By New 3 per Cent. Stock 24, 4301. 7s. 0d. cost* . ‘ By Books and Furniture in Society’ sHouse.. .. By Country Meeting Plant Oy ees PO IO / At debit of London Exhibition Sei ceel ae * Value at 96% = £23,636 7s. 3d. | Mem.—The above Assets are exclusive of the amount recoverable in respect of arrears of Subscription to } 24th June, 1879, which at that date amounted to 13821. Ean Sake S §. de 1,804 17 6 23,340 7 1 1,451 17 6 1,670 7 0 28,267 9 1 eu iaer is | 5,476 16 1 | { £33,744 5 2 Exasnined, audited, and found correct, this 8th day of September, 1879. FRANCIS SHERBORN, A. H. JOHNSON, HENRY CANTRELL. } Auditors on behalf of the Society: ( ix ) LONDON INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1879. STEWARDS OF DEPARTMENTS. Implements, Stock, | : G. H. Sanpay. WILLIAM WELLS. W. FRANKISH. Lr.-Cou. Prcron-TURBERVILL, RospertT NEVILLE. | CHARLES WHITEHEAD. J. Hemsiry. CHARLES HOWARD. Butter, Cheese, &c. Provisions. Sir A. K. Macnonatp, Barr. | JAMES ODAMS. Hops. CHARLES WHITEHEAD. Foreign Department. Lorp VERNON. H. Cranpos-PoLe-GELL. Grorce WIsE. Forage. G. M. ALLENDER. General Arrangements, Jacos WILson. JUDGES OF STOCK. HORSES, &c. | Hackneys, &c. Agricultural. | ALrrep AsHWORTH, J. L. Curtis, | Henry Brevor, Wiiuiam Tomas Lams, | Wituiam Parker, ALEXANDER TURNBULL. | Asses and Mules. Clydesdales. | W. Lort, a ADAM SMITH, | M. pp Marcin. Joun TxHomrson, pate SUNG, Foreign Draught Horses. | Cou. F. Bartow, Suffolks. H. W. CromMeEtin, DANIEL SEWELL, | M. LAVALARD. f SON % isfte Witt1am Tuomrson, | Foreign Riding Horses. Henny Cross. : RRA ComTE DE BovILLy, Hunters. | M. Ronna, Joun B. Booru, Count Scurierren, Joun Hitt, Cou. Lurrre.. Stewards, Judges, §c., at Kilburn. lxi CATTLE. Border Leicesters, Cheviots, and Shorthorns Roscommons. RicHarD CuALones, GrorcE Rra, G. Drewry, Wy. Situ, A. MiTcHELL. Joun USHER. Herefords. Oxfordshire Downs, JOHN CRANE, Francis Evans, H. Haywoop. Devons. W. BuLten, Samvren P. Newsury, JOHN OVERMAN. Sussex, Norfolk, and Suffolk Polled. THomas FULCcHER, JoHN NOAKEs, JOSIAH PITCHER. Longhorns, Welsh, &c. J. H. Bursery, Rowianp HvcGHEs, W. B. Roperts. Jerseys and Guernseys. Water GILBEY, C. P. Le Cornt, C. STEPHENSON. Ayrshires, Kerry, and Dairy Cattle. ANDREW ALLEN, Witiiam T. Carrincton, LUKE CarisTY. Galloways, Angus, and West Highlands. THomas FrErGusOoN, T. Grppons, D. McDtarmp. Foreign Shorthorns, Charolais, Garronais, Limousin, &c. J. K. Fow er, M. Trersonnier. Norman, Breton, Swiss, Dutch, &c. M. AKKERMAN, JULIEN DE Frtcourt, Wm. STRATTON. Angeln, Jutland, Schleswig Holstein. M. Breiwxo7r, Pror. WILSson, J. Fries. SHEEP. Leicesters and Lincolns. T. CAsswELL, Epwarp Pappison, + Won. SANDAY. JOHN Bryan, JAMES P. CASE. Cotswolds, Kentish, Devons, and other Long Wools. R. L. Coss, Rosert GARNE, AMBROSE WARDE. Southdowns, Hampshires, and other Short Wools. Epwarp Litter, Henry OVERMAN, Joun A. HEeMPson. Shropshires. JoHN EVANs, R. H. MaAsren, Tuomas WILLIAMS. Black-faced Mountain, Herdwicks, Lonks, and Welsh Mountains. Epwarp Epwarps, JOHN INGLEBY, JOHN IrvING. Rylands, Somersets, Exmoors, Dorsets, Dartmoors, and Limestones. JOHN HoGartuH, J. W. Patt, Joun Tarr, Foreign Sheep. M. DutErtrReE, HuGuH GorRINGE, M. F. R. dE LA TREHONNAIS. GOATS. WALTER FREEMAN, H. S. Hotmes-PEecueEr. PIGS. JOHN ANGUS, Joun Lynn, JOsEPH SMITH. Tx Stewards, Judges, §c., at Kilburn. INSPECTORS OF SHEARING. “W. Joxson, | J. E. RAwWLENcE, | J. B. Workman. JUDGE OF WOOL. R. Wooprorp Goppanrp. JUDGES OF BUTTER. Scandinavian, &c, 'G. W. Burrows, | JAMES WATSON, | A. M. DELALONDE, Other Kinds. -J. T. PEAcock, | Prov. SEGELCEE, B. Lamine. JUDGES OF CHEESE. English, American, and other British Makes. 8. W. Cox, | James Hupson, | T. Ttucey. French and other Foreign Makes. Mr, Frirz DE VRIES, | Vicomre Dr Neovvinuz, | M. Pratt. JUDGES OF HAMS, BACON, &e. J. KLEINWor?, | RicuarD H. THomrsoy. JUDGES OF CIDER AND PERRY. ‘H. C. Beppog, | W. Gaymer, | Tuomas MAyp, JUDGES OF HOPS. W. GripD_ey, | J. ‘IT’. Noakes, | M. Trier. JUDGES OF IMPLEMENTS. Railway Waggons, J. K. Fow rr, | A. TINDALL, | Joun WiHrat.ey. ‘Miscellaneous, J. A. Barra, | W. Craxvrieip, | J. W. Kiver, Stewards, Judges, §c., at Wilburn. \xiii JUDGES OF FARM PLANS. J. Bary DrExron, | Tomas SAaMPLr, | Haivax WYATT. FARM JUDGES. Sewage Farms. Batpwin Laruam, | Cuare Sewett Reap, M.P., | T. H. THursriexp. Market Gardens, and Market Garden Farms. W. EHarwey, | CHARLES WHITEHEAD. JUDGES OF BEES, HIVES, AND HONEY. Wiriiam Carr, | Tuomas W. Cowan, | Rey, Grorce Raynor. ( xiv) AWARDS OF PRIZES. ——s Nore.—The Judges were instructed, in addition to awarding the Prizes, to designate as the Reserve Number one animai in each Class, next in order of merit, if it possessed sufficient for a Prize; in case an animal to which a Prize was awarded should subse- quently become disqualified. Prizes given by the Mansion House Committee are marked thus (*). HORSES. Agricultural Stallions—Four Years old and upwards. Tue Eart oF ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Frrst Prize, 501., for “ British Wonder,” chestnut, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. Beart, Downham Market ; sire, Marston’s “ England’s Wonder.” Lawrence Drew, of Merryton, Hamilton, Lanarkshire: Seconp Prize, 207., for “ Lord Harry,” black, 5 years-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince of Wales; ” dam, “ Mary.” GrEorGE HERBERT Morrewu, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford: Tatrp Prize, 10/., for dark-blue roan, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Clift, Weeden Hill, Aylesbury ; sire, “‘ King of the Valley ;” dam, ‘ Flower.” Captaris Witt1am Hammonp Betts, Frenze Hall, Diss, Norfolk : the Reserve Number, to “Sir John Falstaff,” dark iron-grey, 6 years-old; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Wiseman’s Wonder;” dam by Taylor’s “ England’s Glory.” Agricultural Stallions—Three Years old. Tre Eart or EvLesmerE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prizz,-50/., and the Caampion Cup,t value 25/., for “ Young Prince of the Isle,” bay ; bred by Mr. Fryer, Chatteris ; sire, “ Prince of the Isle ;” dam by Welcher’s “Honest Tom:” and Seconp Prize, 20/., for “Samson III.,” bay; bred by Mr. Child, Chatteris, Cambs ; sire “Samson ;” dam by Osborne’s “Young England’s Glory.” Ricwarp ToweErtTox, Cuxham, Tetsworth, Oxon., Turp Prize, 10/., for “King of the Vale,” bay; bred by Mr. Charles Shrimpton, Tetsworth, Oxon; sire, “ King of the Valley ;” dam, “ Brighton.” + Given by the Earl of Ellesmere, President of the English Cart Horse Society, for the best stallion in the two first classes. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. lxv Yue Eart or Extesmere, Worsley Hall: the Reserve Number to “Crown Prince,” bay; bred by Mr. Fryer, Chatteris, Cambs; sire, Daintree'’s “ Grand Prince ;’ dam by Engledon’s ‘‘ Farmer’s Friend.” Agricultural Stallions —Two Years old. Tur Eart or ExiesmMere, Worsley Hall: Firsr Prize, 50/., and the Cuampron Cup,t value 25/., for “Samson IV.,” bay; bred by himself ; sire, ‘Samson ;” dam by Welcher’s “ Honest Tom.” Tue Sranp Srup Company, Whitefield, Manchester: Seconp Prize, 201., for “British Simon,” brown; bred by Mr. Jenkinson, Nateby; sire, “ Simon Pure ;” dam by Shaw’s “ British Ensign.” FReDErIcK STREET, Somersham Park, St. Ives, Hunts: Txump Prize, 101., for “Somersham Samson,” bay; bred by himself; sire, Earl of Elles- mere’s “ Young Samson ;” dam, “ Brisk.” Tur Douxe or Wesrminster, K.G., Eaton, Chester: the Reserve Number to “Prince Victor,” brown; breeder unknown; sire, ‘ King Victor.” Agricultural Stallions—One Year old. JAMES JOHNSTONE, Lochburnie, Maryhill, Glasgow, N.B.: First PrizE} 201., for ‘“‘ Lord Douglas,” dark brown ; bred by Mr. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton ; sire, “ Prince of Wales” (673) ; dam, “ Jessie Brown.” THe Eart or ELLesMERE, Worsley Hall: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Great Britain,” bay; bred by himself; sire, “Samson II. ;” dam by Welcher’s “ Honest Tom.” LawkeENcE Drew, Merryton, Hamilton, N.B.: Torrp Prize, d/., for his black ; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Lincolnshire Lad.” ALFRED RicHARDSON, Fortrey House, Mepal, Ely, Cambs : the Reserve Number to “ Fortrey Samson,” bay; bred by Mr. William Lyon, Park Street, Chatteris, Cambs; sire, “Samson 2nd ;” dam, ‘‘ Flowers,” by Osborne’s “Young England’s Glory.” Clydesdale Stallions—Four Years old and upwards. Davi Bucuanan, Garscadden Mains, New Kilpatrick, Dumbarton: First PRIzE, 50/., and the Cuampion Cup,t value 25/., for “ Druid,” brown, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. James Milroy, Galdenoch, Stranraer; sire, “ Farmer” (286); dam, “Tibbie,” by “ Vanquisher ” (890). Davin Riwpet1, Blackhall, Paisley, N.B.: Seconp Prize, 201., for “ Darnley,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by the late Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, Bart., Keir, N.B.; sire, “Conqueror ;” dam, “ Peggie,” by “ Samson.” JoHN Henprie, Larbert, Stirling: Tarrp Prize, 10/., for “General Neil,” brown, 4 years-old ; bred by Mr. Arthur, Carlton Mains, Girvan, Ayr; sire, “‘ Doncaster” (238) ; dam, “ Nannie,” by “ Vanquisher” (890). James FintH Crowruer, Knowle Grove, Mirfield, Yorkshire: the Peserve Number to “'Topsman,” chestnut, 10 years-old; bred by Mr. George + Given by the English Cart Horse Society, for the best two-year-old or yearling stallion. = Given by the Clydesdale Horse Society for the best Stallion in the Clydesdale Classes. VOL. XV.—S. S. e Ixvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Wilson, Whiteside, Alford, Aberdeenshire ; sire, “ Wonderful ;” dam by « Samson.” Clydesdale Stallions—Three Years old. Jonx M. Marty, Auchendrennan Farm, Balloch, N.B.: First Prizz, 502, for “The Abbot,” brown; bred by the late Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, Bart., Keir, N.B.; sire, ‘ Newstead” (559); dam, “Jess III.,” by “Samson” (741). JoHN WappELL, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithgow: Sxrconp Prizx, 20/., for “Duke of Hamilton,” brown; bred by Mr. Lawrence Drew, Merryton,. N.B.; sire, “Prince of Wales; dam, “ Young Rosie,” by ‘‘ Young Sir Walter.” James Srewarr Hopeson, Lythe Hill, Haslemere, Surrey: Turrp Prizz, 10/., for ‘Clan Alpine,” brown; bred by Mr. W. Ure, Bogton, Falkirk, N.B.; sire, “ Merry Monarch” (588); dam, “ Betty,” by “Come Again.” Rosert LoprEr, Whittlebury, Towcester, Northamptonshire: the Reserve: Number to “Scotland Yet,” bay; bred by Mr. Adam Gray, Ingleston, Kirkcudbright, N.B.; sire, “Young Sir Walter Scott” (1031); dam, “Kate,” by ‘‘ Galloway Tam.” Clydesdale Stallions—Two Years old. AwnpRew Mosvcomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas, N.B.: First Prizx, 50/., for ‘Prince Imperial,” brown; bred by Mr. James Cunningham, Tar- breoch, Dalbeattie, N.B.; sire, “ Dandy Jim” (221); dam, “Jean,” by “ Clansman ” (150). ‘Tne Eart or StratHMorE, Glamis Castle, Glamis, N.B.: Seconp Prizg, 20/., for ‘‘ Chancellor,” bay ; bred by Mr. John Adam, Castletown, Glamis, N.B.; sire, “Thane of Glamis” (855); dam, “Jess,” by ‘ Defiance” (224). Davip RipvE1, Blackhall, Paisley, N.B.: Tarrp Prize, 10/., for his brown ;. bred by Mr. James Smellie, Straven House, Carluke, Lanarkshire ; sire, “ Darnley ;” dam, “ Bell,” by ‘‘ Campsie.” Tne Eart or Dunmore, Dunmore, Stirling, N.B.: the Reserve Number to- “Blair Athole,” bay; bred by Mr. Greig, Law, West Kilbride, N.B. ;. sire, “‘ Lord Clyde” (482); dam by “ Young Samson.” Clydesdale Stallions—One Year old. Davi Rippett, Blackhall, Paisley, N.B.: First Prize, 20/., for his brown ;. bred by the Marquis of Londonderry, Seaham Hall, Durham; sire,. “What Care I;” dam, ‘‘ Countess,” by “The Champion.” Anprew Monteomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas, N.B.: Szconp Prizg, 10/.,. for his dark brown; bred by Mr. J. Dalziel, ‘linwald Shaws, Dumfries, N.B.; sire, “ Luck’s All” (510); dam, by “ General Williams ” (326). Joun WADDELL, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithgow: Tuip Prize, 5. James McQuEeN, Crofts, Dalbeattie, N.B.: the Reserve Number to “ Malcolm,” bay; bred by himself; sire, “Robin the Laird” (25); dam, “ Young Rosey,” by ‘ Hercules ” (378). Suffolk Stallicns—Four Years old and upwards. Ricnarp Garrett, Carleton Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk: Firsr Prize, 50., for ‘‘ Cuptearer IIJ.,” chestnut, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. C. Frost, Wher- Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixvii stead, Ipswich; sire, “Cupbearer II.;” dam, “Nonsuch,” by “Sir Colin.” Manrrep Bippett, Playford, Ipswich, Suffolk: Smconp Prize, 20/., for ‘* Biddell’s Ben,” chestnut, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Ashwell, Talken- ham, Ipswich; sire, Biddell’s “Captain Snap ;’ dam, “Doughty,” by Laws’s “ Farmer:” Turrp Prize, 10/., for “‘ Dandy,” chestnut, 4 years- old; bred by the late Mr. Heighham, Wetherden, Bury St. Edmunds ; sire, Colonel Wilson’s “ Heir Apparent ;” dam, “ Ball,” by “ Goliath.” Ricuarp Garrert, Carleton Hall: the Reserve Number to “ Crown Prince,” chestnut, 6 years-old; bred by the late Mr, Blofield, Crown Farm, Leis- ton ; sire, ‘‘ Cupbearer ;” dam, by Barker’s “ Goliath.” Suffolk Stallions—Three Years old. Samuren Wotton, Butley Abbey, Wickham Market, Suffolk: First Prize, 50/., for “ Renown,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Monarch ;’ dam, “ Dennington Matchet,” by ‘Capon Boxer.” Aurrep JAMEes SmirH, Red House, Rendlesham, Woodbridge, Suffolk : Seconp Prizz, 20/., for “ Abbot Sampson,” chestnut; bred by himself ; sire, “ Monarch ;” dam, “ Smart.” Joun Grout, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Tarrp Prize, 10/., for “ Raglan,” chest- nut; bred by Mr. J. Smith, Thorpe Hall, Hasketon, Woodbridge; sire, “ Cupbearer I].;” dam, by ‘“ Raglan.” Wittram Byrorp, The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to “Reliance,” chestnut; bred by Mr, Sturgeon, Ousden, Newmarket ; sire, “ Volunteer ;” dam, “ Violet,” by “The Hero.” Suffolk Stallions—Two Years old. Manrrep Bippett, Playford, Ipswich: Firsvr Prizes, 50/., and the CuampPrion Cup,f value 25/., for “ Jingo,” chestnut; bred by Mr. H. Biddell, Play- ford ; sire, “ Champion ;” dam, “ Red Violet,” by H. Biddell’s ‘ Farmer :” Srconp Prize, 20/., for ‘“‘ Rodney,” chestnut ; bred by Mr. Dack, Weston, Saxmundham ; sire, ‘‘ Cupearer III.” RicHarD GArRReErvT, Carleton Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk: Tarrp Prizx, 10/7. for “ Zulu,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “‘Cupbearer III. ;’ dam, “ Sprite,” by “Talbot.” Witir1am Witson, Baylham Hall, Ipswich: the Reserve Number to “ Suffolk Star,” chestnut; bred by Mr. W. Toller, Gedgrave, Orford, Suffolk ; sire, “ Prince Imperial ;* dam, “‘ Smart,” by “ Blight.” Suffolk Stallions—One Year old. Eart Howe, Gopsall Hall, Atherstone: First Prizx, 20/., for “Old Boy,” chestnut ; bred by himself; sire, “ Bradford ;” dam, ‘‘ Scot,” by Walker's “ Captain.” Rosert EK. Lorrr, Troston Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk : Seconp Prizx, 10/., for “ Jove,” chestnut; bred by himself,; sire, ‘‘ Young Cupbearer ;” dam, ‘*‘ Maggie,” by “‘ Young Hero.” Horace Wonton, Newbourne Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Tump Prizx, 5/., for “ The Oriental,’ chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “Royalty ;” dam, “ Newbourne Brag,” by ‘‘ Royal Duke IT.” + Given by Lord Waveney, President of the Suffolk Stud Book Association, for the best Suffolk Stallion. e2 Ixviii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. JouN Grout, Woodbridge, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to his chestnut ; bred by Mr. G. W. Edwards, High Hall, Bredfield, Woodbridge; sire, “* Young Emperor ;” dam, by “ Monarch.” Thoroughbred Stallions, suitable for getting Hunters. H. F. Cuare Vyngr, Newby Hall, Ripon, Yorkshire: Frrsr Prize, 100/., for “Duc de Beaufort,” chestnut, 9 years-old; bred by Count Lagrange; sire, “ Ventre St. Gris ;’ dam, “‘ Dame d’Honneur,” by “The Baron.” Lorp Trepecar, Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire: Srconp Prize, 251., for “ Make-Haste,” chestnut, aged; bred by Lord Glasgow: sire, “Tom Bowline,” dam, “ Makeshift,” by “ Voltigeur.” JouN Gooptirre, Huntingdon: Turrp Prize, 10/., for “ Caterer,” bay, aged ; bred by Mr. J. Johnstone; sire, “Stockwell;” dam, “Selina,” by “ Orlando.” Prixce SottrKorr: the Reserve Number to “Tassel,” brown, 6 years-old ; bred by Mr. Croft; sire, “The Drake;’ dam, “Belladrum,” by “ Chanticleer.” : Stallions suitable for getting Coach-Horses. CHRISTOPHER W. Witson, Hich Park, Kendal, Westmoreland: First Prize, 501., for “ Lord Penzance,” bay, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. William Dale, Stamford Bridge, Yorks ; sire, “ Palestine ;” dam, by “ Grand Inquisitor.” Wir Burros, 55 High Street, Marylebone, London: Seconp Prize, 202. for his dappled brown, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. Thomas Fairman, Themelthorpe, Aylsham, Norfolk. THe Stanp Stup Company, Whitefield, Manchester: Turrp Prize, 10/., for * Lord Beaconsfield,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by Mr. J. Kirby, Burton Fields, Stamford Bridge, Yorks; sire, “Roseberry ;” dam, “Flora,” by “ The Earl.” GeEorGE Burton, Thorpe Willoughby, Selby, Yorkshire: the Reserve Number to “Zetland,” bay, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. Laverack, Althorpe, How- den, York. Stallions suitable for getting Hackneys. Tue Sranp Stup Company, Whitefield, Manchester: First P 30/., for “Star of the East,” chestnut, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Cook, Thixen- dale, Yorkshire ; sire, “‘ Charley Merrylegs ;” dam by “ North Star.” JoxuN Burton Barrow, Ringwood Hall, Chesterfield, Derbyshire: Szconp Prizk, 15/., for “ Young Perfection,” dark brown, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Utting, Little Melton, Norwich; sire, “Old Perfection;? dam, “ Brunette,” by “ Don Carlos.” 4 Witrtam Fianvers, Fen House, Mildenhall, Suffolk: Tarp Prize, 52., for “ Reality,” brown, 4 years-old ; bred by himself; dam by “ Tamworth.” Henry RovunDett, Black Horse Hotel, Otley, Yorkshire: the Reserve Number to “Sir George Wombwell,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by: Mr. Joshua Yeadon, Fewston, Otley ; sire, “ Sir George ;” dam by ‘‘ Matchless Merry- legs ” or “ Grey Atlas.” ; Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixix Pony Stallions, above 13 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. CurisTorHEr W. WItson, High Park, Kendal, Westmoreland: First Prize, 25/., for “'The Nobleman,” black, 5 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Youngman, Wy ndham, Norfolk ; sire, “ Confidence.” Tom Srernenson, Barmston, Lowthorpe, Yorkshire: Seconp Prize, 15/., for * Prince Charlie,” brown, 5 years-old; bred by himself; sire, “« Triffit’s Fireaway ;” dam, ‘ ‘Sally, bys Young Charlie.” THE Stanp Srup Company, Whitefield, Manchester: THirp Prize, 5/., for ; “Young Prickwillow,” brown, 5 years-old 5 bred by Mr. I'l landers, Fen House, “Mildenhall ; sire, “ Confidence.” Jonn Grout, Woodbridge, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to “ Honesty,” brown, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Farrow, Kempston Hall, Norfolk; sire, ‘ Con- fidence ;” dam, by “ Robin Hood.” Pony Stallions not exceeding 13 hands 2 inches. CaRISTOPHER W. Witson, High Park, Kendal: First Prize, 15/., for “ Little Wonder,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Armes, Norwich ; sire, “Confidence :” Szeconp Prizx, 10/., for “ George II.,” bay, 5 years-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Sir George ;” dam, “ Lady Mary:” and Tuirp Prize, 5/., for “Sir Garnet Wolseley,” brown, 2 years-old; bred by Mr. H. Hunt, Preston; sire, “Sir George ;” dam, by “ Kettledrum.” ARTHUR JERVOISE Scort, Rotherfield Park, Alton, Hants: the Reserve Number to “* Prince Charming,” bay, 6 years-old; bred by himse!f; sire, “ Perfec- tion ;” dam, “Cinderella.” Agricultural Mares and Foals. EpwarD and ALFRED STANFORD, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning: First Prize, 30/., for ‘‘ Poppet,” brown, 7 years-old (foal by ‘ Young Topsman”) ; breeder unknown. THe Earu or ELLesMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Seconp Prize, 201., for “ Honest Lady,” bay, 10 years-old (foal by “Samson”); bred by Mr. Flintham, Somersham; sire, Welcher’s ‘‘ Honest Tom:” THirD Prize, 10/., for ‘‘ Beauty,” black, 7 years-old (foal by Kite’s “ William the Con- queror”); bred by Mr. Potter, Lockington Grounds, Derby ; sire, Barton's “Young Champion :” and the Reserve Number to “ Flora,’ brown, 6 years- old (foal by “ British Wonder”); bred by Mrs. Millhouse, Sketchley Hall, Hinckley ; sire, “A 1.” Clydesdale Mares and Foals. AnpDREW Monteomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas, N.B.: First Prize, 30/., for “‘Borness Bett,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Sproat, Borness, Kirkeudbright (foal by ‘‘ Bonnie Scotland”); sire, “ Loch Fergus Cham- pion” (449); dam, by “ Victor ” (892). Roserr Loper, Whittlebury, Towcester, Northamptonshire: Srconp Prize, 201., for “ Magsie,” brown, 10 years-old (foal by “Chieftain ”) ; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Loch Fergus Champion % (449); dam, “ Inkermann,” iby: ss Lord B Byron” (473). Ixx Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Joun M. Manrry, Auchendennan Farm, Balloch, Dumbartonshire: Tairp Prize, 10/., for “ Ranee,” brown, 7 years-old (foal by ‘Prince Charlie,” 628); bred by Mr. H. Hardie, Bowmains; sire, “‘ Black Prince” (52); dam, ‘“‘ Spark,” by “ Johnny Cope” (516). Joun WappeLu, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithgow: the Reserve Number to ‘* Maggie,” brown, 5 years-old (foal by “‘ Prince Charlie”); bred by Mr. Finlay, Wellheads, Midcalder ; sire, “ Galloway Bob;” dam, “ Doughty,” by “ Lord Clyde.” Suffoll: Mares and Foals. Danie, AsporT GREEN, East Donyland, Colchester: Frrsr Prizr, 30/., and the Campion Cop,t value 25/., for “Smart,” chestnut, 9 years-old (foal by Cant’s “ Captain”); bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ President ;’ dam, “ Darby.” Ricuarp GARRETT, Carleton Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk: Sxconp Prize, 201., for “Scot,” chestnut, 10 years-old (foal by ‘‘Cupbearer the 3rd”); bred by the late Mr. T. Capon, Dennington, Wickham Market; sire, “ Duke.” THE DUKE oF HAMILTON AND BRANDON, K.T., Easton Park, Wickham Market, Suffolk: THrrp Prize, 10/., for “‘ Bright Diamond,” chestnut, 7 years-old (foal by “Tip-top”); bred by Mr. C. Frost, Wherstead, Ipswich ; sire, “Monarch ;” dam, ‘* Diamond.” Rosert E. Lorrr, Troston Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to ‘‘ Duchess,” chestnut, age unknown (foal by “ Cock Robin”) ; bred by Mr. J. Harrison, Wordwell, Bury St. Edmunds. Agricultural Fillies—Three Years old. LawrENceE Drew, Merryton, Hamilton, N.B.: First Prizr, 20/., and the Cuampion Cur,t value 25/., for “Camilla,” brown; breeder unknown. JAMES CronsHAw, Erskine Street, Iulme, Manchester: Srconp Prize, 10/., for “ Cyprus,” bright bay ; bred by himself; sire, “ Honest Tom;” dam, “Dinah,” by ‘ Grey Confidence.” JoHN Nix, Outseats Stud Farm, Alfreton, Derbyshire: THirp Prizx, 5/., for “ Jewess,” black, breeder unknown; sire, Winsby’s ‘‘Sweep;” dam, by Dack’s “ Matchless.” Tue Eart or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: the Reserve Nwinber to his chestnut; bred by Mr. B. Brown, St. Ives; sire, Daintree’s ‘‘ Grand Prince.” Clydesdale Fillies—Three Years old. “ Joun M. Marriy, Auchendennan Farm, Balloch, Dumbartonshire: First Prize, 20/., for “ Effie Deans,” bay ; bred by Mr. J. Ralston, Milmaiw, Stranraer ; sire, “ Lord Lyons” (489) ; dam, “ Jess,” by “ Victor ” (892). Roserr Murpocu, Hallside, Newton, Lanarkshire: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Adela,” brown; bred by Mr. A. Baxter, Auchenheath, Lesmahagon; sire, “‘ Warrior ;” dam, “ Nancy,” by Mr. Robertson’s ‘‘ Diamond.” + Given by Lord Waveney, President of the Suffolk Stud Book Association, for the best Suffolk brood mare or filly. 4 { Given by the English Caxj Horse Society for the best agricultural mare or filly (not Clydesdale or Suffolk), three years old or upwards. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxi Roserr Loper, Whittlebury, Towcester, Northamptonshire: Tarp Prizy, 5/., for “ Young Sally I.,” bay ; bred by Mr. Chandos-Pole-Gell, Hopton Hall, Wirksworth ; sire, “ Loch Fergus Champion” (449); dam, “Sally,” by “ Keir Byron” (101). JAMES CUNNINGHAM, of Tarbroch, Dalbeattie, N.B.: the Reserve Number to “Evelyn,” bay; by Mr. Brock, Barns of Clyde; sire, ‘lime of Day ;” dam, “ Barns Maggie,” by “ Farmer.” Suffolk Fillies—Three Years old. Herman Brwve tt, Playford, Ipswich, Suffolk: First Prize, 20/., for “ Bangle,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Champion ;” dam, ‘ Otley Pearl,” by Wilson’s “ President.” Wiit1am Byrorp, The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Barmaid,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Active ;” dam, “ Pride.” RICHARD GARRETT, Carleton Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk: Tarrp Prize, 5/., for “Fancy,” chestnut; bred by Mr. Foulsham, Middleton, Yoxford, Suffolk ; sire, “ Retaliator.” Horace Woxton, Newbourne Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to “ Newbourne Damsel,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Royalty ;” dam, “ Newbourne Darling,” by Cottingham’s ‘‘ Talbot.” Agricultural Fillies—Two Years old. Witt1am We tca_r, Griston Hall, Watton, Norfolk: First Prize, 20/., and the Cuampion Cur,j value 25/., for ‘“‘ Honest Lady,” bay; bred by Mr. H. Cole, Flatt Bridge, Willingham, Cambs; sire, “ King of the Fens.” James Forsuaw, Blyth, Worksop, Notts: Seconp Prizx, 10/., for “ London Maggie,” bright bay ; bred by Mr. Gyles, Appleby Head, Worksop; sire, “William the Conqueror.” THe Eart or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Tairp Prizg, d/., for his bay ; bred by Mr. Marfit, King’s Lynn; sire, Marster’s “ England’s Wonder ;” dam, by “ World’s Wonder :” and the Reserve Number to his chestnut; bred by Mr. Moyes, Cambridge; sire, “Samson ;” dam, by Welcher’s “ Honest ‘l’om.” Clydesdale Fillies—Two Years old. H.R.H. THE Prince oF Wates, Sandringham, Norfolk: First Prizr, 20/., and the Caamrion Cup,t value 25/., for his brown; bred by Mr. Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton; sire, “ Prince of Wales ;” dam, “ Old Rosie,” by “ Loch Fergus Champion.” JOHN WADDELL, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithzow: Stconp Prizz, 10/., for “Louisa,” brown; bred by Mr. Murdoch, East Haughen, Uddington ; sire, “ Darnley ;” dam, “ Bell,” by “ Young Campsie.” JouN M. Martiy, Auchendennan Farm, Balloch, N.B.: Turrp Prize, d/., for his bay; bred by Mr. P. Stroyan, Dundinnie, Leswale, Stranraer ; sire, “ Lord Lyon” (489) ; dam, by “ Victor” (892). + Given by the English Cart Horse Society for the best Two-year-old or Yearling Agricultural Filly (not Clydesdale or Suffolk). ¢ Given by the Clydesdale Horse Socicty for the best Brood Mare or Filly in the Clydesdale Classes. Ixxii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Rosert Lover, Whittlebury, Towcester: the Reserve Number to “ Jeannie Sproat,’ bay; bred by Mr. J. Cunningham, Tarbroch, Dalbeattie ; sire, “Dandy Jim” (221) ; dam, “ Doll,” by “ Gladstone” (333). Suffolk Fillies—Two Years Old. Samuet Totter, Letheringham Lodge, Wickham Market, Suffolk: Fimsr PrizE, 20/., for “ Duchess,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Imperial ;” dam, “Scot,” by “ Cupbearer.” Tue DuKe’or HAmILTon AND Branpon, K.T., Easton Park, Wickham Market, Suffolk: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Yellow Diamond,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Cupbearer II.;” dam, “ Bright Diamond,” by “‘ Monarch.” ALFRED JAMES SmiTH, Red House, Rendlesham, Woodbridge: Tarp Prize, 51., for “ May Queen,”chestnut; bred by himself; sire ‘‘ Prince Imperial ;” dam, “Smart.” Witi1am Byrorp, The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to “Empress,” chestnut ; bred by himself; sire, “ Active ;” dam, “ Smart,” by “ Emperor.” Yearling Agricultural Fillies. JoHn Rowe.t, Manor Farm, Bury Hunts: First Prize, 15/., for his bay- brown; bred by himself; sire, “ Honest ‘om ;” dam, “ Diamond,” by “ Samson.” Tuomas Horrocks Miter, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire : Seconp Prize, 10/., for ‘‘ Bessie,” bay; bred by Mr. W. Shaw, Thornton, Poulton-le-Fylde ; sire, ‘“ Honest Tom ;” dam, “ Flower,” by “ England’s Glory.” Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton, N.B.: Turrp Prize, 5/., for his brown; breeder unknown. Henry Powers, Baxter Hall, Selby, Yorkshire: the Reserve Number to “Topsy,” chestnut; bred by himself. Yearling Clydesdale Fillies. Jouxn M. Marri, Auchendennan Farm, Balloch, Dumbartonshire : +Fmsr Prize, 15/., for his dark bay ; bred by Mr. J. Ross, Titwood, Dunlop, N.B.; sire, “ Young Lord Lyon” (994); dam, by “Loch Fergus Champion” (149). Tuomas McQuEry, Crofts, Dalbeattie, N.B.: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Kelpie,” bay ; bred by himself; sire, “ Young Lord Lyon” (994); dam, “ Darling,” by “ Lorne” (499). : Lawrence Drew, Merryton, Hamilton, N.B.: Tuirp Prizp, 52, for his brown; bred by Mr, D. Riddell, Blackhall, Paisley, N.B.; sire, “ Pope ;” dam, by “ Young Lofty.” Tue Marquess or LoNDONDERRY, Seaham Hall, Durham: the Reserve Number to his brown; bred by himself; sire, “ What Care 1;” dam, “ Nance,” by “ Hendrie’s Farmer,” Yearling Suffolk Fillies. Wu11am Toturr, Gedgrave, Wickham Market, Suffolk: Firsr Prize, 157... for “Shelduck,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “Standard Bearer ;” dam, “ Scoten.” Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Kilburn. lxxiii Wruzan Byrorp, The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk: Szecoxp Prize, 10/., for his chestnut; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Volunteer ;” dam, “ Bragg,” by “The Hero.” Rosert E. Lorrt, Troston, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Turrp Prize, 5/., for “Jenny,” dark chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Young Cupbearer ;” dam, “ Brisk.” Hunter Mares and Foals. Grorce Leicuton, Osgodby, Scarborough, Yorkshire: First Paize, 30/., for “Snowflake,” bay, aged (foal by “ Landmark”); bred by Mr. Marris, Lincolnshire ; sire, “ Magnum ;” dam, by “ Professor Buck.” Joun GoopiirF, George Hotel, Huntingdon: Secoxp Prize, 20/., for “ Evan- geline,” bay, aged (foal by “Julius”): breeder unknown; dam, “Evan- geline,” by “ Lambton” or “ Magnum.” Wr11an Epwarp OaxKerey, Cliff House, Atherstone: THrrp Prize, 10/., for “ Minerva,” brown, about 12 years-old (foal by “ Watchman”); breeder unknown. Robert E. Lorrr, Troston Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk: the Reserve Number to “ Battlement,” bay, aged (foal by “ Gideon”); breeder un- known; sire, “ Knight of Kars ;” dam, “ Miss Betty.” Coaching Mares and Foals. Jous Kirsy, Burton Fields, Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire: First Prize, 20/., for “ Flora,” rich bay, 8 years-old (foal by the “ Sultan” i bred by Mr. Bilton, Mowthorp, Castle Howard, Yorks; sire, “The Earl ;” dam, by “ Aristocrat 7” and'Srconp Prize, "101, for “ Yorkshire Lady,” rich bay, 9 years-old (foal by ‘Lord Beaconsfield”); bred by Mr. J. Fawcett, Belthorp Farm, Bishop Wilton, Yorks; sire, “Splendour;” dam, by “ Guardsman.” Watrer SHoonsred, 127, Piccadilly, London: Tatrp Prize, 5/., for “ Lech- lade,” black brown, 14 years-old (foal by “Buxton *) 5 breeder un- known. Hackney Mares and Foals, above 14 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches. Tuomas Horrocks Miter, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire : First Prize, 20/., for “Bella,” brown, aged (foal by ‘*‘ The Squire ”) ; breeder unknown. Cuartes Lancaster, Kilosram Grange, Bedale, Yorkshire: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “Maid of All Work,” brown, 10 years-old (foal by “ Den- mark ”); bred by Mr. Thompson, Hurworth, Darlington; sire, “ The Norfolk Cob;” dam, by “ McOrville.” Aquica Krepy, Finckle Street, Market Weighton, Yorkshire: Tuirp Prize, 5l., for “ Nelly,” bay, 10 years-old (foal by “Star of the East ”); bred by himself. Epuusp Watter, M.D., R.N., Bridge Street, Peterborough : the Reserve Number to “ Kitty,” brown, 12 years-old (foal by * Little Jim” ); breeder unknown ; sire, ** Lyden ;” dam by “ Theon.” Ixxiv Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Pony Mares and Foals, above 13 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. CHRISTOPHER W. Witson, High Park, Kendal, Westmoreland: First Prize, 15l., for “Miss Constance,” chestnut, about 7 years-old (foal by “ Sir George”); breeder unknown. GrorGE FREDERICK STarrER, Park House, Whitefield, Manchester: Srconp Prize, 10/., for “ Polly,” brown, aged (foal by “ Young Prickwillow ”) ; breeder unknown. CuRISTOPHER W. Witsoy, High Park, Kendal: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Lady Polo,” bay, 7 years-old (foal by ‘“‘ Sir George”); breeder unknown. James FirrH CrowrHer, Knowle Grove, Mirfield, Yorkshire: the Reserve Number to “ Fairy,” bay, 7 years-old (foal by “ Charley Merry Legs”) ; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Triffit’s Fireaway ;’ dam by “ Sir Charles.” Pairs of Agricultural Mares or Geldings. CHARLES WILLIAM Briertey, Drinkwater Park, Prestwich, Manchester : First Prizk, 30/., for “Champion,” 7 years-old, “ Jack,” 7 years-old, both bay ; breeders unknown. JOHN WADDELL, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithgowshire: Seconp Prizx, 1dl., for “Sheba,” chestnut, 8 years-old; breeder unknown ; “ Darling,” brown, 7 years-old ; breeder unknown. Messrs. Watney AnD Co., Stag Brewery, Pimlico, London: the Reserve Number to “Sultan,” 7 years-old, “ Wager,” 6 years old, both bay ; breeders unknown. Agricultural Geldings—Four Years old or upwards. Tue Eart or ELLEsMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prize, 20/., for “ Ploughboy,” bay, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. J. Brown, Coldham Hall, Wisbech ; sire, “‘ Farmer’s Friend ;” dam by “ Thumper.” Messrs. CAFFERATA AND Co., Beacon Hill, Newark-on-Trent: Srconp PrizE, 10/., for “ Short,” black, 6 years-old ; breeder unknown. THE Ear oF ELiesMerr, Worsley Hall: Turrp Prizx, 5/., for “ Sultan,” black, 5 years old ; bred by Mr. Faller, Ramsey ; sire, Thacker’s ‘‘ Heart of Oak.” JouHN Wappett, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithgow: the Reserve Number to “Lofty,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. McWilliams, Stranraer, Ayr, N.B.; sire, “ Clansman.” Agricultural Geldings—Three Years old. Witi1am Rowe, Bank, Peterborough: First Prize, 15/., for “ Prince,” roan; bred by Mr. W. Bird, Foxley, Towcester, Northampton ; sire, “ Carlisle ;” dam, “ Jewell.” Txomas Horrocks Mruuer, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire : Seconp Prize, 10/., for “Thunder,” bay, bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Honest ‘om ;” dam, ‘‘'lopsey.” Agricultural Mares—Four Years old and upwards. Joun WappveEtt, Inch, Bathgate, Linlithgow, N.B.: Finsr Prize, 201. for “Countess,” brown, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. W. Hawsworth, Barton- field, Derby ; sire, ‘‘ Lofty.” ‘ 7 Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxv CHar.es Beart, Stow Bardolph, Downham;Market, Norfolk: Seconp Prig, 10/., for “ Lioness,” chestnut, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. W. B. Morris, Thorney, Cambs; sire, ‘‘ Nonpareil.” Tue Eart or EvtesMeke, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Tairp Prize, 5l., for “ Beauty,” brown, 10 years-old; bred by Mr. R. Griffin, Borough Fen, Peterborough ; sire, “ Comet”: and the Reserve Number to “ Honest Princess,” bay, 8 years-old; bred by Mr. Frohock, Willingham; sire, Welcher’s “ Honest Tom.” Hunter Mares or Geldings, Five Years old and upwards, up to 15 stone. JouxN SNowpon Forster, Lowick House, Beal, Northumberland: First Prize, 50/., for “ King John,” brown gelding, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. J. Dawson, jun., Trithington Hall, Morpeth; sire, “Lucifer ;’ dam, “Countess,” by “ Will-o’-the-Wisp.” Crcu, Henry Lecarp, Boynton, Bridlington, Yorkshire: Seconp Prize, 201, for “Blacklock,” dark dappled bay gelding, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. J. Jackson, Routh, Beverley, Yorks; sire, “ Torreador;” dam by “ Robinson.” Frrz-Otpaker, Gerrard’s Cross, Slough, Bucks: Tutrp Prize, 10/., for his bay gelding, aged ; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Voltigeur ;” dam by “ British German.” ANDREW JoHN Brown, North Elmshall Hall, Pontefract, Yorks: the Reserve Number to “ Gambler,” chestnut gelding, 6 years-old; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Knave of Hearts ;” dam by “ Emperor.” Hunter Mares or Geldings, up to 12 stone—Five Years old and upwards, AynpREW JoHN Browy, North Elmshall Hall, Pontefract: First Prize, 30/., for “Cockney,” bay gelding, 5 years-old; breeder unknown ; sire, * Londoner ;” dam by “ Arthur.” z Cuartes Rosez, Brook Bank, Malton, Yorks: Seconp Prize, 15/., for “ His Majesty,” bay gelding, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. J. Steward, Penrith, Cumberland ; sire, “ Lord Hastings.” RicHarRD Puipps, Spencer Parade, Northampton: THrrp Prize, 10/., for “Emperor,” black gelding, 8 years-old; breeder unknown. Caazies Cooper Haywakrp, Southill, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire: the Reserve Yumber to “ Ferryman,” bay gelding; breeder unknown. Hunter Geldings—Four Years old. Joun Youn, Kenley, Surrey: First Prize, 15/., for “ Yeoman,” chestnut ; bred by the late Sir George Cholmondley ; sire, “ Ploughboy ;” dam, “ Bellona,” by “ Angelus,” ANDREW JOHN Brown, North Elmshall Hall, Pontefract : SeconD Pr1zE, 15/., for “ Katerfelto,” bay ; breeder unknown; sire, “ Decorator.” Foorp Prestoy Newtoy, Norton Cottage, Malton, Yorks: Tuirp PriZe, 10/., for “Golden Plover,” chestnut; bred by Mr. Barker, Cowton, Northallerton ; sire, “ East Coast.” Ixxvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Tuomas Rosr, Melton Magna, Wymondham, Norfolk: the Reserve Number to “Fox Cover,” bay; bred by Mr. 'T. J. Robinson, Leckby, Assenby, Thirsk ; sire, ‘ Argyle;” dam,‘ Go-a-head.” Hunter Mares—Four Years old. Tuomas Hratu Foprn, Givendale Grange, Borobridge, Yorks: First Prize, 25/., for “ Princess,” grey ; bred by Mr. J. Snarry, Marramatt Farm, Sledmere ; sire, ‘‘ Morocco ;” dam, by “ Ravenshill.” GrorcE Buanp Barrtams, Kilworthy, Tavistock, Devon: Szconp Prize, 15/., for “ Nancy Lee,” brown; bred by Mr. Andrews, Totnes; sire, ‘‘ Make Haste.” Hunter Geldings—Three Years old. Epwarp James Davy, Gulholme, Owersby, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire : First Puize, 201., for “Prime Minister,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Vulcan ;” dam by ‘‘ Magnum.” , Winiiam Anperson, Houghton, Carlisle, Cumberland: Szconp Prizx, 10/., for “The Mystery,” chestnut; bred by Mr. W. H. Mulcahy, Bally- nooran; sire, “ Fenian ;” dam, “ Tipple Cider.” Joun RoweEit, Manor Farm, Bury, Hunts: 'xrrp Prizs, 5/., for “ Wood- man,” chestnut; bred by Mr. George Ekens, Warboys, Hunts; sire, “ Lifeboat.” ; RicHarDd GARRETT, Carleton Hall, Saxmundham, Suffolk: the Reserve oe to his bay ; bred by himself; sire, “The Beadle ;” dam, “The Nun.” Hunter Mares—Three Years old. James Tomuixson, Lutton Marsh, Long Sutton, Lincolnshire: First Prize, 20/., for “ Princess Margaret,” bright bay; bred by himself; sire, “ Egbert ;” dam by “Sloughy.” Coaching Mares or Geldings —Three Years old. Joun Kirpy, Burton Fields, Stamford Bridge, Yorks: Firsy Prize, 207, for “ Yorkshireman,” bay gelding ; bred by the late Mr. Cuss, Green Hammerton, Yorks ; sire, “ Sir Garnet.” Coaching Mares or Geldings above Three Years old, suitable for Omnibus Work. Ixewe F, THopay, Willingham, St. lves: First Prizp, 20/.,t for his chestnut gelding, 9 years-old; bred by Mr. W. I'ew, Wentworth, Ely. Tne LonpoN GENERAL OmNipus Company (Liuirep), 6 Finsbury Square, London: the Reserve Number to their bay mare, 5 years old; breeder unknown. + Given by the London General Omnibus Company. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxvil Hackney Mares or Geldings, above 14 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches, and up to not less than 15 stone. Joun Ropryson, Cleveland House, Hull: Frrst Prize, 20/., for “Charles the 2nd,” dark-chestnut gelding, 8 years-old; bred by Mr. Fewston, Watton, Driffield. Joux P. Crompton, Thornholm, Burton Agnes, Hull: Smconp Prize, 10/., for “ Discord,” chestnut gelding, 4 years-old; bred by himself; sire, “Denmark ;” dam by “St. Giles.” James Rrreuir, the Limes, Church End, Finchley, Middlesex : Tutrp Prize, 51, for “ Lincoln,” brown gelding, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. M. Harrison, _ Barton, Driffield ; sire, “‘ Lord Stanley.” Sim Pryse Pryse, Bart., Gogerddan, Bowstrect (vii Shrewsbury, R. 8. O.): the Reserve Number to “The Dean,” bay gelding, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Rees, Cilgellcarrol, Lampeter; sire, “ Sailor Bach.” Hackney Mares or Geldings, above 14 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches, and up to not less than 12 stone. Joun Roprnson, Cleveland House, Coltman Street, Hull: First Prize, 20/., for “ Lady Watton,” brown mare, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Sterriker, Walton, Driffield; sire, “‘ Denmark ;” dam by “ Old Rattler.” CunistorpHER W. Witson, High Park, Kendal, Westmoreland : Szconp Prize, 10/., for “Sunbeam,” bay gelding, 8 years-old; breeder unknown; sire, “Bay President.” Tue STAND Stup Company, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: Turrp Prize, 51., for “ Silver Locks,” chestnut gelding, 4 years-old ; bred by Mr. Major, Sledmere, Yorkshire ; sire, “ Denmark.” Henry Vitiar, New Court House, Charlton Kings, Cheltenham: the Reserve Number to “ Yorkshire Lass,” brown mare, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. H. Clay, Northallerton ; sire, “ Van-Galen ;” dam, by “ Augur.” Ladies’ Hackney Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 hands. Dr. EpMunp WattiER, R.N., Bridge Street, Peterborough: First Prize, 201., for “ Comet,” grey mare, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Ernest Simpkins, Ablington, Marlborough; sire, “ Tympanum.” Francis Cook Marruews, Easterfield House, Driffield, Yorks: Szeconp Prizx, 10/., for ‘ Zephyr,” brown mare, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. H. Moore, Hutton, Cranswick, Hull; sire, “‘ Fireaway.” CHRISTOPHER Simpson, Hartendale House, Flambro’, Hull: the Reserve Number to “ Chance,” dark brown mare, 6 years-old; bred by himself ; sire, Triffit’s ‘‘ Fireaway ;” dam by “ Guicowar.” Hackney Mares or Geldings, above 13 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. Wit11am Henry Mawpstry, Astley House, Sharples, Bolton, Lancashire : First Prize, 15/., for “Queen of the Fairies,” bay mare, 7 years-old ; bred by Mr. C. W. Wilson, High Park, Kendal, Westmoreland: sire, *“Young Charlie.” Ixxvili Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Frank Hoieswortn, Shipton, Market Weighton, Yorks : Szeconp Prize, 10/., for “The Swell,” dark chestnut gelding, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. J. Lee, Brounsey House, Harswell, Pocklington ; sire, ‘* King Charley,” by “ Prickwillow.” Francis Cook Marruews, Easterfield House, Driffield, Yorkshire: Tarrp PrizE, 5/., for “ Reciprocity,” bay gelding, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Robert Carr, Low Farm, Kilham, Yorks; sire, ‘‘ Denmark.” GeorceE Samvurn Hat, Ely, Cambs: the Reserve Number to * Beauty,” dark bay mare, 6 years-old ; breeder unknown. Pony Mares ov Geldings above 12 hands 2 inches and not exceeding 13 hands 2 inches. Wuu11m Heyry Mawpstey, Astley House, Sharples, Bolton-le-Moors, Lan- cashire: Firsy Prize, 15/., for ‘‘ Fanny,” bay mare, 5 years-old; breeder unknown. Wir1am Foster, Grove Villas, Pontefract, Yorks: Seconp Prizz,10l., for “ Novelty,” brown gelding, 6 years-old ; breeder unknown. GrorGE CLARKE, Lutton Marsh, Long Sutton, Lincolnshire: Tarp Prize, 51, for ‘“‘ Jeannette,” brown mare, 4 years-old; bred by himself; sire, © Burghly.” Pony Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 12 hands 2 inches. Wut11am Hexry Mawopstey, Astley House, Sharples, Bolton, Lancashire : First Prize, 15/., for “Tiny,” bay mare, 6 years-old; breeder unknown ;, sire, ‘‘ Sir George.” James Watney, Jun., M.P., Thorney House, Palace Gate, London: SEconp: PrizE, 5/., for “ Prince,” grey gelding, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. T.. Baker, Lynton, Devon. A Witi1am Forster, Grove Villas, Pontefract: Tu1rp Prize, 5/., for “ Toby,” black gelding, 8 years-old; breeder unknown. MULES. Mules, above 15 hands, suitable for Agricultural and Heavy Draught purposes. Cuar.es Lesiiz SurHERLAND, Coombe, Croydon, Surrey : First Prize; 207.,. for “ Beauty,” grey Poitou, 9 years-old: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Blos— som,” brown Poitou, 11 years-old: and THirp Prize, 5/., for “ Brunette,” brown Poitou, 9 years-old. Cuartes Maxrietp Hopsoin, Loose Court, Maidstone, Kent: the Reserve: Number to his iron-grey, 5 years-old. Mules, not exceeding 15 hands, for general purposes. Cuarves Lestir SurHErtaNp, of Coombe, Croydon, Surrey: Fitsr Prize, 201., for “ Centennial Harry,” piebald, 8 years-old ; bred in Kentucky. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxix JosEpH CHARLES Parkryson, Dock House, Newport, Monmouthshire: Szeconp Prizg, 10/., for ‘‘ Dena,” brown, + years-old: bred by Sir George Elliot, Bart., M.P., Aberaman: sire, “ Hassan” (Egyptian); dam, a Welsh pony- Tse Duke or Beaurort, K.G., Badminton, Chippenham, Wilts: Tuirp Prize, 5/., for “ Blanche,” bay, aged ; breeder unknown. Tue Ayiespury Datry Company, 31, St. Petersburg Place, Bayswater, London: the Reserve Number to “ Marie,” bay Pyrenean or Spanish, 3 years-old ; bred by M. Denis, Buzidelat. ASSES. Stallion Asses, three years old and upwards. CxArLes LEsLIE SUTHERLAND, Coombe, Croydon, Surrey: First Prize, 20/., for “ Comte de Vitre,” brown Poitou, 4 years-old. Lorp Artuur Ceci, Orchardmains, Innerleithen, N.B.: Szconp Prizes, 10/., for “ David,” black Poitou, 4 years-old ; bred by Mr. C. L. Sutherland, Coombe, Croydon; sire, “ Cormillon ;” dam, ‘‘ Comtesse.” Sir Grorce Exior, Bart., M.P., of Aberaman House, Aberdare, Glamorgan~ shire: the Reserve Number to ‘‘ Hassan,” white Egyptian, 8 years-old. She Asses. Cuar.eEs LESLIE SUTHERLAND, Coombe, Croydon, Surrey : First Prize, 20/., for “ Adele,” brown Poitou, aged. Epwarp Pras, Greencroft, Darlington, Co. Durham: Srconp Prizx, 10/., for “‘ Jenny,” brown, 3 years-old; bred by Exhibitor; sire, “ Leon,” a Poitou; dam, a Maltese. Lorp Arruur CeciL, Orchardmains, Innerleithen, N.B.: the Reserve Numbei to “Jenny Lind,” black, 3 years-old; bred by Mr. C. L. Sutherland, Coombe, Croydon; sire, “‘ Comte de Poitou ;” dam, “ Prima Donna.” CATTLE. Shorthorn Bulls above Three Years old. Lorp RatHponneEtt, Lisnavagh, Tullow, Co. Carlow: First Prize, 500., for “ Anchor ” (32,947), roan, 5 years, 4 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by Mr. Richard Chaloner, King’s Fort, Moynalty, Co. Meath ; sire, “ King James” (28,971); dam, “ Alma 2nd,” by “ Hohenlohe” (18,074) ; g. d., “ Alma,” by “ Crusade” (7938) ; gr. g. d., “‘ Georgia,” by ‘ The Stuart ”” (7623), gr. g. g.d., “ Zuleika,” by ‘“ Norfolk ” (2377). Tuomas Wi.uis, Jun., Manor House, Carperby, Bedale, Yorkshire: Szcoxp Prize, 25/., for “ Rear-Admiral” (87,310); roan, 4 year, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Admiral Windsor;” (32,912); dam, “Windsor’s Hyacinth,” by “Windsor’s Prince” (32,164); ¢. d., Ixxx Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. “Camelia Windsor,” by “ Windsor Fitz-Windsor” (25,458); gr.g.d., — “ Camelia,” by “ Royal Alfred” (18,748); gr. g. g. d., “‘ Mayflower,” by “ Knight of the Garter ” (13,124). Tue Eart or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Turrp Prize, 15/., for “ Attractive Lord” (32,968), red and white, 5 years, 1 month, 1 day-old ; bred by Mr. T. Pears, Hackthorne, Lincoln; sire, ‘ Knight of Killerby” (28,999); dam, “ Attraction,” by “ Robin” (24,968); g. d., “ Alice Buckingham,” by gE Royal Buckingham ” Ses “we gr. g. d., “Anna Maria,” by “ Sir Roger” (16,991) ; gr. g. 6 Adelaide,” by “The Squire” (12,217). JoHN OuTHWAITE, Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire: Fourru Prize, 101, for * Royal Windsor ” (28,890), white, 10 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, 4 days- old; bred by Mr. T. Willis, Manor House, Carperby, Bedale; sire, “ Windsor ee ” (25,458); dam, “ Royal Lily,” by “ Fitz- Clarence” (14,552) ; “Water Lily,” by “The Silkey Laddie” (10,947); gr. g.d., “ fc ‘of the Nile,” i “ Wilberforce ” (9830) ; gr. Poiee- Ces A Lily of the Valley,” by “ Hartforth ” (9191). WiuttraM Lrytow, Sheriff Hutton, York: the Reserve Number to “ Sir yee Ingram” (32,490), roan, 7 years, 5 months, 6 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “Sergeant-Major” (29,957) ; dam, “ Fragrance,” by “ Moun- tain Chief” (20,383); g. d., “ Miss Topsy,” by “ Blood Royal” (17,428); gr. g. d., “ Yorkshire Lass,” by “Magnus Troil” (14,880); gr. g. g. d., “Beauty,” by “ Bates” (12,451). Shorthorn Bulls above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Tuomas Writs, Jun., Manor House, Carperby, Bedale, Yorkshire: First Prize, 251., for “ Vice-Admiral ” (39,257), roan, 2 years, 10 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Admiral Windsor” (82, et dam, ‘* W indsor’s Hyacinth,” by & Windsor’s Prince” (82,164); ¢ - d., “Camelia Windsor,” by ‘‘ Winsor Fat ree oe 458); gr. : “Camelia,” by “Royal Alfred (18,748); gr. g. g. « Mayflower.” by “Knight of the Garter” (13,124). CotoxEL R. Nicet F. Kiyescore, C.B., M.P., Kingscote, Wotton-under- Edge, Gloucestershire: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Cowslip Boy ” (38,051), roan, 2 years, 7 mouths, 1 week, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Duke of Hillhurst” (28,401) ; dam, ‘‘ Cowslip 5th,” by “ Oxford Beau” (29,485); g. d., “Cowslip 3rd,” by Grand Duke 11th” (21,849) ; e ood, “Cherry Cheeks,” by “Mac Turk” (14,872); gr. g. g. es Cherry Lips,” by “ Cherry Duke 2nd” (14,265). BraDBuRY WILLIAM TASsELL, Hode, sabia Canterbury: Txrrp Prize, 10/., for “Osman” (40,415), roan, 2 years, 5 months, 3 weeks 5 days old; bred by Mr. R. Burn Blyth, ’Woolhampton, Reading ;‘sire, « Alphonso” (82,943); dam, “ Duchess Marie 2nd,” by “ Duke of Kennett” (80,977) ; g. d., “Valentine,” by “Tam 0’ Shanter ” (20,930) ; ar. g g. d., “ Rosa Bonheur,” by “ Prince Imperial ” (16,740); gr. g. g. di, ‘ * Rosa,” by “‘ Marmaduke ” (14,897). ALEXANDER Henry Browne, Callaly Castle, Alnwick, Northumberland : FourtH Prize, 5/., for “ Patricio” (38,852), roan, 2 years, 6 months, 1 day-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Pioneer” (35,042) ; dam, “ Merry Princess,” by “ Merry Monarch ” (22,349) ; g.d., “ Princess,” by « Abbots- ford” (23,256); gr. g. d., Wolviston Princess,” by “Wolviston” (19,163) 5. Sis Ey Es ag Bttrick Princess,” by “ Ettrick” (14,518). Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxxi James Stee Bout, Dodhill Hotise, Kingston, Taunton: the Reserve Number to “Duke of Hazlecote 48th” (89,742), roan, 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by Colonel Kingscote, C.B., M.P., Kingscote Park, Wotton-under-Edge; sire, “ Duke of Hillhurst” (28,401); dam, “Honey 24th,” by “Second Duke of Wetherby” (21,618); g. d., “Honey 15th,” by “ Duke of nae ” (19,611) ; gr. g. d., “‘ Honeydew,” by “* Viceroy » (18,945) ; gr. g “Helen,” by “« Oregon ” (8371). Shorthorn Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Witr1am Hanptey, Green Head, Milnthorpe, Westmoreland: First Prize, 251., for “‘ Master Harbinger ” (40,324), roan, 1 year, 7 months, 1 week, 6 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Alfred the Great” (36,121) ; dam, “ Karl’s Flora,” by “ Earl of Eglinton” (23,882) ; ¢. d., “ Flora Cobham,” by “ Marquis of Cobham ” (22,299) ; gr. g. d., “ Flower of Fitz-Clarence,” by “Alfred Fitz-Clarence” (19,215); gr. g. g. d., “Miss Nicety,” by “ Veteran” (13,941). Tur Rev. Ropert Bruce KENNARD, Marnhull, Blandford, Dorset : Szconp Prize, 15l., for “Prince Regent,” roan, 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks, 3 pale old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Grand Duke of Oxford ” (28, 763) ; dam, ‘“‘ Queen Anne,” by “Lord Stanley 2nd” (26,745); g. d., “ Queen Bertha,” by “ Macaroni” (24,498) ; gr. g.d., ‘ Mildred,” by “Duke of Norfolk”? (17,785) ; gr. g. g. d., “Moss Rose,” by “ Fanatic ” (17,828). Witi1am Linton, Sheriff Hutton, York: Tuirp Prizn, 10/., for “ Arthur Benedict,” roan, 1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself 3 sire, “ Paul Potter” (38,854) ; dam, “ Maleta,” by “Sir Arthur Ingram” (82 490); g g. d., “Maid of Honour, ” by “ Pele ” (29,957); gr. g. d., “ Hand Maid, » by “May Day » (20,328) ; g. d., “ White Rose, ” by ‘“‘ Magnus Troil” (14,880). Lorp Arruur Cecin, Orchardmains, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire, N.B.: Fourta Prize, 5/., for “ Wild Oxonian ” (40,927), roan, 1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks, 8 days-old; bred by Mr. Thomas Wilson, Shotley Hall, Northumberland ; sire, ‘Duke of Oxford 31st” (83,713); dam, “ Wild Kyebright,” by “Sixth Duke of Geneva” (80,959); g. d., “ Wild Eyes Duchess,” by “Grand Duke 9th” (19,879); gr. g. d., “Wild Eyes 19th,” by “La- blache” (16,353); gr. g. g. d., ** Wild Eyes 18th,” by “ Solon” (13, 766). JAMES SNARRY, Maramatt Farm, Sledmere, York: the Reserve Number to “Lord of Ryedale” (40,214), roan, 1-year, 10 months, 3 weeks, 5 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “Oxford Ryedale 2nd” (84,991); dam, « Wild Rose,” by “ Tonoramus ” (28,887); g. d., “Early Rose,” by “Duke of Towneley - (21,615); gr. g. a, © Victoria Rose,” by ait Roger” (16,991); gr. g. g. d., “Tady Victoria,” by “Monk” (11,824). Shorthorn Bull Calves, above Sia and not exceeding Twelve Months old. JOSEPH STRATTON, Alton Priors, Marlborough, Wilts: First Prize, 20/., for “ Mercury,” red, 11 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Paragon” (87,176); dam, “ Minerva,” by ‘Eighth Duke yo York” (28,808) ; g. d., “ Europa, a DY Windsor Castle” (21,118) ; Sides “Hilla,” by. “Hermit” (14,697); gr. g. g. d., “ Hurydice 2nd,” ae “Tord of the Manor” (14,836). JABEZ OrvsE, Cleave Farm, Bulkworthy, Brandiscorner, North Devon: Szconp Prize, 15/., for “ The Right Honourable Devonshire Dumpling,” red and VOL. XV.—S. 8. f Axxxii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. white, 9 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Oxford Duke 10th” (38,830); dam, “Charmer 2nd,” by ‘Royal Windsor” (29,890) ; gr.d., “Charmer,” by “Cistercian” (28,202) ; gr. g. d., “Charm,” by “ Bullion” (15,703); gr. g. g. d., “ Cygnet,” by “Captain” (14,229). Tomas Witson, Shotley Hall, Northumberland: Turmp Prize, 10/., for “ Wild Freshman,” roan, 11 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Oxford 3lst” (83,713); dam, “ Wild Eye- bright,” by “Sixth Duke of Geneva” (30,959); g. d., “ Wild Eyes” Duchess,” by “Grand Duke 9th” (19,879); gr. g. d., “ Wild Eyes 19th,” by “Lablache” (16,353); gr. g. g. d., “ Wild Eyes 18th,” by “Solon” (13,766). Joun Ausrey Mumrorp, Brill House, Thame, Oxfordshire: FourtH Prize, 5/., for ‘Country Boy,” red, 10 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “Third. Duke of Kirklevington” (33,684); dam, “Country Lass,” by “ Notley” (31,991); g. d., “Camilla,” by “Earl of Lancaster” (21,647); gt. g. du, “Criterion,” by “Earl Ducie” (17,767); gr. g. g. d., “Cricket,” by “ Sorcerer” (13,772). JouN Tuompsoy, Badminton, Chippenham, Wilts: the Reserve Number to “Lord Darlington 18th,” roan, 11 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Grand Duke of Gloucester” (86,721); dam, “ Darlington 15th,” by “Grand Duke of York” (24,071); g. d., “Darlington 10th,” by “Fourth Duke of Oxford” (11,387); gr. g. d., “Darlington 1st,” by “Thomas” (5471); gr. g. g. d., “ Pretty Maid,” by “‘ Eryholme” (8736). THE Marquis or Exeter, Burghley Park, Stamford: the CHAmpion Prizx,t value 100/., for “‘Telemachus 6th.” Shorthorn Cows, above Three Years old. TEASDALE Hitton Hutrcurysox, Manor House, Catterick, Yorkshire: First Prizz, 20/., for “ Grateful,” roan, 4 years, 6 months, 5 days-old, in-milk and in-calf, calved March 4, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “M. C.” (81,898) ; dam, “ Gerty 8rd,” by “ Knight of the Shire” (26,552); g. d., “Gerty,” by “Vain Hope” (23,102); gr. g. d., “ Garland,” by “Grand Master’? (24,078); gr. g. g. d., “Bridget,” by “ Highthorn” (13,028). 1 THE Marquis or Exeter, Burghley House, Stamford: Szconp Prize, 15/., for “Telemacina,” roan, 5 years, 7 months, 1 week, 3 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Telemachus” (27,603); dam, “ Lady Penrhyn,” by “ Third Duke of Wharfdale” (21,619); g. d., ‘‘ Nonpareil 21st,” b “Duke of Geneva” (19,614); gr. g. d., “Nonpareil 20th,” by “ Mar- maduke” (14,897); gr. g. g. d., “Nonpareil 19th,” by “Matadore (41,800). James Stee Bunt, Dodhill House, Kingston, Taunton: Turrp Pause, 1 for “ Annette,” white, 4 years, 2 weeks, 4 days-old, in-milk and in-calf, calved Sept. 20, 1878; bred by himself ; sire, ‘‘ Cardinal” (28,144) ; da “ Anemone 9th,” by “ Grand Sultan” (26,311); g.d., “Anemone 7th,” b' “ Augustus Windsor ” (19,248); er. g. d., “ Anemone 3rd,” by “ Upstart (9760); gr. g. g. d., “ Anemone,” by “ Allan-a-Dale” (7778). Bengamin St. Jonn Ackers, Prinknash Park, Painswick, Gloucestershire Fourtu Prizx, 5/., for “ Lady Carew 2nd,” light roan, 3 years, 9 mon 1 week, 2 days-old, in-milk, calved March 14, 1879; bred by himse + Given by the Mansion House Committee for the best Shorthorn Male. - Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxxlii sire, ‘County Member” (28, 268); dam, “Lady Jane,” by “ Baron Killerby ” (23,364); g. d., “ Miracle,” by = potas James” (20, re gr. g. d., “ Heather Bell,” by “ Hero” as, 055); gr. g.g.d., “Fanny,” by “Rubens” (5027). Her Masesty THE Queen, Windsor Castle: the Reserve Number to “ Cawlina 5th,” roan, 5 years, 1 month, 3 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by Her Majesty, Prince Consort’s Shaw Farm, Windsor; sire, “‘ King Tom” (81,521) ; dam, “ Cawlina 2nd,” by “‘ Prince ‘of Saxe-Coburz” (20 576); kd eg Cawlina,” by “ Prince Alfred” pi aie ar a Gold Cream, a by “Earl of Dublin ” (10,178); gr. g. a6 “Pansy, " by “© Gray Friar” (9172). Shorthorn Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Tico and not exceeding Three Years old. Francis J. Savite Forsamse, M.P., a Hall, Worksop, Notts: First Prive, 20/., for “ Azucena,” roan, 2 years, 10 months, 1 week, 6 days-old, in-calf ; bred by himself ; sire, “‘ Sweet Pea” (35,768) ; dam, “ Zingara,” by “ Knight of the Crescent” (26, 547); g.d., “ Zinganee, PS Typ oe Knight of the Garter” (22, 062); gr. g. d., “Gipsy Queen,” by “Imperial Windsor” (18,086) ; gr. g. g. d., “ Sybil, * by ** May Duke” (16,553). : Tue DUKE or a anp Gorpon, K.G., Gordon Castle, Fochabers, N.B.: Secoxp Prue, 15/., for “Chief Lustre,” roan, 2 years, 7 months, 1 week- old, in-milk, calved March 26, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “ ome Officer” (36, 359); dam, “ Lustre 15th,” by ES oe pare (32, 392); g 5 “Lustre 12th,” by “Baron Colling” (25, 560); gr. g. d., “ Lustre bin by “ Michigan ” (24,594); gr. g.g. a “ Lustre 5th, a “ Prince Arthur” (16,723). Davin Pues, Manoravon, Llandilo, Carmarthenshire: Tarrp Prize, 10/., for “ Czarina 12th,” roan, 2 years, 10 aaa, 4 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Albemarle” (28,355); dam, “ Czarina 9th,” by “ Falconer ” (23, 907) ; g. d., “ Czarina 5th, Gls) chee Earl of Elgin” (21,642) ; 7 gr. g. d., “ Zoe,” by “ Prince William” (20, 607); gr. g. g. d., “‘Czarina 4th,” by “ Libra” “as, 197). ALBERT BRASSEY, Heythrop Park, Chipping Norton, Oxon: Fourts Prize, 5/., for “ Jemima 4th,” red and white, 2 years, 11 months, 4 weeks-old, in- calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Parallax ” (35, 009) ; dam, 6 Jemima,” by “Duke of 'Towneley” (21, 615); g. d., “ Jennet,” by « Havelock” (14,676) ; gr. g. d., “ Jenny Royal,” by . ‘Royal isi Gi le 636) ; sr .g. g. da, “ Jenny Lind,” by “ Fitzhardinge” (8073). Her Masesty THE QuEEN, Windsor Castle: the Reserve Number to “Cawlina 9th,” roan, 2 years, 7 months, 1 week, 6 days-old, in-milk and in-calf, calved February 20, 1879; bred by Her Majesty, Prince Consort’s Shaw Farm, Windsor; sire, ‘ Manrico” (25,805); dam, “Cawlina 5th,” by “King Tom” (31,521); g. d., “Cawlina 2nd,” by “Prince of Saxe ae" re 576); gr. g.‘d. “Cawlina, ” by “Prince Alfred” (13,494) ; gt. g. “Cold Cream,” by “ Earl of Dublin” (10,178). Shorthorn Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. TeaspaLe H. Hutcarssoy, Manor House, Catterick, Yorkshire: First Pame, 20/., and the Cuampros Pave st value 100/., for Gainful,” roan, 1 year, 8 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself ; sire, “ King Alfonso * + Given by the Mansion House Committee for the best Shorthorn Female. » -Ixxxiv Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. (36,832); dam, “Grateful,” by “M. C.” (81,898); g. d., “Gerty 38rd,” by “Knight of the Shire” (26,552); gr. g. d., “ Gerty,” by ‘ Vain Hope ” (238,102); gr. g. g. d., “Garland,” by “ Grand Master ” (24,078). Lorp Firznarpinae, Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire: SzconD Prize, 15/., for “ Kirklevington Empress 3rd,” roan, 1 year, 10 months, 1 week, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Connaught” (838,604) ; dam, ‘‘Kirklevington Empress,” by “Second Duke of Tregunter” (26,022) ; g. d., “Siddington 7th,” by “Seventh Duke of York” (17,754); gr. g. d., “Siddivgton 38rd,” by “Seventh Duke of York” (17,754); gr. g. g. d., “Kirklevington 7th,” by “ Earl of Derby ” (10,177). Wixiiam Hosken anp Son, Loggan’s Mill, Hayle, Cornwall: Turrp Prizz, 10/., for “Rose of Oxford 8rd,” roan, 1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by themselves; sire, ‘‘Second Baron Wild Eyes” (30,497); dam, “ Rose of Oxford,” by ‘Fifth Earl of Oxford” (28,515); g. d., ‘‘ White Rose,” by ‘Thorndale Mason” (23,067); gr. g. d., “ Moss Rose,” by “ Prince Frederick” (16,7384); gr. g. g. d., “Fancy 2nd,” by “Sir John Barleycorn ” (12,085). Davin Puax, Manoravon, Llandilo, Carmarthenshire: Fourts Prizm, 5/., for “Tulip 4th,” roan, 1 year, 4 months, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Falmouth” (388,268); dam, ‘‘ Tulip,” by “Prince of the Empire” (20,578); g. d., “ Topsy,” by “ Britain” (17,463); gr. g. d., “Tabby,” by “Puritan” (20,614); gr. g. g. d., “Topsy 2nd,” by “General” (16,100) : and the Reserve Number to “ Marchioness Manorayon 4th,” white, 1 year, 8 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Falmouth” (38,268); dam, “ Marchioness Manoravon Ist,” by “Lord Abbot” (29,052); g. d., “Marchioness,” by “Lord Lyons” (26,677); gr. g. d., “Mistress Mary,” by “ Baron Warlaby ” (7813); gr. g. g. d., “ Water Witch,” by “ Royal Buck” (10,750). Shorthorn Heifer Calves, above Sia and not eaceeding Twelve Months old. Lorp FirzHarDIncE, Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire: First Prizn, 207. for “ Lady Wild Eyes 15th,” red and white, 10 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself; sire, ‘Duke of Connaught” (83,604); dam, “Lady Wild Mrs. Saran Jane Perry, Coolcronan House, Ballina, Co. Mayo: SrconpD Prizp, 15/., for “ Madeline Benedicta,” roan, 10 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by herself; sire, “Royal Benedict” (27,3848); dam, “ Blythe Butterfly,” by “Lord Blythe” (22,126); g. d., “Alice Butterfly,” by “Master Butterfly ” (13,311) ; gr. g. d., “ Alice 2nd,” by “ Duke of Athol” (10,150); gr. g. g. d., “ Madeline,” by “ Marcus” (2262), Sir Joun Henry Grevititn Smyrna, Bart., Ashton Court, Bristol: Tarp Prize, 101., for “Lady Ashton 4th,” red and little white, 9 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Connaught” (38,604) dam, “Lady Ashton 2nd,” by “Karl of Leicester 3rd” (33,804); g. d., “Lady Penrhyn,” by “Oxford Duke” (27,019); gr. g. d., “ Nosegay, by “ Earl of Darlington” (21,636); gr. g. g. d., “Nora,” by “Stanley (18,916). Witri1AmM Hersert Woprnousr, Woolmers Park, Hertford: Fourrn Prize, 51, for “* Countess of Woolmers 2nd,” roan, 8 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old a Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxxv bred by himself; sire, “ Royal Havering 2nd” (35,375); dam, “ Countess of Woolmers,” by “ Woolmers Duke” (32,890) ; g. d., “Countess,” by “ Arch- dale” (21,183); gr. g. d., “ Lily,” by “ Duke of Argyle” (11,375); gr. g. g. d., “Cora,” by “ Marquis” (11,786), Wi11am Hosken anv Son, Loggan’s Mill, Hayle, Cornwall: the Reserve Number to “Rose of Oxford 4th,” roan, 11 months, 1 week, 4 days-old ; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Duke of Oxford 33rd” (36,528) ; dam, ‘ Rose of Oxford,” by “Fifth Harl of Oxford” (28,515); g. d., “ White Rose,” by “Thorndale Mason” (23,067); gr. g. d., “ Moss Rose,” by “ Prince Frederick ” (16,734); gr. g. g. d., “ Fancy 2nd,” by “Sir John Barley- corn ” (12,085). : Shorthorn Cows, and each with not less than Two of her Offspring. Tue Marquis or Exerer, Burghley Park, Stamford: First Prize, 500., for “Sea Gull,” roan, 11 years, 2 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Nestor” (24,648); dam, “ Petrel,” by “Fourth Duke of Thorndale” (17,750); g. d., “Sandpiper,” by “The Briar” (15,376); gr. g. d., “ Water Wagtail,” by “Francisco” (12,893); gr. g. g. d., “ Water Rail,” by “Columbus” (10,063). And Offspring, bred by him- self: “ Telemachus 6th” (85,725), roan bull, 6 years, 6 months, 2 weeks, . 2 days-old; sire, “Telemachus” (27,603): ‘‘Telemachus 9th” (35,727), roan bull, 5 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; sire, “‘ Telemachus ” (27,603): “Sea Bird,” roan cow, 3 years, 1 month, 1 week, 3 days-old; sire, “Telemachus” (27,603): “Sea Lark,” roan cow, 2 years, 3 months, 5 days-old; sire, “ Telemachus” (27,603), Cotonen R. Loyp Liypsay, V.C., M.P., Lockinge Park, Wantage, Berks : SeconD Prizx, 25/., for “ Princess Rose,” roan, 9 years, 11 months, 1 day- old; sire, “ Duke of Jamaica” (23,758); dam, “Roan Duchess,” by “ Gloucester’s Grand Duke” (12,949); g. d., “Charmer,” by “ Fourth Duke of York” (10,167); gr. g. d., “Chaplet,” by “ Usurer” (9763) ; gr. g. g. d., “ Chatf,” by “Duke of Cornwall” (5947). And Offspring, “Churchill,” roan bull, 2 years, 7 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; sire, “Lord Rockville” (34,658) : “ Stamboul,” roan bull, 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; sire, “ Lord Rockville” (84,658): “ Red Prince,” roan bull, 8 months, 1 week, 6 days-old; sire, ‘“‘ Earl of Horton 11th” (86,588) ; all bred by himself: and Tutrp Prize, 10/., for “ Buriesque,” red, 10 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by the Earl of Radnor, Coleshill, Highworth; sire, “ Fawsley Baronet” (23,920); dam, “ Britannia,” by “Master Coleshill” (18,344); g.d., “ Blossom,” by “ Sultan” (15,358); er. g. d., ‘ Bloom,” by “ Neptune ” (11,847); gr. g. g. d., “‘Rocket,” by “* Fanatic” (8054). And Offspring, bred by him- self: “ Blueberry,” red cow,8 years, 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; sire, “Rob Roy” (29,806): ‘ Bella Donna,” red cow, 7 years, 5 months, 1 week-old ; sire, “‘ Lord Napier” (26,691): ‘ Bridesmaid,” red cow, 6 years, 5 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; sire, “ Lord Napier” (26,691): “Cherry Blossom,” red cow, 3 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; sire, “ Duke of Cerisia” (30,937): ‘“ Barbara,” cow, red, 8 months, 1 week, 1 day-old ; sire, “ Earl of Horton 11th” (36,588). Hereford Bulls, above Three Years old. Aaron Rocers, The Rodd, Kington, Herefordshire: First Prize, 30/., and the Cuampion Prizz, value 501., for ‘‘ Grateful,” 6 years, 1 week, 1 day- old; bred by himself; sire, “Sir Thomas” (2228); dam, “ Lady Lizzie,” by “Jupiter” (8191); g.d., “Lady Court Lass,” by “ David” (1204); gr. g. d., “Lady Court,” by “ Mameluke” (1307). Ixxxvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Wittram Taytor, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire: Srconp Prizz, 201., for “Thoughtful” (5063), 4 years, 9 months, 6 days-old; bred by himself ; sire, “Mercury ” (8967); dam, “Young Beauty,” by “Sir Francis” (3438); g. d., “Beauty,” by “ Holmer” (2048); gr. g. dy “ Hazel,” by “ Tomboy ” (1097). Joun Fxiuiorr Best, Tremeer, Lanteglos, Fowey, Cornwall: Tuirp Prizz, 10/., for “ Bedford,” 5 years, 9 months, 5 days-old ; bred by Mr. T. Fenn, Ludlow ; sire, “Sir John 2nd” (8455); dam, “Duchess Bedford 6th,” by “Severus 2nd” (2747); g. d., “Duchess Bedford,” by “ Arthur Napoleon” (910). Joun H. B. Lutiey, Brockhampton, Worcester: the Reserve Number to “Cupid” (5284), 5 years, 2 months, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Byron 5th ” (4393); dam, “Venus 2nd,” by “ Gardener” (5334); g. d., - “Venus”; gr. g. d. “ Petrel 3rd,” by ‘ Sir Richard ” (1784). Hereford Bulls, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Tuomas JAMES CaRWARDINE, Stockton Bury, Leominster, Herefordshire : First Prizn, 25/., for “Anxiety,” 2 years, 9 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“ Longhorns” (4711); dam, ‘“ Helena,” by ‘‘De Cote” (8060) ; g.d., “Regina,” by “Heart of Oak” (2085); gr. g. d., “ Lily,” by “ Titterstone.” Tuomas Myppieron, Llynaven, Clun, Shropshire: Srconp Prizu, 15/., for “ Hartington” (5858), 2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by Mr. Rogers, The Grove, Pembridge; sire, “Grove 3rd” (5051); dam, “ Gay,” by ‘“‘ Longhorn” (3216); g. d., “Gay,” by “ Matchless” (2110) ; gr. g.d., “Gay,” by “ Trusty ” (2847). Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: Turrp Prizx, 5/., for “Goldfinder,” 2 years, 10 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Horace 2nd” (4655); dam, ‘‘ Rosaline,” by “Sir John 8rd” (8456) ; g. d., “ Fairy,” by “Shamrock ” (2750); gr. g. d., “ Fair-— maid 2nd” by “ Goldfinder 2nd” (959), Hereford Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Joun Hunecrrrorp Arkwricut, Hampton Court, Leominster, Herefordshire + First Prize, 25/., for “‘ Conjuror,” 1 year, 10 months, 83 weeks, 5 days- old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Concord” (4458); dam, ‘‘Ivington Lass 8rd,” by “ Bayleaf” (8675); g. d., “ Ivington Lass,” by “ Dan O’Connell” (1952). Rees Wiitrams Bripewater, Great Porthamal, Talgarth, Breconshire: Srconp Prize, 15/., for “‘ Romulus,” 1 year, 8 months, 8 weeks, 1 day- old; bred by himself; sire, “ Glendower 2nd” (3840); dam, “ Harvest Queen,” by “ Orleans” (2661), a Epwarp Lister, Cefn Ila, Usk, Monmouthshire: Tarp Prizp, 5., for “Taurus,” 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “May Duke;” dam, “ Vesta,” by “ Chanter” (3788); g. d., “Leda,” by “ Chorister ” (3021); gr. g. d., “ Young Venus,” by “Earl Derby 2nd” (2510). Wurm Tayror, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire : the Reserve Number to “ Telephone,” 1 year, 11 months, 8 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Tredegar ” (5077); dam, ‘‘Snowdrop,” by “The Wolverhampton Boy” (4198); g. d., “Snowdrop,” by ‘‘ Tambarine ” (2254); gr. g.d., “Sparky.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Ixxxvil Hereford Bull Calves, above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Saran Epwarps, Wintercott, Leominster, Herefordshire: First Prize, 151, for “ Coomasie,” 11 months, 6 days-old; bred by herself ; sire, ‘‘ Royalist ” (4921); dam, “Young Mermaid 4th,” by “ Winter de Cote” (4253); g. d., “ Young Mermaid 2nd,” by “Tomboy ” (8526); gr. g. d., “ Young Mermaid,” by “ Adforton” (1839). Tomas Fenn, Stonebrooke House, Ludlow: Srconp Prizn, 10/., for “Downton Boy,” 11 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Grateful” (4622); dam, “ Fairmaid,” by “ Faulty” (8098); g. d., by “Trump” (2842); gr. g. d., by ‘¢ Prince” (524). Tsomas MyppieTon, Llynaven, Clun, Salop: Tnirp Prizz, 5/., for “ Victor,” 11 months, 1 week, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“‘ Hartington ” (5358); dam, “ Nina,” by “Sultan” (4168); g. d., “ Miss Nobble’em,” by “ Nobleman ” (2652); gr. g. d., by “Jerry ” (976). Tuomas James Carwarpine, Stockton Bury, Leominster, Herefordshire : the Reserve Number to ‘Overseer,’ 11 months, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Rodney” (4907); dam, “Flora,” by “Sir Frank” (2762); g. d., “‘ Florence,” by “‘ De Cote” (8060). Hereford Cows above Three Years old. SaraH Epwarps, Wintercott, Leominster, Herefordshire: Firsr Prize, 20/., and the CHampion Prize, value 50/., for “ Leonora,’ 3 years, 10 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old, in-calf; bred by herself; sire, “ Winter de Cote” (4253); dam, “Lovely,” by “Tomboy” (3546); g.d. “Lady Grove,” by “ Adforton”’ (1839); gr. g. d., “ Young Lively,” by “Ben” (1870). Tur Misses Evans, Llandowlas, Usk, Monmouthshire: Szeconp Prizz, 10/., for “Lady Blanche,” 5 years, 4 months, 3 weeks-old, in-milk and in- calf, calved in Februrary, 1879; bred by the late Mr. Warren Evans, Llandowlas ; sire, “Von Moltke 2nd” (4234); dam, “ Fairmaid,” by “Prince Alfred” (3342); g. d., “Countess 3rd,” by ‘ Monaughty” (2117); gr. g. d., “Countess 2rd,” by “ Oakley” (1673). Joan H. B. Lurzey, Brockhampton, Worcester: Tarrp Prizn, 5/., for “Teacher 2nd,” 3 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old, in-milk, calved Sept. 1,1878; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Coriolanus” (38769) ; dam, ‘‘ Gover- ness,” by “Shamrock 2nd” (2210). Wi11am Burcwavt Perey, Compton House, South Petherton, Somersetshire : the Reserve Number to ‘‘ Queen of the Roses,” 4 years, 7 months, 4 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Lord Lincoln” (3320); dam, “Tvington Rose,” by “Sir Thomas” (2228); g. d., “Red Rose,” by a 108), Butterfly ” (1813); gr. g. d., “Moss Rose,” by “ Uncle Tom” Hereford Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. WitriAm Tavror, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire: First Prizn, 151.. for ‘‘ Lancashire Lass,” 2 years, 10 months-old, in-calf ; bred by himself sire, “Tredegar” (5077); dam, “ Lovely,” by “Tenant Farmer” (2806) ; g.d., “ Browny,” by “‘T'win” (2284), Ixxxviii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Saran Epwarps, Wintercott, Leominster, Herefordshire: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “Spangle 3rd,” 2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old, in-milk, calved Feb. 26, 1879; bred by herself; sire, “ Royalist” (4921); dam, “Sonnet,” by “Leominster 3rd” (8211); g. d. “Silk,” by “Comet” (2469); gr. g. d., “Silva,” by “ Adforton” (1839). Joun Wiiams, Llansannor Court, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: Tairp Prizz, 51., for “ Duchess,” 2 years, 6 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old, in- calf: bred by Mr. W. Tudge, of Adforton, Leintwardine, Herefordshire ; sire, “The Doctor ;” dam, “Juanita,” by “Sir Roger” (4133); g. d., “Maid of Orleans,” by “Orleans” (2661); gr. g. d., ‘“ Darling,” by “ Carbonel ” (1525). Joun Morris, Lulham Court, Madley, Herefordshire: the Reserve Number to “Tidy 3rd,” 2 years, 3 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Columbus” (4447); dam, “Tidy 2nd,” by “Banquo” (8667); g.d., “ Tidy,” by “ Zouavite” (2364). Hereford Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Joun Huncerrorp ArkwricHt, Hampton Court, Leominster, Herefordshire : First Prize, 15/., for “ Abigail,” 1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Ivington Boy ” (4662) ; dam, “‘ Miss Abigail 2nd,” by “Sir Oliver 2nd” (1733); g.d., ‘Miss Abigail.” And Szconp Prize, 10/., for “‘Gaylass 4th,” 1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Ivington Boy” (4662); dam, “Gaylass 2nd,” by “Sir Hungerford” (3447); g. d., “Gaylass,” by “ Riff Raff” (1052); gr. g. d., “Gaily,” by “ Young Quicksilver.” THomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: Tarrp Prize, 5/., for “ Lady 3rd,” 1 year, 10 months-old ; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Horace 2nd” (4655); dam, ‘“‘ Lady 2nd,” by “Sir John 3rd” (8456); g. d., “Lady,” by “Goldfinder 2nd” (959); gr. g. d., “Comely,” by “ Young Royal” (1469). Freprerick Pratt, Upper Breinton, Hereford: the Reserve Number to “‘Bannerett 2nd,” 1 year, 11 months, 2 weeks, 3 days old; bred by Mr. T. W. Tudge, Adferton, Leintwardine, Hereford; sire, “‘ Maréchal Niel” (4760) ; dam, “ Banneret,” by “Sir Roger” (4133); ¢. d., “ Bonnie,” 4 “ Carbonel” (1525); gr. g. d., “ Beauty 2nd,” by “ Young Walford” 1820). ; Hereford Heifer Calves, above One and not exceeding Twelve Months old. JoHN HuncEerrorD ARKWRIGHT, Hampton Court, Leominster: First Prize, 151., for “ Antoinette,” 11 months, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Tvington Boy ” (4662) ; dam, “ Miss Abigail 2nd,” by “ Sir Oliver 2nd” (1783) ; g. d., “ Miss Abigail.” Tuomas Lewis, The Woodhouse, Shobden, Herefordshire: Szeconp Prize, 10/., for “ Jessie,” 11 months, 4 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Young Sir Frank ” (4274); dam, “Tidy,” by ‘“ Leominster” (8910); g. d., “Tidy 2nd,” by “Orlton” (8293); gr. g. d., “Tidy Ist,” by “Magnum Bonum ” (2097). Freperick Prarr, Upper Breinton, Hereford: Tutrp Prizz, 5/., for “ Lady 38rd,” 9 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Horace” (8877); dam, ‘“ Lady 2nd,” by “ Cholstrey ” (1918) ; g. d., “Lady,” by “ Lord Clyde” (2084). Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. lxxxix Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: the eserve Number to “ Tulip,” 10 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Horace 2nd” (4655); dam, ‘‘ Dahlia,” by “Chieftain 2nd” (1917); g. d “Silver,” by “ Alma;” gr. g.d., “Lady Byron,” by “ Berrington.” Hereford Cows, and each with not less than Two of her Offspring. Tsaomas JAMES CARWARDINE, Stockton Bury, Leominster, Herefordshire: First Prizn, 30/., for ‘‘ Cherry,” 6 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 2 days- old, in-calf; sire, “ De Cote” (3060); dam, “Lilac,” by “ Heart of Oak” (2035); g.d., “Tulip,” by “ Counsellor” (1939). And Offspring, cow, “Plum,” 2 years, 2 months, 4 weeks-old; sire, “ Longhorns ” (4711); cow, “ Apple Blossom,” 1 year, 3 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; sire, ‘‘ De Cote” (8060); all bred by himself. TsE Eart or Coventry, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcester: SECOND Prize, 15/., for “ Giantess,” 6 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. Tudge, of Adforton, Leintwardine, Herefordshire ; sire, “Sir Roger” (4183); dam, ‘ Haidee,” by «s Mer ” (2406) ; g. d., My Diana,” bye Carbonel ” (1525); ¢ g. “Young Dainty,” by “The Doctor ” (1083). And Offspring, cow, “ SRagsne 3 years, 6 months, 2 days-old; bred by Mr. Tudge; sire, “ Doctor” (5045); cow, “ Golden Treasure,” 1 year, 1 month, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Maréchal Niel” (4760). Wiu11am Tartor, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire: Tutrp Prizz, 10/., for ‘‘ Hazel,” 14 years, 10 months-old; sire, “Tom Brown” (2828) ; dam, “ Hazel,” by “ Holmer” (2048); g. d., “ Hazel,” by “Showle” (1384). And Offspring, bull, “Tredegar 4th,’ 1 year, 11 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; sire, “Tredegar”? (5077); bull, “The Zulu,” 8 months, 3 weeks-old; sire, “ Thoughtful” (5063); all bred by himself. Devon Bulls, above Three Years old. Viscount Fatmours, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: First Prizz, 30/., for “Sirloin” (1448), 4 years, 8 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Lord of the Valley” (1150); dam, “ Peach” (2905a), by “Young Forester” (759); g. d., “Picture 4th” (2224), by Davy’s “Napoleon 3rd” (464); gr. g. d., “ Picture ” (337). Apert Epwarp Gouip, Bampfylde Lodge, Poltimore, Exeter: SEconD PrizE, 15/., for “Sir Copplestone,” 4 years, 11 months-old; bred by Mr. J. Gould, late of Poltimore, Exeter; sire, “Tempter ;” dam, ‘“ May- flower.” Arrep C. Skinner, Pound Farm, Bishop’s Lydeard, Taunton, Somersetshire : Tatrp Prize, 10/., “Duke of Farrington” (1823), 3 years, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by Mr. R. Farthing, North Petherton, Bridgwater; sire, “The Shah” (1230); dam by “Charlie” (800). Devon Bulls, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Water Farruine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater: First Prizz, 25/., and the CHAMPION Prizn, value 50/., for “ Lord Newsham,” 2 years, 7 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“‘ Master James;” dam, ss Famous, Buby <* Son of Lord Quantock ;” g. d., “Famous,” by “ Duke of Chester ; ;’ gr. g. d., “‘ Famous,” by “ Sultan.” xe Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Viscount Fatmoura, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: Szconp Prizx, 151., for his 2 years, 10 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Duke of eae (1324) ; dam, “Brunette” (8240), by &Sun- flower” (937); g. d., “ Cinnaminta” (25722), byrne Protector? Gil): gr. g. d., * Gipsy ‘Gash? es Buxer, C.B., Downes, Crediton, Devonshire: Turrp Prizx, 5/., for his 2 years, 8 months, 2 days-old; bred by himself. Viscount Fatmouru, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: the Reserve Number to his 2 years, 11 months, 2 wecks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Master Flitton” (1160) ; dam, “Christmas Rose” (8280), by “Sun- flower” (937); g.d., “ Rosa Bonheur” (3009), by “Corrector” (809) ; gr. g. d., “ Picture 4th” (2224), by Davy’s “ Napoleon 3rd” (464). Devon Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Viscount FatmoutH, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: First Prize, 25/., for his 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sirloin” (1448); dam, “‘ Water Lily ” (5050), by “ Jonquil” (1181); g.d., “ Water- cress ” (4006), by “Sunflower” (987); gr. g. d., “ Cheesewring ” (25724), by “ Protector” (711). Water Fartuine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset: SzconD PrIzE, 151., for his 1 year, 1 month, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Nelson ;” dam, ‘‘ Duchess 2nd,” by “ Forester;” g.d., ‘“ Duchess,” by “Able ;” gr. g. d., “ Dairymaid,” by “ Viscount.” Guorce Turner, Great Bowley, Tiverton, Devon: Tutrp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 11 months-old; bred by Sir Thomas Boughey, Bart., Newport, Salop. Wituram Perry, of Alder, Lewdown, Devon: the Reserve Number to “ Druid,” 1 year, 8 ae 3 weeks, 2 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “ Dales- man” (1310); dam, “ Dewdrop” (3392), by “ Champson ” (1035); Oud Dairymaid ” (3343), by “ Baronet” (781); gr. g.d., “ Dairymaid” (1900), by “‘ Duke of Chester” (404). Devon Bull Calves, above Sia and under Twelve Months old. Witram Rotues Fryer, Lytchett Minster, Poole, Dorset: First Prize, 157., for “Sweet William,” 10 months, 1 week-old; bred by Viscount Port- man, Bryanston; sire, “ Young Palmerston” (251); dam, “ Bemous § (4450), by “Duke of Plymouth” (1080); g.d., “l’amous ;” gr. g. d., “ Fruitful” (8524), by “ Exeter ” (1098). 7 Coronrn Byiurr, C.B., Downes, Crediton, Devon: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for his 9 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself. Witiiam Rouirs Fryer, Lytchett Minster: Tairp Prize, 5/., for “ Daffodil,” 11 months, 4 weeks-old; bred by Viscount Portman, Bryanston, Bland- ford ; sire, “Tbe Baron” (1459); dam, “ Betsy ” (4109), by “ Viscount ” (1285); g.d., “ Barrett.” Water Farratne, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset: the Reserve Number to his 8 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred wa himself; sire, “Royal Aston ;” dam, “Charlotte,” by “Sir George ” duns Cheerful, ia by “St. Audries.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. xci Devon Cows, above Three Years old. Watrer Fartuine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset: First Prize, 201., and the CHAmpron Prize, value 50/., for “ Prettyface,” 6 years, 6 months, 1 week, 3 days-old, in-milk and in-calf, calved Sept. 12, 1878; bred by himself; sire, “Lovely Duke ;” dam, “ Prettyface,” by ‘‘Sir George ;” wae ovount ebink.” by “Viscount ;” gr... di, ‘ Pink,?? by “Sir Peregrine.” Mrs. Marita Lanepon, Flitton Barton, North Molton, Devon: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for “'Temptress 8th” (5001), 3 years, 1 month, 2 weeks, 2 days-old, in-calf; bred by herself; sire, ‘“ Duke of Flitton 10th ” (1074) ; dam, “Temptress 5th” (3963), by “ Duke of Flitton 5th” (1069); g. d., “Temptress 2nd ” (3070), by “ Duke of Cornwall ” (820) ; gr.g. d., “ Gold Medal Temptress” (1672), by “ Napoleon 3rd” (464). Wittram Perry, Alder, Lewdown, Devon: Turrp Prizz, 5/., for “ Comely ” (8287), 6 years, 7 months, 1 week, 6 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Champson ” (1035); dam, “ Chivy ” (3279). Wiii1am Roties Fryer, Lytchett Minster, Poole: the Reserve Number to “ Bluebell” (4114), 5 years, 6 months, 8 weeks, 3 days-old, in-milk, calved May 11, 1879; bred by Viscount Portman, Bryanston, Blandford ; sire, “ Emperor ” (1096); dam, “ Broad” (4152). Devon Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Watrter Fartruine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset : First Prize, 15/., for “‘ Prettyface 2nd,” 2 years, 9 months, 2 days-old, in-calf; bred by him- self; sire, “Master Willie;” dam, “ Prettyface,” by ‘“ Lovely Duke ;” g, d., “Prettyface,” by “Sir George;” gr. g. d., “ Young Pink,” by “ Viscount.” Mrs. Marra Lanepoy, Flitton Barton: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for “Temptress 12th” (5005), 2 years, 4 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by herself; sire, “ Jonquil” (1131); dam, “Temptress 2nd” (8070), by “‘ Duke of Corn- wall” (820); g.d., “Gold Medal Temptress” (1672), by Davy’s “ Na- poleon 8rd” (464); gr. g. d., “ Pink” (955), by ‘* Nelson” (83). Her Masesty THE Queen, Windsor Castle: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Princess Beatrice,” 2 years, 11 months, 1 week-old, in-calf; bred by Her Majesty, Norfolk Farm, Windsor; sire, “Prince George Frederick ;” dam, ‘“ Rose Bud,” by “ Prince Imperial ;” g. d., “Hager 2nd,” by “Island Prince ;” gr. g. d., “ Hager,” by “Challenger.” Mrs. Marra Lanepon, Flitton Barton: the Reserve Number to “Temptress 10th” (5003), 2 years, 5 months-old, in-calf; bred by herself; sire, “Jonquil” (1131); dam, “Temptress 4th” (8962), by “ Duke of Flitton 4th” (827); g.d., “Gold Medal Temptress” (1672), by Davy’s “ Na- poleon 8rd” (464); gr. g. d., “ Pink” (955), by “ Nelson” (83). Devon Yearling Heifers, above one and not exceeding Two Years old. Wu114M Roiizs Fryer, Lytchett Minster, Poole, Dorset: First Prizz, 15/., for “ Kalmia,” 1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by Viscount Portman, Bryanston, Blandford, Dorset; sire, ‘The Earl” (1464); dam, “ Quail ” (4880), by “‘ Emperor” (1096); g. d., “ Queen ” (4886). xcli Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Water Fartutne, Stowey Court, Bridgwater: Srconp Prize, 10/., for “Famous 2nd,” 1 year, 8 months, 8 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Master Willic;” dam, “ Famous,” by “Son of Lord Quantock ;” g. d., “Famous,” by “ Duke of Chester ;” gr. g. d., “ Famous,” by “Sultan.” Witu1am Roties Frver, Lytchett Minster: Tarrp Prize, 5/., for “ Bouquet,” 1 year, 10 months, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “he Earl” (1464); dam, “ Balsam ” (4056), by “ Emperor ” (1096); g. d., “ Blanche” (8215), by “ Prince Albert” (907); gr. g. d., “ Beauty.” Joun Watrter, M.P., Bearwood, Wokingham, Berks: the Reserve Number to “Famous 4th,” 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Master Willie” (1411); dam, “Famous 2nd,” by “ Eclipse” (8385) ; g. d., “ Famous,” by “ Gold Seeker ” (848); gr. g. d., “ Flitton.” Devon Heifer Calves, above six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Watter Farrurine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset: First Prizx, 15/., for “ Famous 8rd,” 7 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Royal Aston ;” dam, “ Famous,” by “Son of Lord Quantock ;” g. d., “Famous,” by “ Duke of Chester’;” gr. g. d., “ Famous,” by “ Sultan.” Wuttam Rottes Fryer, of Lytchett Minster: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for “Hyacinth,” 10 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sultan” (1455) ; dam, “ Balsam ” (4056), by “‘ Emperor” (1096); g. d., “Blanche” (8215), by ‘‘ Prince Albert” (907); gr. g. d., “ Beauty :” and the Reserve Number to “Columbine,” 10 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sultan” (1455); dam, “Cherry” (4208), by “‘Kimperor ” (1096); g. d., “ Cherry ;” gr. g. d., “ Champion.” Sussex Bulls, above Three Years old. Gxrorcr Situ, Paddockhurst, Crawley, Sussex: First Prizr, 20/., for “Young Hartley,” dark red, 4 years, 11 months, 1 week, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Hartley ;” dam, “ Young Broad,” by “ Monarch” (20). Epwarp and ALrrep STAnrorp, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex : Srconp Prize, 10/., for “ Dorchester,” 7 years, 7 months, 3 weeks-old ; f= bred by themselves; sire, “ Volunteer ;” dam, “Mary Fern” (1189), by “ Westminster” (138); g. d., “Fanny Fern” (789), by “Sir Marma- duke” (88); gr. g. d., “ Virgin” (621). Hewry Pacr, Walmer Court, Walmer, Kent: Turrp Prizr, 5/., for “ May- field,” dark red, 3 years, 8 months, 2 days-old; bred by Mr. B. Noakes, Gillhope, Mayfield, Sussex. Epwarp and Atrrep Sranrorp, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex: the Reserve Number to “Tunbridge,” red, 4 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by themselves; sire, “ Dorchester ;” dam, ‘“ Marvel” (1188). Sussex Bulls, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Louis Huru, Possingworth Manor, Waldron, Hawkhurst: First Prizz, 20/., for “Sir William,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Reeves ;” dam, ‘“‘ Gentle 1st ;” g. d., “ Gentle.” Cuarues Extis, Preston House, Beddingham, Lewes, Sussex: Seconp Prizx, 10/., for “ Napoleon 1st,” red, 2 years, 5 months, 4 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Kingsley;” dam, “Beauty,” by, “Monarch;” g. d., “ Butterfly.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. xclil CHARLES WHITEHEAD, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent: Tarrp Prizm, 5/., for “ Redheart” (360), red, 2 years, 9 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by Messrs. Stanford, Eatons, Steyning; sire, “ Bedford;” dam, “ Marvel ” (1223). Josrpu RicxeTt, Barnham House, East Hoathley, Hawkhurst: the Reserve Number to “ Rufus,” dark red, 2 years, 7 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by himself; dam, “ Beauty.” Sussea Yearling Bulls, above One Year and not exceeding Two Years old. James Stewart Hopeson, Lythe Hill, Haslemere, Surrey: First Prize, 15/., and the Cuampron Prizu,f value 25/., for “Oxford” (804), red, 1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by Mr. A. Agate, Broomhall, Horsham; sire, “Berry” (259); dam, “Honesty 2nd” (1618), by “ Alfred 2nd” (177); g.d., “Honesty” (1333), by “Grand Duke” (183); gr. g. d., “ Honesty ” (443). Tue Rienr Hox. tHe Speaker, Glynde Place, Lewes, Sussex: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “Stanford,” red, 1 year, 9 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by Messrs. E. and A. Stanford ; sire, “ Dorchester ;” dam, “ Straw- berry ” (1565). Epwarp and Aurrep Sranrorp, Hatons, Ashurst, Steyning: Tatrp Prizz, 5l., for “Southampton,” red, 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by themselves; sire, “ Bedford;” dam, ‘“ Rosedew 1st,” by “ Dor- chester.” AurreD AGATE, Broomhall Farm, Warnham, Horsham, Sussex: the Reserve Number to “ Berry 1st” (292), red, 1 year, 9 months-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ Berry” (259); dam, “ Actress 4th” (1676), by “ Grand Duke” (183). Sussex Bull Calves, above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Joun and Atrrep Hrasman, Anemering, Worthing, Sussex: First Prize, 10/., for “ Royal Kilburn ” (863), red, 10 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Hereford” (263); dam, “Cherry ” (1244), by “ William” (139); g.d., “ Leicester” (1120), by “ Prince Arthur ” (129); gr. g. d., “ Plymouth” (1024), by “The Duke” (97): and Sreconp Prize, 5/., for “ Weston” (376), red, 7 months, 1 week-old ; bred by themselves; sire, ‘‘ Calcetto” (273); dam, “ Sandgate ” (1661). Epwarp and ALFrreD STANFoRD, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Sussex: the Reserve Number to “ Prince,” red, 11 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Dorchester ;” dam, “ Strawberry ” (1565). Sussex Cows, above Three Years old. James Brasy, Maybanks, Rudgwick, Sussex: First Prizz, 20/., and the CHampron Prize,t value 25/., for “ Bouncer ” (1472), red, 7 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old, in-calf ; bred by himself; sire, “ Jupiter ” (170) ; dam, “‘ Beauty” (1151), by “ Blackstone ” (68). + Given by Sussex breeders. xXciv Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. BuaKe Duke, Lyminster, Arundel, Sussex: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Prim- rose,” red, 10 vears, 5 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old, in-milk, calved January 28, 1879; bred by himself ; 3 sire, “ Mayfield;” dam, é Lofty,” by “ Selmeston.” JoHN and ALFRED Heasman, Angmering, Arundel, Sussex: Turrp Prizz, 51., for “ Snowdrop” (1727), red, 5 years, 8 months, 5 days-old, in-milk and in-calf, calved August 1, 1878; bred by themselves; sire, “ Egerton ;” dam, “Leicester” (1120), by “ Prince Arthur” (129); g. d., “ Plymouth ” (1024), by “The Duke” (97); gr. g. d., “ Gentle” (574). GrorceE C. Coorg, Tortington, Arundel, Sussex: the Reserve Number to his red, 4 years, 10 months, 2. weeks, 2 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself. Sussex Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. James Brapy, Maybanks, Rudgwick, Sussex: First Prize, 15/., for “‘ Rival” (1813), red, 2 years, 9 months, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by Messrs. Heasman, Angmering, Arundel; sire, “ Calcetto ” (273); dam, “Firle” (1262). CuartEs WHITEHEAD, Barming House, Maidstone: Seconp Prizn, 10/., for “Cherry Jam,” red, 2 years, 3 months, 3 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ May Duke” (252); dam, “ Flemish” (1357), by “ Em- peror;” g.d., “ Cherry ” (1298), Tuomas B. LanspELt, Lamberhurst, Hawkhurst, Kent: Turrp Prize, 51., for “‘ Daisy,” red, 2 years, 2 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by himself. JouN and ALFRED Heasman, Angmering: the Reserve Number to “ Princess,” red, 2 years, 5 months-old, in-calf; bred by themselves; sire, “ Croy- don” (245) ; dam, “ Pride of Ham” (1436), by “‘ Southampton” (155) ; g. da. “ Cherry” (1244), by “ William” (189); gr. g. d., “ Leicester” (1120), by “ Prince Arthur” (129). ' Sussex Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Joun and Atrrep Hrasman, Angmering, Arundel, Sussex: First Prizx, 15/., for “ Peace,” red, 1 year, 9 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Croydon” (24); dam, ‘“ Snowdrop” (1727), by “ Egerton ;” g. d., “ Leicester” (1120), by “Prince Arthur” (129); gr. g. d, o Plymouth ” (1024), by “Duke” (97): and Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Famous,” red, 1 year, 6 months, 4 weeks-old; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Hereford ” (263); dam, “ Reeve,” by “ Egerton.” Epwarp and ALFRED STANFORD, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning: Tarp Prizz, 5l., for “‘ Marigold 4th,” red, 1 year, 11 mouths, 4 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by themselves ; sire, "'Tanbridge :” dam, ‘ Marigold 3rd,” by < eucl Paes "Marigold 2nd,” by «“ Young Westminster i (159); gr. g + Marigold a (1187). JAMES Baasy, Maybanks, Rudgwick, Sussex: the Reserve Number to “ Vernal,” red, 1 year, 11 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Robinson Crusoe” (267); dam, “ Vanity v (1731), by “ Jonah se (187); g..d., “ Virem ;” etpy tas Strawberry,” by “ Midsummer.’ aE —e————— Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. xcV Sussex Heifer Calves, above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. - Buaxe Duxe, Lyminster, Arundel: First Prize, 10/., for his red, 10 months, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“ Hereford;” dam, ‘‘ Duchess,” by “Sir Roger ;” g. d., “ Lofty,” by “ Selmeston.” Taomas B, LANsDELL, Lamberhurst, Hawkhurst, Kent: Srconp Prizz, 52., for ‘ Daphne,” red, 11 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. JoHN and Atrrep Hrasman, Angmering, Worthing: the Reserve Number to their red, 9 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by themselves; sire, “ Hereford” (263); dam, ‘‘ Crocus” (1692), by ‘‘ Lord of Lorne” (207); g. d., “ Cheerful.” Longhorn Bulls, above Three Years old. Masor-Gen. Sir F. W. Firzwyeram, Bart., Leigh Park, Havant, Hants: First Prizz, 20/., and the CHampion Prizz,t value 25 guineas, for *< Prince Victor,” brindled and white, 5 years, 3 months-old; bred by Mr. Shaw, Fradley Old Hall, Lichfield; sire, “ Earl of Upton 7th” (76); dam, “ Princess ;” g. d., “ Victor.” Tae Duke or BuckiNGHAM AND CHANDos, Stowe, Buckingham: Srconp Prize, 10/., for “ Conqueror 3rd,” brindle and white, 7 years, 11 montks, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Young Conqueror ;” dam, “ Lady,” by “Boycott ;” g. d., “ Lally,” by ‘‘ Tamworth ;” gr. g. d., “ Lovely.” Ricnarp Haun, Thurlston Grove, Derby: Tuirp Prizr, 5/., for “ Farewell” (81), brindle and white, about 4 years, 4 months-old ; bred by Mr. Burbury, Kenilworth; sire, “ Crown Prince” (41); dam, “Damsel;” g. d., “ Beauty,” by “The Baron ” (221). Tue DuKE or BuckINGHAM AND CHANDOS, Stowe: the Reserve Number to ‘“‘Harl of Temple,’ brindle and white, 4 years, 10 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Conqueror 3rd ;” dam, ‘“ Duchess,” by “ Boycott ;” g. d., “ Diadem,” by ‘‘ Tamworth;” gr. g. d., “Dolly.” , Longhorn Bulls, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Joun Goprrey, Wigston Parva, Hinckley, Leicestershire: First Prize, 202., for “The Captain,” red and white, 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Blue Knight;” dam, “Fair,” by “Samson I. ;” g. d., “ Curly Coat,” by “ Sparkenhoe;” gr. g. d., “ Lady,” by “ Perfection.” Tue Doxe or BuckINGHAM AND CHANDOos, Stowe, Buckinghamshire : Seconp Prize, 10/., for “Sambo,” brindle and white, 2 years, 9 months, 1 week, 5 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Earl of Temple;” dam, ‘‘ Barmaid,” by “Conqueror 8rd;” g. d., “ Negress,” by ‘Conqueror ;” gr. g. d., “* Negress,” by Boycott.” Longhorn Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Joun Goprrey, Wigston Parva, Hinckley, Leicestershire: First Prize, 15/., for “ Royal,” brindle and white, 1 year, 1 month, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Blucher;” dam, ‘ Daisy,’’ by “ Shakespeare ;” g. d,, “‘Plumb,” by “Sampson 2nd.” + Given by the Longhorn Society. xevi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Winu1am Smirx Sxaw, Fradley Old Hall, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Szcoxp Prize, 10/., for “ Sampson 38rd,” red and white, 1 year, 3 months, 1 week, 6 days-old; bred by Mr. S. Forrest, The Chase, Kenilworth; sire, “Sirius” (197); dam, “ Blue Bell 3rd,” by “Crown Prince” (41); g. d., “ Blue Bell 2nd,” by “ Borderer” (9); gr. g. d., “ Blue Bell 1st.” Masor-Generat Sir F. Frrzwyeram, Bart., Leigh Park, Havant, Hants: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Count Victor,” brindle and white, 1 year, 2 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire “Prince Victor;” dam, “Smokey,” by “ Tippoo” (232); g. d., “ Milehomed Brown,” by “Sir Joseph” (198); gr. g. d., “ Barhorned Brown,” by “ Sir Richard.” Tue DuKE or BuckINGHAM AND CHANDoS, Stowe, Buckingham : the Reserve Number to “Conqueror 4th,” brindle and white, 1 year, 2 months, 1 week, 4 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Conqueror 3rd;” dam, “Emma,” by “ Young Conqueror ;” g. d., “Evelyn,” by “ Boycott ;” gr. g. d., ‘‘ Elaine.” Longhorn Cows, above Three Years old. Tae DuKe oF BuckrtNcHamM AND CHANDos, Stowe: First Prize, 20/., and the CHAampion Prize,j value 25 guineas, for “Countess of Temple,” brindle and white, 4 years, 10 months, 4 days-old, in-milk, calved October 16, 1878; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Conqueror 3rd ;” dam, “ Lady Mary,” by “ Young Conqueror ;” g. d., ‘‘ Venus,” by “ Boycott ;” gr. g.d., “Vanity.” ' Major-General Sir F. Frrzwyeram, Bart., of Leigh Park, Havant: SzconD Prize, 10/., for “ Fairer,” red and white, 5 years, 1 month, 3 weeks, 6 days- old, in-milk, calved March 5, 1879; bred by Mr. J. Godfrey, Wigston Parva, Hinckley ; sire, “Shakespeare” (196); dam, “ Fair,” by “ Samson 1st” (192); g.d., “Curly Coat,” by “‘Sparkenhoe” (206); gr. g. d., “Lady,” by “ Perfection” (161). Ricuarp Hatu, Thurlston Grove, Derby: Tuirp Prize, 5/., for “ Bodelwyddan 2nd,” red and white, 8 years, 2 months, 1 week, 2 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Earl of Upton 3rd” (72); dam, “ Maid of Bodelwyddan,” by “ Messenger” (133); g. d., “Lady Whitacre,” by Warner’s “ Bull” (247); gr. g. d., “Lily,” by Weston’s “ Bull” (263): and the Reserve Number to “ Calke,” brindle and white, 8 years, 3 months, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. R. H. Chapman, St. Asaphs, North Wales; sire, “ Earl of Warwick” (77); dam, “Old Brindled Beauty,” by “Sparkenhoe ” (206); g. d., “ Fillpail,” by “ Young Roll- right ” (277); gr. g. d., ‘‘ Cherry,” by “‘ Lord Windsor ” (125). Longhorn Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Ricuarp Hatz, Thurlston Grove, Derby: First Prize, 15/., for “ Celia,” red and white, 2 years, 2 months, 1 week, 2 days-old, in calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Royal” (163); dam, “Calke,” by “ Earl of War- wick ” (77); g. d., “ Old Brindled Beauty,” by “ Sparkenhoe” (206); gr. g. d., “ Fillpail,” by “ Young Rollright” (277): and Seconp Prize, 10/., for “Tulip 2nd,” red and white, 2 years, 2 months, 2 weeks, 3 days- old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Royal” (163); dam, “Tulip,” by “ Lord Warner ” (122); g. d., “ Nancy,” by “ Earl of Derby ” (60). + Given by the Longhorn Society. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. x¢evil JOHN GopFREY, Wigston Parva, Hinckley: Tarrp Prizz, 5J., for “ Per- fection,” red and white, 2 years, 4 months, 1 day-old ; in-calf ; bred by himself; sire, “ Blue Knight ; » dam, “ Milkmaid,” by “ Sampson 2nd ;’ g.d.,.< Tulip,” by “The Stranger ; ” or. ¢. d., “* Blossom,” by “ Lord Windsor.” Tue Duxe or BuckINGHAM AND CHanpos, Stowe: the Reserve Number to “Lady March,” red and white, 2 years, 10 months, 1 week, 4 days-old : in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Earl of Wigston;” dam, “ "Lady May,” by “ Wotton ;” g.d., “ Lady Mary,” by “ Young ‘Conqueror ;” er. g. d., “Venus,” by “ Boycott.” Longhorn Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Ricwarp Hatt, Thulston Grove, Derby: First Prize, 15/7., for “Lady Fanny,” red and white, 1 year, 4 months, 3 week, 6 day s-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Royal” (163) ; dam, « Baroness.” JouN Goprrey, Wigston Parva, Hinckley: Secoxp Prize, 10/., for “ Vic- torius,” red and white, 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “Tiger ;” dam, “ Primrose Ist,” by “Red Rover;” g.d., “ Last Rose of Summer,” by “Conqueror ;” gr. g. d., “ Lady,” by “‘ Perfection.” Mazor-Gen. Sir F. Frrzwyeram, Bart., Leigh Park, Havant: Tairp Prize, 51., for “ First Link,” red and white, 1 year, 3 months, 1 week, 6 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “Prince Victor;” dam, “ Upton’s Last Link,” by “ Shakespeare” (196); g.d., “ Lady Cake,” by “ Earl of War- wick” (77); gr. g.d. “Old Brindled Beauty,” by “ Sparkenhoe ” (206). RicHarpD Hat, Thulston Grove, Derby: the Reserve Number to “ Lady Mary,” red and white, 1 year, 2 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Bluebeard ” (6); dam, “ Farewell,” by “Earl of Upton 6th ” (75). Jersey Bulls, above Two Years old, JoHN Le Brun, St. Ouen’s, Jersey: First Prize, 20/., and the CHampron Prize,f value 20/., for “Duke” (237), 2 years, 3 months-old; bred by Mr. Philip Hacquoil, St. Ouen’s, Jersey; sire, “Sultan;” dam, “ Princess,” Tue Eart or Rosstrn, Easton Lodge, Dunmow, Essex: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Golden Ear” (69); whole colour, 4 years, 3 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by Mr. J. Le Brun, St. Ouen’s, St. Helier’s, Jersey ; sire, “ Yankee ;” dam, “ Dolly ” (1362). Wii1am Argwricut, Sutton Scarsdale, Chesterfield, Derbyshire: Tarrp Prue, 51, for “ Prince Moonshine,” smoky fawn, about 4 years, 6 months-old; bred by Mr. Holbrook, Derby ; sire, ‘“‘ Bakewell’s Madman,” Herspert Appineton Riec, Wykeham Lodge, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey : the Reserve Number to “ Gipsy Lad,” silver grey, 3 years, 4 months, 1 a bred by himself; sire, “Gipsy King ;” dam, “Topsy,” by Tays iba Given by the Association for Publishing the English Herd Book of Jersey e. : VOL. xvy.—s. s. g xCVill Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Jersey Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Francis Le Broca, St. Peter’s Jersey: First Prize, 20/., for “ Farmer's Glory” (276), grey, 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by Mr. F. Becquet, Chestnut Farm, St. Peter’s, Jersey ; sire, “Grey King” (169);” dam * Bonheur” (1651). Wi1ram ALEXANDER, Gras Fort Farm, St. Martin’s, Jersey: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Napier,” grey fawn, 1 year, 1 month, 1 week, 2 days- old; bred by Mr. J. Cabot, La Commune, Trinity, Jersey; sire, “ Gou- verneur ;” dam, ‘‘ Bubona 2nd.” Tuomas O. Bennett, Tolbury House, Bruton, Somerset: THrrp Prize, 5/., for ‘Grey of the East,” blue grey, about 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by Mr. J. Le Brocq, St. Clement’s, Jersey ; sire, “ Napier ;” dam, “ Lily.” Puitie Movrant, La Commune, St. Saviour’s, Jersey: the Reserve Number to “ Progress,” silver grey ; 1 year, 4 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by Mr. N. Dufeu, Trinity, Jersey; sire, “ Grey King Ist ;” dam, “ Beauty” (1517), by “ Welcome 2nd.” Jersey Bull-Calves. Grorce Srupson, Wray Park, Reigate, Surrey: First Prize, 10/., for “Hector,” silver grey, 11 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “The Pride,” by “ Hilda ;” dam, “ Greylad ;” g. d., “ Fancy.” WILLIAM STALLARD, Ivy Bank, Worcester : Seconp Prize, 5/., for “ Royalist,” silver grey, 10 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Osborne ;” dam, ‘‘ Maiden,” by “ Dacre.” Tuomas Brown, Old Lodge, Ashdown Forest, Uckfield, Sussex: the Reserve Number to “ Narcissus,” silver grey, 10 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Bolivar ;” dam, “ Blue Belle,” by “ Grey King ;” g. d., “ Grisette.” Jersey Cows, above Three Years old. JoHN Pure Marrert, Maison-de-Haut, St. Saviour’s, St. Helier’s, Jersey : First Prize, 20/., for “ Zenobia” (86), light brown, 6 years, 1 month, 1 week, 3 days-old; in-milk, calved March 12, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “Grey King” (40); dam, “Sultana” (7), by “ Sultan” (58);” g.d., “ Longueville Queen” (272), by “ Pretender;” gr. g. d., “ Flower,” by “ Bijou.” Hersert A, Rice, Wykeham Lodge, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “Flirt,” fawn, about 4 years-old; in-milk, Calved April 27, 1879; bred by Mr. John Binet, St. Mary’s, Jersey. Grorce Sumpson, Wray Park, Reigate, Surrey: Tumrp Prue, 5/., for “ Her Majesty,” light fawn, 7 years, 2 months-old; in-milk, calved April 8, 1879; bred by Mr. E. Hubert, St. Ouen’s, Jersey; sire, “Jack ;” dam, “ Camille.” Mrs. Lereu, Luton Hoo Park, Luton, Beds: the Reserve Number to “ Nancy,” dark grey, 4 years, 5 months, 1 week, 1 day-old; in-milk and in-calf, calved January 26, 1879; bred by herself; sire, “ Fitz Yankee;” dam, * Old Bonny.” : Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. xcix Jersey Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Samven Barker Boors, Effingham Lodge, Bickley, Kent: First Prize, 20/7., and the CHAMPION Prizz,f value 25/., for “ Favourite,” grey fawn, 2 years, 2 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; in-calf; bred by Mr. P. Le Feuvre, Boulay Bay, Trinity, Jersey ; dam, “ Sally.” Henry James CornisH, Thornford, Sherborne, Dorset: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Souris,” silver grey, 2 years, 2 months, 4 days-old; in-calf; bred by Mr. A. Le Heron, St. Helier’s, Jersey; sire, “ Apollo” (108); dam, “ Brunette ” (142). Mrs. Leten, Luton Hoo Park, Luton, Bedfordshire: Tatrp Prize, 5/., for “ Peecy,” dark grey, 2 years, 6 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; in-milk and in-calf, calved March 31,1879; bred by herself; sire, “ Luton Hoo ;” dam, “ Peggy.” Hersert Appiscton Riec, Wykeham Lodge, Walton-on-Thames: the Reserve Number to “ Rosina,” fawn, 2 years, 2 months, 1 week, 4 days- old; in-calf; bred by himself; dam, “ Flirt.” Jersey Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Georce Smrpson, Wray Park, Reigate, Surrey: First Prize, 15/., for “ Milk- maid 3rd,” silver grey, 1 year, 10 months, 1 week, 1 day-old; in-milk, calved February 23, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “May Duke ;” dam, “ Milky,” by Ducal;” g. d., “ Milkgirl,” by “ Banboy;” gr. g. d., “ Milk- maid,” by “Jack Weller.” THomas Faia, jun., Les Buttes, St. John’s, Jersey: Seconp Prue, 10/., for “ Punchinello,” light fawn, 1 year, 5 months, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Vertumnus ” (161); dam, “Cowslip” (24), by “ Orange ae) (129); g.d., “ Brown Fanny” (594); gr. g. d., “ White Rose 593). Samvuet Barker Boots, Effingham Lodge, Bickley: Tarp Prize, 51., for “Princess Maud,” grey fawn, 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old ;* bred aren: 3 sire, “Jazel” (158); dam, “ Rosy,” by ‘“Milord;” g. d.. “ Rosette.” — Francis Laney, La Patrimoin, St. Helier’s, Jersey: the Reserve Number to “Pandora 2nd,” light fawn, 1 year, 10 months-old; in calf; bred by him- self; sire, “ My Lord” (119); dam, “ Pandora ” (1645). Jersey Heifer-Calves. James Ricnarp Corsert, Betchworth, Reigate, Surrey: First Prize, 10/., for “ Brockham Lass No. 3,” light fawn, 8 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Nero ;” dam, “ Brockham Lass.” Joun Carpus, Town Hill, West End, Southampton: Srconp Prize, 51., for “Alice,” silver grey, 11 months, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Dairy King; dam, “Agnes,” by “ Wellington ;” g. d. “ Lydiate,” by “Chandos ;” gr. g.d., “Nellie.” bias Given by the Association for Publishing the English Herd Book of Jersey oe g 2 c Award of Live-Stock Prizes at. Kilburn. Cuartzs Francis Dorey, East View, Trinity, Jersey: the Reserve Number to “Lily of the Valley,” fawn, 10 months-old; bred by Mr. P. Le Breton, St. Saviour’s, Jersey ; sire, “ Governor” (188); dam, “Fleur de Lis” (1963). Guernsey Bulls, above One Year old. Joun RicharD Newserry, Hill Barton, Heavitree, Exeter: First Prizx, 20/., for “Fair Lad,” red and white, 3 years, 2 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by Mr. de Moriegried, St. Andrew’s, Guernsey; sire, “ Billy;” dam, “ Polly.” James James, Les Vauxbelets, Guernsey: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “Squire - of Vauxbelets,” red and white, 1 year, 7 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Royal Duke;” dam, “ Valentine Ist,” by “Forester ;” g. d., “ Rosy.” Rozert Besr, St. Andrew’s Brickfield, St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey: THrrp Prize, 5/., for “St. Andrew 38rd,” red and white, 1 year, 9 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by Mr. Roberts, Mauxmarquis, St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey; sire, “St. Andrew Ist;” dam, “ Rose,” by “ Billy ;” SO Civile Tue Rev. Jospua RunpLte Watson, La Favorita, Guernsey: the Reserve- Number to “ Cloth of Gold No, 11,” light fawn, 1 year, 5 months, 5 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “Cloth of Gold No. 6;” dam, “ Lolla.” Guernsey Cows, above Three Years old. Rev. Jospua Runpite Warson, La Favorita, Guernsey: First Prize, 20/., for “Florence,” dark fawn and white, about 6 years, 2 months-old; in-calf; bred by Mr. C. Le Page, Les Naftieux, St. Andrew’s, Guernsey. Rosert N.G. Barer, Heavitree, Exeter: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Nancy 2nd,” yellow and white, 4 years, 9 months, 2 days-old; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Johnnie ;” dam, “ Nancy Ist,” by “Champion.” Ropert Best, St. Andrew’s Brickfield, St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey: Txirp Prize, 5/., for “ Beauty,” red and white, 7 years, 9 months, 3 weeks-old: in-calf; bred by Col. Bisset, St. Martin’s, St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey ; sire, “ Billy ;” dam, “ Daisy,” by “ Johnnie.” Cuartes Smirn, Caledonia Nursery, Guernsey: the Reserve Number to “ Juno,” fawn and white, 6 years, 5 months-old, in-milk ; calyed April 21, 1879; bred by Col. Giffard, Braye du Valle, Guernsey ; sire, ‘ Prince of Orange ;” dam, “ Princess.” A Guernsey Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Rosrert N. G. Baker, Heavitree, Exeter, Devon: First Prizz, 202., for “Bluebell,” yellow and white, 2 years, 5 months-old; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Johnnie ;” dam, “ Snowdrop.” E Wurm Hoop Watronp, New Court, Topsham, Devon: Srconp Prizx, 10/., for ‘ Rosebud,” yellow and white, 2 years, 1 month, 3 weeks, 5 days- old; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Fairlad;” dam, “ Rose,” by “ Johnnie.” ‘ Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Kilburn. ci Tae Rey. Joun G. Seymour Nicuot, Litchfield Rectory, Micheldever, Hants: Tarp Prize, 5/., for “Belle,” orange and white, 2 years, 6 months, 6 days-old; in-milk, calved February 14, 1879; bred by himself; dam, “Beauty.” Tae Rev. Jossua RunpLtE Watson, La Favorita, Guernsey: the Reserve Number to “Cynthia,” lemon and white, about 2 years, 2 months-old ; in-calf; bred by Mr. Oliver, Richmond, Guernsey. Norfolk and Suffolk Polled-Bulls, above Two Years old. .THomas LronarpD Pater, Wilby, Attleborough, Norfolk: First Prize, 20/., and the CHampion Prize,t value 25/., tor “ Davyson 3rd” (48), red, 5 years, 11 months-old; bred by Mr. J. Hammond, Bale, East Dere- ham; sire, “The Baron” (9); dam, “Davy 7th,’ by “ Young Duke” (234). Atrrep Taytor, Starston Place, Harleston, Norfolk: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “King Charles” (329), red, 3 years, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. J. Foster Palmer, Wilby, Attleboro’, Norfolk ; sire, “ Davyson 3rd” (48) ; dam, “ Young Spot,” by “ Wilby Chapman” (228). JEREMIAH JAMES Co~MAN, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: the Reserve Number to “ Rufus” (188), red, 5 years, 9 months, 1 week-old; bred by the late Lord Sondes, Elsham Hall Farm, East Dereham; sire, “The Palmer ;” dam, “ Thusford Rose,” by “ Norfolk Duke.” Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. JEREMIAH JAMES CoLMAN, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: Frasr Prize, 151., for “ Skobeloff,” red, 1 year, 7 months-old; bred vy himself; sire, “ Lord John ;” dam, by “ Norfolk Duke:” and Szconp Prize, 10/., for his red, 1 year, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Rufus;” dam, “Handsome,” by “ Norfolk Duke.” Rosert Emtyn Lorrt, Troston Hall, Bury St. Edmunds: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “Stout,” red, 1 year, 11 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Donald” (291); dam, “‘ Havelocke 5th.” THomas Leonard Parmer, Wilby, Attleborough, Norfolk: the Reserve Number to “ Othello,” red, 1 year, 11 months, 1 day-old; bred by the late Mr. J. Foster Palmer, Wilby; sire, “Davyson 3rd” (48); dam, “Cheerful,” by “ Young Major” (235); g. d., “Spot,’ by “ Wonder” (281); gr. g. d., “ Rose K. 19.” Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Cows, above Three Years old. Rosert Emuyn Lorrt, Troston Hall, Bury St. Edmunds: Frest Prizz, 15/., for “Minnie 3rd,” red, 8 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; in-milk and in-calf, calved Dec. 1, 1878; bred by the late Lord Sondes, Hall Farm, Elmham; sire, “ Hammond” (81); dam, “ Minnie.” JouN Hammonp, Bale, Dereham, Norfolk: Szconp Prizex, 10/., for “ Davy 18th,” red, 3 years, 5 months-old, in-milk ; calved Feb. 15, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “ Davyson 3rd;” dam, “ Davy 10th,” by “ Sir Nicholas.” + Given by the Breeders and Exhibitors of Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Cattle. cli Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Rosert Emtyn Lorrt, Troston Hall: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Handsome 6th,” red, 4 years, 8 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; in-milk and in-calf, calved July 15, 1878; bred by himself; sire, “Cherry Duke;” dam, ‘“ Hand- some 2nd.” Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. ALFRED TAYLOR, Starston Place, Harleston, Norfolk: First Prize, 15/., and the Cuampion Prize,t value 25/., for “ Flirt,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 5 days-old; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Easton Duke” (61); dam, “Sly,” by “Sir Edward I.” (197); g. d, “Strawberry IL,” by “Richard IL.” (178); gr. g. d., “Tiny,” by “ Laxfield Sire ” (101). JoHN Hammonp, Bale, Dereham, Norfolk: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Beauty 3rd,” red, 2 years, 6 months-old ; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Davyson 4th ;” dam, “ Beauty 2nd,” by “ Davyson 3rd.” Henry Birxeeck, Stoke Hoty Cross, Norwich: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Topsey,” red, 2 years, 8 months, 3 days-old; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Count” (275); dam, “ Zit 3rd T. 4,” by “ Norfolk Duke.” Rosert Emuyn Lorrt, of Troston Hall: the Reserve Number to “ Handsome 8th,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 4 days-old; in-milk, calved March 31, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “ Bright (267) ; dam, “ Handsome 5th.” Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. GrorGE GooDENHAM, Monewden, Wickham Market, Suffolk: Frrst Prize, 151., for “ Wild Rose 2nd,” blood-red, 1 year, 5 months, 3 weeks, 4 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “ Troston * (424); dam, “ Wild Rose,” by “The Claimant ;” g. d., “‘ Rosy VI,” by “ Perfection ;” er. g. d., “ Beauty 6th,” by “ Wonder.” GrorGE GoopENHAM, Monewden, Wickham Market: Seconn Prizz, 10/ for “ Cherry 2nd, ‘» blood-red, 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Troston 1st” (424); dam, “ Cherry 1st,” by «King Alfred” (96); g. d., “ Fillpail,” by “‘ Wonder” (230). JEREMIAH JAMES CoLMAN, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: Turrp Prize, 5 for red, 1 year, 6 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Roundhead ;” dam, “Silence.” Rosert Emuyn Lorrt, Troston Hall, Bury St. Edmunds: the Reserve Numbe: to “ Primrose,” red, 1 year, 9 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself sire, “ Bright” (269); dam, “ Primrose.” A Welsh Bulls, above Two Years old, Eart Cawnor, Stackpole Court, Pembroke: First Prize, 20/., for “ Prince of Wales” (63), black, 4 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by Mr, Prosser, Llanrian, Haverfordwest, Pembroke; sire, “ Ap Gelert ;” de “Ruth 2nd;” g. d., “ Ruth 1st.” Carrain JOHN fe Best, Plas-yn-Vivod, Llangollen, Denbighshire Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Tom, ” black, 3 years, 2 months, 4 days-old bred by Mr. David Ow en, Conway, Carnarvonshire. t Given by Breeders and Exhibitors of Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Cattle, , Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cili Cartes Satuspury Marxwarixe, Llaethwryd, Corwen, Denbighshire: Turep Prize, 5/., for “Taihirion,” black, 4 years, 2 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. Roberts, Taihirion, Llanriost, Denbigh. JoHN SLATER WILKINSON, Paskeston, Pembroke: the Reserve Number to “The Devil,” black, 2 years, 5 months-old; bred by Mr. Griffiths, of Penalby, Tenby, Pembroke. Welsh Yearling Bull, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Caprars Jonn CHartes Best, Plas-yn-Vivod, Llangollen : Fimst Prize, 15/., for “Black Prince,” black, 1 year, 8 months, 3 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ Prince Llewellyn 2nd;” dam, “ Bwichfedwen,” by “ Prince of Wales Ist.” Tuomas Joxes, Taiucha Hafod Elwy, Cerrig-y-Druidion, Denbigh: Secoxr Prize, 10/., for “Prince Albert,” black, 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Tywysag;” dam, “Lady.” Wu11am Evanxs, Posty, Bletherstone, Pembroke: the Reserve Number to “Prince 2nd of Dungleddy,” black, 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 6 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince of Dungleddy ” (58); dam, “ Snow- drop,” by “ Young Lydstep ;” g. d., “ Penken,” by “ Billy of Rowston ;” gr. g. d., “Lylly,” by Lydstep.” Welsh Cows, above Three Years old. Capra JouN Cuartes Best, Plas-yn-Vivod, Llangollen: First Prize, 15/., for “ Black Queen,” black, 9 years, 1 month, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; in-calf, calved Aug. 1, 1878; bred by Mr. R. Humphreys, Royal Goat Hotel, Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire. Epwarp Extss, Gorswen, Conway, Carnarvonshire: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “Mwynic,” black, 4 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; in-calf, calved Sept. 25, 1878; bred by himself. Earn Cawnor, Stackpole Court, Pembroke: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Lady,” black, 10 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; in-calf; bred by Mr. J. Walters, Molifre Isa, Carmarthen ; sire, “ Lady.” Caprarms JouN Cuaries Best, Plas-yn-Vivod: the Reserve Number to “Welsh Duchess,” black, 7 years, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; in-milk and in-calf, calved Nov. 4, 1878; bred by Mr. R. Humphreys, Royal Goat Hotel, Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire; sire, “‘ Prince of Wales 1st;” dam, “ Jenny.” Welsh Heifers, in-Milk or in-Calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Epwarp Ettss, Gorswen, Conway, Carnarvonshire: Frst Prue, 15/., for “ Mwynder mon,” black, 2 years, 9 months-old; in-calf; bred by Mr. Thomas Owen, Pen-y-Mynydd, Holyhead, Anglesea. Cuartes Satussury Matswarixe, Llaethwryd, Corwen, Denbighshire: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Conway,” black, 2 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; in-calf; bred by Mr, R. Roberts, Taihirion, Llanriost, Denbigh. eats civ Award of Live-Stock Prizes at. Kilburn. © Joun Davies, Alleston, Pembroke: Tuirp Prize, 5/., for “ Blossom,” black, 2 years, 4 months, 1 week-old; ee bred by “himself; sire, “ Shah” (20); dam, “Countess” (82); g. d., “ Tulip. “4 Eart Cawnog, Stackpole Court, Len le the Reserve Number to “ Leonora,” black, 2 years, 11 months, 6 days-old ; in-calf; bred iby Mr. Morgan, Lamphey, Pembroke; sire, “ Trebover ;” dam, “ Leda ;” ;” g. d. “ Martha.” Welsh Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. JouN GrirFiTus, of Penallycourt, Tenby, Pembrokeshire: First Prizx, 15/., for “Topaz,” black, 1 vear, 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ Hobart Pasha;” dam, “Tenby,” by “Pinkeye;” g. d., “ Fancy.” CHARLES SaLuspuRY Marmwarine, Llaethwryd, Corwen: Szcoxp Prize, 10/., for “ Norfydd,” black, 1 year 6 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Taihirion ;” dam, “ Beris.” JoHN GrRirFiTHs, Penallycourt: Tarp Prize, 5/., for “ Dewdrop,” black, 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks, 5 sige. Hes by himself; sire, “ Hobart Pasha ;” dam, “ Daisy,” by “ Billy ;” g. d., “ Daisy.” Ear Cawnor, Stackpole Court, pawns the Reserve Number to “ Blodwen,” black, 1 year, 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by Mrs. Lettice Williams, Love Lodge, Llandilo, Carmarthenshire; sire, “ Tichborne 2nd” (64); dam, “ Rosal” (144), by “ Lover;” g. d., “ Victoria,” by “ Irving ;” or. g. d. “ Queen.” Ayrshire Bulls, above Two Years old. Anprew Monteomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright: First Prize, 15/., for “ Marquis of Drumlanrig,’ white and brown, 4 years, 2 months-old; bred by the late Mr. William Smith, Chanlockfort, Thornhill, Dumfries ; sire, “Shah;” dam, “ Baby.” Magor Cartyoy, Alperton Lodge, Ealing, Middlesex: Szconp Prizr, 102. for “ Allan,” red and white, 2 years, 8 months-old; bred by Her Majesty the Queen, Prince Consort’s Shaw Farm, Windsor, Berkshire; sire, “ Hendon Bull;” dam, “Jean;” g. d., “ Victoria,” by “ Rob Roy.” Grorce Ferme, Leigham Lodge Farm, Roupell Park, Streatham Hill, Surrey: the Reserve Number to “ Seafield,” brown and white, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. John Meikle, Seafield Farm, Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. Ayrshire Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Axprew Monreomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas: Fiesr Prize, 152. for “Clarendon of Drumlanrig,” white, 1 year, 1 month, 4 weeks, 1 day old; bred by the Duke of ‘Buccleuch, Drumlanrig, Manhi!l, Dumiries sire, “ Munnoch of Drumlanrig ;” dam, “ Modesty,” by “ Craig Villa.” ee, Ferme, Leigham Lodge Farm, Roupell Park, Streatham Hill, Surrey : SECOND Prize, 102., , for his brown and white, 1 year one br unknown. ArtTHurR JERVOISE Scott, Rotherfield Park, Alton, Hants: the R Number to “ Carmuirs 8th,” red and white, 1 year, 2 months, 3 w 8 days-old ; bred rif himself; sire, “ Bruce” (5); dam, “ Carmuirs,” “ Inveravon ;’ Ce rat ae Spotty,” by “ Tillichewan.” > Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. ev Ayrshire Cows, above Three Years old. Ayprew Montcomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas: First Prizz, 15/., for “ Fancy of Drumlanrig,” red and white, 5 years, 3 months-old; in-calf ; bred by Mr. Andrew Allen, Munnoch, Daby, Ayrshire; sire, “ Tweedie ;” dam, “ Beauty.” THe Stanp Stup Company, Whitefield, Manchester: Seconp Prue, 10/., for his “ Dairy Maid,” red and white, about 5 years-old ; in-milk, calved April 13, 1879; breeder unknown, GzorcE Ferme, Leigham Lodge Farm, Roupell Park, Streatham Hill, Surrey : the Reserve Number to his brown and white, about 4 years-old; in-calf ; breeder unknown. Ayrshire Heifers, in-Milk or in-Calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. THe Stranp Stroup Company, Whitefield: First Prize, 15/., for “Sun- flower,” red and white, about 2 years, 10 months-old; in-milk; breeder unknown. Awnprew Montcomery, Boreland, Castle Douglas: Srconp Prize, 10/., for “Hannah 2nd,” white and brown, 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, 4 days- old; in-calf; bred by the Duke of Buccleuch, Drumlanrig, Manhill, Dumfries ; sire, “ Bruntwoodhill;’’ dam, “ Hannah.” Tse Sranp Stop Company, Whitefield: Tuirp Pruzz, 5/., for “ Beauty ;” red and white, about 2 years, 10 months-old; in-milk; breeder unknown. GrorcE Ferme, Leigham Lodge Farm, Roupell Park, Streatham Hill, the Reserve Number t¢ his brown and white, 2 years-old; in-calf; breeder unknown. Polled Gallo way Bulls, above Two Years old. James Lirtize, Fauld, Longtown, Cumberland: First Prize, 201, for “Lord Walter” (1024), black, 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by the Duke of Buccleuch, Tibbero, Thornhill, Dumfries; sire, “ Black Prince” (546); dam, “ Louisa” (1642), by “ Balig” (729): and Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Liddesdale” (1031), black, 3 years, 5 months, 5 days- old; bred by Mr. James Graham, Parcelstown, Longtown; sire, “‘ Sim of Whitram” (562); dam, “Semiramis 4th” (1422), by “‘ Willie of Westburnflat”” (523); g. d., “Rose of Galloway” (1311), by “Sir James of Balig” (537); gr. g. d. “‘Semiramis” (703), by “ Guards- man (23). : Polled Galloway Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Tuomas GRAHAM, Beanlands Park, Irthington, Carlisle, Cumberland: First Prize, 15/., for “Chief of Errington 3rd” (1338), black, 1 year, 5 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. James Graham, Parcelstown, Longtown, Carlisle; sire, “Sim of Whitram” (462); dam, ‘‘ Semiramis 6th” (1425), by “ Willie of Westburnflat ” (523); g. d. “Semiramis 2nd” (1821), by “ Glenorcky ” (521); gr. g. d., “ Rose of Galloway ” (1811), by “Sir James of Balig” (537). evi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. JAMES CUNNINGHAM, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbright : Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Clarendon ” (1350), black, 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by the Duke of Buccleuch, Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Dumfries; sire, “ Guards- man” (1021); dam, “Hannah 2nd” (2619), by “ Lochinvar” (520) ; g. d., “ Hannah” (1635). Polled Galloway Cows, above Three Years old. JAMES GRAHAM, Parcelstown, Longtown, Cumberland: First Prize, 14/., for “‘ Forest Queen 2nd” (1423), black, 6 years, 5 months, 8 weeks-old ; in-calf, calved March 3, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “ Willie of West- burnflat ” (523); dam, “ Forest Queen” (1314), by “Sir Walter” (536) ; g.d., “Fair Forester” (1810), by “ Hannibal” (201); gr. g. d., “ Maid Marian ” (706), by “ Malcolm” (202). JAMES CUNNINGHAM, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, Kirkcudbright: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “‘ Mary Douglas ” (3276), black, 6 years old ; in-milk, calved April 7, 1879; bred by Mr. W. Beattie, Brisehill, Longtown, Cumberland ; sire, “ Bob of Denton Hall” (823): and Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Brides- maid” (1674), black, 7 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; in-milk, calved Jan. 21, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Observer” (728); dam, “ Mary 2nd” (1671), by “ Balig” (729). Polled Galloways. H.H.R. THe Prince or Wates, K.G., Sandringham, Norfolk: First Prize, 15/., for his black, 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks-old; in-calf; bred by Mr. Murray, Close Gill, Low Row, Carlisle. James GRAHAM, Parcelstown, Longtown, Cumberland: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for “Semiramis 10th” (2971), black, 2 years, 4 weeks, 1 day-old ; in- calf; bred by himself; sire, “Sim of Whitram” (562); dam, ‘ Semi- ramis 2nd” (1821), by “ Glenorcky ” (521); g. d., “ Rose of Galloway ” (1811), by “Sir James of Balig” (587); gr. g. d., “Semiramis” (703), by “Guardsman” (23): and Tutrp Prize, 5/., for “ Dinah 3rd,” black, 2 years, 8 months, 2 days-old; in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Sim of Whitram” (562); dam, “ Dinah 2nd” (2671), by “ Braw Willie” (1051). H.R.H. rae Prince or Wates, Sandringham: the Reserve Number to his black, 2 years, 11 months, 1 week, 1 day-old; in-calf; bred by Mr, Murray, Close Gill, Low Row, Carlisle. Polled Angus or Aberdeen Bulls, above Two Years old. Sir Grorcr MacpHerson Grant, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Elgin, N.B, : First Prizx, 20/., and the Campion Prize,f value 25/., for “Young Viscount” (736), black, 6 years, 2 months-old; bred hy William Duff, Hillockhead, Glass, Huntly, Aberdeenshire; sire, ‘“‘ Hampton” (492); dam, “Erica 3rd” (1249), by “Trojar” (402); g. d., “Erica 2nd” (1284), by “ Chieftain” (818); gr. g. d., “ Erica” (843), by Cupbearer” (59). Tur Marquis or Huntiy, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire: Srconp PriZz, for “ Monarch,” black, 8 years, 8 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Pluto” (602); dam, “ Madge” (1217), by “ Major” (469); g. d., “Ruth” (1169). + Given by a Committee of Breeders for the best Polled Angus or Aberdeen animal. Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Kilburn. evii Sir Witi1am Gqrpon Gorpon-Cummina, Bart., Altyre, Forres, Elgin: Tarrp Prize, 5/., for “ King of the Valley ” (965), black, 4 years, 1 month, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by Mr. John Leonard, Farmton, Alford. Tuomas Lestre Metvitte Cartwricut, Melville House, Ladybank, Fife: the Reserve Number to “ Black Prince,” black, 2 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Imperial” (898); dam, “Lily of Melville” (2272), by “Gainsborough” (596); g. d., “ Victoria 6th” (1409), by “ Jim Crow 4th” (852); gr. g. d., “ Victoria 4th” (908), by “ Leo” (849). Polled Angus or Aberdeen Yearling Bulls, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Tue Ear or STRATHMORE, Glamis Castle, Glamis, Forfar, N.B.: First Prize, 15/., for “ Bombastes,” black, 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Neptune” (1152); dam, “ Beauty of Garline ” (1267), by “ Victor of Ballindalloch” (403) ; g.d., “ Jemima of Garline” (1245), by “ Patrick ;” gr. g. d., “ Croskie 2nd” (1047). Grorcr Bruce, of Wealthyton, Keiz, Aberdeenshire, N.B.: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Cyprus,” black, I year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by Peter Cran, Old Morlich, Towie, Aberdeen; sire, “Bogfern” (901); dam, “Nugget of Morlich” (2079), by “ Patrick” (782); g. d., “Fancy” (2076), by “Balwyllo Eclipse” (781); gr. g. d., “Beauty” (2072) ; by “ Angus ” (45). Txomas Lestig Mentyitte Cartwricut, Melville House, Ladybank, Fife: the Reserve Number to “ Ebony,” black, 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Imperial” (898); dam, “ Lily of Melville” (2272), by ‘‘ Gainsborough” (596); g. d., “ Victoria 6th ” (1409), by “Jim Crow 4th” (352); gr. g. d., “* Victoria 4th” (908), by * Leo” (349). Polled Angus or Aberdeen Cows, above Three Years old. Tare Marquis or Huntiy, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire: First Prizx, 15/., for ‘‘ Madge” (1217), black, 8 years, 2 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old, in- milk, calved March 26, 1879; bred by Mr. R. Walker, Portlethen, Stone- haven, Kincardineshire ; sire, “ Major of Tillyfour” (569); dam, “ Ruth of Tillyfour” (1169). JouN Henry Brinces, Beddington House, Croydon, Surrey: Second Prizz, 10/., for ‘‘ Mayflower 3rd,” black, 5 years, 2 months-old; in-milk, calved April 4, 1879; bred by Mr. Walker, Mount Cletton, Aberdeenshire ; sire, “Hampton” (492); dam, “ Mayflower 2nd” (1020): and Turrp Prize, 5/., for “Duchess Marie,” black, 5 years, 2 months, 1 week, 5 days-old ; in-milk, calved March 27, 1879; bred by Mr. Robert Walker, Mount Cletton, Aberdeenshire ; sire, “ Hampton ” (492); dam, “ Daisy ” (1625), by “ Victor,” g. d., “ Ballindalloch” (403). Sir Georce Macpuerson Grant, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Elgin, N.B.: the Reserve Number to “ Siren,” black, 7 years, 1 week, 3 days-old; in- milk, calved April 28, 1879; bred by himself; sire, “ Juryman ” (404) ; dam, “Sybil” (974), by “ Black Prince” (501); g. d., “Ann” (589), by ‘‘ Banks of Dee” (12). , eviii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Polled Angus or Aberdeen Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. THE Marquis or Huntiy, of Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire: First Prize, 15/., for “ Princess Royal,” black, 2 years, 7 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old, in-calf ; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Dragon ;” dam, “ Princess 1st of Aboyne,” by ‘‘ Lord Macduff” (678) ; g. d., “ Princess 3rd ” (1771). West Highland Bulls, above Two Years old. James Duncan, Benmore, Kilmun by Greenock, Argyleshire: First Prize, 201., for “‘ Roderick Dhu,” black, 5 years, 2 months, 6 days-old; bred by John Stewart Bochastle, Callender, Perth ; sire, “ Donachadh Dubh.” West Highland Yearling Bulls, above One and nct exceeding Two Years old. JAMES Duncan, Benmore, Kilmun, by Greenock, Argyleshire: Fist Prize, 157., for “ Alistair Mohr,” light dun, 1 year, 2 months, 3 weeks, 6 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “ Donachadh Ban ;” dam, “ Mairi Ban :” and ~ SrconD Prize, 10/., for “ Lord Colin,” yellow, 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Donachadh Ban ;” dam, “ Dhuber- rach.” Kerry Bulls of any age. JAMEs Rozertson, La Mancha, Malahide, Co. Dublin: First Prize, 20/., for “ Busaco,” black, 6 years, 2 months-old ; breeder unknown. Rozert Hoce, LL.D., Streame, Horeham Road, Sussex : Szconp Prize, 102., for “Punch,” black, 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘La Mancha ;” dam, “ Punchy.” Tue Earn or CLonMELt, Bishop’s Court, Straffan, Kildare: Tarrp Prize, 52, for “The Kerry Recruit,” black, age unknown; bred by the late Sir Gerald Aylmer, Bart., Donadea, Kilcock, Kildare. James Rosertson, La Mancha, the Reserve Number to “ Border Chief,” black, 2 years, 5 months-old ; bred by Mr. Eagar, Blanerville, Co. Kerry. Kerry Cows, or Heifers, in-milk or in-calf. Tue Eart or Cionmett, Bishop’s Court: First Prize, 20/., for “The Pride of Kerry,” black, 5 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 5 days- old, in-milk, galved April 19, 1879; bred by Mr. John O'Sullivan, Killagh, Kenmare, Co. Kerry. Ricuarp Goon, Aherlow, Co. Cork: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Norah,” black, 3 years-old, in-calf; breeder unknown. Peter Hay, Spike Island, Queenstown, Co. Cork: Tutrp Prize, 5/., for “Little Beauty,” black, about 5 years, 2 months-old, in-milk and in-callf, calved February 8, 1879; bred by Mr. Michael Foley, Killarney, Co. Kerry. James Roperrson, of La Mancha: the Reserve Number to,“ Perilla,” black; 4 years, 2 weeks old, in-calf; breeder unknown. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cix Other British Breeds—Bulls of any age. Tae Eart or TANKERVILLE, Chillingham Castle, Alnwick, Northumberland : First Prize, 20/., for ‘‘ Adam,” white Shorthorn, 2 years, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, a Chillingham wild bull; dam, a pure Shorthorn cow. JouN Buiorr, Whalebone House, Chadwell Heath, Essex: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “‘ Young Cherry,” roan Shorthorn, 10 months, 1 week, 2 days-old ; bred by himself. Other British Breeds—Cow or Heifer in-milk or in-calf. Joun Buorr, Whalebone House : First Prize, 201, for “ Nelly,” roan, 3 years, 7 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; in-milk, calved Aug. 22, 1878; bred by himself. Dairy Cattle—Pairs of Cows in-milk. FREDERICK Harvey, Churcham House, Gloucester: First Prizz, 25/., for “ Victoria,” roan Shorthorn, 7 years, 4 months-old. ‘ Lady,” roan Short- horn, 6 years, 3 months-cld ; both bred by himself. J. WELFORD AND Son, Warwick Farm Dairies, Bayswater, London, W.: Srconp Prize, 15/., for “ Buttercup,’ red, mixed Shorthorn, about 6 years-old. ‘“ May,” red-pied, mixed Shorthorn, about 6 years old; breeders unknown. : Tue Stanp Stup Company, Whitefield, Manchester: Turrp Prize, 10/., for “ Fill Pail,” roan Yorkshire, 5 years-old. ‘* Rosebud,” roan Yorkshire, about 5 years-old; breeders unknown. WruuumM Perxixs Warner, Welsh Harp, Hendon, Middlesex: the Reserve Number to ‘‘ Daisy,” red, 5 years-old. ‘Dolly,’ roan, 6 years old; breeders unknown. Dairy Catile—Cows in-milk. Tue Stranp Stup Company, of Whitefield, Manchester ; First Prize, 251., for “ Buttercup,” roan Yorkshire, about 5 years-old; in-milk, calved May 25, 1879 ; breeder unknown. Tuomas Kinestey, 40, New Road, Aylesbury : Szeconp Prize, 15/., for “ But- terfly,” Hall bred, about 5 years-old; in-milk, calved June 15, 1879; breeder unknown. GerorcE Ferme, Leigham Lodge, Roupell Park, Streatham Hill, Surrey: Tarp Prize, 10/., for his Ayrshire, about 5 years-old; in-calf; breeder unknown. Wittram Butss, Chipping Norton, Oxon: the Reserve Number to “ Juniper Berry,” roan Shorthorn, 11 years, 1 month, 5 days-old; in-milk, calved April 14, 1879; bred by W. B. 8. Sackville, Drayton House; sire, “ George Ist,” dam, “ Juniper.” cx. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. SHEEP. Leicester Shearling Rams. HEBDEN BorTon, Manor House, Barton-le-Street, Malton, Yorkshire: First Prizz, 20/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. TEASDALE Hinton Hutcuinson, Manor House, Catterick, Yorkshire: Szconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “ Royal Liverpool.” GrorcE TurRNER, jun., Thorpelands, Northampton: Tarrp Prizeg, 5/., for his 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. TEASDALE Hinton Hurcuryson : the feserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Royal Liverpool.” Leicester Rams of any other age. TrrspALE Hmton Hurcuiyson, Manor House, Catterick, Yorkshire: Fist Prizz, 20/., for his 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. HerspEN Borton, Manor House, Barton-le-Street, Malton: Srconp Prize, 10/., for his “ Bachelor,” 2 years, 1 month, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. GxrorcE TuRNER, jun., Thorpelands, Northamptonshire: Turrp Prizx, 51., for his 2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. HEsBDEN Borton : the Reserve Number to his 2 years, 3 months-old; bred by himself. Leicesters—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes of the same flock. ' Tur EXECUTORS OF THE LATE Francis JorDAn, of Eastburn, Driffield, York- shire: First Prizz, 15/., for their 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by themselves. GrorcE TuRNER, jun., Thorpelands, Northampton: Szconp Prizg, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. TrEspALE H, Hurcutnsoy, Manor House, Catterick: THtrp Prizg, 5/., for his 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“ Royal Liverpool.” Wittiam Brown, High Gate House, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, Yorkshire ; the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Leicester Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. - JOHN GREEN AND Son, Low House Farm, Silsden, Leeds: First Prizm, 15/., for their 3 months-old; bred by themselves; sire, ‘‘ Lancaster.” Grorce Turner, Great Bowley, Tiverton, Devon: Szconp Prizx, 10/., for his 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself: and the Reserve Number to his 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Border Leicester Shearling Rams. RICHARD TWEEDIE, The Forest, Catterick: Fier Prizn, 20/., for his 1 year, ~ 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal James;” sire of Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn exi dam, “Lord Lorne?’ and Seconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ King James;” sire of dam, “ Fitz- James,” Joux THompson, Baillieknowe, Kelso, N.B.: Tarep Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. RicoHarp TweEEepre: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal James;” sire of dam, “Sir James. Border Leicester Rams of any other age. RicHaRD Tweeprs, The Forest, Catterick, “First Prize, 20/., for “Royal Victor,” 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself ; ‘sire, * Royal James ;” 3” sire of dam, “Sir ‘James :” and SEcosD Pruzz, 10/., for * Rover,” 3 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ King James ;” sire of dam, “Sir James.” Hesry Bory, Glororum, Belford, Northumberland: Turep Prize, 5/., for his 2 years, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Border Leicester Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same Flock, Ricuarp Tweepiz, The Forest, Catterick: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. JoHN THompson, Baillieknowe, Kelso, Roxburghshire: [Szecosp Prize, 107, for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Cuarntes Ernest Hay, Bradford House, Belford, Northumberland: Taip Prizg, 5/., for his about 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself. RicHarp Tweepre: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks- old; bred by himself. Border Leicester Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five, JonN THompson, Baillieknowe, Kelso: Fimst Prize, 15/., for;his 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Cartes Erxest Hay, Bradford House, Belford, Northumberland: Secoxp Paizz, 102., for his 3 months,*1 week-old ; bred by himself, RicHarp Twente, The Forest, Catterick : Tamp Prize, 5/., for his 3 months, 2 weeks old; bred by himself. Cotswold Shearling Rams. Tuomas Brows, Marham Hall, Downham Market, Norfolk: Fimst Pes, 200., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. ; THomas and SrepHen Grorce Gmuert, Kilkenny, Faringdon: Seconp Pre, 10/., for their 1 year, 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by them- selves. Joun Gintett, Oaklands, Charlbury, Oxon: Tuimp Prue, 5/., for his 1 year 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Txomas Brown, Marham Hall: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 4 months- old; bred by himself. cxii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Cotswold Rams of any other age. Tuomas Brown, Marham Hall: First Prize, 20/., for his 2 years, 4 months- old; bred by himself. : THoMAS AND STEPHEN GEoRGE GILLETT, Kilkenny, Faringdon, Oxon: Sreconp Prize, 10/., for their 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by themselves. RussELL SwANWICK, the College Farm, Cirencester: Turrp Prize, 5/., for his about 2 years, 5 months-old ; bred by himself: and Reserve "Number to his about 2 years, 5 months-old ; bred by himself. , Cotswold Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same Flock. Rosert Jacogs, Signett Hill, Burford, Oxfordshire: First Prizx, 15/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Tomas and STEPHEN GEORGE GiLiETT, Kilkenny: Seconp Prize, 10/., for their 1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by themselves. Joun Giitert, Oaklands, Charlbury: Txirp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself, RussELL Swanwick, College Farm, Cirencester: the Reserve Number to his about 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by himself. Cotswold Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. Epwarp Tomss, Shilton, Bampton, Oxfordshire: First Prize, 15/., for his 5 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself. JouN GILLeTr, Oaklands, Charlbury: Szconp Prizs, 10/., for his 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Ropert Jacoss, Signett Hill, Burford: the Reserve Number to his 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Lincoln Shearling Rams. Henry Suita, The Grove, Cropwell Butler, Nottingham: First Prue, 20/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Joun PEars, Mere, Lincoln: Srconp Prizx, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months- old; bred by himself. Rosert Wricut, Nocton Heath, Lincoln: Turrp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Artuur GarriT, Scothern, Lincoln: the Reserve Number to his about 1 year, 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. “ Lincoln Rams of any other age. Henry Smiru, The Grove, Cropwell Butler, Nottingham: First Prize, mig for ‘“Maréchale Bazaine,” about 2 years, 2 months-old; bred by the late Mr. W. F. Marshall, Branston, Lincoln: and Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Lord Beaconsfield,” 5 years, 2 months, 2 weeks-old 5 bred by Mr. Thomas Mayfield, Dogdyke, Boston, Witiam and Henry Duppine, Panton House, Wragby, Lincolnshire: Tap Prizz, 5/., for their 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by them- selves. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cexlil Robert Cuares CarLine, Needham Hall: the Reserve Number to his about 3 years, 4 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Lincoln Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Joun Pears, Mere, Lincoln: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. Cuartes Sen, Poplar Farm, Bassingbourne, Royston, Cambridgeshire: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 8 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Rosert Cuartes Catiinc, Needham Hall, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: Turrp Prize, d/., for his about 1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Rosert Waicut, Nocton Heath, Lincoln: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Lincoln Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. Wut11am and Henry Dupprxe, Panton House, Wragby: First Prize, 15/., for their 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by themselves, CHARLES SELL, Poplar Farm, Bassingbourne, Royston: Seconp Prizx, 10/., for his 4 months-old; bred by himself. Rosert CHartEs Catirne, Needham Hall, Wisbech: the Reserve Number to his about 4 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Kentish or Romney Marsh Shearling Rams. JoHN SamvueL Strutr Gopwiy, Hazelwood, Hadlow, Kent: First Prizz, 20/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old: SEconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old: and Turrp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old; all bred by himself. Henry Pace, Walmer Court, Walmer, Kent: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old, bred by himself. Kentish or Romney Marsh Rams of any other age. JoHN SAMUEL Strutt Gopwix, Hazelwood, Hadlow: First Prize, 20), for his 2 year, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Henry RiepeNn, Lyminge, Hythe, Kent: Srconp Prize, 10/., for his 2 years, 2 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself: and Turrp Prize, 5/., for his 2 years, 2 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire “ Guildford.” Tuomas Powe, East Lenham, Maidstone, Kent: the Reserve Number to his 3 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Kentish or Romney Marsh Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Jonn SamveL Srrutr Gopwiy, Hazelwood, Hadlow, Kent: First Prizz, 15/., for his 1 year, 8 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Henry Ricpey, Lyminge, Hythe, Kent: Seconp Prize, 10/. for his 1 year, 9 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. VOL. XV.—5. S. h cxiv _ Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Frepertck Neame, jun., Macknade, Faversham, Kent: Tuirp Prize, 51, for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Legacy.” Henry Pace, Walmer Court, Walmer, Kent: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Kentish or Romney Marsh Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. Henry Pace, Walmer Court: First Prizez, 15/., for his 5 months-old; bred by himself: and Seconp Prizz, 10/., for his 5 months-old; bred by himself. Brapsury Wittram Tassewu, Hode, Patrixbourne, Canterbury: the Reserve Number to his 8 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Oxfordshire Down Shearling Rams. JOHN TREADWELL, Upper Winchendon, Aylesbury: First Prizz, 20/., for his 1 year, 4° months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “* The Swell.” ALBERT Brassey, Heythrop Park, Chipping Norton: Szconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself: and Turrp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Grorce Apams, Pidnell Farm, Faringdon, Berkshire: the Reserve Nwmber to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal Oxford.” Oxfordshire Down Rams of any other age. Cuar.es Hopzs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford, Gloucestershire: First Prizp, 20/., for his 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Joun ‘TREADWELL, Upper Winchendon: Seconp Prizx, 10/., for “The Swell,” about 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Freeland:” and Turrp Prizg, 5/., for “Royal Liverpool,’ about 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Freeland ;” sire of dam, “ Gillett.” James and Freperick Howarp, Britannia Farms, Bedford: the Reserve Number to “Sir Charles,” 4 years, 5 months-old; bred by Mr. C. Howard, Biddenham, Bedford. Oxfordshire Down Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. JouN TREADWELL, Upper Winchendon: First Prizn, 15/., for his about 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Gerorce Apams, Pidnell Farm, Faringdon: Srconp PrizzE, 101., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal Oxford.” Apert BrassEy, Heythrop Park, Chipping Norton: Tarrp Prizx, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Grorcr ApAms: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Royal Oxford.” Oxfordshire Down Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. Atsert Brassry, Heythrop Park, Chipping Norton, Oxon: First PRUE, ahs for his 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cxv Wituram ArKeEtt, jun., Hatherop, Fairford, Gloucestershire: SzconD Prize, 10/., for his 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Grorce Srreet, Maulden, Ampthill, Bedford : : Tarrp Prize, 5/., for his about 5 months-old; bred by himself. James and Freperick Howarp, Britannia Farms, Bedford: the Reserve Number to their about 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by themselves. Southdown Shearling Rams. Wi1iam Riepey, Ashcroft, Kingston-by-Sea, Shoreham, Sussex: First Prize, 20/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal Bedford.” Lozp WatstxeuaM, Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. H.R.B. tHE Prixce oF Watss, K.G., Sandringham, Norfolk : Teresi Priez, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by ‘His Royal Highness. LorD Sodio the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Southdown Rams of any other age. JEREMIAH James Cotman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: First Prize, 20/., for his 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Henry Hompneey, Ashington Mill, Pulborough, Sussex: Seconp Prize, 101., for his 2 years, 3 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself. H.R.H. tae Prixce or Wates, K.G., Sandringham: Turrp Pre, 5/., for his 3 years, 4 months-old ; bred by His Royal Highness. Hue Gorrince, Kingston-by-Sea, Shoreham, Sussex : the Reserve Number to his about 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself, Southdown Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. JEREMIAH JAMES CotMAN, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. Jous and ALFRED Heasman, Angmering, Worthing, Sussex: Szconp Prize, 10/., for their 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by themselves. H.R.H. tHE Preusce or WateEs, K.G., pacancnalt. Tuirp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by "His Royal Highness. Freperick Mavixix Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Saffron Walden, Essex: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by himself. Southdown Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. H.R.H. tHe Prixce or Wates, K.G., Sandringham: First Prize, 15/., for his 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by His Royal Highness. JouN and ALFRED Heasmay, Angmering, Worthing, Sussex: Seconp Prize, 10/., for their 5 months-old ; “bred by themselves. Freperick Mav xix Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Saffron Waldon, Essex: Tarrp Prizz, 5/., for his 5 months- old; bred by himself. GEORGE Bride Ickleton, Great Chesterford, Essex: the Reserv2 Number to his 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. h 2 Cxvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Shropshire Shearling Rams. GrorcE GraHAm, The Oaklands, Birmingham: First Prizg, 20/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Tomas JAMES ManseELL, Dudmaston Lodge, Bridgnorth, Salop: SzconpD PrizE, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. James Lenox Naper, Loughcrew, Oldcastle, Ireland: Turrp Prizs, 52., for his “ Sir Grey,” 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sir Gray.” Heyxry James SuHELpoN, Brailes House, Shipton-on-Stour: the Reserve Number to his about 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Shropshire Rams of any other age. Francis Bacu, Onibury, Craven Arms, Salop: Frrst Prize, 20/., for his about 2 yeais, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Tuomas James Mansett, Dudmaston Lodge: Srconp Prizz, 101., for his “Birdlime,” 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Double B.” JoHN Epwarp Farmer, of Felton, Ludlow, Salop: Turrp Prize, 5J., for his about 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Tuomas Nocr, Sutton Maddock, Shifnal, Salop: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Shropshire Yearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Mrs. Harriet Smirx, New House, Sutton Maddock, Shifnal: First Prize, 5/., for her about 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by herself. GrorGE GraHAM, The Oaklands, Birmingham: Second Prizg, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. RicHarD Tuomas, The Buildings, Baschurch, Salop, Tarrp Prize, 5/., for his about 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince.” Henry TownsHEnD, Caldicote Hall, Nuneaton, Warwickshire: the Reserve Number to his about 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Shropshire Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. Tuomas Nock, Sutton Maddock, Shifnal, Salop: First Prizz, 15/., for his 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Hampshire Shearling Rams. AtrreD Morrison, Fonthill House, Tisbury, Wilts: First Prize, 202; for his 1 year, 5 months-old: Szconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 5 months, 1 week-old: and Tuirp Prizes, 5/., for his 1 year, 5 months-old; all bred by himself. Frank R. Moors, Littlecott, Pewsey, Wilts: the Reserve Number to his about 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by himself. Hampshire Rams of any other age. Atrrep Morrison, Fonthill House: First Prizp, 20/., for his 2 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. 4 Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. exvil Waut11am Parsons, West Stratton, Micheldever, Hants: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his about 2 years, 5 months old ; bred by himself. Frank R. Moors, Littlecott, Pewsey: Txairp Prize, 5/., for his 3 years, 4 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Henry Lampert, Great Abington, Cambridge: the Reserve Number to his about 2 years, 5 months-old ; bred by himself. Hampshire Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. James ReaD, Homington, Salisbury, Wilts: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself: and Seconp Prizz, 13s., for bis 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by himself. J. A. and T. Pater, Nine Mile Waters, Broughton, Stockbridge, Hants: Turep Prize, 5/., for their 1 year, 5 months-old ; bred by themselves. Lewis Loyp, Monk’s Orchard, Croydon, Surrey: the Reserve Nuniber to his 1 year, 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Hampshire Ewe Lambs, Pens of Five. AtFREeD Morrisoy, Fonthill House: First Prize, 15/., for his 4 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Wiutt1am Parsons, West Stratton, Micheldever, Hampshire: Szconp Prime, 10/., for his about 5 months-old ; bred by himself. JoxaTHan Ricc, Wrotham Hill Park, Sevenoaks, Kent: Tamep Prize, d/., for his 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Cheviot Shearling Rams. Tuomas Exuior, Hindhope, Jedburgh, Roxburghshire: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself: and SEcoxp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘ Mor- peth,” sire of dam, “ Highlazd Chief.” JOHN Rosson, Byrness, Otterburn, Northumberland: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself. Cheviot Rams of any other age. Tuomas Exxiot, Hindhope: First Prize, 10/., for his 3 years, 2 months, 2 wecks-old; bred by himself: sire, “‘ Lauderdale :” and Szconp Prize, 5/., for his 2 years, 3 months-old; bred by. himself. Jousx Rosson, Byrness, Otterburn; the Reserve Number to his 3 years, 3 months-old; bred by himself. Cheviot Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Taomas Exttor, Hindhope: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Horney.” Joun Ropsoy, Byrness; Seconp Prizg, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself. : Black-faced Mountain Shearling Rams. Joux Drxoy, High Hall, Dent, Yorkshire: Fst Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months old; bred by Mr. Ingelby, Bousber, Clapham, Yorkshire. Cxvill Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Wi11aM Brartig, Crocknacurmie, Pettigo, Co. Donegal: Szconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself, Black-faced Mountain Rams of any other age. CuristopHeR J. H. Tower, Weald Hall, Brentwood, Essex: First Prize, 10/., for his 4 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Black-faced Mountain Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Witi1am Beattie, Crocknacurmie: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Herdwicks, Shearling Rams. Epwarp NEtson, Gatesgarth, Cockermouth, Cumberland : First Prizz, 10/., fur “ Mountain King,” 1 year, 2 months-old; bred by himself: sire, “Yew Tree.” GrorGE Browne, Troutbeck, Windermere, Westmoreland: SEconD Prize, 5/., for “ Duke of Connaught,” 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself, Herdwicks, Rams of any other age. Epwarp Netson, Gatesgarth : First Prize, 10/., for “Toby Smart,” 6 years, 2 months-old; bred by himself: sire, “ Gatesgarth Boggle.” Grorce Browne, Troutbeck, Windermere: Seconp Prizu, 5/., for “ Patch,” 3 years, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Herdwicks, Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. GrorcE Browne, Troutbeck: Frrst Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Wittram Leatses, Lamplugh Hall, Cockermouth, Cumberland: Srconp . Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself. Lonks, Shearling Rams. JOHN GREEN and Son, Low House Farm, Silsden, Leeds: First Prizx, 10/., for their 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by themselves: sire, “ Liverpool Champion.” Lonks, Rams of any other age. JoHN GREEN and Son: First Prize, 1C/., for their “ Liverpool Champion,” 3 years, 8 months-old; bred by themselves. Lonks, Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Joun GREEN and Son: First Prize, 10/., for their 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by themselves: sire, “ Liverpool Champion.” Rylands, Shearling Rams: Wiut11am Taytor, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months old; bred by himself. . Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cx1x Rylands, Rams of any other age. Wiram Taytor: First Prize, 10/., for his 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Devon Long-woolled Shearling Rams. Wuttam and Georce Birp, Volis, Taunton, Somerset: First Prize, 10/., for their about 1 year, 5 months-old ; bred by themselves. Siz J. H. H. Amory, Bart., M.P., Knightshays Court, Tiverton, Devon: SEcoND Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself: and the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Devon Long-woolled Rams of any other age. ALFRED BoweErMAN, Capton, Williton, Taunton: First Prizx, 10/., for his 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. RicHarD Corner, Torweston, Williton, Somerset: Seconp Prizx, 5/., for his 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself, Sr J. H. H. Amory, Bart., M.P., Knightshays Court, Tiverton, Devon: the Reserve Number to his 2 years, 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Devon Long-woolled Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Sm J. H. H. Amory, Bart., M.P., Knightshays Court, Tiverton, Devon: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. JosepH Norris FRANKLIN, Huxham, Exeter: Seconp Prizz, 5/., for his about 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. CHarLes Norris, Motion, Exeter: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Somerset and Dorset Horned Shearling Rams. HersBert Fartutxe, Nether Stowey, Bridgwater, Somerset: First Prix, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; and Szconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. JouN Mayo, Broadway Farm, Dorchester: the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Somerset and Dorset Horned Rams of any other age. JAMES C, CULVERWELL, Clavelshay, North Petherton, Bridgwater: First Prize, 10/., for his 3 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself. Hersert Fartuine, Nether Stowey: Sreconp Prize, 5/., for his 3 years, 5 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Joun Mayo, Broadway Farm: the Reserve Number to his 3 years, 6 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by Mr. Thomas Bradford, Look Farm, Abbotsbury. Somerset and Dorset Horned Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock, Epwarp Gaprer Leace, Coombe Down, Beaminster, Dorset: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Cxx Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. JouN Mayo, Broadway Farm: Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Dartmoor Shearling Rams. JouN LexpoN Bremriper, Martin Farm, Okehampton, Devon: First eae 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself: sire, “‘ Young odel.” JouN Knapman, East Ash, South Tawton, Okehampton: Szconp Prue, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Joun Lenpon Bremripce, Martin Farm: the Reserve Number to “ Forester,” 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself: sire, “ Model.” Dartmoor Rams of any other age. RocEr Patmer, Venn Farm, Beaworthy, Exbourne, Devonshire: First Prize, 10/., for his 5 years, 3 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself. James Drew, Artiscombe, Tavistock, Devon: SzecoNp Prize, 5/., for his 3 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. JoHN Knapman, East Ash: the Reserve Number to his 3 years, 3 months, 4 weeks-old; bred by Mr. John Jackman, Meadwell, Kelly, Lifton, evon. < Dartmoor Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. James Drew, Artiscombe, Tavistock: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. RocErR Patmer, Venn Farm, Beaworthy, Exbourne: Szconp Prizg, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. Exmoor Shearling Rams. Mrs. Marta Lanepon, Flitton Barton, North Molton, Devon: First Prize, 10/., for her about i year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by herself. Lorp Pottrmore, Poltimore Park, Exeter: Seconp Prizz, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. Exmoor Rams of any other age. Mrs. Marta Lanepon, Flitton Barton: Firsr Prize, 10/., for her about 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by herself. ~ Lorp Portmore, Poltimore Yark: Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Exmoor Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Lorp Porrrmore, Poltimore Park: First Prize, 10z., for his 1 year, 4 months- old; bred by himself. Mxs. Marra Lanepoy, Flitton Barton: Seconp Prize, 5/., for her about 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by herself. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cxxi Welsh Mountain Shearling Rams, Carrain Joun C. Best, Plas-yn-Vivod, Llangollen, Denbighshire: First PrizE, 10/., for his 1 year, 2 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself. Evias Davies, Backlaw, Conway, Carnarvonshire: Szconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Welsh Mountain Rams of any other age. Mrs. JANE Grirriru, Merchlyn, Conway, Carnarvonshire: First Prizr, 10/., for “ Bismarck,” 5 years, 3 months-old: bred by Mr. William Roberts, Liwydfan, Conway: and Sxrconp Prizx, 5/., for “ Will,’ 2 years, 3 months-old; bred by herself: sire, ‘ Bismarck.” Welsh Mountain Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Mrs. Jane Grirrita: First Prize, 10/., for her 1 vear, 3 months-old ; bred by herself: sire, “ Bismarck.” Epwarp Tnomas, Penisarwaen, Trefnant, Rhyl, Flints: Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself. Roscommon Rams. Bengamin Hannan, Riverstown, Killucan, Westmeath, Ireland: Tirst Prizg, 10/., for “Paddy go Easy,” 2 years, 3 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself: sire, “ Tichborne.”’ Parrick Mreriruan, Kilmaglish, Mullingar, Westmeath: Sreconp Prize, 5/., jor ‘“‘ Paddy Whack,” 2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself: sire, ‘‘ Connaught Ranger,” sire of dam, ‘‘ Faugh-a-Ballagh.” BensaMIn Hannan: the Reserve Number to “ Rory,” 3 years, 4 months-old ; bred by himself: sire, “ Connaught Ranger.” Roscommon Shearling Ewes, Pens of Five of the same flock. Bengamin Hannan, Riverstown: First Prizz, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2-weeks-old ; bred by himself: sire, “ Connaught Ranger.” Patrick MErienay, Kilmaglish: Szconp Prizg, 5/., for his about 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself: sire, “ Paddy Whack.” GOATS. Short-haired British—Males. Miss Frances A. C. CressweLn, Windlesham, Bagshot, Surrey: Firsr Prize, 5/., for “ Prince Charlie,’ 3 years, 6 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by herself. Proressor JAMES Brarr Simmonps, College House, Great College Street, London: Srconp Prize, 3/., for “ Bouncing Billy,” 1 year, 2 mouths-old ; breeder unknown. cxxil Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Short-haired British—Females. Frepertck Aucustus Crisp, 338, Walworth Road, Walworth, Surrey : First ’ Prize, 5/., for “ Nan,” in-milk and in-kid, about 8 years-old; breeder unknown. Proressor JAMES Beart Srmonpds: Seconp Prizs, 3/., for “ Lady Camden,” in-milk, about 4 years-old; breeder unknown. Bentinck Canney, Montrose Villa, George Road, Lewisham, Kent: the Reserve Number to “ Pet,” in-kid, under 4 years-old, Long-haired British—Males. Proressor JoHN Worttey Axe, The Wilderness, Pinner, Watford, Mid- dlesex: First Prize, 5J., for “‘ Pinner Duke ;” age and breeder unknown. Epwarp THADDEUS CROOKENDEN, 305, Deptford Lower Road, Deptford, Kent: Srconp Prize, 3/., for his 3 years, 1 month, 2 weeks-old ; breeder unknown. Long-haired British—Females. Miss Acnrs Jacomp, The Mount, Pinner, Watford, Middlesex: First Prize, 5l., for “ Nina,” in-milk, 8 years, 4 months-old; breeder unknown. CuartEs Daymon, 5, Glasshouse Yard, Aldersgate Street, London: Szconp Prize, 3/., for “ Nan,” in-milk, 4 years, 8 months-old; breeder unknown. PIGS. % Large White Breed—Boars, above Six Months and not exceeding Twelve Months old. i JAMES and FrepEriIck Howarp, Britannia Farms, Bedford: First Prizz, 5/., for their 7 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by themselves; sire, Liverpool ;’ dam, “ Silverhair,” by “ King.” Tae Earn or Ettesmerr, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Seconp Prizx, 5/., for “Samson 5th,” 11 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Samson 2nd ;” dam, by “ Pride of Idle.” CHARLES Exmuirst Duckrrtne, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire: the Reserve Number to “ Gliiell,” 10 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Cultivator 16th.” A Large White Breed—Boars, above Twelve Months old. Tue Fart or Evtesmernr, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prizx, 10/., for “Samson 2nd,” 4 years, 6 months-old; bred by Mr. M. Walker, Chaddesden, Derby ; sire, “ Samson ;” dam by “ Victor 2nd :” and SrconD Prize, 3/., for “Samson 4th,” 2 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “Samson ;” dam, by “‘ Yorkshire Lad.” ; CuaArtes Eimuarrst Duckerine, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey: the Reserve Number to “Cultivator 16th,” 1 year, 11 months-old; bred by himself ;. sire, “ Cultivator 13th.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. cxxill Large White Breed—Pens of three Breeding Sow Pigs of the same Litter, above Three and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Atrrep Crowruer, Star Inn, Bridge Street, Bury, Lancashire: First Prize, 10/., for his 5 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Samson ;” dam, ‘‘ Luce.” Roserr Tommas, Winson Green, Birmingham: Srcoxp Prize, 5J., for his 5 months, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Emperor;” dam, “Tigress,” by “Esau:” and the Reserve Number to his 5 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Samson; ” dam, “ Giantess,” by “Jerry.” Large White Breed—Breeding Sows. Tue Eart or Exzesmerr, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prize, 107., for “ Empress,” 2 years, 3 months, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire “Samson ;” dam by “Old Nonsuch”: and SEconp Prize, 5/., for “ Queen of Sheba,” 4 years, 6 months-old; bred by Mr. M. Walker, Chaddesden, Derby ; sire, ‘Samson ;” dam by “ Victor 2nd.” Peter Epren, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: the Reserve Number to “Dewdrop,” 2 years, 7 months, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Champion ;” dam, “ Lillium,” by “ Kingcraft.” Small White Breed—Boars, above One and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Tue Earn or ExLesmerr, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prize, 10/., for “ Prince,” 11 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. Blakey, Otley, Yorks; sire, “Jerry ;” dam, “ Footstep.” Lorp Moreton, Tortworth Court, Falfield, Gloucestershire: Szconp Prizx, 5l., for “ Pearl’s Son,” 10 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Young XL;” dam, “ Pearl,” by “ Barrister.” SANDERS SpPENcER, Holywell, St. Ives, Hunts: the Reserve Number to “ Pom- pous,” 10 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Puritan ;” dam, “Sister to Pride of Oxford,” by “Tom Thumb.” Small White Breed—Boars, above Twelve Months old. Sanpers Spencer, Holywell, St. Ives: Frrst Prize, 10/., for “Esau,” 1 year, 2 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Puritan ;” dam, “Oh Don’t,” by “The Czar.” THe Eart or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Szconp Prize, 5/., for “‘ The Swell,” 1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself ; sire, “XL;” dam, “ Nelly Farren.” Caartes Exmurrst Duckerrinc, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire : the Reserve Number to “‘ Osman,” 1 year, 9 months-old ; bred by himself. Small White Breed—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs of the same Litter, above Three and not exceeding Six Months old. Tue Eart or Evtesmers, Worsley Hall, Manchester: First Prize, 101., for his 3 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ King of the Peacocks ;” dam, “ British Queen:” and Sreconp Prizs, d/., for his exxiy Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ King of the Peacocks ;” dam, “ Gem.” SANDERS ee ccre Holywell, St. Ives: the Reserve Number, to his 4 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Puritan ;’ dam, “‘ Opossum,” by “Tom Thumb.” Small White Breed—Breeding Sows. Lorp Moreton, Tortworth Court, Falfield: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 3 days-old, in-pig ; bred by himself; sire, “ Young XL.” Tue Hart or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Seconp Prizx, 51., for “ Duchess,” 2 years, 3 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ ‘The Dutch- mn; dam by “XL.” ALFRED CROWTHER, Star Inn, Bridge Street, Bury, Lancashire: the Jeserve Number to “Beauty,” 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Bill ;’ dam, ‘Sister to Duchess.” Small Black Breed—Boars, above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Matrpew Waker, Chaddesden, Derby: First Prize, 10/., for “ Little John,” 9 months, 1 week, 5 days-old ; bred by Mr. Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich; sire, ‘Adventurer’s Son;” dam, “ Admirable,” by “ Prodigal.” THe Duke or Hamitton anp Branpon, Easton Park, Wickham Market, Suffolk :? Srconp Prize, 5/., for “ Young Doncaster,” 11 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘ Doncaster; dam, “ Favourite.” Witt1am Wee er, Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour, Worcestershire: the Reserve Number, to his 6 months, 1 day-old; bred by himself. Small Black Breed—Boars, above Twelve Months old. Tue Rev. Witi1am Hooper, Chilfrome Rectory, Dorchester: First Prizx, 10/., for ‘‘ Lord Beaconsfield,” 1 year, 1 month, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sultan.” CuARLEs Extmuirst Duckertne, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire: Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 1 month, 1 week-old; bred by Mr. G. M. Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich. Marruew Waker, Chaddesden, Derby: the Reserve Number to “ Childeric,” 1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by Mr. Sexton, Wherstead “Hall, Ipswich ; sire, “ Prince Charlie ;” sire of dam, “ Blair Athol.” Small Black Breed—Breeding Sows. Witu1am Wueexer, Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour: First Prize, 102. for his 1 year, 9 months-old ; bred by himself: and Seconp Piaze, 5L., for his 1 year, 7 months, 1 day -old ; bred by himself. Marrnew Watxer, Chaddesden, Dare : the Reserve Number to “ Paris,” 2 years, 2 months-old ; bred by Mr. Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswieb 5 s sire, ‘ Prodigal ;” dam, ** Victoria,” by “ Blair Athol.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. CXXV Berkshires—Boars, above Six Months and not exceeding Twelve Months old, Artuur Srewanrt, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester: Frrst Prizx, 10/., for his 11 months, 1 week, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Prodigal :” and Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 11 months, 1 week, 1 day-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Prodigal.” Epwarp Tomss, Shilton, Bampton, Oxfordshire: the Reserve Number to “ Aylesbury,” 9 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Timothy ;” dam, ‘“* Lady Mallard,” by “ Baron Suthrope.” Berkshires—Boars, above Twelve Months old. Heser Humrrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham, Berks: First Prize, 10/., for “‘ Bingley Ist,” 2 years, 2 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Hillsmere ;” dam, “ May Rugby,” by ‘‘ Maybourne.” Lorp CutsHam, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks: Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 8 years, 2 months- old ; bred by Mr. es Humfrey, Kingstone, Shrivenham, Berks. RusseELt Swanwick, College Farm, Cirencester, Gloucestershire: the Reserve Number to “ Emulation,” 2 years, 1 month, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ May Breeze.” Berkshires—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs of the same Litter, above Three and not exceeding Six Months old. Wixiiam Henry WALKER, Shenfield Hall, Brentwood, Essex: First Prize, 10/., for his 4 months, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Tartar,” dam, “ Rosette 2nd.” Lorp CHEsHAM, Latimer, Chesham: Srconp Prize, 4/., for his 5 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself. ARTHUR STEWART, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester: the Reserve Number to his 4 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Sir Sniper ;” “Tady Berkeley.” Berkshires—Breeding Sows. Heser Humrrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham, Berks: First Prize, 100., for “ Donna Louise,” 3 years, 1 month, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; in-pig; bred by Mr. D. Ashcroft, Blackamoor’s Head Hotel, ’ Preston, Lancashire ; sire, “Sir Roger ;” dam, ‘‘ Belladonna,” by Kingcraft. RicHARD FowLer, Broughton Farm, Aylesbury : Srconp Prize, 5/., for “ Princess Royal 2nd,” 3 years, 1 month-old; in-pig; bred by himself. WiuiiaAm Henry Watker, Shenfield Hall, Brentwood, Essex: the Reserve Number to “ Miss Colchester,” 2 years, 10 months-old ; ; In-pig; bred by Mr. G. Griggs, Queensberry Lodge, Elstree, Herts; sire, “ Little John Fi dam, ‘‘ Lady Colchester.” Other Breeds—Boars, above Six Months and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Joun andJosern Nutratt, 13, Long Field, Haywood, Lancashire: Firsr Prize, Oot Young Gladstone, ? white, 10 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by Mr. "Benjamin Calvert, Haywood Lane; sire, “ Tichborne ;” dam. “ Lucy 3rd,” by “ Sir Albert.”” exxvl Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Rozert Tommas, Winson Green, Birmingham: Srconp Prize, 5/., for “ Punch,” white, 11 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Esau ;” dam, “ Eva,” by ‘‘ Duke of York.” THe Ea or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: the Reserve Number to “Topsman,” white, 11 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Lancashire Lad ;” dam by “‘ Pretender.” Other Breeds—Boars above Twelve Months old. JOHN and JosePpH Nurratt, 13, Long Field, Haywood, Lancashire: First Prize, 101., for ‘“ Tichborne,” white, 3 years, 8 months-old; bred by themselves; sire, “Sir Albert ; x dam, “Lucy Ist,” by “ Hero.” Tue Earu or ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester: Seconp Prizz, 5/., for “King Duncan,” white, 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “Scottish Chief;” dam by “ Duke of Lancaster.” Peter Epex, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: the Reserve Number to “ Star of the East,” white with spot, 3 years, 10 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ King ;” dam, “ Similise,” -by “ Major.” Other Breeds—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs of the same Litter, above Three and not exceeding Six Months old. Lievt.-Cou. B. G. Davies Cooxre, Colomendy, Mold, Flints: Fist Prize, 107., for his white, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Marquis 2nd ;” dam, “ Chignon,” by “‘ The Earl.” Sanvers Spencer, Holywell, St. Ives, Hunts: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his white, 4 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Samson 3rd ;” dam, “ Oh Dear,” by “Tom Thumb : :” and the Reserve Number to his white, 4 mirada bred by himself; sire, “ Puritan;’ dam, “ Giantess.” Other Breeds—Breeding Sows. THe Ear. OF ea gle Worsley Hall: First Prize, 5/., for “ Gipsy Queen,” white, 2 years-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ King Lear ;’ dam by “ Duke of Lancaster :” and SECOND Prize, 51, for “ Lady Worsley,” white, 2 years, 2 months, 2 days-old; bred by ‘himself 3 sire, “ Peter the Great ;” dam, “‘ Queen Bee.” Perer Epex, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: the Reserve Number to ‘Sunset ;” white, 3 years, 5 months, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘Prince 8rd ;” dam, ‘“‘ Sunshine,” by “ Major.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. CxXxvii FOREIGN STOCK. HORSES.* Percheron and Boulonnais Stallions, Three Years old and upwards, Prerre Louis Mopesse-Berquet, Any-Martin-Rieux: First Prize, 50/., for “Turenne,” grey, 8 years-old; bred by M. Briet-Dufrin. THe Duke or WEstTMINSTER, Eaton, Chester: Seconp Prize, 201., for “ Brilliant,” aged. Prerre Louis Mopesse-Berquet, Any-Martin-Rieux, Canton d’Aubenton, Aisne, France: Tutrp Prize, 10/., for “ Prince,” grey, 7 years-old; bred by M. Briet-Dufrin. EDMOND DE LA VILLE, Bretteville-sur-Odon, Calvados, France: the Reszrve Number to “ Hercules,” grey, 4 years-old; bred by M. Leroy. Percheron or Boulonnais Mares. Wi1am Perkins Warner, Welsh Harp, Hendon, Middlesex: First Pre, 30/., for “ Milly,” grey, aged; breeder unknown: SeconpD Prize, 20/., for “ Nora,” grey, 7 years-old; breeder unknown. Norman and Anglo-Norman Stallions, Three Years old. EpMOND DE LA VILLE, Bretteville-sur-Odon: First Prize, 501., for “‘ The- mistocle,” dark bay, 4 years-old; bred by M. Joseph Digard ; sire, “ Hip- pocrate ;” dam, “ Lapin,” by “Harmonieux:” Seconp Prize, 20/., for “Taciturne,” bay, 4 years-old; bred by M. Catteloup; sire, “‘ Lucullus ;” dam, “Charlotte,” by “ Feu de joie; Tarp Prize, 10/., for “Talion,” bay, 4 years-old; bred by M. le Mettais; sire, unknown; dam, “ Nou- vette,” by “ Lothair :” and Reserve Number to “ Utile,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by M. Veuve Lecostey ; sire, “‘ Nagel;” dam, “Cocotte,” by “ Har- monieux.” Norman and Anglo-Norman Mares. ‘CeraN Mariiarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont, Manche, France: Fist Prize, 30/., for “Cendrillon,” chestnut, 7 years-old, in-foal to “Lavater;” bred by himself; sire, “ Heir of Line;” dam, “Corsaire,” by “ Corsair.” Flemish Stallions. Remi VANDERSCHUERES, Volzeele, Belgium: First Prize, 50/., for “ Brilliant,” chestnut, 8 years-old; bred by the Baron Adelmar De Heenhould; sire, “ Orange ;” dam, “ Louise.” Flemish Mares. Pavut TrperGHIEN, Senesse, Hainault, Belgium: Tairp Prize, 10/., for “ Altesse,”*bay, 6 years-old; in-foal to “The Duke of Waterloo ;” bred by himself and Mr. Van Neck. CXxViii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Other Foreign Draught Horses—Stallions, Three Years old and upwards. PavuL TipercHIEN, Senesse, Hainault, Belgium: First Prize, 50/., for “Bayard 2nd,” roan, 3 years-old; bred by himself; sire, % Bayard ; rie dam, ve Cocotte, ” by « Marie.” Lampert Epovarp Jourez, Braine l’Allend, Belgium: Seconp Prize, 20/., for “ Néron,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by M. Theys; sire, “Colin;” dam, _ “ Mouche,” by “ Richermont.” Pav. TIBERGHIEN, Senesse, Hainault, Belgium: Turrp Prize, 102., for “The Duke of Waterloo,” chestnut, 4 years-old; bred by M. Goes; sire, “Ghost ;” dam, “ Fanny.” Other Foreign Draught Horses—Mares. PavL TIBERGHIEN, Senesse, Hainault, Belgium: First Prizz, 30/., for “Sultana,” grey, 9 years-old, in-foal to “The Duke of Waterloo:” Seconp Prize, 20/., for “ Louisa,” roan, 3 years, 2 months-old, in-foal to “The Duke of Waterloo:” Tuirp Prize, 10/., for “Juliette,” roan, 3 years, 2 months-old, in-foal to “The Duke of Waterloo:” and the Reserve Number to “ Belle Alliance,” roan, 5 years-old, in-foal to “The Duke of Waterloo ;” all bred by himself. Riding and Carriage-Horses—Stallions, Three Years old and upwards. EpMonD DE LA VILLE, Bretteville-sur-Odon: First Prize, 50/., for “ Ukase,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by M. Charrer; sire, “ Marignan;” dam by “ Julien :” Stconp Prize, 2O/., for “ Umbra,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by M. Lambert Boissel; sire, “‘ Phare ;” dam, “ Bijou,” by ‘“ Beaumanoir: TuirD Prize, 10/., for “Tournoi,” 4 years-old; bred by M. Francis Martin; sire, “ Kapirat ;” dam, “The Roué,” by “John Bull:” and the Reserve Number to “ Usurpateur,” bay, 3 years-old; bred by M. Decri- vain; sire, “Schamyl;” dam, “ Nathalie,” by “ 'Tamerlan.” Riding and Carriage-Horses—Mares. LANDWIRTHSCHAFTLICHER-CENTRAL-VEREIN FUR LITTAUEN UND MASUREN, of Instersburg, Germany: First Prize, 30/., for “Frieda,” brown, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. Meyer; sire, “ Elimar :” Secosp Prize, 20/., for “ Gudrun,” brown, 3 years-old; bred by Mr. Meyer; sire, “ Engel- hardt:” 'Turrp Prize, 101., for “ Goldelse,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Kowatewsky: and the Reserve Number to “ Liese, a brown, 4 years- old; bred by Mr. Shumalong; sire, “ Dudnek.” CAT TLE.* 5 Shorthorn Bulls, above Two Years old. JOHANNES INGWERSEN, Hegnet, Skive, Denmark: First Prize, 25/.,f for his red, 2 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself. Norman Bulls, above Two Years old. Hecror Le Sueur, Port-en-Bessin, Calvados, France: First, Prize, 25/., for “ Robert,” white and red, 3 years, 1 month, 4 weeks, 1 “a bred by M. Lepannier, Gueron, near Bayeux. + In this class the Prize was given by the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Kilburn. cxxia Céran Mariuarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont, Manche, France: Szconp Prize, 15/., for his 2 months, 15 days-old ; bred by himself. Norman Bulls, not exceeding Two Years old. Hector Le Sever, Port-en-Bessin, Calvados, France: Frrst Prize, 15/., for “ Crispin,” dun and white, 1 year, 7 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by M. Georges Lereverend, Sour, Calvados. CéRzAN MAILuArD, Ste. Marie-du-Mont, Manche, France: Szeconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 8 months, 4 days-old; bred by himself. Norman Cows, above Three Years old. Céran Mariarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont, France: First Prize, 20/., for his 4 years, 1 month, 20 days-old ; bred by himself. Hector LE Sueur, Port-en-Bessin, Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ La Juliette, id brown and white, 4 years, 1 week, 4 days-old ; bred by M. Langlois : Tutrp Prize, 5/., for “ Bichette,” 4 years, 6 months, 13 days-old ; bred by M. Lepaisant : and the Reserve Number to his 4 years, 10 months, 5 days-old; bred by M. Felix Lefévre. Norman Heifers, not exceeding Three Years old. Céran Maruarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont, Manche, France: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 10 months-old ; bred by himself. Hector Le Sveor, Port-en-Bessin: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ La Barbette,’’ black and white, 2 years, 9 months, 2 days-old; bred by M. Félix Lamy, Port-en-Bessin, Calvados: and Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Blondine,” dun and white, 2 years, 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by M. Louis Ditourel, Coleville-sur-Mer, Calvados. Céran Mariuarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont: the Reserve Number to his 2 years, 6 months, 4 days-old; bred by himself. Breton Bulls, above Two Years old. Apert Dixon, Wingfield, Windsor, Berks: First Prize, 251., for “ Jobie,” black and white, 2 years, 1 month-old; bred by M. Lecart, Chateauneuf, du Fand, Finistére, France. Breton Bull, not exceeding Two Years old. H. B. Spurery, Northampton: First Prize, 15/., for “ Little John,” black and white, 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Breton Cows, above Three Years old. H. B. Spores, Northampton: First Prize, 20/., for “Lady Beatrice,” 5 years, 6 months-old. Apert Drxon, Winkfield: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “Lisette,” 3 years, 4 months-old ; breeder unknown: and Turrp Prize, 51, for “ Jeanette,” 3 years, 7 months-old; breeder unknown. A. RB. Lapwicx, Warden, Herne Hill, Surrey: the Reserve Number to “ Polly,” 3 years, 9 months-old. VOL. XV.—S. 8. - t CXXX Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Breton Heifers, exceeding Two Years old. H, B. Spurcix, Northampton: First Prizz, 15/., for “Lady Jane,” 2 years, 6 months-old: and Sxconp Prize, 10/., for “Lady Nancy,” 1 year, 6 months-old. Dutch and Flemish Bulls, above Two Years old. Trunis Kiay, Mydrecht, Utrecht, Holland: First Prize, 25/., for “ Prins,” black pied, 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old ; bred ‘by himself ; sire, “Symen, S 1,” No. 23 (of the Dutch Herd Book). “Angeln Bulls, above Two Years old. Rupoiry Bay Buapet, Wilhelmsberg, Assens, Fune, Denmark: First Prize, 25/., for “ Garibaldi II.,” red, 5 years, 7 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself, Henry Atrrep Exnorm Smipt, Nybiltegaard, Ringe, Fune, Denmark: Seconp Prizr, 15/., for “ Ourupgaard,” red, 6 years, 1 month, 3 weeks, 8 days-old; bred by Mr. Edward Tesdorpf, Ourupgaard. Epwarp Trsporrr, Ourupgaard, Nykjobing, Falster, Denmark: Turrp Prize, 51., for ‘No. 1,” red, 4 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “No. 127;” dam, “No. 1217 Angeln Bulls, not exceeding Two Years old. Roupotrx Bay Braver, Wilhelmsberg, Assens, Fune, Denmark: First Prizz, 15/., for “ Wilhelmsborg,” red, 1 year, 8 months, 4 days-old; bred by himself. ‘Angeln Cows, above Three Years old. Henry Atrrep OxHorm Suipt, Nyboltegaard, Ringe, Fune, Denmark: First Prize, 20/., for “ Pussy,” red, 12 years-old; bred by a peasant, Nybotte, Ringe, Fune. Freprrrek LANGKILDE, Kjérup, Odense, Fune, Denmark: Szconp Prizx, 10/., for “‘ Dagmar,’ red, 8 years-old; bred in Slesvig. Epwarp Tresporpr, Ourupgaard : Tarrp Prize, 5/., for ‘‘ No. 36,” red, 5 years- old; bred by himself. Angeln Heifers, not exceeding Three Years old. Mans Cravusen, Mairedal, Odense, Fune, Denmark : First Prizx, 15/7. for his red, 1 year, 7 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself. Jens Hansen, Holes, Odonse, Fune, Denm. sie Seconp Prize, 102., for “Hsholm No. 2, red, 2 years, 1 month, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by himself. Epwarp Tresporrr, Ourupgaard, Nykjobing, Falster: Turrp Prize, 5/., for his red, 2 years, 8 months-old; bred by himself: and the ” Reserve Number to his red, 2 years, 8 months-old ; bred by himself. Jutland Bulls, above Twelve Months Pee Jouannes INcwersEn, Hegnet, Skive, Jutland, Denmark: First Prizz, cae for his dun and white, 4 years, 3 months-old ; breeder unknown. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. CxXxxi A. W. Kxutu, Mariebo, Isle of ‘Lolland, Denmark : Szconp Prizz, 15/., for “No. 1,” black and white, 5 years, 3 months, 4 days-old; bred by himself. JOHANNES INGwERSEN, Hegnet: THrrp Prizx, 5/., for his black and white, 5 years-old; bred by M. Gjidde, Glenstrop, Nykjobing. Peper WESTERGAARD, Fjerritsler, Jutland, Denmark: the Reserve Number * to “Odin,” greyish brown, 5 years, 2 months, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. Niels Pedersen, Malle, near Thisted. Jutland Bulls, not exceeding Two Years old. _ ANDERS FREDERIK, Liindsgaard, Langersgaard, Skive, Jutland, Denmark: First Prize, 15/., for his dun and white, 1 year, 10 months-old; bred by Mr, Voitmann, Frydsbrond, Nykjébing. Jutland Cows, above Three Years old. P. C. Jensen, Sundby, Nykjobing: First Prizz, 20/., for his dun and white, 4 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself. JOHANNES INGwERSEN, Heenet, Skive, Jutland, Denmark: SrcoNp Prwz, 10/., for his dun and white, 7 years, 9 months-old; bred by himself. CHRESTEN JENSEN, Lundgaard, Viborg: Tuirp Prize, 5/., for his black and white, 7 years-old ; bred by Niels Mehlsen, Nykjobing, Morse, Jutland. JOHANNES INGweERsEN, Heenet: the Reserve Number to his black and white, 6 years-old. Jutland Heifers, not exceeding Three Years old. A. W. Kxurs, Mariebo, Isle of Lolland, Denmark: Frrsr Prize, 15/., for “ Heifer No. 10,” black and white, 2 years, 8 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself. CuresTEN JENSEN, Lundgaard, Viborg: Smvonp Prize, 10/., for his dun and white, 2 years, 9 months-old; bred by Mr. Voitman, Frydsbrond, Nykjébing. AnpErS FRrepERIK, Liindsgaard, Langersgaard, Skive, Jutland, Denmark: Tuirp Prize, 5/., for his black and white, 2 years, 10 months, 1 week- old; bred by Mr. Hans Jensen, Bysted, near Skive: and the Reserve Number to his black and white, 2 years, 9 months old; bred by Mr. Chr. Mortensens, Frustrup, Nygaard, near Skive. SHEEP.* French Merino Rams. Marin Batnurav, Illiers, Eure-et-Loir: First Prizz, 15/., for his 2 years, 10 months old; bred by himself. ~ Mancrav GueERIN, Challet, pres Chartres: SeconD Prizz, 10/., for “No. 83 eu, ” 1 year, 6 months-old; bred by himself. - 9 2 cxxxii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Kilburn. Marry Barreat, Illiers: the Reserve Number to his 2 years 10 months-old; bred by himself. 1 French Merino Ewes or Gimmers, Pens of Five. Marry René Barizeat, Illiers, Eure-et-Loir, France: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 6 months-old; bred by himself. Manceat Guerty, Challet, prés Chartres, France: Szeconp Prize, 10/., for his 2 years, 6 months, to 3 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself: and the Reserve Number to his 1 year, 6 months-old ; bred by himself. Pure Long Woolled (not Merino) Rams. Céran Martiarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont: First Pris, 15/., for his 2 years, 2 months-old; bred by himself. Pure Long Woolled (not Merino) Ewes or Gimmers, Pens of Five. CéRan Marrarp, Ste. Marie-du-Mont,' Manche, France: First Prize, 15/., for his 3 years, 2 months-old; bred by himself. Pure Short Woolled (not Merino) Rams. Jou Isaac Watts, Whistley House, Devizes, Wilts: First Prize, 15/., for “ President,” 11 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself. Pure Short Woolled (not Merino) Ewes or Gimmers, Pens of Five. JouN Isaac Watts, Whistley House, Devizes, Wilts: First Prize, 15/., for his 2 years, 1 month, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. GOATS; Male. Tue Baroness BurpEetr Coutts, Holly Lodge, Highgate, Middlesex: Fimst Prize, 8/., for “General,” Hungarian short-haired, 4 years-old; breeder unknown. FrepERIcK Aucustus Crisp, 338, Walworth Road, London: SEcoyp Prizg, 4J., for his Indian short-haired, about 5 years-old: bred by Mr, Hahn, Camberwell. Tsaac Mazer, 111, Southampton Street, Camberwell, London: Turrp Prize, 2]., for his three parts Indian long-haired, 3 years-old; bred by himself Tuomas Horrocks Mutter, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire: the Reserve Number to “Cetywayo,” Cashmere long-haired, 3 years, 3 months-old; bred by himself. Female. PROFESSOR JOHN WorTLEY AXE, the Wilderness, Pinner, Watford: Szconp Prize, 5/., for “ Usaga,” Nubian short-haired, in-kid; age and breeder unknown. ; + Given by a Committee of Subscribers. ‘Award of Prizes at Kilburn. CxXxxili HOPS+ East Kent. Austin GamMBrRiLL, Chilham, Canterbury: First Prize, 20/. JouNn Marten, Bridge Street, Canterbury: Seconp Prizz, 10/7. Epwix Neame, Harefield, Selling, Faversham : Tuirp Prize, 5/. Mid-Kent. THE Eart or Darter, Cobham Hall, Gravesend: First Prize, 201. JAMES FREEMAN, Otford, Sevenoaks: Seconp Prize, 10/. Weald of Kent. BengaMin Buss, Spelmonden, Horsmonden : First Prize, 20/. Farnham. Rosert TyLer Barrett, Erith Road, Kingsley, Farnham: First Prize, 20/. JAMES WALKER, Buriton, Petersfield: Szeconp Prize, 20/. Worcester and Hereford. Joun Surra Watker, Knightwick, Worcester: First Prize, 20/. Tomas Merepita Hopxixs, Lower Wick, Worcester : Szconp Paizg, 101. Jou Smira Waker, Knightwick: Tarrp Prize, 5/. Hops Grown in any other District of England. Joun Lonestey, Manor Farm, Hagbourne, Didcot, Berks: First Paws, 201. Bale of Foreign Hops.* JoHN BartH and Soys, Nuremberg, Bavaria: First Prize, 20/.; Seconp Prizz, 10/.; and Turep Prize, di. ENGLISH WOOL.—Three Fleeces. Border Leicester—RicuarD TweepDIE, The Forest, Catterick: First Prize, 3/. Cotswold.—RussELL Swanwick, Cirencester: First Prize, 3/.: and Seconp Prize, 21. Incoln.—Joun Pears, Mere, Lincoln: First Prize, 37. CapTarn Catiine, Needham Hall, Wisbech: Szconp Prize, 27. 7 Prizes given by a Committee of Hop Growers and Factors. CXxxiv Award of Prizes at Kilburn. Kentish or Romney Marsh.—Grorce NEVE, Sissinghurst, Staplehurst: First Prize, 3/. Henry Riapry, Lyminge, Hythe: Szconp Prize, 27. Oxfordshire Down.—H. Frxcu Hin, New Hall, Watford, Herts: First Prize, 3/. Grorce Street, Maulden, Ampthill, Beds: Smconp Prizx, 27. Southdown.—Cuar.es Durnam, Aldenham Abbey, Watford, Frrst Prize, 3. Shropshire—Joun E,. Farmer, Felton, Ludlow: First Prize, 87. Lorp CursHam, Latimer, Chesham : Sxconp Prize, 2/. Hampshire. — Witu1am Parsons, West Stratton, Micheldever: First PRIZE, 31. Black-faced Mountain—Tuer Eart or TaNKkERvVILLE, Chillingham Castle, Alnwick: First Prizp, 37. Herdwick.—Epwarp NEtson, Gatesgarth, Cockermouth: First Prize, 3/. Witiiam Leatues, Lamplugh Hall, Cockermouth: Sxconp Prizz, 2. Tonk.—Joun GREEN and Son, Low House Farm, Silsden, Leeds: First Prizg, 3/. Devon Long Wool.—Witt1aM and GrorGceE Birp, Volis, Kingston, Taunton : Seconp Prizz, 2/. Somerset and Dorset Horned.—HErseRt Fartuine, Nether Stowey, Bridg- water: First Prizz, 3/. Dartmoor.—J amrs Drewe, Artiscombe, Tavistock: First Prize, 37. Exmoor.—Lorp Pourimors, Poltimore Park, Exeter: First Prizz, 32. Limestone.x—RowLanpd ParKkeER, Moss End, Burton, Westmoreland: First Prize, 3/. foscommon.—BENJAMIN HANNAN, Riverstown, Killucan, Ireland: First Prizg, 3/.: and Sxconp Prize, 21. BUTTER. Trish keeping, 14 lbs. or upwards. Marruew Anderson, Whitehill, Dromore, Tyrone, Ireland: First Prizm, 51. Davin QuintAN, Ballyninnew, Carrick-on-Suir, Co. Tipperary: SEconp Prizz, 31. © Welsh keeping, 14 lbs. or upwards. _Ricuarp Couey, Tylfaen, Welshpool: First Prize, 5/. Tomas Davies, Pont Faen Farm, Rhuddlan, Rhyl: Szconp Prize, 31. English or Scotch keeping, 14 lbs. or upwards, James Partineton, Harefield Hall Farm, Heywood, Manchester: First Prize, 5/. ; JoserH Saunprers, North Lease Farm, Castle Carey, Somerset: SECOND Prize, 31. * . - Award of Prizes at Kilburn, CXXXV Canadian or American keeping, 14 Ibs. or upwards.* Morray, New York: First Prize, 51. F. 58. 8. F. Stewart, Farley, Iowa, U.S : Szeconp Prize, 3. French keeping, 14 lbs. or upwards.* A. Bovrié, Saumont-la-poterie, Neufchatel-en-Bray (Seine-Inférieure) : First Prize, 5. Poisson D’ARras, Roucherolles-en-Bray (Seine-Inférieure: Szconp Prize, 51. Scandinavian, keeping, 14 lbs. or upwards.* Mrs. CasPertno DE LicaTENBERG, Hessel, Srenaa, Jutland: First Prize, d1., the Campion Prizz,* value 10/., and the large Silver Medal. ANDERS JEPSEN, Dalsager, Thisted, Jutland: Seconp Prize, 31. Other European keeping, 14 lbs. or upwards.* : ToPPE-LADUGAARDS Meserr, ‘oppelairigard, Klagirup, Sweden: First PriZE, 51. ; J. GortiicH, Klammesbo, Borensberg, Sweden : Second Prize, 37. Fresh Butter, 6 lbs., any make, English or Foreign. James Frrcnert Burrent, Frimley, Farnborough Station, Surrey: First Prizz, 101. . Lorp AsuBurton, Grange Farm, Alresford, Hants: Szconp Prize, 6/. M. Tanriy, Bouelle, Neufchatel-en-Bray (Seine-Inférieure) : Tip Prize, 4/. CapraIn VERSCHOYLE, Springfields, Ross, Herefordshire : FourtH Prizg, 21. CHEESE CHESHIRE. Three Cheeses, above Fifty Pounds weight each. Jasez Hart, Bulkeley, Malpas, Cheshire: First Prize, 15/. THomas Wiuu1ams, Alkington, Whitchurch, Salop: Szeconp Prizx, 10/, Three Cheeses, under Fifty Pounds weight each. Tuomas H. Hopson, Edleston Farm, Nantwich: First Prizeg, 15/. Tuomas WituiAMs, Alkington: Szeconp Prizk, 10/. CHEDDAR. Three Cheeses, above Fifty Pounds weight each. Wiu1am and Tuomas ALLEN, Crookwood,’ Erchfort, Devizes: Firsr Prize, 15/. i CXXXvi Award of Prizes at Kilburn. CuarLes Crees, Seymour’s Court Farm, Beckington, Bath: Szconp Prizz, 107, GrorGE Gissons, Tunley Farm, Bath: Tarp Prize, 5/. ‘ Three Cheeses under Fifty Pounds weight each. James Hopprinort, Hill House, Lipyeat, Bath: First Prizx, 15/. Wi114m and Tuomas ALLEN, Crookwood: Srconp Prize, 101. Tuomas JouN Moon, Vallis Farm, Frome: Turrp Prizs, 51. . STILTON. Three Cheeses under Twenty Pounds weight each. Joan B, Leapseater, Thorpe Satchville, Melton Mowbray: First Prize, 15/. Wiu1am Coteman, Long Clawson, Melton Mowbray: Seconp Prizx, 101. Tuomas Nutrauu, Manor House, Beeby, Leicester: THtrpD Prize, 5/. British CREAM CHEESES. Six of the same make. AyLuspuRY Datry Company, St. Petersburg Place, Bayswater, London: First Prize, 101. Miss Aenes Jacoms, The Mount, Pinner, Watford: Szconp Prizp, 5/. Any orHER British Make. Three Cheeses above Twenty-five Pounds weight each. Wru1am T, Carrineton, Croxden Abbey, Uttoxeter: First Prizz, 151. CuarLes Crees, Seymour’s Court Farm, Beckington, Bath: Ssconp Prize, 101. JouN CHEYNE, Pinwall Grange, Atherston: Tuirp Prize, 5/. Three Cheeses not exceeding Twenty-five Pounds weight each. WitiiaM §S. Carrineton, Croxton Abbey: First Prize, 157. James Hopprxorr, Hill House, Lipyeat, Bath: Suconp Prizx, 107. Joun Smiru, Neepdown Farm, Thornbury, Gloucestershire : Tairp Prize, 52. Epam. Three Cheeses of the same make.* Reyer Kuaver, Zybecarspel, Medemblik, Holland: Szconp Prize, 5/. GRUYERE. Three Cheeses of the same make,* Avexis F, Depron, Aarwangen, Suisse. Award of Prizes at Kilburn. CXXXVli CAMEMBERT. Six Cheeses of the same weight.* Pavt Levestre Paut, Bonvilliers, Calvados: First Prize, 10/. Matyrsa Freire, Notot-en-Ange, Calvados: Seconp Prizg, 5/. RoqueErorr. Three Cheeses of the same make.* Errenxe Courtac, Roquefort, Aveyron, France: First Prize, 10/. Frexco Cream CHEESES. One Dozen or more of the same make.* Armanp Jo.y, Massy, Neufchatel-en-Bray, France: First Prizz, 101. Domusique Moret, Monterolier, Neufchatel-en-Bray: Sxconp Prize, dl. HAMS AND BACON. Siz British Hams, from Ten to Twenty-eight Pounds each. Rosert GREAVES, Gosforth, Carnforth: Frrst Prize, 15/. RicHarD Woopatt, Lane End, Waberthwaite, Cumberland: Szeconp Prize, = AOL Joun Tyson, Bridge Buildings, Egremont, Cumberland: Tutrp Prize, d/. & Three Sides of British Bacon, from Fifty Pounds each. Caartzes Harris and Co., Calne, Wilts: First Prize, 157. . D. A. Payne and Oo., Trowbridge: Szconp Prizez, 10/. Messrs. DaLzeLL and Gray, King Street, Whitehaven: Tu1rp Prize, 5/. PRESERVED MEATS.* Beef—the best specimen. Low, Huckvate, and Co., 4, Billiter Street, London : Prizg, 102. Other Provisions—the best specimen. E, A. Scunemer, 4, Cambria Villas, Cambridge: Prize, 5/. a PERRY.+ Three Dozen Quart Bottles. Wu11am H. Aprertey, Withington, Hereford: First Prize, 10. JoHN Warkins, Wisterton Court, Marden, Herefordshire : Seconp Prize, 51. + Prizes given by M. Biddulph, Esq., M.P. CXXXVili Award of Prizes at Kilburn. CIDER.+ Cask of not less than Fifty-four Gallons, made in 1878 in Herefordshire and the West Midland Counties. JosrrH Davies, Venn’s Green, Marden, Herefordshire: First Prize, 107. JouHN Wartkrxs, Wisteston Court, Marden: SeconpD Prize, 5/. Cask of not less than Fifty-four Gallons, made in 1878, in Devonshire and Western Counties. James §. Bott, Dodhill House, Kingston, Taunton: First Prize, 10/., and the CHampion Prize f of 5/. Wi1t1am Bonn, Westborough Farm, Coombe-in-Teignhead, Teignmoma SECOND Prize, dl. Three Dozen Quart Bottles, Herefordshire and West Midland. JoHN Bostey, Lyde House, Hereford: First Prize, 10/7., and the CHAMPION PrizE* of 5/. JosEPH Davies, Venn’s Green Farm: Srconp Prize, 5/. Three Dozen Quart Botiles, Devonshire and Midland Counties. James W. Pavitt, Knott Oak House, Ilminster, Somerset: Frrst Prize, 10). Wut1am Bonn, Westborough Farm : Seconp Prize, 5/. HIVES AND BEES{ (Britisu or Foreicn). Lg Observatory Hive, stocked with Bees and their Queen. W. R. Freeman, 8, Lorne Villas, Brockley Road, Forest Hill: F: Prizz, 3/. BricE— Witson, Newbury, Berks: Szconp Prizz, 2, J. A. Apsort, Fairlawn, Southall, Middlesex: Turrp Prizg, 1/. Hive on the Movable Comb principle, with Covering and Stand comp Messrs. Apsott Bros., Fairlawn, Southall: First Prizx, 3/. J. M. Hooker, Heathfield, Sevenoaks, Kent: Szconp Prize, 20. - . Messrs, Netcusour and Son, 149, Regent Street, London: Tarrp Pru, 1 Pure Honey in Sectional Supers. Tue AmericAN NationaL Bre-KeeEpers’ Association, 10, West Broad New York: First Prizr, 31. §. ToornE, Ashwell, Baldock, Herts: Szconp Prize, 2/. Lucio PAGLiA : Castel 8. Pietro, Bologna, Ttaly : Turirp Prizg, 1. ' % Prican given by M. Biddulph, Esq. te M. P. t Prizes given by the Bee-Keepers’ Association. Award of Prizes at Kilburn. CXxxix The Competitor who shall in the neatest, quickest, and most complete manner drive out the Bees from a Straw Hive, capture and exhibit the Queen, and transfer both Combs and Bees to a Hive on the Movable Comb principle. C. N. Azzort, Fairlawn, Southall; Fresr Prue, 37. S. J. Batpwns, Gipsy Cottage, South Vale, Upper Norwood: Szcoxp 1. ; 2 tage, ppe! W. Marrs, Neighbour and Son’s Bee Farm, West End, Hampstead, Middle- sex: Turep Pres, 1/, IMPLEMENTS. Railway Waggons for conveying perishable goods long distances at a low ; temperature.t THe Swansea Waccon Company, Swansea, South Wales: a Gotp MEDAL and 50/7. for “ Knott’s patent.” Cotoset W. D’AtTos Mass, 116, Piccadilly, W. Commended for prin- ciples of construction and finish. Sitver Mepats. A. Ransome and Co., Stanley Works, Chelsea, London: for Machinery for making Butter-firkins. Samuetson and Co., Britannia Works, Banbury: for their Patent Hay Press. McKewziz and Sons, Limited, of Camden Quay, Cork, Ireland: for their Gorse Masticator, THe Aytessury Damy Company, St. Petersburg Place, Bayswater, London: for their Dairy Appliances at work in the International Dairy. G. De Lavau: for his Swedish Cream Separator. Carter and Co., High Holborn, London ; Lirrie and Battantyne, Carlisle ; Paut and Soy, Cheshunt; W. Pact and Sox, Waltham Cross; and W. Cursusn and Sox, Highgate: for their efforts, under the unfavourable circumstances of the weather, to decorate the railway embankment pro- jecting into the Exhibition grounds. HonovuRasLeE MeEnTIon For Foreign Collections of Implements. H. F. Ecxert, Berlin, Germany. Le Comre pe Beavrepaire, Grivesnes (Somme), France. + Offered by the Mansion House Committee, exl _Award of Prizes at Kilburn. ALFRED CLERT, Niort (Deux-Stvres), France. Epuarp AxLzorn, Hildesheim, Germany. Opitz Martty, Jardin d’Acclimatation, Paris. M. Vorreuier, Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), France. Rovitiier and ARNouLT, Gambais, Versailles (Seine-et-Oise), France. Srmon LEGRAND, Bersée, par Pont 4 Marcq. A. Enestrém, 13, Faubourg Poissonnitre, Paris. First Cuiass MENTION. Hornspy and Sons, Spittlegate, Grantham, Lincolnshire: for their Im- proved Disc in Patent Turnip Cutter. Witu1am Brenton, East Cornwall Implement Works, Polbathix, St. Ger- mains: for his Samples of Patent Door and Gate Fastenings. Tue Kirxstautt Force Company, Kirkstall Forge, Leeds: for their Patent Rolled Shafting. Henry Briysmeap, Ipswich: for his Patent Double-action Straw Shaker. GrorGcE H. Innes, Market Hull, Royston, Hertford: for his Drum Guard attached to Thrashing Machine. Francis Ley, Vulcan Iron Works, Derby ; for Ewart’s Patent Detachable Malleable Iron Drive Chain. PotyBLank and Co., Newton Abbot, Devon: for Knowling’s Patent Band-sawing Machine. Naver and Natper (Limited), Challow Iron Works, Wantage; for their Straw Elevator attached to Thrashing Machine. P. and H. P. Grpzons, Vale of White Horse Iron Works, Wantage: for their Drum Guard attached to Thrashing Machine. Seconp Crass MENTION. Francois L. Heron, Brest, Department of Finistere, France: for his Agricultural Barrow. Tur PuLsoMETER ENGINEERING Company (Limited), 61 and 63, Queen Victoria Street, London: for their Centrifugal Grinding and Sifting Mill. EntwisLE and Kenyon, Embankment Works, Accrington: for Riley’s Patent Engineers’ Vice. aa Everitt, Apams, and Co., St. Andrew’s Works, Ryburgh: for their Patent Double-row Turnip Thinner. Nicotas Nort, 112, Avenue Parmentier, Paris: for his Valve attached to Pump. Tuomas Apams, West Gorton, Manchester: for his Patent Spring Safety Valve. ‘ T. Curisty and Co., 155, Fenchurch Street, London: for their Hydro- Incubator. " . - | Award of Prizes at Kilburn. exli PLANS OF FARM BUILDINGS. Arable Farms above 300 acres. CoMMENDED. Ricwarp Warts, Duffield, Derby. A. Duptny CrarKkE, Sundorne, Shrewsbury. W. J. Moscrop and W. J. Moscrop, Jun., Leybourne Terrace, Yarmouth Road, Stockton-on-Tees. J. E. Watson, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Arable Farms not exceeding 300 acres. CoMMENDED. C. and J. Capiz, Gloucester. F. E. Waker, The Depperhaugh, Scole, Norfolk. Dairy Farms above 100 acres. Hicuity ComMMENDED. W. A. Keates, 7, Market Square, Hanley, Staffordshire. MARKET GARDENS AND MARKET GARDEN FARMS.* Market Gardens within a radius of 20 miles from the Mansion House, exceeding 10 and not exceeding 50 acres in extent. Wit1raM Joun Gay, Barking, Essex: First Prizx, 507. Wuutam Gay, Corbetstye, Romford, Essex. Market Gardens within a radius of 25 miles from the Mansion House, above 50 acres in extent. Joun LANcastEr, Vine House, Canning Town, Essex: First Prize, 50/. Tuomas Parc, Faircross, Barking, Essex: Szconp Prize, 25/, Market Garden Farms situated in one of the five Metropolitan Counties, or if in any other County within a radius of 50 miles from the Mansion House, on which Market-garden Crops alternated with Farm-crops, above 100 acres in eatent. Heyry Swany, Manager to the Trustees of the late J. C. Circuit, Esq., Rainham, Essex: First Prize, 50/. W. WALLIs GuENny, Cecil House, Barking, Essex: Szconp Prizz, 25/. ( cslii_ ) AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Examination Papers, 1879. EXAMINATION IN BOOK-KEEPING. Maximum Noumper or Margs, 200. Pass Numper, 100. Monday, April Tth, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. Journalise and post into a ledger, in proper technical form and language, the following series of facts and transactions, and, from such’ ledger, make out a Trial Balance, a Profit and Loss "Account, and a Balance Sheet. Liabilities and Assets of James Griuzs, 30th June, 1878. LiaBILivizs. £. saa Amount due to R.iLeonard: 229. 6 TO ae Do. J.Elwin.. . 250 4 3 Acceptance to R. Miller’s Draft, due 25th August, 6c) koa - i160 7m Dont Wik Paul's Draft, due 15th July, 1878... 240 6 0 £1311 0° ASSETS. Stock of Oil Cake, valued at .. .. .«.. « ‘» 1000 0 O Do. Oats .. - 500 Oe Barley, to arrive per SS. « Cathay,” ‘cost to date .. 600 7 6 Horses and Carts... ; .. 150 Gi Stock of Provender for Horses“... ceil da? sate SOT Freehold Premises .. weal A OOA mE Cash at Robarts, Lubbock and Co... .. « « 200 00 Petty Cash in hand... MR he tik £3226 0-0 1878. July 1. Bought of J. Elwin a parcel of Oats, in- voiced at . . 350 0. 0 » 2. Accepted R. Leonard’s Draft, due 5th Octo- ber .. . 550 0 0 , Sold F. Paul Oil Cake, charged to him, at.. 525 0 0 ” Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879. 1878. July 3. Consigned to R. Miller, Oil Cake, from Stock, cost Sold G. Nesbitt, a parcel of Oats, “invoiced at . Received from G. Nesbitt, his acceptance to my Draft, due 7th October Charged him Interest... Discounted with Bankers, G. Nesbitt’ s Draft, ior. i Discount charged by Bankers 5. Paid J. Elwyn by Cheque .. Accepted J. Elwin’s Draft, due 8th No- vember .. Paid Freight on Barley, per ‘Ss. S. « Cathay” . Sold R. Miller, Oil Cake, consigned to him for 2 useived of R. Miller, ‘Cash enwteaiie of . Sold J. Elwin, the Parcel of Barley, per 8.8. “ Cathay, for J. . F. Paul’s Acceptance, due 15th, paid into Bank, and duly met at maturity Received of F. Paul, his Acceptance to my Draft, due 5th September, for tact Received of F. Paul, a Cash Remittance of . Office Expenses paid for Stationery out of Petty Cash Drew a Cheque on Account of Petty Cash for E eo R. ‘Leonard, ¢ a Parcel of Oats, invoiced § Bought of G. Nesbitt, : a Parcel of Oats, in- voiced at .. . Cash, paid Salaries and Wages, “by Cheque on Bankers Cash drawn out on Beanie eee ‘ Interest on ue one month, at 5 per cent. Value of Oats on 1 hand, 81st J uly, 1878 ~ Stock of Horse Provender on hand, 31st J cag 1878 Depreciation in Value of Premises £ bg or oO ioe) oo or or (=) He oo lor) lee) Be oo one ao bo =) exlili oo on oo aD Oo oO Oo =) oO - oo ao one ao oo & exliv Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879. EXAMINATION IN AGRICULTURE. Maximum Noumper or Marks, 200. Pass Numper, 100. Tuesday, April 8th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m. 1. Modern science having rendered unnecessary some of the ancient restrictions on the cultivation of land, give a rotation of cropping adapted for— (1) Light land suited for turnip culture ; (2) Stronger soil adapted for beans, but on which roots can ordi- narily be consumed.; (8) Deep alluvial soil of good quality ;— which shall keep the land sufficiently clean, and shall not be of an excessively scourging character. 2. State the manures (both farmyard and artificial) which you would ordinarily apply for each crop in each of the rotations alluded to in the preceding question, assuming the farm to be two-thirds arable, and all the straw and roots grown to be consumed on the land. 8. On a farm of 600 acres, of which two-thirds are turnip-land of fair quality, and the pastures of an ordinary description, what would be the ordinary amount of stock (a) wintered and (b) summered ? In giving sheep-stock, specify ewes, lambs, and hoggets; and give cattle and horses. 4, Upon a farm of this description, how would you feed the horses winter and summer ? 5. In feeding good cart-horses, in full work during the winter months, mention what would be the relative cost of the corn given them with old beans at 42s. per quarter ; maize at 26s. per quarter; and good 12-stone oats at 20s. per quarter ; a sufficient allowance of any one of the three being given, and assuming the horses to have clover, hay, ad libitum, besides their corn ? 6. State if, in your opinion, any modification or mixture of such foods would be desirable, giving your reasons for such change. 7. Give the relative value (according to Lawes and Voelcker) of the manure made by cattle consuming them from— (1) Linseed Cake, (2) Maize, (3) Undecorticated Cotton Cake, 4 (4) Decorticated ditto, 5) Mangolds, 6) Wheat Straw. 8. On a farm where a large proportion of young stock (both cattle and sheep) are reared, what artificial foods would you oe it most desirable to use ? 9. In the purchase of artificial manures, what percentages of soluble and insoluble phosphates and of ammonia would you think it desirable ~ to secure in— Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879. . exly (1) Ordinary mineral superphosphate ; (2) Good bone superphosphate ; 3) Peruvian guano ; (4) Sulphate of ammonia ; and what proportion of pure nitrate would you insist on in nitrate of soda? 10. Which of these manures would you prefer for top dressing barley after wheat, where no farmyard-manure has been applied, but where 3 cwt. of mineral superphosphate has been drilled with the seed? State the quantity of such manure or manures which, in your opinion, might advantageously be employed. 11. Give some of the indications by which you would judge of the fertility (or otherwise) of a farm in such bad condition that it owed little to artificial methods of cultivation. 12. What mixture of clovers and grasses do you consider best on land with which you are acquainted— (1) For one year’s seeds ; (2) For permanent pasture ? 13. How would you lay down land for permanent grass? What time would you sow the seed? What would be your subsequent treat- ment for the first three or four years ? 14. On good land, well farmed, what would you consider a good crop of each of the following :— (1) Wheat, (2) Barley, 3) Oats, stated in qrs. or bushels ; (4) B 2 eans, 5) Peas, 6) Potatoes, (3) ee eg stated in tons ? (9).Common turnips, 15. If you have a crop of mangolds, 2 feet apart in the rows, and 1 foot apart in drills, which average 7 lbs. each in weight, what is the weight of your crop per acre ? 16. State the simplest method of ascertaining the weight per acre of roots on a field where it is not practicable to weigh the entire crop, but where samples only of the best and worst parts of the crop can be selected. 17. What amount per annum should suffice for the labour of a mixed land farm of 600 acres, of which one-third is grass, and which is cropped according to the usual course and covenants ? 18. It is impossible entirely to separate the cost of the arable and the grass lands ; but, speaking generally, what amount of the above (Q. 17) would you apportion to the grass and the pleugh ? 12. You have fair fattening bullock land, which you value to your- VOL, XV.—S. S. kh exlvi Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879. self at 31. per acre. You are accustomed to buy cattle at 24 years old at about 18/7. apiece in the autumn, and after wintering them in straw-yards with a small quantity of roots and 4 lbs. of cake per diem, you graze them on the land in question; what would you consider a fair average price to make of them from grass without allowing them any cake during the grazing season ? 20. Classify the most important breeds of British sheep and cattle, and state the localities in which they are usually to be found. EXAMINATION IN BOTANY. [It is expected that Eight Questions at least will be answered.] Maxmum Nomper or Marks, 100. Pass Numer, 50. Tuesday, April 8th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 1. Explain the phenomena of nutrition in a unicellular alga. 2. Give an account of the influence of light and heat on a plant. 3. Explain the difference between an albuminous and an exalbumi- nous seed. What is the use of albumen, and how do plants get on that are without it ? 4, Give an account with drawings of the structure and different parts of a grain of wheat. 5. What is meant by insect agency in fertilization? Give some examples from British plants. 6. What are the benefits that may be expected from selected hybridization? Specify the affinities within which it may be carried out. 7. Explain the nature and relation to the different parts of the flower of the following fruits :—Strawberry, Mulberry, Barberry, and Cranberry. 8. What are smut and bunt? What action would you recommend to prevent their attacking crops ? 9. Give the technical names and Natural Orders of the turnip, beet, carrot, onion, and potato. 10. Name and describe in technical language the plants A, B, and C. ¢ EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY. Maximum Noumper or Marxs, 200. Pass Numpsr, 100, I. AcricvLTuRAL CHEMISTRY. Wednesday, April 9th, from 10 a.m, till 1 p.m. +1. What are the principal chemical characters of Peat, and the best means of improving peaty soils ? Agricultural Education —Examination Papers, 1879. exlvii 2. Mention some of the products of the dry Distillation of Peat, their composition, properties, and uses. 3. How do you distinguish Wood Charcoal from Animal Charcoal ? How do you analyse Animal Charcoal ? 4, What is the composition of Ammoniacal liquor of gas-works ? How do you determine its strength ? How much Sulphate of Ammonia can you obtain from 100 gallons of a liquor which contains 12 ounces of Carbonate of Ammonia in the gallon ? 5. What is the composition of Kainite, and how do you determine the percentage of Potash which it contains ? 6. Explain the action of the following substances as disinfectants :— Lime, Charcoal, Hypochlorite of Lime, Sulphurous Acid, Carbolic Acid, Permanganate of Potash. 7. Explain the chemical changes, if any, that occur in the following solutions in the act of percolating cultivated soils :—Nitrate of Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, Chloride of Sodium, Sulphate of Potash, Soluble Phosphate of Lime. 8. What is the composition of Decorticated and Undecorticated Cotton Cake, and their comparative feeding and manurial value ? 9. Write a short paper on the composition of Town-sewage, and its application for agricultural purposes. II. Grenerat CuHemistTry. Wednesday, April 9th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 1. Describe the chief chemical characters of sulphur, chlorine, and zine, respectively. Name other elements which resemble them respectively, and state the points of resemblance. 2. State the composition of ammonia by weight, and by volume. Describe and explain the preparation of ammonia from sal-ammoniac (1) in the gaseous condition, (2) in the state in which it is usually sold; and explain the change of temperature which occurs in the latter case. 3. Given a solution of ammonia of which it is required to determine the strength, show how to do it, and explain the principles of your method. < 4, Describe some one hydro-carbon ; state how it is to be obtained ; and calculate the quantity of oxygen required for its complete com- bination. 5. Explain the action of chlorine with (1) sulphuretted hydrogen, (2) metallic iron, (3) ferrous sulphate, (4) caustic soda. 6. State the laws of gaseous diffusion and illustrate them by some examples. Show why a fire burning in an ordinary open fireplace serves to keep the atmosphere of the room sweet, and why a fire in a close iron stove does not produce such an effect. & 2 exlviii Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879. 7. Explain how cane-, grape-, and milk-sugar are related to one another, and to starch. Under what conditions is milk-sugar con- verted into lactic acid ? 8. Give tests by which you can detect (1) copper nitrate, (2) sodium phosphate in a solution; and explain the chemistry of your tests. 9. Explain the causes of hardness of water; also which of them are curable, and by what means? EXAMINATION IN MECHANICS AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. Maxmum Noumper or Marks, 200. Pass Numser, 100. Thursday, April 10th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m. 1. What is the momentum of a moving body ? If two bodies weigh 100 Ibs. and 2 ewts. respectively, and the © former 1s moving at the rate of 180 yards a minute, and the latter at the rate of 30 miles an hour; what is the ratio of their momenta ? 2. A particle placed ona smooth inclined plane is tied by a thread to a point near the top of the plane; how is the pull of the particle on the thread found ? If the height and base of the plane are respectively 5 feet and 12 feet and the particle weighs 39 ounces; what pull does it exert on the thread ? 3. A and B are two points 12 feet apart, and so placed that the line adjoining them is inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizon; a thread, 18 feet long, has its ends fastened to A and B; a weight of 200 Ibs. is tied to the middle point of the thread ; find (by a construc- tion or otherwise) the tensions of the parts of the thread. 4. What is the sensibility of a balance? Show that the sensibjlity is increased when the centre of gravity of the beam is brought nearer to the point of support. 7 5. A mass of 20 lbs. is moving with a velocity of 40 feet a second ; what is its kinetic energy? If its motion were resisted by a constant force equal to that of gravity on a pound of matter (y= 32), how far would it move before coming to rest ? 6. What is the specific gravity of a substance ? Describe a specific gravity-bottle, and state how it is used for finding the specific gravity of a liquid. The weight of distilled water which a specific gravity-bottle will Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879. exlix hold is 1050 grains; if it is capable of holding 910 grains of another liquid, what is the specific gravity of that liquid ? 7. Explain the action of a common siphon, and why water can be drawn off only to a lower level by means of it. 8. What are the freezing and boiling points of a Thermometer, and by what means are they determined? How are the scales on Fah- renheit’s and the Centigrade thermometer graduated ? When Faliren- heit’s thermometer reads 158°, what should the reading of the Centi- grade thermometer be ? 9. What is the condenser of an ordinary stationary steam-engine, and what is its use? If the condenser acted imperfectly, what effect would this have on the power of the steam-engine ? EXAMINATION IN MENSURATION AND SURVEYING. Maxmum Noumper or Marks, 100. Pass Numpnr, 50. Thursday, April 10th, from 2 p.m, till 5 p.m. 1. State the rules or formula for finding the circumference and area of a circle, in terms of its radius. The circumference of a circle is found by measurement to be 12 feet ; what is its area? 2. Given that a brick measures 9 inches by 44 inches by 3 inches; calculate the number of bricks in a pile 24 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 6 feet high. 3. A ditch is cut 10 feet wide at top, 4 feet deep, and with sides sloping at the rate of two vertical to one horizontal ; how many cubic yards of earth are moved in making 450 feet of the length of the ditch ? 4, The horizontal plan of a piece of land is a square, with a side of 100 feet ; two of the sides of the land are horizontal, and, reckoning vertically, one is 10 fect above the other ; the ground is to be levelled by digging out earth from the higher and heaping it so as to raise the lower part; assuming that the earth on all sides, both of cutting and embankment, is at a uniform slope of one vertical to one kori- zontal, draw a plan of the horizontal surface of the ground thus obtained, and calculate its area. 5. It is found that two points on a plan are an inch apart; it is cl Agricultural Education—Examination. Papers, 1879. known that their actual distance from each other is 45 yards; what is. the length 'of a line on the plan representing a line whose actual length is 200 yards? Draw the line and divide it so as to form a. scale adapted for reading distances on the plan from 5 yards up to 200 yards. 6. Explain briefly the principle of the vernier. If the arc of the instrument is divided to read to half-degrees; how must the vernier be divided to read to half-minutes ? 7. Two sides of a triangle are 753 feet, and 492 feet long, and contain an angle of 105° 30’; B (1) draw the triangle to scale, and note the length of the third side; (2) calculate trigonometrically 60 | 1250 0 the length of the third side. 180 | 1010 8. In the last question, find the area of the 800 | 70 triangle ; (1) by means of a trigonometrical cal- culation; (2) by means of measurements made 180 | 550 on the drawing. 450 | 150 9. To find the area of a narrow piece of 340 | 100 ground, a line (AB) is chained down the middle of it, and off-sets are taken to the right and left, 210) 250 according to the accompanying notes; draw the boundaries, and calculate the ae between them 1005) Ate 220 and the extreme off-sets. EXAMINATION IN GEOLOGY. Maxiuum Noumeer or Marks, 100. Pass Numper, 50. Saturday, April 12th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m 1. Explain clearly the principles upon which the stratified rocks have been classified into great groups. Give the names assigned to them. 2. Name the various subaérial agents of denudation, and briefly describe the effects produced by any one of them. 3. Tabulate to descending order the divisions of the Oolitic rocks ; mention their lithological characters, and the nature of the svils derived from them. 4, Mention some of the characteristic fossils of the Paleozoic period, and give their zoological position. 5. Enumerate the British strata in which phosphatic deposits of commercial value are found. Explain the nature and probable origin of the phosphatic matter, 6. Define what is meant by the terms “mechanically,” “chemi- cally,” and “organically” formed rocks, Give examples of them. Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1879, cli 7. Mention the various kinds of clays or argillaceous rocks which have been used for economical purposes in the British Islands. 8. Point out the advantage of a knowledge of fossils to the geologist. 9. What are the geological positions of the following deposits :— Rock-salt, Purbeck marble, Fire-clay, Moorland coal, Stonesfield slate, and Cornstones. 10. To what different agencies has the formation of soils been attributed ? How have soils been classified ? EXAMINATION IN ANATOMY AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. Maxmrum Noumser or Marxss, 100. Pass Numper, 50. Saturday, April 12th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m, 1. Describe the processes of digestion and assimilation in the Ox. Name the organs which take part therein, and explain their combined and separate functions. 2. Describe in general terms the anatomy of the heart and blood- vessels. Give a full description of the circulation, specially noting the changes which the blood undergoes while passing through the several vessels of the body. 3. Name the leading characteristics of the Chyle, the changes it undergoes and its uses. State also how it enters the circulation. ( clit) MEMORANDA. Appress oF Letrers—The Society’s office being situated in the postal district designated by the letter WW, Members, in their correspondence with the Secretary, are requested to subjoin that letter to the usual address. GENERAL MEETING in London, December 11th, 1879. GerneRAL Meeting in London, May 22, 1880, at 12 o’clock. Meertine in Carlisle, July 12th and four following days, 1880. Monraty Councit (for transaction of business), at 12 o’clock on the first Wednesday in every month, excepting January, September, and October: open only to Members of Council and Governors of the Society. ADJOURNMENTS.—The Council adjourn over Passion and Easter weeks, when those weeks do not include the first Wednesday of the month; from the first Wednesday in August to the first Wednesday in November ; and from the first Wednesday in December to the first Wednesday in February. OrricE Hours.—10 to 4. On Saturdays, 10 to 2. Disrases of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs.—Members have the privilege of applying to the Veterinary Committee of the Society, and of sending animals to the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, N.W.—(A statement of these privileges will be found on page cliii.) CuemtcaL AnAtysis.—The privileges of Chemical Analysis enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found stated in this Appendix (page cliv). BoranzeaL Priviteces.—The Botanical and Entomological Privileges enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found stated in this Appendix (page clvii). Suzscrrrions.—1. Annual.—The subscription of a Governor is £5, and that of a Member £1, due in advance on the Ist of January of each year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the Ist of June. 2. For Life—Governors may compound for their subscription for future years by paying at once the sum of £50, and Members by paying £10. Governors and Members who have paid their annual subscription for 20 years or upwards, and whose subscriptions are not in arrear, may compound for future annual subscriptions, that of the current year inclusive, by a single payment of £25 for a Governor, and £5 for a Member, PayMeNTS.—Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, in the most direct and satisfactory manner, either at the Office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W., or by means of post- office orders, to be obtained at any of the principal post-offices throughout the kingdom, and made payable to him at the Vere Street Office, London, W.; but any cheque on a banker's or any other house of business in London will be equally available, if made payable on demand. In obtaining post-office orders care should be taken to give the postmaster the correct initials and surname of the Secretary of the Society (H. M. Jenkins), otherwise the payment will be refused to him at the post-office on which snch order has been obtained; and when remitting the money-orders it should be stated by whom, and on whose account, they are sent. Cheques should be made payable as drafts on demand (not as bills only payable after sight or a certair number of days after date), and should be drawn on a London (not on a local country) banker. When payment is made to the London and Westminster Bank, St. James’s Square Branch, as the bankers of the Society, it will be desirable that the Secretary should be advised by letter of such payment, in order that the entry in the banker’s book may be at once iden- tified, and the amount posted to the credit of the proper party. No coin can be remitted by post, unless the letter be registered, + New Memsers.—Every candidate for admission into the Society must be proposed by a Member ; the proposer to specify in writing the full name, usual place of residence, and post-town, of the candidate, either at a Council meeting, or by letter addressed to the Secretary. Forms of Proposal may be obtained on application to the Secretary. *,” Members may obtain on application to the Secretary copies of an Abstract of the Charter and Bye-laws, of a Statement of the General Objects, &c., of the Society, of Chemical, Botanical, and Veterinary Privileges, and of other printed papers connected. with special departments of the Society’s business, . C* eli”) sHMembers’ Weterinary Pridtieges. I.—Serious on Exrenstve DISEASES. 1, Any Member of the Society who may desire professional attendance and special advice in cases of serious or extensive disease among his cattle, sheep, or pigs, and will address a letter to the Secretary, will, by return of post, receive a reply stating whether it be considered necessary that the Society’s Veterinary Inspector should visit the place where the disease prevails. 2. The remuneration of the Inspector will be 2/. 2s. each day as a professional fee, and 17. 1s. each day for personal expenses ; and he will also be allowed to charge the cost of travelling to and from the locality where his services may have been required. ‘The professional fee will be paid by the Society, but the travelling expenses will be a charge against the applicant. This charge may, however, be reduced or remitted altogether at the discretion of the Council, on such step being recommended to them by the Veterinary Committee. 8. The Inspector, on his return from visiting the diseased stock, will report to the Committee, in writing, the results of his observations and pro- ceedings, which Report will be laid before the Council. 4. When contingencies arise to prevent a personal discharge of the duties confided to the Inspector, he may, subject to the approval of the Com- mittee, name some competent professional person to act in his stead, who shall receive the same rates of remuneration. IJ.—Orpinary on Orner Caszs or DISEASE. Members may obtain the attendance of the Veterinary Inspector on any case of disease by paying the cost of his visit, which will be at the following rate, viz., 21. 2s. per diem, and travelling expenses. Applications should be addressed to the Principal of the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, London, N.W. IUI.—ConsvLtaTIons witHouT VISIT. Personal consultation with Veterinary Inspector.. sap eatOS. Ode Consultation by letter dn eC =3 se Coe LOE Tele Post-mortem examination, and report thereon .. ee 21s, A return of the number of applications from Members of the Society during each half-year is required from the Veterinary Inspector. IV.—Apmission oF Diskasrep ANIMALS To THE Royal VETERINARY Cottecre, Campen Town, N.W.; Investigations AnD Reports. 1, All Members of the Society have the privilege of sending cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Infirmary of the Royal Veterinary College, on the following terms ; viz., by paying for the keep and treatment of cattle 10s. 6d. per week each animal, and for sheep and pigs, 3s. 6d. per week. No. 2. A detailed Report of the cases of cattle, sheep, and pigs treated in the Infirmary of the College or on Farms in the occupation of Members of the Society, will be furnished to the Council quarterly ; and also special reports from time to time on any matter of unusual interest which may come under the notice of the Institution. By Order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secretary, (_ clige™) ‘Members’ Privileges of Chemical Analpsis (Applicable only to the case of Persons who are not commercially engaged in the manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis). Tue Council have fixed the following rates of Charges for Analysis to be made by the Consulting Chemist for the bond-fide and sole use of Members of the Society ; who, to avoid all unnecessary correspondence, are particularly requested, when applying to him to mention the kind of analysis they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined schedule. The charge for analysis, together with the carriage of the specimens (if any), must be paid to him by Members at the time of their application : No. 1.—An opinion of the genuineness and yalue of bone-dust or oil- cake (each sample) as 5s. » 2.—An estimate of the value (relatively to the average samples i in the market) of sulphate and muriate of ammonia and of the nitrate of potash and soda 8 5s. 3.—An analysis of guano; showing the proportion of moisture, organic matter, sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts and ammonia, and an estimate of its value, provided the selling price of the article to be analysed be sent with it .. 5 10s. 4,—An analysis of mineral superphosphate of lime for soluble phosphates only, and an estimate of its value, provided the selling price of the article to be analysed be sent with it .. 5s. 5.—An analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the propor- tions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and insoluble phosphates, sulphate of lime, and ammonia, and an estimate of its value, provided the selling price of the article to be analysed be sent with it 10s. » 6.—An analysis, showing the value of any ordinary artificial manure 10s. » 7.—An analysis of limestone, showing the proportion of lime .. 7s, 6d. », 8.—An analysis of limestone, showing the proportion of magnesia, 10s.; the proportion of lime and magnesia .. 10s. » 9—An analysis of limestone or marls, showing the proportion of carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate of lime and mImagnesia, ” ” -with sand and clay 3 = % 10s. » 10.—Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay, sand, organic matter, and carbonate of lime .. “ a 10s. ,, 11.— Complete analysis of a soil ° £3 », 12.—An analysis of oil-cake or other substance used for feeding purposes, showing the proportion of moisture, oil, mineral matter, albuminous matter, and woody fibre, as well as of starch, gum, and sugar in the aggregate; and an estimate of its value as compared with pure linseed-cake .. os 10s. », 13.—Analysis of any vegetable product oe =e 10s. 5, 14.—Analysis of animal products, refuse substances used for manures, &e. : from 10s. to £1 s, 15.—Determination of the “ hardness ” of a sample of water before and after boiling.. 53. », 16.—Analysis of water of land- drainage, and of water used for . irrigation . a “0 on) ee Ay Nc —Analysis of water used for domestic purposes fe °e os wh 103; », 18.—Determination of nitric acid in a sample of water .. oe 10s. » 19.—Personal consultation with the Consulting Chemist. (The usual hours of attendance for the Director, Monday ex- cepted, will be from 11 to 2, but to prevent disappointment, it is suggested that members. desiri ing to hold a consultation with the Director should write to make an eppon tae 5s. », 20.—Consultation by letter 5 5s. »» 21.— Consultation necessitating the writing of three or more letters 10s. The Laboratory of the Society is at 12, Hanover Square, London, W., to which - address the Consulting Chemist, Dr. Av avstus VorLcKE R, F.R.S. , requests that ail letters and parcels (postage and carriage paid) from Members of the Society, who are entitled to avail themselves of the foregoing Privileges, should be directed. CF -elve. ) GUIDE TO THE PURCHASE OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. Frepine CAKkEs. 1. Linseed-cake should be purchased as “ Pure,” and the insertion of this word on the invoice should be insisted upon. ‘The use of such words as “« Best,” “ Genuine,” &c., should be objected to by the purchaser. 2. Rape-cake for feeding purposes should be guaranteed ‘‘ Pure” and purchased by sample. 3. Decorticated Cotton-cake should be guaranteed ‘ Pure,” and purchased by sample. 4, Undecorticated Cotton-cake should be guaranteed “ Pure,” and purchased by sample. N.B.—All feeding cakes should be purchased in good condition, and the guarantee of the vendor should be immediately checked by a fair sample (taken out of the middle of the cake) being at once sent for examination to a competent analytical chemist. The remainder of the cake from which the sample sent for examination had been taken should be sealed up in the presence of a witness, and retained by the purchaser for reference in case of dispute. ARTIFICIAL MANURES. 1. Raw or Green Bones or Bone-dust should be purchased as “ Pure” Raw Bones guaranteed to contain not less than 45 per cent. of tribasic phosphate of lime, and to yield not less than 4 per cent. of ammonia. 2. Boiled Bones should be purchased as “ Pure” Boiled Bones guaranteed to contain not less than 48 per cent. of tribasic phosphate of lime, and to yield not less than 1? per cent. of ammonia, 3. Dissolved Bones are made of various qualities, and are sold at various prices per ton; therefore the quality should be guaranteed, under the heads of soluble phosphate of lime, ixsoluble phosphate of lime, and nitrogen or its equivalent as ammonia. The purchaser should also stipulate for an allowance for each unit per cent. which the dissolved bones should be found on analysis to contain less than the guaranteed percentages of the three substances already mentioned. 4, Mineral Superphosphates should be guaranteed to be delivered in a sufficiently dry and powdery condition, and to contain a certain percentage of soluble phosphate of lime, at a certain price per unit per cent., no value to be attached to zmsoluble phosphates. 5. Compound Artificial Manures should be purchased in the same manner and with the same guarantees as Dissolved Bones. 6. Nitrate of Soda should be guaranteed by the vendor to contain from 94 to 95 per cent. of pure nitrate. 7. Sulphate of Ammonia should be guaranteed by the vendor to contain not less than 28 per cent. of ammonia. 8. Peruvian Guano should be sold under that name, and guaranteed to be in a dry and friable condition, and to contain a certain percentage of ammonia. N.B.— Artificial manures should be guaranteed to be delivered ina sufficiently dry and powdery condition to admit of distribution by the drill. A sample for analysis should be taken, not later than three days after delivery, by emptying several bags, mixing the contents together, and filling two tins holding about half a pound each, in the presence of a witness. Both the tins should be sealed, one kept by the purchaser for reference in case of dispute, and the other for- warded to a competent analytical chemist for examination. ( clvi_ ) INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. ARTIFICIAL MANURES.—Take a large handful of the manure from three or four bags, mix the whole on a large sheet of paper, breaking down with the hand any lumps present, and fold up in tinfoil, or in oil silk, about 3 oz. of the well-mixed sample, and send it to 12, Hanover Square, Lonpon, W., by post: or place the mixed manure in a small wooden or tin box, which may be tied by string, but must not be sealed, and send it by post. If the manure be very wet and lumpy, a larger boxful, weighing from 1v to 12 oz., should be sent either by post or railway. Samples not exceeding 4 oz. in weight may be sent by post, by attaching two penny postage stamps to the parcel. Samples not exceeding 8 oz., for three postage stamps. Samples not exceeding 12 oz., for four postage stamps. The parcels should be addressed:. Dr. Aucustus VoELCKER, 12, HANOVER SeuaReE, Lonpon, W., and the address of the sender or the number or mark of the article be stated on parcels. The samples may be sent in covers, or in boxes, bags of linen or other materials. No parcel sent by post must exceed 12 oz. in weight, 1 foot 6 inches in length, 9 inches in width, and 6 inches in depth. SOILS.—Have a wooden box made 6 inches long and wide, and from 9 to 12 inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field a space of about 12 inches square; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, s0 as to leave undisturbed a block of soil with its subsoil from 9 to 12 inches deep ; trim this block or plan of the field to make it fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then pass a spade under the box and lift it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid and send it by goods or parcel to the laboratory. The soil will then be received in the exact position in which it is found in the field. In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at once inverted over the soil and forced down by pressure, and then dug out. WATERS.—Two gallons of water are required for analysis. The water, if possible, should be sent in glass-stoppered Winchester half-gallon bottles, which are readily obtained in any chemist and druggist’s shop. If Winchester bottles cannot be procured, the water may be sent in perfectly clean new stoneware spirit- - jars surrounded by wickerwork. For the determination of the degree of hardness before and after boiling, only one quart wine-bottle full of water is required. LIMESTONES, MARLS, IRONSTONES, AND OTHER MINERALS.— Whole pieces, weighing from 3 to 4 0z., should be sent enclosed in small linen bags, or wrapped in paper. Postage 2d., if under 4 oz. OILCAKES.—Take a sample from the middle of the cake. To this end break a whole cake into two. Then break off a piece from the end where the two halves were joined together, and wrap it in paper, leaving the ends open, and send parcel by post. The piece should weigh from 10 to 120z. Postage, 4d. If sent by railway, one quarter or half a cake should be forwarded. FEEDING MEALS.—About 3 oz. will be sufficient for analysis. LEnclose the meal in a small linen bag. Send it by post. On forwarding samples, separate letters should be sent to the laboratory, specifying the nature of the information required, and, if possible, the object in view. H. M. JENKINS, Sécretary. ¢ eu) PAembers’ Botanical and Entomological Bridileges. The Council have fixed the following Rates of Charge for the examination of Plants, Seeds, and Insects for the bond-fide use of Members of the Society, who are particularly requested, when applying to the Consulting Botanist, to mention the kind of examination they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined Schedule. The charge for examination must be paid to the Consulting Botanist at the time of application, and the carriage of all parcels must be prepaid. I. BOTANICAL. No. 1.—A report on the purity, amount and nature of foreign materials, perfectness, and germinating power of a sample of seeds .. = es ea ac gat MaDe »» 2—LDetailed report on the weight, purity, perfectness, and germinating power of a sample of seeds, with a special description of the weeds and other foreign materials contained init .. “: = ae - pees kOe: y» 9.—Determination of the species of any weea or other plant, or of any epiphyte or vegetable parasite, with a report on its habits, and the means of its extermination or prevention = ae oe “ “- oo ROBE », 4.—Report on any disease affecting the farmcrop.. ree 5.—Determination of the species of a collection of natural grasses found in any district on one kind of soil, with a report on their habits and pasture valve .. eo 105. II. ENTOMOLCGICAL. 6.—Determination of the species of any insect, worm, or other animal which, in any stage of its life, injuriously affects the farm crops, with a report on its habits and sugges- tions as to its extermination .. oe ee wot 8s INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SPECIMENS. In sending seed or corn for examination the utmost care must be taken to secure a fair and honest sample. If anything supposed to be injurious or useless exists in the corn or seed, selected samples should also be sent. In collecting specimens of plants, the whole plant should be taken up, and the earth shaken from the roots. If possible, the plant must be in flower or fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm paper parcel. Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as possible. Place them in a bottle, or pack them in tin-foil or oil-silk. All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation, &c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the inquiry. N.B.— The above Scale of Charges is not applicable in the case of Seedsmen requiring the services of the Consulting Botanist. Parcels or letters (Carriage or Postage prepaid) to be addressed to Mr. W. Carrutuers, F.R.S., 4, Woodside Villas, Gipsy Hill, London, 8.E. H, M. JENKINS, Secretary. ee ; BS Oe ; : ee 6 : | > - ges ° oP hs ie apy) re ir i ai he: ” 73 Gy Ye ll > 'u! ; oy 4a tn an = - wy @ . ~ J a $ “i - ® . i > S ee of bes) - wv 7 of) ae « is¥ ow 4 off =’ < = ae - *>7¢6 >.) —_ «f ex se ih Ae af a se Oe o if a | . ey acl Mek 2 | ots ite : ‘ onl tame 4 , ze a a i r Tae he tn 4, . é <2 “> AG he ; f one | Pe ae 1) Spe Ties 4 eis ‘LT is 4 ace {a4 Wore +e . « it é int wae a e 10nee'y ~ @ greg) VW Uh sala abil = CLL LLL ee GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, 1879. POL LOO eee ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. BEDFORDSHIRE. Governor. +Bedford, Duke of...Woburn Abbey Members. Addington, Rev. H....Henlow Grange, Biggleswade Baker, G. W.... Luton Hoo Park Office, Luton Barnard, Edward...Bidwell Farm, Dunstable Barnard, Thomas. ..Cople House, Bedford +Barnett, George James ..Langford, Biggleswade +Bassett, F., M.P....The Heath, Leighton Buzzard +Blundell, Edward... Birchmore, Woburn +Blundell, John H.... Woodside, Luton Bowick, Thomas... Bedford Brandreth, H. C....Houghton Hall, Dunstable a. Sir J. M., Bt....Sutton Park, Sandy +Campion, Rev. J. G. C...Westoning Manor, Woburn Carlisle, Herbert, N....Markgate Street, Dunstable Carlisle, Thomas P....Markgate Street, Dunstable Church, George... Bedford Clarke, William...Beach Farm, Luton Cook, Thomas D.... Brewers Hill Farm, Dunstable Cooper, William... Foughton Regis, Dunstable +Crawley, John S....Stockwood Park, Luton '+Duncombe, Hon. O....Waresley Park, Biggleswade Eames, Alfred... Essington, Leighton Buzzard | Eve, John R....Silsoe, Ampthill 'Fenning, H. T.... Woburn Foster, John N....Sandy Place, Sandy | Fowler, Francis. ..Henlow, Biggleswade | +Freeman, Frederick. ..Speedwell Farm, Woburn Gillham, John...Caddington, Dunstable Hanmer, Major W. E. Stockgrove, Leighton Buzzard Hayward, C. Cooper...Southill, Biggleswade Higgins, George.. Castle Close, Bedford Higgins, Colonel W. B.,..Picts’ Hill, Bedford tHorrell, Robert. .Oakley, Bedford | +Howard, Charles... Biddenham, Bedford +Howard, James...Clapham Park, Bedford tHughes, Herbert G. S..,.Offley Place, Luton Patroness, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. PWist of Gobernors and Members. Life Governors and Life Members are distinguished thus ft. Irving, W, J....Pelling Place, Old Windsor James, John Prole...Cople, Bedford Leigh, Mrs. Gerard...Luton Hoo Park, Luton. Lindsell, Lieut-Colonel. . Fairfield House, Biggleswade Macan, Turner A....Elstow, Bedford Magniac, Charles. ..Colworth, Bedford +Marshall, William. ..Gaston House, Bedford Moulton, E. L....High Street, Bedford Oakley, George... Lawrence End, Luton Phillips, Zachariah... Birchmoor, Woburn Pressland, John...Costin Street, Bedford Purser, Henry... Willington, Bedford Purser, William. ..Cople, Bedford +Ransome, Edwin... Kempston, Bedford Reynolds, Matthew...Old Warden, Biggleswade Robinson, James C....Stevington, Bedford | Robinson, Joseph... Wilshamstead, Bedford Robinson, Thomas... Westoning, Woburn Rogers, Alfred...Bromham, Bedford Rogers, John. ..Chellington, Bedford +Russell, Lord C., M.P....Drakelow Lodge, Woburn +St. John, Lord...Melchbourne, Bedford +Sebright, Sir J. G. S., Bart...Beechwood, Dunstable Simons, T.... Markyate Cell Park Farm, Dunstable Smith, Edward...Cauldwell Villas, Bedford Smith, Thomas. ..Cauldwell Street, Bedford Squire, E. F....Silsoe, Ampthill Stafford, Robert Barry... Bedford Stephenson, Christopher... Woburn Stimson, William...Marston, Ampthill Street, George...Maulden, Ampthill | +Stuart, Lieut.-Colonel...Tempsford Hall, Sandy +Stuart, W. D....Tempsford Hall, Sandy Thomas, John. ..Bletsoe, Bedford Thornton, Harry,..Kempstone Grange, Bedford Trethewy, Henry. . .Silsoe +Trethewy, Henry, jun....Silsoe +Vallentine,R.,Burcott Lodge Farm,Leighton Buzzard +Walker, John...Goldington, Bedford Winters, George...Stratton, Biggleswade +Yeoman, G. D.,..Laws House, Turvey, Bedford a 2 IV List of Governors and Members of the BERKSHIRE. Governors. Christian, H.R.H. Prince...Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Craven, Earl of...Ashdown Park, Shrivenham +Eyre, Charles... Welford, Newbury Lindsay, Col. R. Loyd, M.P....Lockinge, Wantage Ormathwaite, Lord. ,. Warfield Park, Bracknell Members. y+Adams, George... Pidwell Farm, Faringdon Akers, Henry...Black Bourton, Faringdon 7;Aldworth, Philip...Fulford, Abingdon Allen, George...Vhe Manor Farm, Old Windsor y Allfrey, Major... Wokeficld Park, Mortimer Attenborough, Richard... Whilby Grove, Reading Bailey, J. B....9, Coley Hill, Reading Baker, Thomas...Compton, Newbury Baker, William Henry...The Firs, Caversham Barrett, John B.... Milton House, Steventon +Barrington, Viscount, M.P.... Beckett, Shrivenham +Bassett, Richard...Highclere, Newbury. +Benyon, R., M.P.... Englefield House, Reading Body, R. B....Hyde End, Shintield, Reading Boydell, Harry S....Sulham, Reading } Bradshaw, Capt., R.N....Tubney Warren, Abingdon Brebner, James... Norfolk Farm, Windsor Gt. Park Bulkeley, T. F....Clewer Lodge, Windsor Bulstrode, William,,.Mount Farm, Maidenhead Bunbury, Henry M....Marlston House, Newbury +Burr, D. Higford... Aldermaston Court, Reading Case, James...Hare Hatch Lodge, Twyford Champion, W. Wayland....Whitley Manor, Reading 7Chapman, George... Radley, Hungerford +Cherry, Geo. Charles...Denford House, Hungerford Clutterbuck, Kev. J. C...Long Wittenham, Abingdon +Coxe, James T.,.. Newtown Farm, Hungerford Darrell, Lionel E....The Wilderness, Reading Davies, Jenkin... Englefield, Reading De Mornay, Alfred...Cold Harbour, Wallingford +De Schroder, Baron. . .'’he Dell, Windsor +De Vitre, Rev. George Edward Denis... Keep Hatch, Wokingham +De Vitre, H. Denis....Charlton House, Wantage Dewe, T. W....Stone Hill, Abingdon Downshire, Marchioness of...Easthampstead Park, Wokingham +Druce, A. F. Milton,..Fyfield, Abingdon +Dunn, W. H....Inglewood, Hungerford Dunning, Thomas T, W....Loddon Farm, Early, Reading Evans, J. Russell... Burghclere, Newbury +Ferard, E. C....Ascot Place, Windsor Forbes, John M..,.Dropmore, Maidenhead +Fox, William. ..Adbury, Newbury +Franklin, Thomas...Ascott, Wallingford Franklin, W. Taylor...Ascott, Wallingford +Garland, T. Bland... Hillfields, Reading Garth, T. C.,..Haines Hill, Reading Gillett, Charles...Lower Haddon, Bampton, Faring- don Cookham, Gillett, Stephen G.... Kilkenny, Faringdon +Gower, John Leveson... Bill Hill, Wokingham Griffith, John... Heatherley,-Crowthorne Hanbury, George... Blythewood, Maidenhead Hannam, H. J....Bureote, Abingdon +Harper, Latimer... .Chilton Cottage, Hungerford +Hibbert, John... Braywick Lodge, Maidenhead Hopkins, John...Tidmarsh House, Reading +Howard, Hon. James...Hazelby, Newbury Humfrey, Heber... Ashbury, Shrivenham Jemmett, Alexander... Binfield, Bracknell +Jenkins, John B...Kingstowne House, Abingdon Kimber, James W...Fyfield Wick, Abingdon +King, John G...Beedon, Newbury King, J. Pittman... North Stoke, Wallingford King, W. C.... Warfield Hall, Bracknell +Kingsmill, W. H....Sydmonton Court, Newbury +Lane, Lieut.-Colonel. ..Lilly Hill, Bracknell Latham, Thomas...Little Wittenham, Abingdon Lee, Captain John.... Woolley Firs, Maidenhead Lenthall, E. Kyffin...Besselsleigh Manor, Abingdo: Leven and Melville, Earl of. ..Wiudsor Lyon, William... Arlington Manor, Newbury Mackie, John... Reading +Monck, J. Bligh...Coley Park, Reading Morland, George B.... Abingdon Morley, E....Brize Norton, Bampton, Faringdon +Morrison, Charles, .. Basildon Park, Reading Morshead, Sir W., Bart....Forest Lodge, Binfield +Mount, W. G....Wasing Place, Reading Nalder, Thomas...Challow, Wantage +Newman, H....Friar's Court, Clanfield, Faringdon +Owen, Frederick J....Barton Grove, Hungerford +Pusey, S. E. B. B....Pusey House, Faringdon +Ratcliff, James J... The Priory, Beech Hill, Readin: Rogers, Thomas.,. Rosehill, Caversham, Reading — Russell, Sir C., Bart., M.P....Swallowfield, Reading Sawyer, Charles... Heywood Lodge, Maidenhead Say, R. Hall... Maidenhead +Shuter, James ..Crookham, Newbury e +Silver, Stephen W....The Benhams, Latcombe Regis, Wantage +Simpson, Henry L....South Lea Farm, Datche' Windsor +Southard, Arthur... Fern Lodge, Bracknell +Stevens, Rev. T.... Bradfield Rectory, Reading Stirton, Thomas. ..Benham Park-Farm, Newbury +Sutton, M. Hope...Cintra Lodge, Reading Sutton, Martin J....Reading Tait, Henry...Shaw Farm, Windsor +Thoyts, Major...Sulhamstead House, Reading +Throckmorton, Sir W., Bt....Bucklang; Faringdon Trendell, K. J.,.. Abingdon . Trumper, Jos....Burnham Abbey, Maidenhead +Tucker, Henry...Bourton House, Shrivenham +Tull, Henry...Crookham, Newbury +Tull, Richard...Crookham, Newbury Turner, John, ,,. Englefield, Reading +Twinch, Jobn...Thames Street, Windsor Valpy, R. H....Enborne Lodge, Newbury Vincent, William... Arborfield, Reading Waldron, W. BS. - Poughley, Hungerford Wallis, George.. .Oid Shifford, Bampton, Faringdon Royal Agricultural Society of England. Walter, Captain E....Tangley, Wokingham Waring, Henry...Beenham House, Reading Wasborough, W. D....Stockham, Wantage Waters, E. F. A.....Hollington, East Woodhay, Newbury +Weall, William .. Pinkneys Farm, Maidenhead Wheble, J. J....Bulmershe Court, Reading Wilder, John, Reading Wilkins, Edmund... Mortimer, Reading +FWillians, G....Buckland, Faringdon +Williams, James...Shippon, Abingdon +Wright, G. T....Stoke Farm, Wokingham BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Governors. Blount, William. , .Orcbill, Gerrard’s Cross Carington, Lord...Wycombe Abbey 7Chesham, Lord.... Latimer, Chesham +Coleman, Edward J...Stoke Park, Slough Members. Beaconsfield, Earl of, K.G..,..Hughendon Manor +Botham, George... Wexham Court, Slough Bramley-Moore, J....Haughley, Gerrard’s Cross Buckingham, luke of... Wootten, Aylesbury +Burton, W.S.... Walton Hall, Bletchley Cantrell, Charles Seward...Riding Court, Datchet Cantrell, Henry... Bayliss Court, Slough Carson, Captain J. S....Spinfield, Great Marlow Carver, W. Rees. .7Coln Cottage, Colnbrook Denchfield, J....Burston, Aston Abbotts, Aylesbury Dent, Edward...Fernacres, Fulmer, Slough +Drake, Thomas T....Shardloes, Amersham +Duncombe, Sir P. P., Bt.. Brickhill Manor, Bletchley Du Pré, C. G.,.. Wilton Park, Beaconsfield Eley, Henry... Poyle Farm, Colnbrook Elliman, James... Wellington Villa, Slough Fitzroy, George...Grafton Regis, Stony Stratford +Fountaine, Bernard T....Stoke House, Bletchley Fowler, J. Kersley... Aylesbury Fowler, Richard... Broughton Farm, Aylesbury Gaskell, Major W. P....Fulmer House, Slough Gilbey, Alfred... Wooburn House, Beaconsfield Gurney, James jun....Chalfont St. Giles, Slough Guy, John Henry... Whitchurch, Aylesbury +Harrison, R.... Wolverton, Stony Stratford Harvey, Sir R., Bart., M.P....Langley Park, Slough +Hubbard, Egerton...Addington Manor, Winslow Hunt, Frederick. .. Harmondsworth, Slough Ive, John G....Southend Lodge, ata Slough +Jegon, Trew...Slough Kingsley, T...New Road, Atesbier Kirbell, Edward...Latimer, Chesham Lasenby, Frank L....Chartbridge, Chesham Lepper, Gs A.... Aylesbury tLilley, W. S....Hardmead Manor, Newport Pagnell Major-Lucas, Edwin...Rowsham, Aylesbury Moore, E. W....Middle Claydon, Winslow Morris, T. W.... Bedgrove, Aylesbury | Tompson, Edward C. S.... Nash, H. F....Upton Lea, Slough Nash, Johu...The Rectory, Langley, Slough Newman, John...Brands House, High Wycombe Newton, Alfred...Coleshill, Amersham Norris, James. ..Castle Hill, Bletchingley +Oxley, John F.,...Stowe, Buckingham Paxton, Robert... Lower Winchendon, Aylesbury +Piggott, G. Grenville...Doddershall, Winslow Pike, William, ..Castlethorp, Stony Stratford Pullin, Stephen. ..Mildridge Farm, Horton, Slough Raffety, John H....High Wycombe Reeves, Charles... Wooburn, Beaconsfield +Roads, John... Addington, Winslow +Robarts, A. J... Lillingstone Dayrell +Robinson, J....Clifton Pastures, Newport Pagnell Rose, Sir P., Bt.... Rayners, Penn 7Rowland, Richard...Creslow, Aylesbury +Rowland, W. Rickford...Creslow, Aylesbury Sentor, Trevor L....Broughton House, Aylesbury Shakeshaft, Thomas... Ravenstone, Olney Sileock, Benjamin...Upton Court Farm, Slough Simpson, John ..Potterspury, Steny Stratford Dromenagh, Iver (Ux- bridge) Treadwell, John...Upper Winchendon, Aylesbury +Tyringham, W. B....Tyringham, Newport Pagnell +Tyrrell, Avery...Berkin Manor, Horton, Slough +Verney, Sir H., Bt....Clayden House, Winslow Vernon, Arthur...High Wycombe +White, Thomas...Manor Farm, Dorney (Windsor) Whiting, J. Evans...Castle Thorp, Stony Stratford +Whiting, J. Evans....Stoke Guldington, Newport Pagnell CAMBRIDGESHIRE, Members. +Ambrose, Cole...Stuntney, Ely +Ambrose, W. C....Quy, Cambridge Armstrong, Samuel...Shingay, Royston +Aveling, James T....Eldernell, Whittlesey +Babington, Professor C. C....Cambridge vanyard, ‘I’., jun... Poplar Hall, Horningsea Beldam, Richard... Witchford, Isle of Ely +Bidwell, Charles...New Barnes, Ely Bolden, Richard... Witchford, Isle of Ely Briggs, Thomas... Babraham, Cambridge Brown, John...Elwyn Orchard, March Bultitaft, H....Bedwellhay Grange, Ely Catling, Captain R. C.... Needham Hall, Wisbech Chalk, Thomas... Linton Cooke, Grimwood... Horseheath Park Farm, Linton Cooke, Mason...The Lawns, Ely Crawley, Lewis...Inkerson, Gedney Hill, W isbech +Cutlack, Henry... Ely +Cutlack, Jobn, jun....Littleport, Ely +Cutlack, Joseph... Ely Derry, Charles M....Gedney, Wisbech +Kgar, Sarnuel... Wyrde, Thorney Ellis, Charles... Meldreth, Royston Ellis, Frederick. ..Chesterton, Cambridge wa: +Eméon, H. H....Nether Hall, Cherry Hinton +Fison, J. P....Teversham, Cambridge +Fison, Samuel...Horningsea, Cambridge Francis, Clement...Quy Hall Frost, Captain H,... West Wratting Hall, Linton Fyson, Edward...Silverley, Ashley, Newmarket Giddons, Wm..,.. Walpole St. Peters, Wisbech Grain, A. T....2, St. Andrew’s Hill, Cambridge Grain, Peter. ..Shelford, Cambridge Gunnell, Thomas... Milton, Cambridge +Hall, Herbert... Landbeach, Cambridge Hall, W. H...,.Six Mile Bottom, Newmarket +Hamond, W. Parker... Pampisford Hall, Cambridge +Hardwicke, Earl of... Wimpole Holben, R. Rowley... Barton, Cambridge +Houblon, R. Archer... Bartlow, Cambridge Huddleston, F....Sawston Hall, Cambridge Humphrey, A.... Walpole St. Peter, Wisbech +Hunt, John.., Manor Farm, Coton, Cambridge Hurrell, Henry,.. Madingley Hall, Cambridge Hurrell, William.... Newton, Cambridge +Ivatt, Charles E....Rampton, Cambridge Jennings, Thomas...Phantom House, Newmarket +Johnson, Thomas...Whittlesea +Jonas, George... Ickleton (Saffron Walden) Jonas, John Carter...3, St. Mary Street, Cambridge Jones, Henry... Apeshall House, Littleport Jones, John C.,..Stonea Grange, Wimblington, March King, Edmund...Ashley Hall, Newmarket +Lambert, Henry...Great Abington, Cambridge +Linton, Jobn...Westwick Hall, Cambridge +Little, H. J....Coldham Hall, Wisbech Little, James L....The Plains, Littleport, Ely +Little, W....Littleport, Ely Little, W. Cutlack...Stag’s Holt, March +Long, Hanslip...Shippen Hill, Ely +Loomes, Edward... Whittlesea +Martin, Joseph...Littleport, Isle of Ely Maynard, Robert... Whittlesford, Cambridge Moore, William...Elm House, Elm, Wisbech Moulton, Joseph. ..High Street, Chatteris Moyes, A. H....21, Petty Curry, Cambridge +Pate, Martin... Ely Pearce, Charles...Thorney +Phypers, A....Long Stanton, Cambridge Purkis, William...Horseheath, Linton Ratliff, W.... Newmarket Roads, John....oxton Bury, Royston Robins, G. F....Isleham, Soham Rowton, William. ..Cambridge Rush, Thomas... Babraham, Cambridge Russell, G. E.... Walpole St. Peter, Wisbech Sell, C....Bassingbourne, Royston +Silcock, Edward C..,.Wood House, Chettisham, Ely +Slack, Alfred. ..Soham, Ely Slater, S. Webb... Ditton Lodge, Newmarket +Staffurth, W. A. Ellis... Whittlesea Stephenson, Robert... Burwell, Cambridge ‘Towgood, Hamer... Little Shelford +Vipan, T, Maylin...Sutton, Ely Waison, Frederick... Lynwood, March Webb, H ...Streetly Hall, West Wickbam, Linton List of Governors and Members of the +Cox, Henry... Bromborough, Birkenhead Webb, Samuel... Babraham, Cambridge +Woodham, W. Nash...Shepreth, Melbourne Wright, Charles...Streatham, Ely Yorke, Hon, Eliot T....Wimpole, Arrington Yorke, James N....Newmarket CHESHIRE, Governors, tDavies, David Reynolds... Agden Hall, Lymm Legh, W. John, M.P..,., Lyme Park, Disley, Stock Westminster, Duke of, K.G...Eaton Hall, Chester Members. Alcock, John... Pulford (Wrexham) Andrews, Samuel...Hale Mound, Altrincham Armitstead, Rev. John L....'The Vicarage, Sand! Armstrong, J. Knight... Wharton Hall, Winsford Ashton, Edmund...Abbey Field, Sandbach +Balstone, Henry K....Hale Carr, Altrincham +Barbour, George... Bankhead, Broxton, Chester +Barbour, R....Bolesworth Castle, Chester Barton, Richard. ..Caldy Manor, Birkenhead +Beatty, D. L....Cherry Hill, Malpas Beckett, Richazd...Hartford, Northwich Beckett, Samuel...Eccleston, Chester Bell, Henry... Hempshaw Brook Brewery, Stock Bennett, Dayid...Marsh Gate, Norton, Runcorn Bentley, Timothy...Davenham, Northwich Beswick, William...Arley, Northwich Billington, John S....Balterley Hall, Crewe Birchall, Edward, Wellastone, Nantwich Booth, John... Haslington, Crewe Bowers, J. Arthur...Occlestone, Middlewich Brady, Charles Alldis...Adswood, Stockport Brady, W. Hollinshed, ..Chestergate, Stockport Bratherton, George...Bradwall, Sandbach Brooks, J. Marshall. .. Portal, ‘l’arporley Broughton, E. Delves...Wistaston Hall, Nantwich Burgess, B.... Weaverham, Northwich Burn, R. Scott...Edgeley Road, Stockport Byrd, David...Spurston Hall, Tarporley Callender, Peter... Devonshire Hpuse, Birkenhead +Carter, George John...Tatton Dale, Knutsford +Case, J. B....Poulton Hey, Bebbington, Birkenh ‘ Cawley, Thomas... Nantwich Cholmondely, Col. Hon. G... Abbots Moss, Northwi +Cholmondeley, Marquis of...Cholmondeley Cas Nantwich . 4 +Churton, John... Foregate Street, Chester Clarke, John... Broadland, Nantwich Cliffe, Joseph... Whitley Hall, Northwich Cliffe, Thomas. ..Crewe Gates, Crewe +Combermere, Viscount.. ..Combermere Abbey, Ni wich Cvoke, John... Mill Moor, Macefen, Malpas Corner, John...Hurlestone, Nantwich Cossins, John... Landway, Northwich Daine, Thomas...Hale, Altrincham Royal Agricultural Society of England. Dale, John...Chelford, Crewe P Danson, J. T....Green Fields, Little Sutton, Chester Davenport, John... Bollington Mill, Altrincham Davenport, W. Bromley. . .Copesthorne, Congleton Davies, C. B....Eardswick Hall, Middlewich +Davies, James... Bollington, Altrincham Davies, Thomas. ..Overpool, Suton, Chester Dean, James... Betley, Crewe Dickson, Arthur,..Queen’s Park, Chester +Dickson, G. A....Newton Nurseries, Chester Dixon, Captain G....Astle Hall, Chelford, Crewe Dobell, Joseph... Leftwich, Northwich +Done, Thomas F.... Bickley Hall, Malpas Donnell, Joseph...Tarvin Sands, Chester Dutton, John R....Great Sanghall, Chester Egerton, Lord...Tatton Park, Knutsford Egerton, Sir P. de Malpas G., Bt., M-P...Oulton Park, Tarporley Egerton, Hon, Wilbraham, M.P...Rostherne Manor, Knutsford 7Fair, William...Aston by Budworth, Northwich Fearnall, Richard...Lea, Aldford, Chester Fitton, Samuel... Willastone, Nantwich Foden, Edwin...Sandbach Forwood, T. P.... Thornton Manor, Neston France-Hayhburst, Colonel... Bostock Hall, Middlewich +Frost, Robert..,Lime Grove, Chester Gardner, W. A...Hough Green, Chester Gilbert, John H....Ashton-on-Mersey, Sale Goodwin, I. A....Henhull Farm, Nantwich Goose, Daniel, jun....Kinnerton, Chester Greenwood, William ..Dunham Massey, Altrincham 7Gregson, S. Leigh. ..Overton Hall, Malpas Grey, Edward...Eastham, Birkenhead Griffiths, R. C....Park Farm, Hawarden Gruning, Louis....Broomborouyh, Chester Hague, James...Gawsworth, Macclesfield Hall, Edward...Horwich House, Whaley Bridge, Stockport Harkes, David...Mere, Knutsford Harrison, T. Ashton. . .Stalybridge Hayes, William... Frodsham, Preston Brovuk Heath, Thomas... Withymore Farm, Burleydam Heywood, W. H ...Dunham Massey, Altrincham Highfield, Jobn...Fransley House, Seven Oaks, Northwich Hobson, Thomas. ..Pownall Hall, Wilmslow Hodson, Henry...Edleston Farm, Nantwich Hoggins, T....Trafford Lodge, Chester Holland, R...Norton Hall, Hulton, Runcorn Holland, William. .. Broxton, Chester Hornby, W. H....Poole Hail, Nantwich Howard, Samuel...Dunham Massey, Altrincham Hurst, Thomas...Tabley, Knutsford Jackson, George... Higher Peover, Knutsford Jackson, T. F....Tattenhall Hall, Chester Jackson, W. Turner... Noctorum, Birkenhead +Jocelyn-Ffoulkes, Major, .11, Stanley Place, Chester Johnson, Thomas...Bache Hurst, Chester Johnson, T....Wyehough, Malpas Jones, James...The Oaklands, Spurston, Tarporley Kay, Christopher...Davenham Hall, Northwich Kay, James... Warburton, Lymm Vil Kirby, Thomas..,Elton Cuttage, Sandbach Latham, G. W....Bradwall Hall, Sandbach Lea, John...Stapleford Hall, Chester Leather, Simeon...Delamere, Northwich Legh, G. Cornwall...High Legh Hull, Knutsford +Leigh, Capt. Egerton.. The West Hall, High Leigh, Knutsford Lewis, George... The Bank, Malpas Leycester, R. O....Toft Hall, Knutsford Lockwood, A. Carden...Chester Lowe, John... Wheelock Heath, Sandbach Lowe, ‘Vhomas...Calverley Hall, Handley, Chester MacGregor, Alexander...Eaton Road, Chester Macgregor, John...Acton, Weaverham, Northwich MacGregor, Paul M....Ouston, Weaverham McHattie, John...Chester Monk, Thomas... Wallasey, Birkenhead Mousley, Capt. George.. Hvoton Hall, Chester Myott, James. ..Capesthorne, Crewe +Naylor, R. C.... Hooton Hall, Chester Newhouse, Henry...Tatton Park, Knutsford Newton, Martin...Oldfield, Altrincham Nicholson, Robert, jun....Blacon Point, Chester Noden, Joseph...Bridgmere Hall, Nantwich Oswell, E. F..,.Hampton Hall, Malpas Parker, Edmund...Stretton, Malpas Parker, Thomas...Churton House, Churton +Parker, Thomas...Churton Hall, Chester Parker, William. ..Great Stanney Hall, Chester Parrott, T....Green Bank, Sutton, Macclesfield Pickering, J....Pool Hall, Sutton, Chester Potts, Charles William...Heron Bridge, Chester Reilly, Owen...1, Abbey Green, Chester Rigby, Thomas. ..Frodsham Bridge, Preston Brook Roberts, John... Well House, Saltney, Chester Roberts, Robert...The Firs, Chester Roberts, T. Q....82, Westergate Street, Chester Rodger, George... Arden House, Altrincham +Shallcross, Thos. R....Capenhurst Grange, Chester Shepherd, William... Woodhouse, Aldford, Chester Sherwin, Charles... Tabley, Knutsford Shuker, William...Calverley, Tarporley Siddeley, John...Spring Bank, Altrincham Siddorn, Henry... Rushton, Tarporley Slater, Cyrus. ..Vunkirk, Holmes Chapel Smith, Thomas... Mollington Farm, Chester +Smyth, H. L....Crabwell Hall, Chester +Snow, T. Owen...Lack Hall, Chester Speakman, Thomas... Doddington Park, Nantwich +Sykes, E. H....Edgeley, Stockport Tabley, Lord de...Tubley House, Knutsford Thompson, E. J.... Timperley, Altrincham Thompson, Henry...Organsdale, Kelsall, Chester +Tollemache, John...Tilston Lodge, Tarporley Tonge, James C....New Hall, Neston +Torr, John, M.P...Carlett Park, Eastham ‘Townshend, Charles. ..Chester Vernon, William... Tarporley +Viggars, Henry. ..Lealand, Chester +Walkden, Thomas... Mellington, Altrincham +Walkden, William. ..Carrington Hall, Sale Walker, Joseph...Chorlton, Nantwich | Walley, John...Mere House, Baddiley, Nantwich | VIII Wallworth, Joseph..,White Hall, Wilmslow Walsh, Zaccheus...The Park, Wilmslow Warburton, G. E.... Arley Hall, Northwich E Warburton, Rowland E. E.... Arley Hall, Northwich Watterson, W. C....Bowdon, Altrincham +Wheler, E. G....High Legh, Knutsford Whittingham, John...The Cross, Nantwich Wiggins, Henry. ..Sealand, Chester Wilbraham, Randle...Rode Hall, Lawton Williams, J. R....Harewood Hall, Kelsall, Chester +Williams, William...Blacon House, Chester Wolff, Charles H....The Clough, Hale, Altrincham Wright, James. ..Cop House Farm, Saltney, Chester +Wright, Thomas. ..Claremont, Spital, Birkenhead CORNWALL, Governor. Robartes, Lord...Lanbydrock House, Bodmin Members. Anderton, E. D....Oakroyd, Falmouth +Barton, Rev. H. N....St. Ervan Rectory, Padstow Bassett, G. L....Tehidy, Camborne Bishop, James... Bobcarn, Looe +Bolden, J. L....Tehidy, Camborne +Bolitho, Edward...Trewiden, Penzance 7+Bolitho, T. S....Pendleverne, Penzance +Bolitho, William. ..Penzance Brenton, William... Polbathic, St. Germans Clark, William...Luney Barton, St. Ewe Coryton, Augustus... Pentillie Castle, Saltash +Daubuz, John Claude. ..Killion, Truro 7Davey, J.S....Bochym House, Helstone Davey, Richard...Bochym House, Helstone Davies, J. C....Tregonan, St. Ewe, St. Austle Fortescue, Capt. Cyril D....Boconuock, Lostwithiel Glanville, Reginald C....Sconnor, St. Germans Grose, Wesley R....Penpont, Wadebridge Hoblyn, W. P....The Fir Hill, St. Columb Hockin, John... Broomhill, Stratton Hosken, Samuel... Loggan Mill, Hayle Jenkyns, A....Charlestown, St. Austle Julyan, Richard...Gargass, Grampound +Lobb, George... Lawhitton, Launceston +Marshall, Rev. E, H....The Rectory, Launceston Marshall, R. H....Trenoon, St. Mawgan, St. Columb Matthews, R., jun.,.. Tregoose, Helston +Neame, H. B...,The Brewery, Ruthio Olver, R. Sobey...Trescowe, Bodmin +Paige, W. P....Pathada, Menhenist, Liskeard +Pinwall, Captain. ..Tyrehane, Probus Rashleigh, J....Menabilly, Par Station +Rodd, F....'Trebartha Hall, Launceston +Rogers, John J.... Penrose, Helstone Rosewarne, John... Nanpusker, Hayle Stephens, W. W. Wesley. ..Hendra, St. Kew, Wade bridge Tregaskis, S. T....Blabel, St. Issey Treniain, James.....Tregony, Grampound List of Governors and Members of the Tremaine, Wm....Polsue House, Grampound -Tremayne, John, M.P,...Heligan, St. Austle Trethewy, W....Tregoose, Grampound Road +Tyacke, John... Merthen, Falmouth Venning, John...Treblethick, St. Mabyn, Bodmin +Viviau, A. Pendarves, M.P..St. Anthony,Grampound +Vivian, H. H....Tregavethan, Truro Vivian, J. A....Penbole, St. Kew, Wadebridge Williams, Henry... Alma, Truro +Willyames, E. B. ...Nanskeyal, St. Columb CUMBERLAND. Members. Alexander, W. L....Oak Hill, Lorton, Cockermouth Allison, Robert A....Scaleby Hall, Carlisle Anderson, W... Houghton, Carlisle +yAtkinson, James...Winderwath, Penrith +Banks, Edwin H....Highmoor House, Wigton Barton, Thomas...The Crescent, Carlisle Bell, George J.... Nook, Irthington, Brampton fBell, John...Scale Hall, Lazonby, Penrith +Bell, Robert...Mealsgate, Brampton Birkett, Joseph...Foxton House, Penrith Blackstock, A. D....Hayton Castle, Maryport. Borthwick, William...Monkwray, Whitehaven +Boustead, John...Armathwaite, Cockermouth Bowstead, James Cooper...Hackthorpe Hall, Penrith Bowstead, T....Eden Hall, Penrith +Bridsun, Joseph R....Belle Isle, Windermere +Briscoe, Sir Robert, Bart....Crofton Hall, Wigton — Brown, Matthew...Scarbank, Longtown ‘ yBurnyeat, W., jun... .Corkickle Caddy, Henry... Rougholm, Bootle Carruthers, R. B....Guards Mill, Gretna Cousins, Richard... Whitehaven Cumpston, Joseph H,...Barton Hall, Penrith +Dacre, Rev. William...Irthington Vicarage, Carlisle Dalton, Pattinson...Cummersdale, Carlisle Daizell, Anthony...Stainburn Hall; Workington Dalzell, John... Papcastle, Cockermouth +Dent, Wilkinson. Flass House, Kirkby Thore,Penrith Donald, J. H....Thursby, Carlisle +Fell, A. L....Knolls, Carlisle Fell, Rev. J. A....Knolls, Carlisle +Fisher, Captain C....Distington House, Whitehaven +Fisher, Peter... Wetheral Abbey, Carlisle +Fletcher, Capt. Joseph...Lowther St., Whitehaven +Foster, S. P....Killhow, Mealsgate, Carlisle +Foster, William... Westward Park, Wigton +Fox, William...Abbey, St. Bees Gibbons, Thomas.. Chiswick Street, Carlisle Gibson, Robert... EWerbeck, Penrith Grabam, James... Parcelstown, Longtown Graham, William...Hawksdale, Carlisle +Grainger, Francis...Fir Tree Bank, Abbey Town Guuson, John. . Ponsonby, Calder Bridge, Whitehaven Hayton, Pattinson...4, Lonsdale Street, Carlisle +Heskett, Jobn...Plumpton Hall, Penrith Heskett, William. ..Plumpton Hall, Penrith Highfield, George... Blencogo House, Wigton + Royal Agricultural Society of England. Ix Hindmarsh, Charles. ..17, Bridge Street, Workington Hogarth, John...Julian Bower, Penrith +Hope, Joseph. ..Whoof House, Carlisle Howard, Hon. C. W.G., M.P....Naworth Castle, Brampton +Howard, Henry C....Greystoke Castle, Penrith +Hudson, James...St. Andrews Place, Penrith Hutchinson, John...Brougham Castle, Penrith +Jackson, William...Oak Bank, Carlisle +James, Captain W. E....Barrock Lodge, Carlisle +Jefferson, Robert...Preston Hows, Whitehaven Jefferson, Skelton... Preston Hows, Whitehaven Jenkinson, Wilson. ..TheSchoose Farm, Workington Johnson, George J....Castlesleads, Brampton Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, Bart., M.P... Brayton, Aspatria ~FLawson, W....West Street, Wigton, Carlisle Leathes, William. ..Lampleugh Hall, Cockermouth FLittle, James...Fauld, Longtown Moffat, James. ..Kirklinton Park, Carlisle Montgomery, J. W....New Lowther Street, White- haven +Mnusgrave, Sir R. C., Bart....Edenhall, Penrith Nicholson, James...Blencairn Hall, Penrith Norman, William...Hall Bank, Aspatria Olipbhant-Ferguson,G.H. H.. Broadfield House, Carlisle Parker, Francis... Acorn Bank, Penrith + Parker, T. Holme. .,Warwick Hall, Carlisle +Parker, William...Carlton Hill, Penrith Parkin, William...Blaithwaite House, Aspatria Railton, Henry...Mealsgate, Carlisle +Richardson, John...The Oaks, Dalston, Carlisle +Bigg, Hugh C....Crossrigg Hall, Penrith Rigg, Lieut.-Col. H....Cressrigg Hall, Penrith Robertson, J... .33, Queen Street, Whitehaven Ross, John...The Grove, Ravensglass +Salkeld, Thomas. ..Holme Hill, Carlisle Sanderson, Lieut.-Col....Eden Lacey, Penrith Saunders, C. R....Nunwick Hall, Penrith Scott, Jonathan...Little Crosthwaite, Keswick fSmith, George. ..The Luham, Penrith Spedding, John J....Greta Bank, Keswick Stanley, William... Ponsonby Hall, Whitehaven Sweeten, B. T....Ashgrove, Penrith Taylor, Jobn...Burnfooit House, Wigton Thomlinson, Joh....Armathwaite Castle, Carlisle +Thompson, Anthony...Cross, Whitehaven Thompson, Henry... Aspatria, Carlisle +Thompson, Robert...Inglewood Bank, Penrith Thompson, Thomas U.... Milton Hall, Brampton Todd, John...Mireside, Wigton, Aspatria Toppin, J. C....Musgrave Hall, Skelton, Penrith Vane, Sir H. R., Bart.... Hutton Hall, Penrith +Varty, Thomas. ..Stag Stones, Penrith Walker, Henry. . .Seilafield (Carnforth) Waugh, Edward. ..Cockermouth +Wilson, Jobn...Fairfield, Lorton, Cockermouth Wilson, Joseph... Penrith Wilson, W. F....The Gale, Abbey Town, Carlisle 7Winn, W. Fothergill...Bower Bank, Penrith +Wood, George... Wetherall, Carlisle DERBYSHIRE, Governors. +Belper, Lord...Kingston Hall, Derby Evans, Thomas William, M.P. .. Allestree Hall, Derby THey wood, Sir T. Percival, Bt.. .Doveleys, Ashbourne +Vernon, Lord.,.Sudbury Hall, Derby Members. tArkwright, Frederic C....Wellersley, Cromford, Derby +Arkwright, William. .Sutton Scarsdale, Chesterfield Auk, William...The Mount, Quorndon, Derby Bakewell, Charles Henry...Quorndon, Derby Barron, J....Borrowash, Derby Barrow, B. L....Sydnope Hall, Matlock _Blackwall, J. B. Evans...Biggin House, Wirksworth Blackwell, Richard...Nottingham Road, Derby +Bland, Henry Wainwright... Barlow, Chesterfield 7Blathwayt, R. W....Barker Fields, Derby +Boam, Henry...Litchurch Villa, Derby Boden, Henry...The Friary, Derby +Boden, Walter. ..Gower Street, Derby Bott, Richard. ..Church Broughton, Derby +Bower, T. W...Woodthorpe, Norbriggs, Chesterfield Bradshaw, Francis, jun....Barton Blount, Derby +Briggs, William...Melbourne, Derby Brownson, John..Hollyhurst, Marston Montgomery, Ashbourne Campbell, Coliu M., M.P....Woodseat, Ashbourne Cannor, Edwin..,Stanley Grange, Derby Carrington, Thomas...Osmaston, Derby Carrington, T.S. T....iaton, Doveridge, Derby Chandos-Pole-Gell, H. ..Hopton Hall, Wirksworth Chandos-Pole, Reginald. ..Radburne Hall, Derby Clark, William...59, Trafite Street, Derby +Coke, Hon. E. K....Longford Hall, Derby Coleman, John...Park Nook, Quorndon, Derby Colvile, C. R....Lullington Hall (Burton-on-Trent) Cooke, Henry...Edgemoor, Buxton Copestake, T. G....Kirk Langley, Derby Corbett, George... Derby Cottingham, John G....Chatsworth, Chesterfield Cowley, I’. M....Broad Vale, Derby Cox, Samuel Walker...Spondon Cottage, Derby Cox, Walter H.... Woodside, Bolsover, Chesterfield Cox,. William... Brailsford, Derby Crawshaw, R. W....The Hagge, Chesterfield Crewe, Sir J. H., Bart....Calke Abbey, Derby Crompton, George. . .Chesterfield Crompton, John George. ..Derby +Curzon, N. C....Lockington, Derby De Rodes, W. H.... Barlborough Hall, Chesterfield 7Dixon, George M....Bradley Hall, Ashbourne +Drewry, Frank...Buxton Edge, B....Ash Farm, Etwall, Derby Eite, John... Allestree, Derby Etches, Edward... Derby Fawkes, Algernon...Derby +Feilden, Robert...Coxbench, Derby Finney, Charles... The Smerills, Derby Fox, Frederick F.... Melbourne, Derby | +Frank, R. H....Asbbourn Hall, Ashbourne x tGardom, T. W....The Yeld, Baslow, Chesterfield Garland, Edyar C....Little Eaton, Derby - Gilman, William...Lulwall, Hartington, Ashbourne Greaves, William... Bakewell Grimes, H. W....Scarcliffe Grange, Chesterfield Hall, Lorenzo K....Holly Bush, Sudbury, Derby Hall, Richard...Thulston, Derby Harris, John...Cromford Bridge House, Matlock Harris, Walter... Noel, Crich Harrison, John, jun....Snelston Hall, Ashbourne Harrison, W. H....Church Mayfield, Ashbourne Haywood, James... Littleover, Derby Heywood, Arthur P....Duffield Bank, Derby Hickman, Thomas P... The Grange, Quorndon, Derby +Hubbersty, A. C....The Ford, Alfreton Hubbersty, Henry A....Buxton Hubbersty, William P....Wirksworth Hurt, Albert F....Alderwasley, Belper Jowett, Christopher. . . Palterton, Chesterfield Knight, A. H....Bradley Pastures, Ashbourne Knight, Thomas. ..Cauldwell (Burton-on-Trent) Leacroft, Rev. C. H....Brackenfield, Alfreton +Lister, Charles. ..Darley Dale Abbey, Matlock Lucas, Bernard. ..Chesterfield 7Markham, C....Tapton House, Chesterfield Martin, John T....Corn Market, Derby Mayer, William. ..Chaddesden, Derby Mawson, Samuel W....West Broughton, Sudbury, Derby Meynell, F. W....Coxbench Hall, Derby +Meynell, Godfrey...Meynell Langley, Derby Morewood, Charles R. P.... Alfreton Hall Morley, John...Spondon, Derby 7Mundy, E. Miller...Shipley, Verby Mundy, F. N....Markheaton Hall, Derby Murray, Gilbert. ..Elvaston Castle, Derby Nesfield, R. M. N....Castle Hill, Bakewell Newton, Charles E....Mickleover, Derby Nuttall, James... Ashbourne Oakes, T. H....Riddings House, Alfreton Parkin, John. ..Idridgehay, Derby Phillips, J. E....Derby Porter, William... Brundsell Hill Top, Derby 7+Pountain, Major...Cowsley House, Derby +Prince, John...Foston Hall Farm, Derby Radford, C. C....Tausley Wood, Matlock Radford, Thomas S....Church Broughton, Derby Radford, Vaughan H....Campfield Hall, Alfreton +Renshaw, H. C....Chapel-en-le-Frith Scarsdale, Lord. ..Kedleston Hall, Derby Shaw, Jobn...College Place, All Saints, Derby +Sheldon, J. P....The Brund, Sheen, Ashbourne Simpson, George.... Mayfield House, Ashbourne Sitwell, R. S....Merley, Derby Smith, F. N.... Winfield Park, Ripley Smitb, Rowland...Duffield Hall, Derby yemit, Sydney...Burnt Leys, Whitwell, Chester- eld Strelly, R. C....Oakerthorpe, Alfreton 7Strutt, Hon. Frederick. ..Milford House, Derby Swaffield, Clement... Bakewell Taylor, Thomas. ..Hopton, Wirksworth Thomson, John...Melbourne, Derby List of Governors and Members of the Thornhill, W. Pole...Stanton Hall, Bakewell Tomlinson, Arthur. ..Stenson House, Derby Tomlinson, Frederlck...Southwood, Ticknall, Der 7Tomlinson, Thomas...The Pastures, B Ashbourne 7Turbutt, Wm. G....Ogston Hall, Alfreton Wade, Samuel... Mickleover, Derby Waite, Richard... Duffield, Derby Walker, Matthew...Chaddesden, Derby Walton, John A....Lockington, Derby Walthall, Henry W....Alton Manor, Derby +Waterpark, Lord... Doveridge Hall, Derby ‘ Webster, G. P....Oxcroft, Bolsover, Chesterfield +Wood, John...Spondon, Derby +Wood, John B....The Hall, Wirksworth Wood, Philip...Derwent Street, Derby Woolley, Joseph... Allestree Hall, Derby Wright, Frank...Hill Top Farm, Ashbourne Wright, John...Osmaston Manor, Derby DEVONSHIRE. Governors. Acland, Sir T, Dyke, Bt., M.P.. .Sprydoncote, Exeter +Fortescue, Earl...Castle Hill, South Molton Members. fF Acland, C. T. Dyke...Sprydoncote, Exeter yAmory, Sir J. H. Heathcote, Bt., M.P...Knightshi Court, Tiverton Baillie, Evan... Filleigh, Chudleigh +Baker, Robert N. G....Heavitree, Exeter Barrow, W....Hollowmead, Bishopstcignton, Teig mouth ; Battams, G. B....Kilworthy, Tavistock Bayly, John...Plymouth Bayly, Robert...Torr Grove, Plymouth +Beedle, Thomas. ..Southwood, Tiverton 7 Bell, J. Askew...East Budleigh, Salterton Bennett, E. Gasking... Plymouth 7 Benson, Jobn...Uplands, Exeter Besley, Heury...Sonth Street, Exeter 7Boger, Hext...Lower Durnford Street, Stonehou Bremridge, J. L....Whiddon Down, Okehampton Brown, George... Roborough House, Bartistaple Buller, Major C. B....Downes, Crediton 7Bulteel, John... Pamflete, lvybridge Burnard, Charles F.,..Compton Villa, Plymouth 7Calmady, Vincent P....Tetcott, Holsworthy Carew, Thomas. ..Collipriest House, Tiverton 7Carew, W. H. Pole... Antony House, Devonport +Carpenter-Garnier, J,, M.P.. .S. Sydenham, Tavistodl Churchill, H.,..Barton House, Morchard Bishop Clark, Henry, ..Efford Manor, Plymouth Cleave, Benjamin W....Newcombe House, Crediton 7Clinton, Lord...Heanton Satchville, Beaford Collier, W. F....Woodtown, Horrabridge 7Collins, John... Wonham, Bampton | Cornish, John F....Stancombe, Kingsbridge | Davie, Sir H. Ferguson, Bt., M.P....Creedy, Credite Davy, J. Tanner...Barton Koseash, South Molton Devon County Agricultural Society, Secretary of Royal Agricultural Society of England. XI Devon, Earl of... Powderham Castle, Exeter Divett, John... Bovey Tracey Drew, James... Artiscombe, Tavistock +Duckworth, Sir J., Bart.... Wear House, Exeter Durant, H. W....North Tawton Durant, Richard,..Sharpham, Totnes Eccles, H. J....Hareston, Plympton Elliott, Samuel...Trafalgar House, Plymouth Elton, Sir E. M., Bart....Widworthy Court, Honiton Exeter, The Bishop of...The Palace, Exeter Follet, Charles John. ..Exeter Ford, Charles T.,..Stoke Canon, Exeter Franklin, Joseph H,...Huxham, Exeter +Gamlen, W. H....Brampford Speke, Exeter +Garratt, John,..Bishops Court, Exeter Gordon, Charles... Wiscombe Park, Honiton Gould, Albert E....Poltimore, Exeter Grainger, Rev. G. W... Luppitt Vicarage, Honiton Hamlyn, S. C.... Leawood, Bridestowe Harris, W. J....Halwill Manor, Highampton Hole, William... Winham, Cullompton +Huyshe, Rev. John...Clysthydon, Cullompton +Johnson, John G....Cross House, Torrington +Karslake, Rev. W. H....Mesham, South Molton +Kennaway, Sir John H., Bt., M.P....Escot, Ottery St. Mary Kitson, William...Torquay Knapman, John,..South Tawton, Okehampton Lake, John... Edgeworthy, Morchard, Tiverton Langdon, Mrs....Flitton Barton, North Molton +Lopes, Sir Massey, Bt., M.P...Maristow, Roborough +Maconchy, John A....Corrinagh, Torquay +Marker, Richard...Combe, Honiton +Martin, Gilson... Bedford Office, Tavistock +Meller, Alfred. ..Otterhead, Honiton 7+Miles, William... Dix’s Field, Exeter Milford, Frank P....Haldon, Kenn, Exeter Milford, Thomas. ..Thorverton, Cullompton Morley, Earl of...Saltram, Plympton Mount Edgecumbe, Earl of. Mt Edgecumbe, Devonport pNorman, G....Dinnaton, Swimbridge, Barnstaple Norrington, Charles...Catte Down, Plymouth Norris, Charles. ..Motion Barton, Exeter +Northcote, Rt. Hon. Sir S. Bt., M.P..Pynes, Exeter Osmond, Edwd... Woodrow, Brampford Speke, Exeter Palmer, Roger... Beaworthy, Exbourne Perry, William... Alder, Lewdown Phillips, Thomas. ..5, Princess Square, Plymouth Pidgeon, Hubert H....Great Torrington Poltimore, Lord... Poltimore Park, Exeter Porter, William...Hembury Fort, Honiton +Portsmouth, Earl of... Eggesford House Potter, T., jun.,..Thorverton, Cullompton +Proby, Rev. W. H. B....Colyton House, Axminster +Radcliffe, C. Lopes...Derriford, 'amerton Foliott Radmore, G....Court Barton, ‘horverton Riddell, Major-General. . .Oaklands, Chudleigh Ridgway, Lieut.-Col. A....Blackanton, Totnes Sanders, E. A....Stoke House, Exeter +Sanders, F. W. A.,..Pilton, Pinhoe, Exeter Scarborough, E. I....Colyford, Colyton +Scratton, D. R....Ogwell, Newton Abbott Shepheard, Joseph... Torpoint, Devonport Smith, William...Whimple, Exeter Spearing, John B....Maristow Cottage, Roborough Spragge, F. H....Paignuton +Stevens, J. C. Moore... Winscott, Torrington +Stowey, Augustus...Kenbury House, Exeter Strode, Major.. Newnham Park, Plympton St. Mary +Tanner, J. M....King’s Nympton Park, Chumleigh Tanton, E....Hill Farm, Torrington +Troyte, C. A. W....Huntsham Court, Bampton Turner, George...Great Bowley, Tiverton Vellacott, W. H....Pristacott, Barnstaple Walrond, J. Walrond. ..Broadfield, Cullompton Walrond, Captain W. H....New Court, Topsham Ward, Samuel...St. David’s, Exeter Watson, R. H.... Brook, Totnes +Webber, Charles H.... Buckland, Barnstaple +West, R. Thornton...Streatham Hall, Exeter Williams, C. H....Pilton House, Barnstaple Wills, John. ..Pengellys, Exeter Wippell, Henry... Barton, Alphington, Exeter Wroth, Edward... Bigbury Court, Ivybridge +Wyndham, J. Evelyn.,.Exmouth DORSETSHIRE, Governors. Ilchester, Earl of...Melbury, Dorchester +Portman, Viscount...Bryanston House, Blandford Member's. Alington, Lord. ..Crichel, Wimborne +Baker, Sir E. Baker, Bt... Ranston House, Blandford Benjafield, N....Motcombe, Shaftesbury Bennett, Stephen White... Wareham +Bryant, Benjamin...Berwick, Bridport Buckman, Professor... Bradford Abbas, Sherborne Burt, George... Purbeck House, Swanage +Burt, H. C....Witchampton, Wimborne +Calcraft, J. H....Kempstone, Corfe Castle Chick, John...Compton Vallence Chick, Thomas...Stratton, Dorchester Crane, James...Tolpuddle, Dorchester Cross, W. jun....Minterne Magna, Cerne, Dor- chester Digby, G. D. Wingfield. ..Sherborne Castle Digby, Lord... Minterne House, Dorchester Dowden, Thomas...Roke Farm, Bere Regis +Drax, J.S. W.Erle, M.P... Holnest House, Sherborne +Eddison, Francis... Martinstown, Dorchester +Evans, W. Herbert...Ford Abbey (Chard) +Farrer, O. C....Binnegar Hall, Wareham +Farrer, O. W....Binnegar Hall, Wareham +Floyer, John, M.P....Stafford, Dorchester Fookes, Henry... Whitechurch Farm, Blandford Ford, John...Rushton Farm, Blandford Frampton, Henry...Okers Wood, Dorchester +Fry, Thomas...Baglake Farm, Dorchester +Fryer, W. Rolles...Lytchett Minster, Poole Galpin, George...Tarrant Keynston, Blandford Galpiv, John... Dorchester +Genge, Richard... Puddleton, Dorchester +Goodden, John... Over Compton, Shei borne xII Hambro, Charles...Milton Abbey, Blandford Hiscock, Alfred...West Stone, Gillingham Homer, G. Wood... Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester Homer, John G....Martinstown, Dorchester Hooper, Rev. W....Chilfrome Rectory, Dorchester James, J. W....Mappowder, Blandford +Kennard, Rev. R. B.... Marnhbull, Blandford Kindersley, E. Leigh. ..Clyffe, Dorchester Lambert, W. C....Stepleton Manor, Dorchester Legg, T. Fry... Burton Bradstock, Bridport Legge, Benjamin. ..Litton Cheney, Dorchester Luff, J. W....Sturminster-Newton, Blandford Mayo, Henry...Cokers Frome, Dorchester +Medlycott, Sir W. C., Bt.. .Milborne Port, Sherborne +Paget, Colonel. ..Park Homer, Wimborne Minster +Parker, Hon. Cecil T....Evershot Pitfield, A. J....Eype, Symondsbury, Bridport Pitfield, John. ..Symondsbury, Bridport Pope, Frank E....Great Toller, Dorchester +Portman, E. W. B....Knighton House, Darweston, Blandford i Hon. W. H. B., M.P.... Bryanston, Bland- = a‘ Rodgett, Miles. ..Sandford, Wareham Saunders, John O....Forston, Godmanstone, Dor- chester Saunders, T. Chapman... Watercombe, Dorchester Shaftesbury, Earl of, K-G....St. Giles’s, Cranbourne Sheridan, R. Brinsley... Frampton Court, Dorchester Smith, H. J....Stoke Abbott, Beaminster Snow, Rev. G. D’Ozley... Langton Lodges, Blandford Symes, Alfred O....Kingstou, Long Bredy, Dor- chester +Thompson, William... Weymouth Thresher, John...Corfe Hill, Weymouth Turmbull, Thomas Jobn...Wimborne St. Giles’s (Salisbury). Watts, V. B....Melcombe Horsey, Dorchester +Williams, Robert. ..Bridehead, Dorchester DURHAM. Governors. +Bowes, John...Streatham Castle, Staindrop +Durham, Earl of...Lambton Castle, Durham Members, Apperley, Newton W...Rainton Gate, Fence Houses Archer, Thomas, jun....lunston, Gateshead ~+Backhouse, Edmund, M P...Polam Hill, Darlington Bainbridge, Robert S... Cleatham Hall, Darlington Bell, ‘Thomas...Hedley Hall, Marley Hill, Gateshead Blake, Thomas...Wolviston Grange, Stockton-on- Tees Blenkinsop, John...Simon Side House, South Shields +Blenkinsopp, G. J. L....Hoppylana Park, Bishop Auckland Boyd, E. Fenwick... Moor House, Durham Bradford, James...Bunker Hill, Fence Houses +Briggs, Captain C. J....Hylton Castle, Sunderland Brown, Ralph... Whickham, Gateshead List of Governors and Members of the | +Bryden, Robert...The Dene, Seaham, Durham Clark, John...Oxclose House, Shadforth, Durham Clark, Nathaniel...Beamish Park, Fence Houses Cleasby, R. H....Broomside House, Durham Crawford, John...Lumley Park, Fence Houses Cusson, David...Cornforth, Ferry Hill Darley, William...Edenvale, Castle Eden, Dur! Darling, Robert. ..Plawsworth, Chester-le-Street Dent, Ralph Jobn...Streatham House, Darlington Dodds, John...Springwell House, Gateshead Eade, Arthur... Aycliffe, Darlington Easton, George...Horsley Hill, South Shields Easton, James... Nest House, Gateshead +yEden, Jobn...,. Beamish Park, Chester-le-Street Errington, Roger... Victoria Mills, Sunderland Ettrick, Anthony... North Hylton, Sunderland Farmer, Andrew... Middridge Grange, Heighington Fawcett, Jobn...Durham Ford, Thomas. ..Shincliffe, Durham Forster, Charles F....Bishop Middleham, Ferry Forster, George E.... Washington, Durbam Fowler, James...Park Hill House, Ferry Hill Furneis, John J....Branden Honse, West Cornforth Gillow, Rev. Charles...Ushaw College, Durham +Greenwell, Thomas... Broomshields, Darlington Gregory, John... Westoe, South Shields Hall, Jonas...Low Field, Pierce Bridge, Darlington Headlam, Morley...Whorlton, Darlington Henderson, John...Horsely Hill, South Shields Heslop, John T....Urpet, Chester-le-Strect Hunter, John J....Whickham Grange, Gateshead Hutchence, W. A....Raglan Place, West Hartle Johnson, Lt.-Col. Edward...The Deanery, Chester le-Street Johnson, F. D....Aykleyheads, Durbam Keppell, Thomas... Leafield House, Butley, Chester- le-Street Liddell, George, jun....Great Chilton, Ferry Hill Lapeetooks William. ..Bishopton Couit, Stockton-on- Tees Macfarlan, Walter...Ledard, Darlington Maclaren, Henry...Offerton Hall, Sunderland Maclaren, William...Herrington Hill, Sunderland Maddison, Henry...The Lindens, Darlington Milbank, A. Sussex... Barningham, Barnard Castle Monks, Major James...Aden Cottage, Durham +Morgan, C. E....Flatts House, Bishop Auckland Morgan, George...Cleves Cross, Ferry Hill +Nimmo, E. J....Castle Eden, Durham +Nimmo, William...Castle Eden, Durham +Ogden, John M....Sunderland Ord, John R....Haughton Hall, Darlington +Parrington, H. M....Layton Sedgefield, Durham +Pease, Edward...Greencroft West, Darlington +Pease, J. W., M.P.... Woodlands, Darlington Potts, George...22, New Elvet, Durham Pyman, W. H. S....The Willows, West Hartlepool Quelch, J. Bewick...Bowburn House, Ferryhill Ravensworth, Earl of...Ravensworth Castle, Gat head Rawes, Jobn G....Sbincliffe, Durham Reay, Matthew...Heworth, Gateshead Richardson, Robert...Ouston Farm, Chester- Street Ye . Royal Agricultural Society of England. Robinson, W. W....Southfield House, Sedgefield, Ferry Hill. Rowlandson, Christopher...The College, Durham | Rowlandson, Samuel...The College, Durham +Rowlandson, S.... Newton Morrell, Darlington Sadler, Samuel A....Preston Junction, Darlington +Salvin, M. C....Burn Hall, Durham Scarth, Leveson E... .Staindrop, Darlington Scarth, W. Thomas,..Keverstone, Darlington Scawin, Thomas...Durham Stephenson, Robert... Brierton, Greatham, Durham Steward, William...Lambton, Fence Houses Stowell, W. Stow...Faverdale, Darlington Stratton, George. ..Spinnymoor, Durham Thompson, James... Hurworth, Darlington Thompson, Rev. William... she Land, Durham Thompson, W. C....Barmpton, Darlington Unthank, Robert P....Hallgarth Street, Durham +Van WHansbergen, W. B....Woodlands Hall, Consett Walker, R. C....Owton Fence House, West Hartle- pool Wall, G. Young, jun....New Exchequer Buildings, Durham Wallace, Henry...Trench Hall, Gateshead Wearmouth, Charles T....Old Wingate, Trimdon, Durham White, Thomas...23, Old Elvet, Durham +Whyte, James...Aldborough Hall, Darlington Wilkinson, Rev. G. P....Harperley Park, Darlington Wilkinson, P. S,... Mount Oswald, Durham Wilkinson, Robert... Little Chilton, Ferry Hill Wilkinson, Rey. T. W....Crook, Darlington Williamson, Rey. R. H....Whickham, Gateshead Wilson, Charles...Shotley Park, Shotley Bridge 7Wilson, John G....Cliffe Hall, Darlington +Wilson, R. Bassett...Cliffe House, Darlington +Wilson-Todd, W. H....Halnaby Hall, Croft, Dar- lington Wooller, W. A....Sadberge Hall, Darlington ESSEX, | Governor. Courtauld, Samuel...Gosfield Hall, Halstead | Members. +Abrey, T. Shaw Hellier... Witham | Allerton, Alexander R....Colemans, Prittlewell H Andrews, A. S....Webb Lodge, Walthamstow Ash, Frederick J... .Chadwell St. Mary, Grays Asplin, Francis...St. Cleres, East Tilbury, Romford | Baker, John...Hockley, Rayleigh Baker-Wingfield, R....Orsett Hall, Romford | Balls, Thomas J....6, Priory Terrace, Colchester Baring, T. C., M.P....High Beach, Loughton Barker, P. C....Ingatestone Barnard, J. Kidd... Harlow Barnardiston, N, C....The Ryes (Sudbury) Barnes, J. S....The Casina, Colchester XII Bates, Charles... Dagenham, Romford Bawtree, Octavius...West Lodge, Colchester Beadel, William Jameés...Chelmsford Bear, W. E....Thorpe, Colchester | Belli, Rev. C. A....South Weald, Brentwood Bentall, E. H....Heybridge, Maldon Benton, Philip...Oldbury, Southend Biddell, George...Orsett, Romford Blewett, Edward R....Rainham, Romford +Boghurst, William P....Frating Abbey, Colchester Bott, Joseph Fennell... Morrell Roothing, Dunmow Brampton, John...Ramsey, Harwich | +Braybrooke, Lord...Audley Knd,-Saffron Walden Bridge, Thomas... Buttsbury, Ingatestone Brise, A. W. Ruggles...Durwards, Witham TBrise, Lieut. Col.S. B. R., M.P..Spains Hall, Braintree +Burnell, Edward...Chappel, Halstead +Butler, Edward... Ewell Hall, Kelvedon Butler, Frank, ..Childerditch Hall, Brentwood Cant, G. H....Mile End, Colchester Carey, Arthur... Rochford Catchpool, Edward...Feering Bury, Kelvedon Chaplin, J. R.. Three Chimneys, Ridgewell, Halstead Cheffins, Henry... Little Easton Manor, Dunmow 7Chetwode, A. L....Berners Hall, Ongar Christy, David... Patching Hall, Chelmsford ° Christy, James, jun....Boynton Hall, Chelmsford Clayden, J. Carter... Radwinter, Saffron Walden +Clayden, Henry...Great Ilford Cole, Philip... East Horndon, Braintree Coleman, H. S....Chelmsford 7Colvin, R. B....Monkham Hall, Waltham Abbey Conder, Edward...Elm Hurst, Romford Corder, Edward... Writtle, Chelmsford Cottingham, R. M. J....Great Chesterford, Saffron Walden Cowell, John Ray... Ashdon (Linton) Cross, Henry... Barling, Rochford Cross, William... West Terrace, Colchester Crush, A. W....Mountnessing Hall, Brentwood Cutts, John... Little Bardfield Hall, Braintree Davey, H. M.... Beverley Villas, Colchester Delf, William... Walton-on-Naze Disney, Kdgar...The Hyde, Ingatestone Du Cane, Sir Charles, K.C.M.S....Braxted Park, Witbamn Eaton, Horatio W....Romford Eddington, William. ..Chelmsford Ewen, Major...The Rookery, Dedham Fitch, Edward A.... Brick House, Maldon Float, John Charles...Maldon +Frankham, John... Little Canfield Hall, Chelmsford +Fytche, Major-General A....Pyrgo Park, Havering, Romford. Gepp, Thomas Morgan...Chelmsford Gibson, E. B....Saffron Walden Gildeis, George...Great Horkesley, Colchester Gingell, George ..High Laver Hall, Ongar +Glenny, Thomas Walton...Linton Road, Barking 7Glenny, W. W....Cecil House, Barking Green, Danicl A....East Donyland, Colchester Green, James John...Great Parndon, Harlow +Gurdon-Rebow,Hector J..Wyvenhoe Pk., Colchester XIV Hall, Collinson... Navestock, Romford Hall, Collinson...Dytchley, Brentwood Hallam, Thomas G....Wormingford, Colchester Hanbury, Osgood, jun... .Howe Hatch, Brentwood Hardy, James...Jaques Hall, Manningtree Hart, George...Canes, Harlow Heathcote, R. Boothby...Friday Hill, Chingford Hempson, A.... Ramsey, Harwich Henniker, Sir Brydges, Bart....Newton Hall, Dunmow Hilliard, G. B....Chelmsford Hobbs, William. ..Derwards Hall, Braintree Holmes, Benjamin...Hornchurch Honywood, Mrs.... Mark’s Hall, Kelvedon Hosley, W. Seymour...Audley End, Saffron Walden Howard, Colonel S. Lloyd...Goldings, Loughton Hunt, Reuben... Earls Colne Impey, William... Broomfield Hall, Chelmsford Ind, Edward...Great Warley, Brentwood Jillings, John...Great Chesterford, Saffron Walden Johnson, Samuel... Lamford, Manningtree +Jonas, F. M....Chrishall Grange, Saffron Walden +Kemble, Thomas. ..Runwell Hall, Chelmsford +King, George. ..Saffron Walden Lambert, Thomas M....Castle Farm, Ongar +Lay, John Watson... Walcotts, Great Tey Lee, William John... Pigtail, Romford +Lennard, Sir T. B., Bart....Belhus House, Avely +Lowndes, G. A....Barrington Hall, Harlow +Majendie, Lewis A., M.P.... Castle Hedingham, Halstead +MclIntosb, D....Havering Park, Romford Marriage, John...Moulsham Lodge, Chelmsford Mashiter, Thomas... Priests, Romford Masters, A. E,. Nevendon Hall,Wickford, Chelmsford Mathews, Thomas...Plashet House, East Ham +Matson, Murton,..Saint Osyth, Colchester Mechi, John J....Tiptree Hall, Kelvedon +Mee, Edward D...,.Broomhills, Billericay Meeson, W. T....Doggetts, Rochford +Meyer, Herman P. D....Little Laver Hall, Ongar Mildred, Henry... Warley House, Great Warley Moss, Benjamin...Ashingdon Hall, Rochford Mulvany, Jobn...Essex Arms Hotel, Brentwood Newcome, Samuel... White Crofts, Orsett Onley, O. Savill. ..Stisted Page, W....Southminster, Maldon +Palmer, G. W... Greenwood, Bishops Waltham +Palmer, R. C....Nazing +Papillon, P. 0... .Manor House Lexden, Colchester Parker, J. Oxley... Woodham Mortimer, Maldon Parsons, C....North Shoebury Hall, Rochford Partridge, W. P....Elmstead Hall, Colchester Patch, Thomas... Faireross, Barking Paxman, James... Bank Buildings, Colchester Payne, Henry... Birdbrook, Halstead Pemberton, Robert...Hare Hall, Romford +Perry-Watlington, J. W....Moor Hall, Harlow Pertwee, James...Boreham, Chelmsford Pidgeon, Jonathan S....Warley Arms, Brentwood Piggot, J. Algernon... Beckingham Hall, Witham Portway, Charles... Halstead Pound, Philip G....Hornchurch List of Governors and Members of the Pryor, Arthur. ..Hylands Park, Chelmsford Puckridge, A. F,...Forest House, Chigwell +Raincock, H. D.... Waltons, Ashdon (Linton) Ray, Charles... Foxearth (Long Melford) +Ray, Samuel,..Great Yeldham, Halstead Ridley, T. D...,Chelmsford +Ross, James... Hatfield Broad Oak +Rosslyn, Earl,..Easton Lodge, Dunmow Rosslyn, Edward,..Melbourne, Chelmsford +Roynon, John ..Havering Park Farm, Romford Rust, W. H....Falconers Hall, Chelmsford Sandle, William...Great Bardfield, Braintree +Scragg, William...Great Clacton, Colchester Sewell, Daniel... Beaumont Hall, Colchester +Smith, Sir C. Cunliffe W., Bart... .Suttons, Romford Smith, Frederic, ..336, High Street, Stratford, E. Smyth, James... Peasenhall, Yoxford Spencer, Edward Stacey...Stanstead Spencer, T. A.,..Clavering Hall, Halstead +Stable, R. Scott...Cleveland Road, Wanstead, N. Stane, J. Bramston... Forest Hall, Ongar +Strutt, Hon. C. H....Whitelands, Terling, Witham +Strutt, Hon. E. G....Terling, Witham Sturgeon, C...,South Ockendon Hall, Romford Sworder, W....Tawney Hall, Romford Symondson, G....Upshire Hall, Waltham Abbey Tayler, Rowland. ..Colchester +Tayleur, W. H....Snows, Nazing Tay lor, Henry...Romford Taylor, Vero W..,.Castle Hedingham +Thompson, W., jun... .Thorpe-le-Soken, Colchester Tomlinson, J. H.,..Shelléy Hall, Ongar Tompkins, John...Aveley Hall, Romford +Tower, C. J. H.... Weald House, Brentwood +Townsend, Rev. C. G. G... Berwick Place, Hatfield Peverell, Chelmsford Trigg, Henry...Bury Lodge, Stansted Mountfitchett Tufnell, J. Joliffe...Langleys, Chelmsford +Turnbull, John G....Mellenden Lodge, Wanstead Upson, James... Rivenball, Witham +Vaizey, John R....Attwoods, Halstead +Wagstaff, T....Stifford, Romford +Warren, Rev. J. C. B....Horkesley Hall, Colchester Watson, J. Y....The Grange, ‘Thorpe-le-Soken, Colchester +Webb, Henry, jun....Abberton, Colchester Webster, Charles... Waltham Abbey Wedlake, Thomas William...Hornchurch, Romford Welch, Henry James...Bendysh Hall, Radwinter, Saffron Walden Whitlock, F...Lovingtons, Great Yeldham, Halstead Whitlock, John...Great Yeldham Hall, Halstead Wilkin, A.C....Tiptree Heath, Kelvedoh Williams, Oliver John. ..Dovercourt Windus, Edward Ernest...Great Easton, Dunmow Wiseman, James IF. T....Paglesham, Romford Wood, John,,. Langford Hall, Maldon Woodward, Henry...Stanway Hall, Colchester Wragg, John... T'akeley, Chelmsford Youngman, Benjamin...Elms Farm, Walthamstow « Royal Agricultural Society of England. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Governors. +Barker, John Raymond...Fairford Park, Fairford Hale, Robert Blagden... Alderley Park, Wotton Hartley, W. H. H... ye Grove, Cross Hands, Sodbury +Holford, R. S., M.P.... Weston Birt House, Tetbury peenercote, Col., M.P....Kingscote, Wotton-under- ge +Moreton, Lord. ..Tortworth Court, Falfield Northwick, Lord. ..Moreton-in-the-Marsh Members. +Ackers, B. St. John...Prinknash Park, Painswick Acock, Arthur...Cold Aston, Northleach Agg, Colonel...Hewletts, Cheltenham Anderson, Robert A....Cirencester Arkell, Daniel...2, Butlers Court, Lechlade Arkell, Henry...Boddington House, Cheltenham +Arkell, William. ..Hatherop, Fairford. Avery, Thomas Charles. .27, Promenade, Cheltenham +Bailey, Henry. ..Cirencester Baker, H. Orde Lloyd. ..Hardwicke Court, Gloucester +Baker, T. Barwick L... Hardwicke Court, Gloucester Barber, George... Beverstone, Tetbury Barber, Richard C....Charlton Court, Tetbury +Barton, Charles...Fifield, Lechlade Barton, James T....Elmstree, Tetbury Bazley, Thomas S....Hatherop Castle, Fairford +Beach, Right Hon. Sir M. E. Hicks, Bart., M.P.... Williamstrip Park, Fairford +Beak, George.. .Stanford Hall, Lechlade Beaven, C...Ivy House Farm...Shipton Moyne, Tetbury Bengough, J.C....The Ridge, Wotton-under-Edge Bennett, Joseph...Cam, Dursley +Bennett, Joseph R....Cbax Hill House, Gloucester Blackwell, G., jun....Kingscote, Wotton-under-Edge Bowly, Edward...Siddington House, Cirencester Bowly, William. ..Cirencester Brain, William. ..Greet, Winchcombe Bravender, Jobn...Cirencester +Brooke-Hunt, Arthur E....Peers Court, Dursley Bullock, Frederick, . .Hewelsfield, Coleford Butcher, S. W....Standish Park, Stonehouse Butler, John...Tetbury Browne, T. Beale. ..Salperton Park, Andoversford +Cadle, Clement. ..Clarence Street, Gloucester Cadle, J....Kingsholme House, Gloucester 7-Cadle, Thomas... Longcroft, Westbury-on-Severn Campbell, R....Buscot Park, Lechlade Capel, William...The Grove, Stroud Castree, Josiah. ..College Green, Gloucester Castree, Josiah, jun....College Green, Gloucester Cathcart, P. H....Agricultural College, Cirencester +Chance, T. H.. .Lennox House, Gloucester Chandler, C....The Vails, Stonehouse +Chapman, Charles... Frocester Court, Stonehouse Cole, Henry... Ashbrook, Cirencester Constable, Rev. Jobn...The College, Cirencester Cook, ‘homas...'Taddington, Broadway Cooke, James Herbert. ..Berkeley Castle Cornock, John... Burleigh Court, Dursley XV Cox, Henry... Minchinhampton Creese, William...Teddington, Tewkesbury Croome, J. Capel. ..Bagendon House, Cirencester +Cullimore, William...Shepperdine, Thornbury +Cummins, Jobn, jun....Nelfields, Newent +Davies, Robert P....Horton, Chipping Sodbury +Dent, John Coucher...Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe De Winton, Capt. T....Wallsworth Hall, Gloucester Dobbs, Samuel Priday...Hontley, Gloucester +Dorington, John E....Lypiatt Park, Stroud Drew, B....Boxwell, Wotton-under-Edge Drew, Edwd...Leighterton, Wotton-under-Edge +Ducie, Earl of...Tortworth, Wotton-under-Edge Edmonds, Giles. ..Eastleach, Lechlade Edmonds, William John...Southrope, Lechlade +Eggington, John Lloyd. ..Cirencester Ellett, Robert...Oakley Villa, Cirencester Elwes, John H....Closeburn House, Cheltenham Estcourt, George B., M.P... Newnton House, Tetbury +Eyre, Edwin... Kingshill, Dursley Farmer, Edmund... Moreton-in-the-Marsh +Fitzhardinge, Lord... Berkeley Castle Fletcher, George...Shipton, Cheltenham +Fletcher, W. H....Shipton Oliffe, Cheltenham +Ford, Charles. ..Horsley, Nailsworth +Foster, T. Nelson.,.Allt Dinas, Bayshill, Chel- tenham Fowler, E. Pope...Aston Farm, Avening, Stroud Fowler, William...Hartpury, Gloucester | Gardner, John W....Long Street, Tetbury Garlick, James... Beverston Castle, Tetbury +Garne, John...Filkins, Lechlade +Garne, Robert... Aldsworth, Northleach +Garne, William...Cerney, Cirencester +Garne, W. Gillett...Broadmoor, Bourton-on-the- Water +Garne, W. T....Aldsworth, Northleach +Golledge, Matthias. ..Forthampton, Tewkesbury Goulter, Allen... Hawkesbury, Chipping Sodbury Haine, George...Over Farm, Gloucester Haines, John Poole...Boteler House, Cheltenham Handy, Edward,..13, Pittville Villas, Cheltenham +Harding, John...Dursley. +Harding, Joseph. ..Slimbridge, Stonehouse Hare, Sholto Vere... Kmnole Park, Almondsbury Harris, G....Courthouse Farm, Cam, Dursley Harrowby, Earl of, K.G....Norton House, Campden +Hatherell, W....Newington Bagpath, Wotton- under-Edge Henry, Francis... Elmestree, Tetbury Hill, John... Line House, Newent Hobbs, Charles...Maisey Hampton, Fairford Hoddinott, F....Waterhatch Farm, Winchcombe Holborow, Daniel B.... Knockdown, Tetbury +Holborow, D.C...Hazleton Farm, Cirencester Holborow, H....Willesley, Tetbury Holmes, Colonel...Charlton Kings, Cheltenham +Hooper, Robe:t N....Stanshawes Court, Tate Horne, Thomas. . . Moreton-in-the-Marsh Horniblow, W. T....Ripple, Tewkesbury +Howell, Henry ...Coates, Cirencester Hudson, Charlie... Kinsham, Tewkesbury +Hulbert, T. R....North Cerney, Cirencester XVI Hyett, F. A....Painswick House, Stroud Tles, Daniel... Fairford Retreat, Fairford Tles, Richard A....Reevy Farm, Kempsford, Fairford tlreland, William. ..Fortbampton, ‘Tewkesbury James, Isaac... Tivoli, Cheltenham +Jenkinson, Sir G. Bart., M.P....EHastwood, Berkeley Jones, George...Upton St. Leonards, Gloucester Jones, John... Ashleworth, Gloucester Jordan, William...Charlton Kings, Cheltenham Key, Lieut.-General...Coates, Cirencester Kilminster, E. M....Calkerton, Tetbury Ese Nigel R. F....Kingscote, Wotton-under- ge , +Knight, Edward...High Leadon, Newent Knowles, William. ..Gloucester +Lancaster, Thomas... Bownham House, Stroud +Lane, William... Broadfield, Northleach +Lawrence, W....Pirton Court, Gloucester Leatham, A. W....Miserdine Park, Cirencester Leigh, William... Woodchester Park, Stonehouse Lewis, Thomas... Preston, Cirencester Limbrick, William...Down Farm, Tetbury Little, Lewis D.... Driffield, Cirencester Long, Daniel... Whaddon, Gloucester Mabbett, John...Stinchcombe, Dursley Makgill, George,.. Prestbury, Cheltenham Marsh, W. J....Loridge, Berkeley Master, Col. T. C....The Abbey, Cirencester Mathews, A....Pitchcombe, Stroud Meats, Albert...Pyon Villa, Gloucester Morris, Thomas. ..Maisemore, Gloucester Mullins, Isaac... Alvington, Lydney Nicks, William. ..Greville House, Gloucester Norris, Thomas...Church Farm, Cam, Dursley Parson, Edgecombe. ..Coates, Cirencester Peacey, William...Chedglow, Tetbury Pedley, Joseph H....Bibury, Fairford Peter, James...Ham Villa, Berkeley +Peter, John... Kingscote, Wotton-under-Edge +Playne, E. H....Frampton Mansell, Chalfont Porter, Thomas... Baunton, Cirencester Price, W. P....Tiberton Court, Gloucester Priday, William...Highnam, Gloucester +Probyn, Edmund...Huntley Pullen, S. C....The Laurels, Itchington, Alveston Randall, John...Stroud Rich, Edmund... Willesley, Tetbury +Rich, Robert... Willesley, Tetbury +Ricketts, James... Westbury-on-Severn Roberts, G.. Wormington Grange Farm, Winchcombe Rolt, Mrs...Orgleworth, Wotton-under-Edge +Russell, Sir W., Bt....Charlton Pk., Cheltenham +Sartoris, Alfred...Abbotswood, Stow-on-the-Wold Savage, S. P....Leys Farm, Wotton-under-Edge Savory, Paul Haines. ..Gloucester Sharp, W. F....Dedbrook, Winchcombe +Shaw, Rev. G. E. F.. Edgeworth Rectory, Cirencester Simons, Rev. C. Walker...Saintbury (Broadway) +Skillicorn, W. Nash.. .Cheltenham Slatter, Charles...Frampton Farm, Winchcombe Smith, William. ..Berkeley +Smith, William... Winchcombe Snowsell, James...Ampney Knowle, Cirencester List of Governors and Members of the Stewart, Arthur...Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester +Stinton, William...Forthampton, Tewkesbury +Stoughton, Thomas A....Owlpen, Uley Surman, J. S....Swindon Hall, Cheltenham +Swanwick, R....College Farm, Cirencester Swinburne, T. W....Corndean Hall, Winchcombe +Talbot, George C....Temple Guiting, Winchcombe +Thackwell, John... Wilton Place, Dymock +Thomas, C. H....Charlton, Filton Thompson, John A....Stanton, Winchcombe Tombs, John...Langford, Lechlade Tovey, Joseph. . .Cirencester Trimmer, Edward. ..Gloucester Trinder, Edward. ..Cirencester Villar, Henry...Charlton Kings, Cheltenham Villar, James...Charlton Kings, Cheltenham Viveash, Oriel...Strensham, Tewkesbury Waddingham, John...Guiting Grange, Winchcombe Walker, James...Northleach Walker, Thomas...Stowell Park, Northleach Waller, Hugh S....Farmington, Northleach Warner, W. C....Oakley, Cirencester Watts, John...Example Farm, Whitfield, Falfield Wemyss-Colchester, M. W.... The Wilderness, Micheldean Wheeler, A. C....Upton Hill, Gloucester +Whitcombe, George. ..Tuffley, Gloucester Wilkins, Henry... Westbury-on-Severn +Williams, Henry E....EHast End House, Fairford +Withington, James... Battledown, Cheltenham Witts, F. R. V..Upper Slaughter, Stow-on-the-Wold Woodward, John...Uckington, Cheltenham Workman, Joseph... . Wotton-under-Edge Yorke, Joseph...Forthampton Court, Tewkesbury HAMPSHIRE, Governors. Ashburton, Lord...The Grange, Alresford +Eversley, Viscount...Heckfield Place, Winchfield +Ewall, Ralph...Andover +Hulse, Col. Sir E., Bt.. Breamore House, Fordingbridge +Macdonald, Sir A. K., Bt... Woolmer Lodge, Liphook Normanton, Earl of,..Somerley, Ringwood Members. Addison, Joseph... Mapledurwell, Basingstoke Allen, Stephen H..,.Eastover, Andover Arnold, Matthew... Westmeon, Petersfield Attrill, Daniel, jun....Dean Farm, Whitwell, I. W. Beach, W. W. B., M.P....Oakley Hall, Basingstoke Beadon, Rev. F....North Stoneham Rectory Best, Rev. Thomas...Red Rice House, Andover Bethell, Hon. Slingsby...Tangier Park, Basingstoke Blundell, F. J....24, Portland Street, Southampton Boxall, W. B...Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield +Brook, Samuel Edwin, ..Park Farm, Ryde, I. W. Bull, William. ..Empshott, Petersfield Burnett, David... Ashley, Stockbridge Burrell, J. F....Frimley, Farnborough Station Caird, James A. H....Warren Farm, Micheldever . PE }Calthorpe, Lord...Elvetham, Winchfield Carnegie, Hon. J. J....Fair Oak, Petersfield +Carpenter, Henry S....The Firs, Alton +Carter, John Bonham, M.P....Adhurst St. Mary’s Chalcraft, H.... Amory Farm, Alton _ +Chaleraft, James. ..Stroud, Petersfield Chinery, John... Wootton, Milton, Lymington +Churchill, George... Alderholt, Fordingbridge Chute, W. L. Wigget...The Vyne, Basingstoke +Cleeve, H. Lacy... Hatchwarren, Basingstoke Coleberd, Robert... Purewell Farm, Christchurch 7Collins, Henry...Aldsworth House, Emsworth | Cross-Buchanan, W....Sunnyside, Portswood, South- ampton Cumberbatch, L....Queens House, Lyndhurst | Currie, Raikes...Minley Manor, Farnborough Curtis, Charles E.... Deanyers, Farringdon, Alton Dear, Mrs,... Millbrook, Southampton +Dilke, Sir C. W., Bart, M.P....Bedhampton, Havant | Dixon, Cecil B....Shirley Warren, Southampton | #Doridant, Charles. .. Aldershot Park ) Dorrington, Charles H....Otterburne, Winchester Downs, Henry...Manor House, Basingstoke Drewitt, Henry...Manor Farm, Titchfield | +Duncan, George...Coldrey, Alton Duplessis, Jules... Newtown Park, Lymington Elliott, Thomas J....Southwick, Fareham Elphinstone, A....Chewton Glen, Christchurch Erle, Kt. Hon. Sir W....Bramshot Grange, Liphook Esdaile, W. C. D.... Burley Park, Ringwood | Eyre, G. E....Warrens, Sioney Cross, Southampton yEyre, Robert T....Hartley, Totton, Southampton +Farr, William Wyndham... Iford, Christchurch Fitt, W. E....Hermitage, Weeke, Winchester | Fitzwygram, Major-Gen. Sir F., Bt....Leigh Park, Havant +Fowle, W. H....Chute Lodge, Andover Galpin, Thomas P....Grateley, Andover | Gater, John... West End, Southampton | +Gotch, W. H....Chilcombe Farm, Winchester _fHambrough, A. J...Steephill Castle, Ventnor, I. W. Hammick, H. H....The Mirables, Undercliffe, I. W. | +Harris, Charles E.... Tylney Hall, Winchfield +Heathcote, Capt. E...Blanshard, Lyndburst | Herbert, Hon. A....Ashley Armwood, Lymington Hewett, James. ..Posbrooke, Titchfield Hodges, J. O....Snakemoor Farm, Derby Hollings, Jobn...The Watchetts, Farnborough Huddleston, T. F. C.... Upton Grey, Winchfield Hudson, J. Blakeny...East Dereham Hutt, Right Hon. Sir W., K.C.B....Appley Towers, Ryde +Jervoise, A, T. E.... Weston Corbett, Odiham +Jervoise, F. Ellis, J....Herriard Park, Basingstoke 7+Kennard, A. S....Crawley Court, Winchester Kent, George E....Stubbington Lodge, Portsea King, W. David...Farlington Farm, Havant +Knighton, Sir William W., Bart....Blendworth Lodge, Horndean Leggatt, H. B....Brownwich, Fareham Leggatt, S. B....Crofton, Titchfield Linzee, Robert G....Wroxmore Park, Romsey FLongbourne, John... Ripsley, Liphook Royal Agricultural Society of England. Cardus, John...Town Hill, West.End, Southampton | XVII +Longeroft, C. J....Havant Lyne, R. Seager...Compton, Winchester Lyon, Miss M....The Oaks, Emsworth Lywood, John...Upper Clatford, Andover McCalmont, A. L....Highfield, Southampton | +Malcolm, Mrs....Beechwood, Lyndhurst | Malmesbury, Earl of...Heron Court, Christchurch Marsh, Matthew H....Ramridge, Andover +Maxse, Admiral...Holly Hill, Southampton +Mildmay, Sir H.St. John, Bart... Winchfield Mills, John... Bisterne, Ringwood Morris, H. S.... Mayfield, Weston, Southampton +Murray, Major...Ossemsley Manor, Christchurch Neale, M. T....Auck!and Road East, Southsea Newton, F. H....Springbourne, Bournemouth Nichol, Rev. F. G. S....Litchfield Rectory, Michel- dever +Nightingale, W. E....Embley, Romsey +Ohrly, H. G., jun....St. Leonards Villa, Sandown Padwick, Frederick... West Thorney, Emsworth Pain, Thomas...The Grove, Basingstoke +Palmer, G. W. Greenwood... Bishops Waltham Parsons, William... West Stratton, Micheldever +Peacocke, Warren...Efford, Lymington +Peterson, A. T. T,...Drumdnar, Lymington _ +Pinnegar, Christopher... Rockbourne, Fordingbridge Pratt, Frederick... Westmeon, Petersfield Purrott, C....Cliftonville, Westend, Southampton +Raynbird, Hugh...Church Street, Basingstoke +Ricards, Mortimer. ..Bure Homage, Christchurch Robson, William...Summerfield, Bournemouth Scott, Arthur J....Rotherfield Park, Alton +Shrubb, J. Lane... Rodlease, Lymington | Simonds, W. B., M.P....Abbot’s Barton, Winchester | +Taylor, H. Minton... Simpson, Valentine...Albany, Fareham Smith, Henry James...Hall House Farm, Ledbury +Smith, William... West End, Southampton +Spooner, W. C....Eling, Southampton Stratton, F....Merdon, Hursley, Winchester +Stratton, James. ..Chilcombe, Winchester Stubbs, John... Langrish Farm, Petersfield Tasker, William... Andover Hastleigh, Southampton Thistlethwayte, T....Southwick Park, Fareham Thursby, Colonel... Holmhurst, Christchurch Timson, H ...Tatchbury, Totton, Southampton Toward, Andrew...Castle Road, Newport, 1. W. Turvill, John..,Hartley Park Farm, Alton - +Waddington, John...Langrish House, Petersfield +Walker, James...Buriton Manor Farm, Petersfield Wallis, Arthur...Basingstoke +Warner, Henry, jun....Farringdon, Alton Way, Henry... Dodpits House, Yarmouth, I. W. +Way, Lewis A....The Haven, Bournemouth Wellington, Duke of...Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield Wheeler, R....Steephill Farm, Ventnor, 1. W. +Whitear, R. B....Martyr Worthy, Winchester +Winchester, Marquis of... Amport House, Andover Wolfe, Edward A....Mouseton, Andover Woodman, Richard. ..Somborne Park, Stockbridge +Woods, Henry... Warnford, Bishops Waltham Woodthorpe, Edmund,..Grayshott, Liphook Wooldridge, Henry... Meon Stoke, Bishops Waltham Young, Captain F....The ‘Terrace, Ryde, I. W. b xx +Greene, Harry Arthur...Crown Street, St. Ives +Hall, James...Little Barford, St. Neots Heathcote, John M....Connington Castle, Stilton How, James. ..Broughton, Huntingdon 7Johbnstone, Rev. George. ..Broughton Jones, Alfred. ..Ramsey +Margetts, Charles. ..Huntingdon Middleton, Saville... Water Newton (Wansford) Milligan, Thomas...Dean, Kimbolton +Morrison, John...Bushmead Priory, St. Neots +Newton, G. Onslow...Croxted Park, St. Neots +Newton, S. C....The Downs, Croxton, St. Neots +Peppercorn, J. H....Eaton Socon, St. Neots Purves, Peter...Brampton, Huntingdon Pyke, Barford... Willingham, St. Ives Rowell, John.... Manor Farm, Bury Rust, George John. .Halconbury House, Huntingdon Sandwich, Earl of...Hinchingbrooke House Shepperson, J. W....Forty-foot Bridge, Ramsey +Sherard, Lord P. Castel. ..Glatton, Stilton Smith, Thomas... Brooklands, Aleconbury Spencer, S....Holywell, St. Ives ‘ Street, Frederick...Somersham Park, St. Ives +Tillard, Philip...Stukely Hall, Huntingdon Turner, Jabez...Norman Cross, Yaxley Welstead, F....The Cottage, Stonely, Kimbolton Willson, J. Larkham..Wornditch House, Kimbolton Windover, Charles S,... Huntingdon KENT. Governors. Brassey, Henry A., M.P...Preston Hall, Aylesford Darnley, Earl of...Cobham Hall, Gravesend +Harris, Lord...Belmont, Faversham Loyd, Lewis...Monks Orchard, Bromley Torrington, Viscount... Yates Court, Mereworth Members. Abergavenny, Marquis of...Eridge Castle, Tun- bridge Wells +Adams, G. T.... Hawkhurst Alexander, J. C....Herne Hill, Faversham +Alexander, R., C.B....Downs House, Yalding Amos, James...Broomfield, Herne Bay +Anderson, William... Lesney House, Erith Andrews, Henry...Great Chart, Ashford +Appach, Reginald. ..Swattenden, Cranbrook +Ashbee, John K....Colkins, Faversham Aveling, Thomas. ..Rochester +Aveling, Thomas Lake... Rochester Awcock, Henry...Oxen Heath, Tonbridge Baggallay, Sir R....Mapletreuse, Edenbridge Baker, Fredk.... Manor Farm, Frindsbury, Rochester Baker, W. de Chair... .St. Stephens, Canterbury +Balston, Richard J....Boxley Abbey, Maidstone Balston, Thoinas...Chart Hill, Staplehurst +Barrow, J. J....Holmewood, Tunbridge Wells +Bayden, Thomas. ..Hythe List of Governors and Members of the | }Collyer, A. T....Cedar Cottage, Forest Hill Beale, William. ..Larkins Farm, Chiddingstone +Bean, Alfred W....Dansome Park, Welling +Beard, Frederic. ..Horton, Canterbury Beer, James Henry. ..29, St. George's St., Cante +Bell, C. W....Thor, Birchington Bell, Matthew... Bourne Park, Canterbury Best, Major M. G....Boxley, Maidstone +Bevan, T....Stone Park, Dartford Blenkiron, William...Middle Park, Eltham +Board, John...Westerham, Sevenoaks Body, John...The College, Wittersham, Ashford — + Booth, S. B....Effingham lodge, Bickley Bowstead, J. C.... Binbury Manor, Maidstone Buckland, John A....Biddenden, Staplehurst +Burra, William Pomfret... Ashford Bury, Capt....Wateringbury, Maidstone Busbridge, T. H....Pinips Court, Hast Farleigh Maidstone Bushell, William...Poulton, Wingham Buss, B....Horsmonden, Staplehurst Butcher, Thomas...Selling, Faversham Butcher, William. ..Gosmere, Selling, Faversham Butler, James M....Cranbrook +Campbell-Bannerman H., M.P....Gennings Maidstone Carter, William...Ospringe House, Faversham Castle, William... Yoke Farm, Strood, Rochester +Cazalet, E. Fairlawn...Tonbridge 7Chambers, Charles... Langley, Maidstone ‘Tebeeeinyy F.C....2, Kidbrooke Villas, Blackheat +Cheesman, Frederick... Little Chart, Ashford Chittenden, Andrew...Detling, Maidstone } Chittenden, James...Hope All Saints, New Romney Chittenden, John...Newchurch, New Romney _ +Clarke, R. B.... Eldridge, Southwell, Chislehurst +Cobb, Herbert M....Higham, Rochester Cobb, John...Sheldwick, Faversham Cobb, Robert L....Higham, Rochester Coles, Edward Robert... Rochester Collard, Charles...Little Barton, Canterbury Colledge, John W....Upper Grosvenor Road, Tui bridge Wells Colyer, William...North End, Crayford +Court, P. Simapson...140, Snargate Street, Dove Crispe, Henry... Ploggs Hall, Tudely, Tonbridge +Croft, Sir John, Bart... .Kingsdown, Sittingbourne Crowhurst, Charles. . .Maidstone Curling, Arthur D....Herne Hill, Faversham Curling, Edwin Henry... Brookland, Whitstable D’Aeth, N. H.... Knowlton Court, Wingham +Dashwood, Maitland...Bexley P +Dawson, William Edward. ..Plumstead Common Day, John. ..Chilham, Canterbury +Deacon, John...Mabledon, Tunbridge De Laune, C. De Laune F....Sharsted Court, Siti it bourne +De L’Isle and Dudley, Lord... Penshurst Park Devas, Charles F....Pickhurst, Beckenham Dixon, Henry...Frankham, Tunbridge Wells +Dungey, James... Middtetons, Cranbrook Dungey, Walter...Pattenden Farm, Goudhurst +Duppa, George... Hollingbourne House, Maidste _ Dyke, Sir Wm. Hart, Bart., M.P..Lullingstone Castle, Dartford ; Edwards, Arthur...Fern Bank, Tunbridge Wells ! Edwards, James L.... Rochester _ F#lgar, Frederick. . .St. Margaret’s, Rochester FEllis, Robert Ridge... Yalding Evans, R. Percival... Watling Court, Canterbury Falmouth, Viscount...Mereworth Castle, Maidstone +Filmer, Sir E., Bart... East Sutton Park, Stapleburst Finn, G. W....Preston, Faversham +Finnis, Sterriker...The Elms, Hougham, Dover | Fletcher, Charles E.,...Kenward, Yalding +Fletcher, Lionel J. W....Kenward, Yalding +Ford, Sir F. C., Bart.... Hartfield, Tunbridge Wells Freeman, James...Otford, Sevenoaks Fry, James Thomas. ..Boston, Bromley _ Gardner, William... Bekesbourne, Canterbury Geary, Sir Francis, Bart....Oxon Heath, ‘Tonbridge Gibbens, Edward...Minster, Isle of Thanet Godwin, J. S. S.... Hadlow, ‘Tonbridge +Goldsmid, Julian, M.P....Summerbill, Tonbridge +Goodhart, Charles E....Langley, Beckenham | Goodhew, David... Minster, Sheppy, Sheerness - Goodwin, E. J....Canon Court, Wateringbury, Maid- stone Gordon, Admiral. ..Ingledon, St. Michael’s, Ashford | Gow-Steuart, Herbert J. S....Fowler’s Park, Hawk- burst Hague, Jenkin...Biddenden, Staplehurst Hague, John...Cranbrook | +Hamilton, W. M....2, Orchard Place, Canterbury Hammond, William...Hunton, Maidstone Hankey, G. A......Town Court Farm, Tunbridge Wells Hardinge, Sir E. S., Bart.... Bounds Park, Tunbridge Wells Hardy, Charles S....Chilham Castle, Canterbury Hartridge, W. F....East Farleigh, Maidstone Harvey, J. J....Statenborough House, Sandwich dearvey, John J. S....Statenborough House, Sand- wic Harvey, W. F....Thruxted, Chartham, Canterbury +Hatfeild, C. T....Hartsdown House, Margate Henderson, John...Upton House, Sandwich +Hilder, W.... Wrotham, Sevenoaks Hilton, Robert S....Harbledown, Canterbury Hilton, S. M...,Brambling, Wingham Hilton, Captain T....Selling, Faversham Hoar, Edward, jun....Otham Rectory, Maidstone Hoare, Charles A. R.... Eden, Beckenham Hodsoll, J. Hackett... Loose Court, Maidstone +Hohler, Henry B....Fowkham Manor, Dartford | Holmden, James...Marlpit Hill, Edenbridge Hooper, George W....Cottington Court, Deal +Hope, A. J. B. Beresford, M.P....Bedgebury Park, Cranbrook Hughes, Hugh... Brightling, Hawkhurst Jackson, A....Orpington, St. Mary Cray | Jackson, ‘Thomas...Eltham Park Jacob, W....Shepherd’s Well, Dover | James, Sir W. C., Bart....Betteshanger, Sandwich Kelsey, Edwin... Wickhambreux, Sandwich ) Kennard, D. F.... Wester Hill, Linton, Maidstone Kibble, Thomas...Green Trees, ‘Tonbridge Royal Agricultural Society of England. XXI +Kingsnorth, Alfred...Great Chart, Ashford +Kingsnorth, Edward... Brookland, New Romney Kirkpatrick, Captain J.... Monks Horton, Hythe Kirkwood, Captain...Gore Court, Maidstone Knight, Richard... Bobbing Court, Sittingbourne Knight, Richard Lake... Bobbing, Sittingbourne Lake, Edward. .. Hill Side, Strood Lake, Frederick... Rodmersham, Sittingbourne Lake, J... Newlands, l'eynham, Sittingbourne tLake, Robert...Oakley, Rochester Lake, Thomas...Tonge, Sittingbourne Langridge, George...Lausdowne Road, Tunbridge Wells Larking, J. Wingfield...The Firs, Lee +Laurence, W....Elsfield House, Maidstone +Leese, C. Stuart...Divan Court, Faversham Leigh, Roger... Barham Court, Teston, Maidstone Leney, Edward...Hadlow Place, ‘Tonbridge Leney, Frederick... Wateringbury, Maidstone Lennard, Colonel J. F....Wickham Court, Bromley Levett, William. ..Glassenbury, Cranbrook Love, Peter...Silverstead Lodge, Westerham Jill, Kent +Loyd, Lieut.-Col. E....Lillsden, Hawkhurst Mace, J. Ellis... Ashford Road, Tenterden Mac George, John...Great Chart, Ashford +Maitland, Colonel...Hollywych, Edenbridge +Mannington, A.,..Staplecross, Hawkhurst +Mannington, D....Hellingby Park, Hawkhurst Mannington, Isaac...Ewhurst, Hawkhurst Manwaring, T...Mare Place, Brenchley, Staplehurst Marsham, George...Hayle Place, Maidstone Marten, Jobn...Chilham, Canterbury Marten, Peter... Bridge Street, Canterbury +Martin, P. Wykeham, M.P... Leeds Castle, Maidsione +Matthews, Joseph...St. Lawrence Seal, Sevenoaks May, John...Farningham, Dartford Maylam, William... Pluckley, Ashford Mercer, W....Grove House, Hunton, Staplchurst Mills, Sir C. H., Bt., M.P....Wildernesse, Sevenoaks 7Mille, J. R.... Kingswood Lodge, Tunbridge Wclis Miskin, William...Hoo, Rochester Mold, William Henry... Bethersden, Ashford Monckton, Frederick. ..The Cage Farm, Tonbridge +Monins, J. H....Ringwood, Dover Moon, J. S....Starborough Castle, Edenbridge +Moore, Rev. Edward...The Precincts, Canterbury +Moore, Rev. G. Bridges... .Tunstall, Sittingbourne Morland, W Courtenay. . TheCourtLodge, Lamberhurst +Morley, H. Hope...Hall Place, Tonbridge Morrish, G. M....Park Gate Farm, Chelsfield Murton, Frederick...Smeeth, Ashford +Neame, Charles...Copton, Faversham +Neame, Edward.. .Selling Court, Faversham +Neame, Edwin. ..Harefield, Selling, Faversham Neame, Frederick...Lutton, Selling, Faversham +Neame, Frederick, jun..,.Throwley Parsonage Faversham Neame, Percy B....The Mount, Ospringe, Faversham Neame, Robert... Boughton Blean, Faversham +Nettleingham, F’. B....4, Marine Parade, Gravesend Neve, Charles. .Amberfield, Chart Sutton, Staplehurst Neve, George. ..Sissinghurst, Staplehurst XXII +Neve, Richard...Benenden, Staplehurst +Neve, Thomas...Sissinghurst, Staplehurst Neville, Ralph P.,..Birling Manor, Maidstone Noakes, Charles... Polding, Maidstone +Noakes, John T.... Brockley House, Lewisham +Norman, G. Warde... Bromley +Page, Henry... Walmer Court, Walmer +Paine, Jeremiab ..Sutton Valence, Staplehurst +Paterson, Richard. . .Leesons, Chislehurst Pawsey, Arthur...Sandwell House, Lewisham Road Peppercorne, Henry...East Malling, Maidstone Perkins, Thomas... Wellesborough, Ashford Perkins, William... Brabourne, Ashford Phelps, H. G. Hart...Ridley Parsonage, Wrotham Phillips, Thomas... West Malling, Maidstone Philpott, Thomas... Linton, Maidstone Phipps, Filmer...River, Dover Pine, Frederick... West Tree Villa, Maidstone Pine, Robert...Trosley Court, Maidstone Plumptre, Charles J....Pedding House, Sandwich Plumptre, J. Bridges. .Goodnestone Farm, Wingham Prentice, Fdward...Chalk, Gravesend Prentis, W. T....Maidstone Pryce, Frederick. ..The Bank, Darrington, Faversbam Pryke, J. P....Aldersfield Hall, Wickhambrook +Punnett, P. S....Breakspear Road, New Cross Purvis, Charles...Foxgrove Farm, Beckenham +Pye, Henry...St. Mary’s Hall, Rochester | Pye, James...Knight Place, Rochester Rammell, W. Lake...Sturry Court, Canterbury +Ramsbotham, F...Crowborough Warren, Tunbridge Wells Ratcliffe, Charles ...Womanswold, Canterbury Reeves, Thomas,. .Staplehurst Reeves, William... Paley, Cranbrook Rice, E. Royd...Dane Court, Wingham Rigden, Henry... Lyminge, Hythe Rigden, Henry...Saltwood Castle, Hythe Robinson, John... Wingham, Sandwich Rolfe, G. C....Plumpton, Wye, Ashford Romney, Earl of...The Mote, Maidstone Russell, George... Manor House, Plumstead Russell, Joseph...Pudding Lane, Maidstone Russell, Robert...Horton Court Lodge, Dartford Rutherford, T. B....Hothfield, Ashford Ruxton, G. F. Symonds. . The Crook Farm, Brenchley, Staplehurst Sackville, Lord... Knowle, Sevenoaks +Salomons, Sir D. L., Bt....Broom Hill, Tunbridge Wells +Sandford, Marks... Hever Lodge Farm, Edenbridge +Sankey, R. J....Dent-de-Lion, Margate Scott, Alfred...Boys Hall, Willesborough, Ashford Scott, John... Wouldham, Rochester Scratton, John...Court Lodge, Shorne, Gravesend +Selmes, J....Nevenden, Ashford Seymour, R. A....43, Kingsley Road, Maidstone Shafto, T. D....Cbheveney House, Hunton, Maidstone Sharpe, W. Burling... Baker’s Cross, Cranbrook Smith, G. Fereday...Grovehurst, Tunbridge Wells Smith, W. B....New Romney, Folkestone Smithell, R. Hudson,..Hengrave House, Margate Solly, G. B....Monktou Court, Ramsgate Sondes, Lord... lees Court, 'aversham List of Governors and Members of the Wood, John...Singlewell, Gravesend +Springett, Augustus... Ashfield Lodge, Hawkhm Startup. T. W....West Farley, Maidstone Still, George...Rayham, Eastchurch, Sheerness 7Stilwell, A. F....Sheperdswell, Dover } Stirling, Sir W., Bart... Burrs Wood, Tunbridge Wel Stone, John J....14, Wickham Road, Lewisha High Road Stonham, Henry...Thornham, Maidstone Stratton, Rev. J. Y....Ditton Rectory, Maidstone Stunt, Frederick...Highams, Rochester Stunt, Warwick...Hoo, Rochester 7Srunt, W. C....Brogdale, Ospringe, Faversham Sturgess, Thomas... Penshurst, Tonbridge Style, A. F....Hayle Cottage, Maidstone 7Swinford, Stephen,..€trode Place, Herne, bury Sydney, Earl...Frognal, Foot’s Cray Talbot, J. Gilbert, M.P....falconhurst, Edenbridge Tattersall, Rev. W....Charlton Place, Bishopsbourt Taylor, W....Wickham Court Farm, Beckenham Taylor, William... Lenworth House, Maidstone — Tebb, R. Palmer. ..Crystal Palace Park, Sydenham Theobald, Hope...Lympne, Hythe Townend, Thomas... Knockholt Tunbridge Wells Farmers’ Club, Secretary of Tye, James... Rose Villa, Cranbrook Tylden-Pattenson, Captain...Ibornden, Biddende Staplehurst +Tylden-Pattenson, W. B...Dashmonden, Biddender Tyser, G. D....Hollanden Park, Tunbridge +Umfreville, S. C....Ingress Abbey, Greenhithe — +Waldo, E. W. Meade...Stone Wall, Edenbridge Walker, W. H....Rainham, Sittingbourne +Wall, William H....Pembury, Tunbridge We Walter, William. ..Rainham, Sittingbourne Warde, Ambrose... West Farleigh, Maidstone Waring, William. ..Chelsfield , Waterman, James, jun....Tenterden, Ashford Watts, G. J....Radlett, Bromley Common Webb, Henry. ..Tunstall, Sittingbourne Wedd, E. A....Great Wakering, Southend Weeks, W....Maidstone Whibley, F. W....Standens Farm, Sevenoaks White, Alfred. ..Nettlestead Court, Maidstone White, E. A....Beltring, Tonbridge White, George. ..Hunton, Maidstone White, J. Baker...Street End House, Canterbury +Whitehead, Charles. ..Barming House, Maidstone Whitehead, John... West Barming, Maidstone Whitehead, Richard... West Farleigh, Maidstone Wickham, Benjamin...Goudburst Wigan, Lewis D....Oakwood, Maidstone +Wigg, John S....Stoneleigh, Tunbrfdge Wells Wilkie, E. Hales... Ellington House, Ramsgate +Willett, Harry... Laughton, Hawkhurst Wilmot, B. S....Eridge House, Tunbridge Wells +Wilson, Edward...Hayes, Bromley +Wilson-Haffenden, Rev. J.. .. Homewood, Tenterde Winch, Henry...Mears Court, Rainham Woodhams, Frank... Frindsbury, Rochester Wyld, John...Spitzbrook, Staplehurst Wyles, Thomas...Frindsbury, Rochester Yardley, Sir William...Hadlow Park, Tunbridge Royal Agricultural Society of England. LANCASHIRE, Governors. +Brooks,W. Cunliffe, M.P... Barlow Hall, Manchester Devonshire, The Duke of, K.G....Holker Hail Ellesmere, Earl of... Worsley Hall, Manchester TSefton, Earl of ....Croxteth, Liverpool Skelmersdale, Lord...Lathom House, Ormskirk Winmarleigh, Lord...Bank Hall, Warrington Members. Alcock-Beck, William. ..Outgate (Windermere) Allen, J. F...Sutton Works, Peasley Vale, St. Helens +Anderton, Richard... West De: by, Liverpool Ashburner, G....Low Hall, Kirby Inleth, Carnforth Ashburner, John ..Elliscales, Dalton-in-Furness +Ashburner, Robert...Gleaston Park, Ulverston Ashcroft, Daniel...Haigbton, Preston ae James...Oakhill Park, Old Swan, Liver- poo +Ashworth, Alfred... Egerton Hall, Bolton Ashworth, Charles E.... Fairfield, Manchester Atherton, Richard...Speke, Liverpool Baker, Hugh M....7, Talbot Street, Liverpool +Baldwin, W. J. A....Dalton-in-Furness Barton, J....West Leigh Lodge, Leigh, Manchester Bass, W....Duckenfield Lodge, Ashton-under-Lyme Bate, John... Fallowfield, Manchester Becker, J. L....Foxdenton, Chadderton, Manchester Bell, Alexander... Barrowford, Nelson, Burnley Betham, John...Southport, Lancaster +Birchall, Thomas. ..Ribbleton Hall, Preston Blackburne, Lt.-Col. Ireland. ..Hale Hall, Warrington Blundell, P....Ream Hills, Weeton, Kirkham Boddington, Henry...Monton House, Eccles Booth, John...Slyne Grange, Lancaster +Bouck, John T....Manchester Bradford, William. ..Reddish Hall, Warrington Brierley, Charles W.... Drinkwater Park, Manchester Brocklebank, Thomas...Springwood, Woolton, Liverpool Brogden, Alexander, M.P....Ulverston Brogden, J. G....Kentsford Grange, Carnforth Bromley, James...Forton, Garstang Bromley, John... Lancaster Butler, Thomas. ..Da!ton-in-Furness 7Cameron, A. H. F....Sheil Road, Liverpool Carruthers, G. B... Westbourne Terrace, Lancaster Carter, George R....Bolton Castellain, Alfred... Liverpool Catterall, Paul...Lytham, Preston Catterall, Robert...Kirkham, Preston Chadwick, F....The Hermitage, Grimsargh, Preston Chadwick, James...Prestwicb, Manchester Chandler, Henry...Salford, Manchester 7Chorlton, W. M....Old Hall, Withington, Man- chester 7Clare, C. Leigh...Higher Broughton, Manchester Clarke, W. B...Barwickstead, Beckermet, Carnforth Clifton, Thomas H....Lytham Hall, Lytham Clowes, Edmund... .Carnforth XXIII +Cookson, John...The Firs, Stretford Cradock, George...2, Wilton Parade, Blackpool Cragg, W. Smith...Arkholme, Carnforth Cranke, John...Fountain Street, Ulverston +Cranke, M. J.... Midtown, Urswick, Ulverston Craven, James... Whalley Range, Manchester Crook, Thomas...Chesham House, Garstang +Cropper, E. W....Moss Bank, Augkton, Ormskirk Cross, John...78, Cross Street, Manchester +Cross, William A....Red Scarr, Preston Crosse, Thomas B....Shaw Hill, Chorley Croudson, John, ..Urswick, Ulverston Culshaw, Joseph..-Towneley, Burnley Cunliffe, Major Ellis. ..Queen Street, Lytham Davies, Benjamin...Hayton House, Chorley +Deakin, J....Eller How, Lindale, Grange +Derby, Earl of... Knowsley Hall, Prescot +De Trafford, Sir H., Bt....‘l'rafford Park, Manchester +De Trafford, J. R....Croston Hall, Croston Dobell, G. C....10, North John Street, Liverpool +Dodson, Charles E....Littledale Hall, Lancaster Dorendorff, R....85, Bridge Street, Manchester +Drewry, George... Holker, Grange Dugdale, Adam...Rose Hill, Burnley Dugdale, Edward... Park Hey, Blackburn Dyer, Lieut.-Col....44, Chorlton Street, Manchester yEarle, Frederic W....Edenburst, Prescot Eastwood, George...Healey Hall, Burnley Eckersley, James... Burnt House, Chorley Eckersley, Nathaniel...Standish Hall, Wigan Eden, Peter...Cross Lane, Salford Edmondson, B....Lower Hood House, Burnley Edmondson, T. G....Gresgarth Hall, Lancaster Ellis, Francis...Trafford Park, Manchester +Entwistle, John S....Foxholes, Rochdale yEvans, W. L....Fazakerley House, Prescot Fair, Jacob W.... Lytham Fair, Thomas... Westwood, Lytham +Fenton, Joseph...Bamford Hall, Rochdale +Fenton, William. ..Beaumonds, Rochdale 7Fielden, John... Dobroyd Castle, Todmorden +Fielden, Joshua, M.P.,.Stansfield Hall, Todmorden +Fielden, Samuel...Centre Vale, Todmorden Fisher, John...Layton Hall, Blackpool Foulkes, John...The Sycamore, Lymm, Warrington Follows, F. W.... Victoria Crescent, Eccles Gaitskell, Jacob. . .Hall Santon, Holmrook, Carnforth Gaitskell, John...Hall Santon, Holmrook, Carnforth | FGamble, David...Gerrard’s Bridge, St. Helen’s Garnett, Robert... Wyreside, Lancaster +Garnett, W....Quernmore Park, Lancaster Garnett, William... Bashall Lodge, Clitheroe Gerrard, John... Adlington, Chorley Gillow, Richard C.... Leighton Hall, Lancaster +Gladstone, R....Court Hey, Broad Green, Liverpool +Gorst, William...Garston, Liverpool +Graham, Rev. P....Turncroft, Darwen Greatorex, Frederick. ..Queen’s Brewery, Manchester | +Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart., M.P....Walton Hall, Warrington +Greene, Col. Dawson... Whittington Hall, Carnforth Halsall, John...Hale Bank, Widnes +Hannay, R....Springfield, Ulverston XXIV Hare, Theodore J....Crooke Hall, Chorley Hargreaves, E. H....Kirkham Harper, William... Bury Harrison, John...48, Irwell Street, Widnes Harrison, Joseph...2, Central Beach, Blackpool Harrison, W....Samlesbury Hall, Preston Haslam, Jobn P....Gilmow House, Bolton Haster, Percival L. I....4, Park Street, Lytham Hathornthwaite, W.... Yealand, Carnforth Heaton, Captain H.... Worsley, Manchester +Heywood, A....West Derby, Liverpool +Hibbert, Henry...Broughton Grove, Grange Hibbert, Thomas J....Grange-over-Sands,Carnforth Holliday, James... Lord Street, Liverpool +Hollings, James C....Astley Bridge, Bolton Horsfall, Thomas...Hollin Bank, Briarfield, Burnley +Horton, William T....Embsay Kirk, Skipton Howorth, James...Farnworth +Hubback, Joseph... Liverpool +Hunt, George...Ingol Cottage, Preston Hurst, Robert. ..Baillie Street, Rochdale —— Joseph...Beauford Grange, Sale, Man- ester : Inman, H....Rose Bank, Stretford, Manchester Jackson, James*..Oakenclough, Garstang Jackson, James. ,.6, Chapel Street, Preston Jackson, James. ..Stalmire, Poulton-le-Fylde +Jackson, Joseph...Calder House, Garstang +Jackson, Thomas...Newsham Hall, Preston Jacson, C. R.... Barton, Preston Jones, R. W....24, Norfolk Street, Liverpool Jeffreys, R....Ormskirk +Kendall, James. ..Harbarrow, Ulverston +Kennedy, Myles...Burton Cottage, Ulverston Knight, John. .. Farnworth, Warrington +Knowles, James...Eagley Bank, Bolton Lambe, John. ..Hopefield, Eccles, Manchester Law, J. H....Woodwell, Silverdale, Carnforth Lewthwaite, William...Broad Gate, Broughton-in- Furness Littledale, Harold...Liscard, Liverpool +Mallinson, Jobn... Bury Oid Road, Cheetham, Manchester Marsh, John...Bradley Hall, Grappenhall, War- rington +Marsland, W....Baguley Hall, Northenden Mayman, B.... Water Street, Liverpool Meller, J. Galloway...22, Cooper Street, Manchester +Mercer, William...Newton, Warrington +Miller, T. Horrocks. . .Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde Miller, W. P....Winckley Square, Preston Milner, John...Theales, Kirkham +Morgan, George. ..11, College Lane, Liverpool +Morris, J. G....Allerton Priory, Woolton, Liverpool Mould, G. W....Cheadle, Manchester Moult, William. ..Knowsley, Prescot +Mucklow, Edward. ..Castle Head, Grange Muirhead, T....20, Victoria Street, Manchester +Musgrove, Edgar... West Town, Ormskirk Musson, Joseph ..Holt Hill House, Whiston Prescott Neild, Henry...The Grange, Worsley, Manchester Neilson, Robert...Halewood, Liverpool Nevell, Thomas...1%, Winckley Street, Preston List of Governors and Members of the +Newall, Henry. ..Hare’Hill, Littleborough 7Ockleston, W. F....Cheadle, Manchester yOrmandy, W. W....Beckside, Pennington, verston Ormerod, H. M....5, Clarence Street, Manchester Owen, R. J....Halewood, Liverpvol +Park, James... Lightburne, Ulverston +Parker, B....Caerden Hall, Preston Parker, Thomas... Hyde Road, Waterloo, Liverpo Parker, T. Sumner... Aughton Brewery, Ormski Parker, T. Townley... Lytham Parr, F. Charlton...Grappenhall Hayes, War- rington Pearson, F. F....Storrs Hall, Arkholme, Carnfo Pearson, Tuomas... Nateby, Garsiang Pearson, William. ..20, Miller’s Buildings, Lancaster Peck, John H....Wigan Peel, Jonathan... Knowlmere Manor, Clitheroe Percival, T....Moss Side, Moore, Warrington Pilkington, George...Stoneleigh Liverpool Platt, William... Wigan Polding, James Bede... Burnley Porter, Wm....Wyre Bank, St. Michael’s, Garstai +Ratcliffe, Daniel R....Mossley Hill, Liverpool Rawlinson, Robert. ..Graythwaite, Ulverston 7;Rawstorne, Lawrence...Hutton Hall, Preston +Reed, George, M.D....Royal Infirmary, Manchester Reynolds, R. S.,..Smithdown Lane, Liverpool Richardson, George... Halewood, Liverpool Rigby, Thomas. ..Lea Old Hall, Preston be +Riley, Hamlet...Lundenden Fort, Manchester Robinson, l)ixon...Clitheroe Castle Robinson, J....Huggart’s Farm, Brindle, Chorley Robinson, R. C.... Albert Works, Preston Robinson, W.... Darlington Lodge, Warrington Robinson, William...The Gill, Ulverston 7TRodgett, John...Darwen Bank, Preston 7Rothwell, R. R....Sharples Hall, Bolton +Royds, A. Hudson... Falinge, Rochdale +Royds, Henry... Wavertree, Liverpool +Royds, Rev. John...Heysham Rectory, Lancaste +Schroder, Baron W...12, Rumford Place, Liverpe Scotson, William...Aigburth, Liverpool Seddon, R. B....The Firs, Hindley, Wigan Sharman, S....Little Crosby, Liverpool +Shaw, James. ..Scarisbrick, Ormskirk Shaw, Tbomas...Mawdesley, Ormskirk +Shuttleworth, Sir U. Kay, Bart., M.P....Gawthorpe Hall, Burnley Sillcock, R....Thornton Hall, Poulton-le-Fylde Singleton, John...Stalmire, Poulton-le-Fylde Skirving, William. ..15, Queen Square, Liverpool +Slater, George...Park Farm, Dalton-in-Furness Slater, William... Park, Dalton-in-Furness Slye, Joseph...11, Westbourne Terrace, Lancaster Smith, A. M'Kenzie. ..Kent Street, Liverpool Smith, Joseph. ..Cable Street, Lancaster +Smith, R. C....Parkfield, Swinton, Mancbester Southern, John...Culcheth, Warrington Spinks, John M. B....Knotty Ash, Liverpool Spurrier, Henry. ..Kersal, Manchester 7Standish, W. S.... Duxbury Park, Chorley Royal Agricultural Society of England. Stanley, Edward...The Height, Grange Stanley, Lieut.-Col. the Hon. F. A., M.P...Wither- slack Hall, Grange, Carnforth +Starkie, Major... Huntroyde, Burnley +Starkie, John P. C., M.P...Ashton Hall, Lancaster Statter, G. F....Park House, Whitefield, Manchester Statter, T., jun....Stand Hill, Whitefield, Manchester Stocks, Charles...Cheadle, Manchester Storey, Capt. Joseph. ..Moorside, Lancaster Sykes, James... Breckhouse, Poulton-le-Fylde Sykes, J. G....78, Rodney Street, Liverpool Tatton, T. W....Wythenshawe Hall, Northenden +Taylor, Samuel... Eccleston Hall, Prescot Thom, John... Larkhill, Chorley +Thompson, F. B....Elmsfield, Gatacre, Liverpool Thompson, Richard H....Broughton, Preston es Robert... Mythop Lodge, Weston, Black- poo! Thornton, Richard...Primrose Hill, Nateby, Gar- stang fTinne, John A...Briarley, Aigburth, Liverpool Tod, A. J.... Woolton Grange, Liverpool +Townend, John...Shadsworth Hall, Blackburn +Tunstall, James...St Michael’s, Garstang Vickers, Thomas...Cheetham Hill, Manchester +Wadham, E....Mill Wood, Dalton-in-Furness +Walker, Ormerod O....Chesham, Bury Walker, William T....Clapham, Lancaster Warburton, Thomas S....Charmley Street, Preston +Whalley, C. L....Richmond House, Lancaster Whalley, R....Mill Green, Bold, Warrington Whitworth, H....96, King Street, Manchester Whitworth, Sir J...The Firs, Fallowfield, Manchester Wilkinson, Thomas...Gift Hall, Garstang Willacy, Robert...Penwortham Priory, Preston Willis, H. R. D’Anyers...Halsmead, Prescot +Wilson, A. W....Belmont, Ulverston +Wilson, T. Newby...The Landing, Ulverston Wilson, Thomas. ..Underbarrow, Milnthorpe Winder, G. A....Tonge Moor, Bolton Wood, James...Haigh Hall, Wigan +Woodburne, Thomas...Thurston Ville, Ulverston Woodhouse, John...Skale Hall, Lancaster Woodroffe, W. S....Beamont Grange, Lancaster Woods, Arthur... Aintree, Liverpool Wright, John...Croxteth Park, Liverpool +Wright, Richard...Whalley Range, Manchester LEICESTERSHIRE, Members. Addison, J....Rockingham, Leicester Allen, Thomas...Thurmaston, Leicester Arkwright, A. W...Broughton Astley House, Lutter- worth Arthur, Col... .Beauchamp Grange, Kibworth Bailey, Edward. . . Leicester Ball, George... North Kilworth (Rugby) Barber, William. ..Congerstone (Atherstone) +Barwell, Thomas... Leicester XXV Bassett, John C....Ullesthorpe, Lutterworth Beale, John A....Brockhurst, Lutterworth Berry, Edmund... Ashley, Market Harborough Betterton, H. J....Thorndale House (Woodville, Burton-on-Trent) Bland, T. H....Dingley Grange, Market Harborough Brewitt, T. B....Sanham House, Melton Mowbray +Brooke, Sir W. de Capel, Bt....The Elms, Market Harborough: +Brown, G. Fowler...Newtown, Desford, Leicester +Bruxner, Rev. G. E., M.A....Thurlaxton, Hinckley Bryan, Frederick T.... Humberstone, Leicester Burnaby, Colonel... Baggrave Hall, Leicester Carver, Robert...Ingarsby, Leicester Cheney, Edward H...Gadsley Hall, Melton Mowbray Collins, Charles... Burbage, Hinckley Cooper, Alfred Allen...The Hall, Wigston, Leicester Creswell, R. W....Ravenstone, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Crosland, J. S....Burbage House, Hinckley Davis, John... Wykin Hall, Hinckley Doubleday, E.,M.D... Long Clawson,Melton Mowbray Eggleston, Edward J....Great Peatling, Lutterworth Ellis, James. ..Glenfield, Leicester Kverard, William. ..Narboro’, Enderby, Leicester Farnham, E. B....Quorndon House, Loughborough Fisher, E. Knapp...Market Harborough Fowke, Sir F..T., Bart... .Lowesley Hall, Leicester Foxwell, Edwin J.... Manor House, Hinckley Freer, Charles T.,..The Coplow, Billesdon, Leicester German, George...Normanton-le-Heath, Ashby-de- la-Zouch German, John,..The Common, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Godfrey, John...Wigston Parva, Hinckley Goodchild, Philip...Glen Parva, Leicester Hack, Matthew... Leicester Hali, W. Henry... Peatling Magna Hamel, A. John... London Road, Leicester Harris, John Dove... Knighton, Leicester Harrison, J....New Found Pool, Leicester Harrison, John..,The Willows, Leicester Hassell, Joseph...Great Wigston, Leicester Hazlerigg, Sir A. Grey, Bart... Noseley Hall, Leicester Henson, William...Burtonfields, Hinckley +Holford, Thomas... Papillon Hall, Market Har- borough +Hoskyns, Rev. H. J....Blaby Rectory, Leicester +Humphreys, Henry... Wood House, Longhborough Islip, F. W....Collegiate House, Leicester Ison, Edward... Ashby-de-lu-Zouch Johnson, T, F....Stoneygate, Leicester Johnson, Walter F.... Leicester Kemp, Francis...Saddington, Market Harborough Key, William H....Enderby Grange, Narborough, Leicester +King, R. F....Coalville, Leicester Leadbeater, J. B.. Thorpe Satchville, Melton Mowbray +Low, A....Smockington Honse, Hinckley +Marriott, C....Cotesback Hall, Luttei worth Miles, Roger Dutton... Keyham, Leicester +Morris, Thos., jun....Walcote Fields, Lutterworth +Mowbray, Major...Overseal, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Nuttall, Thomas...Manor House, Beeby, Leicester Oldacres, Matthew...Clipsion, Market Harborough | Paget, G. E....Sutton Hall, Loughborough XXVI +Paget, T. T.... Humberstone Painter, Robert...23, Humberston Gate, Leicester Pilgrim, S. C.... The Outwoods, Hinckley Pochin, Capt....Braunston House, Leicester Porter, Henry... Wanlip, Leicester Richards, W....Belgrave, Leicester Rolleston, J. F. L....Grey Friars, Leicester +St. Maur, Lord A.... Burton, Loughborough FSalt, Sir William H., Bart....Maplewell, Lough- borough Sarson, John... Welford Place, Leicester Scott, W.... Normanton Turville, Hinckley Scotten, Richard J....Monks’ Kirby, Lutterworth Shakespears, John...Copson Magna, Hinckley +Sharman, Warren... Melton Mowbray 7Simpkin, Joseph... Narborough, Leicester Standbridge, Thomas... Aston Flamville, Hinckley +Stratford, H.S.... Thorpe Lubenham, Market Har- borough +Tailby, W. Ward...Skeffington Hall, Leicester Taylor, John...Belgrave Gate, Leicester - Vavasour, M. W....Overseal, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Vipan, J. V....Portland Terrace, Leicester +Voile, Thomas...Frolesworth, Lutterworth Warner, Thomas...The Abbey, Leicester +Wartnaby, Mrs....Market Harborough Watson, James R.... Ashley, Market Harborough Woodcock, H. C....Rearsby, Leicester Woodcock, T....Rothbury, Loughborough +Woolley, William E.... Loughborough Worswick, Major... Normanton Hall, Hinckley Wright, Thomas... Wanlip, Leicester Wright, William...Shoby Priory, Melton Mowbray LINCOLNSHIRE. Governors. Astley, Lt.-Col. Sir J. D., Bt....Elsham Hall, Brigg Aveland, Lord... Normanton Park, Stamford Chaplin, Henry, M.P....Blankney Hall, Lincoln Exeter, Marquis of, K.G.... Burleigh House, Stamford +Rutland, Duke of, K.G.... Belvoir Castle, Grantham Members, +Alington, G. M....Swinhope House, Grimsby Allen, Edward. ..Sleaford Anderson, J. C....Avenue Farm, Long Sutton Ashton, William... Horncastle Amcotts, Colonel, M.P....Hackthorn Hall, Lincoln Bartholomew, Francis W.....Waddington Heath, Lincoln Barwell, Thomas. ,.Spalding Common Battle, John R.... Potter Hanworth, Lincoln Bell, Ancill... Manor House, North Kyme, Sleaford Beridge, Rev. Basil...Algarkirk, Spalding +Bettinson, Richard...Thurlby, Bourne Bland, George...Coleby Hall, Linco)n Bonnall, John...Grantham Borman, Joseph, ..Irby Mount, Caistor List of Governors and Members of the | Hessletine, W...Beaumont Cote, Barton-on Humbe Hett, Charles L.... Brigg. Bourne, Thomas C....Eastgate Lodge, Lincoln +Bramley, Charles... Fiskerton Hall, Lincoln Briggs, D. Grant...Kelstern Grange, Louth Brown, Pereira...Glentworth Hall, Lincoln Burkill, E. W...Winteringham, Brigg Burrows, C. P....Misterton, Gainsborough Byron, John...Kirby Green, Sleaford Caborn, Richard §....Denton, Grantham Campain, Joseph George. ..Cowbit, Spalding Campain, S. W....Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Cartwright, F....Temple Grange, Grantham Cartwright, T....Pillar Farm, Dunston, Lincoln Casswell, George. ..Gosberton, Spalding Casswell, John Henry... Laughton, Folkingham Cave, Henry Haddon... Brigg Cheavin, George... Boston +Clarke, Charles... Ashby-de-la-Launde, Sleaford +Clayton, Nathaniel...Newland House, Lincoln Coates, Thomas... Ravendale, Grimsby Conington, Clement...Hagworthingham, Spilsby f +Constable, J. Goulton... Walcot, Brigg Corringham, R. W....Lound House, Haxey (Bawtry) Coultas, James, jun... .Spittlegate, Grantham Coupland, John G....Freeston, Boston +Crawley, Jobn, jun....Manor House, Holbeach +Crofts, Rev. C. D....Caythorpe Rectory, Grantham Dalton, T. B....Storton Scawby, Brigg Dean, W. Worth...Horbling, Folkingham +Dixon, John William...North Owersby, Market- Rasen +Dixon, Thomas Parkinson. . .Caistor Duckering, Charles E.,..Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey Dudding, Henry...Panton House, Wragby Dudding, William. ..Lambcroft, Louth +Ellison, Major R. G....Boultham Hall, Lincoln Epton, Robert J....Newball, Lincoln Everington, W., jun....Skegness, Burgh-le-Marsh Fane, Colonel F....Fulbeck Hall, Grantham +Fieldsend, Charles R....Kirmond, Market Rasen Finch-Hatton, Hon. M. E. G....Haverholme Priory, Sleaford Fox, George M....High Street, Linecln Fox, William...Brook Farm, Dunston, Lincoln Frankish, William... Limber Magna, Uleeby +Fytche, J. Lewis... Thorpe Hall, Elkington, Louth +Garfit, Arthur...Scothern, Lincoln Ghest, William... Barlings Manor, Wragby Gibbons, Joseph...Caduey, Brigg +Gibson, John Kirk... Ingleby, Lincoln Gibson, Thomas. ..Stamford Grantham, Lieut.-Col. H. V.....West Keal Hall, Spilsby t +Greenham, James... Blankney, Lincoln +Greetham, Jobu.. .Stainfield Hall, Wragby Hack, Algernon... Buckminster, Grantham Hallifield, W....Misterton, Gainsborough Harris, Edward...Horbling Vicarage, Folkingham Hayes, Henry. ..Stamford Hayward, Charles J....Sherborne House, Lincoln Hayward, C. P....Beaumont Manor, Lincoln +Heneage, Kdward,..Hainton Hall, Wragby . Royal Agricultural Hill, Joshua... Poolthorne, Brigg 2 Hilliam, Captain T....Willesby Hall, Spalding Hobson, John George. ..Curlew Lodge, Long Sutton Holland, James. ..Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Holland, John Wells. .Deeping St.Nicholas, Spalding Holland, William...Market Deeping +Horner, James B.... Lincoln +Hornsby, James...Eastgate House, Grantham +Hornsby, William...Elsham House, Grantham Howard, E. J....Rise Farm, Nocton, Lincoln Howard, R. G. F....Temple Bruer, Lincoln +Hurdman, J. E...Mareham-le-Hill, Horncastle Jarvis, G. K....Doddington Hall, Lincoln Jeffery, G. E.... Rutland Works, Stamford Jekyll, John... Newland, Lincoln Johnson, G. W....Casewick Lodge, Stamford +Kesteven, Lord...Casewick, Stamford +Keyworth, H. J....Cottesford Place, Lincoln +Keyworth, J. R. H....Greestune House, Lincoln +Knng, John R,...North Ormsby, Louth Kirk, Charles. . Sleaford Kirkby, Thomas. ..Cuxwold, Caistor Kirkham, John W....Cadeby Hall, Grimsby Kirkham, Thomas. .. Biscathorpe House, Louth Lincolnshire Agricultural Society, Secretary of Lister, Charles. ..Coleby Lodge, Lincoln fLivesey, Rev. T....33, Eastgate, Lincoln Locock, Edmund. ..South Elkington, Louth Lowe, Septimus... Lincoln Lucas, Rev. C. H....Edith Weston, Stamford Lucas, Lieut. Col. R.... Edith Weston, Stamford Lupton, J....Haceby, Folkingham Lynn, John. ..Church Farm, Stroxton, Grantham Mackinder, Harwood... Langton Grange, Spilsby Mackinder, Herbert...Mere Hall, Lincoln Mackinder, Robert... Langton, Spilsby Macvicar, Neil... Kirmond, Market Rasen Maddison, G. Wilson. ..Partny, Spilsby Marris, Thomas...Ulceby Marshall, Frederick C....Riseholme, Lincoln Marshall, Frederick R....Elsham, Brigg Marshall, James. ..Gainsborough Marshall, William F.... Branston Villa, Lincoln Martin, David... Wainfleet Martin, George...Hubert’s Bridge, Boston +Martin, James... Wainfleet 7Martin, Robert... Asterby, Horncastle Mason, W. N....Rigsby, Alford Melville, Hon. A. Leslie... Branston Hall, Lincoln Melville, A. S. Leslie...The Longhills, Lincoln 7Melville, C. Leslie. ..Branston Hall, Lincoln Mundy, C. J. Massingberd..Old Bolingbroke, Spilsby 7Nainby, C. M....Barnoldby-le-Beck, Grimsby Needham, J. L....Hutloft Grange, Alfurd Nelson, John. ..Kettleby Thorpe, Brigg Nelson, John... Wytham House, Louth Nicholson, F. F....Stainwells, Brigg Nidd, C. W....Creeting Manor Farm, Stamford Paddison, Charles F....Stableford (Newark) Paddison, Edward...Ingilby, Lincoln Palethorpe, ‘Uhomas. . .Sausthoppe, Spilsby 7Palmer, Rev. P. H.....Wolsthorpe, Grantham Pears, John...Mere, Lincoln Society of England. XXVII +Pears, Thomas. ..Hackthorne, Lincoln Pigott, Thomas. . . Barton-on-Humber Pigott, William... Brigg Plowright, C. H....Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Plowright, T. J....The Hall, Pinchbeck, Spalding TPogson, F. M....Caythorpe, Grantham Pogson, S. M....Anwick, Sleaford Porter, J. T. B....Lincoln Pratt, Frederick...Greatford, Stamford Proctor, H. M....Hill House, Wykeham, Spalding Reynolds, W. S....Spalding Common Richardson, John... Lincoln Richardson, William...Limber Magna, Ulceby Robey, Robert... Lincoln Robinson, Henry... Hongh-on-the-Hill, Grantham Robinson, James... West Pinchbeck, Spalding +Robinson, John C...Freeston, Caythorpe, Grantham Robinson, R., sen... .Sedgebrook, Grantham Robson, James... Brackenborough, Louth Ruston, Joseph...Lincoln +St. Albans, Duke of...Redbourn Hall, Brigg Sanson, Edward F....Lincoln +Seels, Henry John... Wainfleet Hall Sharpe, William. ..Mavis Enderby, Spilsby 7Sharpe, W. Taylor... Baumber Park, Horticastle 7Sharpley, Coates...Kelstone Hall, Louth 7Sharpley, Henry. ..Acthorpe, Louth 7Sharpley, Isaac... Boswell House, Louth Sheffield, Sir R., Bart... . Normanby, Brigg 7Shuttlewortk, Alfred. ..Heighingham Hall, Lincoln 7Shuttleworth, Joseph... Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln FSills, W....Casthorpe, Grantham Simonds, J. Cabourne. ..Fishtoft, Boston 7Skelton, E. Dunkley...Sutton Bridge Skipworth, G. B....Moorton House, Caistor +Slator, Thomas. .. Boston Smith, John T....Edith Weston, Stamford 7Smyth, William H....South Elkington, Louth | Snow, James M....Metheringham, Sleaford Sorthwell, Rev. H. G....Rothwell Rectory, Caistor Sowerby, Francis...Aylesby, Great Grimsby Sowerby, John, jun....Beelsby, Grimsby 7Stanhope, J. Banks...Revesby Abbey, Boston Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart....Syston Park, Grantham | +Thorold, Richard...Weelsby Hall, Grimsby 7Tindall, Charles William. .Aylesby Manor, Grimsby Tindall, J. W...Ashfield House, Branston, Lincoln +Tomlinson, Bruce... Asgarby, Sleaford Tomlinson, James... Lutton Marsh, Long Sutton +longe, D. F.... Wellington Foundry, Lincoln Turner, John...The Grange, Ulceby +Turnor, Christopher. ..Stoke, Grantham | +Turnor, Edmund, M.P....Panton Hall, Wragby Tuxford, J. S....4, Skirbeck Terrace, Boston Vincent, Thomas... Harlaxton, Grantham | +Webb, James...Melton Ross, Ulceby 7Webster, Robert... Peakirk, Market Deeping Welby, J. Earle...Allington Hall, Grantham Welby-Gregory, Sir W. Earle, Bart., M.P....Newton House, Folkingham | West, Jobn...Melton Ross, Brigg TWheeler, W. H....Churchyard, Boston | +Wingtield, J. H. Lee... Tickencote Hall, Stamford XXVUI +Winn, Rowland, M.P....Appleby Hall, Brigg +Wood, Bennett W....Humberstone, Great Grimsby Wood, William...Halbrough, Ulceby Wright, Robert...Nocton Heath, Lincoln 7Wyles, Robert...Little Ponton, Grantham 7Yates, Henry...North Parade, Grantham MIDDLESEX. Governors. Alicroft, John D....108, Lancaster Gate, W. Cambridge, H-R.H. The Duke of, K-G... .Gloucester House, Piccadilly 7Gibbs, Sir Brandreth...47, Half Moon St., W. Gwynne, John...Kenton Grange, The Hyde, N.W. Rigg, Jonathan. .4, Chester Place, Hyde Park Square Members. +Acworth, Nathaniel B....The Hook, Northaw Addison, John. .6, Delahay Street, Westminster, S.W. Alison, John. ..90, Lancaster Gate, W. jyAllender, G. M....31, St. Petersburgh Place, Bays- water, W. yAmies, W. S....284, Liverpool Road, Islington, N. Arabin, W. St. Julien...36, Grosvenor Square, W. Arnold, James...35, West Smithfield, E.C. Arnott, T. Reid. .Bramshill, Harlesden Green, N.W. Badcock, P....4, Aldridge Road Villas, Westbourne ‘ark Baillie, William H....43, Norfolk Square, W. Baily, John. ..113, Mount Street, Berkeley Square, W. 7Baker, Cecil C....2, Bloomsbury Place, W.C. Banks, William...4, John Street, Bedford Row, W.C. 7Barclay, G. R....Oxford and Cambridge Club, S.W. +Barker, H. B. R....University Club, Suffolk St., W. Barnett, John. ..Coleraine House, Stamford Hill Batt, William Henry...West Drayton, Uxbridge Beale, E. J....237, High Holborn, W.C. Beauchamp, Charles D....27, Lansdowne Crescent, W. Beaumont, W. B., M.P....144, Piccadilly Terrace, W. Bell, G. W....11, Pall Mall East, S.W. Bell, Henry...3, Market Buildings, Charterhouse Street, E.C. Bell, John M....490, Oxford Street, W. Birch, W. P....5, Westminster Chambers, S.W. + Birkbeck, Robert...20, Berkeley Square, W. Blanshard, Richard... 1, Albany, Piccadilly, W. Blyth, H. A....94, Portland Place, W. Blyth, James...2, Park Crescent, Portland Place Boards, Edward. ..Edmonton, N. Bower, Joseph J....42, Glasshouse Street, W. Bradford, Thomas. ..142, High Holborn Bramwell, F. J..37, Gt. George St., Westminster, S.W. Brewster, J.... Metropolitan Cattle Market, Islington Browne, C....5, Hilldrop Road, Camden Road, Bruce, A. K....7, Catherine Street, Strand Buckland, Thomas, jun....Wraysbury, Staines Burgess, William...Holborn Viaduct, E.C. Burney, George... Millwall, E. Caird, James, C.B....3, St. James's Square, S.W. List of Governors and Members of the , | +Fellowes, James...6, Bryanston Square, W. | Field, Barclay...26, Hill Street, BerkeleySq., W. 7Calvert, Frederick. ..33, UpperGrosvenor Street, W Carson, J. A....La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill 7Cassavetti, A....6, Addison Road, W. * Chadwick, Alfred J....2, Moorgate Street, E.C. Chambers, W...United Univ. Club, Pall Mall, S.W. Chapman, Thomas...14, Cockspur Street, S.W. 7Claridge, William...51, Brook Street, W. Clarke, J. A....109, Ladbroke Grove Road, Notting Hill, W Clarke, T. Truesdale. ..Swakeleys, Uxbridge Clive, Lieut. Col. the Hon. G. W. Windsor, M.P....53, Grosvenor Street Clowes, Wm... .51, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Pk., W. Clutterbuck, R....8, Great Cumberland Place, W. Clutton, John...9, Whitehall Place, S.W. 7Clutton, John Henry. ..9, Whitehall Place, S.W. Clutton, Robert George...9, Whitehall Place, S.W. Cole, Sir H., K.C_B....South Kensington, S.W. Coie H. K... 4, Ovington Gardens, Brompton, 7 Cope, John A. M....14, Pembridge Square, W. Couchman, J. W....Pembury Road, Tottenham Cowper, E.A., C.E....6, Gt. George St. Westminster Craigie, P. G..Hartley Ho. Lower Heath, Hampstead Crisp, Edwards, M.D....29, Beaufort Street, Chelsea Crutchley, General. ..Sunninghill Park, Staines Cuff, J. H....New Cattle Market, Islington, N. Cummins, E. R....Moat House, Enfield Daniels, Philip J....3, Brabant Court, E.C. Darkin, Frank...171, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. Darkin, Walter. ..26, Catherine Street, Strand, W.-C. Daubeny, Rebert.2, King’s Bench Walk,Temple, E.C. +Davis, R...,.9, St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate, E.C. — Day, Thomas. ..22, Dorset Street, Baker Street, W. — De Pass, Daniel...9, Delamere St., Westbourne Sq. +Derham, William. ..Hazlewood, Palmer’s Green, N De Salis, Rev. Henry J.... Portnall Park, Staines Driver, Robert Collin. ..4, Whitehall, S.W. os S. B. L....10, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn, Dudgeon, John...17, Kensington Gate, W. +Dun, Finlay...2, Portland Place, W. Dunlop, A. M....3, Old Palace Yard, S.W. +Dunn,Thos.. .1,Prince’s Gardens, S. Kensington, S.W. Dyer, Bernard...17, Great Tower Street, E.C. r +Easton, James...37, Norfolk Square, W, +Elliot, J. Lettsom...C4, Albany, Piccadilly, W. Enfield, Viscount. ..7, Charles Street, Berkeley Sq.,W. Fair, John...50, Hamilton Terrace, St. John’s Wood, N.W. y +Fairbairn, Sir A....15, Portman Square, W. , Farmer, James. ..6, Porchester Gate, Hyde Park, W. 7Field, Henry. ..Conservative Club, S.W. +Field, William. ..Kingsbury +Fitzgerald, Major...8, South Eaton Place +Filetcher, John Philip. ..Sunbury Forbes, A. E. W....1, Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. Fowler, Robert...71, Cornhill, E.C. 7Freebody, W. Yat+s...50, Bedford Row, W.C. +Gibbs, Henry H..St. Dunstan’s;Regent’s Park, N.W. Gibbs, Thomas. ..26, Down Street, Piccadilly, W. . Royal Agricultural Society of England. Gibbs, Thomas B....56, Clissold Road, Stoke New- ington, N. a Glasier, William R....41, Charing Cross, S.W. Gollan, Donald. ..6, Porchester Gate, Hyde Park, W. +Gooch, John V....105, Pall Mall, S.W. Graham, Walter... West Drayton, Uxbridge Graham, William...The Lodge, Highbury, N. Grant, Colonel W. L....4, Southwick Crescent, W. Grantham, R. B., C.E....22, Whitehall Place, $.W. Greening, E. Owen...47, Millbank Street, S.W. Greville, Lord. ..39, Lowndes Square, S.W. +Grey, Charles G....55, Parliament Street, S.W. +Grey, The Hon. Sir F. W. G., C.B.. Lynwood, Staines Griffin, Colonel ...36, Worship Street, E.C. Grimwood, G....29, Ennismore Gardens, S.W. Grosvenor, Lord Richard, M.P...76, Brook Street, W. Hall, J. Orde..1, Brunswick Row, Queen’s Sq., W.C. Hall, Captain Marshall...7, Savile Row, W. Hall, Richard. ..37, Great George Street, S.W. Harrison, J. T....Thornhili, Castlebar, Ealing Harrison, T. J....1, Essex Villas, Kensington, W. Hathorn, A....30, Charing Cross, S.W. Hay, C. A....127, Harley Street, N.W. +Hayne, John. ..24, Gloucester Sq., Hyde Pk., N.W. Hempleman, F. T.... West Ham, E. +Heseltine, E....6a, Austin Friars, E.C. Hey wood, Jas...26, Palace Gardens, Kensington, W. Hicks, Leonard H....Paddock Lodge, Kentish Town | Hill, D. W....Pinner Hill, Henry...52, Queen’s Gate Terrace, S.W. Hill, John... West Smithfield, E.C. Holman, Stephen. . .Spring Lodge, Ealing Honywood, William... .52, Warwick-square, S.W. +Hood, Capt. Hon. A....8, Grosvenor Gardens, S.W. Hope, W. A....Agricultural Hall, Islington, N. Hunt, E. Bradley...Hayes, Uxbridge. Hutton, Robert. .74, Gloucester PL, Portman Sq., W. Jemmett, Capt. W. S...Club Chambers, Regent St.,W. Jessop, Joseph...Grove Farm, Chiswick Johnson, A. H....Gunnersbury House, Isleworth Johnson, A. H., jun....Hanger Hill Farm, Ealing Johnson, C. W....36, Mark Lane, E.C. Johnson, E. Lionel, jun....13, Crutched Friars, E.C. Jobnstone, E....3, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. 7Jonas, Henry...4, Whitehall, S.W. +Kelk, John W....Bentley Priory, Stanmore. Key, Sir Kingsmill G., Bart... . Holborn Viaduct, E.C. King, William. ..Denham, Uxbridge Kingsbury, E. W....George Yard, Lombard St. E.C. Knight, A. H....62, Holland Park, W. Langworthy, J. L.... National Club, Whitehall, S.W. FLaurie, A....70, Jermyn Street, S.W. +Lees, Charles...23, Philpot Lane, E.C. Le Grand, A....100, Bunhill Row, E.C. +Locock, Fred...Oxford and Cambridge Club, S.W. +Longbourne, W. F....7, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Lott, Jobn. ..156, Victoria Park Road, E. Lowther, Hon. W., M.P....Lowther Lodge, Ken- | sington Gore, S.W. Lucan, Earl of.. .36, South Street, Park Lane, W. } Macadam, C. T....109, Fenchurch Street, E.C. McClure, J. H....115, Cannon Street, E.C. McDougall, James T....10, Mark Lane, E.C. | XXIX Mackay, A. S. H....Powis Square, Kensington Park Mackay, Hugh. ..155, Fenchurch Street, E.C. Malcolm, Major-General. ..67, Sloane Street, S.W. +Malcolm, John. ..7, Great Stanhope Street, W. Maple, John... Bedford Lodge, Hampstead, N.W. +Marjoribanks, Sir Dudley C., Bart., M.P....Brook House, Park Lane, W. +Marjoribanks, E., jun... .59, Strand, W.C. Markby, J. R....9, Whitehall Place, S.W. Marshall, Rev. C..,.9, Sonth St., Finsbury Sq., E.C. 7 Martin, F. B. P...Oxford and Cambridge Club, S.W. Maude, Col. G. A.,C.B....Stud Farm, Hampton Court May, A. M....5, Clifton Gardens, Maida Vale, W. +Meyer, James...¥orty Hall, Enfield Milburn, R....76, Church Lane, Whitechapel, E. Mockford, W. G. S....574, Old Broad Street, E.C. Moore, H. F....37, Waterford Road, Fulbam, S.W. Moore, James...11, Upper Berkeley Street, W. Moore, J....Syon House, Brentford Morrison, F..3, Cromwell Houses, S. Kensington, W. Morton, Francis. ...1, Delahay Street, S.W. +Morton, J. D....19, Parliament Street, S.W. Nelson, E. M....Hanger Hill House, Ealing 7Newson, Harry C....44, Bloomsbury Square, W.C. Nicholson, W....4, Sussex Square, Hyde Park, W. Nisbet R. P...9, Stanley Crescent, Notting Hill, W. Oakley, Christopher...10, Waterloo Place, S.W. Odams, James...109, Fenchurch Street, F.C. Okes, John C. R....39, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. Owens, Samuel... Whitefriars Street, E.C. Palmer, A....8, Lancaster Place, Strand, W.C. 7Parkinson, Jobn....9, Union Court, Old Bread Street, E.C. Part, Chas. T....3, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. Perkins, Loftus. ..6, Seaford St., Regent Square, W.C. Perkins, W. H....65, Sutherland Gardens, W. 7Peto, Sir Morton, Bari....9, Victoria Chambers, Victoria Street, S.W. Phillips, H. R.... Willesden Paddocks, Kilburn Phillips, Maj.-Gen. Sir T..... Senior United Service Club, S.W. Phillips, T. E....Heston, W. | +Puillpotts, Thomas, jun...Junior Carlton Club,S.W. 7Pickford, W....1484, Fenchurch Street, E.C. Pilgrim, C. H....Merlwood, Virginia Water, Staines Pole, Sir Van Notten P., Bt...59, Gloucester Pl., W. Powis, Charles...60, Gracechurch Street, E.C. Pritchard, William...Royal Veterinary Col., N.W. Proctor, M. M....49, Thornhill Square, Barnsbury Purser, Edward. ..116, Fenchurch Street, E.C. Pye-Smith, A....St. Pancras Works, St. Pancras Road, N.W. Randolph, Colonel. .76, Chester Square, S.W. Ridgley, Francis. ..Holly Hill Farm, Enfield Ringrose, R. B....71, Elsham Road, Kensington, W. Robinson, Sir J. S., Bart....20, Park Lane, W. Roebuck, Rt. Hon. J. A., M.P....19, Ashley Place, Victoria St., S.W. Rotton, Richard...3, Boltons, Brompton, S.W. | Rucker, Martin D....115, Leadenhall Street, E.C. Sainsbury, E.... Victoria Docks, E. Sanders, J. W....Upton House, Teddington Sandford, G. M. W., M.P....33, Hertford St., May Fair, XXX +Schwann, F. S...2, Prince Arthur Road, Hampstead Scott, Col. the Hon. C. G....79, Eaton Square, S.W. Scott, Louis Guy...79, Eaton Square, S.W. Scott, T. C... King’s Arms Yard, Moorgate St., E.C. Shackle, Thomas...Hayes, Uxbridge Shanks, F....4, Great Queen Street, W.C. +Sherborn, Francis... Bedfont, Hounslow Short, A. L. H....45, Chapter St., Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W. Simpson, A...Chiswell Street, E.C. +Simpson, Pinder...34, Savile Row, W. Sladen, D. B.... 2, King’s Arms Yard, E.C. Sladen, St. Barbe...1, Delahay Street, S.W. +Smith, Charles...7, Great Tower Street, E.C. +Smith, Edward J....16, Whitehall Place, S.W. Smith, Henry Hubert...6, Whitehall, S.W. +Smith, J. Hesletine...10, Lower Phillimore Place, Kensington, W. Smith, M.T....13, Upper Belgrave Street, S.W. Smith, R. B.... Huxley Farm, Edmonton Snell, J. F....Hendon Soames, D. W....Harrow Weald, Stanmore Spencer, John...Euston Road, King’s Cross, N. Squire, William...5, Coleman Street, H.C. Stallard, J....4, Albemarle Street, W. Stanhope, Earl...3, Grosvenor Place Houses, S.W. Stanley, E. J....14, Grosvenor Square, W. Stevens, W. Carr...33, Mark Lane, E.C. +Stirling, John...17, Ennismore Gardens, W, Stocker, J. P....93, Oxford Terrace, W, Strafford, Henry...13, Euston Square, N.W. +Streeter, Edwin W....18, New Bond Street, W. Sutcliff, Robert. ..100, Bunhill Row, E.C. Talbot, Hon. Col. W. P....Oakington, Harrow Tattersall, Edmund... Albert Gate, S.W. Taylor, James... Farmers’ Club, Inns of Court Hvtel, WC. Taylor, J. Wells...Chester Terrace, Regent’s Pk., W. +Taylor, Richard. ..6,Gledhow Gardens, South Kens- ington +Thornton, John...7, Princes Street, W. Thynne, F. G....11, Great George Street, S.W. Tillyer, Richard H....Heathrow, Hounslow +Tisdall, A....Melbury Road, Kensington Tisdall, E. C...Holland Park Farm, Kensington, S. +Tollemache,H. B...Junior United Service Club, S.W. +Tomline, Colonel G...1, Carlton House Terrace, S.W. +Tooke, Rev. J. T. H....University Club, Suffolk Street, S.W. Tucker, G. N....79, Mark Lane, E.C, +Tuckett, P. D., jun....10A, Old Broad Street, E.C. Tuson, R. V....Royal Veterinary College, N.W. +Tyler, Sir James. ..Pine House, Holloway, N.W. Unite, John...291, Edgware Road, W. Valpy, Richard...5, Rutland Gate, S.W. +Vavasour, Sir H. M., Bart....8, Upper Grosvenor Street, W. +Veitch, H. J....Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea Vania, Lord...Brooks’s Club, St. James's Street, S.W. +Wade, Richard. ..13, Seymour Street, W. Wainwright, C. J....251, High Holborn, W.C. Walker, John L...71, Oxford Terrace, Hyde Pk., W. Wall, T. Senior...120, Maida Vale, W. List of Governors and Members of the Warner, Robert...8, The Crescent, Cripplegate, B.C. Weatherby, James...6, Burlington Street, W. ‘ Webber, John...340, Camden Road, N. H +Webster, Charles...Cowley, Uxbridge Welch, Alfred. ..Southall Welford, J.... Warwick Place, Paddington, W. Wetherall, W. S....117, Cannon Street, E.C. +Whitbread, S. C....49, St. George’s Square, S.W. White, Arnold W....12, Great Marlborough St., W. +Whitehead, Jeffery. ..39, Throgmorton Street, H.C, TWicks, John...38, St. Luke’s Road, W. Wing, T. Twining...17, Woburn Square, W.C. Withers, S. H....242, Oxford Street, W. Wolverton, Lord...Stanmore Park Wood, Walter A.,..36, Worship Street, E,C. Woodger, J....398, Goldhawk Road, Shepherd’s Bush, W. +Wren, Walter...2, Powis Square, W. +Wrench, Robert...39, King William Street, E.C. Wright, W. P....36, Phillimore Gardens, Kensington 7Wrightson, R.H...37, Great Cumberland Place, W. +Wyndham, Hon. P., M.P....44, Belgrave Sq.,S.W. MONMOUTHSHIRE, Governor. Tredegar, Lord... Tredegar, Newport Members. +Bailey, Crawshay...Maindiff Court, Abergavenny Baker, Daniel... Roggiett, Chepstow +Berrington, Arthur D,...Pant-y-Goitre, Newport Brewer, Tom Llewelyn...Dany Graig, Newport Bull, Edward, ..Crick, Chepstow +Cartwright, William G., M.A....Newport Cartwright, William S....Stow House, Newport Chandler, Charles T....Haysgate, Chepstow Cooke, ‘Thomas Eborall. .. Newport Dix, C. C....Mamhilad, Pontypool Dowle, Francis. . . Ifton, Chepstow tDudleston, W....New Lodge, Donnington, Newport Evans, Sydney T....Fern Hill, Newport tEvans, William...The Fields, Newport Firbank, Joseph. ..Newport Fothergill, W....Cefnrhychdir, New Tredegar +Fox, Charles B....Malpas, Newport Tee, Henry C....Lodge Park, Glandovey, Aberyst- wi Grabam, W., jun.... Newport Graham, W. Benjamin...Maindee, Newport « Harrhy, David... Newport Herbert, Major Edmund...Llansantffraed, Aberga- venny Herbert, J. A....Lianarth Court, Raglan Hoggins, E. H....Machin Place, Newport ~ Holehouse, John... Rogerstone Grange, Chepstow Homfray, Lorenzo A.... Woodlands, Newport Homfray, S....Glenuske Park, Caerleon, Newport Hughes, Captain J. G. P.... Allt Llwyd, Aberystwith John, W., jun,..Rogerstone Castle, Tydee, Newport . . Royal Agricultural Society of England. Lawrence, J....Crick House, Chepstow +Lewis, Charles E....St. Pierre, Chepstow Lister, Edward...Cefn lla, Usk +Mitchell, tl’. J.. Llanfrechfa Grange,Caerleon, Newport Morgan, Roger...Llanellan, Abergavenny Parsons, Valentine. ..Slough, Chepstow +Peacock, T. K....Ruperra Castle, Newport Phillips, Charles. ..14, Clytha Square, Newport Price, Henry...Undy, Newport Price’, J. E....The Rhadyr, Usk Price, W.... New House, Caerleon, Newport Raglan, Lord. . .Cefutilla House, Usk Rees, W. G.,.. Hill House, Newport Relph, G. R. Greenhow. .. Beech Hill, Usk +Rolls, J. Allan...The Hendre, Monmouth Stone, John S,,.. Newport +Stratton, R....The Duffryn, Newport Tucker, Edwin. ..Frogmore Street, Abergavenny +Tyler, Capt. G.G.....The Callow Hill, Monmouth Wienholt, William. ..Llanwern, Newport Williams, Rey. E. Turberville. . .Caldicot, Chepstow Williams, Lewis. ..Redwick House, Chepstow Woodall, Thomas. ..Dinham, Chepstow +Woollett, R. F....Newport NORFOLK. Governors. Wales, H.&.H. the Prince of, K.G....Sandringham Buxton, Sir R. Jacob, Bt....Shadwell Court, Thetford +Leicester, Karl of, K.G....Holkham Hall Stafford, Lord. ..Cossey Hall, Norwich Suffield, Lord...Gunton Park, Norwich Members. Adlington, H. S....Holm-Hale Hall, Shipdham Aldous, James Arthur... Lingwood, Norwich Aldous, John, ..Tivetshall, St. Mary, Scole Allen, Rey. Dr...Shouldham Hall, Downham Market Allen, Thomas...Marks Hall, Norwich +Amburst, W. A. T....Didlington Park, Brandon +Angerstein, W....Weeting Hall, Brandon Anthony, John...Fiucham, Downham Market Applegate, T. W....Tittleshall, Swaffham +Applewhaite, E....Pickenham Hall, Swaffham +Atkinson, C....Swanton Novers, East Dereham +Aylmer, Hugh. ..West Dereham, Stoke Ferry +Aylmer, John B....Fincham Hall, Downham +Aylmer, Robert B....Westacre Abbey, Swaffham +Back, J. A... The Old Hall, Hethersett, Wymondham Bacon, James... Attleborough Bagshaw, George... Norwich Bailey, Walter J....East Lexham, Swaffham Baker, Robert S.... North Walsham Baker, Wm. E....Tilney All Saints, King’s Lynn Baker, Wm. P.... Phoenix Works, King’s Lynn Barcham, Thomas...The Limes, Paston, North Wals- ham Barnard, Charles... Norwich Barnes, Samuel...Serlingham, Norwich XXXI Barwell, John...Hoveton Hall, Neatishead Bate, William...Claxton, Norwich Bately, S. S....Southtown Road, Great Yarmouth Bayning, Lady...Honingham Hall, Norwich Beart, Charles...Stow Bardolph, Downham Beart, Walter John,.. King’s Lynn Beauchamp, G. P....Langley Park, Norwich Beauchamp, Sir R. P., Bart... Langley Park, Norwich Beck, Edmund...Sandringham, King’s Lynn Beck, F. W....Mileham, Swaffham Bell, Francis... Heath Cottage, Norwich Betts, Thomas... Winfarthing, Diss Betts, W. H....Frenze Hall, Diss Bidwell, Thomas S,... Thetford +Birch, Wyrley...Wretham Hall, Thetford Bircham, William...The Hollands, Reepham +Bircham, William G.,.Dunton, Fakenham +Bird, Rev. J. Waller...Foulsham Rectory Birkbeck, Edward, M.P....Horstead Hall, Norwich 7 Birkbeck, Henry. ..Norwich Bishop, John... The Walk, Market Place, Norwich Blyth, D’Urban...Great Massingham, Rougham +Blyth, James...Weasenham All Saints, Brandon Bolton, John S,...Oulton, Aylsham +Bonner, Henry C....East Rudbam, Rougham Booth, Nathan, jun....North Delph, Downham Boucher, C....Burgh Hall, Hevingham, Norwich Bourchier, Major J.,..Felthorpe Hall, Norwich Boulton, W.S....Rose Lane, Norwich Bowler, W. A....Opie Street, Norwich Boyce, John...The Grange, Old Catton, Norwich Brackenbury, W. T...Shouldham Thorpe, Downham +Branford, Womach...Godwick, Swaffham Brereton, Rev. J. L....Little Massingham, Rougham Brown, Benjamin... Wellingham +Brown, Thomas... Marham, Downham Market Brown, John W.M....Inmere Farm, Snettesham, Lynn Brown, William...Haynford Hall, Norwich Browne, R. C....Elsing, East Dereham +Budd, Thomas W....Sbropham Hall, Thetford +Burrell, Charles... Thetford Burrell, Charles, jun....The Shrublands, Thetford Burton, John P. M....Taverham Rectory, Norwich Butcher, William... Norwich Butler, Thomas. ..Spixworth Park, Norwich Buxton, Samuel Gurney...Catton Hall, Norwich +Bygott, Robert... North Creake, Fakenham Byles, Robert...Newton Flotman, Long Stratton Canterbury, Viscount... Witchingham Hall, Norwich Case, James...Cockthorpe, Wells Case, James P....Testerton, Fakenham Case, William...Tuttington, Hevingham +Cator, Albemarle... Woodbastwick Hall, Norwich Chambers, Thomas, jun... .Colkirk Hall, Fakenham Childs, Henry... East Winch, King’s Lynn Christie, H. Christie...Framingham Manor House, Norwich Clurke, William R....Wattlefield Hall, Wymondham Clarke, W. R.... Wymondham Coker, James P....Bentley Hall, Dereham 7Coldham, H. J....Anmer Hall, King’s Lynn Colman, J. James, M.P....Carrow House, Norwich XXXII Colman, Samuel... Willy Hall, Attleborough Colman, T. H....Reckland St. Peter, Attleborough Cook, Henry...Burnham Westgate, King’s Lynn Cooke, Frederick J....Caston Hall, Attleborough Crawshay, Charles...Hingbam, Attleborough Cresswell, Mrs. Gerard... Appleton Hall, King’s Lynn Crickmore, William. ..Seething, Brooke Cronshey, James...Thetford Crowe, Daniel...Gaywood, King’s Lynn Crowe, Edmund...Denver, Downham Market Cubitt, George... North Walsham Cubitt, William...Bacton Abbey, North Walsham Custance, Hambleton, F..,. Weston House, Norwich Davey, John G. Ellis. ..Horningtoft, Elmham Day, Gerard J....Horsford House, Norwich +Dewing, R....Carbooke Digby, Rev. K....Tittleshall Rectory, Litcham Dodman, Alfred... King’s Lynn Durrant, G....Redenhall Grange, Harleston Dutchman, Durrant...Swaffham, Brandon +Eaton, George. ..Spixworth, Norwich +Eddison, W....Windling, East Dereham Edwards, George F....Marlingford, Norwich Edwards, Henry N....Hardingham Hall, Attle- borough Edwards, Thomas H....Keswick, Norwich +Ellis, John B., jun.... West Barsham, Fakenham England, Richard...Binham, Wells +Everington, W. D....The Lodge, Castleacre, Swaff- ham Everitt, Percival... Ryburgh, Fakenham Everitt, Thomas...North Creake, Fakenham Ewing, Jobn Edward...Norwich +Farrer, Edmund. ..Sporle, Swaffham Farrow, Charles... Diss Fellowes, Robert...Shotesham Park, Norwich Fellowes, Rev. T. L....The Vicarage, Honingham Fergusson, John... Brettenham Manor, Thetford +Ffolkes, George B...Cougham Lodge, King’s Lynn Ffolkes, W. H. B....Hillington Hall, Lynn Finch, Jacob. ..Swaff ham Fison, Cornell. ..Ford Place, Thetford +Fison, Cornell Henry....Thetford Fitzroy, Lieut.-Col. H....Stratton Strawless, Norwich Foster, Sir William, Bart....Hardingham, Attle- borough Fowler, Ernest W....Gunton Old Hall, Lowestoft +Frere, G. Edward... Roydon Hall, Diss Fulcher, Thomas...Elmbam Hall, Dereham Gayford, E. J....Syderstone, Fakenham Gayford, Thomas. .. Wretham Manor Farm, Thetford Gilbert, C. T. C....Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich Gilbert, Edward. .. Blofield Gilbert, H. C. B....Bradeston Hall, Blofield Gilbert, T. Denny...Cantley, Norwich +Gilbert, William A....Cantley, Acle Gostling, T. P....Diss Gowing, George...Hellesdon, Norwich Green, Edmund. .. King’s Lynn Griffin, Charles...Feltwell, Brandon +Griggs, James...South Creake, Fakenham +Gurdon, Brampton... Letton Hall, Shipdham Gurdon, R. T....Eccles Hall, Attleborough +Gurney, John If.,..North Repps, Norwich List of Governors and Members of the | t+lLombe, Rev. H, E...Melton Hall, Wymondham | Hammond, John...Bale, East Dereham 7Hamond, Anthony... Westacre, Brandon 7Hamond, Washington. ..Pensthorpe, Fakenham Hansell, P. E.... Thorpe, Norwich Harbord, Hon. H....Gunton Park, Norwich Hardy, W. H. C....Letheringsett Hall, Holt Hare, Sir T., Bart....Stow Hall, Downham Ma Harlock, Henry...Feltwell Grange, Brandon Harrison, Edward...Sporle, Swaffham +Harrison, Harris... West Lexham, Castleacre Hastings, John...Longham Hall, East Dereham Heath, William...Ludham Hall, Norwich Helsham, Gustavus...St. Mary's Hall, King’s Lynr Hickling, J. S....Cawston, Norwich , Hoff, William G....Wormegay, King’s Lynn +Holmes, Gervas...Brockdish Hall, Scole Holmes, G, T....Globe Lane, Norwich Holmes, John...Globe Lane, Norwich Holmes, Sancroft...Gawdy Hall, Harleston Howes, James. ..Chapel Field, Norwich +Hudson, T. Moore. ..Castleacre, Brandon Ives, Robert. ..Calthorpe, Hanworth Jillings, W. G....Bridgham, Thetford Jodrell, Sir E. R., Bart....Sall Park, King’s Lynn Jones, George...Stow, Downham Market +Jones, Sir W., Bart....Cranmer Hall, Fakenham Kemp, Sir Kenneth H., Bart... .Gessing Hall, Diss Kendle, Robert J....Weasenham, Brandon Keppel, Rev. W. A. W....Leachen Hall, Swaffham Kimber, Thomas...Burfield Hall, Wymondham +Kimberley, Earl... Kimberley, Wymondham +King, John L....Thorpe Abbots, Scole Inn Knight, Fernley...Castle Rising, King’s Lynn Leeds, Charles Stephen. ..Tattersett, Fakenham tLeeds, Robert... Keswick Old Hall, Norwich Lee-Warner, H. J... Walsingham Abbey +Le Strange, H....Hunstanton Hull, King’s Lynn Ling, Edmund, Hempstead Hall, Holt, East Dere ham +Long, Kellett... Dunston Hall, Norwich Low, Frederick... Norwich Lucas, George...Filby House, Norwich Mack, T. Bacton... North Walsham Mackenzie, Edward P....Downham Hall, Brandon Magnay, Frederick Arthur... Drayton, Norwich Mann, John...Thornage, Thetford Mann, Thomas...'lhelveton Hall, Scole Marriott, J. Lewis. ..Narborough, Brandon d Marsham, C. R....Stratton Strawless Hall, Norwid Marsters, Charles. . .Saddlebow, King’s Lynn +Mason, Claxton B....Beechamwell, Swaffham +Matthews, T....Newton, Castleacre, Brandon Micklethwait, G. N....Chapel Field Grove, Norwich +Micklethwaite, F. N....Taverham Hall, Norwich — +Middleton, Charles...Holkham +Middleton, E. P....Hindringham Hall,Walsingham +Moore, T William...Warham, Wells Mott, J., Stanley...Barningham, Hanworth Murton, Thomas...Kenninghall, Thetford Le Neve, Charles...Martham, Norwich Newcome, Edward C,...Feltwell Hall, Brandon Newcome, Francis D’Arcy...Feltwell Hall, Brandot Nicholson, G. M....Brisley, Swaffham - 4 Royal Agricultural Society of England. Norris, William... Wood Norton, Dereham North, Charles. ..The Hall, Rougham Oldfield, Alfred...Grimston, King’s Lynn FOldfield, Edmund, .. Fouldon Hall, Brandon 7Overman, Henry R....Weasenham, Fakenham Overman, John...Burnham Sutton 7Overman, Robert. ..Edgmere, Walsingham +Page, Martin F....Blakeney, Kast Dereham Palmer, J. F.... Wilby, Attleborough Palmer, Leonard J....Snetterton, Thetford Parker, Hastings. ..Dudwick House, Buxton Parmeter, Francis. ..Booton, Norwich Patteson, Henry S....Cringleford, Norwich Patteson, Henry T. S....Cringleford, Norwich Peacocke, W. C....South Hilgay, Downham Pearce, John Bond...Surrey Street, Norwich Pechey, William. ..Thetford Platten, Rev. J. C....North Barsham, Fakenham Pontifex, Arthur...Bressingham Hall, Diss Postle, John Seaman. ..Smabourgh, Norwich Postle, William Seaman. .Smabourgh Hall, Norwich Powell, Charles... Wighton, R.S.O. Preston, Sir J. H., Bart.... Beeston Hall, Neatishead, Norwich +Read, Clare S., M.P...Honingham Thorpe, Norwich | Read, G., jun.... Barton Hall, Brandon Reeve, Sims. ..Norwich Rinder, Joseph. ..Bowthorpe Hall, Norwich +Ringer, T. F....Summerfield, Lynn Rising, Robert... Horsey, Great Yarmouth Rising, Robert C....Oxnead Hall, Norwich Rising, Thomas...Rollesby, Great Yarmouth Rix, G....Gayton Thorpe, King’s Lynn Rogers, John F....Swanington, Norwich Rose, Thomas... Melton Magna, Wymondham Santy, A. H....Castle Meadow, Norwich Sapwell, Benjamin B.... Aylsham Savage, Frederick. ..King’s Lynn FScott-Chad, Joseph S....Thursford Hall, East Dereham Seago, Jeremiah. ..Stoke Holy Cross, Norwich Seppings, IT. J... - Wormegay Grange, King’s Lynn | Shacklady, W. B....Taverham, Norwich | Sharman, John W....Hempton Abbey, Fakenham Sharman, Peter J....Scorning, East Dereham Shellabear, Samuel. ..Holkham, Wells Sheringham, H. V....South Creake, Fakenham Sims, George... Wretham Hall, Thetford Slator, John W....King’s Lynn Smith, George J....Ketteringham, Wymondham Smith, Richard. ..Kimberley, Wymondham Smith, William.., Dickleburgh, Scole Sparke, E. Bowyer...Gunthorpe Hall, East Dereham | Spurrell, Daniel... Bessingham, Norwich | Stedman, John B....East Rudham, Swaffham Stoughton, Clarke...Bawdeswell, East Dereham Stracey, Edward H. G... - Thorpe, Norwich | fStracey, Sir H. J., Bart., M.P....Rackheath Hall, Norwich 7Stroyan, Robert....Bixley, Norwich Stuart, J. Windsor. . -Raynham Hall, Brandon Sudbury, James...Cantley, Norwich Tallent, Herbert... Bylaugh, Dereham | Taylor, Alfred. ..Starston Place, Harleston XXXIIE Taylor, F. 0....Thruxton, Attleborough Tayior, Francis... Diss Taylor, Garrett... aston, Norwich Tayton, William. ..Syderstone, Fakenham Thorn, Charles. ..St. Giles Gate, Norwich +Thornton, Thomas. .. Wereham, Stoke Ferry Thursby, Rev. W. F....Bergh Apton Rectory, Nor- wich Tice, Richard...Barford, Wymondham Tingay, George...Egmere, Walsingham Tooke, B. Hales....Salhouse, Norwich +Upcher, H. M....Feltwell, Brandon Upcher, Henry R....Sherringham Hall, Cromer Villebvis, Henry...Marham, Downham Market Waite, J. N... .Bramerton, Norwich 7Walsingham, Lord...Merton Hall, Thetford Waters, Horace M....Bittering, East Dereham Watling, R. S....Scratby Hall, Great Yarmouth Welcher, William...Griston Hall, Watton, Thetford 7Wellingham, John...East Walton, Lynn Whisler, Henry....Great Massingham, Rougham Wigg, Grigson H....Swanton Morley, East Dereham Winearls, Henry... Westacre, Brandon Winearls, Robert C....Marham, Downham Market Winter, Ambrose, jun....11, The Crescent, Norwich Woods, Henry.... Merton, Thetford Wortley, Robert...Suffield, Aylsham Wotherspoon, J....Hethel Wood, Wymondham Wright, Robert J....Queen Street, Norwich +Wright, Thomas... North Runcton, Lynn 7Wright, W. J....Fring, King’s Lyun +Youngman, J. W....Westacre, Brandon NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Governors. Loder, Robert... Whittlebury, Towcester Spencer, Earl, K.G...,.Althorpe Park, Northampton Wells, William...Holmwood, Peterborough Members. Ball, William, ..Rothwell, Kettering Barford, V....6, Watkin Street, Northampton Barford, William... Peterborough Bayes, Charles. . . Kettering +Beasley, J. Noble. ..Chapel Brampton, Northampton Beecroft, John... Eye, Peterborough 7Bennett, B. E.... Marston Trussell (Thedding worth) Berridge, Samuel...Croughton, Brackley Bird, John, jun... .Farset, Peterborough Boyer, William...Cottesbrook, Northampton Branson, William C....Little Weldon, Wansford +Burdett, E.... Islip, Thrapstone +Burghersh, Lord...Apethorpe Hall, Wansford Campbell, A... .Thrapstone Cantley, Rev. J....Thorney, Peterborough Cartwright, T. L. M....Newbvttle, Brackley yCarysfort, Earl of...Elton, Peterborough Cheney, W. J....Gidding Grove, Oundle Clarke, John G.... Brackley c XXXIV +Cooch, Henry...Harleston, Northampton Core, John...Peterborough Cowley, W. P....Braybrooke Lodge, Market Har- borough Crawley, J. R....Stanwick Lodge, Higham Ferrers Dalton, Rev. R....Kelmarsh, Northampton Davison, John Perry...Easton Maudit, Northampton Eden, F. Morton...Boughton House, Kettering +Edwards, C. Bidwell. ..Minster Close, Peterborough Edwards, T. F,...Tanholt Farm, Eye, Peterborough 7Elkins, J. F....Guilsborough, Northampton Elliott, J. M. K....Greens Norton Hall, Towcester Faulkner, William...Rothersthorpe, Northampton +Fitzwilliam, Hon. C. W., M.P..Alwalton, Peterboro’ Fry, C. E. Bruce...East Haddon, Northampton Garratt, R. Lancefield... Thorpe Malsor, Kettering Goodman, James F.,..Staverton, Daventry +Gordon, Lord Esmé S.,...Castor House, Peter- borough Gordon, Francis... Thornhaugh, Wansford Griffin, C. W.... Werrington, Peterborough Griffin, Robert H....Boro’ Fen, Peterborough Harrison, Rey. J. H....Bugbrook Rectory, Weedon Harrison, William H....Oxenden, Market Harboro’ 7yHawkes, William...Thenford (Banbury) +Hewitt, Robert H....Dodford, Weedon Horrell, Harry...Thorney Abbey, Peterborough Huntly, Marquis of...Orton Hall, Peterborough Isham, Sir C. E., Bart... . Lamport Hall, Northampton Isham, Rev. Robt....Lamport Rectory, Northampton Jelley, Henry... Yarwell Mills, Wansford Jeyes, Francis C....Brixworth +King, George.. East Haddon, Northampton +Langham, H. H....Cottesbrook Park, Northampton +Lenton, William, jun....Oundle Little, George...Farcet, Peterborough Little, Henry...Boroughbury House, Peterborough Lovell, John M....Harpole, Weedon +Lynes, G. Boulton...Eastcote, Towester Lyveden, Lord... Laundemer, Oundle Mackinder, Joseph... Peterborough +Mason, Frederick... Wansford, Peterborough Mawer, E.... Wyrdelands, Thorney, Peterborough Maxwell, W. G....Orton Longueville, Peterborough +Monckton, E. H. C....Fineshade Abbey Montgomery, Rev. R....Holcott Rectory, Northamp- ton Moore, J. W....Yaxley Lodge, Peterborough Moore, W. G....Eye, Peterborough +Nethercote, H. O...Moulton Grange, Northampton Oldfield, Charles...Haddon, Peterborough Oldham, T. E....Loddington Hall, Kettering +Oliver, John...Oxenden, Northampton Oliver, Robert E....Sholbrooke Lodge, Towcester Orlebar, Richard... Hinwick, Wellingborough +Osborn, George... Pattishall, Towcester Page, Mark...Newbold Grounds, Daventry +Peach, Edward...Oundle. +Pell, A., M.P....Hazlebeach, Northampton Pell, Robert...Orlingbury, Wellingborough Pentelow, John... Rounds, Thrapston +Perceval, Charles. .. West Haddon Perkins, W....Singlesole, Thorney, Peterborough List of Governors and Members of the +Phipps, P., M.P... Collingtree Grange, Northam) Potterton, W. H....Boughton Grange, Northampt Rooke, John... Weldon Grange, Wansford Roughton, James J....Kettering Rowell, William... Peterborough Rush, Joseph A....East Haddon, Northampton +Scriven, Charles H....Castle Ashby, Northam} Scriven, George...Harpole, Weedon +Scriven, G...Castle Ashby, Northampton +Scriven, Richard George...Castle Ashby, N ampton Sharp, Francis B....Finedon, Wellingborough Simpkin, B....Fotheringay, Oundle Singleton, E....Preston Deanery, Northampton Slater, John...Orton Longueville, Peterborough Smith, William... Kettering +Stratton, J. Locke....Turveston House, Brackley +Strong, C. Isham...Thorpe Hall, Peterborough Thornhill, W. C. Clarke...Rushton Hall, Ketteri 7Tibbits, Captain... Barton Seagrave, Kettering Topham, Joseph...Thorney Park, Peterborough +Tryon, Thomas... Bulwick, Wansford Turner, George, jun....Thorpelands, Northamptoi +Walker, Joseph... Newnham Grounds, Daven Walker, W....Duston, Northampton Waring, John...Braunston, Daventry +Wartnaby, John R....Clipston, Northampton Warwick, R. D....Stanground, Peterborough Waters, Richard...Charwelton House, Daventry Watkin, John...Dallington, Northampton +Westmoreland, Earl of...Apthorpe, Wandsford Whitehead, William... Wollaston, Wellingboro Whitton, J. W....Potcote, Towcester +Whitworth, J. R....Mears Ashby, Northampton Wilkinson, J. Rennie...Great Addington, Thra: Willows, J. G....Rushton, Kettering Willson, Thomas. ..Knaptoft House, Oundle Wilson, John...2, Albion Place, Northampton +Wood, Rowland...Clapton, Thrapston Wood, T. Roe... Northampton : Worthington, J...Whalley Range, Peterborough © Youmans, Richard...Badby, Daventry Young, A. A,...Orlingbury House, Wellingborou NORTHUMBERLAND. Governors, +Browne, Alex. Henry...Callaby Castle, Alnwic! +Grey, Earl...Hawick House, Alnwick f ¥ Members. +Anderson, Robert...Grey Street, Newcastle Angus, George... Beech Grove, Newcastle +Angus, John...Bearl, Stocksfield Angus, Jonathan. ..Broomley, Stocksfield +Annandale, W. M....Liutzford, Newcastle Arkle, Thomas... Highlaws, Morpeth Armstrong, Jobn A....Bay’s Leap, Wylam Armstrong, I’, J....5, Hawthorn Terrace, Newcas . Royal Agricultural Society of England. Atkinson, J. H. H....Angerton, Morpeth Aynsley, R. J....Gosforth, Newcastle Balleny, C. D. W....Red Barns, Newcastle Bell, Captain H....Wolsington, Newcastle Bell, Robert. .. Newcastle Bell, William. ..Cramlington Benn, Thos. G....High House, Matfen +Benson, William...Allerwash House, Hexham Blackett, Sir E., Bart....Matfen, Newcastle Blandford, Thomas. . Corbridge +Bolam, Robert G.... Berwick-on-Tweed Bolam, W.-T.... Westgate Road, Newcastle Bosanquet, Rev. R. W....Roch, Alnwick Brown, Rev. L. D....Unthank Hall, Haltwhistle Burdon, George... . Heddon House, Newcastle Charlton, W. H....Hesleyside, Bellingham +Chrisp, John...Rugley, Alnwick Chrisp, L. C....Hawkhill, Alnwick Clark, R....Lintz Green House, Newcastle Clayton, John... Newcastle Clutterbuck, T.... Warkworth, Acklington Cockburn, G....8, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle Cockburn, W. C....8, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle Cresswell, A. J. Baker...Cresswell, Morpeth +Crossly, Clement... East Learmouth, Cornhill Culley, George... Fowberry Tower, Belford Cuthbert, William...Beaufront, Hexham Davidson, J....Bank House, Acklington Davison, Jobn, jun... .Frittington, Morpeth Dees, R. Richardson... Wallsend Hall, Newcastle Dickinson, G. T....Wheelbirks, Stocksfield Dixon, John Thomas. ..Walwick Grange, Hexham Dods, T. P....Erlains Gate, Hexham Donkin, Robert... Rothbury, Morpeth Dryden, Thomas...Moss Kennels, Haydon Bridge Edwards, J....Woodhorn Grange, Morpeth Embleton, Robert...Backworth, Newcastle Farley, S. L....Close, Newcastle Fawcus, John...South Charlton, Chathill Fenwick, G. A....Newcastle Finney, J. A....13, Postern, Newcastle Friar, J. E....Grendon Bridge, Norham-on-Tweed © +Gibson, J....Guns Green Hill, Ayton, Berwick Goddard, H. R....Belsay, Newcastle Gray, E. J....Clifton, Morpeth Gray, M. R....Horton Grange, Newcastle Gray, Thomas...Clayton Street West, Newcastle +Grey, Rt. Hon. Sir G. Bt... .Fallowdon, Alnwick +Harle, John Joseph... Mill Hills, Haydon Bridge Harrett, Robert... Kirkwhelpington, Newcastle Hay, Charles E....Bradford House, Belford Hedley, Thomas...New Road, Newcastle Henderson, John...Cornhill Henderson, William...Fowberry Mains, Belford Hodgson, Richard. . .Crofton Mills, Blyth Hogg, James. ..Buckton, Belford Hudspith, William. ..Greencroft, Haltwhistle Huggup, James...Spindlestone, Belford James, Thomas...Otterburn Castle, Newcastle Jobson, William... Newton Barns, Chat Hill Joicey, Edward... Newcastle Joicey, John... Newton Hall, Stocksfield XXXV Joicey, J. G....Neweastle Kirsopp, Rev. F....Burn Brae House, Hexham Kirsopp, James...The Spital, Hexham jLaing, George... Wark, Cornbill Langdale, Sampson... Espley House, Morpeth Laws, C. J....Barrasford, Wall Lawson, E....Redesdale Cottage, Newcastle Lawson, Rev. E....Longhurst Hall, Morpeth Laycock, Joseph...Low Gosforth, Newcastle Lee, J. Bunting. ..Stocksfield Hall Lee, Joseph... Dilston, Corbridge Lennox, William. ..Six Mile Bridge, Newcastle Logan, John W....Tweedmouth, Berwick Loraine, Edward...'The Riding, Riding Mill Station Matthews, John, M.D... .Tynemouth Moult, John...40, Mosley Street, Newcastle Muirhead, George... Paxton, Berwick-on-T weed Nicholson, James. ..Murton, Berwick-on-T weed +Northumberland, Duke of... Alnwick Castle Ord, Rev. J. A. Blackett... Whitfield Hall, Haydon Bridge Ormston, Robert... Newcastle Palmer, C. Mark, M.P....Newcastle-on-Tyne Paulin, J.S. L....Quay Walls, Berwick-on-T weed Potts, James...Seaton Burn, Dudley . Ramsay, G. H....Derwent Villa, Newcastle Rea, Charles... Doddington, Wooler Rea, George... Middleton House, Alnwick +Richardson, C. T....Monkton Lodge, Jarrow-on- Tyne +Richardson, E....Gosforth, Newcastle Riddell, H. B....Rothbury, Morpeth Riddell, John...St. Ninians, Wooler +Riddell, SirW.B., Bart.. .Hepple, Rothbury, Morpeth Ridley, John M....Walwick Hall, Humshaugh Ridley, Sir M. White, Bart., M.P.... Blagdon, Cram- lington Ridley, Thomas,..Parkend, Wark Robson, Jobn...Bymess, Rochester Snowball, F. J....Seaton Burn House, Cramlington Spencer, John... Whorlton Hall, Newcastle Spencer, J. Watson... Whorlton Hall, Newcastle Spencer, Michael. ..Lemington Hall, Blaydon Spencer, Thomas...Ryton, Newcastle Spraggon, Benjamin... Nafferton, Stocksfield +Stephenson, Clement... Newcastle Stephenson, Hugh...Dene House, Newcastle Straker, Henry...Dipton House, Riding Mill Straker, J. C....Stagshaw House, Corbridge Surtees, Villiers C. V....Newcastle Swan, W. Robert... Wallsend, Newcastle Swann, John... Bedlington, Morpeth Swinburne, Sir John, Bt....Capheaton, Newcastle Symm, J....Newton, Stocksfield Tankerville, Earl of...Chillingham Castle, Alnwick +Tate, John... Barnhill, Acklington +Thew, Edward...Lesbury House, Alnwick Thompson, Alexander. ..Kirknewton, Wooler Thompson, T. E....Lewin Shields, Haydon Bridge Tindal, Adam...7, Argyle Terrace, Newcastle Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart....Wallington, Newcastle Turnbull, David... Lucker Hall, Belford Turnbull, George... Tughall House, Chathill c 2 XXXVI 7Waddilove, G. M. D....Brunton House, Hexham +Wallis, Owen...Bradley Hall, Blaydon Wallis, Robert. ..Stocksfield Wanlace, L....Seaton Burn House, Dudley Wigham, George... Laverick Hall, Cramlington Wilson, Jacob... Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth +Wilson, Thomas...Shotley Hall, Newcastle Woods, J. A.... Benton Hall, Newcastle +Wright, T. Irwin...Charlton, Bellingham Younger, John... Burradon, Newcastle NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, Governors. +Manvers, Earl...Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Newark Milward, Richard...Thurgarton Priory, Southwell +Sutton, John Manners...Kelham, Newark Members. +Abbott, Thomas... Newark-on-Trent Adams, James...The Fallowes, Oxton, Southwell Allcock, Thomas... Radcliffe-on-Trent Arnall, W.S....Sutton, Elton +Baily, John...Python Hill, Mansfield Baker, Robert...Gamston, East Retford +Barker, E....South Muskham Grange, Newark Bausor, John...Carrington, Nottingham +Bayley, T. Harvey D....Edwinstowe, Ollerton + Beaumont, G., jun.... Bridgford Hill, Nottingham Beevor, Henry...Blyth, Worksop Bingley, Charles. ..Langold Farm, Worksop Bousfield, Edward... Newark Brett, John...Oxton Grange, Southwell Brodhurst, Lucas...Upton, Southwell Brown, Trevor Wade...Oakham, Mansfield Bullen, E. J.... Norwood Farm, Southwell Burgass, William Henry...Nottingham Burnell, E. P....Winkburne Hall, Southwell Burrows, Thomas...Epperstone, Nottingham Camm, Thomas...Ossington, Newark Cane, Rev. T. C....Brackenhurst, Southwell Carding, F....Combs Farm, Farnsfield, Southwell +Cartwright, T. W...Ragnall Hall, Newton, Newark Chamberlin, J. K. B... West Field, Tuxford, Newark Chambers, John E. F.... Norwood Park, Southwell Cookson, W. J.... Worksop Manor, Worksop +Cranfield, W. N....Morton Grange, Retford +Day, Charles. ..Easton (Stamford) +Day, Nevile...Easton (Stamford) Dyson, William. ..Goldthorpe, Worksop +Edge, James Thomas...Streley Hall, Nottingham Esam, William...Upton, Southwell Farrer, M. G....Epperstone, Nottingham Faulconbridge, W. F....Bestwood Park, Bulwell Faulks, Michael. ..Colston Basset, Bingham Field, Samuel... Farnsfield, Southwell Flower, Henry V....Scarrington, Whatton +Foljambe, Francis J. S., M.P...Osberton House, Worksop List of Governors and Members of the +Francklin, J. L....Gonalstone Hall, Nottingham +Galway, Viscount, M.P....Serlby Hall, Bawtry Gelsthorpe, Thomas... Morton Manor, Newark Gibson, Arthur S....Bulwell Hall, Nottingham Gilbert, Henry...Barnby Manor, Newark Godber, Samuel. ..Balderton, Newark Ce William. ..Annesley Woodhouse, Mans- e +Greenfield, George... Belle Eau Park, Ollerton Grundy, George... Tortworth, Bawtry Hall, Francis. ..Park Hall, Mansfield +Hall, Marriott. ..Thorpe Salvin, Worksop +Hammersley, W....Parkinson Street, Nottingham Harrison, Frank... Bilborough +Hassall, G....Shelford Manor, Radcliffe-on-Trent +Hemsley, John...Shelton, Newark Heslop, Rey. Gordon. . .Cossall, Nottingham +Hildyard, T. B. T., M.P....Flintham, Newark +Hodgkinson, Frank. ..Kirkby-in-Hardwick, Sutton- in-Ashfield +Hodgkinson, G....Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Nottingham Hodgkinson, Grosvenor... Newark Hole, James... Farndon, Newark Hopkinson, Charles... Retford Hopkinson, Henry...Stoke Field, Newark +Horncastle, Henry... Edwinstowe, Ollerton j+Huntsman, Benjamin... West Retford +Huskinson, Thomas. ..Epperstone, Southwell Hutchinson, W....Felley Mill Farm, Annesley Jalland, J. Foster... Widmerpool, Nottingham +Jobnson, George...Blaco Hill, Retford Kelham, Robert...Bleasby Hall, Southwell Kenrick, George... Thurgarton Hill, Southwell Knight, W. E....14, Carter Gate, Newark +Knowles, R. M....Colston Bassett, Bingham Lamin, John...Bestwood Park, Nottingham Listeo, Frederick... Upper Morton Grange, Babworth, Retford +Lister-Kaye, C. W....Osberton, Worksop Lowe, Robert N....Bassingfield, Nottingham +Machin, J. Vessey...Gateford Hall, Worksop Machin, Samuel C....Forest Farm, Papplewick, Not- tingham McLeod, J. M..., William Street, Newark March, Jobn J... .Scarrington, Whatton Martin, H. B....Colston Bassett, Bingham Marriott, W. T....Bleasby, Southwell - +Millington, D. J....Kirklington, Southwell Moore, John...Calverton Mortimer, James...Oxton, Southwell +Munk, Harry. ..Holmepierrepont +Musters, John C....Annesley Park, Linby +Nall, Joseph... Papplewick, Nottingham Naylor, G. B....Scaftworth, Bawtry Neale, Charles...Newfield, Screveton, Bingham Neale, Charles J... . Mansfield +Nevile, Rev. C....Thorney, Newark +Nevile, George... .Shebton, Newark New, David...Waverley House, Nottingham Nicholsen, W. N....Newark-on-Trent Norman, Robert... Manor Farm, Rufford, Ollerton Nuttall, John... Beestwood Park, Arnold +Paget, Joseph. ..Stuffyn Wood Hall, Mansfield . Painter, John...Forest Road, Nottingham _ #Park, Fergus W....Grove, Retford Parke, William. ..Stragglethorpe, Newark _ Parkin, John... Worksop Parkin, William. ..Babworth, Retford Parkinson, L. Milward...Epperstone, Nottingham Parr, John...Cropwell Butler, Bingham Paulson, F. W.... Broomhill Grange, Ollerton Peel, Thomas P.. . .Sansome Wood, Oxton, Southwell +Pierrepoint, Hon. E. H....Thoresby Park, Newark Pinder, G. F....Great Morton, Retford Potter, H....Bestwood Park, Arnold Potter, Samuel...Iikeston Park, Nottingham Pyatt, Abraham... Wilford, Nottingham Quibell, W. Oliver... Newark-on-Trent Redgate, William...Scarthing Moor, Newark Reek, Edward. ..Nuttall, Nottingham Reynolds, H....Marlock House, Lowdham Roadley, Gravenor S.... Partridge Hall, Bawtry FSanday, William... Radcliffe-on-Trent ‘Sherbrooke, Henry P....Oxton, Southwell ‘Simpson, John T.... Boughton, Ollerton Smith, Butler... .Cropwell Butler, Bingham Smith, Edwards. . . Radcliffe-on-Trent Smith, Henry. ..Crepweil Butler, Bingham Smith, Henry, jun... .Cropwell Butler, Bingham Smith, Henry A... . Wilford, Nottingham Smith, Percy L....Kimberley, Nottingham Stafford, Thomas...Marnham, Newark ' Stenton, Henry C....Southwell Stephenson, William. ..Scaftworth, Bawtry ‘Storer, Chas., M.D... .Lowdham Grange, Nottingham Story, Henry V....Ruddington Manor Taylor, J. Bagshaw. . . Radcliffe-on-Trent ‘Thomas, S. V....Stragglethorpe Hall, Newark Tinley, Edward. ..Southwell Truswell, John R....Farnsfield, Southwell Turner, F. J....Mansfield Woodhouse, Mansfield Vere, John. ..Carlton-upon-Trent, Newark ‘Vernon, Granville H....Grove Hall, East Ketford Walker, John Deverell... Nottingham Watson, Robert... Retreat House, Whatton Webb, W. F....Newstead Abbey, Mansfield Welch, Bryan S....Blyth, Worksop White, Samuel. ..South Leverton, Retford +Wigram, John...South Collingham, Newark 7Williams, Ashley G....Sparken, Worksop Woods, Henry W.... Clipstone Park, Mansfield Woolley, T. Smith. ..South Collingham, Newark Wright, H. Banks...Sheldon Hall, Newark Wright, William. ..Fiskerton, Newark Wright, William... Wollaton, Nottingham Young, Edward. ..Coddington, Newark OXFORDSHIRE. Governors. Camoys, Lord. .Stonor Park. Henley-on-Thames Marlborough, Duke of, K.G.... Blenheim Park 6 7 . > r Royal Agricultural Society of England. XXXVII Members. Allnutt, T. Alexander. . Watlington Farm, Tetsworth Asbhurst, John H....Waterstock, Oxford Bacchus, William E....Horley, Banbury Baker, Rev. R. L.... Ramsden, Enstone Barford, John Phillips. ..Banbury Barnett, Henry...Glympton Park, Woodstock Bateman, Henry... Asthall, Witney Beaumont, Joseph...Ducklington Hall, Witney Berridge, Thomas... Middle Aston, Steeple Aston Blake, Alfred...Sutton, Stanton Harcourt, Witney ee G. W....Dyrbham Park, Chipping Sod- Brassey, Albert...,Heythrop Park, Chipping Norton Brickwell, C. J....Overthorpe Lodge, Banbury 7Brown, A. H. C....Kingston House, Tetsworth Browne, Rev. T. C....42, St. Giles’s, Oxford Browning, James T....Oxford Bryan, John...Southleigh, Witney +Bulford, James...Hordley Farm, Woodstock 7Caless, William. ..Bodicote House, Banbury Calvertt, John S....Fairspear House, Witney Cannon, Joseph C.... Beckley, Oxford Cartwright, Colonel H....Egdon Hall, Banbury Cartwright, Richard Aubrey...Edgcott, Banbury Castle, George...Sutton, Stanton Harcourt, Eynsham Castle, George R.... Bicester Chamberlin, William. ..Adderbury, Banbury 7Chillingworth, John...Horsepath, Oxford Churchill, Lord.. Cornbury Park, Enstone Clarke, E. C.... Haddenham, Thame 7Clarke, G. R....Chesterton Lodge, Bicester Cole, William Douglas... Bicester Cooper, Henry Reeve...Crowmarsh, Wallingford Craddock, R....Lyneham, Chipping Norton 7Dashwood, Major...Kirtlington, Oxford Dashwood, Sir Henry W., Bart....Kirtlington Park, Oxford Davids, Charles H....Bodicote Lawn, Banbury Davis, R. S. B....Swerford Park, Enstone qDickers, Samuel S....Golder Manor, Tetsworth Dodwell, J.... Manor House, Long Crendon, Thame Dormer, C. Cottrill...Ronsham, Oxford +Druce, Joseph...Eynsham Dutton, John...Th+ Limes, Witmey Effingham, Earl of... Tusmore House, Bicester Franklin, Joseph. .Scotsgrove House, Thame Freeman, Edwin... Chilton, Thame | Garne, George...Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton +Gaskell, Henry L....Kiddington Hall, Woodstock | +Gayner, C., M.A....1, New College Lane, Oxford Gerring, R....Blenheim Park, Woodstock Gillett, John...OQaklands, Charlbury |} Gillett, John...Tangley, Chipping Norton Glen, George. ..Stratton Audley Park, Bicester 7Gedwin, John J....Troy Farm, Somerton, Ded- dington | Greaves, John...ElsGeld, Oxford Griffin, J. Whitehouse. ..Towersey Manor, Thame Gutteridge, Charles. .. Assendon, Henley-on-Thames +Hail, A. W., M. P.... Barton, Steeple Aston Hal’, Richard ..Queen’s Ford, Dorchester (Walling- ford XXXVIII +Harcourt, E. W....Nuneham Park, Oxford Hawkins, Robert S,... Broad Street, Oxford Henley, Joseph J....Shotover Lodge, Oxford +Henley, Rt. Hon. J. W....Waterpury, Wheatley Hibbert, P. E. T....Aynho Park, Banbury +Holbech, Rev. C. W.... Farnborough, Banbury Hopkins, Rev. T. H. T.... Magdalen College, Oxford Howland, A. R....Ludesden House, Thame Hughes, James... Wood Lawn, Oxford +Jacobs, Robert... Bury Barns, Burford +Jersey, Earl of...Middleton Park, Bicester +Keene, Rev. C. Ruck. .Swincombe House, Nettlebed King, W. Padbury...Lower Heyford, Banbury Knollys, Gen. Sir W., K.C.B... Blount’s Court, Henley Langham, Maurice...Shipton-on-Cherwell, Oxford +Macclesfield, Earl of...Sherburn Castle, Tetsworth +Mackenzie, E....Fawley Court, Henley-on-Thames Mackenzie, W. D....Gillotts, Henley-on-Thames Marriott, Captain E. J.... Burford Marsham, R., D.C.L....Merton College, Oxford +Mason, James... ynsham Hall, Witney +Mather, D....Lower Court, Chadlington, Enstone Matthews, Alfred T....Church Hanborough, Eyns- ham Mewburn, W....Wykham Park, Banbury +Middleton, Henry...Cutteslow, Oxford Miller, Lieut.-Colonel..,.Shotover, Wheatley Millington, Mrs.... Ashgrove, Ardley, Bicester +Morrell, F. J... .St. Giles’s, Oxford Morrell, G. Herbert...Headington Hill Hall, Oxford Mumford, J. A....Chilton Park Farm, Thame Nevell, Edward... Beaconsfield, Great Tew, Enstone +Newton, R. J....Campsfield, Woodstock +Newton, William...Gould’s Grove, Benson +Norreys, Viscount... Wytham Park, Oxford North, Lieut.-Colonel, M.P.. Wroxton Abbey, Banbury Parker, James S....Iffley, Oxford +Parsons, Herbert... Elsfield, Oxford +Parsons, John...Iffley, Oxford Parsons, W....Hill Farm, Elsfield, Oxford +Paxton, Edmund... Willaston House, Bicester Perry, P. J....The Nurseries, Banbury +Perry, T. A...Betham House, Avon Dasset, Banbury Pickering, Leonard... Wilcote, Charlbury +Piercy, Alfred...Cold Harbour, Henley Pinnell, Charles... Westwell, Burford Porter, IT. West. ..Holwell Manor Farm, Burford Porter, William... Iencott (Lechlade) Reade, J....Shipton, Chipping Norton Reynardson, H. B....Adwell, Tetsworth Robbins, Harry...Northfield Farm, Witney Roberts, Harry...Caswell, Witney Rowland, John...Holly Bank, Wootton, Woodstock Samman, William...Rosslyn House, Oxford Samuelson, Bernhard, M.P,... Banbury Savidge, Matthew. ..Sarsden, Chipping Norton +Sheldon, Jonathan. ..Kynsham Sheldon, Thomas.,..Osney Mill, Oxford +shillingford, George W....Eynsham Smith, Charles R....Swerford Park, Enstone Smith, Samuel...Somerton, Deddington +Staples-Browne, I’. J....Brashfield House, Bicester Sulgoe, Nathaniel.,.Adderbury, Banbury List of Governors and Members of the +Stilgoe, Z. W....Adderbury Grounds, Banbury Tawney, A. R....Banbury Taylor, Thomas...Ashton Rowant, Tetsworth +Thompson, Herbert E....Wroxton, Banbury +Thomson, John...Baldon House, Oxford Tredwell, William... Elsfield, Oxford Vanderstegen, W. H....Cane End House, Henley Ward, William...41, St. Giles’s, Oxford Watson, John...Shirburn Castle, Tetsworth +Weaving, John W....Oxford Wiggins, Walter John... Watlington Wiggins, Wm..Watcombe Manor Farm, Watlingto Wilkinson, William. ..Oxford Witherington, T. E....Holton Cottage, Oxford +Worley, William,..Field House, Witney RUTLAND. Governor. Gainsborough, Earl of,..Exton Hall, Oakham Members. +Barnes, Wilson... Teigh, Oakham +Cunard, Gordon... Habbaton Hall, Uppingham +Duncan, Alexander... Knossington Grange, Oakh, Eaton, C. O....Tolethorpe (Stamford) Finch, George H., M.P.... Burley-on-the-Hill,Oakh; Foster, Samuel... Uppingham Freer, Benjamin...Uppingham Painter, Benjamin. ..Burley-on-the-Hill, Oakham Pinder, Robert... Whitwell, Oakham Richards, Westley... Ashwell, Oakham Tower, B. R. C....Hallaton Hall, Uppingham +Tryon, Richard...The Lodge, Oakham Ward, Robert. ..Harringworth, Uppingham +Wing, William. ..Market Overton, Oakham +Wortley, N. W....Ridlington, Uppingham SHROPSHIRE, Governors. Bradford, Earl of... Weston Park, Shifnal Cotes, Charles C., M.P.... Woodcote, Newport Members. Adams, Captain. ..Underhill, Bridgnorth Allfrey, R. C....Burleydam, Whitchurcly Amies, Samuel...Stoke Castle, Craven Arms Anslow, William...Eyton, Wellington +Ashdown, A. H....Uppington, Wellington Ashdown, S. Harding...Uppington, Wellington Austin, Harry C....Wrockwardine, Wellington Bach, Edward...Cheney Longville, Craven Arms Bach, Francis...Onibury, Craven Arms Bach, Philip... Elsich, Bromfield Backhouse, RK. O.... Westwood, Bridgnorth Bailey, George... Lea Hall, Shifnal Royal Agricultural Society of England. Ball, Joseph B,...Littleworth House, Newport Barber, Richard... Harlescott, Shrewsbury Bate, John William. .. Astol, Shifnal Bate, Richard Stokes... Badger, Shifnal Bateman, J....Croxton Hanmer, Whitchurch Bateman, Robert... Hanmer Hall, Whitchurch +Bather, Thomas...Maesbury Hall Mill, Oswestry Bayley, John...Tilstock, Whitchurch Beck, Peter. ,.Shrewsbury +Beckwith, Rev. H....Eaton Constantine, Wellington Beeston, Thomas. «Goldstone Manor, Market Drayton Belcher, Edward. ..Moreton Park, Newport Bibby, J. J....Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury Bickerton, S....Shotatton, Ruyton Eleven Towns Bickerton, J. E....Sandford Hall, West Felton Bigge, C. Selby. . Bourton Grange, Much Wenlock Birch, John...Tybroughton, Whitchurch Blakeway, W.... Wooton House, Craven Arms Blantern, George G.,..Haston, Hadnall, Shrewsbury +Borough, C. B....Chetwynd Park, Newport Botfield, Rev. W. B. Garnett...Decker Hill, Shifnal Boughey, G. L.... Ellesmere Boulton, W. Baker... Forton Hall, Newport +Bourn, James,..Cleobury Mortimer Bourne, John,..The Arbour Farm, Market Drayton Bourne, John...Rectory Farm, Market Drayton Bourne, Thomas.,.Betton Hall Farm, Market Drayton Bowen, Edward H....Kingslow, Bridgnorth Bowen, George... Hadnal, Shrewsbury Bowen, Humphrey C....Chesterton, Bridgnorth Bowen, John, jun....Dunvall House, Bridgnorth Bowen, Thomas... Wootton, Bridgnorth Bowen, T. B....Blakelands, Claverley, Bridgnorth Boxford, W. J....Offley Firs, Newport. Brewster, W....Balderton Hall, Middle, Shrewsbury Bright, Jobn...Styche, Market Drayton +Bromley, Richard...Felton Butler, Shrewsbury Brooke, Rey. John...Haughton, Shifnal Broughall, Edward... Wikey House, Ruyton Eleven ‘Towns Broughall, W...Little Fern Hill, Gobowen, Oswestry +Broughton, P....‘Tunstall Hall, Market Drayton Brown, Henry...Preston, Wellington Brown, John... Weston, Baschurch Brown, Richard... Ruyton Eleven Towns Browne, Samuel. ..Brocton Hall, Shifnal Buchanan, Phillips....Hales Hall, Market Drayton Bulkeley, Major...Oak Cottage, Whitchurch Bullock, James...Hoo Hall Farm, Wellington Burd, Henry. ?.The Laurels, Shrewsbury Burd, ‘Thomas A....Burcot, Wellington Carr, Henry... Larden Grange, Wenlock Cartwright, 'T....The Buildings Farm, West Felton Clay, Charles...Whitchurch Clay, Edward... Ellesmere Cocks, John...Dinchope, Wistanston +Colley, Benjamin...Osbaston, High Ercall Cooke, Colling...Breadenheath, Whitcburch Cooke, Lewis Henry... Wllesmere Cooper, Thomas, jun....Wrockwardine, Wellington Cope, Edmund, ..Shawbury, Shrewsbury Corbet, If. K.... Adderley Hall, Market Drayton XXXIX Corbett, Henry. ..Higford, Shifnal Corbett, Thomas. ..Sbrewsbury Corden, Arthur H....Church Aston, Newport Corden, John,..Great Chatwell, Newport Cottle, George... West Felton, Shrewsbury +Cotton, Hon. R. W.S...Bourlton Park, Shrewsbury Coulson, E. Foster... Bellaport, Market Drayton Crane, Edward, ..Shrawardine, Shrewsbury Crane, John... Benthall, Shrewsbury Crane, Joseph... Bicton, Shrewsbury Cureton, George... Beam House, Shrewsbury +Dain, B. J....Park View, Whitchurch +Darby, Alfred... Little Ness, Shrewsbury Davies, Arthur F.... Bagley, Ellesmere Davies, James...Felton Butler, Shrewsbury Davies, James..Plasnewydd, Llanrhaiadr, Oswestry Davies, Thomas W....Sugdon, Wellington Davis, Evan H.... Patten, Much Wenlock ‘Davis, G. D,...Ightfield Heath Farm, Whitchurch TDe Wend, W. Fenton...Oldbury, Bridgnorth Dickin, I. 'l.... Yockings Gate, Whitchurch Dickin, Samuel...Little Ness, Baschurch Dickin, Thomas... Kllerdine, Wellington +Dickin, Thomas... Loppington, Wem Dickin, William...'The Lloyd, Market Drayton Dodgson, W. L....‘The Moor, Ludlow : Downes, W. E....Great Wollaston, Shrewsbury Downing, J. M....Dowles (Bewdley) Downward, John. ..'Tilstock, Whitchurch Junn, John,..Fernhill Villa, Market Drayton Eardley, Daniel...‘The Brand Farm, Market Drayton Eardley, John...Norton Farm, Market Drayton +Eddowes, Thomas Henry...Pontesbury Edwards, Edwin... Brocton Grange, Shifnal Edwards, G. Withers, jun....Mardee Llandrinio, Oswestry Edwards, John...Pentre David, Oswestry +Edwards, John W....Wolston, Oswestry Edwards, Richard. .,Adlington, Shrewsbury +yElwell, Charles...Evelith Manor, Shifnal Emberton, Charles...Ferney Hough, Ellesmere Emery, Richard A.,..Lostford, Market Drayton Evans, Kdward...Newhouse Henlle, Whittington, Oswestry Evans, John... Allbrighton Farm, Shrewsbury Evans, John...Uffington, Shrewsbury Kvans, W., jun....Hampton House, Ellesmere +Everall, Peter...Uckington, Shrewsbury +Eyton, ‘Thomas C.... Vineyard, Wellington Farmer, John E....Felton, Ludlow Forester, G. 'T....Ercall Magna, Wellington +Foster, W.0....Apley Park, Bridgnorth Foulkes, J. Grifliths...Llwynymain, Oswestry Fowler, William...Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury Fox, John. ,.Coalbrookdale, Wellington +France, James...Grinshill, Shrewsbury Frank, John Charles... Rhydairy, Oswestry Furber, George... Newport Furnival, Stephen...Napley Farm, Norton-in-Hales Furnival, William...Bellaport Hall Farm, Market Drayton Gartside, Wm....Smethcott, Wroxeter, Shrewsbury +Gatacre, E, Lloyd,..Gatacre Hall, Bridgnorth XL 7Godsall, Philip W....Iscoyd Park, Whitchurch Goodall, Brittain. .Helshaw Grange, Market Drayton Goodall, W. H....Sutton, Market Drayton +Gouldbourn, J... Wilksley, Burleydam, Whitchurch Gouldbourn, Joseph, jun....Wilksley, Burle Whitchurch — Gower, Andrew... Market Drayton Grant, Owen E....Shavington, Market Drayton +Granville, Earl, K.G....Aldenham, Bridgnorth 7Green, George H....Marlow, Leintwardine Green, John. .. Wilcott Manor, Shrewsbury Green, Joseph B.... Marlow, Leintwardine Griffiths, John. ..Houlston, Middle +Groom, James...Ariston House, Wellington Hall, Henry...Marchamley Wood, Hawkstone Hampton, G....High Ercall Mill Harding, Benjamin...Colehurst Manor, Drayton Harding, E. W....Old Springs, Market Drayton Harding, John... Alveley, Bridgnorth Harris, Henry. ..Long Parish House, Whitchurch Harris, John J....Stretton Road, Much Wenlock Harris, Thomas. . . Moston, Stanton Hassall, William. ..Bubney, Whitchurch Haste, Edwin... Weston, Shrewsbury Hawkins, Edmund... Dinthill, Shrewsbury Haynes, Jesse...Upton Magna, Shrewsbury Heath, Thomas. ..Peakwood, Market Drayton Heatley, John. . Broughton, Harmer Hill, Shrewsbury Heatley, John. ..Eaton, Market Drayton Heatley, John... Tne Dayhouse, Newport Heatley, Thomas. ..High Hatton, Shawbury +Heatley, R. T....Eaton Grange, Market Drayton ~+Hickman, Thomas. ..Leaton Lodge, Shrewsbury Hiles, John B....Weckley, Shrewsbury Hill, Rev. John...Hawkstone, Shrewsbury Hinckesman, C. H....Charlcott, Bridgnorth Holl, W. P....Church Stoke Hoole, Arthur... Hinnington House, Shifnal Hopkins, G. O0....Darlaston, Prees jfHomby, Rev. R....Bayston Hill, Shrewsbury Horton, George. ..Harley, Much Wenlock Market List of Governors and Members of the Horton, S. Lewis. ..Park House, Shifnal Horton, Thomas. ..Harnage Grange, Shrewsbury Hudson, C. D...Cheswardine, Market Drayton | Hudson, John...The Villa, Ford, Shrewsbury Hudson, Samuel... Wytheford Hall, Shawbury Hudson, Thomas. ..Longslow, Market Drayton Hudson, Thomas...Shoot Hili Farm, Ford, Shrews- bary Hughes, Thomas...Maesbury Honse, Oswestry Humphreys, Edward... Walcot, Chirbury Hunt, Rewland...Boreatton Park, Shrewsbury Huxley, Clement...Espley, Market Drayton Hyslop, William...Private Asylum, Church Stretton +Ingram, George...Cbetwynd Park, Newport Jenkin, H, B....Cotton Farm, Whitchurch Jones, F....The Old Hall, Hanmer, Whitchurch ;Jones, J, Bowen. ..Ensdon House, Montiord Bridge Jones, James,..Norville, Bridgnorth Jones, John. ..Hall-on-the-Forest, Beitws, Clun Jones, John...Upton Magna, Shrewsbury Jones, Thumas. ..Quleman House, Ellesmere | Meredith, Rickard...Rednal, Shrewsbury | Morris, E. H....West Farm, Chirbury | Newill, Joseph...Lydbary North 7 Jones, William. ..Harrington, Shifnal Juckes, George. ..Beslow Hall, Wroxeter yJuckes, R. F....Cotwall, Wellington Juckes, Thomas...Tern, Wellington Keary, H. W....Aldenham, Bridgnorth : Kemp, Joseph H....Longford Farm, Market Drayton Kenyon, Hon. E....Macefen, Whitchurch Knight, A. J. RB. Boughton...Downton C Ludlow Kynaston, Rev. W. C. E....Hardwick, Ellesm Lacon, William H....Oswestry Langford, William. ..Cherbury Hall Large, Robert..-Henbarns, West Felton La J. W....Bridgwater Arms Hotel, Elle is, sate: Dodecote Grange, Market Drayton Lee, Henry...Ensdon, Shrewsbury Lee, J. H....Redbrook, Whitchurch ec Lee, Thomas S....Brincton House, Shifnal Leeke, Ralph L.... Longford Hall, Newport 7 Leighton, Stanley... Sweeny Hall, Oswestry Lester, Thomas...Ollerton, Market Drayton Lester, William... Walford, Baschurch Lewis, George. ..Mickley Farm, Prees Lewis, William...Shrewsbury Lightfoot, F. L.... Market Drayton Litt, William E....Cross Hill, Shrewsbury qLioyd, Arthur P....Shawbury, Shrewsbury Lioyd, G. Butler... Preston Muntford, Shre’ 7Lioyd, Richard T....A+ton Hall, Oswestry jqLeveridge, Samuel. ..Cosford Farm, Shifnal Lowe, Isaac...Donnington, Newport jLowndes, W. L....Linley Hall, Broseley Maddocks, Samuel... .Hadley, Whitchureh Mainwaring, R. K....The Hills, Market Drayte 7Mainwaring, Salusbury K....Oteley, Shi : Mansell, Andrew... Little Ness, Baschurch +Mansell, Thomas. ..Hanington Hall, Shifnal — Mansell, Thomas J....Dudmaston Hall, Bridgno Meire, T. L....Eyton-on-Severn, Shrewsbury Mellings, John...The Lodge Farm, Bishop’s C Minor, John...The Grove, Kingsland, Shre 7 Minton, John... Forton, Shrewsbury 7Minton, T. S....Montford, Shrewsbury Moody, General...Caynham House, Ludlow More, R. Jasper...Linley Hall, Bishop’s Castle Morris, John. . .Lilwynrhedeth, sates Morris, Philip H.... Whitchurch Mort, Charles... Burlton, Shrewsbury Nevett, William... Yorton, Hanmer Hill, Shre +Newport, Viscount, M.P....Wi Nickolis, James...Tuck Hill, Bridgnorth Nightingale, Vaughan E....Burway, Ludlow Nock, Charles...Norton, Shifnal Nock, Thomas. ..Suttun Maddock, Shifnal ‘Norris, W. G....Cvalbrockdale, Wel¥ington Royal Agricultural Society of England. North, G. F....Cheswardine, Market Drayton Nunneriey, J. A....Wrentnall, Pulverbatch Nunnerley, Joseph ...Hanmer, Whitchurch WNumnnerley, Richard... Wems Northwood, Wem WNumnnericy, Thomas... Bradeley Green, Whitchurch Oswell, B. B....Shelrock, Ruyton Eleven Towns FOswell, W. B....Eardiston House, West Felton Owen, D. H....Great Ness FOwen, F. B....Deefield, Ellesmere Owen, John. ..Kinton, Baschurch yOwen, J. D.... Deefield, Ellesmere Palmer, Robert. ..Nagington, Market Drayton 7Parry, Charies. .. Houghton, Ellesmere Pay, John... Watergate Street, Ellesmere FPayne, William... Willeott, Nesecliff 7Peck, Edmund... Plas-y-Ddinas, Shrewsbury Perry, Graddon...Acton Pigott. Condover Perry, W. EL...Sytch House, Clavericy, Bridgnorth Phillips, G. T.... Brockton Leasowes, Newport Picken, William... Hilton, Newport Pistt, John. ..Belle Vue, Wem Rowse Boughton, Sir CH Bart... .Downten Hall, ==, -Ellesmere Sheraton, William. .. Broom House, Ellesmere Shingler, J. H....Birch Hall, Ellesmere Shuker, John...Keightley Hall, Chirbury Simon, Thomas... Fern Hill, Market Drayton Simpeon, John... Winnington, Market Drayton Sing, William... Newton, Sridgnorth Sladen, F. St. Barbe... Leighton Hall, Ironbridge Slaney, John... .Purville House, Wellington Smith, E Bremner. ..Oswestry Smith, Mrs. H. . New House, Satton Madiock, Shifnal Smith, Henry. ..Harnage, Shrewsbury Smith, R. Thursfield... Whitchurch Taylor, Edward. ..Whition, Leintwardine ° Taylor, Richard...Sidmey House, Wellington | Taylor, William H....High Hatton, Shawbury | Tench, Jchn...Ladlow Theobald, Horace... Adderley Lcdge, Market Drayton Thomas, Edward... Victoria Parade, Oswestry | Thomas, Thomas. ..Treprenal, Oswestry | Thompson, T. Warren. .Claremont Bank, Shrewsbury | Thornburn, Robert...Condover Grove, Shrewsbury Thornily, Samuel. ..Shooters Hill House, Wem Thursfield, Thomas H....Barrow, Broseley | Tilsley, Robert...Bellaport, Market Drayton Timmmis, R....Dryten. Wroxeter Topham, Thomas. ..The Twemlows, Whitchurch Tyrwhitt, Sir HL, Bart....Stanley Hall, Bridgnorth Underhill, W. S....Newport bigs Edward...Alford Farm, Middle, Shrews- Vanghan, W....The Lodge, Ruyton Eleven Towns Vernon, Benjamin... Aychley, Prees Wade, Arthur F, S....Condover, Shrewsbury Wadlow, E. C....Arkleton, Bridenorth Wain, George..The Eowney Farm, Market Drayton Wainwright, Richard. ..Sweeny, Oswestry +Wakeman, E. M....Colton Hall, Bridgnorth Wakeman, Sir Officy, Bart...... Borrington Lodge, Chirbury = Wakeman-Newport, H. A.....Cvion Hall, Bridg- +Walford, John HL B....Ruyton Eleven Towns | Walker, William... Lilleshall Hill Farm, Newport Sesyth, Sir C. F.. Bart....Acton Burnell. Shrewsbury | Ward, Edward W....Crickheath, Oswestry Ward, Thomas A....Ellerton, Newport Ward, William... Knockin Heath, West Felton Warter, H. de Grey. ..Longden Manor, Shrewsbury Whitfield, Thomas. .. Ashford Grange, Prees +Whitfield, T. N.. ..Lostford, Market Drayton {Whitmore, Rev. F. H. Wolryche. . Dudmasion Hall, Bridgnorth Whittingham, L. B....Llandrinio Hall, Oswestry Wilding, James... Walton, Wellington +Wilkes, Martin ...Claverl nea = * . ' P a - . » i r. . \ . me > > S> 2D 2 |. Sd. DDD 2? >> > Ss S> 2? 23, > D922 Bees a> => DS SP DD > » 22» Sa > - IP DD 2 sve Dd" > we BF Ps 2 VRB BBs >> > >»>2>- = a >>>) Pd PDD. > » > DD LD»: DP? Sis 3D S>D> 2 yD DID DD > > D> PPPS <> D2 >>) =>») > >) = 4 D> FWD SP > FI S> SDD D> >> > 22S S235 — 3 n> > ae. ~ 22D» IID a > 2D p>) » Py) > 2D 2:22 IPD SS DS »D> 22> »>» = 4 > >> 2 > s »» 2» >> 2» »y D>

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