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WHY "WW ky v\ WY oS Waar nanan acer ve ‘ - ~ Wy “Wy 3 3 : ner y , juyUey? “e-* yew Ye y — 4 vN Viv Mh a = - : : , A IIE EIN rey SYN ‘ed PARA Ae wv WV Oy s <7 7 = \ z w i Me TRA ~ 4 ? “Ws whi - = z ne 7 WV¥Vw \ W WW dy WORyY MOEN SS Vic , Woy WW WW i j WW YN Wee RG) Vee: ‘ Ww VY y } yy ) Wi we y ON 4 nen iW ¥WWV¥ i s ‘ y <4 vN —pbtiy ~~ Ye { ~ \ iV . j si \ > . A wig v V Wy . 3s NN Width : f isch iya\ Wy ~Yy WAL vid Way : : \ Vey y WWW) Now Wes My Vv aa il e oy OWN With Wg YW WY wy a DAB ITA re I } s v ’ 44. wrt a i YOY R VA ¢ abs } 7 af AA’ VY J n ¥ / \ \ V4 \ e is ¥ Yu ' iu a LW v YY VY v ¥ VR Sh v~ vy UY MY ‘ Ny ~ ‘a dy Les THE JOURNAL Cz. f OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. SECOND SERIES, VOLUME THE EIGHTH. PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE, LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE N LONDON: ' JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1872, . G * OS ae ~uol § wd Senes THESE EXPERIMENTS, tr Is TKUK, ARE NOT EASY; STILL THEY ARE iN THE POWER OF EVERY THINKING HUSBANDMAN. HE WHO ACCOMPLISHES BUT ONE, OF HOWEVER LIMITED APPLICATION, AND TAKES CARE TO REPORT IT FAITHFULLY, ADVANCES THE SCIENCE, AND, CONSEQUENTLY, THE PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE, AND ACQUIRES THEREBY A RIGHT TO THE GRATITUDE OF HIS FELLOWS, AND OF THOSE WHO COME AFTER. TO MAKE MANY SUCH IS BEYOND THE POWER OF MOST INDIVIDUALS, AND CANNOT BE EXPECTED. THE FIRST CARE OF ALL SOCIETIES FORMED FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR SCIENCE SHOULD BE TO PREPARE THE FORMS OF SUCH EXPERIMENTS, AND TO DISTRIBUTE THE EXECUTION OF THESE AMONG THEIR MEMBERS. Van THaer, Principles of Agriculture. LONDON ; PBINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING OROQSS, e vara CONTENTS OF VOL. SECOND SERIES. STATISTICS -— Meteorology for the year 1871 .. Imports of Corn, &e., British Wheat sold, and ARY YORK AlN NICAL VIL GARDE N PAGE “Average Pri ices IX-XIII, Acreage under each description of Crop, Fallow, and Grass ; with number of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs in and Ireland, 1869, 1870, and 1871 ie Colonial Productions .. .. ARTICLE Great Britain - J=VIIE XVI -- XIV-XV Importations "and ‘Average Prices of certain Foreign and Pad beth XVII-XVII Statistics of Dairy Produce, and Prices Current... .. XIX+XXIV 1.—A Review of Irish Agriculture, any with Reference to the Production of Live Stock. By R. O. Pringle, Editor of ‘'’he Trish Farmer’s Gazette’ .. 1l.—Method of Improving the Labouring Clas Ses “by altering the conditions of Poor Relief, and providing them with a system of Insurance through the Post Office. Stratton, Rector of Ditton, Kent II.—The American Milk-Condensing Factories : a Manufacture. By X. A. Willard, A.M., York, Lecturer in Cornell University and i By the Rev. J. Y. nd Condenser: Milk of Herkimer, New in the Maine State Agricultural College; President of the New York State ae men’s Association “and, Board of Trade, &c., 1V.—On the Management of Grass ae with e &. .. special Reference to the Production of Meat. By H. 8. Thompson, of abies . 152 Hall, York .. a V.—The Recor ds of Contagious Cattle eee in Yorkshire duri ing the Years 1870-71. By J. Dent Dent, M.P. . VI.—On the Composition and Agricultural Value of Earth- Closet Manure. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S. VIl.—Interim Report on Veterinary Investigati J.B. Simonds .. VIUI.—First Report of the Consulting Botanist IX.—On Straw-Blight, a Disease ‘of Wheat dhe "By W. Cami Sen ali thers, F.R. S., F. L.S., Consulting Botanist X.—Annual Report | of the Consulting Chemist for 1871 .. ons. By Professor X1.—Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee for December, 1871, with proposed forms of Guarantee to be signed by vendors of Manures and Feeding Stuffs .. XU.—On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. By William ‘Topley, 1.G.8., of the Geological Surv Wales. With a Map ey of Ikngland and XIJ.—On Swedish Butter Factories as “adapted ‘to Small Farm Dis- tricts. By M. Juhlin-Dannfelt, Superintendent of the Royal Agricultural College at Stockholm, and Honorary Member of the Royal Agr icultural Society of Kngland X1IV.—Report on the “Farm-Prize Competition of Bowstead, Eden Hall, Penrith .. XV.—The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. F.G,S., Honorary Secretary of the Fund. 1872 . By Thomas “By H. M. Jenkins; With Facsimile .. PAGE 180 185 . 203 211 215 9° 223 iv CONTENTS. PAGE XVI.—Sanitary Police and the Cattle Plague. By M. Bouley .. .. 352 XVII.—Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College to the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society for the year 1871 362 XVUI.—Report on the Importation of Animals affected with Cattle- Plague during the month of July, 1872. By Professor J. B. Simonds, Principal of the Royal Veterinary ee and Con- sulting Veterinary Surgeon to the Society .. 367 XIX.—Report on the Exhibition Vof Live Stock at Cardiff. “By Henry Corbet = 373 XX.—Report of the Senior Steward on the Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Cardiff. By C. Wren Hoskyns, M.P., (Senior Steward) .. 402 XXI.—Report on the Trials of Implements at ‘Cardiff, “By Gu G Roberts, of Haslemere, Surrey.. .. 404 XXII.—Report on thé Plans of Labourers’ and Miners’ Cottages com- peting for the Prizes offered in connection with the Cardiff Meeting .. -- 480 XXIIJ.—Report of “the Proceedings i in the Court of Exchequer i in the case of Kidd v. the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Before Mr. Justice Blackburn and a Special Jury. Leeds Summer Assizes, August 7th, 8th, and 9th, 1872.. .. .. 481 APPENDIX. ‘ PAGE List of Officers of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1872-3 i, xxxvii Standing Committees for 1872 Betis SA os UD, RIX Reports ‘of the Council to the General Meeting, December 7 7, 1871, and May 22. 1872 i2.8% we v, xli Memoranda of "Meetings, Payment ‘of Subscription, deeonld oft ee: xi, xciii Distribution of Members and Council... oe SET Half-yearly Cash Accounts from 1st July to 31st December, 1871, and from 1st January to 80th June, 1872 .. . xiv, xlvi Yearly Cash Account, from 1st January to December 31, Ie7l_ xvi Country Meeting Account, Wolverhampton, 1871 .. .. 1... XViii Cardiff Meeting, 1872: Schedule of Prizes, &c. . Sam as xix List of Stewards and Judges, and Award of Prizes at ‘Cardiff. Po ualviin,. 1 Agricultural Education : Examination Papers, 1872.. .. .. .. Ixxxv Members’ Chemical and Veterinary Privileges... .. XXxili, XXXV, XCiv, XcVy Members’ Botanical Privileges ., we gal ag NN Om ieee nee vil List of Members. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. : List of Governors and Members at the end. PAGE Geological Map of the Weald District... .. .. .. .. «. .. toface 241 Lithograph Facsimile ., Pt. RE » 339 Tables of Results of Trials of “Threshing Machines ..) .. 0 wee 51) h412 The Binder is desired to collect together all the Appendix matter, with Roman numeral folios, and place it at the end of each volume of the Journal, excepting Titles and Contents, and Statistics, &c., which are in all cases to be placed at the beginning of the Volume; the lettering at the back to include a statement of the year as well as the volume; the first volume belonging to 1839-40, the second to 1841, the third to 1842, the fourth to 1843, and so on. In Reprints of the Journal all Appendix matter and, in one instance, an Article in the body_of the Journal (which at the time had become obsolete), were omitted; the Roman numeral folios, however (for convenience of reference), were reprinted without alteration in the Appendix matter retained. ( iii) CONTENTS OF PART I., VOL. VIII. SECOND SERIES. STATISTICS :— PAGE Meteorology for the year 1871 .. Posen = VALEL Imports of Corn, &c., British Wheat sold, and “Average Prices 1X-XII, XVI Acreage under each description of Crop, Fallow, and Grass ; with number of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs in Great Britain and Ireland, 1869, 1870, ayaa ksiil ss ae Se eRVEIEY, Importations "and ‘Average Prices of certain Foreign and Colonial Productions .. .. eas XVI-XVIII Statistics of Dairy Produce, and Prices Current... .. .. XIX-XXIV ARTICLE PAGE I—A Review of Irish Agriculture, chiefly with Reference to the Production of Live Stock. By R. O. Pringle, Editor of ‘The Irish Farmer’s Gazette’ .. 1 II.—Method of Improving the Labouring “Classes by altering the conditions of Poor Relief, and providing them with a system of Insurance through the Post Office. By the Rev. J. Y. Stratton, Rector of Ditton, Kent .. 76 JIJ.—The American Milk-Condensing Factories and Condensed Milk Manufacture. By X. A. Willard, A.M., of Herkimer, New York. Lecturer in Cornell University and in the Maine State Agricultural College; President of the New York State Dairy- men’s Association and Board of Trade, &c., &c. .. 103 IV.—On the Management of Grass Land, with especial reference to the Production of Meat. By H. S. SABA of Kirby Hall York... | «. 152 V.—The Records of Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire during the Years 1870-71. By J. Dent Dent, M.P.. 180 VI.—On the Composition and Agricultural Value of Earth-Closet Manure. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S... .. 185 Vil.—Interim Report on Veterinary Investigations. ih Professor J.B. Simonds .. ty ace .- 203 VIII.—First Report of the Consulting Botanist .. - : 211 IX.—On Straw-Blight, a Disease “of Wheat Straw. By ‘W. Carru- thers, F.R.S., F.L.S., Consulting Botanists .. .. .. .. 218 X.—Annual Report of the Consulting Chemist for1871 :. .. .. 215 XI.—Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee for December, 1871; with proposed forms of Guarantee to be Benes by vendors of Manures and Feeding Stuffs .. .. .. 223 iv CONTENTS. APPENDIX. PAGE List of Officers of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1872 i Standing Committees for1872 .. .. .. ce iii Report of the Council to the General Meeting, December, ‘1871 ~ .. v Memoranda of Meetings, Payment of Subscriptions, &. .. .. .. xi Distribution of Members and Council... +» Xii-xiii alee Cash Account from Ist July to 31st ‘December, 1871 .. xiv, Xv Yearly Cash Account from 1st January to 31st December, 1871 .. xvi, xvii Country Meeting Account: Wolverhampton, 1871 .. .. .. .. XViii Cardiff Meeting, 1872: Schedule of Prizes, &c. oe ime) lee gh pCR Members’ Chemical, Veterinary,and Botanical Privileges... _ xxxiii, xxxv-vi List of Members. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. List of Governors and Members at the end. The Binder is destred to collect together all the Appendix matter, with Roman numeral folios, and place it at the end of each volume of the Journal, excepting Titles and Contents, and Statistics, &c., which are in all cases to be placed at the beginning of the Volume; the lettering at the back to include a statement of the year as well as the volume; the first volume belonging to 1839-40, the second to 1841, the third to 1842, the fourth to 1843, and so on. In Reprints of the Journal all Appendix matter and, in one instance, an Article in the body of the Journal (which at the time had become obsolete), were omitted; the Roman numeral folios, however (for convenience of reference), were reprinted without alteration in the Appendix matter retained. METEOROLOGY ; IMPORTATIONS OF GRAIN; SALES OF BRITISH WHEAT; PRICES OF CORN AND OTHER PRODUCE; AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS; AND STA- TISTICS OF DAIRY PRODUCE. —_+e—_ [The facts are derived chiefly from the Meteorological Reports of Mr. GuatsHer, and the Returns of the Boarp or Trak, and of the INsPECTOR- GENERAL OF Imports AND Exports. | METEOROLOGY .—1870. First Quarter (January, February, March).—The exceedingly cold weather which prevailed at the end of 1870 continued until the 5th day of January, 1871, then somewhat moderated, but continued cold to the 13th. On the 19th the cold weather returned and con- tinued to February 2nd. From the 3rd of February to the 14th of March the weather was mostly mild, and occasionally spring-like. -From March 14th to the end of the quarter the weather was very changeable. In January frost and snow stopped all out-door farm work ; the mild weather in February melted the snow, and, being accom- panied by rain, caused rivers and streams to overflow, and in some cases to destroy a portion of the crops. Field work was all but stopped until towards the end of the month, vegetation was very backward, pastures and grass lands were bare, and the scarcity of fodder was severely felt. Towards the end of February, under the influence of the higher temperature, shrubs, hedges, and early fruit-trees began to bud, and early spring flowers to bloom. All kinds of vegetables were scarce. During the month of March agricultural operations progressed vigorously ; the land was found to be unusually free from insects, and at the end of the quarter a very large breadth of land was under cultivation, but vegetation was still backward, having been checked by frequent bleak north and east winds. The corn was spoken of as healthy, but forage and vegetables were very scarce. The mean temperature of January was 33°2 or 3°1 lower than the average of 100 years; in February and March the mean temperature was 42°-4 and 44°-9 respectively, being 3°9 higher in February and 4°0 higher in March than the average of 100 years. VOL. VIII.—S.S. A ( u ) The fall of rain was 0:2 inch in excess in January and 0°5 inch in defect in both February and March. Second Quarter (April, May, June).—With the exception of the period comprised between April 12th and 29th, the weather was cold throughout the quarter. The low temperature was very severe both at the beginning and at the end of June. The month of June, 1860, was of the same low temperature, but previous to that we must go back as far as the year 1821 for one of lower temperature. The deficiency for the whole quarter amounted to more than 1}° daily, from the average of 50 years, and there has been no corresponding quarter of as low a temperature at Greenwich since 1860. The unseasonably cold weather which for the most part pre- vailed throughout the quarter, together with the north winds, the cloudy sky, and scanty sunshine, caused vegetation generally to be very backward. At the end of the quarter cornfields still looked green. The harvest in the southern counties was not expected to begin for five or six weeks, and in the more northern counties, the crops were not expected to ripen until towards the end of August. Hay-making had been frequently interrupted by rain, and much hay was spoiled. The mean temperature of April, May, and June, was 47°-7, 51°-9, and 54°:8 respectively ; in April it was 1°7 in excess of the average of 100 years, in May 0°7 in defect, and in June it was 34 in defect of the average of 100 years. The fall of rain was 1:3 inches and 1°1 inches in excess in April and June respectively, and 1°3 inches in defect in May. Wheat was in ear on the 1st of June at Wisbech; on the 13th at Helston; on the 15th at Cardington; on the 18th at Silloth; on the 20th at Weybridge; on the 26th at Boston; and on the 29th at Hawarden. In flower on the 9th of June at Taunton; on the 21st at Helston; on the 24th at Weybridge and Chiselhurst; on the 26th at Cardington; on the 27th at Silloth; and on the 28th at Hull. Barley was in ear on the 15th of June at Cardington; on the 21st at Weybridge; and on the 24th at Helston. In flower on the 26th of June at Cardington; and on the 30th at Weybridge and Hawarden. Rye was in ear on the 14th of June at Weybridge. Jn flower on , the 18th of June at Weybridge; and on the 20th at Chiselhurst. And on the Ist of July at Hull. Oats were in ear on the 17th of June at Weybridge Heath and Helston ; and in flower on the 23rd at Weybridge Heath. Third Quarter (July, August, September).—The cold weather which ¢ mt 3 had been generally prevalent throughout the preceding quarter continued, with the slight exception of the few days from July 14th to 21st, until August 5th. This was followed by a period of 42 days of warm and genial weather, extending from August 6th to September 16th, during which interval the mean excess of tempera- ture above the average was 42° daily. From this time to the end of the quarter the weather was again cold, and heavy rain fell everywhere; the average deficiency of temperature was 3}° daily. In the middle of August all crops were backward, but the fine and forcing weather which followed brought them rapidly to maturity almost simultaneously. The gathering in of the harvest, however, was much delayed by the scarcity of labour. By the end of August a large portion of the crops had been stacked. At the end of the quarter the rain was very beneficial in the south of England, but interfered with the completion of the harvest in Scotland, and also in some backward Jrish districts. There were considerable complaints about the spread of the potato disease at different times during the quarter, by the completely rotting away of the tuber, so that the stems were left without tubers attached. Generally the wheat crop was considered deficient. The mean temperature of July was 61°7, being 0°1 higher than the average of 100 years; in August it was 64°-8, or 4°0 higher than the average ; and in September it was 57°-4, or 0°-9 higher than the average of 100 years. The fall of rain was 0°7 inch and 1°5 inches respectively in defect in July and August, and 1°7 inches in excess in September. Local reports relating to the harvest were as follows :— At Helston the report of the coming wheat crop, in July, was not encouraging ; it was said to be generally thin. Barley was also thin. Oats were better, but not abundant. Hay, though a fair crop, had been badly saved, and much destroyed. Disease had made its appearance in the potatoes since the hot weather set in. At Strathfield Turgiss, in Hants, in July of the previous year, farmers were busy carting wheat, whereas last year none was then ripe. At Halifax, in August, the grain crops were good; in many cases a second crop of grass had been cut and well got in: and the turnip crop was plentiful and healthy. At Miltown, Banbridge, in Ireland, it was reported that the harvest was very good, wheat was a fair crop, oats extremely good, and green crops abundant; the disease had, however, visited the potato crop, which had suffered severely. At Cumberland, in September, local reports stated that cereal crops were rather below the average; turnips, swedes, and mangolds saved. Potatoes much diseased on strong heavy land, fully five-sixths of the crops destroyed; on peaty and sandy soils the result was more favourable. 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The temperature of the month of October had been nearly a degree below the average, but on the 2nd November a period of cold weather set in of unprecedented length, continuing throughout the whole month. The mean temperature of this month was 37°6, being 4°°7 below its average derived from 100 years, observation. In two instances only, viz. in the years 1782 and 1786, was the mean temperature of November lower than 37°-6, and since the year 1786, that is in the last 85 years, there has been no instance of such a cold November. ‘The cold continued into December and with severity until the 12th day, the average defi- ciency of the mean daily temperature from the Ist to the 12th being 91°. On the 8th December the deficiency reached 19°°3, the mean temperature of that day having been 22°-4, while its average is 41°7. The rain-fall during the quarter, as measured at Greenwich, amounted to only 3°2 in., being 4 in. below the average. The fall of rain in October was only one-half of the average for that month; in November it was only one-fourth ; and in December it was three-fifths of its average; thus the rain-fall in each month of the quarter was defective. A local report from Strathfield Turgiss stated that the weather in October was most favourable for getting out farmyard manure, ploughing, and feeding off root crops preparatory for the wheat, . which had been got into the ground in good order, and was looking quite gay. All early turnips were of good size, but man- golds and swedes were smaller than usual. In November the severe frosts several times hindered the wheat sowing; the milder weather, however, at the end of the month made the ground so favourable that but little harrowing was required before putting in the seed. Feeding off the turnips has been effected under more favourable circumstances than usual, no waste of food having occurred from wet weather; the sheep had also made good progress in layjng-on flesh, Lean bullocks and sheep had fallen slightly in value, but still retained too high a price to leave much profit for the winter’s keep. ‘The month of December was very satisfactory for the finish- ing up of the wheat-sowing, which had been kept back by the severe frosts of previous month. There had been less wheat _ showing itself above ground this Christmas than in previous sea- sons, but within the last few days a considerable breadth had peeped up; this would seem to indicate a late harvest for 1872; but past experience would tend to show that the time of ripening does not depend on the time of sowing. ( IX ) CORN: ImporraTions, SALES, AND PRICEs. Quantities of WHat, WHEATMEAL and FLour, Bariey, Oats, Peas and Brans, Imported into the Unrrep Kinepom in the Year 1871. 1871. | Wheat, | Wheatmeal | parley. Oats. Peas. Beans. ewts. ewts. cwts. ewts. cwts. cwts. January .. | 3,025,768 389,698 439,468 312,982 33,022 158,031 February 1,955,996 288, 349 419,274 56,920 1,647 169,226 March 2,628,686 | 421,652 619,244 459, 283 51,077 202, 166 April... | 2,282,936 | 385,508 | 648,073 584,512 | 68,955 | 172,008 May +» | 2,406,321 | 297,221 | 677,507 905,567 | 176,776 | 213,840 June +» | 2,453,851 | 331,737 | 608,682 | 1,579,322 | 142,252 207,237 al =o: = Fe a ae is eae} 14, 7535558 12, 114,165 3,412,248 | 3,898,586 473,829 |1,122,508 July s,s. | 4,633,120 | 342,113 523,042 | 1,586,083 | 91,706 245,558 August 4,110,189 | 337,998 | 895,172 | 1,352,865 72,908 | 310,063 September | 3,842,084 | 204,127 | 459,134 | 1,253,501 335965 | 328,634 October .. | 5,026,387 | 348,608 |1,155,443 | 1,088,706 | 42,678 384, 734 November | 4,104,197 298,073 |1,373,808 | 1,059,029 | 161,144 343,395 December 2,938,111 339,554 770,212 768, 336 145,720 240,759 In last Six) 654,088 |1,87 6,8 8,520 | 548,z21 (1,8 Months ic 54,0 1,070,473 5,176,01L | 7,100,52 540,i21 \"? 53,143 Year .. 39,407,646 |3,984,638 |8,589,059 = Ee es al 2,975.65 Notre.—The average weights per quarter of corn, as adopted in the office of the Inspector-General of Imports and Exports, are as follow:—For wheat, 485} lbs., or 44 cwts.; for barley, 400 lbs., or 34 cwts.; for oats, 308 lbs., or 22 cwts. Corn has been entered and charged with duty by weight instead of measure since Sep- tember, 1864. Computep Rreat VALUE of Corn IwrortepD into the Unrrep Kinepom in each of the Five Years, 1867-71. 1867, £. WRERtE ets. Sas 124,985,096 |) 22, Pea EVEe ee “ce! | ve 2,832,515 oe Oats er +» | 4,319,908 | 3, Maize Reaet to! ice 3,834,734 | 4, Other kinds .. .. 1,778,954 | I, Wheat Flour .. .. 39519,577 | 2; Other kinds of Flour 93,350 | Total of Corn .. 1868, 1869, £. 3 069,353 |195515,758 799527 | 35379775 875,929 | 3,340,494 838,012 | 5,935,665 981,553 | 1,376,087 832,077 | 3,792,939 235839 | 6,640 1870. 1871, 25 ie 16,264,027) 23,345,630 2,831,844] 3,407,425 4,381,607 4,001,687 52790,550, 6,470,789 1,498,043 1,729,048 3,383,751| 3,438,284 19,822 10,712 41, 364,134 | 39,420,290 375347,358 |34,169,644 42,403,575 Quantities of British WHEAT Soup in the Towns from which Returns are received under the Act of the 27th & 28th Vicrorta, cap. 87, and their AVERAGE Pricgs, in each of the Twetve Monrus of the Years 1866-71. QUANTITIES IN QUARTERS. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871, - quarters. quarters. quarters. quarters. quarters, quarters. First month .. | 212,713 | 221,791 | 193,077 | 248,047 | 187,027 | 267,827 eee nou 259,999 | 203,900 | 201,325 | 258,883 | 231,428 | 309,376 rd mo (ive weal } 331,295 | 280,878 | 235,402 | 278,086 | 314,040 | 377,003 Fourth month 250,159 | 205,231 | 173,120 | 204,519 | 242,457 | 293,494 Fifth month .. | 250,890 | 221,067 | 162,030 | 238,483 | 281,620 | 222,003 Sixth month D cavoutscke) \ 245,393 | 196,985 | 128,142 | 268,599 | 296,028 | 229,749 Seventh month | 127,836 | 109,829 | 106,812 | 166,485 | 171,005 | 120,154 Eighth month 191,057 | 102,303 | 174,633 | 174,904 | 201,788 | 123,889 Ninth month nifive wank) t 325,056 | 265,668 | 444,296 | 255,286 | 435,398 | 371,590 Tenth month 320,674 | 349,788 | 284,810 | 256,984 | 340,445 | 367,672 Eleventh month | 284,530 | 265,622 | 268,848 | 220,876 | 298,407 | 269,351 Twelfth th “Eve weeks). t{ 332934 | 302.558 | 307,386 | 244,933 | 352,629 | 322,756 AVERAGE PRICES PER QUARTER, 1866. 1867, 1868. 1869, 1870. 1871, 8. a. Ss. ce $i. ie Sauaths s. d, Sauls First month .. | 45 10 ors 70 4 Git, NO 43 11 at: Second month 457 60 II 7a ee 50° 10 4I 10 53 6 Third th se weeks) \ 454 | 599) OS ke Fourth month 44 10 Cie Gite ih 46 4 42 77 hey 2 Fifth month .. 46 3 64 8 VAs 44 8 43 10 Gomes Sixth th Be ecko) \ 48 3 6s 68 9 45 10 47 0 59 8 Seventh month 54. Ce 65 6 49 5 son 9 isla Eighth month 50 7 68 oO (amet) 52 2 53 11 5 eee Ninth th (ive weeks) }] 490° | 63 § | 55/2 | sr 4'| 47 © | 57 © Tenth month .. [pala 66 7 Fey iis 47 8 47 4 56 5 Eleventh month | 56 6 69 9 Bye 2 46 8 EOF 56 2 Twelfth th (fis Week) \ Go) Z\hvBpe7 \[igoid | Meee soa esken e ( XI ) AveracE Prices of Britis Corn per Quarter (imperial measure) as received from the InspecTors and Orricers of Excise according to the Act of 27th & 28th Victorra, cap. 87, in each of the Firry-rwo Weerxs of the Year 1871. Week ending | Wheat. | Barley. Oats. Week ending | Wheat. | Barley. Oats. 8 ds} s.\‘d.) 8. °d. g0bG..|58.naGe | era. January 7.--| 52 6 | 34 11 | 23 0 July 8.5) 59. 0 | 34%ednag =F January 14--| 53 1 | 35 2/23 5 || July 15 --| 58 6 | 34 7 | 27 10 January 21.-| 52 9 | 35 9 | 22 9 || July 22 ..| 58:10 | 35 rr | 27 2 January 28..| 52 6 | 35.522 8 || July 29 ..| 58 0} 34 3.) 28 3 February 4..| 52 10| 35 4 | 23 11 |} August 5 ..| 58 ©| 36 7/27 4 February 11..| 53 7] 35 8 | 23 9 || August12 ..| 58 5 | 35 11} 26 6 February 18..| 53 11 | 35 7 | 23 7 || August 19 .-| 57 10/35 9} 27 6 February 25-.| 53 9 | 35 10 | 24 5 |} August 26 ..|57 4|32 7/26 7 March 4 oss 2 | 35° 5 | 24° 7\|:September 2z| 57° 2 1°35°°0 4°26 4 March i1..| 53 8 | 36 © | 24 10 || September 9| 56 6 35 14 | 26 0 March 18..| 54 7] 36 1 | 25 7 || September 16/56 7 | 35 8] 24 9 March 2B cc Sere @ || 36) °3 25 10\||"September 23| 57° 7 1°35°°6 123° 6 April I..| 55 9 | 36 6 | 26. 4 || September 30} 57.3 | 35 10 | 23 I0 Average of ar, ~~ || Average of } nd 0 , Winter Be op a5. 8 24 2 Summer Be Ol SR ai 2h 2s Quarter Quarter | April 8.2) 56--7 136-8 | 26-10" |] October 7..| 56 3] 35 8] 23 8 April Tee hae | 30 5.126 £1 October 14...| 56 5°] 36. 2 | 22 6 April 22..| 58 11 | 37 3 | 27 9 || October 21 -| 56+-6 +36 to | 2394" April 296 -AeS9heg 500-9 [Azz 9 || October 28 .:/ 56 7 | 37 7 | 23535 May 6..| 58 11 | 37. 3. | 26 10 || November 4] 56 8 | 37 5] 23 8 May 13--| 58 7 | 37 10 | 26 xr || Novembermr} 56° 5 |-37 41/23 5 May 20..| 58 10 | 37. 7 | 27 11 || November 18] 55 11 | 36 9g | 23.0 May 27--| 59 11 | 36 3 | 27 2 || November 25} 55 10.| 36 8 | 23 8 June 3--| 60 oO | 36 11 | 27 7 || December 2/|-56 7 | 36 10 | 23 8 June Io--| 59 9 | 38 6 | 25 11 || December 9| 56 10} 37 I] 24 2 June 17--| 59 7 | 35 Ir | 26 ro || December. 16} 56.5} 37. £ |.22.10 June 24..| 59 11 | 36 10 | 27 8 |} December 23/55 8 | 36 9 | 23 o July I.-| 59 © | 36 10 27 5 || December 30} 55 4 35 Us""a2/ o Average of || Average of }; | Spring 59 9) 37 9/27 ©] Autumn }| 56 3/36 9 | 23 2 Quarter Quarter |) Norr.—The system of preparing the Monthly Trade Accounts of the United Kingdom has been altered since the commencement of the year 1871, with the view of providing earlier and more accurate information. The quantities of articles imported are now taken from the “ Importers’ Entries,’ instead of from the “ Landing Accounts,” which are not completed until a much later date: the figures given for the Imports in January, 1871, will not, therefore, compare with those given for the months of January, 1869 and 1870—the former showing the complete Importations of the month, and the latter only the Returns of the Landing Accounts so far as received within the month, by which method the last seven to ten days’ Importations of the month were excluded. So great a divergence will not occur in subsequent months, The Import Account for the month of December, 1871, will in many cases exhibit a considerable deficiency when compared with the month of December in ( MI) Quantities of WueEatT, Bar.ey, Oats, Peas, BEANS, INDIAN Corn or Maizz, WHEATMEAL and Four, IMporTED in the THREE YEARS 1869-70-71 ; also the Countries from which the WHEAT, WHEATMEAL, and FLouR were obtained. Wheat from— Russia So. WAG RE Wenmarke? . 2 © ..al bass Germany .. «+ France Austrian Territories - Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia Bey pt yscien + mae 5 oe United States (CLT Ge Da Se ES British North America Other countries... .. Total Wheat -- o. oo - Barley Oatses.) eases. “ve © Is Beans eines) Scamoe Indian Corn, or Maize oe o- Wheatmeal and Flour from— Germany France United States British North America Other countries... .. * - Total Wheatmeal and Flour Indian Corn Meal .. .. 1869. cwts. 9,158,331 549,811 6,149,030 468,274 1,030,563 2,379,906 1,004,479 13,181,507 567,107 2+723 ,053 483,767 37,695,828 8,053,660 7,916,870 1,054,387 1,897,220 17,664, 113 1,118,126 1,348,061 I, 711,000 538, 766 685 ,602 54015555 6,039 1870, ewts. 10,269,198 327,919 3,348,214 253,644 60,472 489,421 104,950 42,371,922 5995337 2,838,361 237,791 79217,327 |10, 830,630 1,799,354 1,505,798 16,756,783 gIr,108 645,181 2,148,251 451,463 647,906 4,803,909 5,741 1871. cwts. 15,629,435 130,370 3,049,031 134,841 239,147 1,418,886 884,396 13,405,057 5495529 3,279,264 687,690 39,407,646 —_— 8,589,059 1f,007,106 1,021,950 2,975,651 16,832,499 967,892 37,150 1,794,805 403 ,989 780, 802 3,984, 638 7,881 previous years. This circumstance should not be taken to indicate a decrease in the trade of the month, inasmuch as in former years the account for December was not published until the end of the following February, and embraced the record of large quantities of goods imported in previous months, but not registered until the “ Landing Accounts” had been received. ( Xi) AveraGE Prices of Consols, of Wheat, of Meat, and of Potatoes; also the AVERAGE Yomser of Paupers relieved on the last day of each Week ; and the Mean TEMPERATURE, n each of the Twelve Quarters ending December 31st, 1871. AVERAGE PRICES, PAUPERISM. ats er | Ws Potatoes [Quarterly A fthe| Mean “ters x Meat per Ib. at the Metro- ee gee eye per pe ; 2 consis] S82 | quer | plan eat Market |Cage) TERPS Money) a England at ara each week, rature. Bank of a Southwark. England. = Beef. | Mutton. In-door. | Out-door. 69 £. a. a ° ,31| 923 3°0 | 50 2 | 48d.—7}d.| 42d.—7'd.| 70s.—140s.° | 162,308 | 850,883 | 41°3 Mean 6d. | Mean 6}d, | Mean 105s, »30| 93! 4:2 | 45 7 |4¢d.—74d.| 5d.—73d. | 60s.—130s.| 145,094 | 816,260 | 52°0 Mean 63d. | Mean 63d.| Mean 95s. 30 | 93 2°g | 50 11 |43d.—73d.|52d.—734.| 95s.—125s. | 137,406 | 781,382 | 61°4 | Mean 63d, | Mean 63d, | Mean 110s. BI 933 2°8 | 46 o | 4¥d.—73d.| 5d.—73d. | 75s.—100s. | 152,021 | 813,753 | 43°3 Mean 63d. | Mean 63d. | Mean 87s. 6d. 7o baer.) 928 3°0 | 42 3 | 44d.—7d. |54d.—7}d.| 958.—110s. | 164,387 | 892,822 | 38°0 Mean 5d. | Mean 63d, |Mean ro2s. 6d. > 30! 94 3°09 | 44 8 |42d.—63d.| 53d.—7}d.| 1158.—135s. | 144,226 | 825,337 | 54°4 Mean 53d. | Mean 6jd.| Mean 125s, +30} 912 3°99. | 50 4 |43d.—73d.| 532d.—8d. | 100s.—1408. | 138,444 | 787,976 | 60°7 Mean 6d. | Mean 63d.| Mean 120s. | | mar | 928 2°5 | 50 1 | 5d.—7$d. | 53d.—8d.| 50s.—g0s. | 150,729 | 802,291 | 41°6 Mean 63d. | Mean 63d.| Mean 702. | ‘qr | pan | 923 277. | 53 7 | sd.—73d. | 54d.—7$d.| 75s.—r1008. | 160,984 | 878,892 | 40°2 Mean 63d. | Mean 62d. | Mean 87s. 6d. t | 230 | 933 2°§ | 59 9 |54d.—73d.|53d.—83d.| 518.—76s. | 140,338 | 805,519 | 51°5 Mean 63d. Mean 7d. | Mean 63s. 6d. | 30 | 932 2°2 | 57 9 | 53d.—8d. | 53d.—od. | 608.—77s. | 132,065 | 769,482 | 61°3 Mean 63d. | Mean 73d. |Mean 68s, 6d. par | 93 4°2 | 56 3 | 5d.—73d. | 53d.—83d.| 758.—ro4s. 140,955 | 758,474 | 41°8 Mean 63d. | Mean 63d. Mean 8gs, 6d,, : peinges ee ¢ xvi4 ACREAGE under each Description of Crop, Fattow, and Great Brirarn and DescrretTion of Crops and Live Stock. Corn Crops :— Wheat fae sures Barley7or bere <2 fe eagealee ae ORES RE perce tac ete ee cee Be 1 ho eros ice OC mc) 5 oe -- - ee Beans (IPeasie msc Foe Toran Corn Crops .. GREEN Crops :— Potatoes) fine +: (rier oe! pene Turnips and Swedes .. Mangold Carrots .. ee Cabbage, Kohl-rabi, and d Rape a» Vetches, Lucerne, and any other crop) (except clover or grass) .. j Torat GREEN Crops.. Orner Crops, Grass, &c. :— INES es lao Hops ame mate Bare fallow or uncropped arable land Clover and artificial and other cane under rotation... .. .. .. « not broken up in rotation (exclusive Permanent pasture, meadow, or grass of heath or mountain land) .. Live Stock :— Cattleigas. | cos, vex, 02 Sheep Pigs Total number of horses used for agriculture, unbroken horses, and mares kept solely for IDTCCUINDY cn Mapel ots | ee (as Acreage of orchard, or of arable or grass- land, used also for fruit-trees .. .. Acreage of woods, i aD and Macs } tations : re Great Britain. 1869, Acres, 3,688,357 2,251,480 2,782,720 64,099 575 204 396,177 9,758,037 585,211 2,171,526 292,742 14,344 145,251 365,993 35575 ,067 20,923 61,792 738,836 35448, 726 12,735,897 No. 5,313,473 29,538,141 1,930,452 1870. Acres, 3,500,543 2,3715739 2,763,300 65,166 530,095 317,198 9,548,041 587,661 2,210,911 306,531 15,259 143 ,930 322,438 3,586,730 235957 60,594 610,517 4,504, 884 12,072,856 No. 5 403,317 28,397,589 2,178, i350 I, 266,709 1871. Acres. 3,571,894 2,385,783 2,715,707 71,495 540,835 389,547 9,675 .261 627,691 2,163,744 360,517 20,154 178,919 387,155 3,738,180 17,366 60,030 542,840 4,369,448 12,435,442 » No. 553379759 27,119,569 2,499,602 T, 254,450 206 , 583 2,175,471 GeV?) Grass, and Numser of Catr.e, Seep, and Pies, in TrE.anp, in 1869-70-71. Unttep Kixcpom, Team. including the Islands. —: | 1870. 1871. 1869, 1870. 1871. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres, Acres. Acres. 281,117 260,914 246,954 || 3,981,989 | 3,773,663 | 3,831,054 223,338 243,435 222,604 2,483,277 2,623,752 2,616,965 1,684,788 | 1,648,764 | 1,633,960 || 4,480,125 | 4,424,536 | 4,362,139 8,770 9,281 9,647 || 72,986 | 74527 | 81,222 8,833 9 644 9.549 584,251 | 539,968 | 550,613 1,124 1,071 | 1,365 || 397,483 | 318,607 391,250 2,207,970 2,173,109 | 2,124,079 12,000,11I | 11,755,053 | 11,833,243 | } 1,041,837 | 1,043,788 1,058,287 || 1,635,347 | 1,639,296 | 1,693,825 321,880 339,059 327,162 | 2,502,512 | 2,559,629 | 2,500,565 21,029 25,220 31,766 || 314,421 | 332,409 | 392,941 3,702 3,940 4,167 | 18,831 | 19,925 25,047 42,237 45,266 431543 | 187,667 | 189,344 | 222,610 38,210 41,446 46 ,607 407,155 366,532 | 436,410 T, 468,895 1,498,719 1,511,532 5,065,933 5 107,135 5,271,398 229,178 194,893 156,883 | 250,112 | 218,870 | 174,269 | 61,792 | 60,594 | 60,030 20,981 19,054 22,323 | 761,369 | 630,294 | 565,886 1,669,800 | 1,775,835 | 1,827,733 || 5,149,552 | 6,320,126 | 6,236,588 } 10,046,877.| 9,990,968 ' 10,068,848 || 22,811,284 | 22,085,295 | 22,525,765 ae ba | No. No. | No. No. No. | No. 357275794 | 3,796,380 | 3,973,102 9,078,282 | 9,235,052) 9,346,216 4,648,158 | 4,333,984 | 4,228,721 || 34,250,272 | 32,786,783 | 31,403,500 1,079,793 | 1,459,332 | 1,616,754 | 3,028,394 | 3,650,730 | 4,136,616 | | | 531,306 537,633 || 1,806,040 | 1,802,108 AveracE Prices of British Wneat, BARLEY, and Oats, per IMPERIAL \ QUARTER, in each of the SrxTeEN Years 1856-71. ( XVI) Year. Wheat. Barley. oe lbh era: 1856 69 2 AWG Rt 1857 | 56 4 | 42 I 1858 44 2 34 8 1859 439 33 6 1860 | 53 3 | 36 7 1861 Bed! 36 «62 EB62), | 55 } w YNuOoKNvw Don & Year. Wheat. 8. d. 1864 40 1865 4I Io 1866 49 II 1867 64 1868 63 9 1869 48 2 1870 46 Io 1871 56 10 Barley. Bee zg 11 29: 79, 31 40 O 43 0 39 5 Bed ih Ay v v v fo) 4 NOOR HNO CERTAIN ARTICLES of FoREIGN and CoLoNIAL PropucTION IMPORTED in the YEARS 1868-71; and their QuanTiTIEs. Antmats, Living: Oxen, Bulls, and Cows, number Walvesrmunse Mee, sh | ay SHECPNsen lace) eves othe 55 Lambs .. ace a aa Swine and Hogs .. ate ae Bones (burnt or not, or as aN, charcoal).. .. tons Cotton, Raw .. ewts. laxseete easy hse eee ts 95 ARTIANO ME eon ice) eset 55 HAOMID acess ce) fae’: 3s 9:5 Hops .. Si aere Hides untanned : Dry esis ” ” Wet . a) Petroleum... <. tuns Oilseed Gakes ¢. .. =. tons Potatoes .. .. F ewts ittetes len as, sled ine 9? Cheese.. Sere an Eggs .- per great hundred ATO wires icine <0 ae ewts. Bacon and Hams Fite BS ee DaItIBCCLet ce Phe lee as * tg ALG OL Mrs pte) vers | oe as Clover Seeds i Flax-seed and Linseed qrs. Rape ame Sheep and Lambs’ Wool .. Ibs. 1868. 114, 869 21,819 323,447 17,708 33,721 75 851 11,857,893 1,816,669 182, 343 1,076,198 231,720 305 , 318 635,794 17,160 162,339 2,041,474 1,097,539 873,377 3,199,742 237,260 638,127 240,577 144,378 264,878 1,635,528 356,884 | 250,928,854 1869. 190,674 29,516 691,472 18,371 69,067 95,980 10,900,818 1,542,201 210,010 1,055,769 322,515 340,449 524,899 21,439 159,295 1,660,189 1,259,089 979,189 3,684,772 255,964 740,193 214,955 165,944 231,427 I, 397,066 260,212 255,161,344 1870. 170,647 31,525 651,138 18,767 95 ,624 945923 11,931,979 2,373,528 280,311 I, 108,839 127,013 527,809 670,941 27,220 158,211 772,003 1,159,481 1,041,281 35590,352 217,696 567,164 203,713 220,533 155,673 1,490,695 551,107 259,361,963 1871. 208,772 40,139 916,799 85,622 | 94,212 15,843,890 2,597,915 178,678 1,320,747 220,409 5991922 678,432 35,808 162,613 852,125 1, 337,808 1,219,056 1,351,106 477,147 1,143,873 279,179 266,967 3405377 153345945 665 ,16r 319,511, 336 ( XVII ) Cenram Articies of ForrEicn and CoLontat Propuction Importep in the Four YEears 1867-70; and their AvERAGE Prices, exclusive of Duty. Articles. rere aenam BOTs») 2808: 1869, 1870. : - Bin OS (es een Gale Oa, Woe Go ccd Se. (he ‘EN AND Butts = ig pe oe gra 16.0 |T6 TOmOual\kQ. 7.00 \er7o07 Jo Me eo icacy }i7 3.° aas,.ovilt6 15 0 | 15 14. © etal er- ete? hs -0| Holland ¢.. "2. %, AEG, (One |e A. sapmee) | AP 1G) 0 Ae 4 EEP Paes eeOlaNGd fs as ys Be cE) 15 TPs eIO! je Reuse oO 16. "9 MBS Peek rolands ©. set 555 it. CetOmMEE seer [ir (6: oO 6) (0 ‘NES oF ANIMALS|) Various countries in | AND FIsH FOR Europe and South}}5 0 9 |5 8 2 |6 r o 6 9 oO MANURE America .. .. per ton | Laeteti Somes PELieWt. 16> 729 ee gy ea’ s ° 7 5 Z 8 nited States... ’ 5 OT nt Gay 5 ae I 418 oO pron, Raw Brazil . os 3 Thee TS Es) GT a ae | as 8 OG) 417 5 British India. 7 35 PRLOP SS TONS ae | aeok, oS 2 « 5ieib Russia and Prussia__,, 24 9 | 2.22 4 | 292 4 ZnO, 2 eee Toe ai sy Hopand o813.08 2) >, 314s TDMSP > pe eEO!: | 2+ 10 10 36 406 Pajeeeleinm © jc" 25° 65, A ‘OrXOMNRAS omO fa 13 4 3 50 Seeeas sec. | Pera &.~ 2... perton (12 0 ‘ow liz 30" [x2 1g’ 0 |'83 6" 0 HSSIAye ee! oe PELCWt| UPS eT rie te Tens I i 12 to =MP, rough or un-}| AustrianItaly .. ,, Lge || Ase eors | 280! 9 Ag Osn 9 dressed .. .. ..}| Philippine Islands _ ,, DAE! (GMT 7eNe. | 212) © 214 8 British India... ,, Ti 2h Sie Te tel ne Ai 8 B P2eke Hanse Towns .. 5D eo Ome > ane 219 0 7 RwLO OPS .. -4| Hollandand Belgium ,, i ges) 216e 2 310 4 219), 0 United States .. ,, Bursh1O! i getG. oO. sl, 3.03) 0 3 14 0 (Es (untanned) dry | British India » 3) laze Beas tonto |t4. x! 17 319 § Argentine y sperewt} aed 6 as aoe and Uruguay .. per cwt. al Sule = EX" sil ih Brazil ots aur 66 266 Shanty «6 2) E4erA Australia = erg: '7 Papi ted 4 2 7 75s } Mts: ‘TROLEUM, refined .. | United States ..pergall.|o 1 33 [OMLDe Ss |"0n a 77 o rx 7 2» unrefined | United States .. pertunjrr 04 5 |1r -4)-o° x3 3, © | 14 0 © ' Russia, Denmark, Prussia ig P 8 18 LSEED Cakrs | | and Hamburg .. per ton a le oie , France a ee ma a 6 |10 9 jI6) 2 © 9 10 O United States eS MEUIORTOMION (Et 47/119) \\tOl16""0; \|eIO-15 VOL. VIII.—s.s, B Certain Articues of ForeiGN and CotontaL Propuction ImporTep in the Four YEars” ¥ ( ur 3 1867-70; and their AVERAGE Pricgs, exclusive of Duty—continued. Articles. Shee inporeae whence | 1867, £. asd. Holland +» perewt.| 0 5 113 PoraToEs .. -{ te 1 o 1 6 Hanse Towns 5 13 9 ence : Holland and Belgium 5, 55 a: Soe! Brance..§ =." © ie zo). 6 United States Md Fo ES 0 Holland So 2 17 10 CHEESE = United States ys 2.15 10 Eeas France -- pert20]}0 5 II Larp . United States .. perewt.| 2 10 3 rs Hanse Towns An beads ie Hans r United States 3 Wie Wek, Hanse Towns .. 5 3-4 © Bacon { United States .. 0 2-4 F Hanse Towns ‘ig 2 Four'*y Busy, Saren .. +f United States Ac 2 7 Pork, SALTED cencep Hanse Towns no 2 Sa hams) A United States A 2-41 16 Hamburg, France and Cover SEEDS .. | United States ..per cee 3 eae : Russia, Baltic .. per. qr.| 2 16 4 LINSEED Russia, Black Sea 3 no British India An 3.6 ¥ Prussia Bh 38; ; 2-13 PF Rare... af British India .. a 212) 46 Russia . per lb. | 0 0 119 Hanse Towns oO I To Argentine Confederacy, oo 63 Samy a - AND. Lams’ British Possessious in South oe ae = Africa - per lb. British India ‘ oo 7 Australia) <6) «) Pus or Tee a ee Www a 8) (didiees, Ga Se vig O. Asry fo) BOT ora aa ee GAG 5 18.78) 1 6 15 II Deo A 5 Qi Jo) 5 49 5 49 |418 4 k 18 3 219.2 2 18 10 3 (6 va 3 6 3 | 6 (02)0 Sa LI i AI AY Re a sur6 urine || 83 TECHS" fh 3 PG ha SHG. {}- 3.12) 5 3 SIO: [fiz 2 2. 2 5'9 1 TsT9, Ta ed Rae 114.9 [2 15 3 Sy Oe he3. 5 10 216 6 2 2.98 By Tin Shaded Simo {}a.7O 2 2 T3MkQr aes, or Na 1 8 m8 29 Aha 125 372. ‘o | 3 1d 40D | 208) Tees °o 9 DB A419) 0 I 45 o I 34,0 o 64/0 0 4 Pe I 24/0 I 2§ | fc) o 7 | OO 7 0 I 33g | Od “2}81 0 * Imports generally of inferior quality. | 1868. | 1869. | 1870. ¢ 3 ) STATISTICS OF DAIRY PRODUCE. (The following Quotations, &c., wre extracted from ‘The Grocer.’) Prices CurRENT on Ist SaturDAY in JANUARY of each YEAR, from the latest actual 1872. 1871. 1870. 1873. Sutter : Per cwt. Per cwt. Per cwt. Per cwt. Carlow, finest, F.O.B. 1208. to 1348.| 1308. to 1448.| 1248. to 1308 | 1288. to 1368, Landed Bebe fea llOr., ps0) T26) ,.2. 246 | 122) 5,230 | 126) 4, 140 Cork, Ists .. Sem ES 3 el 257 el T42) gy) 50) |) U343° 4509E37 (0136) 51 145 +>. Hos Tove Rope dee: N34 yes T42 L235), plas I3 3a so) I40 >> 3rds, new Looe iy 11s Wala ig) L25 TOPs LOO L|, Tabs, “128 2 EDS 55 ae 84 ,, 86 LEZ Wy TA |) MOO, LOAIMEL Zo, 120 Limerick .. DEQ), LETS CAB! srg 2/5/91 E6953) 3E20 Foreign: Friesland .. LOGE Sse COL UeTOas Miz | TO4)) y5)/ 132" | W209. 134 Jersey, &c. 75 “sia, 24 767.3 ¥ £30 FA ersiy LZ Onn |EOO) Sore ZO aie) Beith «< TOO ;,).140 |, IIo ,,, 156 | 104 ,, 136 : : Normandy go ,, I50 bt eae 90m, dsOul tng 5, 145 _ American .. GOn 5 ENS GA aga LG) OO a. meal Teme 20s EO. theese : | English Cheddar, fine,new | 66 ,, 84 Reese CoRR Ae Gy. 86 ,, 94 29 good ,, | : 74 s, 100 | 74 ,, 86 Tain 82 Red Somerset Loaf... .. Oster 72 80,3) Y 92 72a yn) Os e435 ey yellow Sage 60,5 70 Be ies Moai ag) ona ¥: Scotch Cheddar | 60 TO 70) est 80 IO= Sei 80 Amen 174: Cheshire, new .. .. .. IO a5. * 184 Best ULOO Cares. © 90 80° 35, ‘90 >» good ditto Be SO lstate 104: 60.55. 74 CEP RR Aas 64-45 76 Wiltshire, new 30 yer 05 (6) OW ae C4 72 yr 80 684.45 78 a good ditto ..| 50 ,, 60 33.8 Hee 62f5.4.) 68 O2erew) 264 North Wilts, Loaf,new.. | 50 ,, 72 Bol F790 7Gea oe G4. 66 ene 78 Derby “y SOM smt Jour 6S) en 86. ill \72eeee wleOrilite7Our,2 +86 t Foreign : American, fine Bak, ves 60 ,, 66 7A Je) | 80 Wes Gsc8 75 66. 55 74 29 good - - 49 35, 56 60 9 68 64 a9 7o 60 2? 64 eres C8 OF Se AO ass th 64 EON asOA 5 Oe Oz SO.) (G2 mia a ee sera byste ee thas Seg ins PRisenCwAMAren ET. -2 | 50,3’ 70 FA ee 70 BAT it OS; 54 +, 68 —$—$—$—$—$—$—$———— MaRKET SALES. bition of shipments of butter from France. by the war then raging there; and shipments were also lessened In reviewing the provision market for the year 1871, ‘The Grocer’ reports that “the butter market for the first two months of the year | —or perhaps we shall be right in including March—was greatly | influenced by the drought of the summer of 1870, and also (par- ! ticularly in the months of January and February) by the prohi- This was occasioned B 2 ae from some other foreign ports by the severity of the weather, this combination of events causing prices to rule unusually high. “Trish Burrer.—Supplies of foreign being greatly diminished, from the causes alluded to above, enabled holders of Irish to show firmness. We commenced the month of January with the asking prices for Clonmels, &c., being 134s. to 15Cs., landed Corks 142s. to 148s. The close of the month showed little change, their quotations ranging from 10s. to 20s. per cwt. higher than at the corresponding period of the previous year. Low qualities of Corks were, however, then much closer to the prices of first Corks; they are now—say, second Corks from 132s. to 14s., thirds, 132s. to 1386s. In April scarcely any Irish butter was offered for sale; in July, after being without a market price for Clonmels for about eighteen weeks, they were quoted by the end of the month at 112s. to 118s., Corks 121s. to 122s. In October there was a little more doing in Trish butter. In December an advance of 2s. was asked on Clonmels and Corks over the prices in the previous month, but the business transacted at these prices was very limited—more so than has been known for many years past. The want of regularity in the selec- tion, and its general saltness, have been the chief complaints, the public preferring the milder foreign. “The quantity of butter brought to the Cork market in 1871 was greater than in any preceding year. The supply for the season, up to December 31st, was about 30,000 firkins over the corresponding period of 1870, and the farmer had higher prices than heretofore. The total receipts for the year 1871 number some 420,000 firkins, exceeding in value 1,500,000/.— totals unequalled by any that pre- ceded them in the Cork market. “Foreign Burrer.—Shipments from France being prohibited, supplies were, in consequence, small. In February fine butter was scarce and dear. In the last week in the month the prohibition of shipments from France was withdrawn, and a few Normandys arrived, for which from 120s. to 170s. were asked. ‘The month of May commenced with civil war still raging in Paris; vegetation was earlier than in 1870, and there were large supplies of foreign butter; Normandys were as low as 100s. to 118s. In November, American butter arrived in Liverpool in much larger quantities than in the same period of 1870. In December, while finest Normandys were saleable at 145s. to 150s., there was a difficulty in moving low-qualities at 50s. to 60s. per cwt. less. The stocks -of ¢ Se) foreign butter were far larger than usual, the greater part of very inferior quality and almost unsaleable. “ CuEese.—The month of January commenced with a firm fhadieat, and with the feeling that the drought of the last summer had caused such a falling-off in the make that holders would be enabled to clear off all the finest left on hand at full prices. Our quotations will be confined chiefly to Cheddar and Cheshire for English, and American as the representative of foreign. The market quotations for Cheddar scarcely varied from 74s. to 98s. from the first week in January to the end of May; Cheshire 60s. to 90s. January and, February, low quality Cheshire 64s.; March and April, finest 90s. to 94s. Throughout May, and the greater part of June, common Cheshire 60s. ; in July some inferior parcels could be bought at 50s. ; finest, up to the middle of July, 92s. to 94s., when the stocks of fine old were nearly exhausted. New then began to appear, and the plentiful supply and low prices of American began to interfere greatly with the sale of English. The weather was also far more favourable for vegetation than the previous summer—the hay crop was then wretchedly short, whilst that of 1871 was abundant; and the make of cheese, in consequence, differed widely. At the latter end of July the quotations for English were for those of the new season’s make. To keep the position of the market fairly in view, American must now be quoted at the same time as English. We must, however, go back to the beginning of the year for American before the change is made; the ranges in prices of American were—from 60s. to 80s., January to the middle of February; then chiefly 56s. to 80s. to the middle of March; common things could then be bought at 54s. in the early part of April, 46s. the latter end, and at 40s. in July; finest American, the end of March and beginning of April, 78s., at the latter end 76s.; early in May 74s., at the end 2s. less; May, 72s. to 70s.; early in June 70s., at the end 64s.; early in July the finest 62s., at the end 58s. The quality being good, and the supplies large, these prices began to tell seriously upon the sales of English, particularly so upon second-rate qualities. A cold and wet summer up to this time had been against the make of fine cheese. In August the range in prices of Cheddar was from 64s. to 76s.; September, 64s. to 78s. Cheshire, in August, 56s. to 75s. ; September, 56s. to 80s. American, August, 40s. to 56s.; September, early, 38s. to 56s.; later in the month, 42s. to 60s. The low prices of August induced the dealers to take American somewhat freely. Since then, with liberal supplies of English, the market has been quiet, and quotations have scarcely varied—say, Cheddar chiefly ( SRI ) 66s. to 84s.; Cheshire from 52s, to 84s.; and American from 40s. to 66s. The market certainly, at the present time, is not overstocked with finest qualities of either description.” ARTIFICIAL ButTER.—What becomes of the tallow? Upon this question ‘“‘The Grocer” has an interesting article. It states that every application of tallow has been invaded, first by vegetable and then by mineral novelties. “The beauty, cheapness, and brilliancy of the paraffin wax, and the mineral lamp oils, have brought them into use everywhere, . among all classes, and in all countries and situations. The tallow candle appears to be going the way of the old tinder-box; and tallow is only used as an exceptionally high-priced and luxurious lubricant. Thus it appears that the demand for tallow is wonder- fully diminished, while the Australian supplies are still increasing, How is it, then, that the price of tallow still keeps up? What answer can we give to the question? What does become of the tallow ?” “Tt is well known that vast quantities of kitchen-stuff and Australian fat, which formerly were consumed by the tallow- chandlers and soap-makers, have lately found their way into the empty Dutch and other butter-tubs, which are nuw bought up more freely than of old; that much of this purified fat has been shipped to Holland and other butter ports for purposes of admixture; that although the monstrous newspaper nonsense about making butter from Thames mud is utterly baseless, the river Thames has borne upon its bosom many and many tons of white fried fat that has been prepared within a moderate distance of its banks. It is a significant fact, that during all last winter the usual consumption of butter was continued in London, &c., although the excessively dry summer which preceded it had decreased the English dairy produce very considerably, and had diminished the supply from other sources materially. At the present moment fresh butter is offered for sale in some parts of London at one shilling per pound retail, while the farmers are selling their produce wholesale at 1s. 4d. to 18. 8d. This one-shilling fresh butter is quite a different article from the cheap Australian butter that has been recently imported.” “Artificial butter has a special interest and importance in con- nexion with this subject, for here we have an article of primary importance, which, if honestly dealt with, may become an immense blessing to mankind, especially to the poorer classes; but which otherwise may be kept in the dark, held back from its legitimate ( xin j uses, and made simply to serve as a means of fraud by the dishonest, and as an ever-irritating source of distrust and vexation between the honest dealer and his customers. While such false butter is sent away to Holland, to Ireland, &c., to be mixed with the genuine article, the shopkeeper is liable to be deceived; he may, with the best possible intentions, and in spite of every precaution, be sup- plying his customers with an article which is quite different from what he supposes he is selling—for in this case the analytical chemist cannot help him, whatever he may profess to do, the differ- ence of chemical composition between the cow-butter and the mixed butter being so small as to pass beyond the reach of chemical detection.” “The remedy is simple enough. Let any enterprising capitalist connected with the trade commence openly and fairly the manu- facture of artificial butter, to be made and sold as such—let him, in the first place, use materials which will not be offensive either to the imagination or the palate (such, for example, as clean and wholesome Australian mutton fat); in order to secure the con- fidence of the shopkeepers and the public, let him open his works to visitors just as Messrs. Hunriey and Patmer, Messrs. PEEk, Frean, and Co., and other biscuit makers do: and then let him sell his butter under an honest name—and we believe that he will be able to overcome all prejudice, and in a short time do a handsome business, with good profits, and have the satisfaction of knowing that he has enabled the poor man and the poor man’s child to enjoy a cheap slice of bread-and-butter, and many other luxuries of which butter forms a part, and also that he has destroyed a nefarious system of false dealing; for there is a certain peculiarity about the artificial butter which will become understood when the trade is familiar with it, and this will finally aid its detection in admixture.” “We have already given some attention to the subject, and have tasted some purely artificial butter which was really good, sweet, and pure. Bread-and-dripping are commonly given to children in lieu of bread-and-butter, and the artificial butter properly prepared is really a purified dripping of very superior quality. The artificial butter has the further advantage of not becoming rancid, however long it is kept, and thus it requires no salt. With both articles honestly placed before the purchaser—viz., the dairy butter and the butter made from animal fat—he could choose which he preferred, and pay the fair value of either.” ( XXIV ) STaTEMENT of the QuanTrry and Vatve of Burrer imported from the Ustrep States, Beterum and France; and of CHEEsE imported from the Untrep States, 1864-70. UNITED STATES. Borree. CHEESE. — Real Valne. ea Real Value. Cwts. - - Cris. x. 1864. 142,672 780,024 466, 988 1,213,890 1865. 83,216 437,793 442,913 1,296,204 1866 .. 16,059 773754 415,726 1,386,447 1867 .. 39,035 113,290 526,740 1,470,017 1868. y PRES | 373279 489,117 1,439, 380 1869 .. 17,203 84,603 487,870 1,612,325 1870 16,915 80,928 5555385 1,861,263 BELGIUM. FRANCE Years. Borrze. Borree Cwts. £. Cw. | =. 1864 .. 81,575 470,167 163,020 858,793 1865 0,619 433,179 353,115 | 1,867,085 1866 76,667 | 426,712 452, 196 2,276,493 1867 . $0,754 | 470,464 450,693 2, 265.147 1868 .. 70,456 405 987 393,578 | 2,156,824 1869 . 8,789 | 481,609 407,432, 2, 231,450 1870 . 84, 408 516,643 | 1,672,899 289,692 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. I1—A Review of Irish Agriculture, chiefly with Reference to the Production of Live Stock, By R. O. Prince, Editor of * The Irish Farmer’s Gazette.” BEFORE entering into details descriptive of the different systems of farm management pursued in Ireland, more especially with reference to the breeding and rearing of live stock, it will be - mecessary to give some account of the material there a to work upon, namely, the different breeds of live stock existing in Ireland, and the progress which has been made towards their improvement. CatTTLe. The Kerry is, properly speaking, the only existing native breed of cattle. There are two varieties of it, first, the true Kerry, and next, the “ Dexter.” The former is a light, neat, active animal, with fine and rather long limbs, narrow rump, fine small head, lively projecting eye, full of fire and anima- tion, with a fine white cocked horn tipped with black, and in colour either black or red. Cattle of this description weigh, when fat, about 4 cwt., some even less; they fatten readily, and their beef is fine in the grain, and very rich in flavour. In quality of flesh, they resemble the finer classes of West Highlands. The cows yield rich milk, and the quantity which they give, combined with the ease with which they are kept, renders them great favourites as “fancy” cows in the case of families residing in suburban villas, and the like. The following are the dimen- sions of a fat Kerry cow, which was awarded a prize at a show of the Royal Dublin Society: 38 inches in height at the shoulder, 70 inches in girth, and 42 inches in length from the VOL. VIII.—S. Ss. B 2 Trish Agriculture. top of the shoulder to the tail-head. These measurements indicate a weight of about 30 imperial stones. The “ Dexter” variety is the result of a cross, introduced about 50 years ago by a Mr. Dexter, but it is not exactly known what breed that gentleman resorted to for crossing with the Kerry. It is averred by some that the “Dexter” variety is the result of selection, and not of a cross of another breed. Be that as it may, the points of the “ Dexter” variety are materially different from those of the true Kerry; for the “ Dexter” has a round, plump body, square behind; legs short and thick, with the hoofs inclined to turn in; the head is heavy and wanting in that fineness and life which the head of the true Kerry possesses ; and the horns of the “ Dexter” are inclined to be long and straight. Strange to say, distinct as these varieties are, neither the Royal Agricultural ‘Society of Ireland, nor yet the Royal Dublin” Society, have hitherto distinguished between them. Hence they have been classed together at the Shows of these Societies, which has given rise to much confusion. The dis- tinction, however, is made at the Shows of the County of Kerry Agricultural Society, and this example ought to be followed by other societies. Of late, breeders in Kerry | have paid more atten- tion to their native cattle than they did ; they have certainly every inducement to do so, for pure bred Kerry cows and heifers com- mand high prices. ‘The breed was long neglected, and many of the animals still hawked through the country by jobbers, under the name of Kerries, are but poor specimens of the breed. In the western part of Connaught the native cattle have a certain resemblance to the Kerry, but are of a coarser description. They, however, fatten readily when put on good pastures. The West Highland breed has at different times been introduced into Connaught, and cattle presenting Kyloe characteristics are fre- quently met with. There is a curious circumstance connected with the breeding of cattle in Connemara, a mountainous district in the west of Connaught, which may be mentioned. Cattle in an inland part of (iaterneteasiase become, if kept constantly on their native pastures, affected with a disease resembling rieketts, owing, apparently, to some defect in the soil. The bones become soft, and the horns grow weak and strangely distorted; one horn, perhaps, projecting straight from the head, or drooping downwards, while the other stands upright, or projects forward, giving a strange appearance to the animal. The preventive adopted by the people of that district is to remove the cattle, when young, to pastures near the sea-coast, where they are kept for a year or so; and this change seems to counteract the weakness to which they would have been subject if they had been kept at home. Trish Agriculture. 3 In the central parts of Ireland there was formerly a long- backed, low-set variety of cattle, known as the “old Irish” breed, and held in repute chiefly for the great milking properties of the cows. The cows were exceedingly gentle, and good milkers, but it was very difficult to fatten them. These cows were very common 30 years ago, and some traces of them are even yet to be seen, as well as of a polled variety, known in Ireland under the name of Moylé cattle. Crossing, however, is fast eradicating the last traces of these breeds ; and the Kerry now remains almost the sole representative of the old native breeds of Irish cattle. The first decided step which was taken to improve Irish cattle was the introduction of the English Longhorn. The earliest importations of that description were of the Lancashire breed ; but in the hands of ordinary breeders, when dispersed through the country, they became coarse and large- boned, difficult to fatten, but growing to a great size. Their prin- cipal weight consisted chiefly in the coarser parts. Subse- quently, bulls of Leicester blood, as improved by Bakewell, were imported, with great advantage to the country, as their produce fattened more readily than the other kind, and their flesh was finer in the grain, and of better quality. The improved Longhorns were also good cattle for the dairy, but the breed is now nearly extinct: The last time I feimeanbiex seeing Longhorns exhibited in public was at the Spring Show of the Royal Dublin Society, in 1858, when Lord de Freyne exhibited a pair of two-year-old oxen in the fat stock classes; and so little was the breed known then that I recollect some persons present inquiring what “foreign breed” Lord De Freyne’s bullocks belonged to. The Shorthorn breed was introduced into Ireland at least 60 years ago, but a considerable time elapsed before it was fully established in the country. Dubourdieu states in his “ Statistical Survey of Antrim,” which was published in 1812, that “a few years ago Sir Henry Vane brought a bull and some cows from Durham to Glenarm: they were of the Shorthorned breed, from Colling ; they were large and well-shaped, of a fine deep- red colour, mixed with white, but reckoned too heavy for general use, though the soil about Glenarm Castle, where I saw them, was fit for beasts of very great size; but the climate, I have heard, did not agree with them, and they have been sent back.” At the Show of the “Farming Society of Ireland,” held at Ballinasloe, October 5th, 1812, prizes were offered for the best and second best “* Teeswater, Durham, or Holderness” bulls ; two, three, and four-years-old respectively. For two-year-olds there was “no claimant ;” in the three-year-old class one entry, Be ae Trish Agriculture. and in the four-year-old class also one entry. Four two-year-old heifers were entered ; two three-year-old heifers, and two cows, being altogether = animals of the ‘“‘ Teeswater” breed, at a Show of what w as at that time the national agricultural society of Ireland. It is worth while preserving the names of those early pioneers of Shorthorn breeding in Ireland. The exhibitors of bulls were the Hon. Sir Thomas G. Newcomen, Bart., and the Hon. and Rev. Dean Bourke. Of heifers and cows, W. G. Adamson, Travers Adamson, John Trench, and Sir Thomas Newcomen. At the Dublin Spring Show of the “ Farming Society of Ireland,” in 1813, three “ Teeswater” cows were exhibited in the fat class, not one of which was_ successful. What a contrast to this is presented by the Spring Shows of the Royal Dublin Society at the present day, where, as was the case last Easter, 253 Shorthorns were exhibited in the classes of breeding stock, irrespective of animals, more or less pure, exhibited as fat stock. Notwithstanding the strong feeling which existed in Ireland in favour of the Longhorn breed, the rival Shorthorns continued to be quietly imported into the country. But it was the Chilton sale, held on the Ist of September, 1829, that gave the first real impetus to Shorthorn breeding in Ireland. The “Irish Contingent ” mustered strong at Chilton, and a consider- able number of the animals were purchased by Messrs. Adamson, Holmes, La Touche, Archbold, Cusack, O'Farrell, and Cassidy. Mr. La Touche became the owner of ‘“ Monarch,” and Mr, Holmes purchased “ No. f,” by “Cato” (119), then eight years old, for 130 guineas, and her yearling daughter “ Victoria,” by “ Satellite ” (1420), for 125 guineas. Mr. Holmes became also the owner of Mason’s “ Britannia,” by “ Monarch.” “ Victoria” and “ Britannia” were descended from “ Lady Maynard,” whose blood did much to establish the reputation of both Charles and Robert Colling. From Mr. Holmes’s purchases at the Chilton sale originated the ‘ Victoria” and ‘“ Britannia” tribes, for which his herd was long famous, and the blood of which we now find scattered throughout the kingdom. The late Mr. Fox, of Foxhall, the late Mr. At ELcG: Pollock, of Mountainstown, and ethers: also introduced Shorthorns of Mason blood into Ireland, from the herds of the late Captain Barclay, of Ury, and those of other breeders, so that Mason blood is the foundation of many of the best tribes of Shorthorns at present in the country. _ Of that line the famous bull “ Bolivar” was a notable illustra- tion. For a number of years “Booth” blood has been the favourite line with Irish breeders, and there are few herds of any repute in the country where it is not prominent. This has been in a great measure owing to the regular importation of stud - Trish Agriculture. 5 bulls from Killerby and Warlaby by the late Mr. Thomas Barnes, of Westland, County Meath, and his neighbour and _ friend Mr. Richard Chaloner, of Kingsfort ; and also by Mr. Grove, of Castle Grove, County Donegal ; Mr. Bolton, of County Wexford ; Mr. Welsted, of County Cork, and other breeders. For example, Messrs. Barnes and Chaloner have used conjointly in their herds the following “ Booth” bulls :—* Roseberry ” (5011), “ Hamlet ” (8126), “Royal Buck” (10,750), “ Baron Warlaby” (7813), “ Hopewell ” (10, 332), “ Windsor” (14,013), “Sir Samuel” (15,302), “ Harbinger” (10,297), “ British Prince” (14,197), “Prince of Warlaby 4 (13,107), se British Flag Hf (19,351), ** General -Hopew ell” (17,953), “ Rav enspur’ * (20,628), * Royal Sovereign” (22,802), and “ King Richard” (26,523). The Killerby and W arlaby bulls used by Mr. Grove have been “ Prince Arthur ” (13,497), “ King Alfred ” (16,334), “ King Arthur” (13,110), “War Eagle” (15,483), “Sir Roger” (16,991), “Elfin King” (17,796), “Sir James” (16,980), ‘¢ British Crown ” (21,322), “The Sutler” (23,061), “* Great Hope” (24,082), “* England’s Glory” (23,889). Other breeders have also hired bulls from W arlaby, and these, with bulls of the same line bred by Mr. Torr, Lady Pigott, and others, have filled Ireland with ** Booth” blood, through the ‘medium of the spring show of the Royal Dublin Society, which is regarded as a mart for the sale of young bulls of the Short- horn breed. Shorthorns of the “ Bates” strain are rarely met with in Ireland. A herd of Herefords has long been kept up by the Reynell family, at Killynon, County Westmeath, and many of the cattle in that part of the country, belonging to ordinary farmers, show their descent from that breed. Of late years a number of Here- _fords have been imported from some of the best herds in England by Messrs. Kearney, Reynell, the late J. O. G. Pollock, and Samuel Gilliland, of Londonderry ; : but Herefords do not appear to gain ground, although the breed is much esteemed by Irish graziers. “The same may be said of Devons, which were more numerous in Ireland many years ago than they are at the present day. Polled cattle of the Scotch breeds have been bred by various gentlemen in Ireland at different times, but Mr. Owen, of Blesinton, County Wicklow, is the principal breeder of cattle of that kind at present. Mr. Owen was led into breeding polled cattle from having to do with small farmers who hold mountain farms at an elevation of 1000 to 1200 feet above the sea. At first Mr. Owen supplied them with Shorthorn bulls, but it was found that Shorthorn crosses at such an elevation, and with the poor keep which was given them, turned out to be mere runts, of com- paratively little value. It struck Mr. Owen that the Galloway 6 Trish Agriculture. breed would answer better, and he accordingly commenced with it, but has latterly used Angus bulls. The result has been that the tenants on the estate are much satisfied with the cross of the polled bulls on their small cows, as it produces nice hardy cattle, which fatten readily when put on fair pastures, making good beef, and therefore much liked by the butchers. The crosses weigh about 40 stones imperial, when 23 or 3 years old, whereas the cows which produce them rarely exceed 32 stones imperial when fat. The success which has attended Mr. Owen’s use of polled bulls for the improvement of cattle in mountain districts, should stimulate others who are similarly situated to follow his example. The Ayrshire breed exists chiefly in Ulster and in the County of Cork. Some have crossed the Ayrshire with Shorthorn bulls, and have thus given size without materially lessening the value of the breed for dairy purposes. Those who follow this system do not approve, however, of going beyond the first cross. A gentleman who has had considerable experience in Ireland, of crossing the Ayrshire with the Shorthorn, told me that he found the milk of the cross-bred cows produced more butter than that of the pure Ayrshire, but that the latter produced most cheese. A breed of cattle called the “ Dutch” is found in the county of Cork, where it is much esteemed for its milking properties. The cattle are large-framed animals, with somewhat of the Short- horn cast about their head as well as ‘in other points. The colours are black and white, the latter not in spots but in decided patches, extending generally from side to side, just as if a white cloth had been thrown over a black animal. The cows give from 24 to 30 quarts of milk daily, of fair quality in point of richness. Such is a brief sketch of the history of cattle-breeding in Ireland; and, from what has been stated, it will be seen that Irish cattle are now, for the most part, allied to the Shorthorn breed. This alliance has, of course, led to a material improvement in Irish cattle, but there still remains much to be done ip that respect. One of the greatest obstacles is the use of cross-bred bulls. These bulls are got cheap, that is, they cost little money, while in reality they are dear at any price; and, when let to cows, only a shilling or two is charged for their services. Hence it is not unusual to find farmers losing a day’s work of a man by sending him with a cow to a bull, for which eighteen-pence or two shillings are charged, rather than use a well-bred animal at their own door, because they would have to pay perhaps five or ten shillings for his service. They do not take into account that the calf of the well-bred bull will, when a year old, be worth double the value of the calf got by the mongrel sire. They only Trish Ag iculture. fi look at the immediate outlay, and thus, notwithstanding the good Shorthorn blood which has been widely disseminated throughout Ireland during the last twenty years, a large number of unthrifty animals are still bred in the country and exported to England as store beasts. It should therefore be the object of all farming associations in Ireland, and of all landed proprietors who are willing to promote the prosperity of the country, to discourage by every means the retention of cross-bred males as stock-getting bulls. It is impossible to estimate the loss sustained by the nation at large from the use of such bulls; and it would be a positive blessing to the country if there existed some authority possessing the power to have all cross-bred mongrel bulls rendered harmless. It is only right, however, to say that many landed proprietors in Ireland have evinced a laudable desire to further the improvement of the cattle bred on their estates. They have purchased first-class bulls, which have been placed at the disposal of their tenants ; some keep select breeding herds of Shorthorns, and by distributing the bull calves at nominal prices, aid materially in diffusing good blood. Where such steps have been carried on systematically for a number of years a vast improvement has taken place in the _ character of the cattle bred, even by the smallest class of land- holders. This is a kind of estate improvement which may be effected with comparatively little outlay, while it is at the same time very remunerative, for it puts the farmers in possession of a saleable class of stock. SHEEP. The Irish native breeds of sheep are of an inferior descrip- tion, and the Kerry may be taken as an illustration. These sheep are thin on the back and narrow in front, but when the wedders are kept until they are four years old, and fed on fair pasture for twelve months previous to being slaughtered, they are full of fat, and their mutton is much prized on account of its delicacy. A flock of Kerry sheep presents none of the character- istics of a well-bred variety. There is considerable dissimilarity in the countenance ; some are tolerably wide in the skull, but in general they are narrow in that point. Some are covered over the skull and brows with wool, like a Merino, while others are quite bare. Some are short-legged, but the majority are the reverse ; and some, but not all, have horns. There are also black-nosed and white-nosed varieties ; those having black noses are considered the best, whilst those with white noses are soft and inferior. Their breeders evidently do not apply the principle of selection to the breeding ewes and rams. A great change has been effected in the breed of sheep known 8 Trish Agriculture. as the “ Roscommon” since Culley wrote, nearly eighty years ago, as follows respecting them :— “‘T am sorry to say I never saw such ill-formed, ugly sheep as these : the worst breeds we have in Great Britain, are by much superior. One would almost imagine that the sheep breeders in Ireland have taken as much pains to breed plain, awkward sheep, as many people in England have been to breed handsome ones. I know nothing to recommend them, except their size, which might please some old-fashioned breeders, who can get no kind of _ stock large enough. But I will endeavour to describe them, and leave my readers to judge for themselves. ‘These sheep are sup- ported by very long, thick, crooked, grey legs: their heads long and ugly, with large, flagging ears, grey faces, and eyes sunk ; necks long, and set on below the shoulders; breasts narrow and short, hollow before and behind the shoulders ; flat-sided, with high, narrow, herring backs ; hind quarters drooping, and tail set low. In short, they are almost in every respect contrary to what I apprehend a well-formed sheep should be; and it is to be lamented that more attention has not been paid to the breeding of useful stock in an island so fruitful in pasturage as Ireland.” But even at that time, a beginning had been made in the way of improvement, and Culley records the fact that “ Mr. French and other spirited breeders” of Roscommon, “have at very great expense and hazard imported bulls, tups, and stone horses from England, and very great improvements have already been made from these crosses. I saw,” he goes on to say, “some of the descendants of these sheep at the above fair (Ballinasloe), and it is both extraordinary and pleasing to see how much they exceeded the native breed.” Culley refers to the great “ hazard” which Irish breeders of that day incurred in importing live-stock from England. The fact is, that very stringent laws existed at that time against the exportation of live stock from any part of Great Britain to Ireland, so that Irish breeders had to resort to smug- gling stock into the country at great risk, before they could become possessed of an English ram, an English bull, or an English stallion. Culley refers to this fact in the following terms :—‘‘ But a very great bar is put in the way of these islanders to the improvement of their sheep ; the same law is in full force against exporting sheep into Ireland as into France, or to any of our national enemies on the continent. I think it is a real hardship that this division of his Majesty’s subjects cannot _have the benefit of improving their breed of sheep, without smuggling them over. Application was made to Lord Harcourt, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, for leave to send rams over to. Ireland from England, offering very high security, three or four times the value of the ram, for his being returned to England, or, Trish Agriculture. 9 in case of death, a proper certificate to be produced along with his skin, ear-marks, &Kc., but without effect.” Culley then shows that it was not the fault of Irish breeders that their sheep were not improved, as he states they were “ exceedingly desirous to improve their breeds of stock by the help of those from this island (Great Britain), even at an expense that many of our breeders in Great Britain would grumble at;” and in proof of this, he gives the following prices obtained for some English sheep which had been smuggled over, and which “ were sold by auction in small lots at Ballinasloe fair, on the 5th of October, Vie Sulisoveds 66 Ewes roe Mienakia wth istss £LO94 sbord 9 Rams 33) SRA eae TA poe 12,6 hanTgmps) (eke, ec 29 0 ii He goes on to say that “one of these rams was sold to Colonel Persse at 52 guineas; two ewes to John Bodkin at 46 guineas ; 2 ditto to Colonel Persse at 40 guineas ; 2 ditto to Mr. Blake at 40 guineas.” The breeders in Roscommon have long since completely altered the character of their sheep, from the description given of them by the acute and experienced Northumberland farmer, who visited Ballinasloe eighty years ago. This they have done, chiefly by the introduction of Leicester blood, and by careful selection, which after all is one of the main points to be observed in the improvement of any class of live stock. The English Leicester is still resorted to as a corrective, when a flock shows any tendency to breed back to the coarse original type. They have therefore succeeded in establishing what must be reckoned a distinct breed of sheep, which is now recognised by the Irish Royal Societies as such, and which called forth a warm eulogium from Mr. Clare Sewell Read, M.P., on the occasion of that gentleman’s visit to Roscommon, during the show of the Strokestown Farming Society, in September, 1869. On that occasion Mr. Read said —“ am edified by what I have this day seen and learned of Irish sheep and stock. I saw this day such sheep as I never saw before, distinct in their type from all sheep I ever saw before, with heavy fleeces of silky wool, large meat-producing frames, such as cannot be equalled without artificial feeding, and combining with these great perfections, very early maturity. In all these views I have the full concurrence of my friend Mr. Pell—an authority, I can assure you, of no small weight on such subjects. We might as well say in England that Lincolns are Leicesters, and not a pure and distinct type, as deny the splendid Roscommons their class in any show, honoured, I will say, by their exhibition.” 10 Trish Agriculture. Mr. Read’s description of the Roscommon sheep is very different from that given by Culley, but the latter only saw the ungainly, unimproy ved animal, while Mr. Read saw the breed in its improved state. Mr. Read’s remarks refer, of course, to the best form of Roscommon sheep, for there are still many sheep bred in Connaught, and shown annually at Ballinasloe Fair, which do not come up to it, notwithstanding the improvement which has undoubtedly been made in the breed of late years. The Leicester was the first great improver of Irish sheep. There are not many flocks in the country which, strictly speaking, - can be called pure, but Leicesters have been long and extensively used for crossing the native breeds, and it is in this way that improvement has been chiefly effected. Mr. William Owen, County Wicklow; Mr. Meade, County Cork; Mr. Massey, County Cork; Sir Allan Walsh, and Mr. Seymour Mowbray, Queen’s County, are among the leading breeders in Ireland who have pure Leicester flocks, founded chiefly on Pawlett, Sanday, and Inge blood. English breeders, such as Mr. Turner and others, send over annually a number of rams, which are either sold by , auction at the great ram sales in September, or privately by agents. Of late years a large number of rams of the Lincoln breed have been imported into Ireland ; but latterly, Lincolns appear rather to have fallen off in public favour. Mr. Caleb Going, County Tipperary, is the principal breeder of this class of sheep, the blood being derived direct from some of the best flocks of the kind in England. Another breed which has been introduced at a comparatively recent date is the Border Leicester, or that type of Leicester which prevails in Northumberland and the Border counties of Scotland. These sheep are longer in the body than the English Leicester, and have generally better quarters and thighs, but many of them are deficient in the neck. Their wool is good, but frequently inclined to be bare underneath. They are hardy, prolific, and answer well for crossing, imparting to the crosses early maturity and good quality of flesh. From the demand which has existed for sheep of this kind, it frequently, occurs that the first cross of them with ordinary ewes are put forward under the name of Border Leicesters, and sold as such; but those crosses are easily distinguished by any one who knows the characteristics of a true Border sheep. The district where those sheep are chiefly bred in Ireland are Queen’s County, Kildare, and County Kilkenny. The Royal Agricultural Society of Ireland, and the Roy al Dublin Society, have assigned separate classes at their shows for the English Leicester and’ the Border Leicester, which has prevented the confusion, and, perhaps, a Trish Agriculture. 11 certain amount of jealousy, which arose out of the awards when both kinds were exhibited in one class. Fifteen years ago very few Shropshire Downs were to be found in Ireland, but since that time the breed has become well known and much appreciated in the country. This has been partly owing to the enterprise of Mr. C. W. Hamilton, of Hamwood, County Meath, who has established a flock of Shropshire Downs which may fairly rank with any in England. In fact, rams are frequently purchased at Mr. Hamilton’s annual sales by English breeders. The intrinsic merits of the breed have also exercised a considerable influence in diffusing it through many parts of Ireland. Shropshire Down rams are found admirably adapted for crossing with ordinary ewes, more especially for the production of butcher’s lambs. The lambs of a cross of this kind weigh heavily for their size. The late Mr. Naper, Loughcrew, County Meath, showed what using well- bred Shropshire rams for crossing very inferior ewes will effect. The ewes selected by Mr. Naper were the Scotch blackfaced, which cost him from 14s. to 17s. each. The lambs produced by that cross of the Shropshire brought more than double the price of their dams when sold as lambs to the butcher; and when retained until they became two-shear sheep, became heavy sheep, taking usually the first prizes in their class—that of crosses of any kind—at the Christmas shows of the Royal Dublin Society, and realising, even when prices were lower than they have been for some time past, from 4/. to 4/. 10s. each. The wool of the cross is also so much improved, compared with blackfaced wool, that it brings within a very little of the price of pure Shropshire wool. Southdowns may be considered as unknown in Ireland. Some gentlemen may have a few about their places as fancy sheep, for table use, but no ordinary breeder ever thinks of turning his attention to them. Cotswold rams were much used some years ago, but comparatively few persons use them now, although some of the Connaught flocks show traces of the blood in the charac- teristic tuft on the brow. After the “famine years” of 1846-48, consequent on the great failure of the potato, large tracts of land were left waste in the west of Ireland, and when matters began to improve a few years later, the owners of these tracts, wishing to turn them to some useful purpose, imported large numbers of Cheviot and black- faced sheep from Scotland. ‘The importation of sheep, at least on a large scale, ceased about 1854; but every year ewes continue to be brought over, especially to the northern counties. Sheep- farming on a large scale, as practised in Scotland, has been 12 Irish Agriculture. introduced into Donegal, Connemara, and other mountainous parts of the west of Ireland. The flocks consist of the Cheviot and also of the blackfaced breed. I consider the latter much better adapted than the Cheviot breed for Irish mountain pas- tures, as these lack the grassiness of the Scotch mountains, and are also of a more spongy nature, which even surface-draining does not always counteract, although it certainly effects a vast improvement in the nature of the pasture. Having at different times seen crosses produced by the Lonk ram with the Scotch blackfaced ewe, exhibited at shows of the Highland and Agricultural © Society—more especially at the Stirling meeting in 1864 and the Inverness meeting in 1865—I am of opinion that a similar cross deserves to be taken into consideration by those who have blackfaced flocks in Ireland. The wool of the Lonk cross is much superior in quality, and I might almost say weight, of fleece, to that of the blackfaced breed, while the cross is equally hardy, and loses nothing of the rich flavour which distinguishes black- faced mutton. I have seen some extraordinary specimens of Lonk wedders exhibited by Mr. Jonathan Peel, at the London Christmas Club Shows, which seemed to indicate that the Lonks are more inclined to early maturity than the Scotch blackfaced breed. These are all considerations of importance, and worth testing in actual practice. When we examine the description of sheep found in possession of the ordinary class of farmers on the arable lands of Ireland, we find that they are for the most part inclined to be coarse, and there is a want of quality and “ character” about them. There is no better index to the character of a sheep, or, in fact, of any animal, than the head, and in the heads of the common class of sheep in Ireland there is frequently a certain degree of “ sourness,” which indicates an animal deficient in the desirable quality of early maturity. The want of “character” is shown by the dissimilarity which exists even in the same flock; and it need scarcely be said that a strong family likeness is certain proof that a good system has been followed in breeding the flock. This want of character I am inclined to attribute in a great measure to neglect of proper selection, extending not merely to the rams used in the flock, but also to the ewes retained for breeding. There is also another reason, namely, a frequent and often injudicious intermingling of blood. For instance, a person who has been in the habit of using a common ram, descended in some degree from the Leicester breed, sees in the papers a letter recommending the Lincoln, and he forthwith gets a Lincoln ram. After using him for a time, the great size of some show Cotswolds attracts his attention, and he gets a Cotswold ; and in this way Trish Agriculture. 13 the flock, which had no decided character at first, becomes thoroughly mongrel. I have known strangers, practical men of large experience in their own country, who, on visiting Ireland for the first time, and looking from the windows of a railway carriage, have expressed an opinion that Ireland is not suited for the breeding of sheep. This is an erroneous conclusion. There are, of course, tracts of wet bottom lands which are unfit for sheep pasture; but a large proportion of the sheep lands in Ireland are dry limestone soils. There is abundance of practical proof, also, that the climate is not unfavourable to sheep-breeding. Want of good management may, and undoubtedly does, exist in many instances, and that of itself is a serious drawback ; but the physical characteristics of Ireland are favourable, rather than otherwise, to the breeding of sheep. SWINE. Any review of Irish live stock would be incomplete without a notice of this class. The Irish Agricultural Returns for 1871 state that there are 1,614,190 pigs in Ireland: and as they are chiefly in the hands of small farmers, they form, for various reasons, an important item in the live stock of the country. ~The old Irish, or “ greyhound pigs,” were “tall, long-legged, bony, heavy-eared, coarse-haired animals, their throats furnished with pendulous wattles, and by no means possessing half so much the appearance of domestic swine as they did of the wild boar, the great original of the race.”"* These swine were remarkably active, and, it is said, could “clear a five-barred gate as well as any hunter,” but they are now practically extinct. In a few remote parts some traces of the breed may occasionally be seen, but even those instances are becoming rarer every year, from the almost universal diffusion of improved breeds. The Berkshire is the favourite breed in Ireland. Yorkshire pigs haye also their advocates, and so also has a cross of the York and Cumberland varieties, which succeeds very well; but Berkshire blood predominates, and one is often surprised to find excellent pigs of that breed in places and districts where their appearance is quite unexpected. Irish farmers find the Berkshire a hardy, easily kept, and generally useful breed ; and its general diffusion throughout the country is owing to the circumstance that most of the resident gentry have Berkshire breeding sows in their farm- yards, the produce of which are disposed of on moderate terms to the country people. The Berkshire department of the shows of the Royal Agricultural Society of England have been drawn * Richardson, ‘ On the Pig.’ ‘14 Trish Agriculture. - upon for years to supply the best blood for the use of Irish breeders ; and now Irish breeders are in a position to meet their English friends on English ground. This was shown to be the case at the late Royal Show at Wolverhampton, where Lord Clermont’s very handsome young Berkshire sow, bred in Ireland, was awarded the second prize in an excellent class, and was sold on the ground, at 40/., to a Canadian breeder. Lord Clermont has taken a leading part, for many years, in breeding Berkshires, sparing no expense in procuring the best blood that could be obtained, and having the details of management conducted with — great skill and judgment. POULTRY. This is a department of some importance, more especially to small farmers. The Agricultural Returns state that there are upwards of eleven million head of poultry of all kinds in Ire- land, which may be taken as representing a value of at least half a million sterling, irrespective of the produce in eggs, of which large quantities are annually exported to Great Britain. I do not fade however, in those statistical returns which have been published, relating to the commerce of Irish agricul- ture, any statement which shows the actual extent of the trade in poultry and eggs between Ireland and England, but, as an illustration of its Exton, it may be stated that ‘the values of the weekly exports of fowl from the port of Waterford alone exceeds 10002 Annual fairs are held in different parts chiefly for the sale of geese and turkeys. These are purchased from the breeders and fattened for market on other farms, or exported direct to England to be fed there. The weekly markets held in the different towns throughout the country are all well supplied with fowls and eggs, w hich are bought up for exportation; and in the most remote parts, in Connemara for instance, heaps of egg-boxes and crates may be seen at the door of every little shop waiting to be filled for the English market. At one time previous to that great era in the social history of Ireland, “the famine > years ” —1846 to 1848—a Connemara woman would have been ashamed to let it be known that she sold eggs, but that feeling has become extinct since the competition for supplying England has raised the value of eggs more than six hundred per cent., compared with what it formerly was. The small farmers usually keep their fowls in the same house with themselves, where the fowls roost on the rafters ; and although this is a system of management which is by no means conducive to the comfort of the human inmates, it certainly is favourable for their feathered companions, who repay it by earlier and more regular laying than would be the Trish Agriculture. 15 case if the fowls were housed in sheds or other cold buildings. Agricultural shows have tended to diffuse good breeds of poultry through the country. Dorking and Spanish fowls are the favourites, wherever a distinct breed has found its way. THE Statistics oF Irish AGRICULTURE. The condition of the country with respect to the production of live stock is shown in the Annual Returns collected by the Registrar-General for Ireland. The collection of agricultural statistics has been carried on for a much longer time in Ireland than has been the case in Great Britain. The enumeration of live stock was first attempted by Government in 1841. Nothing further was done, however, until 1847, when an inquiry of a similar kind, including crops, &c., was again instituted, and has since been carried on from year to year. The returns taken in 1841 are generally regarded as forming a basis of com- parison, but there is good reason to believe that the agricultural statistics collected at that time were far from being correct. The people regarded the inquiries made with respect to the number of cattle, &c., which they had, as being a preliminary step to the imposition of some unknown tax, or to an increase of their rents ; and, in the generality of instances, the numbers given to the enumerators did not much exceed one-half of what actually existed at the time. The enumeration taken in 1847 represents the country when in its worst state from the effects of the ‘“ famine years,” and those effects continued to keep the number of live stock in Ireland low until 1851-52, when matters began to amend. In estimating the value of live stock, the average rates per head assumed by the Census Commissioners in 1841 are still retained. This is done simply for the purpose of comparison, for the average rates assumed at that time are much below the rates which prices of late years would warrant. Thus, horses and mules were valued at 8/. each; asses at 1/.; horned cattle at 6/. 10s. ; sheep at 1d. 2s.; pigs at 1/. 5s.; goats at 7s. 6d.; and poultry at 6d. per head, These rates, therefore, continue to be the basis upon which the total value of Irish live stock is esti- mated from year to year. As subsistence should precede stock, the following Tables, as given in the Reports of the Registrar-General, will show how matters stand in this matter; namely, the extent under each of the principal crops—the estimated total produce, and the average yield per statute acre for all Ireland, in each year from 1851 to 1870, inclusive :-— 1se‘sl2‘1 | Ole*ter | 6L6°FE | Ose‘Gs 690‘ 688 eec‘ero'l | cze'6 GLE‘'S FOS‘ IFS 6g0'0S9'T L¥8 ‘69% OL81 ‘ | ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 9IL‘OL9'L | 696‘56S | G9Z‘sE | OSOTIS 710‘ 38 ZOG‘1TtO‘L | eeZ‘s 10F‘S OIL ‘183 0G ‘S89‘L 09F ‘08% 6981 eons esr‘90% | Gz8*ze | 80°61 #60 ‘068 189‘F#e0'T | c68‘Z ¥10'S sie‘98t S¥9* OL ‘1 osi'ssz gost gee‘sco't | zoz‘esz | slo‘rs | 6eL‘st 8zL ‘SES teZ‘too'r | 129°2 186°T TOO‘ TLI 11¢*099‘T PE0' 19 L981 esr‘ 109 | 20S‘g9% | I89‘9S | B80‘0% S61 ‘LIE ese‘oso't | F6z‘Z LUa‘% £62‘ 0ST 669'669‘T 061 ‘662 9981 G6F‘829‘1 | seH‘iss | sa9‘ss | 68EtFL B12 ‘FEE 09¢°990'T | SLI‘Z £16‘S ZOU‘ LL1 866'SRLS I 686 ‘99% cost 699°609'T | e69%tog | 168fIs | SLoO'FT coe ‘Les #6L'680'T | c80‘9 698 ‘3 OOLSSLI 988‘FI8‘I 8b ‘OLS FOST ge9‘o9S't | 660‘FIS | Sai‘ts | O@e‘oI ger ‘ice F1IP‘SZO'T | 6326'S 08's Z68‘1L1 $se‘sc6 ‘Tt L18 ‘096 E98 as - 6*sGG'T | OLO‘OST | EFS‘OS | F11‘Es GIL‘9LE BIL‘S10'T | S1e‘6 016‘% 208 ‘G61 879 °LL6‘1 1z8‘9G¢ | tos i S 900‘9+S'T.| L66‘LI | Os0'OS | SEe‘sa FOL PES 0G ‘esl't | oss‘s 2450'S 666 ‘861 091666‘ ts‘ 1OF =|: T9ST J | S Sig*Feg't | G6a*ssr G8L‘ss =| 986'18 Org‘ SIs GLOSL1'T | £29°6 190‘¢ 660181 r08 ‘966'T G1ir‘99F =|: O98T & ILL‘ZEP‘T | s8s‘9st | Os9'Is | 906592 LEL‘3se L¥S‘O0S‘I | LER‘6 192 ‘8 68‘ LL1 599286 I GLU FOF 6C8I sep‘par‘t | orotte | set‘es | zFs‘ez G0‘ SEE LOL‘6SI‘T | OLP‘IT 00'S 892 ‘O61 1#Z‘186‘T £96 ‘9S Sssl S ces‘eoe‘t | 12L'26 | 1100S | GtH'1Z L¥0‘0S8 L¥O‘OPL'T | gest | 920'9 886‘ 11 Fe6 ‘0861 9F9'6SG | LOSI S zeztzoe‘t | rre‘got | s96'ze | 120¢ee 1op ‘pce FOL‘FOL'I | zes‘st | #99‘9 96L°Z81 Lepr‘ Leo's 0¢0‘6z¢ 981 Los‘Pis‘t | Gl0‘L6 13 ‘tS | EREtes €96‘998 108 ‘286 68911 | SBl‘It 669 ‘923 Sc8‘SIl's GLL‘GtP eggl POS*LSS‘T | SOF‘TGL | 892 ‘9% we'1e | oL1‘628 099‘ 686 998 ‘Il 076 ‘9T £66 98S 866 ‘SOS #82 1IF FSSI | GPL‘OLS‘T | GLG'FL1 | 16h‘SS’ | estes | LLe ‘66S €8L‘868 9LE‘Z1 | ORG ‘Ss FP9'SLS 6FS‘LS1‘S 96g‘9ze =| ecg SIZ50L3'T | 800‘zZEL | eor‘8s | oggtos 061 ‘998 ZEG‘9L8 £66 ‘ZI £86 ‘OF OLE 6EG 6FP 8a ‘s 99¢ ‘ecE zoSI ROF'9FG'T | oecfotr | 296‘8% | LEE‘SZ grc ‘ess 109 ‘898 169‘61 | LrEe‘es L19‘38S GLL‘6S1'Z gts‘ FOS ISst "SY ‘SID "BLY “SOY “pI Yy “Sly “SV ‘SOD yp ‘SOL y ‘BID Yy ‘SY | “AUT XU “osuqquo “pane “sdyaumy, *80090}0q AS | “O1Og] “Kopngy “8120 4yvotLAA “sana 16. “AMOSVAT, WALVIG NI sdOusy UMGNA OCNGGXH—]T Wavy, ~ re Trish Agriculture. FPP ‘GEES 602'680‘S 6E0‘TL8‘S o9t‘oLo‘s G69 ‘818°C L0L°890‘¢ €S1*L09‘'S €80‘'69L‘S 625 ‘18L°S ace ‘01s ‘s BOF S906‘ 614168 'S 900‘ 10L‘S $F9‘99G‘Z GEL‘ CEPT 9¥0°%99°S 166 ‘f6h‘S #86 ‘819°% 865 ‘069°S LL6‘819‘S “suo ], ———_$—$—_—_—_—_—$_—_—_————————————— “‘HONGOUT IvLoy, GULVAILSY— JT AAV], TLL ‘08 699 ‘63 186 FZ 168 ‘SE 166 ‘OF 199 ‘6 90 ‘$9 959 ‘GF £96 ‘FS 895 °SS 094 ‘8% LLO‘1G €8S ‘LT GLE‘FI 164 ‘81 SEF ‘Ss 909‘G¢ €98 ‘Eh cor ‘SE 198 ‘Es “suo, i *XVLT else ¢L0‘OIs G68 ‘0cE G81 ‘98% e9e ‘sss BGs ‘ose cle‘ Lec GIP ‘GFE CBE ‘9GS Loe ‘ole ILL ‘881 166‘ 628 FSP‘ 18E GL8°LZE 0¢9 ‘zee 866 ‘ZIE 6F9‘9GE 838‘ 10F 089 ‘FOF G69 ‘10F "suo, *onuqqro 896 ‘18. 002‘€9z G68 ‘FPS LEL ‘88% BBE ‘OGG 186‘ 161 $86 ‘LEI BGS ‘GBI 819‘ 12% 869 ‘SEZ 1#3 ‘062 9+6 ‘LOE SGP ‘FOF G1g ‘86% 8£8 ‘18% 896 ‘Z0F L&P*998 886 ‘88g 6s *ZgE G&S‘ 99F “suo, *[9ZINA -[psuvyy GOP‘ 1F6SE 6L9‘F96‘'S 90% ‘FIG ‘S 009‘606‘¢ Z9F'98L‘E €89‘log‘e 699°L9F ‘ES ZL9 ESL‘ @89‘Z6L‘S #88 ‘z6e‘e 826 'L69°S 1L0‘29F‘E 882 ‘F98'F 161 ‘098 ‘F GLI‘189'F 865 ‘e109 989‘ 106 ‘¢ 1LP ‘3999 168°S19‘G 928 ‘1809 *‘suoy, *sdquiny, GhP‘S81s‘F eer ‘sle‘s L06‘390‘F Scr‘ LPI ‘ES #66 ‘890'S 066 ‘S98‘¢ sss ‘zie ‘F 6F6 ‘SHE'S GOP ‘8F1 ‘SG eer ‘8cs‘ ose‘ 1FL‘S £29 ‘668 GS ‘G68'F FFE ‘605 ‘e €hS‘80F ‘Fr 183‘SEs‘9 #99190‘ Rbo ‘LPL ‘Ss 409 ‘S95 ‘+ G60‘ 1th SF “suo, “890784 0q 810'9% G86 ‘GS L81°1% 186 ‘61 1éL ‘61 #98 ‘81 089 ‘ZI G6r ‘ST 806 ‘12 969 ‘GG 968° LZ G6L°L6 8cg‘cs BS‘ 6F 06S ‘FF B98'LS 189‘Sg $86 ‘39 68689 L81°L6 *suoqrend “OAT G06 ‘31 888 ‘ZI 149 ‘OL G0L‘6 910° TI 686 ‘EI 091 ‘St 996 ‘SI Leg‘T1 189 ‘SI Ell ‘FI ILL ‘81 998 ‘F% E96 ‘8s 8LL ‘ee 8F8‘9G 99068 G9L ‘SSI GL0‘18% 6F1 ‘98z *si0g.1en?) “alg 090‘FE80‘T €89°SS6 6S ‘P88 L8¢ ‘GPL 086 ‘#S9 L10°@EL 606 ‘T9L 62g ‘89 ee8‘199 18¢@ ‘S89 GS ‘OSL £00 ‘F69 820 ‘08 €8L‘8F8 989° LS 189‘ 260‘T LEO‘SIS‘I GOL‘*86e‘T 868 ‘L936 ‘T 819‘Gle‘T *s10q.10N?) “Log e0e‘6S¢ ‘LZ SL1‘Sl16‘9 198°8z9*Z Ges ‘cers Ges‘ rsa‘, LGL‘699‘L GEE ‘9z8‘L 149‘826‘8 OOF ‘E8s°L 689 ‘St0‘8 $26 ‘18 ‘8 958‘OL1‘S IFS ‘Ec6‘8 L¥8‘C68‘8 698 ‘982 ‘6 ogg ‘996 ‘OT 101 ‘E63 ‘IT 188 ‘069 ‘OI 825312 ‘II 986 ‘ILL ‘Ol *suoqaenty *8]v0 196 ‘FSL 6S ‘96L 818 *St6 LES ‘SSL 012‘S08 £82‘928 G8L‘°4L8 906‘LE8 8F0‘Es9 IL8‘1¢8 88S‘ TL2‘T GLE‘S9F ‘SL FOP‘ OFL ST 196'Z99'T £96 ‘6691 618 ‘03S ‘I LOF ‘SSF Ges ‘sel ‘T GOS‘ FSLST GES ‘E6F ‘1 “saagauntd “JOO AL, 8. 8. VOL. VIII. Trish Agriculture. 18 £-G6 9-06 ¥.61 66S 6-46 @.G6 GPE 6-18 6.96 ¥.VG 9-66 £.96 1.08 L:8% £ +86 9.88 9.18 GOV IP 9-88 “BAI PT *soU0}g *xULT “oduqquo 9-6 £01 1-6 ¥-11 L-€1 6-E1 0-€1 0-81 @-L1 L-L1 L-81 0-81 “suo, *[OZINA -josuvyy ‘GUOY WALVIG Utd TOAGOUg WOVUAAY ALLVWLLSH——'T{T GTA J, 9-11 O-F £61 6° 0-11 6-¢ 9-11 1-€ 6-11 6-3 6-6 9-8 €-01 I-b 6-11 ¥.8 I-OL 163 6-01 9-1 £°8 £6 Z-OL 9° 6-21 GP G.é1 1-€ 6-31 0.9 9-91 ¥-9 8-1 6G ¥-9L ¥.9 6-G1 8-P 6-91 1-G suo] *BUO,T, * *sdyaany, | "8004040 q €-11 9-01 6.01 6-01 £01 P-.OL G.8 9.01 £.6 8.0L 8-11 0.61 8-31 0-1 G.€1 0.06 8-61 G06 8-61 0.06 *souo}g 8 *BIA\D oAYT 9-91 *sON0}g 8 "1D “91067 G.GL G-GI I-L41 L.G1 £.G1 6.41 6-SL 6.91 ¥-G1 P-GL 0-G1 0-FI 6-91 9-FL 0.ST ¥-Ll 9-81 9-81 @-81 9-L1 *sou0}g 8 *S]AO “Ao, 8-31 9-11 G-ZL G-GL 0-21 €.Z1 1-61 8.6L €.01 6-11 9-61 9-11 9-61 9-31 8-1 L-S1 ¥.ST 8-€1 F-FL 8-81 *BIULOIG B *S]MO SO G-Z1 6-11 6-£1 Lell €-11 0-€1 €-E1 ¢.E1 1.8 0+6 G-I1 €-€1 G.€T G.Z1 Orel €-Fl R- FI G-Fl 8-€1 ¢.é1 *BOU0Ig 8 ‘SIMD “PVOTLAL "sive k Trish Agriculture. 19 There are certain points brought out in these Tables which deserve consideration as illustrating certain features of Irish agriculture. (1.) The decrease which has taken place in all the cereal crops, even in oats, the staple cereal crop of Ireland. (2.) The increase in the cultivation of potatoes, owing to the comparative freedom from disease which the crop has shown for several years, and to the fact that so large an extent of the land in cultivation is in the occupation of holders of small farms (as will be shown afterwards), to whom the potato crop is a necessity. The Irish Registrar-General includes the potato under the general head of “Green Crops,” but it cannot be regarded as a cattle-feeding crop, like turnips and mangel-wurzel. A portion of the crop, no doubt, is employed in feeding pigs and poultry, but the bulk of ‘it is used as the food of the people, for the exportation of potatoes from Ireland may be regarded as confined to the early kinds at the first of the season. (3.) It will be seen that the cultivation of turnips and mangel-wurzel does not gain ground; and the important considerations which arise out of this fact will be understood when we take into account the relation which those crops bear to the rearing and feeding of cattle and sheep. In Great Britain, 70 per cent. of the “ Green Crops” are turnips and mangel ; while in Ireland the proportion does not exceed 234 per cent. In the case of potatoes the proportions are reversed, being 71 in Ireland against 16 in Great Britain. (4.) But it is not merely the extent devoted to the cattle-feeding crops that is unsatisfactory ; it will also be seen that the actual produce of these crops has decreased, and that from the reduction in the average produce per acre, it appears that the condition of the land is not im- _ proving. Thus, the average produce per acre of the two prin- cipal cattle-feeding crops—turnips and mangel-wurzel—during the first five years given in the foregoing Tables, was as follows :— Turnips, 16:1 tons; mangel, 17-8 tons; while in the last-named five years the average produce per acre was,—Turnips, 11-6 tons ; mangel, 126 tons. The annual average total produce of turnips and mangel during the first five years amounted to 6,396,535 tons ; and during the last five years to 4,087,052 tons ; being a decrease of 2,309,483 tons per annum in the amount of cattle-food pro- duced in Ireland. The practical result of this decrease will be better understood when we consider that if a cow or ox gets half-a-cwt. of root-food—turnips or mangels—per day, from the Ist of November to the 3lst of March, 75 ewts., or, say, in round numbers, four tons of such food will be consumed during that period. Consequently the decrease in the amount of root- food produced in Ireland from 1866 to 1870 inclusive, repre- c 2 20 Irish Agriculture. sents the loss of the winter keep of 577,370 head of cattle, as compared with the annual production of root-food during the years 1851 to 1855 inclusive; being equivalent to the loss of the winter food, or at least a considerable proportion of it— of one-seventh of the total number of cattle in Ireland at the present time. This deficiency is partly due to the fact that the extent under turnips and mangels has been less during the last five years than it was during the first five years given in the fore- going Tables; but it is also due to the decrease in the average produce per acre, which the returns show has taken place of late years ; amounting, in the case of both turnips and mangels, to five tons per acre. How far this may be accounted for, by the use of inferior artificial manures, is not easily proved; but it is a fact, that certain manures, originally of a high character, fre- quently become much altered after leaving the wholesale agent, before the retail dealer gives them out to his customers. There is also good reason to believe that, notwithstanding the vigilance of some of the Irish agricultural societies, such as the Chemico- Agricultural Society of Ulster, the County Kildare Society, and the Queen’s County Society, there is a strong trade in spurious manures carried on. Those so-called manures are imported from England, and consist largely of clay and ochre. It is the small farmers who chiefly suffer by this nefarious trade, as those who purchase largely take care to protect themselves, either by having the manures analysed, or by purchasing only from manufacturers, or wholesale agents whose characters are above suspicion. The only way in which the small farmers can be protected, under present circumstances, is for each local farming society to watch the sale of manures in its particular district, and to have samples of all doubtful manures submitted for examination by a ‘competent analytical chemist. It is to be hoped, however, that Parliament will ultimately provide some means for preventing the manufacture and sale of adulterated manures, and of punishing those who may be engaged in the trade. The following Tables (IV. and V.) show the manner in which the country was divided into holdings in 1869, also the area under crops, grazing-land, fallow, plantations, bog and waste, unoccupied, in the several classes. These Tables throw much light on the agricultural condition of Ireland. The cultivation of crops occupies, as will be seen, a much larger per-centage of the acreage held by the small class of farmers, whilst large landholders devote more to grazing. d The next point is the enumeration of the different classes of 21 lture. gricu Trish A 609 ‘698 'F 19F ‘0zE ¥99'02 | ose‘ tro‘! | OgZ‘zZg°S | Pz6‘GIS‘O% | sea‘seg | tt tt TROT, BZ0'9LG'T €8¢‘L9 L98 ShL‘189 989‘89 1OL‘#60°S | 19 ‘T ss ss #* gadoe OO eAoge ssUIP[OH 606 ‘288 806 ‘16 911s 969'sLb'l | s19‘ 9S Is¥‘O18*s | O16‘8 ** oP 00¢ 031) 002 91d 961° 6S9 986‘99 08h ‘F c16‘098‘I | ogs*s69 LLG‘ L86°S | 98°16 ** 04F1P 008 oyIp 001 OIG 949 °LZ9 960 ‘SF 169‘ 1¥0‘803‘s | Zar‘ror't | 482‘0S0'r | 020°S¢ "OVP OOT oyIp os onId 9F9‘88E $990 199'¢ 6L8‘L8r'T | 6Le'90'L | G1O‘L26°S | TIG‘sL ** O}IP OS 0431p os ontd 096‘ LSS SP‘ 9l 04'S GES‘ FLb‘T | SLOTES‘I | S66°190°S | 980‘Z8T | ** OIIP Os 0331p GI OIG L19‘6S1 0z¢ ‘OL 968 ‘1 ISL ‘SLL 668‘ PFS gee‘r6L‘t | 669‘1LT | ** OID SL o7}1p ¢ od 109‘ 12 019s OLB LOL'SL B68 ‘691 919 ‘693 G68 ‘SL ** sadoe G Surpodoxo you puv | oAoqe OIG 9LL°T 90% 1g 996‘ T 6980 898 “FS +68 ‘6% ‘s s* 8 Q1o8 | Surpsooxa jou sdaipjoyy “SV “Solo "soLy "SOLD Yy "S21 "S010 *SUOTPEZUL|, ‘ z ‘aUSBA\ pus Fog puv - *MOTLRIT *‘puwry Sun | ‘sdoip rapug eet *BSBID Povo Spoo AA youe £q prey aihivith - ioe S : ES Bikeeees: puwy POH ‘SONIGTOF] IO NOILVOIMISSVIO Jo yuagxg 30 "ON ‘aNV'T JO NOISIAI(T ‘SDNIGIOP] JO SASSVIC) SMOIUVA OY} WO SAOUD BNUXUMGLIGG Jopun aNV'T JO ALILNVAYQ—AT TIA, Trish Agriculture. 22 86 § S8SE‘l "SSBIO ova ul SSUIplOHT OY} JO yu} XGT osvIWAY 0-001 [roy £.0 ‘1 te 4# sa1dB ONG DAOq”e STuIployy F-1 ** oP 00G oy,Ip 00% OIG Ll. ** 0F4IP 00% 0}}Ip OOT OVI £+6 ** OFFTP OOL 0}}Ip os OnId G61 ** 0741p OG oyVIp og ong 1-86 ** 0},IP OF o}Ip Sl ond 6.86 “* OWTp GI op G ond 8.Z1 ** sadov g Surpaaoxe you puv [ aaoqe oq £.8 ‘st +" 9t08 | Surpaaoxa you sSurploy ! tof 2 | bouts bel WIL puv dog aN ad ACTIN pee alse 4 ‘SDNIGTO}[ 10 NOLLVOMMISSVIQ * aon s0doig ‘FU9) Jog suoyarodorg 0% poonpod o[quy, Sutoso107 o,— A. WIaV J, Years. == 1841 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 Trish Agriculture. 23 live stock in Ireland. The following, therefore, is a statement taken from the Registrar-General’s Returns, of the numbers of each kind of live stock in Ireland, in 1841, and in each year from 1851 to 1871 inclusive :— Horses and Mules. 576,115 543,312 545,900 561,100 564,530 576,144 592,868 619,294 630,611 _ 648,379 639,500 634,378 622,589 599,971 582,434 568,142 555,647 543,686 544,372 547,757 532,657 557,332 Asses. 92,365 136,981 144, 120 148,720 150,576 151,742 155,224 160,987 163, 323 169,354 167,845 173,711 170,887 167,244 169,221 168,009 173,175 167,233 169, 100 171,664 171,745 180,024 Cattle. _—— 1,863,116 2,967,461 3,095,067 3,383,309 3,497,901 3,564,400 3,587,858 3,620,954 3,667,304 3,815,598 3,606,374 3,471,688 3,254,890 3,144, 231 3,262,294 3,497,548 3,746,157 3,707,803 3,646,796 3,733,675 3,799,912 3,973,102 Sheep. 2,106,189 2,122,128 2,613,943 3,142,656 3,722,219 3,602,342 3,694,294 3,452,252 3,494,993 3,592,804 3,542,080 3,556,050 3,456,132 3,308,204 3,366,941 3,694,356 4,274,282 4,835,519 4,901,496 4,651,195 4,336,884 4,228,721 Pigs. 1,412,813 1,084,857 1,072,658 1,144,945 1,342,549 1,177,605 918,525 1,255, 186 1,409,883 1,265,751 1,271,072 1,102,042 1,154,324 1,067,458 1,058,480 1,305,953 1,497,274 1,235,191 869,578 1,082,224 1,461,215 1,616,754 Goats. No Return. 235,313 278,444 296,182 311,492 283,970 269,746 243,046 228,351 219,346 194,465 189,842 175,328 166,044 171,307 171,207 186,880 190,429 199,060 205,861 211,035 232,892 | Tasne VI.—Enumeration of the Numpers of Dirrerent Cuasses of Live Sroox in TRELAND. Poultry. 8,458,517 7,470,694 8,175,904 8,660,738 8,630,488 8,366,629 8,908, 226 9,491,463 9,563,185 10,251,749 10,060,776 10,371,175 9,916,630 9,649,118 10,424,085 10,681,955 10,889,747 10,334,903 10,602, 782 10,801,687 11,159,002 11,663,030 in order to show the manner in which the live stock is distributed among the different classes of occupiers, the following Table (VII.) is given, showing the number of holdings by classes ; the total value of the live stock on each class, and the average value per holding, in 1869, being the last year for which a return of this kind has been issued by the Registrar-General :— 24 - Trish Agriculture. Taste VII.—Disrrisution of Live Srock on the Various Oxasszs of Houprives. Number Average CuassiricaTion or Hoxpinas. of pene. e Value Holdings. ae per Holding. Le Gad. Not exceeding 1 acre* . 75,341 354,086 414 0 Holdings above 1 and not exceeding 5 acres 75,895 619,275 8 3 2 Ditto 5 ditto 15 ditto] 171,699 | 4,050,156 | 23 11 9 Ditto 15 ditto 30 ditto| 137,086 | 6,581,600} 48 0 8 Ditto 30 ditto 50 ditto 72,511 5,954, 123 Se” 2 0S : Ditto 50 ditto 100 ditto 55,070 7,582,057 | V3 BS 17 Ditto 100 ditto 200 ditto 21,876 5,600,254 | 256 0 O Ditto 200 ditto 500 ditto 8,210 3,774,068 | 459 13 10 Ditto 500 acres .. Bae Mee 1,541 1,123,323 | 728 19 2 Total .. 619,229 | 35,638,942 Dep | k Tables VI. and VII. are official documents, but Tables VIII. and IX. (pp. 25 and 26), although not issued by the Registrar- General, have been compiled with great care, and are interesting as showing the value of Irish live stock during the years 1850 to 1871. These inclusive Tables are from ‘ Thom’s Annual Directory,’ an acknowledged authority on statistics relating to Ireland, &c. It is necessary to remark that the cattle and sheep offered for sale at Ballinasloe may be regarded as chiefly consisting of store stock. They are purchased, for the most part, by graziers in Leinster, who prepare the cattle and wedders for the Dublin and Liverpool markets, while the ewes are kept for producing market lambs, and are then fattened off for the butcher. The number of cattle, sheep, and swine exported from Ireland to Great Britain in 1869, were as follows: cattle, 509,106 ; sheep, 1,015,694; swine, 264,620 ; and in 1870, cattle, 453, 969 ; sheep, 620,834; swine, 422,076. ‘ Farms AND Farm MANAGEMENT. . The preceding Table(VIL.), on this page, shows that the majority of the holdings in Ireland do not exceed 50 statute acres in extent. There are altogether 593,282 holdings, and of these no less than 506,585 do not exceed 50 acres; the total extent. of land held in such farms is 8,077,228 acres; showing an average a little under 16 acres in each holding. The medium class of holdings, or those over 50 acres and not exceeding 200 acres, are 76,946 in number, and include in extent 7,338,114 acres, being a little over 95 acres on an average. . uw Se ; N OS | Ome 0 0 02 0 OL 9% 008 0 0 FI | 0 & GI} 0 OT FZ] SIs‘0z |] O08e | SIg*zt | TZ81 Ome. |. On OL Gl 0 0 61 0 0 0 OLZ O OLSt |0 SI 8L|0 O #2] FEL‘HL |] OLS #G9‘EL | OL8I GQ) SOF PAW EN Cait o. 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Trish Agriculture. co N i) z 0 I a 21 1 0 Ol 0 OLl Ts 69 6 0 O1l oO 8 1 9 at 09 1 0 9 1 @ zt 0 Zt 0 Olt 0g t ogt 9 “10 0 Ol @ eT 0 BIT Oo “#1 ie Giz *SSU[D 9h 088 0.0 F one 0 FE 0 Le 068 9 21% 07 8 9 B12 oss a 00 F 0 018g 0g F 008 0 F1G 0 Ltt 0 OLZ 9 611 9 ZZ Q at 9 OLS 0 61 0 12 062 0 91% 0G 2 9 Sl Z 9 3 8 0 912 0 ott 0 Zz 0 FI 082 0 911 0 O1Z Q “14 og 3s 0 sit 0g 2 O Zt4l 0+ @ 0 Ot 0 SII i aniee tena ce “"SSBID PIE “SUID pus Rococo ooo ome oC oO Ome oto oO eC HOw OOO oO @ = ite) _ +o oO oO Oy ft G 8! Lal lal 0 gl ol 0 8 Paw = 8 aS = 2 ee *SSBIO IST ‘SAMA JO Doug AOVUIAY ‘suadaaM fo Mold AvuaAVy a 9 ste |o org |o + ¥ | 29S‘r8 OmOinae Le ae 0 ¢ § |[O 81 | O1¢‘s, 0 #11 oO. 0 81% |0 OLS | 69%‘92 0 Olt 0 411 0 71S |0 * & | 89L‘92 091 0 tt |o ora |o ore | r9¢‘ex OD SieL 09 @ O Oeil ic. IecUm ae 0 ¢ & 0 O13 0 ¢ € |0 O # | 08¢‘99 0 Ot 0 Alt 0 O14 | 0 Si ef | Ggalts 9 4 U 0 411 0 Ol vrij. § gt | FEn-Se Onipeeal 0 611 0 3213 |9 & & | 466‘TL 0 OLl QO Dy 3 O- ier) @ $1 ge | Sal's 0 Zt 0 tv @ 9 GIG |0 9 $ | L99*ts 9 Ol t 0 611 9 6 @/10 0 § | 099‘t6 “9 91 t 0 F G @ ‘Sl ci | © Gi Se } 642-46 9 sll 09 3 9 AY S| 0 8 & | 8IZL‘08 0) “61h ay al 2 9 SIG: |0 8&8 & | 899'66 0 FI 0 Ft 0-6 Gi} 0 © Se} certs 0 FIT 00 ¢@ 9 4&6 |0 81@ | 668‘62 0 81 tT 0 0 0 ¢ @ |0 Sl@ | 9ge‘s9 0 Olt Ce) a 0 @ G10 & Se} 4en°c9 0 “elt oO sit 0 &@ 6/0 &. & | 6FS‘o0s 0 GIT 0 91 0°0 2 |0 G- & | G2z0‘Fs 3 °F ps 5 [ps ye |p 8 “F *BSBID °F —* PAs “SSBID pus *SSBID ISL “TROL ere ‘sl | 25°SL | 1L81 009 016‘1L | OL8I GZ6‘1L |. bFS‘PL | 6981 962°6 | £60‘L9 | S981 81Z‘L | 9FL‘99 | L98T OLG‘6 | GES‘F9.| 99RT €%6‘L | 209‘b9 | S98 PL9'S | 189°L9 | F98T OFS‘6I | #96‘ES | E981 GPS‘FL | ZGL*LG | ZOST L8z‘F | tes‘ol | 1981 GLo‘G | 98e‘9L | O98I 688 ‘0z 192‘e2 | 681 699‘t1 | OLL‘S8 | SSSI ose’t | s9e‘6s | Zg8t osr‘9 | 82z‘g6 | 9981 1Z8°% | L1e‘6s | SS8t FI9‘SL | G8‘29 | FEST 09891 | 960'9F | S81 886°S | 669‘9F | SSSI LLb‘S | GLO‘LE | 1981 FOF‘S | 899‘IG | OSSI “pros eee } *SIVOA ‘daaHg a a (Se ‘OAISNPOUL [JST OF OSST—SIVOR ZF IV] OY} UL ‘smoINg ADVAAIAY Moy} puv ‘a1og SUTAWAN OY} YJIA “MOISVNITIVG JO UIVT UTAOLOO LvAUXY) OY} YB IVY AOF poleyo daang \ jo usaWoN—X] @IAVJ, Trish Agriculture. 27 The farms over 200 acres in extent are 9751 in number, and the acreage so held 4,904,582 ; being an average of nearly 503 acres in each farm. Although the table shows that there are altogether 593,282 * holdings ” in Ireland, yet as more than one “ holding” is fre- quently occupied by the same person, the mere enumeration of separate holdings does not convey a correct idea of the actual number of occupiers, and these we find by reference to another of the Registrar-General’s tables to consist of 537,433 persons. Taste X.—Vanrration in the Numper of Hoxprnes in each Cass, between 1841, 1851, and 1869. Size or HoLpInes. Leinster. | Munster, Ulster. |Connaught.} Torat, Number. | Number. Number. Number. Number. 1841 50,110 57,857 | 102,215 | 100,254 | 310,436 Above 1 to 5 acres -- § 1851 25, 711 14,200 | . 29,709 18,463 88,083 1869 21,810 12,195 24,806 17,084 75,895 —+ — : Decrease. Decrease. | Decrease. | Decrease. Decrease Increase or decrease in number = > ree ce Lepteospenn } 28,300 | 45,662 | 77,409 | 83,170 | 234,541 Rate percent .. .. oe | 56°5 78°9 75°7 83°0 75°6 ; 1841 46,039 61,753 99,605 45,402 | 252,799 Above 5 to l5 acres’ ..4 1851 33,058 24,365 85,176 49,255 | 191,854 1869 27,603 | 20,254 74,486 49,356 | 171,699 } Decrease. | Decrease. | Decrease. | Decrease. | Decrease. Increase or decrease in number : between 1841 and 1869 18,436 | 41,499 | 25,119 | 3,954} 81,100 Rate percent... .. .. .. | 40°0 67°2 25°2 8°7 32°1 1841 20,688 27,611 25,219 5,824 79,342 Above 15 to 30 acres. ..{1851 26,006 28,855 57,651 28,799 | 141,311 1869 | 23,224 | 25,405 56,530 31,927 | 137,086 . Increase. Decrease. Increase. Increase, Increase. gape em a fee ey 2,536 | 2,206] 31,311} 26,103] 57,744 ieate por seltts.. 9 . SA! lars 8-0 124°2 448-2 72°8 — 1841 17,943 16,665 9,655 4,362 | 48,625 Above 30 acres --4 1851 38,096 53,074 | 37,813 | 20,107 | 149,090 1869 39, 660 56,173 | 41,035 22,340 | 159,208 : Increase. Increase. Increase. Increase. Increase. Increase or decrease in number between 1841 and 1869 or 21,717 | 39,508 | 31,380 | 17,978 | 110,583 EIEMPEMICCHigves vac == xp | LLS20" | 237-1 325°0 412°2 227°4 a . 1841 | 134,780 | 163,886 | 236,694 | 155,842 | 691,202 ToTaL --§1851 | 122,871 | 120,494 | 210,349 | 116,624 | 570,338 1869 | 112,297 | 114,027 | 196,857 | 120,707 | 543,888 : Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. Decrease. between 184 and 1869s 22,483 | 49,859 | 39,837 | .35,135 | 147,314 PMEESTICECONt 2. (Ges «o> os | 16°7 30°4 16°8 2275 2)°8 28 Trish Agriculture. Small farms abound in all parts of Ireland, but they are more numerous in Ulster than in any of the other provinces. In Ulster, however, as well as in other parts of Ireland, the tendency is towards a diminution of the number of small holdings, and a consequent increase of a larger class of farms. This has been going on more especially since the “ famine years,” when many persons abandoned their holdings altogether. For the most part the consolidation of farms has been carried on very quietly. For instance, a man occupying a few acres of land, intimates that he wishes to give up his place in order to emigrate. A neighbour, - with the consent of the landlord, and sometimes without it, gives the out-going tenant a sum of money for the “ goodwill” of the place, and adds it to his own farm. Table X., p. 27, from the Registrar-General’s Returns, shows the change which has been going on in the size of holdings in each province, the periods taken for comparison being 1841, 1851, and 1869. In classifying the farms in Ireland for the purpose of describing the management pursued, either generally or in individual cases, the simple arrangement of (1) small, (2) medium, and (3) large farms may be followed. SMALL FARMS. “The agriculture, if such it can be called, of the small farms shows great slovenliness, and the appearance of the country generally is that of stagnation. Immense wastes are undrained ; the buildings appear to have had nothing done to them for years ; the ditches are unscoured ; and the gaps in the fences appear to have been made years ago, and never repaired.” Such was the verdict pronounced by Mr. Peter Maclagan, M.P., after visiting nearly all parts of Ireland in 1869.* Mr. Maclagan is well known as a practical agriculturist of high standing, and his remarks on subjects connected with farming are therefore to be received with due respect. The foregoing observations refer _ more especially to the tillage lands in the south and west of Ireland, for Mr. Maclagan further states that, “in Ulster the farming is better,” and that province, as we have seen, is noted for the large proportion of small farms which exist in it. But Mr. Maclagan is not the only modern authority who has pointed out the defective state of Irish agriculture with respect to cultivation. Mr. Thomas Baldwin, Superintendent of the Agri- cultural Department of National Education, states in a little work which he has recently published,{ that “ throughout the country * *Tand Culture and Land Tenure in‘ Ireland,’ by Peter Maclagan, M.P. Blackwood and Sons, 1869. + ‘Small Farms made Profitable.’ 1871. Trish Agriculture. 29 we meet a great many farmers who till their land in a very creditable way ; but it is notorious that on the vast majority of small farms the mode of management is very bad ;” and he then proceeds to point out what he considers “the most glaring defects” in the management, which may be summed up as follows :—Neglect of a rotation of crops: the infrequency or absence of turnips and mangold among the cultivated crops: the neglect of artificial grasses; slovenly cultivation ; inattention to keeping the land free from weeds: neglect with respect to the collection and preservation of farmyard manure; neglect in the treatment of all farm crops, but more especially the hay crop ; neglect with respect to the proper breeding of live stock ; defective dairy management; want of proper drainage; waste of land by reason of the multitude of large unnecessary fences, Ke. This is a serious catalogue of defects, but it is one which, unfor- tunately, cannot be denied. Hitherto, it has generally been con- sidered a sufficient reply, when such defects have been pointed out, to say that the Irish farmer had no security, and that he would not be permitted to enjoy his improvements, in the event of his making them. Without discussing this point, it is suffi- cient to say that the avowed object of recent legislation has been to protect the enterprising Irish farmer, and thus stimulate him to expend capital on the improvement of his land. I believe that the Land Act of 1870 does give security where it was required, and it is to be hoped that the fruits expected to: be derived from the measure will ultimately be realised. As yet there are comparatively few symptoms to be observed of the stimulating operation of the Land Act in promoting improve- ment; but sufficient time has not elapsed to give it that fair-play which moderate men of all classes are desirous it should receive. ‘Mr. Baldwin sets down neglect of a rotation of crops as the first “ glaring defect” in the mode of management pursued on “the vast majority of small farms.” Oats and potatoes are the prevailing crops, and the former is frequently grown year after year, until the land becomes thoroughly run out. As a result of this system, it will in many instances be observed that the oat crop in one field appears to be tolerably good, while in the next it is so very thin and short as scarcely to be worth reaping, a close and luxuriant growth of weeds usurping the place which ought to be occupied by a more profitable description of plants. Turnips are rarely to be seen in many parts of the country, or, if seen, only in small patches, and, too often, smothered with weeds. Yet, strange to say, men who do not grow turnips themselves will often travel long distances during winter and spring to purchase a few hundredweights for their cattle; and, apparently, they 30 Trish Agriculture. are quite content to pay high prices for the same, although they might easily have them on their own farms. It will be observed that bare fallow occupies a small centage of the land in cultivation as given in Table V. (p. 22). It seems strange to say at the present day, that the bare fallows which enter into the Registrar-General’s annual returns are caused chiefly by the want of manure on the farms where this system is practised. Few turnips, or rather none, are grown on such farms, although their consumption by cattle would produce dung; the straw as well as the grain is sold; no town manure © can be obtained ; and there is literally nothing whatever to assist the soil, exhausted by previous over-cropping, except the ameli- orating influences of the atmosphere upon the bare surface during the fallow year. Fallow, wheat, and oats for a series of years, appears to be the course of cropping in such cases; and when manure is applied to the fallow—which is not always the rule— it usually consists of some earth from the headlands, mixed with a little lime. Even the summer working of the fallows, upon which the effects of that operation so much depend, is not usually carried on as it should be done. It is frequently the end of June before a plough is put into the land to give it a second furrow, and sometimes it looks at that time of the year as if it had not been ploughed before or during winter. It is a poor system altogether; and the fact that tolerable crops are produced after it speaks more for the natural fertility of the soil than the judi- ciousness of the mode of cultivation which is followed. In certain wheat-growing districts in County Kilkenny, a practice of growing wheat for several years in succession has prevailed for a long time, the land being limed at least every alternate year, and in many instances every year. Sometimes a crop of potatoes intervenes, but this is not the rule in all cases. Fields which have undergone a long course of this treatment do not turn out satisfactorily when laid down to grass, having usually as pasture a burnt-up and barren appearance. At the same time, the luxuriant growth of natural grasses which may be observed in corners, or other spots which have not been cultivated, shows plainly that the land would have produced good pasture if it had been properly treated. The soil in the district referred to is naturally a limestone soil. Neglect of weeding has also been mentioned as one of “the most ‘glaring defects” in ordinary cultivation, as pursued in Ireland. This fact strikes every stranger who looks at matters with the eye of a trained agric ‘ulturist. The late Mr. Edward Carroll, an Irish writer on agricultural subjects of long experience, published a statement a few years ago, to the effect that he had had the curiosity to weigh both the weeds and potatoes produced Trish Agriculture. 31 at the digging season on a certain piece of ground, and the result was that while the produce in potatoes amounted to four tons, that of weeds was eleven tons! and Mr. Carroll's statement is corroborated by Mr. Baldwin, who says that “it is no uncommon thing to find ten tons of weeds in an acre of potato ground.” Weeding is a department of farm work which many Irish land- holders appear to consider unnecessary; and others, from whose position better things might be expected, not unfrequently object to the operation on the ground that it is an expensive proceeding, forgetting altogether that every year in which weeding 1s neglected serves to increase the evil tenfold. Nor is the neglect of weeding confined to cultivated land. Thistles, docks, and ragworts—the latter especially in cattle pastures where no sheep are kept— flourish unmolested in the grazings ; and where land is laid down to grass the seeds sown are little better, in too many instances, than a collection of the seeds of weeds, being derived chiefly from the sweepings of hay-lofts, dressed up to suit those who consider such “seeds” more economical than any mixture which would be supplied from a respectable seed warehouse. As an illustration of this mode of “laying down land,” I shall give some details of one instance which came under my observa- tion, not in any remote district, but within an hour's run of Dublin by rail. I must premise, however, that it was not on a small farm where the “system ” I mean to describe occurred, but on a farm which would be classed among the medium holdings. In the case to which I refer, it had been thought necessary to break up some of the old grass fields on the farm, for the purpose of renovating them ; and the course pursued was to take four or five successive crops of oats, and to sow the “grass seeds,” which were of the worthless description mentioned above, with the fourth or fifth crop, without any further preparation. One field, how- ever, after carrying a succession of crops of oats, had been fallowed, preparatory to sowing the grass seeds. The fallowing consisted in ploughing the stubble of the previous crop during winter, and nothing further was done until the field was covered with a fine growth of couch-grass and thistles, and then a scratch cross- ploughing was given to the land. The harrows were set to work to level the surface, after which the “ grass-seeds” were sown about the beginning of August, and the whole finished by rolling. The headlands were left untouched, not having been ploughed, even in winter; no manure of any kind was put on the land; not a single weed was picked off; the roots of the couch-grass lay in wisps all over the field, just where they had been shaken off the harrows ; and the result was a noble crop of couch and thistles, and a poor prospect for pasture ; although in the course of time the land would become stocked with natural grasses, which spring 32 Trish Agriculture. up spontaneously in Ireland wherever the soil is of a kindly nature. Returning to the question of farm management on small holdings, it will be evident that the system which prevails in most parts of Ireland is not calculated to increase materially the production of live stock. It is an old saying that without green crops there can be no cattle ; and without cattle, no manure ; and without manure, no corn. The whole rests on green, or root crops; and this foundation is wanting, generally speaking, in the routine of farm management in Ireland, whether on small or large occupations. There are, of course, numerous exceptions to the rule: but these are not sufficiently prevalent to affect the general principle. It will be seen, however, by referring to Table VII., p. 24, that live stock to the value of over seventeen and a half millions sterling is owned by occupiers of farms not exceed- ing fifty acres. When the total amount is apportioned among the holders, according to their average acreage, it will be found that it represents a much larger value of stock per acre than belongs to all classes of occupiers holding over 50 acres. Of course, m the case of the occupiers under 50 acres, there is a certain proportion of the value of the stock credited to them which does not belong to those who are, strictly speak- ing, landholders; seeing that stock owners who do not hold land, such as dwellers in cities and towns, are included in the class of occupiers whose holdings do not exceed one acre in extent. Setting this aside, however, it becomes necessary to inquire into the details of stock-rearing by the class of small farmers, and to see whether any material increase in the number and value of the live stock held by that class of occupiers is practicable. It is evident that they are already producers of stock, in some shape or other, to a large extent. Upon analyzing the official returns, it will be seen that there are a million and a half milch cows in Ireland, and that of these over 900,000 belong to occupiers whose holdings do not exceed 50 acres in extent. From the same source, we learn that about 421,000 calves are reared, being a little more than one calf for each two cows. The proportion of calves to cows varies in different counties, and is least in those districts where dairy farming is most prevalent. Some of the calves are fattened and sold as veal calves ; but in the majority of instances, especially among the small farmers, the milk required for vealing a calf, or even rearing it, is grudged, as so much subtracted from the material available for butter-making ; and for that reason many calves are Trish Agriculture. 33 sold when a few days, or even a few hours old, going in that state under the name of “slink veal,” or “staggering bob.” Those calves which are reared, are fed at the least possible expense—sour-milk, hay-tea, and other articles being generally substituted for the food which nature intended that they should receive. A mixture of linseed meal and bean meal, equal parts of each, made into gruel, is occasionally used by some persons who pay more than ordinary attention to rearing calves, the allowance being about three-fourths of a pound of the mixture to each calf per day; and it is found to suit the purpose very well, when the linseed meal is made from the pure seed. When it consists merely of cake ground fine, it is of much less value for feeding purposes. Of the 421,000 calves reared by farmers holding under 50 aeres, 120,000 are sold by them in autumn as weanling calves, or early next spring, previous to the period—June—at which the agricultural census for the year is taken. Those young animals are bought by graziers in certain districts, who do not rear enough to suit their requirements, and a considerable proportion of them are exported to England and Scotland. When wintered at home, the calves are for the most part poorly kept. On farms which are wholly or chiefly in grass, the calves, as well as cattle of other ages, are run in the open fields, generally without any shelter, night or day, beyond that which is afforded by a fence or bush, and only getting hay in case of a storm. Even on tillage farms the young stock frequently do not receive the care which ought to be bestowed upon them. ‘The stinting and starving system of rearing leaves its effects behind it, because the animal which has undergone it is never so valuable when older as one that has been well and regularly fed from the first. So far, therefore, from the stinting system being an economical mode of rearing cattle, it is quite the reverse, being both wasteful and expensive; and the evil is rendered worse when the animals are inferior in point of breeding. Upon a badly bred, half-starved animal, good keep is thrown away. The principal remedy is, evidently, a more extensive cultiva- tion of root and forage crops by farmers who already contribute so much to the cattle supplies of the country. This would enable them to keep the stock already reared by them in better condition than at present ; and, if fully carried into operation, it would also enable them to rear a larger number of animals, as a result of the increased supplies of food thereby obtained. Great difficulty has invariably been experienced by those who have attempted to introduce an improved system of cultiva- tion among the ordinary small holders. Small holdings form a predominating feature in Irish agriculture ; and although there Vor; ylll,——S: 8. D 34 Trish Agriculture. has been a natural process of consolidation going on for several years, and is going on quietly at the present time, yet we must take into account that Ireland will show a preponderating number of comparatively small farms for many years to come. These farms, as we have seen, already form an important nursery of young stock, and if their capability in this respect could be increased, a great.step would be gained. This can only be effected by better farm management; that is, by the industry of the people being directed and employed in a more advantageous manner for themselves and the community than has hitherto been done in most cases. About forty years ago, the late Mr. William Blacker held the agency, or stewardship, of the estates belonging to the Earl of Gosford and Colonel Close.. These estates are situated in the county of Armagh, which contained, and still contains, the largest proportion of small holdings of any county in Ireland. In order to afford the tenantry under his charge the opportunity of having their industry directed by greater knowledge than they them- selves possessed, Mr. Blacker devised a system of practical in- struction which was attended with the most satisfactory results. This consisted in employing experienced agriculturists to go from farm to farm, and to point out to the occupiers such improvements as might appear practicable, and as the particular circumstances of each farm required. The agriculturist showed where draining was required, and superintended its performance ; showed how the land was to be cleared of weeds, the very mean- ing of which the people did not at first understand ; pointed out how manure might be acquired; how to grow root and forage crops; and showed how house-feeding the cattle, a most important matter on such farms, might be established. The agriculturist lived among the tenantry, went about among them from day to day ; talked to them familiarly as they worked. i in their fields, and discussed the operations they were engaged upon ; and gave in this way, to any tenant, practical information on any subject at the time it was required, The results of this system soon became manifest, andyin the space of three or four years after it had been fairly at work, Mr. Blacker reported that the great difficulty experienced by the tenants was, to procure c cattle to. consume the increased quantity of food which they found themselves possessed of; not, as pre- viously, to get food for the small number of nlitpale thin kept by them. In fact, it appears from the returns which were given by Mr. Blacker, that the increase of stock, chiefly cows, amounted to two hundred per cent., and in some instances it was even as high as four hundred per cent. When the details and results of Mr. Blacker’s system were laid Trish Agriculture. 35 before the public in 1834, in the form of a Prize Essay on the ‘ Management of Landed Property 1 in Ireland,’ its value was at once recognised, and many proprietors at the time, and in stbse- quent years, proceeded to adopt it. In 1847, the Royal Agri- cultural Society of Ireland, at the suggestion ob Lond Clarendon, who was at that time Dard- Lieutenant, selected certain dis- tricts in the south and west of Ireland, where the effects of the potato rot had been severely felt ; and to these districts practical agriculturists were sent to ‘stimulate and encourage the working farmers, and teach them how to cultivate ghisie lands. The efforts of those men were seconded by liberal grants of seeds, supplied by the Society of Friends and other sources; and evidences of the good effected by the instructors are to be seen at the present day in the districts to which they were sent. The same system of practical instruction has been carried on for the last seven or eight years by a Committee appointed to administer a small annual grant which has been given by the Government for the purpose of instructing small farmers in the south and west of Ireland as to the proper cultivation of flax. It also exists on different estates, but the instances in which it is in operation are now comparatively few in number. It is a system which requires the hearty co-operation of the agent, as well as of the landlord, with the agriculturist, and where that co-operation has been wanting, it has gradually died out. This is much to be regretted, as there is sufficient proof to show that it is a system well calculated to promote the prosperity of the country. Among those proprietors who have steadfastly adhered to the system of estate agriculturists, for the purpose of practical instruc- tion, the Earl of Erne is perhaps the most distinguished. His lordship has had the system in operation on his estates, for a period of nearly thirty-five years, and during all that time his estate in County Donegal has been under the charge of the same individual. The result is that the entire estate is closely culti- vated on a rotation of which turnips, and artificial grasses form the leading features. The turnip crops are as clean and well cultivated as in any part of the United Kingdom; and a regular system of progressive improvement has been carried on, at the joint expense of landlord and tenant, under the supervision of the agriculturist. These improvements include draining, subsoil- ing, making new fences, levelling old or useless fences, making farm roads, clearing off large stones which are found in the land, putting up iron gates, making embankments, levelling and filling up old quarries, &c. There is also a special allowance for build- ings, and the consequence is that the farmhouses and offices are generally very good. The average size of farms on the estate is D2 36 Trish Agriculture. now about 50 statute acres, but on Lord Erne’s estates in County Fermanagh, where the same system has been carried on, the farms are less in extent; nevertheless, the occupiers are thoroughly comfortable. On this point I take leave to quote from a report on Lord Erne’s estates made by me some years ago, after a very minute examination of the farms. ‘‘ There is no one who can see the tenantry on the Erne estates without being struck with the remarkably respectable appearance they present, whether at home or abroad ; and those who imagine that a class of small farmers must necessarily be a struggling impoverished race, ought to visit the Erne estates before they decide in this matter.” * In the report to which reference is made, an account is given of a farm consisting of 93 statute acres, which had been reclaimed entirely out of bog. It was under a four-shift course, and main- tained four head of cattle, an ass, and two or three pigs. Three of the cattle “were as good cows as any man would wish to see about his farm.” On another farm of scarcely 20 acres (statute) four excellent cows, two or three calves, and half-a-dozen of pigs were kept, and kept well; and on another farm of 15 acres five cows and a calf were house-fed. The crops grown for the use of those animals were of course in addition to corn, potatoes, and sometimes flax crops; and the instances quoted are not taken as exceptional, but as a fair illustration of the results of the system of practical instruction which has been carried out on Lord Erne’s estates. That system is still in operation, no change having been made in the details, except to introduce improve- ments where experience has shown that such were practicable. A similar system has, as I have already intimated, been carried out on other estates, and notably so on those belonging to the Earl of Longford in the counties of Westmeath sail Longford, ged the axl of Arran in Mayo, the late Lord Pihomeeton? s estates in Sligo, the Duke of Devonshire’s estates, the Marquis of Londonderry’s estates, and others. About thirty years ago nearly the whole of Lord Longford’s estates in Westmeath were held under very old leases, and, as was customary in such cases, the land so held was subdivided into an immense number of very small holdings. Scarcely any one person held his land in one compact lot or farm; one field or patch of ground might lie in the immediate vicinity of the occupier’s dwelling, but a second patch was perhaps half a mile away in one direction, and a third as far, or farther, in another. This system prevailed at one time in most parts of Ireland, and instances of it are still to be met with. Where it does exist, the peaple ax are very’ averse to havi ing their somes “ striped,” or laid off * ‘Trish Farmer ’s Gazette," vol. xvi. p. 923. Trish Agriculture. 37 in compact lots, but once it is done, they soon find the advantage of having their land all lying together. : As the old leases on Lord Longford’s estates terminated, the lands were taken in hand and reduced to proper order. An agriculturist of great practical experience, who is still in his lordship’s employment, was engaged: every farm was squared, and laid off in six equal sized fields or lots, one of which was occupied by the houses, yards, &c., the remaining five being - devoted to the purposes of cultivation, the intention being to in- troduce a five-course rotation—the ordinary four-course shift lengthened by pasture for a year—as being best adapted to the circumstances of the estate. The new fences, hedges, dykes, and ditches, were made at the proprietor’s expense ; roads were con- structed where such were required to open up the estate ; arterial drainage to relieve the low-lying land subject to floods was effected, partly in co-operation with adjoining proprietors ; each farm was thoroughly drained in an efficient manner under the superintendence of the agriculturist at the joint expense of landlord and tenant, and systematic cultivation was introduced. To encourage the tenants, the proprietors supplied them with grass seeds and turnip seeds at prime cost, but this has long since become unnecessary, as a system of cultivation embracing the growth of artificial grasses and roots soon became familiar to them. From the circumstance that, previous to the “ famine years,” a beginning had been made in systematic farming by the tenantry on Lord Longford’s estates, the pressure of that period was not felt so heavily by them as it was in those districts where the condition of the small landholders had been previously neglected. The average size farms on his lordship’s estates are from 30 to 50) statute acres, very few reaching 100 acres. As the estate contains a considerable extent of deep bog, a wing, in fact, of the great Bog of Allen, it may be useful to note some points connected with the reclamation of that description of land as carried out on it. Draining was of course the first step, and all the bogs on the estate were drained by means of deep cuts run in straight lines, no matter what obstruction intervened, and even after the bogs had subsided many of these cuts were, and still are, fully ten feet deep. To sink large open drains of this kind in shaking bog, was a task of considerable difficulty. The plan adopted by the agriculturist, in order to prevent the cuts from filling in nearly as fast as they were opened, was to mark off the line of drain, and then open pits, along this line, 18 feet in length by 12 feet deep, the width at the surface corresponding to the depth, and gradually sloping on each side to about three feet in width at the bottom. Unbroken spaces of three and four feet were left between each pit, and as the latter were completed, the intervening spaces were 38 Trish Agriculture. tunnelled through, which provided a passage for the water, while the bridge, or unbroken space above, acted as a wedge, and pre- vented the drain from being filled up in consequence of the lateral pressure arising from the gradual subsidence of the bog. These drains were afterwards deepened, if required, and kept clear. Once they were fully in operation, the drainage and reclamation of the adjacent land became comparatively easy. As an illustration of what has been done on this estate in the reclamation of deep bog, I may refer to the proceedings adopted by the late Mr. Moore, of Killucan, who was one of Lord Long- ford’s tenants. About 50 statute acres of red bog, fully 18 feet in depth, having been taken in hand, the first thing done was to put up a house in the centre, for the purpose of serving, in the first instance, as a shelter for the labourers employed, and afterwards as part of a farmstead. Before this could be done a large quantity of brushwood had to be carried to the intended site of the house on men’s backs, the ground. being too soft to admit of any other mode of transport. The brushwood was intended to serve as a foundation and a floor for the building. All the other materials, wood and clay, were carried to the place in the same manner, no four-footed animal capable of carrying a burden being abe to walk safely over the shaking bog. The next step taken was to lay off the ‘land into squares, containing about three acres in each, with an open drain five feet deep between each lot. The coy ee drains were then cut four feet deep on the wedge-drain system. The first crop taken was potatoes, which were planted with the spade in ridges, or beds, four feet wide, with open spaces two feet wide between each ridge. On part of the land two successive crops of potatoes were grown before sowing a grain crop with grass seeds, whilst another por- tion of the bog was brought in without breaking the surface. In this case the land was laid out in beds, and the soil from the intervening spaces was spread over the unbroken surface. Oats and grass seeds were then sown, and covered with a compost made of old earthen fences and stable-dung. The crop of oats was very fair, and the sward of grass was better than that 6n the land where the surface was broken The crops of potatoes grown on this bog were most abundant, and being quite un- tainted with disease, realised very remunerative prices as seed. The entire appearance of the land when reclaimed and laid down in grass presented a remarkable contrast to the expanse of brown heath by which it was surrounded. It now grazes a number of Kerries during summer. In the case of the Earl of Arran’s estates there was the same subdivision and confused mixture of patches to contend with ; and, until they were remedied, they completely frustrated every Trish Agriculture. 39 attempt to introduce the cultivation of roots and artificial grasses. By persevering, however, in the course he had laid down, assisted by two practical estate agriculturists, his lordship succeeded in effecting a great reformation in the condition of the tenantry on his property, not alone with reference to the cultivation of their holdings, which are generally of a small size, but also in their dwellings, and in the establishment of various branches of household industry, such as the home manufacture of linen, linsey-woolsey, and frieze, a most comfortable and durable article of wear when made up into overcoats. A number of specimens of these home-manufactured articles were exhibited at the Royal Dublin Society's Exhibition in 1865, and still remain in the museum of that institution “as an evidence of what can be done by the Irish peasantry when properly fostered and encouraged.” I may state that, while in the other illustrations of estate improvement which have been mentioned, I base my remarks on personal knowledge of the circumstances; in that of Lord Arran’s estate, I do so on the authority of a gentleman who has been conversant with the proceedings from their first com- mencement down to the present time. The agricultural schools which have been established in different parts of Ireland under the National Board of Education, were designed to diffuse practical information on improved systems of farm management among the ordinary class of Irish farmers. This system of instruction is, however, too important to be passed over in a cursory manner, and I hope, therefore, to devote a paper specially to a description of the various details connected with it.* As a rule the small farmers in Ulster are more comfort- able than the same class in most parts of the other three pro- vinces. Their houses have generally a tidier appearance, and their internal arrangements, with reference to furniture, &c., are much superior to those which are to be found elsewhere. Since the great advance which has taken place in the prices of farm- produce, especially dairy produce,f there has been no scarcity * The description of the system of agricultural instruction pursued by the Board, together with some “ Illustrations of Farm Management” in Ireland, will appear In subsequent articles. —Eprr. ¢ The following comparative list of prices, taken from the ‘Dublin Market pac will show the advance which has taken place in certain articles of farm- produce :— July 12, 1851. July 14, 1871. EERMEIOWE P5009 Saprcse 55 443. to 48s. .. 60s. to 75s. CS 43d. ,, 53d. .. Tad. ., 9d. DE il laa 18s. 5, 22s. SD Pts * ae: rakeer, peril.) silts) G21) 9. Bde TEL | 3.0) 10d.,, 13d. » percwt. a ee 56s. ,, 68s. -. 93s. 4d. ,, 112s. Pork a canes. pales 32s. ,, 35s wa 48s. ,, Sis. Eggs per 124.00... 1S 1. 48. Gd. 2 4e Sd. |. Gs.8d.- 7s. 40 Trish Agriculture. of money among the farming classes, including those of the humblest rank, in all parts of Ireland ; and this state of matters has been materially assisted by the circumstance that, on many estates which remain in the hands of the original proprietors, the rents continue to be much as they were 20 years ago. Irish . small farmers, for the most part, prefer to hoard their savings, and it is only when a son or a daughter gets married, and when their respective portions are forthcoming, that one is enabled to form some idea of the amount which has been quietly accu- mulated, as the result of great thrift, assisted by a low style of living, and very moderate ideas of what is usually considered comfort. Statisticians frequently refer to the increased amount of deposits in banks, by Irish farmers, as an evidence of the prosperity of the country, but these, I believe, fall short of the reality. Money is hoarded in out-of-the-way places, instead of being deposited in banks, of the solvency of which many appear to entertain considerable doubts. Money concealed in the thatch of a house, or in a straw mattress, does not fructify, as it would do if properly invested ; but with many this fact does not appear to have any influence. The idea of expending money on their farms, or, as it is said, “ improving another man’s land,” would appear to them perfectly absurd. Whether recent legislation will counteract this feeling remains to be seen. The comparatively superior condition of the small farmers in Ulster has arisen, I believe, in a great measure, from the perfect sense of security they have long enjoyed in consequence of the Ulster custom of tenant-right, which, however, was not legalised until the recent Irish Land Act was passed. Still, it was re- cognised by proprietors and tenants, and acted upon whenever circumstances arose which led to a change of occupancy. On some estates the limit of tenant-right was fixed, so that it could not exceed a certain sum per acre; in other cases its value fluctuated according as the times were good or bad. Whatever were the arrangements regarding it which prevailed on an estate, so long as it was recognised, it imparted confidence to the occu- pying tenant; and, on the other hand, if a proprietor abdlished it, as he had it in his power to do—the right not having been strictly legal—the condition of that estate underwent a rapid deterioration. The cultivation of flax has also been of much service to the small farmers of Ulster. This crop, being early harvested, and speedily brought into marketable condition by aid of the scutching-mills, of which there are 1409 scattered throughout the province, puts the growers in funds to meet their November rents without much trouble. It is now, however, the opinion of all who have carefully considered the matter, that flax-growing Trish Agriculture. 41 has been pushed rather too far in Ulster; that is to say, it has been repeated too often on the same land. This opinion is supported by the estimates of the produce of flax per acre in each of the provinces, as published by the Irish Registrar- General. Thus, in 1869, the relative production of flax, per acre, was as follows :— Pileewe Fs es! TS * 2458 ‘stones Dame bre. ees) Sc. eos. 2bBoi; [yes Tee reer: eam) 3 ees USN pe a Fk ee LASS The estimates of previous years also placed Ulster lowest in the scale as to production. In the other provinces, the cultiva- tion of flax is of recent date, having been stimulated by the small annual grant from Government, to which reference has been previously made, varying from 2000/. to 40002. per annum. The grant was first made in 1864, when it consisted of a sum of 20001. It was subsequently raised to 3000/., and then to 40002. ; but it has latterly been reduced to 2000/. It has been of great benefit to the districts where the instructing agriculturists were placed, and it is therefore hoped that the Government will con- tinue to encourage this very practical form of “ technical educa- tion.” As an illustration of the results, I give the following particulars, showing the increase which has been made in the number of scutching-mills in the three provinces, exclusive of Ulster, since the grant was first made :-— ScutcHixe-Mits. 1861. 1870. Increase. Lot hoe eae eee 2: Prete oat. fe AG wesc 7 am 39 = 32 (2) LESS ee Ai SE Mia: See a | aay “| Other proofs could easily be brought forward to show the stimulus which this small grant has given to agricultural and manufacturing industry in these provinces. One important defect in the management of the Irish flax crop is, neglecting to “ripple” or take off the seed before steeping the flax. Considering the great importance of pure linseed for feeding purposes, the loss sustained in this way amounts in value to a large sum; and it has been estimated that little short of half a million sterling is annually wasted in con- sequence of steeping the flax grown in Ireland without first undergoing the process of rippling. The expense of rippling is the usual objection; but Mr. William Charley, who is a manufacturer as well as a farmer, and whose work on flax is a standard authority, shows that although a somewhat expensive operation, still it returns a profit of at least cent. per cent. It is 42 Trish Agriculture. not easy, however, to induce people to leave the beaten track to which they have been accustomed; and thus year after year a large quantity of a most valuta article for cattle feeding is lak to the country, leaving us to use as a substitute eake: which is too often of aelecte quality, if not worse. I have been induced to enter at some length into the condition of the small farmers in Ireland, because the system of small farms is really a prominent feature in Irish agriculture, and is long likely to continue so. There is one point which should be under- stood and borne in mind in ali speculations on the relative pro- duction of large and small farming in Ireland, namely, that wherever you find a number of small farmers located, it may be taken for granted that the land is of an inferior character. Tillage farming in Ireland is, in fact, for the most part found to prevail on the inferior soils of the country, and especially in the case of small holdings. There are no doubt parts of the country where such holdings consist of good land, but this is not the rule. The best soils are occupied as large grazing farms, and in such cases cultivation may be regarded as un- known. The small farmers have had much to contend with, arising from their ignorance of what are justly regarded as proper systems of takiiraiien and general management ; but not the least obstacle they have had to encounter, in very many instances, has been the inferior quality of the soils upon which they have been placed. To this circumstance may be attributed certain peculiarities in their mode of cul- tivation, amongst which the most prominent to the eye of a stranger is the system of growing potatoes, and other crops, * in narrow beds, having deep alleys between them. This mode of cultivation, usually known as the “ lazy-bed” system, has been frequently condemned by writers from other parts of the kingdom, to whom it was new; but, nevertheless, something may be said in its justification. I do not like it myself, because it does not allow the land to be kept so clean as may be done under a proper system of drill, or “ ridge,” cultivation. It is the only way, however, by which, in many instances, a sufficient depth of earth can be obtained to growa crop. The earth taken from the alleys is spread over the ‘beds, and thus the breadth of the alleys is regulated by the nature of the soil. If the soil is shallow, the alleys are wide, so as to get sufficient earth to cover the seed, and to “mould” the plants, as it is termed; when the soil is moderately deep, the alleys are narrow and deep. Again, in the case of undrained land, which is too much the rule, the alleys serve as open drains ; and, therefore, although the “ lazy- bed” system is comparatively a rude style of cultivation, yet in many instances it is the only system which the people can "S09 a Trish Agriculture. 43 follow with any hope of having a crop. In some parts of Ireland, and especially in Ulster, it is usual when “ moulding ” the potato beds to lay in cabbage plants along the ‘“ brows” or edges of the beds, so that the heads of the cabbages overhang the alleys ; and it is often surprising to see the quantity of food which is produced in this way, useful either for the people themselves or their live stock. Turnips and mangolds may frequently be found growing on beds similar to potato lazy-beds, and when the seed has been sown across the beds, with sufficient space between each row, and the plants afterwards properly thinned and weeded, very good crops of roots are grown in this way on thin soils. These points have to be taken into considera~ tion before the ‘ lazy-bed” system is absolutely condemned. In reclaiming pieces of rough land, I have occasionally resorted to it, and found that when applied to the cultivation of potatoes on such land, it greatly facilitated after operations. One of the greatest drawbacks which the smaller class of land occupiers labour under is the lack of suitable power for the cultivation of their holdings. In most cases each man keeps a horse, and joins with a neighbour who is similarly circum- stanced when he requires to plough his land, or do anything where two horses are necessary. Now the horses kept by such farmers are mostly weak weedy animals, quite unfit to allow the land to be cultivated to a proper depth. In fact, this statement holds good of many farms which cannot be called small farms ; but, with special reference to the latter, 1 have long held the opinion, from what I have seen in such cases, that there is nothing equal to a bullock for the small farmer. Carting and everything has been done by a bullock on small farms where I have known such to be employed ; and there is this advantage in an ox, that when not required, he may be readily sold or fattened ; whereas a poor, weak horse is not always saleable, and when old is worth little more than the value of his hide and bones. Donkeys are kept by small farmers in many parts of Ireland, and are remarkably well kept in most instances, so that they get through a great deal of work, particularly in drawing the produce of the farm from the field to the homestead, or to market. Very small holdings are generally cultivated by the manual labour of the occupiers and their families. Spade cultivation is usually looked upon as the most efficient of all modes of culture, but such cannot be said of most of the small holdings in Ireland where it is in operation. One of the first things the practical in- structors had to do after the famine years, was to take a spade and show the people how to dig the ground, and even yet we still see them inserting the spade in a slanting direction ; so that the actual depth of soil turned over does not exceed 4 or 5 inches, 44 Trish Agriculture. instead of double that depth. Their spades are heavy, and not well calculated for working with; and it would be much to their advantage if they could be persuaded to substitute such imple- ments as Parkes’s steel digging forks for their present tools. Mr. Niven’s “Garden Farm,” at Drumcondra, near Dublin, which consists of 30 acres, is entirely cultivated by lads from 14 to 20 years of age, who use no other implements than steel forks, and with these they not only do the ordinary digging work required during the cultivation of the crops, but also trench a portion of the ground every year two feet in depth. Of late years, machinery has begun to be used to a con- siderable extent by the small farmers, as well as by others, at least in districts where agriculture has made some advance. Reaping, mowing, and threshing machines are let out on hire by persons possessed of capital sufficient to purchase such machines ; and where these have been introduced, there is always plenty of employment for them during the seasons in which they are required. In more backward districts the use of machinery is confined to large farms. Mepium AND LARGE FARMS. There are so many features common to medium and large farms that we may class them together. They represent nearly all varieties of farm management, from a low style which would be improved were the owners to take examples from many who rank much lower in the social scale, to other instances which differ in no respect from the best illustrations of farming to be found in England or Scotland. Under this head may be found both medium and large farms, which are closely cultivated under a regular course of rotation cropping, and others which are in a condition little, if at all, removed from a state of nature, although consisting of good arable land. On referring to Table IV., given on page 21, it will be seen that as the size of farms increases, over 50 acres, the propor- tion under crops diminishes, while that of grazing land increases. Thus, while out of the five and a half million of acres under crops nearly four million of acres are held by those whose occu- pations do not exceed 50 acres in extent, out of the 10 millions of acres in grazing lands upwards of six and a quarter million of acres are in possession of those whose holdings exceed 50 acres ; and, notably so, between 50 and 500 acres. In several instances a number of medium-sized holdings are merged into the possession of one person ; and hence we find one family occupying, it is said, 60,000 acres as tenants, and another family in the occupation of 20,000 acres, all fine land, and all in Trish Agriculture. 45 grass. There are many similar instances in different parts of the country, of large accumulations of land in the hands of one or two individuals. We have seen that the farmers whose holdings do not exceed 50 acres in extent are possessed of stock valued at over 17} millions sterling. In the case of the larger class of landholders the value of their live stock is very little over 18 millions sterling, although the extent in their possession is more than 8? millions of acres, irrespective of bog and waste, against a little over 7 millions acres held by the smaller class of occupants. Hence, it is evident that the occupation of large holdings, when such are kept chiefly or wholly as grazing land, is not a system calculated to develop the food-producing resources of the country ; inasmuch as it pro- duces or maintains a smaller proportion of stock than we find maintained where cultivation, even although such is in many respects defective, is the predominating feature. This is a conclusion which many, I am convinced, were not prepared for, but it is the only conclusion at which we can arrive after duly considering the very carefully prepared returns submitted to the public by the Irish Registrar-General ; and, I may add, it is a conclusion which is borne out by facts. The grazing system, as pursued in Ireland with reference to the rearing of live stock, may be described as a system which is based altogether on unassisted nature. Art has nothing whatever to do with it, beyond saving a crop of hay on some piece of old pasture which has been specially reserved for ‘“ meadowing.” There are no houses on such farms for sheltering cattle during winter, and the only cultivation which is to be seen in many grazing districts is to be found in a paddock adjoining a herd’s house, and that is confined to an acre or two of potatoes and oats for the use of the herd’s family. Not a turnip is to be seen. Here and there patches of rape are grown, chiefly, however, where sheep are kept. Where this state of matters exists, the grazings are not rough mountain pastures, but fine undulating tracts of country, capable of easy cultivation, and when cultivated, or where land of a similar kind is cultivated, producing magnificent crops of turnips. The manner in which cattle are kept during winter has been already hinted at. They run at large over the pastures, and it is only during severe weather that they get any artificial food, which is simply hay, scattered over the ground. In those parts of the country where hedges are abundant and well-grown, or where plantations exist, the outlying cattle have shelter to some extent, but there are many stock-rearing districts which do not possess those advantages. The early part of the summer grazing is, therefore, spent in recovering the condition lost during winter ; and thus the cattle pass through alternating 46 Trish Agriculture. periods of fulness and scarcity, until they are transferred to a higher class of pastures, where they are fattened, or to the feeding stalls of English and Scotch farmers. It has been alleged that this is a cheap mode of rearing cattle. As to the actual expense, the following estimate will show how much it costs to bring a three-year-old bullock to Ballinasloe fair on the Ist of Gatshens and I may state that the estimate has been submitted to several persons interested in the question, who agree as to its correctness :— £. 8) a, Value of calf on 1st November .. Dine Keep till next May .. : |W a 0 Sn 9 Summer keep till ‘st of November Spee TID, Second winter's keep i> Rial Tbe eS ha Second summer’s keep 210 0 Third winter’s keep .. 2 Ai ORO Keep from 1st of May to Ist of October .. 3 Ag U £16 10 0 This is altogether irrespective of interest on capital, expense of marketing, &c. A comparison of the cost of rearing a three- year-old store bullock, with the average prices of such cattle at. Ballinasloe fair, given in Table VIII., p. 25, will show that the ordinary mode of rearing cattle in the grazing districts of Ireland through the medium of “unassisted nature is by no means a cheap or very profitable system. Another test of the “cheapness” or profitableness of a system of management based upon unassisted nature may be obtained from the following calculation: By the last Agricultural Returns we learn that there are in Ireland 842,183 calves or yearlings ; 745,863 two-year-old cattle; and 2, 385, 056 three- year-olds and upwards. “Assume that anette of the number in each class are not allowed to retrograde in condition, and that each head of the remaining tw outings lose flesh during the winter and spring months in the following proportions: year- lings, 2 stones of 14 lbs. ; two-year-olds, 4 stones ; three-year-olds and upwards, 6 stones: then we find a total loss of flesh amounting to 12,652,076 stones, or 1,581,5095 ewts., which, at 60s. per ewt., represents a money yalue of 4,744,528/. ; say nearly five aatlions sterling lost annually owing to the flesh being literally wasted off ihe bones of the savage This loss of flesh is equivalent to an allowance of nearly 2! stones of meat to each man, woman, and child in Ireland. But there are other considerations which affect the question of production. It is admitted that a breed of cattle has been widely disseminated throughout Ireland, one prominent characteristic of which is aptitude to fatten, or, as it is usually designated, early maturity. But this characteristic, although inherent in the iced! ; i Trish Agriculture. a7 cannot be fully developed unless under favourable circumstances. Starvation, or semi-starvation, will not bring it out, although the possession of it assists materially, I have no doubt, in enabling the animal when put on good pasture to speedily overcome the effects of the treatment to which it had been previously subjected. Hence the rapid improvement which Irish cattle of a good description exhibit when put on good grass in summer, as they pick up flesh wonderfully fast, that is, externally ; for it is believed that they do not “tallow” as well as cattle which have been regularly kept in an improving state from the first. With reference to this point, I take leave to quote from a letter I have received from an Edinburgh butcher, who has had for many years a large trade in that city, and whose opinion, as a practical man, is entitled to be received with respect :— “ My experience (as an Edinburgh butcher) of Irish grass-fed cattle, is, that they, to use a butcher’s phrase, are in general ‘ bad diers ;’ that means a deficiency of inside tallow compared with the ordinary run of Scotch-fed beasts ; and when tallow is wanting, all is wrong for the butcher. The animal, however well it looked on foot, is sure to be from two to three stones (28 lbs. to 42 lbs.) lighter in carcase than what it appeared, as well as deficient in quality of beef. I suppose it must be something of this sort that makes ‘the Irish grass-fed cattle so unpopular in our markets with butchers. Notwithstanding what has been said above against Irish cattle, from what I have seen and known of their treatment during the winter months, I am disposed to take their part, and not blame them so much as their owners for the way they turn out. No doubt there are exceptions, but an Irish grazier in general makes no effort, and gives himself little concern about providing, in its proper season, a supply of winter food for his cattle. Ifthe poor starved things survive the winter, he has no claim to any credit in the matter. Keeping the ‘calf-flesh’ on an animal, in the William M‘Combie sense of the term, is, I fear, not well understood or practised in Ireland as it ought to be. If they, the breeders and feeders of cattle in Ireland, would take a leaf out of M‘Combie’s book, their cattle would be more popular, and command a much higher price than they do in all the British markets they go to. So far as soil and climate are concerned, for the breeding, rearing, and feeding of cattle, the advantages are all with them ; and it is a great pity for themselves and others that they do not take the benefit of it.” It may be stated that the writer of the above remarks has, besides his experience as a butcher, an intimate acquaintance with the system of management pursued in Ireland, as he has rented, for several years, a large farm in one of the midland counties of Ireland. 48 Trish Agriculture. Those who are accustomed to a system of cattle-rearing where the winter food consists of roots supplemented by artificial food, are aware that a given number of acres under a system of that kind will maintain a greater number of animals than would be maintained if the cattle had nothing to depend on except the pasture for their keep throughout the year. This, therefore, I believe to be the great defect in the Irish system of rearing stock. Setting aside, altogether, the fattening of cattle for the butcher during winter, and looking at it merely as a question of rearing store cattle, it is evident that a supply of winter food, such as turnips, &c., would enable Irish farmers to keep an increased amount of stock, and thereby prodice more animals to meet the demand for stores, whether these were afterwards to be finished on Irish pastures or in English farm-yards. For example, on a farm in Kildare, consisting of 500 imperial acres, which has been for some years in a high state of cultivation, chiefly under a five- shift course, including - two years grass, from 700 to 800 sheep are kept all the year round, more than half of which are fatting sheep, besides from 60 to 80 head of cattle, chiefly fatting beasts, and the horses required for working the farm. Under the old system, when this farm was in grass, the stock usually consisted of about 300 hoggets during summer and autumn, and six or eight head of young cattle through the winter. No sheep were kept during winter. Each of the summer-grazed hoggets required, it thus appears, 12 imperial acre, W hae under the present system, | found, on visiting the farm, that a field of two-year-old grass, of about 40 imperial acres in extent, had kept 240 wethers of a year old from the beginning of April until October, besides six draught colts, which ran in the field for three months. The farm consists of a warm, dry, limestone soil, which produces excellent crops of all kinds, particularly of turnips and artificial grasses, but which, like much land in Ireland, is not suited to lie out in per- manent pasture. Other illustrations of this point will afterwards be brought forward ; but I may be permitted to quote a few very appropriate remarks, in connection with this department of the subject, from a Prize Essay by the late Mr, Thomas Barnes, the well-known breeder of Shorthorns, on “ the breeds of cattle and sheep best adapted to Ireland.”* Mr. Barnes’s essay was written twenty-five years ago, and referring to the introduction of Shorthorns, and some objections which were made to the breed, he said :—‘ There are many districts where the natural pasturage is defective, but there are few districts, comparatively speaking, where an improved system of agriculture might not supply a sufficiency of artificial food for all their wants, and no breed_yet * «Transactions of the Roy al Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland, for 1848.’ sae Trish Agriculture. 49 tried has succeeded better when house-fed and in confinement. It would be much wiser to endeavour to improve our agricultural system, and thus increase our resources, than to rest satisfied with merely what unassisted nature provides, and then waste our time in seeking for a breed of cattle that will bear misman- agement and starvation best.” Since Mr. Barnes wrote his essay Shorthorns have found their way into nearly every part of Ireland, and altered materially the character of Irish cattle, but to this day there are many breeders and rearers of stock which has been improved by the introduction of Shorthorn blood, who “rest satisfied with merely what unassisted nature provides,” and who are indifferent to the advantages of “an improved system of agriculture,” which would, as Mr. Barnes justly remarked, “supply a sufficiency of artificial food for all their wants, and thus increase our resources.” There is a point in connection with the Irish grazier’s system of cattle rearing which, I think, deserves consideration. One of the essential qualifications of the Shorthorn breed is ‘‘ con- stitution.” That the breed is capable of resisting even an inclement climate is a well-known fact, for we find that in the Orkney Islands it thrives as well as it does in Yorkshire or in Meath. At the same time the Shorthorn is an artiftcial breed; that is, it has been brought to its present state of excellence under conditions very different from those in which cattle exist where provision for them, in the shape of food and shelter, is left entirely to unassisted nature. How far, therefore, this compara- tive neglect may exercise an influence on the health of animals possessing much improved blood is a question which has not, as yet, received that degree of attention it undoubtedly merits. Will exposure to cold and continued rains, and lying for months on wet lairs, affect the respiratory organs and lay the foundation of what may afterwards become developed into serious maladies ? What effect will these debilitating influences, combined with insufficiency of food, produce on the system generally? These are questions which should be thoroughly sifted, for they are of great importance in connection with the production of live stock in Ireland. The system of rearing stock, as described, has prevailed from time immemorial, and no change or improvement has been in- troduced of any consequence, unless in the case of cattle and sheep which are being fattened on grass. In this instance, the practice of giving cake, or other artificial food, to stock, is on the increase, more especially in the case of stock which had been fairly wintered on turnips, but not finished. When these are turned out into the pastures I have found them, in several in- stances, getting cake, to push on the finish ; or, as Mr. M‘Combie VOL. VIII.—S. S. 1) 50 Trish Agriculture. calls it, to give them “ the last dip.” On second-rate pastures, also, the cattle are sometimes assisted with artificial food, parti- cularly when the grass fails in autumn. As I hold that this is a system which might be extended in Ireland with much advan- tage, I may be permitted to describe a case which shows the benefit which may be derived from it. A large grazier held a farm, upon which there was a field that had been constantly ‘* meadowed ” every summer for a series of years. Under this system the produce of the field became very scanty, so much so _ as scarcely to repay the expense of converting it into hay. The field could not be conveniently broken up; no part of the farm was cultivated, nor did the occupying tenant, although he held a large extent of land, possess such an implement as a plough. With the view, therefore, of improving the field in question, he had recourse to oil-cake, and during winter he put a Jarge flock of sheep on the land, and gave them cake in boxes, taking care that the boxes were regularly shifted, until the entire surface of the field was gone overtwice. Next year the grass, as usual, was saved for ‘‘ meadow,” and the produce in hay was double what it had been for several years previously. During the following winter the same course was followed, and next year there was a further increase in the quantity of hay obtained off the land. The cake feeding was carried out during the next two winters, with de- cided advantage, although the results were not, perhaps, so marked as at first; but they showed that the system proved materially beneficial in fertilizing the land. There could be no mistake in this case, because the hay was mown each summer ; and besides the increase in hay there was a large profit derived from the sheep, quite sufficient to pay well for the artificial food. There is much grass land in Ireland that stands in need of im- provement, and this, therefore, is a recuperative mode of effecting it which deserves the attention of those who are so placed that they cannot break up their worn-out pastures, in order to put the land through a course of good cultivation preparatory to laying down afresh. x The Agricultural Returns bear testimony to the fact that of late years a large extent of land has been laid down to grass in Ireland, and, also, that the process is still going on. A consider- able proportion of the land so laid to grass was not in good con- dition at the time, nor were proper means taken to secure good — pasture. To this point I have already in some measure referred, and it is from the defective treatment which the land received that we find so many instances of pastures becoming soon run out, or falling off rapidly in their capabilities for maintaining stock. Even when broken up, with the view to renovate them, the system which is frequently followed is far short of what the necessities — Trish Agriculture. 51 of the case require. Thus, the land is ploughed, and rape-seed is sown broadcast, assisted by a little superphosphate. The crop of rape is eaten off by sheep, and the land is then sown out with grass seeds, mostly of an inferior kind, and without any further preparation. Of course whatever weeds, such as couch, &c., exist in the land, remain where they were. A great mistake has been made in laying down so much land to permanent grass as we find has been done, say within the last 16 years; but the mistake has been rendered greater from the insufficient manner in which the land has been prepared for pasture, and from the very inferior nature of the grass seeds that have been used. Previous want of condition in the soil is easily detected, and it is especially marked where the land in former times was ‘ con- acred,” Where this was the rule the pasture to this day has a poverty-stricken, hide-bound appearance, and in some places the soil has been worn down to the gravelly subsoil, so that little grass is produced upon it. It is necessary to explain what this ‘‘con-acre” system was, in order fully to comprehend its effect on the land. Previous to the great failure of the potato-crop in 1845-46, it was ‘the practice with many needy proprietors and graziers to let a portion of grass-land to the peasantry in lots ior a quarter, half- an-acre, or an acre, which were charged at the rate of 8/. to 10/. per Irish acre.* Operations commenced by skinning the surface, which was afterwards burned, and, the ashes being spread, potatoes were planted in lazy-beds. This crop was succeeded by successive crops of grain—chiefly oats—until the crops became too scanty to pay the rent charged, when the land was “let out to rest,” that is, to gather a surface coating of grass. When this system was frequently repeated the active soil became gradually worn away under the burning, and, although it was evidently a deteriorating system, one by ‘which the goose was killed to get at her eggs, yet it was persevered in, simply because it brought in a large amount of cash; sums equivalent to the value of the fee-simple being often oe in the course of a few years. The lots were charged to each indi- vidual by the measurement of a local surveyor, and the owner, if hard pressed for cash, could always get an advance from some of those petty usurers who were, and are, to be found in many parts of Ireland, and who, after deducting 20 or 30 per cent. as their share of the plunder, took good care to be paid the uttermost farthing by the poor creatures who had taken the *con-acre.” It was a destructive system for the owners of land, and it was a bad one for the people, nor could it have existed in * An Irish acre contains 7840 yards, or 1 acre, 2 roods, 19 perches imperial. EY 2 52 Trish Agriculture. any country save in one where there was a large superabundant and unemployed population, whose chief means of subsistence were derived from the potato-patches which they procured in this way. The failure of the potato-crop in the years mentioned, and the distress which followed, put a stop to the system, but it has since been partially revived, and certain provisions relating to it were inserted in the “ lia Land Act” of 1870. Among the causes which have led to the extension of grass- farming in Ireland, a certain prejudice against cultivation has undoubtedly exeneisad considerable ieee Many owners and occupiers of land were not familiar with any kind of tillage-farming save that which prevailed amongst the small landholders, and as that was evidently of an exceedingly ex- hausting nature; they not unnaturally became averse to culti- vation. The want of practical skill in this department of rural economy, combined with the close attention which a regular system of cultivation requires, has operated materially in favour of the more simple and less troublesome system of pasturage. In carrying out that system it is not even necessary that the owner or occupier of land be a judge of stock. His Dublin cattle salesman buys what may be required to stock the Jand, and sells the same when fit for market; and if cash is scarce the salesman will make all straight by advancing the price of the stock he has bought, or by endorsing taliea for the same, repaying himself out of the galescin autumn, and charging, of course, interest on the money so advanced. In this way the salesman has two commissions out of the stock, and good interest for his money. This practice’ was, perhaps, more prevalent at one time than it is now, but it is. still carried on to a greater extent than many are aware of. With reference to the influence which the freedom from close superintendence, necessary on a tillage-farm, has had on the extension of the pasturage system, the following incident, narrated by Mr. M‘Lagan, M.P., illustrates one phase of the question which has been generally overlooked. Mr. M: Lagan says: “ An agent told me of a tenant who had thrown’ all his land into grass, though the soil was not so well adapted for grass as for tillage ; and the consequence was that the tenant was not so prosperous as he might have been. On the agent advising him to plough more of his Jand, his answer was, * That would require too much of my personal superintendence, and would ne- cessitate my giving up hunting’” This, | may remark, is by no means a solitary instance of such a reason being assigned for preferring grass-farming to tillage. During the. series of wet summenaal autumns which occurred 10 years ago, certain influential London papers pressed Trish Agriculture. 53 strongly the importance of abandoning cultivation altogether in Ireland, and of turning the whole island into ‘‘ one vast pasture.” This view was seconded by the eloquent addresses of an eminent nobleman, since deceased, who occupied the highest political position in Ireland, and, as it chimed with the views of many who were directly interested in the matter, they proceeded, with due dispatch, to reduce these theoretical opinions into practice; forgetting altogether that, although pasturage is a most important department of farm management, it is inadequate, in itself, to increase the production of meat. It is true that an extended system of pasturage is not a new feature in Irish agriculture. The old Irish Parliament at various times passed laws for the purpose of restricting it, rendering it compulsory on graziers to cultivate a certain quantity of land ; and I believe that among the sumptuary acts passed by the Irish legislature was one which rendered it a penal offence for cattle salesmen to hold land within 10 miles of Dublin; the reason evidently being that salesmasters holding land would keep it in pasture, while the land was required to raise food for the people of Dublin; carriage of grain, &c., from inland parts of the country being, at that time, difficult and expensive. It is said that this Act is still unrepealed, but, if so, it is quite forgotten. That a strict adherence to the pasturage system engenders a certain degree of apathy with respect to agricultural improve- ment scarcely admits of a doubt. This fact has been long remarked, for we find Spenser saying, ‘This keeping of cows is, of itself, a very idle life,” while Arthur Young has put his sentiments on record in the following terms: ‘ These graziers are apt to attend to their claret as much as their bullocks, live expensively, and, being enabled, from the nature of their busi- ness, to pass nine-tenths of the year without any exertion of industry, contract such a habit of ease that works of improve- ment would be mortifying to their sloth.” Mr. Robert Thompson, whose agricultural ‘Survey of Meath’ was published by the Dublin Society—now the Royal Dublin Society—in 1802, states that “the labouring cottagers, immediately under gentle- men, generally fare better” than those who had no fixed employ- ment, but adds in a note, ‘This remark does not apply to many graziers in this country, whose negligence, as to the state of their poor labourers is so apparent in the appearance of their houses and families, that a stranger visiting this country must not only wonder at their pitiable condition, but deplore the little prospect there is of amendment.” Mr. Thompson, in enume- rating the “‘ Obstacles to Improvement,” existing in his time in Meath, states the following, among others, as ‘‘ most promi- 54 Trish Agriculture. nent :”—“ The very extensive farms, everywhere to be met with in this district, in the possession of one person, and those, too, situated in different places, and some at a great distance from the occupier’s place of residence. These, indeed,” he adds, “are chiefly occupied in grazing.” The remarks made, with reference to this point, at that time hold good, for the most part, to the present day ; and the extended system of grass farming on arable lands must still be regarded as one of the most serious obstacles which exist to the im- provement of the agricultural condition of Ireland ; and, I may add, the improvement of the social condition of the people. When the traveller visits Ireland and passes through any district where cultivation on something like a proper system is carried on, he finds the towns composed of well-built houses, full of shops amply stocked with goods of all kinds, the people em- ployed and contented; but, when he passes into the purely grazing districts, he sees towns and villages in a state of decay, able-bodied men listlessly lounging about the corners of the lanes, and no cheering sign of industry or vitality. The increase of wages, which has taken place of late years in Ireland, has been frequently set forth as a reason why so much land is now laid down to grass. That wages are higher than we recollect them to have been is a well-known fact; still, I think, the average rate does not exceed 7s. or 8s. a week. In harvest and other busy seasons the rate of wages rises very much above this; but it must be remembered that there are many districts where there is no regular employment for labourers, except at such seasons as hay- -harvest, turf-cutting, or potato-planting, so that labourers in those districts are frequently compelled to live in idleness, and they naturally seize the opportunity of “a spurt of work” to ask and get higher wages than they would expect in regular employment. The increase in the wages of labourers in Ireland, although considerable as compared with what wages were, previous to the thinning of the population through emigra- tion, is yet much under the rates current in the arable districts of England and Scotland. And there is not so much room for employ ers to grumble on this score as there is on another point, which is generally complained of from one end of Ireland to the other, namely, that Irish labourers will not do as much for their wages as they were wont to do, neither are they so tractable as they were in former times. Their great object appears to be, as they themselves say, “to put in the day” with as little trouble as possible ; and yet the very men we see working in the fields in Ireland with their heavy frieze coats on, and evidently taking good care not to injure themselves with hard labour, turn out active labourers once they cross the Channel. Trish Agriculture. 5d The remedies for this state of matters are, first, the em- ployment of machinery as much as possible ; and, next, task- work, wherever it can be brought to bear upon farm labour, On this point—that of taskwork—I can speak without hesi- tation, from my own experience; and I have invariably found that where it was honestly and fairly carried out, it was decidedly advantageous both to the employer and employed. I must say I have known some instances where employers who found that men working on taskwork had made higher wages than they would have done at daywork, have cut the payment down; but any such proceeding is very foolish, for it destroys all confidence between the parties. Employers should keep in view that men working on taskwork Jabour far more diligently, and usually for longer hours, than they would do if paid by the day ; and if a miscalculation has been made in fixing the terms for any particular job, so that the men really do make more at it than they were perhaps entitled to, it is much better not to say anything about it, but to watch the estimate of the next piece of taskwork more closely. There is another point to which 1 must direct attention. In 1870 certain “ Reports from Poor-Law Inspectors on the Wages of Agricultural Labourers in Ireland” were presented to both Houses of Parliament. In these Reports the Inspectors al] agree that one great cause of discontent among the labouring classes in Ireland is the generally wretched condition of their house accommodation. An “Irish cabin” has long been considered synonymous with al] that is squalid and miserable, and although much has undoubtedly been done of late years to improve cottage accommodation in Ireland, the evil is still far from being remedied, much less removed. Many landlords are un- willing to build cottages on their estates, dreading a return of the old cottier system; and this frequently falls heavily on tenant-farmers where cultivation is carried on. A system of tillage-farming cannot be prosecuted without a steady supply of labourers, and therefore each farm of the kind should have a sufficient number of cottages to meet its requirements. It has been suggested that the most simple way of meeting the diffi- culty would be, where proprietors object to build cottages, that tenant-farmers, being leaseholders, should be allowed to borrow from the Board of Works ; the cottages to be erected under the superintendence of the Board, and the number of cottages on any farm to be restricted to, say, one cottage for every 50 acres. Good cottages would induce a good class of labourers to remain, who would not be satisfied with the existing class of “ cabins.” When a farmer has to look for labourers among the small holders around him, he never can depend upon having them when, per- 56 Trish Agriculture. haps, he stands most in need of them, as they have little matters of their own which require their attention. The absence of suitable buildings, fences, and farm-roads, has in many instances proved an obstacle in the way of introducing agricultural improvement ; and, in such instances, has rendered grazing to a certain extent compulsory. In this, as in other matters, however, “where there is a will, there is a way,” for through the medium of the Land Improvement Acts, loans may be obtained for the following purposes: The building or en- larging of farm dwelling-houses in connexion with farm offices, and buildings erected or to be erected; the erection and im- provement (by alterations or additions) of dwelling-houses for labourers ; planting for shelter; draining. In certain cases loans may be repaid by a rent-charge calculated at the rate of 5 per cent., payable for 35 years, instead of 64 per cent., payable in ¥2 years. This provision extends to buildings of all kinds, clearing land of rocks, and planting for shelter. In all other cases the period of repayment is limited to.22 years. Up to the 31st of March, 1871, the number of loans sanctioned was 4818, and the sum issued on account of works 2,142,8851. These totals comprise 358 loans amounting to 138,340/., for the erection and improvement of farm-buildings, and 134 loans, amounting to 80,455/., for the erection of labourers’ dwellings, and 9 loans for scutching-mills, amounting to 2,735. The total area that has been thorough drained under the Land Im- provement Acts up to the 3lst of March, 1871, amounted to 242,828 acres, which has been effected at an average cost of 5/. 19s. per statute acre. Of late years the extent drained annually under the Land Improvement Acts has fallen off con- siderably from what it was previously, which is to be regretted, as draining is one of the most important of the improvements required in Ireland. Of late years much of the land laid down to grass has not only been sown out in an imperfect manner, both as regards the condi- tion of the land and of the seeds used ; but much of it also is not so suitable for permanent pasture as it is for rotation cropping. This last consideration has been much overlooked. People saw the better class of pastures, and they concluded that all descrip- tions of land would produce equally good grazing if sown out. Hence, it is frequently found that pastures do not keep the same number or class of stock that they maintained at first. This has been noticed, more especially, where young stock are grazed, In one very marked instance which came under my observation, a tract of grass land, which had originally been well laid down, had been grazed upon for a series of years by young growing cattle. The result was that, latterly, the feeding quality of the Trish Agriculture. 57 pasture fell off to such an extent that young cattle, when taken off in November, did not show much growth or improvement from what they had exhibited when put on the grass at the first of May. The reason was evident. The phosphates contained in the soil had become exhausted by successive generations of growing animals, This process of exhaustion is going on in all parts of the country where rearing of young animals is carried on, without any attempt being made to repair the waste ; and if, in any case, exhaustion is not so marked as in the instance I have mentioned, it shows the fertility of the soil, but it does not prove that the system pursued is right. Darry Farminc on Grass LaAnps. Dairy husbandry is extensively carried on in the south of Ireland, as well as in other parts. The chief dependence is upon the pastures ; in some districts the food of the cows is supple- mented by the produce of the land, or by artificial food ; while in other cases the pastures alone, with the assistance of some natural or “upland” hay, constitute the keep of the cows, summer and winter. The county of Cork is essentially a dairy district, and in some respects the system followed is superior to that prevalent in other parts of the country. The cows are chiefly Shorthorns or Shorthorn crosses, and the infusion of Shorthorn blood has added considerably to the value of the dairy cattle when sold as stores, or when fat. Warlaby blood is predominant, and there are several breeders in the county whose herds contain a Jarge proportion of it. Among these are Mr. Richard Welsted, who has one of the largest herds of pure-bred cattle in Ireland; Mr. W. H. Massy, Macroom ; Mr. Gumbleton, Mr. Downing, Mr. R. Smith, and Mr. James Byrne. The bull calves bred by those gentlemen have been chiefly disposed of through the district, and have thus brought the best blood into the possession of nearly all classes of farmers. In summer the cows are grazed, being turned into the pastures the first week in May, and they are not housed until the first week in December, and in mild weather not until Christmas. Small farmers supplement the grass with vetches in summer, and with white turnips and cabbages in October and November. Within a radius of eight miles from Cork, brewers’ grains and wash are freely given to increase the secretion of milk for the market. In hot summer weather the cows, instead of being sheltered, are allowed to stand in the river, if convenient, or in the drinking pond—a most objectionable practice, because, in the first instance, there is a great loss of manure when they are allowed to stand in 58 Trish Agriculture. a river; and if in a pond, they pollute it to such an extent that the water oftentimes becomes dangerously putrid. If the cows were kept in the house during the heat of the day, and fed on green food, or even allowed the shelter of a shed in their pasture- field, this waste and pollution would be prevented, and their yield of milk would be increased. In winter, straw is given for the first few months, and then clover hay, and finally, “upland,” or natural meadow hay. A few turnips or mangolds are given to those in milk. Some farmers also give bran and ground oats in addition to, or in place of the - roots. Now that both cattle and dairy produce are so valuable, prudent farmers will probably be induced to feed more liberally, using oilcake and other artificial feeding stuffs far more extensively than they have hitherto done, more especially when the breadth of land under cultivation is so circumscribed as it is at present. Furze is much used in different parts of Ireland as food for cows, young cattle, and horses during winter. It is extensively grown in the county of Cork for that purpose, and Mr. George Bolster, an intelligent farmer in that county, states that he had much difficulty in keeping his cows through the winter on hay, pasture, turnips, &c., but since he has cultivated furze he has been able to increase his stock and have them in good condition. With the aid of furze he fed 40 cows and 8 horses at much less expense than a smaller number on the usual food, and much more profitably. The furze is given ad libitum after having been put several times through a straw-cutter, or, better still, through one of ‘‘Walsh’s Furze Bruisers,” specimens of which have been exhi- bited at various shows of the Royal Agricultural Society of England by Messrs. M‘Kenzie and Sons, Dublin. When cows in milk during the winter season are fed on bruised furze, the milk they yield is rich in cream, and the butter is of a fine natural colour, quite different from the butter produced from cows fed on turnips, The annual yield of milk from each cow is estimated at from 500 to 700 gallons, varying according to the breed of the cows as well as their feeding. From 12 to 14 quarts»of milk produce one pound of butter. When there is no ready market for new milk it is sold at 54d. per gallon. This does not include delivery. Mr, Newnham, who has established a condensed milk and cheese factory at Mallow, Co. Cork, pays about 63d. per gallon for new milk, delivered at his place, In large dairies the barrel churn i is invariably used, ed by power, and in smaller dairies, by hand. Where only a few cows are kept, the plunge churn is employed, and the cream -only is churned. The butter is packed into wooden-hooped oak vessels, named firkins, each containing about 70 lbs. In the Trish Agriculture. 59 Cork market there are two kinds sold; one being the “ heavy cured,” for the foreign market, and the other “ mild cured,” for the London market. The heavy-cured firkins are distinguished by the hoops having the bark on them. About six pints of salt are used to cure the firkin of butter for the foreign market, and three pints for the London market. Returns have been issued by Mr. Egan, Secretary of the Cork Butter Exchange, showing the total quantity of butter which has passed in each year through the Weigh House at Cork, from the year 1770—when the existing system of inspection commenced. The quantity which passed during the year ending 14th of April, 1871, was 389,047 firkins; but this does not show the actual extent of the butter trade of the district, as little more than half of the butter made in the county is sold through the Cork Butter Exchange, owing to markets being held weekly in all the towns. When cows are let to a professional dairyman, where there is no market for new milk, the price paid, per cow, ranges from 9/7. to 11d. The dairyman generally gets some perquisites in the shape of potato ground, and grass for the calves until the first of November. He always feeds, also, a number of pigs. The pro- prietor supplies hay and litter to the cows, and allows them, on an average, 2 acres Irish, or 3} acres imperial per head, to keep them summer and winter. It takes 14 ton of hay to wintera cow. The owner also supplies all the requisite dairy utensils. The cows are given up to the proprietor about the lst of January, in order that they may be let run dry; and each cow for which full hire is paid must calve on or before the 15th of May. It is not con- sidered desirable that they should calve before the 25th of March, as cows let to dairymen get little or no roots, or any feeding stuffs except hay, and if they calved long before the grass began to spring they would soon run dry, or nearly so, Farmers who treat their cows well wish them to calve earlier, as the early milk and the early calf are most valuable. It is computed that the airyman who gains his living by hiring cows has, on an average, ol. per cow for his labour. The wear and tear of dairy cattle is heavy, and it is considered in county Cork that at least 10 per cent, must be set against it. When the cows are of good quality nearly all the calves are reared, but when they are of an inferior sort, only the cow calves are kept; the others go to the butcher, either as “ staggering bob,” or as fed veal calves. The calves intended to be reared are allowed to drink the “ beistings,” or first milk after the cow has ealved. They then get new milk for the first week, and they are afterwards fed on skimmed milk. Where all, or the greater number of the calves are reared, the skim-milk is supplemented 60 Trish Agriculture. by hay-tea and by gruel made of Indian corn ground into flour, which is far preferable to the same grain ground roughly into meal, as it becomes more digestible. Some wean their calves in August, but others continue to give them milk and gruel up to October, which is much to the advantage of the calves. Those calves which are weaned in August seldom fetch more than 41. or 4/. 10s. per head, while those fed up to October realise from 6l. to 71. per head at the October fairs. When the calves are weaned they are turned upon after-grass until winter, when they _ get hay in the fields. Farmers who till extensively are able to allow them some pulped turnips in addition, but, as a general rule, they are wintered solely on grass and hay. They are found to winter much better on newly laid down land than on old pastures. In the case of calves, as well as of dairy cows, it is desirable that they should get cake or other artificial food, as there is little doubt the money so expended would be found a profitable investment, now that the demand for yearlings is steady and good. The climate of the county of Cork is for the most part very mild, and hence the calves are out-fed during winter ; and it is held by the Cork farmers that they thrive better ‘in consequence than if they were house-fed, that is, if they get nothing more nutritious than hay. But, while fully sensible of the advantage of exercise for young animals, | am of opinion that calves kept in open yards, with sufficient shed accommoda- tion attached, and an occasional run out on the grass, thrive well, while there is certainly not that waste of food which attends out- feeding, where the hay is merely thrown down on the surface of the ground, to be blown about and trampled upon. In other districts, dairy farming is conducted in a much more rimitive manner than in the county of Cork. The cows are seldom housed even in winter; and the hay they get is simply laid down to them on the surface of the pasture. It is not a pleasant sight to see a lot of in-calf cows standing during a bitter shower of sleet in March, with their backs arched, and crouching under the shelter afforded by a low fence; but so prejudiced are many of those farmers against housing their cattle, that they frequently assert it is “unlucky” to do so, and that housing causes their cows to slip their calves. There is this much to be said in favour of the outlyi: g versus the housing system, that in many instances where the latter is practised to some extent, the cows will frequently be found standing up to their hocks in filth; and | have no doubt that cows so kept will be apt to cast their calves. Where there is little or no cultivation, and no properly organized staff of labour, out- feeding all the year through is on the whole, perhaps, best suited to meet the special circumstances of the case; and in the Trish Agriculture. 61 majority of the districts to which these remarks have reference, little or no land is cultivated, except an acre or two for potatoes and wheat, or oats. Not an individual is to be seen employed in the fields, and the face of the country presents a succession of small grass fields, separated from each other by tangled and straggling hedgerows. An abundance of rushes shows that the thorough drain and its ameliorating influences are unknown ; while the thistle and other weeds flourish luxuriantly. Draining, in fact, is considered injurious to the land, by taking what is called “the sap” out of it; and the entire system of manage- ment is such, that it is probably much the same as that which existed in the days when Brian Borou drove the Danes out of Ireland. The ordinary grass-land is, in most cases, preserved for yielding a crop of hay ; but on the banks of the Shannon, and other parts of the county of Limerick, there are extensive tracts of rich alluvial soil, locally known as “ Coreass ” land, which are reserved as hay meadows, and mown every year. When a farmer who holds ‘‘Corcass” land has more than he requires, he lets or sells the crop of grass in lots of a rood (Irish) in each lot, the purchaser mowing and making the hay, and paying from 40s. to 50s., and upwards, per rood for the grass. Until recently, those who took these rood lots were frequently persons who did not possess a single head of live stock, except, perhaps, a pig. Their object in purchasing was to rot the hay, and thus to raise a quantity of manure. The hay was put into a hole convenient to the ‘‘cabin,” and all kinds of house slops and refuse were thrown over it. In consideration of the manure obtained in this manner, farmers in the neighbourhood who cultivated their land allowed the possessors to plant potatoes without charging for the ground so occupied, or, at least, only a moderate sum. This mode of manure- making has, however, become less prevalent of late years, owing in a great measure to so many of the small and medium class of farmers putting their land into grass; but for the same reason the value of the “ Corcass” grass lots has been fully maintained, and even enhanced, as those farmers have no land fit to produce hay; and being without straw or turnips to fall back upon, they are obliged to depend upon a supply of hay from the rich ‘ Corcass” land as winter food for their cattle. If they grow potatoes, the produce is consumed by their families, and any wheat they may have is grown for the purpose of turning in a few pounds of ready money. With respect to the number of stock kept on these dairy farms, I find that on one situated near the Shannon, and having a portion of “Corcass” land for the production of hay, 38 cows 62 Trish Agriculture. and a bull are kept on 130 acres imperial; the tillage being con- fined to 16 statute acres, which are kept under a succession of potatoes, and some cabbages, wheat, or oats. This is one of the best farms in the district in which it is situated. Ona medium dairy farm in the same county—Limerick—which consists of 202 imperial acres, of which 324 acres are kept under potatoes and wheat, or oats, the stock consists of 38 to 40 cows. The following account of expenses and income of a county Limerick dairy farm, which maintains 30 cows, has been supplied to me by an extensive agriculturist residing in that © county, who has had ample opportunities of becoming thoroughly acquainted with all the details of the system ; and to show the variation in expenditure and income which has taken place of late years on such farms, he has compared i863 with 1871, as follows :— EXPENDITURE. 1863, 1871. ben a EIEN TE Dairywoman, wages and keep oo). Legon 25 0 0 Do. girl for 12 morths .. .. .. 1210 0 1) Mj0 De dD. 8 Da os te eee Be dues anf gedchy poly QO 1 Ogee. Aled 2 lle Rp 6 50 ; 10 0 0 Herds. se ee ae ce ee, Lee 21 0 0 Coal.) 4 PII (FE FU 8 0 0 f 10 0 0 Firkins, salt, &e. PINERe 12 1080 hig 13 0 0 Depreciation on cows, and casualties 60 ..0) QO.) sae, pes se Gaal Grass and nae P at 61. ee cow . 180 0 O at6210s. 195 O O Bue. es be ae DO, OOF ee eee £332 6 6 .. £375 0 0 INcoME 1863. 1871. Sete a reds Bs tre, id. Butter, at 91. percow .. .. .. 270 O Oat10/. 10s.315 0 O 15 Gales at 808. — 0ecc ce ymnveerasy 9) 00s 0s One eeaauae 75 0 0 Dung ? op ee ee ome he iiattes SOS) 2 eg ee 18,15 0 RAP AP st OUAMTS 8379 BOR: PEG. aes 5°0 0 £362 6 6 £428 15 0 TEXpeHses ow ise foe, tt 375 0 O Balance xo 6 od) tk SSR Gea £53 15 0 Thus, although expenses are now considerably heavier than they were eight years ago, the income is larger, owing to the increased value of dairy preduce and stock. In 1863 the balance in favour of the tenant was exactly ll. per cow, while in 1871 it amounts to 35s. 10d. As a general rule, it is considered in Trish Agriculture. 63 the county of Limerick that land which is worth 50s. an Irish acre makes the best dairy land; when the value is 3/. an Irish acre, the land is used for fattening cattle; while if the value is under 30s. an Irish acre, it is usually pastured by sheep or young store beasts. A new form of dairy farming is springing up in county Limerick, and some other of the south-western districts, on small low-rented farms, especially in the hilly parts of the country, which formerly produced potatoes and oats, or grazed a few sheep or young beasts, These farms are now laid to grass, and from 3 to perhaps 5 or 6 milch cows are kept, according to the extent of each holding. Under these circumstances a sys- tem of mutual co-operation has sprung up, which is carried out in the following manner :—Three farmers, A, B, and C, club together, and one week A churns, getting as much butter from B and C as will fill the firkin. Next week it falls to B’s lot to churn, and in like manner he is supplied by A and C, and so on. In some cases each keeps the price of the firkin which he has churned ; in other cases they divide the money, according to the quantity of butter each brings into the general stock. The principal drawback experienced in carrying out the system arises from the quality of each contribution of butter not being always alike, and this leads to frequent quarrels among the wives; but notwithstanding this source of disagreement, the system is becoming very general in county Clare, and different parts of county Limerick. On large dairy farms in Limerick, &c., the system of letting cows to dairymen has become more general than it was at one time. On good Jand the price rates from 10/. to 12/. per cow. The dairyman gets grass for hay, but he is obliged to save it; also land for potatoes and oats, and a run for geese, pigs, and lambs free. The rise in wages, and the great difficulty experienced in getting skilled dairymaids, has materially favoured this system of letting cows; for the man acts as herd, and his wife as dairywoman; and if they have daughters, or other female relatives, they assist, and thus secure among them- selves what would otherwise be expended in wages, while the owners of the cows are saved the trouble and annoyance of attempting to manage a lot of intractable ‘ dairy-girls,” One of the greatest drawbacks that small farmers in all parts of Ireland labour under when they engage in dairy farming, is the want of houses of a proper description to keep the milk before it is churned. Their little barns are usually employed for that purpose ; but it is impossible to preserve the milk from dust falling into it from the roofs of such buildings. This lack of accommodation renders it sometimes necessary to keep the milk in some apartment of the dwelling house, occasionally even a 64 Trish Agriculture. sleeping apartment, which, I need scarcely say, is not calculated to improve the quality of the butter. Much of the butter made by the ordinary run of farmers is also oversalted. This reduces the value of the article. An important improvement in pre- paring Irish butter for market would be the use of smaller packages than the firkin of 70 lbs. If small packages were recognised in the market, smal] farmers would be able to fill one of these packages at one churning, which would make the quality more uniform, and ghevefare: more valuable than it is — when several churnings are required to fill the firkin. Con- sidering that the annual yield of the milch cows in Ireland may be. reckoned on a moderate estimate as representing about 124 millions sterling, any measure calculated to increase the value of their produce is of much importance to the country. Cheese-making does not form any part of dairy management in Ireland. Some farmers, more especially English or Scotch farmers settled in Ireland, occasionally make a small quantity of cheese for their own use; and in one part of the north of Ireland cheese used to be made to some extent, but it is not a common article of manufacture. I have seen as good cheese made in Ire- Jand as could be produced anywhere; but | have also known places where the manufacture of cheese, even under apparently favourable circumstances, proved a failure. A somewhat remarkable instance of this kind came under my notice in the county of Tipperary. An experienced farmer from Cheshire took a fine farm of 500 acres in that county, intending to carry on cheese-making as he and his family had been accustomed todo at home. The pasture was excellent, but cheese fit for market could not be produced, and the attempt was given up. Yet the pasture produced butter of excellent quality, and a fair average, at least as to quantity, but the cheese was always so poor that butter had to be mixed with it. Professor Johnston says that ‘‘ Whatever gives rise to natural differences in the quality of the milk must affect also that of the cheese prepared from it. If the milk be poor in butter, so must the cheese be. If the pasture be such as to give the milk rich in cream, the cheese will partake of the same quality.” The instance to which I have referred is quite con- trary to Johnston’s views. I do not profess to be able to explain the cause, but there is no reason to doubt the correctness of the statement, for the agent on the property, who is an English gentleman and a keen agriculturist himself, was with me when I got the information from the farmer, and cormobomsid it. On the same day I visited another farm, held in like manner by an English tenant. It is also situated in Tipperary, but the pasture was of a “kinder” nature than that on the other farm. In this case the cheese manufacture has been perfectly successful ; so much so, Trish Agriculture. 65 that the tenant believed that cheese-making would pay him better than butter-making, were it not that butter was more saleable in the local markets, as there was a prejudice amongst grocers and provision dealers in large towns against Irish cheese. It is to be regretted that such is the case, for the retail price of cheese is much higher in Ireland than it is in England or Scotland, and the bulk of the people of Ireland are strangers to cheese as a regular part of their diet. In the early part of last summer (1871) Mr. Newenham, of Mallow, resolved to intro- duce cheese-making in connection with his manufacture of pre- served milk. With this view he engaged an experienced cheese- maker from Somersetshire to superintend operations, and those samples of Mr. Newenham’s cheese which | have seen are very satisfactory. His undertaking, as yet, is, of course, only an experiment. I have had occasion at different times to refer to the depend- ence of Irish farmers on the hay-crop for the winter keep of their cattle. From such being the case, it would be natural to sup- pose that considerable attention would be given to the manage- ment and saving of the crop. Instead of this, we find that there is perhaps no point in which Irish farmers, generally speaking, evince more carelessness than in haymaking. For the most part the hay is the produce of natural grass, and the first mis- take committed is allowing the grass to remain too long uncut. It is occasionally so ripe before the mowers are set to work, that it may almost be said to be saved ‘‘on foot.” This reduces the nutritive quality of the hay, and this loss is further augmented by long exposure to the weather while the cut grass is lying in the swathe, and also when it is finally put up in field-cocks, which usually contain about 8 or 10 cwt. These are allowed to remain in the field for weeks and months before the hay is transferred to the rick; indeed, hay may sometimes be seen in field-cocks at Christmas. The result is that a large proportion of the hay at the top and bottom of the cock is so much damaged that it is properly only fit for manure, There is also a great loss of after-grass caused by this system, and the sites of the field- cocks are even visible in the pasture next season. Mr, Baldwin, Superintendent of the Agricultural Department of the National Board of Education, who has given much attention to this subject, calculates that, on an average for all Ireland, the loss sustained in the hay-crop is not under 20 per cent., or a fifth of its actual value—that is, 2,000,000/7. are lost annually by careless manage- ment in this one point. On those farms where a proper system of management is pur- sued, either rick-cloths are used or hay-barns are erected, to VOL. VIII.—S. S. F 66 Trish Agriculture. which the hay is carried whenever it is fit to go into the rick. These hay-barns may be constructed in a simple manner. Thus, suppose the shed to be 50 feet long, 18 feet wide, 14 feet in height to the eaves, and 20 feet from the floor to the ridge- pole. A shed of these dimensions will afford 15,300 cubic feet of stowage room, capable of receiving from 40 to 45 tons of ‘“‘upland” or natural meadow hay, when properly packed and settled. In order to construct a shed of the dimensions given, 15 stout larch posts will be required, each 17 feet long, 3 feet of which’ should be charred and tarred, to prevent them from rotting. Of the 15 posts, 12 will be required for the sides, 6 on each side, placing them 10 feet apart; and at the entrance two should be fixed, 3 feet from either side, so as to form an opening 12 feet wide by 14 feet high, which is sufficient to admit a loaded cart. The remaining post is placed in the centre at the remote or other end of the shed. The posts must be set perfectly level, and cut to receive the wall-plate. This should be formed of planking, 7 inches by 3 inches ; of this 136 feet will be required, and it should be well cramped. and bolted at the corners, care- fully jointed, and be further secured to the uprights by means of struts. These may be very conveniently formed of the over- lengths or tops of the poles, and should be nailed both to the wall- plate and the posts with strong iron spikes. When this is completed, the structure is ready for roofing, and for this 18 rafters will be required, at 3 feet apart. These rafters will be 11 feet long, measuring 5 inches at foot and 4 inches at top, by 13 inch thick. An ordinary 38-inch plank, 11 feet long, will make four sides or two complete rafters, by being first cut down the centre and then on the bias, the end ones being left twice as thick as the others. The ridge-pole should be 44 inches by 1 inch; and when these are all put up the structure is ready for the roofing planks. The cutting of these planks will require a little attention. They are to be cut half-an-inch thick on the inner edge, and three-quarter-inch on the outer edge. A 15-foot plank, 9 by 3, cut in this way, and allowing 1 inch fot lap, will cover 50 square feet of the roofing. The roofing-planks should be of different lengths, as 9, 12, en 15 feet, so as to break the joints, and so equalise the strength of the whole, When the planking is all Jaid on, the whole should be coated with tar, applied boiling hot, and in dry weather. It should be put on with a hard brush, not with a mop; and if }]b. pitch and 2 oz. of sulphur be added to every gallon of tar, they will be of much service in causing it to harden and resist the weather; a. good dusting of fresh- -powdered quicklime and fine sand put on while the tar is hot has the same effect. Trish Agriculture. — 67 A small king-post, supported by struts, should be added from the wall-plate to the ridge-pole, for the support of the roof in front, and at the remote end it may be stayed in the same manner. The rafters also should be secured by means of cross-braces, which will be found useful to bind the whole together. The following particulars show the cost of a hay-barn of this kind, as erected in Ireland :— 2s "Spee mOmeO Cost \of artificial food .5) .<. o/.sitee) cae Ree een £23 6 6 The heifers so treated were sold at Liverpool on the 19th of December, in the year in which they were fed, for 38/. to 407. each, so that even if 7/. is charged for the grass, the balance in favour of artificial feeding is very satisfactory, deducting, of course, cost of freight and market expenses.* I have mentioned the propriety of attending to the watering- places where the cattle drink, as being an improvement which is usually much required. The fields are sometimes not well watered, and when the watering-place is a pond, and not a running stream, the cattle soon render the water offensively foul. It is scarcely necessary to say that water of that kind is apt to engender disease of a fatal kind, splenic apoplexy among other maladies ; ;f consequently, common prudence dictates carefulness in so important a matter as this. Where the water is got in a pond it is almost impossible to keep it clean, and in a case of that kind I am inclined to think that it would be better to put a fence round the oF apa and sink one or two Abyssinian pumps in * «Trish Farmer’s Gazette,’ December 17 and 31, 1864. See ‘ Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, vol, vii. part 2, p. 443, Trish Agriculture. 73 the field, so that the cattle would drink out of troughs. It would, of course, require constant attention on the part of the herds, to see that the troughs were kept filled. Where the water is got from a running stream the case is different. The bank on one or both sides should be sloped and paved, and if the bottom of the stream is soft, it should also be paved. Mr. J. P. Bomford has adopted an excellent plan of a watering-place at Drumlargan, a grass-farm in the Summerhill district of County Meath. An opening 16 feet in length is made along the course of a main drain ; one side is sloped down, and a perpendicular wall is built on the other, rising a little above the surface of the ground. The slope is paved ; but instead of allowing the water to flow back over the stones, it is confined into a channel running along the foot of the perpendicular wall. This channel is 16 inches wide, and the water is raised in it to a foot in depth by means of a slate or a small sluice put in the outlet. The bottom of the channel is paved, and the paving stones are kept in their place by kerb-stones which are sunk lower than the paving of the channel. The kerb- stones also rise fully three inches above the level of the paving of the slope, so that in paving up to the level of the kerb-stone a depression is made in the paving of the slope at that part, which has the effect, first, of preventing the cattle from slipping into the channel ; and, next, urine or other matter is caught in the depressed part, and is let off through an opening in the retaining wall built on the lower end of the watering-place. A retaining wall is also built at the upper end. There is a constant stream running through the channel, and as dirt cannot get into it, the water is always pure and wholesome. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. Keeping in view that the production of live stock is regarded as the principal feature in Irish agriculture, and that which should be specially encouraged, it becomes necessary to consider how this can be done so as to produce the required results in the most certain manner. ; Having closely watched the progress of Irish agriculture from a period anterior to “ the famine,” I have long been convinced that the system which has been at work in Ireland for several years is not that which is best calculated to ensure a permanent increase in the stock-producing powers of the country. This, I think, must be evident from the tenor of the remarks I have already made; and certain of the few illustrations of improved farming which will be given in a subsequent article, will tend further to support those views which I believe to be correct. 74 Irish Agriculture. Universal dependence on grass, for the winter as well as the summer keep of stock, is, I consider, a serious mistake. In saying this, | put altogether aside those pastures which are really fattening and finishing land. ‘These form a separate and distinct class ; their capabilities may, in some instances, be susceptible of improvement, but it would be unwise to make any material change in their condition or destination. The high-class pastures form, however, but a comparatively limited proportion of the grass-land of Ireland ; and a great error has been committed in fancying that land of any description, if put in permanent pasture, ~ would do as well as the best pastures in Meath, A few years ago, Mr. Coleman, Park Farm, Woburn, read a paper on rearing and feeding stock, before a meeting of the Central ast le Club. In the course of an excellent practical address, Mr. Coleman said, that “It is all very well to tell a farmer to keep four bullocks where before he had only three ; but let him, before he thinks of increasing his stock, direct his attention to the production of food forthem.” This, Mr.Coleman showed, could only be done “by increasing both the acreage and the quantity per acre of his root and green crops.” I have quoted Mr. Coleman’s remarks because they convey _ exactly the views I have long entertained with reference to an increased production of live stock in Ireland, and also with refer- ence to an improvement of the quality of Irish-bred stock. The climate of Ireland, generally speaking, is favourable to the pro- duction of grass ; buts it is also favourable to the production of roots and green crops. Heavy crops of turnips and mangolds are pro- duced by fair cultivation, from 30 to 40 tons of Swedes per imperial acre being by no means an unusual yield, and fully as much of mangolds. What is required in Ireland, therefore, is not alone pasture for summer feeding, but an extended cultivation of root and green crops to make up the supply when the summer food fails; and there are millions of acres scattered throughout Ireland, at present down in permanent pasture, and therefore producing only summer food, and that, too, of an inferior description, which possess capabilities for producing toot and green crops that, if taken advantage of, would add very mate- rially to the numbers of cattle and sheep bred and fed in the country. A system of farm management which combines the pro- duction of roots along with a fair extent of pasture, is that which is best suited fo a large proportion of the second-rate and ' inferior soils in Ireland. On, such soils, for the most part, pasture does more in the way of keeping stock during the -first three years than it does afterwards. A mixed system of farm management, conducted on the principle | have stated, would Trish Agriculture. 79 give three years pasture, one year roots, and two years grain. Four years out of the six would thus be devoted to the production of food for stock, but practically the entire rotation would be directed to this object, for, unless under special circumstances, the grain grown on the farm could usually be disposed of more profitably by giving it to the stock fed on the farm, than by selling it in the public market. This, I must observe, is not a mere theoretical suggestion. Itis a practice which is carried out by a number of persons who are farming at present in Ireland, and in all cases with satisfactory results, As the best system of management for the country is a very important point, 1 wish to quote an opinion which will be recognised as coming from a good authority. Ten years ago, Mr. John Algernon Clarke visited Ireland as Commissioner of the ‘Times,’ his object being to inquire into the agricultural condition of the country at that period. That gentleman went through nearly all parts of Ireland, and in summing up the con- clusions he had formed as to the special requirements of Irish agriculture, he stated that it was his ‘business to press the im- portance of enlarging the present proportion of plough land by breaking up inferior old pastures; it having been shown,” he said, “ that the lighter soils—embracing one-half the entire ‘surface of Ireland, and two-thirds of the area in cultivation— would furnish more meat and store animals, besides corn, dairy produce, and wool, if farmed as a mixture of grass and tillage land, instead of being purely grazed. And this addition of 4,000,000 acres to the labour-needing area, would provide work for about 600,000 men, representing, as heads of families, pro- bably 2,500,000 inhabitants.” What Mr. Clarke considered it his “business to press” in 1861, is as much, and even more, needed at the present time ; nor will the resources of Ireland, as a stock-producing country, become developed to their full extent, until the second-rate and lighter arable soils of the country are farmed on a system of mixed husbandry ‘instead of being purely grazed.” I might easily have quoted other practical authorities in support of the opinions | have expressed on the subject, but I feel convinced that Mr. Clarke’s statement is quite sufficient for the purpose. There is one other topic which 1 am anxious to notice as being intimately connected with the subject of these remarks. Before Irish cattle can reach their final destination in the English markets they must undergo the fatigue of a long journey by land and sea. That the animals suffer severely during transit is well known, and it is not necessary that 1 should enter into details. Their value, however, is much depreciated in consequence of the 76 Trish Agriculture. manner in which the transit of cattle is conducted, and this is true both of fat and store stock. It is the interest, therefore, of English farmers, not less than of Irish breeders, that the transit system should be improved. Over-crowding in waggons would be prevented by a mileage rate instead of the present mode of charging by the truck, and there is no practical difficulty in supplying cattle while in the act of travelling, and confined in waggons, with water and even with food. That such is requisite will be allowed, when it is considered that cattle put into trucks at a remote station in the west of Ireland, may not, and usually have not, the opportunity of tasting water until they reach Norwich, York, or Aberdeen. Watering-troughs may be provided at stations, but most of the men employed as drovers of Irish cattle are so cruel and careless that they will not give the poor animals time to drink. Water in the waggons would of course meet this difficulty. The Select Committee of the House of Commons, appointed in 1866 to inquire into the manner in which the home and foreign trade in animals by sea and railroad is conducted, reported ‘that in Ireland much injury arises to cattle from bad treatment received from drovers, and that cattle landed from Oporto and Spain arrive in a better state than those from Ireland.” The Committee also stated that ‘on the railways cattle are often over-crowded and badly treated, especially in Ireland,” and that such treatment “causes cattle to deteriorate in value, makes them feverish, and tends to produce, if it does not actually cause, foot-and-mouth disease.” The same evils still exist, and the value of Irish cattle continues to be deteriorated — by a system which has been condemned by a Select Committee of the British Legislature. It is to be hoped, therefore, that public attention will be aroused to this matter, so that some radical improvement may be speedily effected in the transit of animals from Ireland ; and that a system of watering, and, if required, of feeding cattle during transit, similar to that which has been recently adopted on the Austrian railways, will be enforced throughout the United Kingdom. » I1.—Method of Improving the Labouring Classes by altering the conditions of Poor Relief and providing them with a system of Insurance through the Post-Office. By the Rev. J. Y. STRATTON, Rector of Ditton, Kent. THe means of dealing with the Benefit Societies of labourers who are within the verge of pauperism have passed into a more hopeful phase than existed when the appointment of a Royal Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 77 Commission of Inquiry into Friendly Societies was urged in the pages of this Journal, in March, 1870. ‘The Commission was obtained in the course of the following summer, and, under the presidency of the Right Hon. Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart., is now occupied with its arduous and responsible duties. Evidence has already been taken on abuses which could not be properly dealt with by other than a court of enquiry ; and, if we may judge from what has already transpired through the newspapers, such evidence may not improbably furnish another and a powerful argument in addition to those which have of late enlisted the efforts of persons who are anxious to better the condition of the labouring classes, and who desire to see the plan stated at the head of this article, and partly discussed in a former paper,* considered on its merits, and, if approved, sanctioned by the Legislature. In a memorial | which emanated from the Friendly Societies’ Committee, in 1869, and which asked for the issue of the Com- mission, it was stated that an investigation was required “ into the bearing of the Poor Law on Friendly Societies, the means of providing insurances suited to the ‘ wage-paid’ class, and _pro- viding, for their due supervision.” I shall treat the question under review in connection with the points noticed by the memorialists. It is one which will be found of great importance to those who are taking an active part in efforts for the moral and social advancement of the lower classes of the community, and not destitute of interest to the general reader. The problem to be solved is, how to discourage and deter labourers, whose means are sufficient, if properly invested, to raise them above the condition of paupers, from common resort to the poor-rate, and induce them to secure their own provision by prudence and self-help. ‘The solution of that problem is, I sub- mit, to be found (1) in a strict administration of the Poor Law, and (2) by giving to labourers the means -of safe investment for sums which, owing to their present view of the poor-rate, are * Vol. vi. p. 87: ‘Farm Labourers, their Friendly Societ'es, and the Poor Law,’ + The memorial was reprinted in this Journal, vol. vi. p. 119, which see, The memorialists agreed to try for a Royal Commission of Inquiry, by which their subsequent duties would be lightened. In case they did not succeed —and their struggle would form no uninteresting chapter in the history of Friendly Societies—they agreed to collect evidence as best they could, and draw up a “digest,” or report, of the same, by which meansa tolerably good basis for legis- lative measures, if such should be needed, would, it was thought, have been secured. The advantage of obtaining such a basis from the report of the Royal Commission is admitted, and the Committee may still render good service by helping to initiate or to carry through Parliament measures for the improvement or develop- ment of insurance suited to the labouring classes, when the forthcoming Report shall enable them to proceed. 78 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. now wasted by them in various ways, among which are, first and foremost, their so-called Benefit Societies. The fact that their contributions to such societies are of suffi- cient amount to secure to them support in sickness and old age, and a sum payable at death, including all fair and reasonable charges of management, is one which must not be lost sight of. It disposes of the presumed necessity of raising the wages of labourers, especially of the agricultural class, in order to enable them to save. They have the money, but no safe means of insurance in which to invest it. It is true that there are excep- tional districts in England in which wages are too low to permit persons to save any part of their earnings, and the grievance is one which calls for a remedy at the hands of those who cause it. But we have to deal, not with the exceptional case of underpaid labour, but with the generality who are earning good wages. And if it is true that labourers who look on the poor- rate as a reason why they need not and ought not to save, “ unless they would forfeit their rights,” are spending on such unsafe refuges for poor men in distress as their benefit societies are, sums sufficient to raise them above the position of paupers, provided only that they had the means of safe investment and the will to use them, have we no claim on that assistance which might provide a security for their investments? no right to demand that all fair influences shall be used to cause them to employ their advantages for their own good? The influences can only be gained by a different administration of the Poor Law than has hitherto been common, and certain alterations in the Poor Law itself. Some strictness is ‘required in dealing with labourers, in order to discourage and deter them from their practice of resort to the rate. “ Nor was ever cure But with some pain effected.” I will recapitulate, and as briefly as possible discuss, the altera- tion desired in the Poor Law and its administration, and then offer certain suggestions relating to the powers of the Registrar of . Friendly Societies, after which the proposal to establish a system of Insurance through the Post-Office, will be described, and regu- Jations required for its safe and proper management given. The points relating to the Poor Law and the administration of relief are :— I. Strict treatment of able-bodied male paupers of bad or indifferent character, thus making a difference between them and able-bodied paupers whose want ‘has resulted from misfortune or the visitation of God. Il. Able-bodied paupers of the latter class, and aged and Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 79 infirm paupers, not to be separated from their wives on coming ‘into the House.” IlI. Relations to be compelled to pay either all or part of the cost of paupers in receipt of relief, as may be ordered after enquiry by the magistrates. 1V. Better supervision of the poor than: that commonly ex- ercised, V. The abolition of all composition for poor-rates, and the collection of the rate to be levied on occupiers of tenements who are not excused payment. VI. Boards of Guardians to authorise relief to applicants who belong to “certified” * Friendly Societies, if they think the same is necessary. VII. Boards of Guardians to refuse relief, other than the House, to applicants who belong to societies which are not “certified ” by the Registrar. A few remarks on points I. and II. may be quoted from the article already referred to :— I. and IJ. With regard to idle and vicious paupers. There is, at present, no provision in our unions suited to their deserts The cost of their maintenance and clothing should be exacted from the male paupers of this class. Retaining the power of dealing with refractory and disorderly paupers according to law, the Guardians should be empowered to draft able-bodied paupers of bad character, from among the inmates of the Union, and send them, for a stated term, to an establishment where work is exacted in return for maintenance. One such ‘“ Workhouse” in each county would suffice, and labour, both outdoors and indoors, could be found without difficulty. But in the case of those whose want arises from infirmity, age, or misfortune, the care of the Guardians should be exer- cised with kindness and even some indulgence—often, be it remembered, shown at present on the worthless as well as the deserving poor. There are “ able-bodied” paupers in the eye of the law who are not able-bodied in any other sense. And to them may be added those who, from natural incapacity, are ever gravitating towards the bottom, and cannot compete even in the unskilled labour performed either above or underground. It is further germane to the improvement of the poor that a reform of the law in points in which it is at variance with laws designed by the Creator for the good of the human race should be made. The regulations which separate husband and wife, parent and child, which break up families, are perpetuating worse evil than is inflicted on those who are thus put asunder. * The term “ certified” will be explained below. 80 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. * Results of this unnatural law are plainly and sadly traceable in the brutality of husbands towards their wives and families, in the relaxation of family ties, in the unfilial and undutiful conduct of the son who will leave his widowed mother to end her days in the workhouse, and will refuse, unless compelled by law, to contribute a farthing towards her maintenance. It is true that the Act makes a distinction between able-bodied married people, and married people who are infirm from age or other cause. With respect to the former, if there is good reason why a man crushed by adversity, and not by vice, should desire the consolation of his wife, instead of being compelled to separate at the time when mutual support is most needed; if it is true that the anguish of being parted is but keener in the female mind—then let us not continue, for the sake of a neat system of regulating the inmates of the Union house, to augment the distress of the poor by such forced separation.” With regard to the permission for infirm married people to live together, we believe that it is seldom, if ever, carried into practice. How can we hope for moral and social advancement among the poor so long as our regulations are opposed to those which God has ordained for the good of mankind? The mischief extends far beyond its immediate victims: it affects the mass of labourers, by degrading in their eyes the bond of matrimony, and impairing the influences of family affection. And will it be seriously maintained thit the labouring classes are the only sufferers?” III. As to the third point, it is only necessary that the Board should carefully set the law in motion, and in this respect the rule adopted by the Guardians of the Union of Upton-on-Severn should, I think, be generally used. It was stated at the recent Conference of Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen of Guardians held in London, Earl of Lichfield in the chair, by Sir Henry Lambert, a member of the Upton Board, that “ they had done all they could in the way of investigation, and he knew pretty well the condition of nearly every one in the Union. Where applicants had relatives or friends able to support them, they were, if necessary, brought before the magistrates, and whether the application succeeded or failed zt had a beneficial effect, seeing that at least it compelled those who were legally lable to support relatives to explain publicly in court why they did not do so.” 1 was sorry to hear from the same speaker that in other important respects the Poor Law was so badly administered in that Union, It is, however, no matter of surprise when the official members of that Board appear with two or three exceptions, to take no part in the management ! “In the report recently made public of the “ Poor Law system of Elber- feld,” the Prussian law, “which imposes the obligation of supporting relatives in a much wider sense than does our statute of Elizabeth,” is stated to be rigidly enforced.* ‘ Nowhere is the legal obligation of supporting relations, especially the duty of children to contribute to the support of parents, more rigidly enforced than in Elberfeld. A person who is by. law liable to contribute to the support ofa shetias and, being sieibe 2 Bert to the Right Hon, J, Stansfeld, és A, Doyle, Esq Poor Law Inspector, - Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 81 neglects upon being called upon to do so, is, if the relation become chargeable, liable, by the police regulations, to im- prisonment during such time as the relief might be required.” The “Instruction” enjoins on ‘‘overseers and visitors” to impress and enforce this duty (the legal obligation of supporting relatives) upon all occasions. IV. Better supervision of the poor than that commonly made is also needed. Ina paper* read at the Conference of Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen of Boards of Guardians in London last November, allusion was made to the mistaken ‘‘economy of having an inadequate staff of relieving officers. Sir Charles Trevelyan, Sir Baldwyn Leighton, Mr, Smith, M.P., and other speakers, were in favour of careful investigation and scrutiny of the out-relief lists.” Bearing in mind that the test of “the House” is not yet used in Elberfeld, the reader will be interested to notice the substitute for such test, and a few hints may be extracted therefrom which will be useful in dealing with our own applicants for relief :— “The applicant is subjected to an examination so close and searching that no man who could possibly escape from it would submit to it. He is not one of several hundreds who can tell his own story to an overworked relieving officer, but one of a very few, never exceeding four, frequently the single applicant, who is bound by law to answer every one of that long string of questions that his interrogator is bound by law to put to him. . . . He must state whether he has a settlement in Elberfeld, that is, whether he has resided in it without receiving relief for 12 months, how long he has resided in it, where he resided before, . . . he is bound to give, with his own name, the name of every member of his family, the day, month, and year of the birth of each, his birthplace, religious profession, . . . his occupation, the name of his employer, his average weekly earnings; he must declare whether his family leads a moral and honest life, specify which of the members does not, . . the name, dwelling, business, and circumstances of surviving parents, parents- in-law, and grandparents, as well as children not living with the head of the family. The applicant is bound to give ‘the causes of his pauperism.’ This is no superficial inquiry in which he can palm off some plausible story of distress, and the cause of it, but is a strict investigation into the circumstances of the man’s life and present position. After the claim is admitted, the pauper is kept under constant surveillance; he is urged to find work, and, if he cannot find it, labour is provided for him.” While I admit that it would not be possible to adopt the system of Elberfeld in this country, there are many Guardians who might most usefully aid the labours of the relieving officer by instituting strict inquiry in addition to that made by the servants of the Board, and who, by impressing on the labouring class the duty of maintaining their relations, weuld raise in some degree their moral perception as to their duty. V. On the fifth point, of abolishing composition in lieu of * By Rev. Septimus Hansard. WoL, VILI.—s, §. G 82 Post-Office Insurance for Labourers. rates, it may be noted that the questionable privilege of the Small Tenements Act has done mischief in country districts. It has given rise to the abuse known as ‘farming the rates.” The owner pays say 4s. a year in lieu of rates, and charges his tenant 4d. a week in the rent. It is no wonder that intelligent labourers consider that a grievance is thereby inflicted on them for which their redress is to get as much as they can from the rate. Where the Act is in force the poor are in favour of rate plunder, and do’ not care how many rates are made in the year. Where they are compelled to pay the rate as the same is due and’ payable, it becomes, in their opinion, a matter of consequence to have the rates as few and far between as possible. Such legislation strengthens them in their vicious hold on the poor-rate. VI. and VII. We come, in the next place, to the treatment to be , adopted in the case of members of Friendly Societies claiming relief. A difference should be made between members of Friendly Societies approved by the Registrar and those who belong to societies, the rules, regulations, and accounts of which will not pass the examination of that officer. In the latter case the applicants should have nothing but the offer of the House. This treatment would strike a blow at all Benefit Societies which have been © framed with special reference to leaving their members sooner or later to the poor-rate, and would compel their members to re-form the Societies on a proper basis, or to forsake them for better. Societies which cannot be dealt with by the law may thus be reached by the Guardians of the Poor. For the purpose of distinguishing between Societies to be encouraged and those which should be discouraged by the Guardians, the Registrar’s certificate should be made a testimonial, not only that the rules are in conformity with the law, but that the society is a bond fide provident institution. Thus far with regard to the Poor Law and its better administra- tion. In corroboration of the views expressed in this article as to the power of influencing labourers through the Poor Law to cultivate provident habits, | may refer to the results which appear to have been realised already at Elberfeld, though it is to be regretted that fuller information was not collected on this part of the subject by Her Majesty’s Inspector. ‘The general opinion,” that gentleman reports, “of those persons whom we had an opportunity of consulting is, that the system of Poor Law administration has had a marked effect upon the habits of the people, inducing much greater thrift and providence. This seems to be confirmed by such returns of Benefit Societies as we had access to. The number of contributors appears to increase steadily from — year to year.” 1 will now consider what powers should be given to the” 4 i Post-Office Insurance for Labourers. 83 Registrar of Friendly Societies in order to enable him, in addition to his present functions, to give the assistance desired. On the death of Mr. Tidd Pratt the proposal to transfer the duties of the certifying officer to the Board of Trade was exbodied in a Bill brought in by the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, Mr. Lowe. The Bill, however, was withdrawn, and the effort made, probably with a view to lessen the expense of the Registrar and his staff, proved abortive. I am not surprised that this course was taken, and while admitting that the duties of the Registrar might be fairly discharged by a department under the Board of Trade, think that it is for the public good to keep the registration of these Societies separate and independent of any other department, and increase the powers of the Registrar. To enable that officer to give a certificate of any practical value, he should have— (1). Actuarial assistance as he may find necessary for the purpose of examining the financial position of Societies once in three years ; (2) Auditors for the purpose of examining the annual accounts of Societies ; and _ (3) Lastly, an officer for prosecutions in cases of fraud. The cost of valuation and audit should be defrayed by the Societies, and, without going into the question of costs at length, it is not unreasonable to state that it could be easily defrayed by them. Although valuation commands at present high payment, it can be, and ought in all cases of Friendly Society insurances to be, done at a remunerative price far below that commonly charged by the actuary. We believe that no special charge is made in the Manchester Unity for information to “courts,” as to their financial position, from the central authorities. There can be no question that the managers of Societies would gladly pay in order to secure from the Registrar of Friendly Societies such advice as the district officers of the Unity may have for nothing from the corresponding secretary of that institution; and the same remark will apply to the cost of auditors. Forms, which the actuary would prepare, should be supplied by the Registrar to al] Societies where his certificate was requested, both for the annual audit and the triennial valuation. The officer to prosecute should however be paid by salary as the Registrar is paid, expenses of prosecution being charged as ordered by the Judge in the County Court or the Justices of the Peace. The higher class of Societies, such as those intended for the industrial class, would turn the advantages of valuation and audit thus offered to them to good account, and in many cases would, we believe, be placed in the right way to secure solvency. The Societies common among the labouring G 2 84 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. classes would have the opportunity of the same assistance, and would seek the advantages of the certificate of the Registrar, not only as a proof of their trustworthiness, but as giving their members the advantage of being able to obtain relief other than the House. The Registrar would prepare— (1) A schedule of all Societies whose assets were found to be greater than their liabilities at the last preceding valuation, and whose accounts were passed for the year, and should certify the same, and that their rules were in conformity with the law. (2) A second schedule, viz., of Societies whose liabilities were greater than their assets, or accounts badly kept, stating that they were debarred by such cause from his certificate. These, with all Societies which decline the registry, should be considered Societies which do not fulfil the requirements of the Registrar, and rank as uncertified Societies. These schedules should be appended to the Registrar’s annual report, which should be published so that the Guardians of every Union might have the means of referring to such source of infor- mation respecting the Friendly Society, any member of which is an applicant for relief. ‘The Guardians would by such assistance be able to deal heavy discouragement on the Benefit Societies which, in their formation and management, keep the poor-rate in view. We now come to the question as to the course which legisla- tion should take in providing a system of insurance suited to the labouring class. That they can be coerced by law into leaving the pauperising club and joining a better, or even reforming what they have, is not possible; but a safe and easily understood system of insurance, offered them at a cost not greater than they are paying for “ benefits” already, while their grip on the poor- rate is resolutely shaken off by the Guardians, would involve no invasion of their rights and liberties, but would confer on them great advantages; and, by enabling them to win their independent maintenance by their own prudence and exertion, it would materially advance their moral and social welfare. Give to labourers, not debarred by age or infirmity, the free offer of joining a safe and well-managed provident institution at a price they can afford to pay for the same, administer the Poor Law in the manner above discussed, and it will then be their fault, and no longer their misfortune, if they do not improve their position. Effort has already been made, and, I regret to say, without success, to induce the authorities of the Post-Office to obtain certain alterations in the Act which enables them to grant insurances, and thus empower the Post-Office to undertake the Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 85 management of such a system. And inasmuch as the Post- Office possesses the machinery necessary for the work, and has sought to bring safe insurance within reach of a portion of the labouring classes —though not reaching down to the stratum occupied by the labourers within the verge of the rate—I am only pressing the question to its logical conclusion in submitting that the insurances required may properly be offered to the country under its management and by its means, In 1867 a memorial from the County of Kent Friendly Society, supported by several Boards of Guardians, clerical associations, and agricultural societies in Kent, was presented by a deputation, headed by the Earl of Romney, to the then Post- master-General, the Duke of Montrose, K.T. The memorialists stated that, by means of an extension and adaptation of the Act 27 & 28 Vict., c. 48, a system of insurance suited to the require- ments of labourers could be obtained under the supervision of Government and by means of the Post-Office, by which labourers might secure, by a single policy of insurance, sickness-pay from 6s. a week and upwards, together with burial-money from 5/.and upwards, which they accordingly asked for; and, further, that the insurances known as Endowments might be granted by the Post-Office. The memorialists made no allusion to the provi- sion of old-age-pay, considering that, with some alteration in point of detail, the same might be offered with advantage to the labouring classes under the powers already obtained under the Act. The original promoters of this Act had been among the first to recognise the advantages easily attainable by employing the Post-Office as the avenue by which safe insurances should be offered to the industrial and labouring classes; and it is im- possible to overlook these advantages in extending the benefits of the Friendly Society in such a form as will confer substantial good on the classes who, as yet, have not been reached by them. This proposal, which was discussed by me in a pamphlet, reprinted almost in eatenso in the Report of the Royal Com- mission on the employment of young persons, women, and children in agriculture, and recommended as “deserving further attention,” I again urge on public attention, and now proceed to state the cost at which the following insurances may be offered to the public, viz. :— (I.) Sickness-pay and burial-money, in a single assurance, as is the common use in Benefit Societies. (II.) Annuities and (III.) Burial-money to be offered as separate insurances. There are persons who would. be glad to secure the sickness-pay, burial- money, and the annuity by one policy, and so pay for the three benefits in one contribution, due from month to month. Such ‘facilities should’ be afforded them. 86 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. I will, in its place, describe the endowment insurance. I. Sickness-Pay and Burial-Money.—The following rates are sufficiently high to secure solvency in an institution insuring sickness-pay and burial-money'to persons employed in “ heavy and light labour.” They compare favourably with the contribu- tions paid by such persons into unsound and pauperising Benefit Societies. TABLE OF CONTRIBUTIONS. For Males 25 years and under, for Sickness-Pay till 70, and Burial-Money ; and for Males between the ages of 25 and 35, PAYMENT PER MONTH. | Crass. | | bei in} yr Sens | Burial-Money. | Age 16 to 25. Age 25 to 35. } | eae Sd: $. oa 1 0 & 0 10 4 3 2 LO ree 6 5 3 i Aes! 1 8 6 4 138 2 2 10 8 D 2 0 aay | 12 10 6 a 3 0 14 10 Example: A. B., aged 25, years, insures for the 5th Class ; viz. 12s. per week in sickness and 10/. at death. For this he will pay 2s. a month, or 1/. 4s. a year. C. D., aged 26, will pay for the same 2s. 7d. a month, or 17. 11s. a year. Much inkshed has taken pla over the necessity for a graduated scale, and to little or no purpose so far as this proposal is concerned. For labourers insure at a very early age, usually, it is said, before they are 20 years old; and provided that they could join an institution which would not break down and set them adrift and in search of a new society before they were many years older, we should not have heard much of the graduated ‘scale for sickness insurance. An institution wnder- taken by Government would be as safe as the country could provide. We should desire but 2 rates of monthly contribu- tions, as shown above, the one being for persons below 26 years of age, and the other for persons 26 and below 36. The advantage of joining before the insurer is 26 years may be seen on reference to the above example; A. B. would save 7s. a year, as compared with C. D. And the age, 25, taken for this inducement is not a bad time when it may be applied, though it might be well to take an earlier age. I have, however, been somewhat led by the desire not to exceed a decennial period for the higher grade, and it would HR Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 7 not be desirable to exclude men of 35 years from the benefit of sickness-pay. Il. Annuities.—In the next place the means of securing an Annuity should be placed within the reach of labourers. It may at first sight appear a miserable pittance for the poor to say that an annuity of 1O/. or 12/., commencing at 65 or 70, according to choice, is giving him independence in his old age. But 4s. or ds. a week will compare favourably with outdoor relief, and outdoor relief will not be so easily stopped as may be desired. Many a man is hale and hearty till far beyond 70 years of age, and worth his ls. a day at his work, It would conduce to such a man’s health and longevity if he could take his work pretty much as it suited him. Many labourers, with a provision of this sort to fall back upon, with money payable at death, would be kept altogether from resort to the rate; and even when totally incapacitated from work, relatives who would barely have him on the outdoor allowance of 2s. 6d. per week will make him pretty comfortable on his annuity. Let us next consider what may be done for him to enable him, having reference to his means, to secure this benefit. The Tables published by the Post-Office, do not, at present, offer annuities commencing at 70 years of age; but I presume that no insurmountable difficulty is in the way of such a benefit being obtained. I shall, therefore, not quote their Tables, but subjoin an estimate which might, if necessary, be used. A man of 25 may secure 2s, a week at 65 or 70, money not returnable at death :— Age. Monthly eg for 65. Monthly Contribution for 70. 8. . 8. . 25 O-% 0 4 26 0 73 0, 4 27 0 8 0.4 28 0 8 0 43 29 0 83 Ora 30 0 9 0 5 ol 0 93 0.5 32 0 103 O 53 33 0 11 0 53 34 0.113 0 6 35 1 02 0 63 36 1 a | OFT 37 1 beepae Oo” % 38 aes 0 73 39 1 4 0 8 40 dvd O 8} 45 ay a iO 50 3.3 iG And so in proportion for 4s., 6s., 8s., &e. Example: A. B. is 30, and insures for 6s. at 70. The monthly 88 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. contribution ls. 3d., or 15s. a year. If he insures for 6s. at 65, the monthly contribution 2s. 3d., or 27s. a year. Example: C. D., aged 35, insures for 4s. a week, to com- mence on his reaching the age of 65. The monthly contribution is 2s. ld., or 25s. a year. If he prefers to take his chance as ‘a workman till he reaches 70 years of age, and then to commence his old-age-pay, when his sickness-pay will cease, he will have to pay for the same 1s. 1d. a month, or 13s. a year. It may be remarked that as sickness-pay is taken in the fore- going to end on the members attaining 70 years of age, we have then a convenient time for the annuity tocommence. A labourer 35 years old, or near that age, has, if prudent and diligent, commonly the means to increase his insurance. His little ones have by that time begun to be less of a strain on his means ; and once let him fully appreciate the advantages of thrift, and the disadvantages of becoming a pauper, the provision of old-age- pay will become to him a matter of great importance. For 16s. 3d. a year he would be able to claim 5s. a week for life on reaching 70; for 19s. 6d..a year, 6s.; and there are numbers of such men who will find the money, once give them the means of investing it for their provision, and the necessary schooling from a better administration of the Poor Law. Any able-bodied labourer of ordinary industry and skill, and in good health, living in a district in which wages average from 2s. 3d. to 2s. 6d. a day, would be able to secure by joining at, or under £o Bids 25 years of age, 12s. a week in sickness till 70 years old, and 107. at death for... 1 4 Oa year. And, at 35 years of age, 5s. a week for life on reaching ‘the expiration of his sickness- -pay insurance, VIZ. MO, LOL s2 oe se oe Bh Sad) ee ene te OM LO MEELIS Total cost perannum 2 0 3 There can be no question about the ability of labourers in such localities to pay from 2/. to 3/, a year, because they are already paying as much into their clubs. And in localities in which wages are low, and wherever labourers are in the habit of joining Benefit Societies, we shall find that they will be able to secure a higher amount of sickness-pay and burial-money than that which they are at present able to get, together with an annuity, which, though small indeed, and not what we could wish it to be, is better in every sense than letting these poor people drag a scanty maintenance out of the poor-rate. But supposing for the moment that they could not save, the existence of their misfortunes should not be allowed to debar the mass of labourers who are better paid from having the power given them of Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 89 securing their independence by their own exertion,* and from being encouraged and influenced to secure it. These insurances of sickness-pay and burial-money are taken for persons engaged in light or heavy labour, and not for cases in which there is more than ordinary risk. A percentage, to be settled by the value of the risk, must in such cases be added, and until such value can be ascertained with accuracy, we would decline all proposals for sickness-pay and burial-money from persons exposed to extra risk, taking of course their proposals for annuities. A rule may be given, for the purpose of dealing with members suffering under chronic and confirmed illness, to the following effect :—In case any member shall be disabled by loss of limb, or by blindness, apoplexy, palsy, or other injury, disorder, or disease, so as to be permanently incapable of any kind or sort of profitable employment, and such disability or incapacity be proved to the satisfaction of the Postmaster- General; then such member shall receive a weekly allowance so long as sickness-pay is due, not exceeding half the amount of sickness-pay contracted for, and not less than one-fourth of such amount. Should he recover, he shall be placed in the same situation in which he was when a healthy member, and his allowance as above shall in such case be withdrawn. In case of any member insured for sickness-pay being disabled by any sick- ness or infirmity which appears likely to disable him from following his usual employment, or any other profitable labour, the Postmaster-General shall have power to make an agreement with him for a weekly allowance to be paid to him in lieu of sickness-pay otherwise due, for a term, so that he may be, by such composition, at liberty to engage in easy work, at the expiration of which term he shall have no further claim on sickness-pay. The foregoing manner of dealing with such claimants, among whom will be found, if anywhere, the “‘ malingerers,” for whom the term should made of the briefest, and the persons who have a fair claim on relief or maintenance from the poor-rate, which in their case can entail no degradation on them, disposes of the difficulty of dealing with this class of illness. * It is no part of this paper to deal with the wages question. Like other social problems, an investigation would show that there is another question underlying it which must be dealt with before the wages can be placed on a satisfactory footing. Where land is badly cultivated, from the system of small and penniless tenants, who scrape as much as possible out of it towards the end of their term of occupation, and “ put nothing on,” we find that both landlord and labourer fare badly. It wonld be well if such tenants could be gradually got rid of; and the employment of more capital in agriculture is tending, though but slowly, to such an improve- ment. They would be better off as labourers than as tenants, both in point of less | anxiety and less work. 90 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. Ill. Burial-Money —-The following table gives the monthly contribution at various ages for 10/1, from which the rates for d/., 201., 30, 401, and 502, may be easily reckoned. TasLe or ContRriputTions ror BuritAt-Money ONLY. | Monthly | AGE. Contribution. Amount. | sz eae Sees - ——--_—__ js pie he Between 17 and 25 years | 0 4 Ais gee Ole ae 0 43 a S80ura08) ssl) hotOlbivh Eo Sey ee | si SD ery ean ONG yO On Ge nin BO EDT asks: Onna 3 599 4B 054 50D Se 0 8 ‘tn BD) sist DO} sig 0 10 | A few rules for the due administration of the Post Office Friendly Society, adapted from various sources, are subjoined. Rules required for the regulation of officers, whether at head- quarters or in the districts, are purposely omitted from this paper. CERTAIN RULES AND REGULATIONS. The stock or fund of Insurances, viz., sickness and old-age-pay, and endowments, shall alone be liable to make good the Insur- ances made in it. The benefits to be contracted for in the Post-Office Friendly Society shall be as follows :— (1.) Weekly sickness-pay to the age of 70 years, in connection with burial-money. (See Table at p. 86.) (2.) Weekly old-age-pay from and after the age of 65 years. (3.) Weekly old-age-pay from and after the age of 70 years. (See Table at p. 87.) (4.) Burial-money or Insurance on life. (See Table above.) (5.) Endowments or prospective provision. Following the above should be the Table of contributions for sickness-pay and burial-money, at p. 87. Each member may be required to purchase a book of the rules and regulations. Sichness-Pay and Burial-Money. A policy describing the benefits insured for shall be delivered to every member on the completion of his policy and receipt of the first monthly contribution; the same to be printed on card- board or stout paper. Ten inches by six will be a convenient size, and it should be as follows :~— Post-Office Insurance for Labourers. 91 No. : Posr-OrFricE FRIENDLY Society. “ District . A—— B. of C—. Monthly Contribution : This is to certify that you, the aforesaid A B , were this day admitted a Member of the Post-Office Friendly Society ; and that you will be entitled by right of this Insurance to receive out of the Funds thereof [siz months after this date or immediately] the benefits of the Class Sickness-pay and Burial-money. Vi Shillings, weekly Sickness-pay till 70. “ea tag Pounds, Burial-money, to be paid at your death. Provided always, that nothing which you have stated touching your age, or health, or constitution, in the answers signed by you in your proposal to | make this Insurance, shall be found untrue ; and that a first monthly contri- bution as above, due this day on account of this Insurance, and a like monthly contribution to become due on the of every month until you shall be 70 years of age, shall be duly paid; and that this Insurance shall be subject to the rules and regulations of the said Society in every respect. a with Signed , this day of in the year Examined Entered (Stamp of the District Office where payments are to be made.) No person shall make any insurance for sickness-pay by which he will receive more than 2ths of his average weekly wages, under liability of forfeiting all moneys paid on account of his insurance. * Members are to give notice of change of district, in order that their insurances may be transferred to the district in which they are going to live. * Contributions to be paid monthly, or, if the amount is not less than 2s., the same may be paid twice a month, viz. on day in the first and third weeks of the month. Every member shall have a contribution card on which the officer shall note the date of receiving and the amount of the contributions, and initialise the entry. Benefits not to be due till six months after admission, unless six monthly contributions are paid on admission. __ *Sickness-pay shall be of two kinds, full-pay and half-pay. Full-pay sickness shall be a state of total and undisputed inca- pacity, by reason of illness or injury, to do any work whatever. * When a member is sick, and proceeds to claim weekly pay, he shall send notice of his sickness to the Postmaster of the istrict in which he resides. One week’s sickness-pay shall be due to the member on the expiration of one week from the day upon which the notice of sickness was received, and the second week from the day on which the first week’s sickness-pay was due, and so on week by week, and shall be paid in a way con- venient to the member. *Medical evidence to accompany the notice, otherwise the otice is invalid, Note.—The Rules marked * to be printed on the back of the Policy. 92 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. A written notice of recovery to be given, under a penalty of — 6d. a week in case of delay. No sickness-pay shall be due to any member who is suffering — from any disorder or disease which he had, or which he knew himself by previous experience to be more than commonly | subject to, and which he, on admission, wilfully concealed. No sickness-pay shall be due to any member on account of sickness or injury arising out of profligacy, drunkenness, quarrelling, or any act contrary to law. No sickness-pay to be due to any member who is under confinement for any offence against the law. Sickness-pay shall not be due to any member who enters Her Majesty's Army or Navy, but all moneys paid by him, with the exception of the first monthly contribution, shall be returned on — his entering such service. Sickness-pay shall not be due to any member who changes his occupation for one in which the risk of health is known to be higher than that insurable by the Post-Office, unless notice of such change has been given, and the value of the risk added to his monthly contributions. Sickness-pay shall be suspended when any member refuses to be seen by any officer appointed to visit him by the Postmaster- General or to answer reasonable questions respecting his health. It shall be suspended when the sick member shall have been drinking in or on the premises of any public-house or beer- shop, or shall have been intoxicated in any case. It shall be suspended and be liable to forfeiture, together with all rights of the insurance, in case of an attempt to impose a claim on the officer; and in the event of such claim being proved fraudulent, and a payment made on it, the member shall be liable to proceedings. Half-pay sickness shall be a state of inability, by reason of bodily injury or sickness, to engage in, or to follow, the usual occupation, and shall be permitted to a member on his being in a fair way of recovery from sickness, for which he had claimed full-pay. And whenever there shall be a change from full to half-pay sickness, the member shall give notice of the same, otherwise he shall not receive pay for such sickness. When any member shall have received weekly full sickness-pay for 52 weeks in the aggregate, he shall not be entitled to more than such an allowance weekly as the Postmaster-General may allot to him. Burial-Money Insurance. * If any false statement concerning health and constitution shall have been wilfully made at the time of making an insuranee, * To be printed at the back of the Policy. Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 93 the insurance shall be liable to forfeiture on account of such false statement. If any member die out of the United Kingdom no burial- money shall be paid. If any member shall die by suicide, or while engaged in any illegal act, his burial-money shall be forfeited. Burial-money, when not exceeding 50/., payable to the widow or child, if only one, or if children, to such children in equal parts, or if no issue, to his father, and if there is no father, to his _ mother, and if there is no mother, then to his surviving brother or sister, or brothers and sisters, if more than one, in equal shares; and if only one the whole to such one ; and if there be no brother or sister, then to the person or persons who shall appear to be entitled to receive the same under the Statute of Distributions. But a member may nominate any person to receive the amount insured, and his nomination, in order to be valid and effective, shall be signed by the member making it, and his signature attested by at least one witness, whose residence and calling shall be fully described. It must be forwarded to the Post- master-General, and may be revoked on payment of | and another nominee substituted. If the nominee die before the money is claimable, no payment shall be made for the nomina- tion of another person. *If any contribution shall be one month{ in arrear, the member shall be fined on the following scale :— For every 6d. in arrear of 1 month, fine wie al QL . " ares por ea If the arrears exceed three months the insurance shall be liable to forfeiture, and shall be forfeited unless the member is able to show satisfactory cause to the contrary. When a labourer wishes to join the Post-Office Friendly Society, he must apply at the office of the district in which he resides, where he will receive from the officer a paper for him to fill up, or which the officer is to fill up for him, and see that he attests the statement by his signature or mark. The declaration paper should be as follows :— i , of , in the district of , do hereby propose to the Postmaster-General to make an Insurance in the Post-Office Friendly Society for benefits in the Class Sickness-Pay and Burial Money. Viz. Shillings per week, Sickness-Pay till 70. Pounds Burial-Money. And I hereby declare that the statement herewith, and my answers to the * To be printed at the back of the Policy. 94 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. questions following, are to the best of my knowledge and belief correct, and that they shall form the basis of my contract with the Postmaster-General. Witness my hand this day of (month and year). I was born at , in the County of , on the day of ,in the year 18 .. My usual calling or occupation is that of a , and my usual weekly wages are not more than shillings. Questions. Answers, 1, Are you of sober and temperate | habits ? 2. Are you now in good health ? 3. Have you been a whole month sick within the last 3 years, and, if so, when ? 4, Have you had gout, rheumatism, spitting of blood, rupture, palsy, fits of any kind, or asthma? 5. Who is your medical attendant ? 6. To whom do you refer for cha- racter ? Proof of age, either register of birth or of baptism, or other satisfactory evidence, shall be appended to the proposal paper. In case the proposer should desire to insure at the same time for old-age-pay, he shall fill up the following Form :— Old Age Pay. IG , do also propose to make an Insurance for 65 shillings weekly, to be due to me after the age of {3 years, and I am willing 70 65 to pay per month for the same till 4 or 70. Witness my hand this day of (month and year). Merpical Parr. Questions. | "Answers. 1. Is the proposer . . . known to you ? - a ne 2. Date of your report ? A 38. Is he without disorder or disease, | i dhe and sound and without deformity of body or limb? If deformity or disease, what is it ? A 4, Has he any tendency to asthma, fit, rheumatism,- pulmonary, or any scrofulous disorder ? J = 5. Does he appear to be a healthy i man of temperate habits ? a ae ¥ Medical Certificate. L, , recommend the Postmaster-General to acce the proposal of the above named » of ‘ (Date, and Signature of Medical Examiner.) Post-Office Insurance for Labourers. 95 The local Postmaster shall take notice of the proposer, and report on his appearance, in accordance with the Form already issued for Government Life Insurance, viz., to answer questions 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (which need not be given here), and he shall, in any case in which further inquiry appears requisite, report the result of such inquiry. I will now show the manner of dispensing sickness-pay. On receiving a notice of illness and medical evidence of the nature of the illness, which the member shall provide, the Postmaster of the district shall, within the week, call and see him, and on being satisfied that the claim is correct, shall pay the weekly amount as soon as the same is due, and he shall take care to see the sick member from week to week, unless the medical certificate renders such visit clearly needless. The medical cer- tificate shall be on a printed form to be supplied to the member, and as follows :— . I, , hereby certify that ; being a member of the Post-Office Friendly Society, District No. , is suffering from (ailment to be stated), and is wholly incapacitated from work. The certificate to be renewed from week to week, unless the illness is of such a kind as obviously to render such a weekly renewal needless ; in which case, it shall be renewed at the end of each fortnight. It may be remarked that medical men readily afford assistance of this kind. In districts where the members are sufficiently numerous, a medical club may be formed at a cost of 4s. to 5s. per member per annum. : ENDOWMENTS. The endowment is an insurance by which a person may secure for himself or nominee a sum not less than 5/. nor exceeding 2OOL., and, for the sake chiefly of others than those of the labouring classes within the range of poor-relief, I should like to see facilities given for obtaining it at the Post-Office, and therefore sub- join the form of proposal for this most useful benefit. It would speedily make its way among artisans, mechanics, and servants, especially women servants who are able to lay by a little from their wages; and it would encourage the latter to spend less on their dress than they oftentimes do, and keep the money for their married life. Endowment No. 1 (Self ). I, , of , in the county of - born on the day of , in the year , by calling or profession a , do hereby propose to Her Majesty’s Postmaster-General to make an Insurance in the Post-Office Friendly Society 96 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. for an endowment for the sum of (£) (pounds) to be paid to me on my own account at the end of years, for which I P hall have to pay a monthly contribution of : Witness my hand this day of Endowment No. 2 (Nominee). The foregoing form will, with the following alterations, be | available. Instead of “ to be paid to me,” set— “ For and on account of , born on day of- him his) | » at ; and to be paid to or } or on { or her her account at the end of years, and for which I shall have to pay a monthly contribution of : “< Witness my hand this day of son “The above named Nominee is or of » and daughter his , his wife, in the County of , and fet er father is by calling or Occupation a The following rules relating to Endowments are suggested :-— Endowments or prospective provision to any amount from 5/. to 200/., may be contributed for, to be paid to contributors or to the nominees of contributors at the end of any number of years, being not less than seven or more than twenty. An Endowment Insurance may be made by any person on his or her account, or ou account of any other person nominated in the policy of insurance to receive the sum insured. In the case of the death of a nominee for whom and on whose account such insurance shall have been made, and also in the case of the death of any person who shall have made such an insurance, the total amount of monthly contribution, or of any redemption payment which may have been received for the same, will be — paid back. In the first named case, it will be paid back to the person who made the insurance ; as in the second case, it will — be paid and disposed of as burial-money would be paid if the insurer had made such an insurance. Interest will be paid also on such sum at ___ per cent., where the insurance shall have been in existence seven years or upwards. A Table showing the monthly contributions to be paid for sums from 9/. and upwards to 200/ may be constructed for this purpose, if the interest is to be calculated at 2} per cent., the interest allowed on deposits in Savings Banks. If 3 per cent. is the interest, the following example will suffice :— Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 97 Monthly Contributions. Ze Ss. -d. For 5 to be due and paid at the end of 7 years, is Me 1 ” 5 ” ” ” oP 0 113 ” 5 ” ” 9 ” =e (O10 ” 5 ” ” 10 ” 0 9 Stink, 14 * 0 6 For 10/. the monthly contributions would be double the above, and so on in proportion for any sum up to 200/. A Redemption Table, showing the sum to be paid down at once, instead of monthly contributions, in order to entitle the person paying any of such sums or his or her nominee to secure an endowment of 5/. at the end of a stated number of years, need not be given here; nor need a specimen of the Endowment policy be given. The latter will be of two kinds—one for ** self,” the other for “nominee.” The rules relating to fines and forfeitures being the same as those in the case of sickness-pay and burial-money, should be printed on the back of the policy for Endowment insurance. Remuneration to Officers for their Services. When a Sickness-pay and Burial-money proposal has been accepted and the second monthly contribution paid for it, the amount of such second monthly contribution is to be paid to the officer of the district. For each Old-age-pay insurance the officer shall retain 1s., provided the 6th monthly contribution has been paid thereon. When an Endowment proposal has been accepted and the second monthly contribution paid, 3s. is to be paid to the officer, if the monthly contribution amounts to or exceeds that sum, and in every other case, the whole of the second monthly contribution. Annual allowances to be paid to the officers for receiving con- tributions of members and managing the business of their district as follows :— At the rate of 4 per cent. per annum upon the full amount of monthly contributions for sickness, burial-money and old-age- pay. At the same rate for endowments, but so that no percentage to the officer for any one endowment shall exceed 3s. The medical fee for passing members for labourers’ Benefit Societies is usually a shilling. In some cases half-a-crown is charged, which is paid by the proposer. The same custom of leaving the proposer to pay for the medical certificate should be observed by the Post-Office for the present. It is necessary to provide for the expenses of the management, for which purpose the following rule will be useful :— All moneys received by means of legacies, donations, grants, VOL. VIII.—S. 8. H 98 Post-Office Insurance for Labourers. or from any source whatever, shall be carried to an account to be called “‘ The Management Fund Account,” and a percentage, as the Postmaster-General, assisted by an actuary, may judge to be safe and necessary, shal] be annually charged upon the amounts of contributions annually received on account of the several branches of insurances. All fines and forfeitures shall be carried to the same account. If on valuation “The Management Fund Account” shows a surplus properly available as bonus, the same shall be applied to members who have chronic illness, and shall . be thought best entitled to help. The Post-Office Friendly Society should not be placed under the supervision of the Registrar of Friendly Societies. Against the proposal to establish a Post-Office Friendly Society several objections have been urged, which will now be considered. In approaching them I express the wish that the fair treatment shown by the representative of the Foresters, at the Conference of the Friendly Societies Association held last year in London, under the presidency of the Earl Nelson, when the plan was discussed, might be observed by objectors whose scruples are grounded on a fear of Government intrusion into the field of insurance. ‘If any gentleman,” said Mr. Pinchbeck, “ proposed to open an opposition shop, the Foresters have no objection.” We believe that so far from causing injury to Societies whose business is properly done, the increased attention to insurance which the establishment of this plan would draw from the public would benefit such Societies greatly. Such is the feeling with which the Managers of the County of Kent Friendly Society, who first brought the proposal forward, regard the assistance which the Legislature would thus give, if the system were established and properly worked. The objections of the managers of un- sound, or of worse than unsound Societies, or of insurance com- panies which compete keenly for sums of even small amount, and who view with disfavour Government and Friendly Societies alike when they undertake life insurances—though they are welcome to all the annuities—will not be allowed to carry much weight. They do, however, supply persons who are endeavouring to carry out: a reform in the means of insurance among the labouring classes, with a reason for pressing vigorously on the establishment of a system which, while it would help to break up the bad, would encourage good and trustworthy provident | institutions. The Kentish deputation to the Postmaster-General, in 1867, were given to understand that steps would be taken for the re- duction of Life Insurance from 20/. to 5/., and for the establish- ment of Endowment Insurance, and that the sickness-pay should receive careful consideration. Nothing whatever has been done — Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 99 from that time to the present, and a great opportunity of assisting the work of the social and moral improvement of the labouring classes has thus far been neglected. Surely, the consideration that advantages are being withheld from persons who, by their own unassisted intelligence, cannot help themselves, will have weight. The objection started by some actuaries that sufficient personal supervision cannot be exercised by the Post-Office, and that, therefore, the frauds guarded against in small Societies would be easily practised on the Post-Office Society, is founded in ignor- ance of the practical working of such supervision, and of the existence of superior means of protection. The returns of sickness in such Societies in the south-eastern district of England are stated at about 27 per cent. per annum, and are probably higher. In the County of Kent Friendly Society, in which it is impossible to adopt the system of espionage of mem- bers over one another, inasmuch as the members are scattered over the county, the returns are very considerably less; the members have, as a rule, but little personal knowledge of each other, and the percentage is seldom as much as 15, and has been under 11. This Society employs the method of super- vision recommended for the Post-Office. In the Hampshire Friendly Society, the rate is still less. Both Societies have been established upwards of 40 years, and are solvent; the former is wealthy. Will anyone seriously maintain that. the means of protection against fraud and imposition used by these Societies could not be used at least as effectively by the Post-Office? It is in truth a frivolous objection to allege that the latter could not adopt securities against malingerers, of a much better kind than those used in Societies which resort to the questionable protection of espionage. In practice, any fraudulent use of the sickness fund is a dangerous experiment. Nor are there the opportunities for simulating sickness among labourers which persons who know but little of them may suppose. When by the terms of their insurance there must be compulsory idJeness ; no drinking with boon companions in the beershop, or being so much as seen within its proscribed precincts ; but a home with little or no comfort for the pseudo invalid, and probably much discomfort—the position becomes untenable, and outdoor work on a winter’s day is preferred. Putting aside the common honesty and fair dealing of labourers, the reader will have observed that testimony as to character is required in the questions for proposers for sickness-pay and burial-money. Labourers prefer 14s. a week at their work to 12s. claimed under compulsory confinement to the house, received at great risk, and under much discomfort. H 2 100 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. Another objection is that, conceding the feasibility of the plan, its adoption would cause a great addition to the duties of the district officials. We can only reply that the latter are found gladly to undertake work of the kind, provided that they are fairly paid for doing it. They make very good agents of Friendly Societies, and the work is not by any means heavy. In a district of 100 members, which would be a large district, the number of the sick, according to the returns from Societies in which the espionage of the members over each other is resorted to, would be 27 per annum. SBut with the system advocated in this article, it ought not to exceed 15 in the course of the year, or thereabouts. And the payment of their claims, as well as the receipt of the contributions of all the insured, is no considerable addition to the duties of a district post- master. Another objection arises from the persuasion that collectors are required to call on the members week by week for their contributions, in reference to which practice I venture to remark that it will be strange indeed if the evidence elicited by the Royal Commission does not point strongly to the conclusion that the custom of employing collectors is not for the benefit of the members but for that of the collectors. Their books have a considerable marketable value, and hence the enormous per- centages charged for collection. These charges are defended as necessary. Necessary, we ask, for whom? Certainly not for the due care of the members who pay them. Once let members clearly understand that arrears of contributions place their benefits in jeopardy, and entail fine and forfeiture which will be duly enforced, and they will be very careful how they get into arrear. They will come to the district office and pay readily enough. A system which showed to persons insured in Societies where enormous charges for collection are levied that such expenses might be saved and collectors be dispensed with, would be a great boon to many deserving poor. The answer to this objection, as in that relating to the supervision of sick members, is one the weight of which tells heavily against the opponents of the scheme. The last objection requiring notice is that since insurances have been obtainable at the Post-Office the public have shown a declining interest in them, and it is asked whether the same apathy would not be manifested in the event of sickness-pay and burial-money and endowment insurances. To such a suppo- sition—and it is no more—we reply that it would be strange indeed if the attempts at providing insurances through the Post-Office had secured much attention: the Life Insurance is, even as compared with the limit imposed on Friendly Societies, Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. 101 greatly restricted; the sums are limited to amounts not ex- ceeding 100/., and not less than 20/.; and, with regard to the Annuities, the public require time before they will understand their right use. Much improvement is also required in the manner in which these insurances are brought before the labour- ing classes. At present the people are mostly puzzled and dis- couraged by the lengthy papers and the process of securing insurances ; and as the officials are not paid sufficiently to make it worth their while to attend to the work, little or nothing is done. All this might, and we trust will, be set right, and we may then reasonably anticipate that a fair share of business, even in the annuities, will be obtained. I have now noticed the principal objections started against the Post-Office plan, both by persons who are desirous to keep the Government out of the field of insurance, and by those who are giving thoughtful attention to the proposal, with the desire to see some means devised and employed by which the helpless condition of the wage-paid Jabourers of the lower class in respect of insurance may be improved, and who desire to have such objections discussed with a view to test the importance to be attached to them. I trust that it has been shown that the importance of such objections has been over-estimated, and that there is no sound and insurmountable difficulty in the way of this part of the method of improving the condition of labourers. In a paper * advocating ‘‘Sickness-pay through the Post- Office,” by the Hon. Edward Stanhope, formerly Assistant- Commissioner on the employment of children, young persons, and women in agriculture, the advantages of the plan are thus summarised :— (1). The security of the insurance will be indisputable, and will not be affected by anything short of a great national convulsion. (2). It will give to all insurers the advantage of transferring their place of abode without interfering with their insurance. (3). It will give facilities for greater economy of adminis- tration, and : (4). Afford a standard of economy and good management to other Friendly Societies. Something has been said of the desirability of the Annual Festival. Against this institution I have nothing to object, so long as it is managed with order and decorum by the members themselves. A district of the Post-Office Friendly Society might have its annual festival, either separately or in conjunction tae d at the Conference of the Friendly Societies Association in London in 102 Post- Office Insurance for Labourers. with other districts, for which purpose the members would raise the necessary expenses. Ihave elsewhere pointed out that, with this system of insurance, and with trustworthy Societies, there could be no hesitation on the part of local trustees of charitable funds in assisting members at times of unusual pressure in paying} their monthly contributions. The difficulty of dispensing charity in such a manner as not to discourage thrift would thus be obviated. Such is the state of existing Benefit Societies that I do not; suppose any trustee could venture to help a man, although, from the pressure of illness, or the number of little ones in his family too young to earn anything towards their maintenance, such assistance would be extremely well bestowed if only his club were trustworthy. Iam painfully reminded of the want of some such means of applying parish charities, which are yearly dis- tributed at Christmas in my parish, and to the thorough dissatis- faction both of trustees and recipients. It would be a great assistance to a few deserving men in the parish to give them 5s, each towards their club payments ; but the clubs are unsafe, and the money goes to some persons whose earnings, take one year with another, are as large as the livings of many of the ‘ moun- tain” clergy in England, or their brethren in the Principality. The recipients will all of them, I fear, sooner or later, be paupers, if they are not already. While the Post-Office Friendly Society would give to the country one provident institution which the Guardians of the poor would admit as favourable to the claims of a member belonging to it, it would also attract to itself the influences which are too often kindly but injudiciously given by the clergy, the gentry, and others in behalf of unsafe and pauperising clubs. Many steady young men would, by their influence, join it, and their example would tell on their companions, Those persons whose infirmities debarred their joining it, are among the class for whom the Poor Law is, and always will be, required in this country. And persons whose age may prevent their joining will be better off than they are at present in respect of Benefit Societies, many of which, with the example and influ- ence of a district Post-Office branch among them, would be improved both in constitution and management. The mem- bers of these Societies would then experience the benefits of being in institutions which possessed genuine claims to trust- worthiness and providence, and thus their own comfort and well-doing would be promoted. The method by which these advantages may be placed within reach of many labourers who are at present within the verge of poor-relief has, with many imperfections and shortcomings —— Oe _ American Milk-Condensing Factories. 103 on my part, been now discussed. It is briefly comprised in (1) deterrent measures from resort to the rate, together with (2) a system of insurance suited to persons diverted from such resort, under Government supervision and by means of the Post- Office. By applying it to the labouring classes, waste and improvidence will be greatly repressed, and habits of thrift, by which they may attain an independence suited to their lot in life, encouraged and confirmed, and their comfort and well-doing _ be thereby increased and established. Norte.—In the foregoing method no change, either in the administration of the Poor Law as regards relief, or provision for sickness-pay and burial-money, is contemplated for females. Women would be eligible at the Post-Office for life insurance, as they are now, for burial-money without sickness-pay, for annuities, and for endowments. Iil.—The American Milk-Condensing Factories and Condensed Milk Manufacture. By X. A. WiLuarDp, A.M., of Herkimer, New York. Lecturer in Cornell University and in the Maine State Agricultural College; President of the New York State Dairymen’s Association and Board of Trade, &c., Ke. Tue history of experiments for condensing milk in America dates back to 1846. Possibly the idea of reducing milk to a solid may have occurred earlier in Europe, but if experiments were made they were not successful, or at least were of no prac- tical importance. Preparations under the names of “ Desiccated Milk,” ‘Milk Powders,” and “Milk Essence,” have been in the market for many years, but they were all too imperfect to meet the conditions required for general introduction. They were articles prepared from milk, and not the actual milk itself. It became evident at an early stage of the experiments that if milk could be divested of its water, leaving the other constituents uninjured and unaltered—in other words, if milk could be con- verted into a solid, so as to be easily kept for long periods, and then by the addition of water could be brought back again to its original consistency and flavour, such a form of milk would prove a boon to consumers, and must find a ready sale if put upon the market at reasonable prices. To Mr. Gail Borden, of White Plains, New York, must be awarded the credit of essen- tially accomplishing these results. It is true that by his process the milk is not reduced to a solid or dry state, but three-quarters of its bulk in water are removed, while the other conditions are 104 American Milk-Condensing Factories. very perfectly met; and in this form it is better adapted to the manifold uses and wants of consumers than if it were in a dry state. The history of Mr. Borden’s labours and ultimate suc- cess has been well portrayed in the ‘Milk Journal,’ which it may not be out of place to quote, at the same time correcting some errors therein stated. It is affirmed that “all the brands of good or even fair quality now sold, are prepared substantially under the system originated by him (Borden). A man of intense energy and unyielding . tenacity of purpose, and an inventor of great ingenuity, if not of remarkable scientific attainments; he added to al] this the enthusiasm of the philanthropist, who believed that preserved milk would be a boon to humanity. As long ago as 1849 he began his experiments, conducted simultaneously with others, whose aim was the preservation of meat.” It may be mentioned here that, at the London Exhibition of 1851, a Council bronze medal was awarded to Mr. Borden for his meat biscuit. We believe he did not at that time exhibit his condensed milk. It was not until about 1853 that he himself arrived at the conviction that he had obtained the quality he had been seeking. Meanwhile he had expended energy, time, and “quite a fortune in his experiments; for he at length saw that to - experiment to advantage, a large amount of material, involving much expense, must be used in each instance. At an early stage of his experiments he decided that milk could not be preserved in a dry form as “desiccated,” or “* pow- dered,” or solidified, but must be left in a semi-liquid state. That some preservative agent must be added, and that nothing but water must be removed, also became apparent. The result is that condensed milk, as now known to the trade and con- sumers, consists of milk from which only water has been taken and to which nothing but sugar has been added. The product is of the consistency of honey, and, by dilution with water, it is easily reconverted to milk itself somewhat sweetened, It may be here stated, that all the dry preserved milks require to be dissolved in hot water, while the condensed milk prepared under the Borden system readily dissolves in cold water. By 1861 Mr. Borden had extensively introduced his prepara- tion, and four or five factories were in operation, capable of producing in the aggregate 5000 1-lb. cases per day. During the War of the Rebellion, large quantities were required for the Northern armies, the officers and many privates purchasing it of the sutlers, while the hospitals were supplied by the Govern- ment, and the various Christian and Aid Societies. This gave an impetus to the trade, at the same time that the shipping demand steadily increased. American Milk-Condensing Factories. 105 About 1857 Mr. Borden put into the market, for city use, what he called “ Plain Condensed Milk.” This is prepared in the same way as the other, except that no sugar is added, and it is not hermetically sealed. It will remain sound from one to _ two weeks, according to the temperature in which it is kept, and it is so convenient as well as economical, that it is stated that a large quantity of the milk used in New York city is of this kind. With the end of the war, and the dissolution of the armies, the demand for sugared condensed milk fell off; and the manu- facturers, who had been stimulated to too great a production, _ turned their attention to this “ Plain Condensed Milk.” I have no means of estimating the present extent o the manufacture of condensed milk in the United States. For this one must wait for the returns of the census of 1870. However, it is known that the capacity of the eight or ten factories on the Hudson, in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, is not less than 500 cases of four dozen 1-lb. cans per day—equal to eight million five hundred thousand lbs, per annum. It may be stated that 1 lb, of the condensed milk is equivalent to 3 or 4 Ibs. of the crude milk. | In 1865, an American gentleman who had noted the advan- tages of condensed milk in the American army during the few years of the war, became resident in Switzerland in the capacity of United States’ consul. Remembering the cheapness and rich- ness of Swiss milk, the cheapness of labour, and other facilities afforded in that country, he conceived the idea of preparing condensed milk in Switzerland. He communicated his views to a gentleman late of the United States Patent Office, who visited several factories in America producing the condensed milk under the Borden process, where he learned the art of manufacturing the milk by this process, and commenced manufacturing the same in Switzerland. The ultimate success of his project has abundantly proved the soundness of his conception. He promoted the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, the extent of whose present business is set forth in the following extract from the ‘Grocer’ of December 31st, 1870. The facts seem to have been compiled from statistics preserved at the Board of Trade, which were doubtless obtained from the Report of the British Legation at Berne :— “In the canton of Zug there has lately grown up a new mode of preserving milk, which, owing to the good pasturage of that locality, is very excellent in quality. In the commune of Cham the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company, with a capital of 12,0007, employ about sixty operatives in their factory, the tall chimney of which may be seen by the railway traveller passing over the line from Lucerne to Zurich. The number of cows 106 American Milk-Condensing Factories. hired for the year is 1440, and the average amount of condensed milk prepared daily during the 365 days of the year, as it is necessary to include the Sundays, is 110 cases, of four dozen each of 1-lb. cans; these equal 1,927,200 cans as the product of the year. The price of the crude milk is 17 c. per maas, or about 2d. per quart ; and the daily cost of the tins or cans made at this establishment amounts to 16/. 10s. About one half of the, pro- duct is sent direct to London, where one half of this is con- sumed, while the remainder goes for ships’ stores, is exported to the colonies, and sent to the provincial towns of England.” q ‘‘ The half of the produce not sent to London is distributed over Germany, and there is some demand from France and Russia.” * * * * It should be mentioned that this Company was the first in Europe to introduce condensed milk to family use. Until its advent the article was known only for ships’ stores and for colo- nial consumption. By extensive and systematic advertising, and through the boundless energy which characterises your business Yankee, this Company has received a Jarge demand for ordinary family consumption, not only in England but also in Germany and Russia. In this respect its success may be largely attributed to the fact that Baron Liebig and other authorities on questions of food supported it heartily from the first, and allowed the patronage of their names for publication. Its success led, natu- rally enough, to the springing up of competitive companies. These have been established at Gruyeres and half-a-dozen other places in Switzerland, in Bavaria, in Holstein, in Ireland, and in England; but, failing to produce a standard quality, and wanting in prestige, they have nearly all ceased to manufacture. All now known to the London trade are the “ Anglo Swiss ;” Mr. Newman’s “Irish Condensed Milk,” at Mallow, near Cork ; and the “ English Condensed Milk Company,” whose works are at Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, The two last put their milk in the market during the year 1870, and it is stated upon good authority that neither the Swiss nor the English Company has lately been able to supply the call for their products. In Mr. Borden’s early experiments, and indeed up to within a few years past, the nature and cause of a peculiarly bad be- haviour of milk, from time to time, were imperfectly understood. Under certain circumstances and conditions the milk could be readily handled, and gave no trouble in its manipulation. When | in this state, comparatively inexperienced operators—men who simply followed a set of rules, with little or no knowledge of principles—were enabled to turn out a good product, whether American Milk-Condensing Factories. 107 it was condensed milk, or butter, or cheese. Sometimes these conditions would continue for days, for weeks, and for months ; but there was no reliability on its continuing for a specified time, or, indeed, in different localities during the same time. The _ milk might be easily worked on one day, and on the next would refuse to be controlled under ordinary treatment. The fault at first was supposed to originate in some want of cleanliness, either at the factory or among those who produced and delivered the milk. This was a part, but not the whole of the trouble. The importance of cleanliness, and of what seemed to many to be _ “an absurd fastidious neatness,” became apparent to Mr. Borden at an early stage of his investigations. He therefore instituted a set of rules for the government of dairymen in the care and management of milk; and as he bought only such milk as would pass the closest scrutiny of an expert, he was able, after a time, to enforce an observance of his printed regulations among dairy- men. I shall presently refer to these rules and give them in detail, because they strike home to some of the leading prin- ciples for obtaining good milk, and they are such as should guide dairymen generally. He adopted also the practice of cleaning and steaming his patrons’ delivery milk-cans at the factory, because he feared—and with good reason too—that this work might not be properly done at the farm. But when farmers had become educated, and all his conditions of cleanliness had been observed and carried out to the letter, milk not unfre- quently came to his factories, which—though apparently perfect, or at least so perfect as to pass the rigid scrutiny of his experts —was in a condition that rendered it impossible for it to be con- verted into a good product. The reason for this was not of easy solution, and it has been the cause of heavy losses and of the closing up of factories which were not under the immediate supervision of Mr. Borden. It may be observed here that good condensed milk is without doubt more reliably clean and healthy than most milk that goes to the city consumer. Dirty milk—milk foul with the drippings of the stable—cannot be condensed into a clean-flavoured product. The success of the condensing factory depends entirely upon the ability to put a fine-flavoured, perfect article into the market. The milk must be uniformly good. An inferior condensed milk is more readily detected than an inferior article of cheese. At least, imperfections in cheese may be tolerated, and the article may find a place in the market ; but a factory continuing to send out imperfect or badly flavoured milk must soon cease to be remunerative, and must inevitably close its doors. To obtain any success in this business there is an absolute necessity for clean healthy milk in the first instance ; and when a knowledge of this 108 American Milk-Condensing Factories. fact becomes familiar among consumers, condensed milk must — take the place of the vile fluid bearing the name of milk which now is hawked about in all leading towns and cities, It may be well to warn those who propose to enter upon condensed milk manufacture, that more than ordinary difficulties lie before them. In the first place, arrangements must be per- — fected for obtaining good, clean, healthy milk, and this imposes a sort of education upon those producing milk (of the greatest importance), which, at least in the United States, does not gene- rally obtain. ‘This may be properly discussed under the head of the Fungi Theory. The Fungi Theory.—I\l have said that farmers need to be educated in the production of milk—to be so well grounded in knowledge of facts and principles that a high moral responsibility shall result. I have no Utopian theories for regenerating the world, and I have no hope but that there will always be more or fewer bad men, even among dairymen; but I have faith that most farmers, when they know a thing to be morally wrong, and when they are convinced that right pays best, will generally choose the latter, I assume that no fair-minded man will go deliberately to work administering poison to his domestic animals to make their meat bad and unwholesome, when there is no reason to hope that such meat will sell in the market for more than sound meat, while there is probability that it may sell for less, or may be a total loss. At the same time there is the fear of detection and of being held in the estimation of his neigh- bours and the community as a knave and a cheat. Why, then, should farmers who have the means at hand for making good milk persist in making that which is bad and unwholesome, if it be not from a lack of knowledge in regard to principles? It is not sufficient to be told that he is making bad milk—the reasons must be given plainly, and the conviction firmly established in his mind as to the truth of the principles enunciated. Then, with this conviction before him by day and by night, his moral sense is brought into action, and permanent improvement may be expected, The investigations of Hallier and Pasteur with the micro- scope have explained the nature of causes in operation, which change milk from its normal condition, or which render it filthy and unwholesome. They show that this state is brought about by living organisms, that these pervade the atmosphere, and that the germs absorbed in the milk from this source multiply and increase with wonderful rapidity and take complete possession of the fluid, changing it into their own nature. The germs from cesspools, from decomposing and putrid animal matter, when introduced into milk, carry their own peculiar taint, and by American Milk-Condensing Factories. 109 their growth and multiplication soon convert the milk into a filthy, putrefactive mass, similar to that of the substance from which they emanated. “The Micrococcus, for instance,’ says Professor Caldwell, ‘‘appears only in substances rich in nitrogen, but when it does appear, no matter from what fungus it may come, it causes _putrefaction ; the Cryptococcus not only causes the particular kind of decomposition called alcoholic fermentation, but appears only in solutions that are fit for that kind of decomposition, and so on.” The wonderful rapidity with which these fungi produce new cells, each of which can act as a starting-point for new and dis- _ tinct growth, also increases their power of making their influence for good or evil to be felt everywhere. “The Penicillium crustaceum can run through its whole course in 48 hours at the most, at a temperature of 50° to 60° Fahren- heit, and produce a new crop of several hundred spores for each old one; and in 48 hours more each spore of this crop of severa] hundred will produce several hundred more, and so on. At such arate of multiplication, it would take but a few days to reach numbers too great for an adequate conception.. And what is more, this is not the only way, nor even the most rapid way, in which the Penicillium can propagate itself; a Penicillium spore will in the course of an hour, at a moderately elevated temperature, produce from 20 to 100 Micrococcus cells; each one of these cells will subdivide into two in another hour, and soon. At this rate of increase, we should have, at a low esti- mate, of 50 cells from one spore, to start with, four hundred million Micrococcus cells from this one spore in 24 hours.” Again he says, “From the moment the milk leaves the cow the work of the fungi commences ; they begin to increase, and simultaneously the milk begins to change—both operations going on with a rapidity that varies according to the circum- stances of temperature and exposure, and never ceasing entirely till the milk or its products are digested in the stomach, or have putrefied or decayed in the air, producing results that vary according to the product, whether butter or cheese, or simply the milk itself; and what is very important and more pertinent to my subject, according to the kind of fungus that gets a foothold in the substance. The elements of fungi that are already in pure clean milk, to begin with, or that are added in the rennet (when cheese is made), appear to do no harm ; but, on thé contrary, by their legitimate growth and action on the substance in the midst of which they find themselves, to bear at least an important part in the elaboration of the very principles which give the final _ product its savour and its value. But the case is quite different 110 American Milk-Condensing Factories. with such fungi as are introduced from without and which — originate in putrid matter of any kind; their whole influence is harmful in a high degree. It is one of the most commonly observed facts of nature that milk is especially susceptible to the influence of emanations from putrid matter; or is liable to become tainted, as it is more generally put; which are but other ways of saying that the germs of fungi that are continually thrown off from putrefying matter find in the milk a place where they can readily grow and multiply ; and so insidious are these influences, so readily can these minute germs make their way anywhere and everywhere, that if the air containing them in unusual quantity is inhaled by the cows, the milk will be infected before it leaves the bag. This statement is consistent with numerous well authenticated facts. Milk from cows inhaling bad odours has been found to be tainted and incapable of being made into good cheese. The fact was first brought to notice by Mr. Foster, of Oneida, whose herd of cows inhaling the emanations from the decaying remains of a dead horse, caused their milk to be unfit for making cheese— and not only the milk of the cows which inhaled the odour, but that from a large number of other cows, which had been mingled with the former in the cheese-factory vats. All the facts concerning the case were so carefully noticed and investi- gated, that it left no doubt as to the cause of the tainting of the milk. Repeated observations of a similar character, by members of the American Dairymen’s Association, established the prin- ciple beyond doubt. Milk producers, then, may regard this point as a settled principle ;—they cannot allow their cows to inhale offensive emanations from putrefying animal matter with- out injury to their milk; they inoculate the milk with the germs of filthy fungi, which make haste to convert it into filth, similar in character to that of the putrefying substance from which they emanated. To what extent the health of stock, and that of persons partaking of such milk, may be affected by such organ- isms, is a question of great importance, but concerning which | have not sufficient data to venture an opinion. Again, I have seen numerous cases where milk was tainted from the cows having passed through sloughs of decomposing vegetable matter. Particles of dirt adhere to the udder or other parts of the animal, and, becoming dry, some of the dust per- chance falling into the milk during the milking, thus introduce germs which make rapid work in decomposing and putrefying good healthy milk. A most notable example of this came under my observation while on a visit to the cheese factory of Mr. L. B. Arnold of Tompkins county, in 1870. When the milk was received at American Milk-Condensing Factories. 111° the factory, there was no reason to suspect taint from any par- ticular dairy. The deliveries from the several patrons went into the vat together, and were set in the usual manner with rennet. But, during the process of heating up the curds, a most intensely foul and disagreeable odour was emitted. The cheese-maker sent for Mr. Arnold and myself, and we went to the factory together. We found the curds, then about half scalded, giving off a stench exceedingly offensive—a smell like that coming from a nasty mud hole, stirred up and exposed to the air in hot weather. There was no mistaking the peculiar odour, and | suggested at once that some of the patrons were allowing their cows to slake their thirst from stagnant, filthy pools. He afterwards traced the milk to its source, and found the trouble to come from one patron, who allowed his cows to cross a narrow slough, where particles of mud adhered to the udder. These became dry, and the dust entered the milk during the milking, and introduced a class of fungi which, by multiplication, spoiled the milk. The patron had meant no harm. He had taken every precaution, so far as his knowledge extended, for the delivery of good milk, and on correcting this fault the trouble ceased. Another case in point occurred during the past summer, 1871. Professor Law, of Cornell University, gets his supply of milk from a ‘‘milkman.” One day, during the hot weather, he observed a peculiar ropy appearance in the cream which had risen on the milk. He examined it under a powerful micro- scope, and found it filled with living organisms of a character quite foreign to good milk. He immediately called upon his milkman, to enquire concerning his management of stock, and general treatment of milk, with a view of accounting for the trouble. There was no fault discovered at the dairy-house, in the milking, or in the treatment of the milk; but on looking through the pastures, he found that the cows, for lack of clean running water, were compelled to slake their thirst for the most part from a stagnant pool. This water he examined under the microscope, and discovered the same class of ‘organisms as those -in the cream. He then took some of the blood from the cows and examined it under the glass, when the same organisms made their appearance. He next obtained a specimen of good milk— milk which on examination was free from impurites, and into this he put a drop of water from the stagnant pool. Ina short space of time the milk developed an infinite number of these living organisms, and became similar in character to the milk obtained from his milkman. He examined the cows, and made the usual thermometer tests for determining health and disease in animals. The cows were found to be hot and feverish, thus evidently showing that these organisms, entering the circulation, had affected the health of the animals. 112 American Milk-Condensing Factories. I have called attention to these facts because it has been very commonly supposed among milk producers that so long as a due degree of cleanliness in respect to dairy utensils has been observed, the responsibility of bad milk can be shifted upon other persons. I have said that it is important that the milk- producer who delivers milk to the condensed-milk factory be thoroughly educated in all the leading causes which injure milk—that he have a moral sense of the dishonesty and wrong he would be doing in delivering milk which he has good. reason to believe would spoil the whole product of the factory — for the day. No system of inspecting the milk, as it comes to the factory, will reach all the causes affecting milk, or determine imperfections often contained in it at the time of delivery. The milk of cows in heat, or of cows over-exercised, on account of — this disturbance, cannot be used with safety. Yet when such milk comes to the factory, mingled with the other milk from the herd, it will be very likely to pass the scrutiny of the expert and to be accepted. Under the best management and most careful _ examination, losses will inevitably occur from time to time on account of imperfect milk, and a certain percentage must be allowed in making up an estimate of expenses to cover this item. But unless there be some reliability for obtaining good, clean, healthy milk, it would not be advisable to enter upon condensed milk manufacture. To this end the character of the country where the milk is produced should be studied. The pastures should be upon high undulating or well drained soils, the farms should have an abundance of clean, sweet, running water, while extra attention should be given to the care and management of herds, never over-driving in hot weather, milking with regularity and with fastidious neatness, together with absolute cleanliness in dairy utensils and dairy buildings. I am told that Mr. Borden’s success has resulted in a great measure from placing his factories in the most favourable districts for obtaining good milk. In eyery instance he selected for his milk producers, persons whose long experience in furnishing milk for city consumption had taught a higher appreciation in the care of milk than is common among the cheese dairymen, Upon this element he commenced, and drew up a set of rules for guidance in the delivery of milk, a faithful performance of which was rigidly exacted. These rules are as follow :— a ae Bordews Rules for the Treatment and Delivery of Milk.- I. The milk shall be drawn from the cow in the most cleanly manner, and strained through wire-cloth strainers. II. The milk must be thoroughly cooled immediately after it is drawn from American Milk-Condensing Factories. — 113 the cow, by placing the can in which it is contained in a tub or a vat of cold water, deep enough to come up to the height of the milk in the can con- taining it, and at least three times as much water as the milk to be cooled; the milk to be occasionally stirred until the animal heat is expelled as below. III. In.summer, or in spring and fall, when the weather is warm, the bath shall be spring water, not over 52° temperature (a day or a night after a heavy rain excepted) constantly running or pouring in at the bottom, neces- sary to reduce the temperature of the milk within forty-five minutes to below 58°, and if night’s milk, to remain in such bath until the time of bringing it to the factory to below 55°. The morning’s milk not to exceed 60° when brought to the factory. IV. In winter or in freezing weather, the bath shall be kept at the coolest point (it need not be rvnning spring water) by the addition of ice or snow sufficient to reduce the temperature of night’s milk speedily below 50°. Y. In spring and fall weather a medium course will be pursued, so that the night’s milk shall be cooled within an hour below 50°, and morning’s milk below 55°. VI. The bath and supply of water shall be so arranged as to let the water flow over the top, to carry off the warm water. ‘The can in which the milk is cooled shall be placed in the water immediately after the milking, and shall remain therein until the process of cooling shall be finished. VII. The night’s and morning’s milk shall be separately cooled before mixing. VIII. No milk shall be kept over to deliver at a subsequent time. IX. The milk shall be delivered on the platform at the factory every day except Sunday. X. Suitable cans of proper dimensions to transport the milk from the dairy to the milk works shall be furnished by the seller, and the cans shall be brought full. XI. The Company shall clean and steam the cans at the factory free of charge, but customers shall keep the outsides clean. ‘The pails and strainers employed shall be by the seller thoroughly cleaned, scalded in boiling water, and dried morning and night. XII. Immediately before the milk is placed in the cans they shall be thoroughly rinsed with clean cold water, and great care shall be taken to keep the cans and milk-free from dirt or impurities of any kind. When the cans are not in use they shall be turned down on a rack with the tops off. XII. All the “strippings” as well as the first part of the milk shall be brought. No milk will be received from a cow which has not calved at least twelve days, unless by consent of the superintendent or agent, who may deter- mine its fitness sooner by a sample of the milk. XIV. The cows are not to be fed on turnips or other food which would impart a disagreeable flavour to the milk, nor upon any food which will not produce milk of standard richness. XY. It is further understood and agreed by the parties hereto, that if the superintendent or agent of the Company shall have good reason to suspect, either from evidence furnished, or from the state of the milk itself, that water has been added, or that it has not been cooled as provided, or that it has been injured by carelessness, he shall have a right to refuse to receive such milk, or any further quantity of milk, from the person so violating these directions and stipulations. Expelling the Vapour by Means of Fans.—Mr. Borden’s plan of condensing milk is to abstract the water in vacuo, and a de- scription of his process will be given further on. It involves the VOL. VIII.—S. 8. I 114 American Milk-Condensing Factories. employment of machinery somewhat expensive and complicated, and efforts have been made from time to time {to accomplish the object by more simple methods and at less cost. Among the most success- ful methods brought to my notice was that adopted by Provost, of Orange County, New York. During the War of the _ Rebellion there was a ~ large demand for con- ~ densed and _ preserved milks, and the products of the Provost factory met with ready sale. During the year 1865 I visited this factory, and made drawings of its ground- plan, as shown in Fig 1. The establishment was then under the manage- ment of Dr. C. E. Crane, a very intelligent gentle- man, who went over the premises with me and ex- plained the various ap- pliances and machinery in use for manufacturing the milk. The process of evaporation was different from that of Borden, and COOLER 6x12FT 44 x 33FT HEATING VAT EVAPORATING ROOM Fig. 1.—Ground-plan of Milk-Evaporating Works. 2 was stated to be less ex- re 3 pensive, and to be effected aS x with less heat. ao * In this plan the engine- and-boiler room is lower than the floor of the eva- Fal 2 along in the basement un- der the evaporating room, and are not represented in the engraving. Above the evaporating pan is a chimney-like ventilator, rising above the building, in i 2 porating room, and the tt soles steam-pipes leading to — i 5 the heating-vat and con- tI z 3 . 8 . i} we Xx densing pan are carried i ae NW ° i u American Milk-Condensing Factories. 115 which are placed the revolving fans, driven by power supplied from the engine. The leading features in the treatment of the milk are briefly as follows:—The milk, as it comes to the factory, is carefully examined, and, if all right, it is received and weighed. The cans are then placed upon the car, which runs on rails to the cooling-vat. Here the milk is drawn into long tin pails, 8 inches in diameter and 18 inches long, holding twenty quarts each, About eighteen quarts are put in each pail, which is then placed in the vat containing cold spring water. After the milk has been cooled to 60°, the pails are immediately plunged into the water of the heating-vat,. which has a temperature of from 185° to 190° Fabhr. The best refined white sugar is then added, at the rate of four pounds for each pail. The pails are kept in the vat of heated water about thirty minutes, when the milk is drawn into the large condensing pan. This pan has fifty corrugations, and is set over water and upon a furnace inthe adjoining room. Directly over the pan are arranged the two large fans previously alluded to, which are kept in motion by machinery. The temperature of the milk while evaporation is going on is uniform at 160° Fahr, The fans carry off the water, forcing it through ventilators, out of the building as fast as it is formed into vapour. Under this process it takes about seven hours to condense the milk, seventy- five per cent. of its original bulk in water being driven off. The faucets at each end of the pan are then opened, and the con- densed fluid passes through fine wire-strainers or sieves into large cans. ‘These cans, when filled, are rolled away to the tables at the back of the room, where their contents are drawn off into small tin cans, holding one pound each, and then are immediately sealed up to exclude the air. The condensed milk has the consistence of thick syrup, and has a rich creamy taste, rather sweet, with a flavour of boiled milk, but by no means unpleasant. Dr. Crane informed me that milk thus prepared has been preserved in good order for years. He opened cans in my presence containing milk a year old, and it was apparently sound, and of good flavour. For shipping, this establishment packed its cans in barrels, with sawdust between the packages, a form which insured their safe arrival in market. During the war these pound-packages were sold at the rate of 40 cents each, and the price paid for the crude milk at the factory during summer was about 5 cents per quart, but in winter the price ranged from 7 cents to 7} cents per quart. At this factory, like those under the Borden process, two kinds of condensed milk were manufactured—that which has 12 116 American Milk-Condensing Factories. been described, and the plain condensed milk, in which no sugar is added in the manufacture. The factory is not now in operation. Whether this plan can be made successful in furnishing a uniform product equal to that under the Borden method is a question upon which | have not sufficient information to give an opinion. The ‘plan has been presented here more for the purpose of showing a different method of condensing than that employed by Borden, and as a suggestion to inventors in the way of cheapening the machinery | to be used in this business. : Cost of Fitting-up a Factory on the Borden Method.—lt is charged as a prominent characteristic of Americans that among the first questions they ask concerning any particular object is its cost. Perhaps this may not always be in good taste, but among practical men, who are investigating a business with the view of investing ‘capital and taking risks, it is always well to look expenses fairly in the face. I shall take up this branch of the subject now, because it can be discussed very properly with the plan of a condensing factory, in which the position of the machinery, &c., is illustrated, and because a general survey of a plan showing the rooms and their appliances would seem to be more in natural order for a clear comprehension of the subject than to separate the parts from the whole and describe each by itself. Fig. 2, on the next page, is a plan of the different depart- ments, showing the machinery required for the condensing operations. The building is 16 x 50 feet, with verandah or shed 4 feet wide on two sides. The ground-floor is divided into four depart- ments. The first, to the right, is the can-washing room, 16 x 16 feet, containing the hot-water washing-tank, with coil of steam- pipe; the hot-water sink and scalding jacket, and the cold-water sink and platform for cleaning cans. The steam- -pipe leads from the boiler to this room. The next is the receiving, condensing, and delivery room, 16 x 16 feet ; it contains the receiving and cooling tank, the heating vat, and the vacuum-pan. Then comes the engine-room, 7 x 16 feet, containing duplex engine and pump, the condenser and pump, with steam-pipes leading to the other rooms. ‘The rooms to the left are the coal-shed and boiler- room, 9 ft. 6 in. x 11 feet, where the boiler (60 horse-power) and the boiler-pump are situated. Communication is easy from one department to the other by wide doors, and the whole is arranged for convenience in doing the nec essary work, Now the cost of this establishment is put by Professor Chace, of Cornell University, who obtained the estimates for persons proposing to build, as follows :— 117 1és. ing Factor Condens Mitk- American a) S > 4 7 1°) a = ‘AUIS ‘ a ‘dumd "gf aus “f damg p “y eusug xednq *YULI-BUIYSBA\ 10}VA-JOF] *T “qBA Buyyvay ‘qoxove SUIpTeos-mvag “FL ‘uvg wannoe A ‘dung Jeplog “WT “Josuapuonp WdOsLINd WASSSSSSASSASASSSASASSNNS ONINVAT19 aoa WaosLv id WOOM AYSANSG NV ‘9Tx9b Wood ONISNIONOD ONIAL ONIHSVM NVI yooo ape ‘haopog busuepugj-yyyt fo wi q-punoip—Z “Bit ur GaHS 1VCo 118 American Milk-Condensing Factories. dollars. Erection of the building, 16 feet by 50 feet, ready for machi- chinery, &c. 2500 Vacuum-pan and condenser, from 3 feet to 4 feet in diameter 1800 1 duplex 14-inch pump andengine.. .. .. . . «.. 1500 Piping and fitting out see oe ae) Be, on LOO) 1 boiler 60-horse power and fitting up Sonmanteommauee: 4, Fh ae 1 pump for boiler... no ages ea aoe ies ns ELROD Outside water-pipes, not estimated . ae eee Water-pipes, &c. oo) laa Meee) oe OO One cooling-tank for r receiving and storeage oe ct byt cou eTOUU One heating- -tank and pipes formilk .. .. 300 Hot-water tank and steam Dipes for washing cans, and two rinsing sinks .. bd Pot Mees OOO 1 steam-bath for scalding « cans and pipes seh h oy tein! oy 5, ROU Totals fj. Miso, sees SEMEN neous The daily working expenses of this establishment may be estimated as follows :-— dollars. cents. 5000 gallons of crude milk, say at = cents Per g gallon 625 1 superintendent, per day 2 men at 2 dollars per oe 1 engineer .. ac } ton coal .. Wear and tear ove bo Oo bo HB Or Taxes and insurance .. 50 Interest on capital - Incidental daily expenses, say .. Total daily expenses... .. .. 649 5Of To this may be added the value of, say, 200 gallons of crude milk, as an offset against waste, occasional bad milk, &c. Taking out the 200 gallons of crude milk per day as waste, we have remaining 4800 gallons of milk, which is condensed at a total cost (counting the original value of the 5000 gallons) at the rate of only a fraction above 134 cents per gallon, or say 1 cent (one halfpenny) per gallon more than the original cost of the milk. This would be at the rate of $ cent per quart for condensing. { On 2080 gallons—80 gallons being allowed as daily waste— * Taking the dollar to be worth 4s., this would be 24901. sterling. t About 1301. sterling. $+ On submitting the above estimate of cost for condensing milk to Mr. “Gail Borden, he states that some of the figures are put altogetlier too low. ‘To con- dense 5000 gallons of milk per day, he says, would require a larger capacity of vacuum-pans, more coal, and a larger number of workmen than given in the items furnished to Prof, Cliace. The views of so experienced an operator as Mr. Borden must be taken as quite reliable, and I give them here in order to correct any wrong ° , impressions that might result from a too low estimate. I endeavoured to give — only an approximate estimate of cost,—X. A. W. American Milk-Condensing Factories. 119 the cost of condensing, with the same expenses as before, would be nearly 12 cent per gallon, or less than half a cent per quart. This, it must be understood, is for plain milk. When sugar is added, the expense of the sugar must be reckoned; but as sugared milk is sold by the pound, and as the addition of sugar adds something to the weight, the increased weight more than pays the cost of the sugar. In a well-conducted factory, therefore, and when milk can be purchased at 123 cents (about 6d.) per gallon, the cost of con- densing is from 1 to 2 cents (4d. to 1d.) per gallon, and this includes the value of a certain number of gallons of crude milk daily set apart to cover waste, which possibly may not occur. When the milk is put up in pound cans, the 5000 gallons of milk condensed, allowing for waste as previously estimated, would require 10, 000 tin cans, which at 30 dollars per thousand —the estimated tose would amount to 300 dollars, or 6 cents (3d.) for every gallon of crude milk condensed. The whole expense, then, of condensing and canning the 5000 gallons, would be at the rate of 7 cents per gallon, of crude milk. For the 2000 gallons, it would be 8 cents per gallon. That is to say, in English money the expense would be 34d. per gallon in the first case, and 4d. in the second. The daily expenses, then, may be summed up as follows :— dollars. cents. Cost of 5000 gallons of milk .. .. : -- 625 Daily w orking expenses of factory as prev iously estimated 24 50 10,000 cans (30 Mollacy per lOO) cae beer ce easel ee, UU 949 50 To this must be added expense of sealing up and labelling the cases, say 1 cent percan .. .. .. «. 100 1049 50 The daily product of the factory, would be 10,000 pound-cans of sugared condensed or preserved milk, which, at 29 cents per can, amounts to 2900 dollars, leaving a balance of 1850 dollars 50 cents above the expenses for the day’s operation. But the milk now must be marketed, and this I shall treat in another place. The delivery of 5000 gallons crude milk per day would require the product of 166U cows, allowing each to yield on an average three gallons of milk per day. If we estimate for a smaller number of cows, as within an easy reach of most factories in the dairy districts, the 2080 gallons would represent, say 660 cows. For this quantity the account would stand thus :— 120 American Milk-Condensing Factories. dollars. cents Cost of 2080 gallons of milk at 125 cents per gallon .. 260 Daily working expense of factory as before estimated .. 24 50 4160 tin cases, 3 cents... Toh ge, | er ee a Filling, sealing, labelling cans al cent) . wi RB IAD Totaly toa dee 449 30 Product :—4160 cans of Sugared Condensed 1 Milk, at 29.cents. per cam .. ss, seg) em) eee ner ree OED Daily balance aboverexpensesi!; — ss) |s/R) cs Give ae) AOL The Vacuum Pan.—In order to show how milk is condensed in vacuo it may be well to give an illustration of some of the modern improved machinery employed for this purpose. Fig. 3, on p. 122, represents an improved cast-iron Vacuum Pan. Different liquids, as is well known, boil at different tem- peratures, and the same liquid may be made to boil at any temperature, from the freezing point up, according as the pressure upon its surface is taken off or increased. If by reason of boiling in confined space, the pressure upon the surface is increased, so that steam cannot readily pass off; the heat accumulates to a greater degree than 212°, till the steam acquires sufficient elasticity to overcome this increase of pressure. At the bottom of deep mines the increased pressure of the air has the same effect, and steam is not generated at so low a temperature as at the surface, As the pressure is diminished, either mechanically by the use of the air-pump, or by ascending elevations, steam is gene- rated, and passes off freely, at lower temperatures than 212° F. On high mountains it may be difficult to produce sufficient heat in open vessels even to boil eggs ; Darwin was led to notice this, when he ascended with his sailors one of the mountains of Patagonia. They took with them a new pot, in which they attempted in vain to boil potatoes. But for the pressure of the atmosphere, the ocean would boil and evaporate with heat equivalent to that of the sun’s rays. Several ingenious experi- ments have been devised to illustrate these facts. The simplest is in making a glass of warm water boil under the receiver of an air-pump. The pulse-glass consists of two glass bulbs, con- nected by a glass tube. The fluid in one is made to boil by holding one of the bulbs in the warm hand. This property of fluids, of being converted into vapour at different temperatures, is made to serve important purposes. Liquids intended to be — evaporated, are sometimes partially freed from the pressure of — the air, and are thus boiled “in a vacuum” with economy of fuel. This process is adopted with great success in sugar refining. When the temperature of the usual boiling point would- injuriously affect the liquid to be evaporated, as milk for instance, American Milk-Condensing Factories. 121 it is advantageously boiled with reduced pressure, at a low temperature. Syrups are evaporated, as in the refining of sugar, in vacuum pans, or vessels in which the atmospheric pressure may be partially taken off by air-pumps. A low degree of heat only is thus required, producing economy in fuel, and avoiding the risk of over-heating and burning the syrup. With these well-known principles in mind, dairymen will be able to see the advantages obtained by Mr. Borden in using the vacuum pan in expelling the water from milk. It will be observed, too, that from the moment the milk enters the pan, it is protected from various harmful influences, such as dust, flies, and other insects, which are liable to be caught in the liquid, when eva- poration is carried on in an open vessel, as under the Provost method. In Europe, and, indeed, in the United States, until quite recently, vacuum pans have been formed of copper; but owing to the high price of this metal, the temptation is to make them as thin as possible ; and the collapse of the pan, owing to the external atmo- spheric pressure, is not an unfrequent occurrence. In America the substitution of cast iron has, in a great measure, obviated this difficulty. I am told that the cast-iron pans for condensing milk are employed with quite as much success as those made of _ copper, and Fig. 3, on the next page, is an illustration of an iron pan, showing one of the best forms of construction in this material. The engraving shows three coils of pipe, but, for condensing milk, generally but one—the lower coil in the pan—is used, and the coil is arranged to run round the inside surface of the pan rather than across the pan, as in the figure, in order to facilitate cleaning. I am indebted to the Technologist, for the illustration and description of its parts. The drawing is well arranged to give a good idea of the manner in which solutions of sugar, and other organic substances, may be evaporated at com- paratively low temperatures, and I deem it important to a clear understanding of what I shall have to say with regard to the preparation of condensed milk. The pan A (Fig. 3) is of any size, from 4 to 10 feet 6 inches in diameter, and is cast in four pieces: A’ being the bottom, A’ and A* shells, and A‘ the dome-piece. B is the dome, con- nected by the vapour-pipe C, to the catcher D, the latter being a cylindrical vessel, divided part-way by a partition or apron, D', against which, in case of boiling over, the liquor would be dashed, and would gather in the bottom, where the amount can be seen at the glass-gauge, d', and, if necessary, emptied into the pan by means of the faucet and pipe d. From the-top of the catcher D, the vapours are conducted by pipe E to the condenser E', which is placed 33 feet above the 122 American Milk-Condensing Factories. water-level in the basin C, to which the condenser is connected by the stand-pipe F. The water rises in the latter to about Fig. 3.—Improved Cast-Iron Vacuum-Pan. ' u | Bp 4 4 | ee eo 872 pa ORM, 30 feet, more or less, according to the amount of vacuum, and is held therein by the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the water in basin G, the condensing water added flowing off from American Milk-Condensing- Factories. 123 G by overflow g. The condensing water enters the condenser at E?, falls over the sieve-plates e e' e?, and comes in direct contact with the vapours, which have to pass also through the openings in the sieve-plates e' e°*, by which arrangement the greatest condensation is produced ‘with the least amount of water. At E%, the vacuum-pipe, in this case a dry one, is connected. To prevent the condensing water from being drawn along with the vapours to the pump, the opening E* is guarded by an apron. H is the pipe through which the liquor enters the pan. I is the drop-valve, composed of a rubber-disk 7, between two plates on the end of the lever 77—a simple and most effective construction, the pressure of the outside air holding the valve perfectly tight; 7’ is a semi-globular casing, which prevents the liquor from spreading too much when it is discharged. On the end of the valve-stem is fastened a scraper J, intended to break any crust of crystallised sugar that may have formed, as any such crust, unless removed, would, of course, obstruct the exit of the liquid. The regular mountings of the pan consist of a man-hole; a thermometer L, the tube of which is enclosed in a pipe /, and reaches to the centre of the boiling liquor; a vacuum gauge M ; a glass gauge K, by means of which the quantity of liquor in the pan is observed ; a butter-cup N—butter quieting the liquor if it shows a tendency to boil over; an eye-glass O, opposite to which is another similar glass, through which a lamp gives light to the interior of the pan. Q is a light glass on the top of the pan, through which the entire surface of the boiling liquor may be illuminated, and R is the tester, by means of which proofs are _ drawn to see how far the process has advanced. Heat is applied in the following manner :—the botton of the pan is double, and steam is admitted thereto by the pipe P, the upper shell, which forms the heating surface, being generally of copper. The steam also passes through one, two, three, or even four coils, according to the size of the pan, and the amount of water to be evaporated in a specified time. P is the steam branch. The pipe S leads to the bottom, S* to the lowest coil, to the middle coil, and S* to the upper one. As fast as the steam is condensed the water is led by the pipes U U from the bottom, and coils to a steam trap. It might, at first, be supposed that cast iron would fail to resist the corroding action of solutions, but the results of practice show that the scale, which in every case covers the metal, pro- tects the pans completely. And as the liquor is in all cases (| | charged to some extent with lime, the pan speedily becomes covered with a fine scale or fur, which effectually prevents all 124 American Mith-Condensing Factories. injurious action. This is especially the case if the pan be worked continuously, but, if long stoppages are made, copper possesses decided advantages over cast iron. Under ordinary circumstances, however, the cast-iron vacuum-pans answer every purpose, and they can be constructed in such a perfect manner — that one similar to that described will retain a vacuum of — 29 inches for a space of twelve hours without losing more than — one inch, | The Improved Vacuum-Pump—\ have said that when milk, — solutions of sugar, and most organic substances, are to be eva- | porated, it is found necessary to expose them to as low a tem- — perature as possible, so as to avoid decomposition, and for this — purpose the boiling im vacuo, in a so-called vacuum-pan, is of — especial advantage, The vacuum is produced bya pump, which ' first removes the air from the pan, and afterwards the vapour — arising from the boiling liquid. Figs, 4.and 5, on the next page, — represent a vacuum-pump, which, for correctness of the prin- — ciples involved, and for the manner in which they have been — carried out, is worthy of special attention. ‘It has,” says the — Technologist, from which I have taken my description, ‘‘ already been subjected to the most severe tests in many sugar-houses.” Hitherto a great deal of annoyance has-been experienced, owing to the bad proportions and worse construction of many machines applied to this purpose, as a falling off in the vacuum affects the result very materially, and any stoppage of the machine owing to a break-down, &c., arrests the whole operation, and entails a serious loss, This machine is, strictly speaking, an independent vacuum-pump, and as it is confined to the duty of forming — a vacuum, it may be worked at that speed which will afford — the very best result without interfering in any way with any — other operation. In the accompanying engravings, Fig. 4 is a side elevation, — the pump-cylinder being partly in section, to show the valve-_ plate and valves, and Fig. 5 is a plan, similar letters indicating _ the same parts in both figures. A is the steam-cylinder; B the valve-chest, arranged as is usual in a steam-engine; C the steam pipe; D the exhaust-pipe. The engine is a so-called back-acting one, tbe crank-shaft being placed between the cylinder and the cross-head. This involves a necessity for two piston-rods, E E', the former passing over the shaft and the latter — underneath it. F is the cross-head; F1 the slides; G the con- necting-rod ; H the crank and crank-shaft; H* the pillow” blocks ; I the fly-wheel. J is the pump piston-rod, which is — extended beyond the piston, and passes out on the other end of | ‘the pump-cylinder through a ‘stuffing-box, the piston being | consequently carried at two :points, so as to reduce as much as _ a ae 2 ae American Milk-Condensing Factories. 125 possible the unequal wearing of the cylinder. K is the pump- cylinder, one-half of which is shown in section, to exhibit the Figs. 4 and 5.—Plan and Section of the Improved Vacuum-Pump. | Fig. 4.” TTT RC Fig. 5. arrangement of the valves. The end of the cylinder forms the flat valve-plates, in which are imbedded the induction-valve M, and | the eduction-valve N, the former connecting with the induction- passage O, and suction-pipe Q; the latter with the eduction- passage P, and exhaust-pipe R. L is the pump-piston, which “moves up to the valve-plate, as closely as the case will admit, to expel as much air as possible. A smal] quantity of water is also admitted for this purpose at T in the suction-pipe. In what is known as a dry vacuum-pump, to which class of machines this belongs, it is of the greatest importance to leave the least possible amount of dead space in the cylinder between the piston and the valves, when the piston is at the end of its stroke ; because, on expelling the vapour, the amount that fills this space remains, and reduces the capacity of the pump, in the proportion that this space bears tothe capacity of a single stroke of the pump, multiplied by the ratio of the density of vapour, 126 American Mith-Condensing Factories. at the time of expulsion, to its density when introduced into the cylinder ; and for the same reason it is of equal importance that the stroke of the pump be made as long as convenience will allow, in order to lessen the effect of the contents of this dead space. The piston moves up to the valve-plate, to within one-sixteenth of an inch, which space is always filled by a small quantity of water, adrian at the water-cock T. The valves lie down flat with ithe plate, so that very little loss is occasioned by them, while the stroke of the pump is made long for the reason above specified. The pump-valves are of peculiar construction, having been — devised by Mr. A. S. Cameron, of New York City. It is well known that valves made from metal alone cannot be kept tight — for any length of time, as the pounding of metal on metal soon renders their surfaces uneven ; while, on the other hand, valves — made wholly of rubber are destroyed by being forced into the openings of the valve-seats, making it necessary to renew them frequently. In this valve both of these difficulties are overcome, by combining both metal and rubber in its construction. The body of the valve consists of a casting of brass, or any other — suitable metal, provided with an annular groove or dove-tailed recess, corresponding with the shape of the valve-seat that the valve is intended to cover. This recess in the'valve is filled with indiarubber in a raw or plastic condition, which is then vulcanised while in its place at a temperature of 350° Fahr., allowing it to project a sixteenth of an inch beyond the metallic _ surface. From this it will be seen that, when in operation, the pro- jecting rubber comes in contact with the smooth surface of the valve-seat, making a perfect joint, while the body of the rubber, being confined in the groove, is incompressible, and, in fact, indestructible by ordinary agents. And then a valve is ob- tained combining in itself all the good qualities of metal and rubber to give strength and tightness, while the objectionable | features of a valve made wholly from either are overcome. The lining of the vacuum-cylinder, its piston, piston-rod, valves, and valve-seats, are all made of composition, to prevent any injurious effects from the acids with which they may come in contact. The whole machine, in fact, has been carefully studied, and is well adapted to the duty for which it is intended. Having now described the latest improvements in machinery for evaporating in vacuo, it only remains to give an illustration (Fig. 6), showing Messrs. Guild and Garrison’s pan and pumps, now in use at some of the factories, and with it I shall close this — branch of my subject. ‘i ‘ American Milk-Condensing Factories. SS mn it) : NNID A 8 UOSILIDH) PUN pyny ‘sissanT fo avar.4A —*g “SUT 128 American Milk-Condensing Factories. Process oF CONDENSING. In some of the recently erected factories an improvement has — been made in heating tanks, in cooling vats, and in the manner of arranging these appliances, whereby the milk can be manipulated with more ease, or be turned to other purposes besides condensing, The plans of factories previously given are arranged for the con- densing process alone. The new factories are more elaborate in their arrangements, and combine all the conveniences of the cheese and butter factories, as well as those for condensing milk. — I shall presently describe one of these establishments, the best of its kind in America, and designed to be a model in all its internal machinery and appliances. Meanwhile, the general features of the condensing process may be briefly stated. The milk is delivered at the factory in small cans, holding about 40 quarts each. They are filled quite full, and have a tight-fitting cover. It is understood, of course, that the treatment of the milk at the farm has been in accordance with the rules previously given. Then, as the cans are placed upon the factory platform, the covers are removed, and each is subjected to a rigid scrutiny by the fac- tory manager, with a view to discover any imperfection. Imper- fect milk can often be detected immediately after removing the can-cover, from its odour; but if it is left for a few moments thus © exposed to the atmosphere the odour escapes, so that the milk, though imperfect, may pass undetected. ‘The examination of the milk as it comes to the factory, and the facility of the manager in — determining its condition, will have much to do in securing a uniform good product ; and it is important that this matter should be well understood. The examination should be rigid, and the manager should have sufficient decision of character to reject every sample of milk which is not found to be in good order. After the milk is received it passes through a strainer to the receiving-vat ; from this it is conducted off, going through another strainer into the heating-cans, each holding about 20 gallons; these cans are set in hot water, and the milk is held in them till it reaches a temperature of 150° to 175° Fahr. ; it then goes through another strainer into a large vat, at the bottom of which is a coil of copper pipe, through which steam is conducted, and here the milk is heated up to the boiling point. Then the best quality of white granulated sugar is added, in the proportion of one and a quarter pound of sugar to the gallon of milk, when it is drawn into the vacuum-pan, having a capacity of condensing three thousand quarts or more at a time. The milk remains in the vacuum-pan subjected to steam for about three hours, during — which time about seventy-five per cent. of its bulk in water is _ removed, when it is drawn off into cans, holding 40 quarts — American Milk-Condensing Factories. 129 each. The cans are only partially filled, and are then set in a large vat containing cold water, the water being of a height equal to that of the milk in the cans Here it is stirred until the tem- perature of the condensed fluid is reduced to a little below 70° ; it is then turned into large drawing-cans with faucets, in order to facilitate the filling of the small cans. The drawing-cans stand in a room which is set apart for the purpose, and around the outside ef which runs a table or workbench. Here the milk is drawn from the faucets into the small tin cans holding a pound each, when they go to the table and are immediately soldered to exclude the air. The cans next have the proper labels pasted upon them and are then ready for market. The work of filling the cans, soldering the tops, and labelling, is usually performed by females. A number of small soldering-furnaces are placed along the tables, where the girls, each with a set of soldering- irons, seal the cans as fast as they are brought forward by the fillers. This is the plan of operations at the Elgin factory, which is somewhat noted for its fine product. In one of the upper apartments of the Elgin factory is the tin- room. Here a number of females are employed making the small tin cans. There are machines for cutting out the circular parts of the can at a blow, and the putting together and soldering are very expeditiously effected and at the least expense, since all the material is purchased at wholesale prices, and the employ- ment of females is less expensive than that of males, while at the same time the work is quite as neatly and substantially made as at the regular shops where males are employed. Mr. Gait Borpen’s Factory at Brewster, NEw York. In December I visited Mr. Borden at White Plains, and inspected all the departments of his factory at Brewster. He has met with great success in the sale of his condensed milk, and deservedly so, because he puts upon the market only a perfect article. The factory at Brewster is an immense establishment, and every part of the business is conducted with the regularity of clockwork. The building is situated on a small stream, where there is a seven-foot fall, and the water is thus utilized for running the pumps, which makes a considerable saving in fuel during the year. The factory has two vacuum-pans, but only one was in operation at the time of my visit. It is a six-foot pan, with two coils of pipe; and 2000 quarts of milk per hour is the usual rate of condensing. Mr. Borden now believes in doing the work rapidly, and says the sooner you can get the milk from VOL. VIII.— S. §. K 130 American Milk-Condensing Factories. the cow into a condensed form the better. He therefore uses two boilers of 55-horse power each for supplying steam to the pan. The average pressure of steam in the pipes at the pan is BB to 60 lbs, to the square inch. The evaporation goes on best in clear dry weather. In damp foggy weather it takes a little longer to get the milk out. About 10,000 quarts are now being condensed per day. The milk, as it is received, goes into two square-like boxes or vats, the receiving-room being four or five feet higher than the bath and heating-room. The bath-tubs. are circular, and have a coil of steam-pipe at the bottom. The bath-tubs are filled within six or eight inches of the top with water, ‘The heating-wells are of copper, egg-shaped, and stand opposite the bath-tubs, a raised platform running between the two. The milk is drawn through a hose from the receiving tanks into copper cans setting in the bath-tubs, each one holding about 40 quarts. Here the milk is heated to from 150° to 175°. It then goes to the heating-wells, which have a jacketed bottom for steam, and in them is heated up to the boiling point. It is then immediately drawn to the vacuum-pan. A stream of milk is kept flowing into the pan about as fast as the evaporation goes on, or at the rate of about 2000 quarts per hour. Fig. 7.—Heating-Room at Borden’s Factory at Brewster. Delivery. A, A. Milk Reservoirs. E. Sugar-dissolving Well. B, B, B. Hot-water Baths. F. Vacuum-Pump. C. Raised Platform. G. Boller, 65-horse power. D, D, D. Heating Wells. H. Platform. When the sugared milk is to be made, the amount of sugar is calculated for the given quantity of milk, and then turned into a moveable tank or well, and here the hot milk is poured upon it until it is thoroughly dissolved. The hot sugared milk is drawn up last in the pan, and mingled with the milk which American Milk- Condensing Factories. 131 has been partially condensed. The sugared milk must be de- prived of more water than the plain milk, since the addition Fig. 8.—Heating-Well, with Jacketed Bottom for Steam, used at Borden’s Factory. || Fig. 9.—Copper Heating- Can for the Bath Tubs, used at Borden’s Fac- tory. of sugar partially liquefies the mass—a curious fact. Three pints of milk make a pound of sugared milk. The three pints jor raw milk will weigh on an average 3 lbs. 33 ozs. Now, by abstracting 75 per cent. of water (38.52%, ozs.), we have remaining 12 ozs. and =$3, of an ounce ; add to this the proportion of sugar now used, 6} 0z., or about 3,6, ozs. more than a pound, and it will be seen this 3,5, ozs. of water have to be removed in addition to the 75 per cent. of water in the first instance. Mr. Borden told me that the matter of getting the right propor- tion of sugar was the result of long study and numerous experi- ments, and no other proportions gave such good results in the product. The plain condensed milk is reduced from 4 to 1. It is treated in the pan precisely like the other, except near the close of the operation, when the vacuum in the pan is broken, and the mass superheated, or raised to a temperature of 190° to 200°. The superheating process was discovered in 1862, and this is te reason which gives the Borden brands their superiority in he market. The superheating not only helps the keeping quali- _ ties, but prevents granulation. » During the superheating process, the water which passes off , has an intensely disagreeable odour. The heat in the vacuum- pan throughout the whole of the Borden process, apart from K 2 162 American Milk-Condensing Factories. superheating, is kept at a temperature of from 155° to 145° Fahr. ‘At the Borden factory they have a filling machine by which two women will fill 10,000 pound-cans per day (of 10 hours). the old way the women would fill but 3000 cans in 10 hours. Two women will put the labels on 10,000 cans in a day, and one ~ woman will seal or solder up 1200 cans per day. The machinery ~ for making cans here is very complete: fourteen boys at tops and bottoms and soldering-in machines, with one man cutting bodies; will make 11,000 cans per day; the expense being about 2? cents — per can for labour and material, all told. This factory sends to New York daily about 50 forty-quart — cans of plain condensed milk, which is sold at from 40 to 50 cents per quart. The question may occur,—W by is the milk heated in the bath — and then in the wells? and why not heat all in one place? Mr. Borden says milk cannot be heated to the boiling point in one — vessel except at great loss from adhesion to the metal, besides . causing great trouble in cleaning. The heating in two places avoids this. At this factory they have a “can-washing machine,” which “ does the work in a moment by machinery. Mr. Borden, describing his process to me, said (and I give his exact ia guage) as follows :— ** The milk is brought up to about 150° to 175° in the bath, then poured into the heating-well, where it is brought to a boiling heat, and from thence drawn into the pan by atmospheric pres- sure produced by the air-pumps. The sugar is dissolved with a portion of the boiling milk taken from the heating-well. ‘* The making of a good article of milk depends not so much — upon the formula in the best specification as upon the condition of the milk when brought to the factory, and the care and attention — given to every part of the process, from the washing of the vessels and the thorough cleanliness which should be observed in every department. The success of the milk manufactured at our three factories, known as the ‘Gail Borden Eagle Brand,’ is due to the attention which we give to the personal inspection of every department of the dairies on the farms, which is assigned to one person at each factory; the constant examination of every man’s milk by samples taken and subjected to tests as to cream, sweetness, and the time it will keep after being brought from the dairies ; in short, there is nothing manufactured requiring s0 much care and everlasting vigilance and attention as- milk, From the time it is drawn from the cow until hermetically sealed in the can, it requires that everything should be done with the utmost integrity. American Milk-Condensing Factories. 133 “1 am assured from what I see in your writings on the subject of milk as applied to the making of butter and cheese that you fully concur in all I have said in relation to the subject. We both realize that it is for the want of a full under- standing of the delicate character of milk that so many have failed in producing a good article either of cheese or condensed milk.” Cleaning the ' Vacuum-Pan.— After condensing the milk and drawing from the vacuum-pan, the pan must be thoroughly cleaned. For this purpose there is a man-hole, by which a person can enter the pan and do the work with brushes, sand-paper, and water. I am told that for a long time Mr. Borden experienced considerable difficulty in having the pans properly cleaned, as the milk during the process of condensing would adhere to the metal and bake or harden into a crust. After a while it was dis- covered that by oiling the metal on the inner surface of the pan this difficulty could be obviated. The discovery was made through merely accidental circum- stances, and from observing an old housewife “grease the pot,” preparatory to making “‘minute pudding.” On applying the principie to the vacuum-pan it was found to prevent the milk _ adhering to the metal, and a patent was at once secured upon it. Introducing a little water in the pan just before drawing in the milk effects the same object. This is one of the secrets of the condensing business. Gauging the Milk.—Difficulty is sometimes experienced in determining when the milk is reduced to the proper consistency. In regulating this, samples of condensed milk are drawn from the pan, and the amount of water removed is judged from its specific gravity and appearance on cooling. Errors not unfrequently occur in carrying the condensing pro- cess too far, especially with persons who have not a correct eye, or who may become a little careless at times. I am told that a gauge placed in the pan is an important aid in this matter. The quantity of milk to go into the pan being noted, the gauge indi- cates the amount and rapidity of the evaporation, and thus renders important assistance in regulating this essential point in the process ; for it must be observed that, if the reduction is carried beyond 75 per cent., there is not only a loss in weight, but the consistency not being uniform will have its influence on sales ; and the quality is also liable to be deteriorated. The plain condensed milk has the same amount of water removed, and is treated in the same way as that which has been described, except that no sugar is used in its manufacture. It is not put up in sealed cans, but will keep sound for several i 134 American Milk-Condensing Factories. days, and is intended for present use. It is sent to market in cans holding 40 quarts each. Recently, a ‘¢ non-con- cting can” has been in- vented for shipping this kind of milk. It is of tin, and nearly of the same form as the carrying-cans, but double, with a space of 2 inches between the — outer and inner surface, which is closely packed with ground felt. Fig. 10 shows the general form of this can. In these cans the milk goes to market in sound condition. Fig. 10.—WNon-conducting Carrying-Can. au THe CoMBINED FacTorY. I have alluded to the modern plan of combining with the manufacture of condensed milk that of cheese and butter; in other words, the fitting up of a factory in which either the one or the other or the whole of these products can be made from the daily delivery of the milk. Experience has shown that the combined factory is the safest, and in most instances should be adopted. There are certain seasons of the year when it is more difficult to make good condensed milk than at others, There are times, too, when the milk received does not prove to be in that prime condition necessary for condensing, but which might suffice for the manufacture of cheese. Again, the breakage of machinery might render it impossible to condense the milk for a day, and perhaps for longer periods; changes in the market — may also render it advisable to put a smaller quantity of milk through the condensing process for a day, a week, or a month, than at other times. These, and a variety of other circumstances occurring, of liable to occur, require at the factory ample means for manu- facturing the milk into some other form than that of con- densed milk. For it must be observed, that after a number of persons have been engaged to deliver milk at the factory, it must be received, if in good order; and, unless’ provision be made for its manufacture in some form, heavy losses will ensue, When arrangements are perfected for, turning the milk inte . | American Milk-Condensing Factories. 135 butter or cheese or condensed milk at pleasure, advantage may be taken of any circumstance, and the milk can be properly disposed of not only without loss, but to the best advantage. There are other reasons for the construction of factories upon this plan, which | shall name hereafter under their appropriate headings. The factory plans presented in Figs. 11 to 13, are those of the MrIppLETowN Factory, on the Erie Railway, about 60 miles from New York city. This establishment was erected, during the year 1870, at a cost of more than 50,000 dollars, and is probably the most convenient and best furnished in its internal fittings of any combined condensing factory in America. Fig. 11.—Plan of Basement of Middletown Milk-Condensing Factory. 0.0 e]\ ovo BUTTER ROOM 22x 22 PUMP & WASH ROOM 22x 22 ROAD A, A. Water-Vats for cooling Milk. G,G. Hot-Water Vats. B. Cheese-Vat. H. Cold-Water Vat. C. Butter-Worker. I. Stairs. D. Churns. J. Pump. EK Water-Vat. K. Engine. F. Table. L. Lift. The ground floor, or basement, is partly below the surface of _the ground. The height of the rooms is about 9 or 10 feet between 136 American Milk-Condensing Factories. floors ; and the lower floor being about 6 feet below the level of the ground, built in with heavy walls and thoroughly under- drained, gives a low even temperature all the year round. The floor is covered with stone flagging nicely laid in cement, so as to make a perfectly tight bottom where no accumulation of water or filth can find an entrance. It may be observed here that all condensing factories should have basements similarly constructed, since, by securing a low and uniform temperature, the milk can be kept in better order, and a better product can be secured. The main building is 40 x 68 feet, three stories; with wings, Fig. 12.—Plan of Second Floor of Middletown Milk-Condensing Factory. as SS —— ORS E—WAEK CANNING ROOM FOR TRACK lelelor eT OFFICE 22x22 E il ROAD A. Heating Tanks. F. Pump. B. Ventilators. G. Lift. C, C. Cheese-Presses H. Table. D, D. Desks. I. Delivery-Window. E, E. Stairs. 22 x 22 teet on the left, and 22 x 50 feet on the right, two stories high. The basement is divided into churn-and-butter- American Milk-Condensing Factories. 137 room to the left, 22 x 22 feet; vat-room, 40 x 68 feet, contain- ing the cooling-vats, cheese-vat, elevator, presses, &c., with steam-pipes and hose leading to various parts of the building. The room to the right is the pump- and wash-room, 22 x 22 feet, with scalding and cold-water vats, vacuum-pump, c., and containing the lower portion of the vacuum-pan projecting _ through the ceiling from above. Out of this, and along the side of the main building is the boiler and engine room. The boiler is 50-horse power. On the second floor of the main building (Fig. 12, p. 136) is the delivery-room, 40 x 68 feet. Here are the heating-tanks, of galvanised iron or of tin, with jacketed bottom of copper, in which steam is admitted to heat the milk. They are each 4 feet in diameter and 6 feet long, rising about 28 inches above the floor, and extending through the floor into the room below. Between each two tanks is a ventilator, communicating with the room below and running to the roof. Openings are provided in each room, so as to give thorough ventilation. A track for the milk-car runs from the delivery-window alongside of the tanks and extends to the elevator, so that as fast as the milk is delivered the cans are placed in the car, and thus con- veyed to the tanks and dumped ; or the milk may be placed on the lift and lowered to the room below.. This room is double- floored, and the floors are laid in cement, so as not to allow leakage. On the left is the office, 22 x 22 feet, furnished with desks, &c. On the right is the vacuum-room, 22 x 22 feet, with the vacuum-pan in the centre, the lower part of which extends through the floor and into the room below, where the condensed milk is drawn from the pan. The communication _ between the two rooms is by stairs. Here also are the condenser and the pumping machinery. At the back of the vacuum-room the canning department, where the milk may be drawn from the fillmg-cans into pound packages, and then sealed and labelled. The third or upper floor (Fig. 13, p. 138), is the cheese-curing department, provided with racks and tables for the reception of the cheese. Near the ceiling of the basement are iron shafts connected to the engine by gearing, by means of which the churns are driven, the lift is raised or lowered at will, and power is transmitted for all other work requiring it. Cold spring water flows in and out of the cooling-vats and other water-tanks, while steam is con- veyed by pipes from the boiler to the heating-tanks and to other parts of the building as desired. The whole structure above the basement walls is of brick, and the boiler-chimney, 126 feet high, is very substantially built. Of course, a factory, embracing the same ground-plan could be erected much cheaper, as this 138 American Milk-Condensing Factories. building and its fixtures have been constructed in the most expensive manner, Fig. 13.—Plan of Third Story of Middletown Milk-Condensing Factory. STAIRS = CONDENSING SKIMMED Minx. Plain condensed milk is varied in manufacture as follows :— I. By using whole milk, or milk containing all its own cream. II. By mixing skimmed with whole milk. When this is done, the skimmed milk is first drawn into the vacuum-pan, and after its volume has been reduced considerably, the whole milk is added, and the mixture then reduced to the,required consistency. III. By condensing the skimmed milk alone. At the Middletown factory skimmed milk is extensively used for condensing. After the milk has been taken from the delivery window and dumped into the heating-tanks, steam is admitted to the jacketed bottom, and the milk heated to 130°. A small quantity of alum and saltpetre is sometimes added to the milk, for the purpose of clarifying it more readily. During the heating process the impurities in the milk rise to the surface, and are skimmed off, and when this has been effected (the time of heating ranging from one and a half to two hours) the milk is American Milk-Condensing Factories. 139 ready to be drawn either into the yacuum-pan or cooling-pails. These pails are 8 inches in diameter by 22 inches long, with iron bails, and are set in the vats containing cold flowing spring water. The vats are placed in the basement as before de- scribed. The pails are filled by attaching a rubber hose to the bottom of the heating-tank, where there is a faucet with a tube going through the jacket to the milk. The operator then carries the hose from one pail to the other, and they are thus filled rapidly. Fig. 14 represents a cross section of the basement and second floor of the factory, with heating-tanks and cooling-vats, showing the manner in which the milk is drawn into the pails. . Fig. 14.—Cross Section of the Basement and Second Floor of the Middle- town Milk-Condensing Factory, showing the manner of draining the milk from the heating-tanks into the cold-water vats. VENTILATORS The cooling-vats, four in number, are each 21 feet long by 4 feet wide, made of 3-inch pine plank, and separated into three divisions. . Here the milk sets from eight to twelve hours, 140 American Milk-Condensing Factories. according to the character of product which it is desired to obtain. | After the cream is taken off, the milk may be drawn at once into the vacuum-pan, simply by running a rubber hose from the milk to the pan, as the suction produced by the vacuum in the pan is sufficient to draw the milk through the pipes. During the process of condensing, the temperature in the pan is kept at about 135°, a vacuum of from 22 to 25 inches being maintained. The milk having been reduced to its proper consistency, is drawn from the vacuum-pan into the cooling-pails, which are immediately plunged into the vats containing cold spring water. The pails are about half filled, the average temperature of the water being 52° Fahr. When thoroughly stirred and cooled it is ready to go into the non-conducting shipping cans to be trans- ported to market. The plain condensed skimmed milk brings — 25 cents (one shilling) per quart. Under this process, in the month of July, when the daily delivery of milk was between 5000 and 6000 quarts, 8 quarts of milk yielded 1 quart of cream, and the whole quantity of cream made 400 lbs, of butter per day. When whole milk and skim milk are used together for con- densing—the evening’s milk having been strained and placed in the small tin cooling-pails—they are taken to the water pools or tanks, and are surrounded with flowing spring water on the same plan as at the butter factories. Here the milk sets until morning, when the pails are taken out, and the cream is dipped off. The skimmed milk is then imme- diately drawn into the vacuum-pan, Ina vacuum of about 24 inches the milk will begin to boil when the mercury indicates 100° Fahr. The heat scon rises to 135° or 140°, and is allowed to gono higher. The morning’s milk, as fast as it is delivered, goes to the pools the same as the night’s milk, and after the milk in the vacuum-pan has been somewhat reduced in volume, the morning’s mess is taken from the pools, and is drawn into the pan, and the mixture then reduced. By this process it is stated that a tolerably fair product of plain condensed milk can be made; while for sugared milk some operators think a more uniform product, or the “smoothest milk” is made from milk that has had about half its cream removed before going to the pan. One of the leading difficulties in the condensing process is to carry the milk along, and draw it from the pan before it is in a condition to granulate on cooling. It should be “ smooth,” and not gritty under the tongue, the latter state arising. from the sugar of milk assuming a granulated form. When milk is treated in this way no saltpetre is added, or indeed any other chemical. The use of such substances to clarify the milk is American Milh-Condensing Factories. 141 believed to be of doubtful expediency ; since it is always better to have the milk so clean, and in such good order, that these clarifying aids may be dispensed with. Under this latter plan butter factories have been successfully | turned into condensing factories at small cost, since a copper vacuum-pan, 4 feet in diameter, with all the fixtures complete, may be had for 1500 dollars, and a single vacuum-pump of suitable size for the pan 800 dollars, or a duplex-pump 1000 dollars, making for the pan and pump either 2300 dollars or 2500 dollars (5002.) From the foregoing statistics it appears that 15 quarts of milk are required for 1 lb. of butter, while a pound of butter is made on an average from less than 2 quarts of cream. In 1871, the butter was marketed at 40 cents per |b., and the butter- milk at 1 cent per quart. There were 750 quarts of cream taken from the 6000 quarts of milk, which would leave 5250 quarts skimmed, and this, deprived of 75 per cent. of water, makes 1312 quarts of plain condensed milk. Without taking any account of the butter-milk, the daily receipts may be very nearly estimated as follows :— dolls. 400 Ibs. butter at 40 cents per pound... .. .. .. .. 160°00 1312 qrts. condensed skimmed milk at 25 cents perquart.. 328700 Totaliisey Safed) ssh wgithna 5 A800 Deduct cost of 80 valls. crude milk allowed for waste at 16°00 122 cents per gallon (952. 12s.) . 478-00 The daily expenses on the basis of former estimates would be as follows :— dolls. 6000 qrts. of milk, or 1500 galls., at 123 cents per gallon .. 187°50 Daily working expenses of the factory... .. .. .. .. 24°50 : (427. 8s.) 212-00 Leaving a daily balance of 266-00 dolls. (537. 4s.) above expenses. Perhaps it may be said that my estimate of factory buildings in the first instance (2500 dollars) is too low. This is a matter which cannot well be regulated here, but the other expenses it is believed are pretty near the mark, and will give sufficient data for determining the profits to be derived from the business. Providing one half of the skimmed milk be made into skimmed cheese, we should have as before : 142 American Milk-Condensing Factories. 400 lbs. of butter at 40 cents per pound... peer eaiars (0400) 656 qrts. of condensed milk at 25 cents per quart 3 16400 2625 qrts. of milk, or, say 5250 lbs., making 525 lbs. of skim cheese, at 10 cents per pound 2. 0ONg. ee ipo 2a} 376°50 hess' SO" galls: for waste .0 .- G8) .c, oan eae eee CLE 366°50 The daily expenses as before, 6000 bit milk at 3i cents per quart... .. . «sy @LBGBO W orking expenses of factory sie ad ins 4 ane giles be si MCE TEER 212-00 154°50 Leaving a daily balance above expenses, when butter, cheese, and plain condensed milk are made, of 154 dollars, 50 cents (nearly 317.). It will be seen that the profits from the business must vary considerably according to the character of the manufactured pro- duct ; and under the combined factory plan here described, great latitude is given to vary the manufacture of the milk into such products as may seem most advisable from time to time. It may also be observed that when milk is set for cream during eight to twelve hours only, and is then skimmed, the skimmed milk retains a considerable quantity of butter, and makes a rich tasting and highly palatable article of condensed milk; since by varying the quantity of water for the purpose of returning it to its original consistency, or by using less water, it can be made to assume the appearance of cream, while it contains more albuminous constituents, bulk for bulk, heat the milk in which all the cream is retained. For invalids or those in deli- cate health the skimmed milk is on some accounts preferable, and is so recommended by physicians. MARKETING. ’ The question of markets and marketing is perhaps the most serious of any concerning this business. I have given the prices at which the different kinds of condensed milk are sold. But can these prices be maintained ? and is there a demand and a market for any considerable increase in these products? ‘These are grave questions, and of serious importance to those who are proposing to embark upon condensed milk manufacture. So far prices have been maintained, and the Borden factories have met with abundant success. I do not hear of any complaint among consumers that prices are exorbitant, but, on the contrary, American Milk-Condensing Factories. 143 | many affirm that condensed milk is cheaper than the milkman’s Grade milk, inasmuch as the latter is largely adulterated with water, and is liable to sour on your hands; besides, from its fre- quent imperfections losses are entailed upon the consumer which amount to more, during the course of a year, than the difference in price between crude and condensed milk. City consumers who have been accustomed to the use of condensed milk, generally prefer it to the crude milk, as more uniform in quality, more convenient for use, more reliable in flavour, and more healthful as an article of food. But the class using condensed milk in America, as compared with that using crude milk, is very small. Indeed there are thousands of people who have never tasted or even seen or heard of condensed milk. _ Doubtless, if the public generally could be made acquainted with the cleanliness required, and the freedom from impurities or adulterations in condensed milk, it would soon take the place | of crude milk in all our leading towns and cities. Immense sums are now expended in carrying the crude milk to market, 75 per cent. of which would be at once saved, if condensed milk could be made to take the place of crude milk. _ But should the water with which the milkman dilutes his milk _ be also taken into account, the saving on transportation would be _much greater, Up to the present time the condensing business has been in a few hands, and, as little has been known generally concerning . the manufacture or its profits, prices have been controlled and 'maintained. Is it.not to be feared that any large and sudden increase in condensing milk (especially before people have become somewhat educated as to its use and character) would _ have a tendency to glut the market, and thus*prove disastrous to -manufacturers? With an increased manufacture there is little probability that present prices can be maintained ; and here the question occurs, whether a considerable reduction in rates could not be made and yet a fair profit realized in the business. _ The price of crude milk in all our large cities will average nearly, if not quite, 8 cents per quart. Say that 1 cent (3d.) per quart be allowed the factory for manufacturing the plain condensed milk, and 4 cents (2d.) per quart as the cost of crude milk at the factory, then there are 3 cents (1}d.) per quart which remain to be expended in transportation and delivering it to city consumers. Upon this basis 4 quarts of crude milk, reduced to one quart condensed milk, would be worth 20 cents (10d.) at the factory. __ This would give a living profit to manufacturers and pro- ducers. And now the question occurs, how much is it worth to transport and market the quart of condensed milk. Call it 4 _cents (2d.), and we have the quart of condensed milk in the hands j 144 - American Milh-Condensing Factories. of consumers at 24 cents (1s.), which is equivalent to crude milk at 6 cents (3d.) per quart. But as the condensed milk is cleaner, purer, and will remain sweet and sound longer than the crude milk, the consumer realizes the boon long sought for in obtaining a cheap, nutritious, and healthful food. In the higher and more philanthropic aspect of life, the cheapening of food for the masses, and especially for the agri- cultural labourer and the poor, is a consideration not to be over- looked. ; Looking at this question of markets in all its relations, I should say that the safest plan to be adopted would be to establish combined factories, where the main business at first would be the manufacture of cheese or butter, or both, entering upon condensed milk gradually, and making no more than could be marketed in the nearest cities and surrounding towns. I have no doubt that in every country village where crude milk i peddled, plain condensed milk could be: readily introduced ; and if a uniformly good article were furnished at reasonable rata 1 am of the opinion that it would supplant in a great measure the crude milk. 1 cannot tell how long it may take to introduce this form o milk into general consumption; that must depend in a grea degree upon the activity and energy with which it is plac before the public. People are wedded to old usages, and do no readily change unless urged or convinced of the advantages resulting from such change. But I am persuaded that th manufacture of condensed milk, like other practical methods fo’ improving the comforts and healthfulness of mankind, must in the end be triumphant. City consumers have for years endured the bad milk brought to their doors as a necessary nuisance, from which there was no ready way of escape. The new method ope the remedy for this difficulty, and as people become acquainted with it, we may reasonably suppose that they will adopt it. I Butter-Makine at MitK-ConpDENSING FACTORIES. - It will be seen from what I have said that butter-making will naturally be connected with the condensing process. In last year’s volume of this Journal * I gave a pretty full account of the American butter-factory system 5 but some improvements, brought out during the past year, have been found so useful, that. they deserve a passing notice in connection with this paper. In butter-making, as in almost every other kind of work, labour is lessened, and the object accomplished with much more ~ — * 2nd Series, vol, vii., part 1, No. xiii., p. 1. ee American Milk-Condensing Factories. 145 facility and satisfaction, by having proper appliances, and in knowing how to use them. One of these little appliances is the “Mote skimmer,” for taking off specks, flies, or any small article of dirt that happens to fall upon the _.. ail after it has been ed either Fito the Fig: we eee can or vat, This skimmer is a small tin Simmer. cup, the inner surface being concave and free from sharp angles. In the bottom is placed a fine wire strainer, about 1 inch in* diameter. It is provided with an upright handle some 2 feet in length, thus making an implement much more convenient for re- moving any little mote from the milk than the common skimmer. The annexed cut (Fig. 15) represents the form of the ‘‘ mote skimmer.” _ From experiments with different kinds of churns, American butter-makers are decidedly _of opinion that for quantity and quality of product from a given _ quantity of cream, the dash churn is to be preferred, and most / especially is this form of churn to be recommended for butter | factories. In this opinion the butter-makers of Orange County | pretty generally agree; and as the old-fashioned dash churn is ‘ not a patented article, its recommendations to favour must rest upon its merits alone. For milk-condensing factories the “‘two-barrel size” is preferred ; | and the churns should be made with as little bilge as possible. _ During the churning it is thought desirable to keep the cream ‘from rising above 60° in temperature. When the churns are | started, the temperature of the cream should be about 56°; and | it has been found that the best results are obtained when the _ dashers make from 40 to 42 strokes per minute. At this rate of | stroke, and no less than one hour being consumed in the process . _of churning, if the temperature of the cream be kept below 60°, _or no higher than that, the butter will come of good colour and texture, and will be in the right condition for a first-class ‘ fancy | product,” at least so far as it can be made by the operation of | churning. It is important, of course, that the cream be in the | proper condition when it goes to the churn; but the manner in _which the churning is conducted has a much greater influence upon the product than many people imagine. _ The agitation of the cream over the whole mass should be as _eyen and uniform as possible, in order that all the cream may | be turned into butter at about the same time. If the agitation is too rapid, or if it be unevenly distributed through the mass, a part of the cream will come to butter while a part will remain | Won. VII.—Ss. S. L | 146 American Milk-Condensing Factories. unchanged, and by the time the whole mass is churned, the particles of butter first formed will have been beaten up in the agitation, so as to injure the texture; or portions of unchurned cream may become mingled with the butter, thereby not only lessening the quantity of butter from a given quantity of cream, but matertally injuring its quality. Again, in order to preserve a nice flavour and colour, as well as fine texture, the mass of cream while churning must not be allowed to rise toa high temperature.* It will be seen, then, to regulate all these points, the proper construction of the churn-dasher is important: Numerous ex- periments have been made with differently formed dashers, and ‘ finally a form has been hit upon that gives much better results than any dasher heretofore used. I give an illustration (Fig. 16) of the dasher, and its proportions as adapted to the ‘‘ two- barrel churn.” The two pieces a a forming the dash are 20 inches long by 6 inches broad. They are halved together in the centre, so as to form a cross, the handle of the dasher going through both pieces at 6. The holes cc are made by boring with a 12 inch bit into the arms, but not quite through. Then in the centre of this cavity a 2 inch hole is cut through the arm. The holes d d are made in the same way, and a slot connecting the two is cut partly through the timber, in the centre of which a narrow slot goes entirely through the arm. This forms the lower side of the dash, the upper side being shown in Fig. 17. Fig. 16.—The improved Fig. 17.—The improved Churn-Dash (lower side). Churn-Dash (upper side). Ina recent tour among the butter factories, I saw the chur in operation with the improved dasher, and with other shaped dashers ; all were worked at the same time, and with the same power, and it was plainly evident that the improved dasher did the best work, while the temperature of the cream, which we American Milhk-Condensing Factories. 147 tested from time to time, was more even and lower than in the other churns. In some districts the large dash churn is con- structed with a hoop at the top to receive the churn cover. This causes considerable trouble in cleansing, as particles of cream and milk are liable to work down between the hoop and staves, thereby becoming foul, unless extra care and labour be taken in cleansing. In the Orange County factories a part of the staves are cut away to receive the churn cover, thus doing away with the cumbersome hoops, and rendering the churn neater in ap- pearance, and more easily cleaned. In washing the butter another little device is used, which appeared to me to be a decided improvement over the old method. The batch of butter, or the “‘churning,” say of about twenty to twenty-five pounds in weight, is laid upon the butter- worker, and water applied from a sprinkler or small watering- pot. Itis provided with a rose nozzle so as to distribute the water over the mass in numberless small streams. The watering- pot is held with the left hand, and the butter worked with the right hand at the same time, by applying the lever, going rapidly over from one side of the mass to the other. The butter being on the inclined slab or bed-piece of the butter-worker, the butter-milk flows off readily, and by a few movements of the lever the butter-milk is expelled. When the water flows from the mass without being discoloured the process of washing is completed. The cut (Fig. 18) illustrates the sprinkler, and it should be of small size or no larger than can be conveniently handled with ‘the left hand in the manner above described. _ The water, falling in a spray over the whole surface of the butter, cools it and gives the proper degree of hardness for working with the lever, a int of considerable import- nce, especially in hot weather. When the butter-milk has been , expelled, the butter is ready for salting, and the butter-worker is used for incorporating the salt evenly through the mass. Considerable discussion has recently arisen about the use f saltpetre in butter, some holding that it cannot be healthful ven though employed in small quantities, that it adds nothing the flavour or quality of the butter, that it has no preserving roperties, and hence should be banished from the dairy by all d butter-makers. Without entering upon an elaborate dis- Tei Fig. 18.— The Butter-Sprinkler. 148 American Milk- Condensing Factories. cussion of this question, it will suffice perhaps to say that all the - “hue and cry” against the judicious use of saltpetre as a pre- serving agent for meats and for butter, is, in my. opinion, not well-founded, and is creating needless alarm in the minds of many; indeed, | believe the evils complained of from its use are more imaginary than real. Saltpetre has been used from time — immemorial in curing meat, and of the thousands who thus annu- ally employ it L have yet to hear of a single —_ authenticated case where it has proved injurious. Doubtless saltpetre may be used in quantities hurtful to health, but so may common salt, or pepper, or sugar, or tea, as well as many other articles of food generally considered harmless. Now, the butter-makers of Orange County claim that, by the use of saltpetre, butter will retain its flavour, and keep sound longer in hot weather than when it is not used. They say that many direct experiments have been made to test this point, and, in every instance, the samples of butter cured with saltpetre kept — sweet longer, and were better saved than those samples where it was not used, For curing butter made in summer the following mixture is — used at the Orange County factories, viz.:—For every 22lbs. of butter, 16 ounces of salt, one tea-spoonful of saltpetre, and — a table-spoonful of the best powdered white sugar. In preparing this mixture, Ashton salt is crushed under a roller to free it from all lumps; it is then run through a sieve, and the saltpetre, after being reduced to a powder, is evenly mingled with the sugar through the salt. I tested the butter cured with saltpetre at the factories and found it of delicious flavour with that fine texture and colour which would command the highest price in the market, Small return butter pails, similar in construction to Westcott’s * Return Pail,” and each holding five pounds, have been used in sending the butter to market. These little packages, or tubs, are provided with a cover which fastens with a clasp. They are very neatly made of oak, and hooped with brass, which gives them an exceedingly handsome appearance. They are, when filled, packed in cases, twelve packages in a case, in two tiers” one above another. A board is placed between the upper and lower tiers. ’ The cuts (Figs. 19 and 20) represent the packages and the manner of packing. There is a cleat running round the box on the inside, about the height of the packages, so that when the first six packages” are arranged in place the division-board goes down upon the cleat covering the lower packages, and upon this board the upper tier of packages is placed. The lid of the case is then American Milk-Condensing Factories. 149 brought down and fastened with a clasp, and the packages go safely to market without shaking or moving. The butter in each Fig. 20.—A Case with packages arranged for market. Fig. 19.—The Five-pound ) Butter-package. package is stamped with a mould, so as to leave the imprint of _ the maker’s name under a rose. _ The most approved method of packing butter for the winter _ market is to pack in oak tubs or firkins, so that it will keep sound and sweet. The firkin should be made in the best _ manner, strongly hooped, so as not to admit the least leakage. The Westcott oak pail is one of the best kind of packages. After the tub or firkin has been filled, say within an inch or two of the top, a cloth is placed over it, and a layer of salt put on, _ or it is covered with brine, so as to exclude the air as much as _ possible, and kept in a clean, cool, well-ventilated cellar until _ ready for market. : _ Recently, Mr. Charles H. White of White Station, Michigan, _ has invented a method for keeping butter sweet for long periods, | which proves to be excellent, and worthy of general adoption. _ His plan is to have tight and strongly hooped tubs of oak, with ' heads at both ends. The tubs are 14 inches in diameter at top | and 9 inches at bottom, and about 16 inches high. Fig. 21 will ' illustrate its general form. A sack of white cotton is made to | fit the tub for the reception of the butter. It is placed in the tub _ as it stands on the small end (Fig. 21), the sides of the sack bemg | long enough to extend over the top of the tub. __ The butter is packed firmly in this sack until within an inch _ and three-eighths of the top of the tub, when a circular piece of cloth is laid on the top of the butter, and the sides of the sack _ are brought over and nicely plaited down over the circular cover. _ A layer of fine salt is now laid on the top, the head is put in, _ and the hoops are driven so as to make a perfectly tight fit that 150 American Milk-Coudensing Factories. will admit of no leakage. The tub is then turned upon the large head and the butter in the sack drops down upon the larger end, Fig. 21.—Package for keeping Fig. 22.—Section of Package Butter for long periods. Jor keeping Buiter for long 2 periods. leaving a space between it and the sides and top of the tub, as will be seen by Fig. 22, representing a section of the tub filled with butter and standing on the large end. Strong brine is then poured into the tub at a, till it fills the intervening space cccc between the tub and the butter, when the hole is closed perfectly tight with a cork. The brine floats the butter, so that it is completely surrounded with the liquid, and thus it is effectu- ally excluded from the air. Butter packed in this way, and placed in a cool, clean, well-ventilated cellar, will keep sweet and sound for long periods, and will go to market in prime condition. When the butter is to be used the tub is turned on the small end, the hoops are started, and the large head is taken off, when the butter may be lifted entirely out of the tub by taking hold of the ends of the sack. It may be placed upon a platter or large earthen dish, the cloth removed from the top, and the butter cut in desirable shapes for the table.or forsale. If any portion remains or is not wanted for immediate use, it may be returned to the tub, and in this way it can be preserved for future use. Pin d The plan is a novel one for keeping butter sweet and sound, and I am informed that it has met with entire success. The package holds about fifty pounds. Mr. White has a very inge- nious way for cutting the patterns to make the sacks, whereb there is no waste of cloth, and the seams are rapidly run up by sewing-machine. When the butter is required for use, by taking hold of the sack by the sides, lifting it from the tub, and turning it down, the but may be cut in handsome shape to come upon the table, whic cannot be done in the ordinary way of packing, as the butt must then be dug out in small particles or cut in untidy pieces. . | American Milk-Condensing Factories. 151 - Butter for the winter market is often packed in firkins holding from 60 to 80]bs. The firkins are made strong and tight, are provided with heads, and when filled are headed up and brine poured through a hole in the top head, so as to fill all intervening spaces. In packing butter for market, it is important to have a neat and well-made package. If due attention has been given to the manufacture and to the packages, and if the butter has been preserved sweet and sound, there will be no trouble in marketing it at a good price. It is sometimes desirable to keep milk overnight in good order, and to prevent, as far as possible, the cream from rising. This is usually effected by placing the milk in the cheese-vat and allowing cold spring water to flow in the space between the tin and wooden vats ; and at the same time to use an “‘ agitator ” in the milk, which is worked during the night by the waste water flowing from the vats. Fig. 23 shows a common cheese-vat, with the agitator | attached, and the water-box in front, which supplies the power for working, &c. Fig. 23.—Milk-Vat, with Agitator arranged for stirring the Milk during the night. ni A, A. Shafts. E. Exit for Waste Water. B, B. Floats for agitating the Milk. F. Shaft attached to Water-box. C,C. Connecting-beam.. - ‘ G. Outlet from one side of Water-box. D. Inlet Water. H. Sink for escape of Waste Water. t This box has a partition in the centre, and is provided with a circular bottom, and a discharge-orifice in each division. The 152 Management of Grass Land. waste water from the vat flows in one division, and here accumu- lates until there is sufficient weight to carry the box down. This moves the float across the milk. Then, while the water is being discharged, the waste water from the vat is pouring into the other side of the box sufficient to carry that side down, and the float in the milk moves back ; and thus the float, moving backwards and forwards at intervals, stirs the milk during the night and prevents the cream from rising. It is a very simple and useful appliance, and does efficient service in exposing the particles of milk to the’ atmosphere, and thus assists in keeping the milk in good order. CoNCLUSION. In conclusion, I may say that the condensing business requires considerable capital, great labour, unceasing care, and minute attention to details which paid workmen will neglect, if not con- — stantly watched. Mr. Borden thought he could get an extension of his patent if he tried, but he would not try. He preferred to rely on his skill and faithfulness in the manufacture in open competition, The product made at his factories has never been excelled. In his early experiments scientific men told him that it was useless to think of retaining the (oil) cream ; but he said it would not be milk then, only “ skim milk,” and so he kept on experimenting, and finally succeeded in retaining all the cream. To do this successfully under his process, the milk is brought to a tem- perature of 212° Fahr. before it goes to the pan, as I have described in the early part of this paper. Some think that the condensing business must necessarily make slow progress, on account of the difficulty of getting skilled labour, and the constant watchfulness required to make an unexceptionable article. Fac- tories have been started from time to time, and abandoned on this account. Mr. Borden has kept steadily on, and has met with merited success, because he has never allowed a poor article to go upon the market. And this should be a rule among all those who propose to enter upon its manufacture. 1V.—On the _ Management of Grass Land, with especial Reference to the Production of Meat. By H. 8. Tuomrson, of Kirby Hall, York. Tue Journal for 1858 contained several articles on the Manage- ment of Grass Land, in one of which I gave an account of some experiments in laying down land to grass, and its subsequent management. These experiments have been repeated, under a considerable variety of circumstances, during the last fourteen Management of Grass Land. 153 years, and as this additional experience has, to some extent, modified my previous opinions, as well as furnished me with additional information, | am induced to revert to the subject now that the production of meat has assumed a degree of import- ance which cannot be fully appreciated without a brief reference _ to some of the public documents bearing on the subject. Since the date of the above-mentioned paper the number of mouths to be fed in Great Britain and Ireland has increased by more than three millions. A mere statement, however, of the increase of numbers, very inadequately expresses the whole additional call for animal food, the rapid development of the industrial resources of the country which has taken place of late having created a demand for labour at advancing wages, which has given the working classes unexampled command over the comforts of life, and greatly increased the frequency of their visits to the butcher’s shop. No reasonable doubt can, therefore, be entertained that the _ effective demand for fresh meat has risen rapidly during the last few years, and the next questions that suggest themselves are :— Have the supplies kept pace with the demand? And are they still increasing at such a rate as to satisfy the quarter of a million hungry souls which each successive year adds to the population of these islands? I will first deal with the supplies from abroad, and the accompanying Table (A) shows the number of cattle, sheep, and swine imported into the United Kingdom in the years 1863-1871 inclusive, being a continuation of a return published ‘in vol, xxy."p. 29 of the Society’s Journal. Taste A. | Carrie, SHEEP, AND SWINE, imported into the United Kingdom during the years 1863 to 1871. ] | YEAR. Cattle of all ages. SheepandLambs.| Swine. | a eee i} | | = 1863 150,898 430,788 27,137 1864 231,733 496,243 85,362 Cattle Plague broke out in June, 1865 204,867 914,170 | 182,943 Cattle Plague ended with the year 1866 237,739 970,380 73,878 | 1867 177,948 539,716 48,079 1868 136,688 341,155 33,721 | 1869 220,190 709 , 843 69,067 | 1870 202,172 669,905 95,624 1871 248,911 916,799 85,622 1,811,146 5,989,499 651,428 [COL OMECARN ac ck ws tke 201,238 665,499 72,381 | Average of 3 years, 1869, 1870, and 1871 223,757 765,515 83,437 EE ESE EE SESE PT SRT EEE OO It thus appears that, though the foreign supply varies con- 154 Management of Grass Land. siderably in different years, it has never—even in the year of the Cattle Plague (1866)—reached a point at which it could mate- rially affect the supply of meat for the million. It is satisfactory to find that the recent sanitary regulations, limiting the landing and removal of foreign cattle, sheep, and swine, have not dimi- nished the importations ; the average numbers of each kind of stock imported in the three last years—1869, 1870, 1871—having materially exceeded the average of the whole nine years recorded in the Table. We have next to consider our home resources, in which we are greatly assisted by the returns annually published by the Board of Trade. Unfortunately these returns were not, until 1867, sufficiently complete to be used as a basis for calculation. Table (B) gives the numbers of the live stock in the United Kingdom from 1867 to 1871; and by comparing tables (A) and (B) we learn the very small proportion which the imported flocks and herds bear to the natives. Even in 1871, when the prices of beef and mutton, and the numbers of the live stock brought into our ports, reached higher figures than ever before known, the number of cattle imported was only 2°66 per cent. of the home stock, the sheep 2°91 per cent., and the swine 2:07 per cent. TasLe B. Noumser of Carrie, Sueep, and Pies in the United Kingdom, in each year from 18 1871 inclusive, showing the increase or decrease from year to year. Increase or Increase or Increase. YEARS. Cattle. Decrease from Sheep. Decrease from Swine, Decrease previous year. previous year. previous yé 1867 8,731,473) 33,817,951 sie 4,221,100 o. . 1868 9,083,416) + 351, (943 35,607 ,812|/+1, 789,861 | 3,189,167) — 1,031, 1869 a 078,282 — 5,134 34,250,272 —1,356,540 3,028,394) - 160, 1870 9,235,052) + 156,770 32,786, 783) — 1,463,489 3,650,7380|-+ 622, 1871 9,347,789, + 112,737 | 31,416,829 —1,369,954 |4,136,903|-+4 486, ? | ? | SS —_ a _f Et el Between Increase j a ; 1867 and =616,316) wc \\=2,401, 122] Decmete } =84,197 1871. | Cattle of Sheep of Swine Taking the average of the five years given in Table (B), the imported cattle, sheep, and swine bore to the home-breds the proportions of 2°17 per cent., 1:89 per cent., and 1:82 per cent., respectively. If, therefore: by imposing moderate renters on the movement of our flocks and herds, both home and foreign, we can check the spread of disease sufficiently to save the lives of 2 per cent. of our sheep and cattle, we shall add to their numbers an amount equal to the whole of our foreign — supply. Management of Grass Land. 155 I will now endeavour to form an estimate of the amount of beef, mutton, and pork, which the animals recorded in Tables (A) and (B) may be expected to send annually to market. This calculation must, to a great extent, rest on estimate, and cannot ‘approach in accuracy to an ascertained fact ; but I have before me so considerable a number of opinions, supplied by some of the most eminent cattle salesmen in the metropolitan and several of the leading provincial markets, also by local cattle dealers and butchers, together with returns from some of the railway companies, who convey large quantities of meat weekly from all parts of the United Kingdom to London, that the figures founded on a careful comparison of these data can scarcely be very far from the truth. Beginning with Table (A), I estimate the weight of the foreign cattle brought to market for slanghter— exclusive of calves, young bulls, &c.—at 620 lbs. per head. A considerable deduction must be made for the number of calves, which, in 1871, were 40,189=16:12 per cent. of the cattle of all ages imported in that year. Taking the calves at 80 lbs. each; 16 per cent. at S80 Ibs., and 84 per cent. at 620 lbs., give an average of 530 lbs. per head for cattle of all ages. There are, however, a certain number of young bulls and inferior cattle imported for which allowance must be made, and | therefore take the average weight of foreign cattle of all ages at 520 Ibs. per head. In estimating the weight of meat derived from this source, it is, no doubt, overrating it to assume that the foreign cattle yield 520 lbs. of meat each as imported, many being milch cows, or store cattle for grazing ; but, as there are no data for calculating their numbers or weights, I have preferred to assume that the whole are intended for imme- _ diate slaughter. The number imported in 1871 was the highest _ ever known, viz., 248,911. At 520 Ibs. each, this would produce | 57,783 tons of beef. Foreign sheep and lambs I estimate at 50 Ibs. per head: the 916,799 imported in 1871 would, therefore, produce 20,464 tons _ of mutton. ___ Foreign swine I estimate at 100 lis. per head, and at this rate the 85,622 swine imported in 1871 would yield 3331 tons of , pork ; so that the cattle, sheep, and swine, of all ages imported in 1871 would yield 81,578 tons of meat. The next step will be to estimate the average supply of meat | derived from the cattle, sheep, and swine shown in Table (B). _ For this purpose the United Kingdom may be treated as one | gigantic farm, breeding, rearing, and fattening its own live stock; and the proportion of cattle, sheep, and swine sent to | Saas may be approximately estimated by ascertaining how _ many head of each sort a farm maintaining a herd of 100 cows, | 156 Management of Grass Land. 100 breeding ewes, and 20 sows can supply annually for sale. The stock must be self-sustaining, and must, therefore, contain animals of both sexes and of various ages. The following cal- culation proceeds on the assumption that 100 cows will pro- duce annually 80 calves; that 10 per cent. of these will be killed for veal, and that, apart from any abnormal attack of disease, 3 per cent. will adequately represent the deaths, SELF-MAINTAINING Herp oF 100 Cows. : Total Herd. Cows 100 Bulls ’ 2 Young Stock— Under 12 months old .. .. 80 1 year old and under 2 years 72 2 years old and under bite f 72 VCHUS Hs AEN, Mthn ie a3 326 Deaths=8 percent. .. .. . 10 316 ‘ It is assumed that 100 cows will produce 80 calves annually, of which 8 (=10 per cent.) will be killed as veal. To maintain the herd, 20 cows and 1 bull must be supplied annually from the young stock between 2 and 3 years old, thus reducing the number available for market from 72 to 51, Number available for Market. Draught cows and bull . 21 Calves .. 8 Young stock, 2 to 3. years old. 51 80 Less deaths 3\per cent... 35) jae) se avenue 78 On these data a herd of 316 cattle of all ages will send to market annually 78 head = 24:68 per cent. In applying these figures to Table (B) allowance must be made for the calves not officially enumerated. Calves for veal are nearly always killed . ‘ under eight weeks of age, and as the enumeration is only made once a year, and the consumption of veal is tolerably uniform through the year, jths of the veal calves are born and die with- out finding their way into the annual return. In the foregoing statement a herd of 326 animals contained 8 veal calves, and of these ths (=6%), which is equal to 2 per cent. of the whole herd, would be omitted from the official return. Two per cent, must therefore be added to the number of cattle in that return, which would have the same result ( within a very minute fraction) — as raising the percentage given above of cattle available for slaughter from 24°68 to 25 per cent. It will therefore be assumed , that 25 per cent. of the cattle of all ages in Table (B) will be annually available for slaughter. Management of Grass Land. 157 A similar calculation applied to sheep shows that a self- sustaining flock will send to market 42 per cent. annually, if it be correct to assume that 100 ewes will produce 130 lambs, of which 32 (=25 per cent.) will be killed under one year old. It is also assumed that, apart from any specific attack of disease, 5 per cent. per annum will represent the deaths. SELF-MAINTAINING Fock oF 100 Ewes. Total Flock. ee 3) 100 It is assumed that 100 ewes | is) Se SO 2 | will produce 130 lambs, of which iTambs .. .. .. .. ~~. 180] 32 (=25 per cent.) will be killed | Ghearlings ..° .. .... .. .. 98 \ under 1 year old. --— To maintain the flock, 83 ewes 330 | and 1 ram must be supplied | Deaths=5 percent... .. +. 17 | annually from the shearling sheep, —— |} thus reducing the shearlings avail- | 313 / able for market from 98 to 64. Available for the Butcher. f auerewesandiram ../) "Se se ee te. 84 Mpamiecetec in Weil HINA ates. 32 PMI citys | cites: Ticats) vas) (las tuad! ese: 164 150 ) WIEST REP AE Sees ctl ge Sle alate hal ae gall Si 125 ; A flock of sheep numbering 313, of all ages, will thus send to market annually 125, = 40 per cent. In applying these figures to Table (B), some adjustment must be made to compensate for the great number of lambs killed before the time of taking the agricultural census in June. April, _ May, and June are the great lamb-consuming months in the : large towns, whereas in the country the greatest number are sent _ to the butcher in June, July, and August. It will probably be _ fair to assume that half the number destined to be killed as _ lambs are slaughtered by the middle of June, when the official enumeration is made. In the calculation given above, the _ lambs slaughtered (32) are about 10 per cent. of the whole _ flock, and if half of these are omitted from the Government return it would require an addition of 5 per cent. to the number of sheep and lambs shown in Table (B), in order to make good the omission. This would have the same effect, so far as our calculation is concerned, as adding 2 per cent. to the numbers = are fewer casualties among the fattening than among the breeding 8 158 Management of Grass Land. ‘available for the butcher.” I shall therefore assume that o home-bred sheep and lambs will send to market annually 42 per cent. of the entire number shown in Table (B). Few farmers, probably, will find these figures precisely agree with the results of their own breeding and feeding operations, but they must bear in mind that an attempt is here made to strike an average of the productiveness of flocks and herds of different races, placed under the most varying conditions of cli- mate, food, and shelter. One of the most likely points to be questioned is the average rate of increase of a flock of sheep, viz., 130 iambs from 100 ewes. It would no doubt be easy to oe, districts where the customary increase is much greater, In the flat lands, 150 lambs to 100 ewes is a common occur- rence, but the hilly districts of the United Kingdom cover a great extent of country, and 130 lambs to 100 ewes would seem as extravagantly high to a breeder of mountain sheep as it would be thought below the mark by the owner of a sheep farm in the plains, who always provided succulent food for his ewes at the time of admitting the rams. From a number of letters on this subject I have selected two as representing the extreme views on this point. One is from an eminent Northumbrian farmer, who says that in the four years 1868-71, 1280 ewes pro- duced him 2122 lambs, notwithstanding that in one of those years he had the bad luck to have 25 barren ewes. This is at the rate of 166 lambs per 100 ewes. The other extreme is described in a letter from a friend in Kent, who says, ‘‘ Kent sheep, as a rule, do not twin much, and we much prefer they should not.” .... “I should say that if you were to put it at 105 lambs for 100 ewes, you would be about right as regards my district, though this year I have 400 lambs from my 350 ewes.” The proportion of pigs annually available for slaughter is far greater than that of either cattle or sheep, as a breeding sow will generally produce two litters per annum, which may be averaged at seven each. The sows themselves are seldom kept more than — two years, and the bacon-pigs are killed at one year ta one and | a half year old—average fifteen months. There are no sufficient data for determining ‘the proportion of porkers to bacon-pigs — slaughtered. In the large towns great numbers of pigs are killed for pork,and comparatively few for bacon, In the country districts it is exactly the reverse ; every well-to-do labourer kills his bacon-pig, and every farmer his two or three up to eight or ten; but the quantity of fresh pork consumed by either farmers or Tabourers i is comparatively trifling.* The large produ and ¥ Bene: -pigs here include all pigs killed for salting; porkers, all consul { fresh. A portion of a pork pig put in to pickle for a short time would not preven its being included in the latter class. Management of Grass Land. 159 consumption of bacon in the agricultural districts is an important element in estimating the national supply of meat, and is liable to be underrated in consequence of its never being brought to market, or in any other way exposed to public view. I have had a careful enumeration made of the pigs in the two parishes immediately adjoining my residence, which contained, in 1871, a population of 1139 souls entirely dependent on agriculture for their support. In these two parishes 230 bacon-pigs and 35 porkers have been killed within the last twelve months, the whole for home consumption. The bacon-pigs averaged 306 Ibs., and the porkers 86 lbs. each. Of the 230 bacon-pigs, 94 'were killed by farmers, 113 by labourers, and 23 by small tradesmen and others not belonging to either of those classes, I have no reason to think that these parishes differ in any material respect from the average agricultural parish of the northern counties. In Ireland the proportion of bacon-pigs to porkers killed is much larger than in England. From the best information I can obtain I am disposed to _ fix the proportion of bacon-pigs to porkers for the United King- ,dom at two to three. The numbers will therefore stand as | follows :— . 1 : SELF-MAINTAINING Herp or Pics. ) ! Total Number of Herd. | Sows aavEY 50,55 20 Ll | oo = aie 1 20 sows will annually produce Pnneesee ses, sce. YS, °Y68 280 280 pigs. iteteonapiesh)). $6.00.) 22. U1 2G To replace breeding stock, 10 —— / sows and 1 boar must be provided ; 301 | annually out of the young stock. Less deaths=3 percent... .. gy 292 Annually available for Market. Bowes Cale? 20 1068." FP) ABO) L810 EN nc 0" Se 1 | Bacon-pigs (#ths killed yearly)... .. .. .. 90 CEMA) ice ns thaw oe fea, [ae 168 269 : Less deaths 3 percent... .. .. 8 To replace breeding stock .. .. “it oe : — 250 A herd of 292 pigs of all ages, will therefore supply annually for slaughter 250, = 874 per cent. This will require consider- able modification, in consequence of the number of young pigs | 160 Management of Grass Land. necessarily omitted from the June census. Roasting pigs are seldom more than a month old, so that eleven out of every twelye are born and die after one census day and before the neal Similarly, porkers whose average life does not exceed five months, would more than half of them be unrecorded, even if the consumption of pork were tolerably uniform through the year ; but, as the great pork-consuming months are November, © December, January, February, and March, I cannot estimate the number omitted at less than 2ths of the whole porker class.- The pork-pigs are estimated above at 168 out of a herd of 301, =56 per cent., and of this 56 per cent. 3ths are omitted from the census; % x 56=33. It will therefore be necessary to add 33 per cent. to the number of pigs in the Government _ return, It has been already shown that 874 per cent. of our whole stock of pigs are slaughtered annually, and 87} per cent. of the number of pigs in the Government return, with 33 per cent. added, is equivalent to rather more than 116 per cent. of the number as it originally stood. Hence it appears that the number of home-bred pigs annually slaughtered in the United Kingdom amounts to about one-sixth more than the whole number recorded in Table (B). Up to this point the calculation has been confined to deter- mining the numbers of the different kinds of home-bred live- stock annually slaughtered, and these have been fixed at 25 per cent. for cattle, 42 per cent. for sheep, and 116 per cent. for pigs, of the number given in Table (B). The next step must. be to ascertain their respective weights. The average weight of home-bred cattle, of all ages, I fix at 600 Ibs. per head. This is below the weight given me by the leading sales- men, but I am disposed to think that the great dealers who are more conversant with prime animals than with inferior stock, do not attach sufficient importance to the effect the light weights - have in pulling down the average, and the railway returns” confirm me in this view. I shall therefore proceed on the assumption that the average dead weight of cattle of all ages is” 600 lbs. The average weight of sheep I fix at 72 lbs. per head, and of lambs at 24 lbs. per head. It will be seen by the figures relating — to a self-sustaining flock of sheep that there were 98 sheep sent to market for every 32 lambs: 98 at 72 Ibs. each, and 32 at 24 lbs. each, give an average of 60 Ibs. for the whole, The ; average weight, therefore, of the sheep and lambs slaughtered — will be taken at 60 Ibs. each. The average weight of bacon-pigs I estimate at 250 Ibs. each For many of the northern counties this will be below the mark, — The large breed is in high favour among the artisans in the | j 4 Management of Grass Land. 161 manufacturing towns and villages, many of whom pride them- selves on feeding their pigs up to 700 or even 800 Ibs. each. On the other hand, in sone of the midland and southern districts there is a tendency to patronize the small short-nosed_ breeds, which frequently do not exceed 140 to 160 Ibs. when killed for bacon. But the fancy breeds, either large or small, exercise comparatively little influence on the average of the whole country. By far the largest portion of the pig stock of the United Kingdom is composed of moderate-sized animals, of which the Berkshire and the Yorkshire pigs may be taken as types of the black and white breeds respectively. The average weight of these, when slaughtered, is about 280 lbs. There are, however, large numbers of pigs killed for salting, especially in the south of Ireland, which fall short of the usual weight of the regular Christmas bacon-pig. In October 1869 I visited one of the large pig-killing establishments in Waterford, and found a goodly row of 700 pigs slaughtered that morning. There were 12,000 carcases of pigs on the premises, the proceeds of the previous three weeks’ operations. The weights of these were from 150 to 250 lbs., and would, I think, scarcely reach an average of 200 lbs. These weights would probably be somewhat increased as the season advanced. On the whole, I think 250 lbs. fairly represents the average weight of a bacon-pig. I estimate the porkers at 65 lbs. each. The professional opinions all incline in favour of 70 lbs. or more, on the ground that comparatively few are killed below 70, whilst there are a fair number of heavy weights killed even up to 140 lbs. each, not only for consumption as pork, but to be worked up into ‘sausages, and other forced-meat compounds. No doubt this is true as regards the large towns, but in the country districts and small towns a few roasters and a good many young porkers are — ‘killed; and as the large breeds are unsuited for early slaughter- ling, the small breeds are generally selected for the purpose, and only reach light weights. I therefore assume the average weight of porkers killed to be 65 lbs. _ It has been already shown that, out of 269 pigs of all ages available for market, 101 would be killed for bacon, and 168 for ork ; and applying to these numbers the weights of 250 Ibs. and 5 lbs. respectively, we arrive at an average of 134 lbs., which ill represent the average weight of home-bred pigs of all ages killed in the United Kingdom. We are now in a position to apply these numbers and veights to Table (B). Beginning with the year 1871 :—25 per ent. of the 9,347,789 cattle recorded in that year = 2,336,947, nd multiplying this number by 600 Ibs., gives us 625,968 tons 4 beef and veal as the produce of our cattle last year. Similarly VOL. VIII.—S. 8S. M -162 Management of Grass Land. 42 per cent. of the 31,416,829 sheep and lambs recorded = 138,195,068 which, at 60 lbs. each, would yield 353,439 tons of mutton and lamb. And lastly, 4,136,903 pigs, at 116 per cent = 4,798,807, which, multiplied by 134, gives 287,071 tons of pork and bacon. These figures give us a total of Tons. Per cent. IBEpmanunvedits © Suhre 9.68 86. Fe. Pee 625,968 Mutton and lamb a” aba aaa < eee 853,489 POLKGATGMMACOI: ose. sig 40 py oe ao fnamod teases 287,071 Produce of meat from homebred flocks and ey : herdsin 1871... a lihiioiid =eigek Produce of meat from imported flocks and herds ty in 1871 (see p.155) —_.. BL pis =e Oe Imported provisions, fresh, salted, or otherwise preserved (see Board of Trade returns for 99,125 = 6°85 1871) Total supply of meat, home and foreign,in1871 1,447,181 100 The same calculation applied to the returns for 1870 shows that 1,240,603 tons of meat were supplied by our home-bred cattle, sheep, and pigs, in that year. Similarly the imported animals in 1870 furnished 66,556 tons, and the imported pro- visions of all sorts—fresh, salted, and otherwise preserved— 57,743 tons. Proportion of 1870. 1871. Increase. ness. Tons. lei Tons. Tons. From Homebred Animals | 1,240,603 | 1,266,478 25,875 =381°44 ,, Imported Animals 66,556 81,578 15,022 =e 7 », Imported Provisions 57,743 99,125 | 41,382 = 50°29 1,364,902 | 1,447,181 | 82,279 100 Comparing these with the figures for 1871, we find that, in the latter year, there was an increase in the supply of meat from all sources of 82,279 tons, of which nearly one-half was in the form of salted or preserved meat, the quantity of fresh meat imported being small. It also appears that, even under the stimulus of extraordinarily high prices, there was little elasticity in the import trade, so far as live animals were concerned ; the importations in 1871 being very little in excess of those in 1866, when there were 11,172 head of cattle and 11,749 pigs less, but 54,081 more sheep imported than in the first-named year. An elaborate and very valuable article on this subject appeared in the ‘Chamber of Agriculture Journal’ of May 29, 1871, which, unfortunately, did not come into my hands until after the Management of Grass Land. 163 foregoing statement respecting our meat-supply was prepared. Had it been otherwise, | should have been spared the labour of collecting the data on which the calculations are founded. Though differing in many matters of detail from the article in question, the only considerable divergence is in the average weight of the pigs slaughtered in the United Kingdom ; and on this point the best-informed opinions differ so widely, that it would have been strange, indeed, if two independent calculations, both founded on estimate, had arrived at any close coincidence. As regards sheep and cattle, the substantial agreement of the . main results obtained by two distinct modes of handling the subject is a strong confirmation of both. In that article it is shown that during the four years, 1867-7], the annual consumption of meat in the United Kingdom was slightly under 7 stone per head of the population. The rate of increase of the nation is 252,463 per annum, and the supply of meat from all sources has been shown to have been greater by $2,279 tons in 1871 than in 1870. .This would be at the rate of 524 stone for each additional individual, or more than seven times the average consumption; so that the national stock of animal food, if equally divided amongst the population, would, even after filling the 252,463 additional mouths, supply a larger allowance to each individual in 1871 than in 1870. Conse- quently, meat might have been expected to have been cheaper, whereas, in point of fact, the price of butcher’s meat was higher in 1871 than ever before known; showing that the increased demand for meat is not to be measured solely by the increase of population, but that, so long as the country continues to make progress, the increasing ability of the whole nation to buy will require a more rapid increase of supply than even the large additions which have been made in the last few years. The most probable mode of accomplishing this important object is to improve our grass land. The land under “ Per- manent Pasture” in the United Kingdom was returned in 1870 at 22,085,295 imperial acres.* This is exclusive of 31,336,215 acres partly occupied by towns, roads, and inland water, but chiefly consisting of wild moor and mountain, furnishing but scanty herbage, yet, in the aggregate, supplying large numbers of hardy sheep and cattle, to be fattened on better land. The United Kingdom in 1870 contained also 6,320,126 acres of clover and grass under rotation. Of these three great divisions of land de- voted to the maintenance of live stock, the first is the only one which holds out much promise of speedy improvement, as moors and mountains are costly to improve and precarious in their * Agricultural Returns, 1870, M 2 164 Management of Grass Land. returns ; and the clovers and rotation-grasses, being preparatory to the growth of corn, are, for the most part, as well managed as ~ the skill and means of the occupiers permit. I propose, there~- fore, to limit my suggestions for improvement to the twenty-two millions of permanent pasture above mentioned. ‘The great bulk of this large area is in England and Ireland, as in Scotland grass is generally grown as a rotation crop; so that in 1870 England, Ireland, and Wales, contained 21,098,828* out of the 22,085,295 acres of permanent pasture in the United Kingdom. Within the last three years I have endeavoured to ascertain by personal observation the general state of the grass land of the, two former countries. In 1869 I spent a few months in visiting every county in Ireland, and in 1870 and 1871 I travelled many hundred miles to make myself acquainted with some of the most famous grazing districts in England. The following are three of the general conclusions at which I arrived: Ist. hee although very excellent management is to be met with in parts of our best grazing distxiees in Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Gloutestershine! Somersetshire, and several other counties, this must be considered quite exceptional, and the treatment of the bulk of the grass land of the country is very unsatisfactory. 2nd. That our grass lands, if properly managed, would be easily able to meet the demand made upon them for an increased production of meat, even if the supply required were greatly i in excess of the present rate of consumption. 3rd. That money judiciously laid out in improving grass land makes a better return than money laid out on arable land. With reference to the first assertion, though 9s. per stone for beef and mutton is causing considerable stir amongst grass-land farmers, the efforts to improve are very desultory, and entirely without method or system. If corn or roots are to be grown, pains are taken to give a dressing of the most suitable tillage, and to remove the interloping weeds which rob and threaten to smother the crop; and if any tenant tries to grow successive crops without manure, or systematically allows his fields to be— red with poppies or yellow with charlock, the neighbours shake their heads, and hint that he is getting near the end of his tether. But if he totally neglects: his pastures, never giving himself the trouble to consider whether bad grass might not be improved, or whether the docks and (hisiles might not be destroyed at very small cost, no surprise is excited, because, unfortunately, improved management is the exception and not the rule. It is, however, not my object to dwell on the defi- * Agricultural Returns, 1870. q Management of Grass Land. 165 ciencies of our present practice, but rather to call attention to the great opportunity afforded by the present high prices of meat to improve our grass land and our banker’s balances by one and the same operation. The problem before us is how to improve 22 millions of acres of grass land, so as materially to increase the production of meat and leave a safe profit to the improvers. These 22 millions of acres contain every variety of land, and are placed under an equal variety of management, and the value of the gross annual produce may be said to vary between the extreme limits of 10/. and 5s. per statute acre. It may be well to define at the outset what is meant by first-rate grass land, that we may have before us a standard of excellence towards which improvers may strive to approach as nearly as circumstances will permit. The rent actually paid is clearly no guide at all. The amount obtainable at annual lettings by public competition approaches much more nearly to the value ; but as annual letting is seldom practised, and cannot be recommended except under very exceptional circumstances, I prefer to take as my standard of excellence land which, in a good grazing year, will produce 20 imperial stone of meat per acre without artificial assistance. Unfortunately the quantity of such land is extremely small, and is for the most part confined to the alluvial flats which have accumulated near the existing or former outlets of some of our tidal rivers. The far-famed pastures along the banks of the Axe the Brue and the Parret, in Somersetshire, are of this character, and constitute probably the most extensive flat of first-rate grass land in the United Kingdom. Here may be seen 1000 acres let annually for grazing by the trustees of one estate, which bring in between 5000/. and 6000/. per annum. The land is let annually in 54 fields of various sizes, and clear of all rates, taxes, and tithes. In 1870 the 54 lots let for 5948/., and in con- sequence of the extreme drought of that summer the lettings in 1871 were reduced to 56642. ; but it is a striking proof of the intrinsic excellence of the pasture that, after 1870, one of the worst grazing years on record, this estate should still have let in 1871 for 5/. 13s. 3d. per acre! The residents in the most noted grazing districts are each confident that their own is the best in the kingdom, and I have repeatedly been challenged to express an opinion as to their com- parative merits. In the Eastern Counties the district around Boston is believed to be unrivalled in Great Britain, and doubt- less amongst the old enclosures in that neighbourhood are to be found fields which, from their depth of soil and the richness of their herbage, are acre for acre as good as any ; but when speaking of grazing districts, the great uniformity of character which 166 Management of Grass Land. prevails over an extensive area in the Bridgwater Level, and the mildness of the western climate, give Somersetshire advantages which are unequalled in any other part of Great Britain. Next to the alluvial soils the best pastures are to be found on the carboniferous or mountain limestone, and especially on the beds of drift gravel, partly composed of the débris of these rocks. In Ireland a considerable portion of the flat country is overlaid by these drifts, which grow sweet wholesome pasture on which either horses, cattle, or sheep thrive well. It is too much the habit in Ireland to plough out the grass at short intervals, but where it has been left undisturbed for a suffi- cient period, it improves in quantity and quality of produce until it reaches a point very little below the first-class alluvial land already mentioned. This may be seen to advantage in the County Meath, and portions of the adjoining counties. In several counties of England, too, very good grass land is found on the mountain limestone. The valleys of the Dove and Derwent in Derbyshire, and those of the Wharfe and Ribble in the West Riding of Yorkshire, may be especially mentioned ; and according to the dictum of Hudibras, that “ the worth ofa thing is what it will bring,” some of this land might claim to be ranked amongst the very first. Probably no higher bid was ever made for land for agricultural purposes than one which was mentioned to me in November 1871, when walking over a ten-acre field in the immediate neighbourhood of the small town of Settle in the West Riding. It formed part of a farm of about 100 acres, which had recently been offered for sale. My informant was cognizant of the fact that a bona fide offer of 30001. had been made and REFUSED for this field, the vendor being advised that the sale of the remainder of the farm would be prejudiced to a greater extent than even 30002. by the loss of these 10 acres. No reasonable calculation of produce could justify such a price, but its convenient position, and the great advantage of having a field where grass of the best quality was always growing when the thermometer was above freezing-point, made its estimated worth to the owner of an adjoining farm from 7/. to 8J. per acre. In many other parts of England first-rate grass land may be found in isolated patches, where accumulations of silt brought down by successive floods have in the course of ages formed alluvial soils of great depth and richness. It may seem a work of supererogation to make suggestions for the improvement of pastures which already produce great results, but the helders of first-class land may learn something by observing the practice of those skilful and experienced graziers who find it worth their while to give such extreme prices for the occupation of land as some of those already quoted. In order to reimburse themselves Management of Grass Land. 167 it is necessary that every yard of land should be productive, and the greatest care is taken to mow the thistles whilst still young and succulent, in which state they are (when mown) readily eaten by all kinds of stock. Coarse patches of grass, too, are occasionally switched over by the scythe, or, if necessary, an old horse is tethered in the worst places, until they are cropped down sufficiently to be again grazed regularly by the feeding stock. The loss of grass caused by neglecting to mow thistles and other large weeds would never be permitted if farmers would only consider how largely the fertility of the soil is taxed to nourish these intruders, and how cheaply they may be kept down. An old man and a hard-worn scythe, neither of them fit for regular work, will keep a large acreage of grass free from this constant source of loss. In addition to these preservative measures, something may be done to increase the produce on even the ‘best land. If the question be asked why such and such a field is worth more to the occupier than the adjoining ones, the reply will fre- quently be that the field in question grows early and late, and even the most unobservant are occasionally struck with the brilliant green of some favoured fields, or portions of fields, when all the rest are brown. But a closer inspection will show that even the brown pastures have green patches in them. Wherever the droppings of cattle have fallen in spring the grass is green in autumn, even after a moderate amount of frost and biting winds, showing that it is not the fault of the soil or the climate that the grass is not still fresh and succulent, but that want of condition produces a feeble vitality, easily affected by cold, which stops the growth of the herbage much earlier in the winter than is at all necessary. There are also patches of land in most pastures where the stock do not like the.grass, the deficiency in this case not being in bulk but in quality of herbage. Unless this is caused by defective drainage, a dressing of the mixture to be subsequently described will generally restore the quality and cause these neglected parts to be as well eaten as the rest. I have ventured to define first-class grass land as that which will produce 20 imperial stone of meat per acre without artificial assistance. Next in order must be placed the land which will pro- duce about the same quantity of beef and mutton, with the aid of a moderate allowance of cake or corn. This quality of land may be found to a greater or less extent in almost all parts of the country, with the exception of the chalk, the light sands, and the strong clays. The practice of giving artificial food to cattle at grass is rapidly gaining ground. It is already apparent that $d. a lb. for beef and mutton will produce a perfect revolution in ‘168 Management of Grass Land. the management both of live stock and of grazing land, and the advantages of the improved system are such that it may be safely expected. to outlive any reasonable decline in the price of meat. The easiest kind of food to give in the field is linseed or cotton cake. The mixture I prefer to any other is linseed and decorticated cotton-cake in equal quantities. Bean-meal, too, moistened and rolled into balls is easily given and very effective. Many other kinds of feeding-stuffs either singly or in com- bination, will recommend themselves according to their relative prices in the market. Where mixed linseed and cotton-cake are given, the cost of the mixture at present prices would be about. 1s. 4d. per stone; and supposing it to be unnecessary to com- mence its use during the first ten weeks of the grazing season, whilst the grass is at its best, if 5 lbs, be given daily to each fattening bullock at the commencement of the last ten weeks, increasing the allowance to 6 lbs., and for the last few weeks to 7 lbs. per day, averaging 6 lbs. for thie whole ten weeks, the cost of the artificial food would be 40s. per head. If the land will carry a beast per acre, this will add 40s. per acre to the farmer’s expenses, and reduce correspondingly the value of the land when compared with that which will fatten the same number of beasts without artificial aid. Hence, if the very best grass land be supposed to be worth a rent of 5/. per acre, the land which requires cake for finishing the beasts ought not tu be rented at more than 3/. per acre. These general figures will, of course, require adapting to each individual case to suit the great variety of qualities of land and other modifying circumstances. One of the advantages of giving cake to finish beasts, which, on the unassisted grass, would come out in October only half beef, is that the grazier is thus enabled to send his beasts to the butcher at full prices, instead of fattening them in the yards at great cost; or, of selling them as store beasts when many others are doing the same, and the markets are crowded and depressed. In casts where farmers occupy land not well suited for the growth of roots, and do not attempt to fatten beasts in the winter, ‘but give cake in the strawyards toimprove the manure, and bring out their beasts in spring ina forward) state, it often answers well to give cake in the early part of the grazing season, and so push on their cattle as to get them to market in June and July, when beef is the dearest, to be followed by younger beasts to eat up the rough grass in the autumn and early winter. This is excellent practice, as there is no time when cattle make such rapid improvement, and when the expense of tending them is so light, as when. they are having cake or corn on a good pasture. T be grazier, too, who has fat cattle in June, has the command of the market, and is to a great extent Management of Grass Land. 169 independent of season, as should the weather be droughty and his stock heavy, he can at any time lighten his pastures by draughting a few forward beasts for sale. Another advantage which arises from giving artificial food to grazing cattle, is that the pastures themselves are gradually im- proved, until land that is only fit for rearing store cattle becomes capable of fattening stock with a moderate amount of help towards the end of the season. Hitherto | have spoken of good land only, but unfortunately the larger portion of the pasture land of the United Kingdom may be classed either as moderate or inferior. I will not attempt to describe the various gradations by which land descends from the highest quality to that which requires some acres to keep a yearling steer, and which was once described by a dis- heartened occupier, as of that kind on which the grass only began to grow on Midsummer Eve, and gave up growing on Midsummer Day. The various shades of land worth from 40s. per acre downwards require very similar measures for their im- provement, and, before making any special suggestions respecting them, it is necessary to declare open war against the time- honoured fallacies that pasture land can be profitably occupied by leaving it to itself, and that a farmer consults his own interests by allowing the arable land to rob the grass. Any one who mows his grass without return robs his land quickly, and he who pastures it without return robs it slowly ; but the process is sure as well as slow, and when persevered in long enough produces the splendid variety of thistles, ragwort, scabious, and other flowering weeds, very charming to a botanist in July, but extremely disheartening to the hungry cattle, who are doomed to wander amongst them seeking for grass. Since the days of Jethro Tull, there have been two recognized methods of keeping up the fertility of land, viz., either manuring at short intervals, or thorough disintegration, produced by fre- quent stirrings of the soil. It cannot be too strongly urged that as grass land is necessarily deprived of the advantage received by arable land from frequent exposure to the atmosphere, it ought to be furnished in some other way with the minerals required to produce good crops of nutritive herbage. The use of artificial manures has given the grass-land farmer com- plete command over the supply of nitrogen, but a perfect restoration of the mineral ingredients removed by grazing, and still more by mowing, cannot be effected without an occasional application of farmyard manure or of compost, in which farmyard manure holds an important part ; so that it would really be better practice, so far as farmyard dung is concerned, to let the grass starve the arable land, than the arable land starve the grass, since a Management of Grass Land. the arable Jand can receive its mineral supply from other sources, viz., deep cultivation and thorough aeration. The slovenly management of grass Jand, which a few years ago was general, and is still too common, would never have been seen if the quality of grass could be appraised as easily and certainly as that of corn. But it is notorious that even the most experienced farmers and graziers can only distinguish between good, mode- rate, and bad; no man living can distinguish by the eye the subtle difference in the quality of the herbage which makes one very good field worth 17, an acre more rent than another very good field, or one bad field worth less than another equally bad- looking field. So long asa grass field grows about the usual quantity of grass, and the cattle eat it, the occupier is too apt to rest content with the good or bad reputation earned by particular fields without any attempt to alter it for the better, or even to ascertain whether it is not gradually getting worse. In early life I learnt a lesson on this point which I have never forgotten. A neighbouring gentleman mowed about 50 acres of his park annually, and, not being a farmer, he believed that grass was grass, and made equally good hay whether he went to the ex- pense of manuring it or not. He was also remarkably indifferent on the subject of quantity, saying that he kept a fixed number of horses and cows, and if, in a good season, he had a large crop they ate it all, and in a bad season they made it do; so that he stuck to his system as long-as he lived, and the land got no manure but what the horses and cows made. I was thoroughly acquainted with this land, and much interested in watching the result. The produce grew gradually less, not year by year, or the owner would have taken alarm; but each droughty year that came produced a worse crop than the preceding dry season, until I have seen the produce of the 50 acres carried home in 19 cart loads! The quality, too, had fallen off quite as much as the quantity. In one part of the park, where the land was light, one kind of grass (Avena flavescens) had taken almost exclusive pos- session of the land, and neither cattle nor sheep would graze on this portion, except in the most desultory way ; a mouthful here and another five yards further on, picked up on the move, showed what they thought of the system, and even the hay was sorted over rather than eaten by the cows, a large portion being de- liberately rejected and trodden under foot. This is an instructive instance, showing that the produce of grass land restored to it annually, less the value abstracted from it by the animals fed on it, wil! not, when continued for a length of time, prevent ordinary grass land from gradual but steady deterioration. It also shows how much more rapidly light land deteriorates than that which is stronger. The park in question, after being mown for many Management of Grass Land. Tis years, was certainly not worth more to let than 20s. per acre on the lighter, and 30s. on the stronger land ; but after ten years’ con- tinuous pasturing, with occasional manurings and top dressings, it became worth 50s. per acre all round. Having endeavoured to lay it down as an established fact that no grass land will maintain itself unimpaired without the farmer’s aid, I will venture to prescribe a mode of treatment which aims higher than mere maintenance. On first-rate grass land there is comparatively little to be done. Deep alluvial soils contain such store of the elements of plant- growth, and are for the most part so easily penetrated by the roots of the grasses, that many years’ successive pasturing seems to produce but little change in the quality of the herbage. But even here there are gradations of goodness. If the occupier carefully scrutinizes his fields in early spring, he will find backward patches, and in early autumn places that turn brown before the rest. These evidently want helping up, and in mid- summer he will generally meet with places more or less avoided by the cattle, when making their regular grazing rounds. In all these cases a slight dressing of the mixture hereafter mentioned may be put on at any time, being perfectly harmless to the cattle if accidentally taken up with their food. No dressing, however, should ever be applied in droughty weather. Where a piece has grown coarse from not being eaten, it should be switched over with the sycthe, in order that the tillage may quickly reach the roots of the grass. In this way the land may be kept up to its full producing power. There is in the country a large quantity of grass land, which is not considered feeding-land, but yet will fatten young heifers or small Irish beasts, if the occupier is not in a hurry, and does not put them too thick on the ground. This kind of land is the most inviting to the improver ; and if the occupier cannot screw: up his courage to face the whole at once, he should till 10 acres well rather than 20 in a half-and-half way. Let him give a sufficient dressing to change the character of the herbage at once, so that he may have one field at least on which he can finish off his forward beasts. Mr. Lawes, on his experimental grass plots at Rothamsted, first taught the world that on a piece of old pasture, neither very good nor very bad, different kinds of tillage, repeated on the same ground for a few successive years, will pro- duce as many different kinds of crop as there are kinds of tillage used, the character of the plants in the different plots varying as much as the quantity and quality of the produce. It is quite safe to assert that any occupier may, if he pleases, convert his grass into feeding-land ; and though it will not always pay to do so, there are very many thousand acres on which it will pay well 172 Management of Grass Land. at the present price of meat. If any one wishes to satisfy himself ‘ whether what he has done in the way of improvement is in the right direction, and whether he has carried it far enough, let him watch his cattle when grazing. If they take the grass as it comes, heartily and contentedly, merely rejecting foiled portions, so that they are quickly satisfied and lie down to rest, the occupier may be sure that he is on the right tack, and may leave well alone; but if they pick one bit and leave another, take the top off one kind of plant and nibble a few leaves off another, he may be equally sure that the pasture is unpalatable to the cattle, and that without change they will not give a satisfactory account of themselves at the end of the season. The three worst kinds of pastures are generally supposed to be those on light sands, on strong clay, and on black peaty soils. The light sands I give up to the plough unless in parks or ornamental grounds, where it is important to preserve the turf; ammoniacal dressings will produce a sudden appearance of improvement on light sandy land ; but the effect is not lasting, and the dry benty grasses soon re-assume their sway. A mixed top-dressing will, for a time, increase the clovers, but a heavy dressing of compost, containing road-scrapings, or any other tolerably strong soil, is the most permanently useful. Improving pasture on really light sand is, however, one of the most thankless and ceaseless of agricultural operations, and ought to be the next task for Sisyphus, if ever his rolling stone should wear out. The strong clays are much more promising. Most clay con- tains an abundant supply of the minerals which make a soil fertile, but they are in a crude state, and require air to make them fit for plant-food. The cracks caused by drought and worm-holes partially effect this, but the mineral supply from clay land that has been long in pasture is not sufficient to sup- port heavy crops, and it should be a fundamental maxim with all clay-land farmers that their grass should never remain long with- out a dressing of farmyard manure. Even the poorest, worst- made manure, which is little better than straw, is of great value, as it furnishes the requisite minerals, and, though deficient in ammonia, that can be supplied in soot, nitrate of soda, guano, &c. The grass grown on clay is wholesome and nutritive, unless the drainage is defective, or the land has been robbed ; and, with a little extra tillage, clay pastures may be made to get moderate- sized beasts fit for market, especially if helped with cake or corn in the latter end of summer. All tillage should be applied to strong-land pastures early in winter. Many weeks are required to wash in the various: mineral salts, and, from the retentive cha- racter of the soil, there is no fear of their washing out again. All operations on clay land require more time than on lighter sail Management of Grass Land. 173 soil. Soluble matters make their way more slowly down, and plants extend their roots with greater difficulty. It is, there- fore, a great object to put on farmyard manure, compost, and even mineral applications, soon after the grass is eaten bare in autumn, so as to have the full benefit of the winter rains. The roots of grass are always growing when the thermometer is above freezing-point ; and if by means of tillage applied in early winter the roots of the grass strengthen and extend themselves before the growing season arrives, a good foundation is laid for the increased development above ground which is sure to follow. If, on the other hand, the application of tillage be delayed till March or April, and a droughty spring follow, the application loses great part of its effect for that season. When grass on clay is very unproductive, it sometimes becomes a question whether it would be better to plough it out and relay it. In such a case much ought to depend on whether the form of the land can be much improved by taking it out, whether high ridges require levelling, awkward watercourses filling up, old banks removing, &c. This is landlord’s work, and requires both time and money to do it well. Those who set about it deliberately, knowing the difficulty of restoring the fertility of the old ridges after ploughing down, and prepared to go on paying until the object is accomplished, will ultimately reap their reward ; but tenant-farmers or landlords who do not mean to do it thoroughly would be wise to confine themselves to making the best of the old turf. If properly drained, it will yield an immediate return for all tillage bestowed upon it; and, on the whole, I incline to the opinion that grass on clay, being let low will generally pay an improving farmer better than any other kind of pasture land. The third kind of inferior pasture mentioned above is that on black peaty soils. Where the depth of peat is considerable, or where it lies on white or yellow sand, it is very unpromising ; but, even in these cases, | have seen instances where nitrate of soda or soot had a striking effect, and made the cattle eat the rough herbage greedily. The varieties of peaty soils are so numerous, and the results of applying tillage differ so widely, that it is generally advisable to try it experimentally in the first instance, putting a heavy dressing of the tillage intended to be used, on a very small portion of land. Where the peat lies upon clay it can always be made good land if the situation is such as to admit of efficient drainage. Should the thickness of peat be inconsiderable, so that the roots of the grass can reach the clay, a dressing of the tillage already mentioned will almost always succeed in making black land very useful for rearing young stock, with which it seems to agree remarkably . 272) Management of Grass Land. well. Should a few acres be contiguous to a feeding pasture on higher land, I have found it answer well to let even fatten- ing cattle have the run of the whole. They highly relish the variety of the herbage thus afforded them, and in dry seasons the black-land pasture will often keep its colour and freshness when the other burns. Should there be three or more feet of peat upon the clay, it answers best to break it up and give the land a substantial dressing of clay before laying it down again, either by throwing it over the land from trenches, as practised in some of the eastern counties, or, if too deep for spade-work, then by carting it from pits. When this expense has been incurred it will probably become doubtful whether to lay it down again to grass, or to keep it under the plough, for which, after claying, it is extremely well suited. Frequent mention has been made of a mixed top-dressing which has been found to be a valuable application to grass Jand. It has been gradually arrived at after many trials and modifi- cations, and consists of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. These substances may be supplied in the form in which they can be most readily and cheaply obtained at the time and place required. The nitrogen may be furnished in guano, soot, nitrate of soda, or in the more specific form of muriate or sulphate of ammonia, The phosphoric acid may be obtained from bones, mineral superphosphate, or some of the poorer guanos, The potash similarly may be applied in the form of kainit, sulphate of potash, &c. The particular substances I am employing this season (1872) are nitrate of soda, mineral super- phosphate, and kainit, in the following proportions: 1 ewt. of nitrate of soda, 2 cwt. of mineral superphosphate, and 3 cwt. of kainit per acre for pasture. At present prices this costs about 42s. per acre. For mowing land, where no manure is used, I should add to the above quantities } cwt. of nitrate of soda, making the whole outlay about 50s. per acre. Where land is annually mown a dressing of this manurial value is required every year to prevent deterioration, except in exceptional cases, such as deep alluvial land, waterside meadows subject to flooding, &e. The best practice is, no doubt, to manure mowing land regularly with good farmyard dung; but in the numerous instances in which this cannot be done, the meadow may be maintained in full productiveness by a good manuring once in three or four years, and a dressing of the above mixture in the intermediate seasons. For pastures it is not contended that a dressing of this character is required year by year, but after laying down a field to permanent grass it is absolutely necessary to till hard for three or four years in order to keep it steadily progressive, and when grass land has been long neglected, and Management of Grass Land. 175 is thoroughly out of condition, one dressing will not suffice. It requires following up for two or three successive years before the traces of long neglect will be completely obliterated. My first attempt at top-dressing grass was in 1841, on a field of young seeds which showed a want of condition, and I applied a liberal dressing of nitrate of soda in the month of April. This salt had been only recently introduced to the notice of agriculturists, and I watched the result with considerable inte- rest. The field soon assumed a deep green colour, and showed unmistakable signs of vigorous growth. It was stocked with sheep, which, coming from turnips, ate it well; but, to my sur- prise, they were seized with scour, and did not thrive. I had not then become aware that agricultural products raised by heavy dressings of nitrogenous manure are always of inferior quality, and unwholesome for stock. As this isa point of importance in the management of either grass or arable land, I shall take some pains to establish the fact. When Peruvian guano was first brought to this country, and used freely for the growth of corn and roots, it was not uncommon to meet with instances where its liberal use was followed, in the case of wheat, by a gross broad flagged plant, which produced a large crop of soft dingy straw, and a small yield of lean dark-coloured grain. The cattle disliked the straw and the millers disliked the grain. Nitrate of soda, soot, or any other ammoniacal dress- ing too freely used, produces a similar result. If too much nitrogen be applied to turnips the result is rapid growth and speedy decay, and stock fed on them do not thrive without a considerable admixture of other food. In 1846 I saw white turnips that had been grown by a heavy dressing of guano without other manure. They were as big as a man’s head the first week in August, were rotten at heart by the end of the month, and collapsed altogether by the middle of September. On grass land the effect of heavy nitrogenous dressings may be observed in most pastures at places where the stock are accus- tomed to congregate for shade or shelter. The dark-coloured coarse grass grown under such circumstances is familiar to every farmer, and it is equally well known to him that cattle refuse to eat such grass, except under the pressure of absolute want. A still more instructive illustration is to be found when heavy rains in July or August follow a period of drought. At such a time fields of clover and young grass, which have carried a heavy stock of sheep for some months, become absolutely poisonous to lambs, and unwholesome for stock of any kind. Even rabbits and hares from an adjoining cover frequently die in numbers from eating the luxuriant herbage which immediately springs up. This is clearly due to the droppings of the sheep both solid and liquid, which have, during the dry weather ‘176 Management of Grass Land. * accumulated on or near the surface of the land. A warm July rain suddenly washes down to the roots of the plants an over- dose of manure, rich in ammoniacal salts, and the rank herbage so produced is unwholesome food. My first lesson, therefore, in manuring grass was that nitrogen, though most valuable in increasing the produce, and indispensable in restoring the con- dition, of exhausted land, cannot be used in large doses with- out materially diminishing the quality of the herbage. If called upon to explain this fact, I would suggest that plant-food to produce really healthy vegetation, should consist of a due admix- ture of several ingredients, of which ammonia, phosphoric acid, and potash, are most important. As the roots of plants can- not select the substances they require, but suck up all soluble matters with which they come in contact, if ammonia, which is extremely soluble, be presented to them in excess when com- pared with the other elements of their growth, the result is that sap is circulated through the plant of too stimulating character, and produces in the vegetable organisms results somewhat similar to those too often observed in the human subject who imbibes too much soluble matter of a stimulating kind: viz. high colour and vigorous vitality, but with a tendency to premature decay: in short, plants so treated are on the Aigh-road to gout. If soils commonly contained a considerable amount of soluble phos- — phoric acid and potash, a reasonably large dressing of ammonia would probably produce unmixed benefit, such as we see to result from a liberal application of manure from the yard, which supplies all these substances to the growing plant in the exact proportions required ;* but, as the potash and phosphates con- tained in the soil itself are, for the most part, very slowly soluble, it is necessary to provide them in a more available form, in order to prevent ammonia from greatly predominating over the other ingredients, and thus injuring the quality of the produce. Next to nitrogen, the most important manurial substance is phosphoric acid, and, after being disappointed with the result of ammoniacal dressings, | made various trials of the phosphates in different combinations, The great success which attended the use of bones on the dairy-lands in Cheshire, and the experience of all observant shepherds that turnips, manured with bones, bore more hard weather, and were better sheep-meat, than more showy crops grown with other tillage, led me to anticipate great advantage from a liberal use of bones or superphosphate on grass. In this, however, | was again disappointed, Bones improved the quality of the pasture, and somewhat increased the proportion of clovers and fine grasses to the coarser kinds, but I could not satisfy myself that the improvement was sufficient to pay the bill. Lesson the second therefore taught me that bones alone could not be depended upon for the renovation of grass land in general. Management of Grass Land. 177 Having arrived at the point that neither nitrogen nor phos- phoric acid alone was to be recommended, I tried them in combination with good results; but there was still something wanting to give the agriculturist complete command over the growth of herbage suited to his wants, and the next substance I thought likely to be of use was potash. It was suggested by the luxuriance of the vegetation produced wherever vegetable matters had been burnt, and the strength of the clover-plant where kelp, wood-ashes, or other manure containing potash had been applied. After several minor experiments with encouraging results, in 1867 1 took in hand a field which was notoriously clover-sick, and where it was important to have a good plant of young seeds for sheep-feed, and the top-dressing specified above was specially compounded to meet the case. The result was a magnificent crop of clovers and trefoil, which carried ten head of ewes and lambs per acre through the very dry season 1868. This success encouraged me to try it largely the following year, and after five years’ trial, on strong clay as well as on light Jand, on newly-laid grass and on old inferior pasture, I have had no instance of even partial failure. In the extraordinarily dry season of 1870, my seeds carried a full stock of sheep without the slightest appear- ance of giving way, and some old pastures so treated were full of clover and vetches, although previously conspicuous for the absence of the whole trifolium family. 1 will give one more instance, which was striking inits way. In the autumn of 1868 I applied the top-dressing to 40 acres of very bad old grass on strong clay. It had been mown frequently, but rarely manured, and the herbage was dry and coarse. The effect was remarkable. White clover, trefoil, and vetches, sprang up in abundance in the following spring, and both hay and aftermath were greedily eaten by all kinds of stock. In 1871 I gave this land a dressing of 40 bushels of soot per acre. Within three months the clover and trefoil had disappeared as if by magic. The crop of grass was a heavy one but coarse, and the hay, though well got, met with a very doubtful reception even from the milch cows, although, as is well known, milking cattle accept gratefully any amount of hay of any kind, unless mouldy or mow-burnt. In 1858 I recommended that newly-laid grass should be mown the first season. I was well aware that, by so doing, not only was the condition of the land much reduced, but by allowing the stronger grasses to attain their full growth the first year, a tufty, irregular surface was given to the pasture, and the formation of _ the close even turf, which is so great a desideratum, was much retarded. Grazing with sheep was, however, so injurious to the _ clovers and finer grasses, that I considered mowing the lesser evil of the two. When, in 1858, I found that I had obtained the clue VOL. VIII.—S. S. N 178 Management of Grass Land. | 1 to the growth of clover, | immediately adopted a revised code of laying down land to permanent pasture. In 1869 and 18701 had 50 acres to lay down. Three fields, containing together 40 acres, were dressed twice with the mixture above recom- mended: Ist, when the barley and seeds were sown, and 2ndly, a few months after the barley-crop was harvested. Another field of ten acres, of better quality than the other three, I sowed down in good condition, but without the potash and superphos- phate dressing. The whole four fields were grazed with sheep the first season, The three first-mentioned remained as full of clover and fine grasses at the end of the season as at the begin- ning, whereas the ten acres not so dressed, though carrying a good stock of sheep, gradually lost their plant of clover, and began the following spring to show indications of the dry, benty appearance, which I had previously found to supervene so gene- rally in the second, and still more in the third, year after laying down. Imean for the future, therefore, to graze newly-laid grass for permanent pasture with sheep until firm enough to carry cattle, relying on the top-dressing to maintain the quality of the young grass against all comers. The two men most competent to advise on scientific questions affecting British agriculture are undoubtedly Mr. Lawes and Professor Voelcker, and I am happy to be able to quote them both in support of the recommendations here given for the treat- ment of grass land. The experimental plots at Rothamsted (the produce of which is annually mown and removed) show con- clusively that any application to grass land which does not contain potash, if repeated for several successive years, results in a decline, and eventually an extinction of the clovers, vetches, and finer grasses; and though Mr. Lawes is not yet satisfied that for general use potash can be recommended as a paying application, I am authorised to state that within the last few months his advice to a gentleman asking him to prescribe for some old pas- ture land which required renovation, was to apply 1} cwt. of nitrate of soda, 24 cwt. of superphosphate, and 3 ewt. of kainit per acre, which it will be observed differs very slightly from the mixture advocated above. ’ ia Professor Voelcker, in articles published in this Journal, has pointed out the excellent effect produced on clover by the use of superphosphate and potash salts on light land. He was, however, until very recently of opinion that no corresponding benefit was produced by this combination on clay ; but | quote from.a letter received from him within the last few weeks, which shows that he has somewhat modified that opinion: “ More than twelve months ago you brought to my knowledge the fact that_potash salts gave you a satisfactory result on your heavy land. From - Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire. 179 all the experiments which I had tried with potash salts for a number of years upon heavy soils, no appreciable result was pro- duced on the grass or root crops to which these salts were applied. Your experience, however, induced me last season to try a mix- ture of superphosphate with potash salts on some poor clay land in Kent, and the accounts which I received from several farmers who tried this mixture upon clover seeds on heavy land, and I may add also upon potatoes, are very satisfactory. 1 have myself seen the good effects which potash salts and superphosphate pro- duced on clover and grass on moderately stiff land in the neigh- bourhood of Bromley, in Kent, and I believe this mixture will probably be found beneficial for grass land on the poor clays in Staffordshire, and, generally speaking, on the bad clays of the Coal Measures. A close examination of these clays, if | am not mistaken, will show that there are some clays which are greatly deficient in potash, and on such poor clay soils the application of potash salts no doubt will be attended with beneficial results, I am glad to have this opportunity of modifying to some extent the opinion which I expressed on the strength of a more limited experience than I now possess, namely, that salts of potash are likely to be useful only on light land, for the experience I had last year fully confirms your own that there are clay soils as well as light land which are benefited by the application of potash salts and superphosphate.” It will have been observed that throughtout this article the means principally relied on for increasing our home production of meat are, an extended use of artificial manures on pasture land | and of feeding-stuffs for cattle at grass. At the present prices of fat and lean stock, it will pay the farmer to adopt both systems simultaneously, The great difficulty is in making a beginning. _ The routine of years, possibly handed down for generations, cannot ' be broken through without a pang ; but such pangs seldom outlive the first favourable balance-sheet, and it may be confidently stated | that for some time past the farmers who have made most money ' are those who have paid as much attention to the improvement of their grass as to the growth of fine crops of corn or roots. Kirkby Hall, February, 1872. V.—The Records of . Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire , during the years 1870-71. By J. Dent Dent, M.P. [A Lerrer to THE Eprror. | Ee My pear S1r,—It has occurred to me that some readers of the Journal might be interested in the records of contagious N2 —s 180 Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire. diseases amongst animals in Yorkshire, which, have been col-. lected by the county constabulary since the carrying out of the provisions of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, | 1869, was placed in their hands. Through the courtesy of Lientenant-Colonel Granville Layard and Captains Hill and McNeill, the respective heads of the force in the East, North, and West Ridings, I am enabled to send you the Quarterly Returns of cases of Pleuro-Pneumonia, and Foot and Mouth Disease for the last two years. You will see that, as a whole, the East Riding, which is the most purely agricultural part of the county, has suffered the least, although the port of Hull, ta which many German cattle are sent, is situated within it, This fact appears to negative the idea that the spread of these diseases, or their virulence, is proportionate to the introduction of foreign animals. The West Riding has suffered the most ; this may be attributable partly to the fact that there was a great amount of Foot and Mouth Disease existing in this Riding when the Act was first put into operation, and still more that the West Riding Fairs are the great fairs for Irish cattle. “Skipton, Knaresborough, Wetherby, and Wakefield, all have large fortnightly lean stock markets, which, especially during the autumn, are crowded with Irish beasts, many of most ex- cellent quality, and invaluable for the use of our graziers ; but others, much over-driven, over-crowded on shipboard and in railway trucks, and half starved in their progress from the Irish coast, are almost certain to be affected with disease either at the fair or on their arrival at the farms for which they are purchased, The North Riding, and the West, too, alike suffer from the great focus of disease in Yorkshire, the market at York, This fortnightly market is at certain seasons crowded with stock, prin- cipally imported from Ireland, and from this centre the Foot and Mouth Disease has at all times extended throughout the grazing districts of Yorkshire, as also did the cattle plague some years. ago. There is need ‘of dor ctioke effective supervision of fairs, and a more general sense of the inconvenience caused by Foot and | Mouth Disease to farmers themselves, before any real progress will be made in checking it. At present, many farmers who purchase Irish grazing cattle each autumn, intending to winter them on straw and turnips, and sell them out fat from grass in the ensuing year, consider it almost a matter of course that their cattle will have this epidemic ; and they desire to get it over as early as possible, before the beasts gain flesh. If the epidemic does not attack them until they are nearly fat, there is a loss of a month or six weeks grazing; but if they are affected soon after their arrival the loss appears trivial, the attacks seldom lasting more than ten days. The Returns, I think, will show that the disease: Contagious Cattle Diseases'in Yorkshire. 1381 seldom terminates fatally, the loss from death amongst cattle being trifling, and amongst sheep almost infinitesimal. “On the other hand, Pleuro-Pneumonia is as fatal as ever ; and trom the Returns we may conclude that 50 per cent. of the animals attacked by this disease fall victims to it. I feel satisfied that immediate slaughter will always be found the best resource for the farmer whose stock is affected, even if there be no compensation awarded, as the flesh of the animal when first attacked is not generally considered to be unfit for food,* and the , chance of recovery is most uncertain. I am, however, very much inclined to believe that if all animals suffering from Pleuro- Pneumonia were slaughtered as soon as they were attacked, and if a reasonable compensation were made to the owner, this disease might soon be eradicated, supposing the system to be universally and compulsorily carried out. At present different local authorities take different views of the best course to pursue, and there is not sufficient uniformity in their proceeding. “We find that in 1870, in the East Riding of York, out of 73,575 cattle, only 6 died from Foot and Mouth Disease, and none from Pleuro-Pneumonia. In the North, out of 143,730, 100 died or were killed in consequence of Foot and Mouth Disease, and 30 in consequence of Pleuro-Pneumonia. In the West, out of 220,986, 117 died or were killed on account of Foot and Mouth Disease, and 148 on account of Pleuro- Pneumonia, so that out of 438,291 cattle, 401 died from these diseases, being about one in 1000. In 1871, in the East Riding, the losses from Foot and Mouth Disease were, 18 from Pleuro-Pneumonia, and 20 from Foot and Mouth Disease, out of 72,406; in the North 57 from Pleuro-Pneumonia, and 61 from Foot and Mouth Disease, out of 140,220; inthe West, 81 from Pleuro-Pneumonia, and 113 from Foot and. Mouth Disease, out of 217,088; making a total loss from both diseases of 340 out of 429,714, being a rather more favourable return than for 1870, in spite of the widespread outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease in the autumn of that year. On the whole, therefore, I cannot but hope that the Acts are working satisfactorily, when I compare this loss with the losses which oceurred under my own personal observation before the days of the Cattle * Since writing the above, I find that the Local Government Board have intro- duced the “Public Health Bill,’ which proposes to enact, in clauses 44 and 45, that “all milk of any animal suffering from any contagious or infectious ‘disease, as defined by the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, or from any tubercular disease, shall be deemed unwholesome and to be unfit for the food of man, and that any person selling for human food any animal. carcase or meat, so diseased shall on conviction, pay a penalty not exceeding 201.” 182 Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire. Plague, when the restrictions at that time in force very nearl freed us from all other cattle diseases. “Tam truly yours, “ Jonn Dent Dent. “ Ribston Hall, 21st January, 1872.” % ReETurNS, showing the Progress of PLEvRo-PNEUMONIA Quarterly in the North, East, and West Ridings of Yorkshire under the Constabulary, between January 1, 1870, and December 30, 1871. East Ripine. DaTE. Attacked, | Killed. | Died, | Recovered. Quarter ending March, 1870 .. .. .. | Nil. “ | Ke June, ,, eee Pe Dal es aD slitlig Ae des? INTIS et a¥ Dec., a6 atisdy | 63 Nil. Pee Marchi S7ily seca cine | ace Nal y |» S oune, 4, 55 ate Vise Nil. Paaan =f: - Septs-aiues os cen oe 29) ' | pipe 10 5 Dec., ie Pa eee Vk 8 6 | 2 Totals cule seh ee elie SO 18 Ee 12 Norra Ripine. Date. ios Attacked. | Killed. | Died. Recovered. Quarter ending March, 1870 a hs = = Prey Py oe Sunes} f, 1, {° cle Cael ee 3 10 11 . Sept, .5..-- «) a | Sie) ers 20 S: Dect s. alle ee 13 es ae le fs March sii". 0icr oe 23 ani ff) 9 10 - June, ,, sok cone 38 2) fel) meee 13 ani Sept. 0). «« «« col) 72%-on) gene 10 as Dec., oe ack meee tate 12 2 | | 7 Totals .. .. .. | 168 14. | 38 ia | West Ripine. DATE. — Attacked. Killed. Died. Quarter ending March, 1870 .. .. .. 65 28 17 os gune, 055: be Seuatee 88 19 28 om Sept. ,, Se: es 46 18 20 ne Dec., a oe cae oe 35 ll 7 if March 1671) os) 2S. /rak 29 ll 6 £ June, ,, a ote 39 ye 7 Fi Sepiy ay tae Nee 29 NS peo baeet hi A Dec ete «cheney 28 16 6 Totals .. a he 359 128 101 Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire. 183 RETURNS, showing the Progress of Foor anp Mouts DisrAsE Quarterly in the North, East, aad West Ridings of- Yorkshire under the Constabulary, between January 1, 1870, and December 30, 1871. Date. East RIpINc. Attack-d. | CATTLE. Quarter ending March, 1870 a June, ,, 2) Sept., 29 rs > Dec., 2? ae March, 1871 Ar June, ,, an Sept. > as Dec., - Totals Pies. Quarter ending March, 1870 a JUNC, 515 ae Sept. 4> a9 LD or Ae March, 1871 aE dunes >; > Sept., 29 7? Dec., 39 Totals SHEEP. Quarter ending March, 1870 24 June, ,, 29 Sept., 3° 9? Dec., ee ity March, 1871 =A June, 7; 29 Sept., a7 9 Dec., 3? Totals Killed. Died. | Recovered. 3 970 238 3 1,383 988 265 73 3 1,276 7 3,633 16 8,826 9 96 16 2 122 11 108 2 33 6 3 21 163 aoe: 633 pec Bs 1,174 | 2 | 1,319 | 20 51 | 1,003 | 353 46 1 9,537 3 12,329 184 Contagious Cattle Diseases in Yorkshire. Returns, &c.—continued. Nortu Ripe. Date. if ri = | Attacked. | mu Neary _ Died. hismeaantecaa ee 7] es i CaTTLE, | Quarter ending June, 1870 .. .. 1, 104 Aree Ra aaleOoM, Hen ir 7,489 4 | 79 7,406 pe is Dees oe awe coca ee eee iy ae x Ba March, 1871 2." :."| 1,809] =. | yale Fe as JUNE, weetye pe: Aneto 480 25 | 5 475 aa 33 Sept. ,, sd ee 7,080 | 2 | cae 74,06 Pr ee Deer ~,. dis, eye 6,441 “a | 5] 5,889 1,037 Totals..... ite... |'25,441 6 | 155 | 24,243 | 1,037 Pics. | | | | | | 1 sf Quarter ending Sept., 1870 .. .. 396 |. 93 Dyas Wau 385. ee Decne Ean os ox) SOND oer Ps ts March, 1871 .. .. 224 so aR 9 215 os June, “5,5 3 ny 228 54 228 9 Sept. ei km es 245 ie 35 210 “i , Dec., ae Nee Po 531 36 5 431 95 Totals .. .. .. | 1,624| ., s/0uNSO0RRNEEaGQN) lee SHEEP. } Quarter ending Sept., 1870 .. .. 118 oe ae 118 »? a9 ”? - o* ee } . 6 Sept. Je7l ) en .- 1,460 «= fat 15460 sa i. Deck .°. ee ol PO to7a -- at ae | 1,497 1712 Totals. .. 40¥-<.') aed | 3,075 | 777 } ——— West RIpinc. Dare. £ Attacked. | Killed. Died. | | CATTLE. | | . Quarter ending March,1870 .. .. .. | 7,053 21 aie 284 a June, ,, a ae. Mee 4,459 5 33 A Sept., >,, ale ie die S 4,402 | 15 “ DOs) ye | 2,494 4 = March, 1871 | wiser sta 3 fr June, ,, | 691 1 3 5 Senin is | 8,540 2 41 >» DEG sh | 9,951 6 57 Totals .. .. 2... .. |) “887995 |) Hy eno Value of Earth- Closet Manure. 185 Returns, &c.—continued. West RIpInG. Dare. ee Attacked, | Killed. | Died. Recovered. Pics. Quarter ending March, 1870 .. .. .. 555 | 7 33 509 r eneneabtieenarr lari sty 106 tyre shally 2 114 oe SSO Essa ate thas) | 154 | 4 135 Af Borges ol 287 Site 231 Ate Mrarcheiis7ly wets. 87 a | “5 90 he June, a Seeas iadeery th 51 Laparse| BE 49 ue Septoi. 5. SL I A 706 se | 18 579 “aie Dec., * pap ake tame 986 | Ate 28 1,030 Totals suse ic. & act |p 2,862 Idiot ale elOe 2,737 SHEEP. | Quarter ending March, 1870 .. .. .. | 708 we | 8 689 Se! a omne, ia oft SEAS 23 ste | se 34 is Sree Se RES yg Ls laa i: 85 “e Dec., 33 Piet bors toe 105 | 100 is March, 1871 125 159 om June, ys ie See SON te ee a a ie Sepa tirs WITS 1a; PoSig7g ee eke 122 * Dec.2i 45 aiass! face} ie35il94 Bb hic ee pedieyaro ORES Sara Migs |t 4,040, [9 Fd 8 | 3,699 VI.—On the Composition and Agricultural Value of Earth- Closet Manure. By Dr. Aucustus VoELOKER, F.R.S. THE agricultural utilization of the sewage of towns is a problem which cannot yet be said to have been solved in an entirely satisfactory manner. All persons who have seriously considered the subject have come to the conclusion that the removal of human excrements of large populations from the urban districts to the country, where they are wanted, without creating a nuisance or injuring the health of the inhabitants—and the economical utilization of these matters for the production of food—are questions surrounded by numerous practical difficulties of no ordinary kind. In the country—in small country towns, and in isolated establish- ments such as county prisons, workhouses, and asylums—the disposal of human excretal matters presents no great difficulty ; but their removal from towns is generally attended with con- siderable expense, no matter what particular system the autho- rities may adopt. . ‘186 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. By degrees the town authorities are learning the disagreeable lesson that materials which are excellent fertilizers when safely incorporated with the soil are a nuisance in a town, and cause expenses that are all the greater the more completely the plan of removal accords with the requirements of modern civilization. There is no doubt that excretal matters and all kinds of house-refuse are removed from towns more rapidly, with less nuisance to the inhabitants, and with less injury to their health, by means of water, than in any other way that can be adopted on a large scale. There can be, further, no doubt that the land ~ is the proper medium for the reception of all excrementitious ~ matters, and that nothing effects so complete and rapid a deodo- rization and disinfection of putrid animal matter of every kind as a well-aérated soil. Boussingault has shown that there is a larger proportion of oxygen in the air condensed between the particles of a porous soil than in the atmosphere above the land. In the condensed condition in which oxygen exists in a porous soil, it‘no doubt acts much more powerfully in oxidizing organic matters than the free oxygen of the air. Its effects in that respect may indeed be compared with the effects of oxygen condensed in spongy platinum, which effects manifest themselves, as is well known, by the instantaneous production of light or heat—the visible effect of the chemical combination of hydrogen and oxygen, when a current of hydrogen is directed upon a pellet of spongy platinum. There is no oxidizing agent equal to a porous soil, which is always at hand in almost unlimited quantities, and equally effective in destroying animal effluvia and the permanently pre- judicial properties of excrementitious matters of every descrip- tion. Few axioms are so true as that which enforces the propriety of returning to the land the fertilizing materials which are removed from it in the produce. In other words, the nuisance of a town population ought to be utilized on the land for the production of food. The wonderful dis- infecting and absorbing properties of porous soils long ago attracted the attention of practical men and scientific observers ; but greater precision to chemical inquiries into these valu- able properties has been given only of late years by scientific chemists, after Mr. H. S. Thompson had made the discovery that soils not only possessed the power of absorbing certain volatile and foetid matters, but also of decomposing salts of ammonia, retaining the fertilizing base ammonia, and permit- ting the less important acid constituents of ammoniacal salts to percolate through the soil in combination with lime, magnesia, or other abundant soil constituents. In a series of classical Value of Earth-Closet Manure. 187 experiments on the powers of cultivated soils to retain the fertilizing elements of manure, Professor Way showed that all soils possess, in a greater or less degree, the power not only to absorb ammonia, potash, phosphoric acid, and other manuring constituents, but likewise to decompose solutions of their com- pounds, and to retain all their more important fertilizing constituents, A practical application of the power of dry and sifted earth, especially if it partakes of the nature of clay, to absorb and retain ammonia and other fertilizing matters, has been made by the Rey. Henry Moule, Vicar of Fardington, Dorset, who has com- structed, under the protection of a patent, several forms of earth- closets, by which the supply, admixture, removal, and drying of the earth can be satisfactorily and economically performed. Mr. Moule has the merit of having given to the public a simple and ingeniously-contrived apparatus, which is capable of doing good service in many places; more especially in sick rooms, public establishments, such as county prisons and unions, and country-houses where a good supply of water cannot be com- manded ; and credit is due to him for having pointed out the repeated action, and consequently the fitness for repeated use of the same earth. He showed ‘that a comparatively small portion of dry and sifted earth (14 pint) is sufficient, by covering the deposit, to arrest effluvium, and to prevent fermentation and the conse- quent generation of noxious gases; and further, that if within a few days the mass which would be formed by the repeated layers of deposit be intimately mixed by a spade, or by a mixer made for the purpose, in a few minutes neither to the eye nor sense of smell is anything perceptible but so much earth. Ordinary garden surface-soil may be used in Moule’s earth- closet, especially if it contains a good proportion of clay; but if clay soil be scarce, an admixture of coal-ashes or street sweepings is not objectionable. There is thus no difficulty in procuring a supply of earthy matter. Tany persons who have used earth-closets have publicly expressed great satisfaction as regards the efficiency of this system ; and it must be admitted that it is of great advantage, in a sanitary point of view, in the cases of sick rooms, detached houses, or villages, or even small country towns, Where the earth required for absorption can be readily procured in a dried and sifted state, and the land for the utiliza- tion of the compost is in close proximity, the earth-closet system recommends itself as a thoroughly efficient plan of disposing of human excreta and the utilization of their fertilizing constituents at the smallest expense, and in some cases even with economy. ‘188 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. Although I have consistently advocated the wet system, or water-closet plan, for large towns, 1 am convinced that the dry or earth-closet plan is preferable to the adoption of sewage arrangements in villages or suburban districts, inhabited by people in a humble position of life; and 1 would impress strongly upon Local Boards of Health the propriety of well considering whether in such localities the earth-closet system does not meet the sanitary requirements of the case, before they have recourse to expensive sewage operations entailing, as they do everywhere, a more or Jess considerable tax upon the people, whose earnings _ are such as require to be expended according to the strictest rules of economy. It is obvious that if a plan could be devised by which human excretal matters could be collected and removed from dwellings, without either nuisance or injury to health, and obtained economically in a concentrated, dry, and portable con- dition, their utilization would be much more perfectly attained by such means than by the water-system. The questions naturally present themselves, does the earth-closet plan meet these demands, and is it applicable for towns as well as for the country? The objections which are made to the dry or earth-closet system are :— 1. The difficulties and expense of the supply and preparation of the soil in the case of towns. 2. The cost of carriage of a bulky earth compound to the country. 3. The fact that but little of the urine, containing in round numbers {ths of the manuring constituents of mixed solid and liquid human excreta, would reach the earth compost; and : 4, That in the manure produced, the more valuable fertilizing _ matters are so largely diluted with comparatively useless common earth, that beyond a very short distance from the locality where the each compost is produced the cost of carriage would be greater than the manure is worth. These objections, it must be confessed, are not ratty met in the case of towns, for the difficulties gad the expense of pro- curing a supply of suitable earth, of storing it, preparing it for repeated use, and the cost of removal of - ‘ie compost to the country are no doubt so great that, even admitting that by the dry plan human excreta could be removed from towns as rapidly and with as much salubrity as by the wet or water system, the latter would be preferable in an economical point of view, unless it could be shown that the earth or dry system really produces a concentrated manure of intrinsic value. We are thus led to inquire into the composition and money value of- the manure which can be produced by the repeated use of prepared soil, as ° recommended by Mr. Moule. Value of Earth-Closet Manure. 189 A favourable opportunity of ascertaining the composition of the earth used repeatedly in one of Moule’s earth-closets pre- sented itself when I received a sample for analysis which had been used four times in succession, and been dried each time after removal from the earth-closet. This sample furnished the following results on analysis :— Composition of a sample of Earth-Closet Manure used four times in succession, and dried. Moisture (loss on drying at 212° Fahr.) Mi. stares’ *Organic matter and water of combination .. .. .. 6°56 Oxide of iron and alumina. a eho nl LAD, Tribasic phosphate of lime ®(bone-phosphate) . Bee otis AO Carbonate of lime .: : saa Nit la: | AONE ats. Rech sneer. oe twat bis. epi bt, a d2ee 2220 Potash Kis ee Pe et erate at (atl er hoe Chloride of sodium .. Pree TT a eee 82 Insoluble siliceous matter (clay) Pe a ee eee Oe Les 100-00 * Containing nitrogen Sy THe ss ey, “39 Eppa LO, ATAMONIN 24s \cniueliclry soe Gy) 42 levee “47 The manure was perfectly inodorous and inoffensive in appear- ance. It contained about 14 per cent. of bone-phosphate, but only ‘39 per cent. of nitrogen, equal to not quite 4 per cent. of ammonia, and consequently was not of great fertilizing value. The earth having been dried after each use by fire-heat, it occurred to me that probably some of the ammonia might have been driven off by too great a degree of heat in the drying operation ; and I, therefore, was glad to receive for examination another sample which had been used five times in the earth- closet, and not been dried by fire-heat after the fifth removal from the closet, but been allowed to become air-dry. In this condition | found it to contain in ie parts :— Moisture (loss at 212° Fahr.) .. a, tay d29% *Organic matter and water of combination .. .. 7°78 Oxide of iron andaluinina.. PEE! ‘Tribasic phosphate of lime gape phosphate). oo LOS Carbonate of lime... pag 197119 WISP UeSIon Sir ceAietostt +-abthieg) (de ECS ae ese VAD - Potash a8 ee etre gee ie Dae Le “66 Chloride of sodium .. PEATE Gaerne “64 Insoluble siliceous matter (clay) es er sh OLE. 10:000 * Containing nitrogen RAMEE) EAR ., 41 Qual 10) ADM ODIA, deeb tae) ep miete (je- 49 Like the preceding sample, it was quite ‘inoffensive to the senses. Although it had been used five times,and had not been dried the 190) ~ Value of Earth-Closet Manure. last time by fire-heat, it scarcely contained more nitrogen than the preceding sample, and somewhat less phosphate of lime and potash. In the former sample it will be seen I found 14°57 per cent. of oxide of iron and alumina, and 62°12 per cent. of in- soluble siliceous matter (clay), whilst the analysis of the second sample shows only 9°24 per cent. of oxide of iron and alumina, and 55°90 per cent. of mixed siliceous matter. It appears, there- fore, that the earth of the two samples was not precisely the same, and hence the analyses of the two samples do not admit of strict comparison. Nevertheless, they afford plain evidence of the fact, that the proportion of nitrogen in the earth-closet - manure is but inconsiderable, even when the earth has been used repeatedly in the closet. Both samples, I may observe, were free from nitrates; and the nitrogen which is stated in the analysis includes both the nitrogen present in the nitrogenous organic matters and in the ammonia-salts of the earth-closet manure. I had no opportunity of ascertaining what was the composition of the dried and sifted earth before its employment in the closet, and cannot, therefore, say definitely how much nitrogen or phosphoric acid and potash it originally contained, and to what extent its original fer- tilizing matters were increased by repeated use. The results of the preceding analyses, it must be confessed, are disappointing in an agricultural point of view; and although not quite conclusive, they hold out but little prospect for the pro- duction of a fairly concentrated manure by means of the repeated use of earth in the dry closet. As a disinfecting agent, earth answers so admirably that I was loth to arrive at too unfayour- able an opinion as regards the agricultural value of the earth- closet manure; and I therefore thought it well to institute further inquiries before expressing a definite opinion of the pro- bable value of this kind of manure. Some of the readers of the Journal are perhaps aware that the dry-earth system has been in operation for some years past in the West Riding prison, Wakefield, with marked success, Capt. Armytage, the governor of the prison, who has paid much attention to practically carrying out this system, has: kindly furnished me with information on some points of interest bearing upon the subject. The prison, he informs me, contained in 1870, on an average 1451 cells. As many as 776 dry-earth closets are in use in the cells and workrooms, and are highly approved, Besides the earth-closets there are 675 water-closets. Moule’s system was introduced in Midsummer, 1866, and has been continued in use without interruption. Capt. Armytage writes to me: ‘‘ We use the ordinary Moule’s closet, or a still simpler box, where the earth is applied out Value of Earth- Closet Manure. 191 of a small scoop by hand, instead of the self-acting machinery of Moule’s closets, which, with ordinary care, acts very well. You must be aware what class of men and women we have to deal with in working out experiments ; and I can only say that, after more than three years, I am satisfied that the dry-earth plan is the only sound system that can be worked out, especially among the lower classes and in towns, my principle being to keep all sediments out of the drains. The urine now is collected into tanks, and is sold, or used for manuring the ground, or is thrown upon the ee compost. We find an absence of all smells, that formerly were quite overpowering ; and even in the manipulating shed no smell can be discerned, except at the time of turning the compost, and then the smell perceptible in the shed is more that of a Peruvian guano shed than anything else.” The earth used in the closet is common soil, containing a good proportion of clay. It is dried and passed through a half-inch riddle, and the work is done by the prisoners. Hitherto it has been obtained in the prison grounds, or has been bought from builders at 6d. a load. 5 cwt. of earth per annum is used per head, about 14 Ib. being allowed for each time the closet is used. The whole of it is used twice or three times, and it might no doubt be used more frequently if required, Large bins containing 2 tons each are set apart for storing the earth after use. The bins are under cover ; and in summer no arti- ficial heat is required to dry the earth compost sufficiently for re-use. After remaining about 5 weeks in the bins, the earth is passed through a riddie and used again. Neither ashes nor other dry materials are used with the earth, and nothing except faces, with more or less urine, is allowed access to the closets. In winter a slow fire of cinders under a hollow brick floor soon dries the wet earth sufficiently to be passed through a half-inch sieve, and to be fit for repeated use in the closets, which are emptied weekly. The following are the printed instructions which Captain Armytage has given to warders as to the mode of using the earth-closets :— “ INSTRUCTIONS TO WARDERS AS TO MODE OF USING THE EartH-CLoseEts. “Not more than one pan of earth must be placed in the hopper-kox at one time, so that when the pan below is filled, the hopper-box above will be empty. . “In making the daily inspection, the Warder will take care » that if the hopper be empty (or nearly so), the plan below, with - 192 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. its cover, is taken out and replaced with another from the reserve ans. “There must be ten pans in reserve in each division. Pans will be kept ready at the earth shed, so that the Warder will only have to exchange used pans for fresh ones that will form the reserve on the division. By this arrangement each division of the prison using earth-closets can empty and replenish, if neces- sary, ten closets daily. The time for attending to this duty should be before breakfast. **The Warder of each division may take five prisoners, when necessary, to the earth-shed to make the exchange of pans. These men will be selected for the purpose by the Governor or Deputy, and will wear a white star to denote that they may be so employed. ‘The principal Warders are held responsible that ihistat in- structions are carried out. “Closets out of repair must be immediately replaced. One closet will be kept in reserve in each division. “Prisoners using anything besides paper, after being warned not to do so, must be reported for disobeying orders. “ Each urine pot must have a properly fitting tin lid kept on it with a little water in the rim. “G, ARMYTAGE, Governor. “ West Riding Prison, 28th August, 1868.” In the course of the year from 55 to 60 tons of earth-manure are obtained, which is chiefly used on the prison grounds. In 1870 about 12 tons were sold at 1/. per ton when the earth was once used, 2/. when twice used, and 3/. thrice used. It has had remarkable success in growing onions, and has been used with advantage for potatoes, vegetables, and garden produce in general. Half a ton per acre of the earth used once in the closets has also been successfuliy applied to grass land, and 1 ton per acre produced 2 tons 3 cwt. of hay. In a second experiment | ton of the earth-manure (once used) produced 2 tons 2 ewt. of hay. In conclusion, Captain Armytage informs me that, in conse- quence of the introduction of the dry-earth-closet system into the prison, the atmospkere of the cells has been much improved, and, no doubt, been rendered more healthy. The earth-closets are in use in the prison hospitals and workrooms, containing from 20 to 50 men. In the public closets in the workroom the earth is thrown upon the feces three times a day, and the contents are removed as required. Captain Armytage also sent me samples of the dry. and sifted earth, both befone its use in the closets and after it had Value of Earth-Closet Manure. 193 passed once, twice, and three times through the closets. The earth appeared to be ordinary garden soil, containing a con- siderable proportion of clay. An analysis of it in its natural state yielded the following results :— Composition of air-dry sifted Earth for use in the Earth-Closet. Moisture .. . oe ke OO *Organic matter and water of combination Pe M10) Oxide of ironandalumina .. .. .. .- .- 11°67 Phosphoric acid MGA: stewlnE crass. 7 RGATDOMALETOL MIMO) er ais se) winds Vinee on tohy aw Syl MORO Magnesia _... Stee n'salebiriuadvedlsiceaweus ss 1°30 ] Alkalies and loss in 1 analys SIS: oe eee eee Insoluble siliceous matter (sand and clay) pe. OL8a 100°00 PR@OnieMing nitropens V2)» syselt ko eisy yc "28 iqnalitoammoniag. S60 s-, Sseip seu ean se "34 The preceding analysis gives a good representation of the composition of rich garden mould. The samples of the earth, after having been used once, twice, and three times, were not ‘equally dry, as will be seen by the subjoined tabulated results, which represent the composition of the three samples of earth-manure in the condition in which they reached me. Composrrion of Three Samples of Earri-Ciospt Manure from WeEsT Ripine Prison, WAKEFIELD, No.1.’ | No.2 | No.3. Earth once - Three times mee a. Twice used. | Saal a utare ee he ‘ | 21°69 ost | tare) rgauic matter and ‘water of com- ey | : : | bination .. ; rc it fae | soho ee Oxide of iron and alumina .. .- | 1216500 12°43 | 10 7 Bosplioric acid... .. .. .. .. | 19 | *39 “44 Carbonate of lime Be Se 1-76 1°88 1°84 Magnesia ete ie 68 “78 ae and Toss i in analys: BISé, } he { “64 *64 usolubl ea siliceous matter (clay ag 53°98 62°00 61°20 100°00 100° 00 100°00 * Containing nitrogen .. .. .. +29 “37 | “44 Equaltoammouia .. .. .. *35 “45 “53 All the samples were inoffensive in appearance, and free from disagreeable smell. As the percentage of moisture in the original carth and in weevOL. VIII.—S. s. rao) : ra : the three samples of earth-closet manures varied a good deal, the preceding analytical data do not admit of being readily compared with each other. I have, therefore, calculated what the compo- sition of the four samples would be when dried at the uniform temperature of 212° Fahrenheit. The following Table expresses their composition in a perfectly dry state :— 194 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. Composition of EartH and Three Samples of Harru-Cioser Manure produced at West Ripixe Prison, WAKEFIELD, in dry state (dried at 212° Fahr.). : No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4, Earth for use| Earth once | Earth twice | Earth thrice | in used used used Closets. in Closets. in Closets. in Closets. *Organic matter and water of 9°88 9°79 11°53 12°99 Cambinavonl Go oeog 3) ose Oxide of iron andalumina .. 12°95 16°15 14°11 12-48 Phosphoric acid Be an, OM 18 “25 “44 | Carbonate oflime .. .. .. PASO AS 2°25 2°13 2°14 CCT ES el Sanaa jena 1°44 | 2°63 { erm) +90 Alkalies and loss in analysis 1°35 72 “74 Insoluble siliceous matter a 71-99 68°93 70°30 71-01 and sand) teks teemeezs 100-00 100°00 100°00 100°00 * Containing nitrogen .. .. .. *31 “37 +42 “51 Equal to ammonia Sa eee tae *37 *45 “51 *62 A glance at the preceding analyses shows that the proportion of nitrogen in the soil increases but very little each time it is removed from the closet. Used once the soil gained only ‘06 per cent. of nitrogen, used twice it gained ‘11 per cent., and three times -20 per cent. If we divide by 3 the increase of nitrogen in the earth-manure passed three times through the closet, supposing the manure tc be perfectly dry, we obtain ‘066 as the average increase 0! nitrogen each time it is passed through the closet. It wil further be seen that after the soil had been used three time: over, the total increase of nitrogen amounted to only two-third of the small quantity originally present in the soil. The proportionate increase of phosphoric acid in the thre samples of earth-manure, as might have been expected, is rathe larger than that of nitrogen, but, after all, the soil in a perfectl dry state, after having been used three times, contained onl $ per cent, of phosphoric acid ; or a ton of such soil contain only 11 lbs. of phosphoric acid in round numbers, which equal to 25 lbs. of bone phosphate of lime. Half a cwt. Value of Earth-Closet Manure. 195 bone-dust would supply all the phosphoric acid which was contained in 1 ton of dry soil after it had been passed three times through the closet. The increase of nitrogen in earth-manure I ie hardly say is likely to be greater in the houses of the wealthy or well-to-do people than in prisons or unions, where a less generous diet prevails ; and where, consequently, the food is worked out, so to speak, more perfectly and the excreta are poorer in nitrogen than in the houses of the wealthier and better fed classes. Still, even under the most favourable circumstances, the accumulation of nitrogen in earth-manure, for reasons which I shall mention presently, cannot but be very inconsiderable. In proof of this assertion | may quote some trials which Dr. Gilbert has lately made with the earth-closet plan. Fourteen cwt. of air-dried and sifted clayey soil were set aside by Dr. Gilbert for experiment. From one-third to one-half of the whole was used before it was necessary to empty the pit. When removed the mass appeared uniformly moist throughout, and neither fecal matter nor paper was observable in it; nor was the process of emptying accompanied by any offensive smell, After exposure, and occasional turning over on the floor of a shed, the once used soil was resifted, and again passed through ihe closet. The percentage of moisture and of nitrogen in the natural soil, and after passing once or twice through the closet, were found by Dr. Gilbert as follows :— peforowse. | Afterasing | Aer using es pairs fesetiet| suo | a-mno | > rit © trogen in Oana, -067.—I “216 | +353 eca s, | am | a | | Calculated upon the air-dried condition, the increase in the percentage of nitrogen was only about ‘15 each time the soil was used ; and even after using twice, Dr. Gilbert observes, the soil was not richer than good garden-mould, and he adds, “ It is obvious, therefore, that such a manure, even if disposed of free of charge, would bear carriage to a very short distance only.” I fully concur in this view of the matter, for my own analyses have given me even less favourable results than those on which Dr. Gilbert’ s opinion is founded, (lhe 196 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. In estimating the money value of the earth-closet manure it is but fair to deduct from the value of the compost that of the earth used in its production, Taking for a basis of calcu- lation the composition of the perfectly dry earth, and the three samples of closét-manures produced in the West Riding Prison, we have more specially to consider the relative proportions of phosphoric acid and of nitrogen in the four samples. In the dry earth before use I found ‘18 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and -31 per cent. of nitrogen. Once used in the closet the earth compost was found to contain only ‘07 per cent. more phosphoric acid, and ‘06 per cent. more nitrogen than it did before. These differences are quite trifling, and it may be said with perfect justice, that the earth, after having been used once, is not more valuable for manuring purposes than in its original dry and sifted condition, On comparing the amount of phosphoric acid and nitrogen in the earth passed twice through the closet, we find an increase of only ‘26 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and *11 per cent. of nitrogen; or, in other words, a ton of the compost twice used contained only 5°824 lbs., or, in round numbers, 6 lbs. more phosphoric acid, aul 2} lbs, more nitrogen than the original earth. Allowing 4d. for the value of a pound of phosphoric acid, and 10d. for the value of a pound of nitrogen, it will be found that the earth twice passed through the closet was worth 10d. more per ton for the phosphoric acid, and 2s. 1d. for the nitrogen which it contained more than the soil before use ; or, that the total value of the earth twice used was 2s. 11d., or say 3s., more per ton than a ton of dry earth before use. On making a similar comparison with the earth thrice used, we find in the latter an increase of only ‘33 per cent. of phos- phoric acid, and -20 per cent. of nitrogen; or, a ton of earth thrice used contained 7°39 lbs. more phosphoric acid, and only 4:48 Ibs., or in round numbers, 44 lbs. more nitrogen than the soil before use. These figures show an increased money value of 2s. d}d.in phosphoric acid and 3s. 9d. in nitrogen. |. In other words the earth, passed three times through the closet, in a perfectly dry state was worth only 6s. 24d. more per ton than dry garden mould of the composition of the soil employed in the experiments. If the agricultural value of earth-closet manure is really so low as stated by me, how does it happen, it may be asked naturally, that market-gardeners and others who have made trials with this description of manure, put a value upon it varying from 1 to 8/. a ton? In reply to this very pertinent question, | would say that the high estimate of the value of Value of Earth- Closet Manure. 197 earth-closet manure does not rest on any solid foundation, but upon the exaggerated view which many people entertain with respect to the money value of human excreta. Numerous examples might be quoted in proof of the fact that night-soil manures, prepared animal refuse matters of various kinds, sewage manures, and similar fertilizers are constantly offered for sale at prices which do not at all correspond with their intrinsic value, and, for a time, find purchasers if the price does not exceed 3/. a ton, Everybody who is acquainted with the nature of farming operations and with the difficulty of estimating and tracing to their true source the effects of manure, must have noticed that, for a time, manures like that produced by the A BC sewage process, find a sale at a price which is many times greater than the intrinsic value of their fertilizing constituents, a that even the poorest manures may find a temporary sale, particularly if the price is temptingly low. _ There can be no doubt that the solid and especially the liquid excreta of man are richer in fertilizing matters than the excrements of the horse, cow, pig, or sheep. The food of man, being a mixed vegetable and pamaal diet, is richer both in phos- phates and in nitrogen than the more bulky food upon which those animals are fed ; a as the greater portion of the phosphates and nitrogen, upon which the value of manure chiefly depends, passes through the body into the excrements, the fertilizing value of human excreta unquestionably i is greater than the excrements of horses, cows, pigs, or sheep. Hence human excreta are highly esteemed as manuring agents in China, Japan, and Flanders, and all countries where the primitive mode of collection and trans- portation of these matters is considered no obstacle to their utiliza- tion. The manner of collecting and removing human excretal matters in these countries is, however, such as to be quite inad- missible with our modern notions of cleanliness, decency, comfort, and health, In considering the economic value of human excreta, we have to take into account not merely their intrinsic fertilizing proper- ties in an unmixed state, but also the condition in ee they reach the farmer in a Soe country like England. Mixed with a large bulk of ashes or earth or diffused in a large body of water the same fertilizing matters, it is plain, cannot have so great a value as in an undiluted state. It has been stated that the excretal matters, as they leave the body, sell in Belgium for about 1/. per person per annum ; but this is not the case. Some years ago, in travelling through Belgium and Germany, I made special inquiries into the manner of collecting and utilizing human excreta in various Continental towns, and I took particular 198 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. pains to ascertain what profit was realized by the disposal of these matters in different towns on the Continent. " As the result of personal observations and inquiries on the spot, I may state that in Belgium the town population seldom realizes by the disposal of their excretal matters as much as one franc (93d.) per head per annum. In many cases I found nothing whatever is realized by the town populations when their excretal matters are collected in tanks or cesspools as free as possible from all extraneous matters ; and in not a few cases their removal entails some cost to the inhabitants. In 1864, the Prussian Government commissioned Messrs. C, v. Salviati, O. Roéder, and Dr. Eichhorn to investigate the modes of collection, removal, and utilization, in various Con- tinental towns ; and, in their report, the Prussian Commissioners, who visited various towns in Belgium, France, and Germany, _ showed not only that the householders seldom realized anything like a franc per head per annum for their excretal matters, but that, in the majority of towns, they had to pay something for the removal. It is surprising that, in the face of the reports of indi- viduals who have investigated the subject on the spot, and in spite of reliable official reports, embodying the results of personal observations and dealing with plain matters of fact, many people | should still give credence to the unwarranted statement that in Belgium excretal matters are sold at 1/. per head per annum, and that most Continental towns derive a more or less considerable income from the sale and utilization of human excreta. In the endeavour to correct the erroneous and exaggerated notions which not a few persons entertain with regard to the money value of human excrements, I have purposely confined myself to a state- ment of facts, which everyone may verify who will take the trouble to visit Continental towns and make inquiry into the manner in which human excreta are disposed of, and what is realized by the towns by their utilization. The practical conclusion to which an unbiassed inquirer into this subject will arrive is that, as far as the inhabitants of towns are concerned, human excreta are a nuisance, for the removal of which, in most towns, they have to pay something. It can be shown, however, on other grounds, that the theoretical or calculated value of human excreta is nothing like 1J. per ton ; and it may not be altogether unprofitable for me to point out what may be fairly regarded as their theoretical value. Their composition, | need hardly say, is subject to considerable varia- tions; and, consequently, all calculations based upon analyses of these matters are liable to considerable fluctuations. Speak- ing generally, solid human excreta, as they leave the body, con- Value of Earth-Closet Manure. 199 tain about one-fourth of dry matter, and three-fourths of water. The dry matter contains about 14 per cent. of nitrogen, and 1 per cent. of phosphoric acid. According to Professor Way human feces in a recent con- dition are stated to contain in 100 parts :— Water oy A rea Po Ee tied EX *Organic matter | & BS ae Mae EC ae yA Insoluble siliceous matter Pads sriglt eoreeal Re 37 Oxide of iron bk 6, Oe eon eee epee “13 RCI ie ka os! Alea baie 43 Magnesia .. eM a ot Mace DO tae Wc 38 Phosphoric “il Pig ts SE ia aa sie hanpee i Bc 66 Sill ECG Le Cen gn rn er re 06 Potash eee eee ee ies, (Ro oe 30 Soda , 1 eee ee le ee 08 Chloride of sodium pene CR Ae: 05 100°00 * Containing nitrogen oe tery LEgereaicl firs 1:50 Equal to ammonia .. .. .. .. «- « 1:82 If it were possible to dry feces without loss in fertilizing matters, and without the addition of bulky material, they would, in a dry state, be a very valuable manure, for in that state they would contain :— | *Organic matter er cakes eo se NOOLOR Insoluble siliceous matter geal seat a Pen ior pice 1:48 Oxideof iron, 50 THO}, USO, Ae A ey 54 ime caeteee Yio .wEsisTs..as.20 Late ae 7°28 It appears from the preceding Pee that, in a perfectly dry condition, 2 tons of solid human excreta are worth almost as much as 1 ton of Peruvian Guano ; and it seems a great pity that a manure possessing such a fertilizing value should be wasted as at present it is in a great measure. Still more valuable as a manure is human urine, for its prin- cipal constituent—urea—contains nearly 50 per cent. of nitrogen ; and uric acid—an active constituent of urine—contains about 33 per cent. of nitrogen; and besides these nitrogenous organic matters, human-urine contains a good deal of phosphoric acid. Human urine has been analysed by Befzelius, Becquerel, and . 200 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. : : ; ‘ other chemists ; and, according to an analysis made by Professor — Way, the solid matter which is obtained by its evaporation to a perfectly dry mass consists, in 100 parts, of :— *Organic matter = sk one caster 2 eee heen ee Insoluble siliceous matter jf "Y, pee See 09 QOxmecofiron y... i se % be use eo “05 Mme. .< is, Bao ee SER ee ‘61 Magnesia .. is eet _ doe Se AT Phosphoric acid .. PS Rar tot “ 4°66 Sulphuric acid’ 5." 25 8° «.) V se) eer “46 Potash a ce ot oe S Se 1°83 Chloride of potassium age 2. oe ee Chloride. of soditim'*.. *.3.*" c.)* 4.) ee 1 ere 100-00 * Containing nitrogen oo soll ooge at ein Re cueeeaetEn Equal fo ammonia .. .. «© <. «ss» «| aa" OU Unfortunately urine enters very rapidly into decomposition, giving rise to foul-smelling gaseous products of decomposition, and to volatile carbonate of ammonia; and, on keeping, loses much of its most valuable constituent. The collection and pre- servation of urine, in consquence, is attended with practical diffi- culties, which are greatly enhanced by the trouble and expense of getting rid of the large proportion of water which urine naturally contains. For these reasons, all attempts to collect urine and to obtain from it a solid manure by evaporation have hither- to proved failures in an economical point of view. Fresh urine contains, on an average, only three per cent. of solid matter, and, according to Professor Way’s analysis just quoted, consists of :— Water reso ~.. 5. ae se Oy ee nec *Organic matter .. . vo eee 2°026 Insoluble siliceous matter ae (ee “003 Oxide Of 30m). e+ cous ca) yaetue ee “002 Lime Cee ooo “018 Magnesia o> “pes + we ROUS Se *014 Phosphoric acid .. ae) 2. Hoe aa 040 Sulphuric acid J) Wal Se, 8, 014 Pores Fe) # Se eS ee “055 Chloride of potassium OUR ee ee “182 Chloride of sodium . <- Uthat) ks fino eee 566 100:000 * Containing nitrogen... 9. sy) | bet 58 Equal'to'dmmonia ~.°"%. ).2) “cel eae “71 Notwithstanding this large proportion of water, the amount of solid matter in the urine voided in a day is just about one-third greater than the amount of dry matter in the daily solid evacuations. It is not easy to calculate with great precision what is the total — Value of Earth-Closet Manure. 201 amount of faces and urine which is produced by a mixed popu- lation of adults and children of both sexes; but it may be safely stated that the amount of dry matter in the solid and liquid excreta of a mixed population does not exceed 56 Ibs. per head per annum, and that probably it is not more than 45 or 46 lbs. In some experiments which Professor Way made upon adults, he found that an individual voids in 24 hours about } Ib. of feces and 3 Ibs. of urine. Assuming the preceding ana- lysis fairly to represent the composition of the solid and liquid excreta of man, and each person of a population to produce + lb, of feces and 3 lbs. of urine in 24 hours, we obtain in Per annum. 4 ozs. of feeces 1 oz. of dry matter, or in round numbers nearly 20 Lbs. and in 38 Ibs. of urine 13 oz. of dry matter, or in round numbers nearly _—_34 Ibs. Thus the liquid excreta of man contain one-half more dry matter than the solid. On calculating the amount of ammonia which will be pro- duced on the decomposition of the dry matter of the solid and liquid excrements of each person per annum, we obtain from the : Ammonia. 23 lbs. of dry matter contained in the solid excreta .. .. 1°60 lbs. and in 34 lbs. of dry matter contained in the liquid excreta.. .. 8°12 lbs. Or TIGL GHIC, Bom Soke eRe ty MICS y er pita Zales In other words, five-sixths of the ammonia capable of being generated on the decomposition of human excreta is furnished by the urine. By a similar calculation I find that, according to the preceding data, each individual would furnish about 54 lbs, of phosphates per annum. For simplicity’s sake we may assume that each person of a population produces in the solid and liquid excreta 56 lbs. of dry matter per annum. These 56 lbs. produce in round numbers 10 Ibs. of ammonia, and 54 Ibs. of phosphates. In order to avoid the appearance of a wish to undervalue the intrinsic fertilizing value of human excreta, I would allow 9d. per lb. for ammonia, and 2d. per |b. for phosphates, and further Yd. for the money-value of the remaining constituents, which is rather more than the latter are really worth. The excreta of each person of a population accordingly would be worth per annum 93s., allowing S For 10. Ibs. of ammonia at 9d. per lb. cer) eet omy tl waif Oes a a OF Pioebhais at 2d. Pst Dee ee Va ALT ,, other matters joel ti) Total value of human excreta per head per BUM eteA slp key) ite! -Je09 202 Value of Earth-Closet Manure. An elaborate inquiry, made some years ago by Mr. J. B. Lawes, into the composition of the excrements of a large mixed population, gave him results which he calculated as follows :— TABLE showing the estimated constituents of Human Excrera. Ounces per head | Pounds per head per day. per annum. Average of both Average of both sexes sexes and all ages, and all ages. Motaliiny substance po. zs Ss. cae ph 2°01 45°95 WRHEUNNNAEECD cc Sous ce | ee GL 45 10°34 CEN ILA Sante eee) ena me ee 74 16°85 CRO PCTCN ert rsiey Mech fos, = Tiree eee eeks'eL mae 35 7°94 Equalto Ammonia .. .. .. .. « *42 9°64 FROSDHALCH cree whl eee ey a eho eee 20 4°58 The average amount of dry substance voided in the excre- ments of each individual of the population in twenty-four hours, it will be seen by these figures, is only two ounces; or equal to about 46 Ibs. per annum. The two ounces of dry substance contain rather less than half an ounce of mineral matters, or about 10 lbs. per head per annum. About two-fifths of the mineral mat- ters, or one-tenth of the total dry substance, consists of phosphates. Of the valuable constituent, nitrogen, there is an average of rather more than one-third of an ounce per day, or about 8 Ibs. per annum; and these amounts of nitrogen are equal to *45 of an ounce per day, or nearly 10 lbs. per annum of ammonia. Mr. Lawes’s estimate of the amount of dry matter in the excreta of a mixed population of both sexes and all ages differs but little from the preceding calculations, which are based on some direct experiments by Professor Way. According to Mr. Lawes’s estimate the money-value of the excreta per head per annum will be 8s. 10d., allowing | 8s. d, 10 lbs. of ammonia at 9d. per Ib. 6 e.g 44 5 of phosphates:2d. perlb.s. © tte 4.) AOD Other matters .. ichuuce J, Mk eS Dea oa, 8 10 Bearing in mind that five-sixths of the total amount of ammonia in the solid and liquid excreta of man are furnished by the urine, and only one-sixth by the feces, and how small is the proportion of the total urine that is passed at the same time, and that our domestic habits prevent the collection and absorption of Interim Report on Veterinary Investigations. 203 the whole of the urine, the intrinsic value of the fertilizing mat- ters which can be practically recovered in Moule’s earth-closets is probably not more than one-third of their value, or amounts to only 3s. for each person per annum. In order to recover these three shillings’ worth of manuring matters a large quantity of earth has to be used in Moule’s closet. Even assuming that the earth can be conveniently used in the closets three or four times in succession, it is not surprising that the earth-closet manure produced in the West Riding prison, Wakefield, such a small value as the preceding analyses have shown. Mr. Moule states that three cart-loads of dry earth in one experiment served fifteen persons for half a year, being used five times over in that time. At that rate one ton would last 24 persons for a year. Assuming that the total excreta of a man can be absorbed by the earth without loss, and that they possess an average value of 9s. per annum, each ton of earth used five times in the closet will be worth 22s. 6d.; but as, practically, about two-thirds of the fertilizing matters will be wasted in the urine, which cannot be recovered and absorbed by earth, the value of a ton of earth-closet manure used five times will only be about 7s. 6d. If the whole of the liquid, as well as the solid, excretal matters were to be absorbed, probably not less than 9 to 10 Ibs. of drv soil per head per day would be required, or about 14 ton per head perannum. In the country the soil, it is true, may be used repeatedly in the closets ; but in large towns the process of drying and sifting, and of storing for repeated use, present obstacles far too formidable to render it Jikely that the dry or earth-closet plan will ever come into general use, even supposing the earth- closet manure were twice or three times as valuable as the results of my analyses show it to be. Laboratory, 11, Salisbury-square, Fleet-street, E.C., February 1872. Vil.—JInterim Report on Veterinary Investigations. By Professor JAMES Beart Srmonps, Veterinary Inspector of the Society. I, Feepinc ExPerIMEeNT witH Harpon’s Patent FrEepine ; CAKE. This experiment, which may be designated No. 1, was under- taken in consequence of the Marquis of Exeter having lost a young bull, 10 months old, and also a valuable short-horn cow, under circumstances which led to the impression that the cake supplied to them was probably the immediate cause of death, Both the "204 Interim Report on Veterinary Investigations. . animals had died very suddenly, while being fed for exhibition at the Society’s annual show. Three pigs, also, which partook of some of the same cake, but only in small quantities, died at about the same time, All the animals presented the same morbid appearances on a post-mortem examination. Neither a chemical. nor microscopical examination led to the detection of anything of a poisonous nature in the specimens of cake examined. They were, however, of inferior quality, and appeared to have been greatly deteriorated by long keeping. May 6th, 1871.—A healthy young heifer, aha a year old, was selected for the experiment, and placed by herself in a loose box ; water and hay, in ordinary quantities, being given to her, in addition to the suspected cake. The quantity of cake supplied was ] lb., and the same amount was allowed per diem for three consecutive days. On the 4th and 5th days, 2 lbs. each day were given; alter which the animal partook of 4 lbs. for four days; 6 Ibs., for six days; and 8 lbs., for two days; making a total of 75 lbs. in seventeen days. On the evening of the fifth day of the experiment the heifer had an attack of indigestion, accompanied with tympany of the abdomen. This, however, passed off naturally, and by the following morning she appeared to be in her usual state of healh. On the evening othe sixteenth day, after partaking of 8 Ibs. of cake, she Slikaica symptoms of serious illness ; but towards evening she rallied a little. On the next morning, however, a relapse. took place, and within little more than an hour she died, No treatment was adopted. The post-mortem examination, which was made as early after death as possible, showed all the usual indications of blood- poisoning from deleterious food to be present, to a greater or less extent, in the several organs of the body. Venous congestion existed everywhere, the blood being black in colour ada only imperfectly clotted. The abdomen contained a quantity of dark-coloured serous exudation. ‘The rumen and other stomachs were distended with gaseous products, but their structure did not seem to have muencsl; The intestines throughout presented an ecchymosed condition.of the mucous membrane, the small ones containing, in addition, a large quantity of blood-coloured, semi-fluid exudation-matter. ‘The spleen was filled to repletion with black blood, and the liver and kidneys were similarly — affected. The lungs were also in a congested state; their struc- . ture, however, was normal. Extravasations of blood, small in- amount, had taken place into the substance of the heart, as also beneath the lining membrane of the auricles and ventricles, par- ticularly of the left ventricle. Interim Report on Veterinary Investigations. 205 On the result of the experiment being reported to the Marquis of Exeter, his Lordship communicated the circumstance to the Council of the Society, when some members appeared to think that the death of the animal was rather due to the quantity of the cake partaken of, than to anything deleterious which it might have contained. It was therefore determined to have recourse to some other experiments of a like kind with Hardon’s cake, and to contrast these with experiments in feeding other young animals with large quantities of pure linseed cake. For this purpose two heifer s—each about 10 months old—were selected, and three pigs, between three and four months old. aie | Z - . “s ‘ ,= ‘ ’ s 228 Forms of Guarantee. FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. RAPE-CAKE FOR FEEDING PURPOSES. Vendor's Name Address Quantity Price per Ton__ Terms Date of Purchase I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver ons of Rape-cake fit for feeding purposes, as above, in good con: dition, that is to say:—Cake which is made from Rape-see which is free from any injurious quantity of mustard or other prejudicial matters, is free from mould, and is not otherwi spoiled for feeding purposes. Signature of Vendor ___ Forms af Guarantee. 229 FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. DECORTICATED COTTON-CAKE. Vendor's Name. Addi ess | Quantity Pirceper Tow. Terms | Date of Purchase __ I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of pure Decorticated Cotton-cake as above, in good condition, ‘that is to say :—Cake which is made from clean Decorticated Cotton-seed, and nothing else, is free from mould, and is not otherwise spoiled for feeding purposes, and is equal to the sample furnished by me to the purchaser. Signature of Vendor N.B,—Purchasers are recommended not to buy this Cake except y P by sample. 230 Forms of Guarantee. FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIA L MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. \ As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. UNDECORTICATED COTTON-CAKE. Vendor's Name Address f 7 Quantity ____ , Price per Ton_ q Terms ae Date of Purchase E 5 I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver to of pure Undecorticated Cotton-cake as above, in good condi that is to say :—Cake which is made from clean Undecorticatec Cotton-seed, and nothing else, is free from mould, is not other: wise spoiled for feeding purposes, and is equal to the sampli furnished by me to the purchaser. . ’ Signature of Vendor N.B.— Purchasers are recommended not to_buy this Cake excey by sample, Forms of Guarantee. 231 FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. RICK-MEAL. Vendor's Name 7 Address hk a Ae Quantity: re 7 see Price per Ton __ = TSF Oot Terms PEvd) Bic ti Ae == VAN Date of Purchase I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of pure Rice-Meal, as above, in good condition, that is to say :— Meal that is free from all matters not found in rice, and that is equal to the sample furnished by me to the purchaser. Signature of Vendor__- bd N.B.—Purchasers are recommended not to buy this Meal except by sample. j 232 Forms of Curie FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. BONES OR BONE-DUST. Bones and Bone-dust are usually sold either as raw or green bone, or as boiled bones. The latter is made from bones the gelatine of which has been extracted to a great extent by high pressure steam, and is cheaper than raw bone-dust. Vendor’s Name Address Raw Bones, + inch_ Q iit na Bones, + inch UANTIT? ( J sy Bone-dust Boiled Bones Price per Ti on Terms. Date of Purchase ‘AW OR GREEN“BONES OR BONE-DUST. I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of pure | raw Bones, being } inch, or $ inch, or fine Bone-dust, as above, containing not less than 45 per cent. of tribasic phosphate of lime, and yielding not less than 4 per cent. of ammonia. . Signature of Vendor __ | BOILED BONES. | I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of |B pure boiled Bones, as above, containing not less than 48 per cent. | | of tribasic phosphate of lime, and yielding not less than 1} per cent. of ammonia. Signature of Vendor_ Forms of Guarantee. 233 FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. DISSOLVED BONES. Dissolved bones are made of various qualities, and sold at various prices per ton, and for these reasons the quality should be guaranteed. Vendor’s Name < Ht YR SS Address Quantity 3 ne * Sine eee ll a re = : T Terms -_ Date of Purchase sons I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver, in a sufficiently dry and powdery condition to admit of ready distribution by the drill or for hand-sowing, tons of dissolved bone at per ton, which shall contain— if per cent. of soluble phosphate of lime. 2. per cent. of insoluble phosphate of lime, present entirely _ as boiled or raw bone, and not as bone-ash, coprolites, or other ] mineral phosphates. tps per cent. of nitrogen equal to per cent. of ammonia. In ease of deficiency I agree to allow for each unit per cent. which the dissolved bones are found on analysis to contain less than the guaranteed percentage of soluble phosphate of lime in a fairly drawn sample, taken within three days after the delivery of the bulk :— 1. Of soluble phosphate per ton, 2. Of insoluble phosphate per ton, 3. Of ammonia per ton, Signature of Vendor 'N.B. The sample for analysis should be taken by emptying several bags, mixing the contents together, and filling two mustard tins full in the presence of a witness; both to be sealed, one to be forwarded to for the determination of its constituents, and the second to be kept for reference. ‘ 234 Forms of Guarantee. FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. MINERAL SUPERPHOSPHATES. Purchasers are recommended to buy Mineral Superphosphates: on the basis of a guaranteed percentage of soluble phosphate of lime, at so much per unit per cent. and to attach no value to insoluble phosphates. Vendor's Name Address Price per Ton Terms Date of Purchase. ‘) ) iJ I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver, in a sufficiently — dry and powdery condition to admit of ready distribution by the — drill, or for hand-sowing, tons of Superphosphate of Lime, as — above, which shall contain _ per cent. of soluble phosphate of lime; a deduction of being allowed for every unit per cent. which the superphosphate is found on analysis to contain less than the guaranteed percentage of soluble phosphate of lime in a fairly drawn sample, taken within three days after the delivery of the bulk. » Signature of Vendor N.B.—The sample for analysis should be taken by emptying several bags, mixing the contents together, and filling two mustard tins full in the presence of a witness; both to be sealed, one — to be forwarded to ; for the determination of soluble phosphate, and the second to_ be kept for reference. Forms of Guarantee. 239 FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England, COMPOUND ARTIFICIAL MANURHS. Vendor's Name Address ow Dh) See : gee ale Price per Ton_ feet Terms : ern Date of Purchase I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver, in a sufficiently dry and powdery condition to admit of distribution by the drill, or for hand-sowing, tons of as above, to contain per cent. of soluble phosphates, per cent. of insoluble phosphates, per cent. of nitrogen. In case of deficiency, I agree to allow for each unit per cent. which the manure is found, on analysis, to contain less than the guaranteed percentage of soluble phosphate of lime in a fairly drawn sample, taken within three days after the delivery of the bulk :-— 1. Of soluble phosphates per ton, 2. Of insoluble phosphates per ton, 3. Of ammonia per ton. Signature of Vendor N.B.—The sample for analysis should be taken by emptying several bags, mixing the contents together, and filling two mustard tins full in the presence of a witness ; both to be sealed, one to be forwarded to for the determination of its constituents, and the second to be kept for reference. 236m Forms of Guarantee. FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. NITRATE OF SODA. Vendor's Name. Address Quantity Price per Ton *: See ee eh j (i a a Date of Purchase I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of nitrate of soda, as above, to contain from 94 to 95 per cent. of » pure nitrate. Signature of Vendor Forms of Guarantee. 237 FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultwral Society of England. SULPHATE OF AMMONIA. Vendor's Name Address Quantity Price per Ton _ Terms Date of Purchase ° I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver sulphate of ammonia, as above, to contain not less than 23 per cent. of ammonia. Signature of Vendor 238 Forms of Guarantee. FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. SHODDY. a The quality of shoddy or wool-refuse manure varies greatly, and its value mainly depends upon the amount of nitrogen which a sample contains. Vendor's Name Address Quantity pla Price per Toi. Terms __ Date of Purchase I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver Sie ob Shoddy, as above, in a dry condition, containing per cent. of nitrogen (equal to per cent, of ammonia) at per unit per cent. of ammonia: a deduction of being allowed for every unit per cent. which the Shoddy is found on analysis to contain less than the guaranteed percentage of ammonia in a fairly drawn sample, taken within three days after the delivery of the bulk. Signature of Vendor Forms of Guarantee. ; 239 FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agriculiwral Society of England. PERUVIAN GUANO. Vendor's Name Address Quantity _ Price per Ton Terms Date of Purchase I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of genuine Peruvian Guano, as above, the said Guano to contain per cent. of ammonia, and to be in a dry and friable condition. Signature of Vendor ~ 240 Forms of Guarantee. FORM TO BE SIGNED BY VENDORS OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES AND FEEDING STUFFS. As recommended by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. REFUSE MANURING MATTER. Vendor's Name ih ——— ae big 2, vee Quantity oe ed Pree per Ton Terms Date of Purchase_____ Bre I, the undersigned, hereby guarantee to deliver tons of Manure, as above, the said Manure to contain per cent. of phosphate of lime ; per cent. of nitrogen, equal to per cent. of ammonia; and not more than per cent. of moisture. . Signature of Vendor _ a a ychaorch _ voMaAR sh) THE OHALK AND OVERLYING TERTIARIES ARE NOT SHEWN ON THIS MAP SCALE OF MILES _ 4 2 inchns SE a GEOLOGICAL MAP of the WEALD (Reduced from the Maps of the Geological Survey ) by W.TOPLEY F.G.S INDEX. ALLUVIUM SHINGLE GRAVEL (& LOAM ) UPPER GREENSAND GAULT LOWER GREENSAND WEALD CLAY HASTINGS BEDS NOTE, The prevailing SOILS of | the LOWER CREENSAND and «| HASTINGS BEDS are shewn thus | The SOMS cf the WEALD CLAY and GAULT are CLAYEY. Those of the UPPER GREENSAND are CALCAREOUS SANDS and MARLS | ¥ Dangerfield lith 22,Bedford S* Covent Garden PideOoU R NAL OF THE » ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. | XIl—On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. By WitLIaAM Torrey, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. [With a Map. | INTRODUCTION. Tue following essay is offered as an explanation of the Geology of the Wealden district, so far as it relates to agriculture. Purely geological details are, for the most part, omitted, and no notice is taken of many interesting theoretical questions, for the discus- sion of which the Weald has long been a favourite battle-ground. The map has been reduced from the sheets of the Geological _ Survey, and all details which it is possible to give on so small a scale have been inserted. Some of the subordinate divisions of _ the central area (Hastings Beds), which have been mapped by the Survey, are necessarily in great part omitted ; but the district has been grouped according to the prevailing soil, further refine- ment being impracticable. The general character of the soil _ overlying the Lower Greensand is shown independently of the | geological colouring. , Over a great part of England an ordinary geological map is _ f very little use to the farmer, for there are often widespread | deposits of “drift” which completely cover up the rocks and | determine the soil of the district. This soil may differ widely _ from that of the rock itself; and a map or an essay treating only of the geology proper, and neglecting these drift-soils, might give an altogether false idea of the agricultural features of the district. _ In writing on the Agricultural Geology of the Weald we are _ more fortunate; for not only do the great physical features of the country and their prevailing soils strikingly agree with the geo- logical divisions, as shown on any ordinary map, but the central district, in which the alternations of light and stiff soil are frequent and sudden, has been mapped in great detail by the Geological Survey. Itisa district but little covered by superficial deposits ; S VOL. VIII.—S. s. R 242 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. but these also are shown in all late impressions of the Survey maps, which may therefore be considered as Agricultural maps. The district of the Weald, in its original meaning—that of Wild, Wold, or Wood—comprised only the area below and within the Lower Greensand hills; and where mention is made of the Wealds of Kent, Surrey, or Sussex, this district only is generally referred to. But of late years the term has acquired a more extended meaning, and is now often taken to include all the country within and below the Chalk hills. In this enlarged meaning the term is here used. It is very convenient to have a word embracing the whole of so well-defined a district; and when, hereafter, the word is used in its ancient and more restricted sense, the fact will be sufficiently obvious, The Weald may be described, in general terms, as consisting of a central undulating region of great extent, within which nearly every variety of soil occurs. The beds underlying this tract are the lowest of the series (Hastings Beds); they “dip” or incline outwards in all directions, and pass under the next division or the Weald Clay, which forms a flat country passing all round the Hastings Beds, excepting where it, like all the other divisions, is cut off by the coast line. This clay passes under the Lower Greensand, which is always associated with rising ground, and generally with a steep slope or “escarpment.” The soils on this formation are generally light; it passes under the Gault, which forms a narrow zone of clay underlying the lighter land of the Upper Greensand. The highest bed of the Cretaceous series. is the Chalk, which overlooks the inner country in a fine escarp- ment, passing completely round the district, broken only by narrow valleys through which the rivers escape. The crest of the Chalk escarpment is, in Kent and Surrey, a tolerably uniform flat, varying in height from 500 to nearly 900 feet. In Sussex and Hants it is more varied in outline: the highest point is Butser Hill, south of Petersfield, 882 feet. The Lower Greensand country is generally of much less elevation than the Chalk, but in the western part of Surrey it attains the height of 967 feet at Leith Hill. The highest point of,the central country is Crowborough Beacon, in Ashdown Forest, 808 feet. The following table exhibits the succession of the beds, in descending order, with their thicknesses, &c. :>*— * The thicknesses here given are from the horizontal sections of the Geological Survey and the sources named below. The names of the subdivisions of the Lower Greensand (except the lowest), and of the Hastings Beds (also except the lowest), were given by Mr, F. Drew, of the Geological Survey, and have been adopted on the Survey Maps. ‘Those of the Lower Greensand are taken from places on the Kentish Coast where they are well seen. Those of the Hastings Beds are from localities within the Weald, around which the respective divisions are largely developed.—(See ‘ Memoirs Geol, Survey,’ sheet 4, and ‘ Quart, Journ, Geol. Soc.,’ vol, xvii., p. 271.) 243° On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. ‘auo}sour'y | *aUO}SpuLg *d0}SUOAT “auoyspueg -101] pue ouojsowry] ‘auojsowy | “Mey s.copjpn yy *(au0}s9yx]0J | qe) auo}g - d[eO pue auoyspueg-uosy | *OTOISOATT \ | | ‘SHA * Surpying. out] auo}spueg \ ts ‘quojsoury ‘Avy | pug " keg | ** (erp yita) pueg eRe fs diet ©. " (, BeN,,) £812 | | | on o. ** (9u0}s -duI'T pur pueg jo ou] “(, Javqy,,) eID [speq uryy yy) Avi keg pueg pur ouojsoury "ker Apueg oe - on - on pues SUSEAGEQ VS Na hole oat oe ey ‘seyeqdsoyg | keg ee goo | et vorig puesoyeydsoyg | ‘Apiepy ‘snoaavoyea | ‘Ley pave omy ApepY pue snoaavoyeg IPG | snoareoe9g ‘sjonporg [eanq[nonsy ‘ropoereyo, ose OSé-09T 081-001 00€-0ST 006-00S 09-06 00€~09 08-0 081-08 6006-0¢ 06-0 OOF 009 499g] UL ssouHOTG.L ee oe fee rn a * spag weyumqysy ‘+ pueg UAOpysy BY Avy ysanype Ay pueg sia espraquny, ID ppyroypyy on ee speg om AL "* ** spog oyeSpueg ** —- spagy ou0}sax1[0,7 og ee oe ae ee Lew WIeYD 1oaory qleyO reddy ** ©" spag sdunsepy & oe oe Avi preom ** puPpsuddaly) IOMO'T ae ee ee qyaep "* puvsmeary soddq ee ee ae eID (oo 244 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. The chief characteristic of the climate of the district is an excessive rainfall, This is partly attributable to the height of the country, and partly to its proximity to the southern coast, which has a rainfall varying from 40 inches in Cornwall and Devon, decreasing eastwards to 30 inches in Hants, and 29 inches at Hastings. Inland, however, it increases; for at Uckfield it is 33 inches, and at Selborne 34 inches. Uckfield is on the southern slope of the central region, at about 130 feet above the sea, and distant about seven miles from the high South Downs, there being no high land intervening: it is therefore well exposed to the rainy winds. Selborne, though sheltered by the Chalk hills, lies higher—whence, no doubt, its greater rainfall. The rainfall at Chichester is 29 inches, the same as at Hastings. At Cobham, in the north of Surrey, 24 inches ; and at Canterbury 27 inches. The great corn district of England, extending through the vale of York southwards, by the Eastern-Midland counties towards the valley of the Severn, has a fall varying from 20 to 24 inches. The Severn plain, extending from Gloucester northwards by Shrewsbury, is mostly under 30 inches.* It will thus be seen that, as far as rainfall is concerned, the Weald is less favourably situated than the typical wheat districts. Probably if more woodland were Cleared the rainfall would be less. CHALK. Of this formation but a small area belongs to the district under consideration,—only the face of the escarpment. This is every- where in grass, except a few places of very limited extent, where wood occurs. Box often grows on the face of the escarpment, whence the names Box Hill and Boxley ; ; there is also a good deal of Juniper and Yew; but Beech is the tree which especially characterises the chalk. Arable land extends upwards from the Upper Greensand terrace as far as the slope of the ground will permit; but the middle and upper parts of the escarpment are too steep for the plough, sometimes as much as 30°, and are left as sheepwalks. The most productive soil is formed by the lowest or marly chalk, and this is always under the plough. The least pro- ductive is that of the ‘ chalk-without-flints,” and this, on the escarpment, is necessarily in grass, theo ‘beyond the escarp- | * These numbers, the mean of the years 1860-65, are taken from Mr. Symons’ “ Rain : How it is Measured,” 1867, p. 52. Mr. Symons, as the result of numerous calculations, considers that the mean of these six years agrees very closély with the mean of the forty years 1810-49, On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 245 ment, where exposed on the side of valleys, it is generally arable: land. Large quantities of chalk are dug from the lower beds for lime-burning. All round the Weald, at intervals, there are huge excavations in the hill-sides, from whence chalk for this purpose is or has been taken. Chalk for “chalking” is generally got from the upper beds with flints. The deposits upon the chalk are not shown on the map, and do not come within the Wealden area ; to which the escarpment is a well-defined boundary. They may, however, be briefly described. The most abundant is a stiff, red or black clay, con- taining large quantities of flints, often entire, or, if broken, never at all rounded or waterworn. ‘This is called by geologists, ** clay-with-flints ;” it is probably a result of the decomposition of the chalk, and not. a “deposit.” It is an exceedingly stiff, adhesive clay, very difficult to work. The thickness is very variable, and it generally rests upon an uneven surface of the chalk, having been let down into “ pipes ” or “ pot-holes.” This occurs all along the North Downs from the coast to the neigh- bourhood of Guildford. It occurs again in Hants, but in a less continuous manner than in Kent. Only small areas of the Sussex chalk are thus covered, There are patches of sand, making a light soil, on the Downs near Folkestone, and as far west as the River Stour, beyond which the sand chiefly occurs in “ pipes,” and scarcely influences the soil. Still further west, near Guildford, there are deposits of flint-gravel, which make a light and barren soil. Water is scarce on the chalk. The wells are deep, being often sunk 200 or 300 feet before reaching the water-level. Rain- water is therefore carefully stored, and puddled ponds are made at various points on the farms. ‘There are frequently strong springs at the base of the escarpment. The valleys which begin near the top of the escarpment and flow outwards, are nearly always dry for the first few miles of their course, and often for much longer distances. After very wet seasons, when the water-level rises in the chalk, streams run for a time in some of the deepest of these valleys ; such incon- stant streams are called ‘‘ Nailbourns ” in Kent, “ Winterbourns ” in Dorset and Hampshire, and “ Gipsies” in Yorkshire. At the bottom of these “dry valleys” there is a bed of flints, often of considerable thickness, intermixed with a chalky loam. This forms an excellent soil, although, to one walking over the field, it appears little but flints. The flints are rarely picked off the field, this being found to impoverish the land ; they probably not only afford shade to the young plants, but serve to increase 246 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. the bulk of the soil, so that roots can penetrate to a greater depth, in good soil, than without them.* Not much of the Kentish Chalk is unenclosed, but very large areas of the Sussex Chalk are in open “ Downs.” This difference is owing to the greater quantity of superficial covering in Kent than in Sussex. Mushrooms grow in great quantities on the Sussex Downs, and it is on record that the produce of a field of 11 acres sold one summer for 251. Uprer GREENSAND. On the coast at Folkestone this formation is seen to consist of a greenish sand, calcareous or clayey as it approaches the Chalk above or the Gault below. Its thickness is about 20 feet, but inland it rapidly thins away in a mile or two, and is represented only by some green grains at the base of the chalk. There are no hard beds of firestone at Folkestone. In Surrey the Upper Greensand becomes important, and forms a well-marked terrace at the foot of the Chalk escarpment; and from thence, all round the Weald, to the coast at Eastbourne, it has the same general characters. In Surrey it consists of three divisions :—At the top, just below the lowest marly chalk, is a greenish marly sand with phosphatic nodules ; below this comes a siliceous rock of various degrees of hardness and thickness; the harder beds are known as “ fire- stone.” It is this division which yields a high percentage of soluble silica. Sometimes there are hard beds of blue lime- stone, which are quarried for building stone. Below this is a greyish marl or clay, resting upon and passing into the blue clay of the Gault, with which, perhaps, it might be classed, for there is no strong natural line between Upper Greensand and Gault. The divisions of the Upper Greensand, as they exist near Farnham, have been already described in this Journal by Messrs. Way and Paine.t The silica which occurs in a soluble * “So thick is the flint-drift, spread like a coverlet on a bed of chalk, in some of the dry hollows, that cultivation would seem as little profitable theré as on the shingle of a sea-beach. But you are re-assured when told of the costly experience of a new-comer, who, having picked off the flints and carted them away, and thereby lost his crops, acknowledged his error by restoring them, as shelter against March winds, protection against summer suns, and warmth against winter frosts.” —Dickenson’s Farming of Hampshire (‘ Journ. Roy. Agr. Sot.,’ vol. xxii., p. 253). x t+ M. A. Lower. “The South Downs.” ‘ Contributions to Literature,’ p. 154. + ‘On the Silica Strata of the Lower Chalk,’ vol. xiv., p. 225. This, and two other papers in the Society’s Journal by the same authors, must be read by all who would study the Agricultural Geology of the Upper Cretaceous Beds ; parti- cularly those of the neighbourhood of Farnham. (See ‘ On the Phosphoric Strata On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 247 State* varies from 2 to 75 per cent. “Those beds which contain a high percentage of silica are, when dry, remarkably light, of a fawn or reddish yellow colour, and very soft, except in some instances where the silica is associated with carbonate of lime. . .” The persistency of this soluble silica over large areas upon the same geological horizon is very remarkable. Messrs. Way and Paine examined the Upper Greensand of the Isle of Wight, and there found soluble silica, though to a less extent than at Farnham. They quote an analysis, by M. Sauvage, of the Upper Greensand at Ardennes, where the bed contains 56 per cent. An analysis recently published of the same bed, in the Pays de Bray, gives 50 per cent. of soluble silica.} The outcropping of this stratum is everywhere characterised by great fertility, and is especially remarkable for the excellence of its wheat and hops. Large quantities of the siliceous rock have been dug as manure.’ The terrace formed by the Upper Greensand is particularly well marked in Hants and West Sussex. Besides the papers by Messrs. Way and Paine, this district has been described in the ‘ Report on Surrey,’ by Mr. H. Ever- shed,{ and in that on Hants by the Rev. T. Wilkinson.§ It is therefore unnecessary to go again over ground which is already familiar to readers of this Journal. THe GAULT. This division exhibits less variety in its character than any other, excepting perhaps the Chalk. I+ consists everywhere of a blue or black clay, which weathers brown, and is occasionally dug for tiles. Its soil, known as “black land,” is always stiff and hard to plough, but when drained it makes excellent land ; perhaps as good as any in the South of England, except the Upper Greensand. At present a large proportion of it is in pasture. The middle portion is most productive; it contains the greatest percentage of carbonate of lime, and is, in fact, a marl. Atthe base, and resting immediately on the Lower Greensand, is a phosphatic layer, which is remarkably persistent throughout of the Chalk Formation,’ vol. ix., p. 56; and ‘The Chemical and Agricultural Characters of the Chalk Formation,’ vol. xii., p. 544.) These three papers, taken together, are certainly the ablest contribution to Agricultural and Chemical Geology that have appeared in England. _* That is, soluble only very slightly in water, but largely so in alkaline solu- tions. + Lapparent. ‘ Bull. Soc. Géol. de France,’ ser, 2, tom. xxiv., p. 230. { ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. xiv., p. 406. Ibid,, vol, xxii., p. 254. An excellent description of the Chalk area of Hants (applying also to that of West Sussex) is given in this report, 248 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. the district. The phosphate of lime occurs as nodules in a loose ferruginous matrix. Fossils are abundant; they are generally in fragments, and are always phosphatic. This bed is of smal} thickness, rarely exceeding a foot ; but occasionally other thin layers occur, and sometimes there are loose nodules in the sand just below. When exposed to the weather, this layer hardens and holds up water. The lower part of the Gault when undrained, and with the crust unbroken, is said to be often wet and poor from this cause. The Middle Gault, from the quantity of carbonate of lime it contains, is best adapted for manure. It is sometimes dug for this purpose, chiefly so in West Surrey and Hants, where it is applied to light land with great success. This stratum, and the top layer of the Upper Greensand, are the only beds occurring in the Weald to which the term ‘‘ marl” can fairly be applied. The “chalk-marl” is a calcareous rock containing some clay, and the so-called ‘marls” of the Wealden are simply shales, with very little, if any, lime. The Gault is but little covered with drift, and chiefly so where crossed by the rivers, just before they pierce the Chalk escarpment. The largest area thus covered is on the River Stour, to the north of Ashford. The gravels of the Wey, near Farnham ; of the Darent, north of Sevenoaks ; and of the Arun, at Hardham, also overlie Gault clay. On the north of Maid- stone, besides the ordinary river-gravel of the Medway, there is a covering, some 12 feet or more thick in places, of chalky wash, containing some flints. It forms a marly soil less stiff than the Gault itself. Perhaps there is occasionally some wash resembling this at the foot of the Chalk escarpment in other places, but it certainly is not common, and cannot anywhere be of great extent. In Surrey, from about Wotton, westwards, the dip of the beds is high and the Gault thin, so that little is seen of it. On the borders of Hants, at the north-west corner of the Weald, is spreads over a considerable area at Alice Holt Wood, the soil of which is a wet yellow clay containing some flints. Here is the greatest elevation attained by the Gault in the Wealden area. Lower GREENSAND. This formation offers in every respect a marked contrast to that last described. It always rises up from beneath the Gault valley and forms hilly ground, often attaining to a great height. It varies very much in composition, and, consequently, in agricultural character. Generally it consists of four subdivisions, as is the case in Kent, East Surrey, and West Sussex. In West On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 249 Surrey, although the formation is largely developed, its divisions are less sharply marked ; and in East Sussex the whole formation is thin and more uniform in character. The lowest division, or Atherfield Clay, may be _ briefly dismissed. Lithologically it should be classed with the Weald Clay on which it immediately rests, but its fossil contents have caused it to be separated therefrom by geologists. It is a stiff clay, generally brown, and sometimes containing limestone beds. Its thickness is variable, and cannot always be determined, but it mever occupies much ground. It crops out everywhere, towards the lower part of the Lower Greensand escarpment excepting in East Sussex, where, as already mentioned, the whole formation is thin, It is sometimes reached in valleys within the Lower Greensand area, and then always throws out strong springs—as at Loose and Leeds Abbey in Kent—and in many valleys of the Leith Hill district. The land described in the following extract from Mr. G. Buckland’s Report is that occupied by Atherfield Clay. “There is a very narrow belt of Jand running along the escarpment of the rag-stone, provincially called Coomb (the débris of the Greensand, connecting it with the Weald Clay below), which, although of a very heavy and adhesive texture, is astonishingly productive in hops, fruit, and grain. This land is sometimes so wet and stiff as to set the operations of ploughing at defiance ; draining it, however, will materially alter its character, and this method of improvement is being extensively practised. The natural fertility of this soil is owing to its happy mineral composition and the large amount of calcareous matter it contains.” * In the map accompanying this paper the Atherfield Clay is classed with the Weald Clay; its soil differing totally from the Lower Greensand divisions above it. It has just been remarked, that the Lower Greensand varies much in its character; this is especially true of the second and third subdivisions, or rather of the third (Hythe Beds); the Sandgate Beds, though somewhat variable, give generally a wet soil compared with the divisions adjoining; but for several miles they do not occur, or are so thin as to make but little show at the surface. The topand bottom divisions of the Lower Greensand exhibit the least variation in character, but the bottom bed (Atherfield Clay) is perhaps not always present. The top division (Folkestone Beds) is tolerably constant in character, and always gives a very light soil. It consists of ae Farming of Kent.” Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, vol. vi., p- 279. 1846. 250 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. loose sand, generally light in colour, but sometimes red; as at Redhill. At Folkestone, and for a few miles westwards, it contains beds of a hard calcareous sandstone, and much of the sand itself is somewhat calcareous. To this cause is probably owing the superior fertility of the land overlying this division between Ashford and Folkestone. To the west of Ashford there are, at intervals, commons and heaths on this bed, and here the calcareous sand and sandstone are absent. This light land might be vastly improved by marling from the Middle Gault, in which there is much carbonate of lime. The outcrop in Kent varies in breadth from one-third of-a mile to one mile; rarely exceeding the latter, excepting on the border of the Medway, south of Snodland, where it is two miles broad. It again makes a wider spread than usual on the south of Merstham, from whence to its great development in West Surrey its outcrop is narrowed. A large “outlier” occurs on the south-east of Guildford, forming the high land of Black- heath, and Farley Heath. The largest and least fertile area formed by these sands is that on the south and south-east of Farnham, where above 30 square miles of them were formerly chiefly in common and heath, and a large part of which is still uninclosed. The heath land of the Folkestone Beds is here not plainly marked off from the almost equally sterile land of the Hythe Beds. ‘The total area occupied by Lower Greensand west of Guildford, south of the Hog’s Back -and including Woolmer Forest, is over 130 square miles. The most noticeable product of this upper division is a very hard, dark red, or brown ferruginous sandstone, occurring chiefly in irregular veins and beds throughout the sand. It is much used for road stone and rough paving. The Folkestone Beds retain pretty much the same character in Hants and Sussex, and are marked throughout their whole extent by heaths and commons. The Sandgate Beds form generally a depression between the harder divisions above and below. As a whole they are clayey, and generally form wet springy ground which requires drainage. But they are not stiff in the sense that the Gault or Weald Clay are so. Compared with these the ground of the Sandgate Beds would be, generally, only a stiffish loam. There are in places small areas of stiffer soil; but there are, on the other hand, larger areas which are at most only loamy sands. Fuller’s Earth has been got from these beds in the neigh- bourhood of Nutfield for a great length of time. It is here most largely developed, but also occurs, and was formerly worked, near Maidstone. Traces of this division are seen more or less throughout the Greensand range of Kent, but it is only ¢ = On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 251 drawn on the map for a few miles west of Ashford, beyond which its outcrop will be the boundary line between the Folke- stone and Hythe Beds. Hythe Beds.—This division is in every respect the most important of the Lower Greensand series. It occupies the largest area, forms the most fertile soil, and yields more valuable economic products than any other. Throughout Kent it consists of beds of Limestone (Kentish Rag), and a calcareous sand or soft sandstone, known as “ has- sock.” The former is very largely dug as a building stone, and also for roads. The famous district of Mid-Kent owes the chief © part of its fertility to soils overlying this division, which occu- pies a large area on the south of Maidstone, but narrows to the east and west. The soil formed by its decomposition is stony, containing fragments of rag, and, occasionally, pieces of chert— a hard siliceous rock, which occurs in thin beds, but chiefly so to the west of Maidstone. The soil is, of course, naturally drained, and the Kentish Rag country would be as destitute of surface water as the Chalk, if it were not that many of the valleys reach down to the Atherfield Clay, which always throws out copious springs. The hop gardens of the Maidstone district are almost all on the ragstone soil, with occasionally a thin covering of gravel and loam. The Hythe Beds, forming the highest land of the Greensand area, are not usually much covered by gravels, and to this rule Maidstone is no exception. There are, however, in that district large deposits of brick-earth, which are not spread out over the surface in the same manner as the brick- earth overlying the Weald Clay, but occur in long “ pipes” of great dimensions. Some are known to be 50 feet deep, and a quarter of a mile long ; the widest is 50 yards across. These enormous gaps in the ragstone are filled with loam, which some- times contains a little gravel, but almost the whole contents are available for brick-making. Probably the loam from such “pipes” getting spread over the surface of the adjoining rag, adds to its fertility ; otherwise it is difficult to account for the great superiority of the soil in the Maidstone district. Farther east, between the Medway and the coast, the mineral character of the rocks is much the same as at Maidstone; but there the brick-earth pipes are absent, and the soil, though still of good quality, is less productive than that on the banks of the edway. It is not maintained that the brick-earth alone makes this highly productive soil, but that its admixture with the rag- stone soil probably has a fertilising effect. Great deposits of brick-earth overlie the Weald Clay around Hadlow, but the soil . 252 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. is of less value than that of the ragstone hills, and the hops grown are, generally, of a coarser quality. The most noticeable products of the ragstone districts are hops and fruit; very large quantities of the former are grown between Maidstone and Yalding, especially in the parish of East Farleigh. There was, some years back, a largish area of ragstone country unenclosed (Cox Heath), near the crest of the escarpment, south of Maidstone. It is somewhat remark- able that so much land on a ragstone soil should have been allowed to lie waste so long. I am not aware that any brick- earth occurs near there. On the west of the Medway there are some very large woods on the higher ground of the Hy the Beds (East Malling, Mere- worth, and Great Comp Woods). Over a part of this land a sticky sort of “gravel” occurs, forming a wetter soil than the simple ragstone. It is composed of angular pieces of chert mixed with a reddish loamy clay, and seems to represent the “clay-with-flints” of the Chalk country. Probably both are formed in the same manner: by the gradual dissolving away of the limestone by rain-water, leaving the clayey particles and the undissolved chert. This stuff, locally mistermed “ gravel,” is sometimes dug for garden paths, &c. The Lower Greensand country is of no great height on the east of the Medway, although the escarpment is a striking feature rising from the low and flat Weald Clay plain. On the west of the Medway it rises to a height of 550 feet in Great Comp Wood ; there is then a fall into the valley east of Plaxtole, beyond which the escarpment has a general westerly rise; some half- a-dozen points on the west of Sevenoaks attaining a height of 700 feet. The summit (810 feet) is on the south of Brasted, half a mile north of Bardolves Farm; this is one of the very few places in which the Greensand escarpment attains as great a height as that of the neighbouring Chalk.* The porosity of the Kentish Rag gives great facilities for draining retentive soils above it, as the following account of a farm at Sevenoaks will show. “ Owing to the greater part of the farm being naturally dry, very little draining has been re- quired, but that little has been effected by the following rather ingenious method: wells have been sunk to the depth of from 20 to 30 feet, at which distance from the surface the Kentish * The highest point reached by the Chalk in Kent is within half a mile of the county boundary, just east of Betsoms Hill Farm, north of Westerham, and nearly opposite the highest point of Lower Greensand; the summits differing by only two feet—a remarkable coincidence. The highest point of the North Downs is a little east of Flint House, hear Woldingham, Surrey, and just three miles west of Betsoms Hill Farm ; this is 876 feet. On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. » 253 Rag, as it is called, or stone, is usually found. These wells re- ceive the water from the different drains which empty into them, and’as the Kentish Rag is of great extent and thickness, and very porous, the wells are capable of receiving any quantity of water which may issue from the drains. Part of Knole Park has been drained upon the same principle, and could have been drained in no other way without a very great expense, as from the formation of the surface much difficulty would have been found in obtaining a fall. The wells are arched over at top, or filled up with stones, so that a stranger walking over the farm would not be aware that any draining had been accomplished.” * This power of taking away water is possessed by all porous rocks, especially limestones, that are not themselves saturated ; and is frequently made use of ina similar manner to that just described. Water on clayey land over chalk may always be readily discharged, at any point, by such means. In Hertford- shire chalk is got by sinking shallow pits through the clay in various parts of the field, and these pits are afterwards used as outlets for drains. From near the borders of Surrey, westwards, an important change occurs in the composition of the Hythe Beds. The Kentish Rag is gradually lost, and the division assumes the sandy character which distinguishes it in West Surrey. Be- tween Limpsfield and Dorking its outcrop is narrowed; the ground is of moderate elevation, only a few places attaining to 500 feet, and the highest being under 600 feet. Immediately on the west of Dorking the character of the country changes. The Lower Greensand escarpment shoots suddenly out for three miles beyond its general line east of that place, and forms the lofty range of hills, of which Leith Hill is the summit (967 feet).{ This district is highly picturesque, and is deeply furrowed by narrow valleys which, commencing near the crest of the escarpment, run northward, and reach down to the Atherfield and Weald Clay: hence they are plen- tifully supplied with water. The northern half of the area is cultivated, but the higher land, near the escarpment, is mostly either in open common or woodland. The ground'sinks towards the valley through which the southern branch of the River Wey escapes, but rises again rapidly to the high land of Hascombe and Hambledon. This valley forms the line of communication * “Account of Hall Farm, near Sevenoaks, Kent.” ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. viii., p. 34. + This and some other heights given in this paper do not agree with those generally taken for the points mentioned. They are, however, more correct, being the result of recent observations by the Ordnance Survey. All are calculated from mean sea level. 254 ~ On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. between Guildford and the Weald; through it run the Surrey and Sussex Canal, the railway from Guildford to Horsham, and the turnpike-road from Guildford ; the last divides into two on reaching the open Weald Clay country. Over the lower country, near the Wey, about Godalming, there is a good deal of fertile loamy land on the Hythe Beds, but the southern and higher portion still retains its sterile character. This sterility reaches its maximum on the high-land of Hindhead, the summit of which is 894 feet. Here there is little but fern, furze, and heath, with some plantations. A farmer, looking merely to the apparent value of the soil, might be inclined to share Cobbett’s opinion of these “rascally heaths.” To Hindhead he had a very strong aversion, declaring it to be “certainly the most villainous spot that God ever made. Our ancestors do, indeed, seem to have ascribed its formation to another power ; for the most celebrated part of it is called the ‘ Devil’s Punch Bowl.’” * Although these heaths are, for agricultural purposes, of smal] account, yet for wild beauty they are unequalled by any district within easy reach of London. Very extensive views are obtained from high points near the crest of the escarpment, which, being of greater height than the Chalk escarpment, allows the entire width of the valley of the Thames to be seen. The view from Leith Hill embraces at least eleven counties, and extends as far north as Dunstable Downs, forty-nine miles distant in a direct line. In tracing the Hythe Beds southward towards Petersfield, and then eastward through Sussex, the character of the land remains for awhile much the same. The lower part of the division, that which occurs nearest the escarpment and forms the highest ground, is least productive; the subsoil is chiefly of sand and sandstone. Towards Petworth, however, the beds become slightly more calcareous, and, apparently in consequence thereof, the land more fertile. Thus, whilst the upper sands, or Folkestone Beds, still retain their partially sterile character, the lower division improves in an easterly direction. Just: west of the river Adur the Greensand country ‘makes a curious recession towards the Chalk, the shape of which will be best understood by referring to the map, remembering that the Weald Clay forms low ground, and that the Lower Greensand is characterized by hills, which are here of less height than usual. / From near the London and Brighton Railway, eastward, the * «Rural Rides.’ 1830, p. 66. This volume contains a great deal of informa- tion concerning the agriculture of the Weald. On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 255 Lower Greensand loses its marks of division, and with this its hilly character ; so that in looking from the Weald towards the Chalk there is no marked feature of the ground, It still, however, has a slight rise from the clayey beds on either side. This light land averages somewhat over half-a-mile in breadth, spreading more widely at Chalvington and Selmeston. It is here a soft sand, yellowish and greenish, and forms a good soil. Before leaving the Lower Greensand it may be well to say a few words on its water-bearing qualities. Setting aside the Atherfield Clay, which, as regards such questions, must be ranked with the underlying Weald Clay, we find that, with the exception of the inconstant middle division, the beds are highly porous and absorbent. The greater part of the rain falling on them sinks underground, and is thrown out as springs along the face of the escarpment, or in those valleys which either reach down to the clay or touch the line of saturation. Hence, with few exceptions, due to local causes, water may readily be got by wells. The great abundance of the springs in the Hindhead and Leith Hill district, and the purity and softness of their waters, have led to proposals for partially supplying London from this source. Many analyses of the waters have been made: and the following are selected from those by Professors Graham, Miller, and Hofmann.* The Punch Springs a 1 rita Bowl, near Barford the Mores : Epeemere | Soeeamal | milena: |i Goris : Grains in an Imperial Gallon. Carbonate of Lime .. di | ze 2°39 “31 Sulphate of Lime 0°86 0°59 0°40 2°48 Silicate of Lime.. 0°45 1°00 se 17, Silicate of Magnesia af -f 0°30 5 Se Carbonate of Magnesia trace. fs 0°27 0°60 Chloride of Sodium .. 0°87 0°74 0°94 1°40 Sulphate of Soda 2 0°44 0°04 a 0°22 Chloride of Potassium .. .. .e Bie 0°08 be Sulphate of Potassa .. : 0°40 0:09 0:20 0°77 RICH 5. cw 0°93 0°10 0°72 oe Tron, Alumina, and Phosphates 30 0-02 0°98 0°08 Organic matter .. ato 1°24 1°30 1°05 0°95 aj ke) 4°18 6°08 15°98 Solid residue ahaa on evapo- : he. 4 ; Tialdage P é 5°17 4°34‘ 5°65 15°75 Free Carbonic Acid . ck trace. trace. trace. trace. Hardness .. .. 1°86 2°45 2°70 10°8 It will cause no surprise that rocks which yield so small a * Parl, Reports, 1851, and ‘ Quart. Jour. Chem. Soe.,’ vol. iv., p. 375. ‘ 256 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. quantity of soluble matter to water flowing through them should produce a barren soil. The spring at Gosford House, which contains the most, is comparatively pure. The springs are deep-seated, the temperature of the water varying from 50° to 52° Fahr., and on this account (viz., their warmth in winter) they would be available for irrigation; but the quantity of mineral matter is small for this purpose, that at Gosford House would probably be of most service. The value of hard water from chalk springs is well known in irrigation; that from the Kentish Rag is also good. The fertilizing agent here is probably bi-carbonate of lime, but it does not appear that success in irrigation always depends upon the quantity of lime contained in the water. The question requires further research, and few subjects touching alike Agriculture, Chemistry, and Geology give greater promise of interesting results. The investigation, to be complete, should include analyses of rock formations, their overlying soils, and water issuing therefrom, whether as springs from the former or by drains from the latter; together with the effect of such water on soils of known composition. Prof. Way’s experiments on ‘‘The Composition of the Waters of Land-Drainage and of Rain” * were in great part made upon water from Farnham, supplied by Mr. J. M. Paine. The fields were chiefly in Gault clay or on gravel over Gault. WEALD CILAY. This formation, though occupying a Jarge area, presents few points of interest. Nearly always it forms a flat plain, through which the rivers wind in broad alluvial flats. From the small amount of fall which the rivers have in traversing it, they are subject to strong floods. This is especially the case with the Teise, an eastern tributary of the Medway. The soil of the Weald Clay proper is a stiff yellowish clay, very poor in places, but generally, like most other clays, capable of great improvement. In places there are lines of lighter soil caused by the outcropping of thin beds of sand, but they are not of great extent and do not affect the general character of the district, which is stiff /and, excepting where overlain by alluvial loams and gravels. These sand beds, however, are important in pro- viding water through the district. Wells sunk to catch a sand bed are often “artesian,” the water rising to or near the surface. This is owing to the dip of the beds: if the outcrop of the water- * ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. xvii., p, 123. Professor Way also employed Mr. Paine’s soils in some of his researches upon the absorp- tive properties of soils. They were taken from the Gault, London Clay, and Gravel. See vol. xv., p. 495. On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 257 bearing bed is as high as the well the water will rise near the surface, unless interfered with by faults, or by streams cutting down into the strata, and so lowering the water-level. This general principle is applicable to all districts in which alterna- tions of porous and retentive beds occur with a regular dip. Besides the sand beds, there are layers of limestone full of shells, known indifferently as Sussex, Petworth, or Bethersden marble. This stone was formerly often dug for ornamental purposes, and has been much used in church architecture. The fine tower of Tenterden Church (“Tenterden steeple” of the legend) is built of it. It is also used as pavement in the choir of Canterbury Cathedral. At present it is occasionally got for road-stones. I am not aware that it is ever now burnt for lime; chalk-lime being universally in use throughout the Weald. To one other purpose it is applied —in forming paved paths by the sides of the roads in clay dis- tricts. Formerly these were the only channels of communication between places in winter ; the roads were often impassable, and goods were carried on pack-horses along the paths. In the clay districts of the Hastings Beds slabs of calcareous sandstone are often used for this purpose; and a somewhat similar bed, known as “ Horsham Stone,” is thus used around Horsham. | Strange tales are told by old writers of the state of the Wealden roads. We read, not without slight incredulity, of heavy oak- timber being years performing the journey from the interior of the country to the river at Tunbridge. Macaulay adduces this district as an example of the bad state of inland communication, and relates that Prince George of Denmark, when journeying to Petworth in wet weather, ‘‘ was six hours in going nine miles; and it was necessary that a body of sturdy hinds should be on each side of his coach, in order to prop it. Of the carriages which conveyed his retinue several were upset and injured. A letter from one of his gentlemen-in-waiting has been preserved, in which the unfortunate courtier complains that, during fourteen hours, he never once alighted, except when his coach was over- turned or stuck fast in the mud.”* More amusing, if less authentic, is the tradition which tells of Henry VIII. getting mired on the road to Hever, when visiting Anne Boleyn. The bad state of the Wealden roads in olden times was partly due to the heavy traffic to and from the ironworks, of which there Were many in Kent and Surrey, but far more in Sussex. So great a nuisance had this traffic become, that Acts were passed in Elizabeth’s reign, providing that all who used the roads for this purpose should carry materials for repairing the highways. Suitable stuff for road-mending was then hard to get, there * «History of England,’ vol.i., p. 373 (of 12th edition). VOL. VIII.—S. S. S ?| “258 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. being but little of any value in the Weald. Now, chalk-flints and flint-gravel are largely used; whilst near the coast, and in districts near the Rother, shingle is taken from the shore in large quantities. The old slag heaps of the ironworks afford excellent road material, but the quantity is small. Wherever limestone- beds occur they are sought after and dug for roadstone, but when used alone the roads are dusty in summer and soft in winter. Flints, either alone or mixed with other material, form the best roads. It is important that the flints should never be used fresh from the chalk-pits ; they are then brittle and far less serviceable than when suffered to lie and weather for a few years, by which means they acquire “toughness.” ‘The very best flints are those picked off the fields. Very many cross-roads in the Weald, and still more of the farm-roads, are simply mended with soft sand- stone—the hardest that the neighbourhood affords, no doubt, but quite useless for the purpose. To return to the Weald Clay. While stiffness and flatness are its prevailing characters, there are parts that are fairly hilly and others which afford lighter soils. Both chiefly occur where the clay is overspread with gravel. Some land north of Tunbridge is undulating, the higher ground being capped by gravel. East of Tunbridge occurs the great spread of loam, which produces the hop-soil for which the district is celebrated. Sometimes there are beds of fine gravel, but the greater part isa rich loam, yielding a soil of great depth.* Of superficial beds covering the Weald Clay, those of the Medway are the most important, whilst the Mole and Wey have considerable areas thus covered. Of old alluvia of the River Stour, only small and unimportant patches remain on the Weald Clay. Those’ of the southern rivers seem to be less important than similar deposits in the north of the Weald. ; Over many parts of the Weald Clay the gravel occurs in hard masses, cemented by iron. These are locally known as ‘‘ rag- stone ;” and one occasionally hears of ‘‘ ragstone soil.” It is im portant to bear in mind that this in no way resembles the ragston¢ soil of the Maidstone district. .) Hastines Beps. Most people who are personally unacquainted with the Wealc have an idea that it is all, or chiefly, a stiff soil. This is true 0 the Weald Clay flat, but not of the inner and upland country, o * The hop gardens of Hadlow are commonly described as-on Weald Clay, an so they are according to most geological maps; but, in fact, the majority hay nothing to do with Weald Clay, being separated therefrom by many feet of grave and brick earth, On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 259 which we have now to speak. Considerably more than half is light land. Indeed the name until lately used for the rocks of the district has been “ Hastings Sands.” ‘This was misleading, as they contain somewhat thick beds of elay. Another erroneous notion, commonly held, is that the Weald is a valley; we frequently read of the “ Valley of the Weald.” Again, this is true of the Weald Clay, but wholly false if the term “ Weald” includes, as of course it does, the central]. area. Wherever the Hastings Beds crop out from under the Weald Clay, they do so with gently rising ground, not a steep slope. This rise continues towards the centre of the country until the ground attains heights considerably over the average elevation of the Lower Greensand. The chief points are Crowborough Beacon, $03 feet ; Brightling Down, 636 feet ; Fairlight Down, 589 feet ; ‘all in Sussex. Goudhurst, 487 feet, in Kent. These points are all on sand. Commencing our survey of the district at its western end, we should note that on the ground coloured as Weald Clay around Horsham there is more light land than is usual over that division. This is owing to the outcropping of the ‘‘ Horsham Stone.” But although the soil is light where this stone forms the actual surface, yet the area over which this bed occurs is perhaps more wet than dry. It has, therefore, been included in Weald Clay on the map. On the large sheets of the Geological Survey it is shown by a distinct colour, the whole being included in Weald Clay. Immediately to the east of Horsham the light land sets in, widening in area eastwards, and occupying the whole of St. Leonards Forest; unless some of the deep “gills”? * reach down to the lower clays. This “ forest” still deserves its name, much timber remaining init. The ground is high, compared with the neighbouring Weald Clay, but much less so than in the country further east. Over Ashdown Forest the land is nearly all light. The little of the original forest which remains is chiefly in the steep-sided gills. Over the higher land are some modern plantations, some of which are in circular clumps and are visible for many miles. A great deal of this land still remains unenclosed. The soil is very poor and the situation bleak. A considerable area of this forest is over 500 feet in height, whilst the highest point of the Weald (Crowborough Beacon, 803 feet) occurs within its boundary. The next important spread of sandy land is that around Cross- _ in-hand, Heathfield, and Brightling. Here also there is much * This word is quite characteritics of the Weald, and denotes a steep-sided wooded valley. I am not aware that it is used in the neighbouring Greensand district. It isin common use in parts of Yorkshire and the northern counties, s 2 260 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. land unenclosed, but far less than on Ashdown Forest. The soils of both areas are much alike. The fourth great sandy area is that along the borders of Kent and Sussex, south-east of Tunbridge Wells, separated by a band of clay country from the light land, also of considerable extent, north of Cranbrook. The greater part of this area, however, is very different in character from the Ashdown and Heathfield districts. The land, though still light, is of much better quality. In the absence of analyses of rocks and soils from these different districts, there appears no sufficient reason for such variations. It is true, the sands belong to different horizons of the series; those of Heathfield and Ashdown Forest are the “ Ashdown sands,” as are also the comparatively sterile lands of Fairlight, near Hastings. The light land around Cranbrook is almost entirely composed of Tunbridge Wells sand—the uppermost member of the Hastings Beds. But there is a great similarity between these beds, and no one, even when most minutely acquainted with the country, could possibly tell from inspecting a quarry or sand-pit to which horizon the bed exposed therein should be referred. ‘There may be, and often are, quite local characters which are of service to a geologist in mapping the country; but I am not aware of any well-defined character by which the Tunbridge Wells sands can, as a whole, be distinguished from the Ashdown sands. Possibly the chief cause of the difference is height above the sea. The sterility of the Sussex sands has been ascribed to the iron they contain; but I doubt whether the most sterile soils are more ferruginous than others. ‘ The character which most distinguishes the Wealden sands and sandstones is their extreme fineness. We rarely meet with sands as coarse and sharp as those of the Lower Greensand. The coarser sands generally occur as rock-beds, such as are well known in the neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells. This fine state of division makes it less easy for water to pass through the sands, and they, therefore, have, when wet, some of the charac- ters of clay. Rushes very frequently grow in abundance over land in which analysis would show but a small quantity of clay ; but there is often more clayey matter, not making the land in any sense stiff, but only a sandy loam, and this, together with the fineness of the sand, gives the land over it a very wet appear- ance. It is a complaint that sheep are fed with difficulty on such land, which has, therefore, many of the disadvantages of clay without its strength. The Tunbridge Wells sand contains some subordinate beds of clay, the chief of which is most fully developed around East Grinstead, and is called Grinstead Clay. There it resembles the Wadhurst Clay in character. Further east, however, what On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 261 seems to be the same bed is a light-coloured clay, often variegated with red; it is there thin, and forms no great extent of surface. Both Tunbridge Wells and Ashdown Sands have other and thinner beds of loam and clay, which give a local wetness to the soil. Loam seems to be more frequent in the area west of Uck- field, but not in sufficient quantity to make much of the land stiff. The Clays of the Hastings Beds (Wadhurst Clay and Grinstead Clay in its western range) are, when freshly dug, thinly bedded shales (locally “‘ marl”), which, on exposure to the weather, very soon become a soft clay. It is generally yellowish, sometimes of a darker hue, but rarely of the deep brown colour which dis- tinguishes the weathered London Clay. In all its characters it resembles the Weald Clay; but has this important advantage, that it never occurs as flat plains, but always makes more or less undulating ground. Sand predominates in the Hastings Beds, as already stated, and the district has that general character ef feature which sand produces. This hilly nature of the ground gives abundant facilities for drainage. The Wealden clays are remarkable for the extent to which they shrink and crack in dry weather. In the Wadhurst Clay there are occasionally thin beds of sand, unimportant agriculturally, but of use, at times, in yielding water at a less depth than if the Ashdown Sand had to be reached. The map shows the general distribution of the sand and clay beds, and to describe their range in detail is quite unnecessary. The lowest beds of the district, however, deserve a separate notice. The Ashburnham Beds occur in two areas: the one around Hastings, where they consist of mottled clays, with sandstone; the other to the north and north-east of Battle, where they con- tain, in addition, many beds of limestone. They form a wet = stiff as a whole, but less so than the Weald and Wadhurst ays. The limestone beds crop out in a long valley north-east of Heathfield, and again, further east, nearer the South-Eastern Railway. The works were, some years ago, of great extent, but _ are now abandoned. The best and fullest published account of _ them is contained in Young’s ‘Survey.’* He states that the : : : Earl of Ashburnham was then “the greatest lime-burner in all the kingdom.” At present the limestone is dug for roads, but is not extensively burnt. The Wadhurst Clay was the main source of the ironstone * Pp. 13 and 205 of 8vo. edition, 1808. 262 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. which, from the earliest times, was smelted in the Weald. This was, at one time, the chief iron-district in England, and to the great extent of the trade is owing the disappearance of timber, which entirely covered the country. The ironworks gradually declined from the time of the introduction of coal. Gloucester Furnace, at Lamberhurst, was the last worked in the north- eastern parts; it was put out at the end of the last century. Ashburnham Furnace, in Sussex, continued at work till the year 1828, It is to these ironworks that we owe the great number of large ponds which dot the country everywhere. A dam was thrown across a valley, and the water thus stored employed in driving hammers, &c. Large numbers have been drained, whilst others still serve as ponds for corn or other mills. MARL. Any person travelling through the Weald must have been struck with the vast quantity of pits, generally overgrown and holding water, which occur over the clayey districts; chiefly where the clays border on the lighter lands. Out of these pits shale was got, which is locally termed “marl.” At present it is scarcely ever dug, a general impression prevailing that the process is useless, and not without good reason, for the shale contains little or no lime or other manure. It is said to have been applied to light and stiff land alike; for the latter it would only be equivalent to deep-ploughing, to which the true Wealden farmer is generally averse. On some light soils it might have a beneficial effect. The custom of “ marling” is of considerable antiquity in the Weald. Gervase Markham, writing in 16838, says that it had quite gone out of use till within twenty or thirty years before that date, but that trees 200 or 300 years old were then growing in old marl-pits. This author’s odd remarks may be interesting to some readers. “ Marl is,” he says,* “a fat, oyly, and unctuous ground, lying in the belly of the earth, which is of a warm and moist temperature, and so most fertil; seeing that heat and moisture be the father and mother of generation and groweth ; how be it, this is not a pure and simple marrow (as that which lieth in our bones), but a juyce or fat liquor, mingled with the earth, as is the fat which lieth mixed and dispersed in our flesh, so as the one may be drawn away, and the other remain as it shall anon appear unto you. “ Four sorts of marle be found in this Weald, known asund * «The Enrichment of the Weald of Kent,’ p, 5. 4to. London. : : : | | | } y ij On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald.' 263 by the different colours, and thereby also differing in degrees of goodness one from the other: for there isa grey, a blew, a yellow, and red Marle, all which be profitable, if they be earthly and fat, or slippery as soap: and most times little worth, if they be mixed with sand, gravel, or stone. So the blew is reported the best, the yellow the next, the grey the next, and the red less durable than the other three; and yet it is thought the red is the better, if it be found upon the blue, or others.” It is probable that “marl” continued in constant use from Markham’s time till about sixty years back. Marsu LAND AND ALLUVIUM. There are two alluvial districts of considerable extent coming within the boundaries of the Weald: they are Pevensey Level, in Sussex ; and Romney Marsh, chiefly in Kent. Of these the latter is by far the larger. It is bounded on the north by the rising ground extending from Hythe on the east, by Appledore to Rye. Long arms of marsh land extend up the Wealden country, bordering the river Rother and its tributaries. Romney Marsh is in appearance, though perhaps not in fact, the delta of the Rother. It is bounded on its seaward side by great tracts of shingle, and when not thus protected is faced with sea-walls. The term Romney Marsh is generally applied to the whole alluvial flat (not the valleys leading into it); but, in fact, the name really belongs only to that part of the marsh east of the toad from Appledore to New Romney. The other districts are known as Walling Marsh, Dunge (or Denge) Marsh, and Guildford Level. Nearly the whole of this tract is below the high-water mark of spring tides. The lowest part lies just to the north-east of Appledore, and is called the Dowls. This is 134 feet below high-water mark. Romney Marsh proper is that part which was earliest reclaimed by the Romans. Some land towards the central part of this is arable, but by far the larger part is pasture. Some of the land which was’ reclaimed later than _ Romney Marsh is arable; this lies somewhat higher than the older land. The soil is peaty in part, but generally a rich alluvial clay or clayey loam ; and there are some patches of lighter soil. Clay generally occurs below the peat, but the underlying stratum all _ over the marsh is a loose sand. ‘ Dunge Beach is the widest spread of shingle in this area, being three miles long and from _ one to three miles wide, in some parts absolutely bare of vege- _ tation for hundreds of acres, and in others sparingly dotted with 264 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. furze bushes and broom. Roads there are none, only a few tracks, and it is altogether a most desolate-looking place. Those who have to cross the shingle usually put on a pair of ‘ baxters,” or small flat pieces of wood with a leathern loop for the foot. They are used with a peculiar sliding gait, and make the walking much more easy.” * Pevensey Level much resembles Romney Marsh, save in extent. It, too, is pasture land; lying low, and protected bya broad spread of shingle, which stretches along the coast from Eastbourne eastwards. Hops. In this essay the author has avoided questions touching upon agriculture proper, but a few words upon a crop which pre- eminently distinguishes the area under review may not be out of lace. ’ There are four districts within the Weald in which hops are more largely grown than elsewhere. The smallest in extent is that around Farnham. They are grown chiefly upon the marly and soft siliceous soils of the Upper Greensand,+ but also occa- — sionally upon the neighbouring Gault, either when bare or overspread with gravel. The hops from this district always command a high price. Some of the lands now growing this plant have been hop-gardens for a very long time; the “Heart Gardens” at Farnham “have been in continuous cultivation ever since the first introduction of hops into England, or, at any rate, for fully 300 years.” t | The next district in quality of produce, and surpassing the former in extent, is that of the Medway valley, on the ragstone — soil ; of which sufficient has been said in describing the Lower — Greensand area. The hop-gardens, however, extend along the face of the escarpment, east and west, flourishing extremely well — on the outcrop of the Atherfield Clay, and the débris of the ragstone hill. The Maidstone district thus joins on to that of Hadlow and Tunbridge. : ’ * Drew, Mem. Geol. Survey, Sheet 4, p. 18. This memoir contains a minute | account of the formation and present character of Romney Marsh. + Writing of the Upper Greensand of Oxfordshire, Mr. C. 8. Read says: “The extraordinary luxuriance of the wild hop seems to indicate that it is the natural soil of that plant, and peculiarly adapted for its growth” (“ Farming of Oxford- shire,” ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ vol. xv., p. 195.) Itis strange - that hops are not more cultivated on the outcropping of the Upper Greensand north of London. There were only 9 acres grown in Oxfordshire in 1866, 2 acres in 1867 and 1868, and none in 1869. : " $ See article, “Hop” (by Mr. T. M. Paine), in Morton’s ‘Cyclopedia of A riculture.’ On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 265 Many hop-gardens are planted on the bare Weald Clay soil, but the greater number occur over the deep loams which border the Medway east of Tunbridge. From this flat country the hop- gardens stretch up the rising ground of the Hastings Beds, and thus connect this district with the fourth, or that of the Hastings Beds proper. This is of wider area than any other, but in no part of it do hop-gardens occur so thickly as near Hadlow and Maidstone. They are most common along the bottoms or slopes of the larger valleys, which have a general east and west direction. The streams running in these valleys unite to form the River Rother.* The soils of these valleys much resemble that of the Hadlow district, and the same kinds of hops are grown. It is a deep rich loam, either the washings of the valley sides, brought down by rain, or old alluvia of the streams which now flow along the bottoms. The hop-gardens, however, are not confined to the valleys, but extend up the slopes and over the higher ground ; they are found on all soils, even on stiff clays where sufficiently drained. Hops are not equally distributed over the Hastings Beds. They eccur chiefly over the northern, central, and eastern districts, and there are also a good many on the south; but westwards they become less common, comparatively few being met with west of Uckfield. The map of the soils accompanying this paper shows that the clayey beds of the Hastings series occupy a considerable area over the hop districts. It is not that hops are chiefly grown on clay, for, as just stated, they prefer a deep loamy soil, but it is not unlikely that, as far as the Weald is concerned, the alluvia of clayey districts suits them best. Shelter from high winds is essential for hops, and, where not naturally protected, the hop-gardens are frequently bordered by tall hedge-rows on the windward side, or by rough wooden walls of spare hop-poles: such protections are called ‘“ lews.” The varieties of hops grown in the Weald are of coarser quality than those of the Farnham and Maidstone districts; but much larger crops are often obtained, and the hops are less liable to the “ mould,” which often rapidly destroys the most promising €rops. The hop-gardens of the Weald are not so continuous upon the same land as in the Farnham district. Ten or twelve years are said to be their average duration; yet one occasionally hears of some that have remained such for a much longer time. The ‘ Agricultural Returns’ for 1866-71 give the following numbers as the acreage under hops in those years :— * There is another Rother in West Sussex, flowing from west to east, over the Lower Greensand, into the Arun, ‘266 On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 1866, 1867, | 1868, ° | 1869, 1870, 1871. Kent .. .. .. .. .. «+ | 86,367 | 40,762 | 41,087 | 38,606 | 37,490 | 36,672 Sussex .. .. .. «. .. | 8,488] 9,989] 10,107| 9,613 | 9,445 | 9,432 Hereford .. .. .. .. «.. | 4,763] 5,335 | 5,564 | 5,736| 5,798 | 5,998 Hants .. .. .. .. ., - | 2,119.| 2,992] 2,517): 29586 | 2, 580)) sane RUOICOHEr' os. Senteees oe = sey | se oel 2,421 2,430 | 2,522 | 2,606 | 2,672 Surrey. . «| 1,881 | 2,198 | 2,208) 195909") “8,152 )""a am Remaining Counties . some 623 581 542 561 559 515 Total for England oe, et | DO, UOe Nl OAs a mes 61,785 | 60,580 } 60,022 Potaltfor Wales... #'-2 45 14 7 14 a Total for England and Wales | 56,576 | 64,280 | 64,488 | 61,791 | 60,594 | 60,029 Of the total acreage under hops in England, 63 per cent., or nearly two-thirds, are in Kent alone. Whilst the four south- eastern counties (Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Hants), have together 86 per cent., or nearly nine-tenths of the whole. In taking a general glance over the district it must be con- fessed that the points which strike one as most characteristic of the Wealden area proper, as an agricultural district, are not to its credit. They are chiefly these :—A superabundance of hedge- row timber ; broad strips of underwood, called “shaws,” in place of hedges; small fields, and badly-kept roads. Concerning the last, there is less reason for complaint than formerly ; but with many there is an enormous waste of land from their great width. Possibly, if the hedge-rows were cleared of timber and the useless “shaws” cut down, there would still remain too much wood in the country for it ever to rank as a first-class wheat- district. Woodlands, as is well known, cause a damp climate, increase the rainfall, and lower the summer temperature—all unfavourable conditions for the growth of wheat; but a very great improvement might be made by the changes indicated. It has often been said that hop-culture has a most injurious effect upon Wealden farming, and there can be no doubt of its truth. High manuring is absolutely essential to success, and many farmeis expend their energies on the cultivation of this most precarious crop, content at the same time to reap poor yields of oats from land that, with better management, would give very fair crops of wheat. The following is a recent notice of the country in the Society’s Journal,* The district referred to is Ninfield, near Hastings, by no means the most unfavourable specimen that could be * «Report on Steam Cultivation,’ n.s., vol. ili., p. 142. On the Agricultural Geology of the Weald. 267 chosen :—“ The whole district appeared to us to be sadly in arrear, little or no spirit being observable in landowners or their tenantry. Rent ranges from 10s. to 25s. an acre, and yet we found that, where the land was well farmed, an average yield of wheat was 4 qrs. per acre. We were told of tenants being under covenants to reap their white-straw crops with a sickle.” There are many farmers in various parts to whose land none of the foregoing complaints apply; but changes take place very slowly in the Weald, and it will probably be many years before their example materially changes the character of the district. Besides the authorities given in the foregoing paper, the following papers in the ‘Journal’ of this Society may be referred to as treating of the area under review :— 1848. Rutley, S$. ‘On the Management of Hops.’ Vol. ix., p. 532. 1850. Farncombe, J. ‘Report on the Farming of Sussex. Vol. xi., p. 75. 1853. Evershed, S. ‘On the Improved Method of Cropping and Culti- vating Light Land’ (Surrey). Vol. xiv. p. 79. 1858. Hawes, S$. ‘Notes on the Wealden Clay of Sussex, and on its Cultivation.’ Vol. xix., p. 182. 1860. Heathorn, R. ‘Ona Course of Cropping adopted in Kent ’ (Gault and Lower Greensand, at Aylesford). Vol. xxi., p. 385. Note on the Map.—tThe map has been reduced from the 1-inch maps of the Geological Survey, which are the Ordnance Survey sheets geologically coloured. Roads and canals are omitted. There is no hill shading; but a much more accurate idea of the contour of the country may be obtained from this map than by the ordinary method of shading hills and valleys. The uncoloured area adjoining the Upper Greensand is chalk, which rises in a steep hill or escarpment from the Greensand. The crest of this escarpment and the corresponding line along the Lower Greensand escarpment is every- where the highest ground of the district. ‘The area coloured as Weald Clay is chiefly a long flat plain. The Hastings Beds are rising ground, the highest parts of which are the sand districts described on p. 259. By bearing these facts in mind, and remembering further that the streams make deep and steep- sided valleys in the hard beds, but only broad and unimportant depressions m ee clays, a sufficiently accurate idea of the shape of the country will be obtained. XIIL—On Swedish Butter Factories, as adapted to Small Farm Districts. By M. Juntiw-Dannrett, Superintendent of the Royal Agricultural College at Stockholm, and Honorary Member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. As already stated in my last communication, the Miilar-Lake Dairy Company, Limited, the first dairy company in Sweden, was founded upon the principle of purchasing milk for cream- setting ; the cream obtained at the district milk-houses was 268 Report on Swedish Butter Factories. transported to butter factories, while the skim-milk was either sold in the capital in its crude state, or made into cheese at the milk-houses, At the commencement of the operations of the Company great difficulties were experienced in exercising proper control over the treatment of the milk at the several receiving-houses ; and they naturally increased as the operations of the Company became more extensive. The books having been balanced at the close of the first three months’ operations, on the 31st of December, 1870, it was proved that the results differed at the . various milk-houses—at some they were profitable, at others disadvantageous. The latter result had probably been caused, partly by disregard of the rules for the treatment of the milk after delivery, and partly by insufficient check as to the quality of the milk delivered. The Company therefore decided that its operations should be confined to the purchase and working of cream—not of milk—leaving it to the producer or purchaser of the latter to utilise the skim-milk in the manner which, under different local circumstances, he might consider most profitable. This step has proved to be very advantageous to all parties concerned, It has decidedly promoted the further development of the factory-system, and at the same time opened the way to a useful and profitable branch of industry to those who occupy themselves with collecting pure milk from the smaller farmers— whose produce is too limited to allow the cream obtained from it to be treated in the manner which will make it saleable to the Dairy Company,—or from such larger producers of milk as do not care to take the pains necessary for obtaining the cream, or for the further preparation of the skimmed milk. Collection and treatment of the Milk. — Experience has proved that cream cannot generally be kept longer than fifty hours in the summer, and from seventy to eighty hours in the winter, without affecting the quality of the butter. The butter factories of the Malar Lake, and other companies, do not receive less than 10 “kannor” (=5:76 imperial gallons) at the time, for reasons mentioned below. The consequence is, therefore, that a farmer whose herd does not number at least 20 cows cannot deliver the cream direct to the Company. The greater part of the country being divided into small farms, on which the number of cattle does not reach this minimum, the Company has established milk-houses in large villages or other suitable localities, thus giving even the smallest farmer an opportunity to dispose of his produce advantageously. The milk is carried, or otherwise transported, to these places every night and morning, immediately after milking, from the farms not more than 14 English mile distant. It is first mea- Report on Swedish Butter Factories. 269 sured and then skimmed by the woman in charge of the place, who enters the quantity delivered. According to her book the farmers receive payment, at the end of every month, for the quantity of milk delivered during the previous month. When the milk is measured, a sample is put into a graduated cylinder of glass, and is left for cream-setting with the remainder of the milk, so as to give an idea of its quality. This is the only control exercised over the honesty of those who deliver the milk, and although it is not very satisfactory, it has hitherto enerally answered its purpose. The milk-houses in which the skimmed milk is not further pre- pared consist of one room or boarded shed, large enough for the pools or cisterns in which the milk is cooled ; next to that is a kitchen with a boiler for cleaning the vessels, as well as one Fig. 1.—Plan of a Milk Receiving-house. pariadstis snlBier crass jge000900 Oo B A. Cistern for ice and water. D. Passage. B, B. Cisterns for cooling milk. . Washroom. C. Milk receiving-room. F. Dairymaid’s room. room for the dairy-maid. When cheese is made, another room is required for pressing and salting, as also a cheese-store, and a smaller room for keeping the ingredients necessary for this process. The kitchen, in which the curding is done, and the room or rooms inhabited by the dairy-maids who receive and prepare the milk, must also be larger than in the previous class. These houses are generally very plain, and, as a rule, are arranged in buildings erected for other purposes, but adapted to this. The rent varies from 50 to 200 rix dollars (= 31. to 10/. sterling) per year. Fig. 1 represents the ground-plan of a building erected by the Company close to a railway-station, for the reception of milk only, the cost of which, with a shed for storing ice, was altogether 1441. sterling. | 270 Report on Swedish Butter Factories. The persons who, as above stated, take charge of the purchase of milk, as arranged by the Company, pay as rent for the houses, which belong to the Company, an amount equal to 6 per cent. interest upon their cost; and for others the whole amount of the rent charged to the Company. For cooling the milk, square cisterns or oval tanks are used, both being 24 inches in depth. Their other dimensions depend upon the quantity of milk to be strained at one time, and upon other circumstances. Cisterns manufactured at the car- penter’s shop of the Company are made of planks 2 inches thick,. and inside 9 feet long and 3 feet wide. Such a cistern is large enough for cooling about 200 “kannor” (=115:2 imperial gallons) of milk. A loose grate, provided with a 3 to 4 inch wooden wedge is fastened to the bottom inside the cistern, The pails for setting the milk are placed upon the grate, thus allowing the ice-water perfect access under the pails. The milk-pails, or tubs, are made of iron or steel-plate, and tho- roughly and carefully tinned inside and out. Originally, when the milk was cooled by cold water from wells, these pails had a diameter of 18 inches, and a depth of 24 inches. By long and care- ful experiments it has been ascertained that the more speedily the milk is cooled down, the more completely is the cream separated from it. The consequence is, that not only is much colder water now used for cooling the milk, but the pails for setting it have also been reduced to the smallest diameter, consistent with the other management of the milk, namely, about 9 inches, thereby, with a depth of 20 inches, holding about 6 “ kannor” (=3°5 imperial gallons). In order to be able to use the original pails, their bottom has been taken away, and the sides pressed together, giving the pail an oval shape, with a small diameter of seven inches, and providing them with new bottoms. The cooling power of these pails has thus been greatly increased, and many farmers prefer them to the smaller cylindrical ones, as being comparatively cheaper, and the milk in them easier skimmed. Besides changing the form of the pails in which the milk is set and cooled, other attempts have been made to quigken the cooling by using iced-water instead of well-water. The tem- perature of the well-water is not lower than that of the soil, or from 42°8° to 44°6° Fahr., whereas the temperature of water in which ~ ice, chopped in small pieces, is permitted to melt, may easily be reduced to 35°6° or 39°2° Fahr. Cold wells are not always to be found, but, on the contrary, are very rare in some districts, whereas ice may be had in our northern country generally at a very small expense. ‘The ice-water-method is, therefore, now used at all the milk-houses, as well as by nearly all the farmers who furnish the Company with cream. While constant change Report on Swedish Butter Factories. 271 of the well-water, where such is used, is required, in order to retain a low temperature, the ice-water does not require to be changed more than a few times every year. The surplus water arising from the melting of the ice is let out by a small pipe placed at the upper edge of the water-tank. The ice is stored in pyramidal piles placed in a shed, or, more generally, in the open air, covered with sawdust, tanning- bark, peat-soil, or other material which does not conduct heat. As small spaces as possible are left between the iceblocks, and all intervals are carefully filled with sawdust. A roof of deals, placed on posts, will greatly facilitate the preservation of the ice. The foundation of the pile is a layer of the same material as the covering, 1 foot thick. The ice-pile is always opened at the top; and spaces caused by the removal of ice, or the sinking of the pile, must be carefully filled up. Experience has proved that the loss caused by melting, when the pile has been properly taken care of, does not amount to more than 25 per cent. per annum, and, very commonly, ice remains in the pile from one summer's end to the other. The quantity of ice required at the milk-houses is calculated to be equal, in measurement, to the quantity of milk for the cooling of which it is intended ; but with proper management two-thirds ought to be sufficient. At the churning-places the quantity of ice required varies according to local circumstances. At the central factory at Stockholm, for instance, during the summer of 1871,—June to September—1500 ewts. of ice were used in churning 180,000 “‘kannor” ( = 103,680 imperial gallons) of cream, yielding 2500 cwts. of butter, all round numbers. The ice intended for the cooling cisterns is chopped in pieces of about 3 to 4 inches square, whereby its cooling power is greatly increased. The milk should be delivered as soon as possible after the milking is done, and carefully transported; and it has hitherto been considered advantageous to cool the milk during the process of milking and before being delivered. However, it has recently been stated that the more the original heat is re- tained, the more cream will the milk yield, as the cream begins to rise as soon as the milk begins to get cold, and the straining and transportation of the cool milk causes a very injurious interruption in the rising of the cream, which consequently will be imperfect. This seems very probable, but can only be proved by careful experiments. It is, however, a fact that the shorter distance the milk is transported the more cream does it yield; other circumstances, as quality, treatment, &c., being the same. As soon as the milk is strained into the pails, they are placed 2972 Report on Swedish Butter Factories. \ in the ice-water cisterns, at a distance of about 3 inches from each other. Experiments have been made to ascertain the proper height of the ice-water, but have not led to any positive results, It may, however, be stated that, during the summer season, and when the temperature of the milk-room is compara- tively high, the surface of the milk should be on a level with the surface of the water, the upper layer of cream being thus kept as cool as possible ; whereas during the winter season, or when the temperature in the cooling-room is low, the surface of the milk should be a few inches above that of the water. The temperature of the cooling-room ought to be kept as low as possible during the summer season; but, if possible, never below 50° Fahr. during the winter. The time required for the cream to rise depends principally upon how soon the milk is cooled, but also upon the temperature of the milk when being skimmed, as well as upon that of the ice-water and of theroom. If a milkpail, say of 6 kannor, be placed in the ice-water cistern immediately after the milking, and the temperature of the water does not exceed 35° Fahr., the milk may usually be skimmed after a lapse of 10 or 12 hours; but it is better and safer to permit the milk to stand from 18 to 24 hours. At this low temperature the cream rises very sud- denly, but is at first very thin, and requires a longer time to become firm. At farms from which the cream is sold to butter factories, it may, therefore, be profitable to sell only the upper and thicker cream, and to churn at home the lower and thinner, thus saving a certain quantity of buttermilk, The cream which is not sent to the butter factory immediately after being skimmed off, ought to be put into the ice-water bath without delay. It ought not to be kept more than two days during the warmer season, and three days during the winter, before being churned, as it otherwise will become bitter, or acquire a bad taste easily detected in the butter. It may be considered as a fact, that the fresher and absolutely sweeter the cream is, the better will the butter be. As above stated, no smaller quantity of cream than 10 kannor (= 5°76 imperial gallons) is received at the churning-houses of the dairy companies, the principal reason being that, as the cream is paid for aceording to the quantity of butter it has yielded, each delivery of cream must be separately churned, and that consequently smaller quantities of cream cannot be received without causing too much trouble ; besides, it very often happens that larger quantities of cream yield comparatively more butter than when only a few gallons have been churned, although in both cases suitably -sized churns have been used, The cream obtained from milk cooled by ice-water is, as Report on Swedish Butter Factories. 273 above stated, thin, and generally not as settled as that which rises from milk set in bowls or flat vessels, and kept in a com- paratively warm room; and as a smaller quantity of butter is obtained from thin cream than from thick, the opinion is often expressed that the first-named method leaves a less satisfactory result than the latter. It will easily be understood, however, that this is not the case, if the merit of one or the other method is estimated by the quantity of butter obtained from a certain quantity of mz/k instead of cream. Nevertheless, it is true that the thin cream obtained by the ice-method will give more butter- milk, as well as somewhat less skimmed milk, than that obtained by the well-water method, the cream-setting in both cases being equally as perfect; but the loss, in itself insignificant, is more than covered by the finer quality of the butter, the better skim- milk, and the smaller expense for vessels and buildings required for the keeping of the milk during cream-setting, besides the other advantages of the ice-water method. On an average, during 1871, at the central factory, 4°60 kannor (= 2°65 imperial gallons) milk have yielded 0:76 kannor (= 0°44 imperial gallon) cream, from which has been obtained 1 Swed. pound (= 0°93 Eng. lb.) butter; consequently 6 gallons of milk would yield, at this rate, 1 gallon of cream, although it must be observed that the milk has often been skimmed after standing only 12 hours. At the same place, milk purchased from neighbouring well-managed dairy farms, has required the eream of 5 kannor (= 31°5 lbs.) milk to produce 1 Ib. of butter ; whereas the cream churned on the farms has only required 425 to 4:80 kannor, or 26-7 to 30:2 Ibs. of milk per lb. of butter obtained. The transport of the pure milk, for however short a distance, always causes a smaller yield of cream and butter. _ Through the influence of the dairy-schools, organized by the Government, material improvements in cheese-making have lately been introduced, so that the present product is universally acknowledged to be of a superior quality; and hitherto there has been no lack of home demand. An over-production of this article, and more especially of skim-cheese, will undoubtedly take place, considering the progressive development in the breeding of cattle, and particularly in the products of the dairy, which is now taking place in Sweden. The Government has, therefore, sent out able persons to investigate, and to introduce, such modes of proceeding as may facilitate the sale of skim- cheese, even in foreign countries. A more profitable manner of utilizing skim-milk than the manufacture of cheese is the rearing and fattening of calves. _ Numerous trials made during the past year, and particularly in fattening, have given very satisfactory results. The calves have VOL. VIII.—S. S. ak , 274 Report on Swedish Butter Factories. at first received some gallons of new milk, and afterwards as much skim-milk as they would take, until about two months old, when they have been sold at a price equal to about 3d. per lb. live-weight, or a little less than calves fattened with new milk. The skim-milk has thus realized 2°3d. to 3°5d. per gallon, in some cases 4d. per gallon. It has been remarked, that the colour of the veal has been somewhat darker than that of calves fattened with new milk; but this is pretty well prevented by giving the calves new milk for two weeks immediately before slaughtering them. [Even if the veal of calves fattened with | skimmed milk is inferior to that of new-milk calves, both to appearance and taste, the former mode of fattening them is, at all events, much less expensive than the latter, and leaves a more profitable return. In breeding cattle for dairy purposes, the above-named inconveniences are of no consequence; and many farmers, even in the vicinity of Stockholm, where cattle-rearing formerly did not pay, have adopted this cheaper way. Another reason is, that higher prices are now obtained for cattle, partly in consequence of the increased export to foreign countries of late years, and partly owing to the larger return from the cattle, since the butter-factory companies have rendered it possible for the farmer to produce and sell, advantageously, milk in any quantities. Yet another way of utilizing some part of the skim-milk more favourably than by cheese-making is to give the servants who are entitled to new milk, twice, or even three times the amount of skimmed milk. This exchange is as profitable to the farmer as to the servants, as the former retains the more valuable cream and the latter receives a larger quantity of a nourishing drink. — The price paid for new milk by the purchasers who have delivered cream to the Company, has varied between 3°9d. to 4-3d, per gallon during the summer half-year, and 43d. to 5d. per gallon during winter, according to local circumstances. 43d. may be considered as the average price at which the milk has been delivered at the place of production, or ‘at stations situated not far from it. Where the cream has been delivered direct to the butter factories, the price which the milk has brought has depended upon the price paid by the companies for the cream (according to thé quantity of butter it has yielded), — and the way in which the skim-milk has been utilized, varying | between 4'6d. and 6-9d. per gallon, c The purchase and working of the Cream.—When the Miilar-Lake Butter factory Company began its operations, Oct. 1st, 1870, it took charge of a butter factory which had been in existence for some time. The intention of the Company was to establish butter factories in the provinces situated round Lake “ Milaren” Report on Swedish Butter Factories. © 275 (hence its name); and this has been realised during the past year, in the cities of Nyképing, Eskilstrina, Orelero, Westeras, and Noertelge. Each of these branch factories is managed by a skilful person, enjoying the confidence of the neighbouring farmers. This man has a salary of 5/. 10s. sterling per month, and 20 per cent. of the net profits of the factory. In consequence of the great advantages which farmers, located in the vicinity of the churning-places of the Malar Company, derived from their operation, applications have been made from nearly all parts of the country, desiring the Company to extend its operations, and establish churning-places in other districts. The difficulty of satisfactorily controlling a large number of these places, scattered at large distances from each other, made the Company hesitate to comply with these requests, further than offering to advance the necessary funds, either to private persons of good standing, or to associations specially formed for the purpose, who would be willing to establish factories upon the principles of the Company. They also engaged competent persons to establish the factories, and qualified ones to manage the manu- facturing, as well as dairy-maids, and they provide vessels and other necessary implements. The Company also sell the manu- facture, charging a commission of 3 per cent. on the butter produced. Sixteen such agreements have already been made. The success of the Milar-Lake Company has also caused the establishment of several competing companies for the same pur- pose, of which seven have up to this date commenced operations. They have hitherto manufactured only small quantities of butter, but if they are well managed, they will gain the confidence of the public, and be able to extend their operations. Butter-making.—A temperature of the cream of 57:2° to 60°8° Fahr. has been found the most suitable for making butter, but it depends somewhat upon the quality of the cream, the nature of the season and the temperature of the air, &c., &c. The churns which are most adapted for working by steam or water power, consist of a barrel, somewhat conical at the top, resting on a frame, and vertically movable on trunnions. In this barrel a churnstaff, provided with two wings, rotates at a speed of 120 to 180 revolutions per minute, depending upon the size of the churn, which generally contains from 17 to 60 gallons, and on the quantity of cream to be churned. ‘The butter is obtained in about forty-five minutes. It is separated from the buttermilk by means of a strain, then placed in a tub of tin, and carried to the next room, where it is further prepared. The butter obtained from each separate quantity of cream is then worked by hand in a beechwood trough of oval form, in order to separate the buttermilk. It is then tasted by the managing T 2 q dairy-maid, and classified according to its taste and other qualities in three classes, and afterwards weighed, the weight and quality being noted in the factory journal. Before churning the cream, aT SS 276 Report on Swedish Butter Factories. a AS STS Ts a1 oy HORSE GEAR C. Brick wall of the Churning-room, Fig. 3—View of Churn (B) and working apparatus. HHH HHH EH HHH ed FESS Figs. 2 and 3.—Swedish Factory-Churn and Working Apparatus. | ——— .§ 1 = 23 : on 23 Om 33.00 25 a | Bug = 4a Ss | Am e a i Dae z io) z a 2 =x o Fic. 2. : a te ‘i Widder usif ’ fluid annatto is added,—that from Messrs. N. N. Blumensaat, in Odense, Denmark, has been found the best, —in quantities suitable to the different seasons, giving the butter the colour whch is required for different markets. asl Report on Swedish Butter Factories. 277 The assorted lumps of butter are separately and carefully worked together, during which operation a certain quantity of salt, varying from 2 to 5 per cent. is added. The salt used is refined in Sweden, and is as pure and dry as possible; } to $ per cent, of sugar is also added. When the butter is ready, it ought to possess a waxy firmness, perfectly uniform in appear- ance. It is then packed in casks of beechwood, previously well saturated with brine, and containing from 60 lbs. to 100 Ibs. of butter each. Before closing the casks, the name of the dairy where it has been manufactured is pressed in the butter, and finally the butter is covered by a piece of gauze, and thereupon a little salt. The mark of the Company and the nett weight, in English pounds, are painted on the cover, if the butter is of the first quality. The casks containing second-class butter are only marked with the initials of the dairy ; and third-class butter is sold on the spot, or returned to the respective deliverers of the cream. ‘The butter is sent at least once a week to the market it is intended for. During last summer butter was placed for some time in a dry and cool cellar, to ascertain how long it would keep, and after two months it brought the same price in London as fresh butter sent at the same time. For the Russian market, as well as for some home demand, what is called Parisian butter has been manufactured. Perfectly sweet cream, which is heated to from 80° to 90° Cent. (176° to 194° Fahr.) and then permitted to cool again to the usual tem- perature before being churned, is used for this kind of butter, which is otherwise made in the usual manner, but without adding annatto or salt. By the heating of the cream the butter obtains a slight almond-taste, and seems also to keep longer. The cream is paid for according to the weight of butter it yields after the first working, and before the lumps are mixed together and salted, after a deduction of 3 per cent. for the loss caused by the final process and the adding of salt; but the experience gained last year proved that this loss did not exceed 2 per cent. There is still a large field for similar operations in our ex- tensive country, and the immense increase in the productions of the dairy-farm, the consequence of the development of this hitherto neglected branch of husbandry, is at the same time the foundation of the future advancement of our agriculture. ( 278 ) XIV. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. By Tuomas Bowsteap, Eden Hall, Penrith. Despite the progress made in agriculture during the last thirty years, and notwithstanding the many facilities and inducements still offered for the improvement of land, there may yet be seen in nearly every district of the United Kingdom hundreds of acres failing to yield their fair share of produce, while the stock they carry are deficient in numbers and economical qualities, No greater stimulus can well be given to the better management of ‘land in any locality than is likely to arise from the seizing and describing the best specimens of farming, as is now being done through the agency of the Royal Agricultural Society. This system of farm-competition was first started in connection with the Oxford Meeting of 1870, and having then, as also last year, proved eminently successful, it commended itself to the favourable notice of Sir Watkin W. Wynn, Bart., M.P., the Society’s popular and well-chosen President for 1872. Accord- ingly, that staunch agiculturist—for Sir Watkin is alike notable as the thorough farmer and the keen and fearless sportsman— wishful, no doubt, to signalise his year of office in some sub- stantial and befitting manner, offered a silver cup of 100/. value, for the best-managed farm in South Wales and Monmouthshire, the Society contributing a second prize of 50/. The conditions of the competition were the following: 1. That the farms are not less than 100 acres in extent. 2. That not less than one-fourth of the land (exclusive of sheepwalk) is under tillage. 3. That they are held by tenant-farmers paying a bond-fide rent for not less than three-fourths of the land in their occupation, or by landowners occupying their own farms, the total extent of whose property in agricul- tural land (exclusive of sheepwalk), does not exceed 200 acres, and whose sole business is farming. Looking at the great breadth of country to which the competi- tion was open, and the value of the prizes offered, the number of entries (only 19), struck the Judges as being remarkably small. And while amongst these were found some very fine farms, and a few excellent farmers, we regret to have to state that not a few’ of the entries were totally unfit for an inspection of this kind, Far be it from us to undervalue the frugality, industry, and sterling honesty plainly practised by some of the less eligible of the competitors ; but surely, lands dirty, imperfectly tilled, and out of condition; fences crooked, broken down, and three times too Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 279 wide; ditches and watercourses entirely neglected; gateways with- out gates ; buildings low, dark, dilapidated, badly ventilated, and inadequate to the requirements of the farm ; live-stock ill-bred, ill-fed, and ill-looking ; farmyard untidy and almost impassable ; surely these are not the marks of prize-farming! And yet we feel bound to state that these shortcomings prevailed to a con- siderable extent on some of the farms. Perfection in every instance was by no means looked for; but we did expect that farms held by men of some mark,—men recognised in their several neighbourhoods as pioneers in agriculture,—would, making all due allowance for the unfavourable season, have been found at least moderately clean. In this hope, however, we were in more than one instance grievously disappointed. Let it not be supposed, however, that our list contained all, or even a large proportion of, the farms in the district fit for exhibition. Far from it; and it is to be regretted that some of the holdings passed through in our journeyings, bearing as they did the strongest evidence of enterprise, capital, and liberal treatment, and having earned, as we were informed, no small local reputation, had not been included in the entry-list. Had we been permitted to view a larger number of first-class farms, and, therefore, we may suppose, had seen a greater variety of farming, more information would have been gained, and fresh facts would have been brought out, thereby rendering this report more acceptable to the reader. The inspection of the competing farms has in former years been confined to the months of May and July, but, as the sufficiency of this plan had been questioned, and certain discussions on the subject had taken place in the Council, Mr. Jenkins, Secretary of the Society, desired my colleagues (Mr. Thomas Jenkins, of ’ Plas-y-ward, near Ruthin, and Mr. Finlay Dun, of Weston Park, near Shipston-on-Stour) and myself to meet him, early in the month of January, and confer as to the best seasons in which to visit the several holdings. At liberty to make as many surveys of the farms as we might deem necessary, and the choice of time being also left with us, we agreed that a Winter inspection was not only desirable but of the utmost ‘importance. Besides the field operations which, in a favourable season and in moderately dry situations, may be looked for in January and February, an inspection at this season enabled the Judges to see something of the house-feeding of the cattle and the winter management of the sheep-stock. Moreover, the in- structions placed in our hands would seem to require that if the _ farms were at all worthy of a minute inspection, they should be examined at two’ or more seasons of the year, as diverse as 280 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. circumstances would permit. The instructions were that we should especially consider 1. General management with a view to profit. 2. Productiveness of crops. 3. Goodness and suitability of live-stock, 4. Management of grass land. 5. State of gates, fences, roads, and general neatness. Thus admonished, we began our first survey on the 30th of January, finishing it on the 7th of February ; while our second inspection lasted from the 12th to the 20th of June. After the hints already given, little surprise will be felt when it is stated that our first examination enabled us to weed out seven of the nineteen competing farms as not worthy of further consideration. Below, we give the names of the remaining twelve, the better management of which justified the Judges in paying them a second visit. We also add the names of the several proprietors and tenants, together with the acreage of each farm, and nature of the soil as stated in the entry-lists, Name of Tenant. Name ae of ype Nature of Soil. Proprietors, James Culverwell. Penrhos Farm, | 307 | Rather heavy. W.B. Johnson, Esq, Abergavenny. John Jones. Panty-goetre, Aber- | 200 | Light. A. D. Berrington, Es gavenny. Daniel Owen. | Ash Hall, Cow-| 105 | Light. Representatives of thi | bridge. Rev. T. Gronow | self. Valentine Parsons, Slough Farm, Chep- | 291 | Light. Rey. E. F. Lewis. stow. Wm. Savours Powell. | Eglwysnunyd, Aber- | 419 | Lightand heavy.| C. R. M. Talbot, M.I avon. Henry Price. Undy, Magor, Chep- | 107 | Light. James Pride, Esq. stow. John Pybus. Court Farm, Magor, | 278 | Lightand heavy.| Rt. Hon. Lord Trede Chepstow. Wm. Benjamin Roberts. | Lovestone, | Pem-| 430 | Heavy and me- | Earl Cawdor. broke. dium. Michael Spencer. West Aberthaw, | 183 | Light. W.C. Rayer, Esq. Cowbridge, John Thomas. Eastfield House, | 158 | Heavy. Earl of Dunraven: Cowbridge. tees of late Ci Bennett and J. Ric Homfray, Esq. Rees Thomas. Saint Athan, Cow-| 195 | Heavy. Rev. Hanmer Mc bridge. "and W. C. Rayer, James Till, Caerwent, Chepstow. | 482 | Chiefly light, Rev. E, F. Lewis. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 28h AWARD OF PRIZES AND COMMENDATIONS. First Prize to Mr. William Savours Powell, Eglwysnunyd, near Taibach, Glamorganshire. Second Prize to Mr. Valentine Parsons, Slough Farm, Caerwent, Monmouthshire. Highly Commended for clean and in other respects creditable farming :— Mr. Daniel Owen, Ash Hall, Cowbridge ; Mr. Michael Spencer, West Aberthaw, Cowbridge , Mr. Rees Thomas, Saint Athan, Cowbridge. Commended for certain special features in their management :— Mr. James Culverwell, Penrhos, near Abergavenny, Gla- morganshire, for varied improvements effected, during an eight years’ tenancy, by the removal of dead and useless fences, and the levelling of unsightly banks and ditches ; also for the erection, partly at his own cost, of well-arranged additional buildings, and for his fine flock of Cotswold sheep. Mr. John Jones, of Panty-goetre, near Abergavenny, for his judicious selection and careful management of a very superior lot of grazing beasts, bought to fatten on deep, rich land. Mr. William Benjamin Roberts, of Lovestone, near Pembroke, for his very creditable herd of Pembrokeshire cattle, and his ex- cellent flock of Cotswold and Leicester sheep. First Prizz Farm. “Eglwysnunyd” is situated about four miles east of the town of Aberayon, and is intersected by the road leading from Port Talbot to Bridgend. The farm comprises 419 acres, of which 141 acres are arable, and 278 acres meadow and permanent pasture; the latter including about 40 acres of rough cattle- ground, apparently reclaimed from the sea. The arable land is moderately light and easily tilled, but the grass land is of a, colder and stiffer nature. This farm has been held by the same family since the year 1827, the present tenant, Mr. William Sayours Powell, having succeeded his father four years ago as a yearly tenant. Much of the subsoil being clay and rather impervious gravel, a considerable portion of the farm has been under-drained. This operation was carried out by the late Mr, Powell, who, having pipes found by his landlord, did the cutting and carting of material at his own cost. Most of the fields are of large size, and suited to the acreage of the farm, one or two small enclosures being conveniently placed near the homestead. The greater part of the farm has a south- westerly aspect, sloping gently towards the Bristol Channel, from 282 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. which Eglwysnunyd is only two miles distant. Strong winds often prevail from this quarter, doing considerable damage to the ripe grain and newly-thinned turnips, and also seriously checking the growth of herbage, especially in the early spring. Mr. Powell has no written agreement as to rotation of crops, neither is he tied down by any strict verbal injunctions. He could, like some of the hill-farmers, take any number of white crops in succession, and might, so long as he kept up the manurial condition of the land, sell off a portion of hay and straw ; but he has never taken advantage of this privilege. Horses.—Besides a hackney, eight farm-horses are kept, and these of a very superior description, combining activity, symmetry, and power. Except when working the two-furrow plough, they are always yoked abreast in pairs. They are stabled in winter, each man feeding his own team. Their food is generally hay in the racks, with a liberal allowance of whole oats, mixed with chaff. In summer, if grass be plentiful, and the weather tempting, they are turned out day and night; if otherwise, they have green food in the stalls. Mr. Powell aims at breeding a couple of colts a year, but, from some cause or another, the mares often prove barren. When fortunate, however, in this respect, the young colts come in for work at three years of age, older horses being sold off to make room for them. Close proximity to large collieries and iron-works creates a brisk demand for good and well-seasoned cart-horses, and high prices are realised, from 50/. to 607. being no uncommon figure for sound animals, when five or six years old. Cattle.—After trying successively the Glamorganshire breed of cattle, then Shorthorns, and finally, about twenty years ago, the Herefords, the Jate Mr. Powell came to the conclusion that the ‘“‘white faces” were best suited to the land and climate with which he had to deal. In the summer months, Shorthorns flourished almost as much as he could wish, but in the winter season the Herefords had a decided advantage. ‘The breeding of Herefords has proved a great success, and there is at present on this farm a wonderfully grand herd, of pure blood, fine massive form, and faultless touch, and generally nuimbering from 100 to 120 head. The cattle-stock at Eglwysnunyd are so much superior to any we saw elsewhere that we may well give a description of their management. Mr. Powell has as many of his cows as is possible dropping their calves during the autumn and beginning of winter. ‘Fhese calves are nursed by the mothers during the first four or five months, a method which gives them a start they never forget. Moreoy rer, it is found by experience that losses occur much: less frequently where the calves are treated in this their natural way than when hand-fed from their birth; and if, as is Mr. Powell’s custom, they are never allowed to lose their calves’ flesh, fully Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 283 six months’ keep is saved in a two or two-and-a-half years old beast. As long as the suckling continues the cows are kept in large open yards, having one or two covered sheds in each. The calves are confined, to the number of five or six in a lot, in comfortable boxes partitioned off in these sheds, are let to the cows twice a day, remain with them fully an hour, and, as soon as they are able to eat such food, are allowed a supply of the best hay, pulped roots, and a small quantity of meal composed of two parts of ground oats and one of peas. The cows during the whole of this time are fed upon straw, rough hay, and mangolds or turnips sliced, and, when seen last February, were in fine condition; in fact, they were nearly fat. When weaned, usually in April, the calves have an increased allowance of meal until about the middle of May, when they are turned out to grass. After being separated from their offspring the cows are tied in stalls, and milked for butter and cheese ; in summer they are grazed in the fields day and night. The young heifers are expected to calye in May; the calves follow them in the pastures until November, when they are housed for the winter, and are fed for the most part on pulp and hay. At this time, also, the yearlings are brought in, are divided into two lots, and placed in the loose yards, the older lot getting sliced turnips ‘twice a day, and oat straw ; the younger division pulp and rough hay. In May they are again all sent to grass, the steers and less shapely of the heifers being stall-fed for the butcher the following winter. The feeding beasts have swedes or mangolds three times a day, meal twice, and hay three times, the last foddering of hay being given at 8 o'clock at night. The meal consists of ““Tinworks bran* (or sharps), two parts; peas, or decorticated * This fattening substance, so highly praised by Mr. Powell, struck us as possessing some peculiar merits, and as being deserving of further notice. We therefore applied to Dr. Voelcker, who had, we were aware, examined a sample, and he most kindly furnished us with the following analysis :— IVPOISEDTG, a teas as) ws “Se Meetd te aUATSBO Oil and fatty matters Err ageyies 23°960 Albuminous, or flesh-forming compounds .. 4°750 Starch, digestible and woody fibre... .. .. 60°670 Mineral matters (ash) .. .. -. «. «. 6°240 100°000 Containing Nitrogen .. .. *760 Dr. Voelcker further says :—“Tinworks bran, or Tinworks sharps, is a refuse from tin-plate works; bran and sharps, together with palm oil, being employed in the polishing of tin-plates. This refuse is largely impregnated with palm oil, and possesses high fattening properties. It contains a great deal of ready-made fat, twice as much fatty matter, in fact, as the best oileake. When free from copper and lead, it is in no way injurious to health; but, being deficient in the materials which build up the muscles or lean flesh, it is better adapted for fattening stock than for young and growing animals. When given to these last, therefore, it should only be. administered in moderate quantities, and along with a due admixture of peas, beans, or other nitrogenous food.” 284 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. cotton-cake, one part; and barley or oat meal, two parts. The daily allowance at first is two pounds each, and this is gradually increased to six pounds, At our winter inspection Mr, Powell showed us a row of sixteen splendid fat beasts, weighing from 18 to 22 stones (of 14 lbs.) per quarter; six of the same lot had been sold out at Christmas, at an average of 43/. 3s. a head, and the remainder were only waiting a favourable turn in the market. ‘ The breeding heifers are put to the bull in July and August, at from 21 to 27 months old, according to size and forwardness, and are then distinguished by numbers burned on the horn. During the following winter they are fed upon straw and a few roots, with the occasional indulgence of a little rough hay the two months preceding calving. The main difficulty with these, however, as with the rest of the cattle, is to prevent their getting too fat. Possessing, as they do, such a propensity to lay on flesh, it need not be wondered at that Mr. Powell never sells off any cattle until they are fit and old enough to slaughter. Bulls for use; at Eglwysnunyd have for some years been purchased from Lord Bateman, Mr. John Hewer, Mr. Green, Mr. Duckham, and other eminent Hereford breeders. By this means, and by a judicious selection of the home-bred heifers, Mr. Powell’s herd has earned for itself a name, and his young bulls are eagerly sought after by other large breeders, one very promising yearling having recently been sold for exportation to Australia, To meet this demand five or six of the best-bred bull-calves are reared each year, and these, with a little indulgence beyond that given to the heifers and steers, make, when fit for work, 30/. to 407. each. i Sheep.—Mr. Powell showed us a lot of 150 breeding ewes, chiefly Oxford Downs, very good, and full of wool. Until ten years ago Cotswolds were tried, but owing to the moist climate they did not give satisfaction. The sheep management may thus be briefly described :-— About the 29th of September the ewes are properly sorted, the oldest, and those known by the shepherd to possess any particular fault, being drawn out for fattening purposes. They are then divided into three or four lots, and placed on rich forcing food for a month, a ram, selected to suit the wool and other peculiar features of the ewes given him, being put with each lot. Superior male animals, as required to change the blood, are purchased at Gloucester fair, At the end of about six weeks the rams are taken out, and the ewes run on the grass until December, hay being allowed as soon as they will begin to eat it, and continued throughout the winter. They are then, if the fields are conveniently situated, allowed to feed for a few Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 285 hours each day on a piece of swedes or common turnips; or, failing this, they have a load or so daily given them on the pasture. The lambs are dropped early in March, the crop commonly averaging four lambs to three ewes. At about a month old the ram lambs (with the exception of a few reserved for breeding purposes) are castrated, and the whole are weaned early in July. They are not shorn, but are twice dipped, and some- times powdered also, during the summer and autumn, and are run on the clovers and seeds until September, They are then placed upon white turnips, which they eat uncut, and are given a liberal allowance of hay, a few older sheep being mixed with them until they get accustomed to their new food. In December, or sooner if the supply of common turnips has run out, the wether lambs are separated from the ewe lambs, and the whole are put upon cut swedes. In January the wethers begin to have about a 41b. of a mixture composed of equal parts of decorticated cotton cake and Indian corn, and, in March, this is increased to $lb. The same mode of treatment goes on until the swedes are all con- sumed, usually towards the middle of April, when the wethers are shorn and sent to market. This year the average weight of the one-year-old wethers was about 21lbs. per quarter, and they were delivered by instalments to suit the convenience of the purchaser. The draft ewes and shearlings are treated in much the same manner as the wether tegs, the main difference being their having, in addition to the cotton-cake and Indian corn, half a pound each daily of “ Tinworks bran.” If prices are good, and the supply of roots limited, these are sold off in the wool about the middle or end of March. Not requiring to be made fit for market, the ewe-tegs are fed, after their separation from the wethers, on cut roots and hay, no cake or corn being allowed. When the swedes have all been consumed they are hurdled on the two-year-old seeds, and are shorn about the middle of May. Mr. Powell, like most of his neighbours, is much troubled with foot-rot in his flock, As a remedy he uses sulphate of copper and alum mixed with common lard. Fluke-worm, or liver-rot, also prevails to some extent, and doubtless these two diseases may be attributed to the low and damp situation of much of the grass land, Pigs.—Three breeding sows of a large white breed are kept, but they call for no lengthened remarks. Their produce, with the exception of those required for home feeding and recruiting the breeding stock, are sold off, at 8 or 9 weeks old, and gene- rally bring from 20s. to 26s. each. Rotation of Crops.—Mr. Powell for the most part adopts the five-course system of cropping, namely—1. Roots; 2. Wheat or Barley ; 3. Seeds; 4. Grass; 5. Oats. When this rule is 286 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. departed from it is mainly to leave the land a year or two longer in grass; for here, as in most situations, the land is apt to become clover-sick, and an extension of the course of cropping lessens this tendency. Roots.—There is no material difference in the preparation of the land for mangolds, swedes, and common white turnips. In the autumn, as soon as may be convenient after harvest, the stubbles are scarified or broad-shared, twice if necessary, well harrowed, and, there being seldom anything to gather off, left flat until November. As great a breadth of the mangold ground as there is manure for is then covered with farmyard dung, and ploughed about five inches deep. In March it is harrowed, cross-ploughed, harrowed again, rolled, and left for sowing. About the middle of April, if the weather permit, the land is set up in drills 26 to 27 inches apart, the portion left short in autumn being manured now, in the drills, at the rate of about 30 tons of good rotten dung to the acre, and the whole receives, besides, a dressing of 4 cwts. of dissolved bones or mangold manure per acre, sown by broadcast drill after the manure is spread. The drills are then split up, and sown two at a time. Mr. Powell prefers a mixture of the long mammoth red mangold and the yellow globe (4 lbs. of the seed of the former to 2 lbs. of the latter per acre) as being convenient in storing, the long roots forming the walls of the store-heap, while the round bulbs fill up the centre. At our visit, on the 14th of June, 8 acres of mangolds were looking extremely promising, and were being stitch-harrowed, 2 rows at a time, by a very neat and easily- worked implement, made by Smith, of Kettering. The plants were being well hoed, and singled to a distance of 13 or 14 in, at a cost of 7s. per acre, a second operation being usually done for another 4s. The weight expected per acre is 40 tons. The crop is stored at the end of October or beginning of November, the fangs and roots being left on, and the top not too closely cut. They are pulled and laid in rows of four drills each for 5s. per acre, and are never allowed to remain uncovered over night. The land for swedes is treated: in much the same way as that for mangolds. 15 to 20 tons of dung are applied per acre (in the drills preferred), and 4 to 5 ewts, of artificial manures sown broadcast. The kinds most in favour are Sutton’s Champion and Wheeler’s Imperial, sown about the second week in May. The weight generally grown per acre is 20 to 25 tons, or in a very favourable season 30 tons per acre. These are all pulled in November, one-third or one-half, according to the condition of the land, being carted home for the use of the cattle-stock, while the remainder are pitted in the field, in heaps of half a cartload each, and covered with three inches of soil. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 287 Besides swedes, Mr. Powell sows a few acres of early white turnips for the use of the lambs from September until nearly Christmas. Being all consumed on the ground, there is less need for applying farmyard dung, from 6 to 7 ewts. of artificial manure generally bringing an abundant crop. Besides stubble turnips, which succeed well here when the autumn is moderately favourable, care is taken always to put in from 15 to 20 acres of other catch crops. The dwarf white pea, sown in March, after oats, will, with the aid of 3 to 4 ewts. of dissolved bones, yield 45 to 50 bushels per acre. This is followed by white mustard, put in during July, and on which the sheep are generally penned in September or October. It is often convenient to grow a piece of common turnips alongside the mustard, and a strip of each, with the addition of hay twice a day, forms a very excellent run for the lambs. A still better plan is to have, as this year, a 2-acre plot of potatoes between the mustard and the turnips, as, by folding the sheep across the whole three, the food is kept clean, and the potato ground enriched by the sheep-droppings. Wheat.—Wheat or barley (according to the nature of the soil, and the kind of crop taken off the same ground in the previous course) is planted after roots, the mangold ground being cross- ploughed in November, and the turnip ground stirred, to prevent loss of fertilizing matter, as soon as the sheep have cleared a few acres. With favourable weather wheat sowing begins the first week in February, and can, without risk to the crop, be con- tinued until March. The seed is dressed with sulphate of copper (1 lb. to 5 imperial bushels) and drilled,.8 rows at a time, and 7 in. apart, at the rate of 24 imperial bushels to the acre. In April, or as soon as the young corn is able to bear it, all the wheat crop is well harrowed and heavily rolled, but does not require hoeing. The kinds commonly grown are the Chiddam, Nursery, Hallett’s, and Biddell’s imperial, and the yield per acre is about 32 bushels. Barley.—Barley, being apt to lodge, requires to be sown early, The first planted receives 24 bushels per acre, while later in the season this is increased to 3 bushels. Hallett’s Chevalier is the favourite sort, and the produce of an acre is usually 40 bushels. Like the wheat and oats, barley is drilled 7 inches between the rows. Seeds.—Clover and grass seeds are sown by broadcast drill on the barley and wheat after roots, and covered by the chain harrow and roller. .The mixture commonly used on an acre of land is as follows:—4 lbs. Cowgrass, 4 lbs. Red Clover, 2 lbs. Alsike Clover, 1 peck Ryegrass (Pacey’s), with the addition, if the field be intended to lie down two or three years, of 2 lbs. to 3 lbs, of white clover. The greater part of the seed-shift is | 288 Report on the Farm- Prize Competition of 1872. top-dressed during the winter with lime and earth compost, each acre receiving about 15 loads, which may be taken to represent one ton of lime. About one-half the crop is mown for hay, dried in the usual manner, and at the end of 7 or 8 days carted into stack. The fog, or aftergrass, affords a rich pasture for the lambs in August, and the ewes tup well upon it in September and October. Oats.— After remaining down in grass one, two, or more years, the clover-leas are for the most part ploughed for oats. This is done in December or January with Hornsby’s 2-furrow- plough ; the land is harrowed in March, and drilled with 3 bushels per acre, lengthwise the ploughing. Black Tartar oats succeed remarkably well, the yield seldom being under 50 bushels per acre. This year, however, we were shown a crop which cannot fall far short of, if it does not actually reach, 70 bushels per acre. The present aspect of the Labour question, and the induce- ments now offered for sheep-breeding, have induced Mr. Powell, and many others besides him, to leave their arable Jand longer in grass, if not to lay away altogether such fields as may be adapted for sheep-pasture. At Eglwysnunyd, a 20-acre field, well watered, drained, and fenced, and lying furthest from the homestead, is intended to remain down as long as it will graze to advantage. The seeds, sown three years ago, were only those used in alternate husbandry, but, having taken remarkably well, and a copious dressing of lime and rich old earth having been applied during the first year, there is every prospect of a good sward forming. Adjoining this field is another of 30 acres, a rather thin, weak gravel, put down, in 1868, with permanent grass seeds (from Messrs. Sutton and Messrs. Wheeler), at a cost of 32s, per acre, 2 lbs, per acre of alsike clover being added to the mixture. This field, being at the extreme boundary of the farm, and watered at the lowest point by a copious spring, was laid away many years ago, but having, by degrees, become foul, benty, and unproductive, leave was obtained to plough it up, and put it through a course of cropping; the conditions being that it should be cleaned, manured, and laid down again, entirely at the expense of the tenant. This addition to his acreage of grass land, though it may not be permanent, has enabled Mr. Powell meanwhile to increase the number of his flock very con- siderably (and we all recognise, though we cannot estimate, the benefits conferred upon light soils by the ‘ golden hoof” of the sheep), while at the same time it has lessened the labour bills. Moreover, as he depends very much for winter provender for his cattle-stock on the produce of nine acres of richly irrigated, and 40 acres of well-composted meadow ground, the slight Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 289 diminution of the corn crop is less felt than where little or no old land is available for mowing. Harvesting.—All the grain crop is cut with a Hornsby’s 2-horse reaper; 3 horses are, however, commonly yoked where the crop is heavy. The barley, as well as the wheat and oats, is tied, set up in stooks of 10 sheaves each, and left un- hooded. When the season is a wet one, “handmows,” that is small conical piles of 4 or 5 stooks each, are found highly ‘advantageous. The newly-cut corn is gathered by men, women, and boys, employed by the day, and, when thoroughly dry, is carried to the stack on well-built harvest-waggons drawn by 2 horses each. The ricks are placed on vermin-proof stone and mortar stands, commonly round, and are covered with machine- made thatch; and what we saw still standing in February were a pattern of neatness. The grain is threshed out by one of Clayton and Shuttleworth’s portable machines, fitted with all the latest improvements, the power being derived from one of their portable 8-horse engines, which is also made available for chaff-cutting, grinding, root pulping, &c. Labourers, Wages, Cottages, §c.—Mr. Powell has a very intelli- gent and painstaking set of workpeople ; and, as he pays them well, and deals generously, yet firmly, with them, he has no diffi- culty in getting supplied. He acts as his own bailiff; and this of itself fosters a kindly feeling between employer and employed. Below is given a list of the hands generally engaged on the farm, with the wages and perquisites of each. Qualification. Weekly Wages. Perquisites. Sd. Head Ploughman. 14 0 Cottage and garden free. Second Ploughman, 8 0 Board and lodgings free, Ploughboy. ~ 10 0 , Head Cattleman. GG Board and lodgings free. Assistant Cattleman. 8 0 Ditto ditto. Shepherd. 13 0 Dinner on Sundays: cottage for 1s. per week. Boy. Zao Labourer. 12 0 Cottage and garden free. 2 Labourers (each). 13 0 3 Women (each). 6 0 Having three cottages attached to the farm, Mr. Powell is, in this respect, better provided for than the generality of Welsh farmers. The three men shown as having board and lodgings free live in the farmhouse. They are engaged by the year, VOL. VIII.—S. S. U 290 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. from the 1st of May, and are paid monthly; a month’s wages being commonly left in the master’s hands. The rest of the workmen are paid fortnightly, on Fridays, Saturday being market day at the adjacent towns of Aberavon and Taibach, Women show no unwillingness to perform the lighter kinds of barn and field work: on the contrary, they gladly walk long distances to and from the farm, though they expect to be employed throughout the year, without any lost time, at the wages quoted. No cider is made, but the entire staff of workpeople are allowed beer in harvest and a fortnight’s victuals ; the men boarded in the house having, throughout the year, the further in- dulgence of a pint of beer each with their Sunday’s dinner. Buildings, Fences, Gates, Artificial Food and Manures.—The tenant’s residence at Eglwysnunyd, although somewhat old- — fashioned, is tolerably good. Screened from the farm pre- mises by means of trees and shrubs, it is, nevertheless, in close proximity to them. Possessing an agreeable aspect, tastefully laid-out flower-beds, well-kept greenhouse, productive kitchen- garden, and other pleasant surroundings, Mr. Powell’s home is certainly one to be envied. The farm buildings, mostly of stone and slate, are somewhat scattered, but they are ample for the requirements of the farm, and in good: repair. Excepting main walls and main timbers, Mr. Powell is expected to keep the dwelling house and buildings in good condition. Besides “tying up” for 49 animals, there are 6 excellent loose boxes, ayve- raging 15 feet by 11 feet, and a like number of conveniently placed cattle-yards, with sheds attached. ‘The farm-horse stable is fitted — up in the style common in the north of England, while engine- shed, cart and waggon house, ample granary, implement and artificial-manure shed, complete a well-appointed farmsteading. The fences on this farm are, for the most part, kept low, and neatly trimmed. Some of the old wide banks have yet to be removed, and these are being reduced each year, the soil making excellent compost. Mr, Powell finds for himself wooden gates, which are of a very good pattern; they are coal-tarred or painted every season, and are by this means well preserved. Including the market value of home-grown peas and corn, Mr. Powell expends, yearly, in extraneous feeding stuffs, about 2501. Linseed cake is preferred to cotton cake, but the latter is found to answer extremely well with sheep when consuming a large quantity of succulent food. It is often mixed ~ with unground Indian corn, and with good results. About 1002. a year may be put down as the usual outlay for artificial manures, while 25/. is annually paid for well- burnt lime. Besides this last, Mr. Powell is about to try the merits of gas- Zime mixed with his compost heaps. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 291 One word, in conclusion, as to the tenant and his general management, Well-educated, shrewd, and warmly attached to his home and his home duties; passionately fond, and an excellent judge, of live stock of all kinds; aided, moreover, by considerable knowledge of chemistry and other kindred subjects, Mr. Powell exactly comes up to our notions of a tenant-farmer of the first class. Undoubtedly the cattle stock are his strong point, but the sheep, too, are well cared for and profitable ; the meadow and grass land is well looked after, the whole farm, most of which is on the coal-measures, and by no means rich by nature, is in high condition, and scrupulously clean; the general management is most orderly and systematic; a correct account is kept of all sales and purchases; and it is, therefore, with unqualified pleasure and satisfaction, that we awarded to Mr. William Savours Powell the magnificent cup so handsomely offered by Sir Watkin W, Wynn. Tur Seconp Prize Farm. The “Slough” Farm, occupied during the last twelve years by Mr. Valentine Parsons, lies on both sides of the road leading from Newport to Chepstow, the homestead standing close by the highway, about 44 miles from the last-named town, and a quarter of a mile from the village of Caerwent. The surface soil is generally a light loam, but, as it rests on a subsoil of clay and closely-knit gravel, much of the farm has required to be tile- drained. This improvement was effected, about 16 years ago, through the instrumentality of the West of England Draining Company; 63 per cent. being charged on the outlay until paid off, and the tenant keeping the drains in thorough repair. The tenancy is a yearly one, dating from Candlemas, and is simply verbal. Unlimited leave is given for the sale of hay and straw, so long as the landlord or his agent is satisfied that a corre- sponding amount of manurial matter, in the shape of town-made muck, bones, and other auxiliary fertilisers, is brought back to the farm. Mr. Parsons is at this time getting from 3/. 10s. to 4]. per ton for wheat straw; the purchaser takes delivery from the rick, and doubtless these prices, on a farm somewhat deficient in buildings, justify the tenant in selling off large quantities of this material. Little or no hay is now sold off. Including about 50 acres of glebe lands, rented by the land- lord, and sublet to Mr. Parsons, the Slough Farm contains close on 292 acres; of this 201 are under the plough, and the re- maining 91 acres are made up of rough cattle ground, dry meadow, orchard, and 35 acres recently laid down to grass. This last comprises some of the thinnest and poorest of the land met with on the farm, and, having only been down six years, UZ 292 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. may be said to be in a state of transition. The seeds, though they were selected with great care, have, we suspect, been faulty, and it is now found necessary to top-dress this portion of the farm by consuming roots upon it with sheep during the winter and spring. In this way, too, the dry meadows are from time to time enriched, and made to bear the frequent mowings to which they are subjected. Horses.—The farm is worked by six useful horses, yoked abreast. Excepting during the summer, when, if grass be plentiful, they are turned out, they are kept in a large open yard, provided with: a shed along one side. Into this, however, they are simply turned at night, and allowed uncut hay, being taken into the stable morning and evening to receive the bulk of their food. A liberal allowance of bran, pea-meal, pulp, and oats, mixed with chaff, keeps them in condition during the busy season, and with this treatment Mr. Parsons seldom has a horse off work. No colts being bred, the stables are replenished by the purchase, now and again, of a young improving animal to supply the place of the aged and worn out. Cattle.—Very useful Shorthorns are kept at Slough, but they are by no means a numerous lot. Butter and cheese being made for sale, milking properties are more valued than pedigree or faultless form. Eight, and sometimes nine, cows or heifers are annually sent to a neighbour’s well-bred bull, and the produce reared, and, with the exception of one or two kept to fill up the cow stock, all fattened off at a trifle under three years old. The calves are mostly dropped in March, are suckled for the first 6 or 8 weeks, and then have milk from the pail, half new and half skimmed. By degrees they are reduced to the poorer description only, and, when this in its turn falls off, the calves are put in loose yards, and fed on cut mangolds, clover, vetches, and linseed cake, or crushed corn, until the close of summer. In the fall of the year the corn or linseed cake is discontinued, and a liberal supply of swedes and hay given through the winter and spring. In the summer the young stock are grazed on the rough meadows; the older division, now turned 2 years of age, and therefore preparing for the butcher, having, commonly, 2 lbs. of cotton cake, and | Ib. of linseed cake per head daily. The fattening process, however, is seldom completed until the winter, when for this purpose the heifers are tied in stalls, and the steers are placed in a warm fold-yard. Their -diet then consists of cut swedes (or mangolds in the spring) three times a day; 3 lbs. each of linseed (or cotton) cake and mixed meal (wheat, barley, and pea) once a day, given along with chopped clover. One feed daily of whole clover is also given, Last spring the best of eight fat beasts made, Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 293 when under 3 years old, 337. 10s. The young stock, rising 2 years old, are all wintered in the fold-yards, and are fed on whole roots and barley straw up to February: afterwards a little rough hay, if it can be spared, is given in place of the straw. Oat straw, as used on the first-prize farm, would be useful at this time, but, from some cause, as yet unex- plained, oats cannot be advantageously grown at Slough. Be- sides home-bred cattle Mr. Parsons purchases, every autumn, as many additional feeding and store beasts as he considers that he requires, and either fattens them, or sells them off in the spring to large graziers. Sheep.—Sheep on this farm, besides being numerous, are a very superior lot, and the management of them is highly creditable. They are pure Cotswolds, and great care is exercised in selecting the ewe-stock, as also in the purchase of rams. The flocks of Messrs. Handy, Gillett, Hewer, and other famous breeders in Gloucestershire, furnish Mr. Parsons with rams of the right stamp, and the results justify the payment of high prices in order to secure a heavy fleece, aptitude to fatten, sound constitution, large size, light offal, and pure breed. Before going to ram, the youngest of the ewes, and the best of the theaves (shear- lings), say 100 of the former and 60 of the latter, are put, for two or three weeks, upon the clover eddishes. About the 25th of September they are divided into three lots, and carefully sorted according to wool, size, and outline. A ram, suited to the ewes given him, or, we ought to say, calculated, by means of his good points, to correct any defects they exhibit, is then placed with each lot, and by this method the flock is main- tained pure, and remarkably uniform. Of the 161 ewes kept for stores last autumn only 1 died during the whole winter, 3 were barren, and the remaining 157 had following them, on the lst of May, 212 lambs. When 5 or 6 weeks old the ram lambs are castrated, the shepherd himself performing the ope- ration, and generally without any loss. About the middle of June the whole are weaned, dipped, and run on the clovers, getting a little linseed cake, say + to 4 a lb. each daily, until they go to turnips. Immediately before corn harvest, the whole of the sheep, including both lambs and ewes, are dipped, and this for the most part puts them safely through the busy season, preventing the attacks of fly and destroying parasites. Between the 20th and the end of September the lambs are put upon common white, and afterwards upon yellow turnips, cut, with a liberal allowance of unchopped clover hay. When they have become accustomed to this change of food, 60 or 65 of the best ewe lambs are taken out for stock purposes, and are deprived of the cake diet, but are, in other respects, fed like their neigh- 294 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. bours. With the remainder the cake is continued, and an addi- tional 4 pint of peas daily is given in spring to finish them off. The common turnips mainly last until the first week in December, and by this time the swedes have done growing, and are fit for use. About the middle of March, when the swede heaps begin to disappear rapidly, mangolds are called into requisition ; but, until the sheep are used to them and the risk of scouring is abated, they are given mixed with about one-half or three-fourths of swedes. When the swede-land is wanted for barley sowing the fat sheep are removed to some snug, dry grass field, where the mangolds have been previously stored in a convenient corner, or waste place, adjacent to the land intended to be thus manured. By the end of April the wether tegs, and those of the ewe tegs not bred from, are usually in prime condition, and command a high figure. They are sold out of the wool, and generally throw 10 lbs. per fleece, though this year, owing to the entire flock being down with foot-and-mouth disease, the produce was not over 9lbs. The carcase weight usually reached is 20 to 21 lbs. per quarter, the average price this year, for the entire lot of 120 tegs, being 3/. a head. The draft ewes make heavy weights by about February, and are sold off in the wool, making this year 4/. each. Besides home-bred stock, Mr. Parsons purchases annually about 50 additional sheep, which are commonly fattened along with the draft ewes, and sold off at the same time. The breeding ewes, when separated from the rams, again form one lot, and are run on the pastures, a small allowance of hay and roots being given when the winter sets in, and the growing foetus demands an increased supply of nutriment. A few weeks before lambing they are folded on common turnips, or swedes, which they eat uncut, and from which they are not removed until the lambs begin to make their appearance. Though strongly opposed to anything like pampering of his ewes during pregnancy, Mr. Parsons deems it of the utmost importance that they should not suffer any material check, but should rather be kept uniformly well, and in progressiye health, during a period of such great importance. The young ewes, if they seem to require it, are separated from the older portion of the flock, and indulged a little more than the ewes of mature age. Pigs.—Pigs on this farm call for no special notice. One, and sometimes two, breeding sows (Berkshires) are kept, and _their produce, excepting only the three or four required for home feeding, are sold off immediately they leave the wheat stubbles. Rotation of Crops.—Here, as in most farms throughout this dis- trict, the system of cropping is the 4-course, namely, 1. Roots; 2. Barley or Wheat; 3. Seeds; 4. Wheat. fioots—The preparation of the land for roots begins with a Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 295 very light ploughing, followed by scarifying and harrowing, immediately after harvest. Should any couch appear, which is seldom the case, it is picked off, and the land then left quiet a few weeks to grow out the annual weeds. In November, or before Christmas, if possible, a deep ploughing (of 10 inches) is given where the land will bear it, and the ground left in furrow during the remainder of the winter. In March, if the season admits of it, the fallow-land is well harrowed, scarified, harrowed again, hand-picked, if necessary, and left for sowing. Mangolds are not sown in large quantity, from four to five acres, when a good crop, generally meeting the spring demands of the cattle and sheep. Yellow Globe, sown on 25-inch drills, and singled out 15 inches apart, are found to answer best. Besides artificial manures, a copious dressing of farmyard-dung is usually given. This year, however, owing to the heavy and incessant rains, the yard-manure could not be got on the land; but, the plot being already in good heart, it is expected that the heavy dose of mangold-manure (11 ecwts. per acre) will produce an abundant crop. The first hoeing and thinning costs 6s. per acre, while the second going through, usually done by the same persons, requires a further sum of 3s. 6d. The produce of an acre is seldom under 35 tons, and the crop is stored at the end of October. The mangolds are first trimmed, as they stand, with a reaping-hook; they are then pulled, the soil shaken off, but no roots removed, and afterwards carted. The heaps, which are made in the meadows, orchard, rick-yard, or poorer grass fields, according to circumstances, are covered, first with a layer of straw, then with a few inches of soil, and, lastly, with a neat coating of thatch; and in this way the bulbs are pre- served fresh and juicy until after midsummer. The mangold- ground, we must not omit to mention, is compensated for the removal of the entire crop by bringing back on to it, for con- sumption by cake-eating sheep, a goodly quantity of swedes. Swedes are mostly sown towards the end of May, or early in June, on 24 to 26-inch drills, and thinned to a distance of 13 or 14 inches. From 16 to 18 single-horse cart-loads of dung are spread (at a cost of 2s. 6d. an acre) in the rows, and 5 to 6 ewts. of dissolved bones and mineral superphosphate (two-thirds of the former and one of the latter) are sown broadcast over it. Skirving’s Purple-top variety is found to be the best, and from 3 to 34 lbs. of seed per acre insure a good plant. Growing, as they do here, until the end of November, swedes are seldom drawn off before December. They are then all pulled and cleaned, at a cost of 8s. 6d. per acre, one-third being either taken home for the use of the cattle, or pitted in grass fields, or on the mangold-ground for consumption by sheep. That 296 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. portion of the crop left on the swede-land is, for convenience in penning the sheep, thrown into heaps of about two cart-loads each, and protected from frosts by a covering of soil. Twenty- five to twenty-eight tons of swedes per acre is considered a good crop, thirty tons being sometimes produced. Common turnips, to the extent of ten or twelve acres, are grown for the maintenance of the lambs from about September 20th until the beginning of December, a few being, if possible, spared for the ewes. They are always eaten where they grow, and are, therefore, raised solely from artificial manures—such as dissolved bones (5 or 6 cwts.), nitrate of soda (1 to 1} ewt.), and other portable fertilizers. White turnips, when late planted, are often sown on the flat; in fact, wherever swedes or common turnips are grown on thin, poor soil, Mr. Parsons prefers to plant on the flat, the ridge being always adopted on the deeper soils, and where there is less cause to fear the effects of a dry season. Barley.—T his cereal, to the almost total exclusion of the others, is planted after roots. Seeding begins early in March, as much of the land as can be got ready being sown by the end of the month. Three bushels per acre, vitrioled as wheat, and, when dry, mixed with about 4 lbs. of Italian rye-grass, is drilled 63 to 7 inches between the rows. Mr. Parsons has tried, and with good results, the plan of drilling barley twice over on the same land, length- wise and then across, but without materially increasing the quantity of seed. By thus spreading the barley closely over the entire surface of the ground, a heavier and more uniform crop is thought to be secured. The kind of barley in most favour is Hallett’s pedigree, and, in a tolerable season, the yield per acre is 45 to 50 bushels. Seeds.—ltalian rye-grass, we have already said, is drilled along with the barley, Pacey’s, or other English varieties, being seldom grown. The clover mixture, say 8 lbs. of red, 4 of white, 4 of trefoil, and 2 of alsike, is sown, by broadcast-machine, har- rowed and rolled. Portions of the farm having become clover- sick, Mr. Parsons is this year trying the effects of giant, sainfoin, 3 bushels to an acre, in place of the red and white clovers. Of the seed-shift two-thirds are commonly mown, with Wood’s machine, and made into hay, stacked, and given mainly to the horses and sheep in winter and spring. Odd as it may appear, the wheat- crop is always stronger and better where the seeds are mown than where depastured, and more especially so if the clover be luxuri- ant.* This corroborates our own notions on the subject, namely, that no kind of plant-food is so beneficial to the wheat-crop as * See Dr. Voelcker’s paper on this subject, ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ 2nd series, vol. iv. No. 8, p. 397.—Epir. Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. 297 the roots of clover, especially when it is, by being left for hay, allowed time to send its roots deep into the earth, and bring up a supply of rich and easily appropriated nourishment. Wheat.—This is a staple product of Slough farm, and the crops seen by the Judges on the 19th of June were very promising. Though occasionally grown after roots, and sown, as this year, even as late as May Ist, Mr. Parsons greatly prefers lea-wheat. Standing well in moist seasons, and producing a vast amount of straw, as well as grain, the Browick Red is his favourite sort. Preparation of the land for wheat may thus be briefly described. Where not manured for the previous root-crop, the clover-lea is covered, immediately the harvest is over, with 14 to 16 tons per acre of good dung, which is spread, and ploughed in about 43 inches deep. Then, if the weather be dry, it is heavily pressed with a smooth roller; for, without a thorough and complete firming of the land, nothing but disappointment would follow. After this process of consolidation is finished, the harrow is applied, and the seed, having been first dressed with sulphate of copper, is drilled, 8 inches apart, at the rate of from 2 to 24 bushels per acre, towards the end of October. To those occupy- ing poor land, insufficiently manured, this may appear a light seeding, but it is ample on land well farmed, and the quantity is gradually increased as the season advances. Sowing of autumn wheat is generally concluded by the second week in November, and the ordinary yield is from 40 to 45 bushels per acre. Mr. Parsons intends to try the plan of giving the dressing of farmyard- manure to his young seeds, instead of applying it the following year to the wheat, believing that, besides greatly increasing the cloyer-crop, he will also secure a heavier yield of grain, though, perhaps, less straw, than by the method hitherto usually adopted. Catch-crops, though at one time extensively cultivated, have now been almost entirely given up, Mr. Parsons having satisfied himself that, where an attempt is made to grow rye, vetches, trifolium, peas, &c., after the wheat, the succeeding root-crop is seriously diminished in bulk. Beans.—Beans are sometimes planted to a limited extent on the stiffer portions of the farm, but there is nothing specially noteworthy in their management. Hlarvesting.—‘At a cost of from 9s. to 10s. per acre, additional hands undertake to cut (with reaping-hooks), bind, and stook, _ the whole of the wheat-crop, while the ordinary staff of workmen _ mow the barley with common scythes for 2s. 6d. per acre. This last is not tied in sheaves; after remaining in swathes two or _ three days it is turned, and, by the end of a week, can, if well- ripened, be safely carted to stack, loose, three rows being first gathered together for convenience in loading. The custom is 298 Report on the Farm-Prize Competition of 1872. to build the large barley-ricks in an oblong shape, while the wheat-stacks are round, and often contain 40 to 45 quarters each. — The shepherd, knowing well the importance of harvest time, leaves his sheep that he may come and build the ricks; and those seen by the Judges in February certainly did him credit. The thatching, too, though by whom done they did not inguire, was also the perfection of neatness. Except for contract work, no extra wages. are given in corn harvest. On carting days, however, both men, women, and boys are given dinner, and, if kept late in the evening, are _allowed bread and cheese, or some such refreshment, at 6 P.M. Threshing—Threshing of the grain at Slough is done by one or other of the itinerant firms who make it their business to travel through the country with a complete steam apparatus for the purpose. The general charge is 3d. per bushel for wheat or barley, which covers the tying of the straw, sacking, and wheeling the grain into barn or granary. No beer or cider is included in the contract, but, if the work be efficiently and quickly performed, a moderate quantity of “ drink” is generally given over. Labour.—Extra hands, we have already said, are engaged in corn-harvest. The following, however, is a list of the staff of labourers generally employed by Mr. Parsons, who, we may add, Weekly Wages. | Perquisites. 2s 464149 Chester tow neds 143, (D738 Worcester ;.,;2s¢ 4 poze Ome Cornwall Se tes ZL any Go) York otf: 0s biel BOE Cumberland .. .. 27616 7 Derby! ...*¥.2° 22*'405'14" 0 Wales :-— Durhamice! «si os 1 82 +88 Anglesey Jet 5s ETO 203 Devon...) we «000 18 ,/53,), Brecon, deat) Soo oS Dorset po. jers Vecta (OOe SiS Cardican =.) 5: mee es ESSEX ss oe ORs) Adela Carmarthen .. .. a a Ve Gloucester .. .. 106416 7 Carnarvon | "sc ' "ssa © lo uecmern Hants... <.. ss {4opegeat Denbigh i.) “6! * gi BAZTIZG IG ae Hereford ieent 226 W64i0 Flint set i0ee) set AOZLO” shy Hertiord ... ss) $2.f099 0o) ao Glamorgan .. .. 216°17 3 Huntingdon... ).. , 240 Fd 5). Merioncings camara. 2 18 10 Kent fo. ae) | oo lOO to Montgomery .. .. 6219 2 Lancaster .. .. 387 6 O Pembroke 1/7) “45 d4g ' Leicester se Jtee? 420 435 0 Radnor »s./..i <2eGon 1001@ . Eincoli’ .4% one plies Sale aE -- .. £26,850 4 Wales (2, y)st let RN Paeene Ee! | ee eee 624 6 Scotland & Neel V0 US, Gee 393 8 eeland). 4g. fesus? «af “eel (ces VA ee 69 9 , Borer’ Countries.../ <.,.. ys ee, ey ee Tae Anonymous a rrree on peasy) LeOO aia: 9 5 5 6 9 1 Subscribed by persons g giv ing no raddress .. .. 289413 8 £29,167 1 2 Lord Mayors Fund .. .. .. 18,000 0 0 Swedish Fund .. ..» ss) s.) ,Go00;sZao Tambourg Fund 3) 2.) eens 393 14 0 Refunds, Interest, &c... .. .. 8078 11 5 7 Total... - le )issenee OLR GeE The French Feasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 329 The large towns were not directly appealed to, but the object of the Fund commended itself to a large number of citizens who sympathized with the French peasantry as well as with the starving population of Paris. The subscription list, therefore, includes a considerable proportion of urban donations, and it was supplemented by three grants, amounting in all to 13,0002, from the Mansion House French Relief Fund, which was specially established for the supply of food to the starving multitude shut up in the French capital. Afterwards, when the organization of the Seed Fund had been fully developed, a Swedish Collection, amounting to 63002, and a Limbourg Fund, amounting to 393/., were placed in the hands of Lord Vernon by his Excel- lency M. Drouyn de Lhuys, who had throughout been the willing guide and counsellor of the Committee in all matters on which they desired his advice. These various sums, together with refunds for railway charges, made a total of nearly 52,000/. with which, from first to last, the Committee had to deal. The corn and other seeds bought by the Committee were aug- mented by donations in kind amounting to about 180 quarters of spring wheat, 600 quarters of barley, 350 quarters of oats, about 300 sacks of potatoes, and numerous sacks and bags of small seeds, including turnips, swedes, mangolds, vetches, &c. &c. The representatives of the Fund also distributed large quantities of wheat, barley, oats, and potatoes for the Scotch and Irish Commit- tees, as will appear in detail under the heads of the several dépits. At an early stage of their proceedings the Committee addressed themselves to the pressing duties of ascertaining the wants of the peasant-farmers, of purchasing the seeds which were most needed, of transporting them to France, and of distributing them in the occupied region. For the first-named purpose, they circulated the following schedule of questions amongst the chief resident officials and agriculturists in the most exhausted districts, through the medium of the representatives of the English press, of the National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War, and by the assistance of numerous private individuals :— AGRICULTURAL REQUIREMENTS OF FRANCE. 1. What are the agricultural features of your district in the following aspects ? A Kinds of grain and other seeds generally used for sowing. B Kinds deficient at the present time. C Latest period of spring sowing. (a) Spring wheat, if grown. (>) Spring beans or peas, if grown. 330 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. (ec) Barley. (d) Oats. (e) Clovers and grasses. (f) Turnips and other roots. (g) Potatoes, (h) Tares and other fodder crops. (7) Any other crop extensively grown in the dis- trict. D What means of cultivating the land are at present possessed by the peasant-farmers of the district, viz. :— (a) By men. (6) ,, women and children. ¢) 5, horses. (d) ,, oxen and other animals. (e) ,, implements. 2. Can seeds for spring sowing be bought in the district; or, if near the frontier, at any dép6ts across it; and, if so, at what price ? 3. What means are possessed by the farmers of the district to enable them to purchase seeds? A large number of replies to these questions were received from all portions of the invaded region, and they revealed a state of exhaustion of the agricultural community that rendered the knowledge almost more perplexing to the Committee than their original ignorance. It was, however, obvious that too much seed-corn could not be sent into districts in which, according to these statements, it was “entirely wanting ;” and it was satis- factory to receive repeated and distinct assurances from expe- rienced agriculturists that the latest period of sowing spring wheat was not until March 15th, and in some districts April Ist, while oats and barley were commonly sown until April 15th, and in some districts until the beginning of May. As the information clearly showed that the wants of the peasant-farmers were infinitely greater than there was any likelihood of the Committee being able to supply, it was a matter of necessity to limit the distribution — to bond fide peasant-farmers who had suffered by the war, and to restrict the quantity given so as to extend the donations of the Fund to the greatest number of persons while conferring a sub- stantial benefit in each case. The Committee, therefore, decided to instruct their representatives, who were charged with the dis- tribution of corn and seeds, not to allow claims made by persons occupying more than 50 English acres (20 hectares), and not to give to any occupier more than 8 bushels of wheat, or 12 bushels of barley, or 16 bushels of oats, or a proportionate quantity of The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 331 two or more kinds of grain. Generally speaking, the representa- tives of the Fund found it desirable to restrict still further both the area of occupation and the quantity of grain given in each case, and thus a proportionately larger number of persons received relief. It will be remembered that the capitulation of Paris took place on the 28th January, 1871, and was not succeeded by the signature of the preliminaries of peace until the 26th February. At the former date the subscriptions promised amounted only to about 20002, of which not more than 900/. had been received, and it was not until nearly the latter period that the list of donations gave indications of assuming the proportions which it ultimately acquired. In the mean time the Committee were urged on all hands to send out spring wheat, which could not be bought in the occupied districts for love or money, while the difficulties of transport from the sea-coast to the interior rendered the arrival of the seed in time for sowing a matter of the utmost uncertainty. In addition, the desirability of attempting to commence the work of distribution was a question difficult to decide. The Committee, therefore, on January 30th, called a general meeting of the sub- scribers to determine whether a commencement should be made in view of the prospect of an early peace, and the result was that the first purchase of wheat was made on February 4th, and sub- sequent purchases as frequently as the subscription list would permit. The Committee were fortunate in obtaining, at the outset, the co-operation of a delegation appointed by the Committee of Corn- merchants on Mark Lane, and to the disinterested co-operation of these gentlemen no inconsiderable share of the success of the operations of the Fund is fairly due. Through their agency the cornand other seeds were bought at exceedingly favourable prices, and without any charge for commission, while their quality evoked the admiration of the peasant-farmers in every district to which the consignments of the Fund were sent. Those who remember the demand for spring wheat on Mark Lane in February, March, and even in April of 1871, will readily understand the difficulty experienced by the executive officers of the Seed Fund in their endeavour, first of all to collect, and afterwards to despatch to France, several thousand quarters of that grain. The collection was made over the several lines of railway leading to London, all of which were more or less choked with merchandise intended for the relief of the population of Paris and the North of France. The despatch had to be con- ducted in the face of difficulties in the way of obtaining steamers to carry the grain to the French ports, and of almost insuperable obstacles across the channel in consequence of the lack of railway waggons in France, except those used by the contending forces for 332 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. the conveyance of troops. Mr. James Odams, however, was not only indefatigable in his efforts to charter suitable steamboats for the conveyance of the grain to the French ports of landing (Boulogne, Honfleur, and St. Nazaire), but he placed Plaistow wharf gratui- tously at the command of the Committee for the reception of the donations and purchases, amounting to several thousand quarters of grain. Thanks to him, the shipping department was most satis- factorily conducted, and the grain sent to France without delay. On the other side of the Channel the difficulties were very great ; but at Boulogne the local Committee of the Sick and Wounded Fund, who also acted for the Seed Fund, induced the Northern Railway of France to enter into the spirit of our enterprise so thoroughly that they not only carried our consignments free of charge, but gave them precedence over all merchandise. Months afterwards, the wharves and stations at Boulogne and Calais were encumbered with bales and sacks that had been waiting their turn ever since the termination of the war; meanwhile, the seed sent by the Fund for the most part arrived in time for spring sowing, and the comparatively small quantity that arrived too Jate was sold for grinding, at remunerative prices. This result was in great measure due to the exertions of the Chairman of the Boulogne Committee, Sir Vincent Eyre, and the Secretary, Mons. V. J. Vaillant, aided by the generous co-operation of General yon Goeben, the Commander-in-Chief of the German Forces in the North of France. It may be considered paradoxical to state that one of the greatest difficulties experienced by the Committee was brought about by the success of their own operations ; but so great was the want of seed-wheat in France, and so difficult was the question of transport into the occupied region, that the Committee were flooded with applications euler! to purchase on account of French cultivators outside their definition of a peasant-farmer, or to sell them wheat at a reduced price. In fact, such applica- tions coming in every conceivable form, backed by the recom- mendations of the most influential men, made it very difficult at times to say an emphatic “No” to the entreaties of*our most respected friends ; but the Committee firmly though reluctantly resolved that it would be inexpedient to allow a charitable fund to degenerate into a trading company under any guise whatever, Sprina DIsrrrBurtion. As will have been understood, the answers obtained to the schedule of questions as to the agricultural requirements of the peasant-farmers, not only showed the extreme want of seed- corn, but exhibited a surprising demand for spring-wheat, The French Peasant-Farmers Seed Fund. 333 partly in consequence of the destruction of the autumn-sown wheat by both the war and the weather, and partly in conse- quence of the exhaustion of the country in materials available as food for the people. The first purchase of seed-corn was ordered, as already stated, on February 4th, viz. 300 quarters of spring wheat, to be distributed in the Department of the Somme from a dépét at Amiens, by Mr. C. Sartoris, of Wilcote, Charlbury, Oxfordshire ; but the operations of the Fund assuming an importance not originally contemplated, Mr. Sartoris soon found it necessary to avail himself of the assistance of Colonels Cox and Berington. Afterwards, Mr. Sartoris being obliged to return to England, Colonel Cox was placed at the head of the Amiens dépdt, and Colonel Berington distributed in the adjoin- ing department of the Pas de Calais, from a dépdt established at Arras, The area of distribution was further extended, at a more recent period, to the Department of the Aisne, in an easterly direction towards the Ardennes, where Mr. Bullock had been distributing “The Daily News Fund.” Thus, the original area was, step by step, extended in every direction until it reached the boundaries of districts that were either supplied from other dépéts subsequently established, or, as in the case of the Ardennes and the Meuse, the confines of regions that were under the special charge of the ‘“* Daily News” and the “ War Victims’ Fund” Committees, to whom grants of money were made by the Seed Fund for the purchase of seed-corn. The quantities distributed in the departments of the Somme, Aisne, and Pas de Calais, were, in round numbers, 1000 quarters of spring wheat, 1450 quarters of oats, 1050 quarters of barley, and about 100 tons of potatoes sent by the English Seed Fund. In addition 168 sacks of wheat, 1060 sacks of oats, and 1536 sacks of potatoes, sent from Scotland by the Edinburgh Com- mittee, were distributed chiefly in the Pas de Calais. One hundred quarters of vetches, 1000 half-pecks of haricot beans, 1000 quarter-pecks of turnip seed, 1000 two-pound packages of earrot seed, and 1000 quarter lbs. of onion seeds were also sent to the Department of the Aisne. The total number of occu- piers relieved in these departments is as follows :— / Departments. Seed Corn. Potatoes. Total. | Somme .. .. .. | 11,012 4401 15,413 | | | Pasde Calais .. .. 2,083 850 2,933 | Aisne (approximate) .. se Bs 8,000 Total (approximate) . oe 26,346 | 334 The French 'Piguuih Raaire Seed Fund. The capitulation of Paris on the 28th January having been succeeded by the signature of the preliminaries of peace on the 26th February, the latter event was followed by a large influx of subscriptions. On February 21st the Lord Mayor’s Committee made their first grant of 5000/. to the Seed Fund. It was therefore determined, on the following day, to purchase 1500 quarters of spring wheat for distribution in the district of La Beauce,—the principal grain- producing region of France. Colonel Elphinstone superintended the distribution in this district, the history of which offers a close parallel with the course of events just described. The wheat bought with the Mansion House grant was followed by oats, barley, &c., purchased with our own subscriptions, and Colonel Elphinstone availed himself of the assistance of Captain Rennick and other gentlemen. Mr. Miles Lewis was also engaged by the Committee to travel with the grain from Honfleur to Tours and elsewhere,—a precaution, the necessity of which was fully borne out by experience. By these means the whole of the grain sent to this district was satisfactorily distri- buted, and without delay, the quantities having been as follows :— 1650 quarters of wheat, 1040 quarters of barley, and 810 quarters of oats, sent by the Seed Fund direct ; also 4280 sacks of potatoes, 394 saeks of oats, and 20 sacks of various kinds of seed, sent by two Irish Committees at Dublin and Waterford. The English Committee further sent 50 quarters of spring tares, and 4000 packets of small seeds, of the same description as those sent to the Aisne; and they also paid 1000/. towards the cost of one of the cargoes sent by the War Victims’ Fund. For this 10007. Colonel Elphinstone received for distribution 3500 bushels of oats, 338 sacks of barley, and 158 sacks of potatoes. Unfor- tunately this consignment reached him so late that the period of sowing oats in that district had expired, and it became necessary to sell them for fodder; but the sum realized, nearly 4s. per bushel, showed a gain rather than a loss, and the Committee authorized him to expend the amount in the purchase of maize in the South of France. } Departments. Seed-corn. Potatoes, Small seeds. Total. Indre et Loire 3,021 2,832 394 6,247 | Sarthe .. .. 738 652 117 1,507 Loir et Cher .. 5,760 4,871 522 11,153 oer a. se fe 4,150 1,309 314 5,778 | Eure et Loir .. 38,170 1,096 393 4,659 Total’ 5. 16,839 10,860 1,740 29,339 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 335 The district of La Beauce comprises portions of the depart- ments in the preceding table, which shows also the number of occupiers relieved in each, exclusive of those who received the tares and garden seeds. A second vote of 50002., made by les Lord Mayor’s Com- mittee, on February 24th, coupled with a large influx of sub- scriptions, enabled the Seed Fund Committee to establish a dépét at Paris for the relief of the small cultivators in the extensive region which had been devastated during the pro-— tracted siege of the capital of France. Mr. J. Furley, of the National Aid Society, Mr. R. N. James, Mr. Pitman, and Mr. Mansfield, undertook the distribution of a large quantity of wheat, barley, and oats from a warehouse at Paris which had been provided free of cost through the instrumentality of the officers of the “Société des Agriculteurs de France.” With every prospect of a successful distribution, this Committee commenced its work, and about 500 quarters of seed-corn were sent into Paris and partially distributed in the southern rural districts, with the assistance of Mr. Norcott, the representative of the Lord Mayors Committee; but, in consequence of the insurrection in Paris, it was soon found necessary to remove the dépot to Creil. To Paris and Creil, about 800 quarters of spring wheat, 1150 of barley, and 1425 of oats were sent, also about 300 tons of potatoes, and 4000 packages of small seeds as in the other cases. The books of the representatives showed that about 2500 occupiers resident in between 40 and 50 Communes south of Paris, and about 4300 occupiers resident in 127 Com- munes north of Paris received relief from Paris and Creil respectively. The following table is sufficiently complete to indicate the nature of the distribution, though several of the returns, showing the number of persons relieved in certain communes, were lost in transmission through the post at the time of the Communist insurrection :— Departments. | Wheat. Oats. Barley. | Potatoes. ferpites: sacks. sacks, sacks. sacks, REM 8 os a ao os 640 361 684 308 2,676 Seine-et-Oise .. .. .. 536 | 1,449 587 | 1,860 1,637 Seine-et-Marne .. .. .. | 33 98 67 198 147 TS Re eee 163 669 123 | 1,754 1,522 Outer departments .. .. 2 9 51 6 Grand Total .. | 1,374 | 2,586 “1,512 | 3,626 | 5,982 336 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. The district south of Paris having been cut off from the source of relief by the Communist insurrection, the Committee were of opinion that it was impossible to distribute usefully the whole of the seed-corn allotted to the Paris district over one- half the area originally contemplated. ‘They therefore decided, with the aid of a further grant of 3000/7. from the Lord Mayor’s Fund, to establish a fourth centre of distribution at Rouen, for the relief of the departments of the Seine Inferieure, Eure, and Calvados. To this district they sent some of the corn that had been intended for the district south of Paris, and an additional — quantity specially purchased. Captain W. Delf, of Great Bentley Hall, near Colchester, took charge of this dépét, and distributed the following quantities of corn and seeds sent by this Committee :—710 quarters of barley, 1567 quarters of oats, 260 tons of potatoes, 100 quarters of vetches, 4000 packages of seeds as before, 2 sacks of cabbage-seed, and 11 sacks of grasses ; also a cargo sent by the Scotch Fund, consisting of 11 sacks of barley, 251 sacks of oats, and 871 sacks of potatoes. Captain Delf also received from Boulogne a small quantity of wheat and some barley which had been intended for distribution from the Paris dépét ; but the wheat, about 64 quarters, arriving too late to be sown, was sold for grinding. The following are the total quantities of grain, potatoes, and small seeds sent to France last spring by the English Seed Fund Committee :— Wicat? (07,06, @T 7), Wel IM SAS OMe Sh onmues Barley sofiee bie Sei, 04 SH RTT. BT Ssaemee. Oats 55; sss>) ews oyulescreses Uesieb- seen Ree Tares By ne Woes eee. 250 , POUAtOCS “0. foe, se) eS EET ad SEE 700 Tons. Haricot Beans 4000 half-peck bags -» +. (500 bashels), Turnip Seed 4000 quarter-peck bags .. .. (250 bushels). Carrot Seed 4000 two-pound packages «» _ (8000 lbs.) Onion Seed 4000 quarter-pound packages .. (1000 lbs.) Sundry Seeds, about 500 sacks and bags. The system adopted by the representatives of the Fund, so as to guard as much as possible both against fraud, and against mis- appropriation of the grain, was resolved upon after considerable deliberation. The first duty of the representatives was to form a Local Committee consisting of landowners and other persons of influence and agricultural knowledge. The next step was to obtain from the Maires of Communes, or other qualified persons, a state- ment in detail, on forms supplied for the purpose, of the wants of the peasant-farmers in their Commune or Canton, specifying the names of the applicants, the acreage occupied by them, and the quantity of each kind of grain asked for. This statement was certified by the maire, the curé, or the schoolmaster, and some agriculturist of influence, generally either the President of the 338 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. Comice Agricole, or a Member of the “ Société des Agriculteurs de France.” It was then examined by’the representative of the Fund and the Local Committee, revised if necessary, and the quantity actually voted stated thereon by the representative. The — seed was sent for by the Maire or his deputy, who signed a receipt for it ; and a receipt for each portion of it was subsequently signed by the individuals whose claims had been allowed, when they received the grain. The original return, fully signed, was finally delivered to the representative of the Fund, but a duplicate — was kept by the maire for future reference. In the face of these precautions it seems almost impossible that there should have been any room for misappropriation, except by the peasant- farmer himself; and it is, of course, quite possible that amongst the thousands who received seed-corn some few may have sold | it, or used it for other purposes than seed. So greatly, however, was the boon esteemed, that in at least one district the landed © proprietors publicly announced that they would prosecute at ! their own expense any person who sold or otherwise misappro- priated the seed, and demand the infliction of a fine representing 20 times the value of the grain misused. This general description may be usefully supplemented by the following quotations from Col. Cox’s report, showing, as an example, how the instructions were carried out at the Amiens dépot:— ; “The mode of allotting seed which we adopted and carried — out in the Département de la Somme was, although one involving — a considerable amount of attention and clerical labour, on the — whole by far the most satisfactory. All communes sent in to us — returns containing the names of every one that required assistance, . with the quantity of land under each description of cultivation, and the quantity of seed of each description applied for by each person. These returns were then carefully examined, the names of those the extent of whose property did not include them in the necessitous classes were eliminated, unless it was shown that special circumstances rendered them deserving of help; all rows of figures were added up so as to show the total extent of land for which seed was required, and the amount of each sort of seed demanded. The quantity of each sort of seed which was considered proportional to the necessities of the commune was then allotted by the representative of the Society, who signed the paper and also the order on the storekeeper for the grain. - “The mere addition of these long rows of figures occupied most of the time of a clerk, but the work could not have been performed in so just and satisfactory a manner if this had not_ been done, ‘* The returns were then sent back toeach commune, on which | a (One half the achtal scale) See 2 on dy Tersonnes bla Onmune de Wp Gried Canker de Phe fraumez Depart. de Cat Galas ayant bavia ertemences,, — Teental Niane 4, Hue de Tectchiee. - Chiague individe niaura devil be véclamer gue 4 pelils wares Je JO bitte chacun ben geneal fey Jernenas re sont png données arco & ceux dont Oclinde de Prexplodlation’ ni excide poas fd belated . Ces colonues ue doivent pad tte Aampolien? qu aperie a Notation 2s semeentces Oservalions . awl ee nn Si ce du Nheeoll Boy = Gentle Crnistof i See al = IDichr- ‘ — 4o\ STM — _ r- : : — , s Ces colonnes ne doivent pad tre reanrpoliens / Vy, y q'aprie fa diotslulion Med sementes, ls VIET A: Spo, 4 5 F Ez rao eignalure Me Neceplion nile, SS eg ee ig Zee | 22 ————— ~ = = 27 1 fe = a a | Ne ee | Me u(fembfe =\ wel ae A eral ie | | Dcaail—pilart— | SBrccenaLet — AP ented — pp a Bud na Maitre de b Scale: ——______embre 00 ta chciele Agucvle The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 339 the mayor either came or delegated some one to receive the order, and to remove the grain from the stores. On receipt of the grain it was distributed by the mayor, with the aid of his municipal council, and each recipient signed his name as an acknowledgement of the quantity given to him, the return, when thus completed being brought back to me. “ By this meshs a salutary check was maintained on the mayors, who in small communes are often mere peasants, and who would naturally feel inclined to favour their friends and relations at the expense of others whose wants might be equal or greater.” (Pp. 5 and 6.) _ “In allotting grain to the department of the Somme, in which have resided during the greater part of the war, I have been guided by my knowledge of the proportion in which each com- mune has suffered during the invasion; for instance, those in hose immediate neighbourhood battles took place, and where ses and property have been destroyed, have naturally received fe largest share of assistance, as also have those communes hich, being on or near the main roads traversed by the belli- rerents, aia in the vicinity of the usual halting places, have ifiered the most from requisitions. Pea(B: G: The annexed fac-simile reduction of one of the tableaux used ill give a better idea than any description of the thorough Manner in which the precautions were carried out. It also hows the prevailing size of the farms in the district, and, what vill astonish many Englishmen, that almost every one of the asant-farmers was able to sign his name. “Such having been the history, organization, and spring work the Seed Fund, it remains to describe the result. Fortunately, it is easy to give an authentic summary under this head, because tt a General Meeting of the subscribers held on the 23rd of May, the Executive Committee were authorized to send a epresentative to France for the purpose of obtaining information m this question. Capt. Delf, the gentleman who undertook this uty, presented an able report, from which the following extracts we made, the only preface necessary being that the general result is a complete success in every respect but one. The nursery heat was generally a failure, owing to the circumstances stated the following paragraphs; the April wheat, barley, oats, maize, ches, and dfliey fodder crops, as well as fhe garden-seeds, were eminently successful. On pp. 5 and 6 of his Report, Capt. Delf states :— On July 20th I drove to Meslay, which had been the scene (an engagement between the Prussians and French ; very great ad been the necessities of this commune, and much. relief had rendered by a liberal distribution ‘of wheat, barley, oats,’ Zz 2 340 The French Peasant-Farmer’s Seed Fund. maize, potatoes, &c. All who had been recipients spoke in the highest possible terms of the fine quality of seed sent out, and with the exception of the wheat crop, which was a failure— partly in consequence of the late period of sowing, and partly owing to the parching weather in the months of April and May —the crops were very good indeed, especially the oats and barley; the average yield of the former grown from our seed I should estimate at about 11 sacks per acre, and that of the latter about 8 sacks. When I speak of the crops as being good, I wish to be understood that I give the estimate of the cultivators themselves, and at the same time I take into consideration the unfavourable circumstances under which the seed was sown. Here | had the opportunity of comparing in two instances barley raised from English and from French seed growing side by side, and in both cases the very marked superiority of the crop produced from our seed was apparent. The maize was being cultivated as a forage crop for cows, which are very partial to it, and produce a decided increase of milk from its use; the potatoes were in every way satisfactory, and held out hope of z good return,” In reference to the neighbourhood of Villandry, he remark: that “The autumn-sown wheat was truly wretched, a great dea of land was occupied by crops that could not possibly yield more than five bushels per acre; and, owing to the sparseness of thi crop and the want of attention in cleaning the land, an over whelming crop of weeds, embracing almost every variety, wa the result. The wheat sent by the Society had, in consequence of the late period of sowing, failed to mature itself; but in on respect it had the advantage of their autumn-sown wheat, whic was this,—the seed had grown very well and tillered strongly, hene the ground was well covered with a dense coat of herbage whic had kept the land clean, and would yield a fair amount of forage “The barley was a most refreshing sight. The seed selecte was of a very fine description, and the growing crop bore evidence of its value, the near approach to maturity enabling me to forr a very fair estimate of the yield. The variety was certainly tk long-eared Nottingham; it was ripening off with a brillia golden hue, and was remarkably plump, promising to yield sample which would cause the buyers of Bass, Allsopp, ar others, who are very dainty in their selections, to limit their pa in this transaction solely to the matter of price. A great de that I saw in my morning’s walk carried heads in which fro 28 to 36 grains could be counted. The poor peasants were ve! loud in their praises of the English barley, and I found that was a general intention on their part to retain it for seed preference to the native varieties; a very gratifying proof th The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 341 the help rendered to them in a time of cruel distress was calcu- lated to prove a lasting benefit. ‘The average yield of the barley grown from French seed in Villandry and a few neighbouring communes I should estimate at from 4 to 6 sacks per acre, and the result of the English seed at from 7 to 9 sacks per acre. In drawing these comparisons I was very careful to ascertain that the conditions under which the seed was sown were similar, and _ in most cases the comparisons were drawn between crops separated only by a single furrow. “The oats seen around Villandry were of two varieties, viz., Tartarian and potato; they were very much superior to the oats grown from the native seed, the straw being much longer, and the grain-produce decidedly larger. The gift of oats was very -much esteemed, and I was told that it was the intention of the _ peasants to substitute the new stock for the old.” (Pp. 8 and 9.) _ Leaving Chateau-le-Rideau in the direction of Chinon, and ascending some rising ground, we came upon a plateau of argil- -laceous land, where I was shown a remarkable contrast between “several pieces of barley grown from the Society’s seed compared with others which had been produced by the native seed. The difference was so distinctly in favour of our own that the most untutored eye would at once detect it. Here there was nothing /to wish for; our seed was evidently that of the Nottingham -Yarlety ; similar to that I had seen in the neighbourhood of Vil- landry, and like that was bright in colour, plump in condition, ,and long in the ear. The average produce of the English barley seen in this walk I should estimate at from 7 to 10 sacks per acre. I was also shown much maize growing from _ our seed, which had had great care bestowed upon it, in common with most of the forage crops ; here also was the promise of great abundance of food for the cows.” (Pp. 10 and 11.) “At Monnaie, the Maire, M. Tiphaine, was able to show us some very interesting results, by reason of the active part he had taken in the distribution of our seed. On several pieces of land bearing barley, oats, maize, and potatoes, grown from this Society’s seed, the produce was very satisfactory, especially some barley which had had a little extra manure; this crop was of very fine quality, and in quantity I should estimate it at 10 sacks peracre. I also saw some very good oats of the Tartarian _ Variety, which were superior to any of the oats of the country ; _one piece which I inspected had been sown with a mixture of | Tartarian and French oats, and afforded a most convincing _ proof of the place that the former will take with the peasant- farmer, the English oats being much longer and stronger in the straw, and, what is more to the purpose, the grain was in like _measure, The red Scotch potatoes were highly prized, as they 342 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. were far ahead of the generality of those raised from native seed.” (Pp. 12, 13.) With reference to the district in which he had himself dis- tributed the seed, Captain Delf writes as follows :—‘‘In the Seine Inférieure I inspected many communes in the cantons Elbeuf, Boos, Maromme, Pavilly, Cléres, Buchy, Neuchatel. Forges, and others: everywhere I was met with smiles from those who had received help, and every expression of gratitude was poured out by the peasantry, who spoke in the highest terms of the results from the grain, potatoes, &c., sent from the English Society ; all had succeeded well, the oats were magni- ficent, the barley was of a quality they are quite unaccustome¢ to, vetches were good, and the potatoes were promising a large return, The latter crop had hitherto escaped the disease, whick had shown itself about a fortnight in those grown from the seec of the country. At Grand Couronne I saw a striking instance of the exemption of the Scotch potatoes from any symptom o disease, while those growing from the native tubers, and the set: immediately adjacent, were badly attacked. The benefit accruing from this Society to the agriculture of France generally will be very great, inasmuch as the larger farmers are applying to the peasants for a stock of seed of English variety for future sowings thus the peasants will make an extra price of this year’s harves produce, and at the same time benefit their neighbours, the large occupiers.” (Pp. 29, 30.) The foregoing quotations are extracted from Captain Delf’ Report, as being fairly descriptive of the results of the operation: of the Seed Fund in some of the departments in which thei seed was distributed. But Captain Delf states that simila accounts might be given as to the result in every communi which he visited during a tour that occupied nearly two months It is, however, unnecessary here, as it was in that Report, t give statements that are mere repetitions of one another. With regard to the failure of the Nursery wheat, I took grea pains last autumn to ascertain the facts with a view to thei explanation, and more especially made notes of a few instance of a more or less satisfactory nature, which I will quote fror my Report to the Committee :— “In the department of the Somme two communes in th canton of Combles have reported that the results of our sprin wheat have been very satisfactory ; while the commune of Moi: lains, canton of Péronne, adds that the crop was superior t that yielded by the seed the farmers had been able to buy Another commune in the canton of Péronne -reports that th bearded wheat had yielded weil, while the other kind had give nothing but straw. Two communes in the canton of Roisel hay The French Peasant-farmers’ Seed Fund. 343 forwarded reports of a parallel nature, Marquaix stating that all the crops (wheat included) were very good, and Epehey giving a list of thirty-one persons who had had a good crop of wheat from our seed, and of ten others whose crop was bad or nil, the Mayor adding a note to the effect that there were two kinds of wheat, because one-fourth had completely failed. ‘This is a very interesting case, because of the 41 recipients, 39 had a uniform quantity of 25 litres each (about two-thirds of a bushel), showing that they were allsmall peasant-farmers. Curiously enough, also, of the remaining persons, each of whom received 50 litres, one had a good crop and the other none at all. One other illustration, fur- nished by the commune of Montonvillers, in the canton of Villers Bocage, will be sufficient for the department of the Somme. In this commune there were six recipients of our wheat ; of whom five got nothing but straw, while the sixth, who received 90 litres of seed, namely, one 2-bushel bag and part of another, obtained a crop at the rate of 14 bushels per acre. The crop was probably pro- duced by the 2 bushels of seed, the remainder not contributing to it; and the Mayor remarks that the seed given to this person was probably of a different kind from the rest, and that it was a bearded wheat. The other kind produced nothing but a kind of grass, which was at most fit only to be pastured by cattle, as it developed no flower-stalk. He also adds, that those who have taken part in thedistribution think that either the nature of the soil or the climate is unfavourable to this description of wheat, and he begs us to believe that the peasantry are none the less grateful for the benefits which we have conferred upon them. “The foregoing reports are, it will be observed, from the depart- ment in which the operations of the fund were commenced, and where, if anywhere, the wheat should have been sown in good time. As much stress has been laid on the theory that the wheat _ was sown too late, 1 took great pains to investigate personally, in company with Mr. Pitman, a case in which some of our wheat yielded what, under the circumstances, appears a fair crop, after having been sown as late as the middle of April; thus proving to my mind that the failure of our wheat in the Somme was not due to the lateness of the period of sowing, which was at least a month earlier than in the case I am about to describe. “The commune of Nonville is situated nearly due south of Paris, and about six miles east of Nemours, in the department of the Seine-et-Marne. It is one of the three communes in this depart- _ ment which received spring corn from our Paris Committee, and it was probably one of the latest distributions of wheat made by ' any of the representatives of the Fund, the date of the Mayor’s ' receipt being April 10th. “ The soil of Nonville is a more or less sandy loam, lying on the 344 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. narrow outcrop of the -Fontainebleau sands and its associated strata. According to its strength, which is somewhat variable, it would probably be worth from 25 to 30 shillings an acre, judged from an English standpoint, if it were in faiy condition, which, by the way, is not the case. The course of the cropping is simply (1) wheat or rye, (2) barley or oats, (3) bare fallow. It is un- necessary to enter further into details of cultivation, because the accessories of such a system are tolerably well known. It is sufficient to state that this commune received on the 10th of April 3062 litres (about 11 qrs.) of spring wheat, and 2937 litres (about 1034 qrs.) of barley. The latter yielded what was con- sidered a very good crop; but of the former, 1049 litres pro- duced an excellent result, while the remaining 2012 litres produced nothing at all. The Mayor informed us that there were evidently two kinds of wheat, and his descriptions, as well as those of the cultivators, enabled us to recognise the April and the Nursery varieties. The bearded or April wheat had pro- duced a crop varying by estimate from 15 to 20 bushels per acre, as much as 24 being mentioned in one instance, which our in- formant stated was the best crop of wheat he had ever seen. It is worthy of remark that the two kinds of wheat were sown both side by side, and mixed together; after barley, after wheat, and after bare fallow, but always with the same result. As the Mayor remarks in a letter:—‘ Nous avons pu voir dans la méme piece de terre, un blé de printemps magnifique, et a cdté, un blé n’épiant pas et ayant toutes les apparences d’un blé d’hiver.’” (Pp. 11-13.) “It is thus evident that the Nursery wheat failed, while the April wheat succeeded ; and it is worthy of remark that the latter has considerable affinity with the ‘ Blé de Mars’ of the country. “On this point Mr. Patrick Sheriff, who is well known as an authority in such matters, has expressed the opinion that there are two distinct varieties of Nursery wheat, one being a winter and the other a spring kind. It may be that our seed was of the former variety, or, at any rate, that it was the produce of winter- sown Nursery wheat, which had thus got the habit of growth ofa winter plant, namely, a period of growth, followed by a period of rest, and again succeeded by a period of growth, during which the flower and grain are successively formed.* That this was the habit of our wheat is shown by the following translation of the * «Since writing this Report I have been able to consult Mr. Darwin’s work, ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ and have found the following striking confirmation of this opinion :—‘* Wheat quickly assumes new habits of life. The summer and winter kinds were classed by Linnzus as-distinet species; but M, Monnier has proved that the difference between them is only | temporary. He sowed winter wheat in spring, and out of one hundred plants The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 345 report of the commune of Warloy-Baillon, in the canton of Corbie, department of the Somme :—‘The wheat remained a long time without growing visibly, resting in braird (en herbe) close to the ground exactly like rye-grass. Its growth com- menced towards the end of June, the stalk grew rapidly, and the head made its appearance in the best condition. When ripe, every one was surprised to find that the ear was barren. Whether that was caused by excessive heat, or by very cold nights, we must leave to be decided by more competent men.’” (Pp. 13, 14.) AUTUMN DISTRIBUTION. At the close of the distribution of spring corn and seeds, the Committee had in hand a balance of about 20002, consisting of subscriptions which had been received too late to be usefully expended that season. Still later they received, through M.Drouyn de Lhuys, a Swedish Fund amounting to 6300/., and a Limbourg Subscription of about 390/.; finally, some large payments for railway carriage in France were refunded partly by the French Government and partly by the railway companies. Thus, at the approach of the autumn seed-time, the Committee possessed nearly 11,0002. for distribution ; and after consultation with M. Drouyn de Lhuys, through whom the greater portion of it had reached their hands, they resolved to expend it in the purchase of English autumn wheat, to be distributed in the first instance to those who had received spring wheat which did not produce a four alone produced ripe seeds; these were sown and resown, and in three years plants were reared which ripened all their seed. Conversely, nearly all the plants raised from summer wheat, which was sown in autumn, perished from frost; but a few were saved and produced seed, and in three years this summer variety was eonverted into a winter variety” (vol. i, p. 315). Mr. Darwin also quotes MM. ‘Edwards and Colin ‘ Annal. des Sciences Naturelles,’ 2nd Series, Bot. tom. v. p. 22) to show that “ a kind of wheat which in England may be used indifferently either as a winter or summer variety, when sown under the warmer climate of Grignon, in France, behaved exactly as if it had been a true winter wheat” (vol. il. p- 307). As Mr. Darwin does not state whether the seed sown in France was the produce of winter-sown or spring-sown English wheat, and as this case is exactly parallel to our own, I referred to the original paper, hoping to find that the authors ‘had ascertained this circumstance before making the experiment. Unfortunately, however, it appears that the experiment was not made by them, but by M. Bella, of Grignon, and no indication is given that any inquiry had been made as to the pedigree of the seed which he used. The fact alone therefore remains, that a similar description of wheat to the Nursery variety, if not the same, was sown in France many years ago, with the same result as that attending the use of Nursery wheat last spring. It may be added, however, that M. Bella’s case was one of deliberate experiment, unattended by any of the complications and difficulties which were last spring encountered by the French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund, and by French seed-merchants. It therefore strengthens the conviction in my mind that the failure of the N ursery wheat was not the resulc of late sowing, or of an untoward season, or of want of preparation of the land, but was owing to a constitutional peculiarity in this variety of seed.” 346 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. crop, in the proportion of one bushel for every two which they had previously received. The balance left was chiefly intended for the region immediately south of Paris, which had obtained very little assistance in the spring, in consequence of its having been cut off from communication with our dépét by the second siege. In other respects, the Committee resolved to adhere as closely as possible to the rules laid down for the guidance of their representatives during the spring distribution. The principles of distribution having been agreed upon, the Mark Lane Committee, through Mr. Pavy, purchased 2780 quarters of red wheat, and Mr. Odams again undertook the shipping department. This distribution, being conducted in a time of peace, did not require so numerous a staff of English representatives in France as the spring distribution, which was conducted under the double difficulty created by civil warfare and a hostile occupation of the country. In addition, most of the previous representatives of the Fund were no longer resident in France, and a new agency was therefore unavoidable in those cases. Fortunately, however, Colonel | Elphinstone was again able to undertake the distribution in the district of La Beauce, and the Committee therefore forwarded — him 800 quarters of wheat for the purpose of giving half-quantities | to those who had been disappointed of a wheat crop from our spring seed. The districts of the North of France and Paris, including the departments of the Somme, Aisne, Pas-de-Calais, Oise, Seine, Seine-et-Oise, and Seine-et-Marne, were consolidated into one, and placed under my own charge, and I was fortunately able to secure the assistance of Mr. C, B. Pitman, who had been a member of the Paris Committee in the spring. The seed corn for those departments, amounting to about 1550 quarters, was sent via Boulogne, at which port M. Vaillant displayed the same energy in landing and forwarding the corn as he had previously exhibited. The remainder of the wheat was sent to the depart- ments of the Eure, Eure et Loir, and Seine Inférieure through Captain Delf. It is unnecessary to enter into further detail in reference to this distribution, as its method differed in no essential particular from that which has already been fully described. In some districts, however, there existed, not unnaturally, a prejudice against English wheat, in consequence of the spring variety having too generally failed ; a letter was therefore in the first instance addressed to the mayor of every commune which had received spring wheat, stating the intention of the Committee to distribute half the quantity of wheat previously given to each of the peasant-farmers who had failed to obtain a crop from their seed, and asking whether those in his commune were desirious The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 047 of participating in this new distribution. On the receipt of an affirmative answer, the same routine was gone through as was found to work so well before, and to give the best guarantee possible that the seed was applied to the purpose for which it was intended. The following summary of the distribution in the North of France shows that after giving half-quantities in the Somme, Aisne, Pas-de-Calais, and Oise, there remained a large quantity to distribute amongst the peasant-farmers in the Seine, Seine-et- Oise, and Seine-et-Marne, most of whom had been prevented from receiving any assistance in the spring. Communes, Sacks. Persons. SOmmMeReaeskedce pI or. Loko 68 6624 3708 ISDE OEP cer wae wolhiitca its pod ee bOO 235 1272 Pas-de-Calais dy TS 38 130 787 Oise eis ‘Lt ase 54 280 1559 Seine-et-Oise ts ahaa eta lm eapeall 7404 1271 Seine .. FIAT Ne LAV ID,, 2388 531 804 Seine-et-Marne oapagee (iseose | Hx 37 5333 915 Incomplete total .. .. .. 484 31123 10,316 In the southern district Colonel Elphinstone distributed 455 sacks in the department of the Indre-et-Loire, 460 in the Loir-et- Cher, 370 in the Loiret, 800 in the Eure-et- ees and 15 in the Sarthe. The total quantity of 1600 sacks was distributed in 371 communes, or an average of 41 sacks per commune ; and as each individual received on an average two decalitres (rather more than 2 pecks), Col. Elphinstone calculates that the donation must have been shared by 12,000 cultivators, representing so many households or families. The result of the autumn distribution is soon told. After a tour of inspection, made just before harvest, in the course of which I examined the wheat crops in several communes in the departments of the Somme, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, and Loiret, I came to the conclusion that the yield of the English wheat would be at least 25 per cent. more than that of the native seed grown in the same soil and under the same circumstances, It was, in fact, easy to identify the English wheat at a con- siderable distance off, by its deeper colour, its greater height, and its general appearance of bulk and solidity. The French cultiva- tors told me in every district that there was not a laid patch to be found in their commune, and also that there was no appearance of smut or bunt, whereas a large acreage of the French wheat was fearfully battered, and abounded in “ noir.” Everywhere the intention to preserve the crop for seed was expressed as a settled course of action. In many cases I was assured that it had been bespoken at high prices by the larger farmers in the district ; and 348 The French Peasant- Farmers’ Seed Fund. already, as if in confirmation of this favourable result, I have been asked to assist French farmers in purchasing in England the same description of seed-wheat as that which we distributed last autumn, The crop yielded by our autumn wheat being destined for seed purposes, I was very desirous of seeing something of the result of sowing the produce of our spring-seed. I found no difficulty in «liscovering large breadths of land under oats and barley which were the produce of our spring distribution, the yield and quality being uniformly of a most satisfactory nature, particularly in the case of the barley. 1 also determined, if possible, to trace our spring wheat to a second generation, and for this purpose selected Nonville, a commune upon which I have reported at some length in reference to the spring distribution (see pp. 343, 344). It was very gratifying to find that the produce of our April wheat had been carefuly saved for seed, and that this year much of the wheat land in the commune had been sown with it. Some of the patches which had been well treated were estimated by the Maire to yield about 32 bushels per acre, and this he considered a most extraordinary crop for the locality and soil. Other patches, which had been wheat last year also, or which had been otherwise less cared for, would not yield more, probably, than from 20 to 28 bushels ; but in every case the English April wheat was much superior to the native Blé de Mars, treated in the same manner. The autumn wheat distributed in this and other communes was of the Spalding variety; and examples were shown me of the standing crop from seed sown after both bare fallow, mangolds, potatoes, and wheat last year. The results were, in descending order, as above named ; but in all cases the crops were far superior to those from native seed sown under similar circumstances. The Maires informed me that the crop of English wheat would be pre- served entirely for seed; and it was believed that the whole of it had been bespoken for that purpose by farmers in the neighbour- hood. I may add that this evidence was corroborated in every particular by many other authorities in different parts of France. After the operations which I have described, a balance accrued ‘by further refunds and the sale of sacks, amounting to about 11007. This sum has since been distributed by Mr. Furley and Mr. Pitman, in the Ardennes and other departments where the peasant-farmers had suffered most from the destruction of their houses and implements. We had previously distributed in the Ardennes seed-corn to the value of 500/. through Mr. Bullock, of the Daily News Fund, in conjunction with the Belgian Seed Fund Committee, to whom the care of that region had been left by mutual consent, The French Peasant-Farmers Seed Fund. 349 Tue War Victims’ Funp. Although the object of this paper is to describe the operations of the French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund, it would be incom- plete without some reference to the War Victims’ Fund,—a _ powerful organization formed by the Society of Friends. With their distributions of food, clothing, tools, and money, we have nothing to do in this Journal, although they represent an enor- mous sum of money, and have done an incalculable amount of good. ‘Their distributions in seed-corn and potatoes, however, alone represent a value of more than 30,000/. ; and as they were made in districts adjoining those in which the operations of the Seed Fund were carried on, and in conjunction with our represen- tatives, we may regard them as having fulfilled the same function as ourselves in districts where our means would not allow us to work. The following summary of their distribution in seed-corn and potatoes is taken from the General Report of the Com- mittee :— Metz District“ As the winter wore on, the uncultivated condition of the land, due to the scarcity of horses, the impossi- bility of obtaining seed-corn, and the depressed condition of the people claimed the serious attention of the Committee, and a special deputation went out to Metz to inquire into the suitability of the land for steam cultivation, Under their advice a complete double set of Fowler’s Steam Ploughs and Cultivators was sent out, and has been doing good work in bringing into cultivation the larger plots of land, thus finding employement for many, and setting free the few horses that remained to work the smaller plots. Very large consignments of seed-corn, suitable to the district, and of seed-potatoes were also made: and, after much Jabour and anxious deliberation, were distributed amongst the needy proprietors and cultivators in all the villages round Metz, in time for the spring sowing. The total quantity thus sent was about 28,000 bushels of barley, oats, and other seeds, and about 970 tons of potatoes, costing about 10,250, calculated to sow about 11,000 acres.” Loire District.—“ Acting in concert with the delegates of the French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund Committee, of which Lord Vernon is president, preliminary arrangements were made for the distribution, through local committees appointed in the chief towns of the devastated districts, of oats, barley, and potatoes, for spring sowing. ‘The season was so far advanced that the utmost exertions were needful in despatching and distributing in ume for this year’s crop. Fourteen cargoes, amounting to about 3000 tons, were purchased and despatched by various steamers ' 350 The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. from London, Aberdeen, Arbroath, Glasgow, Newry, &c., to the French ports of Nantes, St. Nazaire and St. Malo. Arthur Albright, Wilson Sturge, James Long, and S. J. Capper were despatched as delegates to arrange for the reception and forward- ing to the interior of the various cargoes as they arrived; and from the latter part of the third month to the present time, A. Albright and one or other of his colleagues have been most energetically engaged in the work of transit and distribution, and in the purchase of various seeds in addition, which it was found they could obtain advantageously in France. “It seems certain, that but for the supplies thus distributed by our delegates and those of the French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund, large districts in the Valley of the Loire would have re- mained unsown, and the destitution in the coming season would have been fearful. Everywhere was the most lively gratitude expressed for the seasonable aid afforded, and we may trust that the impression of goodwill between those afflicted people and their English helpers will not soon be effaced. “The cost of seed and seed-potatoes sent by our Committee into this district has been about 22,000/., and the quantity is calculated to sow about 25,000 acres—being about 48,000 bushels of oats, barley, and other seeds, and about 1950 tons of potatoes.” GENERAL REMARKS. In the foregoing pages I have endeavoured to give an intelli- gible statement of the main work of the Seed Fund and its results. In one word, its operations have been highly appreciated in France, and the results have been eminently satisfactory. The assistance given by the French Government was no doubt an accurate interpretation of the national feeling, both when it was resolved to admit our seed-corn free of duty, and afterwards when our Exchequer was reimbursed with the sums which had been paid for railway carriage. The economical result of the spring distribution has been well summed up by Capt. Delf in the following paragraph, which I extract from his Report :— **Of the immense benefit conferred by the French Peasant- Farmers Seed Fund upon many thousands of families in the worst ravaged districts of France there can be no doubt, as several thousands of acres have borne abundant crops of oats, barley, potatoes, vetches, maize, &c., which would otherwise have remained untilled. The gratitude of the peasantry is unbounded, and not a little has been effected by this Society in establishing a bond of union and confidence between the agriculturists of this country and those of France. A great economical, bene- . The French Peasant-Farmers’ Seed Fund. 35k ficial, and lasting result will accrue to the agriculture of France from the distribution of a large variety of new seeds in the country. The value attached to the- British varieties is indi- eated by the fact that the larger proprietors are already seeking to obtain, for future seed-times, their stock from the peasants who have been supplied by this Society ; this advantage is recog- nised by the various agricultural societies of France.” (P. 36.) The result of the autumn distribution has turned out even more satisfactorily, for both the political and the meteorological conditions of the season have combined to give the seed sent by the foreigner a better opportunity of finding a home in the soil of France. From a purely agricultural point of view, the remarkable superiority of the crops grown from English seed,—testified not only by other observers than myself, but endorsed by the anxiety of French farmers to secure the crop for seed purposes,—must be highly gratifying to every one who has taken an interest in the Seed Fund either as a contributor or an administrator. The distinctive feature of the Seed Fund was its reproductive cha- racter. It helped those who would help themselves, not only to the amount actually given, but with the addition of a large usury. It was essentially a work of peace, and though necessarily coming after the horrors of war, it had a wonderful influence in promoting goodwill amongst men. Nearly every civilized nation followed the example set by England, and the peasantry of France have thus experienced the sympathy of the United States, Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Austria. Ancient friends and ancient foes alike joined in responding to the call of humanity. During the distribution of wheat last autumn in the northern departments of France, M. Drouyn de Lhuys, the President of the ‘Société des Agriculteurs de France,’ and one of the Honorary _ Members of this Society, placed at the disposal of the Seed Fund the offices and staff of his influential Society. He observed and _ studied our work; he was our guide, philosopher, and friend ; and I therefore feel that I cannot conclude this Report better than by quoting from his speech, made at a general meeting of the Société des Agriculteurs’ about three months afterwards. He _ thus summarizes the history of the English seed funds :— “First of all I shall cite England: her vicinity, her numerous connections with us, her liberal and intelligent practice of orga- nized relief, all mark her place in the front rank. Two great societies formed in London undertook the direction of this move- ment [the collection of subscriptions for Seed Funds] which immediately developed itself in the three kingdoms. Numerous meetings resounded with the warmest expressions, and these 302 Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. found an echo in the whole English press.) How much do I regret, gentlemen, that I cannot here describe in all their details the many ingenious contrivances and persevering efforts, of which I have been either the witness or the confidant. However, the subscriptions which flowed in from all parts bore evidence of the opulence, and at the same time of the munificence, of that wealthy country. *‘What was to become of these abundant resources? It was necessary to make an equitable distribution, and it therefore required devotion to complete the work of liberality. Delegates offered their services to distribute relief to our cultivators in their distress, even from the midst of our ruined villages. Courageous as soldiers, zealous as missionaries, exact as accountants, on their return they prepared with marvellous accuracy the balance-sheet of these novel commercial operations, which consisted in giving everything and receiving nothing.” XVI.—Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. By M. Boutry, [Translated from the ‘ Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences,’ vol. Ixxiv., No, 18, April 29, 1872, pp. 1154-1165.—H. M. J.] AN international Sanitary Conference was held at Vienna on the 16th March last, at the suggestion of the Austro-Hungarian Government, to propose a code of regulations for a uniform sanitary police. By adopting uniform measures both for pre- venting the introduction of cattle-plague, as well as for arresting its propagation, there need be no interruption of the ordinary com- mercial relations between the signitaries of the Convention, even if, notwithstanding the preventive measures adopted, the cattle- plague were introduced into one district or another of the different countries. Eleven States were represented at the Conference by twenty- six delegates, namely, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Roumanian Principalities, Russia, Servia, Switzerland, and Turkey. Of the delegates, fifteen belonged to the veterinary profession, and eleven were! administrative functionaries attached to the sanitary service of their respective countries, and well qualified to pronounce an Opinion on the propositions which required to be submitted to their judgment. The questions on which the Conference had been summoned to deliberate were no fewer than sixty-five in number, and several others were added at the request of the representatives them- selves, One remarkable circumstance deserves to be mentioned Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. 353 at the outset, as it differs completely from the ordinary rule in such cases, namely, that, notwithstanding the large number of members of the Conference, and of the questions to be considered, the decisions formulated in their ‘Report on the Principles which should serve as the Basis of International Regulations against the Cattle-Plague’ were adopted unanimously, with the exception of two cases of secondary importance, on which the agreement was not so complete. This perfect accord, which is by no means customary in mat- _ ters relating to medical science, is a consequence of the fact that _ there now exists no divergence of opinion as to the foreign nature _ of the cattle-plague in reference to Central and Western Europe, nor as to the mode in which it is propagated. We are now thoroughly convinced that outside the Russian empire it is never developed spontaneously, no matter what may be the breed of cattle, not excepting even that of the Steppes. Consequently, whenever cattle-plague appears elsewhere, it is because it has been imported by some means or another. We also know equally well that, when it remains for a longer or shorter time in a country that it has invaded, it is kept up solely by means of contagion, that it cannot be perpetuated otherwise, and that it becomes extinct when it can no longer be communicated to other animals. It is, therefore, necessary to repeat, contrary to the opinion of some physicians, that the cattle-plague cannot become an indigenous malady in our country, under the influence of what is somewhat obscurely termed an epidemic nature. A hundred and twenty years ago it persisted in England for thirteen years consecutively, because it was not known how to get rid of it; but the phantom of epidemicity is not slow to vanish when it is decided to attack the contagion and to annul its effects. The same fact was reproduced in the same country in the year 1866, and in a manner still more flagrant. When, in that year, the cattle-plague was imported through the channels of com- merce, people persisted in ignoring its origin, and in considering it an indigenous disease developed by the exceptional heat of the season. Under the impression of this false idea they refused, for three long months, to apply the sanitary measures, the certain efficacy of which had been attested by the experience of the Continent. Thus England and Scotland suffered immense losses. But when, finally, the error was recognised, and Parliament had passed a Bill which empowered the English authorities to slaughter, in the cause of the public interest, animals which could conyey the contagion, or enlarge the focus of the disease, then—and this is a thing apparently very remarkable, and by no Means common in the annals of medical science—the epizootic disease, which was in its full destructive activity, was not slow VOL. VIII.—S. 8. 2A 354 Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. in disappearing, as if it were at the express command of the Government. Contagion is thus the exclusive cause of the importation, the propagation, and the greater or less permanence of the cattle- plague in Western and Central Europe. From this conclusion, so certain and so incontestable, pro- ceeded all the sanitary measures which the International Con- ference decided upon, and the adoption of which they pro- posed to the governments of all the countries that are naturally exempt from the cattle-plague, and which suffer from .it only by accident. But if it is certain that this disease never develops itself spon- taneously beyond the frontiers of the Russian empire, ought all the provinces of that empire to be equally suspected, and subject to the same interdiction? This is a question which it would have been very important to solve in the interests of commerce, but the elements necessary to the solution of it were not in the possession of the Conference. It is presumable, from the facts that. the representatives of Russia made known, that in the western provinces of the empire, the cattle-plague is pro- duced only by contagion, as in other parts of Europe; and that it is in the Asiatic territories that the conditions for its spontaneous development are found ; but this is merely a presumption. It is, moreover, certain that the movement of beasts from the Ural Mountains towards the western frontiers of the empire too com- monly disseminate the germs of the contagion in the country that they traverse. Tussia has, therefore, been, until the esta- blishment of new laws, necessarily left out of the Sanitary Con- vention which it was desired to establish ; and that country should not be allowed to export its cattle except under certain more or less efficacious guarantees, of which I shall speak presently. The danger of the cattle-plague is an incessant menace to Europe, as Russia has not yet attempted to defend its western provinces from its ravages. Could it not be neutralized by a general inoculation, rendered compulsory through the whole region of the Steppes? But the Steppes are of immense extent, and they are stocked with herds that may well be termed innu- merable. Under such conditions is inoculation really prac- ticable? At first sight it would appear that this question can be answered only in the negative. However, the objection as to its impossibility falls to the ground in face of the fact that the majerity of the male beasts of the Steppes are oxen, and that, consequently, each of them has individually passed through the hands of the castrator. If castration is possible, then inocula- tion is equally so. But does its practice yield results of real economical adyantage? On this point the opinions of the mem- Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. 355 bers of the veterinary profession in Russia continue to be divided, for while some still advocate it, others strongly disapprove of it; and after long and costly experiments the Russian Government has renounced it. The results of these experiments give a mean mortality of 13 per cent., even amongst the herds of the Steppes, and this mortality is sometimes increased to 50 per cent., as was the case in 1860 and 1863 at Orenbourg and Khersoa. The International Conference has, therefore, enunciated the opinion that, in the country where the cattle-plague is endemic, there is nothing to authorize inoculation being prescribed as a measure which has been proved to possess real economic advantages. _ As to the application of this so-called preventive method to the cattle of Central and Western Europe, the Conference has pronounced the opinion that it must be absolutely repudiated, because it would be too fertile in disasters. In fact, an abstract of the documents relating to the inoculations that have been practised in Central and Western Europe during 120 years gives a mean mortality of 18 to 19 per cent. This would cause at the outset a deliberate loss of 1,900,000 head of cattle in France alone, taking its bovine population to be about 10 millions.* But the cattle-plague itself, even under conditions so favourable to its spread as those under which it recently invaded our ter- ritory, and with means so insufficient to oppose the principle of its propagation, did not cause a loss of more than 35,000 animals, dead and slaughtered. A comparison of these figures will prevent the necessity of any long commentary; as they give of themselves the measure of the practical value of inoculation applied as a preventive measure out of Russia. ' It being acknowledged that Russian cattle are more or less certain to contract the plague—either by the fatality of its origin, or, more likely, over a great extent of territory, by the fatality of contagion, to which it is difficult to oppose an efficacious barrier in the actual economic condition of the country,—it was ‘not possible} to permit the free exportation of Russian beasts. It was, however, discussed by the Conference whether it is neces- sary to interdict absolutely this exportation, and even this question was answered in theaffirmative by the delegates of Germany, the frontiers of which are closed to Russian cattle. In Germany, this ‘regulation is practicable in consequence of the Custom-house ‘service, and the distinctive characters of the Steppe cattle from ‘those of the native races of the German provinces which are adjacent to the Russian frontier. But if, under such con- ) __ * The number of cattle of all ages in France, according to the statistics of 1866, was 12,733,188. | + These and some other statements should be read with the qualification “in the opinion of the Conference,” as distinguished from the practice of the Govern- ‘ments,—Epir. | Tose, 356 Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. ditions, it is possible to prevent the importation of Russian cattle into Germany, this is not the case with the Austro-Hungarian empire, the frontiers of which, measuring more than 120 leagues, are difficult to close against smugglers, and the Steppes of which are characterized by cattle of the same race as the Steppes of Russia. Moreover, the Russian ‘cattle furnish a considerable number of those required on the markets of the large towns, and for fattening in the great distilleries of Gallicia. Vienna alone consumes more than 80,000 head per annum. In this state of affairs, the Conference was of opinion that it was not possible to close the frontiers of Austria against the importation of cattle from Russia; but that these beasts must not enter without restraint, and that it is necessary to continue to submit them, as heretofore, to a quarantine of ten days before they are allowed to continue their route towards the localities for which they are destined. I abstain from entering here into any details of the measures which have been proposed witha view to render these quarantines as efficacious as possible, and to submit the imported animals to a rigorous inspection, whether their immediate destination be the slaughter-house or the feeding-byre attached to a distillery. Doubtless these measures cannot give any certain guarantee against the cattle-plague, but they must certainly diminish the chances in favour of it, because it is more advantageous for Austria to permit the importation of Russian cattle than to prevent it. Having once resolved the important question of the commer- cial relations of Russia with the adjacent countries, the Confer- ence endeayoured to establish the principles which ought to serve as a basis of uniform regulations for all countries in which the cattle-plague cannot be introduced, propagated, or maintained otherwise than by contagion. Thus if, in countries where the cattle-plague is only an acci- dent which can be rendered as transient as possible, the guarantee is given by the respective governments that they will adopt against it measures everywhere identical, and the certain efficacy of which, when they are rigorously and scrupulously applied experience has proved, there will no longer exist any reason fo) the interruption of commercial relations between those countries even when the presence of the plague has been detected in on or more of them, Now, what are the measures, the application of which in ; uniform manner can, from the commercial point of view, giv: this guarantee of impunity to the countries in which th cattle-plague has made an accidental invasion, and has appeares in isolated localities ? 1" The following are those which are most essential :— Immediate slaughter, under rules as to indemnity, of al a EN KS Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plaque. 357 animals attacked by the plague, and of those suspected in conse- quence of the influences to which they have been exposed. Burial of the carcases of all plague-stricken animals, so that no portion can be used for any purpose whatever, Utilization of the meat of animals killed on suspicion to be allowed under special conditions rigorously determined. Destruction of the germs of contagion wherever they can be found: in cattle-sheds, manure-heaps, forage, and harness; on the roads, fields, waggons, railway-trucks, &c.; in fact, every- where and upon everything that can have been exposed to the influence of contagion, Isolation, as complete as possible, of the places in which the plague has been discovered, in such a manner that no animal susceptible of carrying the contagion can find an exit, and that none can enter capable of receiving it. This isolation must be prescribed and practised on farms, in localities, parishes, and, in fact, in districts of greater or less extent according to the spread of the plague. The establishment, round the localities the isolation of which has been prescribed, and which have been declared infected, of a zone in which the movement of ruminants is prohibited, as well as the trade in and the transit of everything that may pos- sibly serve as a vehicle for contagion, whether fodder, manure, and animal products and refuse of every kind. The suspension of fairs and cattle-markets in a certain region round the centres of infection. Enumeration of all the ruminants in the infected locality and the suspected zone, so that the local authority may have a guarantee that animals are not removed clandestinely from the places which they properly occupy. As soon as a case of cattle-plague has been officially proved in a locality, the immediate declaration of every case of any disease to which ruminants are liable to become compulsory on the owners and keepers of those animals. After the disappearance of the cattle-plague from a locality, and after the application of disinfecting measures, very careful precautions to be prescribed in reference to the process of restocking the fields and cattle-sheds, as well as in re-establishing free movement of cattle, and the commercial transactions of which it is the object. To these measures, which are for the most part of ancient date, and the efficacy of which, when carried out in their entirety, has been proved by the experience of all ages and all countries, the Conference has added ancther. This regulation is entirely new and highly important, both from the point of view of com- _ merce and as a sanitary precaution. It consists in the obligation 358 Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. of every State in which the cattle-plague may manifest itself, to announce immediately, by telegraph, the appearance of the dis- ease, first of all to the Governments of the adjoining countries, and afterwards to those of the States which have expressed their desire to be informed of such outbreaks. Where the locality infected by the cattle-plague is less than 75 kilometres (45 miles) from the frontier, the authorities of the district to which the locality belongs will have the responsibility of announcing by telegraph the appearance of the disease to the authorities of the adjoining countries. A minute inquiry will be made as to the channels of intro- duction and propagation of the disease, and the result of this inquiry will, with the shortest possible delay, be conveyed to the authorities of the countries which seem to be menaced by an invasion of the plague. Each country where the cattle-plague is actually raging will be required to publish in its official journal, a weekly statement of the condition of the disease, the measures adopted to restrict its propagation, the successive modifications which circumstances have required in them, and finally the day when they will cease to be in operation. This statement will be sent to the editors of the official journals of the States which desire to receive it. These sanitary measures will be productive of the greatest advantages for all countries if they are scrupulously carried out wherever the plague shows itself, because in that case every one will be on his guard against it, viz.: The authorities of the countries the most immediately menaced, in adopting without delay the preventive measures which are recommended in such cases ; and the commercial world in abstaining from dealing with the infected localities or districts. The first idea of these excellent sanitary measures, proposed to the Conference by one of the delegates of Germany, belongs to M. Zundel, an able and unassuming veterinary surgeon of Mulhouse, who published it in the ‘Recueil de Médecine vétérinaire.’ It is both a duty and a pleasure to give’him credit for it here. The International Conference has not desired to institute a new sanitary regime, for the purpose of preventing the invasion and impeding the propagation of the cattle-plague; but to obtain the adoption of an identical code of rules by all the countries which have combined for this object. The efficacy of these rules is proved by the beneficial results which they have always given, wherever they have been rigorously ap- plied. These results are such that it may be affirmed that this terrible plague, from the ravages of which we have suffered Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. 359 for more than two years, is, however, of all epizootics, the one of which it is most easy to become master under ordinary cir- cumstances, and with a well-organized sanitary staff. This is because, being a stranger to our country, it is not susceptible of taking root there. Arising entirely from contagion, it is only by that means upheld; and when its cause is suppressed, it is absolutely certain that it will itself disappear, as is wit- nessed by all ages and in all places. But if this is so, how is it that we ourselves have so much difficulty in getting rid of it; and that even now, after the lapse of nearly two years since its first appearance, it still rages in certain localities in some of our departments? In the first place, the plague made its appearance in consequence of a combination of disastrous cir- cumstances ; and having been imported by means of the com- missariat of a foreign army, it was able to extend itself without check over a large extent of country, and was even assisted in its march and extension, by the going and coming of the troops, This result was still further increased by those who made use of the cattle-plague as a source of profit, and who, for that purpose, engaged in a speculative traffic, which consisted in purchasing in the infected districts, at a low price, beasts already con- taminated, for the purpose of selling them at a higher price in districts where the plague was not then known. The mischief had already acquired enormous proportions, when the central administration of agriculture, having once more become master of its actions, undertook to contend against it. But we do not possess in France a sanitary service organized as it should be, so that all sanitary requirements could be executed as they were deemed necessary, and’ so that every resistance could be immediately surmounted. In France, the difficult task of executing these requirements belongs to the municipal autho- rities; in Germany, this mission is confided toa councillor, who is delegated by the administration, and is assisted by a Veteri- nary Council. This councillor is invested with powers which give him the right to command the local authorities, and even the military, to assist him in carrying out, to the extent that is necessary, such regulations as circumstances require to be immediately applied and rigorously maintained. With a sani- tary service as well organized, the struggle against the epizootic would be easy, and success would be certain. From time to time, in fact, it has made incursions into the Prussian provinces adjacent to the Russian empire, but the ignited foci have been extinguished as soon as they have been kindled, and an impassable barrier has immediately been opposed to the progress of the contagion. In France, to obtain the same results as in Germany, it would 360 Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. be necessary to have a sanitary service organized in the same manner, because we ask the municipal authorities to do more than is possible for them in the midst of their place of habitation, with the conditions of their origin, and with the prejudices of their constituency. We must, in fact, avow that we do not always know how to bend to the law, and to accommodate our- selves to its yoke. We have alsoa much greater tendency to avoid them, when those who are charged to impose them live with us on those intimate terms which weaken authority. Under such conditions, the powers of a sanitary police, which ate given to the Maires by the French law are, it should be remem- bered, too frequently at least, not placed in hands sufficiently energetic. Here is, therefore, one of the principal causes of the difficulty of application of sanitary measures, as they cannot produce their proper effect, except when they are everywhere carried out in their entirety. One single omission for a single moment, and contagion will find a road open before it; thus it is spread, and thus is lost all the advantage which has been obtained by the efforts to restrain and extinguish it. For in- stance, when it is forgotten to disinfect a railway-waggon which has conveyed diseased animals, this waggon—a receptacle for the germs of contagion—transmits them to all the ruminants with which it is loaded the next time; and by their intermediary it will disseminate them in passage, even to a long distance. Numerous reports, transmitted to the central administration, carry evidence that, in too many cases, railway waggons which have not been disinfected have served as vehicles for the cattle- plague, and have been the most active instruments of its dis- semination. In Germany all is quite different. The trucks which have been used for the carriage of beasts are submitted to a disinfec- tion before being employed again for the same purpose. Water falls from a raised reservoir, and by its downfall and the force of its flow, it detaches and carries away the organic materials adhering to the sides. Besides this it annuls, by the elevation of its temperature, all the virulent activity in these materials, I have believed it necessary to enter into these details because the practice of compulsory slaughter, which forms the basis of all the measures which the Conference of Vienna has recom- mended, is too often regarded as a rude barbarous practice, and, according to some physicians, as the negation of science and art. Also, too large a number of agriculturists, inspired by false ideas, repudiate it in the name of their interests, which they thereby injure, and frequently in the name of their senti- ments, with which they thereby clash. Instead of conforming to it as the law requires, they too often have recourse to clandestine Sanitary Police and the Cattle-Plague. 361 modes of treatment, and, when success appears to crown their efforts, they argue from it, by every mode of publicity, to pro- test against the excess of official measures, and to demand their reform, This is a view which is altogether dangerous. The question is not to ascertain whether the cattle-plague can be cured to a certain extent; it is not even disputed that, even in Europe, a minority of the affected animals, very small compared with the remainder, may escape death. But it is necessary to ask whether the animal that is allowed to live does not itself constitute a public danger, and whether, consequently, the public interest does not exact its destruction in the shortest possible space of time. The answer to this question cannot be doubtful. Incontestably, it is dangerous to allow an animal to live if it is affected with the plague; because each one of the particles of its mass is large enough, if one may use the expression, to infect the whole of a herd, or the whole of a commune, a district, a province, or even an entire continent. Most of the epizootics of plague which have, from time to time, burst forth from the Eastern Steppes upon Europe or Africa have commenced with the infinitely little, and have ended in the infinitely great. The epizootic which entailed the loss of a million head of cattle in Egypt, twenty-five years ago, was imported through the me- dium of a few beasts belonging to the Roumanian principalities. It was a very small herd, purchased in Esthonia, which infected England in 1866, and inflicted upon that country the enormous damage which it sustained. It was by a dozen oxen, exported from London to Rotterdam, that Holland, infected in its turn at the same period, saw the plague acquire such proportions that it became for that country, the bovine population of which is so condensed, a veritable public calamity. This infinitesmal minority of a dozen oxen entailed the loss of no less than a hundred and fifty thousand head of cattle. We thus see what history teaches us. It is because all this is known; because we now possess a certain knowledge of the foreign nature of the cattle-plague ; of its contagious properties, as the exclusive condition of its manifestation beyond its native _ country ; of the activity of its contagion; of the diverse and multiple modes of its propagation and of its expansion; it is because, in fact, we know all the disasters that it inevitably entails when we allow its fire to kindle and increase, that the _ sacrifice of the smaller number ought to be required to protect and save the greater. The practice of compulsory slaughter is then essentially _Yational and scientific, because it has for its foundation the most exact knowledge, acquired by means of history, observation, and experiment. 362 Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College. I venture to hope that the Academy will consider me justified, in consequence of the gravity of existing circumstances, in having arrested for some time its attention on this terrible murrain, which has been, and which still is, a cause of the greatest losses to our agriculture, and which inflicts such grave injuries on the public wealth. XVII—Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College to the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society for the year 1871. Tur Governors of the Royal Veterinary College have the pleasure of submitting to the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society their Report, for 1871, on the exertions which have been made by the College, during the year, to sustain and extend the improvements already effected in the application of veterinary science to diseases of the animals of the farm. Before entering upon any details of this subject, the Governors feel that it is due to the memory of their late Principal— Professor Spooner—to record their sense of the loss which veteri- nary science, as a whole, has sustained by his death. Professor Spooner, as the Council is aware, was not especially engaged in the direct education of the pupils of the College in the prin- ciples of pathology as applied to cattle, sheep, and swine; yet he rendered valuable assistance in this important department by supervision and other means. The death of the late Principal necessarily led to changes in the staff of the College, and to a re-adjustment of the several departments of instruction. Professor Simonds has been appointed Principal of the Col- lege. His supervision will embrace education in the pathology of the horse ; but without lessening the amount of instruction on the nature and treatment of the diseases of other animals. In order to secure due attention to the instruction given in the treatment of animals other than the horse, the Governors have appointed Professor Brown, of whose capability in this branch of veterinary medicine no doubt can reasonably be entertained. The Governors have also made material additions to the curriculum of the College, and have established a summer session, in addition to that hitherto held during the winter. To meet the requirements of this change, additional instructors have been engaged, and the Governors trust that the College has now one of the most complete and efficient staff of teachers to be found either in this country or abroad. These alterations and improvements are fully in accordance with the understanding arrived at between the two institutions, and the Governors are Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College. 363 confident that they will tend to the advancement of veterinary science, and to an increase of its value by the public, During the past year seventy-five candidates, having passed the matriculation examination conducted by the College of Preceptors, have entered upon their studies; and during the same space of time forty-seven students, who had completed their term of study, have been admitted members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, The Court of Examiners of this body is so constituted that every student has to undergo as searching an examination on cattle pathology as on any other division of his collegiate instruction. It will thus be seen that no veterinary surgeon of the present day can commence practice with a knowledge of the diseases of one animal only, a circum- stance of no small importance to the agricultural community. The lectures on cattle pathology have been regularly delivered four times a week; besides which advantage has been taken of the receipt of numerous specimens of organic disease from veterinary surgeons and also from members of the Royal Agricultural Society, to explain to the students the nature of the changes which had taken place, their several causes, and also the principles of prevention, mitigation, or cure, which should obtain in each particular case, A few years since, the Governors had occasion to express their regret that the efforts of the College to procure specimens of cattle diseases from the country received but little support ; they have therefore the greater pleasure in reporting to the Council that there is no lack of interest in this respect now manifested on the part of members of the Society. Experience has proved that the difficulties in the way of sending living animals, when suffering from disease, from the farm to the infirmary, are to a great extent insurmountable, The value therefore of each morbid specimen, especially when accompanied with a history of the case, is greatly enhanced. It is to be hoped, therefore, that a determination to send such specimens will be still adhered to, and the Governors venture to express their conviction that the advantages of the practice only ‘Yequire to be more widely known in order for it to be more largely adopted. _ It should likewise be borne in mind that investigations of the kind alluded to have often a value far beyond that of the mere treatment of the disease, as they frequently point to the means which should be adopted for its prevention. Apart from diseases of a special infectious or contagious nature, which are only to be kept in check by a thorough and complete investigation of the laws which govern their spread, the mala- dies of herbivorous animals, and especially those which come 364 Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College. under the ordinary designation of farm-stock, have for the most part either a climatic or dietetic origin. Morbid anatomy often explains the cause as well as the nature of disease; and be this common or specific, it directs the investigation into the right channel for lessening or removing the immediate cause of the mischief. It may also be affirmed that it is the especial province of veterinary science to be prophylactic, and that in proportion to the application of preventive medicine so will be the value of the science to the community. The experience of the past year has shown, that diseases of an ordinary or common type have not been very rife, while, on the contrary, some of those which depend on special causes, have been more than usually prevalent. In the early spring months, splenic apoplexy broke out on several farms in the Midland Counties, on which the same disease had appeared the previous year. In each instance, nearly every animal died after a few hours’ illness. Some of the attacks afflicted cattle at grass, and others those which were being stall-fed ; and neither age, breed, nor system of feeding, appeared to influence the attack or the fatality attending it. With regard to measures preventive of this disease, it may be remarked that these ought to be energetically persevered in, as well as had recourse to on the first appearance of the malady. The free use of antiseptic agents, especially the sulphite of soda, conjoined with chloric and sulphuric ether, and the thorough cleansing of the yards, even to carting away the manure, and subsequently disinfecting them with carbolic acid, are the pro- phylactics which offer the best chance of success, Another disease, allied in its pathology to splenic apoplexy, viz. “black-leg” (Hemato-sepsis) was unusually rife in some districts, especially in those where high-bred animals are kept, and where various means are employed to bring them quickly forward in condition. The fatality of “‘ black-leg” is always great, the disease being one of those in which the blood quickly undergoes changes, which render it incapable of supporting life. It is scarcely necessary to remark that blood-diseases are among the most fatal of all maladies, and that they rarely admit of cure. Preventives must therefore be looked to, and essentially those, which have been previously alluded to, ought to be adopted in sudden outbreaks of black-leg. A periodic exhibition of saline aperients, the use of setons, an occasional blood-letting, care in selecting the best kind of food, and due discretion in its use, so as to avoid bringing the animals too quickly into a state of plethora, are also effective means of preventing the malady. Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College. 365 Passing from enzootic to epizootic affections, and notably to the one designated Cattle-Plague, it is a source of much satis- faction that this disease—the most infectious and fatal of all known maladies affecting animals—has not again been imported from the Continent. No better proof can be given of the value of existing legislative measures in limiting or controlling the spread of infection. Twice during the year the Lords of the Council found it impera- tive to issue Orders preventing the importation of cattle from Belgium, and also fresh meat, fresh hides, unmelted fat, hoofs, horns, manure, hay, &c., while the continued existence of cattle- plague in France required the rigid enforcement of the Order against importation of bovine animals from that country. The loss which France has sustained during the year from cattle- plague must have been enormous. The state of the country seems to have paralysed the efforts of the authorities to rid France of the disease, and even to have given encouragement to attempts at its cure, than which no surer means of spreading the area of the infection could be devised. France will doubtless have to reckon her losses by hundreds of thousands, while, in 1865, she freed herself of the cattle-plague, by the prompt adoption of the stamping-out system with a loss of only forty-three animals, Next in importance, as a fatal cattle disease, stands pleuro- pneumonia. Throughout the year this malady has undergone very little variation, and although existing in upwards of forty counties in Great Britain, the actual centres of disease have not averaged more than seven or eight in each county. Among the - remedies which have been brought prominently before the public as curative, as well as preventive, of pleuro-pneumonia is carbolic acid. This remedy, some years since, was tried by the professors of the College, but without their being able to satisfy themselves that it possessed any really curative power, or even preventive, excepting as a disinfecting agent. The pathology of pleuro-pneumonia shows that it must ever be ranked among incurable diseases, It is true that many animals recover from the immediate consequences of the attack; but, perhaps, never without some portion of the lungs being left more or less in a disorganized condition. The so-called recovered cases of pleuro- pneumonia are often the foci of infection; the true policy there- fore of the farmer is to get quit of such animals as quickly as possible, Another of this class of diseases is the one commonly known as the “foot-and-mouth disease,” an affection which very often causes serious losses to the stock owner, although it rarely produces death, except in young animals. The chief facts relating to the spread of this malady have often been brought 366 Report of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College. ~— before the Council in the Annual Reports of the Governors, and, but for the circumstance that the disease has been more than usually severe, and far wider spread, all mention of it might have been omitted from this Report. Early in 1871 the malady _ began to seriously increase, and since then it has prevailed with more or less virulence in every part of Great Britain and Ireland. The importation and free movement of Irish store cattle throughout the country have greatly contributed to the malignancy as well as to the spread of foot-and-mouth disease. Cattle fairs and markets are the great centres of infection, especially those for the sale of store stock, and these, as is well known, are largely supplied from Ireland. The foot-and-mouth disease may, unfortunately, be considered as naturalized, for since its first appearance, in 1839, it has never been completely absent from the country. Like other epizootic affections, it assumes a more serious form in some years than in others, and many of these periodic outbreaks have occurred comparatively recently both here and on the Continent. Doubtless, during the past year, animals have been imported from many parts of Europe, which, on arrival, were found to be suffering from the disease. These, however, have been dealt with at the several ports in a manner to prevent much, if any, mischief directly resulting from their importation. It should ever be borne in mind, in estimating the amount of injury likely to arise from such an event, that there exists, independently of it, all the conditions within this country necessary for the periodical increase of foot-and-mouth disease. The Governors abstain from adding to the length of this Report by alluding to other diseases of cattle, or by making mention of special investigations which have been conducted at the College by their present Principal at the instance of the Society. Some of these have been already reported, and also published in the Society’s Journal; others are being carried out, and will, when completed, be also reported to the Council. The more recent arrangements which have been made between the two Institutions haye among other things resulted in the substitution of quarterly reports, for those which had hitherto been annual. This greater frequency of intercommunication, the Governors are encouraged to hope, may cement more closely the science and practice of Veterinary Medicine with the science and practice of Agriculture. C. N. NEWDEGATE, Chairman, ( 367 ) XVIII.—Report on the Importation of Animals affected with Cattle- Plague during the month of July, 1872. By Professor J. B. SmionDs, Principal of the Royal Veterinary College, and Consulting Veterinary Surgeon to the Society. To H. M. Jexxms, Esq., Secretary, Royal Agricultural Society. Str,—I have the honour to report, for the information of the Veterinary Committee, that, during the last fortnight of July, several importations of cattle suffering from cattle-plague have taken place into this country ; and, although it is not at present known that the disease has gained a footing here, still the most serious apprehensions are entertained lest it may have done so. Before giving the particulars of the several importations, it is necessary to state that, for many past weeks, it has been known that the cattle-plague was prevalent in some of the Baltic pro- yinces of Russia, and in contiguous districts. This was espe- cially the case with regard to the provinces of Petersburgh and Novgorod, from the former of which large exportations of cattle have taken place to Cronstadt, from which place we have received the disease. . The first ascertained instance of the importation of the malady took place on July 17th. The animals were shipped at Cron- stadt in the ‘ Leda,’ and were landed at Deptford Foreign Cattle Market. They were a small lot of 25, and, at the time of landing, no special indications of cattle-plague were detected ; but it was noticed that some of the animals seemed to have suffered more than ordinary fatigue from the voyage. On the morning of the following day the Inspector, on making a second visit, found that one of the animals had died in the interval. This circum- stance at once raised a suspicion of the existence of cattle-plague in the herd, and a post-mortem examination was forthwith made, when all the characteristic lesions of the disease were detected. Aclose examination of the other animals, and the application of the thermometer test, showed the existence of premonitory symptoms of the disease in three more of them at least. The _ whole were, therefore, slaughtered as quickly as possible, and the _ diseased animal destroyed by placing the carcase in a steam appa- ratus which had been specially erected for purposes of this kind. The skins of all were disinfected, and also the slaughter-house and other places which the animals had occupied, besides which that | part of the market was closed against any other importations. | In consequence of this introduction of the disease the importation _ of cattle from Russia was prohibited by Order of Council, and directions were also given by the same Order for the slaughter, within the defined parts of ports, of all sheep and goats coming from Russia. | | | 368 Report on the Importation of Animals affected with Case 2. This case has been thought to be one rather of sus- picion than otherwise; nevertheless the whole history of the recent introduction of cattle-plague points to it as being a positive instance of the importation of the disease. A vessel, the ‘ British Queen,’ came into Hartlepool on July 21st, having” on board 63 cattle and 25 sheep. Although shipped at Ham- burg, the cattle were not all of German origin, 15 being of Russian breed. They were slaughtered within the defined part of the port, but before the slaughtering was completed one of the Russian animals was noticed to be ill. This fact coming to the know- ledge of the Inspector, he followed the carcase to the public’ slaughter-house, whither it had been taken to be dressed, and found the viscera to exhibit such peculiar lesions as to warrant his conclusion of the illness having been due to cattle-plague. In consequence of this, the carcase was destroyed, and the skins of all the others disinfected. The sheep, also, were slaughtered within the defined part of the port ; a measure rendered necessary because the German cattle, with which they came, were found to be suffering from the foot-and-mouth disease. If the Russian ox was really the subject of the plague it must be regarded as a most fortunate coincidence that the German cattle were suffering from foot-and-mouth disease, otherwise it is possible that the plague might have been carried from the port into the country by the sheep. As the case stands, it cannot be regarded as one from which danger is likely to arise ; nevertheless, under existing circumstances, it is of sufficient importance to be noticed in a report of this kind. Case 3. The importation in this instance was into the port of Leith. The steamship ‘Benachie’ arrived outside the docks during the night of July 22nd, having on board 50 cattle, and a general cargo of hemp, from Cronstadt, The Inspector went on board about 5 o’clock on the following morning, when he found that several of the animals exhibited symptoms of ill health, and » that three in particular showed indications of the existence of the cattle-plague. The local authority was forthwith commu- nicated with, and instructions given to prevent the landing of the beasts. During the day, at the solicitation of the Inspector, Professor Williams of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, Mr. Walley, also an officer of the College, and Mr. Baird, Veterinary Surgeon, examined the animals and confirmed the opinion of the In- spector. Telegraphic communications were sent to the Vete- rinary Department of the Privy Council, and directions received for the slaughter of the beasts. The Inspector went on board accompanied with proper slaughtermen, and, in order to facilitate the disposal of the carcases, the vessel steamed out to sea, and Cattle- Plague during the month of July, 1872. 369" when many miles from the shore they were thrown overboard. So rapid was the progress of the plague, that by this time thirteen of the animals were evidently affected. All the animals were disembowelled, but not skinned. Besides the carcases of the * diseased, the viscera and the skins of the others were also thrown overboard, and the healthy cattle, as “sides of beef,” brought back to Leith. By the time the vessel was again in dock it was found that the “sides of beef” were not in a condition to be used for food, or safely landed, and, consequently, they were put on board a lighter, taken into the Firth and thrown overboard. The vessel was subsequently cleansed and disinfected. In this case it is to be regretted that some of the viscera, and it is also said some of the carcases, have been washed ashore. With regard to the latter statement, it may be remarked that it does not appear that the carcases of cattle which have reached the shore in the neighbourhood of Berwick are really those: which were thrown overboard from the ‘ Benachie,’ but rather of Danish cattle lost at sea. It should be further stated that one- of the three cattle-plague animals died, so that the case stands -thus: Cargo, 50; died, 1; killed, diseased, 12; slaughtered, healthy, 37; all disposed of by being thrown overboard. Case 4, The animals in this instance came from Hamburg into the port of Newcastle. They were brought in the ‘ Briga- dier,’ and arrived at about 3 a.m., July 22nd. They numbered seventy-eight, 70 being German and 8 Russian cattle. . On being landed, and placed in the lair in the defined part of the port, they were seen by the Inspector, who at once recognized the existence of cattle-plague in two of the Russian beasts. The disease was so far advanced in one animal that it died shortly after being landed. On inquiry, it was also ascertained that another Russian bullock had died about six hours after being taken on board at Hamburg and been thrown into the sea. The German cattle were free from cattle-plague; but some of them were suffering from a slight attack of “ foot-and-mouth disease.” The whole were slaughtered as quickly as possible, and their skins disinfected. The bodies of the diseased, being first disinfected, were removed to a manure manufactory close at hand, and at once destroyed by chemical agents. The carcases of the German cattle were carefully inspected before being delivered to their owners. Everything else, including “ butcher's offal,” was either disinfected or destroyed. The ship was also well cleansed and disinfected, and the landing-place and lair declared an “ infected place” by the local authority. In this instance there appears to be little or no doubt that the Russian cattle were in a positively diseased condition when taken on board; but as the German cattle, although brought VOL. VIII.—S. 8. 2B 370 = Report on the Importation of Animals affected with with them, had not been exposed sufficiently long for the period of the incubation of the infecting material to have passed, practi- cally the animals were to be regarded as healthy, and, therefore, the delivery of their carcases to the butchers was not likely to be attended with any risk or danger. Case 5. In this case the diseased animals were brought into Hull by the ship ‘Joseph Soames’ from Cronstadt. They arrived off the port so as to allow the ship to come into dock about 9°30 on the morning of the 25th July, having left Cron- stadt on the 16th. The Inspector went on board the vessel. while sbe was lying in the Humber, and found 56 Russian bullocks on board, two of which excited his suspicion of their being affected with cattle-plague. When in dock the vessel remained in charge of the Customs, and none of the animals were allowed to be landed. It was ascertained that two bullocks had died at sea and been thrown overboard—one on the 20th and another on the 22nd. An opportunity was afforded me of enquiring into the facts of this case, and on inspecting the animals on the morning of the 26th, I found the disease to be making such rapid progress, that from eighteen to twenty of them were now affected. Prompt action was taken ; the whole were slaughtered on board under the supervision of the Inspector of the local authority. None were allowed to be opened, but all were placed in two lighters and towed by a steam-tug out to sea for the purpose of being sunk, in accordance with the arrangements which had been made. In this instance, as there was a considerable quantity of material on board likely to convey infection, the cargo being a mixed one, arrangements were made by which the Local authority was to see that disinfection of the holds of the vesse] was properly carried out before their contents were allowed to be landed; and after the slaughter and removal of the cattle, that the decks of the vessel were well cleansed and disinfected, as well as the men employed in slaughtering the animals, From what has since transpired, it would appear that the lighters were not sunk as had been provided for ; but were left afloat with the carcases on board. This is much to be regretted ; but with whom the error rests, I have not at present been able to learn. Case 6, This was a second importation into Hartlepool, and, as in the former instance, the animals came from Hamburg. ‘They were, however, al] German cattle—a fact of great importance in itself, but of still greater when taken in connection with an importa- tion of German cattle into Newcastle, the subjects of cattle-plague. The animals, 26 in number, were brought in the ‘Gipsy Queen,’ and entered the docks about 10 p.m., July 28th (Sunday). The Inspector went on board before the ship was brought into | Cattle Plague during the month of July, 1872. 371 dock, but did not detect any symptoms of disease in any of the cattle. They remained on board until about about 5 a.m. (Mon- day), when they were landed and carefully examined, again without disease being detected. They were seen again at noon on Monday, and then also they gave no indications of ill-health. At 6 p.m. they were finally examined by the Inspector and passed ; but, coming from a scheduled country, they were prevented leaving the defined part of the port alive. On Tuesday morning two or three of the animals were noticed to be unwell, and one in particular to present symptoms of cattle-plague. Under these circumstances their owners commenced the slaughter at once, and the Inspector telegraphed to Newcastle for the Inspector at that port to come to Hartlepool. At the time of the arrival of the telegram I was engaged at Newcastle with the Inspector in examining German cattle from Hamburg, among which one decided case of plague existed. After making arrangements at Newcastle to prevent a spread of the disease from that centre, we left for Hartlepool, and arrived so as to examine the animals about 5 p.m. The disease was found to be making fearful and rapid progress, there being no less than seven or eight then affected with cattle-plague. Measures were promptly taken to prevent any of the slaughtered animals, skins, offal, or other material, leaving the place, and the local authority was communicated with. The slaughtering was at once stopped, and the men and their clothes dealt with in a way to prevent, if possible, any mischief resulting. The place was also put in charge of the police, until a meeting of magistrates could be held in the morning. At this meeting it was determined to bury the whole lot—an exami- nation of the viscera of some of those slaughtered giving indi- cations of the existence of disease. One of the cattle-plague animals died in the night, 10 were killed diseased, and 15 slaughtered as healthy—26. All were removed by water to the burial-place—an isolated spot contiguous to some new docks which are being constructed—and there properly disposed of. This, as well as the landing-place and that part of the dock from which they were taken, were cleansed and disinfected, and declared an “infected place,” in accordance with the provisions of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act. Case 7. This also was a second importation of the disease, and has already been alluded to as occurring at Newcastle. The animals, which numbered 103, were all German cattle, brought from Hamburg. They were landed at about 7 a.m., July 29th (Monday), at which time they all appeared to be in a healthy state, as was the case, with one exception—a heifer—that appeared more than usually dull and dispirited, when seen by the Inspector after the twelve hours’ detention. Under these circumstances the o Bee 372 Report on the Importation of Animals, &c. Inspector determined to isolate this animal, and to detain all the others until the following morning before making his next examination. Late on the same evening I arrived at Newcastle from Leith, and in the morning accompanied the Inspector to the lair and examined the animals. The heifer was found to be the subject of cattle-plague ; the disease being not only fully estab- lished, but making rapid progress towards a fatal termination. We at once determined on killing her, disinfecting the body and sending it to the adjacent manure manufactory for immediate destruction. This being done, the slaughtering of the others was commenced under supervision and such regulations as would give fair security against harm arising, even if some of the animals should show indications of disease before the whole were slaughtered. The final result I have not yet been able to ascertain, but I have no doubt that everything was done to guard against a spread of the infection that possibly could be. The occurrence of these cases of cattle-plague among German cattle are sufficient proofs that the malady has gained a footing in the neighbourhood of Hamburg, from the importation of diseased Russian cattle from Cronstadt into that port. Under these circumstances the Lords of the Council saw fit to issue an Order bearing date July 31st, revoking the Order which allowed Schleswig-Holstein cattle to pass inland after twelve hours’ detention at the place of landing, if healthy; and also by another Order, of equal date, to determine that all sheep and goats brought from any place in the Empire of Germany should be killed at the port of entry. One other case of importation of cattle-plague still remains to be named. The animals, 35 in number, destined for London, were shipped at Cronstadt on July 20th, but were not landed until July 28th. They came to the Foreign Cattle Market at Deptford, and were brought in the steam-ship ‘ Viatka.’ Five died on the passage—the cause assigned being simple exhaus- tion from the length of the voyage. Three of the five died on July 26th, and two on the 28th, when the ship was off the Essex coast. They were all thrown overboard—the two last- named near to the “Sunk Light,” off Harwich. On being debarked three were found to be in an unhealthy condition, and one of these to present symptoms of cattle-plague. Immediate slaughter of the whole lot was ordered by the Lords of the Coun- cil, and such a disposal of the carcases as would afford security against the spread of the disease. The post-mortem examination of the animals alluded to fully established the opinion which was given during life, namely, that the symptoms which existed were due to cattle-plague, and to no other disease. In concluding this Report, I may add that advantage has been : Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 373 taken of the reintroduction of cattle-plague to test the disputed conveyance of the disease to animals by their partaking of water containing the materies morbi of the malady. Some exudation matter and viscid mucus were removed from the fauces of a diseased German cow and mixed with a pail of water, which was then given to a yearling heifer to drink. She refused to swallow more than a draught or two; but being kept from water for two succeeding nights and the intervening day, she freely partook of the remainder. On the third day following the last drinking of the water she presented appearances which to the practised eye indicated that mischief was beginning, and the thermometer test being had recourse to, the temperature was found to have already risen to 1052;. On the following day the symptoms of cattle-plague were well marked, and from that time the disease progressed so rapidly that death followed on the fourth day of illness, and ninth from the time the infected water was first partaken of. It may be right to add that the experiment was carried out under circumstances which rendered it impossible that the animal could in any other way, save by drinking the water, have been exposed to the infecting material of cattle-plague. Its result fully confirms the opinion arrived at during the preva- lence of the disease in 1866, and establishes the views held by the best of the Continental observers. ADDENDUM. [Since sending the preceding Report the cattle-plague has broken out in the Hast Riding of Yorkshire; but, at the time of my adding this note, the disease is almost entirely exterminated. The necessity of a speedy publi- cation of this number of the Journal prevents my now giving the particulars of the cause of this outbreak of the malady. So far, however, as an investi- gation has gone, I may state that it in no way depended on the washing ashore of the carcases of the animals which ought to have been sunk off the mouth of the Humber.—J. B. 8.] XIX.—Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. By HENRY CORBET. A Look at the map or a glance through the records of the Society will tell how it is just twenty Shows since the annual exhibition approached on the confines of South Wales. And then, so far as drawing forth the resources or illustrating the strength of the country could be concerned, the result in 1853 Was very similar to that in 1872. At Gloucester the Society had certainly not penetrated so far as when it travelled on to Cardiff; but a quarter of a century or so back, the Welsh farmers 374 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff: might have been assumed to depend mainly on their own breeds of stock, and so to have given an occasional idiosyncrasy to the scene. At Cardiff, so general has been the advance of improve- ment, the home-breeders made more mark with their Herefords, Shorthorns, and Cotswolds than anything else; and at Gloucester they made no mark whatever. Mr. Richard Milward, the senior steward of that meeting, says in his Report, ‘‘ the Welsh breed was a complete failure: 70/. was offered by the Society, for which only five animals were shown, and these were not worth the amount of the prizes.” Of these five, three were brown and white, and two black animals. The brown and white were of course the old Glamorgans, of which I could gather little more at Cardiff than that they had fairly died out. Although good beef, they ripened slowly, and, after vain attempts at crossing, have been out-paced by more modern breeds on their way to market. The black Castle-Martins hold» their ground more firmly, but 1 remember a better show of the sort a few years back at Carmarthen, as there no doubt will be again in Sep- tember, when some champion prizes will be offered. In fact, the breed was done scant justice to here by the exhibitors; and when, during Jast autumn, Sir Watkin Wynn recommended his friends in Cheshire “ to go to Cardiff next summer and see for themselves whether the black cattle of South Wales were equah to the black cattle of North Wales,” the President, no doubt, expected there would be a far stronger display of native produce, — It is noticeable, however, that, much as they may be coveted by the grazier or sought by the butcher, neither the North nor South Wales cattle ever offer much front as show stock. There may be a runt or‘two entered at Bingley Hall or at Islington, but the competition rarely extends beyond the number of premiums. The main features, then, of our great national expositions in this way are becoming more and more alike, ‘There will be Shorthorns shown this autumn at Hereford fair; and at Exeter last spring, on the opening day of a new Devonshire Society, the Shorthorns beat the Devons for the champion prizes. When another great meeting is called for the Midlands, there will probably be as many Longhorns sent from Leicestershire and Warwickshire as were sent to Cardiff—some three or four in all. Reporting on Gloucester in 1853, Mr. Milward said, “ We may now hope that after repeated trials with the best intentions to draw out the cattle peculiar to a district, the Society will cease to offer prizes for any but the three recognized breeds of cattle.” And certainly at Cardiff “the cattle peculiar to the district” would by the event appear to be cattle whose pecu- liarity is that they are known all over the world—such as Short- horns and Herefords: whereas the Castle-Martins, the Angleseys, the Montgomeryshires, the Red Polls, and the Ayrshires, were, Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Curdiff. 379 as tested by their numerical force, little more than curiosities. At Gloucester, however, a vain attempt was made to check the over-feeding of show stock, and since then some more direct encouragement has been offered for another description of animal product. The Society now goes, not merely for beef, but for milk, and to Mr. Milward’s three recognized breeds of 1853 we must now add and maintain a fourth. There was not, perhaps, a great show of these animals at Cardiff, but there is none more interesting or useful in its degree than that of Channel Jsland cattle, and, like the horse show, this section has now, too, _been properly cultivated and become an established success. And of the Royal Society’s horse show of twenty years since, let so good an authority on the subject as Mr. Milward speak to its merits:—‘“ Although many were exhibited, it cannot be stated that the show was a good one, There were, it is true, several fine specimens of the Suffolk breed, but the judges expressed great dissatisfaction at the ordinary show of roadster stallions; and the exhibition of Welsh ponies will not, it is thought, induce the Society to offer similar prizes in future.” In fact, at that period, and for some years subsequently, a horse show under the countenance of the Royal Agricultural Society was despaired of; and at Gloucester there were no classes beyond those just mentioned—for cart-horses, one premium for a trotter, and a few special offers for ponies that a “horse” man like Mr. Milward would seem to imply should never be repeated. But at Cardiff, Mr. Milward was himself an exhibitor of ponies, as there were classes for thorough-bred horses, hunters of all ages, cobs, galloways, and brood mares; so greatly has this part of the proceedings developed since the first Royal 100/. was offered at Leeds in 1861. Nothing, however, could have been more legitimate than this very gratifying success; but the lofty jumping and tumbling is not countenanced, nor is the tedious. business of judges riding the horses encouraged by the stewards. A horse-show of any kind will always be an attraction to an Englishman without bushed hurdles and brimming dykes. What with separate classes for Shires, Clydesdales and Suffolks, the agricultural horses have progressed as favourably, with the ex- ception, at least at Cardiff, of the Eastern Counties chestnuts. At Gloucester “there were several fine specimens of the Suffolk breed ;” at Cardiff there were very few specimens of the Suffolk breed, good or bad, and not half-a-dozen in all. In the twenty years there has been no greater enterprise evinced, that is to say, as demonstrated by the prize-list of the Society, than in the breeding of sheep. At Gloucester the several dis- tinctions were thus drawn— Leicesters ; Southdowns or other Short- wools ; Long-wools, not Leicesters ; with special prizes for Shrop- shires or other grey and black-faced Short-wools. Thus, there “376 = Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. were in all four varieties of sheep recognized which have now ex- panded into Leicesters, Cotswolds, and other Long-wools ; Oxford- shire Downs, Southdowns, Shropshires, Hampshires, and other Short-wools ; Dorset, and Mountain sheep. What a story this ‘comparison tells of itself! and one as interesting as it should be useful, Mr. Milward said in those times “the new class of ‘Shropshire Downs was very successful,” and “it is to be hoped that the Society will recognize them as a distinct breed ;” but ‘how many more distinct breeds have we set up since Gloucester? Even the Cotswolds at that time held no rank of their own on ‘the prize list. And, then, the pigs, merely separated as large from small, with no Berkshire class even on the confines of their county, but with ‘‘a dark and white Berkshire” sow winning a prize, though this would be regarded as rather a curious description of a Berkshire by the connoisseurs of a later era. Still the Rev. T. C. James, more recently than Gloucester, would bring out his “improved” Berkshires, very gaily marked with great patches of white on their sides, backs, and even heads, It must be understood that I do not write here altogether from hearsay or by book, as I was at the Gloucester Meeting, and have still a keen recollection of that miserably wet week and swampy show-ground, serving as they may to further point the comparison in favour of Cardiff, with its sunny skies and pleasant rambles from one ring to another. HorssEs. Only within a few days from the time I write, I saw what, with the pardonable license of “the hammer,” was called “the best horse in the world,” knocked down for the unprecedented price of 12,500 guineas, the purchase being made for a new Stud Company. Considering that we have Parmesan, the sire of the last two winners of the Derby, and King Tom, still, as it would seem, in their prime, as well as so rising a sire as Lord Clifden, already credited with two St. Leger winners, it is not quite so clear that Blair Athol is the best horse, or, at any rate, the best stallion in the world, or even in the country. I should look, myself, with far more confidence to another Stud Company for the best horse, that is, of his breed and for his purpose. 1, of course, refer here to the Shire cart stallion Honest Tom, who has won at every meeting of the Society from his youth upwards, and at this show as the property of the Fylde Cart-Horse Breeding Improvement Company. I remember some years since, when acting as a Judge of horses for a local society, telling them at the dinner that it was their imperative duty to see that the district was provided with one or two really good ‘ warrantable” stallions for the ’ Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 377 use of farmers; and I think I went on to suggest that the Hunt Committee might make it part of its business to see that such a want was supplied. At the moment it did not occur to me to ask the aid of that good fairy who in these times is ready to undertake almost anything we choose to name, from compounding a cattle-food to draining a bog; but certainly never did the agency of a Company promise better, as a means for the public good, than that recently established in Lancashire. There is so much example in that which has already been accomplished, the project so far has been so legi- timate a success, that I am induced to give here a glance at its origin and object. From the official note-book of the Company, as kindly placed at my disposal, it appears that the efforts of the Royal North Lancashire Agricultural Society, and the Lytham and Kirkham Agricultural Society, to induce good thorough-bred horses to come into the district of the Fylde by offering a premium of 50/, not having produced a satisfactory result, it was thought expedient by those who felt an interest in the subject, to ask the Jandowners and other gentlemen in the neighbourhood, to combine in raising a sum of not less than 500/., in shares of 25/. each, for the purchase of a really good thorough-bred sire. The Rev. L. C. Wood accordingly brought the subject before the notice of the principal landowners, and the following gentlemen at once consented to aid the proposed scheme by taking shares, viz.:—Lord Derby, 4 shares ; Colonel Clifton, 4; Mr. J. H. Miller, 4; Mr. T. Townley Parker, 1; Mr. C. Addison Birley, 1; Mr. Leyland Birley, 1; Captain Jameson, 1; Mr. T. Langton Birley, 1; Hon. D. B. Ogilvy, 1. This was termed the Fylde Horse Breeding Company, and in due course, as will be seen from the following further minutes, the one led on to the launch of another, distinguished as the Fylde Cart-Horse Breeding Improvement Company :—In the year 1868 a Company was formed for the purpose of improving the breed of horses in the Fylde, and with this view the thorough-bred horse Carbineer was purchased from the Earl of Zetland. After three years’ experience, the promoters of that scheme have every reason to be satisfied with the result of their efforts; and they consider that the numerous premiums won at the various agricultural meetings during the last two years by the young stock got by Carbineer, bear the best testimony to the progress that is being gradually made in this class of stock throughout the district. "This success leads the promoters of that scheme to think it desirable that their operations should be further extended, and that the means placed within the reach of the agriculturists of the neighbourhood for improving all classes of stock should be completed by the introduction of a first-class cart-horse. With this view it is proposed tu orm . 878 Report on the Exhubition of Live Stock at Cardiff. another Company, to be called ‘The Fylde Cart-Horse Breed- ing Improvement Company,’ and that it be managed upon the same principle as the former one. That the capital of the said Company shall consist of 600/., to be raised in shares of 25]. each. The Rev. L. C. Wood having brought the subject before the various landowners, the following took shares, viz. :—Lord Derby, 4 shares; Mr. J. T. Clifton, 4; Mr. T. H. Miller, 45 Mr. W. P. Miller, 4; Lord Bective, 3; Mr. T. T. Parker, 1; Mr. T. Langton Birley, 1; Mr. C. Birley, 1; Mr. C. A. Birley, 1; Mr. A. L. Birley, 1; Mr., Hutton Birley, 1; Mr. Spencer Leese, 1. The thorough-bred horse Carbineer was purchased of Lord Zetland for 4002. in 1860, the year in which he won the Society’s 1007. at Manchester; and Honest Tom of Mr. W. Welcher for 500/. The selection and management of these two stallions have been entrusted to a committee, consisting of Mr. T. Townley Parker, Mr. T. Horrocks Miller, and the Rev. L. C. Wood; and the horses stand at Singleton, near Poulton-le- Fylde, in the centre of the Fylde district. Since his purchase, Carbineer’s stock have been winning at many of the great shows throughout the country, and at a recent meeting in Lancashire his foals of this year beat an equal number of those by Sincerity in a match; while Honest Tom’s six years’ successive victories are as well backed on the prize list. So far, then, the Company’s capital has been judiciously invested ; and although Lord Derby and the other gentlemen who have taken shares may not have looked to much direct return there- from, there will be a profit in many ways. For some years past Young Lofty has also been known at the Society’s Meetings, as well as about the country, as the best Clydesdale, at least on this side of the Border; and a very delightful horse he is—cheerful, active, and particularly hand- some. He was put out here, however, by the Assistant Vete- rinary Inspector as a roarer ; while it is noticeable that at Malvern last autumn, where I was one of the Judges, a question was raised by one of my fellow-Judges as to Young Lofty’s sound- ness, and a veterinary surgeon called in. The horse, however, was passed as sound, and he took the first prize; while, it should be added, that no objection was then made as to his being a roarer. There was no such thoroughly stylish a cart-stallion at Cardiff, and the Judges with what they had before them in the class must have looked with longing eyes at the corner in which Lofty was ‘* sent to Coventry ” under the ban of a disqualification. There was a far better show of Suffolk horses at Gloucester in 1853, when the Punches took nearly all the prizes in mixed classes against other breeds, and when Mr. Milward stated officially there were several “ fine specimens of the breed.” At Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 379 Cardiff, as I have said, there were hardly half-a-dozen in all exhibited ; and, as the Suffolk breeders are evidently not very keen for competition when far away from home, it is a question whether these classes should not be dropped at remote sites like ‘Cardiff and Hull, to, of course, be revived again when the Society comes close on them in 1874, There is no worse advertisement than badly-filled classes at a great national meeting; and at Cardiff two Suffolk stallions competed in the old class, only one two-year-old was entered, backed by a couple of mares. Con- sidering how much the character of the Society’s horse-show has improved, and how much it has extended, as, further, that the Suffolks had here a series of premiums to themselves, it is not so easy on the face of it to say why the Gloucester show of this breed of cart-horse was so good and that at Cardiff so bad. If the classes be continued at Hull, the Eastern Counties must make a far stronger demonstration for Yorkshire, or peuple will say the Suffolks are going out of fashion. Grand as are such horses as Honest Tom and Le Bon, and weighty as is the chestnut Young Champion, it is doubtful whether they were quite in place in Glamorganshire, for the Welsh farmers can never ‘“‘afford” to take to them as they do to the Herefords and Cotswolds, The light, active little horse is of far more service here; and, indeed, one of our leading implement-makers tells me there is a call for this comparatively small horse in many other parts of the country, —for something not over fifteen-two, compact, and, above all, active, who with his fellow can step away in a pair-horse plough. The abuse or excess we are growing into on the show-ground is that too many of the prize cart-horses have rather the extra weight and ponderous movements of dray-horses. Even the Suffolks are shown with more top than they can comfortably carry, but then this is called “constitution.” The following is the Judges’ Report on the agricultural horses ; which, I should say, only reached me after | had written the opening to the section :— In the following remarks, the Judges, as far as possible, confine thernselves to opinions upon which they are unanimous; and when their comments extend toanimals beyond those selected for official awards, it will mostly be found to be fur the purpose of drawing attention to extraordinary merit, in cases where unsoundness or other objection has prevented a more marked appreciation being recorded in the shape of prize or commendation. A Judge at a Royal Meeting is not supposed to need apology or justification for decisions made with the consent of his colleagues, but instances may occur in which a few words of explanation may at once afford a satisfactory Solution to what, outside the ring, may appear an unsolved mystery. Of this the Judges will take advantage, where such explanation may appear necessary or advisable. Where marked inferiority is specially noticed, it is for the purpose of deterring owners from making entries for Royal prizes, upon what may be called off-chances in a thinly-filled class. Animals thus 380 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. placed before the public, lower the general standard of the exhibition, and the practice tends to mislead beginners as to what is and what is not a proper animal for a Royal Society’s showyard. The withholding a premium under any circumstances is a very extreme measure. In one case only did the Judges consider themselves justified in resorting to it; but had some of the better-filled classes been reduced to certain entries, this verdict of “insufficient merit” would not have been a solitary one. In the directions given, the Judges of cart-horses have received no special instructions as to the nature of the report they are expected to produce. What follows is written under the assumption that every one who makes an entry in the Royal Agricultural Society’s Catalogue submits his animal to the verdict of the public, both through the Judges’ award and the notice of the press. ‘To commit to paper for public record some general commendatory remarks on an individual animal, or some remote allusion to lack of merit in a certain class, without particularizing anything in it, is not a very profitable employment; it is satisfactory to neither writer nor reader, In the task we have undertaken, we do not feel bound to confine our remarks to mere gene- ralization. Where an animal is pre-eminently meritorious, the attention of breeders should be called to the fact: when an animal of reprehensible inferiority makes an appearance in the ring, his owner is responsible for the adverse criticism which is likely to follow. In our Report we shall first notice the agricultural stallions not qualified to compete as Clydesdales or Suffolks, Here we had no difficulty in selecting three or four very good ones, the best of these being Honest ‘om, a horse known since*the Bury St. Edmund’s Meeting in 1867, as a prize winner on every occasion he has put in an appearance. As a 2-year-old, at Bury, he was a marked feature in the show; he was then of great promise, and has now fulfilled the most sanguine expectations of those who thought best of him. As a young one, he had a tendency to lightness in the back ribs, having a little too much height under the flanks. This has all disappeared ; he is now a good-looking, well-spread, farmer’s horse, of quite the heavy stamp. With immense substance, he has quality enough in his legs to suit a Suffolk breeder, and hair enough upon them to satisfy the North or Midland Counties man—two things by no means incompatible, but not often seen in the same animal. His fore-feet are not what they should be, and he begins to show the effect of his spring work and summer “showing” on slightly arched fore-legs. The most that can be said against him is, that he is rather more of the dray-horse than is desirable in an agricultural stallion; and, perhaps, at the time the Society offered distinct premiums for that kind of animal, his entry for a farm-horse premium might have been fairly objected to on that account. The second prize went to a bay horse of great length and substance, with a somewhat deficient back; otherwise a useful animal with good action—a point which, perhaps, placed him before the white-legged chestnut so good to look at all round in the box and the ring, too; but his want of liberty in the farm-horse’s great pace—the walk—kept him from a higher place in the prize list. The faults most patent to the eye in this class were flat feet, small feet, side-bones, and light middles. Very few were defi- cient in trotting action, but the easy swing in the walk which a plough-horse should have was not so apparent. The handsome black tottering round the ring from sheer infirmity on all-fours should be remembered—not as a model, but as a caution, Of the 2-year-olds of the same description the best was Mr. Bryan’s white-maned chestnut, a very capital style of horse without much show, but no weak point. His short hind-quarters and straight hocks are unsightly, but betray no want of strength; and to those who are aiming at extra sub- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 381 stance and good quality, we commend this colt’s legs as models to perpetuate. In Mr. Summer’s grey, which took second honours, there is no great promise of beauty, but like the first-prize colt, he has no weakness to tell against him. The excessive development of muscle over the hips, with the drooping rump, is a form never deficient in strength; but at the same time is an unsightly formation, usually accompanied with a depression more or less over the loins —a rule to which the grey is no exception. The third-prize colt had any- thing but good hind-legs, and had a certain want of strength round his flank ‘and loins, not likely to mend with age. His place as No. 3 on the prize list, with Mr. Jones’s lengthy brown behind him, was not a unanimous decision of the Judges. Among this class were to be found several colts by no means undeserving of notice. No. 138, a particularly good-looking, lengthy bay, could not escape notice; but there was that in his run out which sent him away early in the selection. Others, again, were palpably unsound, or had falsely-formed hocks, closely approaching to unsoundness. ‘The marked instances of false form, shallow girth, long legs, and want of width, which Nos. 14, 15, 17, and 22 exhibited, quite spoiled the look of what would otherwise have been a commended class; and one is led to wonder what the produce of such will be if their owners persevere in keeping such specimens for the stud. Class 11 comprised the mares of the same sort. Mr. Crowe’s Smart was first, a place mostly occupied by this animal. ‘‘ Very, very good” may be written against her in any company anywhere. Low, long, and wide; sound, and a good mover, she claims the honour of being dam to the neat and true-made chestnut which took second among the 2-year-old fillies. The second prize goes to the great roan belonging to Mr. Street. Here we have more of the loaded hips, the deep mid-rib, and the tendency to low back, but in a modi- fied degree, with much to commend and undoubted ufility. The third prize was a question between the leggy brown, with the closely-ribbed, strong-built carcase, and the small but neat bay shown by Mr. Prees. Size decided the case in favour of Mr. Lamb’s mare, against the protested appeals of one of the Judges for the low and long one. As a whole, the brood mares, with two exceptions, were a very plain set; and after the first and second were drawn out, the others were a very long way below them. ‘The 2-year-old fillies were better. The big bay daughter of Honest Tom, shown by Mr. Purser, was a show-mare all over; quite the big stamp, but good looking, of good quality and grand action. It is no light point in her favour to have beaten Mr. Crowe’s No. 151, already mentioned, an animal which has the credit of winning at all the Kastern Counties meetings this year. It should here be mentioned that two exceedingly clever well-spread mares, Nos. 154 and 155, were both put out of all chance by their curby hocks. On Mr. Brown’s filly the verdict must be—‘‘bred so,” inasmuch as her own sister in the yearling class, a particularly fine filly, was sent away on the same account. The Clydesdales were not a very numerous lot. The old horse class gave us a sight of that particularly true-made, hzadsome model of a cart-horse, Young Lofty. As a specimen of the pure Clydesdale, every breeder should get a sight of this animal. As a modei to be held in the eye, he is a type for the breeder of any kind of agricultural horse in the world. He is the property of Mr. Tomlinson of Rugeley, who is certainly under a great misfor- tune in having such a horse excluded from the prize list, on account of his Toaring. How far such*a malady may be atoned for by other excellences, is matter worth consideration—not a practice easily defended in theory we allow—but if ever there was a temptation to ignore the hereditary nature of disease, it would be in a case like this. The Judge’s duty is more plainly marked out, and we decided not to sanction the principle of admitting to the 382 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. _ honours of the prize list any animal so afflicted. The grey we had to fall back upon, was by no means an unworthy representative of his class. The dappled grey is not very common among the Clydesdales, although quite pure-bred specimens are to be found of that colour. Mr. Orange’s horse has quite the characteristic marks of the breed: the two good ends—the short leg and somewhat drooping back with the grand action and great substance were all there. No. 31. The handsome black with his straight underline (another decided breed-mark) had to be discarded, and the third prize went to a smail bay with very little of the grand about him. Among the Clydesdale mares was Mr. Statter’s very, very good Mrs. Muir, in every way a fit representative of her class. The 2-year-old classes of stallions and mares, require no particular notice. The exhibitor of No. 160, it is to be hoped, has learned from the Cardiff meeting what a Clydesdale is— a more miserable applicant for a prize card was never led out in earnest. Of the Suffolk Classes it may be said they were very short in numbers and not surpassing in merit. The first-prize stallion has been a winner at the Royal once before. He is a shade darker than the orthodox colour, has a sourish head and his fore-legs are not well placed and are not particularly firm under his ponderous carcase. His walk, however, is first-rate and his deep carease looks like a good constitution. His owner—Mr. Boby—won the prize when the Society held its meeting at Bury St. Edmund’s with the sire of his winner at Cardiff. He is also successful in the 2-year-old class with a son of Royal Prince—a somewhat unique instance of one breeder winning with three generations of the same animal. Among the Suffolk brood mares is Mr. Capon’s Gyp, an animal with great development of muscle, but light in bone, very handsome and very active, but her foal gives little promise of bringing back to her owner much of the cost of the dam. A somewhat notable history attaches to this mare. She is one of twenty-three, which, in a bond-fide sale of a deceased tenant-farmer’s stock last October, averaged over 100/. each. The sale was a large one, but an average of 100/. for such a number speaks of the repute the breed ‘ias in its own district. ‘Two of the mares—of which Gyp was one—fetched upwards of 6002. Both were bought by tenant-farmers. One of the most noticeable classes brought into the ring was t).at for pairs of agricultural horses. Among these were some very extraoriinary animals; but the best, the handsomest, the most valuable, would have been more at home on the stones of London, the Docks at Liverpool or in the streets of Manchester than in any farm in any district. The substitution of the word “draught” for “agricultural” would have made the Judges’ course a more clear one. Another difficulty was the ill-assortment of the “ pairs.” Of those to which the awards were attached, not two were of a colour or of a similar character. The white-legged chestnut—a perfect dray horse in himself—had a partner quite of another style and the magnificent grey mareshad for her companion a narrow-chested blue-grey horse, with not much to recommend him but his size. The black mare in the ‘‘reserved number ” was good all round except in the quality of her legs. Such a state borders on disease. Here was neither hair nor quality, and only those who have had horses’ legs in such a state, can realise the trouble they ultimately cause. As purely agricultural horses, the pair of bays 105 and 110 were perhaps quite worth notice, but the sensational element of extraordinary size and extraordinary action, took the awards elsewhere. The underground pair were but a couple of useful carriers’-cart animals, what may be the precise qualification for miners’ cattle, beyond being- below a certain height, is not quite apparent, but as there was but one competition for the prize, the Judges had no difficulty in deciding the question. The Report from the Riding-Horse Judges is also very Report on the Exhibition of Live Stockh at Cardiff. 383 comprehensive, and the argument over every class so fully entered upon, that it might be left to speak for itself. Never- theless, the Report opens, as it. were, with an apology for the award in the first class brought out, that is of thorough-bred stallions—‘‘ the three Judges simultaneously expressed their dislike to Laughing Stock.? Remarkably enough, when this same horse took the first prize in the same class at Newcastle- on-Tyne in 1864, the decision in his favour was also accom- panied by some disparaging commentary on the part of the judges, who declared that, “with the exception of Gamester, the class was a bad one.”—Gamester being put third from a lack of showy action. Since then Laughing Stock’s career at the Society’s Meetings has been somewhat chequered: he was third in 1862 to Carbineer first and Motley second; he was second in 1870 to Knowsley first, and with Sincerity third; and in 1871 he was the reserve number, or fourth, to Sincerity first, Blinkhoolie second, and Suffolk third: while Suffolk was never noticed at Cardiff. Like Sincerity, who was also from the Carlisle district, Laughing Stock has hosts of friends and foes, and, although he now stands on the lists as the only horse who has twice won the thorough-bred premium of the Society, it is admitted that on both these occasions the competition was indifferent. In truth, with the exception of Christmas Carol, a really nice bloodlike horse, with his hind legs beautifully placed, and his old opponent Suffolk, there was nothing to “ take much account of ” at Cardiff. The Judges, indeed, report pretty generally against the quality of what they found here ; although it sounds odd to hear them say that, so indifferent were all the other heavy-weight hunters that “Tris had to be put second.” I have seen in a really great show of hunters in Yorkshire Iris placed not only first in his class, but further proclaimed to be the winner or the Champion Cup— _ that is, to be the best of all the hunting-horses on the ground. Again, it is not so long since that Isaw him knocked down at | Tattersall’s for, if | remember right, over 400 guineas, in itself | “something of a character,” particularly for so well known and _ used a horse. But a resolute nag like Iris to show properly | requires a resolute man on his back, and when before the Judges | he did not look to be half ridden. It will be seen, moreover, » that a number of objections are urged against him; but, after | all he has done, to be forced, as it were, into a second place in | such a class, is, at least, a very remarkable illustration of how _ Judges differ. They have been some time in finding out “ his bad forelegs, his harness forehand, and his hard mouth.” | The Report embodies, if not a suggestion, a question for —Ee further consideration, as touching the award in the class of brood 384 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. mares for breeding hunters, where the first prize went toa thorough- bred one, whose present purpose is clearly breeding not hunters, but race-horses. By Newminster, out of the famous Fair- water, this prize hunting mare had a foal by Saunterer at her side, who is not very likely to face a fence, if he be only good enough to train as a race-horse. A hunter, however, in these times can scarcely be too well bred, and such an incident has not been one of frequent occurrence. It might be, in fact, as it has been urged, that the prize thorough-bred horses may be too good or of too high a class for the Society’s object ; but any such objection has been very exceptional, as most of these horses have come fairly within the farmer’s reach. The tendency which I would the rather guard against from selecting a mare like Fairminster is, that farmers should be induced to try their hands at breeding thorough-bred yearlings for sale—just now about the most unsaleable stock in the market; at any rate from a farmers hands. There have been numbers sent back this summer without a customer, and even the late Mr. Blenkiron’s last sale in July of 43 lots of yearlings at an average of 117 guineas each, must have been a losing business. ‘The Society has for some time past been putting people into the right and only way of breeding a hunter, that is, by the use of the thorough-bred stallion with any likely mare a man may happen to have; but beyond this it would be better not to extend the lesson. If the Welsh ponies were neither so numerous nor so clever as we had expected to see them, it does not altogether follow that they are deteriorating, or that the sort is going out of use. One of the best horse authorities in Glamorganshire told me that the Welsh farmers were scarcely educated up to the show standard, and that many better things might be picked up about the lanes and little homesteads than were entered for Cardiff. And this would possibly apply not merely to the ponies and galloways, but equally to the other Welsh breeds of stock. Herewith is the Report of the Riding-Horse Judges :— , Class 7. Thorough-bred Stallions.—The general inferiority of this class may be best described by the fact of all the three Judges simultaneously expressing their dislike to Laughing Stock the moment he entered the ring; and yet so more or less faulty were all the rest, that Laughing Stock after all came to the front. The fact is, action and soundness will be served in a showyard as well as elsewhere, and Laughing Stock, with all the faults of his ~Touch- stone shoulders and small hocks, is a fine goer, and has more substance when measured than a casual observer would think; and he is certainly the sire of many showyard winners, for instance, one of the best (No. 202) to-day. he second-prize horse, Christmas Carol, has a deal of substance and -general good about him, but his shoulders, like his sire’s, are not quite right; his loins want muscle, and his hind-legs are full far hehind him, and he appears somewhat irritable. The third prize, Reinfrid, has faulty fore-legs and is Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 385 too high; but he has great power behind, with all the Newminster quality, and more than their usual bone; is of a good colour, and in many respects a useful country stallion, The lightness of bone (especially behind) of Ely, who should not have stooped to such small game, the same fault amounting almost to a deformity in Suffolk, the terribly twisted and light fore-legs of Nine Elms, the small feet and want of action of Wild Charlie, the faulty hocks of Harcourt, and the want of power and energy of Rally- wood, put them all more or less out of court “ for getting hunters.” Class 8. For getting Hackneys——Only poorly represented; the winner (No. 58), Mr. Mason’s Norfolk Hero, was something of the sort wanted, but he has very stilty fore-legs, light ribs, and his action is not up to the Norfolk standard. The second, Mr. Lockhart’s Dick Turpin, though neat and quick, has scarcely the bone and “character” necessary for a sire; and the third, Mr. Langley’s grey Telegram, weut with a straight knee and wide behind. The others were very indifferent. Class 9. Pony Stallions under 14 hands——At least one good-looking one in the three entries—Mr. Roundell’s Sir George, and he goes as well as he looks, and is quite the sort to produce nice ponies. The second, Mr. Brewer’s Blue Pill, is more of a racing pony, and the third, a common weed. Class 10. Pony Stallions under 13 hands.—This class contained a couple uite worthy of notice, Lord Bute’s Cymro (first), and Mr. Doyle’s Tramp Scand). The first, a light chestnut with flaxen mane and tail, with good power, though short of action, will leave his mark amongst the ponies of the district. Class 14. Mares for breeding Hunters.—In this class was a very fine thorough- bred mare, Mr. Cartwright’s Fairminster, so good it was impossible to pass her over, though it is a question whether it is quite fair to exhibitors of strong half-bred hunting mares that thorough-bred mares should be allowed to com- pete with them; and whether the Society should not now include them in a separate class, as the Royal Irish Society does. The second prize, Mr. Fox’s Pink, and the third, Mr. Robinson’s Go-a-head, are able competitors, and will be always hard to beat. Mr. William’s Alice (R. No.), Mr. Powell’s (commended) Chit Chat mare, and Lady Emily, were all nice mares, and this class was decidedly good. Class 15. Mares for breeding Hackneys.—A bad class, winners excepted. Mr. Sherratt’s Polly (first), was as neat a type of the hackney as need be. The second, Mr. Watts’ Rosy Morn, was more of the thorough-bred stamp, but short-legged and good of her sort; while the only one that could be found good enough for the third was an old-fashioned grey, useful enough but with forward shoulders. Class 16. Pony Mares under 14 hands.—These, though small in numbers, were good in quality, and the Judges commended the whole class. Mr. Coale’s Kitty (first) would have been a real nice one had she a little more before the saddle; and the second, Mr. Worthington’s Polly, only wanted a little more substance, This little class was quite the best of the day. Class 17. Pony Mares under 13 hunds.—Here were two or three clever little Mares, especially Mr. Allen’s little chestnut (first), that looked like carrying a boy with hounds. Class 18. Welsh Ponies under 18 hands—A nice class; and the three chestnuts that came to the front, Mr. Thomas’s Minnie (first), Mr. Bower’s Dandy (second), and Mr. Allen’s Kitty (R. No.), were all well worthy of notice, as indeed were several others in this class. Class 22. Hunters up to 15 stone.—This class was wretchedly bad. The winner, Mr. Jones’s br. ¢., a second-class horse, was tied below the knees ; and the second, Mr. Thomas’s over-lucky Iris, found scant favour in the eyes of the Judges here; who did not think a stale horse near 16°3, with bad fore-legs and a harness fore-hand, a hard mouth and a conspicuous speedy-cut, VOL, VIII.—s. 8. 2c 386 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. just what a heavy man’s hunter should be, whatever the merits of his hind action, which is certainly good enough. However, so indifferent were all the others, that he had to be put second. Major Ballard’s Redwing (the third), went as badly as from her formation she might be expected to; but there was nothing better. Class 23. Hunters up to 12 stone.—A rather better class; and the first, Mr. Darby’s General Hood was not very far from what a light-weight-hunter should be; and Mr. Howell’s Lancer (second) was but little inferior. The third, Mr. Stacey’s Bianconi, was a neat hard-looking little harrier-horse. Most of the others had the too common fault of want of bone, without which even 12 stone is not to be carried long. Class 24. Hunters 4 years old.—Always an interesting class; but though this looked well at first sight, it did not contain many that bore a close inspec- tion. Mr. Cook’s Admiral (first) is a little heavy forward, and quite high enough; but he has good limbs and joints—his hocks especially, and has nice manners in the ring. The second, Mr. Mofiatt’s Lady Graham, has all the action of Laughing Stock, her sire, with his fine blood, legs, and general quality; but she has not quite a decided ‘‘ hunter” character about her, and her top is more that of a blood charger at present; but she is a fine mare and an improving one. The third, Mr. Thomas’s Policeman, is a great loose colt requiring time, and his hind legs might be better. Mr. Teasdale’s Theodore (R. No.) was only ‘“‘useful””—a plain horse with straight shoulders. ; Class 25. Hunters 3 years old—A near thing between the first three, though three very different animals. The winner, Mr. Musgrove’s Honeycomb, has all the bone and size of his sire Angelus, but, like him, he lacks action, and is not what may be called “‘all over a hunter ;” his shoulders are loaded, and he promises to get too high; but with all this he is a fine colt. The second, Mr. Miller’s Kettledrum colt, would have beaten him, but for his — light fore-legs, for he is more hunting-like, and went beautifully ; and the third, Mr. Allen’s Cape Horn, by Cape Flyaway, is full of blood and -quality, and must grow into a valuable horse. The rest in this class were very far behind the winners. Class 26. Hunters 2 years old.—The winner, Mr. Miller’s Singleton, was an exceedingly nice horse and a credit to his sire Carbineer, the Manchester Royal Prize winner. He is a nice size, well bred, and goes well; and if he does not make a hunter will be always worth a good deal ‘‘in another place.” The second, a bay by Llandaff, has some hunting shape about him, and there were three or four rather promising young ones in this class. Class 27. Hunters 1 year old.— Another Carbineer of Mr. Miller’s was first, a nice mover, but lightish of bone; and the second has the same fault, and has no sire named in the catalogue. By the way, why are not the 3 and 4-year-olds © stipulated to be by a thorough-bred sire, as well as the 1 and 2-year-olds ? Class 28. Jtoadsters between 14 and 15 hands.—Of this class the less said — the better. Two or three were neatish blood hacks, the others the commonest of the common; and as the majority of the Judges held that the class was not — intended for well-bred ones, and no better could be found amongst the com- moners than Mr. Goddard’s cream-coloured Dandy and Mr. Cook’s grey General, the prizes went accordingly. Class 29. Cobs between 18 and 14 hands.—This, the last class, was also the best ; and of the twenty shown there were some eight or ten really good weight- carrying cobs. Mr. Stacey’s Tommy Dodd (first) was quite a heavy gentleman’s cob; and the second, a sturdy chestnut, was, despite his upright pasterns, a rare good stamp. With three or four exceptions, they all come from the neighbourhood, and it was pleasant to see such a characteristic class; though strange that in all the preceding ones (ponies and Mr, Cartwright’s mare excepted), not one of the first prizes remained in Wales. As a whole, the show of riding-horses was decidedly inferior. Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 387 CATTLE. Notwithstanding the frequent gaps caused by the prevalence of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease, the competition here was pretty generally good, the chief exception being with the Devons, where, in many of the classes, the original entries did not extend to any numerical force, however excellent the individual animals. As usual, the centre of attraction, the great gossipping- ground of the day, was by the side of the Shorthorn ring, where, no question, the Agricultural Derby of the year is run off in the decisions over the all-aged bulls. Unfortunately the “ neatest” bull of his time, Lord Exeter’s Telemachus, was away in his box at Burghley, and hence a great deal of collateral interest evaporated. Indeed, beyond the Yorkshire-Irish St. Ringgan, _ there was no old bull of any particular repute in the class; and almost from the first the race looked to be reduced to a match between the two white 3-year-olds. When he first appeared this season, the improvement in Lord Irwin was very remark- able; he had thickened and spread into an admirably well- covered animal, with his good flesh capitally laid on; and beyond his small head, there was, when in the West of England show-ring, scarcely a fault to be found with Mr. Linton’s bull, unless that he had ‘‘been done” a little too well by. And no doubt he had, for on meeting at Cardiff one of the Judges-—not here in office—who assisted in putting Lord Irwin first at Dorchester, the same words were on both our lips at the same moment: ‘“ How he has gone off!” In truth, in the interim, the bull had had but little rest, having been out again and again in Essex and the North; and his travels had told, as might natu- tally have been expected. Mr. Outhwaite’s white, on the con- trary, showed out very gay and fresh; and the decision, though much discussed at the time, was confirmed when the two bulls met again in the week following at Spalding, as again at the Kelso show of the Highland Society, at Malton, at Newcastle-on- Tyne, and at Bolton. Last season, however, Lord Irwin beat - Royal Windsor at the Society’s show at Wolverhampton, and also at the York Meeting of the Yorkshire Society ; though earlier in the year, and in very moderate company, Lord Irwin took no prize whatever at Guildford—Mr. Bowly, one of the Judges, with whom was Mr. Drewry, one of the Judges at Cardiff, officially recording Lord Irwin, in the West of England ‘Journal,’ as “a thick bull with good points, but with a head very deficient in character.” At Wolverhampton, the Judges described Lord Irwin as ‘of excellent quality and character, and a massive, well-fleshed animal of great growth and much promise ;” while they spoke to Royal Windsor as “of good quality and great 2c2 388 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. substance, with a level and evenly-covered back, capital loins, but not quite so good below.” Iam induced to quote thus much, as the Shorthorn Judges at Cardiff have rather epitomised their return than dwelt on the merits of any particular animal :— Class 35. All-Aged Bulls—We consider this class a very commend- able one, Class 36. Two-year-old Bulls.—This class we also think a very good one, and commend the whole of it. Class 37. Yearling Bulls——With the exception of the animals mentioned, we do not think this class calls for any further remark. Class 88. Bull Calves.—This class we thought very highly of, as will be seen by our high commendations so liberally bestowed, Class 39. Cows. —Many useful animals shown in this class, but we have en previous occasions seen better animals exhibited. Class 40. Heifers in-milk or in-calf.—This is a very good one indeed. We had great difficulty in coming to a decision in many cases. Class 41. Yearling Heifers.—The fact of our having mentioned so many animals in this class, sufficiently defines our opinion of it. Class 42. Heifer Calves.—Some commendable animals in this class, but, om the whole, not a very strong one. As I hold that nothing can be more wholesome, either as regards Judges or exhibitors, than fair criticism from outside, it may be only right to say here that the awards in the class of Shorthorn cows created a deal of discussion, not so much as regards the pretty milking-cow put first, who was altogether new to the South, as over some of the others which had just pre- viously met, but under very different circumstances. Thus a merely commended cow at Dorchester was second at Cardiff; the first cow at Dorchester was merely commended at Cardiff; and the second at one meeting was third at the other ; beating, and beaten by, in turn, Mr. Hewitt’s and Mr. Stratton’s cows. There was, as the Judges intimate, nothing of extraordinary excellence in the class; and merely moderate animals will con- tinually turn the tables on each other. But the difference of opinion evinced in the placing of these three cows is rendered the more noticeable from one of the Judges having been in office at both meetings. The best 2-year-old bull, Mr. Lamb's Ignoramus, showed yast improvement since Wolverhampton; and even in better company might fairly have been promoted from third to first; while over the best 2-year-old heifer, a very admirable animal to the eye, there was something of a sensation. On the turf, a thorough-bred horse is virtually ‘no horse” unless his pedigree can be authenticated ; and the same line must hold good with anything which goes to book for its belongings. Here, however, the age of Mr. Statter’s heifer was stated to a day, together with her pedigree, although at the same time the entry admits that her breeder is unknown. ‘There is no doubt that the description of pedigree stock—that is, cattle in contra- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 389 distinction to horses—is a branch of the business of breeding at times very loosely regarded, and, as it seems to me, the supervision of entries should be more carefully taken up by the stewards, or others, previously to the catalogue being printed or the nomination passed. I have seen and heard of some curious scases of manufactured pedigrees during this last summer, In the Shorthorn show at Cardiff, however, the visitor came again and again on highly bred stock now flourishing about Bridgend, Tredegar, Newport, Chepstow, Cowbridge, Castletown, Llandilo, Pembroke, Newcastle Emlyn, and in other parts of Monmouth- shire, Glamorganshire, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire, and Cardiganshire. With such evidence as this before us, it is easy to see how the brindles are lost and the blacks are scarce. Still the Shorthorn was not altogether omnipotent, as certainly “in places” the best illustration of any breed on the ground was that offered by the Herefords, and the Herefords are now doing so well in South Wales, that it is a nice question whether some of them will not eclipse the older established herds so care- fully maintained in Herefordshire and Shropshire. It is not often that one man can show so strongly as Mr. Thomas, of St. Hilary, did with his grandly-grown heifers, uniting, as they do, scale with quality ; and Usk, Cardiff, Welshpool, Brecon, Eglwys- nunyd, and Cowbridge, again tell of how the Whitefaces have crept over from the confines of their own county. The Judges say that “probably four better cows of any breed than the four Herefords placed were never seen in the same class;” and I should almost be inclined to go on and say there probably never was a better class. There was the stamp of high breeding, and of the same breeding, about them all. Some might be more elegant and ‘‘finer” in their character than others, but there was that uniformity of points, markings, and “ presence,” which should be the aim of every one who goes to perpetuate or im- prove a breed. In the companion class of Shorthorn cows, the speckled first, the delicate white second, or the broad, roomy, roan, commended, had really little in common; but almost any one of these Hereford cows might have been accepted as a model of her kind. Mr. Peren’s sweet cow was still first, as at Wolverhampton, where the Judges reported somewhat against her in this way: ‘“‘Ivington Rose, one of the best Hereford cows ever seen, appears rather overfed for breeding purposes.” But since this was written, she has had one calf, and is in-calf again. I confess to have always had an especial fancy for Duchess of Bedford, here only the reserve; ‘‘but being near her calving-time, she was not even behind.” J shall not attempt further to anticipate or interfere with the Judges’ own Report on the Herefords, wherein good reason for everything is given, 390 © Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. ' We consider the show of Herefords a very good one, both as regards numbers and quality; more than could have been expected, considering the large extent to which the Foot-and-Mouth Disease prevailed in Herefordshire and the adjoining counties. Our duties commenced with— Class 43. Bulls——We awarded the first prize to No. 464, Bachelor: he is an excellent specimen, and only wants a good head to make him perfection. His son, Provost, No. 466, took second prize. With good character and substance, he combines much of his sive’s symmetry and excellent flesh. Third prize, No. 465, Stout: a massive well-shaped animal, with moderate hair and touch. The reserve, No. 468, Dulas, is very large; and No. 463, Standard Bearer, was commended, and is a good stock animal. Class 44. First Prize, No. 477, Von Moltke, has a grand outline, with good character and flesh, and a straight and evenly-covered back; but he stands rather too close on his hind-legs. Second Prize, No. 474, Chanter, is a useful bull. A very moderate class. Class 45. First Prize, No. 492, The Cheltenham Boy. Large framed, with quite first-class character, flesh and hair, capital ribs, broad back, and stands well on his legs; inclined to be rather gaudy over the loin. Second Prize, No. 483 Lord Battenhall: square, and straight on his legs ; good back and sides; rather hard hair, and not quite good rump. ‘Third Prize, No. 481, Prince Joachim: a striking one at a side view; very deep; ribs too straight to give a broad back; moderate character, and medium flesh. Reserved and commended, No. 486, Vespasian : a good stock animal. Class 46. First Prize, No. 498, Cop Hall: a square, solid, and level grown animal, with good character and flesh. Second Prize, No. 502, Regulus: has — a straight and good back, excellent flesh and character, but is now slightly deficient in depth of body. Reserve number, No. 495, Marquis of Lorne, is a very promising animal, but his points are not yet well developed; and the same may be said of Triumph 4th. Class 47. Cows.—First Prize, No. 523, Ivington Rose, is a model of beauty, — symmetry, substance, thick flesh, and hich breeding, Second Prize, No. 518, Silk 2nd, is a small-framed one, ‘and is ‘yemarkable for symmetry, substance, good character, and flesh. Third Prize, No. 525, Lady Milton: a grand cow, with an evenly covered back and sides; good flesh and character, but wants more width through chest and shoulders. Reserve number, No. 512, Duchess of Bedford 6th: has great substance, with excellent flesh and character; but being near her calving time, was not even behind. The whole of this class was highly commended, and the best class of their breed. Probably four better cows of any breed than the four placed were never seen in the same class. ‘ Class 48. First Prize, No. 5384, Sunflower, is a large and deep heifer, with great substance and level shape; good flesh and character. Second Prize, No. 531, Plum, is remarkably handsome ; but on a small scale as compared with No. 534. Third Prize, No. 538, Lizzie 2nd, has capital fore-quarters and back; medium flesh and character, but too hollow behind the hip. Reserve number, No. 532, Countess: a good heifer, but not in her present condition so good in front as No. 583; she has not a goodrump, This was a good class, and all were commended. ; Class 49. First Prize, No. 548, Rosaline: remarkable for size, symmetry, and good quality. Second Prize, No. 542, Madeline: a large and good one. Third Prize, No. 537, Lady of the Teme: excellent flesh and character, but a defective hind-quarter. Reserve number, No. 544, Belle of the West: good character and flesh, but not equal in substance to the prize heifers. A good class, and all commended. Class 50. First Prize, No. 553, Ruby: has good character; evenly covered and compact, but a rather small frame. Second Prize, No, 547, Lady Alice: Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 391 a very promising one, with good hair and quality, but deficient in her under points. She is, however, young, and will doubtless greatly improve. Reserve number and Highly Commended, No. 548, Queen of the ‘l'eme: a good heifer, but not equal in symmetry to the prize heifers. Nos. 556 and 557 were both highly commended. Several in this class were backward in condition, and consequently showed to disadvantage. The Judges declare the Devons “in size, symmetry, and quality, to be closely approaching perfection ;” but it is to be regretted that more of the breed were not shown. In fact but for Mr. Davy from Devonshire, Mr. Farthing from Somerset- shire, and Mr, J. A. Smith from Dorsetshire, amongst whom all the first prizes were distributed, there would be no show of Devons. The Official Report is as brief as the entry, Mr. Davy’s best bull in the all-aged class is written of “great merit;” Mr. Farthing’s Master Harry, ‘very meritorious, and a particularly good animal,” but his colour, a tawny or dirty-orange, is against him; and at Dorchester Master Harry was passed by with a mere commendation. Over the yearlings the two Judges could not agree, and, on an umpire being called in, the quality of the Fitton told in his favour, although it is doubtful whether he can ever grow up or furnish into as deep and square a bull as the other; and Mr. Davy’s best bull-calf, Duke Fitton 9th, has been shipped by Mr. Cochrane for Canada. The cows were declared to be ‘‘a particularly good class,” of three only ; and the heifers in-milk, running to but four or five, were generally commended as “a highly praiseworthy class ;” while the yearling heifers were highly commended. The first prizes, however, in both these classes, were overdone in the way of preparation, and the yearling more particularly looks as if she could never ‘‘keep her figure.” Indeed, so neat an animal as your true Devon can hardly be of perfect symmetry, with such gaudy patchy excrescences as some of the young stock were deve- loping at Cardiff. A thorough-bred Devon should be, at his or her best, one of the truest and handsomest, animals in creation. Considering how well the Devon steers show at Christmas, and how closely they have of late contested for the champion prizes of Islington and Birmingham, it is noticeable, if not quite ex- plicable, how poor a front they offer at the summer shows of breeding stock. The Devon Judges also undertook the other established breeds, reversing some previous awards over the Norfolk Polls in the bull-class, where there was “no animal good enough to reserve ;” and reporting the cow-class with a Red Poll first, and a Longhorn second, to be ‘‘ very badly represented ;” while the heifers, with Lord Sondes’ two Norfolks at the head of it, were “an indifferent class,” although at Lynn the Polls were considered to have made 392 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. a very creditable show; but then the other breeds were not all Polls at Cardiff. Mr. Warren Evans’s “‘ Hereford family,” bull, cow, and offspring, were “ praiseworthy ;” and over the dairy cattle exhibited in pairs the Judges offered no comment whatever to the awards which put Shorthorns first, Herefords second, Shorthorns third, and Ayrshires fourth. Any such reticence is the more to be regretted as this is a class, of all others, over which some explana- tions of the principles upon which the decisions were made would be useful as a lesson hereafter. If, as we read it here, highly- bred Shorthorns and Herefords are really better dairy cattle than Ayrshires, of course an important point is gained, as we so obtain the best beef and the most milk from the same animal— an object, the attainment of which so far has been very strongly disputed. Writing of Wolverhampton last year, Mr. Jacob Wilson said, ‘‘The class for dairy cattle has always appeared to me one of very questionable utility,” as the judges at that Meeting clearly considered it a very difficult class to dispose of. A couple of ragged Alderneys or common Yorkshires would make no show in the ring against a pair of comely, thriving Short- horns, or when put side by side with Ivington Rose and Duchess of Bedford; and if the class be continued it should be under more definite arrangements and instructions. In the dairy cattle “proper” there was but a moderate entry of Jerseys, more particularly of Island-bred stock; and I should be inclined to account for this in some degree from the home- breeders having of late “sold out” some of their best animals at long prices. America has been an especially good customer, and Mr. Le Cornu,.a well-known judge in these classes at our Meetings, has recently sold a two-year-old heifer for 100 guineas, the highest price ever realized in Jersey, although I have seen it equalled here. There could, indeed, be no greater contrast than that between the small delicate natives and Lord Chesham’s great gaunt heifers, going back, I believe, to Mr. Dauncey’s stock. The Judges endeavoured to hita happy medium between the two; but it would have been well to have had their opinion as to the experiment of growing Jerseys to such a scale as is now occasionally seen. Moreover, there are indications of the Jerseys being overdone for show, and a Jersey heifer going fast to beef should surely be something of an anomaly, The Guern- seys were more satisfactory; of finer quality, and more dairy character than those sent over but a few years since; as one of these yellow and white heifers looked more like a milker than anything on the ground. Subjoined is the Official Report on the Channel Island classes :— There was an increase in the number of entries in these breeds of cattle as compared with the two former years, but, owing to the prevalence of the Foot- Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 398 and-Mouth Disease, the classes Nos. 59 and 60 (Jersey Bulls and Cows) were not well filled, and contained no animals of special merit, except a young bull belonging to Lord Chesham. In Class 61, Jersey heifers not exceeding three years old, the number of entries was twenty-three, and nearly the whole of the animals very promising for the dairy. ‘The first prize was taken by _ Mr. Simpson with Queenie, a showy animal; the second by Mr. Gilby, for a good heifer bred in Jersey, while Mr. Rendle had the reserve number with a yery bloodlike imported animal. The Guernsey cows and heifers were a lot of first-class animals, and well worthy the inspection of the public, and, perhaps, also deserved better premiums than the Judges were able to award; for, in Class 63, Mr. Rendle took the first prize with a grand cow, and, moreover, a great milker, although now near calving. The other animals throughout the class the Judges highly commended, as being also superior milkers; but the principal attraction seemed to lie with the Guernsey heifers, Class 64, numbering nine animals, almost every one a good specimen of the breed. The first prize, No. 657, was a very showlike heifer, with great milking pro- perties, and as level as a Shorthorn, while the second prize heifer was a straight animal, and was closely run for the prize by a much older heifer of Mr. Rundle Watson’s, No. 656. In the Guernsey class for bulls there was only one animal exhibited, and the Judges submit whether the single prize of 10/. would not be better employed in augmenting or giving third prizes to the other classes, as there are not a great number of herds in England requiring Guernsey bulls. Tn concluding this Report, we observe there are six prizes given for Jersey cattle, two of which were taken by Mr. Gilby for animals bred on the Island, and four by different gentlemen for animals bred in England. In the Guern- seys there are five prizes given, and they were all awarded to Mr. Rendle and Mr. Le Page for imported animals. I have seen the Clydesdales gathered together in Glasgow, the Suffolks spread all over that pleasant park at Ipswich; the long red line of Devons at Barnstaple; the white-faces blocking up the highways in Hereford ; and we have all fresh in our memories the show of Shropshires at Wolverhampton, -and of Oxfordshire Downs at Oxford. If these were befitting expositions of local strength and merit, then I cannot but think some general disappointment must have been felt over so short -anarray of native Welsh breeds as that got together at Cardiff. The Judges, however, who spoke on the authority of experience, would seem to have been better satisfied :— We are of opinion that the cattle of these breeds were an attractive feature of the show, and we were much pleased with the uniformity of character they displayed ; more especially those called Castle-Martin. Nearly every animal to which we awarded a prize possessed great merit, and well deserved its distinguished position. Many of them have well-shaped heads and horns, with prominent eyes, soft hair, and thick mellow skins, indicating a superb quality of beef and good feeding qualities. They are also short legged, having hardy constitutions, and a peculiar adaptation to the country they occupy. Some, only a few, had sour heads, small eyes, hard hair and skins. A gentleman from the neighbourhood of Pembroke has favoured me with some notes on the properties of the black cattle of South Wales, which will come well here as an appendix to the Judges’ brief Report :— 394 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. It iscommonly said that our Blacks are derived from the same original stock as the Sussex, Devon, and Hereford cattle. As with other middle horned varieties, the quality of their milk is excellent; but, unlike some of them, the quantity is abundant. They are hardy, but slow in coming to maturity ; good doers out of doors during winter as 2-year-olds, and coming fast when turned into good pastures the following summer: hence their popu- larity with graziers, and the great trade through dealers or middle-men, who take them from Wales to Barnet, and other large fairs. A curly coat is liked, and the usual points of good loin, hide, well-set tail, &c., are thought much of. The horn is not attended to quite so assiduously as formerly; in fact the breed does not now receive half the consideration if had twenty years ago; probably, as you suggest, because the Shorthorn and Hereford cattle suit the rich farmer better. Crossing is carried on without any system whatever. Calves are reserved for bulls, regardless of every sound reason, except, perhaps, the probability of their dying through weakness if subjected to the usual Eastern operation; and the best heifers are, as a rule, sold fat to the butchers. We are now trying to get up a little enthusiasm in the matter, and the Agricultural Societies have subscribed between them 500. towards some champion prizes tor bulls, to be competed for at Carmarthen next September. A Herd-Book is also in contemplation, to include not only Castle Martin, but also Anglesea Blacks, a rather heavier variety of the same breed. SHEEP. 1 At the Gloucester meeting in 1853, and it is noticeable how useful a landmark this may be made in the history of the Society, — an experiment, at the instance of the late Lord Ducie, was tried’ with a view to check the over-feeding of show stock. A ja of nine of the Judges, drawn by lot, were instructed to examin every animal previous to his coming before the Judges of his class ; but no cattle or horses were rejected, and only two sheep and two pigs disqualified as unfit for breeding purposes. ‘The Shorthorn Judges morever, considered that “‘ the regulation as to examination by jury had tended to lessen the number of good animals shown;’ while Mr. Milward, the steward, reported that “the lower character of the show was "mainly attributable to this regulation ; it being well known that many of our first breeders refused to exhibit, not choosing to run the risk of their animals being disqualified for over-fatness.” . I confess that I have ever regretted the failure of this great English principle of trial by jury, the more especially as a very prevalent abuse at this very time is the pampering of sheep for show or sale. One hears, from all sides, of rams taken at long prices, which have proved utterly or next to useless, of large proportions of barren ewes—there are more about this year than ever—and of course of mutton getting dearer and dearer, I stood by and heard an unsuccessful exhibitor at Cardiff, reproved by his _ own brother, in this way: ‘ How could you expect to take any prizes, wihten you had not got your rams half fat enough!” and, no doubt, there were too many “ gross” cases about to point such | Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 395 an argument, where the sheep looked far more like “ornament than use.” The veterinary inspector, Mr. Brown, on being ap- pealed to, certainly declared against one sheep as “useless for breeding purposes,” and this was the four-year-old Lincoln ; the Judges’ report running thus :— Class 84. The shearling rams are not a good class. Class 85. This we think a very good class, and generally commend it. Professor Brown’s opinion of the sheep No. 870 was that he was useless for _ breeding purposes. Class 86. We are of opinion that this class, though having but few entries, is one of very high character, the ewes taking the first prize being excep- tionally good. It is very clear that any reform in this way must be brought about through the Judges, who should act both as Judge and Jury. It is a wholesome sign, however, when a Judge is ready to follow up his own acts and deeds, and one of the freest buyers at the Thorpe Constantine sale of Leicesters was Mr, William Torr, one of the Judges at Cardiff, who gave the highest price of the day, 141 guineas, for a shearling. Signal as was Mr. Inge’s success, this had already been presaged, as the champion ram, that is the best of all the sheep, at the Exeter Devon County Society, was one with a Constantine pedigree, and the best sheep at the Dorchester meeting traced to the same blood which has penetrated through Devon down to the Land’s End where anything of ‘‘any good” is pretty sure to show “a bit of Leicester.” Subjoined is Mr. Riley’s Report :— Class 77. Shearling rams.—The first prize, No. 725, was a grand sheep, good ‘neck, firm loin, a most beautiful fleece, altogether the best specimen of a ' Leicester, I have seen forsome time. No. 745, the second prize, a fine upstand- ‘ing sheep, a little too long in the neck. No. 740, the third prize, a very nice sheep but rather faulty in his fleece. No. 742, the reserve number, same as 745. No. 732 the highly commended, a very good sheep, but stood badly on his ancles. With the exception of the first-prize sheep, the class was scarcely equal to what I have seen exhibited. Class 78. No. 753, the first prize, a very good three-shear with a capital fleece, and good firm mutton. No. 762, the second prize, is also a very good three-shear. No. 754, the third prize, is a useful two-shear, good loin and firm -mutton—the class as a whole good. Class 79. No. 765, the first-prize pen, I thought superior to any I had seen exhibited for some years, the perfect type of a Leicester. No. 767, the Second prize, were very good, though the fleece was not quite perfect. Both the otherpens shown were very good. - Notwithstanding that many of the leading flock-masters still keep aloof, there was a better show than of late of Cotswolds, in which classes Mr. Thomas of St. Hilary, and other local breeders, gave good evidence of how well this variety of sheep is answering in South Wales. The report of the Judges on the Glamorgan- shire ewes is yery satisfactory : 396 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. Class 80. Notwithstanding a somewhat heavy rump, we had no difficulty in awarding the first prize to No. 769. In this class there were 39 entries, 10 pens however were not filled; taken altogether there were many fair specimens of the breed. The 10 pens in class 81 were filled with good sheep; No. 810 being disqualified by the veterinary inspector, on account of his fore-legs having given way, could not be adjudicated a prize. In class 82, the ewes Winning the first and second prizes were very matching, showing a uniformity of character which is much to be desired in a flock of sheep. The Oxfordshire Downs, as they become the longer established, are also reaching nearer to this desideratum in a flock—unifor- mity of character; and, although there were only half-a-dozen exhibitors, the competition, saving with the ewes where Mr. Charles Howard’s beautiful pen had a long lead, was generally — very close, and I never saw Judges work harder, Perhaps of all the sheep exhibited at Cardiff, there were none, running them right through, which evinced more satisfactory signs of improve- ment and advancement towards a recognizable breed than the Oxfordshire Downs. Of the Oxford Downs we would first say that in all the classes we found great merit. In class 88, in which there were 21 shearling rams shown, the first prize was awarded to a sheep of good character, and although not standing © quite well on his hind-legs, we placed him before No. 887, as that sheep was somewhat deficient in leg of mutton and rump. In class 89 there were only 9 entries; but all were sheep of great merit, and the commendations awarded by us were not made without our being convinced that they were deserved. In class 90 there were only 3 entries, and, although all were sheep of merit, we had not much difficulty in making our awards. Notwithstanding that Sir William Throckmorton was compelled, by Foot-and-Mouth Disease, to keep his entries at home, and the new Merton flock was of course not up to its previous strength, the Judges were enabled to report very highly of the Southdown show at Cardiff. It has struck me that some breeders have always gone too much for mere size, although inevitably at some sacri- fice of that style and bloodlike appearance which should surely be the essential characteristics of the Southdown— Small in size but great in value, as is inscribed under the Southdowns on the Leicester Monument at Holkham. It is easy enough to obtain weight and spread by a mixture of other blood, but the breeders of old true sheep, like the Leicesters and South- downs, should pride themselves on this point, even hoi their animals be termed “pretty” and “delicate” by critics who often long for and occasionally take a taste. At Cardiff it was good to see that the heaviest sheep were not put forward as the best. The first-prize shearling and the first-prize two-shear were quite admirable specimens of their breed, but we missed that beautiful pen of ewes—often the sight of the show—which the Duke_ would send in from Goodwood, People say, even with so wide Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 397 a range of upland, the park is sheep-sick, or that there is the want of an outlying farm for the flock—a subject which might provoke a useful paper for the ‘Journal.’ The Judges thus report on the Southdowns and other Short-wools :— The class for Southdown shearlings was well represented, and many good animals were exhibited, and one of the largest classes we have found for many years. ‘he first and second prizes were real specimens of the South- down, of superior character and quality with good wool; the third prize being a very good sheep, but not quite equal in quality and touch. The reserve “number was a sheep of great size, good in his fore-quarters, but not right about his head. The class for rams of any age was as good as we have ever seen, and it would be hard to particularize them one by one, and we had great difficulty to come to a decision ; the competition being so close we commended the class generally. In the shearling ewes some beautiful pens were shown ; the competition being very close, we here also generally commended the class. Taking the whole of the Southdowns, we consider we have not seen them so good for many years. - The Hampshires we have seen represented in larger numbers at many previous shows. The prize shearlings were good specimens of the breed; the first being of great size and good quality. In the class of any age, the winner was of good quality, and we had no difticulty in awarding him the prize. In the shearling ewes, the numbers were short; the first prize were a splendid pen of ewes, and would have held their own in any company. In Dorsets the competition was very limited. The prize rams were nice Specimens of their breed, and well got up. In the class for shearling ewes we had no difficulty in awarding the prizes. The reserve pen were of an immense size, but were quite out of condition and had lost their chance. The other pens wanted size, but were of a nice quality. On the whole, we consider these sheep classes over an average. It could not be expected that the Shropshires would offer so grand a front as they did last year in their own capital; and, indeed, the difference between the two meetings was so marked as to give something of a dejected tone to the Judges’ Report. The want of uniformity was more observable than ever, as it is searcely possible to imagine any two sheep of the same breed to be so little alike in growth and character as the first and second prize shearlings; while even the first-prize pen of ewes did not match. It is probable that some of the otherwise best Shropshires were amongst those put aside by the Inspectors of Shearing ; but, beyond this, a new rule of the Staffordshire Agri- cultural Society may have directly tended to so moderate an entry. By this, any stock, but stallions, exhibited at the show of the Royal Agricultural Society shall be ineligible to compete at the Staffordshire Meeting. No good, but eventually much harm, would promise to follow from such a course to the country Society ; as every one knows, there can be no other such an advertisement for a really good animal as an appearance at the Royal Shows. If, however, the alteration be sound, it should necessarily be followed elsewhere, and Herefords exhibited at Cardiff be ineligible for the coming Autumn Meeting in Here- 398 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff: ford, Devons disqualified for their own county Society, and Gefordchiixe Downs stayed from doing anything more during the autumn in Oxfordshire or Bedfordshire, The bigger the show, either at home or abroad, the better it should be for the breeders, and any rule to keep out the best animals would hardly pass in a parish meeting.. The Shropshire Judges thus report, and, in doing so, 1 am glad to see an authority like Mr. Henderson saya good word for the Cheviots, which looked to me in se ways very “likely” sheep for the district :— '* In the Shearling Ram Class we found a difficulty in selecting animals of that uniformity of type to which allusion has been previously made in the Royal ‘Journal.’ The first-prize sheep is a compact animal, but on a less scale than we could have desired to have seen one occupying so prominent a position, The second and third prize animals were larger sheep, but neither of them possessing all the attributes we hoped to have met with. Amongst the aged rams were several good animals, but none requiring special notice at our hands, In the Shearling Ewe Classes, one breeder brought together a large number of sheep, which, we think, will make up for the deficiency which existed in the first class we have alluded to. Independently of the prize animals, we have much pleasure in highly commending four pens and in commending the whole of the class. We had very little competition in the other classes which we inspected (with the exception of the Cheviots, which were fairly repre sented), as there were not as many entries as prizes offered, Of the few Welsh sheep exhibited, I have been enabled to gather some particulars as to the Radnors, almost the only kind of Welsh sheep, it would seem, now really cared for. ‘They are probably a mixture of the original Shropshires and Cardigans; as within the memory of man the Radnor hill farmers have always gone to Clun Forest for their best rams, but in a few years time no doubt their country will be inclosed, and the flocks come to show still more of a Shropshire cross. In the south-eastern districts of Radnorshire some improvement has been effected of late years through a sheep brought in from Hereford- shire,—a cross or mixture of the old Ryeland with the Leicester and Cotswold. ‘The Radnor is a short-legged hardy animal, with a grey or speckled face, the rams generally having horns, but not the ewes. They are light in their fore-quarters, where the wool is very fine, but hairy about the leg. The ewes are almost always sold off to breed fat lambs, for which they are well adapted, being excellent nurses. But if lamb should go out of fashion the Radnor makes capital mutton, of the true old flavour; as, beyond the shearling class, the Radnors sent to Cardiff were seldom under four, five, or six years old. In concluding this notice of the sheep-classes the Society must be congratulated on the wholesome result which has attended the labours of the Shearing Inspectors. Flock-masters who at first declared that such a system could never be maintained, that. they should not continue to exhibit if it were, and so forth, have Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 399 quickly fallen into the observance of rules thus inculcated, while their sheep stand as well as ever on the prize-list. I have the authority of Mr. Leeds, the Steward of Sheep, for saying that no duties could be more thoroughly or conscientiously discharged than those undertaken by the gentlemen who looked to the shearing, as there was not a sheep which escaped their examina- tion, let this arrive however late upon the ground. Subjoined is their official return :— The Inspectors of Shearing beg to report the following numbers as failing to comply with the regulations :— No. HES, BES. reacties I ant Re lana a ARR 997 Rd ach tee ea ere th ay tuige CPATT th LOLS ee ke 1020 aL een 1036 ! All the disqualified sheep were Shropshires. : : Pigs. __ Within the last few years, more particularly at Meetings ‘in the South or the Midlands, some very noticeable improve- i has been apparent in the breeding of the large white ‘Pigs. Your true Yorkshire pig was certainly an immense animal, but so terribly coarse as to be almost unsightly, if he did “not promise to be yet more decidedly unpalatable. Mainly, as it would seem, through the efforts of the Messrs. Duckering, .and their pupils, the Messrs. Howard, a far better quality | has been obtained, at no material sacrifice of size. The large breed is still large enough for all useful purposes, and some good illustrations of this were shown at Cardiff. The small whites, or |“ Solways,”—and now all of a family at Salford—were still better ; while Mr. Sexton is as strong in blacks as Mr. Eden in whites. The Judges, however, in their elaborate Report. depend on the Berkshires, as being throughout the best represented breed, and it is remarkable that during the summer these pigs have been taking a great lead; and deservedly so, too, as for type, quality, frame, and coat, they are amongst the best-looking pigs out. The Report may be left to speak to their individual merits, at the same time ‘it should be stated that some of the awards over the Berkshires were not liked, the first-prize sow being objected to as one of the plainest in the class; and there is some warranty for this adverse criticism in the fact that, when shown at Wolverhampton last year, she was never noticed. However, let us now hear the Judges in answer :-— We have great pleasure in making our Report of the Pig Classes for 1872, and consider them very good, more especially the Berkshires. 400 Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. Class 3. Large White Boar.—Five entries, one absent. First, to No. 1104, a well-grown animal of excellent quality ; second to No. 1107; reserve to No. 1105, a good old pig, but grown a little coarse and uneven, being now in his fifth year. Class 112. Young Boars of same breed.—Hight entries, all shown, two dis- qualified ; a moderate lot. No. 1110 the best; °No. 1111 second, rather leggy, and short of hair; the rest of the class deficient i in this respect. Class 113. Breeding Sows of same breed.—Nine entries, three absent. First, No. 1118, a good sow, of great size and quality, closely run by No. 1128, a clean-grown pig, with nice hair. Reserve, 1122, rather coarser. Class 114, Three Breeding Sows, under eight months.—Seven entries, one absent. First, No. 1132, a nice level pen, fair quality, rather short of hair; second, No. 1126, not so much growth, aud badly matched; a remark which applies to the others in this class. Class 115. Boars of a small white breed.—Five entries, all shown. First, No. 1184; second, No. 1133; reserve, No. 1135; all three showing capital hair and great merit, and making a very close contest. Class 116. Young Boars of same breed.— Thirteen entries, five absent. First, No. 1140; second, 1141; a very moderate lot. Class 117. Breeding Sows, small white breed.—Sixteen entries, three absent. First, No. 1155; second, No. 1157; reserve, No. 1163. Both first and second sows were suckling healthy litters, and the Council may be congratulated on the fact that cases of dry nursing were much less frequent than at many of the Society’s former Shows, although the young pigs sent with No, 1167 in this class were of very doubtful parentage. Class 118. Three Breeding Sows same breed.—Nine entries, two absent, one disqualified; a moderate class. First, No. 1174, a nice pen of matchy pigs, of fine quality, and good hair; second, No. 1175, too fat for breeding sows, patchy, and not so nearly matched as the first pen. Class 119. Boars of a small black breed.—Seven entries, all shown. First, No. 1182; second, No. 1180; reserve, No. 1179. The whole class commended ; but we were sorry to find the rule against blacking or oiling had been infringed in every case, to the detriment of the pigs themselves. Class 120. Young Boar, same breed.—Four entries, one absent, one wrong class. First, No. 1186; second, No. 1185; no reserve; the only other entry being a poor sample of the Berkshire type; oil and blacking again. Class 121. Breeding Sows, small black breed.—Seven entries, one absent. First, No. 1192; second, No. 11938. Two nice level sows with good heads. Reserve, No. 1188, a good sow; oil and blacking brigade again. Class 122. Three Sow Pigs.—Two entries, one in wrong class. First, No. 1195, fairish pen; second withheld. Class 128. Berkshire Boars above twelve months.-—Fourteen entries, two absent. A very good class. First to No. 1208, a capital well-grown level pig, only just over the year, first-rate for his age; second, to No, 1199, another good pig, very wide and good head; reserve, No. 1209; No. 1207 highly com- mended, a very good pig. Class 124. Berkshire Boars under twelve months. —Tw enty-five entries, six absent ; a very good class. First going to No. 1215, a good thick-fleshed pig, with nice hair and light offal ; second. to No, 1219, a very nice, evenly-made young pig of great promise; reserve, No. 1222, a good pig, but over fat, and several of the rest in this class had suffered from early forcing so much as greatly to impair their usefulness for breeding purposes. Class 125. Breeding Sow, Berkshire-—T'wenty-seven entries, nine absent. A splendid class, showing great quality in nearly every case, and requiring much labour to decide. First to No. 1261, a very grand sow, of great length, and in proper condition for breeding ; second to No. 1249, a true Berkshire Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Cardiff. 401 - gow, with splendid head, good symmetry, but rather light in the skin, and slightly deficient in hair. Reserve and very highly commended to No. 1264, very true, and of beautiful quality. Nos. 1250, 1251, 1253, highly com- mended; and several commendations, all very good. Class 126. Three Breeding Sows under eight months.—Thirteen entries, four absent. First to No. 1269; second to No. 1270. Both very good, well- matched pens, with good hair. Reserve and highly commended, No. 1271; highly commended, 1272; very fair pens, but hardly matchy. Commended, No. 1266. Some of the pigs in this class showed the evil effects of early _ forcing. Class 127. Boar, not eligible for any other class.—Seven entries, one absent. First, No. 1278, a very useful stamp, with good flesh, plenty of hair, and very light offal; second, No. 1283, a long way behind the first, the rest moderate in character. Class 128. Breeding Sows.—Four entries, one absent. First to No. 1285. This sow, now in her sixth year, is as good and level as ever, which we con- sider much in her favour; she has plenty of size, nice hair, very light in the bone, and of undeniable quality ; second, No. 1286, a thick useful sort, but deficient in her rump. Class 129. Three Sow Pigs.—Four entries, one absent, one disqualified. First to No. 1291, a level pen, but of no great quality. On the whole the white breeds were but poorly represented, as might have Seen expected, owing to distance from home, &c., whereas the Berkshire were handier, and were in great force, being both numerous and good. To the Wolverhampton Report Mr. Jacob Wilson added “a word on dentition,” when he cautioned exhibitors against a system “ which, if persevered in, will assuredly bring down upon the offenders a well-merited punishment in future.” As the following Report from the Veterinary Inspectors will show, this caution has scarcely had its due effect :— The dentition of the undermentioned pens of pigs indicates that the animals are above the stated age, viz. :—No. 1115, No. 1116, No, 1173, No. 1293, and those in Pen 1292, are not only, in our opinion, of a greater age than that stated in the certificate, but that they are not of the same litter. No. 1115 and 1116 were young boars of the large white breed, entered respectively at 8 months and 1 week, and 10 months and 2 weeks old; No. 1173 was a pen of small white breeding sows, said to be 7 months and 2 days old; and No. 1293 was a pen of three breeding sows of the middle breed, entered at _Tmonths and 3 weeks old. These four entries were all made by the same exhibitors; but No. 1292 stood in another name. Thus, in point of fact, only two exhibitors of pigs were dis- qualified. In putting this report together, so far as has been possible, Thave endeavoured to let the Judges speak for themselves ; but itis to be regretted that in the case of the Shorthorn and Devon “Benches,” more has not been made of the opportunity. The old school of Judge did not give “reasons,” being, as he would say, quite satisfied if he satisfied himself; but there are gene- rally points which a Judge may take up with advantage, not VOL. VIII.—S. 8. 2D 402 Senior Steward’s Report. necessarily by a mere comparison of this animal with that; but rather, perhaps, in a running review of those particular breeds over which he has been invited to act, and where, as a conse- quence, his authority is acknowledged. XX.— Report of the Senior Steward on the Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Cardiff. By C. Wren Hosxyns, Esq,, M.P. (Senior Steward.) SEeLpom, if ever, in the history of the country meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society of England has an area of equal extent presented results of such interest or value as that part of the Show-yard occupied by the competing machinery at the Implement Trials this year at Cardiff, during the tempestuous week beginning on the 8th July. The heavy rainfall which occurred during several days of the trials, while it proved the patience and persevering labours of the Judges, added in no slight degree, by its effect on the condition of the grain and straw, to the severity of the test in the case of the chief com- petition—that of threshing-machines. The visitation was not altogether useless or inappropriate, as barn machinery, though not entirely exempt, rarely comes in for those vicissitudes which affect the trials of field implements by the many varieties of soil, condition, and weather in this climate. The accompanying Report, from the pen of Mr. Roberts, is so full and descriptive that little could be added to its masterly and clear account of the results and the character of a series of protracted trials such as have not been exceeded, for accuracy or competitive severity, on any former occasion; and it is only due to the gentlemen acting as Judges for the Society on this occasion, to record the opinion of the Stewards, that. more indefatigable labour could not have been, given, or,more dis- criminating pains taken, to discover the points of excellence in. all, the.classes of machinery on trial. Of the Threshing- machines as a class, since the extended adaptation of the dressing and finishing apparatus, it is hardly too much to say that they have nearly reached the point of practical perfection; nor could this be easily denied of the engines driving them. The resolu- tion. of the Committee to have all the corn re-threshed met with equal acceptance and satisfaction at the hands both of Judges and Exhibitors, and this not Jeast on the ground of its haying almost superseded the long acknowledged evil of ‘racing, This work of re-threshing was performed by a machine, for the timely loan of which the thanks of the Society are due to Messrs, Ran- Senior Steward’s Report. . 403. ‘somes, Sims, and Head. ‘The trials of Elevators occasioned a long and lively competition. Of these somewhat cumbrous and costly articles it is an unlucky feature that the point of most importance in their action is commonly the weakest, viz., the clearing the straw at the point of delivery. In many instances this defect was observable at the Cardiff trials; and the cure of it presents a difficult, though it is hoped not an insoluble, problem. The least satisfactory trials upon the whole appeared to be those of the class of Seed-cleaning machines. Only one can be said to have performed fairly well. It may be desirable to mention, on this occasion, one or two matters connected with the general arrangement of the yard, to which the notice of: the Stewards was called, and on which they would venture to offer suggestions for the consideration of the — Council. : It has become the practice to mark, with previous prizes, implements and machines presented for trial ; this the Stewards _» think should, on grounds of free and fair competition, on abso- lute and present merit, be discontinued. Another practice is that of duplicating upon other articles in the stand (on the claim of identity or similarity of structure) the award of the Judges - in favour of a particular article ; this, on obvious grounds, both in the interest of purchasers, and otherwise, the Stewards venture to think should not in future be permitted. _ Among the General Regulations, Rule 33 requires that each boiler, before working, should be provided with two safety-valves. About twenty-six engines for working machinery in motion were reported to have come in with only one. On the rule being pointed out, several exhibitors sent for extra valves. The “rule in question is a comparatively recent, if not new one. To avoid infringement in such cases, it is suggested that it might, “perhaps, be desirable that new rules should be printed in red “ink, or otherwise specially indicated to the notice of exhibitors. The attention of the Council will probably be called to the Circumstance referred to at page 417 in Mr. Roberts’s Report, “of the (apparently) malicious injury attempted upon Messrs. -Marshall’s threshing-machine, by the forcible insertion of an _ iron crowbar up one of the sack-spouts. On this matter being “Teported, the Stewards ventured to offer a reward, on the part of. the Society, in addition to that proposed by Messrs. Marshall ‘(both were in vain), for the discovery of the offender. Injuries of this kind, though happily not frequent, have taken place ! in the Show-yard, on certain occasions, and might, perhaps, | be rendered still more rare by a standing law of the Society, in substitution for the temporary decision of the Stewards, acting, »as that does, only retrospectively, and at the risk of the success of 2D2 404 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. the malicious intent, by the possible defeat of the particular trial in each case. The Senior Steward has only, in conclusion, to offer his cordial thanks to his colleagues for their efficient aid, especially during his own unavoidable absence on other duties from the trials in the Show-yard ; and to unite with them in the unanimous expression of high acknowledgment of the skill and untiring labour with which, under some discouragements, the Society’s Judges performed their duties at the Cardiff Meeting. XXI.— Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. By C. G. Roserts, of Haslemere, Surrey. THERE is probably no spot in the British Islands where the need of an increased employment of machinery in agriculture is more clearly illustrated than the neighbourhood of Cardiff, this year chosen as the site of our great annual tournament. In approaching the town by rail we travelled with a young farmer from the vicinity of Newport, whose twelve months’ ex- perience commenced with paying wages at 12s. a week, soon followed by a rise to 16s. and who yet complained that he could not find sufficient hands to secure his hay-crop, although willing to pay still higher rates. We can hardly be surprised at this when we remember that, at the beginning of this century, Cardiff, with a population of 2000, all told, was but a village attached to the port of Bristol, and that its recent rapid rise to a population of 60,000 souls has been simultaneous with much emigration from rural districts to foreign countries, as well as to the neighbouring centres of work in coal and iron. As so large a proportion of the urban population were once labouring in the fields, it is not merely an interesting, but a very serious question, how shall the work be properly carried on without them? The true answer must be that agriculture, injuriously affected by the more powerful attraction of commerce and manufactures, must recover her equilibrium by seizing every advantage that improved machinery affords, while she eagerly adopts those changes in the conduct of her business that commercial intelligence suggests. The modern history of Cardiff, however, does not tell of a past that was, in all respects, better for farmers than the present, for men still living remember the time, some 45 years ago, when the ordinary price of meat in Cardiff was 2d. per lb., in 1840 it was 4d., while this year one of the most curious pieces of local news at the time of our visit was a public notice given by the Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 405 neighbouring iron-workers and colliers at Tredegar, that they would abstain altogether from meat until they could have it at 6d. per lb. Perhaps some of those who thus showed their igno- rance of the laws that govern the prices of food may have subse- quently learned, by a visit to the Show-yard, how the complexity and costliness of farm-work, resulting, among other causes, from the scarcity of labour, is barely balanced by the increased value of some of its products. The first visit of the Society to Wales did not result in any such diminution in the number of implements shown as might have been anticipated from the distance of the chosen locality from the chief centres of their manufacture. It is true that the number of entries were fewer, but the visitor soon found it a matter of congratulation rather than regret that, while the agricul- tural articles were amply exhibited in all their varieties, a large proportion of those miscellaneous objects that have lately encum- bered the ground were absent. In the early days ‘of the Society agricultural implements exhi- bited were so few that the visitor might find time to examine all, and yet have ample leisure to look at objects that contribute to the comfort and convenience of the farm-house, though not strictly agricultural in their use. Of late years there has been a wish, not merely to limit the number of miscellaneous articles, but to prevent the exhibition of more than one agricultural implement of the same construction by one maker, and even to prevent the admission of a duplicate, though shown by another exhi- bitor. The latter suggestion, made in the Oxford Report of 1870, would effectually shut out agents as exhibitors, and might perhaps in some cases exclude valuable exhibits. We think that there would be less objection to drawing a distinction between makers and agents, charging the latter the extra rate now required from the miscellaneous exhibitors. One main object of our meeting is to give facilities to farmers for acquiring the earliest information of mechanical improve- ments. We also wish to give purchasers an opportunity of comparing similar implements from different factories, and gene- Tally to lessen the commercial distance between the maker and the purchaser. It would be far easier to discover and examine new implements if the number of entries were yet further reduced below the comparatively moderate number of 5843 that occu- pied about 40 acres in the Show-yard. A second improvement is also worthy of note; the stands were better grouped at Cardiff than we have seen them elsewhere, so that makers of similar classes of implements were usually found in close proximity. Cathay’s Park, kindly lent by the Marquess of Bute, within a minute’s walk of the town, enclosed by high stone walls and sur- 406 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. rounded by a double belt of trees, with others scattered over its area, furnished all that one could wish for in a show-yard, and needed only the fine weather that prevailed during the second week to make it perfect. The heavy rains that fell during the previous week might have seriously interfered with the conduct of the trials, but for the ample and judicious arrangement of temporary barn and shedding that had been provided. The following is the list of prizes offered, with the names of the Judges in each department :— “ Judges—F. J. Bramwell, C.E., 37, Great George Street, London, 8. W.; W. Menelaus, C.E., Dowlais, Merthyr Tydvil. “ Cuass I.—For the best Por tall Steam-Engine Cao selt-mowias) not exceeding 8-horse power... a aes - £40 For the second best ditto.. ... 1. s. 0. ce os 20 “* Judges.—Major H. V. Grantham, West Keal Hall, Spilsby ; John Hemsley, Shelton, Newark; John Hicken, Dunchurch, Rugby; J. W. Kimber, — Tubney Warren, Abingdon. “ Crass I.—For the est combined Portable Threshing and Finish- ing Machine, to be worked by steam, and agentes to the preparation of corn for market .. .. oa) 5 40 For the second best ditto Bs 20 “< Crass III.—For the best combined Portable Threshing Machine, to be worked by steam, which has no corn-screen or © other apparatus for sorting the grain for market ., 40 For the second best ditto ag 20 «“ Crass I[Y.—For the best Straw Elevator, to be worked by steamy in in conjunction with a T hreshing-Machine ne 10 For the second best ditto : “ Cuass V.—For the best Straw or ny Elevator, to be worked by horse-power .. . 10 For the second best ditto... .. .. wome, Yee 5 “ Judges —W. H. Clare, Twycross, Atherstone; F. Sherborn, Bedfont, Middlesex. “Crass VI.—For the best Seed Drawer t Nadel its sy eli “ Crass VII.—For the best Corn-Dressing Machine 33 TOQIAO, SLA 15 For the second best ditto os: Sees, (bay Saleen 10 For, the. third, best. ditto \.,* 1+.» <«fotes Renee eon 5 “Crass VIII.—For the best Corn Screen Pee he 10 For the second best ditto Le eee 5 “ Judges.—Henry Cantrell, Bayliss Court, Slough; Matthew Savidge, the Lodge Farm, Sarsden, Chipping Norton. ‘* Miscellaneous Aw ards to Agricoltural Articles not included in the quinquennial rotation $3 .. ‘Ten Silver Medals. “In the class for which one prize only is is ; offered, the Judges were em- powered to divide it equally between two competing implements, if they con- sidered them equal in merit.” Pe Two alterations were made in this allotment of work. It was found convenient to take the non-finishing machines in Class III. — Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 407 “a0 ggg” 000 ie * i= | ag | ds ~ ' S H 3 t ' 3 ' “ S e H a > | i = re s/t G a lakes “= i i ° = ooh a, czy H 2 i= le (5,0-—- (wnm enn a= = = <5 ~~ - = nn = = == ~~ == ene ‘ 6 > | t ! s 2, [Up eo ae EE ae a [_]a [Jo | ¢ = s Sree dU elt 2 a he : i Se lamed fH wbal., Ld ae = oink Co Oo shea erry Mahe my cleat i ik regeel hee th... Cl. Ea boil oa { H : : [le Ce spot ' i vera ‘tg OOO S| 4 : €---=--- B50 <5- === | Siuiee :steal io bet t iS | die Cl Q ! 1 q °o a 1d Is i A. Shed for testing portable engines. | E. Engine and dynamometer to test threshing a. Portables in position for trial. machines. ! 0. Dynamometers. FF. Threshing machines. c. Dynamometer rails 4'"8}" guage. | . Machine for re-threshing straw. | d. Office. . Dressing machines for corn threshed. G . ~ H e. Oil-store. I. Chaff-store. fF. Coal-store, _ J. Corn-store. g. Scales. | K, Office. h. Weighing machine. L. Trial shed for hand-machines. B. Class I. Park of threshing machines with 1, Dynamometer. hauling-shafts at straw end. | m. Weighing machine. €. Class TI. Park of threshing machines with | _. Hand machines in position for' trial. hauling-shafts at straw end. | M. Class VII. Dressing machines, D. Park of portable engines. | N. Class, VIII. Corn screens. | Q. Horse-boxes. 5 o 30 === ———— eee ee 408 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. before the finishing machines in Class II; and it soon became obvious that the number of entries in Classes II., III., 1V., and V., would make it impossible for any single set of Judges, however willing, to complete the trials within the six days intended to be devoted to them. Major Grantham, and Messrs. Hemsley, Hicken, and Kimber therefore confined their attention to Classes JI., I1L., and 1V.; while Messrs. Cantrell and Savidge acted as Judges of the Horse-power Hay and Straw Elevators in Class V. as well as of the Miscellaneous articles. The trials commenced on Monday the 8th July. The Stewards, Mr. Wren Hoskyns, M.P., Mr. W. J. Edmonds, Mr, T. C. Booth, and Mr. C. Whitehead, with Messrs. Eastons and Ander- — son, the consulting Engineers, and the full complement of Judges, mustered in good time. This machine is also pro- | | | | | | vided with two chop- ; P | | | | pers tochop and bruise § | Straw—stopped to re } | | put ona secondary belt | | | | | —a good strong ma- | chine, CONSTRUCTION. AWARDS. é | EER Pons or if ‘oINTS oF Meni. x Nave or Exurarron, | Nominal a | Wiath | | Time . res ae | D "1 i Power, | 184° | sy c44) Length and of Feed = aay ; conta: spoeivor | Spector Corn left in Straw and Cavings. | | Ginsica'| B in Diameter Smee ee of See aThaC aE OE ets Sucte ene 1 Corn a relblits | tir Thonn t a aun Sat a — leat | Clean Freedom Chat Chart Chaff Straw (aon of | Sti Renanx f ‘of Druin in B eription of ving | " sy A eripher, oo! - ‘avi ATS r r oo fre a ror rea 101 RI ‘ote Be KS, 5 Owls, | “inches, au Rigger, | Dressing s Shakers. Scat || Arte oleae ene ion Min Meet | Work done. | | Corn eae Re- | aa |Cavings Threshing. | Shaking, cain: paeetorn rem Ae from.) /nBrokeeD +) srpfnjared,|) Savery: | Points y BR } served out) 1 Minue. per | deliverod\| ss ¢-scte . ‘otal | ask | Machine, | Awarded, 3 nels, | i} J mis, | peg. | Minute: | Secund {ito Sacks, Pstructed ina | out of jot =! Beccteterdl BA i : | | | | Te-shitking., Ie | and | rata Novmnens INDICATING Prnrection. i . =| | | Wee, | Best, seen Cavings. a 7] Si a | | *}| | | aa | | IN | 150. 40. 80 50 20. 40 20. 1 30. | I HP. £. i f — ees — — = | } J | 70, 10. 430. | 3 2 non Inches | Fang, —— a - — ——— ———— oi be fs I 4981 | Nalder& Nalder .. | 8 120} 60 | 54x 22 F] 155 2 {8 Malleable eal e boxes, 2 ara {Transvee grooves; | Whe: pn ee cf: ay ae | | Cwts, Ibs! Ibs, ozs. Tbs. ons. Ibs. 028 Ibs. 075, | | ry | \eateatenne.> Banat cylindrical noleree seat 2240 | 18°65 85 | 859 | 7,497,500) 1918) oai7 | 6 95) 0 10 2 0 1 2/8 12) vy! IMB | 87 | 98 48 | 19 «| ss 10 | 48 10 170 | \ s | | | 4986 | Gibbons, P. & H, P. .. 7 120) 45 | 63x22 | ¥ 795 9 Goucher’s patent. ite boxes, 2 crank {Transverse —_ grooves, Whe: Peta | ae = x | | | alinf ts o-5 cylindrical holes ., heat 224 1416 895 85°9 5,463,000) 11°69 2439 6 68 g 2 a)0 12/4 8 5 143 28 30 50 18 34 | 13 59 10 385 j 4944 | Clayton & Shuttleworth 8 120] 70 | 54 | i q | | | | 1 x21k) 4 7 1 Rolled st 5 boxes, 1 crank rae {| | | | | f eel Gi 2 vie: | : 5 ~ | | | i ed steel Goucher's shaft 4 Humphries’ patent .. | Wheat 2240 16°91 999 | 95°6 | 6,153,500 11°03 747 7 ‘PRD $6) pa) -a) P. -2.] 3 10 7 I44 Re fe 44 19 | 7, Ae mlabeh lL 10 293 { 4229 | Holmes & Sons 8 110) 54 | 5. | | | f ooe 4 x 22 3 7 1 8 Mall ; fe boxes, 2 crank) {Plane surface in 4st | | | leable cast- Ret { steps)! yy Dp | “a ci aH i : | t-iron shafts .. } contenl helene a Wheat 2240 15 9 919 86°2 | 6,149,000 11°72 2745 G G7 Ge tT 4ho 16)2 9| 7 | 140 39 24 46 | 18 lar 12 Gl 10 896 f 5026 | Marshall, Sons, & Co. 8 | 193! 62 58 | D x 22 i he 1 \ 8 Wi a 5 boxes, 2 crank) {Plane surface in 4 : | ronght- ‘ound Hi iS lace in steps) ij 2: 7 «5 | 7,949.00 OS Y ; | | | ght-iron roun shafts ... ..f{ cylindrical holes 4 | Wheat 2240 17°9 1087 99°5 | 7,343,000 12°43 3278 G 88 O 4 Yeo i)2 s 9 149 40 18 48 | 15 58 14 57 10 89 q 4661 | Ransomes,Sims,&Head’ gs | 190 | 66} | 60 i | | | x 22 P| 6875. 1 Revolving Longitudinal grooves,} | | | . | 6 Patent Polygonal .. { fonied faire II aeaaaliieleens Hy Wheat 2240 1809 997948 7,428,500 12-44 | $314. | 6 60 | 0 7 |o1 | 0 14 | 2 3| 5 150 39 | 30 50 20 jigs | 10 52 10 299 s ‘ | | | | ie 4} : fl 4993 | Tasker, W., & Sons 8 108 | 50 | 53 | 5 boxes, 1 crank}, | } | i - x 21 1 6*875 1 a ra) {Lo inal i 8Goucher’s -. shat ngitudinal grooves, oy ; ; | ; =e | | ee t, 1 rock- cylindrical holes | | Wheat 2240 13 53 1081 94°38 |6,085,500) 13°63] 2717 6 81 | On 5: TP GucOet2) 2 7 64 149 40 25 44 16 | 86. 11 5S lo 389 | i ig shaft .. \ | | | | ae | j | ine —— ; 2 ! | \ | . A a: . “i - a ¥ Blast Elevator in gear. + Without er Elevator. $ Without straw breaker. § The chopped straw could not be re-threshed to any advantage, . EASTONS AND ANDERSON, Consulting Engineers R.A.S.E. Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 413 fept as near as possible to the regulation pace of 1884 feet per minute, the number of the revolutions of each drum (re- corded in column 18) mainly depended upon the size of the tum rigger recorded in column 8. In column 6 we have he diameter of the drum in inches; multiplying this by ot, fe ascertain the periphery of the drum in inches: thus in the cond machine we have 21 x 31, giving a periphery of 66 inches; this multiplied by the number of revolutions per minute in column 18 would give us the speed at which the periphery travels in inches per minute, and dividing this by 12 and 60 we wet the rate in feet per second as given in column 19. The efficiency of the threshing proper, or the simple extraction of the corn from the ear, mainly depends upon the points indicated in columns 7 and 19, namely, the proximity of the concave to the drum, and the pace at which the drum-surface travels as it rubs or beats the corn against the concave. The concave being usually made in two parts, there are three points at which its distance rom the drum may be adjusted—at the top, where the sheaf first enters, at the middle or junction of the two parts, and at the bottom, where the straw leaves the concave and passes on to the shakers, as shown in the section of the first-prize machine, Fig. 7, p. 422. During the trials the width of feed space was usually only measured at top, but in future trials it would be better to- record the width at each point. The space should gradually ontract from the top downwards. Thus in Marshall and Sons’ machine, No. 5025, the width was $ inch at top, 2 inch at ‘middle, and -*, inch at bottom, when threshing wheat; and 3, 4, and } inch respectively when threshing barley. The distance im every case was measured at the narrowest part, where the edge of the beater passed the projecting bar of the concave. _ Some of the machines were fitted with an index upon the out- side of the frame, showing at a glance the distance of the | concave from the drum at each of these three points. We found the best of these indices to be the one on Messrs. Clayton and | Shuttleworth’s machine, and are strongly of opinion that every ing machine should be similarly furnished, the farmer | would then have no difficulty in telling whether the concave had | been properly adjusted for its work. | Inthe speed of drum periphery (19) a striking uniformity of pace may be observed among the machines that did their work “most efficiently; it will be found, in every case but two, to slightly exceed the rate of a mile a minute. One of the earliest historical allusions to the art of threshing speaks of a wheel turned about upon the corn ; this was probably done at a rate of some 3 miles an hour; the greater rapidity of this steam-driven age does the same work at 20 times that pace. 414 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. Should any of our readers be. not quite familiar with tl expression “ foot-pounds of work done” at the head of colum 20, they may find a simple illustration useful. In raising wat from a well the amount of work to be done depends upon ty quantities—the number of pounds that the bucket of water weigh and the number of feet through which that weight has to ] raised—200 lbs. raised from a well 100 feet deep would consum the same power as 100 lbs. raised 200 feet. By multiplying th feet by the pounds in each case, we obtain the same nuinbe 20,000 foot-lbs. of work done. Now, in the case before us, tl driving-belt running at the rate of 1884 feet per minute corn sponds to the well-rope, and the net strain on the belt correspone to the weight of the bucket of water; for instance, in Clayte and Shuttleworth’s first run the average net strain on the bel as proved by the dynamometer, was about 193 lbs., i.e. it we sufficient to have raised such a weight vertically. Now, 193 lb multiplied by 1884 feet would give us 363,612 foot-lbs. « work done per minute, the exact quantity being - 363,35 foot-lbs, Since the power of a horse is estimated as equal to 33,000 fo lbs. of work per minute, the average horse-power used is obtaine by dividing 363,351 by 33,000, and is entered in column 2 as 11:01. Since the machine ran for 18°8 minutes (colum 17), the total work done was 363,351 x 18:8, or 6,836,000 fo lbs. entered in column 20. Column 20 thus gives us th means of comparing the total power required by each machir for threshing 1 ton of sheaf-corn; but since all the trials we) not made with 1 ton, only 15 cwt. of barley, and 10 ewt. of oa having been used in the third trial, we need a further calculation 1 enable us to compare accurately the power respectively require for threshing wheat, barley, and oats; this we obtain in colum 22, where the result ‘of dividing the foot-lbs. of work dor (20) by the pounds of sheaf-corn threshed in each case (16) | entered. We here learn that for the threshing of each poun of sheaf-corn a power of from 2323 to 3137 foot-lbs. was 1 quired. In other words, we may say that if any quantity of cot were raised to a height of a little over half a mile, it would i falling produce a force which, if properly utilized, would suffic to thresh itself. It may here be interesting to compare the power require for threshing a crop with the power expended in cultivatin the soil for the same crop. Suppose the crop threshed to | one of 4 quarters per acre, the grain, at 63 lbs. per bushel, woul weigh 2016 lbs., and the straw about twice as much, the shea corn from one acre would weigh 6000 Ibs., and the foot-Ib necessary to thresh it would be about 6000 x 2500=15,000,001 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 415 From the results of the steam-cultivating machinery at Wolver- hampton in 1871, we learn that the soil moved weighed 190 tons per inch deep per acre ; if all the work expended in ploughing 5 inches deep, harrowing, &c., were equal to two ploughings, then the foot-lbs. spent in cultivation per acre would be 190 tons x 10 inches x 2240 Ibs. x 20 foot-lbs. = 85,120,000 foot-lbs. per acre, or nearly 6 times as much as the threshing. The two most important columns in the table are undoubtedly 22 and 42; the latter gives us the comparative perfection of the work done by each machine, the former shows the power which the machine absorbed in performing that work. The best ma- chine (so far as the trial went, and apart from the question of strength and convenience of construction) would be the one that gained the highest points of merit at the smallest expense of power. After each machine had finished its work it was run empty for 3 minutes; the power required to drive the empty machine is recorded in columns 12, 13, and 14, Before proceeding to speak of the performance of the separate machines, it may be well to note the general information to be derived from an inspection of Table I. Comparing columns 13 and 21, we observe that a very large proportion of the power employed is expended in driving the empty machine. This proportion varies from 52 per cent. in P. and H. P. Gibbons’s machine to the extraordinary amount of ‘more than 77 per cent. in Nalder and Nalder’s machine. The lowest power required to drive any empty machine in this class exceeded 64 horse-power. _ Had there been time to do sg, it would have been interesting ‘to have ascertained by the dynamometer how this power was | distributed throughout the machine ; there would be little diffi- culty in doing so with the machine run empty, and as the drum is probably the only part that takes much more power when at ‘work than when running idle, we might approximately have ‘ascertained how the full power was divided. A great uncer- tainty upon this point appears to prevail among the makers. One of the chief makers estimates the work as absorbed thus— 4-10ths by the drum, 4-10ths by the straw-shakers and caving- riddle, and 2-10ths by the other parts of the machine. If this estimate is correct for the machine when at work, we may con- clude that fully one-half of the power required to drive the Machine when empty is absorbed by the straw-shakers and caving-riddle, whose sole duty is to separate the short and long straws from the chaff and grain that have been mixed up with them after the latter has been extracted from the ear. Both shakers and riddle are usually driven by cranks; and these crank- 416 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff: shafts are well known to be the parts of the machine most fre- quently requiring expensive repairs. Any one who has examined the shaker-cranks that have done much work, will at once understand that much power must have been exerted to cause so much of the metal to be worn away in a comparatively short time. We find this to be especially noticeable where double following cranks are used. We shall have occasion to remark upon the advantages of the Brinsmead shakers when describing Messrs. Ransomes, Sims, and Head's machine; and we may here note thatthe form of box-shakers used by the other exhibitors, although many of them did their work thoroughly, does not seem so mechanically satisfactory as ar the other parts of these complicated and highly-finished machines. Four or five wooden troughs or boxes, each about 10 feet long, and jointly occupying the whole breadth of the machine, jerked up and down by two long crank-shafts, or by one crank-shaft supplemented by rocking links, require for their movement much vertical space within the frame, and can hardly be considered an economical arrangement for effecting the separation of stray corns lying loose among the straw, although long usage has made us so familiar with the method that it seems almost rash to call in question such a time-honoured proceeding. We find a very considerable difference in the time —— (column 17). This point is determined by the judgment and activity of the man who feeds the drum; activity without good judgment in such work is most detrimental to the interest of th employer. So much depends upon the skill of the feeder that the Judges are unanimously of opinion that in future trials it would be well to have all the machines fed by one man. A good machine badly fed cannot do its work to perfection; and in some cases the feeder seemed to think that the only object to be desired w throwing the sheaves in as fast as possible. This was especially noticeable in the machine that made the quickest run, No, 4228, When will labourers understand that such machines, like animals, should be fed regularly? The food if bolted in either case will prove troublesome afterwards, It must be most aggravating to an exhibitor to find his chance of success thrown away by the stupid determination of a servant to perform the work as though: speed were the only point of merit. The effect of irregula feeding was always shown on the dynamometer; with many of the machines the power requifed to drive them was at one: moment three times as great as at the next. Thus, machines that on the average of the whole run used.10-horse power, would give a net strain frequently varying from 5 up to 15-horse power. We may be sure that in these trials the feeding was much better done than it usually is upon a farm, an efficient mechanical foe =e SP aa =. CUR Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 417 arrangement is therefore greatly needed to ensure that even supply of corn to the drum upon which the regularity of all the subse- quent processes in a great measure depends. Such a contrivance came under the notice of the Judges of Miscellaneous Imple- ments, and will be noticed in its due place. Meanwhile, it may be noted that the bad effects of irregular feeding is to a certain extent lessened by making the periphery of the drum heavy—so hat it shall do the work of a fly-wheel in equalizing the strain. Although the result of re-threshing shows an important differ- nce in the threshing by different machines, yet judged by hand and eye in the usual mode, all the straw would have been pro- ounced well threshed. It appears to have been impossible to hresh the straw clean without breaking it; for wherever the ints in column 382 are high, those in column 38 will be ound low. In the first run the cleanest threshing and the highest total of doints were obtained by Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth, while Messrs. Ransomes, Sims, and Head, and Messrs. Marshall, Sons, nd Co., must be bracketed as a very good double-second; and Messrs. Ruston and Proctor are next in the race. These four, ith three other competitors, were selected for a second trial, in vhich special pains were taken to ascertain the perfection of inish, or the efficiency of the dressing, and division of the corn in he machine. Two hundred pounds of the head-corn from each achine were passed through Mr. R. Boby’s corn-dressing and reening machine, No. 3729. The result of this test was very satis- ctory, for the “ screenings” thus extracted were not in any case omposed wholly of light grains ; indeed, from the two machines t the head of Table II., the grain separated was simply small the berry, but quite fit to be sold as head-corn. We have here ae proof of a marked advance since this class of machines was ‘ried at Bury in 1867, when the Report stated that ‘“ much il-corn, chaff, &c., is mixed with the head-corn, or else a fair mple is obtained at the cost of allowing much good corn to go ver with the tail.” The division of Heads, Seconds, and Thirds, Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth, and by Messrs. Marshall, ms, and Co., was in each case satisfactory, the difference in e proportion being due to difference in the sheaf-corn. It is mmarkable that the first-prize machine by Messrs. Marshall tained the full number of points for perfection of finish in each the four runs recorded. In one run, not recorded in the second ials, the separation by this machine was found imperfect, but inspection of the screen at once showed that it had been jured, as there were three large indentations upon its surface, parently made maliciously by thrusting a crowbar, or similar .) strument, up one of the sack-spouts. A reward of 10/. offered VOL. VIII.—S. 8. 25 418 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. by the Society, with the addition of 201. offered by the makers, failed to secure the detection of the perpetrator; but, whatever may have been his motive, it was defeated, as another trial was given as soon as the screen could be repaired. The results of this run are given in Table Il. The screen was one of Rainforth’s make, and the fact that, though only roughly knocked out into shape, it did its work perfectly in three subse- quent runs, is an evidence of good construction, that may ex- plain its popularity among the makers of threshing-machines, Column 11 shows us that 4 out of the 15 machines tried were fitted with Penney’s screen, 3 with Nalder’s, 3 with Rainforth’s, 1 with Ransomes’, and 1 with Tuxford’s; the other 3 machines failed to separate the corn properly. The points for perfection of finishing (column 41) for the machines fitted with Penney’s screen were respectively 5, 20, 5, and 0, giving an average of 74; for 3 fitted with Nalder’s screen, 15, 10 and 5, giving an average of 10; for 3 fitted with Rainforth’s screen, 10, 0,and 20, giving an average of 10; for 1 fitted with Ransomes’ screen, 12; for 1 fitted with Tuxford’s screen, 10. The performance of a rotary screen depends as much on the regularity of its revolution as upon its fitness of construction: the revolution of the screen is affected by the revolution of the drum, and this, again, depends upon the regularity of the feeding and the weight of the drum; hence it is that we see so much difference in the performance of the same screen when used in different machines. Since Penney’s and Rainforth’s screens were entered by the makers as hand- worked screens for trial in Class VILL, it will be convenient to defer a notice of their construction till we report upon the trials in that class. The screens made by Nalder, Ransomes, and Tuxford, were not tried in Class VIII., but are noticed in the brief description of the threshing-machines made by each of these firms. In the second run Messrs. Ransomes’ stand Ist, Clayton’s 2nd, Marshall’s 3rd, and Ruston’s 4th; but, adding together the points in the Ist and 2nd runs, the onies will be Points. Clayton aoe ee ae Sve Ransomes, *.. 9°. . ere 2 cee eee Marshall topes. ee OGy | aamnemn Ruston we eh cy ore, NEES See Each of these four machines on Saturday was submitted to ¢ further trial with 15 ewts. of loose barley, an indifferent crop, witl short straw, rather less than 18 inches long, and 10 ewts. of blael Tartary oats, short in the straw, and apparently badly harvested being rather cold and tough (see Table II. ). In threshing th: barley the first three machines obtained very nearly the same totalo Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 419 points, but with the oats a very considerable difference occurred ; Messrs. Marshall, Sons, and Co., obtaining the very high score of 447, out of a possible total of 450, Messrs. Ransomes, Sims, and Head, getting 433, while Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth only obtained 414 points. eee + 428 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. frames in the ordinary way, and project from the periphery of this wire- cylinder. The concave is of the usual construction, with longitudinal flat bars, 23 inches from centre to centre, and curved iron-wires, 4 inch diameter and { inch from centre to centre. The shakers are carried on rocking- links at the delivery ends, and on a crank-shaft at their inner ends. This arrangement does not secure an efficient jerk throughout the length of the shakers. A double caving-riddle is employed, the two parts of which move independently. The upper riddle has large oval holes, 17 to 13 inch diameter; the lower riddle is one of Humphries’ make. ‘The bevel-wheel employed to drive the screen is noisy; the bearing being rather far from the wheel, the shaft springs a little in working. ‘The corn is delivered on the left side, the cavings at the back, and the chaff is delivered on the ground under the hind wheels, a part not easy to get at for removing it. The frame, of oak, is well constructed, but the position of the screen-case is objectionable ; it projects over the left-hand fore wheel, and is thus liable to be damaged in travelling. Special means are adopted to prevent any such injury to the corn elevator case, It is attached to the outside of the frame by bolts working in slots, and by means of a long-handled lever it can be raised 9 inches. ‘Thus, when at work, the bottom of the case is only 7 inches, but when travelling it is 16 inches above the ground. This is a low-priced machine, which did its work very fairly. 4985. P. and H. P. Gibbons.—Three belts on the left, two of them from the drum-shaft, one being opposite to the engine-belt. Three belts on the right, ‘wo of which are from the drum-shaft on opposite sides, and balance each other. Three pairs of bevel-wheels are employed to drive respectively one of Penney’s screens, the fans beneath the frame, and a long hummeller placed out- side the frame. These bevel-gearings were rather noisy in working, and are not so well adapted as friction-belts for use in a portable machine. The corn is delivered on the right side, the screen being placed over the fore-wheel ; chaff is blown out on the left side, the fans being placed near the ground, and behind the hind-wheels. We have here a machine in which the elevator, hummeller, screen, and fan-case, are all placed outside the main frame. By this means ample room is obtained for the working parts, so that there can be no fear of clogging up when the grain is in bad condition. We think, how- ever, this advantage is counterbalanced by the inconvenient width of the machine; the parts projecting over the wheels would be liable to injury in travelling. Only four shaker-boxes are used for the straw; two of these are on a crank-shaft at their delivery end, and the other two on a crank-shaft at their inner end, the other ends of each box are carried on rocking links. The feeding of this machine was well done. The feeder stood a little on one side of the mouth of the drum, and did not take the sheaf into his hands, but had it placed on the floor in front; he then spread it a little, and pushed it along the floor to the drum. He thus, with less exertion, fed with more than the usual regularity. 4228. Holmes and Sons.—In this and the following machine the winnower that separates the chaff from the corn is placed at the top of the machine instead of under it; the drum, and other heavy working parts, are thus brought much closer to the ground, an arrangement which ensures steadiness in work- ing. There are two belts on the left side; one of them, from the drum-shaft placed opposite to the engine-belt, is bent at a right angle round two friction- pulleys, to convey power to the fans, which, by a cross blast, blow the chaff into bags placed on the right side. ‘There are three belts on the right, and a short belt at the top of the machine. The construction of the machine is similar to that of the non-finishing machine, No. 4229, in Class III (see Fig. 17, p. 436). The corn and chaff, after falling through the caving riddle, are together raised by an elevator furnished with cups of an extra size. The capes, whieh in most machines are delivered into a basket placed upon the ground, are here Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 429 delivered close to the mouth of the drum, whence the feeder can easily sweep them in to be rethreshed. The drum-beaters are of malleable cast iron, and the concave of wrought-iron wire. The shakers are driven by two crank- shafts. The bearings of the shafts to the shakers and to the caving riddle are of wood boiled in oil. ‘This sort of bearing is usually very durable, but we do not find it good for threshing-machines used where there is much sharp sand in the soil. The sand scattered in threshing becomes embedded in the wood, which then acts like a file, rapidly eating away the shaft revolving in it, It will be noticed that this machine made the shortest run in the trial. The ton of sheaf-corn was switched through it in less than twelve minutes, If more time had been taken, and the sheaves had been properly opened before throwing them into the drum, a much better result might have been attained. One result of this too great haste was that the straw was more broken, and more cavings made, than by any other machine. WNalder’s screen was used, and the corn was delivered at the back of the machine. 4203. Riches and Watts.—In the arrangement of its parts this machine is similar to the preceding. It has one belt on the left side, passing from the drum-shaft opposite to the engine-belt, and carried at a right angle round two friction-pulleys; a short belt at the top, and four belts on the right. A step caving riddle with plain holes. ‘he straw shakers are carried on two erank-shafts. The chief peculiarity in this machine was the substitution of a Child’s Patent Aspirator for the ordinary rotary screen, An exhaust fan placed on the left side of the machine draws to itself a strong cross blast of air. The grain, on leaving the hummeller, falls through this blast, which should effect a separation of the grain according to its specific gravity and bulk. The air-current may be increased or diminished in power at the will of the operator. The openings through which the air is drawn are on the right side of the machine, and a spring trap-door is required where the corn passes out, to pre- yent air being drawn up the corn-spout instead of across the machine. This trap-door is opened by the weight of the corn falling upon it. In the pre- liminary trial with 20 sheaves the weight of corn extracted was not sufficient to open the trap-door. The attendant, not content with opening this door by hand, wedged it open, so that, throughout the trial in chief, the air was drawn _ up the corn-spout, and no separation of the corn eifected. We had, therefore, no opportunity of judging how far the aspirator, that, as a separate machine, is much used by millers and others, is suited to effect the finishing operation : in a threshing-machine. _ 4658. Ransomes, Sims, and Head.—This machine differs more in con- struction from the common type than any of those yet described, The chief difference in its external appearance is due to the absence of box- _ shakers, which allows the fore-part of the frame to be left quite open at the _ sides, thus giving an apparent lightness to the whole machine. The frame is of pitch-pine and ash, and large iron washers are introduced under the head of each of the bolts that hold the frame together. The motive-power is dis- _ tributed by two belts on the left; one of them from the drum-shaft is opposite _ to the engine-belt. There are five belts on the right, three of them are on the _ drum-shaft, two drawing back, and one forward. A spur-wheel and pinion _ drive the corn-elevator. The illustration (Fig. 12, p. 480) shows the right-hand side of the machine. The drum-shaft is seen in the centre; and of the three belts that radiate from it, the upper and hinder one drives the hummeller, the lower one drives the _ screw-shaped fans that give a second cross-blast, and the front belt drives _ the crank-shaft which moves the caving riddle. The rigger on this crank- _ shaft is 20 inches in diameter, while the rigger on the drum-shaft is only 4 _ inches, the cross of the belt is consequently very near the small rigger. This _ belt ran with much chafing, and produced an unpleasant flapping during the trial. ~ 430 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. : The small belt from the fan-shaft drives a pinion, which works into a spur wheel on the frame of the rotary screen. In the fore-carriage, we may notice — Fig. 12.—View of the right-hand side of Messrs. Ransomes, Sims, and Head's Threshing Machine. No. 4658. “ul . 3 -n “ Sao good uy poy | “ALsed |.xo9y0 poog! poog aoe | ACL WE SHOP] Uy. | satasgt Peer fay & Sst] pay uo pay HOM | UveTD go | WOM IIOL | OUMOCHE | © ounyy | “PE08UN | ogg | ust Coot *MOLIAIHXL, 2 "> = a19A SOUTTOVTM asaILT, Jo 30 WUS19 A go 9 jo jo HPAL yy JO WIV N Zi a , 001g 5 Ss "TVTLL ; ; * tI ‘SI | ra | II or | 6 8 | 4 | 9 g v ‘S$ % T Ss > ‘ ns “IOPUILIp SOUL TE “TojomourwukG puvyzT Wo LOSSY SUTATIC, GLST ‘AIDC TET POL ' _ ‘TA SSVIQ ‘SUTMVEG aaHg gO SIVINT, LO sITASAY{I—]ITA ATAV, * 462 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. of seed extracted. If we wish to compare it with the power required to thresh corn we must, therefore, multiply the figures given in column 22 of Table III. by 3 (the weight of wheat being about one-third the weight of the sheaf corn); we then find that about five times as much power is required to shell out 1 lb. of clover-seed as is needed to thresh out | lb. of wheat, Probably this difference is greater than would have occurred if average crops of wheat and clover had been used for the trials, The two machines that succeeded in extracting seed have each been recently improved in construction by placing’ the shelling barrel wnder the dressing apparatus; the power being applied close to the ground they now stand much steadier than they did with the barrel at the top of the machine. There is so little difference in the arrangement of parts in these two machines that the same drawings and description might serve almost equally well for either. No. 4231. Holmes and Sons.—The construction will be best understood by referring to the illustrations given. The passage of the seed is indicatec by arrows in the longitudinal section (Fig. 29). The pulley upon the right extremity of the shaft of the shelling-barrel receives the driving-belt from the engine. The drum (A B) is an open cone of 4 feet 10 inches long, bearing £ wrought-iron twisted beaters ; its greatest diameter is 18 inches, and it tapers to a diameter of 103 inches at its smaller end ; it revolves in a conical wrought iron shell, the inner surface of which is grooved. The space between the drum and the shell is diminished by pushing the drum nearer to the small end of thi shell. This is effected by shifting the pulleys at each end along the spindle upon which they are fastened by set screws. ‘Iwo small reversible plates an inserted, one on each side of the shell; these have different groovings on side; when a very vigorous action is required that side of the plate is turnec inwards which is grooved in a different direction to the rest of the shell and the current of seed being diverted in its passage from one set of groove to the other receives an extra amount of rubbing. The cob is placed in a trough on the further side of the machine, and i thence pushed by means of a small hoe to the centre of the broad end of th drum at A, and is drawn in by the current of air produced by its revolution this is an improvement upon the old method of feeding at the top, for th current of air then checked its entrance. At B the seed falls from the small end of the shell into a receptacle, fron which it is raised by a cup-elevator to the top of the machine; it then fall upon the riddle C, which removes all shivers, and conveys them through side spout into a sack. The seeds and chaff passing through the riddle fal upon the sieves at D, and there meet a blast from the fan E, which blow away the chaff, while the clean seed passes to the spout I’, and is delivere into the sack; the hard hulks striking against the adjusting board G fall int the hopper of the shelling-barrel and are again passed through the machine This machine worked very steadily, and with less power than was required b, either of the others; the seed was thoroughly extracted, and without injury The drum can be set to draw trefoil as well as clover. No.4492. Hunt and Tawell.—The general design is similar to that of Holmes machine, but the drum is of much larger diameter, and measures 18 inches & its smaller end. "The conical shell was not well fitted, and seed escaped at th joints. A greater quantity of rough seed was delivered into the sack, bu Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff: 463 the subsequent winnowing gave precisely the same quantity of clean seed— 21 bs. from each machine. . Fig. 29.—IIlustrating Holmes and Sons’ Seed Drawer, No, 4231, AB. Drum. E. Fan C. Riddle. F. Spout. D. Sieves. G. Adjusting Board. ‘ No. 4782. A. Maynard—This is a new implement brought to trial in a very imperfect jstate ; it was fitted with a centrifugal elevator, and a jumper 464 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. intended to separate greybacks and other small seeds from the cob. This jumper is a wire-net screen worked on a principle radically wrong; instead of — a lateral motion sifting the material along the surface, the screen is jerked perpendicularly up and down, the result being that all the interstices were — very soon choked with the cob, and the whole surface bristled, till it re- sembled a very rough towel in appearance. Very little seed was separated by the drum, and the amount delivered into the sack was absolutely nil. The exhibitor explained his total failure as due to the fact that the machine was new, and he had tested it beforehand with trefoil only, instead of red clover. The superiority of its workmanship, and the low power required to drive — Messrs. Holmes’s machine, made the award of the Judges obvious, namelyi— 4231. Holmesand Sons .. .. .. Ist Prize, 10/. ; 4492. Hunt and Tawell .. .. .. Highly Commended. Crass VII.—Corn-Dresstnc MACHINES. The entries in this class were more numerous than in any other. As the list first stood it contained 32 implements ; a few of © these were not sent in time for trial; others were disqualified by the Judges, as being implements sent by one maker with so very trifling a difference in arrangement or construction that they were virtually duplicates. To have allowed the latter to be tried would have been equivalent to giving more than one chance to the same machine in a competition so close that the results de- — pended to a great extent on small differences of manipulation. After this reduction, 22 machines remained to be tried. Messrs, Clare and Sherborn began the trials in this class on Wednesday, f the 13th; the working of the dynamometer and hand-power — machine was superintended for Messrs. Eastons and Anderson | by Mr. G, Neville. Each winnowing machine was in the first — instance driven by a belt from the testing machine, travelling — 66 ft. per second; the handle having been removed, a rigger to receive the belt was fixed in its stead, having its radius of the same length as that of the handle. The time and the power — required to dress 130 lbs. of rough corn were thus ascertained: the machines selected for a second trial were not again tested by the dynamometer, but were worked in the usual way»by hand; for the dynamometrical results were in this class felt to be of far less importance than the perfection of the separation effected, the — goodness of the design and workmanship, and the moderate cost — of the implements. Pains were taken to obtain an uniform bulk of corn for the experiment by mixing the grain that came from several of the non-finishing threshing-machines ; half a bushel of this corn was — run through each machine as a preliminary to allow adjust — ments to be made. The 130 lbs. of corn weighed off for each — trial was placed in three scoops ready for filling ; the machine, with its feed-board set open, was then run empty till the right Bs — 2S. 4 ~ Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 469 pace was attained ; at a given signal the corn was thrown into the hopper, and the time occupied by ;it in passing through duly noted. Samples were taken of the dressed corn and were set apart for a very careful subsequent examination and com- parison. Ten machines were selected for a second trial, in which the pulleys were replaced by the handles, and the machines were worked by the exhibitors’ men in the usual way. The time _ occupied in this second run is recorded in Table 1X., p. 466, in column 11, and the awards given in column 12. Among the twenty-two implements tried, there were very few that presented any novelty in construction. The great majority _ were of one pattern, differing only in minor details, and it will _ be sufficient to confine our remarks on construction to the prize implements, and one or two of the others that presented some special feature of interest. Fig. 30.—Cooch’s Corn-dre:sing Machine, No. 3148. No. 3148. J. Cooch.—In this machine the riddle-shoe is placed low in the frame, and the blast from the fan acts upon the corn as it falls from the hopper down to the riddle. The workmanship is throughout excellent, and the construction may be understood from the view given in Fig. 80. The handle is fixed upon a short driving-shaft bearing a spur-wheel with a small bevel- wheel in the centre; the spur-wheel gears into the pinion above it, and thus moves the fan fixed upon the shaft that carries the pinion. The opening through which the air enters to the fan can be diminished by lowering the slide-board, which thus regulates the force of the blast. The outside shaft from the bevel-wheel terminates in a cog-wheel, which gears into one or both of the two cog-wheels placed near the middle of the frame. These two cog-wheels are keyed upon the shafts of two feed-rollers placed at the bottom of the hopper. ‘The feed-roller furthest from the fan is held in position by a lever balance-weight, shown inside the frame, at the opening for the escape of air and chaff. he feeding space is thus self-regulating ; and if a stone has been shot with the corn into the hopper, it passes through without doing VOL. VIII.—S. 8. 2 u Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 466 *popuourar0y ‘popuowamoy A, StFT ‘OZIN PUT, OI JSUT *popuouu4tog “‘SHUV NAY ‘el GL8L “WOT Aue porry, ‘TOPOUILIP soTOUT TE ‘tajoutoweukG pULyy WO TOSSTT SMATIG ITA ssviQ “SUNIHOV]{, DNISSTUC, NUOF) FO SIVIUT, 10 SLIASTY— XT i taviy 6-99 Af 9-0 : ee °° “ piey L-99 | 68-T O€T 3 T9¥N 0G G-9E 9-1T O§L 9 “LT 6 pa , a 99109 “L | 096 8-9§ CPL O0&L 0 9L SL < ots Aqsutoy “yt | STOP GIF | 0-3 0&1 Owe! 8 ‘s ‘cf eNe_ “L | Gos 9.E¢ | 98-0 OST 0 OLL * ss Tov UyOL | GEcy G96 SL-T OST 0 OL8 fac. “ss coyeg UlOr | 66CF FG. 86 GSTG ¢-LE OL+T O&L 0 S-8 he a HeqI09 “°\L | &66 §-1 L10:L¥ 60LE IZ. ‘9 €-€h | 68-1 OST OO) 6 “€ UOS Y YHofUrryl “AA | SCIP F8-9F OFEG 686 °¢ ¢.9§ 9L-% OST 0 cI 8 * “* WOg Y 349q10) “§ | LIGP GIS SLIT 9c6'% 0-16 0-43 O&€L 0 OL OL at “vs 9499100) *\L | 666 §§-T 06-1TL S8IF | 923'6 §-1F E1-% OSL 0 OL OL a HOS Y WOSfOlPIN' “MA | 91ZE 0-1 PL-SG F8oP LES‘S &-&P F¥-0 OST OMOr TL es ++ Souaeg "aM | TL9E 66506 S8SL CE9‘S 6-LE €¢-P OSL 0 O18 a “* **"0r) Y POM “A | 698 09-F SI6E 66L°¢ 8-LE 66-1 OsT 0 OL 6 Si oes MS) TS SRBC agus 8Z-T 06 9F IL¢g LOL‘9 C-GP Lé-T O&T 0 OL FI a oS SECO SR Reis CZ-L | OL-6% 896 | F8L‘S 0-F8 | €6-T | OSL 0 OLG o osuyoding ¥ 449q109 | ZL0Z 0€ «83 FF6G 089‘S ¥-C§ CL-T OST 0 Si6 y “* HOS FY 749G10N "§ | 9I6F 0-F | &9-0¢ 89t% | sc‘9 6 & £3 OSL 0 0 GI 3 on Se AgdG Er HOSLS 99 -9F acsr | L90‘9 €-Fh | S&T OST OF 0) SI = aCe se MOCK ee | “PETS L@-OIL | Iles | 6Fe‘FL | 0-S8 | 0G-F OSL 0 0 &L re pom temic) MOAT (h6ZzS OF-T | GL-39 SLcg | 8SL‘s L-8§ | LI-Z O&T ead gays “ "LOS WP souMjOH | Esp su | ps -F “TIO: “OPN sqy=" “OPNLUL AT “0 : > 2 *pardnooo | jo “qt ee ees Si, le “pardnoz0 eae 5 oul y, AOM jo ut ouop MOA, Jo suoyy Oull Ty, uLop : > R SOT | prog, | TOL | npoaagy PeeprERD). con fomog | MOUMIEXY soanvN | § == oc i = peae "IVINL LSUrt | & | ‘IL ‘Or 6 8 yh ao lis saa | v 3 z ‘E Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 467 damage. The index to the right serves for adjusting a slide-board that can be raised or lowered to allow less or more light corn to be carried over it by the blast. A connecting-rod from a crank on the unseen end of the fan-shaft oscillates the riddle-frame by means of a bell-crank with brass bearings. The frame is suspended upon iron links, and can be fitted with eight different riddles; those which are not in use are kept in a box placed between the handles of the machine. After passing through the riddles the corn falls upon an inclined screen, which delivers the head corn at the back, while the small | grain falls through on to the floor under the machine, and stones, chobs, &c., | are delivered through the spout at the side. Three sizes of screens are sent _ out with the machine. The handle is jointed and folds back when not at work, it is thus not liable to be wrenched in travelling. The hopper has recently _ been made lower and more open, and is therefore easier to fill than it used to be. It is a very striking illustration of the absence of any modern improve- ments on the old type of corn-dressing machines to find that the patent for _ this machine was taken in the year 1800, and though at different times the _ manufacturer has tried some alterations, he has returned to the old pattern, so that the machine only differs from those made more than 70 years ago | in being more compact and in having iron substituted for wood in certain rts. No. 220. 7. Baker.—A lighter, simpler, and cheaper machine than that which took the first prize. The riddle-frame is in this case placed high up, and close under the hopper; the blast acts upon the grain while passing through the sieves. ‘The bottom sieve is placed six inches under the top one, and a board is inserted obliquely between them, so that the blast shall be directed through both sieves. There is no feed-roller to the hopper, but it is furnished with a stirrer to keep the supply constant. ‘The sieve-box is suspended on chains, ) and driven by a crank and connecting-rod from a bevel-wheel on the fan-shaft ; | by taking the bevel-wheel out of gear and removing the sieves, the machine can be used as a simple blower. ‘The sieves are 22in. by 16in. From the sieves the grain falls upon an oscillating screen of wire-net, suspended on Coulson’s spring hangers. No. 38216. W. Nicholson and Son.—Very similer in design to Cooch’s machine, _ but of simpler construction. The hopper is provided with one feed-roller | driven by a belt from a pulley on the shaft that carries the handle; the riddle- box is moved by bell-cranks and a connecting-rod from the fan-shaft. Hight | riddles and two screens are sent out with the machine. The materials and _ workmanship are substantial and good. | In Rainforth’s machine the mouth of the feeding-hopper is regulated by a | sliding-board with double rack and pinion, and may be fixed by padlock so _ that the workmen cannot enlarge the opening and pass the corn through too rapidly. It is furnished with an oscillating screen and is well constructed. Boby’s machines are fitted with his self-cleaning screen; one of them was used to test the samples obtained from the trials in the next class. Hornsby’s machine was also fitted with his adjustable rotary corn screen. The First Prize was awarded to this maker for one of his screens in the next class. The greatest novelty among the entries was the “Silent Winnowing Machine,” No. 869, B. Reid and Co., from the Bon-Accord Works, Aberdeen. All gearing is dispensed with, the riddle-shoe is moved by bell-wires from two cranks upon the fan-shaft; these wires terminate in leather thongs carried ) round two V-shaped pulleys and nailed to the shoe; the oscillating screen is ) moved by a similar arrangement. The enterprise of the exhibitors in coming ' so far south was not rewarded with success in this case, for the riddles and Sieves used by them, though they might be fitted to deal with a small-berried north-country wheat, were too small in the mesh to make any separation of | the grain used in trial, and we had no opportunity of judging whether the very quiet and easy movement of the riddles would be pa ee fo the H ~ 468 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff: separation desired. The strength and direction of the blast is regulated by a : simple and ingenious arrangement of hinged boards, The awards in this class were as follows :— Corn-dressing Machines.—J. Cooch, Harlestone, Northamptonshire: First Prize, 157. Thomas Baker, Compton, Newbury : Second Prize, 107. W.N. Nicholson and Son, Newark, Notts: Third Prize, 57. W. Rainforth and Son, Brayford Head, Lincoln : Highly Commended. Corbet and Chipchase, Shrews- bury: Commended. John Baker, Wisbeach : Commended. Crass VILI.—Corn-ScrEEns. The very general adoption of finishing threshing-machines has greatly increased the demand for rotary screens as a part of the machine, but has made it less necessary for each farm to be provided with its own hand-worked screen, As a separate machine, the screen is now perhaps of greater value to the maltster and miller than to the farmer; but the latter still finds it often serviceable, and must always be interested in trials that test the qualities of a screen more perfectly*than when it is tried merely as a part of the complex operation of threshing and dressing corn, The nine machines tried were entered by six exhibitors, and may be divided into two classes—the plane and the rotary. The first and older form is represented by four machines, three of them entered by Mr. R. Boby, and one by Mr. T. Corbett. The corn in these screens is delivered spread over the upper part of a plane, more or less inclined, and formed of wire-net, or of stout longitudinal wires, fastened at their extremities and supported upon cross-bars. In the five rotary screens the corn in each case is delivered into one end of a revolving wire cylinder, slightly inclined ; its descent is regulated in Coleman and Morton’s machine by the peculiar shape of the wires, and in the other four machines by an Archimedean screw of sheet-iron, which prevents the too rapid descent of the grain, and distributes it evenly over the surface. The machines in this class were tried in the same way as the corn-dressing machines; they were first driven by a hand-power machine, and tested by dynamometer, and next tried without the dynamometer, and worked in the ordinary way by the exhibitors’ men, Out of the nine machines tried in the first run, six were selected for three further trials; these six machines comprised one by each of the exhibitors. 130 lbs. of wheat were used for each of the first three trials, and 100 Ibs. of barley for the fourth. In the second, third, and fourth trials, half a bushel of corn was run through as a preliminary for adjusting the machines, Samples were taken of the head and tail corn from each run for subsequent examination. The head-corn was further tested by passing — Report on the Trials of Implements at Card:ff. 469 one quart over a No. 8 hand-screen, and noting the inferior corn thus extracted. Two of the machines were provided with stone separators, but their efficiency in this respect was not put to the test, as the corn used in the trial was free from stones. Nos. 3731 and 3734. R. Boby.—These two machines only differed in two respects, the first and higher-priced one is much larger than the other, but was not fitted with the stone separator shown at the upper end of the screen in Fig. 31. The spur-wheel on the shaft that carries the handle drives the pinion below it. This pinion is keyed upon a crank shaft, and, by means of the forked con- Hecting-rod fastened to the upper side of the screen, it gives a backward and forward movement to the screen, which thus slips up and down with a quick movement upon the chilled-steel slides which support it on the frame. The wires of the screen are kept clean by the action of six rows of cleaning collars, Strung upon transverse iron rods that are fixed upon the frame-bed. The Sereen itself is composed of stout strained wires, placed horizontally upon bars, in notches punched by machine. The shape of these wires has recently been modified on the suggestion of one of the firm of Messrs. Bass and Co. After long usage, the sides of the round wires became worn, so that they had Fig. 31.—Boby’s New Patent Self-cleaning Corn Screen, No. 3734, with removable Wire Part. an oval imstead of a circ..lur section; the spaces between them being thus enlarged, it was necessary to reset the wires: the flattened wires, when once Feset, presented a deeper wearing surface to the grain falling through them, and the spaces remained of the richt size for a much longer time than when new wires were used. This observation has induced the manufacturers to use in the first instance wires with flattened sides, and the screen is now much more durable than it was. Another improvement has been made by arranging the Sereen and iron frame upon which it runs in such a way that the screen part can be lifted out and another of coarser or finer gauge fixed in its pjace. A silding board at the bottom of the hopper regulates the feed space; he corn Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 470 *popuermmoy 7G ‘oztIg puoo0g “APIAGIS Aq ourrpovur sytoa = ut0— *popuemam09, *‘popuommoy ATILSIET *popuommumoy ApYStET ‘201 ‘oz SUT ‘SMUVIAY 00-CF 9FSE TEs¢ 8-6F 66:1 0&1 > Boat 2H cs GF-9L OLZT CEIS F-G¢ TFT OSL LT 8 ae OF-0¢ S9EF g¢¢9 6 8Z 0€-T ied § GL GL ES a4 + ? 0-0F F0-1 0&1 ors a 66-81 668T 69FS I-L& SL-T OSL ¢ 8 <4 88-6F 8899 C8t9 6-1F 9F-T O&L tL FI a OL-66 9606 €8LE 0-6¢ CI-TL 0ST OL FI a 9g -L¢ 1969 LOFL ¢.89 &F-1 0&1 GL GL i L¥-LE BL66 LSP FCoE CF-L OST 6 16 “ "SqI Ts ci ‘uxog ‘qtzod | “I | sqtroog | OM | -soynurp ee venta 81-4001 Pa SUROUIN be ae eal . be yoog? | oken | eal | aesion | Mae? | mmtbe | ag | mani “IVIUL ‘OT 6 ‘8 ‘kh ‘GLST ‘U6 AML POL “IITA 88v19 ‘IOJOUIVIp soyUT TE ‘“AojomoMVUdG puLry Uo SSH Surarg ssl) SO) pue fouueg Aqog “a ++ QSUIO “37 kqog "a ** HeqioH “iL ** MOS Y YHoyurey “Ad ** TOOT Y wWeurajog ‘ess "09g » Lome - - Aqog "7 “ on “UOLIGINXG, JO ANY NT ‘SNEHUOG NUOQ dO SIVIUT, 10 SLTASTY— YX siavJ, *zaquan NT anZopeywo . cr Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. 471 falls from the hopper into the stone separator—a box fastened upon the screen- frame, with a bottom of wire-net of large gauge ; this intercepts all foreign substances larger than the grain, and delivers them out of a spout at the side. The corn passing through the meshes of the separator then descends over the surface of the screen in a thin broad stream, rippling over the cleaning collars: this rippling action changes the position of each grain, and gives it a longi- tudinal direction in its passage, greatly facilitating the extraction of thin and broken grains. Fig. 832.—Boby’s New Patent Self-acting Corn Screen. No. 3732. &. Boby.—A self-acting machine, worked by the weight of the grain acting upon a breast-wheel placed between the hopper and the screen. Two cranks upon the axis of this wheel are on each side connected by rods to two light frames, each carrying four rows of the cleaning collars; these working between the wires of the screen keep them clean. No attention is required ‘beyond that of keeping the hopper supplied with grain, and it is recommended as a great economiser of labour. ‘The idea is novel and ingenious, but not of much practical value in its present mode of application ; it affords, however, a simple illustration of the significance of the figures given in column 10 of Table X. These figures show that the other screens varied, in the power required to drive them, from 16 to 50 foot- pounds per pound of corn screened, the manual labour being expressed by the height in feet from which the corn would have to fall in order to produce force enough to do the work. In this machine the work is actually attempted to be done by raising the bottom of the hopper about one foot above the top of the screen, and then introducing a wheel to utilize the force so obtained. It is at once obvious that there must either be a great waste of power in the other machines, or that the power employed in this case is not nearly enough to secure efficient work, Inall the other machines, the screen itself either oscillates 472 Report on the Trials of Implements at Cardiff. or revolves beneath the grain; in this case the power is} all expended t moving the cleaning collars, and the pitch of the screen is ofnecessity mad sharp, that the barley falls rapidly down over the surface by its own weight But little of the tail-corn was extracted. There is, of course, no absolute saving of manual labour in using such a machine for corn lying on the bam floor ; the power that moves the collars must be first expended by the m who lifts the corn an extra foot high in filling the hopper. If he lifted the corn 16 feet higher, there would be power enough to move the screen itself, and by suitable mechanical contrivances the work might be done thoroughly, ~ but the man would be doing double work. The only case in which such machine seems likely to be useful is where the grain to be screened lies on upper floor, and a sufficient fall can be obtained without extra labour: even there, an overshot or a breast-wheel to utilize a fall approaching 16 feet would e far too cumbersome to be suitable for the small weight of the grain. | C. RanDELL, Tuos. SAMPLE, Gero. Hunt. * The publication of these plans and the Report of Pe Trials of Portable Steam-[ngines has been unavoidably postponed.—Ep. ( 481 ) Ill.— Report of the Proceedings in the Court of Exchequer in the case of Kidd v. the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng- land. Before Mr. Justice BuackBurn and a Special Jury.* Leeds Summer Assizes, August Tth, 8th, and 9th, 1872. a proceedings arose in the following manner :— March 6th the Chemical Committee presented to the Council their isual Quarterly Report on Manures and Feeding-stuffs, which had been sub- mitted to the Consulting Chemist for analysis since the previous December. This Report was published in the ‘Mark Lane Express’ for March 11th. Jne paragraph, which is repeatedly quoted in the following pages, then gave ise to the following actions :— Kidd versus The Royal Agricultural Society, Kidd versus Alger (publisher of the ‘Mark Lane Express’), Ayre versus The Royal Agricultural Society, Ayre versus Alger, Ayre versus Jenkins (Secretary to the Royal Agricultural Society) ; he defence of all of which was undertaken by the Society, but Kidd versus The Royal Agricultural Society, and Ayre versus The Royal Agricultural Society were alone proceeded with. These actions, with another of Kidd versus ‘(he Yorkshire Conservative ewspaper Company (arising out of the publication of the same paragraph n the ‘ Yorkshire Post’), were set down for trial at the last Leeds Summer Assizes, and the first of them was tried at Leeds on August 7th, 8th, and th. The following Report of the Proceedings (taken from the shorthand notes of Messrs. Martin and Meredith) was, on the recommendation of the Journal and Chemical Committees, ordered to be published in the Society’s Journal by a Special Council, held on August 21st, by order of the President of the Society.—Enir.] First Day. Counsel for the Plaintif.—Mr. Srymovr, Q.C., and Mr. Cave (instructed by | Messrs. Roperts and Lax of Hull.) Younsel for the Defendants.—Mr. Frexp, Q.C., and Mr. MEttor (instructed _ by Messrs. GARRARD and James of London.) Mr. Cave opened the pleadings. | The declaration stated “that the Plaintiff carried on the business of an oil ‘nd seed crusher, and the Defendants at divers times and on divers occasions falsely and maliciously printed and published of the Plaintiff, in relation +0 his said business, the words following, that is to say :—‘ During the last — F uarter very few samples of artificial manure have been forwarded for analysis ; bf those sent to the consulting chemist he has no complaint to make. As ‘asual at this season cases of so-called poisoning from the use of cakes have * John Gowland, of Thorpe Uuderwoods, farmer; John Foster Horsfall, of West Croft House, in Haworth, Esquire; Thomas Johnson Hughes, of Great seorges-street, in Leeds, brassfounder; Joe Illingworth, of Bramley-lane, Light- liffe, in Hipperholme-cum-Brighouse, merchant; John Jackson, of Mowbray all, in Gruelthorpe, farmer ; Charles Johnson, of Bierley Hall, in North Bierley, wine and spirit merchant; William Kelsall, of Coleridge-place, in Bradford, nerchant; Joseph Richardson, of Ousegate, in Selby, draper and grocer ; George shaw, of Bridge-street, in Sheffield, victualler ; James Shepherd, of Vale House, Todmorden, in Stansfield, manufacturer; Edward Sutcliffe, of Roe Head, in Mirfield, corn miller; Benjamin Wood, of Claremont, in Warley, ironfounder, VOL. VIII.—s. 8. 21 i| 482 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. bi been brought under his notice, the first to be mentioned is from Charles 0. Eaton, Esq. * * * * Another case comes from John Wells, Esq., February 18th, a Member of our Council, the whole of whose cattle were attacked with serious symptoms immediately after eating from a fresh purchase of cake, although only one case terminated fatally. This cake very much resembled the cake sold to Mr. Eaton, containing a quantity of seeds, cotton cake, rice, broken corn and cocoa-nut, apparently made from dirty linseed and the sweepings of corn warehouses. A small sample of this cake had been sent before purchase’ to Mr. Wells as best linseed cake, price £10 per ton, from Ayre Brothers, Hull, the maker, Messrs. Kidds, of Hull’ (meaning the Plaintiff), the “‘ Defen- dants thereby meaning that the Plaintiff had made and supplied to the said Ayre Brothers, as and for best linseed cake, a bad and interior linseed cake made from dirty linseed and the sweepings of corn warehouses ; and also that the Plaintiff had made and supplied to the said Ayre Brothers, as and for linseed cake, a cake containing ingredients of a poisonous nature, and in- jurious to cattle, whereby the Plaintiff was injured in his credit and reputation as an oil and seed crusher, and in his said business, And the Plaintiff claims one thousand pounds.” The Defendants pleaded—Ist, Not guilty; and 2nd, That the defamatory matter complained of was true in substance and in fact. Mr. Srymour stated the Plaintiff’s case as follows :—May it please y uy Lordship, gentlemen of the jury. The Plaintiff in this case, Samuel George Kidd, carries on an extensive business at Hull as an oil manufacturer and seed crusher. You will probably be aware that a very important element of in- dustry has sprung up in connection with the agricultural interest of country in the supply of linseed cake, which is manufactured from residue which remains after expressing the oil from the linseed imported from abroad; and the town of Hull has become very well known as the site of large works connected with this industry, throughout England and for countries. Now, gentlemen, my client, Mr. Kidd, has brought this action in order to vindicate his trade—his brand, if I may so speak—and his name from 4 consequences of a most serious libel, the responsibility for which will not be disputed by the Defendants, the Royal Agricultural Society of England, who, I believe, to day have instructed their Counsel to admit, and have admitted in the proceedings, that they are responsible for the document, which I will presently call your attention to, which forms the subject of our complaint, and which appears in the columns of the ‘ Mark Lane Iixpress,’ which, as you know, is one of those papers especially devoted to the circulation and publica- tion of subjects connected with agriculture, and interesting to the farmers of England. Gentlemen, I need hardly say that in opening this case to you, so far as Mr. Kidd is concerned, he brings his action purely to vindicate his own tation, which he has maintained for a considerable number of years by carry= ing on, as [ have told you, a very large and prosperous business, both in oil and linseed cake. With regard to the Defendants, it will be said, and said truly, that they are a highly honourable and most important body; and while, no doubt, on the one hand, this is a case in which Mr, Kidd seeks to vindicate his character at your hands; yet, on the other hand, I should be the last man to impute to the Defendants as a body that their conduct was at all influenced by any personal malice, or any wrong or indirect motive so far as Mr. Kidd concerned ; but, gentlemen, I need hardly say that the charter which made the Royal Agricultural Society a corporate body, has not necessar made them infallible. They have their subordinates and agents, their ; tary, their chemists, their solicitors; and in questions of this kind the responsi- bility must bear on a public body like the defendants as upon other employers a De > | Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 483 ‘of labour throughout the country (without any malice or indirect motive on ‘their part being suggested) for the acts of their subordinates and agents on whose judgment they rely. Now, with these remarks I will proceed to read to you that of which we complain. It will scarcely require any comment of mine to show that it is that which is known asa libel in law; for anything which is written and published disparaging to the honour or character, or tending to lower the reputation of another, or, as in this case, affecting the trade of the person who ‘is made the subject of it, is, in the eye of the law, a libel. Gentlemen, what ‘Thold in my hand purports to be a report of the Royal Agricultural Society | of England, and it was published in the ‘Mark Lane Express and Agricultural | Journal’ of March 11th, 1872—published therefore under the sanction of the | Society—published so as to receive at once a very high authority and a very extensive circulation. The paragraph to which I wish to call your attention is headed “ Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee” (that is the Com- | mittee who report to the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society) —* During the last quarter very few samples of artificial manure have been forwarded for analysis. Of those sent to the consulting chemist he has no complaint to make. As usual, during this season, cases of so-called poisoning from the use of cakes have been brought under his notice. The first to be mentioned is from Charles O. Eaton, Esq., Tolethorpe Hall, Stamford.” Now I need not tell you, as later on the whole of the libel will be before you, that this is a complaint from a Mr. Eaton with regard to some evidently bad linseed cake which he had received, which led to widespread mischief amongst his cattle, and on which the opinion of a veterinary surgeon was given that some of the cattle were poisoned by the cake. It then proceeds:—“ The cake contained much earth-nut, also locust meal, rice-dust, grass seeds, broken corn, and the usual small weed seeds found in inferior or dirty linseed, and was altogether a bad linseed cake.” Well now, gentlemen, having introduced the matter as one of a class of “so-called poisoning,” and of “ bad linseed cake,” it then proceeds—and this is the passage of which we complain,—“ Another case ‘comes from John Wells, Esq., February 18th, a member of our Council,” I make no comment upon that further than to say, that probably in the case of a member of the Council of the Society, if there was an extra caution to be J applied, so far as the secretary was concerned, one would have commended } him for it; because it is possible that when members are the complaining in- | dividuals it might affect the judgment of those who are brought in contact with them—“ the whole of whose cattle were attacked with various symptoms ‘ immediately after eating from a fresh purchase of cake, although only one case ) terminated fatally. This cake very much resembled the cake sold to Mr. Eaton, containing a quantity of seeds, cotton cake, rice, broken corn, and cocoa-nut, apparently made from dirty linseed, and the sweepings of corn } warehouses. A small sample of this cake had been sent before purchase to- ) Mr. Wells as best linseed cake, price 10/. per ton, from Ayre Brothers, Hull— _ the makers Messrs. Kidd, of Hull.” Now, gentlemen, it requires no comment | from me to ask you to agree that the obvious import and result of that para- graph which I have just read to you is this, that here is another case “of so- called poisoning ”—another case “‘ of bad linseed cake,” like that of Mr. Eaton’s, | which was pronounced very bad indeed, and then it speaks of its having led to “serious symptoms,” and to the cattle being “attacked.” Serious symptoms | of what? Why, of poisoning, as I venture to say, is implied by the use of deleterious cake containing, more or less, either poisonous or injurious ingre- dients; and leading to one attack which terminated fatally. It is obvious | that any one reading this would infer that the attack of the cattle, and the | fatal result in the one case of these serious symptoms was attributable to the | compound which, as best linseed cake, is said to have been ng by Messrs. I ’ Kidd. Then you have the distinct allegation that it contains these various - seeds and foreign elements,—cotton cake, for instance; and also that it is” made of “ dirty linseed” and “ the sweepings of corn warehouses.” Gentlemen, as soon as this appeared, Mr. Kidd was at once aware of the terrible mischief which a report like this, coming with the stamp of a Society — like this upon it, cast upon the world and circulating among the very people who were his patrons and customers, must probably produce. What he feared has in effect followed; because I shall prove to you directly that there has been a very serious diminution of orders from the habitual customers since © this libel appeared, with regard to that particular sort of cake referred to, and therefore this is really a case in which, if I am entitled to your verdict, my client is entitled to a verdict which will compensate to him the loss which he has sustained, and which I shall be able to demonstrate to you. As soon as © this appeared my client placed himself in the hands of his solicitors, Messrs, Roberts and Leak of Hull, who wrote to the Secretary of the Society, anda correspondence of some length passed with which I am not going, in my short opening statement, to trouble you. It will be a part ofthe case: it will be referred to by me as far as is necessary, and by my friend; but there are one - or two comments which I think I ought tomake on matters which are disclosed in that correspondence. It is made the subject of complaint on our part, and rightfully I hope you will think, that there was no communication—no letter written for explanation or otherwise—by the Secretary, or any official of the Royal Agricultural Society, to Mr. Kidd before this paragraph appeared, or before his name was associated with it. One would suppose that the Royal Agricultural Society might have published, without parading the name of Mr. Kidd in connection with this attack upon the production of his mill, the result of their analysis; one might suppose that they would in all fairness” to him have given him the opportunity, by personal explanation, or by putting - them upon the course of enquiry, of modifying in some degree that which they had written. However they have not done so—I make no further comment upon it, but I think you will agree with me that before they took this extreme course which, although they may have been animated by the best public motives, they must have known would have the effect of injuring another, they ought to have communicated with the individual before mentioning his name. Gentlemen, there is another matter which I think I ought to refer to, because, in the form which this case takes, it has an important bearing upon it. This” action being brought to recover compensation and to vindicate the Plaintiff's character from the consequences of this libel, the Defendants take this course: they plead, first, it is not a libel; they put me to the proof of the publication, and of the meaning and import of the words; and they say it does not come within the definition of a libel, as to which I venture to submit our affirmative | proposition to my Lord’s approval. I think there will be no doubt about that; and upon the other point possibly less doubt; but, further, the Defendants do this—they put on the Record an affirmative plea alleging that that which they have asserted is true. Now, bearing that in mind, I am making this comment on this correspondence: they assert that this is the report of a Chemical Committee, founded no doubt on chemical analysis, as to the character of which, and the care with which it was made and the general character of which, we shall hear something before this case is over; but I think-you will agree with me that when the solicitor of the Plaintiff applied three or four times over to the solicitors and representatives of the Defendants, they ought, in common justness and fairness, to have been furnished by the representatives of the Royal Agricultural Society, with a sufficient quantity of the artiele impugned to enable them to have another open and independent analysis made ; but although that was prayed, although we asked that they would let 484 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 485 us have a sufficient portion of the cake, in order that some analyst and professor of skill and experience might have in his hand a portion of that which they have impugned in this article, they have, upon various grounds, refused it. They first asked us, ‘ What is your object in making this request ?” Well, I should think our object would be pretty plain. Then they suggest this: ‘“* We have got a distinguished chemist” (who is no doubt responsible for this Che- \mical Report), ‘Dr. Voelcker: let him join with some other person and make a joint analysis.” But, Gentlemen, it is obvious that such a course would have been fruitless. If our analyst had been certain to agree with Dr. Voelc- ker, well and good, but how could you havea joint analysis if the two analysts differed at the time they were making it? What we wanted was that some independent third person should make an analysis, but that opportunity was not afforded us. I make this remark because in these cases the counsel opening the Plaintiff's case, where there is a plea of justification on the record, has two courses open to him: he may either grapple at once with the plea of justification and endeavour beforehand to demolish the structure which is \threatened to be set up by the other side, or he may take another course ; and I must say, looking at the fact that the Defendants have deprived us of the opportunity of having an analysis made of this cake, and thus left us in the dark as to the particular course which my friend is going to take, as to how far he will prove the allegations which are alleged—I must say, as the burden is upon him of proving that which he asserts, I think the better way of dealing with this case will be to let the responsibility rest upon him, and when he makes out a case which calls upon me for an answer, I will venture to accept his challenge, and then I have uo doubt, before the case is over I shall be in a position to prove that the charge which has been made by the Agricultural Society against the Plaintiff in this action—however praise- worthy the motives of the Society may have been—is without foundation, and that Mr. Kidd supplied to the gentleman named in the libel, not that which was deleterious to the health of the cattle, but a good nourishing cake equal in quality to that which has hitherto enabled him to gain the jconfidence of thousands of customers and farmers from one end of England ‘to the other. The * Mark Lane Express and Agricultural Journal’ of 11th March, 1872, containing the Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee and the libel com- plained of, was then put in and read, and the correspondence between the solicitors on each side, of which the following letters are the most im- ‘portant :— 16, Bowlalley Lane, Hull, 15th March, 1872. Sir,—We have been consulted by Mr. S. G. Kidd, of Hull, seed-crusher, with reference to the statements made in the Quarterly Report of the ical Committee of your Society as to cake alleged to have been made © jby him. We have to inform you that the statements in such Report, so ar as refers to our client, not only generally but in all their details, are simply untrue. The Report sanctioned by the high authority of your Society is doing and jmust do our client incalculable injury, and our client has no alternative but to seek the redress and public refutation of the statements which a judicial investigation alone can afford. | The publicity given to your Report in many of the leading papers of the jkingdom renders it impossible that mere retraction of the statements can purge the effect which, to the injury of our client, they have produced. We are, however, desirous to avoid anything of a vexatious character in the matter, or personal annoyance to your Chemical Committee or other members of your ouncil, and therefore write to you to be furnished with a copy of the Report, jand to know if your Society will take the responsibility of the publication of 486 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. the Report and answer the proceedings which, on behalf of our client, it will be our duty to adopt. If, however, our request is not complied with by return of post, we shall have no alternative but at once to adopt legal proceedings against your Chemical Committee and other members of the Council in our own justification, informing them of our previous application to you. We cannot, however, assume for a moment that your Society will not be prepared to take the responsibility of this Report, and so relieve us from causing personal annoyance to its members. We shall hope to hear from you, or from the — Solicitors to the Society, by return of post. We are, Sir, your obedient servants, The Secretary, G..C. Roperts and J. Leak. Royal Agricultural Society, Hanover Square, London. March 16th, 1872, GENTLEMEN,—I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter in reference toa Quarterly Report of the Chemical Committee of the Council of this Society, which contained a statement respecting a sample of linseed-cake said to been made by Messrs. Kidd, of Hull. ‘This letter I will lay before the meeting of the Council. In the meantimeI beg to inform you that the Socie' is responsible for the publication of its own proceedings and the Reports of i Committees, as furnished by the Secretary. An official copy of the Report wi be forwarded to you in the course of a few days. | = } Iam, Gentlemen, your obedient servant, ; H. M, Jenks, Secretary. Messrs. G. C. Roberts and J. Leak.’ ' 18, Suffolk Street, Pall Mall Hast, London, 28th March, 1872. — Royal Agricultural Society ats. Kidd, Alger ats. Kidd, Dear Sirs,—We have entered formal appearances to both these acti ‘The Society is actuated only by motives of public good in publishing the Reports of its Chemical Committee, and holds itself responsible for the ie cation in the ‘Mark Lane Express’ of the Report of which your client com- plains. His action, therefore, against Mr. Alger, the publisher of that papel is clearly unnecessary for any real good to himself, and should, we suggest, ae at once discontinued, to prevent useless expense, wi On this point also we would call your attention to an editorial note in last week’s issue of that paper in reference to the publication of the Report in question. % In publishing its Report the Society is most desirous to avoid any just ground of complaint, and wishing to act in all fairness towards your client and to prevent unnecessary litigation, we have now on the Society’s behalf to offer him the opportunity of testing the correctness of the analysis made by the Society’s Consulting Chemist (Dr. Voelcker) of the cake in question, from further samples of it in the Society’s possession, by any other gentleman of equal professional standing, and to publish the result, if desired, in the same way as Dr. Voelcker’s analysis, with any further explanations that may be necessary. Kindly let us hear from you on these points. , Yours faithfully, r4 Garranp and JJ. Messrs. Collyer-Bristow, Withers, and Russell, | 4, Bedford Row, W.C. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 487 Hull, 10th June, 1872. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society. Kidd v. Alger. Dear Sirs,—We have deferred replying to your letter of the 28th March _ last until we have been able to get the whole of the facts connected with these actions before counsel. After full consideration of the matter we are prepared to stay all further proceedings in the action of Kidd v. Alger, the costs already incurred to abide the event of the action against the Royal Agricultural Society, if you will agree to an admission that the Society authorizes the publication of the Report in the ‘Mark Lane Express,’ and are responsible, in order that such admission | may be given in evidence against them. We are compelled to decline the offer you have made of having the correct- ness of the analysis tested in the manner suggested by you. Looking at the | facts of the case, the circumstances under which the libel was published without any communication with our client or asking any explanation, the circulation | the libel has obtained, and the injury it has done and must do our client, the _ course you propose cannot be deemed satisfactory. We, however, have to apply to you for a sample of the cake which you have in your possession, and we shall be glad if you will make up and seal the same, so that the cover may be properly identified at the trial. We have also to request that you will be good enough to furnish us with a copy of the analysis of Dr. Voelcker, on which your client’s Report is founded. We propose forthwith delivering the declaration in the action against the Society, laying the venue in Yorkshire, so that the trial may come on at the next Assizes for Leeds. We will delay delivering the declaration in Kidd v. Alger (which is already prepared) for a week from the present date, for your reply as to the admission proposed. Yours truly, Messrs. Garrard and James, G. C. Ropers and J. Leak. 18, Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East, London. Mr. ALGERNON SYDNEY AYRE sworn: examined by Mr. Cave. ) @. Are you in partnership with your brother, Mr. H. H. Ayre, cake terchant in Hull p—dA. I am. | Q. And have you carried on a large business there as linseed cake merchants for some years ?—A. We have. ag Do you sell a very large quantity in a year—some 40,000 tons P— We do. @. Have you been in the habit of getting cake from Mr. Kidd, the plaintiff ?—A, We have. _ Q. Is he a seed crusher, carrying on business in Hull ?——A. Yes. Q. That went to the Secretary of the Society ?—A. Yes. Cross-examined by Mr. SzymMovur, @. There were 15 tons of cake ordered ?—A. There were, Q. Of those two went to Booth Ferry ?—A. To Booth Ferry. @Q. And five to Sancton >—A. Five to Sancton. _ @. And were used at Sancton ?—A. And were used there? _ Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: At what date did the five go to Sancton ? | My. Seymour: The same date, The Witness: No, considerably earlier. Q. The 6th of February ?—A. Yes. Q. And as you say were used there ?—A. And were used there. Q. And you have no complaint to make with regard to the cattle there ?— A, Nothing with regard to the cattle there. Q. Before we come back to Booth Ferry there is one question which has secured tome to ask you about Airmyn Pastures—did your milch cows at Airmyn Pastures get cake ?—A. I believe not. Q. What were you feeding your cows upon (it was a cow that died and so I give prominence to the cows) at Booth Ferry—did you use any mangolds ?— A. Yes, we used mangolds for the cows—they were the only animals that got man colds, Q. How long had you used mangolds ?—A, For several weeks. Q. Do you know how many—several might be two or three or twenty ?— 4, We give the cows mangolds, because it does not make the milk taste. Q. It improves the supply of milk ?—A. It does not make the milk taste. _ Q. It improves the flavour ?—A. Yes, of the butter and the milk. | Q. You have got one of your men coming here ?—A, Yes. | Q. Can you state of your own knowledge how long the cow had or had not ‘been taking mangolds or what proportions she had been feeding upon—if you ‘Jo not know of your own knowledge, I had rather you would not speak because it may be material in this case?—A. Well, I will not say because I ‘lo not see them fed. Mr. Seymour: Very well. (To the witness) You had a letter on the 25th arch from the Secretary of the Agricultural Society ?—A. Yes, and replied to. [The letters put in and read.] | Q. Now you sent up, if I understand you, samples of the cake that was ‘used at Sancton ?—A. I sent one cake up. Q. Can you tell me—aye or no—has that cake been analysed ?—A, I believe \t has, but I do not know the result. _ Q. You do not know the result ?—A. No, I do not. Q. Then perhaps my friend will excuse me if I ask whether I can have the esult of that analysis? Mr. Frezp: I can give you no auswer upon that. Mr. Seymour: Then you do not know the result, and my friend is silent ? \—A. No, I do not. | Q. You sent up the cake?—A. Yes, | Q. Now I will go to the two tons that went to the Booth Ferry. Did you xeep a portion of that besides what you sent up for analysis?—A. Oh, yes; \. kept the whole of it. Q. Did you also keep the sample ?—A. I did. | ; 222 ' Q. Were you applied to by Messrs. Ayre and by Mr. Kidd for a portion of the sample ?—.A. No, I never was applied to for a sample of the cakes. [Correspondence between Mr. Wells and Mr. Ayre objected to by Mr, Field, on the same ground as Mr. Seymour’s previous objection to Mr. Wells’.] Mr. Szymour: You did send up a portion of the two tons ?—A. I did from each place. Q. They were sent in a bag?—A. They were sent in a bag from Booth Ferry, broken. Q. What sort of bag ?—A. A little thin bag. The men will speak to it. {The Bag was produced. ] Q. It is what we call a guano bag ?—A. Yes. Q. How did the two tons of cake come to your place ?—A. My foreman sent a waggon for it. @. Where to ?—A. To the Railway Station. Q. At that station where it came from, are there chemicals and other matters of commerce stored?—A. I am sure I cannot say, every thing generally comes to Railway Stations. Q. Have you any chemical manures at Booth Ferry ?—A. Yes, we have, for our farming purposes, but they are stored always in a house. @. Where was the cake stored ?—A. In what we call the chop chamber, close by the cake-breaker—a machine for breaking cake. Q. What about the clover ?——A. From 60 to 70 Stones. GEORGE SPIVEY sworn: examined by Mr. Metxor. Q. Are you in Mr Wells’ service >—A. Yes. Q. How long have you been with him ?—A. Thirteen years. Q. Do you attend to the cows and young cattle ?—A. Yes. Q. At Booth Ferry ?—A. Yes. Q. In February last how many had you under your charge ?—A, [had eight cows, three yearling bull calves, and two ten-month old heifers. Q. How did you feed them—what was the system ?—A. The first thing in the morning we were milking till six o'clock, then we gave them some chopped straw and hay. Then about nine we gave them half a bushel of mangold wurzels apiece. Mr. Justice BLackpurn: What next?—A. We turned them out in the fold yard to get water. Then by half past one or near two fetched them in iain to,have half a bushel more of mangold wurzels; then about three, gave them 6 lbs. of cake. Mr. Mettor: anything more ?—A, I did not give them anything more that day. ’ 0. Do you remember the one ton of cake coming from Goole Station ?—A, Yes. _ Q. At that time how long had the cows been without cake?—A. Four or five days. Q. After the cake had arrived and been broken up did you feed your cows? —A. I fed them in the same way. Q. Who broke up your cake for you to feed your cows ?—A. George Tutty. time. Q. How much ?p—A. About 6 lbs. Mr. Justice BLAcksuRN: 6 lbs each ?—A. Yes, and then I had occasion to fetch some water to some bulls and as I was going by the cowhouse door I found them housing sadly. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I suppose that means moaning ; but I do not know the word. Mr. Metior: What did you do ?—A. I put my water down, and went into the cowhouse, and found a white cow in great pain, and blown up; and then I found the red one stood beside her in the same way. Then I went to George Tutty and fetched some train oil, which Mr. Wells requires us to give when the beasts are blown up; and when I got to George Tutty, I found that he was in the same position with his beasts as I was, and he lent me the oil bottle, and I came back again to the cows, and got a man to help me to give Q. Now tell us what took place?—A. I gave them the cake at the usual 506 Kiddy Royal Agricultural Society of England. them some oil. Well, when we were giving those two some oil, I tun myself round, and I found one that was worse blown up than the other twa Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Do you mean a third cow?—A. Yes. Then went to the back side, to look at the young stock, and I found one young br calf sadly blown up. Then we came back again to the cows, and found th all rather blown up, and started and gave them all oil. _ Q. How did they go on?—A. The third one appeared to be worse, ar stood beside the third one, and the man that helped me to give the oil we to the other two, and we put our fingers in their mouths to make them | wind, so that it would ease them of pain. Then I found out that the cow tl I was against would die, and I sent the other man out to go and send for son body to see for the butcher to come. Q. And did the butcher come ?—A. No, he did not come till after. Q. Till after the cow died ?—A. No. 2 : Q. About how long after you had fed her did the cow die?—A. About an our. Q. Did the others get any better that day ?—A. Yes; after Mr. Wells cam home he ordered us to turn them out in the grass close. . Q. Could you milk them the next day ?—A. Yes we milked them, but we had to throw away the milk, and they gave very little. Q. What sort was it ?—A. It looked the same as the rest did, but we dar not use it; we were frightened, and it was taken and thrown away. Q. Did you notice the dung?—A. Yes; it smelt very strong, and black. Q. Well, you did not give them any more of this cake, I suppose ?—A. No. — Q. How long were they without cake after this?—A. Why I should say myself for a fortnight. Q. Till the fresh cake came ?—A. Yes. Q. When the fresh cake came did you feed them as usual? —A. Yes. Q. How did they go on?—A, They went on all right. I never saw anything. Q. After this fresh cake had come, and they went on all right, were they — without cake a second time ?—A. No, my beasts were not without any more — right away till we turned them out to grass. Cross-examined by Mr. SrymMovur. Q. You say it was a fortnight before they got cake again ?—A. Yes. Q. Tutty has been here, and tells us that they had fresh cake in about five days again. Had not you a supply of cake within a week after the cow died? —A. No. I should say it would be most of a fortnight. Q. I am asking you, had not you a supply of cake within a week after the cow died ?—A. No. Q. Have not you any means of telling—do you keep no books ?—A, I do not. : Q. Then you are only judging from your memory ?—A. Yes. .. @. Isuppose Mr. Wells could tell us ?—A. Well I should say he could. Q. How long had you been out of the cake before you began to use Mr, ~ Ayre’s cake or Mr. Kidd’s cake >—A. About five days. f Q. Come a little more?—A. No. Q. Not ten?—A. No. Q. How do you know ?—A. Because the other man always leaves me some for the cows and calves when we are likely to run short. Q. Now, how did you measure the cake you gave the cows ?—A. We have a bushel scuttle to measure it. Q. You say about six pounds—I suppose it might be a little over ?—A. do not think it would. I should say it would be a little under if anything. ' Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. — 507 Q. You say, if anything, there could not be a little over six pounds ?— A, Well, there might be, and there might be a little under. | Q. One beast might get alittle more than the others by chance ?—A. Well, ‘it might ; but I have fothered them so long that I know as near as can be. ) @Q. Andsome enjoy it more than others ?—A. Oh, I reckon to give them all ‘alike as near as possible. Q. You give them mangolds also?—A. Yes. Q. Where did you take your mangolds from ?—A. We have a shed on purpose to keep them in. _ Q. With walls round it, or an open shed?—A. Yes, with walls round it, and a door to it. | Q. You speak of it as a shed—I want to know.—A. Yes. Q. Is it in a room P—A. It is in a room. _ Q. How long had the mangolds been there?—A. Three or four days—per- haps a week. _ @Q. They had been brought from the field ?—A. Yes. Q. Then they were fresh mangolds P—A. They were fresh out of the pile— they had been piled up awhile. Q. There is only one other point I wish tohave from you. I think yousay that you fed the cows with cake, and you went to fetch water—where did you goto?—A. Across the yard, about forty yards. Q. What sort of weather was it at the time—it was the 16th of Febru- Pan just recollect what sort of weather it was ?—A. I know it rained that night. Q. But you had had some frost had not you shortly before ?—A. Well, I cannot say. | Q. What is your recollection—do you recollect p—A. No, I do not recollect that there was any frost. Q. You do not recollect one way or the other ?—A. No. b: Py You keep some train oi] to give the cows when they get distended ?— . Yes. __ Q. They do sometimes get distended do not they ?—A. Well, the beasts that get potatoes do. Q. And when they get distended, they get uneasy, do not they ?—A. Yes. Q. And the coat gets rough—stares a little?—A. Yes, and they fill up. Q. And they house, don’t they ?—A. Yes. Q. And then you give them train-oil, and if the case is not a bad one it ) improves them ?—4A. Yes. ) Q. And I suppose you find that™ some cows who eat potatoes eat more heartily than others >—A. My cows never get any potatoes. ) Q. L understood you to say just now that you have had cases of distension ? —A. Yes, the other man has, that I have helped him in—Tutty. | Q. Have you sometimes seen them distended from mangolds p—A. No, Q. Clover ?—A. No. Q. Only from potatoes ?—A. Only from potatoes. Q. From turnips ?—A. Well, I have never seen them blown up from turnips, unless they get choked. | Q. Just tell me again what you gave your cows to eat?—A. Chopped il a hay, and mangold wurzels, and then turn them out in the fold-yard 0 water. Q. I think you gave them clover ?—A. Clover-hay, and straw, all chopped up together. Q. Was there clover with the hay and straw?—A. Yes. Mr. Fretp ; Clover-hay ; not clover. < oe an: Well, clover-hay if you please—chopped up with the straw ? 1 “4 Tes, 508 Kidd v. Royal Agricultur al Society of England. Q. And any mangolds?—A. No. I did not give them any more 1 till I fetched them in about two o’clock. : Q. When did you give them mangolds that day ?—A. Pretty near nine o'clock. Q. How often did you give them mangolds that day ?—A. Twice. Q. The same mangolds that you tell us of, taken from the shed, that had. been brought in three or four days before from the heap?—A. Yes. ’ & Re-examined by Mr. Frevp. "a Q. The mangolds are drawn in October ?—A. Yes. Q. And then they are heaped in piles, and then brought some four or ‘five . days before you want them in the shed?—A. Yes. Q. And you take them from the shed ?—A. Yes. Q. Are they thatched over in the piles?—A. Yes. Q. Now tell me how long before you gave them the cake had you fe them with chopped clover-hay 2—A, Between eight and nine in the morn Q. How long before you fed them with the cake had you fed them w the mangolds ?—A. About an hour or an hour and a half. Q. Were they perfectly well when you first gave them the cake?— A. Yes. Q. No symptoms of anything at all?—A. No symptoms of anything” at all. GEORGE CALVERT swom: examined by Mr. Frey. Q. Are you farm bailiff to Mr. Wells ?—A. Yes. Q. At Airmyn Pastures?—A. Yes. Q. How many years have you been his farm bailiff there?—A. Twenty- seven. Q. What number of beasts is it your practice to stall feed there ?—A. usual practice is to tie up from sixteen to twenty-three or twenty-four. Q. What is your practice with regard to the feeding beasts? How much do they usually get ?—A. Do you mean cake? Q. Yes ?—A. About 7 lbs. per head is the general practice. Q. What time of the year are the beasts generally tied up ?—A. From October to November, and sometimes earlier too. { Q. What is your course of feeding? What time do you begin in the morning, and what is your course of feeding through the day 2—A. We gi ve them cake the first thing in the morning. Q. About what o -clock do you give them their cake?—A. About half-past six to seven. Q. In February and March do you give it so early as that 2A. Yes. Q. What is the next thing ?—A. We give them either turnips or potatoes Q. When?—A. At half-past eight. Q. How much ?—A. About a bushel, I think. What we call a bushel. Q. What is your next operation 2—A. Straw. Q Q . Chopped straw ?—A. No. . Straw to pick over ?—.A. Straw to pick over. + Q. When did you give them that ?—A, As soon as they have got the turnips eaten. Q. What next?—A. Turnips at eleven o’clock. Q. The same quantity as in the morning ?—A. Yes. Q. What next ?—A. Between three and four, turnips again. Q. Is that all they get ?—-A. Straw. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 509 @ And that is all? They amuse themselves with the straw—they pick it over ?—A. They eat it. We lay it against their heads. wt What number of beasts did you tie up this last October?— Q. What quantity did you give them of the fresh cake, when it came in, ; at a feed ?—.A. We gave them the usual feed. j Q. How many pounds ?—A. Six to seven pounds. Q. Did that do them any harm ?—A, No. @. Were you some time afterwards out of cake again ?—A, We were not, I think, after that turn—after we got a fresh lot. i Q. Were not you some time after that out of cake again for a short time? | —A. Yes, for a short time. @. For how long were you?—A. Well, perhaps three or four days. @. And then you had fresh cake in 2—A, Yes q. And then did you give them the same quantity again ?—A. The same — quantity again. Q. And were they any the worse for that ?—A. Never. ‘ Cross-examined by Mr. SzyMour. (). Those two that were worse than the others, were they in the same stall or different stalls ?—A. They have each their own stall. Q. During the time between their having this cake and the next cake what did you feed them on ?—A. When we had not cake ? Q. Yes—about a week. You say you got the other cake in about a week after you saw the cattle ill?—A. Yes. Q. What did you feed them on meantime ?—A. Turnips and straw. Q. Did you increase the quantity of turnips ?—A. No, I do not think we did much. Q. Chopped straw ?—A. No; straw as it comes from the threshing machine. SAMUEL DENDY sworn: ewamined by Mr. Mettor. @. Are you in the service of Mr. Wells ?— Q. Did you give them the Swede turnips before you gave them the cake, or _ the same time ?—A. Before. | Q. How long before ?—A. Perhaps two or three hours. | Q. About what time of the day was it when you gave them the cake ?— \. About ten o’clock—between ten and eleven generally. ) Q. In the morning ?—A, In the forenoon. 512 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England, Q. What was the next meal you gave them after giving them the cake ?— A. Swede turnips. : Q. Swede turnips again?—A, Yes. a Q. How long after the cake?—A. About twelve o’clock—just dinner-time. — Q. Of the five tons that came on the 8th February, how much cake did y give - that quantity—how much to each beast per day?—A. About th pounds. Q. Did you give them anything else beside the turnips ?—A. Swede turnips: and straw. . Q. When did you give them the straw ?—A. We bedded them with it regularly. It came from the machine—they could eat it when they liked. Q. Could they eat it at any time in the day P—A. Yes. : Q. Did you mix anything with the cake, or give them the cake without? —A. Very often a little oat-chopping. Q. What quantity of oat-chopping did you mix with three pounds of cake? —A. Well, I cannot say; I put the bit in a corn-scuttle. Q. About how much ?—A. Iam sure I cannot tell—perhaps half a pe or nearly a peck. Cross-examined by Mr, Seymour. Q. Had you been without cake at Sancton?—A. Yes. 4 Q. How long ?—A. I am sure I do not know—ten days or better perhay —between ten days and a fortnight. Q. And then you gave daily three pounds of cake ?—A, Yes. GEORGE WELBURN sworn : examined by Mr. Fret. @. Are you a shepherd at Sancton?—A. Yes. Q. Do you recollect this cake coming in?—A. Yes. Q. Did you give some of it to the sheep ?—A. Yes. Q. What did they say to it?—A. They would not have it. Cross-ecamined by Mr. SEyMour. Q. What had they been having ees 3 they did not like it so much as — what they had been having ey Q. What was it they had been a ?—A. Cake. Q. But you had been out of cake 2—A. Yes. Q. For ten days they had not been having cake ?—A. They had not. Q. What had they been having ?——A. Yes. Q. Not with any other chemist ?—A. No, it was done in my presence. ) Mr. Seymour: You are now speaking of what took place before the libel vas published—not afterwards ? ) Mr. Firnp: Yes. (To the Witness) Tell me what you found upon analysis. shat this cake consisted of -—A. I found in the first examination—I did not ty at once the sesamé-cake—that it was anything but genuine linseed-. a (29 Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Tell us what you did find >—A, I found in it a eat variety of weed seeds, amongst which I may mention the following :. Lolium temulentwm, grass seeds, and spurry seeds, which is very common ja linseed—Chenopodium. This is a copy of the notes 1 made at the time. vhen I found bran and barley husks, oat husks, rice husks, rye and tail wheat, ome whole grains—then a very common weed amongst linseed—kuot-grass \Polygonum aviculare), bind-weed (Polygonum convolvulus), then some few vaillet seeds, wild mustard or charlock, dodder seed; then I found a few jusks of cotton seeds and cocoa-nut, and some other material, but I could not jake out what it was, but which I have since found is sesamé-cake. In fact, ) Was mentioned to me that it might contain sesamé, and then I looked for 5 and found it; I could not find it before. Mr. Fretp: You have spoken of cocoa-nut-cake and rice dust ?—A. Rice usks; it comes to the same thing. | Q. Are those things that belong to linseed at all?——A. It was not ) a linseed cake. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Is it yours at all ? The Wirness: There are two analyses; there is one of the pure linseed- | cake, which is taken from some published results, as I take it. I did not | analyse that for Messrs. Barclay. _ Mr. Seyrmovur: Taken from some published results—but did you take it ?— | A. No. ) Q. Then I will put it in another form. Suppose you were to meet with an _ analysis containing oil, 10°88 ; albuminous compounds, 26°25; mucilage, sugar and digestible fibre, 23°80; making altogether 50°05 in the 100: would that ) be a pure linseed cake—would that be such a proportion as you would say would be consistent with a pure good-feeding linseed-cake ?—A. Yes; about that. Q. I think there was a sample sent up to you by Mr. Knowles, of Hull, which I want to ask you a question about (handing a document to the witness) ? Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: When was this ? The Witness: Last month, July the 24th. Mr. Seymour : Did you on that day receive from Mr. Knowles, of Hull, a sample of linseed-cake ?—A. Yes, I did. Q. And I.think you found it to contain oil 12°16, albuminous compounds ) 29°68, mucilage, sugar, and digestible fibre 26°24, making all together 68°08 ? | —4. Yes. } @Q. And I think you pronounce that to be—— ?—A. A pure cake. ' Q. You say you found it a superior, genuine linseed-cake, made from clean | linseed and nothing else ?—A. Yes. ) @Q. This is a sample of pure seed, I think (handing a bottle to the witness) ? | —A. Yes; that is a fairly clean seed. ac; Justice Buackpurn: What are these? Are they the seeds or the | cake ? | Mr. Szymour: I have shown him a specimen ‘of linseed, my Lord, and I will prove by-and-by that the cake was made out of it. (‘l'o the witness.) What is this (handing a bottle to the witness) ?—A. This is sesamé. ‘Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Sesamé-cake or sesamé-seed ?—A. Sesamé-cake. Mr, Rozerts: Sample A is clean linseed, and sample B is the other. : __ Mr. Seymour: Now, just tell me, if you please, does that appear to you to bam specimen of linseed (pointing to sample A)?—4A. Yes, it is fairly ean, ~ Q. Does not that contain, visible to the eye, a number of those seeds that _ you have mentioned ?—A. Yes; I recognise several already, amongst them, my iriend the drunken darnel. __ Q. This is a bottle containing a sample of sesamé-cake (handing the same | to the witness). Did you find any of that in the analysis you made the other day for Mr. Knowles ?—No. Q. There is a favourite expression of modern times—“ would you be sur- prised to find” that 20 per cent. of it was of that cake ?—A. Not at all. _ Q. You mean you would not be surprised ?—A. I would not be surprised. Q. Therefore I may take it you would certify a cake to be nothing else than 524 Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. pure linseed, although it contained 20 per cent of sesamé-cake ?—A. Oh, yes; that would be quite : so, because it is extremely difficult to find out, when this cake is so finely crushed, what it is. “~ Q. But do not let me ‘shrink from the direct question which I meant to put; even if it is found, knowing what a good, nutritious thing sesamé-cake is, do you alter the opinion you have given, that that is a good, genuine linseed- cake, supposing I prove to you that there was 20 per cent, of sesamé-cake i img | what you analysed, would you say that it was not ?—A. Certainly, if I found — that I had made a mistake, I would say it was not. I would not say it was a genuine linseed cake if I had not failed to detect the sesamé-cake. = Q. But with 80 per cent. of pure linseed, and 20 per cent.-of sesamé, do you mean to say that that would not be a good, pure cake ?—A. It might be. — Q. A good feeding and perfectly wholesome cake ?—A. Yes, sesamé-cake, if it is in good condition, i is a good feeding cake. Q. Will you look at the seed if you please?—A, This is a specimen of sesamé-seed and sesamé-cake, Q. If it is a good specimen of sesamé-cake and carefully imported into this’ country, you do not say it is an improper food for cattle ?—A, Certainly not. — Q. Now look at that linseed (handing another specimen marked C), Just take bottle A and bottle C, and tell me if there is any difference betw: them, and if so, which you think the cleaner of the two?—A. Well, I could not form an opinion by looking at it roughly. @. As far as you can judge from the eye?—A. I should say this, if any thing, would be the cleaner (pointing to one of the specimens).>, Mr. Srymour: Then that is what we made this cake of. Mr. Justice BLackBurN: That we shall hear by-and-by, when your wit nesses come and are cross-examined. Re-examined by Mr. Frewp. @. Are you able to judge without a microscopical examination accurately with reference to the comparison of the two bottles -—A. No; merely judging roughly, it appeared to me a cleaner seed. Q. You told my friend that sesamé in itself is a good feeding cake ?— If it is in good condition it is. Q. Under what conditions does sesamé become injnrious ?—A, When it is kept in a damp place or an ill-ventilated place, or if it is shipped in a wet condition and heats on the passage, then it may become mouldy, or otherwise damaged and unfit for food. Q. And if ground up and mixed with other linseed-cake, would it affect the whole of the linseed-cake ?—-A. It would. “ Q. My friend asked you whether you would be surprised if that cake which you analysed and said was genuine contained 20 per cent. of sesamé. Should you, if you had found 20. per cent. of sesamé have certified it as a genuine — cake ?—A. It is very possible I might have missed it. : @. But I say had you found it 2—A, If I had found it cer tainly’ not. @. In this very cake that you are now speaking of were you able to find | | the sesamé ?—A, No, it is impossible to find sesamé if it is so finely ground. Q. What is the effect of your analysis—does that show you what the cake | is composed of, as distinguished by seeds from seeds, or merely the feeding or other properties of w hat there is in the cake?—A. It may show the com- position of a very poisonous material, as well as a feeding material. You find the same approximate constituents of albumen or oil in the most poisonous! as well as in the most nutritious seeds, Q. Therefore by itself is the chemical analysis a test of purity or not — A, No, it is not. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of Enoland. 525 Q. In order to form a judgment you would submit it to a microscopical examination ?—A. Exactly so. Q. Did this cake that you examined disclose a different proportion of - mucilage ?—No, it did not. Q. Did you compare the proportion of mucilage in this cake, together with ' some pure cake by the same operation ?—A. I did. Q. And was there a great difference between the two?—4A. A great dif- ' ference. Pure linseed becomes very mucilaginous, and this cake did not become so. Q. Do you see any reason to alter the judgment which you came to on the | 2nd of March, as stated in the report you made to the Society ?—A. I see no reason for altering it, and it is confirmed by many cases that we have had. Q. You have heard in evidence what happened to these beasts ?— A. Yes. _ Q. Inyour judgment might that be caused by giving them cake of this . description ?—A. Oh, it might be caused by that. Mr. Sxymovur: You say the symptoms from which these beasts were suf- fering might be what ?—4. I replied to the question. Q. What did you say ?—A. This cake might have caused the death of the } animals. « Q. Was there anything in their symptoms which might not be referable _ to other causes, so far as the symptoms were concerned, than the taking of _ deleterious cake ?—A. Certainly, there might be other causes. Q. Sudden change of food under certain circumstances, especially in the case of cattle who had been taken off grass and had been stall-fed—is not _ that frequently attended by distension, distress, moaning, shivering, and the ' other symptoms we have heard of here ?-—-A. Well, perhaps, you would better _ address those questions to Professor Simonds who is a veterinary surgeon—I am not. Q. Are you the author of a paper or an article in the ‘Journal of the | Royal Agricultural Society of England’ of this year, from which I will just read you a passage, I see your name is to it :—‘‘ In a report on the samples of feeding-cakes, submitted to me during the past twelvemonths, I should not omit to state that five or six cases have been reported to me, in which de- corticated cotton-cake was alleged to have caused the death of sheep and lambs, and to have seriously injured the health of others. The examina- _ tion, however, of the cotton-cakes, which were supposed to have done the mischief, showed that they did not contain any poisonous ingredient, and that several of the specimens were cakes of the finest quality ever submitted to _ me for examination. These cakes contained over 40 per cent. of albuminous ' compounds, and as they were as fresh and palatable as a nut, I have little doubt that the animals who suffered in health partook too freely of them, and were unable properly to digest the large proportion of nitrogenous com- _ pounds which first quality decorticated cotton-cake contains. In point of fact, good decorticated cotton-cake is too rich in nitrogenous matters to suit _ well by itself the constitution of herbivorous animals, and I would, therefore, strongly recommend its being mixed with Indian corn or a similar starchy food, comparatively poor in nitrogenous matters.” It may be, therefore, that symptoms which you find, and which are supposed to indicate a poisonous ingredient in a cake, may be referable to the fact that the cattle have too greedily eaten of a pure cake ?—A. It is like eating too much beef-steak. Mr. JOHN THOMAS WAY sworn: examined by Mr. MEtuor. Q. Are you a Fellow of the Chemical Society ?—A. Yes. j Q. Were you professor of chemistry for some time to the Agricultural Col- lege of Cirencester ?—A. Yes, I was, for some years. 526 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. And also consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society a . for eight or nine years. Q. Did you assist Professor Voelcker in making an analysis on the 16th July ?—A. I made with him an examination of two samples of cake on. ‘the 16th of July. Q. What was the examination you mace ?—A. We made a few simple as to the character of the cakes, and also some microscopical, or rather opti examinations—examinations under a strong lens. ay Q. Did you make any notes yourself ?—A. I did not make any notes. Q. Have you heard Dr. Voelcker’s account of it to-day in the witness-bo: —A. I have. q Q. Speaking from memory is that correct ?—I believe so. There are some points which Dr. Voelcker has spoken to which I should rather not say any- thing about, simply because my botanical knowledge is not very great, and I do not profess to give any opinion upon that. "There were some thin which I was competent to detect in the analysis, others were pointed out me by Dr. Voelcker, but which I do not profess to know. Simply, I could s that there were a good many seeds which should not be present in a genui linseed-cake, $ Q. Tell us what you observed yourself?—A. I saw particles of bran, of of seeds which I know to be seeds of weeds, but which I could particularly specify. ' Q. Do you know anything of the properties of the seeds of weeds you saw —A. I do not. —A. Quite so—entirely. Q. What is the next step in finding out what you want to know as to the actual composition of the cake ?—A. To make a microscopic examination of the cake. | @Q. Did you do that ?—A. I did. Q. Tell me what you found on microscopical examination?—A. I found that the cake chiefly consisted of linseed, bran, and sesamé. | Myr, Justice Bhacksurn: Are you speaking now of both samples; is there ‘any difference between them?——A. By the microscope I discovered the © sesamé and the bran. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Do I understand that, hee did not see the sesame microscopic examination. Q. But you did not see the sesamé ?—No; it was in such a very fine state of division that one could not with the naked eye, or even with a pocket lens, detect it. 4 Mr. Fretp: Now, tell me from your judgment of the cake what should you say it was prepared from ?—A. I should say it was prepared from dirty : unscreened linseed. ’ Q. Anything else besides ?—A. Or it might have been that some sweepings of warehouses may have been added to it. Q, In your judgment was that fit food for cattle?—A. I should say not. @. Have you heard in Court to-day the symptoms under which the cattl of Mr. Wells laboured after eating the cake ?—A. I have. Mr. Szymour: He is not an expert, and I object to this. The Witness: I prefer to answer the question direct, and I was going te add that I have no special knowledge of the symptoms. i Cross-examined by Mr. Srymour. Q. Will you read the memorandum from your note with regard to wheat ?—A. Do you mean with regard to the mouldy wheat ? oe Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 529 . Justice BuacksurN : Read your actual note as you took it down ?—A. e simply got here “ wheat,” and after that “mouldy wheat.” . SeyMouk: About the quantity ?—A. I cannot speak of the quantity. a “Then you have no memorandum made of the quantity?—A. Not of the i ; but I have a distinct recollection, because it is only a day or two ago t I made the examination. @. When you say “ fragments of wheat” do you mean fragments of grains pA 2A. Fragments of grains. Q. How many fragments of how many grains do you think you saw ?—A. f say in about an ounce of the cake I saw perhaps seven or eight of fragments. With the naked eye or the microscope?—A. Partly by the naked eye, d partly by the microscope. Mr. Justice BuacksurN: When you mention those fragments are you speaking of mouldy wheat ?—A. Not now, my Lord. ‘Mr. Seymour: [ asked you with regard to the mouldy wheat ?—A. I found fery much smaller number of pieces “of mouldy wheat. —Q You found seven grains partly with the naked eye, and partly with the Mileroscope, that were not mouldy ?—A. Yes. ve 9. And you found still fewer that you say might have been mouldy ?—4A. ae examined them and found that they were mouldy. . You found that they were mouldy under the microscope ?—A. Under th Se icroscope. But I suppose a particle of mould which would surround such a small ticle of microscopically discovered wheat might be accounted for by weat her, or even by sending up from the country, and a thousand possible ays ?—A. It might be accounted for in a thousand ways. @ Atmospheric changes, sending up by train in guano bags, and so on. fe you able to make any estimate of the proportion of husks found in the al body of the samples, leaving out the bran; for I do not dispute that was bran in this cake, taking other things —wheat husks, and rice $2—A. I could not form a notion. a Were you able at all to arrive at anything like a fraction of the propor~ 2?—A. | could not name the number. i Or form an estimate ?—A. No. Q. Have you got the specimens here? Because you speak of the optical fect 2A. I have got the specimens of the cake received. Mr. Justice Buacksuzy : You say your eye discovered certain things ?—A. I could see the things that were in it. @ I mean that which your eye saw ?—A. There is one sample. Q. I suppose you would agree with Professor Voelcker that the dodder, millet, and charlock, in greater or less proportions, may be found in pure ed ?—A. Yes, that is to say, unscreened linseed. és Re-examined by Mr. Friern. @ You found this in the condition of seeds. What you found or saw @ were certain seeds or parts of seeds?—A. Yes. And there may be more crushed up together with the rest, which you d not be able to see?—A. There may be fragments that would not be ected except by the microscope. And crashed up with the cake they would not be seen?——A. Well, I considered they had had something to disarrange _ the stomach. Something that had not agreed with the animals. Q. In your opinion could a feed of 7 lbs. of good linseed-cake have produced — the effect you found ?—A. No. Q. You heard the mode in which they were fed. Was there anything in the mode in which they were fed, apart from the quality of the cake which was — er them, which could have produced what you saw, in your opinion ?— A. No. Q. You have heard the mode described in which the mangold wurzel was given to the cows. Was there anything either in the giving of the mangold wurzel, either in the manner or in the mangold wurzel itself, which in your opinion could produce what you found ?—A, No. Cross-ecamined by Mr. Srymour. Q. You found the beasts that you saw suffering more or less from distension — and appearing distressed ?—A. Yes. Q. Were those the symptoms of what is known in veterinary surgery as” hoven or tympanitis? I believe it is known by both names, but it is also spoken of as acute tympanitis ?—A. It is. at believe the words are exchangeable—the one means the other ?— A, Yes. Q. And would that properly describe what you saw ?—A. Yes. Q. Is not hoven very frequently produced by animals eating a very hearty meal of clover or potatoes, or anything else that they may choose to fancy ?— A, Not at that time of year. Q. Not at that time of year?—A. Dry clover is not like green clover. Q. I was only giving you a number of causes. Have you not known in your experience animals who have suffered tympanitis, or hoven, the cause being their eating over heartily of various foods; either turnips, or potatoes, or other food ?—.A, You may have a single case, but you will never have a lot like this. Q. And a single case resulting in death P—A. Very rarely. Q. Does not tympanitis, if untreated, generally result in death, if there is no remedy applied, either by an instrument or by medicine?—A. Yes, it will do. Q. Are not animals who are being fed—who are taken in from grass, and being stall fed—more liable to hoven, or tympanitis, than animals that are at grass?—A, They are not so much subject to it as if they were on green clover. Q. But I ask you whether animals that are being stall fed, and artificially fed for fattening, are not more subject to the disarrangement that ends in hoven, or tympanitis, than if they were out in the fields >—A. No. Q. Is not a sudden change of food a very frequent cause of hoven?— A, Well, I have known it in single cases. > Q. Suppose that they have been on turnips and clover for ten days, and not upon cake, and then they get cake ?— A. I do not believe that would cause it. Q. Have you ever read a book called ‘ White’s Cattle Medicine,’ edited by W. C. Spooner, veterinary surgeon?—A. I have read it, but it is some time since. “ Q. Does hoven consist in the sudden disengagement of gas in the rumen distending the stomach, pressing it against the diaphragm, and thus causing i! to become a mechanical means of suffocation ?—A. It does. d Q. “Its causes are numerous and varied, and it is of frequent occurrence It Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 537 proportion as the animal is moved from its natural state and habits.” Do rou agree with that p—A. Yes. @. “It is comparatively rare where the animal is out at pasture during almost the whole of the year, browsing at its leisure, but it is most prevalent Lon artificial mode of feeding prevails.” Do you agree with that? - —A, 0. ? | @Q. “Trefoil, or Lucerne, or turnips, or even aftermath freshly cut for the stable, or eaten in the field, are the most frequent causes of hoven.” Do you jagree with that ?—A. Yes. | Q. Do you also agree with this—“ that raw potatoes and unbruised oats, or oats without chaff, may produce it?”—A. I believe potatoes may, but I do not think the others would. | Q. Well, I will give you raw potatoes?—A. Yes, they may do it if the animals were not used to them. Q. According to the generally-accepted notion in the veterinary profession, ‘is not hoven generally attributable to change of food? Do not take the case of numbers, but answer me the question without respect to whether it be one or whether it be a dozen ?—Yes, ze Is not hoven, as a rule, generally attributable to change of food ?— met is. Q. You have heard that the cases which were the worst cases were those where 7 lbs. had been given. J mean of those that were not fatal ?—A. Yes. Q. Did you also hear that there were cases on another farm where 4 lbs. had been given and there were symptoms of attack, but where, without giving any medicine, the cattle got well in a few hours, and were able to feed again that night p—A. I did. Q. Did you also hear that there was a third farm, where the cattle only got 3 Ibs., and showed no evil consequences ?—A. I did not. Q. Assume that to be the fact, that some cattle got 7 lbs. of this cake and showed bad symptoms; some got 4, and, without treatment, recovered in the course of some hours withont any oil or any medicine, and that others who got 3 lbs. showed no evil effects at all—Would you attach any value to that, | as the question of whether or not the amount of food given to the cattle, after being without cake for some days, may have accounted for some of those symptoms ?—A. I should have accounted for it by their getting some foreign matter amongst the cake, and by their getting the larger quantity instead of the smaller. _ Q. Did you ever see the contents of the stomach again?—A. No. Q. There are four stomachs, are not there ?—A. Yes. Q. ‘The rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum ?—4A. Yes. Q. And I presume you sent all ?—A. I sent all the intestines altogether. Q. And their contents ?—A. Yes. Q. Does anything taken by a cow get absorbed into the system before it _ reaches the fourth stomach ?—A. Yes Q. From what stomach do you say ?—A. It will get absorbed in from the- rumen. Q. If there was poison in the rumen—supposing it—would you expect to | find some traces of it in the contents of the rumen ?—A. Well, I do not know _ about that. | — Q. Lam asking you now what you should expect. Supposing an animal to | have taken poison and die in three-quarters of an hour, would you expect to find some trace of it in the contents of the ramen ?—A. I should fancy so. | @Q. You did not examine the contents of the mucous lining of the fourth stomach ?—A, I did not open any of the stomachs at all? 538 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Re-examined by Mr. Frexp. Q. You took out the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, and also all the fo stomachs, and placed them in a large box ; everything just as it was; but not know what became of them yourself? Would it make any difference your opinion, or in the result, supposing the intestines had not been ex but only the heart, lungs, viscera, and kidneys; would that make any differ- ence in your opinion? Do you think an experiment could be made, or a result obtained, from an examination without the intestines ?—A. You could know whether the animal was healthy at the time or not. y | Q. You were asked with reference to the 7 lbs. of cake that were given at Booth Ferry, 6 lbs. to the cows there, 4 lbs. at the Airmyn Pastures Farm, and at Sancton Farm only 3 lbs., and you gave your answer in refere to that. Now, I want to ask you this—supposing at Sancton the 3 lbs. cake were given together with chopped hay or oats, would that, in y judgment, tend to diminish the effect of the cake upon the stomachs ?—A. Of course it would. Q. Is it not the fact that the animal’s food remains for a long timei in the | rumen ?—A. It is. Q. It is first, of course, taken in by the mouth and deposited i in the — —A. Yes. Q. From the rumen, under natural circumstances, it goes back to b chewed ?—A. Yes. ; Q. But remains for a long time in the rumen. Whatever food had been given an hour before would be still remaining in the rumen when the cak would be given ?—A. It would. the cake, with which the cake would mix as it were ?—A. Yes Q. You were asked whether you would expect to find in the ‘contents of the - stomach traces of poison if poisonous material had been administered? D understand that in hoven the effect is to press upon the diaphragm? I think it was so read from that book ?—A. Yes. Q. Does that affect the lungs ?—A. It causes a pressure on the lungs. Q. So that the animal cannot take in its proper quantity of air to decar- bonize the blood ?—A. No, it cannot. Q. So that, although there may not be poison in the stomach itself, the blood becomes in effect poisoned by the non-removal of the carbon ?—A. It does. Q. Now, you were asked whether hoven was generally attributable to cha of food; in what cases have you known hoven arise from change of food, what was the change of food?—A, I have known it when they have been taken out from a bare pasture and put into a good clover fog. Q. Have you known it in any other instances of change of food ?—A have known it when a single beast has got to a potato pile—or anything of that sort—that has been hungry before. 4 Q. Where animals have had 7 lbs. of cake regularly from October down the middle of February and are off cake for say six to ten days, in = judgment would the administration of 7 lbs. then—the ordinary dos hoven ?—A. I do not believe it would. Q. And you see nothing in this course of feeding which in 1 your judgm would cause hoven?—.A, I do not. Professor JAMES BEART SIMONDS sworn: examined by Mr. Frew. Mr. Freip: Before I proceed with the examination of Professor Simon ought to say that I have the station-master and the clerk here, who took box to the station, and if I am put to it, of course I must call them. - Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 539 My. Justice Bracksurn: I suppose Mr. Seymour will act as he did yesterday. _ Mr. Seymour: My Lord, I have not changed my character since yesterday, either as an advocate or as a man. Mr. Fre.p: (to the Witness) Are you Professor of Veterinary Surgery to the Royal Veterinary College ?—A. Yes, I am. | Q, For how many years have you held that position?—A. At the present time I hold the position of principal of the Veterinary College, which I have | only held since last November, but I have been attached to the Veterinary College as a teacher for thirty years, Q. And you have had great experience in the examination of animals, their structure and the causes from which accident and death happen to them ?— A,.I have. ' @Q. On the 20th February tell us what you received in a box by rail from | Mr. Wells?—A. I received from Mr. Wells on the 20th February four | stomachs with the spleen attached, two kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart of a | shorthorn cow. Q. What would there be left of the intestines which you did not receive ?— A. The so-called large and small bowels. _ @Q. Were what you received enough to enable you to form a judgment as to the cause of death in the animal ?—A. Quite so. ) @Q. Did you make an examination of what you saw ?—-A, I made an exami- nation of all the parts, of which I have a note here. } Q. Tell us if you please, what you found upon such examination ?—A. The } stomachs were full of ingesta, and except two or three small patches of con- | gestion in the lining membrane of the abomasum—that is the fourth stomach _—were free from disease. The kidneys presented upon their surface a number | of blood spots varying from the size of a pin’s head to that of a pea, being the | result of extravasation of blood upon the surface and into the structure of the | glands—the kidneys—dealing with the kidneys as glands. The lunes were | congested in patches and the right one contained two small abscesses full of inspissated pus and evidently the result of disease of the lungs, long since passed away so far as its active form was concerned. Mr. Justice Buacksurn : Is the ‘‘so far as its active form was concerned” /acomment that you add now or from your notes ?—A. The words that I have now here in the note are “‘ evidently of a remote date.” Q. No doubt it is exactly the same meaning, but I will take your exact _ words ?—A, It is the same meaning, but I thought from the way I put it, it would be a little clearer. The heart was firm in consistence, of normal colour, | but beneath the endocardium—that is in the lining membrane of the heart— | Were a large number of spots or patches of extravasated blood. The liver was soft but in other respects healthy. The spleen contained a large quantity of | black blood. The note goes on to say, the animal from which the above named parts were removed, was an animal supposed to have died from eating, "newly purchased oil-cake, and several other cattle fed with the same cake ed symptoms of illness. The lesions described are not such as would be _ produced by an irritant poison. Mr. Fre.p : Now, tell us to what in your judgment was the death of the animal due?—A. The conclusion come to from the examination, was that death immediately depended upon blood poisoning. | _ Q. And in what manner in your judgment, having heard the evidence given in this cause together with your examination, was that blood poisoning pro- _ duced ?—A. I believe that the blood poisoning was produced by the action of something deleterious immediately upon the nerves supplying the rumen. These nerves are by anatomists known as the pncumo-gastric nerves, or eighth 540 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural eee of England. Q. What are the functions of those nerves rae As their name implies, thee | supply the lungs and the stomachs—the nervous function is carried to the lungs and stomach and heart by those nerves from the brain. Q. Those you call the pneumo-gastric ?—A. Yes. Q. Now, will you go on and tell me in your own way about the deleterious influence upon the nerves and the consequence of that ?—A. The function of « the rumen is to receive all the food that is partaken of by the animal, to con- — tain that food for an indefinite length of time, to have the food, while it is contained in the rumen, exposed to the secretion which comes from the viseus and thereby soften the ingesta. The secretion of the rumen being allied to the secretion of saliva, it has a chemical action on the starchy parts of the food, — converting them into gum and partly perhaps into sugar. A further function — of the rumen is to expel, governed by the will of the animal, a pellet of food — from time to time from the viscus into the mouth. Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: What we commonly call chewing the cud Hes Q. That operation goes on in the mouth when the cudis there?—A. The © cud is re-masticated—re-insalivated and then swallowed again and passed again — into the rumen, where it is subjected to the after process. Q. The same process ?—A. ‘The same process of exposure to the secretion; besides that, which is a special function of the rumen, the ordinary peristaltic — action which belongs to the rumen—the motion by which its contents are, — when fitted for digestion, moved on to the other stomach. Anything which — interferes with the “ordinary peristaltic action would likewise interfere with the special function of the rumen in the act of rumination. @. And if sufficient in effect would stop the process ?—A. Stop the process of ordinary peristaltic action; and the result would be that whatever materia was contained within the rumen would go into a state of fermentation. Q. What would that produce?—A, That would produce in technical language tympanitis, in ordinary language the animals would be hoyen or — blown. : Q. Is that fromthe gas?—A. The gas arising from and mingled with - ingesta, both are in the rumen. @ And then what would be the effect of that upon the blood ?,—A. Ti \ immediate effect would be this, that the rumen occupying more space would — press upon the diaphragm. In turn the lungs would be pressed upon ; becama | the function of the diaphragm being to expand the chest, the chest can no — longer be expanded, and air cannot be received in due quantity into the lungs © in the ordinary act of inspiration. Inspiration and expiration being interfered with in this manner— Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Then would follow the ordinary consequence of suffocation ?—A. It may or may not, my Lord, that would depend entirely | upon the amount of pressure; but presuming that there is little, or not sul ficient, pressure to produce asphyxia there would be pressure enough to prevent the blood being properly decarbonized. Mr. Frevp: And that would be blood poisoning?—A. Then, the carbonic acid gas not being thrown out from the lungs, but retained in the blood, would — change the properties of the blood, render it unfit for life, and kill the animal. Q. “Would that fermentation act upon the nerves ?—A. The fermentation inside the stomach not in itself perhaps would act materially upon the nerves, © but something which gave rise to the fermentation would paralyse them as it were, so that you would get paralysis of the nerves and consequently distension of the rumen from the fermentative action which would be now set up, the vital function being destroyed in short. Q. Have you anything more to say, Professor, in reference to the examination — of what you found from your examination of the animals?—4. No: the ” Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 541 things which I now give are founded entirely upon what I received at the College, and the history so far as I knew of the case. Q. Since you wrote that you have heard the evidence given as to the cake, and the administration of it to the animal ?—A. I have. Q. Is it consistent with a cake composed of the elements of which you have heard, taken in the mode you have heard?—24. It is consistent in with the composition of the cake as it has been described. If I under- stand the evidence rightly there was certain vegetable matter which was undefined by the chemists in this cake, or by the microscopists. And I can- not perhaps attribute any special action to dodder or any special action as it were to darnel; but at the same time I can understand that both dodder and darnel, and other things that are found in this cake, might have a very peculiar and injurious effect on the pneumo-gastric nerves supplying the rumen. | Q. We heard yesterday of a small portion of mouldy wheat of fungoid ' growth ; would that, in your judgment, if in quantity sufficient, have any effect on the animals ?—A. I cannot say that according to the evidence the amount of mouldy wheat was likely perhaps to be injurious to the animals, but in the present state of science we know really very little indeed about fungi and their effects upon the animal organism. I may add perhaps, my Lord, to that, that afew years ago many horses were poisoned by microscopic fungi which were found to affect oats. Mr. Seymour objected. The Wiryess: 1] merely give it as a case in point. You may not admit of it as evidence but I give it as a fact. Mr. Frevp: You have heard the evidence given as to the mode of feeding the animals, that they were off their feed of cake for 7 days (taking first of all the feeding beasts), and then had 7 lbs. administered to them, that being the quantity they had had from the month of October previously. In your judgment do you see anything in that to cause the hoven, or what you saw in the stomach of the animal ?—A. I do not imagine that 7 lbs. of pure cake as it is called, linseed cake, would have produced any ill consequences at all upon any of those animals, administered in the mode and manner, and so on, that T have heard. Q. Suppose the animal to have had a bushel, or three-quarters of _ a bushel, I think it is of turnips and potatoes in the morming at about eight Oclock, and then to have had this cake given to him in the afternoon about two, would there be anything in your judgment in that, from the fact of the cake having been given, to account for what you saw?—A. I do not understand your question. : Q. Giving them turnips or potatoes in the morning, would that account for the hoven?—A. Hoven, or the liberation of gaseous matter from the contents of the rumen, will depend very much indeed upon the nature of the ingesta which is already in the rumen. Presuming that these animals had turnips and potatoes, that is a kind of food which would more readily go into a state of fermentation than the ordinary straw or hay. Q. Then having that in the morning, and then being fed on wholesome cake, and having it ever since October, do you see anything that would lead you to suppose the consequences were due to the turnips and potatoes ?—4A. Certainly not to the turnips and potatoes, but due to something which was given afterwards, which set up the fermentative action of the turnips and potatoes. Q. Would wholesome linseed-cake have set that up ?P—A. Certainly not. Q. You have heard that the cows had a feed of mangolds which had been drawn in October and piled and put in a shed—would that have produced it ? —A, Not exclusively. Q. With wholesome cake would that produce it ?—A,. Again they would go 542 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. more readily into fermentation than food of an opposite kind that did not contain so much water. Q. But admitting the habit of feeding the animals to be what you have ~ heard, wouid 7 Ibs. “of wholesome cake produce that ?—A, Certainly not; I myself, in own experience as a farmer, feed animals largely with mangold. wurzels, and I have heard something of a bushel being given to theseanimals; ~ well, I myself had a bull who used to eat ten bushels of mangolds a day and never was tympanitic. ' Q. With regard to the quantity at one farm that was given, we heard that the beasts had 7lbs., the cows 6 lbs.; the quantity at the Airmyn Pas 8 was 43]bs., and the ‘quantity at Sancton was 3 lbs. mixed up with chop clover or chopped hay. Would those quantities induce you to say that this illne was due to any wholesome cakes ?—A. Wholesome cake in no instance would have produced any mischief, but the results set up in the rumen which were — shown by the amount of distension of the animals, and so on, and the tremor which was described ' Q. Would those be in the proportion to the amount of deleterious matter that was carried into the rumen of each animal, depending upon idiosyners as well?p—A. Of course. : Q. And would the mixture of chopped hay with the cake diminish the deleterious effect on the stomach ?—A. So far as the disengagement of gaseous matter is concerned, there being no roots there. Q. Under what conditions have you known hoven or tympanitis to be produced with regard to change of food or otherwise ?—A. It is far more likely to occur in the spring of the year, when animals are turned from out of straw yards and sheds, and so on, into pasture-grounds ; but more especially if tured into green growing clover; and more especially also if turned out early in the morning while the grass or clover is wet with dew; consequently in some parts of the country the disease is called “ dew-blown.” Q. Do you know of any other conditions under which the disease has existed ?—A. Tympanitis not unfrequently exists as a symptom of disease of various kinds existing in the organism of the animal. ‘ Q. But that you negative in this case from the examination of the animal ? —A, Entirely so. Q. I think you told us to what, in your judgment, the patches of extraya- sation under the endocardium were due ?-—A. They were due to the non- decarbonization of the blood, to the blood consequently becoming poisoned and leaving its vessels, as it is always known to do when it is in that impaire condition. a Cross-examined by Mr. Diaby SryMour. Q. If I understand you, you have given blood-poisoning as the result of non-decarbonization, that itself being the result of the process of fermentation and the pressure resulting from it which has been set up in the rymen ?—A, I do in certain cases, not in all cases. Q. In an ordinary case of tympanitis—tympanitis, for instance, from eating an excess of clover, which you have yourself described—what would be the symptoms ?—A, The animal’s head would be thrown out, its mouth in al probability would be open, its tongue protruding, its eye fixed, the head absolutely horizontal, so as to carry on the respiration with greater facility the abdomen greatly distended, and upon percussing the left side of abdomen, a tympanitic sound. Q. And the feet standing in a fixed posture >—A. When it is an extreme case the animal stands fixed. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: Would there be any difference between the symp- Kidd v. Royal Agricuitural Society of England. 543 ‘toms of hoven which was produced by one cause, and hoven produced by other ?—.A. No essential difference: there would be a modification depend- ng upon the extent. I took an extreme case just in order that the learned ‘counsel should understand it better. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: It comes to this result: that whether hoven was »roduced by cake or potatoes, its outward symptoms and appearances would ve the same ?—A. The ordinary symptoms would be the same, but modified ‘ording to the cause and the amount or extent. My. Seymour: But the ordinary symptoms—the moaning, the symptoms f distress, the protrusion of the tongue, the staring coat -—A. Well, I do not e much about the staring coat—staring eyes. Q. Well, but to-day we heard a good deal of it. They would all be produced y hoven, whatever the cause was >—d. Quite so. Q. And may I ask you this, Professor Simonds: is not a frequent cause of sympanitis a sudden change of food —A. Well, I cannot say it is a frequent ause, for it is a remarkable fact with regard to ruminating animals, that they bften extend the rumen with solid ingesta and there is but very little gas isting with it. You will find an animal eats to repletion, its ramen becomes istended, and its power of expelling its contents impaired; but there is no ‘ermentation going on, or but very little indeed. We divide distension of the umen into gaseous distension, and distension from solid ingesta. | Q. I do not know whether that is a definite answer to my question. I ‘Asked you whether a frequent cause of tympanitis or hoove is not the alteration of food 2—A. Oh, it is a cause undoubtedly. | Q. That is one cause, undue quantity of course is another >—A. Yes. Q. You gave the case of cattle feeding upon a heap of potatoes ?—A. Yes. Q. And another, if I understand you, would be if food, which was impreg- hated or affected with moisture, such as mangolds, was taken in with any ther food given at the time, which might be calculated to produce chemical ction or fermentation in the rumen ?—A. I take it esculent vegetables— Jurbips, potatoes, mangolds, or any of those things, just in proportion to the mount of moisture that they contain—would have the effect of the disengage- nent of gaseous matter from them if fermentation is set up. | Q. Suppose mangolds taken from a field in wet weather three or four days vefore and then given to cattle kept in a farm-shed, and given in the quantities ou have heard in this case, would not such mangolds contain a good deal of noisture that would be iikely to facilitate fermentation ?—A. Mangold does ‘ot contain very much moisture in the month of February ; it is taken up in ea as a rule, and put into heaps, and it has got dry in the ordinary process ; but of course if taken up in wet weather, and laid on the surface of he ground and not dried again, it would contain moisture. Q. According to the degree to which it was moist it would be more likely j0 ee to rapid fermentation when brought into contact with other food ?— A. Just so. Q. Now would not the giving of cake to cattle after the cattle had not been ed upon cake say for ten days, be likely to set up a fermentation if there was ny damp mangold or similar vegetable in the rumen ?—A. Certainly not ; iot pure cake, Q. Do you attach no importance to the fact of the cattle being for ten days vithout any cake ?—A. No practical importance whatever. _Q. Do you draw any line with regard to the amount of cake that you would sive to cattle, pure cake for instance ?—A. Cattle will very frequently take 42 Ibs. of pure oil-cake day by day. Q. Is not that a large quantity ; would you begin with 12 lbs. after cattle jad been for,ten days without -—A. No; but I should see no objection to | egin with 7 or 8 lbs. l 7 544 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. You would not begin with 12 lbs. °—A. I should not. Q. Do not you think it would be safer, looking to the possible effect of the mangold or other food fermenting in the rumen, to begin with 8 or 4 Ibs, ?p— A. But good linseed-cake, as cake, will not produce the morbid action on the — nerves of the stomach, and therefore will not give rise to the fermentati I want to impress that upon your minds. ; Q. Iam not asking about that, but about the chemical action from coming in contact with other food in the ramen Pp—A. But there is no chemical action set up in the cake itself. Q. Pardon me fora moment. You say you would not give 12 lbs. to begin with. Suppose the case of an excessive quantity of pure cake, more than what you think it would be safe to give, how would it act upon the animal ? —A. Cloy the appetite, and probably on the next day you might find the bowels a little relaxed. , Q. Do you mean to say there is no chemical action set up in the rumen when you give pure cake after the animal has been feeding upon potatoes or turnips, or chopped straw ?—A. Not necessarily at all. Q. Not necessarily! I amasking you asa scientific man. I ask you when an animal has been feeding upon potatoes or turnips, or chopped clover, and you give pure cake, is there no tendency for a chemical action to be set up?— A, I cannot say there would be no tendency, but we only judge of things by their effects, and there is no tympanitis produced in those cases. Q. That will depend entirely upon the degree of fermentation set up ?— A. But there can be no fermentation without a sufficient disengagement of gaseous matter, and that cannot escape; and therefore it accumulates in the rumen, and hence you have an explanation of why some of these animals were more tympanitic than others. There was a larger amount of gaseous matter liberated in some than in others, in proportion to the extension of the cause and effect. Q. But you have lectured upon this subject, I think, Mr. Simonds ?— A, Probably. Q. In cases of tympanitis, without any reference to cake at all, where it has been set up from alteration in food—take the case of a stall-fed ox taking clover—how is the fermentation set up?—A. Frequently by over-distension from green food; frequently from the animal not thoroughly masticating as much as it might do, ‘~rnips or mangold wurzel, or potatoes, just in the same way as we suffer if we eat of them. There is no true digestive process going on in the rumen; there is no gastric juice in the rumen; there is none till you come to the abomasum; therefore there is not the same amount of controlling power over the fermentative action in the rumen that there is in the abomasum, the controlling power of the fermentative action being the secretion of the gastric juice, and the action of the gastric juice on the material If we ourselves eat heartily and do not masticate, we know the effect of it is that a certain quantity of it, although exposed directly to the action of the gastric juice, is digested while another portion of it goes into a state of fermen: tation, and we get flatus. S Q. I will just ask you this question. Probably it is because I do noi comprehend your answer that I repeat it. Where you have tympanitis, the result of an operation of an evolvement of gas from a fermentation set up it the rumen, I want to know how that fermentation is occasioned, where it it the result of an alteration of food, for instance? What is the chemica process that goes on there ?—4A. It is that which belongs to fermentatior altogether, and you have carbonic acid gas liberated from the material itself. Q. Do you mean the new material Pp—A. No. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I rather think you are at cross-ptrposes. Thi witness is explaining how fermentation goes on when once it is instituted Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 545 and I rather understand Mr. Seymour to be asking how does fermentation begin—what causes it. _ Mr. Seymour: Precisely so. Once you have got fermentation, I can under- stand the distension, and the disease, and the death. | Mr. Justice BLackpurn: Quite so; and I understand your question to be, what starts the fermentation in the case you are alluding to, not what follows after it when once it has begun ? Mr. Seymour: Yes, my lord. (To the Witness) You may take fermen- /tation from a thousand other causes, excluding the cake altogether.— { A, You must take each cause into consideration in answering a question ‘of that kind. For example, supposing that you give mangold wurzel to an | animal and it imperfectly masticates the mangold wurzel, the ordinary appli- | cation of the heat and moisture, as it were, of the rumen, is sufficient at once | to set up fermentation in mangold wurzel badly masticated ; the same with | regard to turnips, and the same with regard to potatoes. | Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Yes, but what prevents it being set up in man- gold which is properly masticated ?—A. The function of the rumen being | properly performed. Q. That is another step. How does it prevent it?—A. The ordinary func- tion of the rumen is that of expelling the food into the mouth that it may be te-masticated. That is one function. ‘lhe other is emitting its contents {rom | time to time into the other stomach, by ordinary peristaltic action. These functions are interfered with under the circumstances to which the learned Counsel has alluded. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: I do not think it is quite explained in your answer. Mr. Seymour: I will read you a line or two from a lecture of your own. | In the ‘Veterinary Record,’ speaking of “hoven,” you say, “ This discase | may occur at any period of the year, if cattle are subjected to a certain altera- tion of diet. It, however, takes place more often in the spring and autumn ?” —A. That is a Lecture before the Agricultural Society. Q. It gives us a very graphic account of the swelling and distension of the | cow, and so on ?—A. It was a popular lecture, you must remember. | @Q. Popular! But being by an able Professor, I have no doubt there was no | popular fallacy in it?—A. Thank you for the compliment. | @Q “The disease may occur at any period of the year if cattle are subjected toasudden alteration of diet.” Now, I want to get you to this. We start with this principle: that, on the authority of Professor Simonds, the disease may | occur when cattle are subjected to a sudden alteration of diet ?—A. Yes. -Q. Now I want to know this, chemically speaking, where tympanitic action | arises from a sudden alteration of diet, how does the chemical action begin in the rumen? What is it that sets the mischief afloat ?—A. The suspension of the function of the rumen for the time being. Q. What suspends the function of the rumen ?——A. Yes. — Q. Will you just read the note you have got there?——A. Not in itself. Q. Take dodder. Is not dodder-cake a popular article of food on the Continent and in parts of England ?—A. I do not know that it is. I do not think dodder is produced (I am not speaking from my own knowledge, but this is my impression) in sufficient quantities to be made into a cake, either on the Continent or in England. But you have Professor Voelcker here who will answer that question in a minute. j | Professor VOELCKER re-called : examined by Mr. SryMour. i) me you know of dodder-cake being used on the Continent ?—A. It is, Q. For cattle ?—A. Yes. Cross-examination of Professor SIMONDS continued. Q. This darnel being, as far as it goes, only a narcotic, and having just heard from Dr. Voelcker that the dodder is used for food, let me ask you this, you have instanced those two things, surely you would not attribute the death of the cattle to either of them ?—A. I do not, I never have. «p—A. Of course I am. Q. Have you at all considered this, that it was, as a rule, one beast out of each of the three in each stall that was the worst p—A. Exactly, it would be in proportion to their idiosyncrasy, and the quantity that they would eat. ‘But then one person may eat a pound of beefsteak, and another can only eat half-a-pound, . Q. If there was poison enough to kill in that cake, would not you expect to ‘find some of it in the contents of the rumen or the stomach ?—A. Certainly not, if it were a vegetable poison. DN 2 548 Kidd v. Royal Agriculiural Society of England. 4 Q. Would not you find it on the mucous of the fourth stomach ?—4A, No; you sometimes, if an animal is poisoned with yew, for instance, may trace poisoning by vegetable matter by observing some of the materials in the stomach ; but if the material is comminuted and ground up, and so on, that evidence is removed from you altogether. Q. Do you mean to say that you could not find any trace, or anything to guide you after death, in an animal that had been poisoned by vegetable poison, either by inflammation of the mucous or otherwise?——A. If the animal died from blood-poisoning produced by tympanitis —produced by tympanitis arising from any cause. ¥ Q. Then, in fact, that also would be consistent with the blood-poisomi arising from non-decarbonization set up by the pressure of the diaphragm 7 A. Blood-poisoning produced in any way. Q. I understood you to say that pressure not sufficient to produce death by suffocation is sufficient to produce it by non-decarbonization >—A, Quite sd. Q. You say the liver was affected, was that recent or remote ?—4A. I attri buted that, to a certain extent, to the slight decomposition which was going” on. We find the liver affected very speedily in animals which die. ‘ Q. You are not able to say whether that was recent or remote ?— fie should say it was post mortem more than anything else. ; Q. More than anything else?—A. That is to say, there was no structural disease in the liver. Q. You spoke of an abscess,—A. I spoke of an abscess in one of the Iu @. Would the blood spots in the kidneys be the result of tympanitis?—4. Let them be found where they would they would be all referable to the 7 ——— cause precisely. Q. And you may find blood spots of the same kind arising from the same cause -—A, All over the body, and they may arise from any cause. * : i t | Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 549 Re-examined by Mr. Fiexp. Q. When was this lecture given ?—A. Probably twenty years ago. Q. It was given in October 1848 I see.—A. Yes, I thought it was about A, Oh! he has been dead many years; I cannot say how many. _ @Q. This book was published in 1848, and that is a note of M. Gellé’s some years before—A. Some years before. Q. I suppose something has been learned by the scientific world and the surgical world since 1842°?—A. A great deal. Q. And since 1848 ?—A. A great deal. Q. I think Liebig had not begun to write at that time, had he?—A. I do not know, Q. You say, “ The disease may occur ‘at any period of the year if cattle are subjected to a sudden alteration of diet.” Did you see anything in the change of diet here to account for what you have heard described as being due to the diet of the beast being changed ?—A. The only account that we have heard of diet is that of the exhibition of this cake, containing something deleterious. g With regard to the cake, you say you found no irritant poison in it p— A. Yes. Mr. Justice Buackspurn: That was in the intestines >—Yes. Mr, Freip: Supposing dodder-cake or sesamé-cake to have been damaged or heated by the damp, would they contain the elements of self-fermentation, in fact?—A. Yes. Damaged cake is very likely, indeed, to undergo fer- mentation. z°. Whether sesamé or dodder?—A. Sesamé, or dodder, or linseed, or any other. Q. With regard to imperfect mastication, I suppose, if ground up and mixed with the other cake, you could not distinguish it; I mean if it was ground up very fine and mixed with the linseed ?—A. I am not a sufficient microscopist to say whether you might not discover some slight traces of it; but I think, again, we know at the present time not sufficient; we know a great deal, but not sufficient to recognise all these things by the husks and portions of seeds which are ground up when a cake is microscopically examined. __ Q. You have been asked about imperfect mastication ; you have heard that these animals were perfectly healthy in the morning, and, feeding as they did, do you see any reason to suppose that they did not as perfectly masticate that morning as any other morning 7—A. Certainly not. Q. With regard to the mangolds, you have heard that they were ina pile, ‘thatched, and brought into a covered place; do you see any reason to suppose that there was any damp in the mangold itself to set up an unhealthy action ?— A. I should think not myself. According to the evidence before us the man- gold was in an ordinary condition. . Mr. Fietp: That is the Defendant’s case. Mr. Justice BLackpurn: What I am going to ask is not at all in the nature of a cross-examination, but in order to see if I have thoroughly understood you. In the first place, if I understand you rightly, the view you take of this matter ‘is that the contents of the rumen, for some cause or other, fermented, and that then the fermentation of the rumen produced gas that would come from it, and thus produce pressure which caused death P—A. I do my Lord. _ Q. I believe we all understand that much now; but what [ want to under- stand is this—I suppose any vegetable matter that is moist and warm, as anything in the stomach would be, will ferment by itself? — A. Yes, if uncontrolled by the vital act. Q. Precisely so: now, if I understand you rightly (and that is what I want _ | that. Q. And M. Gellé that we have heard about—how long ago did he die ?— 4 _ 550 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. to see), when the rumen is healthy, and proceeding in its ordinary and normal state, it dees control that, and prevent its fermenting ?—A. It does. . Q. And that anything which would stop that action would allow the fer. mentation to begin ?—A. Yes, interfere with vital laws. Q. By taking away the controlling cause?—A. Yes. = Q. Now I want to know how rapidly would that be, supposing something caused the rumen to cease to act? Would the fermentation begin instan- taneously, or would it take an hour, or what?—A. It begins very quickly. Perhaps your Lordship would allow me to give a case in illustration. ‘ Mr. Justice BLacksurNn: Taking shortly the substance of what I under- stand you to say, I have written down this, and I want to see if I haye correctly understood you. “ That if the controlling vital action of the rumen which prevents fermentation is suspended by any cause, fermentation begins | very quickly.”—A. Yes. ’ Q. Now you are going to tell us what you mean by “very quickly.”— A, Take some animals in the morning from out of a straw-yard,; put them into a field of clover to graze, and it not unfrequently happens that, within two hours from the time they were turned out, they will be found dead from tympanitis. ) Mr. Justice BuackBuRN: Then the next thing I want to understand is this, you draw your conclusion—it will be a question for the Jury to say whether they do the same—you draw your conclusion from the animals haying all fallen ill, that something must have produced the effect that suspended the controlling power of the rumen ?—A. Something, my Lord. mi Q. That, of course, is a question for the Jury, which they will form their opinion on. Now, is there anything which you have been able to see, either in the contents of the stomach or in the oil-cake (which I do not know whether you have examined yourself or not), is there anything which yon have been able to detect which would, as a poison, produce that suspension of - the function of the rumen; 1 mean if the taking of the oil-cake did stop the action of the rumen, of course the conclusion would be there must have ret something there; but, independently of that, have you been able to detect any trace of that either in the intestines of the animal or in the ak ad the oil-cake?—A. I have not examined the specimens of the oil-cake, and should not consider myself a sufficient authority upon the subject were | to” do so; but, so far as the contents of the rumen were concerned, I did not observe anything whatever in the contents to account for it. J Q. There was something in your last answer about damaged cake. Sup-— posing there was a cake that got damaged, it might only be more or less fer- mented and spoilt; but I did not understand your answer to Mr. Field. Would cake that had got fermented or mouldy affect cattle? Have you known instances in which such cake has acted upon cattle so as to stop the healthy - action of the rumen, and consequently produce hoven; or is it merely that you say such things may be, and, in the imperfect knowledge existing upon the subject, you cannot say whether it is so or not?—A. | haye never known damaged cake to produce tympanitis, but 1 have often known damaged cake to produce a deranged state of the other stomachs and intestines. A, Mr. Justice Bracksurn: That is really all I wished to see—whether I understood you rightly. It was rather because I was not quite clear if you and Mr, Seymour were thoroughly understanding each other. 1 take it that | where there is anything that is capable of fermentation you may set the fer- mentation going chemically, as you do when you put yeast amongst sugar and water, and make it ferment. That is one thing; but you do not attribute, a8 far as I understand you, the fermentation which existed in these animals to the cake, in the way in which yeast would set it fermenting ?—A. No, Q. I do not understand you to say that it started the chemical action in a Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. = 55T that way, but that it somehow or other affected the nerves of the rumen so as to take away the controlling cause that prevented the fermentation ?—A. That. is the view I take of it. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: Very well, that ends the Defendant’s case. Mr. Seymour: Then I will now begin the Plaintifi’s case in reply. | | { | | SAMUEL GEORGE KIDD, sworn: examined by . Mr. Seymour. Q. Are you an oil-merchant and seed-crusher carrying on your trade at Hull ?—A. I am. Q. And have you carried it on for some years ?—A. I have. Q. Ina very large way ?—A. Well Q. In a large way ?—A. Yes, I think I stand fourth as far as. the quantity of cake we make is concerned. Mr. Justice BLackBuRN: At Hull, 1 suppose you mean ?— A, At Hull. Mr. Seymour: In the trade, have you known brands that distinguish the different cakes and the different manufactures ?— A. Yes, Q. And are there differences in the cake known among the commercial world—one cake from the other—both in price, and in name, and character ?—A. Certainly. Q. I helieve there are three broad distinctions—what you call pure cake, genuine cake, and ordinary cake ?—A. Generally speaking. Q. The cake that we have heard of in this case was supplied to Mr. Wells: what was its brand and name?—A. Supplied to Messrs. Ayre, Brothers ? Q. Yes ?—A. “ Triangle best.” Q. Have you a brand known as triangle cake simply ?—A. We call them “ triangle common, or plain triangle.” Mr. Frexp: It is not marked “ triangle common.’ Mr. Seymour: There is “ triangle, *"—plain hago “ triangle best.” ; | Mr. Justice Buacksurn: As I understand I think we have it. _ already from his evidence that some of them are stamped with E triangle and the word “ best,” and others are stamped merely with a triangle. Mr. Seymour : Yes, and in the case of others they are marked with a Diamond, and a K in the middle. Mr. Justice BuackBurn : I think the Diamond K, if I under- stand Mr, Ayre right, has gota word attached to it? The Wirness: “ Pure.” Mr. Seymour: Are the triangle and triangle best degrees of what you call ordinary mixed cake ?— A, Mixed. 552 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: But if you say a thing is “ best linseed-cake,” is that telling people that it is not a ae at all ? Mr. Seymour: Yes, mixed cake. Mr. Justice BhacksukNn: I mean, if you say that Mr. Kidd has advertised, “1 sell, under the name of ‘ triangle best linseed,’ stuff which is nearly half of it composed of other things,” well and good ; but if he sells it as linseed-cake, when, in fact, it is not, he can never get out of that being a cheat on the public. Mr. Seymour: You have heard my Lord’s observation; asa matter of advertising, and as a matter of knowledge in the commercial world, is “‘ triangle best” known to be a mixed cake or a pure cake ?—_A. A mixed cake by every buyer. Q. Is there a difference in the scales of prices for each of these cakes ?—A. There is. Q. Just tell me what the prices are?—A. The “ triangle best” is 25s. per ton Mr. Fretp: I do not see how all this bears on the issue. Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: If Mr. Seymour can prove what has” now been stated, that it was made public to everybody that this was not linseed-cake at all, and that it was known as such, why, undoubtedly, the imputation which there is here, that it was sold as linseed-cake, when it was not, would be shown to be untrue. Mr. Sermour: The libel says it was sold as best linseed-cake, it does not say Triangle best. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: It does not. If you can show that Messrs. Ayre told Mr. Wells before he bought it that it was not linseed-cake, but a mixture, then you do a great deal indeed show that the libel is a libel and untrue. Mr. Seymour: I will undertake to show that. ' Mr. Fretp: Mr. Wells was never asked that question. Mr. SeyMovur: You stopped me. _ I was going to ask it. Mr. FreLD: That was afterwards. Mr. Seymour: Do you know this circular (handing a circular to the witness) ?—A. Yes, Q. Now are those circulars to your knowledge circulated widely and broadly amongst the farmers in various counties of England ?—A. From the North of Scotland to the South of England—all over the country. @. And do they draw a distinction? Mr. Justice BLackBuRN: We had better see what they do do. Mr. Roperts : There are a series. ; Mr. Justice BLacksuRN: But do they differ in any way except in price ? Mr. Seymour: I do not think they do. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 553 | Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: Very well, then, if you give one to | Mr. Field, it will do. The Associate: Am I to read it? Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Probably it will be simpler to hand one to the jury. Mr. Frecp: The heading is important. Mr. Justice BLackBURN: “ Issued to the trade only.” Mr. Seymour: I will show these were sent to Mr. Wells. Mr. FIELD: | object to that: your Lordship sees they were . not put to Mr. Wells when he was in the box. ) _M. Justice BLackpurn: What of that, if Mr. Wells got the | Mr. Frep: Not these. | Mr. Justice Buacksurn: If these were not circulars sent to | Mr. Wells, that is another matter. Mr. Fretp: They were not. Mr. Justice BLackBuRN: Then, gentlemen, we are under a ' mistake. I have admitted them by mistake. ‘Mr. Seymour: In the action of Wells v. Ayre, Mr. Wells has admitted among the admissions in the cause ‘Mr. Justice BLackpurn: Mr. Wells said he had received circulars from the Plaintiffs, but he did not state, nor do I at all know whether it is the fact or not, that he received these circulars. Mr. Fretp: No, my Lord; and my instructions are that he did not ; they are quite different from what he received. _ Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: Let us get this, that is what I want to know: are the circulars which were sent to Mr. Wells—which yesterday were shown to Mr. Wells, and he said apparently that he received them—are those the circulars which you are now putting in? Mr. Seymour: Those and another, my Lord. | Mr. Justice Buacksury: You had better call back Mr. Wells, and let us see how that is, for Mr. Field seems to dispute it. Mr. Fretp: I object to any admission in another action. Mr, Seymour: Call Mr. Wells. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: Admission in another action there anot be ; but let Mr. Wells be recalled. He spoke yesterday of some circulars which he had received, which were not put in; but let him be recalled, and he will tell us what circulars he did receive. Mr. WELLS re-called : examined by Mr. Seymour. @ Did you receive circulars from Messrs. Ayre?—A. I have for several Q. Their ordinary trade circulars? Mr. Fietp : Do not say what they are. )_Mr. Sermovr: Just look at that (handing a circular to the witness) ?—A. ‘Mireulars of that character ? 554 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Scciety of England. Mr. Justice BLacknurN: Look at one of them, and see if it was one of those that you received ?—4A. I see all this class, my Lord; they come - every week, and they are thrown away. Mr. J ustice BuLackpurN: Well, I know, but this is headed “ Issued to the trade only ”—were those you received headed so, or is this a separate one ?— A, They are precisely like this. Q. And headed with “Issued to the trade only” at the top ?—A. I see no difference; yes, it is so. Mr. Justice BLackpurN: Well, now then, Mr. Field, He received the cir- culars. Mr. Seymour: To prevent your being recalled again, let me ask you this —have you also received a circular like this (handing another circular to the witness) ?—A. I may, but I do not remember that one in particular. I won’t say I did not, but I won’t say I did. Mr. Srymour : That is another which was shown to Mr. Wells yesterday— “triangle best.” Mr. Justice BuackBurN: Then that will do, you can hand those circulars - bagk to the jury, who will see what they are, and what the effect of them is, Mr. Seymour: Would your Lordship allow me to ask Mr, Wells this question—whether he did not know that this was a mixed cake? Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: Ask him if you like. The Wrryess: I did not know it was a mixed cake. Mr. Seymour: Not paying 10. for it?—A. No. I have been in the ae of buying what they call “genuine linseed-cake,” which was at that time - 2s. 6d. a ton less, from Wright, Brothers. Q. Did not you cail at Mr. Ayre’ s office, and have a conversation about b very cake?—A. After the cake was purchased. Q. Betore ?——A. What I believed was this—that the pure cake was entirely sifted, and the “ W. B. Genuine Cake” was that which had a portion of the siftings left in. Q. Do you buy of Pickerings Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: Recolleet, Mr. Seymour, that we had Mr. Wells here all day yesterday, and he was cross-examined. He was only recalled now in order to prove the circulars. Examination of Mr. KIDD continued by Mr. SrYMOUR. * Q. Well, now Mr, Kidd, the circular has been before the jury. ; in this Plrealar the cake is described as “ Best,” ‘“ A.C. Best,” and “ Pure.” Now I ask you again, whether, taking the-priceof this cake, and the knowledge of the commercial world, it is not known that « Triangle Best” is a mixed cake ?—A. I have never sold “ Triangle Best” to one of my buyers without their being 7 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 55D informed of what those cakes consisted—not one in the whole of my experience as a crusher—not one—either a large quantity or _a small quantity. _ Q. Of what is the ‘‘ Triangle Best” cake made ?—A. Of good | . , fine linseed, sesamé-cake, and bran. | Q. In what proportions ?—A. About 50 of the linseed, 30 of the sesamé-cake, and 20 of bran. | @Q. The linseed that you have used, was it Calcutta or Black Sea ?—A. Both. Q. How would you describe the linseed that you used in this loake ; would you call it ‘‘genuine,” or “pure,” or what ?—4A. genuine linseed. _ Q. Do you know the parties from whom you bought the linseed ‘that was used in the manufacture of this cake ?—A. Yes. : ' Q. Whom did you buy it from?—A. Messrs. Baxter and Tall of Hull—their invoices have been put in. _ Q. Did you yourself see the linseed ?—A. Yes. Q. So as to speak from your own knowledge of the quality of the seed that was used in making this ‘‘ Triangle Best” ?—A. I did see it. Q. And is that a sample of it which was marked “C” and ‘produced to the witness yesterday in the bottle ?—A. That isa ‘sample of the Calcutta—the other is in my bag—“ Calcutta. lin- ‘seed, ex ‘ Labrador.’ ”’ | Q. We have there a fair sample of the Calcutta seed >A. We have. . Q. And the other you produce ?—A. This is a sample of the \Black Sea (producing a sample)—the only sample I had, and by permission of the Court, I will break it open. I put it in on . . d | purpose. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: The linseed from which these ‘samples are taken was that linseed which was used to make the particular lots of cakes in question ? Mr. Srymour: Yes, that is what I asked him. _ The Wirness: The particular lot of cakes in question. _ Q. Now, was that in any sense of the word dirty linseed ?— . A. No one that knows linseed would say so for a moment. Q. You say not?—A. Positively not. __ Q. Was it a clear and genuine linseed ?—A. Superior linseed ; the best imported. } - Q. I believe your contracts are in Court, and the vendors were bound that there was not more than 4 per cent. _ Mr, Fretp: You had better put them in if you are going to speak of them. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: The contracts—with whom ? Mr. Srymour: With the parties who supplied this linseed. (The documents were handed to the witness.) bad 556 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. Were your vendors bound to supply you with linseed with not more than 4 per cent. of foreign elements in it?—A, They were bound to supply it. Mr. Fieip: Let me see the document. (It was handed to the learned Counsel.) It had better be read. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: I suppose probably the jury will understand it. The Witness: They are the trade contracts, used throughout England. Mr. Seymour: It is a very long document. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: I really don’t know what it is. [The AssocraTE read the contract. | The Witness: That contract is signed by the brokers. Then, there is another, ’ Mr. Seymour: It is a similar contract for the Calcutta seed ?— A. Yes. Q. Was this genuine linseed up to the standard of the Associ- ation in London?—A. Yes, I have the certificates of the Asso- ciation, but I can give them from memory. Q. You did get the certificates of the Association ?—A. Yes, upon which the invoice was made out, and upon which I paid. Q. Is that the document?—A. That is a certificate of the’ London Linseed Association. Q. On which you paid for cargo ?—A. On whose decision I paid. Q. That being the certificate on which you paid, had a cargo of linseed been delivered at your Works before that certificate was obtained ?—A. Oh, yes, in January. Q. And I believe the Linseed Association are the association” of the trade connected with linseed who have a fixed standard— that is to rule the prices and regulate the degree of purity of the linseed ?—A. A joint committee of seed-crushers and merchants in linseed throughout the country. Q. Was any of this linseed sea-damaged ?—A. None. Q. Was any of it mouldy that you used ?—A. None. Q. Now, I will ask you as to sesamé (a specimen was handed to the witness). Mr. Justice BhackBuRN: Let us know how the ’sesamé was bought. ; Mr. Seymour: I am going to ask that, my Lord. (To the witness.) Where was the sesamé imported from?—A, From France. Q. From whom was it bought?—A. Messrs. Young and. Timm, of Hull. Mr. Justice BLAckBURN: Was it bought in the shape of cake, or how ?—A. Cake. ; , Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 557 | Mr. Srymour: Did you personally see that sesamé-cake ?— A. 1 saw the whole of it. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Give us the date of the purchase. Mr. SEyMour: It was bought on the 7th of November. Mr. Fretp: Have you got the contract ? Mr. Roserts: There is no contract—here is the invoice. Mr. Fietp: Just let me see it. (It was handed to the learned Counsel. ) Mr. Seymour: Have you used sesamé-cake largely ?—A. I have. Q. Can you yourself speak, from your own experience, of its use among cattle ?—A,. Yes, I use it at home. Q. With your own cattle? — A. With my own cattle. Q. Have you used portions of this sesamé-cake?—A. Yes, his identical sesamé, Q. Beneficially ?—A. Yes. Q. As you say, you saw the whole of the sesamé, which was used for making this cake of which Mr. Wells got a portion ?— A, The whole of it, Q. Was any of it mouldy or sea-damaged ?—A. No, none. Q. And the bran: was it a pure sound article ?—A. Yes. Q. Of whom was it bought?—A. Harker Brothers and ichard V. Knowles. Q. Messrs. Harker Brothers’ invoice is dated January 18th at ds. Yd. per cwt. and the other is dated December 7th, bought of Richard Knowles at 5/. 15s. per ton. Is that the price of genuine bran ?—A. A first-rate quality of bran. _ Q. And was this equal to its price ?— A. It was. _ Q. Now have you told us the linseed, the sesamé, and the bran which you distinctly state was used in making the “ Triangle “Best” that was supplied to Mr. Wells ?—A. I have—Calcutta linseed, ex ‘ Labrador ;’ Black Sea Sesamé, ex ‘ Result ;’ that is the name of the ship. _ Q. And your books are in court?—A. Yes; we have the large books outside, but they can be produced. ; Q. They are here to be examined to any extent ?—4A. I was ordered to produce them. | Q@. What quantity of this “Triangle Best” have you sold, made in the form you have told us? Mr, Justice BhackBuRN: Within what period ? Mr, Seymour: Within the last two or three years, I will say ?— A. We have made it during the last four years. I made it, te the cake made from linseed so imported was so bad that there were complaints about it all over the country. Q. On account of the impurities?—A. Yes; that led to the formation of the London and Provincial Linseed Association, so 558 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. that the buyers and crushers should have some standard by which | they could receive or reject. Q. What quantity have you made within the last four years of this “Triangle Best” ?— A. More than 10,000 tons. Q. And how much from these particular cargoes ?—A, From the actual particular cargoes, these parcels of seed to which lam positively able to swear, between 275 and 280 tons. ‘That I can» positively affirm. Q. The others, I understood you to say, were similar in quality ?—A. Precisely. My engagement was to make them in that particular way, and I have never swerved from it. f Q. Of those 10,000 tons, including the number of tons made. from this very article, have you ever had any complaint until | _ you heard of the complaint made in this libel ?—A. Not one. Q. Now, would you just tell me shortly, if you please, the process by which you make your linseed cake ?—A. My Lord and the gentlemen of the jury will pardon me if I am rather tedious in answering that question; but I must do it properly, The articles are in the mill Mr. Justice BuackBurn: Which articles ?—A. I will begin with the linseed. It is taken from the chambers, where it is passed over a screen for the “ Triangle Best” cake, and run into. hoppers, which are placed over our machinery; from the hopper the seed falls between rollers—heavy metal rollers, for the express purpose of breaking every grain of linseed, without which. we cannot express the oil. No whole linseed goes into cake wittingly. A Q. Let us get one thing at a time. You pass it through rollers to express the oil?—A. Yes; no linseed is allowed to pass unbroken, - Q. One thing at a time, please. We are a long way from the cake yet. What else is done? I suppose the oil is taken away ?— A. Ihave not got to the oil yet; there are two or three more processes. The linseed is broken by being passed through the rollers, and is then placed uuder the stones—* edge-stones” is the proper term. The two together weigh about ten tons. Mr. Srymour: And you have several pairs, | suppose ?—A, Three large pairs. The fifty per cent. of linseed is put under the stones ; to this is added the sesamé in the form of meal and the bran. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: They are put together under the stones, are they ?—A. They are, my Lord. Those stones have an iron sweeper, which travels with the stones, and is so placed that it delivers all the linseed and sesamé and the bran under the stones. It is kept there from twelve to eighteen minutes, the stones continually revolving. P o_ Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 559 Mr. Fretp: The sweeper is kept there ? Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: No, the compound is kept there, as { understand it. The Witness: At the expiration of that time a shuttle is opened in what we call “the calf,’—that is, an iron which surrounds the stones, and keeps the seeds from falling, and from there it is put into the steam- kettle. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN : But what happens from that shuttle? [ guess ; but you have not told us what happens when you have ypened the shuttle?—A. The seed is swept by this sweeper ound on to this hole, and it drops on the ground, my Lord. From hence it is put into the kettles, which are surrounded by steam. They are double kettles—steam-kettles. Mr. Seymour: There is an upper and lower chamber ?—A. here is an upper and lower chamber in each, and there are Fis arms to keep the seed continually moving. After emaining there, shuttles are opened, and bags are placed at the ouths of the openings to receive the seed—woollen bags. ese bags are placed within wrappers, and put into the hydraulic yresses, and subjected to a pressure of about 180 tons on each ress. In consequence of that pressure the oil is forced through he sesamé and the bran, and runs out into a small cistern behind ach press. This oil is then pumped into large cisterns, and tored for use. After remaining in these presses twelve or fifteen inutes, the pressure is removed, the wrappers withdrawn, and jhe cake is taken out. Boys take these pressed bags, strip off he bags, and the cake lies on a table ready for packing. These oys have knives in the shape of a half moon, and taking the ake in their hand, they pare first one side and then the other, nd then the two ends. This is simply to prevent waste. , Q And to give the cake a trim shape?—A. Yes, but the \dges are so narrow that we should lose some of them.. It is cut hus and thus (explaining), and so you see there are thick level dges, otherwise they would be all crumbling. ' Q. What is done with the parings ?—A. They are put back nder the stones to be ground to powder ; but those stones being idged stones do not always grind them to powder, but we put -aem in, being cake themselves. | @. Are there sometimes small portions left in the cake ?—A. es; if you will hand me a cake I will tell you if I see them. A cake was handed to the witness.) Yes, | think there is one ere; it is very slight. It is darker, and in a round patch. hose are the lumps from the parings. | Q. I was going to ask you this: we heard yesterday of some- iing in a cake that had been analysed which looked like small Abstances ‘that were agglutinated ?—A, Yes; the whole secret al i. 560 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. of that was, it was a paring that had not been ground to powder; it was simply the same as the cake itself—identically the same, nothing else. Q. I only asked you that in passing. Now we have got the cake pared. Let us just finish the thing. Are they made, then ?— A, They are made and put into racks, because being hot they are not firm, and left to cool. ‘Those racks hold two tons each, and there are six of them. When the racks are full, the boys, as ‘they have leisure, or as the room is required for the ach cake that is being made, bring a barrow, and put so many of the cakes out of the rack on to the barrow, and take it into the cake-house, weigh it, and pile it. Q. And is it piled there in tiers ready for delivery?—A Exactly ; we begin with a big tier, and continue raising the cake with a series of steps. The cake is put indiscriminately there I have two mills divided by the engine, and there are so many cakes on one side of the engine, and so many cakes on the other The cakes go from each mill indiscriminately, if we are makin “Triangle Best,” and are placed on that pile. Now, with all these mixings, and changes, and counter-changes is it possible, in your opinion, for any poisonous element to by in one portion of the cake, and not to impregnate the whole?— A. Impossible ; if this had been poisonous, I should have fed m own cattle on a poisonous cake, because my cattle are fed on th “ Triangle Best”, which comes indiscriminately from the pile ¢ which I have spoken. Q. From which the rest is taken?—A. Yes. Q. How many thousands of these cakes a day do you make ?= A, I think I am within bounds when I say 5000. Q. That puts me in mind of a theory we heard yesterday fror Professor Fairley. Have you ever made cake for the purpos of making it as cake, and not for the purpose of expres oil from it in the ‘legitimate course of your trade?—z Never. In this book are entries for the last five years of th cake and oil made by every man in my employ, showing that tl cake passes through the process which I have now describe and the quantity of oil expressed from it. @. Is there a pretence for that suggestion ?—A. It is perfect contemptible. @. You say you have got a book there, showing all the cal made by every man. Have you the means of tracing each cai made in your establishment to the man who made it?—A, F fifteen years I have had but one holiday of a week’s length. Q. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN : That is not answering t question ?—, Every morning and every afternoon I am att mil], and go in of course to see what is doing. I go into the ea Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 561 ‘jouse and examine the piles of cake, and for this reason I can ell by the appearance of a cake whether it has been properly tipped. If it has not been properly nipped, oil has been left in t, to my loss. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: That, again, is not at all an answer ‘o the question. _. Mr. Seymovr: If in the course of your examination of the you find anything to object to in its form or character, or therwise, are you able to trace the hands through which it went mm process of manufacture ?—A. I can trace the maker of that e—the press-man who makes that cake. Q. And have you ever sold a ton of cake as to which you can- ot trace both the cake itself, its composition, and the man who pressed it, by your books and the mark of the cake itself ?—A. hey are all in my books. Q. Do you use any cotton-cake in the manufacture of this inseed?—A, Never. Might I give a reason ? Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: The fact is what we want; attend o the material questions which are asked, and answer them. Mr. Seymour: First, you say “never” ?—A, Not as adul- eration—never. Mr. Fretp: Notas adulteration ?—A. I have sold cotton-cake ond pressed cotton-cake. Mr. Seymour: But I ask you whether you have ever used sotton-cake as an ingredient, or mixed it in making your linseed- ake ?— A. Never. Q. Suppose you did, what would be the effect ?—A. I should ain the oil—any one knows that. ~ Q You would ruin the quality of the linseed oil ?—A. Directly. Q. And the oil being more valuable, you would sacrifice the eater for the less?—A, That (producing a bottle) is the volour of cotton oil. That (producing another) is the colour of inseed oil, The consequence of putting even a few drops of one into the other would be to ruin it, and | should have 27. r 3/. a ton less for my linseed oil. _Q. Then is it of vital consequence to prevent such a thing, ven by matter of accident?—A. Why, of course it is. | Q. Have you ever had either cocoa-nut or cocoa-nut fibre in our mill at any time to your knowledge ?—A. I never heard of t. I learned more how cakes were made yesterday than ever | ew in my life, Q. Then you say you do not know anything about such stuff? —A. 1 do not know it. I don’t know what it is. _ Q. What does the cake cost you per ton—this “Triangle Bes ”?—A. Out of my mill, delivered to Messrs. Ayre, Brothers’ rolleys or boat, that cake cost me 9/. 5s, per ton. VOL, VIII.—s. s. 20 562 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. That you distinctly state?—A. I swear it. Q. What is your profit ?—A. I sold 2700 tons to Messrs. Ayre, Brothers at 9/. 10s. Q. Leaving you a profit of 5s. per ton ?—A. Yes, Q. Have you ever allowed warehouse sweepings to be mixed with your cake ?—A. I have never had them, Q. Perhaps, as we have negatived some of these imputations, we had better ask the others—Rice husks ?—A. Never. Q. Or dodder, or darnel?—A, Except what comes in the seed, Q. Except that which is covered by the 4 per cent, ?—A, I have never bought anything to put into my linseed-cakes, into the “ Triangle Best,” but sesamé—the best sesamé—and best bran, and never anything to put into the ‘‘ Triangle Common” but bran and nut-cake. Q. I believe the cake that went to Mr. Wells was sent direct from your own place ?—A. I sent two tons on the day mentioned, according to Messrs. Ayre, Brothers’ orders. Q. It went from you?—A. I believe it did. I do not dispute that. Q. On the rolleys of the North-Eastern Railway Company ?— A, Yes. Q. It went from your place ; it did not go to Messrs. Ayre, Brothers first?—-A. No doubt of it. . Q. And was that taken indiscriminately from stock you had at the time ?—A, Yes, out of 10 tons; I had from 10 to 12 tons in stock on that day. Q. And that was taken indiscriminately from it?—A. Yes. Q. Except the bran, which we have heard of, and except the sesamé, which you have stated is an element, does that cake contain more than the proportion of 4 per cent. which is allowed by the standard of foreign substances ?—A. Five per cent. . Q. More than the standard allowance ?—A. Just exactly as it is on that paper. Q. There is nothing else in it?—A. Nothing else whatever. Q. And the seed is screened ?—A. Once screened. Q. The ‘“ Triangle Best” ?—A. Yes. Q. After you got the certificate?—-A. Oh, yes: but these samples were just as they were taken (pointing to the samples). Q. Then that is unscreened (pointing to the seed samples) ?— A, Unscreened. Q. So that therefore the linseed used was purer than that?— A. Well, it would be a little. r Q. Before I sit down, I wish to have everything very clear. You have told us the distinction between ordinary.and ‘‘ Triangle Best” cake, but where is the distinction between what you call” 7 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 563 genuine in the trade and pure? What is pure linseed ?—A. fhis is a sample offered to me the morning I left Hull, to make genuine linseed-cake of. Mr. Justice BLAckBurN: Is that genuine seed or genuine ake ?—A. Genuine linseed, my Lord, as imported. Mr, Seymour: My question is, What is the distinction between ‘genuine ” and “ pure” ? Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Is there a distinction—is there in ommerce a linseed that is known as “genuine” linseed, and nother known as “ pure” linseed.— A. ‘ Genuine” linseed is linseed as it leaves either the North of Russia, the South of ussia, or Calcutta—the linseed of which I make my “ pure” Q. Do keep your attention upon what you are asked. Is there in commerce a known distinction between “pure” linseed and genuine ” linseed ?—A. No, my Lord. _ Mr. Seymour: My question was as to cake. _ Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Then you must put it in a different vay. Mr, Seymour: What are the ingredients of “pure” cake, as distinguished from “ genuine ”?—A. The genuine linseed, as \mported, is screened four times, and the extraneous matter, as Jar as possible, taken out. In “genuine” cake it is left in, aowever bad the linseed may be. Q. “As imported” ?—A. As imported. Q. And is the price of “ pure” considerably higher than the ther ?—A. 25s. to 30s. above “ Triangle Best.” | Mr. Justice BLacksurn: I suppose this circular would tell us? | Mr. Seymour: Yes, it is at the top of ‘‘ordinary.” (To the Vitness) You sell the “ pure” with a warranty ?—A. Yes. Q. You have a regular form of warranty that you use ?—A, Yes, I believe there is one in Court. Cross-examined by Mr. FIELD. ~~ Q. Then you sell nothing to Messrs. Ayre, Brothers except Triangle Best”?—A. Oh, yes, “ Diamond K Pure”; and plain Triangle.” _ Q. But in the circular that I have had handed to me, is your nark “A. C. Best” ?—A. No. Q. Whose mark is that ?—A. It is another crusher’s, —Q. Whose is it?—A. Ayre and Chambers. Q. The invoice that you have handed to me only contains Triangle Best,” “A. C. Best,” and “A. C. Pure” ?—A. The nvoice? _ Mr. Justice Brackpurn: You mean the circular. y 202 bi 564 Kidd y. Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Witness: If you look in the lower columns there are other marks. : Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: You will find these three, “Triangle Best,” “ A. C. Best,” and “A.C. Pure,” as if they were the more important, in bigger type, but there area good many below it. Mr. FreLD: What is the meaning of this “ Ordinary Quality B.” —is that your mark ?—A. No. Q. Is that Blundell’s?—A. No, it is Messrs. Walker and Smith’s. Q. Then I do not find here any of your mark ?—A. Oh, yes, ** Diamond K Pure ” will be in one of the columns. ; Mr. Srymour: You will find it there. Mr. FieLD: Then under “ Ordinary Quality,” in this circular, here is what is called “‘ Triangle Best” ?—A. No. Mr. Seymour: You see this is the circular of Mr. Ayre. I will explain, when Mr. Ayre is called, why he puts the “ Best” above it. Mr. Fretp: Then “Triangle Best” is by itself—the words ‘“* Ordinary Quality ” do not refer to the “Triangle Best ” at all? —A. Well, that is not my circular. . Q. I am perfectly aware of that, but you have put it in evidence ?—A. That does not refer to the “Triangle Best,” nor to the “ Genuine.” Q. Then neither of them refers to the headings—those are articles of themselves, “ Triangle Best,” “ Triangle A. C. Best,” and “ Triangle Pure” ?—A. Yes. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: But is not “Triangle Best”’ one of your marks ?—A. It is, my Lord. Mr. Fietp: And under the “ Ordinary Quality,” “ Triangle” is your mark ?—A. It is. Q. That is what you have called in words “ Triangle Com- mon ” ?—A, “ Plain Triangle ” is the usual term. Q. But there is nothing but a triangle to mark that ?—d. Nothing but a triangle. Q. Now, you have not told us the composition of the “Tri- angle” ?—A, Yes, nut-cake, bran, and linseed. ‘ Q. That is the “ Triangle Common” ?—A. Yes. Q. What is nut-cake ?—A. It is imported from France. Q. What is it?—A. It is the cake produced by crushing ground-nuts, Q. What nuts?—A. Ground-nuts. d Q. What do you mean by that?—A. I do not know. Q. What sort of nuts do you mean?—A. Imported from Africa, I believe, into France. , Q. What nuts are they ?—A. Earth-nuts. 2 be, Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 565 Q. What! nuts that grow in the earth? I do not understand what you mean.—d. Well, I really have not seen them growing. Q. I do not suppose you have; but you can tell me what the earth-nut is, the cake of which you make into linseed cake ?— A, It is a nut imported into France from Africa, the oil of which, I believe, fetches a good price, but not the price of sesamé-oil. Q. Is it a nut to eat, or what?—A. Do not you know the earth-nut of England ? Q. No.—A. Oh! Mr. Fie~p: Well, do not despise me for not knowing it. ° Mr. Justice BLackBurN: Is the earth-nut of England what I have been in the habit of calling a “ pig-nut”—a white, round thing, with along slender stem, and a leaf at the top, which, when I was a boy, I used to dig up and eat ?—A. I suppose it is, my Lord. Mr. Fietp: Then it is a nut which is grown in the earth, and mt from Africa to France ?—A. Yes. Q. And it is made into cake in France ?—A. Yes. Q. And then imported here ?—A. Yes. Q. What percentage of earth-nut is there in the “ Triangle,” what of bran, and what of linseed ?—A. There would be 50 per cent. of bran—it is principally bran—20 per cent. of nut-cake, d 30 per cent. of seed. Q. Seventy per cent. of matters other than linseed ?—A, Yes, t a lower price. Q. As I understand, your “Triangle” is made at the same rolls and hoppers as your “ Triangle Best.”—A. Yes. _ Q. Professor Voelcker tells us that he found earth-nut in the “Triangle Best ;” is that so?—A. No. | Q. Mr. Justice BLackpurn : I do not recollect that he said so. _ Mr. Fietp: Cocoa-nut cake ?—A. I never saw it. | Q Will you tell me, please, when was it that you made this agreement with Mr. Ayre that you refer to in your letter of arch: “Those cakes having been made entirely in accordance with the agreement made between ourselves, viz., of linseed, sesamé-cake, and bran” —was that agreement in writing ?—A. No. Q. When was it made ?—A, About four years ago, when hose cakes were first instituted. I could tell by looking back. _Q. When you speak of the price being 9/. 10s., is that toz forward contracts ?—A. Yes, present and forward, as the case nay be. | Q. First of all with regard to the Calcutta seed ex ‘ Labrador,’ have your invoice here from Baxter and Tall’s, of the 19th ecember, 1871 ?—A. Yes. _ Q. That, I understand you to say, is the linseed from which his cake was made ?—A. It is. Feed aa 566 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. ¥ Q. Have you any book here which will show me when this stock of linseed was exhausted?—-A. No, I do not think I have one. Q. Do not you keep a stock-book whith will show you when. you got this quantity in?—A. I have one which contains all the arrivals of the linseed. @. Pray answer the question, have you any book which will show me the disposition of this quantity, ex ‘ Labrador’ ?—4, No, I have not. Q. Or, I suppose, of the other ship, the ‘ Varina ’—you have no book which will show me what became of it ?—A. Yes, I can show you that it went to the mill. | Q. But at what date did it go? Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: That is what is wanted to be known, when did the last go to the mill; if your book will tell us im we should like to know ?—A: I will get the book. Mr. Srymour: We have got a cart-load here. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: First ascertain what book it is that is wanted. AsI understand, you keep some book or other at your mill which will show you when the linseed goes into the mill? —A. Yes. Q. Have you got that book here ?—A. Yes. Q. Is it the one in your hand ?—A. No. : Q. Then we will now adjourn for a short time, and you will have an opportunity of finding the book which will show tha (Adjourned for half an hour.) Mr. Fretp: I was asking you, Mr. Kidd, if you had a book which would show me when the linseed ex ‘ Labrador’ was first carried into the mill?—A. Yes. Q. Will you turn to the page—do not give me the book— and say what is the first date, reading from that book, that Cal cutta linseed, ex ‘ Labrador,’ went into the mill ?—A. December 29th, 1871, 575 bags, containing 323 qrs. I Q. Is that all? fe Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Give us the last ?—A. January 10th, 3050 qrs. Mr. FreLtp: Now, can you tell me from your books when went out of the mill. I mean were there deliveries interme into the mill between those two dates?—A. The total qua ex ‘Labrador’ is 5223 and 2402 bags; that is something 8000 bags; to be exact, 7625. Q. During what period did that go into the mill ?— Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England, 575 | Q. Then you use the screenings and siftings mixed with pure ‘seed to make cake ?—A. Yes, the screenings. | @Q. The screenings are put into bags?—A. Yes. Q. Where are they carried to from the top floor after they are ‘put into bags?—A. The foreman will tell you that. _ Q. Give me some notion?—4A. They are kept at the top, I should think. | Q. They are not mixed up with the linseed at the top ?—A. I do not know how it is done—I do not know at what exact place ; ‘Ishould say at the hopper. Q. Then you mix it with the fine linseed, do you ?—A. For ‘the common cake. ) Q. Ido not want to know that ; what I want to know is this: fs it put with the fine linseed in the top of the warehouse or the : | ‘bottom ?—A. It is put by itself, and then if we have common ‘cake to make out of the fine linseed, we put a certain proportion to it to make it equal to linseed “ genuine as imported.” That jis used and sold for genuine cakes—not by me. | @Q. These screenings are put with fine linseed to make common ‘cake of ?—A. That being equal to the common cake which is ‘made in Hull. Q. But you do not mean to say that it is equal to good ‘common cake ?—A. Yes, it is. Q. With these siftings?—A. Quite equal. _ Q. Who has the duty in your mill of mixing the screenings with the fine linseed ?—A. It is the foreman’s duty. Q. And we are going to see him ?—A. Yes. Q. But as I understand it, the mixing takes place upstairs ?— 4. Yes. | Q Are not the screenings sometimes brought down into the lower floor before they are mixed ?—A, No, they are not. | Q. Never ?—A. Never. Q. There never was such a thing ?—A. There never was such thing. Q. In order to understand this, let me ask you this—If I nderstand rightly, what is called pure linseed is first of all put — nto the hopper and ground or crushed ?—A. Rolled. —Q. The object of that is not to get out the oil, but to prepare he seed for the ultimate pressure of the oil out of it?— 4. Exactly. | Q. Therefore that is a slight operation ; it is merely, in fact, bruising the seed?—A. “ Cracking,” as we call it; it cracks the husk. _ Q. Then, I now ask you this, with reference to the “ genuine,” $ you call it,—Is the only difference between that and the , , 576 «Kidd v. Royal Ae Society of England. “ pure” that the wild seeds are not sifted from it ?—A. It is not. sifted—not the last sieve. Q. The “genuine” ?—A. No, not the last sieve. Q. What we have here is a compound cake ?—A. Yes. Q. That is called “ Buffum”?—A. No, I do not call it so. Q. You do not, I know; but is not that the word used for these cakes ?—A. No, not for “ Triangle” cakes. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Is the word used for any cakes ?— A, It is a vulgar phrase used by the men. Mr. Fretp: And what do the men of Hull mean by it? Do not they mean compound cakes? Is not it a common term to use for mixed cakes?—A. No, I have heard the word before; but it is used to denote what is mixed with it, not the cake after it is made Q. What is that ?—A. Bran. Q. Then your “ Triangle Best” is Buffum—it has got bran in it?—A. Yes. Q. What is the meaning of Buffum ?—A. I do not know. It is what I should call a vulgar slang word. Q. Is not there special machinery for making these compound cakes ?—A. No. Q. Have you any of Thompson and Stather’s machinery ?— A. Yes. Q. Is not that machinery expressly made for the purpose of producing these compound, or, as I call them, “adulterated” cakes ?—A. It has nothing to do with the making of the cakes; it could not make them. Q. Is the object of it to grind more closely than the ordinary machinery ?—A. To do it more quickly. Q. I want you to explain this to me. When you make what I call a compound cake—I suppose I may call it a compound cake ?—A. You are at liberty to call it what you like. Q. And you will not object ? Mr. Srymour: As long as you do not forget it is “ Triangle Best.” Mr. Firtp: A mixed cake?—A. Yes. Q. When you make a mixed cake, do not you first of all crush the sesamé or the other materials that are put in—say_ earth-nut ?—A. Nut-cake. . Q. You crush that, do not you, at the rolls first? —A. No, the machine does that. That is what the machine is for—to break the cake. Q. You mean this Thompson and Stather’s machine?— A. Yes, with revolving arms. Q. You crush that at the rolls first, do not you?—A. No, it a Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 577 goes to the machine first, it does not go to the mill at all—it is not done by the rolls. Q. Where is that done?—A. Just in one of the parts of the mill. Q. By a separate machine ?—A. Oh, quite, and worked by arate engine. Q. Then the sesamé cake is crushed up first of all by a sepa- rate engine ?—d. Broken. , | Q. And when it is so broken, is it placed under the rolls in he machine which ordinarily makes the linseed-cake ?—A. Under he pair of edge-stones. Q. Is not the linseed that is going to be used for the purpose of making the mixed cake passed through the rolls in thesame way as the other, but much more lightly ?—A. Oh, no; it is ‘not the same machinery at all. One is a pair of rolls in which she seed is nipped, the other is a small piece of iron which holds the cake, and which has teeth to take the cake down and break it. It falls into a place where there are revolving arms, and “hose arms beat the cake to powder; it is then taken by little hoppers which pass it into a sifter, and any little bits of straw br stick which there may be in the sesamé-cake are not put into vhe meal, which is delivered as clean as it can be made. Q. In what process is it that the sesamé and bran come to- yether?—A. After the linseed is put through the rolls and is put ‘nder the stones. When the linseed is put under the stones the esamé and the bran are added under the stones. _ @. And then you give just a slight ?—A. Oh, no. Q. Now stop; just hear my question. Do not you give just . slight turn or two just to amalgamate those three things to- rether?—A. No; we do not. _ Mr. Justice Buackpurn: If I understood the description efore rightly, the object of the iron arm or sweeper which yushes them all under the stones, was to push them all under he stones together ? _A Juror: It is so. (To the Witness.) How long are they here? A. They are twelve to fifteen minutes. _ Mr. Justice Buacksurn : If I understand you aright, they are yut under the stones, and that being under the stones they all nix together ?—A. Of course. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: The three things together are mixed nder the stones. Mr. Freip: I ask you whether you do not make this difference, hat you do not press out the oil so much in the rolls when jou are going to make a mixed cake as you do when you are aking a pure cake ?—A. If I did not, I should be ready for an ylum. VOL. VIIT.—s. 8. 2P = 578 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. % Mr, Justice BhACKBURN: There is something in your ques: tioon which shows that either you or I must have mistaken thy evidence. I have understood that the oil was not pressed out a all till after they had been crushed ? Mr. Fietp: No; “bruised” is the word I used. The Witnsss: “Grind” is the word. Mr. Fretp: Do not you grind or bruise it ?—A. No; “grind is the word—cut it up. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Are you speaking of what you d between the rollers ?—A. Under the stones. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Aye, aye; but the question anc answer must be understood in order to get at the truth. Now let us hear your question, Mr. Field. Mr. Frevp: I ask you this: when you are making pure linseed-cake do you merely bruise the seed ?—A. Yes; as I saic before, we call it “ cracking” it. Q. And then the stones grind it to a fine powder ?—A. Yes: not to too fine a powder. Q. Now, I will ask you this: when the “genuine” is made or the mixed cake, i is not the pressure in the rolls less than it is when you are going to make a pure cake ?—A. No. @. Do not you purposely leave larger seeds and more oil in the seeds when you are going to make mixed cake than when you are going to make pure cake?—A. No; it would annihilate my purpose if I did. 'Q. That depends upon what your purpose is: if it is to sell oil, I agree; but if it is to sell cake, or if it is to sell bran for linseed, I do not agree ?—A. If I wanted to disguise what I put into the cakes, I could grind it for half an hour to three-quarters —the more I grind it the less it would show. 4 Mr. Justice BLacKBURN: Now just let me see if I have dis- tinctly understood—I will finish what I have written down, and then I will ask you if I have understood you rightly. Correct me if am wrong; but what I have understood you to say is, that there is no difference in the pressure of the rollers whether the cracked seed is intended to be used for pure cake or mixed - A. None at all—none whatever. Mr. Fretp: Is there not a difference in the grinding stones— is there not less grinding and crushing of the seed in the stones when you are making mixed cake than there is when it is for pure cake ?—A. No; not perhaps above a minute or two. al Q. Well, then, there is a difference ?—A. Well, I do not like my pure pales ground much at all. I leave thétn as long as 1 can get the elit out, but I do not want to have them groun¢ at all. be Q. There is a difference, however, in the extent to which ¢ ( Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 579 compound material is ground and the pure linseed ?—A. Very ttle. Q. But there is?—A. Well, perhaps a minute or two; I do not know. We grind it so as to get it ready for the kettles. Q. Is not that called “peppering”?—A. No; I have never heard the term in my life. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Does it take more grinding for pure han for mixed, or vice versé? | Mr. Freip: More when it is going to be manufactured into | Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: I understand just the contrary. | The Witness: No; not more one than the other. | A Juror: Are there not fewer turns of the stones when it is or pure than for mixed ?—A. Not one. _ Mr. Justice BLacksurn: I thought you said there was a lifference in the time taken in grinding? _ The Witness: Mr. Field says under the rolls. _A Juror: You confound each other. : Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Do I understand from you that yhen you have put the linseed under the stones, if it is for ixed cake there is a difference in the quantity of grinding, the umber of turns of the stones, from what there would be if it vas pure linseed ?—A. Very little. Mr. Freip: Then there is some ?—A. Yes. | Q. Is that “some” more or less—which takes the longest me ?—A. Calcutta requires more grinding than the Black Sea. | Mr. Justice BuackBuRN: I have understood you just now, if took you rightly, that when you are going to grind linseed ithout putting anything into it, you grind it for such and such time; and that if to that same linseed you were adding this ‘ran and sesamé, you would grind it for a different time, is that »?—A. For about two minutes. | Q. Would those two minutes be more or less when you add ae sesamé and bran ?—-A. Less when I add the sesamé. It is ery material—two minutes! Mr. Justice BuackBurN: That may be—that is Mr. Field’s ok out. But what I want to see is that you understand each Mr. Fretp: Now is not the object of administering less inding to the compound materials than to the pure this, that is merely for the purpose of mixing the three together, and r for the purpose of grinding for oil?—A. No. | Q. Then what is the object?—A. Simply on account of the ‘ke. If I wanted to disguise the bran, as I said before, I should »ep it in three-quarters of an hour, and Dr. Voelcker would ave no more found out the bran then than he found out the 2P 23 580 Kidd v. Royal reat Society of England. sesamé that I put in that sample. I can grind it to a perfec powder, but I did not do so, and because I did not do so — Mr. Fretp: With a good grinding you could grind an reduce everything in the cake to a perfect powder, so th: nobody could discover what was in it?—A. Yes; but I neve did it. Q. But it may be done ?—A. If it is kept long enough. Q. So that no one can discover what it is?—A. Yes; grin it to flour. Q. Now, Dr. Voelcker tells us of chenopodium seeds, an wild mustard, and clover, and so on—are those seeds o i found in the Black Sea or Calcutta linseed ?—A. Well, 1 dove know them by their botanical names, but I suppose they are, Q. He says, besides those, he found cotton-seeds ? Mr. Srymour: Cotton-cake ? The Witness: I most positively deny it. Mr. Fre~p: You deny it?—A. Most solemnly. Q. As far as you know ?—A. Yes. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Was it cotton-seed or cotton-cake’ Mr. Fretp: The Report says cotton-seed. “I find in th cake cotton-seed.” The Witness: ‘“ Cotton-seed husks,” I think were the wor Mr. Fretp: Yes, those were the words. You do use seeds in your mill ?—A. I have only used it once. Q. You do use them ?—A. I have only used it once. Q. Were you using cotton-seeds at the time this was made —A. No; July, 1871, was the last time I used it. Q. What quantity of cotton-seed were you using in July 1871 ?—A. I crushed 160 tons of cotton-seed. Q. Under these rolls, with this machinery?—A. Yes; ne with the identical rolls. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: You crushed a certain number ¢ tons ?—A. 160, as far as my memory serves me. Mr. FreLp: Of cotton-seed ?—A. Yes. Q. Was that screened ?—A. It is hand-screened—it is picke over by hand, hand-picked. Q. Was it ‘seteeees ?—A, Hand-picked. Q. Were the husks separated from it ?—-A. Oh, no, it is neve done in Hull. 5 Q. Well, I do not know, I am asking for information. The I will ask you about cocoa-nut cake. When did you hav cocoa-nut cake ?—A. Well, I have had some at table; _my wil has had some for dessert, but I never saw it as an article of cor merce. I never knew there was such a thing. Q. Then if it was in the cake, you cannot tell where it from ?—A. It was not in the cake. | Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 581 | Q. I know you say that, but I am putting this to you—if it ‘as in the cake, can you tell me where it came from ?—4A. No, cannot. Q. Rice dust ?—A. No. Q. Millet-seeds?—A. As many millet-seeds as there are in ere (pointing to a sample). —Q That is so?—A. Oh, yes, one in a thousand. Q. Is that one of the seeds that you say grows with the nseed ?—A. Yes; it is imported largely into England. It isa ‘right yellow seed, very scarce—I may say one in 10,000. | Q. Broken wheat, how do you account for that ?—A, In the jran. The bran is put into wheat bags, which may not have een properly shook out, and so the bran comes with some wheat a it. —Q. What is bran—what is it made of ?—A. Well, I am as gnorant as you are. | Q. Husks of barley?—A. Well, a stray barley-corn might ‘ave got into it, from the seed coming in a steamer that had ome barley on board, but only by accident ; and if it came so the seed would be ground. | Q. I cannot understand how, if it came in bags 2—A, Black Sea linseed does not come in bags, but in bulk. Calcutta oes. Q. Which of the two cakes were made of Black Sea and vhich of Calcutta ?—A. They were all made of three-quarters aleutta and one-fourth Black Sea. Q. Mouldy wheat is another thing found by Dr. Voelcker ?— 4. | never saw it. @. You do not think there could be any in it?—A. Well, I never did see any, and so I do not know what it looks like. Q. With regard to the sesamé-cake, what age was that when jit came to you?—A. Fresh made. ~ @. When was it made ?—A. In October. Q. Have you got the invoice of the sesamé here?—A. My solicitor has got it. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: I think it has been put in. Mr. Fretp: I have not seen the invoice of the sesamé-cake. Mr. Szymour : It was put in—Young and Timms. Mr. Fretp: Have you got any of the sesamé-cake now ?—I jhave, as it is after it has been passed through Thompson and Stather’s machine. | Mr. Justice BLAckBuRN: Have you none of the unbroken sesamé-cake ?—A. No, I do not bring it for this reason—I do not put it under the stones in the form of cake, but I make it into meal; I thought I should have it suggested that there was / something added that was different to the cake. — 582 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. ° Mr. Fretp: Have you got, then, some of the sesamé-cake at home ?—A, Yes, @. And that you have not brought?—A. I have not brought that, because I do not put it under the stones; I put the mea under the stones. _We can have plenty of it, if necessary. 4 Q. I will now ask you about the cake which you have produced to-day, the “ Triangle Best.” Look. at these two specimens of cake (handing the same to the Witness). Are they specimens of the same cake?—A. This (pointing) las been wet. Q. Look-at the texture, and tell me whether the texture of the cake is the same as the one you produce now ?—A. This (point- ing) is being made now. Q. When was the cake you now produce made ?—A. Within the last week. Q. Oh!—A. The cake sent to Mr. Wells is three-quarters Calcutta and one-quarter Black Sea. This (pointing) is three- quarters St. Petersburg and one-quarter Calcutta. ; Q. Then that is no representation of the cake you sent to Mr. Wells ?—A. No; this is only what we are sending out now. Q. I only want to get the facts. . Mr. Seymour: To show the brand ?—A. Yes, it was produced to show the brand. Mr. Field asked for it. . Mr. Firip: I understand you grind up the sesamé-cake as you buy it?—A. I stow it away, and use it as I want it. hy Q. Is that at all screened in any way ?—A. I told you it w up by elevators. It is screened to get all the sticks and anything of that sort out of it. Q. What becomes of these screenings?—They are on away. Re-examined by Mr. SryMour. . Q. I have very little to ask you, but, if I understand you rightly, the dodder and other foreign weeds or substances that have been taken from pure linseed, you mix with pure linseed, in making the commonest and lowest type of cake, where you are obliged to use linseed for that purpose?—A. Yes, dodder- seed being a good feeding article. Q. Quite so. Do you, in making your “ Triangle Best,” take’ precautions and care to prevent any of these screenings being mixed with it ?—A. Emphatically—all the care possible. Q. Just tell me what you do when you speak of taking all the care possible—is the floor swept and prepared ?—A. It does not go on to the floor; the screenings are delivered into bags, and the bags are tied, Q. Then unless they are untied they will not get mixed from Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 583 my accident ?— A. No, because the linseed that is taken to make the cakes below, is taken from the pile when we want t by the machinery ; it is drawn into the hoppers, and comes ‘lown without anybody touching it after it has left the pile. It vppears in the lower floor after it has gone up and through the sereen and down to the bottom, and if anything was put to it, it would have to be put at the stones. Q. Wilfully?—A. Wilfully ; in the presence of twenty or thirty men. | @. You have mentioned two men that you say are not here, although Mr, Smales is here, and Stevenson the foreman ?—A. | Q. With reference to the other two men, did they do anything more than obey mechanically the orders that were given them? A, No. Q. I want you to explain. I do not want to have any point made hereafter which is. not cleared up now. You said you got ‘some seed by the vessel ‘D, M. Parke’?—A. The invoices were Q. I wanted to know that; that is the 395 quarters that my ord asked you, I think, a question about ? Mr. Justice BLhackBuRN: Yes, I understand it now; at first I misunderstood it. I first understood him to say that that was Calcutta seed that had arrived, which would not have been con- Q. Was that used in any portion?—A. I put in the invoice for fear I should be unable to swear that it was entirely ‘ Varina.’ I think it went to make pure. @. Your impression is, it was not in; but you produce the invoice for fear ?—A. For fear I should be charged with leaving it out. | Q. But now supposing it in, what sort of quality is it ?—A. It is better than the ‘ Varina’s.’ | Q. Ahigher price ?—A. I think so; but not only that, but the allowance was 4:04, and the standard being 4, it was the cleanest Thad ever known. | Q. It was within -04 of the very purest ?—A. Yes. _ Q. I will ask you one question which does not strictly arise ; it is only to identify a parcel upon which I cross-examined Professor Voelcker yesterday. I asked him whether he had analysed a sample sent to him by Mr. Knowles. Mr. Justice BLAcKkBURN: I think he produced the analysis. Mr. Seymour; The linseed and cake. It is merely for the 584 Kidd v, Royal Agricultural Society of England, = sake of identifying some evidence hereafter. I want to ask this witness what linseed and sesamé, and in what proportions, are’ in the sample he gave to Mr. Knowles to send to Professor Voelcker?—A. I saw the sesamé-cake taken from the pile, ex * Result.’ Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: Just let us see for a moment what it was. There were a great many things asked of Professor Voelcker. Mr. SEymour: I asked Dr. Voelcker whether he had not made an analysis on July 24th for Mr. Knowles. Mr. Justice BuackBurn: My note is “ Last month, July 24th, I received a sample from Mr. Knowles.” Mr. Seymour: That is it. I only want to identify the seed and sesamé in that sample, that is all. (To the Witness.) What sesamé was it you sent and gave Mr. Knowles ?—A. Some of the sesamé that was in the cake Mr. Wells got. I saw it taken from the pile where it had been placed when it came from the ‘ Result.’ I saw it taken to the machine and passed through, and I went with it into‘the mill. Q. Then you can warrant it was the same ?—A. Yes. Q. Now as to the linseed ?—A. This is the linseed (producing | a sample). The same linseed as that which the “ Triangle Best” was made of. ; Mr. Fretp: Which?—A. That “Triangle Best” that you | asked me about—three-fourths Petersburg and one-fourth Cal- cutta, and 20 per cent. sesamé was put in. This linseed con- tained the seeds which Dr. Voelcker said were, some of them, — deleterious, and made out of rubbishing linseed. Q. I understand you to say that the linseed you used in the cake which Mr. Wells got had three-fourths Calcutta to one of Black Sea; the linseed you sent up to be analysed was three- fourths Petersburg and one Calcutta ?—A. Yes. f Q. And therefore it was not so pure linseed as the other ?— A. It had rather more admixture. Mr. Fretp: Do I understand you to say you gave these samples to Mr. Knowles for the purpose of being sent to Dr. Voelcker ?—A. I did on the 24th of July. . @. And did not communicate with Dr. Voelcker that it was — for the purpose of this trial ?—A. I did not send it myself. Q. It was sent for the purpose of this trial?—A. I knew from — Dr. Voelcker’s prejudice against the Hull crushers that I dare not send it to him direct. — ‘ ; * JOHN STEVENSON sworn: examined by Mr. Cave. Q. Are you foreman in Mr. Kidd's mill ?—A. Yes. Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 585 ars ?—A. Yes. ~Q. You have been with Mr. Kidd seventeen years and as foreman fifteen years >—A. I have. _ Q. Have you the superintendence of the mill and of the crushing of the seed?—A. Yes. _ @. Were you engaged as foreman at the time the seed was crushed which ade the cake that was sent to Mr. Wells ?——A, Yes, under the stones, 586 Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. And after the cakes are pressed are they stowed away together? =A, They are put into a rack after they come out of the press. Q. And after that they are stowed away in the cakehouse ?—A. They are | taken away in barrows, and stowed away in the cakehouse. Q. Is any cake made except for the purpose of crushing the seed, or with the intention of crushing the seed and getting the oil out of it?—A, No. Q. Is any cake made with the seed purposely left whole in it >—A. No, of - course not ; we want the oil out of it. Q. Do you remember some cake being returned from Mr, Wells ?—A, Yes, QY. Was it in bags P—A. Yes, it was. Q. Had it got a seal on ?—A. It had a proper seal on. Q. Whose seal was it? Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I do not remember this evidence about its being — returned. Mr. Cave: We shall prove that it was returned afterwards. Mr. Justice Buacksugn: Mr. Field will know if it is a fact or not. Mr. Fretp: Part of the eight tons, I believe, Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: I do not understand it ; I do not think the thing | was mentioned before ; at all events I did not catch it. Mr. Cave: Do you remember some cake coming back to the warehouse in bags, with a seal upon it 2—A. I do. @. Was that Messrs. Ayre’s seal >—A, I saw it. QY. How much was there of it?—A. There was somewhere about eight — tons. Q. Did you go with Spetch, Mr. Ayre’s foreman ?—A. Yes, I did. @. And did you take portions of this cake ?—A. Yes. Q. And supply it to certain cowkeepers—George Roundtree, George Smith, Mason, and Hornby ?—Yes. Q. Now just look at these four orders (handing the same to te | witness) ?—A. They are all my handwriting. . 2. You are able from this to say that those deliveries of cake were made | —Yes. Q. Just give me the dates, the quantities, and the persons from the onde? | A. Five tons of Triangle Best delivered to Ayre Brothers, ordered February number of order, 1381. January 29th, 1872, an order to deliver to North-Eastern Railway Company five tons of Triangle Best linseed-cake, by Ayre Brothers. January 29th, ‘1872, five tons; delivered February Ordered 1st February, 1872, five tons; delivered F ebruary 14th. February . 9th, 1872, five tons ; delivered Februar y 14th. February 14th, 1872, five tons ; delivered February 16th. Q. Now were those twenty tons made out of the same material as the cake that was sent to Mr. Wells >—A. They would be. . Q. Are those also your endorsements ?—Yes, that is my handwriting. Q. “January 27th, two tons; delivered February 3rd. January 24th, two — tons; delivered February Qnd” ?—A. Yes ~ Q. Were those four tons also made out of the same material’ as the ; 4 7 Cross-examined by Mr, Frexp. “y supplied to Mr, Wells ?—A, Yes. Q. What was the number of the order delivered on the 14th of February? —(No answer.) ; @. When did you first bring in the bulk out of which these cakes made—when did you first begin to work upon it ?—A. Somewhere about middle of January we should start to make the best cake. Q. Was there any other seed besides the two cargoes we haye mixed up with the bulk?——A. Q. When you want to put any siftings i in order to lower the qualieyeal the seed, you take them down and put “them into the elevators along the seed, so that the linseed and siftings go together into the hoppers — Yes. Mr. Frenp: Now I understand it; the elevators are for the purpose carrying it up into the hoppers?——A. Just so. | @Q. Who does that ?—A. First one and then the other ; we have no man in particular. _ Q. Anybody who comes first >—A. Yes. | Q. Did you make this cake, this “ Triangle Best,’ on the morning of the | 18th?—A. What cake is that? | _ Q. The “ Triangle Best” that is made on the morning of the 13th p—A. 1 do not make any at all. Q. Did you put any siftings that day into the ordinary—on the 12th ?—A. I cannot say whether there would be any put in or not. I should think there would. Q. Was the cake that was made on the morning of the 13th made in the same place—the same part of the mill as the ordinary that was made on the | 12th; look at the names of the men ?—A. No, they are not made by the same’ ies. Q. Was it made in the same building ?—A. No, one was made in one mill and the other in the other. Q. How far are they from each other?—A. Well, I am sure I never mea- _ sured it. I cannot tell you; there is a wall and engine parts them, _ @. Do the same men work sometimes in one mill and sometimes in another -—A. No. Q. They all keep in one mill ?—They all keep in one mill—they keep in | their own place. S Re-ccamined by Mr. Seymour. Q. When you make the “Triangle Best” cake, is it possible that the | Screenings can mix with it in the process of manufacture ?—A. No 590 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. Can screenings get into any cake unless intentionally used ?—A, No, ‘ not unless we put it in, Q. Did you put any particle of screenings in the cake that was sent to Mr. Wells ?—A. No. Q. When you want screenings to equalize or lower the ordinary cake putting screenings with the pure linseeds, does any one give orders for the mixture or proportion except yourself >—A. No. Q. You have already said that you give orders for the quantity for night as well as day ?—A. I give orders for the quantity to be put in. (). And with regard to the suggestion of Logdon “ doctoring,” has he any- thing more to do than to obey your directions ?—A, No. Q. Do you deliver cake out on the day it is made—cake made on the 18th, would it be delivered out on the day it is madeP—A. I should say it would, I cannot say. @. You cannot tell one way or the other P—A, No, I could not. ROBERT SMALES sworn: examined by Mr. Srymour. @. Ave you a seed crusher in the employment of Mr. Kidd p—A. I am, q. And I believe you have been thirteen years in the employ?—d. I have. Q. And is it your duty to take the direct superintendence of grinding the materials in the mills ?—A. It is. Q. Did you in that capacity superintend the grinding and crushing of the seeds which resulted in the cake that was sent to Mr. Wells ?—4A. Well, I should think I should. Q. You know the distinction between “Triangle Plain” (ordinary cake) — and “Triangle Best” >—A. Yes. Q. Now, in making the Triangle Best, was any portion of screenings or sift- ings mixed with it 2—A. I cannot say that. I am not working in the chambers, I only see the seed when it comes to the rolls. Q. But was any put in with your knowledge below ?—A. No. (). Could it be put in below without your knowledge?—A. No, nothing of the sort. Q. Then did you see anything put in but the linseed, the sesamé, and the bran ?—A. Nothing else. Cross-examined by Mr. T'rmup. Q. Were not you making ordinary cake on the 12th ?—A. Icannot tell you — that: I keep no dates, I go according to orders from the foreman. Q. Your name is put down in the book as to what you are making ?—A, Yes. Q. Do you recollect making any cake on the 13th ?—4A. No. Q. You cannot tell one day from the other?—A. No, not the dates. I should either be working at that time on the day spell or the night spell. Q. You have no memory at all as to what was put into any cake one way or the other?—A. Not at that time ; but I know we never vary or change in our best cake, nor our ordinary cake ‘neither ; ; we do not vary in our mixing. Q. But you know nothing of any particular cake going out to anybody ?— A, Decidedly not. Q. You cannot tell whether the cake that went to Mr. Wells was ordinary, or pure, or best ?—A. No. Q. All you mean to say is that when you put the screenings you put it into the ordinary ? Mr. Justice Buacksurn : I do not think he had anything to do with the rl Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 591 | anny ?—A. I have nothing to do with the screenings. I am not in the | bers at all. Iam in the mill to see that the proportion of the stuff was equally divided when it came up from the roll. Q. If I understand rightly the screenings are put in the elevators, and put into the hoppers, and you do not see the stuff till it comes out ground, so that you do not know even about the screenings being put into the ordinary ?—A. t is right. Mr. Frevp: Then you are the grinder ?—A. No, I am the pressman. Q. That is the last stage ?—A. Yes. Q. First of all the elevator takes it into the hopper, then it is ground, and then it is pressed ; how far is the presser from the grinding-stones?—4A. I work about a yard and a half off. Q. In the same building ?—A. Yes. |} _ Q. Where do you first get it in bags—when you first touch it ?—A. Yes, I | do, when I first touch it. | @Q. You have to take the bags under the grinding-stones ?—A. Yes. | Q. Or to put it into the bags from under the grinding-stones p—A. No; it comes from underneath the stones—the grinder takes it from underneath the stones, and then the parer puts it into the kettle, draws it out of the kettle into the bags, and I put it into the press. \ Mr. Justice Bhackpurn: That is your mechanical work; but, if I under- | stand you rightly, though you work as pressman, you have the overlook of the grinding ?—A. Iam superintendent of the mill, and receive orders from the foreman. | Q. Have you anything to do with the sesamé-cake ?——A. Yes. Q. It is broken up by the machine ?—d. Yes; put into bags and brought into that room. Q. What do you call that ?—A. Into the mill and emptied out. Q. What do you call peppering—what does it mean ?—A. I never heard it _ mentioned. | @Q, Or “Buffum” ?—A. I think I heard a slang word of that sort; it is _ frequently used by the men in the mill—it means this here Niger-cake and Mr: Justice Bhackpurn: “This here” what?—A. This here sesamé-cake and bran, Mr. Fietp: You never heard of “‘ peppering,” and you do not know what that meins ?—A. Never. Q. Do not you know this, that when you are making ordinary cake the _ linseed is not pressed so much as it is when the best is being made ?—A. No; the press is nipped up equally the same, because if we were to have any whole seed the foreman would directly come and call me everything. We could not get the oil out of it. Q. But I suppose a man who bought a cake and broke it and saw the linseed in it would think he had got a very good thing ?—A. I think he would, but it would be very much against the master. 592 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. Now, with that very object, is not it that in making the “Br you leave purposely a certain number of seeds that they may appear in the cake and show as if it was a good linseed-cake 7—A. No, never. Q. In grinding do you grind the “ Buffum ” as much as you do the li —A. Why, perhaps a minute or two longer sometimes; one mill will 1 perhaps twelve minutes. Q. Which is the longer ?—A. The “ Buffum” would be on about minutes. Q. Longer ?—A. No, altogether. Q. How long will “ pure” be on?—A. Pure will be on fourteen. “Q. Eighteen to twenty ?—A. The pure? Q. Yes?—A. We grind the pure eighteen minutes perhaps. 7 Q. And the other IA, Twelve, or “from twelve to fifteen ; some mills are longer than others. ( 0. And the other from eighteen to twenty ?—A. No, not over twe about eighteen minutes is as much as we could do, because we could not stuff fast enough to keep our presses going. Re-examined by Mr. SEyMour. Q. The sesamé, being already ground, does not require so much a go A. No. Q. And that explains the difference ?—A. Yes. Q. Have you ever, under any circumstances, put or left whole linsee any cake that you have made—purposely ; or left it whole that it might well to the farmers?—A. Never in my life, and I have been in the busine thirty-four years. Q. Do you know when “ Triangle Best ” cake is being made ?—A. sometimes we change twice in twelve hours. ' Q. And are you there so as to see when the sesamé is put in and the bran is put in?—A. Yes. Be Q. You see them all put in before they come out and are crushed together? —A. Yes. * Q. And is it ee for anything to be put in except those without your knowledge ?—A. Q. And are you ae to state positively that nothing has been put in ?—=A. I can say that nothing has been put in. Q. My Lord, will you allow me to ask this, Have you seen cocoa-nut or ii “ ; or anything of that kind, about the mill?—A. Never. © Q. Or corn-warehouse ‘sweepings 2—A. Never. Mr. ALGERNON SYDNEY AYRE re-called: examined by Mr. Cave. Q. How long have you been in business as a merchant ?—A. My presen firm seven years. Q. Before then, have you been acquainted with the trade?—A. I have. — Q. How many ‘kinds of cake are known in the trade 2—A. Three, generally speaking, the Common, the Genuine, and the Pure: the relative prices b usually, for instance, 87., 97., and 107.; or 10/., 117., and 12/7.; usually, ‘ being a difference of 12. between the ordinary and the genuine, and also a differ ence of 11. between the genuine and the pure. Q. What is understood in the trade as a pure cake ?—A. Pure cake is s posed to be made from fine linseed, carefully screened. Mr. Fretp: We cannot have that. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: No. What is told and known to or published in the newspapers to the farmers who buy it, would be something to the _pury Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Soetety of England. 593 | Mr. Fretp: And also told to Mr. Wells it should be. | Mr. Stymour: To the purchasers ? The Wrrness: Pure cake is known as cake made from fine linseed, carefully oreened, and all the pure cakes are branded “pure.” Genuine cakes are ‘sually known as cakes made from linseed “as imported,” from which the _xtraneous seeds have not been screened. Ordinary cakes are “as per i mple *—anything. They are known to be mixed, and made of various rticles. Mr. Cave: The linseed “ as imported” varies, we are told, very much in juality ?—A. It does. | Q. And, in consequence of that, does the genuine cake also vary in quality ? \-A, It does. | Q. In consequence of that, did you suggest to Mr. Kidd that he should jake a cake of a uniform quality ?—A. We did. Imay say that the linseed om which genuine cakes are made, frequently contains a large quantity of ape-seed, which is very bitter, and the cattle very much object to it; and aving had very many complaints—— | Mr, Fintp: Are we to go into this? I do not see how it at all arises. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: Mr. Seymour seems to think it material. Mr. Szymovr: In this aspect of the case, I think it material—it is suggested nat we have made this cake for the purpose of deception. | Mr. Justice Buacksurn: It strikes me, at present, that it is not only sug- ested, but proved. | Mr. Seymour: That is what I am going to explain. | Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Very well: 1 am willing you should try. | The Wirness: Our arrangement with Mr. Kidd was, that the cake should ‘e of the same value—that the rape-seed and so on should be taken out of it, in other words, that a finer seed should be used, and sesamé-cake, which vas known to be a good feeding cake, and also bran, which is known to be a ‘ood feeding article, should be used in the manufacture of it. This cake has ways, from the beginning, been sold by us not as a genuine cake— Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Would you explain what you mean by being sold ‘ot asa genuine cake ? The Wrryess : I will, my Lord, if you will kindly hand me that circular jnanded), Your Lordship will observe the circular—you will find that the jangle Best appears at the top of the first column, and is not placed under / genuine quality,” neither is it placed under “ pure quality ;” because, not eing a genuine cake we did not wish to sell it asa genuine cake, and not being e cake we did not wish to represent it as apure cake. I myself have gone yund the country, and I can say positively that I have invariably told all our stomers (who are dealers in the country) that the cake was not genuine, nor did as genuine, nor pure, nor sold as pure. ‘Ihe price will be seen to be 100. ton—in other words, 25s. a ton below the price quoted for pure cakes: and e have never, to my knowledge, in any single instance, sold these cakes at ‘bove the difference in price that I mentioned. With reference to the two ons in question, those cakes were not sold as pure cakes. | Mr. Fintp: I object to this. We havea correspondence upon this— Mr. Justice Buacksurn: The letters and correspondence will show how that ) when we come to try Mr. Wells’ action; at present, we are not dealing with dat, but with a general question. Mr. Cave: 'lhe libel charges that this was sold as best linseed-cake ; there- ore, [submit this becomes material to us. . Justice Bhacksurn: If that is so, you must produce the documents iat passed between them. | Mr. Cave: I propose to do so. | Mr. Justice Buacksurn : If I remember rightly, when Mr. Field wanted nem in you objected tothem. However, I suppose we shall have them in now. | VOL. vitl.—s. 8. 2 Q in = : | 594 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Mr. Cave: Before we come to that, how jong have you sold this “ Tri Best” linseed-cake ?—A, I think about four years. I could tell by referenc to our books. Q. And about how many tons have you sold?—A, As nearly as I can tel’ between 9000 and 10,000 tons. ) Q. And have you ever had any complaints about it?—A. We have not. Q. Did you know Mr. Wells before the occasion when those two tons wer sold to him ?—A. Yes. @. And have you been in the habit of selling him cake ?—A. We have. Mr. Freup: Were the orders in writing? Because, if so, let us see them. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn : If we are to have anything about the contraet between him and Mr. Wells, let us have the contents from the document themselves. We cannot enter into this without. The Witness: Mr. Wells has had the pure cakes— Mr. Frexp : Have the goodness to wait till your Counsel asks you the ques tion, or my Lord permits it. If the orders are in writing, let them b produced. Mr. Cave: Has Mr. Wells ever given you any verbal orders ?—A, To th best of my belief he has. @. For what has he given you orders ? Mr. Fretp: Ask what took place— A. Mr. Wells has frequently called at our office in Hull, to give orders fo cakes. Mr. Wells has had “ Diamond K Pure,” which are Mr. Kidd’s pur cakes. He has also had “ Diamond Mixed,” which are common cakes; anc the cakes in question are the “Triangle Best ” which are supposed to tak the place of the “ genuine” cakes previously made. Mr. Cave: You say he has had “ Diamond Pure”»———?—A. Mr. Wells he a running contract with us for these cakes. Mr. Justice Buacksurw: Then do produce your running contracts, an’ then we shall know what we are about. The Witness: Here, my Lord, are the entries. (Producing a ledger.) Mr. Freip: That is in your books—that i is not the contract. Mr. Justice BLackBurn: We want the contracts which you exchanged wit! Mr. Wells. The Witness: We did not exchange contracts, my Lord. Mr. Cave: Have youever sent to Mr. Wells any of the “ Diamond K Pure’ cake ?—A. We have—here are several— Mr. Justice BuackBurn: You have—that is enough. Mr. Cave: With that cake do you give a written warranty ?—A. We dc Q. And the price, I think, you have told us?——A. I believe it all e together. ). Tt all came together ?—A. I believe in the same boat. here is the remainder of the 8 tons now ?—4A. It has been sent out to parties. efore this conversation, which you had, as you say, on the 12th, had not paid for the cake?—A. It is quite possible he may have paid for Ido not know. ). Look and see ; there is the handwriting. Do not you know he paid for handing paper to Witness) ?—A. Yes. ). That is your receipt for it ?—Yes, from our office. 72 AssoctaTE read the receipt dated ‘“ 9th February, 1872.”] t. Frexp: You say you invariably told all your customers or dealers ething about this cake ?—A. Yes, I did. ). Give me the names of a few of them ?—A. I daresay I can give you ye ), Only a few of them ? eae SESE: Some specific person ?—I find Mr. Glover's name \ ope’s. . te re does he carry on business ?—A. At Warwick. ). Is he here ?—A. He is here. When did you tell him ?—A. I cannot say the date. What did you tell him ?—A. I cannot say, except the fact that we had toduced this ‘l'riangle Best cake in the place of the genuine cake. . Give me the words ?—A. I cannot. . Give me the effect of them then?—A. That we had introduced the Best cake in the place of genuine cake because the genuine cake did tisfaction. £ i U 598 Kidd y. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. That is what you told Mr. Glover ?—A. It was to that effect. I camp remember the exact words. It is a long time ago. Pe | Q. Now will you give me the name of some other dealer that you | to?—A. I believe Mr. Hope. se Q. Where“does he carry on his business ?—A. At Hexham, in Northu berland. @. What did you tell him ?—A. To the same effect. I cannot give y the exact words. Q. Give me the name of another dealer?—A. I could give you i number. I will mention Mr. Starling, for instance, @. Give me a few names P—4A. Mr. Bliss of Witney. @. Isuppose you told all the dealers?—A. I did all those who deal that class of cake, in other words I never sold a ton of cake without ei the people know. Mr. Fretp: I beg your pardon, because I shall say you sold 20 ta without letting people know. Mr. D. Snymour : 20? Mr. Firtp : Well 15. (To the Witness) Now do you mean to say 4 Mr. Wells told you that he had melted the cake ?—A. I do. ai (. Melted the cake ?—A. Melted the cake. I believe that was the actu term he used. ry Q. Did you not in the first instance say that he had told you that h thought there was bran and sesamé in it. Did you not say so?—A. Ido np know that he said so—that he thought there was sesamé. bran, and I said there was not only bran but bea in it. b. Mr. J ustice BLACKBURN: _He said thatthe believed it to be good cake, an and b Mr. Timon I sould like to refer to ie eta ia notes upo that. ty Mr. Justice BLACKBURN : a! cannot take upon myself to be infallible, but shall be greatly surprised if it turns out as you state. 5 Several Jurors: My Lord we understood the witness the same as you Lordship. a Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Then, Mr. Field, there are thirteen to on against you. Mr. Frrtp : Do you mean to say you told him that ?—A. I do. » Re-examined by Mr, Seymour. (). You say the remainder of the 8 tons have been sent out to v: people ?—A. Yes. ae (. In the ordinary course of trade ?—A. Yes. (). Have you any complaints from any of the people who got it me) have not. (). And did you supply the circulars that we have heard here to-day the people who dealt with you 2—A. We did; I believe we ‘sent out | 1680 circulars a week. @. Could you, if necessary, increase to a large number the names of set who dealt with you in this cake ?—A. Unquestionably. Q. Recall your mind to the subject ; did you ever sell a ton of it to human being who was not perfectly aware that it was mixed ?—A, Ne my knowledge, Mr. H. H. AYRE, sworn: examined by Mr, Cave. te a Q. Are you in partnership with your brother ?—, I am. 4 | Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 599 And you have heard the evidence that he has given ?—A. Yes, I have. Is it correct ?—A. It is correct. 1 think he has not given the conver- ution so fully as it really happened with Mr. Wells in our office. & _I was going first to ask you one general question—Have you also when ling these Triangular Best cakes given notice to the parties you were dealing ith that it was a mixed cake?—A. I have always given it out so. When @ first introduced the cakes, my brother travelled round the country. Mr. Fierp: Don’t tell us what he did when he was travelling. y ae WITNESS : Travelling with the firm’s instructions. Mr. Seymour: Was it with instructions from you? fr. Frexp : I object to that. Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: We can’t have that. ‘Mx, Fietp: I object to the instructions. Justice Buacksurn : I don’t think we can have the instructions either. Wirxess: I myself have always done so. I have always represented e made from sesamé and bran, and that they had been introduced of the “‘genuine,” because at the time the genuine were made, the from which they were made was very full of small extraneous seeds, at complaints constantly came in of their being bitter, and of the cattle ng them. And we said to the crusher “If you will make usa cake, astead of all these bitter seeds will put in bran, we can sell a good deal cake, because we will put that to our buyers; and they would rather d bran than nasty seeds.” Some time after, when the sesamé was ‘ ed, it was found that sesamé was a good feeding cake, and we agreed at half the bran should be taken out and sesamé put in its place. Mr. Seymour: Did you inform the persons with whom you dealt of your sons for introducing it?—A. Yes, we made a great boast of it. We felt at we had made a great march in the trade in introducing it. Q. Talking of a great march, I will just ask you this—Within the last few ars, how many tons have you been doing in the trade >—A. Our last year ut 39,000 tons, I believe. We have increased our trade by about ons a year for the last six years. And in those six years about how many tons have you sold?—A. Well, know. Well, over two millions ?—A. No, not tons. Our turn over in amount Q. I think you have supplied in sales something like 169,481 tons in six ars 2—Yes ; that is so, taken from the ledger. Q Has your business been gradually increasing at the rate of something n average of 7000 tons a year since you have been in business ?—Yes. ay state that we have the largest trade in Great Britain in the cake trade. nothing but in cakes, and, therefore, we could not trifle with our name. Y. There is one more question I wish toask you. Do you makea farthing in selling these “ Triangle” cakes than by selling any other cake ?—A. hing more. We sell what we are asked for, and we make no more on the one than on the other. Q. You say you were present at the conversation with Mr. Wells ?——A. We have sold these cakes for four years. Q. Why did not you put it on the circular ?—A. We cannot put everything onthe circular, Q. It would not be very long to say “ Fifty per cent. sesamé and bran ” ?— A. A baker would not put the number of currants he puts into a cake. Q. Well, we may have some complaints to make against bakers—very often we do—but I ask, why did not you put this in your circular?—A. Because it is not necessary ; {t is well known throughout the trade. Re-examined by Mr. Srymour. Q. Has Mr. Wells himself been in the trade >—A. Very largely. _ @. Dealing in the trade p—A. I cannot say whether he deals, but he is well known in the trade, and we have always treated him as a dealer ; we have no farmers in our connection at all. Q. Have you dealt with him as a dealer >—A. Yes, we have; we have sold him Diamond P., the lowest quality that we sell. Q. Have you your ledger showing your dealings with him ? Mr. Justice BhackpurN: There was an objection raised to that which is a sound one, that unless you show the contracts (and they are not here), you cannot refer to the ledger. The Wityess: We have supplied him with ‘* Diamond P.” Mr. Seymour: How long have you dealt with Mr. Wells ?—(no answer.) F Q. Have you sold him various kinds of cake during that time ?—A. We ave. Q. Have you sold him pure cake?—A. Yes. Q. Mixed cake ?—A. Yes. Q. High-priced cake ?>—A. Yes. ; Q. Low-priced cake?—A. Yes; the “Diamond P.” cake took the same rank exactly as the “Triangle.” ‘There are some ten or twelve brands in Hull hich are ordinary brands, and cost some 2/. to 27. 10s. less than the pure. Q. Looking at the priceand description of this cake, is there anybody in he trade who would not understand it to be mixed cake ?—A. Nobody ; verybody understands it so without exception. 602 = Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Tuirp Day. Mr. JOHN HOPE, sworn: examined by Mr. Srymovur. (). Are you a merchant at Hexham, Northumberland ?—A. I am. p. @. And I believe you are in the centre there of farmers and farmers’ clubs? —A. Yes, we are. ; @. And have you dealt very largely in linseed-cake ?—A. I have. “4 Q. Of various kinds?—A. Of all the various kinds: linseed, cotton, rape- seed, and everything of that kind. j Q. Have you had large transactions with Messrs. Ayre ?—A. I have. 4 @. How long back did you first commence dealing with them ?—A. I~ have not gone through my ledger to see, but I am quite certain about 5 years — —about that. ‘ Q. Did they introduce to your notice the cake that has been called “'T angle Best” linseed-cake 2—A. They did. ; Q. Did they acquaint you with the circumstances under which they intro- duced that to the trade ?—A. In 1868, the droughty year, I was in Hull, and — called at their office on business; and they told me that they were going 0 introduce this “ Triangle Best’ linseed-cake, the reasons alleged being that linseed, as imported, was often full of dirt and weeds, and by silting it well and making good linseed, and adding some bran, they would be selling a good, wholesome, useful cake that would be likely to give more satisfaction tha n the so-called “‘ genuine” linseed-cake, I did not understand it to be made of linseed entirely, but, as they said, a composite cake. _g Mr. Justice BLracksurn: As I understand,, you say you understood it to be made of sifted linseed and bran ?—. Yes. ’ Mr. Srymour: And you understood it to be a composite cake ? “s Mr. Fretp: Mr. Seymour, please ask him what occurred, Mr. Srymour: He used that expression. Mr. Fretp : What occurred ; not what he understood. ‘3 Mr. Srymour: By “linseed-cake,” what is known in the trade ?—A. That depends upon the term you put before it, whether it is pure or secondary, or of a third quality. b Q. Would you, in the trade, draw a distinction between “ pure” linseed- cake and “ best” linseed-cake ?—A, Do you mean “ Triangle Best” ? Q@. Yes?—A. Decidedly; there is a difference of from 20s. to 25s. a ton, according to the market value of linseed and other things. ; Q. Is ‘‘ Triangle Best” known in the trade as a composite cake 2—A. It is Q. As distinguished from the “pure” linseed-cake?—A. Decidedly. ; @. You have supplied very largely in Northumberland this particular cake, the “ Triangle Best ” ?—A. 1 have sold it for four years, and have had no fault found with it; none. Q. t phere you had some deliveries of “Triangle Best” in February last? —A, I had. . Q. On the 2nd, I think ?—A. Yes. ; . Q. What quantity had you ?—A. I think it was 2 tons then, and 2 tons later on. Q. Were they supplied to customers of yours ?—A. Yes. Q. And have you had the slightest complaint about that ?—A. None. Q. In fact, I understand you to say that, during the five years you have dealt in this “Triangle Best” cake, you have supplied it largely throughout Northumberland ?—A. Four years. Q. And never had a complaint?—A. No; but you will understand me I have never had a fault found with it. I have always pushed pure linseed- . Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 603 ; ‘cakes and pure everything, but I have sold this for what it was, and I have never had a fault found. _ @. You have pushed pure cake, and you have sold them this “ Triangle Best” for what it was?—A. Yes; I told the people distinctly what it was. @. Then am I to gather from that, that telling people what was pure and what this was—— Mr. Freip: Please, Mr. Seymour, do not gather anything. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I think it would be better if you would simply ask questions and let him state facts. Mr. Seymour: Did you tell the people what this was?—A. Yes. Q. Did you find the sale of this cake increase?—A. I pushed the pure linseed-cake, but this always sold well, it sold freely ; but we never pushed it, because we always gave preference to the pure. Cross-examined by Mr. Fret. Q. What do you suppose your percentage of sales would be of the “ ‘Triangle Best” and of the pure >— A. Speaking off-hand, and as near as I can go, I should think I sold from 30 to 35 tons of pure to 2 of “ Triangle Best.” About that: I would not like to be exactly positive to a fraction. ' Q. Whose “pure” cake do you sell?—A. Oh, the best there is. Q. Whose ?—A. Kidd’s “ K Pure” and ‘“‘ H Pure.” Q. Did you issue circulars to your customers ?—A. Yes, occasionally. Q. Have you got any of your circulars here ?—A. I have not. Q. I should like to have seen them. Did you mention in your circulars (i will take your word for what they are) that this was a cake other than “Triangle Best” linseed ?—A. I do not exactly understand your question. Q. Did you in your circulars give it any other description than that of “Triangle Best” linseed-cake ?—A. I put it under that term., Q. Will you answer my question, please; it is a very simple one. Did “you in your circulars mention it under any other description than that of “Triangle Best” linseed-cake ?—A. No, I did not. Q. Or in your circular draw the attention of your customers to the fact that it was sifted linseed with bran and sesamé?—A. I did not push that article. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Do attend to the question. Did you in your circular mention anything about its having anything in it but linseed ?— A. I did not. Mr. Frenp: What is the meaning of the word best ?—A. A trade mark purely ; the same as Colman’s Bull’s Head on the mustard, or any other kk. ao. What is the meaning of the word best >—A. Comparatively— ~Q. What is the meaning of the word best ; it is an English word ? : Mr. Justice BLacksurN: Every one knows the meaning of the English word. He says, in this particular way, it is used as a trade mark. Mr. Freip: “ Best” is a trade mark ?—A. It is. Re-examined by Mr. Szymour. Q. “Best” is a trade mark, and “Triangle Best” is known in the trade as pointing to this particular composite article ?—A. Decidedly. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: I just want to be quite sure about this. I gather from you that you say that until this trial it was quite a surprise to you to find that there was 20 per cent. of sesamé in this ?—A. I did not know before, but I knew about the bran. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: I know; you have told us about that. 604 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Mr. Seymour: Will you ask him, my Lord, whether it alters his opinion of the cake ? H Mr, Justice Bhacksurn: I do not think that bears upon the issue at all; but I understand him to be equally clear as to telling people how it was manufactured. Mr. Seymour: I wish your Lordship would ask him that question. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: No, I will not. I asked a question which I thought was left unasked, in order that there might be no mistake about the matter. Goon with the next witness. Mr. GLOVER sworn: examined by Mr, Srymour, Q. You are a merchant, I think, at Warwick ?—A. Yes. Q. Have you dealt largely, and supplied customers largely, in your own and the surrounding counties, with linseed-cake ?—.A. I have. : Q. When did you commence dealing with Messrs. Ayre, Brothers ?— A, About six years back, I should think. Q. Did they introduce to you this Triangle Best ?—A. They did, in 1868. Q. Where did you see them—at Hull, or did they see you at Warwick ?— A, At Warwick. Q. You saw Mr. Ayre, I believe—did you commence dealing with them for the supply of that cake ?—A. We did. o Q. What is the “ Triangle Best linseed-cake” known as in the trade?—A, As a second quality of cake. @. Have you bought pure linseed-cake ?>—A. We have. Q. What was said by Messrs. Ayre to you about this cake?—A. It was offered to us in the place of a second quality that we had been having before, — which we had had great complaints about. Since that time—since 1868—I think we have sold about 300 tons a year of this same quality, and we have not had a single complaint. ; Q. But besides pure linseed-cake, what other cakes are there that you know of as being sold in the market? —A. We have not sold anything but — the second quality and the pure. 4 Q. Until you got this substitute for the second quality ?—A. That is what I am speaking of—the “Triangle Best.” ‘That is what we are selling now. Q. 1 thought you said that Messrs. Ayre supplied that to you in place of a second quality, of which you complained ?—A. Yes. W Q. Do you recollect the name of that second quality that you had been having ?—A. To my best recollection it was “ B.” Q. Did you know anything from Mr. Ayre whether this was mixed or pure? Mr. Frey: Would you kindly—I ask you particularly, Mr. Seymour—oblige — me by putting your questions in a different form ? : Mr. Justice BLacksurN: You really must not lead. You will pardon me for saying so, but I really do think Mr. Field is justified. You are rather too much telling the witnesses what you think, in place of asking them what they say. If you ask him what it was that passed between them he will»tell you. Mr. Seymour: Then you have heard the question—do you recollect what did pass between you and Mr. Ayre about this cake?—A. I do not quite. It was explained to us what cake this was. There was a “ K Pure” cake offered, and this Triangle cake at the same time. : Q. That is what I wanted to know from you, Mr. Glover.—A. I bought it understanding quite what the cake was, and when I have sold cake I always sold from sample. We have had a “K Pure” cake, and we have had a “Triangle ” cake. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: You are asked what passed—you say it was @X- plained. You are asked what it was explained to you to be—A, Well, Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 605 eannot quite recollect, my Lord, except that it was explained to be a mixed cake. Mr. Srymour: And did you buy it knowing it to be a mixed cake ?— A, We did. Q. How much did you pay Messrs. Ayre last year ? Mr. Freip: What does it matter ? Mr. Srymour: I think it was from 3000/7. to 40002. “The Wityess: I do not know exactly the amount, but about 300 tons we had from Messrs. Ayre. Q. And are you dealing now in that cake?—A. We are, very largely, and our customers take that cake in preference to “K Pure” cake, at a difference of 25s. per ton. Q. Had you some of this cake in the monta of February last ?—A. We had. On the 6th February we had five tons; on the 14th we had two five tons ; and” on the 16th we had five tons. Q. That is, 20 tons altogether in the month of February ?—A. That is, 20 tons in a fortnight. Q. You had two lots of 5 tons on the 14th ?—A. Yes. Q. And did they go out among your customers ?—A. It was sent out, to the best of my recollection, to about 20 of my customers. Q. Have you had a single complaint from any of them ?—A. I have not had a single complaint from any one. Q. And do you believe it to be a wholesome, nutritious cake ?—A. I do. Cross-examined by Mr. Frmup. Q. Can you tell me what it was Mr. Ayre told you as to the make of this cake ?—A. I cannot recollect. * Q. Give me your idea—you can recollect something about it, I suppose —what did he say to you about it?—A. Well, I cannot recollect exactly the words, but it was explained to me as being a mixed cake. Q. What did he say to you—cannot you give me an idea—not the exact _ words—did’ he tell you what the mixture was, or what the nature of the - cake was?—A. Well, I understood it was a mixture of bran and linseed. Q. Did he tell you that ?—Yes, Q. Then do tell us—you see you do recollect—now tell us what it was he _ did tell you?—A. I do not recollect exactly what passed between us. Q. Did he tell you there was sesamé in it?—A. Well, I cannot recollect. _ Q. Surely you can tell us 2—A. I cannot recollect four years back. I have _ been selling it for a good cake, and it has given great satisfaction. Q. Lam perfectly well aware of that; but did he tell you there was 50 per cent. of sesamé in it p—He did not. Nor was there 50 per cent either. Q. Did he tell you there was any sesamé in it ?—Well, I cannot recollect whether there was any sesamé mentioned or not. Q. You really mean to tell the jury you cannot recollect yes or no?— A. | cannot recollect whether it was mentioned or not. Q. ‘The cake that you say it was in lieu of was marked “ B”?—4A, Tt was “ iB.” Q. Was that Blundell’s ?—A, I do not know the maker—it was offered to me by Messrs. Ayre, Brothers. Q. Do you mean to say you do not know whose trade mark “B” is ?—4A, T do not. Q. What was the matter with that cake of which your customers com- plained ?—A. It was very bitter. Q. What was it that made it bitter?—A. Well, I do not know. Q. You do not know ?—A. No. 606 Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Raniehy of England. , | Q. Is linseed bitter ?—A. It must have been some kind of seed that was a put into the cake—it was a mixed cake that I was buying. ) Q. What was it that made the cake bitter—you come here to tell us all about the trade and as knowing all about these cakes—what was it that made the cake bitter ?—A. I am not a maker of cake. I sell cake which is offered to me by Messrs. Ayre, Brothers. I take it upon their recommendation, @. What was it that made the cake bitter ?—A. I cannot say. (). Is linseed bitter ?7—A. I cannot tell what made the cake bitter. Q. Is bran bitter ?—A. I cannot tell what made it bitter. Q. To what extent did you have complaints at that time from your eustom- ers about that cake ?—A. | cannot recollect exactly—we had several complaints, Q. Did it hurt the cattle ?—A. Not that I am aware of. QY. What were the complaints with reference to the cattle ?—A. It cannot be supposed that the cattle would say it was bitter, Q. I do not suppose that, but what did your customers say ?—A. The cattle — would not eat it, Q. Yes, but, still, I do not know why, because the cattle would not eat it, you infer it was bitter ?—A, I could tell if I tasted it. Q. Did you taste it?—A. I did, (). How much did you taste? f Mr, Justice Buacksurn: Is not that wandering a good deal from the issue? The Witness: Well, I should not be likely to eat much of it. Re-examined by My, Srymour. Q. Do you know the taste of rape ?—A. I do not—I do not deal in rape- cake. Q. The cake that the complaints were made of, had you got that from — Messrs. Ayre ?—A. We had that from Messrs. Ayre. Q. Do you know what it is called ?—A. “ B Genuine.” ' Mr. Justice Buacksurn: There isin Messrs. Ayre’s circular now one ional : ““B Genuine” which is one of those of the second quality. I believe we heard whose trade mark it was, but I do not know that it much matters. ; Mr, Szvmour: He said the rape made it bitter. : JOHN SPETCH, Foreman to Messrs. Ayrn, ewamined by Mr. Cave, deposed to going to Booth Ferry, and seeing the eight tons of cake there that had been rejected by Mr. Wells, that some of it was put into bags and sealed, and sent to Hull and given by the witness and Stevenson to certain cowkeepers. GEORGE MASON, of Chapman Street, Hull, cowkeeper, sworn : examined by Mr. Cave, deposed to receiving a little over a hundredweight of cake in a sealed bag from Spetch and Stevenson, and his examination then proceeded as follows: Mr. Cave: Did Spetch and Stevenson give you instructions what to do- with it?—A. They did not. Q. You did with it what you considered right ?—A. I gave it to my cattle, the same as I should have done any other cake, Q. How much did you give them?—4A. Half a cake a day. @. And did you continue to do that as long as it lasted ?—A. I did. ~~ Q. How long would that be ?——A. Yes. Q. What time of the day did you give it to them?—4. I gave it them in the evening. Q. What time ?—A. I cannot say what time. I do not always give it them at the same time exactly ; it depends upon circumstances. _ Q. About what time?—4A. Sometimes about 7 o'clock in the evening, according as I get home. Q. That is after the milking. What time do you milk?—A. I com- mence to milk between 4 and 5. I give them the cake usually after I return from delivering the milk. Q. What other food did you give them besides cake?—A. You mean at that time ? _ Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Yes.—A. At that time they were out at grass, and they would get a few malt grains and a bit of linseed-cake, and a ‘little bran with the grains. Mi. Frei: Then the cake, the grains, and the bran, was all mixed together ? —A, Decidedly not; cake was given them alone. Q. Then how soon after would they get the cake ?—A. Probably I should give them a few grains before I commenced milking them. -Q. Between 4 “and 5 o'clock ?—A. Between 4 and 5 o'clock ; ; and if I got back from delivering the milk about 7, or sometimes a little later, I should hen supper them up for the night (I keep them in in the night) "and give hem the cake. Q. Did you give them anything with the cake ?—d. Decidedly not. Q. I thought you said you gave them grains, bran, and cake. When did you give them the bran ?—4A. “Amongst the grains. Q. At 4 or 5 o’clock ?—A. Yes. Q. And then at 7 gave them the cake ?—A. Yes. Q. Four pounds and a half. Did you break up the cake ?—A. I broke it up with the hammer. | Q. What would they have in the morning ?—A. Before going out, grains and bran also. ) Q. Was that all they had all day long?—A. All they had besides what hey picked up in the field. Q. Oh! they were turned out to grass ?—A. Yes. GEORGE ROUNDTREE, sworm: examined by Mr. Srymour. Q. Are you a cowkeeper ?—A. Yes. Q. And have you been so for some 22 years?—A. Yes. _ Q. Did you get some cake from Mr. Stevenson?—A. Yes. / Q. I think you got 1 ewt.?—A. Yes. | Q. And did you give it to your cows?—4A. Yes. Q. How many cows ?—A. Five got it. Q. How much did they get 7224, A good half a cake every day. = And did you continue to give it them while it lasted ?—A. Yes, every y while it lasted. . Did it agree with your cows?—A, Very well; they looked very ealthy. 608 Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Cross-examined by Mr. Frexp. ; Q. What time in the day did you give it your cows ?—A. I gave it in the morning. oa Q. What time in the morning ?—A. About 7 o'clock; between § and7, Q. What did you give them with it?—A. We gave them bran to milk — with. ‘9 Q. How much bran ?—A. Just a little, perhaps 2 or 3lbs.; just a little to milk with. . Q. Did you mix that with the cake ?—A. No. ; Q. Then you gave them the bran and the cake almost together ?—A. Yes, we gave them the cake soon afterwards. Q. How soon after the bran did they get the cake?—A. About halfan- — hour afterwards. GEORGE WILLIAM SMITH, sworn: examined by Mr. Cave. Q. Do you manage your father’s business >—A. Yes. Q. And is he a cowkeeper ?—A. Yes. Q. Do you remember getting a bag of linseed-cake from Mr. Spetch and Mr. Stevenson ?—A. I do. Q. How many cows do you keep ?—A. Six. Q. Did you give the cake to your cows ?——A. Yes. Q. Did they appear to do well upon it?—A. Yes. Mr, Frextp: I have nothing to ask him. 5 Mr. HORNBY, sworn: examined by Mr. Szymour. 7 . Mr. Justice Buacksurn: They are not cross-examining. I suppose the — other cowmen will say much the same. a Mr. Seymour: That was my reason, but still, as I gave the names— y /_ Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I do not know that there is any harm in calling a him; but, at the same time, I do not know that there is any good. Be Mr. Seymour (to the Witness): Are you also a cowkeeper, and did you get. a some of it and give it to your cows?—A. Yes. 7 . Did it agree with them ?—4A. Yes, I wish I had some more. . How many cows did you give it to?—A. Three. . What time of day ?—A. At night. Did you mix anything with it ?—No. . What had they had just before ?—A. I gave them a bit of bran. . How much bran ?—A. About half-a-peck apiece. | . And did you continue giving it, while it lasted, from day to day ?—— A. Yes, I did about a fortnight. j Q. And never saw anything in them the worse for it ?—No, they were the — better for it. ’ Mr. GEORGE HOLMES, sworn: examined by Mr. Seymour. 4: Q. Are you a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons?— A, Tam. , Q. And have you practised your profession as a veterinary surgeon for-man: years ?—A. I have. Q. For some years, I think, you were abroad in India ?—A. Yes. - Q. Attached to ——?—d. To Messrs. Cooke and Company, as well as the Body Guard of India. : DOOSOSS Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 609 _ Q. And had you charge of the horses—the cavalry ?—A. I had. _ @. And since your return from India where have you principally carried on your business ?—A. Beverley—before I went to India—in Thirsk, | Q. And between your experience before you went to India, and since your return from India, in the treatment of cattle, how many years’ experience can you recall ?—About 32 years. | @. Have you had a large personal practical experience in the diseases of cattle ?—A. I have. | Q. Have you in your time treated cases of hove or tympanitis?—A, I ave. * you been in Court during the whole of this trial, Mr. Holmes ?— 4. I have. _ Q. Having heard all the evidence that has been given, have you formed an pinion as to the cause of the death of Mr. Wells’s cow ?—A. I have. . s And as to the cause of the ailments that affected the other cattle ?— A, Ihave. Q. What is that opinion?—A. That opinion is, that the cause of the shange that took place, that is to say, the cause of the illness of these animals yas the cause of having a food that the stomach had not been used to, for ‘ome ten days or a fortnight, I believe, was the time stated. The mangold- vurzel and turnips just at this time of the year contain a great deal of noisture. From the 7th to about the 18th of February there was an immense uantity of moisture, and I think I named that there was a great deal of noisture this winter, and the weather being very mild little sprouts made heir appearance very abundantly both from wurzel and from the turnip, and o large have some of these sprouts been that they have actually grown out nto leaf. So long and large have some of these sprouts been that they have roken out into green leaf. The wurzel, I believe it is well known, is charged vith a great deal of sugar. So much for the particular food that these nimals had been taking up to the time that the cake was introduced. When his cake was first given to them, instead of having a smaller quantity rhich is recommended to be given, they commenced at first with a larger uantity. | Mr. Justice Buackpurn: I do not understand you. I never heard of any- ody recommending a smaller quantity, nor have I heard that there was ever smaller quantity than this given. The Witness: I may observe, my Lord, that every farmer that is in the abit of commencing with cake invariably commences with two or three lbs. if cake, and then running on to a larger quantity. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Very well, wait a moment; that I understand. | The Witness: They commence with a smaller quantity, say from two to ee or four lbs., and then they will increase from that small quantity by ‘egrees up to 14 lbs. a day for the same animal. And to this sudden change, P the case of the animals of Mr. Wells, I attribute the sole cause of the ‘ymptoms of these animals generally, and their showing the peculiar symptoms qat they did. I believe that was in consequence of the wurzel, as I said jefore, being so charged with moisture, and from these sprouts being exten- ively thrown out, and also that there is so much sugar in the mangold that “hen this food has been brought into contact with fresh food—with so much s 6 or7 lbs. of linseed-cake—there has been a fermentation set up very | ickly ; gas quickly follows, and hence the distension that we hear of; so much so that we are told the animal can scarcely breathe or move, and the mgue is protruded. This is what I consider to be the cause of the illness of 1e animals in question; but in all cases in beasts you may give other ingre- ients, and, if they have not been used to it, it will produce the same eflect. _have seen instances, but not to such an extent. For instance, I have seen VOL. VIII.—s. Ss. 2R 610 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. barley or barley-meal in one feed given to animals that are stall-fed produce — the same effect. I have seen pea-meal also. Q. You say you have seen the effect produced by barley or barley-meal 2— A. In one feed I have seen it produce the effect. Q. Produce tympanitis ?—A. Yes. Q. And accompanied by the same symptoms as in this case ?—A, By pre- cisely the same symptoms as we see in this case. Q. In life and post mortem ?—A. Yes. Q. Can you give me any other illustration? As I understand, you are now speaking from your own practice ?—A. Of my own practice. I have seen it when a beast has been eating wurzel, and swede turnips, and straw. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Did I understand you to say that, in the case of the barley-meal, the animals were in the field or tied up ?—A. Animals stall- fed. I have seen it also when they are eating wurzel, or turnips, and wheat- straw. I have seen when wheat-straw has been substituted for barley-straw, or vice versd, that it has had precisely the same effect as what I have named. Mr. Srymour: Resulting in tympanitis with these same symptoms ?— A, Yes, I have seen the same thing occur from changing wurzel or turnips to potatoes. Q.-Was the change of wurzels for potatoes that you mention in the case of stall-fed cattle ?—A. Yes. Q. Did you say potatoes substituted for wurzel, or wurzel for potatoes ?— A. Potatoes substituted for wurzel—a change of food. Q. You have seen tympanitis resulting from that ?—A. Yes, I have also — seen the same effect produced by giving grains on the first or second occasion, T have seen them produce exactly the same effect as wurzel. Q. And is this a frequent disease among cattle?—A. A very common disease. Q. Are there known instruments of surgery that are kept for the purpose of being used in such cases?—A. Yes, and my opinion is that if it had been used on this occasion we should not have heard of a cow dying. Q. There is an instrument that can be used for making an incision in the stomach and relieving the gas ?—A. Yes. Q. And is that generally known among cattle-doctors ?—A. Yes, I believe it is pretty generally known. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: It was known as long ago as the time of Sir Walter Scott’s novels, for I remember a simile that he used in one of them— “ Like a cow that has been fed on wet clover, and given a jag to let the wind out.” I think we may take it for granted that every man on the Jury per- fectly well knows that cows sometimes get hoven. Mr, Srymour: Is your opinion affected by the fact that a number of these beasts all treated in the same way showed the same symptoms ?—A. Yes. Q. Do you attach anything to the fact that there is a plurality?— A, Nothing more than I have named. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: What is it that you have named ?—A. I attach, my Lord, very great importance to the wurzel on this occasion being yery much charged with moisture. Q. That I have understood, but I understood Mr. Seymour’s question which he now asks you to be this—Whether you attach any weight to the fact that a good many cows fell ill at the same time P—A. No. Mr. Stymour: The conditions being the same, do you attribute to the same cause the illness of the cattle?—A. I should; only that where the dis- ease was not so markedly developed it was that they had had a smaller quantity of the cake. 4 Q. For instance, you have known of cases of tympanitis and distension from taking clover?—A, Oh, that is a very common occurrence, Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 611 ). If half-a-dozen cows went into a clover-field at a time, would you expect n a hy suffer more or less according to the quantity they took?—A. Cer- ainly ould. Q. We have heard of the condition of the cattle at Airmyn Pastures, and of the wy] ot took 3 lbs. only at Sancton, not showing any signs of dis- 2aSC fr—A. Yes. Q. Does that tend to confirm your opinion ?—A. It does. Q. You do not agree, then, of course, as I take it, with the suggested theory of there being any vegetable poison in the cake ?—A. Most certainly not. | Q. Have you anything to add upon this subject as to the reason for not necepting the theory of the poisoning ?—4A. I think I see sufficient cause rom what I have named. I think it is easily accounted for. It is well snown in the country that it matters not scarcely what kind of food you give hem ; but cattle are subject to this distension when fresh food is given to them, fit is not given with the precaution of using small quantities at first. | Q. We have heard of the cow in this case dying in about three-quarters of m hour from the time that she took the food. Has that any importance in your mind upon the question of whether she died from poisoning or from ympanitis produced by the cause you assign ?—A. My impression is that the ow died entirely from giving her the oil that we heard of. I firmly believe— tis my opinion—that that cow, when the oil was given to her, was not in a it State to receive anything of the sort. We hear that her tongue was very nuch protruded, and that she was swollen up as far as possible; it was mpossible for her under these circumstances to receive this oil. I consider hat the oil went down the windpipe and caused the death of the animal— hat is my impression. Q. Your treatment would have been an instrument ?’—A. Immediately ; it vould have been the last thing I should have thought of to give anything in he form of medicine in such a state of circumstances. Q. Suppose a poison to be taken into the system of a cow, what time do you hink it would take to produce any results ? Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I do not think it was suggested that this was a ase of poisoning in that way, by taking it into the system. What was suo- ested on the part of the Defendants by Mr. Simonds was that something—he oes not pretend to say what—that something in the cake acted as a poison m the nerves, paralysing temporarily the action of the stomach. That is very different from being taken into the system. | Mr. Szrymovur: Well, I am glad, if your Lordship takes that view, to be elieved from combating that hypothesis. | Mr. Justice Buacksurn: You are attacking a thing that has not been set }p: it has not been said that there was poison taken into the system—that ‘as not been suggested. Mr. Seymour: Not by Professor Simonds, but I certainly understood my Fiend to suggest it. However, I will not argue further with your Lordship ‘pon it. Iam glad to be relieved from having to meet that theory. (To the Witness.) Now we will come to the other. Do you think that dodder or arnel, which we have heard of as being discovered under the microscope, could isturb the action of the rumen so as to stop its peristaltic motion?—A, My ‘nowledge is so slight on the subject I should not like to venture to give an ‘pinion, I only know that dodder is used extensively as a food for the human abject. . You do know as a fact that it is used extensively as food ?—A. So I am | Q. Do you agree with: Mr. Simonds in what he said, or is there, in your pinion, any foundation for attributing the death to any foreign cause other nan that you have mentioned ?——A. In stall-fed cattle. | @Q. Now, with regard to stall-fed cattle, are they more subject to it when ‘achange of food takes place ?—A. Decidedly so. Q. The ordinary remedy is to make an incision in the flank, I believe, is it _not?—A. That is not my practice. Q. What is it?—A. Hither to put down the probang to relieve ths gas— ) @Q. That is a hollow tube which allows the gas to escape ?—A. Yes—to give | medicines that would neutralize the gas, or to puncture the rumen with a trochar through the side | Mr. JusticefBLacksunn: You say either medicine to neutralize the gas, or ' to puncture the rumen fthrough the side ?—A. Yes, my Lord. ‘ | Q. That is what I understood Mr. Cave to ask you first, but I dare say it ) Was the use of the word “ flank” that made the difference. ' | Mr. Cave: Is the administering of oil the proper thing to do ?—4A. Yes. | Q. At what stage ?—A. It is very frequently given in the first stage by some people. ; | @Q. For what purpose ?—A. Well, I cannot tell you: it seems to havea ‘wonderful effect in allaying the gases—it is the same as pouring oil upon water. Q. Would it be proper to give it at a time when the tongue was out and the animal was apparently struggling for breath—A. It would not be my practice. Q. Would you think it proper ?—A. By no means. Q. Do you find highly-bred cattle more or less predisposed to discase than ordinary cattle ?— A. I believe they are more predisposed. Q. Do you agree with what Mr. Holmes has said with reference to the cause of death in this case, with reference to the change of food ?—A. I do. 616 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Cross-examined by Mr. Fie. Q. Mr. Holmes told us the cause of death in the cow was, in his judgment, the oil passing down the windpipe—do you agree with that ?—A. That is not what he said. He said it hastened it, and caused the cow to die sooner. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: It is not of much consequence. Whatever it was that caused the animal to be ill is the more important thing. He thinks there was error of treatment in pouring the oil down the animal’s throat undoubtedly, but that did not make it ill. Mr. Fretp: You told my friend that sometimes it may be produced by food partaken of—I mean fermentation ?—A. Yes. Q. I suppose deleterious food is injurious—food of any sort which acts upon the nerves would produce it -—A. Yes, and good food as well. Q. Will foreign substances, deleterious and injurious food, produce that effect ?—A. No doubt they would. Q. You say pins and needles would produce it?—A. I have found them in ~ the stomachs of cattle afterwards. Q. They will, in your judgment, produce the fermentation—produce tympanitis ?>—A. Yes. q. A piece of wire, I see you mentioned ?—A. Yes. @. Did you see any reason to suppose that they were predisposed to disease down to the morning of the 16th? You have heard what happened to them, how they were taken up in September, and fed in the way you have heard? —A. Yes. @. And you think they were predisposed to disease ?—A. Yes. Q. What disease were they predisposed to?—A. The animals being high- — bred, I believe are better cared for, and consequently they are rendered more liable to disease, and especially from being kept up during the winter in stall, Q. What disease do you suppose they were predisposed to on the morning — of the 16th ?—A. Nine times out of ten we find it from disorder of the stomach. Q. I ask you with reference to these animals, taking their food healthily on the morning of the 16th, in the way you have heard, what disease they were exposed to then—can you tell me that ? a Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I thought he had told you already. (To the © Witness.) What was it you said about disordered stomach ? I may not have understood you rightly, but I thought you said just now, in answer to Mr, | Field’s question, that high-bred animals, especially when tied up and stall-fed, — were more prone to disease, and then you added something about disordered — stomachs ?—A. Did I say they were better cared for ? Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Yes, I think you said that?—A. And conse- quently, I believe, more predisposed to indigestion from a change of food. Mr. Fretp: Now, I will ask you the same question I asked Mr. Holmes,— Would four or five days’ absence from cake be enough to cause tympanitis upon 6 lbs. of cake being administered, the animals having had mangolds in the morning and in the middle of the day ?—A. I believe it would, or from — any other kind of food. Q. What other kind of food do you mean?—4A. Tare-meal, bean-meal, bran, barley, oats. ; Q. Given under what conditions?—A. Given after the animal has had its ordinary food. Q. Suppose the same animals to have been without food again for a-similar or longer period of time afterwards, and then to have taken their feed of cake and a have suffered no harm from it, does that alter your opinion at all ?= waMo: Q. Why not, if you have all the same elements existing—why did not that { ' q Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 617 ct them in the same way ?—A. The animal might not be in that particular e of health which it was in previously. There is a peculiar idiosyncrasy, Professor Simonds said, about animals that we are not able to understand. Q. Answer my question—Does it alter your opinion if they were accus- jtomed to the food, and then were without the food for a similar or longer period of time afterwards, and then to have taken their feed of cake and to ‘have suffered no harm from it, does that alter your opinion as to the cause of ‘their illness ?>—A. No, it might, or it might not. | @Q. Why not, if the same conditions existed on the subsequent occasion as jon the 16th of February ?—Why did not the animals “indigest” then and ‘blow up, and get ill and die?—A. I cannot tell you that, but they are not always in the same state of health. - > Re-examined by Mr. Srymour. Q. Might not purging and treatment, and the care they had received for ays previously, alter their susceptibility on the second occasion ?—A. It would on that occasion, I believe. Q. But, without theorizing or speculating as to the second occasion, from all hat you have heard in this case, do you attribute the death of this cow and ‘the injury to these cattle on the first occasion to tympanitis produced by the ange of food ?—A. I do. Mr. WILLIAM BROUGHTON, sworn: examined by Mr. Srymour. @. Are you a veterinary surgeon practising in Leeds ?—A, I am. Q. Have you had considerable experience in this neighbourhood and the surrounding counties ?—A. I have. Q. And among horned cattle chiefly ?—A. Yes. | Q. Have you professionally attended many cases of tympanitis in grazing cattle, and also in stall-fed cattle ?—A. I have. Q. Have you found over-feeding, feeding too greedily, and alteration of food ?—A. Yes. | Q. In the alteration of food which class, those out to grass or those stall- | ed, are most disposed to suffer by the variation ?—A. Stall-fed ones. | @Q. And which are more liable, the common or the higher breeds ?-—A. 'The higher bred are more liable. Q. Have you heard the evidence in this case ?—A. I have. Q. Bringing your experience to bear on the matter, and exercising the best f your judgment, what, in your opinion, was the cause of the death of the ow, and of the illness of the other cattle ?—A. Indigestion, from change of ; iet partaken of in too large a quantity. _ Q. Taking the interval of either a week or ten days since these short-horned attle had been fed on linseed-cake, giving them even the purest linseed-cake so the extent of 7 lbs. after that interval, was that a safe or prudent course ?— A, It was not a safe course, it was too large a quantity. | @. And, as a practical man, without dealing in theories, is that sufficient 0 account for the death in this case ?—A. It is. i 7 Cross-examined by Mr, Freup. | | Q. Six pounds of cake, after the absence of it for six days, is too large a ‘uantity of cake to give ?—A. Yes. | Q The same beast having had 6 lbs. from October downwards ?—4A. Yes, here being an interval. _ Q. Of six days?—A. Yes, it was too large a quantity, I think. 618 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural ia of England. Re-examined by Mr. Savion: Q. Would the animal, in your opinion, eat more greedily when the feat cake was given ?—A. I should say so. Q. And would the tendency under these circumstances be to produce fer- mentation and indigestion? —A. Undoubtedly. Mr. JOHN CUTHBERT, sworn: examined by Mr. Cave. @. You are a veterinary surgeon residing in Leeds?—A. I am. (). What are your qualifications ?—.A, I have the honour to be Presiden. of the Yorkshire Veterinary Medical Association. . Have you had many years’ experience in your practice ?—A. I have. . Especially with horned cattle?—A. Not especially with horned cali’ . With cattle of all sorts?—A. With cattle of all sorts. . Have you had experience in cases of tympanitis?—A. I have, . . And do you agree with the preceding witness that it is caused by over- ete feeding too “greedily, and by alteration of food ?—A. It is caused by indigestion. Q. Arising from what ?—A. From functional derangement of the ston or stomachs. Q. And what is the functional derangement of the stomach caused by ?— A, Probably by overloading, or by want of nervous power in the stomach, of which overloading would partially paralyse the nerves. @. Does a change of diet affect cattle ?—A. Very frequently. Q. In what way r—A. By producing indigestion. Q. Does that happen more or less with stall-fed cattle ?—-A. More with stall-fed cattle. Q. And are highly-bred cattle more or less disposed to it than others ?— A, I do not think the breeding makes them more disposed to the disease, but the management of them renders them so. Q. Have yeu had instances of tympanitis arising from the causes you have mentioned in your own practice ?—A. I have. (). Have you heard the evidence on this trial?—A. I have. Q. In your opinion, what was the cause of the illness of Mr. Wells's cattle? —A. Indigestion in the first place. Q. How caused?—A, The death was caused by elimination{(sic) of gas to. the cow that died. Q. How do you say the indigestion was caused?—A, By overloama| the stomach, Q. If cattle are kept without cake for some days, and then have it again, would they be likely to eat it more greedily ?—A. Undoubtedly. Q. Do you think giving 6 or 7 lbs. after an interval of five to ten domes safe thing to do 2—, I think it is an over-dose. *DOOOO . . Cross-examined by Mr. Frexp. Q. I believe your line of business is amongst horses, is not it?—A, Mine is a mixed practice. Q. But principally amongst horses ?—A. Principally. Q. Do you attend cows ?—A. I do. Q. Was this case of tympanitis that you speak of with a cow or a horaet— A. It was a cow. Q. Where was it?—A. Which case do you want? 4 Q. You say you have had cases of tympanitis; have you had tympanitis amongst cows?—A. Yes. . 5 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 619 Q. And beasts ?—A. Yes. Q. Steers?—A. Not steers. Q. Cows?—A. Yes. Q. How many cases have you had?—4A. I could not enumerate them. @. You have generally practised amongst cows, then, as I understand ?— IT have a general practice. Amongst cows and beasts?—A. Well I have most practice amongst ses, but my practice is a general practice. . You talk about indigestion. Do you understand that the ruminating nimals digest the same as a horse does?—A. Yes. Q. The same ?—A. Well they digest the same. ). What, with gastric juice?—A. Yes, with gastric juice. Q. Is that your idea of it?—A. Yes. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I do not think you understand the question. Yon do not mean to say there is no difference between an animal that chews the cud and one that does not ?—A. Of course there is. One animal has only one stomach, and the other has four. Mr. Frexp: Do you mean to say that the process going on within the Tumen is equivalent to digestion ?—A. Not at all. _ Q. Well, you used the term “indigestion,” that is the reason I asked you? —A, Not at all. Q. Then, in your opinion, 5 or 6 lbs. was an over-dose of cake to give ?— A, I think so. _ Q. Under the circumstances of the case that you have heard with reference o all the animals and so on ?—A. I do. Mr. JOHN MITCHELL, sworn: examined by Mr. SryMour. 'Q. Are you a veterinary surgeon in Leeds?—A. The senior veterinary surgeon in Leeds. @. And I believe you have been in practice for something like thirty years? —A, Above thirty years. E _Q, And are you a Cattle Plague Inspector for twenty-seven divisions ?— 4. | was appointed by the local authorities. Have you had, as a practical man, much experience among short-horned le and their diseases >A. Very much experience indeed. I was brought Bedfordshire, and I had a great amount of practice in Bedfordshire and Northam ptonshire. _Q. Among short-horned cattle all your life?—A. Yes. _Q. Have you had experience also in death or illness from tympanitis ?— 4, Many cases. _ @. Many cases in your own practice ?—A. Scores of cases. _ Q. Do you agree with the gentlemen who stood before you in the witness- — to the predisposing causes of tympanitis?—A. I do, in every parti- © _ Q. An overcharged stomach and a sudden alteration of diet ?—A. It isa very common cause of tympanitis; a very common cause. Do you also agree that stall-fed cattle, and the management of a higher renders them more predisposed ?—A. Mismanagement renders them e predisposed, Have you heard and attended to the evidence in this case?—A. I ave. . In your opinion, what was the cause of the death of that cow?— A, Indigestion, produced by an over-dose of food. . Now, without reference to the quality of the food, suppose, after such interval as there was here, that this cow was given 6 or 7 lbs. of pure * 620 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. linseed-cake, in your opinion was that a safe or proper treatment ?—A. It is an over-dose, I should call it. -_ Q. Can you mention any analogous cases in your own experience?— A. Not where cake has been the predisposing cause. , Q. Well, I would rather you gave me something else?—A. Where bean- meal or bran has been administered in improper. quantities it is a very common cause indeed. Cross-examined by Mr. Frexp. Q. You say 6 lbs. or 7 Ibs. is an over-dose; what quantity might have been safely given ?—A. I should have begun with 2 lbs. or 3 lbs. Q. 4 lbs?—A. Probably; perhaps 4 lbs. Q. Perhaps 4% lbs.?—A. Well, I am not able to judge to 3 a lb. in the weight. Q. Well, you would not negative 43 Ibs. ?—A. No. Re-examined by Mr. Srymour. Q. But after the interval of a week, would starting with 6 lbs. in your opinion be unsafe ?—A. I think so. Q. Would 7 lbs. be still more so?—A. Oh, certainly. Q. And in your opinion, is there sufficient cause, as a raed man, from — that of this death without theorising or speculating ?—A. Certainly. Mr. WILLIAM FERNLEY, sworn: examined by Mr. Szymour. Q. Are you in practice as a veterinary surgeon in Leeds?—A. Yes. Q. Have you heard the evidence given by the gentlemen who have been / in the box before you?—A. Yes, I have ; part of it. Q. You have heard the last two or three witnesses, I believe ?—A. Yes. q. And do you agree with them ?—A. Yes, I do. Q. Have you met t with cases of tympanitis in your own practice ?—A. Oh, a great many; hundreds of cases. It is a very common thing with cattle. “Q. Have you known any instances in which death by tympanitis hi resulted from change of food ?—A. Oh, yes, it is the commonest thing in the — world ; it is the commonest thing with cattle to have tympanitis from change — in food, it does not matter what food it is; from one field of turnips to another will almost do it. @. You say from one field of turnips to another—a change from turnips pro- — duced by one field to turnips by another ?—A. It will sometimes produce if. © @. Where there has been a cessation of food for a particular time and the food is given again, have you met with acase where tympanitis has occured from the alteration under these circumstances ?—A. Oh, yes. Es Q. Within how short a time,—we have heard of from 5 days toa week or 10° days in this case. Can you tell me in your experience, within what time have met with it?—A. Perhaps 2 or 3days: the stomach gets into one gro as it were, and if you put it out of that groove by change of food, it does ne so regularly digest it. Q. You have known cases where food having been laid aside for 2 or 3 day and then resumed, tympanitis has set in from the alteration?—A. Yes. Q. Have you known cases in which the new food has been given 6 or7 hours after ordinary food ?—A. Yes, I have. Q. Have you known tympanitis set in from that cause?—A. Yes, e hay Q. Then do you agree that in this case the death and illness of these an mals is referable to tympanitis, caused by the alteration of food ?—A, By simple change of diet. Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 621 Cross-ecamined by Mr, F1Enp. - What was the change of diet that took place in that case that you men- of 6 or 7 hours ?—A. In what particular case ? The case you mentioned—you say even after the lapse of 6 or 7 hours— have not mentioned any particular case. I have known it in many _ Q@. Do I understand you to assent to what Mr. Seymour has put to you, that you have known tympanitis to arise from a change in food in 6 or 7 hours? could not understand what it was. What were the circumstances of that 6 or 7 hours’ case ?—A. I do not understand you at all. @. Well, Iam sure I do not understand you. You say you have known iter a lapse of 2 or 3 days a case of tympanitis to occur. What animal was at in?—A. I have known it in many animals. Q. What animal was that case that you spoke of where it occurred after a apse of 2 or 3 days?—A. If you had been giving this particular cake for 2 or 3 months and then left it off for 2 or 3 days, it would be unsafe to give it Mr. Justice Buackpurn: You are asked, in the cases which you have relied on in your practice in support of the evidence you gave as to the 2 or 3 days, what the animals had. What was it that was changed or rather discontinued ? What were the circumstances of the case? That is what you are asked.—d. I do not remember. M.. Fretp: You do not remember any case ?—A. Almost in any case. Q. Then I must ask you this: Are you speaking of a particular case or are you giving your opinion ?—A. I am speaking from my experience in many Q. Then will you give me one of the cases? ‘My. Seymour: By way of illustration ?—Q. I do not know that I can give you an illustration. ‘Mr. Fietp: You say, many cases. Will you give me one case? I want to est your evidence.—A. I do not know that I can give you one in particular. _Q. Surely you can give me one case—you speaking of having met with so many cases. Will you tell me what animal it was ?—A. A cow, of course. _ Q. Was ita cow? Why “a cow of course ”? I do not know.—A. Well, it Was a cow. -Q. Whose cow was it?—.4. I do not know. I have not come here to call up any particular cases. ‘Mr. Justice Buacksurn : I am afraid you are mistaken in that. You know "you have told us from your experience, that even after 2 or 3 days the stomach gets into one groove and the change back produces tympanitis. Now, you are asked for a particular case in which you have known that—that is, in order to ‘see how far you are justified in your generalization. Can you not remember any one case ?—A. I cannot just now, my Lord, remember any particular _ case. Mr. Fretp: Can you remember a single case, and will you tell me what the janimal was and the food he had had—your knowledge of it—and how many | days he was off his food ?—A. I could concoct a case, if you like that. Mr. Justice BhackpurN: You are asked a real fact—if you can remember none, say so. the Witness: I can remember none at all, because there are so many. * Re-examined by Mr. SzyMour. _ @. Do you remember the fact that you have met with such cases in your ractice?—A. It is the commonest thing that we have to attend to in current practice—change of food, it does not matter how simple. ,. 622 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. How long have you been at your profession ?—A. I started in 1860, Q. And although you cannot at this moment recall the case of A., B can you state from your own knowledge that you have met with such es A. Yes, I can scores of such cases. Q. Have you taken the usual degree in your profession ?—A. Yes. Q. And have you given an opinion based both upon your experience and — upon your reading ?—A. It is from my own experience in fact, that I gi Q. 1 think you have been in practice since 1866?—A. Well, I got 1 diploma in 1866, but I was articled before 1866. Q. But you have been in practice since 1866 ?——A. Yes. Q. And when the seed is first landed it contains the sticks and stones, and ‘all sorts of impurities ?—A. Yes, matting, &c. Q. And sticks, and stones, and dirt of various descriptions ?—A. There is not a great quantity of dirt attached to linseed. | Q. Do you receive the sesamé-cake ?—A. No. Q. Whois the man who receives sesamé-cake P—.A. I believe he is in Court. Q. What is his name ?—A. Coggins. Q. Where does the sesamé-cake come from ?—A. I do not know anything about it. I have nothing to do with it. ; Q. Does not that come into the mill?—A. I believe it does, but I have nothing to do with it. Q. No, I know you have not. I am not going to say anything of the ‘kind. About the sesamé-cake, what part of the mill does the sesamé-cake ‘come into?—A. It comes into the bottom floor. | Q. It never comes upstairs >—A. No. Q. Does it come into the mill ground?—A. No. Q. Where is it ground ?—A. You will excuse me, it comes into the mill, but not into the mill where the cakes are made. | Q. What mill does it come into?—A. The place where the machine is ‘fixed, that is where it comes to be ground. _ @Q. Where is the “ Buffum ” machine ?—A. Where the sesamé-cake is. Q. That comes to the “ Buffum” machine ?—A. No, to the machine, Q. You said the “ Buffum ” machine just now. When it comes into that ) machine is it broken up?—A. Yes. Q. Who breaks it up ?—A. Coggins. Q. And when he does that what becomes of it then?—A. It goes into the ymill. He is in Court. Q. And we shall see him ?—A. I have nothing to do with it. | Q. Do you mean to say youdo not know what becomes of the sesamé-cake ? —A. No, I have nothing to do with it. Q. Where is the bran kept ?—A. Upstairs. Q. Oh, that is under your charge, is it?—A. Yes. Q. Then when the seed is landed it is first of all sifted on the ground, Where does the first screening take place?—A, When I land it, pa 624 Kidd y. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. When you land it where—what part of the mill?—A. On the fo Q. Then after that it comes upstairs into your chamber ?—4A. Yes. ay Q. Are your duties limited to the foreshore and to the upstairs chambeeaa A, Yes Q. You have nothing else to do with any other part of the mill ?—A, No. Q. Then upstairs in your chamber is kept the linseed that comes up. How often is it screened ?—A. Three times—it goes through three screens. 7 Q. Can you give me the size of the meshes of the screens ?—A. I cannot, Q. Roughly ; what is the widest and what is the narrowest—can you tell | me ?—A, Well, I cannot. Q. You cannot tell me ?—A. No. | Q. Then when the thing has gone through three screens, what becomes of the linseed ?—It goes into the bin to be crushed, to be made into cake. Q. I suppose all the linseed is of the same quality ?—A. No. Q. Oh, there are different qualities of linseed ?—A, Yes, there are. Q. Do you recollect the linseed coming in with the ‘ Labrador’ 2—A, No,1 do not remember any ship—I have nothing to do with it at all. @. Do you recollect the quantity of linseed that came in in November = A. No; I cannot call back to that time. 4 AeA ‘thought all the linseed was put together ?—A. No, it is not. Q. Then is there a division made of superior and inferior linseed ?—A. Yes @. Who makes that division ?—A. We have a great quantity of room in | the chamber. Q. Who does it—you yourself ?—A. Yes. Q. It is your duty to separate the good from the bad ?—4A. If you y understand me, when I take in a good parcel of linseed, the foreman gives orders to put it into such a place by itself, and I keep it there. By-and- there will be a parcel come in that is not quite so good; well then I put into another place; and by that means the parcels received are kept distinct — by themselves. Q. Then when some other comes in not quite so good again, what do you — do with that ?—A. We put it by itself. ‘e Stevenson. Q. That is the same man we had here yesterday ?—4. Yes, I suppose it Q. I do not understand exactly—now is the best linseed used for ¢ particular thing, because you said the linseed for the “ ordinary ” came doy that one spout, ‘and the linseed for the “ pure” came down through the oth spout—is that so?—A. Yes, but it is all one seed, but we mix those sm seeds that we have. come out coach the small screens. Q. What do you do with those small seeds and sand?—A. We put them into bags and take them down to the bottom floor, and sift all the sand out, 7 and then we put the small seeds in proportion among the * Triangle ” cake. a Q. That is done downstairs ?—A. Yes, there cannot be any mixture with- out. fae. Q. Where are the bags kept with the small seed in?—A. They are kept in a small place to themselves, in a chamber by themselves. Q. Down stairs, a lot of bags put together with the small seeds in?—dA. Yes. Q. I suppose anyone can go to them and take them out if he likes ?—< Yes, but he cannot put them in the bin withont my knowing; he may take them away if he likes. i Kidd y. Royal Agriculturai Socicty of England. 625 | Mr. Justice Bracksurn: It is not locked up, then ?—No. | Mr. Fietp: And the bags are not tied or sealed ?—A. They are tied. | Q. But not sealed, so that anybody can get at them ?—A, He has nothing to ‘o but to untie them. Q. Are you there night or day ?—A. Day. ), Who is in your place at night ?—A. ‘There is not anybody. , Oh, there is nobody at night ?—No. Then who mixes the small seeds at night ?—4. I mix them before I go a es y 9. Where do you mix them ?—A. Down stairs. . You must have a large bin there to mix the seeds in. What quantity eds do you use in the course of the night?-—A. Well, 10 lasts on “ pure ” DD a is = & . And how much on “ ordinary” cake ?—A. Well, I cannot say. . How much on “ Triangle Best” ?—A. Well, I cannot say. . Then you mix the whole lot the night before?—A. The bins are made ificiently large for me to get enough in in the daytime to serve the night ell. -Q. Do those small seeds go into the “ Triangle Best” as well as the others ? \-4, No. | Q. You are quite sure of that ?—A. Quite sure. | Q. Then, if there are small seeds in the “ Triangle Best,” what do you say yout it; where do they come from if they are found in it ?—A. Well, they ‘me with the seed. Q. I thought you said it was screened ?—A. It is screened. }Q. 1 thought you screened out all tke small seeds ?—A. No; not all of 2OOs em. | Q. Well, if there is any wheat or rice husks, or husks of oats or barley in ‘e cake, where does that come from ?—A. There is none, because the screens ill not admit anything bigger than the linseed. | Q. If there is any, where does it come from ?—A. It must come from the ‘an, if there is any. | Q. Isuppose it may come from the sesamé-cake—you cannot tell that ?— ). No, you will not find any, I think, in the sesamé-cake. | Q. You say it may come from the bran, Who has charge of the bran ?— . Well, I have in the daytime. 1 Q. Who has at night?—A. Well, generally the men that use it put a bit of a night, if they want any. Q. Now, I do not understand what you said just now, that there were ‘ferent spouts, one for the seed for the “‘'Triangle Best,” and the other the ‘ain “ Triangle ”—I do not understand that—will you explain that to me ?— 1 Yes ; supposing there is a large parcel of seed at one end of the chamber, ‘Ad then a large parcel at the other end, there is a spout for that tocome down ito the bin, and a spout for that to come down into the bin (explaining). | Q. Then do you store all the seed for the “ Triangle Best” on one side, and | the seed for the ‘‘ Triangle Ordinary ” on another side ?—A. Yes. Q. You select the seeds ?—A. Yes. Q. Then there is a different sort of linseed goes into the “ Best” from what es into the “‘ Pure” ?—A. The same linseed makes the ‘‘ Pure” as makes the iangle Best,” only we put a proportion of these small seeds in according the linseed is in quality. ‘Mr. Justice BLhacksurn: Just let me understand you; say that again, du say that the same linseed makes them both ?—A. ‘Ihe same linscent akes the “ Triangle Best” as makes the “ Pure.” 1Q. “Only ”—you said something else?—A. Among the “Triimgle” ve t these small seeds into the plain “ Triangle.” _ VOL, VIII.—s. 8. 2s 626 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural sabia of England. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: You say the same linseed makes the “Triangle Best ” and the “ Pure” ?—A. Yes. Mr. Frexp : Is the linseed that is used for the pure in no way different from the best ?—Yes ; the linseed that makes the pure cake is screened through the small screen to take out the sand and the small seeds. Q. And is that which is made into “Triangle Best” not screened ?—A. Yes Q. Which way is it: if you have got a quantity of fine linseed that comes in, do you screen it all, or is part of it screened and part not ?—A. What make the pure cake is screened, and what makes the “‘lriangle Best” is nol screened, Q. Now, in what part of the chamber upstairs is the pure seed kept?—A Well, it differs; sometimes at one end of the chamber and sometimes aj ‘another. Q. There is no specific place for putting it?—A. Just in proportion as w have room. Q. There is no specific place in the chamber for putting the screened or thy unscreened linseed ?—A. No. | Q. And sometimes the screened may be where the unscreened is, and some: times the unscreened where the screened is?—A. Yes; but you will understanc me that it is all screened as it comes into the bin to be used. Q. All! what do you mean—both sorts?—A. No, but that that it screened. Mr. Justice BLhackpurn: Is the linseed that is used to make the “ linsee pure ” screened and put up in the warehouse in this pure screened state, or di you only screen it from time to time as you are sending it down?—A, W. ae screen it from time to time as the mill uses it. . Frztp: Now I want to know about the different spouts: you sa: ae is a different spout for the “Triangle Best,” and another for the plait «‘Triangle”—I do not understand that Beds Well, we have a quantity c spouts in the mill. Q. Is one of them devoted to “Triangle Best” and the other to plai “Triangle” ?—A. Itis, if the seed lies that way. Q. Then, if I understand, it is only screened as it is used ?—A. No. Q. Then what happens at night-time—when it is used at night-time 2—A, — receive my orders from the foreman what cake they are going to make durin the night, and then prepare the seed accordingly. Re-examined by Mr. SEYMour. Q. The pure linseed that you speak of, how many screenings does i undergo ?—A. ‘Three. Q. The Triangle Best; how many does that undergo ?—A. Two. Q. And are the screens in the spouts by which both the “ Pure” and th “Triangle Best ” go down to the millP—A. Yes. Mr. Justice BLackBurn: I did not so understand it, and I do not we understand how that could well be. Mr. Seymour: Just explain it; there is a spout of a funnel shape? As. Yes, Q. And where is the screen put P—A. In the centre of the spout—a cireul: screen. Q. Sothat when you pour the linseed in it is screened P—A. Yes; and the is a man stands with a brush-brushing these small seeds out. ‘ i Q. You say that with the ordinary, or plain “ Triangle,” you mix tl siftings p—A. Yes. Q. Now I ask you this, Can any of the siftings be mixed with the “Triang Best ” without your knowledge ?—A, No, a Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 627 eee is some suggestion made that a person might open the box clow ?—A, Oh no, he cannot. re $0 fixed that no one can get pit ca in, or any thing aie only by going hrough the rollers. Q. Therelore, if he chose to do so, would he have to come up stairs for the uurpose of getting it in?—A. Yes; but ze could not get it in. | Q. Without your permission pay Q. Therefore a man might steal it, a He could not use it? —A. He might eal it and take it away. | Q Did you ever see any portion of the siftings that you keep in the bags sing used for the “ Triangle Best” ?—A. No. | Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Just explain to me what I do not thoroughly derstand : when you are going to put in siftings in making plain “ Tri- dle” who takes them for the purpose of putting them in?—A. I do Q. Yourself ?—A. Yes .Q. You carry them, if I understood the thing rightly, to the elevators, hich are going to put the thing into the hoppers pA Yes, down stairs. Q. Now what I wanted to understand is this, is the seed never raised by nese elevators into the hoppers except in your presence?—A. No, there is no ne else has charge of them but me. mat night, when you are away, is it ever raised into the hoppers P— 0. DENNIS COGGIN, sworn: examined by Mr. Cave. . Are you sesamé grinder in Mr. Kidd’s mill ?—A. I am. . And how long have you been with him ?—4A, Ten years. @ Now i is the sesamé-cake ground in ‘Thompson and Stather’s machine ?— is, @. And is that under your charge ?—A. It is. Q. Is that in the same part of the mill as the linseed—the grinding achine ?—A. No, it stands by itself, it stands in a compartment by itself, ad it has an engine to drive it itself. 'Q. Have you a man with you?—A. Yes. Q. A man of the name of Oates who assists you ?—A. Oates. | Q. Is this machine of Thompson and Stather’s used only for grinding »samé-cake and nut-cake ?—A. That is all. _Q. Is the sesamé-cake used for the Triangle Best >—A. Yes. | Q. And nut-cake for the Triangle Plain ?—A. Yes. Q. What notice do you get when you are going to change from grinding Jat-eake to grinding sesamé-cake ?—A. Our foreman will tell me at 3 or half- ist 3 in the afternoon, he will say the mill is to go on with either Triangle or Triangle Plain, and then | change the machine according to what ‘he ll me. Q. When you get notice that you are going to change from Triangle Plain to ‘mangle Best what do you do with the “machine ?—A. I clean all up in the ole where the machine blows it ; I sweep up, and then they mix that with 1e ‘ground. It goes among it; we take and sweep that up, and it goes ‘nong the nut-cake that we “have ground, | Q. And do you make the machine quite clean ?—A. Yes. i . After that, when the machine is clean, do you go and get the sesamé ik sP—A, Yes Ido. I stop the machine then and go and oet sesamé-cake ; and I have charge of the horizontal engine that drives it as well. b And when you leave the machine you stop the machine, do your— Yes. 28,2 628 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. And then you get the cakes ?—A. Yes. 2 And are those brought into the building where the machine is?- val MEGS: Q. And put ready for use?—A. Yes. Q. Then do you put them into the machine and grind them ?—4A. Yes, feed the machine. I have a man to put them on the table to me. @. When the sesamé-cake is ground, what becomes of the meal ?—A. It blown through, by a blast, into some elevators, and they take it up. It blown through into the elevators by the blast from the machine, and then goes up into a screen—a revolving screen—and then I have a boy at tl spout where all the meal comes down. He takes it from there and he whee it into a corner of the warehouse on one side, and then it is left there, and have no more control over that. I have nothing more to do with it. Q. What is separated from the mill by the screen ?—A. There is what com down—returns. The machine does not grind it fine, and that is the reason y have to have this revolving screen, and then all the returns goes back in the machine and she grinds that up fine and all. Q. Can any one interfere with this without your knowledge ?—A. No, have the charge of the engine, and no one durst touch it. Cross-ecamined by Mr. Fiexp. Q. Where is the sesamé-cake put when it is first brought into the mill? A, It is put on a table alongside of me. Q. When it comes from the ship is it brought by boats p—A. It is. Q. Where does it go first -—A. It goes into the warehouse. Q Who has charge of the warehouse ?—A. It is locked up every night. ¢&. Who has charge of it >—A. I have charge of it in the daytime. Q. Then who breaks it up?—A. I break it up. I feed the machine th breaks it up, rather. Q. How long do you break it up before you use it ?—A. It may be twel hours, or happen not that. Q. Then, when it is broken up, where does it go?—A. It goes into the mi Q. And where is the bran added to it ?—A. I do not know—I have nothi to do with that, any further than I have told you. Q. Then you only attend to this machine ?—A. To this patent machine. @. All that you do is to break up the sesamé-cake ?-—A. Yes. @. And that passes through a machine which grinds it up ?—A. Yes. Q. Who takes it from you ?—A. A boy takes it to the mill. Q. What happens to it in the mill you do not know ?—A. I have nothi: to do with that. Re-examined by Mr. Srymour. Q. Mr. Stevenson and Mr. Kidd give directions there ?—A. Yes. Q. Have you got a specimen of sesamé-cake with you?—4A. Yes.— specimen of the sesamé-cake, ew ‘ Result,’ was produced.) [Two letters, dated 23rd and 24th March, 1872, from the SzcreTary of t Society to Mr. WELts were here put in and read by the AssocraTE.] Mr. Seymour: That is my case my Lord. Mr. Fietp: Before I address the Jury, there was a question which I h omitted to put. Mr. Ayre stated yesterday afternoon a conversation with - Wells. here was aconversation, no doubt, the terms of which he alleged a particular way on the 12th February last, and my own impression Wi that Mr. Wells had already denied that conversation. _ Mr. Justice Buackburn : Mr. Wells did in the course of one -part of! Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 629 e—it came in a little irregularly. There was something said about a ation or a letter the day before yesterday, in consequence of which Mr. Vells was interposed ; and I do not know where I can find my note of it; but ny recollection is, that he very distinctly denied the conversation. ter some further discussion, a Mr. WEtts was re-called, and examined by Mr. MELtor. Q Had you a conversation with the two Messrs. Ayre on the 12th eb Wary 7—A. I had. samé?—A. Neither of them. I never knew there was such a thing as ssamé-cake till the answers to the interrogatories were put in to show what at cake was made of. . Did you say to them that you had tried the cake for mucilage ?—A. I ld them that I had tasted a piece of the sample that was originally sent in he letter, and that it appeared a good cake. Q. Did you tell them that you had melted the cake?—A. By no means, gcause I never did. Q. I think, before this conversation, you had paid them a sum on account ? -A. I paid them 107/. 10s. three or four days before—at least, I had the ‘eceipt three or four days before. Q. And at this time I think you paid them the balance ?—-A. I paid them e balance, 52/7. odd. Cross-eramined by Mr. Seymour. Q. How long were you at Messrs. Ayre’s, Mr. Wells?—A. I cannot say— yerhaps half an hour. " I suppose while you were there you were talking about cake ?— A. Yes, Q. You cannot have told us all that passed ?—A. I will answer any ques- jon you put to me. Q. I would rather you answered in your own way. Can yourecall anything arther that was a topic of your conversation ?—A. I will answer any question you put to me. j | @ Do you mean to say you did not know it was a mixed cake ?—I am Yuite certain I did not know it was a mixed cake. . You had bought pure cake before ?—A. Yes. ty . And had bought it with a warranty ?—A. I have the invoices. I will out all the transactions I had with Messrs. Ayre in. There (producing some ocuments) is every transaction I have had with them for the last four years, jn which you will find that the whole of my transactions with them have been or pure cake, except one. . | @ And what was the one?—A. One in 1868: 2 tons sent to the Sancton Farm, and 5 tons to Booth Ferry. It was called “ P linseed-cake.” Q. Repeat the particulars of that ?—<4. In 1868 I find I had 7 tons of them which are only marked “two tons P. linseed-cake,” sent to the Sancton Farm, ‘and 5 tons sent to Booth Ferry. Q. What was the price of that cake ?—A. 81. 15s. . What was the quality ?—A. “ P.” -@. Put in the invoices ?—(Handing them in)—A. The remaining lots for ur vears are all marked “ pure.” Mr. Justice Buacksury: Put in the one that is not pure, if it is here ?— 4. Yes, it is here. Q. Is the word “pure” on the invoice of the others?—A. All the others | 630 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. are marked “Pure Lin.-cakes.” Some of them are marked “K Pure Lin cakes,” and “ P Linseed-cakes.” ken Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Hand in the one invoice which you say was no’ “pure,” and then we will see what is the difference ?—A. There were two, Mr. Srymour: Two not pure?—A. Two not pure. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Let me look at them; the Jury shall look at ther afterwards (the invoices were handed to the Court). These are not called pure or anything else. ‘Vhey are ‘‘ Diamond P” Linseed-cakes ”—that is the only description, whatever brand that may be. There are two of them which seem to be the same, except that they are sent to two different farms. Mr. Field had better see them before they are handed to the Jury: he may haye some remark to make, or some question to ask upon them, Mr. SzymMour: What sort of cake was that “ Diamond P”?—4. A good cake. It did very well for my animals. I know nothing more about it-than that. | Q. It was good cake?—A. Yes. That is in 1868; they vary according to the year. | Q. You knew that “ Diamond P cake” was not a pure cake—A. Well, IT suppose it was not pure by their not putting pure on it. I should say it was not a pure cake, not what is called pure. It is genuine cake, I should say. Q. Quite so, but not pure?—A. Not pure. . Q. Now, I think you know the distinction between “ ordinary,” “ genuine,” and “pure” cake?— A. Well, I never buy anything under the head of ordinary. Q. No, but have you not been aware there were cakes known in the market as ordinary, as genuine, and as pure ?—A. I should think so. Q. Differing in prices ?—A. Differing in prices. Q. And were not you aware that the pure cake was described pure because it was warranted as containing linseed only ?—A. Yes, that is so, Q. And genuine linseed is linseed without being sifted as the pure is?— A. Exactly so. Q. And the ordinary is more or less mixed ?—A. The ordinary I know nothing about. I have, however, bought what I call linseed-cake which I considered to be not screened. But that which was screened was pure. Q. But you knew that the ordinary cake was a cake which was neither genuine nor pure ?—A. I have never bought the cake. Q. But you knew there was such a cake ?—A. I have seen it advertised in the circulars. Q. But did not you know it was a mixed cake, and neither genuine nor pure ?—A, I did not know what the component parts of it were. fe Q. But you knew that it was supposed to have component parts—you are & gentleman of some experience in these matters, and residing in the Hast Riding. I ask you this question,—Did you not know that, as distinguished from genuine and pure cake, ordinary cake was composed of certain com ponent parts ?—A. 1 knew there was such a cake; I never knew what the cake was made of, and I should not buy it. ’ Q. But the distinction from genuine and pure you knew—do you mean to” tell me you did not know it was a mixed cake ?—A. I cannot tell what it would be. Q. What should you think ?—4A. I should think it was an adulterated cake, or one with bad seeds in it—an inferior cake. Q. I will take your expression, an adulterated cake ?—A. An adulterated or an inferior cake. ; Q. You were in the habit of receiving circulars ?—A. Yes. a Q. And you read the circulars that you received from Mr. Ayre ?—A, In which case ? - = Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 631 9. You read the trade circular that has been put in?—A. I do not know tI did. I have said before that I would not swear that even I got that nlar; but very likely, if they say they sent it, they would do so. 2. You knew there was a distinction drawn on the paper between “ Triangle Raat ?9_ Mr. Fretp: The paper will speak for itself. | Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Give one of them to Mr. Wells. ) Mr. Seymour: Have you not been in the habit of receiving that circular (handing a circular to the Witness) ?—A. Yes, they sent me one every week. Q. There you have pure cake, 11/. 5s.; genuine cake at, I forget what rice; and you have “Ordinary cake,” and above it “ A Best” at 101.?— A, Those are not the exact figures. Mr. Fretp: It speaks for itself. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Undoubtedly, but Mr. Seymour is putting it to e witness to point some question upon it. He is not quite accurate in the gures, but there is the document, and the Jury have a copy of it before them ‘I dare say. ‘A Juror: We have, my Lord. | Mr. Seysiour: I ask you, seeing that “ A Best” did you not know by ‘that circular that “ A Best Linseed-cake” was a cake of an inferior price to the genuine and to the pure ?—A. No, not to the genuine, because at the time I bought it it was a little above it. ) Q. Did you not know that it was neither genuine nor pure ?—A. No, I expected it was a genuine cake. Q. Although it is distinguished there in a different column ? __Mr. Justice BLacksurn: That the Jury will judge of for themselves. I should say it was not. Mr. Seymour: I should say it was. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I should consider the circular quite differently. ) However, at present, you are asking Mr. Wells the question. 9 | Mr. Seymour: Quite so, I am asking Mr. Wells on this circular. ‘Mr. Justice BLhacksurn: I do not know which circular you have got. ‘The Wriryess: This is April 19th. Mr. Szymour: I mean the one you gave the order from ?—A. I did not give /my order from a circular: my order was given from a letter that was sent to me. Q. At that time what was the price of the “Triangle Best” as compared ‘with the pure ?—4A. I should think about 25s. difference according to the | Hull makers, more according to the Driffield makers. ) Q. Did not it occur to you that if it was sold at 25s. cheaper it was / probably a mixed cake and not a pure cake ?—A. No, because | have always jsaid, and I have told Messrs. Ayre, that sometimes I have paid too much for ‘the word “ pure.” Q. Was there no allusion made to the word chaff when you were talking . Messrs. Ayre ?—A. No. Q. Bran I mean ?—4A. Yes, I heard something about bran. Q. What did you hear about bran ?—A. That bran was sometimes put ba cakes, and my reply was that bran at 10/. per ton was robbery upon the any Q. But were you told at the time that bran was sometimes put in cakes ? | —A. We had a conversation about cakes, and bran was mentioned as being sometimes put into cakes, and my answer was—‘ Well, if it is bran, I should not like to pay for it at 100. per ton,” and that it was a robbery on the ers. Me”, | Q. Did not it occur to you that there might be bran in this cake ?—A. No, I did not expect it. ¢ 632 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Q. Do you mean to say that bran was not mentioned between you as being an ingredient of that cake?—A. I am quite certain that neither bran nor sesamé-cake was ever mentioned in connection with the cake | purchased. Q. Did you talk of sesamé at all?—A. Not at all. Inever heard of such a thing until the other day, as I tell you; I did not know that such a thing was in existence. Q. What, not that it was used for cattle on the Continent ?—4A. No, I never knew there was such a thing; it came upon me by surprise. Q. What introduced the subject of bran ?—A. Something in the course of ordinary conversation about the make of cakes. -1 had paid and settled the account. ° Q. Did you say you had examined the cake ?—A. I said I had examined the sample sent to me by letter, tasted it, and thought it was a good cake; it was a small sample which was sent to me, and which I have not been able to recover, upon which I made that purchase. Q. Aud you said nothing about bran ?—A. I said nothing at all to Messrs. Ayre about bran being in the cake that I had purchased. Q. Nor was anything said by either of them ?—A. Nor by either of them. Q. Now I think you wrote to Mr. Jenkins on the 26th March ?—A. If you will read the letter [ will tell you. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Is this in any way bearing upon this question, because we had Mr. Wells long ago examined and cross-examined, and I only recalled him upon this one point of the conversation. Mr. Szymour: Had you any discussion about cotton-cake at any time with Mr. Ayre ?—A. I do not know that I had. ; Q. Did they never explain to you their reasons for introducing this “Tri- angle Best” ?—A. Most certainly not. I never heard of such a thing ; no reason’ was ever given to me about the introduction of the cake. Q. And you never asked?—A. I never asked. I thought it was a good cake when I received their sample and a special letter with it. Re-examined by Mr. Fretp. Q. You say you knew of the “ordinary,” the “ genuine,” and the ‘‘ pure”? —A. Yes. Q. And you had always dealt yourself in “genuine” and “ pure” except | in that one transaction. Mr. Justice BLackpurN: No, he had always dealt in “pure” except that one transaction. I mean to say that all his invoices from Messrs. Ayre marked the cakes ‘‘ pure” except that one which does not mark it as “ pure.” The Wiryess: That is so. From 1868 to 1871 they are all marked as pure cakes. Mr. Fre.p: Except that one in 1868 ?—A. Yes. Q. And that you say was 7 tons ?—4. Yes, at 8/. 15s. per ton. Q. When you received this circular about the ‘‘ Triangle Best” linseed-cakes, — “ As we are now able to deliver cakes with the above brand,” had you the — smallest notion that that was other than a genuine cake ?—A. I tell yon that — may have come to me, but I do not admit having received it. I do not remember it. If I received a thing like that I should throw it into the waste paper basket as being a puff. - Q. But had you any notion that it was other than a genuine cake ?—A. I had no notion that the cake that was offered me was other than a genuine cake. In fact I would not have bought it at allifI had. . Mr. Justice BLacksurn: Now, unless the gentlemen of the Jury wish to Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 633 ba Wells any question, which I suppose they do not, Mr. Field can go ‘on with his address. Mr. Fietp: May it please your Lordship, and Gentlemen of the Jury, I am | very glad that the time has come for me to address you in this case. It is a case the importance of which cannot be exaggerated, for it affects the inte- rests of a very large number of persons. It affects Mr. Kidd, of course, and yy learned friend is fairly entitled to put before you the grounds upon which he has brought this action. It affects the Defendants; it affects still more | largely the large number of persons whose interests on this occasion they are ) rightly or wrongly endeavouring to protect—the principle involved being one of the greatest possible consequence. |. Now, Gentlemen, first of all let us see who is the Plaintiff, and let us see | who are the Defendants. The Plaintiff, Mr. Kidd, is a seed-crusher at Hull, | which, you know, is the centre of a stajle trade in cakes. It has been esta- | blished, I do not know for what length of time, and we hear from Mr. Kidd that he is one of the largest makers in that town. Now, I must beg your ) attention on this occasion to distinguish between Mr. Ayre and Mr. Kidd, | because although of necessity many matters connected with Mr. Ayre have ) been brought into question here, until 1 hear from my learned friend that | another action that has been set down in this list is to be disposed of by this | cause, I must beg you not to take into consideration in this case those matters | affecting Messrs. Ayre, inasmuch as you, or some of you, may have to dispose | of them in another action. The next cause in order in the list is one at the | suit of Messrs. Ayre against the Royal Agricultural Society, and it will have to be tried upon its own merits, if it is to be tried at all. ‘The action by Mr. Kidd will, of course, have to be tried upon its merits also; and although I | am perfectly willing that we should go, as of necessity we must go, to a considerable extent, into the questions that have arisen with regard to Mr. Wells and Mr. Ayre, Iask you to recollect that on this occasion I have the | honour to represent the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society. They are the Defendants here: it is against them that this action is brought by Mr. | Kidd, and it is with respect to the matters, if such matters there are, that are injurious or wrong as regards Mr. Kidd, that you are asked to give your | verdict on this occasion. ‘Iherefore, Gentlemen, I beg your attention (1 am | sure I shall have it) when you come to consider the questions which my Lord will leave to you, to what it is that Mr. Kidd complains of, what it is that he i has a right to complain of, and then you will see in what respect his com- plaint is well founded, or how far the Society is well founded in their answer | to it. Gentlemen, the Society, as I dare say vou are aware, is a voluntary Society } acting by means of their Council, established to provide for a perfectly legiti- mate object, that object being, in point of fact, for the consideration of, and judg- ment upon and rezulation of, matters connected with the Agriculture of Eng- land. Its members come from all parts of the country. I need not talk to- you, of course, about the enormous interests which the agriculture of this country represents, because whether the Society be voluntarily constituted for _ the protection of their own interests and rights, or for the protection of the | rights and interests of the farmers and landowners whose interests they repre- | sent, I do not, of course, say that that gives them any exceptional position at all: they have still to answer for their acts as fully and fairly as anybody else, Still it bears very strongly on the question which is ordinarily discussed in cases of this so-t as to what their motives have been, and as to what their objects are, and the causes and reasons which have induced them to enter into this controversy. | My learned triend in opening the case said that in the beginning—which I jam satisfied nothing has passed since that would induce him to recall— 634 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. namely, that he on his part makes no complaint against the Society that have been actuated by malice or any indirect motive in what they have don And, indeed, had he said the contrary, I think, upon the evidence belore you would see that in doing what they have done, and publishing the report — which they have published, they have been acting without any personal reference to Mr. Kidd or Mr. Ayre; and solely on the ground for which are constituted, and which they have endeavoured to carry out, namely, on — the ground of the public interest of those who have to buy cakes "and manures and other matters connected with agriculture, to protect them against what in the judgment of the Society is an adulteration of an article so “extensively ~ used as this. In this particular case they have adopted the course which they ordinarily adopt. They appoint a Chemical Committee to examine the various cases that are brought in. They have their officer, Dr. Voelcker, whom you have seen before you, who is their consulting chemist, and when any person con=— nected either with agriculture or manufacture seeks his opinion, it is part of his duty to the Society to give it to those who are members; and besides that, he gives it to other persons who ask for it with reference to the anal s or composition of the various things which may be submitted to him. He has before him the sampl-s of the manures and the cakes, and on this pat- ticular occasion (you will have: to deal by and by with what happened at } Mr. Wells’s farm more in detail) the Society was called upon by Mr. We and their officer, Dr. Voelcker, was called upon to do that which it was part of the object of the Institution that he should do, namely, to examine ‘ and analyse and report upon the cake which is the subject of the present inguiry. Genicnen: you have before you that which the Council of the Society had - before them—the report of the analysis and microscopical or optical examina= tion of Dr. Voelcker ; and upon that, the Council, having no reason to doubt its accuracy, as I venture to think after the trial of this cause you will have — no reason to doubt it, in pursuance of their ordinary course, without any reference whatever particularly to Mr. Wells or to Mr. Kidd, or any motive a : all with reference to therm, published the report in question of which complai isnow made. It was published by them in a paper devoted to agriculture, ‘ Mark Lane Express ’"—aund for the purpose, of course, of drawing the at tion of the agriculturists, whose interests they represent, to what had : in reference to the cake and manure of which the history i is given, : Now, before I come to the details of this particular case, let us first of a read what it is that the Society say of Mr. Kidd, and then I will go throu as shortly as I can, the proofs that the Society have given in support of the allegations. I venture to think—I may deceive myself; of course an adie | cate is always liable to that—but I cannot help thinking that when I have drawn your attention in detail to the evidence before you, “T shall satisfy your | minds that the truth of this libel, as it is called, and as in point of Jaw I do ~ not doubt it is, has been sub- tantially i in effect proved to your satisfaction. | Now, let us see what it is that they say, distinguishing carefully, as I said, between what is said of Mr. Ayre and what is said of Mr. idd, for the reasons I have told you. It is “The Quarterly Report of the Chemical Com- mittee””—I am sorry to read it to you again, the trial has taken so long, | I should not do my duty if L did not draw your attention to it. “ Du the last quarter very few samples of artificial manure have been forwarded for . analysis. Of those sent to the Consulting Chemist he has no complaint to” make. As usual during this season cases ; of so-called poisoning from the of cakes have been brought under his notice.” Now, Gentlemen, the Plain advisers in this action have thought it right to put upon their declarai what we call an inuendo, by which they assert that this meant an allegai Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 635 a hat there was poison in the cake, and that the beasts had been poisoned by je administration of that poison. I deny entirely that that is the fair mean- ing of this article when you come to read this part of it as well as the other. That which is here called “so-called poisoning,” is a very different assertion indeed from absolute poisoning ; it is, in truth, almost drawing attention to that difference and distinction. In fact, they carefully abstain from affirm- | ing that the illness arose from the administration of a poisonous cake. I ven- | ture to think that you will be of opinion that that is the meaning of it; and that meaning is made more clear when you come to sce what the other allegations of the Report are, and what are the facts respecting the cake in question. The first case mentioned is one from a stranger to the Society, Mr. Eaton, | of Tolethorpe Hall, Stamford, which is a case with which I need not trouble | younow. Various things were found, and the Veterinary Surgeon who made | the post mortem examination could n ake no other discovery, and gave it as his opinion that the animal had been poisoned by cake. But nothing of the kind is said when you come to the report on Mr. Kidd’s cake, which is now in question before us. After publishing Mr. Eaton’s letter in reference to that cake, which in no way refers to the cake in question, it goes on to say “The cake contained much earth-nut, also locust-meal, rice-dust, grass-seed, broken corn, and the usual small weed-seeds found in an inferior or dirty linseed, and was altogether a bad linseed-cake.” ‘lherefore, you see you have, even with regard to Mr. Eaton’s case, the elements given of which the cake was composed, and you have no statement beyond that. ‘Then having disposed first of all of that particular case, the Report proceeds to deal with the cake _ now in question, and begins by saying “‘ Another case comes from John Wells, Esq, February 18th, a member of our Council, the whole of whose cattle were attacked with serious symptoms immediately after eating from a fresh purchase of cake, although only one case terminated fatally. The cake very much resembled the cake sold to Mr. Eaton, containing a quantity of seeds, cotton- cake, rice, broken corn, and cocoa-nut, apparently made from dirty linseed and he sweepings of corn warehouses.” You will not forget those words “ apparently oan “A small sample of this cake had been sent before purchase to Mr. Vells as best linseed-cake, price 10/. per ton, from Ayre, Brothers, Hull—the makers, Messrs. Kidd, of Hull.” Therefore, you will observe that the allega- tion there, so far as regards Messrs. Kidd, is thai they are the makers of the eake which Mr. Ayre sold—a matter which of course is now beyond all doubt and question—that the cake itself very much resembled Mr. Eaton’s cake, which contained a quantity of seeds, cotton-cake, rice, broken corn, and cocoa-nut, apparently made from dirty linseed. With regard, of course, to the dealings | between Mr. Wells and Mr. Ayre, you will have to consider whether or not that ) part of the statement is not well made out if in any way it can be considered to involve any charge against Mr. Kidd. All we know about Mr. Kidd in teference to this matter is this: he says, and Mr. Ayre says, that before he | made it he told him the exact composition of it. They therefore by an agree- } ment about four years ago seem to have determined to manufacture this cake, | and it will be one of the questions for your consideration what that agreement was, what it amounted to, and when you come to consider whether what is stated here is not perfectly true, that Mr. Wells bought it from Mr. Ayre as best linseed-cake, you will have to deal with Mr. Wells’s and Mr. Ayre’s | evidence, and I shall deal with it also before I have done addressing you. __ Now, Gentlemen, you see therefore the positions of the Plaintiff and the Defendants. The Defendants have no interest whatever of their own to serve. Ido not suppose or contend that that absolves them from the consequences of their acts. Far from it. I am here fairly to meet the consequences. I should be ashamed of myself and of the Society that I have the honour to represent, 636 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. if I did not do so; but at the same time if any motive is to be imputed, I haye _ a right to put the Defendants before you in their true position as to what they have done on this occasion. Because my learned friend has insinuated indirectly something as to their officers, and he referred to letters which he intends to refer to again, I dare say, it therefore becomes my duty to place the exact and true position of the parties before you, in order that you may come to a fair and just conclusion on the merits of the issue which is raised between them. Now the state of things with regard to that is this: the libel having been published in the ‘Mark Lane Express’ in the way I have told you, a corre- spondence takes place between Mr. Kidd and his lawyers, and the Defendants and their lawyers, and actions are brought, one against the ‘ Mark Lane Express,’ one against the Agricultural Society, one against a newspaper in this county, which stands lower down in the list, one by Mr. Ayre against the present Defendants, and one by Mr. Wells against Mr. Ayre. All this has branched out into an enormous mass of litigation, which will have to be cleared away in some shape or other when we shall know the result of your verdict in this cause. Now let us see what occurs after that. The Society having been written to by Messrs. Roberts and Leak, who are the attorneys of the Plaintiff, at once accepted the responsibility, which I on their part now accept, of having been the authors of the article in question. But I am not going to trouble you now by going through the correspondence which passed between the professional men ou beth sides, because, although I know my friend is going to make a grievance of one or two points connected with that, | cannot help thinking that the issue you will have to try will be very far removed from those skirmishes and struggles on the one side and on the other, which take place between the attorneys before the trial. Iam perfectly prepared to meet my friend on any observation he may make on the matter if the necessity should arise, but 1 will now simply deal with the two points he has made. I know if he were going to make any others he would have given me notice, because he knows I cannot speak again. Therefore I assume those will be the points he will address himself to. Now these points are matters of prejudice in two ways; first of all, that the Society did not communicate with Mr. Kidd before they wrote the letter in question. Gentlemen, the very object of the Society, be it a good one or a bad one, is that if they come to the conclusion, as they honestly did, that the cake in question was such as they have described it, and as I hope you will believe it was their duty to describe it, looking to the interests vested in them, to see that the names of the purchasers and the makers of the cake should be giyen. Their functions would be of no yalue comparatively at all, unless that was done; and as for ealling upon Mr. Kidd to answer, or anything of that kind, they, having no jurisdiction, would be treated in the mode in which they were by the attorney’s letter. ‘Therefore, it was entirely out of the question in every respect. Another complaint has been made, which is, that during the course ot the negotiation between the attorneys, we did not forward them a sample—a complaint which, now you have heard the case tried, 1 venture to say you will consider of the most unsubstantial character that can possibly be conceived. For, would you believe that my friend, who complains in his opening address to you that he has had no sample of the cake, has actually had in his possession eight tons of, as he says, the very same article; has been giving it to cattle by way of experiments tor food, and has actually himself (I mean Mr. Kidd, his client), indirectly, under the guise of putting Mr. Knowles forward, obtained from Dr, Voeicker, unknown to that gentleman, an analysis of the very cake in question ? Mr. Seymour: That is not so. : Mr. I'ieip: It is what Mr. Kidd said. ; Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 637 Mr. Srymour: I beg your pardon. Mr. Justice BLackpurn: I thought the sample that Mr. Knowles sent was of a different cake. Mr. Srymour: Totally. Mr. Justice BLacksurn: I thought the sample sent by Mr. Knowles was this: that Mr. Kidd gave Knowles a sample, which Knowles sent to Dr. Voelcker, and got an analysis of it. My impression is that that sample was “Diamond K.” Mr, Srymour: It was 80 per cent. of linseed and 20 per cent. of sesamé. Mr. Justice BLackBuRN: A separate cake altogether. Mr. Freip: Then it was my mistake; I understood it was a portion of the cake in question. At allevents, Gentlemen, let that be as it may, the observation still remains, that the Plaintiff has had actually 8 tons in his possession, and has given it away to different people to try experiments with their cows. ‘Therefore, what becomes of the complaint and the grievance that is made by my learned friend? Besides that, I shall not weary you by reading letters, but I shall show you that on two occasions the Plaintiff's advisers made the fairest offer which could be made under circumstances of this sort, which is, ‘‘ We will produce the cake to an independent chemist, who shall make an independent analysis of it.” There are two letters which I will read to you, because it is desirable, before coming to the facts, to clear away these matters of fringe and prejudice. ‘“ We have entered formal appearance to both actions [that is the ‘Mark Lane Express’ and the Royal Agricultural Society]. ‘The Society is actuated only by motives of public good in publishing the Reports of its Chemical Committee, and holds itself re- sponsible for the publication in the ‘Mark Lane Express’ of the Report of which your client complains. His action, therefore, against Mr. Alger the publisher of that paper, is clearly unnecessary for any real good to himself, and should, we suggest, be at once discontinued, to prevent useless expense. On ‘this point also we would call your attention to an editorial note in last week’s issue of that paper in reference to the publication of the Report in question. In publishing its Report the Society is most desirous to avoid any just ground of complaint, and wishing to act in all fairness towards your client, and to prevent unnecessary litigation, we have now on the Society’s behalf to offer him the opportunity of testing the cerrectness of the analysis made by the Society’s Consulting Chemist (Dr. Voelcker) of the cake in question, from further samples of it in the Society’s possession, by any other gentleman of equal professional standing, and to publish the result, if desired, in the same way as Dr, Voelcker’s analysis, with any further explanations that may be _necessary.” Now, Gentlemen, I will ask you whether, under any circum- stances, there could be a fairer offer than that made as to what was to be done. On matters of science, unfortunately, generally we have chemists and surgeons on the one side and on the other contradicting each other, or differing from each other as to the results of analyses, or as to the effects of any given cause. But here, fortunately, gentlemen, we are spared that, because Dr. Voelcker, Mr. Way, Professor Tuson, and Mr. Fairley have not been contradicted by anybody who has been called upon the other side. The gentlemen who wrote that letter are well aware of the scandal which sometimes, I am sorry to say, exists in courts of justice by reason of the differences of opinion between scientific people, and offered at once to give the Plaintiff an opportunity of testing the correctness of the analysis made by the chemist employed by the Society from samples out of their possession, by any other gentleman of equal professional standing, and to publish the result, if desired, in the same way as Dr. Voelcker’s analysis was published, with any other explanation that might be necessary. And, Gentle- men, I do ask you, upon what fair principle could that offer be refused? Of F course Messrs. Roberts and Leak had a perfect right to refuse it if they — chose, but I think, having refused that offer, it is hopeless for their learned — 638 Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Counsel to complain that they had not a fair opportunity of testing the thing — by submitting it to any gentleman they chose; and remember, gentlemen, had the result turned out differently, here is a direct offer to give any expla- nation, or adopt any course, that might be fair and honourable between the parties, Gentlemen, do not you think that justified the Society and their advisers in the course they took ; but it is not all. Later on, on the 6th July, application having been made for a sample, there comes this letter: “We shall have, as we before said, samples of the cake in court, properly identified, if you now really want us to test Dr. Voelcker’s published analysis, or to make an independent analysis of your own, we are willing that Dr. Voelcker shall meet any chemist you may intend to employ, and make a joint analysis for either party to refer to at the trial, if necessary.” Again, I say, what could have been fairer than that? Is it not saying, “ We have the cake here, appoint whom you pleaser” It is not a correct inference from that letter that Mr, Roberts, in his subsequent letter, draws that we asked them to be bound by that analysis. Nothing of the sort: it refers simply to the avoidance of the complication which you get into from people having their analyses made under different circumstances, and having to inquire, when you come to the trial, into all the various elements of the examination, when made, and so on. ‘To avoid all that, we say, “‘ Appoint any gentleman you please of your own; let him meet Dr. Voelcker with whatever conditions are necessary in order that the analysis may be ascertained to be fair; let that analysis be made, and do what you please with it for the purposes of the trial.” Iam sorry to have detained you with that which, after all; does not affect the real question at issue, but which might be made use of, if not properly understood, as a topic of prejudice when my friend comes to address you on behalf of the Plaintiff in this action ; but I think it would be unnecessary for me to proceed further upon what I call the preliminary points of the case. There were some letters put in by my learned friend at the very last moment to-day, and I must presume he put them in with the object of commenting upon them. Iam perfectly willing, of course, to stand by what is said in that letter, which you will remember. ‘Iam much obliged by your letter received this morning containing answers to my queries, and enclosing a copy of Mr. Fairley’s Report.” All this shows that the Council were fairly investigating the matter with Mr. Wells; they were suggesting an inquiry, and doing that which it was their duty to do, and which they say they are about to do. What was their position? Mr. Wells was the person to whose cattle this thing had happened. ‘The facts of the case are entirely within Mr. Wells’s knowledge with reference to all that. Mr. Wells was the gentleman who had sent up the animal’s viscera to Professor Simonds, and the cake to Dr. Voelcker, for examination; and it was acting upon those, facts as stated to the Council, and upon the examinations reported to them, that they published the libel which is now complained of. Surely under those circumstances they had a perfect right to say to Mr. Wells what they say here. ‘ You will observe that if neither Mr. Dean’s 5 tons, nor the remaining 8 tons in your warehouse, should prove injurious to stock, it will give great support to Ayres’s assertion that it was not the cake, but something else that killed your short-horn cow.” I am perfectly well prepared. I do not want my learned friend to remind me of what he here says. I am perfectly willing to deal with both the 5 tons sent to Sancton and the 8 tons we have heard about to-day; and I am quite satisfied that when those matters are properly examined, you will find it gives no support whatever, although it is a matter fairly for you to consider, to Mr. Ayre’s observation that it was not cake but something else that killed the cow. Gentlemen, I cannot, of course, anticipate what are the observations that my a Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 639 friend intends to make upon that, because he carefully confined his opening within the narrowest possible limits. He gave no clue to me at all of what \ his case was going to be. He declined putting the Plaintiff into the box then, and he has left me to address you to-day without his ever venturing to presign what his charge against the Society is; but covertly, at the last moment, he refers to letters without giving me any idea at all of what obser- yation he intends to found upon them. But I care not for it, because the letters speak for themselves. You are men of business, and you will assess _and measure any comments my friend may please to make upon the cor- _respondence in that matter at their right value. Now, that being so, let us come more closely to the facts of the case, and no doubt the question you will have to consider bears upon the question of the manufacture of the linseed-cake, and indirectly the substantial question _ is, Do the Society prove what they have asserted of Mr. Kidd in this Report ? Now let us see what is the general nature of the case—the admitted grounds | if you like—on both sides. Linseed is an article which, taking a great deal from the land, is valuable as giving back to the oxen and to the land those products it has taken from it. It is an article of commerce, the first use of which is the expression of the oil from it, which is used for various commer- cial purposes ; and the expression of that oil in its natural and legitimate course, leaving behind it the solid part of the seed, forms from its farinaceous property, and from a certain quantity of oil which may remain, a residuum which is a valuable.feeding substance for animals. And it is well known to everybody, and to Mr. Wells, so far as his knowledge is important in this case, that there are two classes of cakes, the use of which, and the dealing | with which is perfectly legitimate. The linseed growing abroad, there grows with it a variety of things which are not linseed—seeds, and weeds, and other things of that sort; and assuming the most honest exportation from the Black Sea, St. Petersburg, or India of the commercial product known as ‘linseed, there will still be mixed with it a certain number of these seeds. On arrival in England two courses may be adopted with it. I believe in the first instance the linseed, such as it was after the oil was expressed from it _ —the residue of it—was formed into cake, but the manufacturers of linseed | afterwards undertook a further operation—namely, the screening from the _ Iinseed, as it comes into this country, of a considerable quantity of the seeds _ that are mixed with it, and thus to make a cake out of what was left. hat was of course a perfectly legitimate operation, and of course it would be per- fectly understood that those who wish to have a linseed-cake upon which that labour and skill had been expended, would have to pay a higher price for it. Therefore between what may be called “ genuine ” cake and what is called _ “pure” cake, there is a well-known distinction, understood by everybody, and perfectly legitimate, and there is no false assertion or misrepresentation with reference to the one or the other, The one is called by its proper name “genuine,” it being a genuine thing, inasmuch as it is the very thing which comes from the Black Sea and St. Petersburg or Calcutta into this country ; the other called “ pure,” inasmuch in this country it has undergone the pro- cess of taking away these small seeds which are injurious in themselves, or do not yield a proper quantity of oil or nutritious matter. Therefore you hhaye at once two legitimate things which are fair objects of commerce. Gentlemen, with regard to the merchants and cake-dealers of Hull or else- where, who are desirous of selling an article which shall consist, not of that thing, but of bran, or sesamé, or nut-cake, or earth-nut, or anything of the Kind, do not understand me for a moment as doubting or disputing their perfect right todo so. They have as much right to sell anything of that Kind, as anyone has to sell any other article of manufacture, provided only they will tell the people with whom they are dealing what it is they are selling, F 640 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Suciety of England. and what it is their customers are buying. With that limit everybody has a right to sell what he pleases, but the practice which the Society in this case, — through me and through its officers, condemn, is the practice of selling things — which are not that which they represent themselves to be, under a name — calculated to deceive even the most intelligent, and certainly calculated to deceive farmers and agriculturists and others, whose interests are involved in the use of this cake. Therefore do not suppose that we should be complaining for one moment if this case had been a fair and open assertion on the part of the crusher and breaker that they were selling a cake, 50 per cent. of which was an article different to linseed, or another cake in which we hear that only 30 per cent. of linseed was left in it. Do not imagine that, or that the Society would dream of finding any fault with that practice, because every- body would be then on equal terms; and if a man gives a smaller price jor an article, knowing perfectly well from the description given to him, and told to him, that it is not the article which it is described to be, of course he has only himself to blame, if for any reason his purchase is unsatisfactory.. But that is not the question here. My learned friend’s contention is that sesamé and bran are harmless things, and in a certain event of course, if you have pure sesamé and nothing but bran, that may or may not be the case; but here the complaint is of the introduction or admixture. It is not for me to say what the purpose of the introduction may be—I am not in any way bound to assert that or to prove it, because, recollect, the libel simply describes — the cake as containing these admixtures ; the question for you to consider will be whether or not the fact is not substantially made out—the next question being, whether or not it was bought from Mr. Ayre as linseed-cake, the maker being Mr. Kidd, both of which assertions I hope to satisfy you have been well and effectually proved. Now that being the first character of the thing, let us see what it is that the Society complain of in this particular cake. First of all we will take Dr. Voelcker’s Report—and let me remind you, that although Dr. Voelcker was called here as a witness, now, | think two days ago, we have not had any- body called on the part of my learned friend to contradict him—not a single scientific man to contradict him. We have had Mr. Kidd of course, and the persons employed in his mill, but although the Plaintiffs have had eight tons of this cake in their possession, as they say, we have had no one to deny the accuracy of the evidence given by Dr. Voelcker, Professor Way, Mr. 'Tuson, and Mr. Fairley, as to the actual things which they found in this cake. Now what is the assertion made and proved here on the oaths of these gentlemen as to what they did find in the cake? And remember that there — has been plenty of opportunity, long opportunity of course, it being well known that this was going to be gone into, for contradicting their evidence by having an analysis of the cake, or an examination of the eake made by my learned friend or the scientific gentlemen who assist him in this matter. Dr. Voelcker made his analysis on the 2nd of March, the moment after the thing happened almost, and there is no concealment or doubt about it. On the 17th of February Mr. Wells complained at once to Mr. Ayre by telegraph, and there was never any hesitation on his part in asserting from the beginning to the end of this controversy that this particular cake was the cause of the mischief that happened to his cattle. On the 2nd of March Dr. Voelcker, there being no matter whatever in litigation at this time, but acting merely as the analyst of the Society for the purpose of finding out what the cake contained, makes the examination which forms the foundation of the Report published in the ‘ Mark Lane Express,’ and I now beg to call attention to that Report. After speaking of the chemical analysis, which he truly says enabled him to arrive at no conclusion with reference to the poisonous quali- ties of the cake (you will see the reason very quickly), he says, “with regard i Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 641 o the microscopic examination on the other hand, it enables me to say at the cake which you sent me is nota genuine linseed-cake ; for, in addition number of small weed-seeds—such as the seeds of the Chenopodium, Polygonum aviculare, wild-mustard, clover-seeds, the seeds of the Lolium temulentwm (drunken-darnel), grass-seeds, and other small seeds usually found in dirty linseed—I find in the cake cotton-seed husks, cocoa-nut cake, ft ust, millet-seeds, bran, or broken wheat. It appears to me to be made from dirty linseed, containing the sweepings of granaries or seed-warchouses, unquestionably is not a genuine linseed-cake. At the same time I am bound to say that I have been unable to detect in the cake any positively poisonous matter. I can, however, readily conceive that a linseed-cake which is made, as most probably the cake you sent me is, from linseed and the Sweepings of seed-warehouses, may do serious injury to stock ; for it is not at all unlikely that in such sweepings there may be injurious seeds, the injurious properties of which can only be detected by the effects they produce when cake containing these extraneous matters is given to cattle.” Now, gentlemen, that was therefore, you see, the distinction that Dr. Voelcker then drew | between these seeds which may be found in a genuine cake of which no complaint was made, and the extraneous matters which he expressly indicates by his Report (confirmed by Professor Tuson, Mr. Way, and others) he found in this cake, and which have no reference whatever to the other. ‘That being the state of things, one thing is clear, that the cake in question is not a genuine cake ; of course it is not a pure cake, that is not pretended. It isa compound cake, and there are three respects in which it is now conceded that the cake in question is what I venture to call adulterated. First of all Mr. Kidd tells us himself that the “Triangle Ordinary” only has 30 per cent., if Trecollect right, of linseed in it ; so that you start with this. Mr. Kidd has been in the habit of selling as linseed-cake a cake containing only 30 per cent. of linseed, the remainder being made up of nut-cake to the extent of 50 per cent., and of bran to the extent of the remaining 20. A more remarkable Sirnis ission made by Mr. Kidd, and one I was sorry to hear him make in the box, was this; he says, further, “In that cake so made I put deliberately the siftings from the genuine linseed which come out before the pure cake is made ; I do that whenever, in my judgment, I think that the linseed which Tam putting into the ‘ Ordinary Triangle’ is of too good a quality. I then deliberately mix with that the siftings which have come out of the pure | seed.” Now, Gentlemen, I said before if Mr. Kidd told the public that he did that he would have a right to do it beyond all question; but did he ever tell the public that? It was never heard of for a moment until he gave it him- self in cross-examination. None of his circulars in any way show that he did anything of the kind, nor do Mr. Ayre’s circulars. It is not suggested until Mr. Kidd tells it me in the box that anything of the kind ever has happened at all, or was disclosed at all to anybody, not even to Mr. Ayre. fhat is one thing; that is his way of dealing with the “ Ordinary 'Triangle.”, Now, with regard to the “Triangle Best,” we have again the most remarkable _ thing disclosed, for the first time, in the interrogatories administered in this | action, namely, that the “Triangle Best,” which upon the circulars is called “Triangle Best Linseed-cake,” which in every invoice, receipt, and letter passing between Mr. Ayre and Mr. Wells is called “ best linseed-cake,” that not only is it not best linseed-cake but that it is not linseed-cake at all, for | only 50 per cent. of that is linseed, the remaining 50 being composed of esamé-cake and bran. Now you know, Gentlemen, there we start at once ith the issue between my friend and myself. I deny that that is best Tinseed-cake, and I say this, if you find parties are dealing in that way and are putting siftings into linseed whenever they think right in their judgment a8 manufacturers, not telling the public at all what they are doing, but VOL. VIII.—+. Ss. 2T | 642 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 7 simply because they choose to say we think the linseed is too good; if they choose to put siftings into that, or if they tell the public they choose to = sesamé and bran, instead of linseed, into cakes, and call them “ Triangle Best Linseed-cakes,” that is a matter which I say they are not justified in doing; and when they can give no explanation of that, I say it is a matter which you~ will require them to satisfy you very clearly and satisfactorily upon to prove - that they have not done that which they are charged with doing upon this particular occasion. Now how is that attempted to be got out of? By being told that “ Best” is a trade mark. I was astonished! That that which you choose to call “best,” that that which you choose to call “ linseed,” that that which you — choose to call “ Best Linseed-cake,” is all only a trade mark, and is not at all intended to assert that which in plain and simple language it does assert! Gentlemen, it strikes at the very root of every commercial transaction. You — first of all receive a circular inviting you to buy an article; you are told that it is best linseed-cake. What difference does the triangle make? None whatever. It is that, indeed, which is the trade mark. Why you know Messrs. Bass and all those persons have their bloody hand, and their triangles, and different trade marks, but is it to be said that therefore Messrs. Bass, instead of putting 100 per cent. of malt and hops into their beer, might put in a proportion of one-half of any other product, and that because they put their — trade mark upon the bottle that would be an intimation that they were not selling that which they distinctly stated they were selling. Gentlemen, you know that would be entirely out of the question, and so it is entirely out of the question, as I submit, in this case. Gentlemen, we are told that this had been going on for four years, and my friend is very strong upon the question of the circulars which have been issued and which he asserts indicate to the public that that thing is what the Plain- tiff says it is well known and understood to be—a compound mixed cake and neither “ genuine” nor “pure” nor “ best.” I am astonished, I must confess, when I look at the circular that he ventures to rely upon for that assertion. I hold in my hand a copy—I think you have one of them—which is dated 31st January 1872. They are all in the same form and therefore for the pur- pose for which I am going to observe upon them, they are all equally good. Now, do just look at the mode in which Mr. Ayre describes the cake. He — begins by saying “Issued to the trade only,” but.he says, he sent them to Mr. Wells, and Mr. Wells says he was in the habit of receiving them, but he never took any notice of this, and certainly those circulars did not form the foundation of this transaction, because to that specific circular of the 19th January I shall call your attention presently. Well now, just look at this circular; in large type (I do not know what sort, for I am not a printer), but so as to draw every one’s attention to it, is written “ A Best, 10/7.” Then “ A. C. Best, 107.” “A. C. Pure, 117. 5s.” with warranty. Now, I will ask you, is there more described than certainly two classes of cake—* Best,” “A. O. Best,” and “A, C. Pure,” the labour of screening being as I said before, allowed for by the extra price. But there it is in large letters the “ A Best ” which Mr. Ayre is so desirous, as he tells you, of pushing, but which the gentleman from Durham does not like to push at all—that is the cake which he invites people to buy, and there it is described in exactly the same terms as the best linseed-cake. Well, my friend seems pressed by that, and so he examined Mr. Ayre about it. “Oh,” says Mr, Ayre, “he knew from the circularit was not that, because it appears under ‘ordinary quality.’” Does it? Nothing of the kind. Aline is drawn under these three things, and then you get three columns of other descriptions—“ ordinary quality,” ‘“ senuine quality ” and “ pure quality ;” and Mr. Ayre has the ingenuity (or call it what you will) to say that, because the “Triangle Best, 107.” happens to be over “ordinary quality,” there being a line | Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 643 n between them, therefore, that amounts to an assertion to everybody who ved that circular, that it was a compound cake. Why, Gentlemen, look e next “A.C. Best, 10/.,” the same price (which you know is made another vest) as the “Triangle Best.” That is over the “genuine quality.” Therefore, { suppose he would say that was a genuine quality, the price being identically e same; and clearly no one who took up that circular would have the mallest notion that the words “ordinary,” “genuine” and “pure” governed shat which was purposely placed above it instead of under it. Had those vords “ordinary” “genuine” and “ pure” been in large print and had those her things been underneath, then one might have understood it perfectly vell, but I say it is a carefully prepared circular for the very purpose of avoid- mg that. And then, you know, Gentlemen, Mr. Ayre comes and says “I nade this arrangement. I did it because it wasa bad thing which the farmers vere getting—they were getting cake which was not uniform—and I thought should like to have an uniform cake and put into that uniform cake bran which the farmer was to buy at 10/. per ton, when he might get it from his wn miller ground from his own wheat) and sesamé-cake at 10/. per ton also; nd that was to be the uniform thing which would please the farmer a great eal better, and I always told everybody with whom I came into contact what is thing was. I told all the dealers. I was most anxious. We were doing a ouncing trade. It was a great thing, and I invariably told everybody what it as they were buying.” Well, I said to him, “Did you tell it to everybody ? fave you anybody here to whom you did tell it ?’—“ Oh, yes, I have Mr. Hope ad Mr. Glover here, and I told a great many other people besides.” I asked ‘im, ““ Whom have you got here?” He said, ‘‘ We have got Mr. Hope and Mr. loyer, and I told them what it was made of and all about it.” Accordingly, e called those two gentlemen this morning; Mr. Hope of Hexham was the st, and Mr. Glover of Warwick was called afterwards. I then said to him, But besides that, as you told all this to everybody, did you ever put it in riting and send it to anybody at any time in any circular?” ‘‘ No, never.” would have eased one’s mind, if you could have found Mr. Ayre putting this print—in black and white, so that there should be no mistake about it—he as doing this bouncing trade, sending out these circulars, published every ‘eek, and if he had put this in writing neither the Society nor I who represent nem, could have said a word about it. But he says ‘ No, I never put it in ‘niting ; but I said it verbally to everybody, and there are two persons here who ill vouch for me.” Nobody else is called but these two persons, and they are Wyo persons in the trade who have been dealing with Mr. Ayre for the last ye or six years, and neither of whom confirmed him as to the account he ive. And, Gentlemen, when you come by and by, as you will have to do, /weich Mr. Ayre and Mr. H. H. Ayre in the scales against Mr. Wells, I ask mu also to take into your consideration this—that Mr. Ayre told me last night » had disclosed the nature and composition of this cake to these two gentlemen ; jd now let me tell you what these two gentlemen say he did disclose. He ‘ys, you know, he told them there was 50 per cent. of these other materials “this cake, but Mr. Hope says, “He introduced to my notice five years ago jst linseed-cake and told me that linseed as imported is often full of dodder jd weeds and that by sifting it (all which Mr. Ayre did not say a word Jout)and adding bran it would make a good wholesome cake and be likely give more satisfaction than the so-called genuine linseed-cake.” It is not etended that the linseed is sifted for this cake—it is the genuine cake nich is not sifted— . . Justice BLAckBuRN: You are not quite accurate. The witness who 's called this morning—the last witness Logdon—said it was sifted, but not ‘much. yu 4 644 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Mr. Seymour: Twice. q Mr. Fretp: Gentlemen, it is a very remarkable thing that that man sI have been called this morning, and that we should not have heard a about that last night from anybody. I asked Mr. Kidd, and my recoll is that I heard it for the first time this morning. d Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I do not say they « did not say so, but I certain! had not noticed it. Mr. Fretp: My own opinion is that the witness was fetched this mon he was not here yesterday, and my recollection is that until this morr never heard a word about it; but certainly Mr. Ayre, who gave us the ac last night very carefully of the mode in which the cake was made, di rely upon sifting at all; and it was from this gentleman first that we any assertion of this sort. Now the other witness, Mr. Glover, of Warwick, cannot tell us anythin all. He does not confirm Mr. Ayre in any way; he does not know whati was he said, or of what composition he told him the cake was; he only say he understood it was a cake which he was to have in place ‘of the secon quality. He says, “I cannot say what it was, except that it was explai me that it was a mixed cake.” Therefore he fails altogether in confirming: Mr. Ayre in reference to the very important question in ‘which he is at is ut with Mr. Wells of whether or not he communicated this matter to the pt Mr. Ayre having said last night that he told Mr. Hope there was sesamé the cake, Mr. Hope comes this morning and says, “I did not know at thr time that there was sesamé in it.” ey Well, now, Gentlemen, that brings me to the particular transaction outo which this arises. I have dealt with the general circulars, nix you will ju between Mr. Wells and Mr. Ayre; and, Gentlemen, I am glad Mr. Wells wa recalled for the purpose of clearing up his evidence, if there was any donb about the matter. He says, “‘I have always myself dealt in pure cake, excey on one occasion.” Mr. Srymour: Two. Mr. Freip: Two lots, but at the same time. But what is there to 10 that, because he bought them, he had the smallest reason for supposing th he was buying an ordinar y cake when he bought this cake in question? | let us see what happened. Mr. Ayre, you know, is not content to rel! upon his general circulars, but he opens the matter with this special circular— “Triangle Best Linseed-cake. As we are now able to deliver cakes of thi brand, we beg to make you the offer of ten or twenty tons, at 10/. per ton subject to your reply in course of post. The cakes we are now getting are 0 superior quality, and we think this is a good opportunity for buying, as th are decidedly cheap.” Mr. Wells tells you that when he offer he understood he was going to get that which he had a right to e namely, best linseed-cake, and not a composite cake of linseed, and some else. Accordingly he getsa sample; but you know, Gentlemen, what happen here is that which happens very often, the sample is good to the eye touch, and perhaps even to the taste ‘and smell. We shall’ see by and how that may be. But I think I shall be able to show you that the art complained of is not satisfactorily proved to have been made of the materials as the sample was. Certainly it is not that which I expeet would have turned out, and which you know is very valuable in a case sort when it exists, namely, a portion of the same thing. Had the cake, as think my friend opened it, of which the two tons formed part, been act manufactured on the 19th of January, and this sample had been one of cakes taken out from bulk and sent to Mr. Wells, of course the case ¥ have been very considerably advanced. But I shall show you presently the two tons of cake which went to Mr. Wells came into existence only ¢ Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 645 13th of February, the day they were sent up by the train to Market Weichton it is not necessary to trouble you at any length with the correspondence), ind five tons are received and sent to Sancton; and that is the matter that yy friend was so anxious to put that letter in about, because he hopes by ad by to twit me; well, I won't say twit me, but rely upon when he is hddressing you by and by. ‘That was why that matter was pointed out by Mr. Seymour to Mr. Wells with reference to the other five tons that went to Sancton Farm. It is clear that that five tons was not the same specific thing fade as this was, but it was not as if it had been five tons in existence, and shat the two tons were part of it; because you will find the two tons were not nanufactured till the 13th of February. The five tons go to Sancton, and I will deal with it by and by, when I am touching upon the elements of food rt Booth Ferry and Airmyn Pastures; because it will come in more con- veniently then. ‘Then the five tons having gone to Sancton, Mr. Wells is without cake on the 12th of February, and his position has been this—that, vith regard to Booth Ferry Farm, where his feeding beasts are, he has been out of cake for about seven days, and, with regard to the Airmyn Pastures Farm, for about a day or two days. He is anxious to have his supply for- varded, and he goes to see Mr. Ayre for the purpose of getting them forward. He pays his money before he goes there—107/. on account on the 7th, and 527. is paid at the time of the interview on the 12th. That brings me to the question of the interview of the 12th, which you will have to decide upon as to the credibility which you attach either to Mr. Ayre or Mr. Wells. I need not tell gentlemen of your experience that numbers must not be weighed against individuals. The interest, you know, of he two brothers will be one and the same; the interest of Mr. Wells you ill see and take into account; and I think when you come to consider what { have before observed with reference to Mr. Ayre’s conflict of evidence with the other witnesses, you will have no difficulty in coming to the conclusion that Mr. Wells’s account is accurate, and that Mr. Ayre’s account is not to be depended upon. One of the Messrs. Ayre says, “‘I told them there was sesamé and bran.” On the contrary Mr. Wells says, “ Until the interrogatories were administered in the action I never heard that there was such a thing as sesamé ;” and no other persons are to be found here who ever heard of the ‘introduction of sesamé—neither Mr. Hope nor Mr. Glover. Therefore, if ‘Messrs. Ayre did tell Mr. Wells that there was sesamé in the cake upon that particular 12th of February, he was the first person, as far as we can judge, hey told that to. Mr. Wells you know denies it; he says there was « conversation with reference to the bran in which he adopted a position which I think common sense would lead him to—making a remark of this sort, fi Well, if bran is to be put in, the farmers are able to buy it at a much ‘cheaper rate than 10/.a ton.” It is for you to judge and not me, but that ‘appears to me to be a much more natural account of the conversation than the one which I have ventured to characterise, which was given by Messrs. Ayre. - That being so, the two tons in question were put on the rail. Now, of course ‘the Society have no means—they cannot go upon Mr. Kidd’s premises—of ‘checking his manufacture or any statement that may have been made with reference to it. All they can do is to ask such questions of Mr. Kidd and jother persons as may throw light upon it; and, therefore, jt was not until | jasked the questions I did yesterday that one could see what their course of ‘business is. But I say this, it is established upon the book which was put in yesterday, that the 8th I think, but I will not be quite sure, was the last day of the manufacture of either “‘ pure,” or “ genuine,” or “best,” I forget which, ‘but between the Sth and the 12th, they were doing nothing but “ pure,” and jon the 12th a certain quantity of ordinary cake was made, I beg your jattention to that—the very day before these two tons were made—the mill 646 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. was engaged in making ordinary cake; and do not forget that in that ordinary cake the siftings go as a part of the manufacture. Therefore, you have the presence of foreign material produced by these siftings, brought at all events into close contiguity with the very two tons that are now in question before you, because the very day before that mixing process was going on the ordinary cake was being made. On the 13th the cake in question was made; only two men were employed upon it, and you have this further fact, recollect, to show that those two tons first came into existence on that morning, that Mr. Ayre says he told Mr. Wells on the 12th that the cake was not then made. So that on the 12th they begin to make it, on the 18th a certain quantity is made which one of the witnesses said would go out that day. It did go out, and these are the two tons you have to deal with. Now what happens next? Let us glance over Mr. Wells’s position? You have. had before you—I am not going to weary you by going into particular details— himself, his bailiffs, his farm-servants, and everybody connected with the farm. You will judge, of course, how they gave their evidence, whether truthfully or not; and by the cross-examination my friend administered you will judge whether you can depend upon what they said. I venture to think they are witnesses which you will say are to be relied upon. They gave their evidence in a straightforward way, and the conduct of Mr. Wells and everybody throughout from first to last has been entirely consistent with his present contention. Right or wrong, he has persistently asserted the case which I make to-day on the part of the Defendants. Now what were the circumstances, because it is very important when you consider what happened. At Booth Ferry he has feeding beasts—the mode of feeding there being straw picked over in the morning, a bushel of turnips and potatoes about half-past seven or eight, and seven pounds of cake at about two o'clock, That is for the beasts at Booth Ferry. Then besides the beasts there are cows there. Their mode of feeding was this—they had “chop” in the morning, and some mangold the first thing ; some more mangold further on, and about two o’clock they had a less portion of cake than the feeding beasts, they had about six pounds instead of seven. At Airmyn Pastures the cake is given to the animals the first thing in the morning, but instead of having — there on the occasion in question six or seven pounds of cake which was given at Booth Ferry to the cows, and the feeding beasts, only 44 lbs. were given. I beg your attention to that because it will be important when — you come to consider and compare the degrees of illness and distress whieh — these poor beasts suffered in reference to the quantities of this deleterious article which they had taken into their stomachs. There is one thing more, and then I shall have done with this part of the case for ever. At Sancton, where the five tons went, which my friend was so anxious to bring in, the sheep refused it: they ate it afterwards chopped up,.and that was the only shape — they would eat it in; and the beasts who took it had only 8 lbs. of cake between them, and that cake was mixed with “chop.” To my mind it confirms my case, and is an argument which, if my friend had not used, I should have used myself, as confirming the cause which I assign the illness of these — animals to. Now let us see how far I am justified in that. First of all, there can be no doubt I think at all that what produced the illness was the cake; and I do not think my friend can or will dispute it. There is only one witness who put any doubt upon it, and he was clearly mistaken in his faets —that was the veterinary-surgeon, Mr. Holmes, who put it down to the subsequent feed of turnips, which he said the animals got. But I think you — will find beyond all doubt that they never got any such subsequent feed. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I looked back at my notes, and no doubt the evidence of the witness who fed the beasts is that he had just fed three — of them with potatoes, when he found that the fourth was ill, and then he — 4 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 647 found they were all ill, so that the potatoes given to the third could not have nade the fourth and the rest ill—that is very certain, r. SEyMour: The mangolds were given twice. M.. Justice Buacksurn: I think not. . FreLD: Gentlemen, my friend is in error, the beasts did not have man- at all. It was only the cow, and I say—with the exception of Mr. Holmes, attributes the illness of the beasts to the taking of the turnips, which they yer did take—nobody doubts for a moment that the eating of the cake was mmediate and proximate cause of their illness. The only attempt made 0 dispute it is in this way: a question is raised, whether that cake produced | the effect itself, or whether it was pure, good cake, and the effects were induced by something which had happened before in the feeding of the animals. Now, tlemen, you know we have all along said that which I say to-day; chemical analysis is no test at all of the poisonous or injurious qualities of the thing alysed. All seeds and vegetable matters contain the various things that are ‘described in this analysis ; they all contain moisture, they all contain oil, they all contain albuminous compounds, mucilage, sugar, digestible fibre, &c., &c. : be they good or be they bad, be they health-giving or be they death-giving, the chemical analysis will show the various proportions in pretty nearly the me figures as they exist in the one case or the other. Now, I beg you to ‘recollect that, because it is what Dr. Voelcker said when he gave the analysis in his Report; it is what you have heard trom all the witnesses on our side, and it is what my friend has not ventured to contradict. Therefore, you know, all my friend’s criticisms, if he is going to administer any, upon the yarious component parts come to nothing if they do not indicate what the quality of the thing is. The illustration given to you by Dr. Voelcker in that respect was perfect. ‘‘'T'ake castor-oil,” he said, “analyse it, and you will find so much oil, so much mucilage, so much albumen, &c., exactly in the same roportions as you will find in good olive-oil; but besides that the castor-oil contains a property which never yet has been traced, or can be traced, as to what it is, for science has not yet gone so far as to enable chemists to find that out; but that it contains a poisonous property is known in the same way as the poisonous property of this cake is known, namely, by the consequences that follow from the administration of it. You may give beasts the same identical proportions of moisture, oil, albumen, &c., in the shape of olive-oil, or castor-oil, and, & priori, before the administration you shall not be able to tell one from the other, as far as regards chemical analysis, but the effect is the test.” “By their fruits shall ye know them; and if you find that they do ‘bring forth, as this stuff did, disease and death immediately after administra- ‘tion, can you for a moment hesitate or doubt—unless my friend can show ‘you some other ground to rest your verdict upon—that it was the cake which caused the mischief ? _ Now, let us see how that is. I will take first what had been purchased in - the previous October. ‘The cattle had been brought up then for the first time ‘from grass, and therefore the change of food from that which they had been ‘used to, spoken to by the file of veterinary surgeons whom my friend brought from Leeds and the neighbourhood, was the most sudden that you could well imagine. ‘They were brought from the grass, tied up in Stall, and given 7 lbs., 6lbs., and 43 lbs. of cake, according to the different modes of feeding the very first time they were brought up. Did it harm them? No. They had their toes in the morning, and the cows had their mangolds, which we hear so much about, and they took it and continued to eat that, day by day, and enjoyed it, and were perfectly well and healthy up to the morning of the 16th of February, when they ate this cake. Now, let us see further what happens. T used the word poisonous. I am sure my friend will not misunderstand me, or will not suppose that I intend to assert thereby the existence of active 648 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. poisons in the cake. We do not assert that there is any mineral poison, but we do assert that there are narcotics or other vegetable matters arising from these seeds ; and when I use the word, I mean the effect produced on # he | animals. Now recollect, first of all, with regard to the number of animals—— you have 52 individual beasts who suffer at once from the administration of the — cake. Was it because they had been off their feed for a length of time? Was that the cause of their illness? No; those that had been off for five d 2 ouly, suffered the most. The cow was one of those that had been off its food for five days, and it died. Was it position? They are in two different positions — one from the other. Was it system of feeding? The system of feeding is different at the different places; in the one place they have their cake in the afternoon, in the other place they have their cake in the morning. Was it age, | or a structural injury? No; we are able, on account of the loss of the cow, — to give you, by Professor Simonds, the state of the animal that suffered miost, and he tells you clearly and distinctly—and my learned friend will in vain — endeavour to get rid of it—that there was no trace of any structural or organic — disease whatever, and that all the intimations he found there were intimations — of blood-poisoning, arising, not from the administration of direct poison tothe — blood, but by the impossibility of the blood getting decarbonized, in conse- — quence of the impairment of the functions of the nerves of the ramen—it being, — therefore, directly attributable to the deleterious matter which was found in ~ this cake. Isit likely to beso? Why, Gentlemen, one of the veterinary s geons who was called on the part of the plaintiff, expressly pointed to deleterious articles as being the cause of the tympanitis or hoven, of which have heard so much. I forget his name, whether it was Mr. Freeman or w it was, but you will recollect it by and by, when I call your attention to circumstances—he distinctly said, after going into the question of over-dosi and gorging and that sort of thing, that articles foreign to food, such as pins and needles, and bits of wire, and things of that sort, were the cause in one of the cases of hoven that he met with—pointing to the identical thing which is suggested here, and I think proving to you in this particular case that our sug- gestion is correct. a Well, then, it is said the class of food was the cause. Is that true? No: it is equally unfounded with the rest. Mr. Holmes placed great reliance on the mangolds being the cause, and although my learned friend never asked any of my people any further question than this, “‘ Were they exposed to wet ?” they told him no, that they had been carefully piled and thatched, and then taken into the shed, and from thence taken to the beasts. He never asked whether they were sprouting, or moist, or growing, in the way that Mr. Holmes sugge: and you have no evidence whatever from which to infer such a thing. what does my friend say as to those twenty-four beasts who had no mangolds at all? If therefore the sprouts and the sugar in the mangolds are to account for it, how does he account for those who never had any—the beasts at Booth Ferry or the beasts at Airmyn Pastures, which had no mangold What had they then? Because, of course, my friend says potatoes and turn are justas bad. But what had they? They are divided into two classes ; at place, at Booth Ferry, they had a bushel of potatoes or turnips at half-past se in the morning and they had no cake till two, and the scientific witness cal by my friend, who had heard all the evidence, and asserted that the feedi was the cause of the evil, gave to my Lord four hours as the maximum tim during which by possibility the cake could operate on the turnips and the potatoes. Half-past seven—say eight o’clock—eight and four would be twelve. Gentlemen, they did not have any cake till two, and therefore his theory is out of the question. But what will my friend say to the beasts at Airmy Pastures? ‘They had their cake at half-past seven in the morning by itsel and at a quarter to eight they were down moaning and distressed. What is _ Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 649 e pretence there? The theory suggested by my friend by his cross-examin- n of Professor Simonds was this, that the cake operated to set up the nical action of fermentation with the turnips and potatoes that were there re ; but by half-past seven in the morning the rumen was empty, and the ness he called does not give more than four hours as the maximum for the action in the rumen. In the one case they got their turnips at half-past seven and did not get their cake till two, and in the other they got their cake the first thing in the morning when the rumen was empty. ) Gentlemen, I am trying to deal with all the heads of argument that my Jearned friend is likely, as far as I can judge by his cross-examination, to put to you in his reply. He did not quarrel with the mode in which the farm of ‘Mr. Wells was carried on; he did not cross-examine or call any witnesses except one upon that, who says that 5lbs. was too much. We show you that 5 lbs. was a moderate quantity by the evidence of Mr. Wells and his two bailiffs, who have been with him and his uncle for 35 or 40 years, and have carried on the farm all that time with very great success, and it is not sug- ested for a moment that this thing ever occurred before. Is it to be supposed at these beasts had never been without cake before for an interval of time, md that hoyen and tympanitis, if that was the cause, would have been as requent as some of the veterinary surgeons say it is whenever beasts get into 1 field of clover or at a pile of new-mown hay ? Do you think that would not haye occurred before? And what is more, if it is to be a question of time, Lask you to look at this—the same animals were without cake for as long, or a longer period of time than the cows at Booth Ferry were without it, they ere put on immediately again with their 6 or 7 lbs. feed of pure and good wholesome linseed-cake, and they stood it well, and are in perfect health up to the present time. ‘That happened at one place twice, and on the second secasion it took place after an interval of ten days, without any injury of any sort or kind. Gentlemen, you know, had there been any substantial conflict n point of science between Professor Simonds, whom I called, and the vete- inary surgeons called by my learned friend on the part of the defendant— had there been, which there is not, any substantial issue of fact or science between them, I should unhesitatingly have appealed to your common sense md knowledge of farming to say that the account given by Mr. Wells and Professor Simonds is the accurate and correct one, and that it is impossible 0 assign, as far as I can judge, any cause whatever for this death and distress amongst Mr. Wells’s beasts that can be in any way due to aught but the idministration of the cake itself. The same course that has always been adopted is adopted on the occasion in question; the same course is adopted uterwards, with perfect innocence and harmlessness on every occasion except this one. My friend, I suppose, will say my argument is post hoc ergo propter foe ; but did you ever find cause and effect so immediate at both places—in three-quarters of an hour, before the man has had time at one place to give them their potatoes ; and three-quarters of an hour at the other place, where the beasts are just as bad exactly in the same way? It is so immediate, so ‘irect—what else can it be due to? Unless my learned friend can satisfy you that it is due to some other cause, what can it be due to except to this ‘nwholesome cake which was given to the cattle? ; | Now the next question we have to consider is, Is there in the cake that which would lead you to this conclusion? and to consider how far my learned friend nas by his evidence negatived the existence of any such ingredients. First of wl, you will recollect I have proved by three or four witnesses the existence ‘n this cake of foreign articles—not the seeds growing with the linseed, but ‘lifferent things in the shape of wheat, cocoa-nut, mouldy wheat, husks, and hings of that sort, which could have no business there unless they were put in some shape or other. Now, does my learned friend by his case negative 650 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. the putting into that, either by accident or mistake, or some other some person or other, for whom Mr. Kidd is responsible, although without knowledge, of these articles which proved so injurious on this occasion, know, first of all, we find a considerable quantity of seeds, and the che tells you that, in the present state of science, it is impossible to say v injurious properties they may possess. There are some of them, the mustard, and darnel, and some others, that are unquestionably injurious, science cannot point out their effects. Then, with regard to the actual quan- tity of seeds, or the proportion, as my friend put it, recollect you have got to judge of the ground portion in the cake by those which were found ungro' It is not merely the unground seeds and husks which are found there constitute the injurious property of the cake, because, as Mr. Kidd told n “Tf I had thought right, I could have ground it up in such a way that no could have discovered what it contained.” Therefore you know it might — so ground ; and recollect further that the sesamé-cake is ground by a differe operation, if I understand it rightly, from that which combined the two ¢: together. We will see how that is. With the exception of Mr. Kidd and his peoy and the production of the sesamé-cake without any opportunity of exami it or of having any analysis made of it, we have had no account of t sesamé-cake, or what it contained, given at all. It was bought in Novemb It is an article made in France. No vendor or broker through whose han passed is called, but I will put it to you thus: If the elements are there, w is there to show that they were not contained in the sesamé-cake? To beg with, we have no account of it. They have had it, and could have analys it if they pleased. They could have submitted it to a microscopical exami~ nation if they pleased, and what they do is not to say a word about it in the early part of their case; but this morning, for the first time, they produ some of these sesamé-cakes and hand them to you as some evidence of wh they may be. Gentlemen, it is impossible upon any examination which we could make to-day to judge of that. But you have further the siftings which are brought into separate exis' in contiguity with this very lot of cake, and if you ‘find that these things | that way may -have cot into the cake, and the chemists and medical men we have called satisfy you on the other hand that they are there and ca’ the injury, can you doubt at all that it is so, and that, therefore, that a tion in the Report is proved that the cake was composed of the various arti mentioned there, apparently made from dirty linseed and the sweepings warehouses ? Dr. Voelcker and Professor Way made their analysis togethe Mr. Tuson made his analysis separately. Mr. Fairley made his anal separately. They have had no communication with each other, and they concur. Mr. Tuson says, “I found, besides linseed, grains of wheat, grass seeds, dodder and millet seeds, the husks of wheat, barley, oats, cotton seed, and cocoa or palm nut.” They have had the opportunit, calling anybody they please to contradict him, to examine the cake whie spoke ' to between the time it was produced here and to-day ; they have called d nobody, they have it upon the evidence of the gentlemen that we have called, and it is therefore clearly established, as I venture to submit to you, that these things are to be found in the cake. ‘Then if these things are found there, are ‘they or are they not injurious? Can you have a doubt of it whe you see what the consequences of its administration were ? Well, Gentlemen, I think now I have almost exhausted what I have to sa to you, because I do not wish to weary you or to detain you longer than ought; and yet, of course, I am very anxious to deal with any observation) which I think my friend will be likely to make against me. There is oD other topic which has been urged, and that is over-feeding, or over-gorgin fe q | as e Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 651 is called: let me say one word to you about that, if it does not answer . They had always been accustomed to 7 lbs. of cake, and they had Ibs. on this occasion ; they were taking their usual time to eat it. The estion is asked and denied—they were not hungry, they were merely Gene their usual food; and what is more remarkable is that four stones were left in the troughs; therefore they did not eat it all. 7 lbs. was the dose, which was not too much had it all been eaten, but they had not even eaten that amount, and, therefore, the ravenousness is disproved, because they had left a portion of it there. The observation on that ground, therefore, entirely fails. Then, with reference to the 5 tons delivered at Sancton, look at the differ- ence in that case. It goes far to prove our theory. You see animals of this class have a rumen or first stomach ; of course if you expose that to the action of nothing but deleterious cake by itself it operates more directly on the nerves of the stomach; if you mix that cake up with chopped stuff of any kind it has not the same effect ; it does not rub against the coats of the stomach, and does not, therefore, stop the peristaltic action. Therefore it is that at Sancton you find all the difference. There they had no more than 45 lbs., and that was mixed with chopped stuff, which would tend to take off the effect of the cake. The sheep in that case, you will recollect, in the first instance rejected it, and only took it after all in small quantities and mixed up with “chop.” But, Gentlemen, again my friend says I will show you how harmless this is, because I will call people who have used these 8 tons of cake which I say is the same as that of which you complain. Now there is no proof whatever that that 8 tons of cake were manufactured at the same time as the 2 tons on the 13th. All we know is that, on the 19th, that 8 tons of cake were put on board Fearnley’s boat. When they were made we are left entirely in the dark: we do know that the 2 tons were made and sent out on that day, but what happened in reference to that 8 tons we cannot say. But let us see what the evidence is upon that. The 8 tons are divided amongst three or four cowkeepers, who administer it to their cows. It is done by way of a test, and I cannot help thinking that the same offer should have been made to us as we made to them, namely, to make these experiments in common, at a time when both parties could watch them and see their true Tesults ; but what is the effect of the evidence given in this matter? We haye, I think, four cowkeepers called ; Mason has six cows, and he only gives them 43 lbs., which in the case of Sancton, you know, was harmless; Round- tree had 1 cwt., and he only gave about half-a-cake a-day to five; and Smith had six cows, and he gave one cake amongst them; and Hornby had a cake amongst three, and he gave them half-a-bushel of bran just before they ate it. Now compare these experiments with the actual facts—not experiments— which we have proved, and ask yourselves whether or not my friend can satisfy you that these experiments at all indicate that the death in question | was not due to the particular cause to which we assign it, or was due to some particular mode of feeding which he says, he would have you believe, was not judicious on our part. Well, then, you have the evidence of the three scientific gentlemen whom I have called ; you have the evidence of Professor Simonds, who told you what the cause and effect are in this case, and I will say this: Professor Simonds? evidence excludes every cause that can possibly be suggested except that of the presence of deleterious foreign matter which ought not to have been in this cake; and, therefore, in these circumstances, can you come to any other conclusion than that that was the real cause of all this mischief? You know it is only theory and suggestion on the other side that fail when you come to examine them. Gentlemen, I think now I have gone, as shortly as I could, through the 652 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. important facts of this case. I may have omitted many things which I ought to have said, but I trust to you to take them all into consideration. Take both parties into your even hands and weigh them both ; and when you hear the libel read, ask you to find that the Society on this occasion, in — their honest effort to protect the fair dealer and consumer, have not trespassed beyond the rules of law and justice, but merely done that which they haye — abundantly proved their right to do, and are, therefore, entitled to a verdict — at your hands. t Mr. Srymour: May it please your Lordship, and Gentlemen of the Jury ; the day is now far spent and we are at the close of three days of a most important and anxious inquiry. I will endeavour therefore, in the course of my obser- vations to you, in replying on the part of the Plaintiff so to shorten my speech to the best of my power as on the one hand not to do injustice to my client, nor yet on the other hand to weary you by any lengthened remarks. ; Gentlemen, you have had your attention called by the cross-examination which each of the witnesses has been subjected to by my friend’s observations and by my own in the course of this case to the main issues between us, and undoubtedly they are issues of very considerable importance, When I first addressed you, I told you I made no charge against the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society or against that distinguished body itself of being anima- ted in this matter by any personal spite or indirect motive against my client, — Mr. Kidd; but what I did say and what I now repeat is this, that great com- panies, whether corporate or otherwise, like individuals who are the employers of agents, cannot complain if sometimes they are made responsible for the hasty indiscretion of those who are identified with them in the exercise of various functions, and if they become responsible in the eye of the law for those who, acting without sufficient patience and care, by their language or by the publi- city which they have given to a hastily formed opinion, endeavour to under- mine or prejudice the character and good fame of others. And, Gentlemen, I think I was entitled in my opening observations and I feel I am entitled now to complain, that although we did repeatedly ask for it, there was a disposition — shown on behalf of those who represented the Agricultural Society, not to afford us that frank opportunity of independent test and analysis which at least we show by our correspondence we were anxious to resort to. It is all very well to say—“ We will publish along with the opinion of Dr. Voelcker the result of any analysis which may be made by some third party.” Why, it would be only repeating the mischievous publication of Dr. Voelcker of which we complain, and circulating it side by side with the report of the analyst employed by my client, thus giving additional publicity to the libel! Itis — all very well to say, let a joint analysis be made, provided Dr. Voelcker takes part in it; but it only becomes a useful analysis so long as Dr, Voelcker unites with the man who makes it—if he differ in the mode or conduct of the analysis, why, at once, the test fails. Again my friend says, you have no right to complain: you had the 8 tons out of which you might have made a selection of a sample to have made your analysis upon. Now, just see the fallacy of that argument! For it is scarcely two minutes ago Yhat he who twitted me with the possession of the 8 tons, as the means of getting an indis- putable test, actually put it to you that there is no satisfactory proof that that 8 tons was part of the same specific article as the 2 tons or the 5 tons which went to Mr. Wells’s farms. Thus you will see, Gentlemen, how far I was — entitled to make the remark which I did in the first instance; and what! — venture to say is this: the correspondence shows that there has been a too great readiness to listen to the complaints made and the theory originally set_ up by Mr. Wells, on the part of the Secretary of the Company; and that — which I think strongly corroborates the observation I made, is when he speaks — of the position in which he was placed, for in the letter of the 23rd of March — Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 653 writes this :—“ Our position is that we have published a libel consisting of ets supplied by you, and we must therefore look to you to verify those facts nd thus substantiate our plea of truth and justification.” So that on the 4 of March, when questions are being asked and interrogatories are being by the Secretary to Mr. Wells, his attention is being called to the condition of the beasts on the Sancton Farm and to the question of whether he gave them fresh mangolds. Another letter, written next day, shows that they are making inquiry. ‘That is on the 23rd of March, whereas on the 11th of March had gone forth to the public this grave imputation involving Mr. Kidd obviously on the face of it in the serious charge of having manufactured cake which was as bad as the bad linseed-cake supplied to Mr. Eaton, which justi- fied the Defendants in classing his cake under the head of “ so-called poisoning,” and as being made from “dirty linseed and the sweepings of corn warehouses.” Gentlemen, I venture to say that you will agree with me that my comments on that part of the case are fairly deserved, and although I do not make a complaint of the body my friend represents, I do submit to you that the letter of the Secretary shows that they lent too ready an ear to the whispers or charges and complaints of Mr. Wells, and that it would have been better for them, before publishing this Report, to have placed themselves in communi- cation with Mr. Kidd, in order that they might ascertain what the real facts were. There is one other thing also which I think I ought to mention; if they had remembered the character of the circular, issued by Mr. Ayre, it is impos- sible that any one who was preparing a fair report could have inserted this— “A small sample of this cake had been sent before purchase to Mr. Wells as Best Linseed-cake ”—the cake had been sent to Mr. Wells as “A Best Linseed- cake ;” and although the matter may be simply one for observation or com- ment, still on a question of accuracy, dealing with the class of people through- out the country amongst whom this libel was circulated, and who know what the meaning of these words is, I think I am entitled to submit to you that it was not a correct description of this cake to say that it had been sold as “ Best Linseed-cake” when it was sold as “ A Best Linseed-cake.”’ - But, Gentlemen, that is not all. You have a statement here on the face of this libel, that this cake was sold as Best Linseed-cake. Now that would ‘convey the idea that it was sold generally, and that the parties who were dealing in it were supplying it to the public generally. But, so far as Mr. Kidd is concerned, it is perfectly clear that this cake was supplied by him to Mr. Ayre; and although I am not here for a moment to say one word which is not entirely in support and vindication of Mr. Ayre, yet I am here, and I am supported by my friend in the observation I am going to make to you— am here to say that Mr. Kidd is the manufacturer; that the circular was sent, and the letter written by Mr. Ayre to Mr. Wells, and that they are not things for which he is in any way responsible, or as to which he was con- sulted in any way whatever. What he sold he is responsible for, and what knowledge his customer possessed he is responsible for, and it is perfectly Obvious in this case, that, so far as Mr. Kidd is concerned, what he sold to Mr. Ayre was that which Mr. Ayre knew the component parts of; he knew it from Mr. Kidd when he first entered upon the preparation of this particular article; they discussed it years ago—the proportion of linseed, the proportion of sesamé, the proportion of bran, was a matter arranged between the parties when they first commenced the making of this “Triangle Best Linseed-cake.” Therefore, Gentlemen, I say I agree with my learned friend, and I think it is a matter worthy of your attention, that it is more or less a bye issue, if you are to allow Mr. Kidd to be in any way affected by any question as to whether the circular that was sent round and advertised, and circulated by Messrs. Ayre, Brothers, is not as full and as distinct as if you were preparing it now in the light of this trial, you might have thought it wise to prepare it. But F 654 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. while Imake that remark, I do not shrink from my position of maintaini that the circular which is in my hand, with the knowledge which must have been in the trade, and this is issued to the trade only—it is a circular sent round by Messrs. Ayre, who are dealing with the trade, and who do not themselves ordinarily supply the farmer, but supply throughout the country those who, like Mr. Hope of Northumberland, and Mr. Glover of Warwick, deal with them. ‘This circular clearly conveys to them that there is a differ — ence in price and quality between the various articles mentioned in it, and that this particular cake, here described as “ A Best Linseed-cake,” is a cake which is neither “ genuine” linseed-cake, nor ‘pure ” linseed-cake, but is, as you have heard to-day, in the language of Mr. Hope, a cake with a particular brand, the A, anda particular trade description ‘‘ Best.” That — is something which is known in the walks of commerce and in the trade as a linseed-cake, but which is distinguished from genuine and pure linseed- cake by the brand, and by the description “ Best,” as distinguished from the descriptions “Genuine” and “ Pure.” If that be so, if the circular fairly conveys that to those who receive it, I submit to you that it is not justice to the manulacturer to complain, as my friend Mr. Field has done, and to com- ment upon, and to criticise in the way he has done, the lancuage of that circular. We all know that a gold chain may or may not have the nineteen or the eighteen carats of gold, it may have only half the pure metal, and the © rest may be alloy, yet are you to say that if that chain is sold by the retail dealer or jeweller, and described as a gold chain to his customers, that it is to be made a complaint against the manufacturer who sells it, and makes his profits upon it, for that which is known as a subject-matter of trade and commerce, dealing with those who know what it is, and have every opportunity of testing its purity and character before they give the price which they pay for it? Gentlemen, I submit here you have the testimony of Mr. Kidd and Mr. Ayre, and the testimony of these circulars, you have the testimony of Mr. Glover, and Mr. Hope, and the other witnesses, which is not contradicted in this case (for my learned friend has not called a single witness to show the contrary), that in the circles of those who trade in this cake throughout the country, and who are the great purchasers of it, there is a known article of commerce which has the name of “ Triangle Best Linseed- cake,” the price of which indicates that it is neither “Genuine” nor “ Pure,” that it is known to be more or less a mixed or compound article, which, there- fore, in the absence of all evidence to the contrary, you must take as carrying with it a certain specific warning and caution to those who purchase it, that it is not “ Pure” linseed-cake, nor “Genuine” linseed-cake, that it is a good sound cake, but that it is composite in its character. Then if that be so, I venture to say the first part of this inquiry before you, that which bears upon the issue, whether this was sold or not as a Best Linseed-Cake, is easily disposed of by the remarks in which I have summed up that part of the case ; because I am not going to labour before you what it appears to me in this trial would be merely prolonging it, by wandering into ymnecessary and uncalled for matters. I am here representing the manufacturer, Mr. Kidd, to whom it is a matter of enormous importance whether the issue is proved or not, that he turned out from his works at Hull that which was” poisonous or deleterious in its character, that which was a dirty cake, com- posed of the sweepings of warehouses, either wilfully or by gross negligence mixed up with a lot of screenings, so as to render it deleterious to cattle, causing their death, or at all events spreading mischief and disease amongst them. g Now let us see how the evidence stands upon that. It may easily be divided into two or three heads. You have the chemical evidence and ana- lyses, and, no doubt, so far as the history of this case in the trial goes, the Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 655 cal evidence and analyses have been on my friend's side. I have told and called your attention to this: that we were most anxious to have ypportunity of getting an independent analysis of the very cake incul- but we have not had that afforded us. My friend has called his pro- and chemical witnesses upon that point; and let us see in what posi- ey land us. My friend says, attach no weight to the result of the al analysis—it proves nothing. The component parts, as ascertained mical analysis, may be health-giving, or may be death-giving, but their ntities and their decimals are the same, and they will mislead you. Gen- nen, I protest against that argument, and I willask you just for a moment if it is a fair one. In the first place it is obvious that there must been some useful object in submitting it to chemical analysis, other- the Defendants would not have gone to the trouble. I suppose I may it for granted that it was anticipated and believed that some useful rould be served, otherwise why should a chemist be employed, and why d this cake be submitted to his critical tests, and to the experiments h he would make upon it, for the purpose of discovering its component ? Dr. Voelcker, Mr. Tuson, and the other gentlemen who were called, ¢ in the walks of science, were called in for the purpose of making a as well as a microscopical analysis. Therefore I think we start with that those who proposed the test and suggested the inquiry must at have had an object in view in obtaining this result. Now what is the at which they arrived? I find, gentlemen, that this cake, upon which 1e cattle of Mr. Wells were fed, yielded :— SRMEE ES fas Ass Gan xe pon os | 8, ISOG DPRMUSHEHE els 3. se, te ee bats, oe ah OS Of mucilaginous compounds .. .. . «. .. 25°68 Making atotalof.. .. .. .. .. 6642 nd, Gentlemen, I find that according to an analysis which we made of pure seed-cake—nothing but linseed in its purest and simplest form without any ure, and made as pure as it could be, for the purpose of testing the § which were given on the 16th of June, 1872, by Dr. Voelcker, very arly the same result is given within only a few decimal points as the culpated and accused linseed furnished, which they say caused the death of cattle. Gentlemen, I find further that when: Mr. Tuson, who gave his e in support of the Plaintiff’s case, was examined, he gave us this Pe ater Seecilage -- ek wee wwe ATK ee ee , 4 otal yest fat eee omao Q that the proportion of nitrogen was some decimals higher than the ‘togen which was found in the pure sample tested by Professor Voelcker. in 72. il, what result do you get from that ? My friend says, treat it as nothing, poison out of the question, and that which was deleterious may do hief, and that the analysis may be an analysis of death-giving ts or of health-giving ingredients, and will produce the same result the analysis is concerned. But pause a moment; look at the other the question. If there was so much of deadly poisonous elements m which such a yield of oil, albumen, and mucilage could be as to give a product and a result equal to more than the average of \ = 656 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. analyses of these chemists, who under the microscope discover a few se dodder, or a few dozen specks of darnel, or other similar component pa substances like that? If you are to solve this theory, or rather to get o this fact, that such a yield of oil, such flesh-forming and flesh-givi gredients, were found in this material, is my friend to say that that may be poisonous? Are not you to remember rather that + is the answer to my friend: that on the other hand these professors tell yx they cannot definitely, even to the fraction of a fraction, a decimal out o hundred, by any proximate degree of arithmetical calculation, tell you w quantity of any of these things they discover? ‘Therefore, you come to- extraordinary and enormous absurdity—that out of a large sample of the ¢ which is placed before the chemist, which he analyses and reduces components with his microscope, yet he is able only to discover motes or grains as these, some article like millet, something like the hu rice, something like dodder or darnel; but he cannot tell you even prox” imately what proportion all that bears to the whole; and yet you all those vital ingredients found by the chemical analysis in that very ea Do not you think then I am entitled to say that the solution of such a is, that you must place confidence in the truthfulness of what my clie you, namely, that there was in that cake 50 per cent. of all but pure li which only wanted another screening to make it quite pure (for the ey is, that it was linseed twice screened, and therefore linseed which was not of the highest degree of purity, because it had not a final scree 50 per cent. of that, and added to it the other elements of which you heard, namely, sound good ‘sesamé-cake imported into this country from g makers, of a sound and wholesome material, which in itself is an oil- and fattening product, and an article of commerce known widely o Continent, being the result of the expressing of salad oil from seed for of man. I say if you find such an ingredient as that costing 6/. 10s. and good wholesome bran costing 5/. 15s. a ton; if you find those elements added to the pure linseed, as upon the oath of Mr, Kiddjan other witnesses who haye been called before you they are, why the chemical analysis does become important. Because in place of groping dark, and endeavouring to reconcile how this cake can be poisonous, or are the proportions of the poisonous ingredients of which fancy suggests composed, instead of having to deal with these microscopical calculati result of which cannot be approximated by any known arithmetical sy you have the positive oath of a man, who produces his invoices, who pre his books, who refers to the dates when these ship-loads of materials and solemnly here in a court of justice gives his evidence under those san which a man does who knows when he quotes the names of vessels, deliveries of cargoes, and the transactions with large houses of business he is stating that the refutation of which he could be confronted wi morrow if he were not telling the truth—I say when you have from th of Mr. Kidd, and Mr. Ayre, and their witnesses, proof of thé 50 per linseed, the 30 per cent. of sesamé, and the 20 per cent. of bran, evidence of the existence of materials known to chemical science as oil-g mucilage-holding and albuminous compounds, are you to listen to my! when he asks you to disregard altogether the chemical analysis, si because he will not for one moment listen to the possibility of truth on ot side, truth which, if you believe it, entirely supports and vindicates analyses of my friend’s own witnesses, and accounts for the propo ot the materials in the cake of which you have heard? So much fe assistance which chemistry has rendered to our case. 2 We now come to the help which the microscope has given us. Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 657 done? It is notorious in the purest linseed, screen it as you will, you will some elements such as dodder, darnel, Polygonum, Lolium temulentum, all those various things which grow with the linseed. ‘hey come from leutta, they come from St. Petersburg, they come from the Black Sea. It part of this article of commerce, and you cannot prevent the linseed from being or less affected by the presence of these foreign vegetations in the quan- s of it which are imported into thiscountry. And what is the result? Why e this proved : that there is in'London an association composed partly he importers, partly of those who represent the great agricultural interests of the country, and partly of retailers, who have formed what is known as the Pure Linseed Association,” and they have laid down a standard which rules is way: pure linseed is linseed which only yields a certain percentage, r cent., of foreign elements, weeds, or foreign growths, which come in the bulk of the linseed; and they say this—if when a cargo is delivered you, you find you have got seed which has got 43 per cent. of these foreign ments in it, then you ought to get a deduction of a half per cent., or areturn your price to that extent. But if you get a cargo which is of such purity it only contains 33, then you have to pay for that extra half per cent. lifference, because you have got the benefit of a purerarticle. That is the test nd the principle upon which they rely; and you have it proved in this case, yecause Mr. Kidd produced before you the certificates of the Association, that pon some of the very linseeds used for making this cake he had to pay and to receive, showing the high class and purity of the linseed that he ved. Gentlemen, I am therefore asking you, when you come to look at his question of the purity of the linseed, to recollect that, call the cake what you nay, the purest and the most absolutely unadulterated linseed that the wit of or the skill of manufacturing science can produce for the use of cattle in nd, if put under the microscope, you will find dodder, darnel, and dlygonum, and twenty other of those foreign elements which grow with its th, mature with its ripeness, and of necessity forma portion of the bulk he seed as it is imported into this country. You will remember in the bottles which were produced yesterday, you had specimens of those s linseeds—the pure and the other qualities—for you to use your own ht upon, and I hope you will not fail to exercise it for the purpose of ring that even the naked eye can detect in the purest linseed the ce of these foreign matters. Then in what way does their microscope elp you? Does it help you to the conclusion that this cake had more foreign ements than pure or twice screened linseed ought to’have? Is there a entleman in that box who will make that experiment in common justice ) my client, who will see what the number of these dodder, darnel, and ‘olygonum seeds is in those indisputable samples of good honest seed ? When hy friend talks about post hoc and propter hoc, why it is his argument, not ine, to say that because the cattle died after eating it, therefore the cake ust have poisoned them! I say, let us go further and see if there may not 2 other causes which would account for the death of that one animal and the ry to the others. What I put in this case is that, by and by, when you € considering the question how far chemistry and the microscope help you, ou will remember that the chemical analysis supports the positive affirmative e of Mr. Kidd, and that you never can accept the theory that there ld be that proportion of flesh-giving useful nutriment in that article, with e oil, and the mucilage, and the albuminous compounds shown by the emical analysis, impregnated with poisonous ingredients, unless you could we found, or unless the eyes of those Professors could have found, something solid to rest upon than the grains or particles of grains which they were to find under the microscope. And then I ask you further to go with ine this: that all the microscope proves is that which I have admitted, and Mr. MOL, VIU.—s. s. 2U 658 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Kidd admitted, that no care, or precaution, or providence whatever, can preven linseed from being more or less affected with such trifling impurities as microscope will detect. Then with regard to the other components, ther were some mucilaginous particles which one of the Professors told you h found, the little nodules or lumps that you will remember. Well as to tha Mr. Kidd told you that the lads who are paring the cakes in order that the may be more convenient as articles of commerce, and to guard against waste throw the parings under the stones, where they are crushed, and in some way or other, not being reduced to the same consistency as the rest of the mas around them, they ¢ get into lumps, and so he accounts for the appearance ¢ these little nodules in the cake. I think you will accept that as the undoubte solution of that matter. Then another gentleman, abounding in his discoveries, thinking perhaps h has almost found a new world, actually discovers bran in the cake! I wis him joy of it. If he had only waited a little longer until our case was fully gone into, it would have told him that bran was a large element (and yo probably "will not think a great deal of the analysis that did not find any bran), that it was in a proportion of something like 20 per cent. of the whole Well, then, we had a theory that there was some proportion of cotton-caki found in the sample that was tested. Now do you recollect Mr. Kidd and hiy two bottles of oil? Because that was one of those pieces of evidence whi let in a great deal of light upon the truth of a case like this. The ideao! cotton-cake being allowed, even by chance, to mix with linseed in thi crushing of that seed for the production of oil in Mr. Kidd’s mill, is demon: strated as an absurdity ; because there you had the clear, yellow, pellucid oil in thy one phiai, which is the valuable article of commerce; and in the other yor have the dark-coloured, ugly-looking oil, which is produced from the cotton seed. Do you think it likely that a man who makes his profit from this oil—because it is not the 5s. upon the 10/. per ton which he gets out of the cake that has led him to put up all this machinery and to establish all these works, but the far more valuable and profitable purpose of extracting the oil —do you think that for the paltry advantage of this 5s. per ton upon this cake he would run the risk of destroying his “Oil by mixing the dark. properties of the cotton-cake with the bright product of the linseed 2 Well, I think J have said enough to dispose of that. Then there are a few wheat and oat grains found. Well, Gentleaiae bran is used in the cake, and it is carried in sacks to the mill, I daresay yo will find a few grains of wheat and oats by microscopical examination. Sc that it comes to this, that when you come to analyse this cake you get result of this most infinitesimal character, which are gravely put to you as elements of adulteration. Then we have another theory. What is the only element which, with all their botanical knowledge, Professor Way, who is no small authority on. matters connected with ‘botany or science, a gentleman connected with the Agricultural Society for years, and whose name at all events was familiar to me when he was called into the witness-box, you have the learned Dr Voelcker, you have Professors ‘Tuson and Fairley, and other gentlemen called here, and what is the only element deleterious in any sense in its composition which they can find? It is the darnel—to what extent do you: find it? A few grains. What is thei injurious character of darnel? What makes it poisonous or injurious? It is supposed to be a narcotic ; therefore, because you find there a little seed, a quantity of which if in a large pro- portion might be disposed perhaps to operate as a narcotic—because you tnd that one element which is the only poisonous foreign substance in any sense which chemical analysis or microscopic test can reveal to your eye, or. dis by any process of examination, it is put forward as a justification of this libel. — Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 659 then we have heard of dodder. Well, I think Dr. Voelcker has disposed odder ; because the dodder about which so little is known, forsooth, turned to be, and was proved by Dr. Voelcker himself to be, a known article of i amongst agriculturalists on the Continent and in this country. Why lode is as well known in some parts of England and the Continent as inseed-cake! Dr. Voelcker has established the fact that he knew dodder- cake perfectly well as an article of food for cattle, and, therefore, you are sked, because a few dodder sceds, the particular qualities of which the man who found them said he did not know, but which is now proved 0 be used in bulk for the purpose of cattle-food, to come to the conclusion hat it, as well as the darnel, is injurious. Now that is the position in which you are left; because I venture to say ou will agree with me that these comments of mine are entitled to the st weight. Take them together with the evidence of those professors, here is some fibrous matter there, and with the other suggestion that ound some portions of cocoa-nut and other things more or less of a character. But if you rely upon that, how do you account for the oil, cilage and the albumen in the proportions which I have commented pon as existing in the cake? Because, if they are right as to the degree vhich this indigestible or woody fibre, the husk, or fibre of cocoa-nut, the e-husks, cotton-husks, or any other things of that sort exist, the more true theory is the more absurd is the result of the chemical analysis which s such a a yield of valuable products by the samples which the sor tested. Gentlemen, I think I have not upon this part of the case occupied attention more than I was fully justified in doing, but it is to my mind it important one; and just observe where it lands my friends. Neither hemists nor the microscopists can help you. No single person has you. Mr. Fairley, or rather Mr. Tuson, sets up a theory that he d two or three of the tail ends of grains of mouldy wheat—that was extraordinary discovery. Professor Simonds, to do him justice, laughs at because he says, ‘“‘ Why, if you fed cattle upon mouldy wheat, not merely ‘0 or three accidental grains, but in larger portions, I am not prepared to y that it would do them any mischief.” But talk about a few little ouldy grains; why, Gentlemen, the very cake upon which that gentleman ade his experiments was marked with wet, and the mere change of phere might account for a few of those little mouldy grains which he ys he saw. Are you to attach the slightest significance, or place the shtest confidence in these infinitesimal and hypercritical suggestions based the discoveries which are revealed by the microscope? I venture to say, the contrary, you will agree with me that they are calculated to teach you m; for what is the case of my client to-day may be the case with er manufacturer to-morrow. I do not care whether it is cloth or cake, other article of commerce, I say if 2 man is to have his character away by the intricacies and infinitesimals of the microscope against a evidence such as I have had the honour to submit to you, why then ll be a bad day indeed if they are not able to point to the solid strength leit case, as overriding all the subtleties of a nice and prying philosophy, 1 as has been brought to bear upon the examination of this cake. Before with this subject I must say I heard, with astonishment, one piece of e from the lips of Professor Fairley. It did seem to be a startling sition, and it was one in which he was unsupported by anybody else: ared to put forward a suggestion before you, as to which he was silent Report in the first instance. But now at the trial, and when it is nt if one witness can be a little more ingenious than another, he ally suggests that. this cake, of which a sample was Ce here U 660 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. yesterday, was never put through the rollers or under the crushers for th purpose of having the oil expressed from it at all; but that it was made, an manipulated, and the various ingredients put together, and forced and crushe together for the purpose of making cake, to deceive the too trustful an confiding farmers of Yorkshire! And upon what did he base that theory Why upon some absurd notion that the linseed in the cake that he say ought to be horizontal, and was perpendicular. So that because he finds c thinks he finds a larger number of perpendicular than horizontal grains in th cake, this pseudo-philosopher and distinguished analyst, actually propounds theory of the blackest character as against my client, one into which m_ friend does not follow him, one into “which the learned professor does ne follow him, because Mr. Simonds you know says, “I do not think they wer purposely put in,” but Mr. Fairley says boldly, “I say this cake was mad for the purpose of prepared and premeditated deception, I say Mr. Kidd foun it a profitable thing for him to employ his men and his resources t manufacture cake of that description, in order to palm it off upon the publi through Mr. Ayre, and not as the result of the crushing of the seed for th. legitimate purpose of expressing the oil, which is his ordinary Gentlemen, I will venture to say you will be of opinion that you eannc accept such a theory as that; and, as I said just now, when you find sue vague and wild theories, such loose suggestions, such dangerous topic thrown out for you to catch at, what conclusion are you to arrive at? — you to assume when Science confesses that she cannot find a poiso aie you must find it for her; that when Science says, I am modest, and althoug’ there is alleged to be something there that killed this cow, I cannot diseoy re what it was—are you to find it “out for her by some wild speculation or theor which is put forward for your acceptance, that it must have been caused b: some deleterious product in the cake, when you have so much evidence on tl other side distinctly meeting the sugeestions which have been made? Now let us look at another point which my friend takes. He says, Well, there was nothing poisonous which could affect the nerves of the rumen ( the cow itself or the cattle, still there was something there of an irri kind, such as a pin or a needle, there was something in fact which ougl not to be there, and which agglomerating together with the rest of the foo produced death or disease amongst these cattle. But where is the eviden of anything of the sort? It is, “after all, but the suggestion of a clever ma’ Of course the very cleverness of my friend and his witnesses enables 4 deal in a variety of suggestions more or less plausible. Let Profes Simonds have the honour, if you please, of originating the sugsestionnl this cake operated upon the nerves of the rumen in such a manner as produce a check to the peristaltic action of the rumen, and that leading © disorganization and degeneracy in the process of mastication by the anim: gave rise to fermentation, and ultimately to the predominance of carbon in t blood, and so to death. Well, Professor Simonds may have and hold th theory, but recollect it is but theory, after all. It is but philosophy, after a —do not mistake it for fact—it is but an idea thrown out By a clever ma But then, Gentlemen, recollect also it is met by evidence on the other eid What say you to the positive evidence given to you here to-day? Obse my friend says he disputes that the 8 tons were made on the same day as tl sample, and so on; but I am not going to occupy your time bya minu discussion as to the particular day of the week, or whether it was in the di shift or in the night shift when these things were made, ‘This is wh: I maintain: that unless you have here a monstrous perjury on the part the witnesses, unless you have men coming here to deceive and mislead you, y have it proved that in all this “ Triangle Best” Linseed-cake sold to Messrs, Ay there was a certain compound only used, and a certain care taken, Tab | sf J Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 661 tance, the man who was called before you here to-day—I did not md calling him, I thought if I called Mr. Kidd and Mr. Stevenson, who e the orders and superintend the manufacture in the mill, I should have mough ; but my learned friend jumped up and said, there is a man who tends up-stairs and takes care of the screening, Logdon, and Coggin ho manages the sesamé; and so it became necessary for me to send for hem both, and they have both been before you to-day. What was the effect f their testimony? Is it true what Logdon says? At all events my iend did not shake him in his cross-examination, and if it is true, what yecomes of my friend’s theory with reference to this cake having anything to do vith the manufacture of ordinary cake? It is all very well for my friend to ppeal to your prejudices on the side of the fariaer, I do not appeal to any orejudices—I ask for justice on the side of the manufacturer, and simply ay, Let the farmer have his rights, and let the manufacturer have his, but ‘0 not stop this seed-crushing altogether by rendering it impossible for a man 0 battle successfully with the load of prejudice that is heaped aroundhim. My earned friend, in passing, said, “ Look at this ‘ Triangle Plain,’ I am perfectly tonished: I have actually heard it stated in open court that these manu- acturers mix these foreign elements, previously screened from the pure seed, vith it.” Yes, they do—they admit it—and I do not deny it. Mr. Kidd old you that if he chose to hide it, he might have crushed it into a powder, all the microscopes in the kingdom could not have found it out. But why should you assume these foreign matters are poisonous? They are vegetables; they, more or less, yield that out of which the substance and sowth of animal life come ; they do not contain all the oil or all the nitrogen of pure linseed, but that which is called the screenings of pure linseed is not joison, and is not rubbish; it is that for which the manufacturers have to ; it is put away and is stored in bags, and is something which, after all, in it some results which are useful, something which is productive in ¢ life and flesh, and aiding in the fattening and growth of animals. But, men, we are not trying that question ; it is not a question of what the als of ordinary cake are. My friend throws it in in order that he may upon your prejudices. I ask you to throw it out, because I appeal to your justice. Let us come to the question which is really in issue—the “Triangle Best ” Linseed-cake, and see the precautions taken in reference to the manufacture of it. It is proved to you now by Mr. Kidd, by Mr. Stevenson, and by Coggin, that the system they adopt is a system by which it is simply ible, unless the hand of Logdon opens the bag, or rather unless he allows the contents of the bag with his knowledge to be conveyed through the ‘spout into the mill, it is impossible for this “Triangle Best” to be adulterated by putting the screenings intoit. My friend said, “‘ Have not you got a cupboard ‘below-stairs into which these bags are put?” “I have.” “Cannot anybody goin e and open them?” “Yes, they can; that is to say, a thief can go and do | But when he is asked, “Can any person adulterate that which is ybeing crushed ?” he answers, “‘ No, it must go up in the elevator before it ‘comes down through the spout.” Therefore, my friend was making a false suggestion to you, utterly forgetful of that which had been proved in the ourse of the case. Gentlemen, I venture to say that you will agree with this: that Mr. Kidd and his witnesses upon this point are utterly uncontra- fdieted. What is he that you should regard his evidence with any doubt? He jis a gentleman who has for years carried on this trade in Hull, and who at least, as far as his dealings with Mr. Ayre go, shows that Mr. Ayre knew exactly what he was buying. It is not the case of a manufacturer and bow but the case of a manufacturer and merchant. Mr. Kidd makes /5s, per ton by the sale of this cake, Mr. Ayre makes 10s. ; the profits of the ‘one are no test of the profits of the other; their interests are entirely distinct ; 662 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. and you must, therefore, in this case, take care that you do not in any way view this case as other than the case of Mr, Kidd, in which the question | turns upon how far he is shown in the course of this inquiry to be unworthy _ your confidence and belief. , I say, summing it up in one word, that unless — Mr. Kidd, unless Mr. Stevenson, unless Mr. Logdon, have given you evidence which is wilfully false,—there is such care taken in that mill, su gathering together, such folding-up, such putting into bags and tying-up of these screenings, such keeping of them in a chamber below, and such a distinct manipulation of them afterwards, only giving them out for the purpose of mixing with the Ordinary cake, and always taking care to dis- tinguish that from the “ Triangle Best ”—that if you are going to come to | conclusion that those bags of screenings were taken out, and emptied down that — hopper, for the purpose of adulterating the ‘Triangle Best” cake, which is the | cake in question, in this case you will take a fearful leap in the dark, and witliout — any solid basis supply that which is absolutely wanting in the case of m learned friend; and you will only supply it when you have trampled upe the character of the three witnesses, who have affirmatively sworn to th: which my friend insinuates cannot possibly be true. Fe Well, Gentlemen, but that is not all. There were 8 tons of that ca given to these cowkeepers. Is there no value in that? Surely you will not say so? One of them, at least, gave a portion of that cake to each of hi cattle, and it was not a matter of giving it them for one day or one feed, bi i day by day (in one case for a fortnight); these cowkeepers fed their cows, and — they throve upon it. ‘| Now I will grant it might, perhaps, have been a more startling fact in my favour if we had got one of these cowkeepers to say he had given his animals — 7 or 8 lbs. at one feed ; but I do not know how that would have been, becaus if these cows had not been accustomed to the food we might have kille them, and therefore it was not for Mr. Kidd to do that which he believes : have been the very cause of the fatal result in the case of Mr. Wells’s cattl However, we do not interfere with the mode in which these cowkeepers gi the cake to their cattle, we left it entirely to them; they give it in the portions which you have heard, day by day, and the cattle were thriving v: well. Ask yourselves the question, then, were these cattle fed on re dirty linseed, deleterious cake, holding in its composition some inscrutab poison ? I think I may anticipate your answer upon that point. But, Gen men, that is not all: my friend gives the thing the go-by; but you will n do so. There is a body of evidence to prove and establish beyond all doubt this cake has been supplied for years from that very mill, and in this y mvunth of February, in the quantities which you have heard; and with w result? Why, it has gone forth to the feeders of cattle from Northumberl to Warwickshire, and throughout England. Of the whole that was supp in that month of February not a murmur of complaint from a single soure has come; and of the 10,000 tons sold within the last few years not a sing! whisper of complaint has ever been uttered. Is this, then, a mere ¢ cidence? Is this the ‘accident of an accident”? Are you to be dsked in absence of scientific discovery, on the mere theory of distinguished and cle men, that, because there may be a poison which they cannot detect, and which this cow may have died, when you find that these thousands of to eaten without injury, trusted in and not complained of by farmers, sold bro cast throughout the country, to shut your ears to all these facts, in order thi you may drink in a speculation founded on no fact, but merely upon theories of these distinguished men. Gentlemen, I put it to you warmly, still I ask you to deal with it logically, and will you not rather rely upon the affirmatiy evidence which I have submitted to you, as being something solid, in whiel you can place confidence as to the cause of the death and disease of thes Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 663 1 oe rather than upon that which is presented to you by my friend, which | venture to characterize as pure speculation and theory. Now, with reference to that death and disease, let us see what is the evi- lence with which we have to deal. My friend says you are to shut out ‘together the history of Airmyn Farm and Sancton. I am not going to shut them out. To my mind the history of what took place at these two farms is pregnant with grounds of observation in favour of Mr. Kidd, and against the Yheory of the Defendants. Take it that 6 or 7 lbs. produced the fatality and Hisease at Booth Ferry; but do not forget that, when you have another farm idjoining, you get the same cake administered to the cattle which are also veing stall-fed. Iam not going minutely to examine the order of the feeding, pr the quantities in which it was supplied; but one thing is perfectly clear— he cattle at the second farm only got about 4 Ibs; and that those cattle, \lthough probably some of them certainly, as they will do at times, ate the yake more greedily than others, were cured without oil, or the application of she probang, by merely being turned out into the fields. They had no medi- ine to help them, but the course of nature followed, and they were well the ext day. Now that is a fact which you will, I am sure, not forget when you we asked by and by by my Lord to estimate the force of the veterinary vidence which you have heard to-day. Then, with reference to the beasts at 300th Ferry, let me remind you of this—in each of the stalls there was one odd yeast that had it worse than the others. I warrant you he was a fellow that ad an extraordinarily good idea of getting his mouth full; he probably took aore than his share, and therefore you will be of opinion, I think, that, in ome degree, the intensity of the symptoms in those particular odd animals ends to strengthen the theory that it was over-feeding which produced the isease from which they suffered. But, then, my friend says I claim Sancton san authority in my favour. Well, you know, Counsel are sometimes over- onfident. I may be, and I cannot help thinking my friend was then ; because what have you heard with regard to Sancton, where 3 lbs. only of the cake as given? You have no staring coat, no lolling of the tongue, no moaning or istress; so that even the critical eye of Mr. Wells, who, after all, you know s really an interested party here—the Plaintiff in another case more or less epending upon this, and whose evidence and its accuracy you must measure y that observation on my part—TI say his interest would be, apart from higher onsiderations, to support that which he had communicated to the Agricul- ural Society—even he is not able to bring home the slightest trace of mischief joa single animal at Sancton, except the sheep. Well, what is the evidence ith respect to the sheep? ‘They had been fed on turnips and chopped straw 1 do not know whether you know the habits of these animals); they are fiven this cake, and some of them prefer it with the chopped straw, and do jot like to take it without; but, after a while, they take to the cake when it s mixed with chopped straw, and they eat it and like it, and not a sheep has | flered. Are you, therefore, not to come to the conclusion that the history )f what took place at Sancton, and the use of this food there in a moderate ‘nd mild form, prepares you for the evidence that we have laid before you. ou know it was admitted by Professor Simonds, and by my friend’s witnesses yenerally, that there was not a symptom in life or post-mortem in the body ‘of that cow or its viscera, which was not the same, symptom by symptom, as hat which follows an ordinary attack of hoven or tympanitis. Recollect the moaning, the distress, the attitude of standing still, with the legs partly evered, the enormous gaseous distension—all these are now admitted to be the ordinary signs of a very ordinary complaint among cattle. Therefore cer- ainly you have at least this fact to go upon in this case—that you have in he ordinary known walks of every-day experience, not in the pages of scien- ific experiment or conjecture, but in the result of practical life, from those ii t 664 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. who trace it from having on many occasions attended the cattle, that it is one of the common causes of suffering attended with the same identical symptoms which this cow seems to have exhibited before she died. When they talked of blood-poisoning, one was anxious to know how they made that out. But it is explained afterwards that the blood-poisoning is merely the predominance of carbon in the blood, which prevents the oxygen and the carbon meeting together, and helping the course of digestion. You have, therefore, no doubt, chemical influences acting which produced that blackening and poisoning in the animals which is called blood-poisoning. But the same thing occurs always in tympanitis, from whatever cause that may have been produced. Therefore it is that I say you have in this case that which has made it clear to demonstration, that (unless you can be satisfied on some other theory which is set up) there is enough to account for all that you heard of by the sug- gestion that this was a case of ordinary tympanitis. ; Then, what have you on the other side? You have on the part of my friend plenty of conjecture. He says I am theorizing: 1 say heis. I say on his side you have nothing but conjecture, nothing but an idea that because something may have been in the cake, which no human being has been able to see or discover, and as to which you must come to the conclusion that it was there before you can support their theory, that because something may have been there which, if it was poisonous, and was there to such an extent as to produce a sensible effect on the nerves of the rumen,'might account for the | symptoms, therefore that which may be, must be, and hence it was that which | caused the fermentation and indigestion of which this cow died. Now, what have you on the other side? We have called before you a number of vete- rinary surgeons, beginning with Mr. Holmes, who for thirty years has occupied more or less important positions in his business. He was chosen (it shows at least that he was a man of education, intelligence, and knowledge) to be vete- rinary surgeon to the cavalry in India, and men chosen for so important a position as that of keeping the horses of our Indian cavalry in good health are not young men in their profession or unknown men, they are generally well-educated men, and men in whom people have confidence. Before he went out to India he was practising here, and since his return he has spent his life as a practieal man in the duties of his profession. True, he has not written learned essays in agricultural reviews, he has delivered no beautiful treatise or lecture illustrated with handsome pictures and engravings like Professor Simonds; he has filled no philosopher’s chair; he has drawn no rapturous plaudits from the students of the college, but he has done this—he has - quietly pursued the practice of his profession and learned the valuable lessons of practical experience, and has given you that which I venture to say you will not disregard in considering your verdict in this case: he stakes his professional reputation, in the acquirement of which he has grown grey, upon this, that this” cow died from tympanitis, and that that arose from the alteration of the food. It is all very well for my friend to speculate about the particular time which intervened. Gentlemen, when that food was given by these labouring men called here they kept no note about the time. They spoke of its being about this time and that time, but half an hour sooner or later might bring the time nearer to the opinion which Mr. Holmes gave; and I venture to say that, in justice to him and to Mr. Kidd, whose witness he is, you will consider your- selves bound to accept these statements of men who at the time had not their particular attention called to it, and which, after all, are given with a certain vagueness as to the particular and exact hours and minutes at Md certain food was administered, with extreme caution. And for this reason, 3 L the more that two or three of the witnesses my friend called admitted that the cake had been laid aside or that there had been no supply for ten One of them, indeed, got into the box, and very inaccurately, as I believe, sat @ Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England, 665 | only five days. It is perfectly clear from the letters that Mr. Wells had been out of cake for ten days; and if you find an inaccuracy of that sort on one part of the case, yon will accept with a little caution that which relates to } another. But if you believe the evidence of Mr. Holmes, and have any trust ' in his long experience, he gives you the reasons for which he arrives at that practical solution of this matter. And, Gentlemen, do not be disturbed or think less of his opinion because of the accident that twenty or thirty other cattle suffered similarly in a greater or less degree, because, recollect this—if you drive twenty cattle into a thick clover-field on a dewy morning, in the _ course of a short time they would be standing up distended exactly in the same way as you have heard described with reference to these cattle—blown out like so many animal bladders in a very short time. Therefore it is idle to say that, because twenty or thirty suffered, you are to take up the case of the Defendants rather than that of the Plaintiff. What I submit is this— | they were all being stall-fed, they were all treated in the same way, they ) are all subject to the same influences, and they each took it to a greater or ) less extent, just according to the degree in which they more voraciously _ indulged their appetite. I venture to put to you this, that Mr. Holmes’ ' evidence gives you a distinct practical solution of the mischief which occurred to these animals—there is an effect, there is a cause : he has explained it all to you: he has given you that which is not theory, but the result of a long life of practical experience. Mr. Freeman, Mr. Broughton, and five other gentlemen who were called, more or less, according to age and experience, confirming, and the result surely which I am entitled to contend for is this— that you have called here from Yorkshire, Leeds, and various places, these gentlemen professing the art of veterinary surgery, giving their evidence in a case which to-morrow will be published to all the farmers in this country and all England, who gave it therefore under the sanction that they will be held to the opinions they have uttered, and who, having heard this whole case, stake their professional reputation individually and collectively upon this united opinion, that the cow died and that these cattle suffered, from tym- panitis, produced by an alteration more or less sudden of food acting specially quickly amongst Short-horned cattle of high breed, and still more so upon | cattle who were at the time undergoing the process of stall-feeding. | Now, Gentlemen, I have, I hope, fulfilled what I promised. I might, if I were to take the opportunity which the occasion would allow me, address you | at greater length; but you have watched this case throughout, and I | am very anxious, before I resume my seat, that whatever be the result of this case I should be able to feel that I have made no appeal that was not made to | your judgment. Because I do feel that this is specially a case of such _ immense importance to the interest I represent (and no doubt of considerable importance to those whom my friend represents) that I am sure you will exercise upon it the most careful and anxious and deliberate judgment before you give your verdict. I know not of what materials that jury is composed ; for aught I know there may be more farmers than manufacturers, and more ) private gentlemen than either; but this I do know—whatever its component ) parts may be, I have not the slightest doubt it is ‘‘ pure linseed” in its com- position, and that it will in this case retire from that box with a determina- ) tion not to find a verdict against me, unless satisfied upon the positive weight _ of testimony that the Defendants have made out their plea. It was open to | the Defendants, of course, Gentlemen, to have taken another course it they _ thought proper here, instead of placing justification upon this record. My friend may fritter away or criticise the language of that libel as he pleases, but you cannot under-estimate its effects. It attributes the death of that cow, _ and the disease of these cattle to cake manufactured by Mr. Kidd; it charges | him with supplying the materials for “another case of so-called poisoning ;’ | | 7 it recites the case of Mr. Eaton, and the opinion of a veterinary surgeon that an animal in his herd died by poison; it speaks of the cake in this instance as _ being, “like Mr. Eaton’s, a very bad cake ;” it winds up by suggesting that it is “ composed of dirty linseed and of the sweepings of warehouses.” I will only say upon that, that you have to sweep out of your minds the affirmative oaths of the witnesses which I have called before you can accept the con- clusion that any one of those statements is proved. Gentlemen, there is one thing they have left out which they ought to have put in, because whoever prepared that libel, or that Report, has left out this important item—in the original Report of Professor Voelcker, he added this very significant paragraph, after giving the result of his analysis and the dis- coveries he had made—a most emphatic proviso or protest, if I might call it so, against a too sudden determination—he said, “ At the same time I am bound to add that I have discovered no trace of poison in this food.” Why was it that all the black names, all the husks and all the sweepings that are suggested, are put in and forced into daylight, and paraded in this newspaper, and yet this passage which ought surely to have gone out with it, unless indeed some one was clipping and paring down this Report who was animated by that spirit which seemed to be afraid there would be unfair dealing on the part of Mr. Ayre if he was allowed to manipulate the eight tons; and unless’ sometimes the great name of the Agricultural Society is used by those who too rapidly and indiscreetly indulge a suspicion, and then find themselves committed to a charge. Gentlemen, I am bound to caution you in this case, and I am sure you will accept my caution with the sincerity with which I offer it, that whatever be the assumed dignity, utility, or importance of this great public body, you ought to recollect that it is not the body themselves that have given their own personal attention to this matter, either in reference to the chemical inquiry, or to the preparation of that libel. The libel appears in the beginning of March; the investigation and the interro- gatories are commenced, as you have heard from the letters, on the 25th March, They first published the libel, and then called upon Mr. Wells to help them in making out the justification ; and, Gentlemen, all I ask you to do is to be guarded in a case which is supported in that way. We all know that there is a disposition in the mind when you start a theory, and perhaps even from the very fact that there is novelty in it, to believe that, by giving the sanc- tion of your verdict, you may do some possible good. I mean to say there is danger of such a thought arising in your minds; but I will venture to ask you to look at the solid and affirmative testimony in this case, to be guided by the evidence which we have given you, which is the result of long experience, and that whatever respect you may feel for any theory or speculation, how- ever ingenious or clever you may think it, you will rather rest your verdict on the solid basis which, I venture to hope, you will be of opinion our case presents. 1am entitled to make another observation upon this part of the case, and that is, that on those who assert that this was a dirty linseed, com- posed of the sweepings of warehouses and so-called poisonous materials, lies the responsibility of discharging the onus of proof. If the result of your inquiry should even be this, that you could not go the whole way with me, and come to the conclusion that I have satisfied you from the body of testi- mony I have siven that the charge contained in this libel is untrue, and that the character of my client is vindicated in that respect, still, if the Defendants: have not succeeded in satisfying you so as to outweigh the evidence we have given as to the truth of the charges contained in this libel, unless you are le in a position in which your minds are without any doubt that that justifi- cation is proved, 1 claim, as I am entitled to claim, an acquittal at your hands, which would amount to a verdict in my fayvour—an acquittal from the charges put upon that plea of justification, because I am sure my lord by and 666 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. ¢ iad Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 667 | kd will not correct me when I say that when those upon whom the law puts the onus of supporting their plea of justification fail, when the two bodies of | testimony are laid before a jury, in making out the plea, the Plaintiff is entitled to the verdict. I trust and I hope it will not be the mere solution | of a doubt that will give me that verdict, but that your verdict will be cheerfully given when you recall all the facts and suggestions which have | been laid before you in this case in favour of my client. | Looking to that event, Gentlemen, there remains a matter upon which it } would be out of place almost for me to address you; because, when it comes to be a question of damages, a jury can best know how to approximate a just | solution. We have proved beyond all doubt, you know, that my client has | suffered in his trade. This was an article of commerce which brought him in aprofit of 5s. per ton; he was doing a very large trade, and that has been | prejudiced and diminished, as Mr. Kidd told you, I think by about 1700 tons | already in the past year, and no doubt the wide circulation of these Reports must have tended to carry on that mischievous tendency. His profit of 5s. per ton upon that can be very easily calculated by you. You have therefore | something to guide you in estimating the damages. If this had been a case of personal malice and spite you would do it by a very different measure, but it is not that. I never charged that, or asked for sympathy upon that ground. Tonly characterize it as the result of a hasty conclusion arrived at by those \ interested on the part of the Defendants. Gentlemen, in conclusion, I do venture to trust and believe that truth and | justice will vindicate my client’s case at your hands, and that you will agree | with me that my observations are entitled to the weight which I have ) ventured to ask you to attach to them. If you come to the conclusion that they are, you will give my client such damages as will set his character right, }and vindicate him from such imputations as a charge of this kind, if un- answered, must inevitably cast upon him, SUMMING-UP. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: In this case the action is brought for a libel, and two pleas are pleaded, one of Not Guilty, as to ‘which it is now admitted that the libel was published by the Defendants, although they deny that there is a libel to 'the extent that is alleged. Under the plea of Not Guilty they would be entitled to deny the libel altogether; but it is not _ disputed now. But what they deny is, that it is a libel to the ‘extent which the other side allege, and they have also pleaded that it is true in substance and effect. ; _ Now, you know a libel has been defined (and I know no better definition of it) to be a publishing of something injurious to another without lawful excuse or justification ; and the Royal Agricultural Society in the present case, though the very object of these Reports is, on their part, to warn the farmers against ‘trading with people when they think they are not trading pro- perly,—although that may be a very proper thing, and there is no malignity or immorality on their part, yet that would not he a 668 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. lawful excuse ; and it is obvious that the more respectable the Society, the more likely would anything they published be to produce the evil effect on the person whom they denounced— depending upon the extent to which it goes. Consequently, there seems to be no doubt at all that what the Defendants have published would be a libel as far as it would be injurious to the Plaintiff, and the Plaintiff’s manufacture of the oil-cake in respect of which he brings this action, Then the law stands also thus: that where a thing is true, though it still would remain a libel, a man can recover no damages for what is true; and therefore it may very well be that when there is a libel in which a man imputes, we will say, A, B, and C, the De- fendant may be able to prove A and B to be true, but not C. In that case there would be a verdict for the Plaintiff, because the Defendant had not proved the whole of the libel to be true; but the damages which would be given would be only for that part that he does not prove to be true: and consequently there will be two things you will have to look at. The first is, to consider the libel, to see what are the imputations that are con- veyed in what is in the ‘ Mark Lane Express,’ published by the Defendants—how far do they go, what do they amount to, and what is the extent of the libel: this will be a question for you, and I will call your attention to it presently; then, secondly, when you come to consider the evidence which we have heard, what you think is the result of the proof as regards that? You see, it may be the Defendants have succeeded in proving all the allegations which are contained in the libel. If they have done that, if they have proved in substance everything that they have really stated, then the Defendants would have the verdict altogether; if they have proved only a portion of what they have stated, then they, leaving a portion of the libel unjustified and unexcused by not proving all the truth of it, the Plaintiff would be entitled to his verdict. But the amount of damages would depend entirely upon what you thought was the amount left un- justified and unexcused by not proving the truth of it, and the degree to which you think the Plaintiff would be entitled to damages for the injury done to him in respect of that. Now that I need not point out to you is a thing which varies ex- cessively, according to the nature of the imputation. Having first of all pointed that out to you, we will see what are the imputations contained in this libel—how far does it go? That is a question for you, and not for me; and when you: haye settled that question, namely, what is the extent to which this goes, we shall then be in a position to see whether the De- fendant has succeeded in proving it all. Now, it begins in this way—* As usual at this season, cases of so-called poisoning from _ Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 669 the use of cakes have been brought under his (that is the chemist’s) notice. The first to be mentioned is from Charles O, Eaton, Esq.” I need not dwell further upon Mr. Eaton’s case, because that is not in dispute here at all. Dr. Voelcker goes on to say this—‘‘ The cake (that is Mr. Eaton’s cake) contained much earth-nut, also locust-meal, rice-dust, grass seeds, broken corn, and the usual small weed-seeds found in inferior or dirty linseed, and was altogether a bad linseed-cake.” That sentence is alluded to again, when he begins to talk of Mr. Kidd’s, the now Plaintiff’s, linseed-cake afterwards, so that we must bear that in mind. Then it goes on (passing over the rest)—‘* Another case comes from John Wells, Esq., Feb. 18, a member of our Council, the whole of whose cattle were attacked with serious symptoms immediately after eating from a fresh purchase of cake, although only one case terminated fatally. ‘This cake very much resembled the cake sold to Mr. Eaton.” That is why I refer to it; he says that the cake sold to Mr. Eaton contained much earth-nut, husks, and so on, and altogether was a bad linseed-cake, and he says this cake very much resembled the cake sold to Mr. Eaton. ‘That is, he clearly states it is an inferior linseed-cake—at the very least the imputation is that much. “ Containing a quantity of cotton-cake.”—When we have the evidence given in which the Defendants are endeavouring to — justify it, the evidence comes to this, that there was in it some cotton-husks ; whether this “ cotton-cake” has been a misprint for ‘‘husks,” or whether “husks” was put in without any justi- fication at all, 1 do not know—1 should think it was probably a slip in printing for ‘ husks ”—‘‘ rice, broken corn, and cocoa- nut, apparently made from dirty linseed, and the sweepings of corn-warehouses, A small sample of this cake had been sent before purchase to Mr. Wells, as best linseed-cake, price 10/. per ton, from Ayre, Brothers, Hull, the makers Messrs. Kidd, of Hull.” That is the whole of the libel. _ Now, how much do you think that does contain in it? One thing you will have to turn your mind to in that is this: I think it seems pretty plain that the Defendants, by publishing that, did state that this sample that they had examined _was an inferior _ dirty cake; and in considering the libel, and seeing what it amounts to, you must put yourselves for the moment out of what you have heard to-day in Court altogether, and in the position of a farmer, or anybody else, who was reading this Report immediately after it came out—what impression would it pro- duce on your mind reading it for the first time? Would it lead you to think that Messrs. Kidd’s cake was made of an inferior dirty linseed, and had these weeds, &c., in it? 1 think certainly it would convey that impression ; but then comes another part of 670 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. it, in which it will be a question for you to consider whether it does. It asserts that Mr. Wells’s cattle, immediately after eating the cake, were seized with very bad symptoms, and no doubt that was the fact: What does that amount to—would you think that what they are asserting there amounts to this, that the cattle fell ill, and one of them died, owing to something that was a deleterious matter in the linseed or not? If you think it amounts to stating that Mr. Kidd manufactured and sold linseed- cake which contained deleterious matter, and so killed his cattle and made them ill, that is a serious imputation, and requires justification to a certain extent. If, on the other hand, you think that a man reading all this would only believe that it amounted to this, that the Plaintiff sold an inferior dirty linseed which was given to Mr. Wells's cattle, who immediately afterwards had bad symptoms; that would be true enough, because it is quite clear that there were bad symptoms, and Mr. Wells believed that they were occasioned by the linseed-cake. ‘That is one of the things upon which you have had so much evidence given before you. The question is, whether that was the meaning of the libel at the time. Upon that you have to carry in your minds the question whether the justification is proved so as to go so far as to ascertain that the death of the cow and the illness of the cattle really followed from some deleterious ingredient contained in the linseed-cake. Now one side has contended, and brought evidence before you to show, that the linseed-cake being given to the cattle in a feed of 7 lbs., when they had been some days without it, and 6 lbs. to the cows at the farm, and a smaller quantity, 4} Ibs., to the beasts that were at Airmyn Pastures, they all fell ill; the evi- dence being that the beasts that had the most seemed to fall ill most. I think both sides seem to be agreed upon that; and it is a thing that one would hardly doubt if any one were to go against it—that the fact of so many cattle, immediately after the giving of the linseed-cake, very much in proportion to the quantity of the linseed which was given to them, would lead to the conclusion that that illness was connected with the cattle having taken linseed-cake. But, then, the controversy upon that part of the matter—and it is the great one—is, does the fact that the cattle were all taken ill in this way satisfy you that there was some deleterious ingredient in this linseed-cake? There is another part of the evidence which I shall have to come to, as to the manufacture of the cake, which bears upon this; but still you — will have to consider this. The Plaintiffs scientific Witnesses say this is the only case in which cattle have been affected ; but then it is clear that the cows were all taken ill from something. I think the Defendant’s Veterinary Surgeons also agree in this— Kidd y. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 671 they do not always use the same terms when they agree, but they agree—that it was caused by something which the cattle took at the time which injured the working of the stomach—that which is known as the chewing of the cud—the rumen of the animals ; and the consequence was that the food that was in the rumen, when it was no longer checked by the natural healthy working of the rumen, fermented and produced a great quantity of gas, and the distending gas “hove” the beasts, as they call it, and made them ill; and, in that particular case of the cow, the *“hoven” went so far as not to produce absolute suffocation, but pressure on the lungs so as to produce death, not from suffocation, | but from want of being able to breathe enough to keep the animal alive, That is what they say, and I think the Veterinary Sur- _geons on both sides agree that it was clear enough that there was -something which they took which disagreed with the animals and produced that effect. But then comes this: the Defendant says (and you will have _ to consider that) that 7 lbs. of linseed-cake, although the animals had been fasting from linseed in the one case for ten days, would _ not be sufficient, if it was good cake, to disorder the stomach so . as to produce this illness ; and, consequently, as all these animals took it, it must have been a thing which would make animals generally feel ill by taking it. He says in this particular parcel of cake there must have been something injurious and dele- terious ; and if he is bound to carry his justification so far as to ' say that the animal died of it, upon that he rests. On the other hand comes this consideration, which is strong against him— although they have had the cake, and the Royal Agricultural Society's Chemists haye had the means of getting everybody they could to look at it, they do not find anything they are able to trace as being absolutely poisonous; they do not find anything deleterious. But then they say, and they say truly, that chemical tests do not enable you to detect vegetable poisons very well. ‘Still, if there was something that crept in or got into the cake _ that was absolutely deleterious, one would naturally expect that. the Defendants would have been able to give some evidence to show the poison that was in it; and that is a thing which you ‘must bear in mind, and give it its weight. _ Then, the Plaintiff’s Veterinary Surgeons, besides, rely upon that, saying, “ we are confident that there was sufficient cause, sup- posing it was ever such good cake ; for, if you give animals cake when they are feeding upon other things, if you give them a change of food and cake, if they gorge it or eat it rapidly, or, even without that, the mere change from what they have been used to, may disorder their stomachs and cause them to be ill;” _and they say, therefore, that the giving of 7 lbs, in the one case, bl 672 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. and 6 lbs, in the other, and 44 Ibs. in the other, was enough to account for the animals being unwell, although there was nothing deleterious in the cake at all. Well, the answer to that, and the strongest thing which struck me as against that, is that the animals all became disordered from this; and certainly the evi- © dence does not seem to show that 7 lbs. was a very large dose to give, and Mr. Wells's men, men of experience, and who were in the habit of giving it, evidently did not think it was a very large © dose. That is one of the matters for you to consider. Well, there is another thing that will bear upon this part of the case. I mean whether the animals actually died from some- | thing deleterious in the cake; whether in this parcel of two tons — there may have been something got in which would not get into the others; something accidental, such as a poison. Upon that you will observe that the Plaintiffs got the eight tons of cake, and they gave it to the cowkeepers, and no harm came from it; and the other five tons were eaten by the cattle—it is true it was in small quantities—without anything wrong happening, or the cattle suffering in any way. Another portion of five tons was given to the sheep, and the sheep seem to have indicated, by taking a portion of it into their mouths and then spitting it out, that there was some taste which they did not like in it. Further than that they do not go; and afterwards, when it was mixed with chopped matter, they ate it and were no worse. ‘That goes far to show that neither these eight tons of cake nor the other five contained much that was poisonous; they might have con- tained something wrong, but certainly it would show that they were not deleterious in themselves. It would tend very much to show that. Then, further, we find that there has been a great — deal of this kind of cake distributed ; and it does not appear that — anybody has said that they found anything wrong, or complained of it. And, further, it would show that the stuff which Mr. Kidd manufactured was not generally injurious to cattle, nor contained deleterious matters. That in this particular case Mr. Wells dona fide believed that these symptoms resulted from it, and so reported to the Society, is clear enough ; and if all that you think would be understood in reading the libel over with regard to that was that this was a dirty, bad specimen of cake, and that immediately after it was administered there were these symptoms, that would be true. If you think it would be understood from it also— Here was a dirty, bad specimen of seed,*and we wish you to draw the inference that it actually did occasion cattle to be ill and one of them to die,” why, then, that is proved or not proved according as you think it is really made out. That is the first part; and then there comes the second part, in which I think there can be no doubt how far the libel goes. Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 673 They say this was an inferior bit of linseed-cake, dirty, and con- _ tained a quantity of seeds, of cotton-cake, rice, broken corn, and _ eocoa-nut, apparently made from dirty linseed and the sweepings ‘of corn-warehouses. That is what they say there. There can be no doubt that that, coming from the Royal Agricultural Society, would be by itself a thing calculated to injure the sale of | Mr. Kidd’s property. But we have to see whether it is true, ‘and, supposing it not to be true, there comes the question of |damages. Now, upon both those questions this bears very much upon the evidence which we have got from Mr. Kidd. Mr. Kidd ‘and Mr. Ayre both have been obliged to admit on interrogatories ‘administered to them that, in the course of the manufacture, ‘what you have had detailed before you here takes place. It seems ‘that, some four years ago, Mr. Kidd and Mr. Ayre agreed ‘together, as they say (this is their version of it), finding that linseed-cake made of linseed was very apt to have rape-seed in it, ‘and, consequently to be bitter and bad, so that people complained ‘of it, they got the idea into their heads that it would be a good ‘thing to make a cake which would consist of screened linseed (which, of course, would be dear, being what they would call “Pure Linseed-cake,” if it was made from that alone), with an admixture of a certain quantity of bran, so as to make it cheaper for them, and then to sell this compound so made of linseed ‘and bran. At first they had only bran in it, but, after a time, ‘sesamé-cake was taken and ground and mixed with it; and that ‘was what they made this cake of—one-half only of linseed, and ‘the other made of bran and sesamé-cake mixed with it. Now, upon this part of the case, Mr. Seymour, in addressing ‘you, used a phrase which | think expressed it very well. If in selling linseed-cake, you tell people that it is an honest product of your own, manufactured in pressing the oil out of the linseed, then it is obvious that this would not be that. If a man says, {will sell you linseed-cake pure, and he means by that, I have ‘aken the linseed and have screened it, and I have squeezed out the oil and this is the honest manufacture with the oil squeezed . ut, that would be linseed-cake pure. Ifhe says, I will give you inseed—I have not screened it, because as we all know, linseed eomes with a certain quantity of impurities in it—I have not ken that out—I have squeezed out the oil and this is the pro- luct ; there is not only linseed, but the impurities which were in t, because it was not screened linseed : if he says, it is the honest oroduct of my manufacture when I have squeezed the oil out of ‘ny unscreened linseed that would be linseed-cake too, not so good ts the other, but a good one, and I certainly have understood i at generally speaking what is called pure linseed-cake, would be understood to be the honest product of manufactured screened | VOL. ViII.—s.s. 2x ) 674 Kiddy. Royal Agricultural Society of England.- linseed, and that genuine linseed-cake would be that which wa the honest product of the linseed, though the linseed had not beer screened, There seems to be a third and inferior kind that they call “ Ordinary ;” what that is exactly, I do not know, I shoul myself say that a man who speaks of linseed-cake, though he may call it “Ordinary,” would be bound to supply something whiel was principally composed of linseed : but that question does no arise so directly as the other. Now, you know Mr. Kidd tell us the mode in which they do it. It has been described, and n doubt you have attended to it thoroughly ; it is this, they hay: the linseed, and, when they have got it there, they have to screer it; when they are going to make pure linseed-cake, there i first of all a rough screening which has only the effect of taking away the dirt, and we have nothing to do with that. Then wher the linseed is put upstairs and they are going to make pure linseed cake, they pass it through three screens and the effect of that i to separate nearly all the seeds. Out of that they squeeze th oil and make the pure cake of which I think there was no com plaint whatever, and upon which there has been no imputatior cast. Then there is this other thing: these screenings are pu aside and I shall have to say a word presently to you upon that— there is this other kind of linseed-cake, which has been described Looking back to Mr. Kidd’s evidence, I see he does say that ir} making this “ Triangle Best,” they do screen it; he went on after.) wards and said that the ‘‘ Genuine ” linseed-cake was not screened That is what misled me in my recollection about that. He does say it was screened, but he only said screened once. The mar called this morning, said when they were going to make it, they screened the linseed twice—I do not know that very much turns upon that; but when it has been passed down and passed inte’ the hoppers and into the rollers and brought to the grinding = machine, they there put in for every 50 parts of linseed, 30 oi? this broken sesamé and 20 of bran—I think that is the proportion —and then they are mixed up together, and when they have been all mixed up together under the stones, and ground, they are}! then put into the kettles and so on, and the oil is squeezed out and the product which remains is not the product of the lins which was used for the purpose of extracting the oil, but it is the product of the linseed with an equal bulk of those foreign ingredients which have been added to it. Now, it is quite true what was said, that any man has the right to make that manufae- ture and sell it, provided he sells it for what it is. If Mr. Kidd published to the world, ‘I make Kidd’s Food for Cattle” (and he may tell them or not what it is made of), “and I say it is excel lent stuff and I will sell it,” that is all fair and proper; but if he has made this which is half linseed, with the intention, and for ul Kidd vy. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 675 arpose of having it sold as linseed, so that the farmers and people ho buy ‘‘ Triangle Best ” linseed are to be deluded into the belief at they are buying linseed-cake or the honest product of linseed hen the oil has been pressed out, and are, instead of that, only uying 50 per cent. of it—why I think that is exceedingly wrong ad sol should think would you. Then further, we find that lese screenings are put aside and used in this way. In making ae “ Ordinary ” linseed-cake, which does not come into this action xcept indirectly, if the linseed happens to be fine linseed, the ‘laintiff thinks it necessary,—not merely fair, not to give them the mple honest product of the linseed when the oil has been ex- ressed—but he thinks it necessary for every 30 parts of the linseed hich comes down to add 70 per cent. altogether, partly of ground rth-nut cakes which is an inferior thing to this sesamé as it ould seem, and partly of bran as to which I forget the exact portion. But a more curious and more important part of it is at if his linseed is good linseed, he thinks this inferior cake ould not look genuine—I do not know what he thinks—it rikes one rather that he did it in order that people might xt suspect—if it was clean linseed they might think it irious—but at all events for some reason or other, he thinks necessary to adulterate his linseed by putting in the screenings ich he took out of the other, and this makes the third class. e thinks it absolutely necessary to put in the screenings rain and make that linseed dirty before he makes his cake om it. In that case the oil seems to be a subsidiary matter ogether, for there is only one-fourth of the linseed which ves the oil, because it would be an adulterated linseed 7 putting the screenings into it; and the other three parts ve made up of earth-nut cake and bran, which are not oil-giving ings. But again, as I said before, if he does that and lets people P ow what he does there is no harm. It is a trade a man hasa ght to carry on. But if he does it for the purpose and intent at they should be passed off on ignorant farmers as linseed, then is a trade which would be a very wrong one indeed. Now, oon that part of the matter, there are two things which I think "ar upon it, when you are looking at the evidence that has been yen and the assertion on the part of the Defendant that this ust have been very dirty and inferior linseed and had these yeepings from the warehouses in it that are spoken of. _Is that ae or not? On that the suggestion, and the only one I rather ink, is this : there has been evidence given that there could not these things in it, because in making their “ Triangle Best ” ey always took care to have good linseed and also linseed twice eened and they never put the sweepings and screenings into at. The witnesses have been all here and they have been able 2x2 to show you how it was done. It would be a possible thing tha the screenings intended for the ‘‘ Ordinary ” might by some acei dent get into this ‘‘ Genuine,” and if they had that would accoun for the thing looking much more dirty than it was before—bu there is no evidence—none of the people who are called fron Mr. Kidd’s admit that such a thing could happen. Mr. Fiek could not possibly be expected to be prepared to follow every thing of that sort up; he could not suggest any way that it coul happen. But doubtless, if a quantity of these screenings had go into this particular lot, it would account very much for its bein; very dirty and for a great deal, though I do not see how it woulc account for some things that are stated. That will be one of th questions for you to try—if supposing it is not proved—supposing the Defendants, the Agricultural Society, have unwarily saic of this cake, “this cake was made of very dirty linseed ” wher in fact it was made from good, and having said it contained thi sweepings of warehouses, when in point of fact there were none: but it turned out that the cake was of that bad kind of manu facture that has been described that it was made for the purpose of delusion and not made an honest thing, and that they so made it, knowing that people would buy it as if it was linseed—I say it certainly seems to me that would not be a trade to be encow raged ; and that in considering the damages, if you take that view, you would: probably say if the Royal Agricultural Society have mistaken and said untruly this is made of dirty linseed, when ir fact, if they had known all, they would have said, this is passed off as linseed and it contains 50 per cent. of other materials—il you take that view of it, it should affect the damages and cut them down very much indeed. That is a question entirely for you. It is in that way that I think it bears upon the damages. The other question to which I wish to direct your attention is whether or not you think it is imputed to the Plaintiff that his cakeactually poisoned the cattle from deleterious matters that were in it. If you think that is proved, then the damages would also be influenced by this. Still there would be damages—a verdict for the Plaintiffs upon both points ; but if your view of the matter is that the Defendants have substantially proved from the whole result that the cattle did become ill because of some deleterious ingre- dient in the cake that was supplied, then there would be a verdict for the Defendant upon that; and if you think that you are satisfied on the evidence which the Defendant has given before you, consisting of people who looked at it and who tell you that they did see in it these quantities of things that they have mentioned although I think contained in very small portions, of cotton-husks, barley, seeds, and oats, and one thing and another—if you are satisfied from that that it is substantially: 676 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Kidd y. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 677 rue that it really was dirty, and that the thing is substantially tue, that again would be a verdict for the Defendant. But if you think that either of these have failed to be proved to the fent to which the Jibel goes and imputes them, then there will , verdict for the Plaintiff with the damages that you think will be proper under the circumstances, | Now, Gentlemen, if you take that latter view it becomes of sourse very important to see whether this was really made to be jold as an imposition upon people who were to buy it, not snowing that one half of it was not linseed at all—was not the jonest product of the seed after squeezing out the oil, from either lean or dirty linseed, but that it was an article which to the tent of one half was manufactured by putting in other things— very probably harmless in themselves and good enough at a ertain price to sell, but which certainly would not be linseed— f you take that view, in considering the damages, that is a very mportant element to be considered. _ As to that you have had a great deal of evidence and argument ddressed to you, with reference to putting on the cake “ Triangle Sest,” that not only was the triangle a trade mark, but the “best ” yas a trade mark also, and that it was meant to assert merely that his was Mr, Kidd’s manufacture without asserting that it was good, etter, or best. You must judge for yourselves upon that. Then it gas asserted very boldly by Mr. Kidd and Mr. Ayre that they told verybody what it was. There was a total failure in that. When yitnesses were called to-day, not one of them ventured to say they ver were told there was sesamé in it. They asserted that they told At. Wells about bran and sesamé being init. But Mr. Wells swore ‘hat he never knew of the word “sesamé,” except, as I said the other Jay, in the ‘Arabian Nights,’ till the action was begun, I am quite n ignorance whether you are farmers, landowners, merchants, or vhat, but some of you probably would know pretty well about ‘his, whether it would be generally known that linseed-cake of his sort was made of sesamé in connection with the other ingre- ients. You must consider all about this—you find that in each ‘ocument they always talk of it as “ Triangle Best Linseed ;” and in the circulars 1 certainly should not have considered that the . Triangle Best” which was written up there by being placed ‘bove the Ordinary, was an assertion that it was to be classed vith the Ordinary. I should have supposed, from its price ind the description, it was intended to be represented as linseed- ake but not the linseed-cake which was made pure—certainly ot one which had a warranty, but still a linseed-cake. But after ll it is more a matter of substance whether it was held forth in hat way or not. There is some truth in Mr. Wells’s assertion vho said, when he heard of bran being mixed with it, that to pay 678 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 10/. for bran is rather expensive, because a man might buy hi linseed and he might buy bran and mix them up himself: an so with the sesamé-cake, if he knew it. It seems to be wort 6/. 5s. a ton, and when it is mixed up with the bran and sold fo 107. a ton, he might have bought that separately much mor cheaply. That is an argument which would go to make yo) think that the farmers, and others buying it, would hardly b aware that they were buying cake with only one half of the prope stuff in it. That goes to affect not the verdict but the damages supposing you find a verdict for the Plaintiff. - Now, Gentlemen, as the case has lasted so long a time, anc probably you are tired, I will not attempt to go through th evidence at all, unless there is any portion of it which you wisl read. If there is any portion of the evidence that you wish t have your memories refreshed upon, or any portion of the eyi- dence that has struck some of you one way and some another and you want to hear my comments upon it, tell me, and I wil read it; but, unless there is something of that sort, I will end as I began, by telling you first to ask yourselves—reading this ‘Mark Lane Express’—how would that strike you if you were reading it for the first time? How much injurious matter would it convey to your minds against Mr. Kidd? Consider that, and then say how much of that you think is justified and proved, If the substance, and all of that which you think would be con- veyed to a man reading it for the first time, is shown to be true, that is a verdict for the Defendants. If no part of it is shown to be true, I need hardly say the damages ought to be high (sup- ject to the other point I was putting), because it is quite true that its publication by the Royal Agricultural Society would clearly injure a man very seriously in the sale of an article like this. But, in measuring the damages, you must consider how much is shown to be true, and consider whether you think this kind of trade is an honest kind of trade, which you think a man ought to conduct, or whether you think it is a fraudulent trade, carried on for the purpose of deception, in which, though he is entitled to recover damages, because the Defendants haye im- puted something to him which was not true, yet there was this very serious and true imputation which only comes out afterwards. That would cut down the damages very much ; I do not even say it might not cut them down to be purely nominal damages. Stil it would not prevent the Plaintiff getting a verdict. All that you will consider for yourselves, and if there is any part of the case that you would like my advice upon, or any por- tion of the notes which you would like read, tell me, and_I will do it; but, without that intimation from you, I will not trouble | you any further, | Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 679 Be Foreman: My Lord, we should like to retire. Seymour: I do not know whether you would like to have , copy of the ‘ Mark Lane Express.’ _ The Foreman: We have got one. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: De you think there is any prospect xf your wishing to ask me anything? I will willingly wait if you think so, but, if not, I will go away. The Foreman: My Lord, one question with regard to the isrepresentation as was alleged upon Mr. Ayre’s circulars. . Kidd is the Plaintiff, and if we conclude that they are a nisrepresentation, the question is, did that affect Mr. Kidd? Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Well, I will tell you how that will e, You are quite right to call my attention to it. Mr. Kidd himself is the manufacturer merely. If he sold to Ayre, and is I understand the evidence, and that is what you have to con- ider, whether it is so or not—as I understand from the evidence vir, Kidd and Mr. Ayre es that this astele should be made a made in this one particular way, and aie Mr. Ayre should _ Still, that would not make Mr. Kidd responsible for all | hen comes the question (which L do not think was daked irectly of anybody), do you think that, for these four years, essrs. Ayre could have been sending ‘round these circulars i Mr. Frep: And then “there are those invoices which show hat they did know. Mr. Justice Bracksurn: Is there any document of Mr. \idd’s own that has been put in evidence which will answer the | Mr. Seymour: There is nothing of the kind; there is no cir- ular of Mr. Kidd’s. | Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: No, but if there is an invoice from r. Kidd in which he calls it “‘ Pure Linseed-cake” ? | Mr. Fievp: It was put in. Mr. Seymour: No, there is nothing of the kind. Mr. Justice BLAckBurn: I do not remember where it was; ‘ow shall I be able to find it in this immense mass of notes ? | My. Seymour: There was only an assertion of documents vhich were not put in. | Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Certainly documents must speak or themselves. Mr. Field thinks there is one, and tke Jury is ‘ot to be swayed by that unless it is produced. I did not think here was one ; and, if there was, it has escaped my attention. 680 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Mr. Fretp: An order was put in for two tons of the best linseed-cake on Mr. Kidd; it was put in by Mr. Ayre. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: It is true there was an order, which I think Mr. Kidd sent direct; Mr. Kidd sent direct those two — tons from his warehouse, and there was an order given to send them on to Mr. Wells; and I rather think that that order— _ Mr. Firtp: Was an order for two tons of ‘Triangle Best Linseed ” cake. Mr. Seymour: That was an order from Mr, Ayre. Mr. Justice BLACKBURN: I know. That is true ; there is that document, Gentlemen, which, besides the probability I was speaking of about his knowing—when Mr. Ayre sends to Mr. Kidd, saying, “Send two tons of your ‘Triangle Best’ to Mr. Wells:” — he calls them “ two tons of your Triangle Best Linseed ”—that is the bearing of that. Then, Gentlemen, you think you probably will not require me, but I shall be found at the lodgings if you do send for me. The Foreman: I think we shall, my Lord. Mr. Justice BLAcKBURN: Very well, I will wait a little to see whether there is anything you would like to ask. [The Jury retired at 5°35 p.m.] Mr. Justice BLackBuRN: Is there any suggestion if the Jury should not agree? Because it is very desirable to have a Verdict. I suppose the verdict in this case would determine some of the others, and the result of the Jury disagreeing would be that we should have to do all this over again. Mr, Firnp: My learned friends are the actors in the next two — cases, [The Jury returned into Court at 10°30 P.M. | The Associate: Do you find for the Plaintiff or for the Defendant ? The ForEMAN: We find for the Plaintiff. The AssocIiaATE: What damages do you find ? The Foreman: Ten guineas. , At the sitting of the Court on the following morning (the 10th) the follow- ing discussion and arrangement took place :— Mr. Srymour: Your Lordship will certify for a Special Jury ? Mr. Justice BLAcksurn: Certainly ; it was a case for a Special Jury no doubt. What are we going to do now? we seem to be waiting. Do you go on with the next case of Ayre v. The Royal Agricultural Society, or not ? Mr. Srymour: I am perfectly ready my Lord. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Very well; call it on. . Mr. Frenp: I shall have to ask what my friend will do with reference to bi» the remaining cases? ‘There are three more cases in the list in reference to this matter, ! * ' \, . y Kidd y. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 681 Me Justice BLackBuRN : Yes. Mr. Frerp: And what I should propose to do is that your Lordship, taking he verdict of the Jury, should deal between my friend and myself, and say yhat should be done with the three cases remaining. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I cannot do anything with regard to the other wo libel cases. Of course you know from my summing up what my view of the matter is. It will be for the parties to consider whether they will settle them. If you choose to goon now, the Plaintiff has a perfect right to do so; or, pu may settle them. The question is which you prefer—whether you will the question again now, or wait till the next Assizes, when you may have adifferent Jury and a different Judge. But as to the case of Wells v. Ayre, the breach of contract case, there are a great many points of law arising upon that ; and it struck me that if Mr. Wells were not to insist upon the price of the cow, but was content simply to try the question of the price of the article, m might easily agree upon that and make a special case of it, leaving the Jourt to draw inferences. But as to the two libels I can say nothing about them; but must leave it to the parties to settle amongst themselves. [The learned Counsel consulted together. | - Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: I think perhaps the best plan would be to go on with No. 6, passing over these cases for the present, and then you will have a little more time to consult. Mr. Frey: My friend and I are both engaged in No. 6. Mr. Seymour: We are not losing time my Lord. Mr. Fretp: We are making some progress. ‘Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: Oh, if you have a prospect of coming to terms, by all means do so. _ Mr. Seymour: My Lord, I have made my friend a proposition. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Do you wish to settle it now; or, as I said before, will you go on with the other cases and let this stand over till to-morrow, so that you may have a little more time ? Mr. Fretp: Your Lordship sees all our witnesses are here, and we are very ae to dispose of this at once, in order that they*may all go away if ible. Mr. Justice Buackpurn : Then it is very desirable that you should do so. [The parties again consulted.] Mr. Fretp: I think my friend and I have agreed as to what is to be done. I am willing on the part of the ‘ Yorkshire Post’ newspaper that a verdict in their case should be taken for 40s. with a certificate. Mr. Seymour: Your Lordship will certify for a Special Jury and costs ? Mr. Justice Buacksurn: The costs of the Special Jury you have not paid or incurred. However, you are willing to take a verdict for 40s. with a certi- ficate for costs ? Mr. Seymour: Yes. Mr. Fretp: Yes. _Mr. Justite BLacksurn : If you are agreed upon that, I have no objection to that course. Mr. Seymour : Including any costs incurred in striking the Special Jury. Mr. Fieip: With regard to the other two cases, Nos. 3 and 4, we will make them remanets till the next Assizes. Mr. Justice Buacksurn : Very well. Mr. Freip: With regard to No. 6, it is to be open to my friend and myself to agree upon the facts and turn it into a special case, _ Mr. Justice Bhacksurn: You do not need leave for that; that is open to you on either side. Very well, then ; there will be no objection to these two being made remanets. i 682 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. Mr. Seymour: Any costs incurred with regard to the Special Jury your — Lordship will certify for in the ‘ Yorkshire Post’ case ? Mr. Justice Buacksurn: Are there any ? Mr. Seymoor: I believe so. Mr. Justice Buacksurn : Well, no doubt it is a proper case. Mr. Fievp: I intended that, my Lord, no doubt. Mr. Justice Buackpurn: Very well; take your verdict, if you please, and as you please, with any certificates you want. I suppose if you swear the Special Jury and take their verdict, they must be paid. Mr. Fretp: Will you withdraw the record ? Mr. Seymour: Yes; we will take a Judge’s order—we will consent to your Lordship’s verdict. Mr. Justice BLAckBURN: Withdraw the record on the terms mentioned. - Mr. Srymour: We will take your Lordship’s verdict by consent. Mr. Justice BLhackBuRN: Very well; be it so. The AssocratEe: Is that in No. 3? Mr. Roserts: No; that is in the case to which the Yorkshire Conservative News Association are Defendants. Mr. Justice Buacksurn: That is No. 33. Mr. Roserts: We are to have all the certificates. The AssoctaTE: ‘Then in both the other cases the records are withdrawn? Mr. Justice Buacksurn: I understand not withdrawn—made remanets, Mr. Fretp: Made remanets. The following Report, taken from the ‘ Yorkshire Post’ of the 16th of August, shows the result of this action upon the trade :— MEETING OF THE Hutu LinsEeD-CAKE TRADE. A meeting of seed-crushers and cake-merchants of this town, at which four-fifths of the trade were present or represented, was held at the offices of the Chamber of Commerce, Bowlalley Lane, Hull, on Wednesday, Mr. Horatio Harriman Ayre (of the firm of Ayre, Brothers) being in the chair. The CHAIRMAN opened the proceedings by reading the circular convening the meeting. He then referred to the recent actions for libel which had been tried at Leeds, and stated that the attention of his firm had been called to a very important point in a letter which they had received from their solicitor, Mr. F. F. Ayre. The letter was as follows :— ‘* Dear Sirs,—During the recent trial at Leeds of the action of Kidd v. the Royal Agricultural Society of England for libel, Mr. Justice Blackburn expressed a very decided opinion that to sell under the name of linseed-cake any cake not made entirely from linseed was to perpetrate a fraud. At the same trial Mr, John Wells, who appeared to have received regularly your trade — circulars, and to have been treated by you as one of the trade, stated in his evidence that he believed that the cake sold to him as Triangle Best linseed-cake, notwithstanding the price sokd at, — and his knowledge of pure linseed-cakes and genuine linseed- — Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 683 cakes, was a genuine linseed-cake, and not a mixed or compound one. I am aware that it is well established and known in the Hull cake-trade that the term linseed-cake, as used in the trade, does not, and is not intended to, describe merely cakes made of linseed, but that it comprises as well cakes made of the several admixtures used by the Hull seed-crushers. I am also aware that the words ‘ genuine linseed-cake’ and ‘ pure linseed-cake ’ are the only two terms used by the trade as descriptive of cakes made of linseed without any admixture by the crusher, the former being made of linseed as imported with its natural impurities, and the latter, as far as practicable, without. So long as the term linseed-cake was used, as it originally was, to express mere residuum of the seed after the linseed oil had been expressed, it was comparatively of little importance what other ‘ingredients the cake contained, but when the cake became an equally important article of commerce as the oil, as it now has, the term applied to such cake becomes a matierf of importance, and I venture to suggest that the time has arrived when you, as | large dealers of cake, may, and indeed, under the circumstances, ought to bring the whole matter, in conjunction with Mr. Kidd, if he will join you, and without him if he will not, before a meeting of the crushers and dealers for their information and | deliberation, and if you agree with me, I would suggest that you bring forward a proposition that in future no cakes, other than those now known as genuine and pure linseed-cakes, shall be sold or described as linseed-cakes, and that all mixed or com- pound cakes shall be sold as such, and be known by the par- ticular brands which each crusher may adopt.—Yours truly, (Signed) ce, HAY RE The CHAIRMAN said that, after receiving this letter, his firm and Mr. Kidd issued circulars to the crushers and cake-dealers, | calling special attention to the ruling of Mr. Justice Blackburn, as mentioned in the letter. Although his (the Chairman’s) firm . had sold the cakes mentioned in the trial to Mr. Wells as mixed: cakes, and had bought them from Mr. Kidd, the crusher, as such, which was in perfect accord with the custom of the trade, yet Mr, Justice Blackburn ruled that the calling any cakes linseed- cakes except those made from linseed, either screened or as | imported, was a commercial fraud, and therefore that any one selling composite-cakes as linseed-cakes would not be fulfilling his contract. Under these circumstances, he (the Chairman) | considered it incumbent upon the cake-trade to at once place | the matter on a proper footing, and to declare that in future the | trade will not call any other cakes linseed-cakes except those already described as pure and genuine. He thought the present 7 a grand opportunity for completely removing the stigma which had so long hung over the trade, and which was so constantly and _ industriously circulated by several seed-crushers and cake-com- panies throughout the country. As good and as pure linseed- cakes were made in Hull as in any place, but from the fact that all kinds of cake were sold in Hull under the name of linseed- cakes, their opponents had taken advantage of it to draw com- parisons between the pure cakes of the country mills, and the lower quality cakes of Hull to the disadvantage of the latter, The Chairman concluded by moving :— That after this date, no other cakes than those now known as genuine linseed-cakes and pure linseed-cakes should be sold or described as linseed-cakes. Mr. Kipp briefly seconded the resolution. : Mr. CHampers (Chambers and Fargus) said he highly approved of the proposed alterations, but thought the resolution should be carried a step further. He moved as an amendment that the words linseed-cakes should be applied only to ‘“ Pure Linseed-cakes.” The amendment was seconded by Mr. R. V. KNowues. The CHAIRMAN and seconder of the resolution declared them- selves in favour of the amendment, which, on being put to the meeting, was carried unanimously. The following resolutions were carried :— “1. That from and after this date no other cakes than pure linseed-cakes shall be sold or described as ‘ linseed-cakes.’ ‘© 2, That all mixed or compound-cakes shall be described as such, and shall be known and sold by the particular brand which the crusher thereof now has, or hereafter may adopt. ‘* 3. That the resolutions passed at this meeting be duly adver- tised in the ‘Mark Lane Express,’ ‘ Bell’s Weekly Messenger, ‘The Magnet,’ ‘ Yorkshire Post,’ ‘Leeds Mercury,’ ‘Stamford Mercury,’ ‘Birmingham Post,’ ‘ Eastern Morning News,’ and ‘ Hull News,’ and such other papers as the committee to be ap- pointed may select. “4. That Messrs. John H. Walker, H. H. and A.S. Ayre, and H. W. Chambers be appointed a committee to advertise the resolutions brought forward at this meeting in the papers named, and in such others as they may select. “5, That it is desirable that a Linseed-Cake Association for the protection of the trade should be formed ; and that Messrs. F. Smith, J. Harrison, R. Reynalds, R. Blyth, H. H. Ayre, W. Gray, and J. H. Walker be appointed a committee, with power to” add to their number, for the purpose of organizing such associa- tion, and reporting to a future meeting. “6, That the trade of Hull is ‘ndphted to Messrs, Ayre, Brotha 4 684 Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. il Kidd v. Royal Agricultural Society of England. 685 lto Mr. Samuel George Kidd, for the steps they have taken late legal proceedings for protecting the interests of the le, and also for convening this meeting. That the thanks of this meeting be given to the Hull amber of Commerce for the use of their offices for this rs ” vite ie! coat anciig eet ory neato int VE: aae rAd “tht wok: Oe » w 4 F a4 5%¢@ a re ag rat \ PY 4 e { tf. tien ¢ Ropal Agricultural Society of England. 1872. President. SIR WATKIN W. WYNN, Barr. M.P. Trustees. 1857 | Brmrort, Viscount, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire. 1839 | Cuattoner, Colonel, Portnall Park, Staines, Middlesex. +1850 CuesHam, Lord, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks. 1861 | HotLanp, Epwarp, Dumbleton Hall, Evesham, Gloucestershire. 1854 | Macpona.p, Sir Arcutpatp Keppe, Bt., Woolmer Lodge, Liphook, Hants. 1860 | Marueorovcn, Duke of, K.G., Blenheim Park, Oxford. Portman, Lord, Bryanston, Blandford, Dorset. Powis, Earl of, Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire. RurianD, Duke of, K.G., Belvoir Castle, Grantham, Leicestershire. Speaker, The Rt. Hon. the, Ossington, Newark-on-Trent, Notts. Tuompson, Harry SrerHen, Kirby Hall, York. | Trepecar, Lord, Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire. PVice-Presidents. Carucart, Earl, Thornton-le-Street, Thirsk, Yorkshire. Curcnester, Earl of, Stanmer Park, Lewes, Sussex. DevonsuirE, Duke of, K.G., Holker Hall, Lancashire. Eemont, Earl of, Cowdray Park, Petworth, Sussex. EversLey, Viscount, Heckfield Place, Winchfield, Hants. Gress, B, T, Branpretu, Haljmoon Street, Piccadilly, London, W. Hit, Viscount, Hawkstone Park, Salop. Kerrison, Sir Epwarp C., Bart., Brome Hall, Scole, Suffolk. Mies, Sir Wiu1am, Bart., Leigh Court, Bristol, Somersetshire. Ricumonp, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex. Vernon, Lord, Sudbury Hall, Derby. Wynn, Sir Warkry Witiiams, Bt., M.P., Wynnstay, Ruabon, Denbighshire. 1 @ther Members of Council. 1855 | Acianp, Sir Tuomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., Sprydoncote, Exeter, Devonshire. 1858 |*Amos, CHARLES Epwarps, 5, Cedars Road, Clapham Common, Surrey. 1867 Baipww, Joun, Luddington, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire. 1848 Barnett, CHAREs, Stratton Park, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire. 1853 *Barruropr, NATHANIEL GrorcE, Hacheston, Wickham Market, Suffoll. 1868 *Bootu, Taomas Curistoruer, Warlaby, Northallerton, Yorkshire. 1863 *Bow.y, Epwarp, Siddington House, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. “1861 CANTRELL, Cuares S., Riding Court, Datchet, Bucks. 1865 *Crive, Goren, Perrystone, Ross, Herefordshire. 866 *Davies, Davin ReYNoups, High Legh Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire. 1861 | Denr, J. D., M.P., Ribston Hall, Wetherby, Yorkshire. * Tho& Members of Council whose names are prefixed by an asterisk retire in ly, but are eligible for re-election in May next. | VOL. VIIL.—s. s. a is 2 - a il List of Officers. Year z when Elected. 1860 | Drucz, Josern, Hynsham, Oxford. in 1868 \*Epmonps, WILLIAM Joun, Southrope, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. 1871 \*Ecrerton, Hon. Witpranam, M.P., Rostherne Manor, Knutsford, Cheshire. 1869 }*Husxeru, Sir Toomas, Bart., M.P., Rufford Hall, Ormskirk, Lancashire. 1866 |\*Hornssy, RicHarp, Spitile Gate, Grantham, Lincolnshire. 1854 |*Hoskyns, CHanpos Wren, M.P., Harewood, Ross, Herefordshire. 1871 | Jonzs, J. BowEn, Ensdon House, Shrewsbury, Salop. 1867 |*Kestrven, Lord, Caswick, Stamford, Lincolnshire. 1863 | Krnescore, Colonel, M.P., Kingscote, Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, 1848 |\*Lawes, JoHN Bennet, Rothamsted, St. Albans, Herts. 1869 | Lexps, Ropert, Wicken Farm, Castleacre, Brandon, Norfolk. 1872 *Lxtcestrr, Earl of, Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk. 1868 *LicurieLp, Earl of, Skugborough, Staffordshire. 1867 | Lippe.L, Hon. Henry Grorcer, M.P., Ravensworth Castle, Durham. 1865 | Lopzs, Sir Massry, Bart., M.P., Maristow, Roborough, Devon. 1871 | McInrosu, Davin, Havering Park, Romford, Essex. 1871 |\*Masren, R. Hansury, Pendeford, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire. 1846 | Minwarp, Ricwarp, Thurgarton Priory, Southwell, Notts. 1857 | Paty, THomas, The Grove, Basingstoke, Hants. 1861 |\*RANDELL, CHARtes, Chadbury, Evesham, Worcestershire. 1868 | Ransom, Ropert Cuarwes, Ipswich, Suffolk. 1871 |*Rawtence, James, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury, Wilts. 1869 | Riwiey, M. Wuitr, M.P., Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland. 1862 | Riapen, WrmL1am, Hove, Brighton, Sussex. 1861 \*Sanpay, Wii1am, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts. 1856 |\*SHurrLewortH, JoserH, Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln. 1869 |*Srarrer, THomas, Stand Hill, Whitefield, Manchester, Lancashire. 1867 | Stonn, N. CuamBeratn, Aylestone Hall, Leicester. 1857 | Torr, Winu1am, Aylesby Manor, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire. 1845 | Turner, Grorce, Brampford Speke, Exeter, Devonshire. 1871 | Turner, JaBEz, Haddon, Huntingdonshire. 1871 | WaxkerteLp, Wiii1am H., Kendal, Westmoreland. 1867 | Wess, James, Spring Hill, Fladbury, Pershore, Worcestershire. 1870 |\*Wertpy, Wini1am Hare, M.P., Newton House, Folkingham, Lincolnshire. 1871 |*We.us, Joun, Booth Ferry, Howden, Yorkshire. 1861 |*Wetis, Wixt1aAm, M.P., Holmewood, Peterborough, Northamptonshire. 1870 | WarrnnEaD, CHARLES, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent. 1866 | Witson, Lieut.-Colonel Futter Marrianp, Stowlangtoft Hall, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk. 1865 | Wiuson, JAcos, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, Northumberland. — ae ee ae Secretary and Evitor. a H. M. JENKINS, 12, Hanover Square, London, W. Consulting Chemist—Dr. Avcustus Voruoker, F.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, H.C. | Consulting Botanist—W. Carrutumrs, F.R.S., F.L.S., British Museum, W.C. Veterinary Inspector — JAmMEs Brarr Srvonps, Royal Veterinary College, N.W. — Consulting Engineers—Eastons & Anperson, The Grove, Southwark Street, Seedsmen—Tuomas Gripes and Co., Corner of Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, W. Publisher—Joun Murray, 50, Albemarle Street, W. i Bankers—Tuu Lonpon and Westminster Bank, St. James's Square Branch, sw. * Those Members of Council whose names are prefixed by an asterisk July, but are eligible for re-election in May next. eit a) STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1872. Finance Conumittee. ag Nesoana Chairman. RANDELL, CHARLES. Davis, D. Torr, WILLIAM. Kinascore, Colonel, MP. Bouse Committee. Tue PRESIDENT. Krnescore, Colonel, M.P. ’ Cuarrman of Finance Committee. Gps, B. T. BRanDRETH. CHALLONER, Colonel. Torr, WILLIAM. Journal Committee. Txomeson, H. S., Chairman. Mitwarp, Ricwarp. _. Speaker, The Rt. Hon. the Ruvtey, M. Wuirr, M.P. AcuanpD, Sir T. Dyxr, Bart., M.P. We Lpy, W. E., M.P. Dent, J. D., M.P. We ts, W., M.P. Ho.uanp, Epwarp. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Hosxyns, C, Wren, M.P. WILSON, JACOB. Chemical Committee. We ts, Wituiam, M.P., Chairman. Hosryns, C. Wren, M.P. Licrriep, Lord. Lawes, J. B Vernon, Lord. VorucKer, Dr. A. Davis, D. R. WaAkEFIELD, W. H. Dent, J. D., M.P. We sy, W. E., M.P. ipmonps, W. J. WaitTEHEAD, CHARLES. Houanp, Epwarp. Winson, JAcos. Botanical Committec. Vernon, Lord. TURNER, J ABEZ. Dent, J. D., M.P. Voxrtorcer, Dr. Epmonps, W. J. We sy, W. E., M.P. Grsss, B. T. BRaANDRETH. Wetts, W., M.P. Jones, J. BowEn. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Tuompson, H. S. Veterinary Committee. Briwrort, Viscount (Chairman). Sratrer, THOMAS. Dent, J. D., M.P. Txomeson, H. 8. Gisss, B. T. BRANDRETH. VARNELL, Professor. Lreps, Roper. WEIIS, Joun. Rey, M. Warr, M.P. We tts, Wrtt1am, M.P. Smionns, Professor. Wis0n, JACOB. Stock-Prizes Committee. Mitwarp, Ricuarp (Chairman). Leeps, RoBert. Brwport, Viscount. Masren, R. H. Batpwy, Joun. RANDELL, CHAS. Barrurorp, NATHANIEL G. RicpEn, Wm. Boors, T. C. Sanpay, Wm. Bowty, Epwarp. Torr, WILLIAM. Daviss, D. R. TURNER, GHORGE. Deyt, J. D., M.P. WELLs, Jonny, Davos, JosErn. Wison, JAcos. Gisss, B. T. BRaNDRETH, The Stewards of Live Stock. a2 iv CHALLoNER, Colonel (Chairman). Bripport, Viscount. Vernon, Lord. Macponazp, Sir A. K., Bart. Amos, C. E. Boors, T. C. CANTRELL, Cuas, S. Drvce, JosEpH. Epmonps, W. J. General Carvif— Committee. Vernon, Lord (Chairman). LicHFIELD, Earl of. Powis, Earl of. Bripport, Viscount. CursHAM, Lord. Kesteven, Lord. TREDEGAR, Lord. Lopss, Sir Massry, Bart., M.P. MacponaLp, Sir A. K., Bart. Wynn, Str WartTEIN W., Bart., M.P. ALEXANDER, W. Amos, C. E. Show-VDard Contracts Committee. Hornssy, RICHARD. MiLwarp, RicHArpD. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH. Torr, WILLIAM, WELLS, JOHN. RANDELL, CuaruEs, Chai Bripport, Viscount. Vernon, Lord, Amos, C. E. Boots, T. C. Standing Committees for 1872. implement Committee. Gisss, B. T. BRANDRETH. Houanp, E. Hornspy, Ricwarp. Hoskyns, C. WREN, M.P. Leerps, Roper. Masren, R. H. RANDELL, CHARLES. Ransome, R. C. Sanpay, WILLIAM. Barnett, C. Boorn, T. C. Bow.ty, Epwarp. CANTRELL, CHARLES §, Carpirr, Mayor of. Corser, J. 8. Davis, D. R. Drovcr, JosEPH. Epmonps, W. J. Gress, B. T. BRANDRETH. Hornspy, RicHArD. Hosxyns, OC. WREN, M.P. Kiyescots, Col., M.P. Lreps, Roper. Masren, R. H. rman. Gripes, B. T. BRANDRETH. Comittee of Selection, Krnescore, Colonel, M.P. MiLwarp, R. RANDELL, CHARLES. Torr, WILLIAM. We ts, Wititam, M.P Tuompson, H. 8. (Chairman). Bripprort, Viscount. Davis, D. R. Dent, J. D., M.P. Grsss, B. T. BRANDRETH. Ho.uanp, E. 7 SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH. Tuomeson, H. 8. Torr, WILLIAM. Wetsy, W. Hartz, M.P WELLS, JOHN. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. WI1son, JACOB. The Stewards of Imple ments, Miiwarp, RicHarp. RANDELL, CHARLES. Ransome, R. C. Rintey, M. W., M.P. Sanpay, WILLIAM. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH. Torr, WILLIAM. TURBERVILL, Major. Wess, JAMES. ‘ We tts, Wo1am, MP, — WHITEHEAD, CHARLES, © Wiis, G. C. Wuson, Lieut.-Col. WILSON, JACOB. The Srewarps. And the Chairmen of the Standing Committees, Evucation Committee. Ho.uanp, E., Chairman. Licarie_p, Earl of. Powrs, Earl of. AcLAND, Sir T. DyKx, Bart., M.P. Dent, J. D., M.P. JONES, J. Bowen. Krvyescoreg, Colonel, M.P. Ransomp, R. CO, Wetts, Wii1am, M.P. VoELCKER, Dr. WaitTEHEAD, CHARLES. , Cattle Plaque Committee. THE WHOLE CoUNCIL. *.* The Presipent, Trustees, and Vice-Presments are Members ex officio of all Committees. site) Ropal Agricultural Society of England. GENERAL MEETING, 12, Hanover Square, Tuurspay, DecEeMBER 7, 1871. is REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. Tue Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England in _ presenting their half-yearly Report, have to state that since the last General Meeting in May, 6 Governors and 53 Members _have died, and the names of 33 Members have been removed from the list ; on the other hand, 1 Governor and 252 Members | have been elected, so that the Society now consists of 69 Life Governors, 72 Annual Governors, 1622 Life Members, _ 4030 Annual Members, 14 Honorary Members, ' | making a total of 5807, showing an increase of 198 Members during the year 1871. _ During the past half-year the Council has lost some of the oldest of its members, the ranks of the Trustees having been _ thinned by the death of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland and Lord Berners; the list of Vice-Presidents by the decease of Mr. Samuel Jonas; and the general body of the Council by the death of Mr. John Clayden. These vacancies have been filled _up by the following elections :—Mr. E. Holland as a Trustee, in the place of Lord Berners ; Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart. as a Trustee in the room of Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., and _ Mr. B. T. Brandreth Gibbs as a Vice-President, in the room of Mr. Samuel Jonas. Mr. M‘Intosh, of Havering Park, Essex, | has been elected to fill the vacancy in the Council caused by | the death of Mr. John Clayden, and the vacancies caused by the previous elections have been filled by the election of the | hal vi Report to the General Meeting. Hon. Wilbraham Egerton, M.P., of Rostherne Manor, Knutsford, and Mr. James Rawlence, of Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury. The half-yearly statement of accounts to the 30th June, 1870, has been examined and approved by the Society’s auditors and accountants, and has been published for the information of the members in the last number of the Journal. The permanent funded capital of the Society remains the same as at the last half-yearly meeting, namely 20,000/. New Three per Cents., but the Reserve Show-fund has been reduced by the sum of 5001, and therefore now stands at 4112/. 7s. 8d. The financial results of the Country Meetings at Oxford and Wolverhampton having been a loss to the Society of about 4000/., owing chiefly to the extensive and costly nature of the trials of Implements, the Council have appointed a Special Committee to consider the whole question of the receipts and expenditure of the Society, and the possibility of securing equal results at less cost. The extensive nature of these trials also presses with great severity on the Local Committees in years when land has specially to be hired for the purpose. The Council have therefore resolved that when the trials of Implements at the Country Meetings are not held in the Show-yard, one-half of the expense of providing trial-fields shall in future years be borne by the Society ; but to enable the Council to know the extent of its engagements it has been stipulated that the competing localities shall state the maximum cost of the land required for the Trial of Implements, the acreage wanted being furnished by the Society. The Wolverhampton Meeting was distinguished from previous exhibitions of the Society by the extensive trials of Steam- cultivating Machinery and Traction-engines, full reports on which have been furnished to the Members in the last number of the Journal. Notwithstanding a long continuance of un- favourable weather, the Council are able to congratulate the Society on the practical results of these trials. They have pointed out to the agricultural communities the best combina- tions of machinery for the cultivation of the land by Steam- power, not only by the medium of the most powerful sets of tackle ; but also by means of less expensive machinery within the reach of individual farmers in districts where no system of hiring is in force. The competition for Lord Vernon’s Prize Cup, Report to the General Meeting. Vil, offered for a set of machinery not to exceed 700J. in cost, and hat for the Society’s Prizes for sets of tackle in which the weight ically useful to farmers of every class who may be desirous of ultivating their land by the aid of steam. | The trials of Traction-engines were an entirely new feature, nd the exhaustive report of the Engineer Judges has placed on yermanent record the valuable additions which they made to our inowledge of the principles of Steam-traction on common roads, ind the inferences which they suggest to the practical engineer. | The competition for the Prizes offered in the section of Hop- machinery was not so extensive as the Council had hoped to xcite, but this disappointment has been toa great extent over- some by the fact that the trials exposed to exhibitors and other ‘mplement makers many striking defects in the existing machines. | The exhibition of Live Stock did not in some cases equal that of last year, but the show of Shropshire Sheep was the argest that has ever been held under the auspices of this Society. The liberality of the Local Committee in offering Prizes for dumerous additional classes of Horses did not meet with an ‘ncouraging response from exhibitors, but it is to be feared that he charges for conveyance by the railway companies have a very prejudicial effect on this department of the Society’s Show. Although the Council have frequently endeavoured unsuccess- ully to obtain concessions from the railway companies for the sonveyance of Live Stock, and more especially of Horses, they aave recently placed themselves once more in communication vith the railway authorities with this object in view. The Farm-prize Competition in connection with the Wolver- nampton Meeting excited great interest in the counties of shropshire and Staffordshire, as well as in other parts of the singdom, A full report on the successful farms, written by Mr. heatley, one of the Judges, has been published in the Society’s Journal, and it is hoped that it may aid in producing results ommensurate with the liberality of the landowners in the two ounties in offering the first Prizes, the enterprise of the com- veting tenant-farmers, and the careful investigation of Mr, Wheatley and his colleagues. The series of Farm-prize Competitions will be continued next | . Vill Report to the General Meeting. year, a Silver Cup, value 1001, having been offered by the Pre-' sident of the Society (Sir Watkin W. Wynn, Bart., M.P.), and a_ second prize of 50/. by the Council. These prizes will be? awarded to the two best managed farms in South Wales and Monmouthshire which shall conform to the following condi- tions :— 1. That they are not less than 100 acres in extent; 2. That not less than one-fourth of the land (not including sheepwalk) is under tillage; 3. That they are held (w) by a tenant-farmer paying a bond-fide rent for not less than three-fourths of the land in his occupation, or (b) by a landowner occupying his own farm, the total extent of whose property in agricultural land (exclusive of sheepwalk) does not exceed 200 acres, and whose sole business is farming. The Implement Prize-sheet for the ensuing Country Meeting to be held at Cardiff has received the careful attention of the Council ; and Prizes have been offered for Portable Steam-engines, Threshing Machines, Straw and Hay Elevators, Corn Screens, Corn Dressing Machines, and Seed Drawers. The regulations of the trials and the instructions to the Judges have been revised, especially in reference to the points representing perfection in Threshing Machines ; and further restrictions have been imposed — on exhibitors with a view of keeping the exhibition of imple- ments within moderate limits. The regulations affecting the awards of Medals to Miscellaneous — Articles have also been once more under the consideration of the Council, and such modifications of them have been introduced into the Cardiff Prize-sheet as will ensure that the Medals are awarded either to implements belonging to the classes to be tried at that meeting, or to those which have an entirely novel con- struction and which are not included in the Society’s classification. The Council have renewed the Education Grant for the year 1872, on the same conditions as were attached to the examina- tions this year, feeling that more time must elapse before the advantages arising from success at these examinations can be generally appreciated. Since the commencement of the publication of the Quarterly Reports of the Consulting Chemist, the number of analyses made by Professor Voelcker have increased during 1871 by 150 in excess of those made in 1870, and 265 over those of 1869; and the Council are satisfied that the publication of these quarterly reports has caused agriculturists more to appreciate the value of . Report to the General Meeting. _ 2 chemiical research, and has aroused a spirit of inquiry in this department of agriculture, which cannot fail to produce very satisfactory results. They trust therefore that the continuation of the publication of these reports of the Consulting Chemist may not be less advantageous to the members of the Society than they have hitherto been. _ The Council have to announce that they have appointed Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., Chief of the National Botanical Collec- tion at the British Museum, to be the Consulting Botanist to the Society. In making this appointment the Council have endeavoured to secure the services of a competent Botanist, whose duty it will be to examine plants, seeds, &c., for the members of the Society; to report on the principal work per- formed by him during each year; and from time to time to furnish papers to the Journal on special subjects of botanical interest. The following schedule of charges has been provision- ally fixed by the Council for the examination of plants and seeds for the use of members of the Society :— No. 1.—A general opinion as to the genuineness and age of a sonrl of clover-seed (each sample)... 5s. 2.—A detailed examination of a sample ‘of dirty or impure clover-seed, with a report on its admixture with seeds of dodder or other weeds (each sample) 10s. 3.—A test examination of turnip or other cruciferous. seed, with a report on its germinating power, or its adulteration with 000 seed (each sample) 4 10s, 4.—A test examination of any other kind of seed or corn, ‘with a report on its germinating power (each sample) 10s, 5.—Determination of the species of any indigenous British. plant (not parasitic) with a report on its habits (each species) 5s. 6.—Determination of the species of any epiphyte or vegetable parasite, on any farm-crop grown by the Member, with a report on its habits, and suggestions (where possible) as to its extermination or prevention (each species) .. 10s. 7.—Report on any other form of plant disease not caused by insects .. 10s. 8.—Determination of the species of 4 collection of natural ¢ grasses indigenous to any district on one kind of soil (each collection) een oe ie ea eRe, Bers) 5 LOS: The prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease in English herds has induced the Council, on more than one occasion during the past half-year, to draw the attention of the Government to the ex- isting regulations in reference to the importation of both Foreign and Irish Cattle, and to the restrictions which it is desirable to impose in order to diminish the risk of their conveying con- x Report to the General Meeting. tagious or infectious diseases to English stock. The corre- spondence between the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council and the Secretary of the Society, together with a précis of the various acts and orders in Council relating to the importa- tion of foreign animals, has been published in the last number of the Journal ; and, with regard to Irish stock, the Council haye received the assurance of the Government that measures are _ being taken which, it is hoped, will be found satisfactory. The existence amongst lambs of a wide-spread disease of home origin, has been brought under the notice of the Council by the Lincolnshire Agricultural Society during the past half-year, The nature and origin of this disease have been previously described in the Journal of the Society, but in view of the great losses which it has this year caused to Lincolnshire flock- masters, the Council have requested Professor Simonds to make a thorough and immediate examination of the nature of the disease and the circumstances under which it most commonly — occurs, and to give suggestions for its treatment and prevention. The relations between the Royal Veterinary College and the Society are still under discussion by the governing bodies of the two institutions; but the Council are hopeful that the result will be to extend the usefulness of the Veterinary Depart- ment of the Society in accordance with its increasing importance to the English agriculturist. In consequence of the death of Professor Spooner, the post of Principal of the Royal Veterinary College is now vacant; and it is possible that alterations may be made in the staff and course of study at the College. Under these circumstances the Council have postponed its decision on the relations of the Society to the College. By Order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. ( x) MEMORANDA. or Letrers.—The Society’s office being situated in the postal district designated by the ter WW, members, in their correspondence with the Secretary, are requested to subjoin that letter to the usual address. le eRAL MEETING in London, in December, 1872. )enERAL Meetine in London, May 22, 1873, at 12 o’clock. erie at Cardiff, July 15th and four following days, 1872. rHLY Councit (for transaction of business), at 12 o’clock on the first Wednesday in every month, = oan January, September, and October: open only to Members of Council and Governors of iety. JOU ENTS.—The Council adjourn over Passion and Easter weeks, when those weeks do not Weine the first Wednesday of ¢he month; from the first Wednesday in August to the first ednesday in November ; and from the first Wednesday in December to the first Wednesday in ruary. . & Hovrs.—10 to 4. On Saturdays, from the Council Meeting in August until the Council eeting in April, 10 to 2. yszases of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs.—Members have the privilege of applying to the Veterinary Committee of the Society, and of sending animals to the Royal Veterinary College on the Same terms as if they were subscribers to the College.—(A statement of these privileges will be found in the Appendix.) HEMICAL ANALYSIS.—The privileges of Chemical Analysis enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found stated in the Appendix to the present volume. : OTANICAL PRrviLeGEs.—The Botanical Privileges enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found stated in the Appendix to the present volume. DBSORIPTIONS.—1. Annual.—The subscription of a Governor is £5, and that of a Member £1, due in advance on the Ist of January of each year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the Ist of June. 2. For Life—Governors may compound for their subscription for future years by paying at once the sum of £50, and Members by paying £10. Members who have paid their annual ‘subscription for 20 years or upwards, and whose subscriptions are not in arrear, may compound for future annual subscriptions, that of the current year inclusive, by a single payment of £5. °*AYMENTS.—Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, in the most direct and satisfactory manner, either at the office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W., or by means of post- ' office orders, to be obtained at any of the principal post-offices throughout the kiagdom, and made payable to him at the Vere Street Office, London, W.; but any cheque on a banker's or any _ other house of business in London will be equally available, if made payable on demand. In obtaining post-office orders care should be taken to give the postmaster the correct initials and surname of the Secretary of the Society (H. M. Jenkins), otherwise the payment will be refused to him at the post-office on which such order has been obtained; and when Temitting the money-orders it should be stated by whom, and on whose account, they are sent. ‘Cheques should be made payable as drafts on demand (not as bills only payable after sight or a certain number of days after date), and should be drawn on a London (not on a local country) banker. When payment is made to the London and Westminster Bank, St. James’s Square ‘Branch, as the bankers of the Society, it will be desirable that the Secretary should be advised by letter of such payment, in order that the entry in the banker’s book may be at once iden- tified, and the amount posted to the credit of the proper party. No coin can be remitted by post, ‘unless the letter be registered. ew Memsers.—Every candidate for admission into the Society must be proposed by a Member; the proposer to specify in writing the full name, usual place of residence, and post-town, of the candidate, either at a Council meeting, or by letter addressed to the Secretary. Forms of Proposal may be obtained on application to the Secretary. ~ACKETS BY Post.—Packets not exceeding two feet in length, width, or depth, consisting of written or printed matter (but not containing letters sealed or open), if sent without envelopes, or enclosed in envelopes open at each end, may be forwarded by the inland post, if stamped, at the following ‘Yates:—One Halfpenny for every two ounces or fractional part of that weight. *,* Members may obtain on application to the Secretary copies of an Abstract of the Charter and Bye-laws, of a Statement-of the General Objects, &c., of the Society, of Chemical, Botanical, and Veterinary Privileges, and of other printed papers connected witb special departments of the Society’s business. DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY AND OF MEMBE > Woval Agricultural Society of Englans. 1872. | | | | | | | ( xii ie OF COUNCIL. NuMBER CounrTIES. OF MEMBERS. ) DvrHam™ .. 88 NORTHUMBERLAND -- | 134 YORKSHIRE — nut 132 AND East Ripincs Fite des —— 354 CUMBERLAND . 107 LANCASHIRE 213 WESTMORELAND 30 YorKSHIRE — WEST } 135 Rivne... be Zi — 485 DERBYSHIRE 68 LEICESTERSHIRE 127 LINCOLNSHIRE. .’ 191 NoRTHAMPTONSHIRE 96 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE .. 142 RuTLANDSHIRE 15 ‘W ARWICKSHIRE TVLMOR ; — 810 BEDFORDSHIRE 49 | CAMBRIDGESHTRE 61 Essex 114 HerrrorpsHire Ke 104 _ HUNTINGDONSHIRE .. 35 | Nor¥FOLK .. 161 SUFFOLK .. 174 —— 698 NUMBER IN CouncrL. Doe 12 ene | (Pay. Cathcart, v.p.; 17 Hon. H. G. Liddell. M. White Ridley; Wilson. Booth; John Wells. T. Hesketh; T. Statter W. H. Wakefield. H. S. Thompson, 7. ; J. D. Dent. ‘ # (ube of Devonshire, v.P.; f { Lord Vernon, v.P. a # Rutland, 1.; Sto: B, Homabed Lord Ke Shuttleworth; W,. Earl Welby. Viscount Ossington, 7. Milward; W. Sanday J. Baldwin. C. Barnett. D. McIntosh. J. B. Lawes, oe Jacob Turner; W. Wells Earl of Leicester; Robe Sir E. C. Kerrison, va N. G. Barthropp; B some ; Lieutenant ( Wilson. . CounTIES. /| BERKSHIRE BUCKINGHAMSHIRE .. HAMPSHIRE Kent aE MimpLesExX OXFORDSHIRE .. SURREY Sussex CorNWALL DEVONSHIRE DORSETSHIRE .. SoMERSETSHIRE WILTSHIRE HEREFORDSHIRE MonMOUTHSHIRE WORCESTERSHIRE Sourn WALES | GLOUCESTERSHIRE .. CHESHIRE SHROPSHIRE STAFFORDSHIRE NortH WALES 433 585 oe 792 16 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. Viscount Bridport, v. Lord Chesham, T.; C. S { Cantrell. Viscount Eversley, v.p.; Sir A { K. Macdonald, t.; T. Pain. C. Whitehead. B. T. Brandreth Gibbs, v.p. Duke of Marlborough, T. ; J. Druce. Colonel Challoner, 7. ; { C. E. Amos. Earl of Chichester, v.P.; Earl | of Egmont, v.e.; Duke of Richmond, v.p. ; W. Rigden. G. Turner. Lord Portman, T. Sir W. Miles, v.r. J. Rawlence. ig T.D. Acland; Sir M. Lopes; E. Bowly; W. J. Edmonds ; { E. Holland, t.; Col. Kingscote. G. Clive; C. Wren Hoskyns. Lord Tredegar, T. C. Randell; James Webb. D.R. Davies; Hon. W. Egerton. Viscount Hill, v.p.; J. B. Jones. Earl of Lichfield; R.H.Masfen. ‘ of Powis, T.; Sir W. Wynn, V.P. xiv ROYAL AGRICULTURA] HALF-YEARLY OasH A Dr. sd To Balance in hand, Ist J uly, 1871:— Ge 8 Si Bankers) set conse cael eee oe Somerty pocmasmukitie ac 2,448 12 11 Secretary .. Se e 14419 9 At Deposit with London and Westminster Bank . Sr 2,000 0 0 —| 4,463 12 8 To Sale of 5007. New Three per Cents. .. sig? Soslaee nae Epo. 459 8 6 To Income :—. DividendsoniSteck Wf tscpinnet he) cc 45, ae eae ee 359 19 1 Interestion Deposit Account, .. ».. <2 os ‘co Gillse| on 2517 2 Subscriptions :— £.° 8. ds GovermomsAnnnalinss [5.05 ) ae. cik coon ues 20 0 0 4 Members’ Life-Compositions 5 o™ ce leis, ois 499) O00 Members; ANNUAL. Ws cy oe) en ac eee adme 646 0 0 1,105 0 0 Journal :— Sales...) <» Ot BOCHEnE. AO Cd 5110 6 Advertisements (one year). val Wate aie 94 8 0 145 18 6 Farm Inspection :— Prizes offered by Landowners in Shrepenies and Staffordshire 1.1 .. 0. «« « : 241 0 0 Entry Fees for 1872... <2. .. o.0 «0 29 0 0 270 0 0 SUNGTICS si.) csc utslady ss leh cial cic) (ah) ele Stoel te 10 0 0 ‘Total Income’) .. 5 ss et. Se, soot ae 1,916 14 9 " To Wolverhampton Meeting uci 55 - esl cc 0S” Sad teh os 8,935 6 2 ——| 10,852 O11 £15,775 2 1 BALANCE-SHEET, LIABILITIES, To Capital :— ee a & sea Surplus; 30th Jtine, 1871 ° 1.) cs) | ae tac! mel exer ua (emma 31,097 8 3 Less Surplus of Expenditure over Income during the Half-year, viz. :— & $$. d. Pxpendifmre., ss «0 es ee os of ws O00 8 6 A UCOMEWC Ait itcler, six cle bee” patel pare) uislcmmayeen Gimmes Z 1,369 14 9 \ To Wolverhampton Meeting :— —_————| 29,727 18 6 Difference between Receipts and Niki the latter - exceeding the former by .. Arey yeu os 1,944 BRiDPORT, Finance Committee, QUILTER, BALL, & Co,, Accountants. £27,783 10 8 ! a xv CIETY OF ENGLAND. m lst JuLty To 31st Decemser, 1871. Cr. By Expenditure : — £8. d. abe WSs & 8. a Pitablishment : — Salaries and Wages .. .. eso en , 209 28: “0 House and Office Expenses, Rent, &e. .. oa? any 890) 1612 ————_-— 850 4 11 Journal :— Printing and stitching .. .. .. ss ec «, 414 9 1 Postage and Delivery : Radice mcm GC) Gat a Ditto, Balance, Vol. VII., ePart Dic) cct_ce Ae 2310 0 | Essays and Reports PER caiman wae) cace ae, LGoOl 0 _Engravings and Diagrams .. .. .. 2. . 51 0 6 ! Wrappers for's Deliveries .. ..° .. 12's 27 0 0 842 9 1 Chemical :— Consulting Chemist’s Salary .. .. .. co se ce es os 150 0 0 Veterinary :— Grant to Royal Veterinary Spee (one ~~ os 75 0 0 |) Grant for Experiments .. ee oe ee oe te we 22 8 11 Sundries :— Law Expenses .. .. SGegr np oo mace Ge feo) illuminating and Binding Vote of Thanks to Mr, Amos es 33 10 0 Plans and Specifications for New Tenders for Show Yard Works.. .. . 25 45 0 0 Outstanding Manchester and Oxford Accounts On 43 5 0 Miiscellancous .. .. .. a. «. « as £169 1 is 74113 9 | Subscription (paidinerror)returned ., .. .. -. se es 1-00 sfotal Expenditure™ 2.2.2 0 2. ws “se “a6 A eon 3,286 - o | By Country Meetings :— URE SES Ce acc. wc coe) Mee os SNR, oie 11,877 6 6 SMECUIMMEETGME <0 Maia icid) 4S. “sis ois) sis, feiss isle te ela? oe 243 0 0 | | 12,120 6 6 | By Balance in hand, 31st pee: — 15,406 16 0 Bankers.. .. . Soe Ses tas) (sist ree eu Mere 304.13 5 CE PEGE 2 cc) on 960 ple lee a re 63 12 8 368 6 1 | £15,775 2 1 6 3ist DecemeEr, 1871. . oo £ 8. d. || By Cashinhand .. . PPC abe, Oo 8ad oe cS 368 6 1 || By New 3 per Cent. Stock 24,1127. NEARS CORPS. “i on. cmud Fos; wae eans! 22,920 7 1 i By Books and Furniture in Society’s House... .. -- +6 + 0+ te ee te oe 1,451 17 6 . eee 7 Mecting Plant Cag pit (ay ssichilieis Malet Recs Wleamasy Co SE MCs mang 2,800 0 0 | 27,540 10 8 Mmeredit of Cardiff Meeting .. .. «. 2+ se oe ee oe se os 08 oe oe 243 0 0 } | * Value at 92% = £22,302 4s. 43d. | _Mem—The above Assets are exclusive of the amount recoverable in * respect of arrears of Subscription to 31st December, 1871, which at that date amounted to 10511. | £27,783 10 8 | _- Examined, audited, and found correct, this 19th day of February, 1872. TEES CAN EEELL, i Auditors on behalf of the Society, xvi ROYAL AGRICULT Dr. YEARLY Case A pre £ s. d. To Balance in hand, 1st Jan. 1871 :— Bankersitrc. =), ay anh petersts OTs eee wetis ale tie ae 1,179 19 0 Secretary: acho. tl ey ear pea’ © fe Teak eas 52 2 3 | To Sale of £500 New Three perCents. . . . . - Sa i ro ap To Income, viz. :— Dividends on Stock . age oem neete ee o's 72219 9 | Interest on Deposit Account | Bs SIA eins 25:17 2 Subscriptions :— Governors’ Life-Compositions . . . . « « 40 0 0 Governors’ Annual . . ep Spee 1s 280 0 0 Members’ Life-Compositions om eEee seus ce 1049 0 0 Members’ Annual . . «© «© 2 + « + 3589 18 0 ; ————. 4,958 18 0 Journal :— . ee Sales) 0. «6 Coe Aerie Yes 103 11 5 ‘Advertisements, it year ee rr 133 10 6 Farm-Inspection, 1871 :— Prizes offered by Landowners . . . . . . 241 0 0 Mntry Need}. so delist io ibewe ogame 6s 64 0 0 Digtodor'Terg. us a ee Bee ee nee 29 0 0 - ————'_ 334 0 0 Snndricege Ge Genet is) tote Bey or Ses teen ~ he ee A eee) Motalincome'x, oy calls Bom =m iemelln oe ee ee To Country Meetings :— Oxon Aaa eee EEG nek tai ates Pa ts 845 Wolverhampton . . . 2. « © © «© « « oa 13,727 18 0 es and Wen Ome Es Expenses, ent Taxes, &e. . ao. ‘Stitching - | eand Delivery. - se | | 2 - & & ts, and other contributions Forest a a ting Chemist's Salary . nt for | ee 5 at to Royal eet Catiege it for Experimen estigation st Coldham “Hat | ig Botanist’s Salary, half-year . . . | spection, 1871:— ' | om . S| sak of Transeo Gow Trustee ee Seal e and Carriage | | ising . Expenses Medal I Iilominating and Binding Vote of} hanks to and Specifications for New Tender for dWorks .. ~ s of 'spection Committee : laneous . i j gach eh | ons (paid in error) returned Total Expenditure 806 “8 8 3416 9 165 11 10 350 0 0 615 17 0 52 3 0 45 7 00 8 10 1 9 xvii 1,496 10 500 5,443 12 0 1014 8 | 38 5 0 14611 4 15,470 3 11 243 0 0 | 304 13 5 | 63 12 8 15,908 14 11 21,352 6 11 368 6 1 ——— | £21,720 13 0 b tOWwonds coal On oonmoc a Land taal al COnnH dm a al nl a cal ~~ Oo 0D FS NOWMAH s So col a (xviii = oa Oo eooen r & os ZéT ZOE 901 9e 994 190°9 —— pis 3 D8 F : ae TC SIRIE ese ermaspany | 3a00ieaeets aera * syuoufeg 19430 Arpuns puv MOK jo olny ‘aury pews, sos fs 8 “ser 7T osuossay £ "7h ‘UePL oULsug-o1tT + 8 * * MOT SLT 78 “02g “T9ITIAA PUBOQAOYS £*sZT "72ST ‘STR, 98 1ofaAINg son fe 8 8 8 py SET 10% ‘STRILL 98 SyUoUIAG Aqjog $ "PF ‘86 “19% ‘STROD eee ee ee ee es Se prey BEL, VUE JO Olt ss ee 4 8 8% ss6T agg “on ‘soBpne ‘spavaiezg 10J a11F] QUO pus sll $*pIT ‘80 ‘214% ‘SPILT [el.y, 0} Sjuameduy jo advytiep pue airy] es10FL He eas Seas S&S + SS suosaB MAT puM Soliauy Jo.ollry salipung pur “7 ‘suonIppy ‘sourtpvy Surys9,7, Jo aBvLiieg pus ‘eourmmsuy ‘s.ayedoayy sof ffs 8 8 8 som Saspeg ‘AlauoT Vg SSB ‘suBIZo]aJ, ‘advys0g tof st Ff 8 871008 ‘Poo Wearp * "pg “SIT “190€ ‘MENG f'soT 7112 ‘Ke see ee tw ee eg 6 6 Ke + Sonsog-HIg pue Sulsnseapy . {Vignes pret: anene, s: AG .5 . . er ow Chem) . . . . . . Sunuttg Sie at Ae Seine: eg Sl) Rey Teh 8 rel ie) lene 96) repmaU THOU puv oSviiw {St yer SIaTTOg £°SOT “721 ‘preA Jo UTI $'ng ‘sg 79¢ ‘spreMy £°S6L ‘229T ‘ONS + °P9 “Sy “IT ‘SpAwAY *’syL “2FOF ‘syuoute|dury : sonSoyey4 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * O¥IP 10y ssulspo'_, sos es 8 8% + STRIORTO JeqjO pus ‘sedpne ‘spreMoyg 10} sjusmIysatjoyy COO ROY ete SO ORO (Ss Koen Schno> Maheteoininy Beer ay 5 see puv 1adueyo-Louopy £9 ‘sg “7hG ‘sIayw}-LOMOT puv Y10]0-xopuy sof ese es 8 8 SuOOI pu’ ‘Uetieppo,, ‘UsuIplalq ‘uempae x . . . . . * $6. "121 ‘9Sv10.q $+sq 08 eyiLie) SET ‘gas1o}T $10% ‘pre taco $*p9 “SST “201 “pawxz yuomaduy S*pp “sgt ‘79e ‘SpleL| TBM, : uemes07 oe e © eo ee tee Fe “SUSTEIdM] Jo PivaMojg JUBISISSY f se 8 fF 6 8 8 © ogee ‘aongo-ysog $'sz "28% ‘stoHURg $"pg “SLT 786 {1oJOaIT{ "MOH £ PIL "$0 "719 ‘BRIS [OWO pu Arvyatoag : syuuysissy puv sy1219 sore fe es 889 18% ROOT F"pB ‘SIL 768% ‘URIodoyaWT + eot;og see ee es 8 8 0g BaLBayg £9 ‘SOT “791 ‘Axvul1e}9aA :810,0edsuT “+ + * * *syUNQSISSY puv siseuISuq Suypnsuog + "70% OOM Par ‘10j9ng ‘asveqH $*70zE “YdoIg ‘*sg “790% ‘sjueuloj]duy :sespne =) Oy. Op ERR mea CER COETIaaSOmNZ rofeaing O gress Soe 8S 8 ae * PBK TOL PRG Pen EEL SR ca Ong ORNCES CEO ECU Car OCR ats OI Toy tacit) @ 6L srl * * * ‘SLT ‘7F6 SSuTUMYW S"pE ‘sz ‘7FG ‘sBUIZYA puv sua, F 9 BOST* * * “2EZG ‘02 ‘Sa}¥H ‘s, ued) eee 7. For the best Corn Dressing Machine .. .. 2. 0. ee ee For the second best ditto) uv.)ioui! 10/9 120, Pe ADOT A For the third best ditto... .. es ete ee Ss 8! For the best CornScreen —.., neces) caeceney vee =e For the second best ditto ...°.. «0. « «s s=) «oa: MIscELLANEOUS. , Awards to Agricultural Articles not included in the Quinquennial TOtAtION (5 oo sewn, ow Sno, ww, In the Classes for which one Prize only is offered, the Judges will be empowered to divide it equally between two competing Implements, if.they — consider them equal in merit. Conditions relating to Live Stoch. XXVii CONDITIONS APPLYING TO CERTAIN CLASSES OF LIVE STOCK ONLY. CATTLE. 1. No bull above two years old will be eligible for a prize unless certified to have served not less than three different cows (or heifers) within the three months preceding the Ist of June in the year of the Show. 2. All bulls above one year old shall have rings or “ bull-dogs” in their noses, and be provided with leading sticks. 3. No cow will be eligible for a prize unless certified either at the date of entry or between the date of entry and that of the Show, to have had a living calf, or that the calf, if dead, was born at its proper time, within the twelve months preceding the date of the Show. 4, No heifer, except yearlings, entered as in-calf, will be eligible for a prize unless she is certified to have been bulled before the 31st of March in the year of the Show, nor will her owner afterwards receive the prize until he shall have furnished the Secretary with a further certificate before the 3lst of January in the subsequent year, that she produced a living calf; or that the calf, if dead, was born at its proper time. 5. Shorthorns.—Each animal entered in the Shorthorn Classes, must be certified by the Exhibitor to have not less than four crosses of Shorthorn _ blood which are registered in the herd book. Horses. 7 6. All foals must be the offspring of the mare along with which they are exhibited ; and the sire of the foal must be given on the certificate of entry as well as sire of the mare. _ 7. No mare will be eligible for a prize unless certified either at the date of entry, or between the date of entry and that of the Show, and to have had a _ living foal—or that the foal, if dead, was born at its proper time, in the year of the Show ;—or in the event of a mare being exhibited without a foal at foot, a certificate shall be produced at the time of entry of her having been served, and the prize shall be withheld till a certificate be produced of her having produced a foal. 8. No veterinary inspection of horses will be required except when con- sidered necessary by the Judges, who will be accompanied by the Veterinary Inspectors. 9. A charge of 10. for the accommodation of a horse-box will be made for each entry for stallions and mares in-foal, or with foals at foot, which includes hay, straw, and green fodder. 10. A charge of 10s. will be made for the accommodation of a stall for each entry in the other Horse Classes, which includes hay, straw, and green fodder, XXViil Conditions relating to Live Stock. SHEEP. 11. All rams, except shearlings, must have been used in the present year. 12. Sheep exhibited for any of the prizes must have been rewlly and fairly shorn bare after the Ist of April in the year of the Exhibition; and the date of such shearing must form part of the Certificate of Entry. Three Inspectors will be appointed by the Council to examine the sheep on their admission to the Show-Yard, with instructions to report to the Stewards any cases in which the sheep have not been really and fairly shorn bare. 13. Sheep unfairly prepared for Show by oiling or colouring may be disqualified on the recommendation of the Inspectors of Shearing. Pigs. 14. The three sow-pigs in each pen must be of the same litter. 15. The breeding sows in Classes 118, 117, 121, 125, and 128, shall be certified to have had a litter of live pigs within the six months preceding the Show, or to be in-pig at the time of entry, so as to produce a litter before the 1st of September following. In the case of in-pig sows, the prize will be withheld until the Exhibitor shall have furnished the Secretary with a cer- tificate of farrowing, as above. 16. No sow, if above eighteen months old, that has not produced a litter of live pigs, shall be eligible to compete in any of the classes. 17. The Judges of pigs will be instructed, with the sanction of the Stewards, to withhold prizes from any animals which shall appear to them to have been entered in a wrong class. ‘ 18. All pigs exhibited at the Country Meetings of the Society shall be sub- jected to an examination of their mouths by the Veterinary Inspector of the Society ; and should the state of dentition in any pig indicate that the age of the animal has not been correctly returned in the Certificate of Entry, the Stewards shall have power to disqualify such pig, and shall report the circum- stance to the Council at its ensuing Monthly Meeting. No pig shall be oiled or coloured while in the Show-Yard, 4 19. If a litter of pigs be sent with a breeding sow, the young pigs must be the produce of the sow, and must not exceed two months old. 20. All disqualifications will be published in the awards of the Judges. - Rules of Adjudication. XXIX RULES OF ADJUDICATION. 1, As the object of the Society in giving prizes for cattle, sheep, and pigs, is to promote improvement in breeding stock, the Judges in making their awards will be instructed not to take into their consideration the present value to the butcher of animals exhibited, but to decide according to their relative merits for the purpose of breeding. 2. If, in the opinion of the Judges, there should be equality of merit, they will be instructed to make a special report to the Council, who will decide on the award. ' 3. The Judges will be instructed to withhold any prize if they are of opinion that there is not sufficient merit in any of the stock exhibited for such prize to justify an award. 4. The Judges will be instructed to give in a Reserved Number in each class of live stock; viz., which animal would, in their opinion, possess sufficient merit for the prize, in case the animal to which the prize is awarded should subsequently become disqualified. ’ 5, In the classes for stallions, mares, and fillies, the Judges in awarding the prizes will be instructed, in addition to symmetry, to take activity and strength into their consideration. " 6. The attention of the Stewards and Judges is particularly called to the conditions applying to pigs. The Senior Steward of Live Stock is requested to report any malpractices on the part of Exhibitors, and any person found guilty will not be allowed to exhibit at future meetings of the Society. f _— XXX Prizes for Implements and Machinery. CONDITIONS RELATING TO MACHINERY. Steam ENGINES. All Engines must be fitted with a Steam-Indicator, in addition to the ordinary Spring-Balance, which Indicator must be proved by the Indicator ef the Society. PorTABLE ENGINES. 1. All the general conditions respecting Steam-Engines and boilers will haye to be observed. 2. The nominal power of the engines entered for trial will be taken at one- third the indicated power, at 60 lbs. pressure in the boiler, cutting off at three- fourths the stroke, and the periphery of the fly-wheel running 1884 feet per minute. 3. The engines will be tested by the Society’s friction-breaks, worked by means of connecting-rod and universal joints direct from the crank-shaft. Each engine entered will have to be fitted with a clutch, shown in detail in Fig. 4, Form A of Engineer’s Instructions; and to facilitate the Society’s arrangements, the height of the crank-shaft of each engine aboye the ground must be stated when the specification is sent in to the Secretary. 4. The engines will be tested for economy in coal, water, lubrication, and steadiness in running. Indicator diagrams will also be taken, and therefore the preparations for receiving the indicators, described in Form A, must be provided, é' 5. During the trial-runs one man only will be allowed to attend the engine, — Over or under-running will not be permitted; steady running, as nearly as possible at the speed declared at entry, will be considered a point of merit. The engines must be fitted with governors, and the efliciency of the latter will be tested after the trials for economy of working are over, by suddenly varying the load on the brake. 6. Exhibitors shall, on making their final specifications, elect at what steam- pressure, not exceeding the declared pressure, what horse-power on the brake, and what number of revolutions they would wish to be tried. 7. The order in which the several engines will be tested will be determined by the Stewards, who will decide by lot. 8. Detached feed-water-heaters, not ordinarily sold with engines, and included in the prices entered, will not be allowed, but heaters permanently fixed to the engines or arrangements for carrying waste steam tothe water- tanks, provided they are included in the price of the engine, will be admitted. 9. The trials of the Steam-Engines will be made with Llangennech coal. TurEsHING MACHINES. 10. The Threshing Machines will be driven by a portable engine through a registering dynamometer, both provided by the Society. The driving- pulleys on the machines must be adapted to 1884 feet per minute speed of driving belt. 11. The merits of the machines will depend upon the price, economy of power and time; the marks obtained for clean threshing, clean shaking, YT =e 2 @ * Prizes for Implements and Machinery. xxxi freedom from cavings, freedom of chaff from corn, from cayings, and from seeds, unbroken straw, uninjured corn, cleanness of delivery from the machine, and perfection of finishing in Class 2. The points representing perfection will be as under :— CARDIFF, oA MANE Oh oc onde wey oa, viony . de: vont LDO Clcamsnakine we net) APMIS FAs Fee ow, +40 Freedom from Cavings : 30 Chaff free from Corn Soe re BICen moore aa om 80, Mianirarirom Cavines. .. ce ss ew ose es «20 rr ec BOM SCGIS, tye. acts oe bar aortinente vosate AO ‘STL TRUTLOTP2) ECT a PRE) PSEA NCCI fois ouvi, ican is siensy'=oiria ASC ua Rdvabiuee, “sane. tar CO Cleanness of delivery from machine, 7.e., absence of lodgment in screens, &c. Soe PEWS SETA le Perfection of Finishing, that is, screening or sorting, in Sse POON oa. piestl geri itfosiut ute ei ttun cde, nesaal Sanu eaO 450 12. The sheaves to be threshed will be kept under cover; the stacks will be worked down *vertically, so as to give each machine as nearly as possible the same quality of work; the sheaves will be served out by weight to each machine. The straw resulting will be re-threshed, and the various products delivered by the machines, as well as the corn separated by the second threshing, will be carefully weighed and samples set apart for final com- rison. 3. Means must be provided for examining the inside of the machines as perfectly as possible, in order to ascertain how completely the various products are delivered. It will be a point of merit in a machine to empty itself com- pletely, and leave no lodgment in the screens, &c. 14. Those machines which appear to the Judges of sufficient merit, will be run for a prolonged trial, in order to enable a more correct and satisfactory judgment of their merits to be arrived at. Cuasses IV.—VIIL. 15. The Machines in classes IV., V., VI., VIL, and VIIL., will be judged chiefly with reference to the manner in which they perform their work, to the goodness of design and workmanship, and to their cost. Dynamometers will be used whenever the judges think it advisable to determine the amount of power necessary to drive the machines. _ *.* Forms of Certificate for entry, as well as Prize-Sheets for the Cardiff ' Meeting, containing the whole of the conditions and regulations, may be obtained at the Office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W. DATES OF ENTRY. Crrtiricatss for the entry of Implements for the Cardiff Meeting must be forwarded to the Secretary of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W., _ by the Ist of May, and Certificates for the entry of Live Stock by the Ist of June. Certificates received after those respective dates will not be accepted, but returned to the persons by whom they have been sent. The Prizes of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and all Prizes offered by the Cardiff Local Committee, and the Glamorganshire General Agricultural Society, are open to general competition. XXX1l Prizes for Cottages. - PRIZES FOR COTTAGES. = 1. For plans, elevations, and sections, with detailed plans and specifications, and a priced bill of quantities for all trade-work* connected with building a Pair of Cottayes, suitable for the use’ of agricultural labourers, having not i? than three bedrooms, a brick oven, and suitable offices. ‘ First Prize, given by the Marquess of Bute’... | ww, oe 20 ' . Second Prize, given’ by Major Picton Turbervill ~.. .. 10 2. For plans, elevations, and sections, with detailed plans and specifications, and a priced bill of quantities for all trade-work connected with build Two Cottages, to form part of a row, suitable for the mineral districts, ar having not less than three bedrooms and suitable offices. £. First Prize, given by the Marquess of Bute cartr endd el Second Prize, given by Major Picton Turbervill ob (thee ee CoNDITIONS. All plans, elevations, sections, &c., must be drawn to a scale of 4-inch to 1 foot. Materials must be assumed as delivered on the spot at the following prices, viz. :— Stone!!7, 6227/09 S01 6 9809, OF 22s Sperionbiayards Brick .... «1 «5 «« ‘-. “8207538 38sliersnoope Timber se ee, | SUETT eet ees ce uae, rl BO. COG Soni iam Slates (Princesses) .. .. .. .. £12 per 1000. Gime 6 ha OG eld oe 1, SBR Ca Mpenttions Paving Stones .. .. ../ «2.28. per square yard. No Prizes will be awarded to any design for a pair of Labourers’ Cottages the cost of erecting which would exceed 220/.; nor for a single Cottage for Mineral Districts, the cost of which would exceed 90/. ; Each design must bear an assumed name, and be accompanied by a sealed envelope containing the real name and address of the competitor, and must be sent to the Secretary, 12, Hanover Square, on or before lst July. _ The Prize Designs must remain the property of the Glamorganshire General Avricultural Society; but the right of publishing them will remain with the designer. . ( =x ) SPlembers’ DWeterinary Privileges. I.—Srriovus og Extenstve Diszaszs. No. 1. Any Member of the Society who may desire professional attendance and special advice in cases of serious or extensive disease among his cattle, sheep, or pigs, and will address a letter to the Secretary, will, by return of post, receive a reply stating whether it be considered necessary that Professor Simonds, the Society’s Veterinary Inspector, should visit the place where the disease prevails. No. 2. The remuneration of the Inspector will be 2/. 2s. each day as a professional fee, and 1/7. 1s. each day for personal expenses ; and he will also be allowed to charge the cost of travelling to and from the locality where his ‘services may have been required. The fees will be paid by the Society, but the travelling expenses will be a charge against the applicant. This charge ‘may, however, be reduced or remitted altogether at the discretion of the Council, on such step being recommended to them by the Veterinary Committee. No. 3. The Inspector, on his return from visiting the diseased stock, will report to the Committee, in writing, the results of his observations and pro- ceedings, which Report will be laid before the Council. _ No. 4. When contingencies arise to prevent a personal discharge of the duties confided to the Inspector, he may, subject to the approval of the Com- mittee, name some competent professional person to act in his stead, who shall receive the same rates of remuneration. II.—Orprnary o8 Orner Caszs or DIsHAsE. Members may obtain the attendance of the Veterinary Inspector on any case of disease by paying the cost of his visit, which will be at the following rate, viz., 21. 2s. per diem, and travelling expenses. II1.—ConsvxtTatTions WITHOUT VISIT. Personal consultation with Veterinary Inspector * Se) RDS: Consultation by letter .. os ce <5 oa (ih eae doe Consultation necessitating the writing of three or more letters. 10s. Post-mortem examination, and report thereon.. a == 0s; A return of the number of applications during each half-year being required from the Veterinary Inspector. IV.—Apmisston or Disrasep ANIMALS TO THE VETERINARY COLLEGE Investications; Leorurnxus, AND Reports. No. 1. All Members of the Society have the privilege of sending cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Infirmary of the Royal Veterinary College, on the same erms as if they were Members of the College ; viz., by paying for the keep - and treatment of cattle 10s. 6d. per week each animal, and for sheep and pigs “‘a small proportionate charge to be fixed by the Principal according to circumstances.” No. 2. The College has also undertaken to investigate such particular classes of disease, or special subjects connected with the application of the Veterinary art to cattle, sheep, and pigs, as may be directed by the Council. No. 3. In addition to the increased number of lectures now given by Professor Simonds—the Lecturer on Cattle Pathology—to the pupils in the oyal Veterinary College, he will also deliver such lectures before the Members of the Society, at their house in Hanover Square, as the Council shall decide. No. 4. The Royal Veterinary College will from time to time furnish to the Council a detailed Report of the cases of cattle, sheep, and pigs treated n the Infirmary. By order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. VOL. VIII.—S. S. € ¢ xxv ) Members’ Pribtleges of Chemical Analpsis. Tue Council have fixed the following rates of Charge for Analyses to be made by the Consulting Chemist for the bona fide use of Members of the Society ; who (to avoid all unnecessary correspondence) are particularly requested, when applying to him, to mention the kind of analysis they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined schedule, The charge for analysis, together with the carriage of the specimens, must:be paid to him by members at the time of their application. No. 1.—An opinion of the genuineness of Peruvian guano, bone- dust, or oil-cake (each sample) .. - Joe 3, 2—An analysis of guano; showing the proportion of moisture, organic matter, sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts, and ammonia = 10s, 3.—An estimate of the value (relatively to the average of samples in the market) of sulphate and muriate of am- monia, and of the nitrates of potash and soda .. 10s. » *.—An analysis of superphosphate of lime for soluble phos- phates only -« Os: », 5.—An analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the pro- portions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and insoluble phosphates, sulphate of lime, and ammonia .. £1. 6.—An analysis (sufficient for the determination of its agricul- tural value) of any ordinary artificial manure .. £1, », 7?.—Limestone :—the proportion of lime, 7s. 6d.; the propor- tion of magnesia, 10s. ; the proportion of lime and mag- nesia 15s. » 8.—Limestone or “marls, “including carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate of lime, and magnesia with sand and clay .. £1, » 9.—Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay, — = se -e t sand, organic matter, and carbonate of lime Ae . fle , peek Os —Complete analysis of asoil . £3, | 11.—An analysis of oil-cake, or other substance used for feeding purposes; showing the proportion of moisture, oil, 3 mineral matter, albuminous matter, and woody fibre ; , as well as of starch, gum, and sugar, in the aggregate £1. i », 12.—Analyses of any vegetable product .. £a | ,, 18.—Analyses of animal products, refuse substances used for 4 manure, &c. a from 10s. to 30s, ‘ », 14.—Determination of the “hardness” of a sample of water | before and after boiling .. 10s. », 15.—Analysis of water of land drainage, and of water “used for irrigation .. +. eae ule. —Determination of nitric acid in a sample of water .. oon N.B.—The above Scale of Charges is not applicable to the case of persons commercially engaged in the Manufacture or Sale of any Substance sent for Analysis. The Address of the Consulting Chemist of the Society is, Dr. AucusTus VoercKer, F.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, London, E.C., to which he requests that all letters and parcels (postage and carriage paid) should be directed. By order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secrefary. pe... oars Sl | ( tea ) INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. | ARTIFICIAL MANURES.—Take a large handful of the manure from three or four bags, mix the whole on a large sheet of paper, breaking down with the hand any lumps present, and fold up in tinfoil, or in oil silk, about 3 ozs. of the well-mixed sample, and send it to 11, Sanispury Square, FLEET Street, E.C., _ by post: or place the mixed manure in a small wooden or tin box, which may _ be tied by string, but must not be sealed, and send it by post. If the manure be very wet and lumpy, a larger boxful, weighing from 10 to 12 ozs., should be sent either by post or railway. Samples not exceeding 4 ounces in weight may be sent by post, by attaching two _ penny postage stamps to the parcel. Samples not exceeding 8 ounces, for three postage stamps. Samples not exceeding 12 ounces, for four postage stamps. The parcels should be addressed: Dr. Aucusrus VoELcKER, 11, SALISBURY Square, FLEET STREET, Lonpon, E.C., and the address of the sender or the number or mark of the article be stated on parcels. The samples may be sent in covers, or in boxes, bags of linen or other materials. No parcel sent by post must exceed 12 ozs. in weight, 1 foot 6 inches in length, 9 inches in width, and 6 inches in depth. SOILS.—Have a wooden box made 6 inches long and wide, and from 9 to 12 inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field a space of about 12 inches square; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, so as to leave undisturbed a block of soil with its subsoil from 9 to 12 inches deep ; trim this block or plan of the field to make it fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then pass a spade under the box and lift it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid and send it by goods or parcel train to the laboratory. The soil will then be received in the exact position in which it is found in the field. _ In the ease of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at | once inverted over the soil and forced down by pressure, and then dug out. WATERS.—Two gallons of water are required for analysis. The water, if possible, should be sent in glass-stoppered Winchester half-gallon bottles, which are readily obtained in any chemist and druggist’s shop. If Winchester bottles cannot be procured, the water may be sent in perfectly clean new stoneware spirit- jars surrounded by wickerwork. For the determination of the degree of hardness before and after boiling, only one quart wine-bottle full of water is required. _ LIMESTONES, MARLS, IRONSTONES, AND OTHER MINERALS.— _ Whole pieces, weighing from 3 to 4 ozs., should be sent enclosed in small linen bags, or wrapped in paper. Postage 2d., if under 4 ounces. ; - OILCAKES.—Take a sample from the middle of the cake. To this end break a whole cake into two. Then break off a piece from the end where the two halves | Were joined together, and wrap it in paper, leaving the ends open, and send parcel by post. The piece should weigh from 10 to 12 ozs. Postage, 4¢. If sent by railway, one quarter or half a cake should be forwarded. _ FEEDING MEALS.—Abont 3 ozs. will be sufficient for analysis. Enclose the meal in a small linen bag. Send it by post. On forwarding samples, separate letters should be sent to the laboratory, specifying the nature of the information required, and, if possible, the object in view. H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. ( mam ) Members’ Botanical Privileges. The Council have provisionally fixed the following rates of Charge for the examination of Plants and Seeds for the bond fide use of Members of the Society, who are particularly requested, when applying to the Consulting Botanist, to mention the kind of examination they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined Schedule. The charge for examination must be paid to the Consulting Botanist at the time of application, and — the carriage of all parcels must be prepaid. : No. 1—A general opinion as to the genuineness and age of a sample of clover-seed (each sample) .. 5s. » 2-—A detailed examination of a sample of dirty or . impure clover-seed, with a report on its admixture with seeds of dodder or other weeds (each sample) .. Se 10s. 5, o—A test examination of turnip or other cruciferous seed, with a report on its germinating power, or its adultera~ , tion with 000 seed (each sample) : 10s. », 4.—A test examination of any other kind of seed, or corn, with a report on its germinating power (each sample) «- 10x », 0.—Determination of ‘the species of any indigenous British plant (not at with a be on its habits (each species) . 5s. os 6.—Determination of the species of any epiphyte or vegetable parasite, on any farm-crop grown by the Member, with a report on its habits, and ‘suggestions (where possible) as to its extermination or prevention (each species) .. 10s, »» 7—Report on any other form of blanauemie not caused by Insects... 10s. », 98.—Determination of the species of a * collection of. natural grasses indigenous to any district on one kind of soil (each collection) .. + i ~ a ew) > LOG INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES. In sending seed or corn for examination the utmost care must be taken to secure a fair and honest sample. If anything supposed to be injurious or useless exists in the corn or seed, selected samples should also be sent. In collecting specimens of plants, the whole plant should be taken up, and the earth shaken from the roots. If possible, the plants must be in flower or fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm paper pareel. ; Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as possible. Place them in a bottle, or pack them in tin-foil or oil-silk. All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of — the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation, &c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the inquiry. % N.B.—The above Scale of Charges is not applicable in the case of Seedsmen requiring the services of the Consulting Botanist. Parcels or letters (Carriage or Postage prepaid) to be addressed to Mr. W. CARRUTHERS, F'.R.5., 25 , Wellington Street, Islington, London, - H. M. JENKINS, Sooretatil Ropal Agricultural Soctety of England, 1872-3. President. EARL CATHCART. fwtien Trustees. _ 1857 | Brmport, Viscount, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, Berkshire. 1850 | CuesHam, Lord, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks. 1861 | Hottanp, Epwarp, Dumbleton Hall, Evesham, Gloucestershire. 1854 | Macponaxp, Sir ARcuriBALp Kepret, Bt., Woolmer Lodge, Liphook, Hants. 1860 | Marreoroven, Duke of, K.G., Blenheim Park, Oxford. 1848 | Osstveron, Viscount, Ossington, Newark-on-Trent, Notts. 1839 | Portman, Lord, Bryanston, Blandford, Dorset. 1856 | Powts, Earl of, Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire. 1858 | Rurtanp, Duke of, K.G., Belvoir Castle, Grantham, Leicestershire. 1839 | Tuompson, Harry Srepuen, Kirby Hall, York. 1839 | Trepncar, Lord, Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire. Vice-Bresivents. 4861 | Carucart, Earl, Thornton-le-Street, Thirsk, Yorkshire. 1839 | CuicuestEr, Earl of, Stanmer Park, Lewes, Sussex. 1867 | DevonsutrE, Duke of, K.G., Holker Hall, Lancashire. 1847 | Eemont, Earl of, Cowdray Park, Petworth, Sussex. 1847 | Evrerstry, Viscount, Heckfield Place, Winchfield, Hants. 1848 | Gress, B. T. Branpretu, Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, London, W. 1847 | Hit, Viscount, Hawkstone Park, Salop. 1858 | Kerrison, Sir Epwarp C., Bart., Brome Hall, Scole, Suffolk. 1839 | Mixgs, Sir Wutam, Bart., Leigh Court, Bristol, Somersetshire. 1852 | Ricumonp, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex. 1859 | Vernon, Lord, Sudbury Hall, Derby. 1855 | Wynn, Sir Warxry Witiiams, Bt., M.P., Wynnstay, Rhuabon, Denbighshire. @ther Hlembers of Council. 1855 | Acuanp, Sir THomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., Sprydoncote, Exeter, Devonshire. 1858 | Amos, CHartes Epwarps, 5, Cedars Road, Clapham Common, Surrey. 1867 | Batpwiy, Joun, Luddington, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire. 1848 | Barnerr, CHanr.es, Stratton Park, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire. 1853 | Barturopr, NATHANIEL GrorGe, Hacheston, Wickham Market, Suffolk. 1868 | Boorn, Tuomas Cuanistoruer, Warlaby, Northallerton, Yorkshire. 1863 | Bowiy, Epwarp, Siddington House, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 1861 | CanTRELL, CuAruxzs S., Riding Court, Datchet, Bucks. 1872 | Cuapuiy, Henry, M.P., Blankney Hall, Lincoln. 1866 | Davies, Davin Reynoups, High Legh Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire, 1861 | Dent, J. D., M.P., Ribston Hall, Wetherby, Yorkshire. VOL. VIII.—S. 8. d XXXVlil List of Officers. Year : ~ when —_________ Elected. ~ 1860 | Drucr, JoserH, Eynsham, Oxford. é 1868 | Epmonps, Witi1am Joun, Southrope, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. ; 1871 | Ecrrtoy, Hon. WieranaM, M.P., Rostherne Manor, Knutsford, Cheshire. 1872 | Exeter, Marquis of, K.G., Burghley House, Stamford, Lincolnshire. 1866 | Hornspy, Ricuarp, Spitile Gate, Grantham, Lincolnshire. 1854 | Hoskyns, Coanpos Wren, M.P., Harewood, Ross, Herefordshire. 1871 | Jones, J. BowEn. Ensdon House, Shrewsbury, Salop. 1867 | Kesteven, Lord, Caswick, Stamford, Lincolnshire. 1863 | Kinescore, Colonel, M.P., Kingscote, Wootton-wnder-Edge, Gloucestershire. 1848 | Lawes, JoHN BEnNET, Rothamsted, St. Albans, Herts. 1869 | Lens, Rogert, Wicken Farm, Castleacre, Brandon, Norfolk. 1872 | Lercester, Earl of, Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk. 1868 | LicurreLp, Earl of, Shugborough, Staffordshire. 1867 | Lippe, Hon. HENry Grorcr, M.P., Ravensworth Castle, Durham. 1865 | Loprs, Sir Massey, Bart., M.P., Maristow, Roborough, Devon. 1871 | McLyrosu, Davin, Havering Park, Romford, Essex. 1871 | Masren, R. Hanzury, Pendeford, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire. 1846 | Mitwarp, RicHarp, Thurgarton Priory, Southwell, Notts. 1857 | Paty, Tuomas, The Grove, Basingstoke, Hants. 1861 | Ranpeti, CHARLEs, Chadbury, Evesham, Worcestershire. 1868 | Ransome, Rosert Caar.es, Ipswich, Suffolk. 1871 | Rawience James, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury, Wilts. 1869 | Rowtey, M. Wurrs, M.P., Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland. 1862 | Rigpen, Witi1aM, Hove, Brighton, Sussex. 1861 | Sanpay, Wu1AM, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts. 1856 | Saurriewortu, JoserH, Hartsholme Hall, Lincoln. 1869 | Srarrer, THomas, Stand Hill, Whitefield, Manchester, Lancashire. 1867 | Sronr, N. CHAMBERLAIN, Aylestone Hall, Leicester. 1857 | Torr, Witi1am, Aylesby Manor, Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 1845 | Turner, Grorcr, Brampford Speke, Exeter, Devonshire. 1871 | Turner, JaBez, Haddon, Huntingdonshire. 1871 | WaxerreLp, Wmu1AM H., Kendal, Westmoreland. 1867 | Wess, James, Spring Hill, Fladbury, Pershore, Worcestershire. 1870 | Weisy, Wimi11am Earwe, M.P., Newton House, Folkingham, Lincolnshire, 1871 | Wetts, Jonn, Booth Ferry, Howden, Yorkshire. 1861 | Wetts, Wini1aMm, M.P., Holmewood, Peterborough, Northamptonshire. 1870 | Wurreneap, CHarues, Barming House, Maidstone, Kent. 1866 | Wison, Lieut.-Col. Futter Marruanp, Stowlangtoft Hall, Bury &t Edmund's, Suffolk. 1865 | Witson, Jacos, Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, Northumberland. Secretary anv Evitor. . H. M. JENKINS, 12, Hanover Square, London, W. Consulting Chemist—Dr. Avcustcs VorLcKER, F'.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, B.C. Consulting Botanist—W. Carrutuers, F.R.S., F.L.S., British Museum, W.C, Consulting Veterinary Surgeon—James Beart Smionvs, Royal Veterinary College, N.W. Consulting Engineers—Eastons & ANDERSON, The Grove, Southwark St., $.B. Seedsmen—Tuomas Gisgs and Co., Corner of Halfmoon Street, Piccadilly, W- : Publisher—Joun Murray, 50, Albemarle Street, W. z qi Bankers—Tue London AND WesrMiNstER Bank, St. James's Square Branch, S.We Briwrort, Viscount (Chairman), Davurs, D. R. Kuvescors, Colonel, M.P. Tur Presipent. Cuarrman of Finance Commitee. ‘Kayescore, Colonel, M.P. Tuomrson, H. 8. (Chairman), Osstneton, Viscount. AcuanD, Sir T. Dyxe, Bart., M.P. , 3. D., MP. Hoiianp, Epwarp. ‘Hosxyns, C, Wren, M.P. Wetts, Wiit1am, M.P. (Chairman). Licurr.p, Lord. Vernon, Lord. Hoiuanp, Epwarp. We sy, W. E., M.P. (Chairman). Vernon, Lord. Denj, ou Ds whe Epmonps, W. J. Guess, B. T. BRANDRETH. Jones, J. Bowen. Bripport, Viscount (Chairman), MLEY, M. Wurre, M.P. ‘Simonns, Professor. RUCE, JOSEPH. aps, B. T, BRANDRETH. ( »xxxiz .) STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1872. Hinance Committee. RANDELL, CHARLES. Torr, WILLIAM. | Bouse Committee. Gtsss, B. T. BRANDRETH.. Torr, WILLIAM. PHournal Committee. Mintwarp, Riowarp. Riptey, M. Wurre, M.P.. We psy, W. E., M.P. We tts, W., M.P. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Witson, Jaco. Chemical Committee. Hosryns, C. Wren, M.P. Lawes, J. B. VortcKer, Dr. A. WAKEFIELD, W. H. We sy, W. E., M.P. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. WItson, JAcos. Botanical Committee. Txompson, H. 8. TURNER, J ABEZ. VoELcKER, Dr. WeLLs, W., M.P. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. Veterinary Committee. Sratrer, THOMAS. Tompson, H. 8. VARNELL, Professor. WELLS, JOHN. Wetts, Witu1am, M.P. Witson, Jaco. Stock-Prises Committee. Lreps, Rovert. Masren, R. H. RANDELL, CHAS. RiegpEen, WM. Sanpay, Wm. Torr, WILLIAM. TURNER, GEORGE. WELLS, JOHN. Witson, Jacos. The Stewards of Live Stock, d2 xl Standing Commitiees for 1872. Implement Committee. Bripport, Viscount. Gisss, B. T. BRANDRETH. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH, Vernon, Lord. Horzanp, E. Tompson, H. 8. Macponatp, Sir A. K., Hornspy, Ricwarp. Torr, WILLIAM. Bart. Hosxyns, C. Wren, M.P. Wevpy, W. Hartz, MP. Amos, C. E. Lerps, Ropert. Wetts, JonN. Boors, T. C. Masren, R. H. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. CANTRELL, Cuas. S. RANDELL, CHARLES. WIixson, JACOB. Drvce, JosEPH. Ransome, R. C, The Stewards of Imple- Epmonps, W. J. SanDay, WILLIAM. ments, General Hull Committee. Wynn, Sir Watkin W. Bannister, A. Kinescore, Col., M.P Bart., M.P. Barnett, C. LrEeEpDs, ROBERT. (Chairman). Boorn, T. C. Mitwarp, RIcHann. Licurie., Ear! of. Bow ty, Epwarp. RANDELL, CHARLES. Powrs, Earl of. CANTRELL, CHARLES S. Ransome, R. C. Bripport, Viscount. Davis, D. R. Row ey, M. W., M.P. Cursuam, Lord. Dent, J. D., M.P. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH. Kesteven, Lord. Druvce, JOsEPH. Torr, WILLIAM. 'TREDEGAR, Lord. Epmonps, W. J. Wess, JAMES. Vernon, Lord Grsss, B. T. BRANDRETH. WELLS, WinLiam, M.P. Lopss, Sir Massey, Bart., Hornspy, Ricwarp. WHITEHEAD, CHARLES. M.P. Hosxyns, ©. WREN, WI1son, JACOB. MacponaLp, Sir A. K., M.P. The STEwarpDs, Bart. ’ Ho, Mayor of. Show-Vard Contracts Committee. RANDELL, CHARLES (Chairman). Horwnssy, RIcHARD. Bripport, Viscount. MiLwakp, RicHarp. Vernon, Lord. SHUTTLEWORTH, JOSEPH, Amos, C. E. Torr, WILLIAM, Booru, T. C. WELLS, JOHN. Gress, B. T, BRANDRETH. Comunittee of Selection. Tuompson, H. 8. (Chairman). Kinescoreg, Col., M.P. Brwrort, Viscount. Mitwarp, R. Davis, D. R. RANDELL, CHARLES. Dent, J. D., M.P. Torr, WILLIAM. Gipss, B. T. BRANDRETH. WELLs, WiuLiam, M.P Houuanp, E. And the Chairmen of the Standing Committees. Evucation Committee. Ho.uanp, E, (Chairman). Kinascorg, Col., M.P. LicuFirxp, Ear! of. Ransome, R. C. Pow1s, Earl of. WELLs, WitirAm, M.P. AcLAND, Sir T. Dyxe, Bart., M.P. VoELCKER, Dr. Dent, J. D., M.P. WhitTEHEAD, CHARLES. Jonzs, J. BowEn. Cattle Plaque Committee. THE WHOLE CoUNCIL, ** The Present, Trustees, and Vick-PrEesments are Members ex dficio of all Committees, ( xii) Ropal Agricultural Society of England. GENERAL MEETING, 12, Hanover Squake, WEDNESDAY, May 22, 1872. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 3INcE the last General Meeting in December, 57 Members have lied, and 144 Members have withdrawn, or have been removed from the list by order of the Council; on the other hand 2 Governors and 157 Members have been elected. The Society, erefore, now consists of 71 Life Governors, 73 Annual Governors, 1655 Life Members, 3953 Annual Members, 14 Honorary Members, aking a total of 5766. The accounts for the year 1871 have been examined and certified by the auditors and accountants of the Society, and have been published, together with the Wolver- } mpton Country Meeting account, in the last number of the ‘Journal.’ The funded capital of the Society remains the same as at the last half-yearly meeting, namely, the permanent fund of 20,0007. New Three per Cents., and the Reserve Show-fund of 4112/7. 7s. 8d. New Three per Cents. In addition, the sum of 20002. lies on deposit with the Society’s bankers, and the balance of the current account on the Ist instant was 1595/. 3s. 6d., both these - sums being available for defraying the expenses of the Cardiff meeting. The Earl of Leicester has been elected a Member of the Council, to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart., as a Trustee. The Cardiff Local Com- mittee are co-operating with the Council to promote the success of the ensuing Country Meeting. In conjunction with the Glamorganshire General Agricultural Society, they have added to the Society’s Prize-list offers of Prizes for Hunters and Road- ters, as well as for Agricultural and other classes of Horses, for xl Report to the General Meeting. Castle-Martin and other breeds of Cattle, for Radnor Sheep, and for Butter and Cheese. Nineteen farms have been entered to compete for the prizes offered by the President, Sir Watkin W. Wynn, Bart., M.P., and by the Society, for the best-managed farms in South Wales and Monmouthshire, and the Judges haye reported that after their first visit they were able to select such as were deserving of further examination. The Prize-list in connec- tion with the Cardiff Meeting has been further augmented by the Marquess of Bute and Major Picton Turbervill, who have offered Prizes for Plans of Cottages suitable for agricultural labourers, to cost not more than 220/. per pair; and for others suitable for the mineral districts, to cost not more than 90/, each. The con- ditions relating to certain classes of live-stock have been under the careful consideration of the Council, and the following rules have been inserted in the Prize sheet for the Cardiff Meeting, in place of those relating to the same classes which were pre- viously in force :— No Cow will be eligible for a Prize unless certified either at the date of entry, or between the date of entry and that of the Show, to have had a living Calf; or that the Calf, if dead, was born at its proper time—within the twelve months preceding the date of the Show. No Heifer, except yearlings, entered as in-calf will be eligible for a Prize unless she is certified to have been bulled before the 3lst of March in the year of the Show, nor will her owner afterwards receive the Prize until he shall have fur- nished the Secretary with a further certificate before the 31st of January in the subsequent year, that she produced a living Calf; or that the Calf, 2f dead, was born at its proper time. No Mare will be eligible for a Prize unless certified either at the date of entry, or between the date of entry and that of the Show, to have had a living Foal; or that the Foal, if dead, was born at its proper time, and in the year of the Show; or in the event of a Mare being exhibited without a Foal at foot, a certificate shall be produced at the time of entry of her having been served, and the Prize shall be withheld till a certificate be produced of her having produced a foal. In accordance with the scheme of rotation of districts recently arranged by the Council, the Country Meeting for 1873 will be i" , Report to the General Meeting. xliii d in the district comprising Northumberland, Durham, and the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire. Invitations having been received from the authorities of Darlington, Hull, and ewcastle, a Committee was appointed to inspect and report pon the sites and other accommodation offered by the competing localities. After duly considering the report of this Committee, the Council have decided that the Country Meeting for 1873 shall be held at Hull. The Council have also to announce that the district which has been assigned for the Country Meeting of 1874 comprises the counties of Bedford, Cambridge, Essex, ertford, Huntingdon, Norfolk, and Suffolk. _ The Governors of the Royal Veterinary College have appointed Professor J. B. Simonds to fill the vacancy in the office of Prin- cipal of the College, created by the death of Professor Spooner. Tn consequence of this appointment Professor Simonds is unable to retain the post of Veterinary Inspector to the Royal Agri- cultural Society. The Council have resolved to make the usual grant to the Royal Veterinary College for the current year, on condition that one of the Professors of the Royal Veterinary College be allowed to act as the Veterinary Inspector of the Society. The Governors of ‘the College have accepted this arrangement and have also agreed to the following schedule of Members’ Veterinary Privileges :— __I. Serious or Extensive Diseases.—No. 1. Any Member of the Society who may desire professional attendance and special advice in cases of serious or extensive disease among his cattle, sheep, or pigs, will, on application to the Secretary, obtain the services of the Society’s Veterinary Inspector, to visit the place where the disease prevails. . No. 2. The remuneration of the Inspector will be 2/. 2s. each ‘day as a professional fee, and 1/. 1s. each day for personal ex-. -penses ; and he will also be allowed to charge the cost of travelling to and from the locality where his services may have been re- quired. The fees and expenses will be a charge against the applicant ; but this charge may be reduced or remitted altogether at the discretion of the Council, on such course being recom- mended to them by the Veterinary Committee. No, 3. The Inspector, on his return from visiting the diseased “stock, will report to the Committee, in writing, the results of his , observations and proceedings, which Report will be laid before © the Council. No. 4. When contingencies arise to prevent a personal dis- charge of the duties confided to the Inspecter, he may, subject — to the approval of the Committee, name some competent pro- fessional person to act in his stead, who shall receive the same rates of remuneration, Il. Ordinary or Other Cases of Disease-— Members may obtain the attendance of the Veterinary Inspector on any case of disease by paying the cost of his visit, which will be at the following rates, viz., 27. 2s. per diem, and travelling expenses. III. Consultations without visit—Personal consulta- tion with the Veterinary Inspector .. .. 5s. xliv Report to the General Meeting. Consultation, by letter)... i.e. es Consultation necessitating the writing of three or more letters .. .. «er sean SC Post-mortem examination ae report dhestess 10s. A return of the number of applications during each half-year being required from the Veterinary Inspector. IV. Admission of Diseased Animals to the Veterinary College, Investigations, Lectures, and Reports.—No. 1. All Members of the Society have the privilege of sending cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Infirmary of the Royal Veterinary College on the same terms as if they were Members of the College, viz., by paying for the keep and treatment of cattle 10s. 6d. per week eack animal, and for sheep and pigs “‘a small proportionate charge to to be fixed by the Principal according to circumstances.” No. 2. The College has also undertaken to investigate suck particular classes of disease, or special subjects connected with the application of the veterinary art to cattle, sheep, and pigs, as may be named by the Council. No. 3. In addition to the lectures now given by the Professor of Cattle Pathology to the pupils in the Royal Veterinary College, on special occasions the College undertake that one of the Professors shall also deliver such lectures before the Members of the Society, at their house in Hanover Square, as the Council shall desire. No. 4. The Royal Veterinary College will authorise their Principal to furnish to the Council, quarterly, a detailed report of the cases of cattle, sheep, and pigs treated in the Infirmary, " Report to the General Meeting. xly and also special reports from time to time on any matter of unusual interest, which may come under the notice of the College. The Council have also to announce that they have appointed Pro- fessor Simonds Consulting Veterinary Surgeon to the Society. The Agricultural Education examination was held at the Society’s Rooms on the days from Tuesday, April 16th, to Saturday April 20th, inclusive. Three of the candidates who entered at the proper time, and eight of those who entered too late for Prizes, appeared and were examined. Of those who were eligible for prizes, Mr. T. S, Minton has gained a first-class certificate, the life membership of the Society, and the prize for agriculture, in which subject he passed a very good examination. Of the other gentlemen, four passed, namely, Mr. Brown, Mr. Champion, Mr. Ashdown, and Mr. Elwell, who obtained first-class certi- ficates, and the life membership of the Society. Al] these gentle- men have been students at the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. By order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, £ecretary. < - | Dr. HALF-YEARLY CASH Accot To Balance in hand, Ist Januaey, 1872 :— £.. J saan Fe pankers "5. «ses bifes coy Wome soc 304 138 5 Secretary... 1s sa fne Past? Saebvem perecuichees aoe 6312 8 _—$—<— 368 6 To Income :— Dividends on'Stock ... js.) "ce! 22, eens Hoe) lao 352 12 10 Subscriptions i— Loe* Shas Governors’ Life-Compositions .. 170 0 0 Governors’ Annual .. og, ee 90r, ORO Members’ Life- -Compositions co (67770 RD Members’ Annual .. .. .. 2,933 19 0 4,070 19 0 Journal :— Sales: Sis. oe. i Maewit oct) etn 80 13 0 Advertisements .. .. .. «. 7 Am Gye? —_—_ 128 8 2 Wolverhampton Meeting ... .. .. o « 2.18 0 Total Incomes a .ivavhid\ 2 4,554 18 0O To Cardiff Meeting... «2. 7°)". .0 3. ne | 008) Or £9,581 13 BALANCE-SHE) To Capital :— LIABILITIES. Surplus, 3lst December, 1872 .. .. Surplus of Income over Expenditure during the Half-year:— Sp Gh uh Income* "2.725 i...) os A DOOMED Bxpenditure. << ows) 2yHO2n ECMO S85 A) £. 27,783 10 8 a 1,892 9 29,676 0 Less half-year’s interest and depreciation rei 210 0 Country Meeting Plant (£29,466 0 QUILTER, BALL, & CO., Accountants. CIETY OF ENGLAND. sT JANUARY TO 30TH JuNE, 1872. , Expenditure :— ie 8. d. _ Establishment :— WSalaries, Wages, &c. .. .. .. 468 12 0 House Expenses, Rent, Taxes, &c. 40715 9 Journal :— Printing and Stitching 376 5 0 Postage and Delivery.. .. .. 16117 6 _ Essays and other Contributions... 144 10 0 _ Woodeuts eee Sle 25°76) "0 _ Advertisements 6 8 6 Chemical :— Consulting Chemist's Salary 150 0 0 _ Grant for Investigations 200 0 0 Botanical :—Consulting Botanist’s Salary .. ice | Postage and Carriage Semevertisements .. .. .. .. Subscriptions paid in error returned Sundries :— Law Charges =6. OB eee enggtliegs 24 0 6 Expenses of Inspection Committee 18 6 2 Farm Inspection :— Advertising, &c. Wolverhampton Meeting .. .. Total Expenditure .. Bepeit Mecting) Hsrirc. .. 2. oe Balance in hand, 30th June :— Beeeoeee ee! .. | (Coast! 1,799) 1 0 Sh Pal aly, At Deposit with London and Westminster Bank ) H JUNE, 1872. ASSETS. coc. wep ee on oe Mueterhewnnt se oS. k. ’ New 3 per Cent. Stock 24,1121. 7s. 8d. cost* .. Books and Furniture in Society’s House ‘Country Meeting Plant .. oc | , : ‘ss at Credit of Cardiff Meeting | * Value at 924 = £22,302 4s, 44d. * Mem.—The above Assets are exclusive of the amount recoverable in respect of arrears of Subscription to 30th June, 1872, which at that date amounted to 1968l. 876 1,820 16 2,000 | —>_—. 0 oounce 7 0 Cr. 2,662 8 6 3,098 8 1 5,760 16 7 3,820 16 7 £9,581 138 2 SOrortg 30,783 1,317 aI £29,466 0 2 Examined, audited, and found correct, this 9th day of September, 1872. A. H. JOHNSON, FRANCIS SHERBORN, } Auditors on behalf of the Society. HENRY CANTRELL, (xviii ) SHOW AT CARDIFF, JULY, 1872. STEWARDS OF THE YARD. Stock. Jacop Witson (acting for Sir Watkin W. Wywsyn, Bart., M.P., President), RicHarD MILwarRD, Rozsert LEEDS. Implements. C. Wren Hosxyns, M.P., W. J. Epmonps, T. C. Booru. Forage. J. S. Corser. Honorary Director of the Show. B. T. BRaAnDRETH GIBBS. JUDGES OF STOCK HORSES. JosEPH ATKINSON, Major Bartow, H. BrppE.1, C. M. Nanay, B. SPRAGGON, J. H. Woop. CATTLE. Shorthorns. H. AYLMER, G. Drewry, N. Minne. Hereford, Welsh, and Castle-Martin Breeds. R. Back, E. Bravery, H. Haywoop. Devon ae gee Established Breeds, d Dairy Catvle. AN Pore, R. WoopMAN. Jersey and Guernsey. H. Mippieron, H. Darr. SHEEP. Leicester. EK. RieEy, W. Torr. Cotswold and Oxfordshire Downs. R. J. Newron, W. J. Epmonps,” Lincoln and Long Wool. C. CLARKE, H. MackInDeEr. Southdown, Hampshire, and Dorset. Ii. Fooxes, J. 8. TURNER. a7 Shropshire, Cheviot, Radnor and Welsh Mountain. W. Kemp Bournr, W. HENDERSON, R, H. MasFen. PIGS. J. H. Ciarx, J. FIsHer. Stewards, Judges, §c., at Wolverhampton. JUDGES OF STOCK—continued. Inspectors of Shearing. H. Bone, J. B. WoRKMAN. Veterinary Inspectors. ProFEssoR Brown, R. L. Hunt. JUDGES OF BUTTER AND CHEESE. Joun Davies, JoserH FLInv. JUDGES OF IMPLEMENTS. Scre W. MENELAvs, C.E. a en Classes Il., III, IV., & V.—Portable W. H. Crare. JoHN HicKEN, J. W. KimBeEr. JUDGES OF COTTAGE PLANS. JUDGES OF FARMS. am Threshing and_Finishing Ma- AEN and Straw or Hay Elevators, Miscellaneous Articles. Major H. V. GrantHam, Henry CAntTReELL, JouN HemsLeEy, MattTHew SaVIpGE. Grorce Hunv, CHARLES RANDELL, Txomas SAMPLE. Tuomas BowsTEaD, Finuay Duy, THomas JENKINS xlix Class I—Portable Steam Engines. Classes VI., VIL., dateies .—Seed Drawers, F. J. BRAMWELL, C.E., ss Dressing achines, and Corn (bs) AWARD OF PRIZES. —oo— Norz.—The Judges were instructed, after awarding the Prizes, to designate as the Reserve Number one animal in each Class, next in order of merit, if it possessed sufficient for a Prize—in case an animal to which a Prize was awarded should ‘subsequently become disqualified. : Special Prizes offered by the Cardiff Local Committee are marked thus (*), and those offered by the Glamorganshire General Agricultural Society thus (7). HORSES. Agricultural Stallions foaled before the 1st of January, 1870. Tae Fytpe Cart-Horse Brereprnc ImprovemMENT Company, Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire: First Prize, 25/., for “ Honest Tom,” bay, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. W. Welcher, Snare Hill, Thetford; sire, “Thumper ;” dam, “ Beauty ;” sire of dam, “ Emperor.” ; Coats SHARPLEY, Kelstern Hall, Louth, Lincolnshire: Szconp Prize, 15/., for “Le Bon,” bay, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. Fullard, Thorney ; sire, “ Wonder ;” sire of dam, “ Thumper.” Tuomas STATTER, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: Turrp Prize, 51., for “ Young Champion,” chestnut, 5 years-old; breeder unknown; sire, Mr. Stoke’s “‘ Champion.” Joun How, Denver, Downham Market, Norfolk: the Reserve Number, to “ Farmer’s Glory,” bay, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. Edwards, Waterbeach, Cambridge ; sire, “‘England’s Glory ;” sire of dam, ‘* Young Drayman.” Agricultural Stallions—Two Years Old. Freprerick Tuomas Bryan, Humberstone, Leicester: First Prize, 20/., for “The Monarch,” dark chestnut; bred by Mr. Baumber, Skirbeck, Boston ; sire, “ Farmer’s Glory ;” sire of dam, “ Robin Hood.” | JosrpH A. Summer, Debdale Farm, Mansfield, Notts: Szconp Prizn, 10/., for “ Waxwork,” dark grey; bred by himself; sire, “Lucky Boy ;” dam, ‘‘ Depper ;” sire of dam, “ Young England.” Wuii11am Davies, Mardu, Llandrinio, Oswestry: Tarp Prize, 5/., for “Montgomeryshire Hero,” bay; bred by himself; sire, ‘* Pride of Leighton;” dam, “ Ranger ;” sire of dam, “ Brown Stout.” Grorce Jonzs, Stow, Downham Market, Norfolk: the Reserve Number, to “Lyon,” dark brown; bred by himself; sire, “ Heart of Oak ;” dam, “ Lightsome.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. li Clydesdale Stallions foaled before the 1st of January, 1870. Rosert Orance, Bedlington, Morpeth, Northumberland : First Prize, 25/., for “Conqueror,” dark grey, 6 years-old; bred by the late Mr. J. Lilburn, Preston, North Shields; sire, “Young Glancer;” dam, “ Beauty ;” sire of dam, “ Young Conqueror.” Epwarp and Atrrep Sraxrorp, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex : Seconp Prize, 15/., for “ The Duke,” brown, 5 years-old; bred by the Duke of Hamilton, Hamilton, N.B.; sire, “Sir Walter Scott;” dam, “‘ The Belle;” sire of dam, “ Lothian Tom.” Tomas Starter, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: Turrp F a 51, for “Young Bobby Burns,” bay, 5 years-old; breeder un- nown. Clydesdale Stallions—Two Years Old. GrorcE and Wui1am H. Bornam, Wexham Court, Slough, Bucks: Firsr Prize, 20/., for “‘ Bucks Hero,” bay; bred by Mr. W. H. Botham; sire, “The Don ;” dam, “ Highland Lass ;” sire of dam, “ Briton.” THomas StaATTER, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Sir Walter Scott,” black; bred byzhimself; sire, “Sir Robert Bruce ;” dam, “ Jet.” Suffolk Stallions foaled before the 1st of January, 1870. Cuartes Bosy, Alton Hall, Stutton, Ipswich, Suffolk: First Prize, 251., for ‘* Royal Prince,” chestnut, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. C. Frost, Wherstead, Ipswich ; sire, Boby’s ‘‘ Conqueror.” Wit114m Byrorp, The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk: Srconp Prize, 15/., for “Volunteer,” chestnut, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. L. Wrinch, Birch Hall, Walton, Essex; sire, Walton’s ‘“ Warrior ;” sire of dam, Catlin’s “Duke.” Suffolk Stallions—Two Years Old. CaartEs Bosy, Alton Hall, Stutton, Ipswich, Suffolk: First Prizx, 20/., for his chestnut ; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal Prince ;” dam, “ Moggey.” Thoroughbred Stallions, suitable for getting Hunters. James Morrat, Kirklinton Park, Carlisle, Cumberland: First Prize, 501., for “Laughing Stock,” bay, 13 years-old; bred by Sir C. Monks, Bart.,. Belsea Castle, Morpeth ; sire, “Stockwell;” dam, “Gaiety ;” sire of dam, “ Touchstone.” Joun Rexzs, Llanboidy, Whitland, Carmarthenshire: SzconpPrizx, 28/., for “ Christmas Carol,” brown, 10 years-old ; breeder unknown; sire, “ Rata- plan ;” dam, “ Mistletoe ;” sire of dam, “ Melbourne.” Masor J. Smreson Bartarp, The Verlands, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire : Tuiep Prizz, 10/., for “ Reinfrid,’ bay, aged; breeder unknown; sire, “¢ Newminster ;” dam, “ Marchioness D’Eu;” sire of dam, “ Magpie.” Wi1am Taytor SHarre, Baumber Park, Horncastle, Lincolnshire: the Reserve Number, to “Suffolk,” brown, 7 years-old; bred by Baron Rothschild, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard; sire, “ North Lincoln ;” dam, “Protection ;” sire of dam, “ Defence.” hii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. : Stallions, above 14 hands, but not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches, suitable for getting Hackneys. BensAmin Batperston, Mount Pleasant, Sibsey, Boston, Lincolnshire: Firsr PrizE, 201., for “ Norfolk Hero,” dark brown, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. Mason, Wereham, Norfolk ; sire, “‘ Perfection ;” sire of dam, “ Wonder.” James LockHart, Culmington, Bromfield, Salop: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “Dick Turpin,” dark bay, 5 years-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘ Pre- scription ;” dam, “ Peggy ;” sire of dam, “ Topsail.” ; Joun LANGLEY, Shirenewton, Chepstow, Monmouthshire: Tatrp Prize, 5/., for “Telegram,” dapple grey, 9 years-old; bred by Mr. T. C. Bolton, Shirenewton. ? Wiutitam Grirrirx, Ely Common, Cardiff: the Reserve Number, to “ Ancient Briton,” mottled dun, 13 years-old; bred by the late Mr. D. Griffith, Bonvilstone, Cardiff; sire, “Cymro Bach ;” sire of dam, “ Railway.” Pony Stallions, not exceeding 14 hands. Henry RounpEett, The Queen’s Head Hotel, Otley, Yorkshire: First Prize, 151., for “Sir George,” brown, 5 years-old: bred by Mr. W. Walker, Shadwell, Leeds; sire, “ Suatenaee dam, “Black Bess.” Tom LLEWELLYN Brewer, Dan-y-graig, Newport, Monmouthshire: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “ Blue Pill,” grey, 5 years-old; bred by Mr. B. Giles, Ludlow ; sire, ‘‘ Prescription ;’ dam, “Cinder;” sire of dam, “Chan- ticleer.”’ Pony Stallions, not exceeding 13 hands. THe Marquess oF Bute, Cardiff Castle: First PRIZE, 1bl; forte Cymro,” light chestnut, 3 years-old; bred by himself: sire, “ Cymro Bach ;” “Welsh Pony.” Joun ANDREW Doytre, Plas-Dulas, Abergele, Denbighshire: SzconD Prize, 10/., for ‘ ‘Tramp,” bay, 8 years-old; bred by himself; sire, “Young — Bantam ;” dam, ‘‘ Gipsy.” Agricultural Mares in foal, or with foal at foot. Epmunp Crowe, Denver, Downham Market, Norfolk: First Prizx, 20/., for “Smart,” bay, 10 years-old (in foal); bred by Mr. J. Betts, Downham Market ; sire, Mr. Dack’s “‘ Matchless.” FREDERICK STREET, Harrowden House, Bedford: Szconp ey i for — “ Beauty,” roan, 6 years-old (and foal by “ King of the Country ”) red by Mr. Granger, Haddenham, Isle of Ely ; sire of dam, Tibbit’s * di ped Joun Lamp and J. Cooper BowstTeapD, Penrith, Cumberland: Turrp Prize, 51, for their brown, 7 years-old (and foal by “True Briton”); bred b Mr. T. Kitching, Clifton Moor, Penrith; sire, Mr. Robinson’s “ Farmer's Glory ;” sire of dam, Earl of Lonsdale’s “ Farmer’s Glory.” WiuraM Prees, Underhill Cottage, Bridgend, Glamorganshire: the Reserve Number, to “ Lofty,” bay, 8 years- -old (in foal to “ Young King of = Vale”); breeder unknown. Clydesdale Mares, in foal or with foal at foot. TnHomMAs STATTER, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: First Pau, 202., for * Mis. Muir,” bay, 6 years-old (in’ foal to “ Black Prineé”); breeder unknown. ’ Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Cardiff. liii Ricard Tomas, Upper Court Farm, Margam, Taibach, Glamorganshire * Second Prize, 10/., for “Buntyn,” dark bay, 7 years old (and foal by “Young Hero”), bred by himself; sire, “ Prince of Wales ;” dam, “ Jolly.” Suffolk Mares, in foal or with foal at foot. Rozert Caron, Dennington, Wickham Market, Suffolk: First Prize, 20/7., for “Gyp,” chestnut, 9 years-old (and foal by Mr. Garrett’s “Cup Bearer”); bred by himself; sire, Mr. Capon’s “ Duke ;” dam, “ Gyp the 3rd ;” sire of dam, Mr. Wilson’s “ Goliah.” Joun J. Stone, Scyborwen, Llantrissent, Newport, Monmouthshire: Srconp PrizxE, 10/., for ‘‘Garnet,” chestnut, 5 years-old (in foal to ‘ Lord Suffolk”); bred by himself; sire, “ Young Champion ;” dam, “ Smart.” Mares in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for breeding Hunters. Wii1am §. Cartwricut, Newport, Monmouthshire: First Prize, 25/., for * “Fairminster,” bay, 6 years-old (and foal by “ Saunterer”); bred by himself; sire, “ Newminster ;’ dam, “ Fairwater;” sire of dam, ‘* Loup- Garou.” omas Fox, Avenham Hall, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire: Szconp PrizE, 15/., for ‘‘ Pink,” chestnut, 10 years-old (and foal by “‘Carbineer”); bred by himself; sire, “ Sharston ;” sire of dam, “Octavian.” oux THomas Roptyson, Leckby Palace, Asenby,-Thirsk: Turrp Prizg, 51., for “ Go-a-Head,” bay, 13 years-old (and foal by ‘“‘Scandal”); breeder unknown; sire, “ Sir William.” HomAS Witi1aMs, Albrightlee, Battlefield, Shrewsbury: the Reserve Number, to “ Alice,” chestnut, 10 years-old (and foal by “‘ De Clare”); bred by the late Mr. Davis, Wem; sire, ‘‘ Hurworth.” res, above 14 hands, and not exceeding 15 hands 1 inch, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for breed*ng Hackneys. ALEXANDER SHERRATT, Holdberry Farm, Occlepitchard, Hereford: Fist Prizz, 201., for “Polly,” dark chestnut, 183 years-old (and foal by “Wolsey”); bred by the Rev. C. L. Eagles; sire, “ Hereford;” dam, “Fanny.” LBAN Watts, New House, Coity, Bridgend, Glamorganshire: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for “The Rosy Morn,” chestnut, aged (and foal by “Loyola”); bred by Major Ballard, The Verlands, Cowbridge; sire, “ Morning Herald ;” dam, “ Rosina;” sire of dam, “ Hereford.” ‘yoMas Tones, Cross Lane Head, Bridgnorth, Salop: Txirp Prize, 5/., for _ “Judy,” grey, 14 years-old (and foal by ‘Wandering Minstrel”) ; breeder unknown; sire of dam, “ Little Tom.” Homas Gopparp, The Greenwood, St. Fagans, Cardiff: the Reserve Number, to “Finale,” bay, 9 years-old (in foal to “ Reinfrid”) ; bred by himself ; | sire, “ Clapham.” Pony Mares not exceeding 14 hands. W1LAM Coates, Scarborough Farm, Winchcombe: First PRIZE, 101, for “ Kitty,” chestnut, 6 years-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Douglas. EORGE SAMUEL WorrTHINGTON, Cardiff: Second Prize, 5/., for “ Polly,” brown, 7 years-old ; breeder unknown. VOL. VIII.—S. Ss. e liv; = Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Wuu1am M. Spence, Otley, Yorkshire: the Reserve Number, to “Lady Lascelles,” dark brown, 5 years-old; bred by himself; sire, “ King Brian ;” dam, “ Bessy.” Pony Mares not exceeding 13 hands, Witiiam ALLEN, Vaindre Hall, Cardiff: First Prize, 10/., for ‘ Jenny,” chestnut, 8 years-old; breeder unknown, RicHarD TRAVELL, Mount Stuart Hotel, Docks, Cardiff: Szconp Prizz, 5I., for “ Polly,” bay, 6 years-old ; breeder unknown. Tuomas Starter, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: the Reserve Number, to “ Queen Bee,” brown, 6 years-old ; breeder unknown, {Welsh Ponies not exceeding 13 hands, any age or sex, Joun Tuomas, Church Street, Cardiff: First Prizr, 10/., for ‘ Minnie,” dark chestnut mare, 5 years-old ; bred by Mr. Williams, Aberpergwm, Neath; dam, ‘‘ Mountain Lass ;” sire of dam, “ Cymro Bach.” Henry Bowen, Spring Bank, Cardiff: Szconp Prize, 5/., for “Dandy,” chestnut gelding, aged ; breeder unknown. Wiuram Aten, Vaindre Hall, Cardiff: the Reserve Number, to “ Kitty,” chestnut mare, 7 years-old ; breeder unknown. Agricultural Fillies—Two Years. old. Henry Purser, Willington Manor, Bedford: First Prizz, 15/., for “ Honest Lass,” bay; bred by Mr. J. L. Curtis, of Chatteris, March, Cambridge- shire ; sire, Welcher’s “ Honest Tom ;” dam, “ Pink.” Epmunp Crows, Denver, Downham Market, Norfolk: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for ‘ Flower,” chestnut; bred by himself; sire, “ Young England’s Glory ;” dam, “Smart ;” sire of dam, “ Matchless.” Grorce Street, Maulden, Ampthill, Bedfordshire: Tutrp Prize, 5/., for his roan; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Young Britain ;” dam, “‘ Brown.” Sopnra Muinyousr, Sketchley Hall, Hinckley, Leicestershire: the Reserve Number, to “ Louisa,” bay ; bred by herself; sire, ‘‘ Black Prince ;” dam, “ Bonny.” Clydesdale Fillies—Two Years old. Grorcr Hampron, North End, Findon, Washington, Pulborough, Sussex: First Prizz, 15/., for “ Blue Bell,” grey; bred by himself; sire, “The Duke ;” dam, “ Heather Bell.” *Hunter Mares or Geldings, up to not less than 15 stones, Freperick B. Jones, Westhall Court Farm, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: First Prizr, 20/., for his brown gelding, 6 years-old; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Lovett ;” sire of dam, “ Steamer.” Grorcr Wit11aM Grirriras Tuomas, The Heath, Cardiff, Glamorganshire: Second Prize, 10/., for “Iris,” bay, aged; bred by Mr, Alfred Meirs, Sligo, Ireland ; sire, “ Arthur.” Masor J. Stwpson Batuarp, The Verlands, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire Tarp Prize, 5/., for ‘ Redwing,” bay mare, 5 years-old; bred by him- self; sire, ‘Clapham ;” dam, “Duckwing ;” sire of dam, “ Game Cock.’ Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. ly TuE Hon. Joun Jocenyn Bourke, 9, Buckingham Vale, Clifton, Bristol : the Reserve Number, to “The Colonel,” bay gelding, 6 years-old ; bred by himself ; sire, “The General ;” dam, “ Kitt.” *Hunter Mares or Geldings, up to not less than 12 stones. Atrrep Darsy, Stanley Hall, Bridgnorth, Salop: First Prizx, 201., for _ “General Hood,” dark chestnut gelding, 7 years-old ; bred by Mr, F, L. Popham, Littlecote Park, Hungerford ; sire, “Star of the West.” Henry Howext, Coates, Cirencester, Gloucestershire: Seconp Prize, 102, for “Lancer,” chestnut gelding, 8 years-old; bred by Mr. F. Day, - 4, Rosslyn Villas, Shurdington Road, Cheltenham ; sire, Laughbawn. _Prancts Epmunp Sracey, Llandough Castle, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire : _ Tarrp Prizx, 5/., for “ Bianconi,” bay gelding, 7 years-old; breeder unknown, Cuartes Bast Mansrrecp, Llysonen, St. Clears, Carmarthenshire: the Reserve Number, to “The Lamb,” light bay gelding, 6 years-old; bred by Mr. Evans, Nantzwyn, Newcastle, Cardiganshire; sire, “ Compro- mise ;” dam, “ Kitty ;” sire of dam, “ Expense.” *Hunter Mares or Geldings—Four Years Old. : Cuartes Cooke, Taddington, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire: First PRiZE, 201., for “Admiral,” iron-grey gelding; bred by Captain Somner, Berkeley, Gloucestershire; sire, “The Sharper.” James Morrat, Kirklinton Park, Carlisle: Srconp Prizg, 10/., for “ Lady Graham,” brown filly; bred by Mr. Pewley, Wardhole Guards, Aspatria ; ~~ sire, “ Laughing Stock ;” sire of dam, “ Brilliant.” Davi Howe. Tuomas, Derllys Court, Carmarthen: Tup Prize, 51., for “Policeman,” bay gelding; bred by himself; sire, “Detective ;’ dam, “One Eye ;” sire of dam, “ Harkaway.” James WaLMsLEY TEASDALE, Poyerston, Pembroke: the Reserve Number, to *“Theodore,” bay gelding; bred by himself; sire, “Artful ;’ dam, “Myrtle ;” sire of dam, ‘“ Langton.” *Hunter Mares or Geldings—Three Years Old. J. M. Tarrersat, Muserave, Beverley, Yorkshire: First Prize, 201., for “Honeycomb,” chestnut gelding; breeder unknown; sire “ Angelus ;” _ sire of dam, “ Canute,” or “ Little Known.” “Tuomas Horrocks MILLER, Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire: SEconD: «| Prize, 10/., for “ Kettledrum,” chestnut gelding; bred by himself; sire, “ Kettledrum ;” sire of dam, “Sir Harny.” Henry Gzorce Aten, 66, St. James’s Street, London; Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Cape Horn,” brown gelding; bred by himself; sire, “Cape Fly- __ away ;” dam, “ Countess ;” sire of dam, “Slane.” Lewis J ENKINs, Tynycaid, Bridgend, Glamorganshire: the Reserve Number, * to “Sawara,” chestnut gelding ; bred by himself; sire, “ Clapham ;” dam, S* Scott.” *Hunter Geldings or Fillies—Two Years Old, by a Thoroughbred Horse. Tuomas Horrocks Mituer, Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire: Firsr ~ Prize, 10/., for “Singleton,” bay gelding; bred by himself; sire, “ Car- bineer.” : é _ lvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. LLEWELLYN and Henry Tuomas, Tydraw, Llantrithyd, Cowbridge, Glamor- ganshire: Srconp Prize, 5/., for their brown gelding; bred by them- selves; sire, ‘‘Llandaff;” dam, “ Sweetbriar;” sire of dam, ‘‘ Peppermint.” Russett Swanwick, R. A. College Farm, Cirencester, Gloucestershire: the Reserve Number, to his bay filly; pred by himself; sire, ‘ Redbourn ;” dam, “ Brunette.” *Hunter Geldings or Fillies—One Year Old, by a Thoroughbred Horse, Tomas Horrocks Mriuuer, Singleton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire: Firsr PrizE, 10/., for “ Victor,” bay gelding; bred by himself; sire, “ Car- bineer ;” dam, ‘‘ Lady Emily ;” sire of dam, “ Faugh-a-ballagh.” Joun Evans, Pengam House, Cardiff: Szconp Prizx, 51., for “Black Bess,” black filly ; bred by himself; dam, “ Brunette.” Epwarp and ALFRED StTanrorD, Eatons, Ashurst, Steyning, Hurstpierpoint, Sussex: the Reserve Number, to “Sabina,” brown filly ; bred by them- selves; sire, “ Master Fenton:” dam, “Lady Mary ” sire of dam, “Royal William.” *Roadster Mares or Geldings, above 14 hands 1 inch, and not exceeding 15 hands. Tuomas Gopparp, The Greenwood, St. Fagans, Cardiff: First Prize, 15/., for “ Dandy,” cream gelding, 6 years-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Ancient Briton ;” dam, “ Fanny.” Bryan George Davies Cooxr, Colomendy, Mold, Flintshire : SEcoND: Prize, 101., for “ General,” 5 years-old, iron-grey gelding (Welsh) ; bred by Mr. Williams, Flintshire. THomas STaTTeR, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: the Reserve Number, to his brown mare, 5 years-old; breeder unknown. {Cob Mares or Geldings, above 13 hands and not exceeding 14 hands 1 inch. Francis Epmunp Stacey, Llandough Castle, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First Prizz, 15/., for “Tommy Dodd,” brown gelding, 8 years-old; breeder unknown ; sire, “ Highflyer;” sire of dam, “ Comet.” Wittram Harrys, Canton, Cardiff: Szconp Prizn, 10/., for ‘‘Cwmyro,” chestnut gelding, 4 years-old; bred by Mr. D.' Prichard, Beaufort, Monmouthshire; sire, “ Express,” Wuu1am Nicks, Greville House, Gloucester: the Reserve Number, to “ Gaylad,” dark chestnut gelding, 6 years-old; breeder unknown. * Agricultural Mares or Geldings—Three Years Old. Tomas TowNLEY PARKER, Charnock, Chorley, Lancashire: First Prizx, 102., for “ Princess,” brown filly ; bred by Mr. John Linton, Westwick Hall, Cambridge ; sire, “ Honest Tom ;” dam, “ Trip.” JAMES Perry, Salter’s Hall, Claverley, Bridgnorth, Salop: Sxconp Prize, ‘Bh, for “ Captain,” chestnut gelding; bred by Mr. T. Wall, Wollaston, Stour- bridge; sire, “ Champion.” Rees Wart Bripewater, Great Porthamal, Talgarth, Bieaes the Re- serve Number, to “ Matchless,” grey mare ; bred by himself. , Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. lvil *Agricultural Mares or Geldings—Two Years Old. Samvuet C. Pirarim, The Outwoods, Hinckley, Leicestershire: First Prize, 10/., for his bay gelding; bred by himself; sire, “ Royal Conqueror ;” dam, “ Blossom ;” sire of dam, ‘“‘ Ranton Robin.” Tomas W. D. Harris, Wootton, Northampton: Srconp Prize, 5U., for his red roan gelding; bred by Mr. Thomas Longland, Yardley Hastings, Northampton. Jacop Lewis, Radyr Farm, Cardiff: the Reserve Number, to his dark bay gelding ; bred by himself; sire, “Sir Robert ;’ dam, “ Darby.” *Agricultural Mares or Geldings—One Year Old. FREDERIC Srreet, Harrowden House, Bedford: First Prizz, 100., for “Diamond,” bay filly ; bred by Mr. Pestell, Great Staughton, Hunts. _ Epwarp Puinuimore, Prestbury Park Farm, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire : SEconD Prizs, 5/., for ‘‘ Perfection ;” red roan filly; bred by himself; sire, “ Hartpury ;” dam, “ Flower ;” sire of dam, ‘“ Thumper.” tAgriculiural Geldings or Mares, in pairs—Of any age. CuaRLEs WitLIAM BrierteEy, Rhodes House, Middleton, Manchester: First ‘Prize, 20/., for “‘Champion,” bay gelding, 6 years-old; breeder un- known: and for ‘‘ Warwick,” chestnut gelding, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Cook, Leamington. _ CHARLES WiLLIAM Brieriey, Rhodes House, Middleton, Manchester : SEconD Prizz, 10/., for ‘Sensation,’ grey gelding, 7 years-old; bred by Mr. Tennant, Barlow, Selby; sire, “John Bull;” dam, “ Diamond :” and for “ Flirt,” grey mare, 5 years-old; breeder unknown. Tuomas Starrer, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: the Reserve Number, to “ Jet,” black mare, 9 years-old: and to ‘‘ Lassie,” bay mare, 7 years-old (Clydesdales) ; breeders unknown. {Draught Mares or Geldings, in pairs—For underground purposes. Tuomas Srarrer, junior, Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester: First Prize, 201., for “ Bobby,” brown gelding, 8 years-old: and for “ Bonny,” brown mare, 7 years-old; breeders unknown. CATTLE. Shorthorns—Bulls above Three Years old. Joun Ovruwairs, Bainesse, Catterick, Yorkshire: First Prizx, 30/., for “ Royal Windsor ” (29,890), white, 3 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old ; bred by Mr. T. Willis, Carperby, Leyburn ; sire, “ Windsor Fitz Windsor” (25,458); dam, “Royal Lily” by “Fitz Clarence” (14,552); gr. d., “ Water Lily,” by the “ Silkie Laddie” (10,947); g. gr. d., “ Lily of the Nile” by “ Wilberforce” (9880). Wiuiiam Lrxton, Sheriff Hutton, York: Sxconp Prizx, 20., for “ Lord Irwin,” white, 3 years, 5 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire, _ Ivili Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. “British Hope” (21,324); dam, “ Handmaid” by ‘* May Day” (20,388); gr.d., “ White Rose” by “Magnus Troil” (14,880); g. gr.d., “ Miss Hen- derson” by “ Magnus Troil” (14,880). A James Cooper Bowsteap, Hackthorpe Hall, Penrith, Cumberland: Tarep Prize, 15/., for “ Flag of Britain” (23,955), white, 5 years, 8 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. W. Torr, Aylesby Manor, Great Grimsby ; sire, “ Breastplate” (19,337); dam, ‘‘ Flower of Britain” by “British Prince” (14,197); gr. d., “Flower Lady” by “ Vanguard (10,994) ; g. gr. d., “ Flower Girl” by “ Londesboro’” (6142), : LiEut.~Cotonet Loyp Liypsay, V.C., M.P., Lockinge Park, Wantage, Berks: Fourts Prize, 10/., for “ Lord Napier,” roan, 3 years, 7 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by Mr. G. Garne, Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton; sire, “‘ Royal Butterfly 20th” (25,007); dam, “ Levity” by “Cambridge Prince Royal” (19,380); gr. d., “ Lovely ” by “ Progression” (16,770). JouN Cooke, Ballyneal House, New Ross, Kilkenny, Ireland: the Reserve Number, to “St. Ringgan” (27,417), roan, 5 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by the Hon. G. EH, Lascelles, Moor Hill, Harewood, Yorkshire; sire, “Good Fitz” (21,844); dam, ‘‘ Brenda” by “Gay Monk” (19,831); gr. d., “ Moll” by “ Hopewell” (10,332); g. gr. d., “ Memento” by “ Vanguard” (10,994). Shorthorns—Bulls above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. JoHN Lams, Burrell Green, Penrith, Cumberland: First Prizn, 25/., for “Tgnoramus” (28,887), roan, 2 years, 2 months, 2weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Earl of Eglington” (23,832); dam, “ Lauristina” by “ Edgar” (19,680); gr. d., “‘ Laurel” by “ Nanwick” (16,685); g. gr. d., . “Lilac” by “Sulyman” (12,157). GrorcE Garne, Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire: Sxcoxp Prizk, 15/., for “Earl of Warwickshire 3rd” (28,524), roan, 2 years, 7 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by Mr. H. J. Sheldon, Brailes House, Shipston-on-Stour ; sire, “Duke of Brailes” (23,724); dam, “Lady Emily 2nd” by “Seventh Duke of York” (17,754); gr.d., “Lady Emily” by “Duke of Bolton” (12,738); g. gr. d., “ Eugenie” by “Grey Friar” (9172). CuARLES WILLIAM Briertey, Rhodes House, Middleton, Manchester: Txrrp Prize, 10/., for “‘Prince Charlie,” roan, 2 years, 2 months, 1 week, 2 days- old; bred by Mr. J. Meadows, Thornville, Wexford ; sire, “ Prince of the Realm” (22,627); dam, “Chintz” by “Fugleman” (14,580); gr. d., “Chance” by “ Prince Consort” (16,729); g. gr. d., “Chance” by «Prince Ernest” (7366). Josren Srrarron, Alton Priors, Marlborough, Wilts: Fourta Prizm, 51., for ‘“‘Master Glanville,” rich roan, 2 years, 8 months-old; bred by the late Mr. R. Stratton, Burderop, Swindon; sire, “James Ist” (24,202); dam, “ Miss Glanville 38rd” by “ Buckingham” (15,700) ; gr. d., “ Miss Glanville” by ‘‘ Waterloo” (11,025); g. gr. d., “Rose Anne” by “Hero of the West” (8150). Ricuarp Srratron, The Duffryn, Newport, Monmouthshire: the Reserva Number, to “ Saunterer ” (29,934), roan, 2 years, 5 months, 1 week, 2 days- old; bred by the late Mr. R. Stratton, Burderop, Swindon ; sire, “ James Ist” (24,202); dam, “Vesta” by “ Ranger” (24,891); gr. d., “ Rosy” y * Speculation ” (20,882) ; g..gr. d,, “ Matchless 9th” by “ The Baronet. (17,088). Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Cardiff. lix Shorthorns—Yearling Bulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Wiu11am Lrxtox, Sheriff Hutton, York: First Prize, 25/., for “Leeman,” red and white, 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by him- self; sire, “Serjeant-Major” (29,957); dam, “ Mushroom” by. “ Earl ~ Windsor” (17,788); gr. d., “ Beauty 2nd” by “ Magnus Troil” (14,880) ; g. gr. d., “ Beauty” by “Bates” (12,451). AtEexanDER Henry Browne, Bank House, Acklington, Northumberland: SeconD Psuzg, 15/., for “ Duke of Aosta,” roan, 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by Mr. T. H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick ; sire, “K.C.B.” (26,492); dam, “Queen of Spain” by “Velasco” (15,443); gr. d., “Ciss” by “Young Hopewell” (14,719); g. gr. d., “Cicely” by “‘ Bellemont” (11,164). Cotoyet. Cartes Townetey, Towneley, Burnley: Tutrp Prize, 10/., for “Baron Colling 2nd,” red, 1 year, 6 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Baron Oxford” (23,375); dam, “Lady Butterfly 2nd” by “6th Duke of Airdrie (19,602); er. d., “Lady Butterfly” by ‘Great Mogul” (14,651); g.gr.d., “Red Butterfly” by “ Master Butterfly ” (13,311). CoLosEL CuaRLes TowNELEy, Towneley, Burnley: FourtaPrizz, 5/., for “Kenelm Butterfly,” roan, 1 year, 6 months, 4 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ Baron Oxford” (23,375); dam, “‘ Royal Butterfly’s Duchess” by “Royal Butterfly” (16,862); gr. d., “Roan Duchess 2nd” by “Frederick” (11,489); g. gr. d., “Roan Duchess” by “ Whittington” (12,299). r Lirvrt.-Con. Loyp Linpsay, V.C., M.P., Lockinge Park, Wantage, Berks: the Reserve Number, to “ Magdala,” roan, 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days- ‘old:; bred by himself; sire, “ Lord Napier” (26,691); dam, “ Rossette” by “Costa” (21,487); gr. d., “ Rossette” by “ Prince of Prussia” (16,752); g. gr. d., “ Red Rose@? by “ Horatio ” (10,335). ‘ ‘Shorthorns—Bull Calves above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Emity Lapy Picot, Branches Park, Newmarket: Firast Prize, 152, for “ Rapid,” roan, 10 months, 5 days-old; bred by herself; sire, ‘* Bythis” (25,700); dam, “Dame Swift” by “Prince of Buckingham ” (27,101) ; gr. d., “ Dame Quickly” by Velasco” (15,443); g. gr. d., “‘ Barmaid” by “ British Prince” (14,197). » CotonEL CHArtes TowNeELEY, Towneley, Burnley: Szeconp Prizz, 101., for “ Hubback, Jun.,” red, little white, 10 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Baron Hubback” (25,569) ; dam, “ Duchess of Lan- easter 5th” by “Inglewood” (20,006); gr. d., “ Duchess of Lancaster 2nd” by “Precedent” (11,918); g. gr. d., “Lancaster Belle” by “Louis Napoleon 2nd” (13,259). Joux Kerstey Fowter, Prebendal Farms, Aylesbury, Bucks: Tamp Prizx, 51., for “ Royal Geneva,” rich roan, 11 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ King Charming ;’ dam, “Lady Geneya 2nd” by “Duke of Cumberland” (21,584); gr. d., “ Lady Geneva” by “ Duke of Geneva” (19,614); g. gr. d. by “ Marmaduke” (14,897). i) Joux Wuitams, The Rectory Farm, Llantrithyd, Cowbridge, Glamorgan- shire: the Reserve Number, to “ Llantrithyd,” roan, 11 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Blandy;” dam, “‘The Woman in White” by “Kettledrum ;” gr. d., “ Rosemary Lady Grey ” by “ May- » ») fly(11,818); ge gr. d., “ Prettymaid” by “ Solway” (7530). ; lx Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Shorthorns—Cows above Three Years old. ALEXANDER Henry Browne, Bank House, Acklington, Northumberland: First Prizg, 20/., for “ Primrose,” red and white, 3 years, 7 months, 1 week, 2 days-old, in-milk; bred by Mr. L. C. Crisp, Hawkhill, Alnwick ; sire, “Prowler” (22,662); dam, “Rose 2nd” by “ Peak” (24,783); gr. d., “Napier Rosebud” by “ Lord Napier” (14,882); g. gr. d. by “Sam Glen” (10,780). Wiii1am Henry Hewett, Norton Court, Taunton: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for “Nelly,” white, 3 years, 7 months, 4 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “James 1st” (24,202); dam, “Maid of Athens” by “ Moonraker” (22,383); gr. d., “Etiquette” by “Tenantry” (13,829); g. gr. d., “ Eurydice” by “Red Duke” (8694). ; GrorcE Garwne, Churchill Heath, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire: Tarp Prize, 5/., for “‘ Princess Alexandra,” white, 4 years, 1 month, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by himself, in-milk; sire, “ex ” (24,946); dam, “ Princess of Wales” by “ Programme ” (20,608) ; gr.d., ‘‘ Princess Maud” by “ Pro- gression” (16,770); g. gr. d., “Princess Alice” by “Tom Painter” (15,423). Cartes A. Barnes, Charleywood, Rickmansworth, Herts: the Reserve Number, to “English Emily,” red, little white, 8 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old, in-milk; bred by the late Mr. R. Sharpe, Courtlands, East Grinstead ; sire, ‘‘ Englishman” (19,701); dam, “‘ Miss Emily” by “Young Duke of Cambridge” (14,433); gr. d., “Young Celia 2nd” by “Lord of the South;” g. gr. d., “Young Celia” by “ Lord of the North” (11,743). Shorthorns —Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old. Henry Frederick Smitu, Lamwath House, Sutton, Hull: First Prize, 15/., for “‘ Lamwath Violet,” white, 2 years, 5 months, 4 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Booth’s Kinsman” (25,658) ; dam, “ Sweet White Violet” by “Sutler” (23,061); gr. d., “Violet” by “Prince George” (13,510) ; g. gr. d., “Carnation” by “ Leo” (13,150). CoLoNEL CHARLES TowNELEY, Towneley, Burnley, Lancashire: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for ‘‘ Baron Oxford’s Duchess,” red, 2 years, 10 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old, in-milk; bred by himself; sire, “ Baron Oxford” (23,375); dam, “Duchess of Lancaster 2nd” by “Precedent” (11,918); gr. d., “ Lancaster Belle” by ‘“ Louis Napoleon 2nd” (18,259); g. gr. d., “The Duchess of Lancaster” by ‘“ Duke of Lancaster” (10,929). JOHN JEFFRIES Stong, Scyborwen, Llantrissant, Newport, Monmouthshire: Tuirp Prize, 5/., for “Stuart Duchess 8rd,” dark roan, 2 years, 7 months, 2 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “2nd Duke of Wetherby” (21,618); dam, “ Mary Stuart” by “Jason” (14,736); gr. d., “Catty” by “Friar John” (12,905); g. gr. d., “Cathleen” by “ Duke of Rich- mond” (7996). Shorthorns—Yearling Heifers above One and not exceeding Two Years old. CoLonEL CHarLEs TowNELEy, Towneley, Burnley: First Prize, 151., for “Oxford Beauty,” roan, 1 year, 6 months, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Baron Oxford” (23,375); dam, “British Beauty” by “ British Prince” (14,197); gr. d., “Lady Abbess” by “Cardinal” (11,246) ; g. gr. d., “ Zena Gross” by ‘‘ Sheldon” (8557). ; Joseru STRATTON, Alton Priors, Marlborough, Wilts: Szconp Prizg, 102, Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. lxi for “ Village Rose,” red, 1 year, 7 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by the late Mr. R. Stratton; ‘sire, “James 1st” (24,202); dam, “ April Rose” by “ Warwick” (19,120); gr. d., “March Rose” by “ Young Windsor” (17,241); g. gr. d., “Christmas Rose” by “His Highness” _ (14,708). CoLoneL Cuartes TownELEy, Towneley: Turrp Prize, 51., for “ Butterfly’s Memento 3rd,” red and white, 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Baron Oxford” (23,375) ; dam, “ Butterfly’s Wing” by “Royal Butterfly 5th” (18,756); gr. d., “Batwing 3rd” by “Holkham” (16,274) ; g. gr. d., “Batwing” by “Ribblesdale” (7422). JoserH Stratton, Alton Priors, Marlborough: the Reserve Number, to “Mabel,” rich roan, 1 year, 11 months, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by the late Mr. R. Stratton, Burderop, Swindon; sire, “James Ist” (24,202); dam, “Miranda” by “Knight of the “ Lagan” (20,082) ; gr. d., “ Moss (on i‘ by “ Hickory” (14,706) ; g. gr.d., ‘Moss Rose” by “Phenix” 6290). Shorthorns—Heifer Calves, above Six and under Twelve Months old. R. J. Maxwett Gusterox, Glanatore, Curryglass, County Waterford, Ireland: First Prizx, 10/., for “Emma Courtoun,” roan, 11 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘ Earl of Courtoun ” (28,500) ; dam, “Emma” by “Master Harbinger” (18,352) ; gr. d., “ Emily 2nd” by “Orator” (15,026) ; g. gr. d., “Emily” by “ Roan Duke” (13,603). The Rev. Waurer Syevp, Keele Hall, Newcastle-under-Lyne, Staffordshire : SEeconD Prizg, 5/., for “Hollyberry,” red and white, 6 months-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Ironmaster” (28,895); dam, “Vivian” by “ Admiral” (14,063); gr. d., “Horatia” by “ Horrex” (11,591); g. gr. d& by “ Earl Stanhope” (5996). (oOMAS GARNE and Son, Broadmoor, Northleach: the Reserve Number, to “Pink,” red, 10 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by themselves; sire, “Royal Benedict” (27,348); dam, “Pink of Fashion” by “Count “ Gloucester” (23,637); gr. d., “ Royal Pink” by “ Royal Oak” (16,870); g. gr. d., “ Young Pink” by “ General Pelissier ” (14,605). Herefords—Bulls above Three Years old. omas Frenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow, and Jonn Harpine, Bicton House, Shrewsbury: First Prize, 25/., for “ Bachelor” (2941), red, white face, 5 years, 2 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. S. Robinson, The Moor, Kington; sire, “Douglas,” (2505); dam, “Spinster” - by “Sir Thomas ” (2228). Pamir Turner, The Leen, Pembridge, Herefordshire: Szconp Prizz, 151., for “Provost,” red, white face, 3 years, 1 week, 1 day-old; bred by himself ; sire, “ Bachelor” (2941); dam, “ Rhodia” by “Subaltern” (2794). cHARD Hix1, Orleton Court, Ludlow, Salop: Tu1rp Prize, 5/., for “ Stout” (8477), red, white face, 4 years, 2 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by Mr. Tudge, Adforton, Leintwardine; sire, “The Earl” (3508); dam, “ Barmaid ” by “ Carbonel” (1525). ANT-CoLONEL Robert Fetipen, Dulas Court, Hereford: the Reserve Number, to “ Dulas” (3079), red, white face, 4 years, 3 weeks, 5 days- old; bred by himself; sire, “The Prince of Wales” (2820); dam, “Promise” by “ Doctor” (1964). lxii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Herefords—Bulls above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. JosEpH Evans Spencer, Lancadle, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First 251., for “Von Moltke,” red, white face, 2 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by Mr. Warren Evans, Landowlais, Usk, Monmouth- shire ; sire, “Prince Arthur” (2695); dam, “ Dames Violet 3rd” by “ Monaughty ” (2117). Epwarp Lestrr, Cefn Ila, Usk, Monmouthshire: Srconp Prizk, 15/., for “Chanter,” red, white face, 2 years, 8 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; ‘bred by himself; sire, “‘ Chorister” (3021); dam, ‘‘Choral” by “The Doctor” (1083). RicHArD Epwarps, Trewern Hall, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire: Turtkp Prize, 51., for ‘‘ Emstrey,” red, white face, 2 years, 9 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by Mr. Henry Linel, Emstrey, Shrewsbury ; sire “Ferriman” by “ Bosh.” ' Rees Kren, Pencraige, Caerleon, Monmouthshire: the Reserve Number, to _ “ Tredegar,” red, ‘white face, 2 years, 6 months, ‘5 days-old; bred\ by Mr. Warren Evans, Landowlais, Usk; sire, “ Prince Arthur” (2695); dam, “ Dames Violet 4th” by “‘ Hope ”(2578). vs Herefords—Yearling Bulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Wiutt1am Taytor, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire: First Prize, 251., for ‘‘ The Cheltenham Boy,” red, white face, 1 year, 8 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Triumph the 2nd” (3553); dam, “Beauty” by “ Holmer” (2043), Joun Harvie, Bicton, Shrewsbury: Seconp Prize, 15/., for “ Lord Bat- tenhall,” red, white face, 1 year, 5 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by him- self; sire, ‘Battenhall” (2406); dam, “Theora” by “Sebastopol” (1381). Her Masesty THE QUEEN, Windsor Castle: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Prince Joachim,” red, white face, 1 year, 11 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; bred by Her Majesty at Flemish Farm, Windsor; sire, “Prince Leopold;” dam, “ Princess Mary” by ‘‘ Deception.” Wii1am Tunas, Adforton, Leintwardine, Herefordshire: the Reserve Number, to ‘* Vespasian,” red, white face, 1 year, 9 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘Claudius” (3025); dam, “Phillis” by “Sir Colin” (2216). Herefords—Bull Calves above Six and not eaceeding Twelve Months old. Tuomas Fenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow: First Priuzx, 102), for “Cop Hall,” red, white face, 11 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Severus 2nd” (2747) ;” dam, “‘ Butterfly ” by “Symmetry” (2799). _ Wiuu1am Toner, Adforton, Leintwardine, Herefordshire: Szconp Prue, 5/., for “ Regulus,” red, white face, 9 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself ; sire, ‘‘ Sir Roger ;” dam, “ Bonnie” by “Carbonel” (1525). Her Masesty THE QureEN, Windsor Castle: the Reserve Number, to “Marquis of Lorne,” red, white face, 10 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by Her Majesty at Flemish Farm, Windsor; sire, “ Prince George — Frederick ;” dam, “ Princess Mary ” by “ Ajax.” * Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Ixiii Herefords—Cows above Three Years old. Wui1am Bourcnatt Perex, Compton House, South Petherton, Somerset : First Prize, 20/., for “Ivington Rose,” red, white face, 7 years, 10 months, 4 days-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. Thomas Roberts, Ivington Bury, Leominster; sire, ‘Sir Thomas” (2228); dam, “Red Rose” by “ Master Butterfly ” (1313). Tomas Rocers, Coxall, Brampton Brian, Herefordshire: Szconp Prize, 10/:, _ for “Silk 2nd,” red, white face, 3 years, 10 months, 1 week, 4 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Battenhall” (2406); dam, “Silk” _ (1820) by “Interest” (2046). Richard Tanner, Frodesley, Dorrington, Salop: Tarrp Prize, 51., for _ “Yady Milton,” red, white face, 3 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old, in-calf; bred by the late Mr. J. V. Ashwood, Longden Hall, Wellington, Salop; ‘sire, “Chieftain the 5th” (3018); sire of dam, ‘ Milton” (2114). Tuomas FENN, Stonebrook House, Ludlow: the Reserve Number, to “Duchess of Bedford 6th,” red, white face, 3 years, 11 months, 1 week, 5 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, ‘Severus 2nd” (2747); dam, “ Duchess of Bedford” by “ Arthur Napoleon” (910). Herefords— Heifers in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old. Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First Prize, 152, for ‘‘ Sunflower,” red, white face, 2 years 11 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Sir John 31rd” (3456); dam, “Curly 2nd” by “ Goldfinder 2nd” (959). Pair Turner, The Leen, Pembridge, Herefordshire: Szconp Prize, 10/., for “Plum,” red, white face, 2 years, 8 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old, in- calf; bred by himself; sire, “Bachelor” (2941); dam, “Dorcas the 2nd” by “ Bolingbroke ” (1883). Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge: Turrp Prize, 5/., for “ Lizzie 2nd,” red, white face, 2 years, 10 months, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “Sir John 8rd” (3456); dam, “ Lizzie” by “ Goldfinder _. 2nd” (959). . Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge: the Reserve Number, to “ Countess,” red, white face, 2 years, 1 week-old, in calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Sir John 3rd” (3456) ; dam, “Isabella” by “ Shamrock” (2750). | Herefords—Yearling Heifers above One and not exceeding Two Years old.. Tomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge: Fresr Prize, 151., for “ Rosaline,” red, white face, 1 year, 11 months, 1 week, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Sir John the 8rd” (3456); dam, “Fairy” by “ Shamrock’ (2750). Joux Morris, Town House, Madley, Hereford: Szconp Prize, 107., for “Madeline,” red, white face, 1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old ; bred by himself: sire, “Stow” (3478); dam, “ Pleasant 2nd” by “Little Tommy ” (985). Tuomas Fenx, Stonebrook House, Ludlow: Tump Prize, 5/., for “Lady of the Teme,” red, white face, 1 year, 10 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old ; «bred by himself; sire, “Severus 2nd” (2747); dam, “ Victoria” by “ Wilson.” lxiv Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Wri1am BurcHaun Perey, Compton House, South Petherton, Somerset: the Reserve Number, to “ Belle of the West,” red, white face, 1 year, 11 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sir Thomas” (2228); dam, “Miss Stanton ” by “ Interest” (2046). Herefords—Heifer Calves above Six and under Twelve Months old. Pure Turner, the Leen, Pembridge: First Prizx, 10J., for “ Ruby,” red, white face, 10 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “‘ Bachelor ” (2941); dam, “ Kathleen” by “ Bolingbroke ” (1883), Henry James Battery, Rosedale, Tenbury, Herefordshire : Szconp Prizs, 5i., for “Lady Alice,” red, white face, 6 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Dauphin 2nd;” dam, “ Princess Alice 4th” by ‘Sir Thomas” (2228). Tuomas Fenn, Stonebrook House, Ludlow: the Reserve Number, to ‘* Queen of the Teme,” red, white face, 11 months, 1 week, 5 days-old: bred by himself; sire, “‘ Severus 2nd” (2747); dam, “ Victoria” by ‘* Wilson.” Devons—Bulls above Three Years old. JAMES Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton, Devon: First Prizn, 25/., for “Duke of Flitton 5th,” red, 3 years, 9 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“‘ The President” (904); dam, “ Actress” (1749) by “Palmerston” (476). Viscount Fatmourn, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: Sxconp Prizg, 151., for “ Jonquil,” red, 3 years, 9 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Sunflower” (937); dam, “Picture the 4th” by “ Napoleon” (464). Devons—Bulls above Two and not exceeding Three Years old. Water Fartuine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somersetshire: First Prizx, 251., for ‘“‘ Master Harry,” red, 2 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself: sire, “Master Arthur; dam, “Lofty” by “Sir Peregrine.” Viscount Fatmoutu, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: Szconp Prize, 151., for “ Kingcraft,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ Sunflower” (9387); dam, ‘ Peach” (2905a) by “ Young Forester” (759). Viscount Fatmouru, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: Tarrp Prize, 5/., for “‘Cinnaman,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old ; bred by him- self; sire, “Sunflower” (937); dam, “ Cinnaminta” (25728) by “ Pro- tector” (711). JOHN JAcKMAN, Hexworthy, Launceston, Cornwall: the Reserve Number, to “ Earl of Hexworthy,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Cornish Prince” (807); dam, “ Rosebud” (3016) by “ Warrior” (749). " Devons—Yearling Bulls above One and not exceeding Two Years old. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton, Devon: First Prize, 26/., for “ Duke of Flitton 8th,” 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Flitton 4th” (827); dam, “Temptress 2nd” (38070) by ‘“ Duke of Cornwall” (820). Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Ixv Joux JAckMAN, Hexworthy, Launceston, Comwall: Srconp Prizz, 15/., for “Farl of Exeter,” red, 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by him- =A n° “ Perfection” (899) ; dam, ‘‘ Duchess” (2652) by “‘ Garibaldi” (842). Her Masesty toe Queen, Windsor Castle: Tutrp Prize, 5/., for “ Prince Imperial,” red, 1 year, 10 months, 2 days-old; bred by Her Majesty at Norfolk Farm, Windsor ; sire, “ Napier ;’ dam, “Princess Beatrice” by “Prince Alfred.” Viscount Fatmours, Tregothnan, Probus, Cornwall: the Reserve Number, to “Gipsy King,” red, 1 year, 10 months, 1 week, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sunflower” (937); dam, “ Cinnaminta” (25728) by “ Protector ” (711). Devons—Bull Calves above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Ames Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton, Devon: First Prize, 10/., for “Duke of Flitton 9th,” red, 11 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Duke of Flitton 4th” (827); dam, ‘“‘Cherry 8rd” (2572) by “ Duke of Flitton 2nd” (825). Watrer Farrare, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset: Srconp Prizx, 5l., for his red, 8 months, 4 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Orleans ;” dam, “ Lovely ” by ‘‘ Lord Dodington.” Joun AzAniaH Situ, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester: the Reserve Number, to “uke of York,” red, 8 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of York ;” dam, “ Gem” (2723) by “ Herculius ” (854). Devons—Cows above Three Years old. Joun Azartan Smiru, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester: First Prize, 20/., for “Picture,” red, 4 years, 9 months, 1 week, 2 days-old, in-milk; bred by himself; sire, “ Augustus” (778); dam, “Picture” by “ Constitution” (805). James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molton, Devon; Szconp Prizz, 10/., for “Temptress 2nd,” 3 years, 11 months, 1 week, 3 days-old, in-milk and in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of Cornwall” (820); dam, “ Gold Medal Temptress” (1672) by “ Napoleon 3rd” (464). The Rev. Augustus Moraan, Machan Rectory, Newport, Monmouthshire : the Reserve Number, to his red, about 5 years-old, in-milk; bred by Mr. J. Passmore, Allen Farm, Bishopsnympton. Devons—Heifers in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old. James Davy, Flitton Barton, North Molten, Devon: First Prize, 152. for “ Gaylass,” red, 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “The President” (904); dam, “Princess Alice 2nd” (2971) by “ Duke of Flitton 2nd” (825). Joun Azarran Smitu, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester: Stconp Prizz, 10)., for “ Picture,” red, 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; dam, “ Picture” by “ Augustus” (778). Water Farruine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset: the Reserve Number, to his red, 2 years, 9 months, 1 week-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Duke of Gothelney.” xvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Devons—Yearling Heifers, above One and not exceeding Two Years old. Watrer Fartuine, Stowey Court, Bridgwater, Somerset : First Prizz, 15/., for “ Fair Rosamond,” red, 1 year, 10 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Sir George ;” dam, “ Prettymaid” by “St. Andries.” Trevor Ler Sentor, of Broughton House, Aylesbury, Bucks: SEconp Prize, 10/., for “Lady Edith,” red, 1 year,“11 months, 1 week, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Stowey ;” dam, “ Ruby.” James Davy, Flittoi Barton, North Molton: Turrp Prizz, 57. for “ Actress the 5th,” red, 1 year, 10 months, 1 week, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “Duke of Flitton 4th” (827); dam, “Actress” (1749) by “ Palmerston” (476). : Joun Azartau Smitu, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester: the Reserve Number, to “ Daisey,” red, 1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Duke of York ;” dam, “ Daisey” (2621) by “ Constitution” (805). Devons—Heifer-Calves above Six and under Twelve Months old. Joun AZARIAH Smit, Bradford Peverell, Dorchester: First Prizz, 10/., for “Picture,” red, 9 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of York ;” dam, “ Picture” by “ Augustus” (778). Trevor Ler Senior, Broughton House, Aylesbury: Szconp Prizm, 51., for “Lady Maude,” red, 7 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire, “Stowey ;” dam, “ Young Daisey.” James Howarp Bu.uer, Downes, Crediton, Devon: the Reserve Number, to his red, 10 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself, Jerseys—Bulls above One Year old. Lorp CursHaM, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks: First Prizr, 10/., for his silver- grey, 1 year, 1 month, 3 weeks-old; bred by Lord Dacre, The Hoo, Welwyn. ‘ Water Ginpey, Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex: Szeconp Prize, 5/., for “Don,” dark fawn, 1 year, 2 months-old ; breeder unknown. GroreEe Srmpson, Wray Park, Reigate: the Reserve Number, to “ Favorite,” silver grey, 1 year, 11 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire, “Banker ;” dam, “‘ Wild Eyes” by “ Prince.” Jerseys—Cows above Three Years old. Water Ginpey, Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex: First Prizh, 101, for “Milkmaid,” fawn, 5 years, 4 months, 3 weeks-old, in-milk; bred by Mr. G. A. Fuller, the Rookery, Dorking, Surrey; sire, “Jack Weller ;”’ dam, “ Grasshopper.” GrorcE Srmpson, Wray Park, Reigate: Szconp Prize, 5/., for “ Duchess,” silver grey, 4 years, 4 months, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-milk; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince ;” dam, “ Deerfoot” by ‘ Grand Duke.” GxorcE Simpson, Wray Park, Reigate: the Reserve Number, to “ Wild- Eyes,” silver grey, 4 years, 8 months, 38 weeks, 6 days-old, in-calf; a by himself; sire, “Prince;” dam, “Hyacinth” by “The Young uke.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Ixvii : _ Jerseys—Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old. eoRGE Sumpson, Wray Park, Reigate: First Prize, 10/., for “ Queenie,” light grey fawn, 1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Rufus;” dam, “ Queen.” Watrer Gupey, Hargrave Park, Stanstead, Essex; Szconp Prizs, 5/., for “Bel,” fawn, 2 years, 9 months-old, in-milk; breeder unknown. Rosert Renpviz, Catel Farm, Guernsey: the Reserve Number, to “ Little Queen,” light fawn and white, 2 years, 4 months-old, in-calf; breeder unknown; dam, ‘“ Queen Bess.” Guernseys—Bulls above One Year old. Cuantes Le Pace, Les Naftiaux, Guernsey: First Prize, 10/., for “ Billy,” ’ red and white, 2 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by Mr. Henry F, de Putron, Pierre Percée, Guernsey. Guernseys—Cous above Three Years old. Rosert RENDLE, Catel Farm, Guernsey: First Prize, 10/., for ‘“ Duchess,” yellow and white, 6 years, 3 months-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Sir Robert ;” dam, “ Lady of the Isle” by “ Sir John.” Quarters Le Pace, Les Naftiaux, Guernsey : Szconp Prize, 5/., for “ Betty,” red and white, 5 years, 10 months, 2 weeks, 6 days-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. P. Brouard, La Madeline, Guernsey. Cuartes LE Pace, Les Naftiaux: the Reserve Number, to “Moor Hen,” fawn ‘and white, 5 years, 1 month-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. T. Moore, St. Peter’s, Guernsey. Guernseys—Heifers, in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old. Rosert Revie, Catel Farm, Guernsey : First Prize, 10/., for “ Lady Jane,” red and white, 2 years, 3 months-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Duke of the Isles ;” dam, “ Lady Jane.” Tuomas B. Le Pace, St. Andrew’s, Guernsey: Seconp Prize, 5/., for “Lucy,” red and white, 2 years, 5 months-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. J. Henry, Mielles, Vale, Guernsey. ‘Tre Rev. Jospva RunpLe Watson, La Favorita, Fermain, Guernsey: the Reserve Number, to “Ophirie,” fawn and white, 2 years, 11 months, 3 days-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. H. Giffard, Braye, Vale, Guernsey ; sire, “St. Clair ;” dam, “ Jeune Jaune.” * Welsh—Bulls Three Years old and upwards, Water Jenxis, Glanwern, Talsarn, Cardiganshire: First Pre, 151., for “ Aeronian,” black (Castle-Martin), 4 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, 6 days- ~~ old; bred by Mr. T. Jones, Weruligos, Whitland, Carmarthenshire ; dam, ~ © Jolly.” Hexry Davies, Typicca, Dryslwyn, Carmarthenshire : Szconp Prizz, 10/., for his black (Castle-Martin), 4’ years, 2 months-old; bred by himself; dam, ‘ Fancy.” Ixvili Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Davin Lewis, Walton East, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire: the Reserve Number, to “ Walton,” black, 4 years, 8 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by Mr. R. H. Harvey, Slade Hall, Haverfordwest; sire, “The Churchland Bull;” dam, ‘ Annie Laurie.” Welsh—Bulls between Two and Three Years old. James Bevan Bowen, Llwyngwair, Newport, Pembrokeshire: First Prizz, 15/., for “Black Prince,” black, 2 years, 2 months, 3 days-old; bred by Mr, R. H. Harvey, Slade House, Haverfordwest; sire, “ Merlin;” dam, “ Diana” by “ Prince of Wales.” RicHarpD Humpasreys, Royal Goat Hotel, Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire: Szconp PrizE, 10/., for his black, 2 years, 6 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. TsHomas Harrigs, Llandilo, Abercowin, Carmarthen: the Reserve Number, to “Tom,” black (Castle-Martin), 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 5 days- old. Welsh—Yearling Bulls. Joun DrvonaLtp Morse, Glandawke, St. Clears, Carmarthenshire: First PrizE, 15/., for “Taroo,” black (Castle-Martin), 1 year, 10 months- old; bred by Mr. T. Hughes, Hill Farm, Manorbier, Tenby. Masor Joun Heywarp Heywarp, Crosswood, Welshpool: Szconp Prize, 101., for “355,” dark red, black face (Montgomeryshire), 1 year, 2 months, 4 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “201 ;” dam, “ 212” by “71.” Mason JonN Heywarp Heywarp, Crosswood: the Reserve Number, to “384,” dark red, black face (Montgomeryshire), 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Walton ;” dam, “ Pleasant 2nd” by ‘ Walton.” Welsh— Heifers between Two and Three Years old. Ricnarp Humpureys, Royal Goat Hotel, Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire: First Prizx, 15/., for his black, 2 years, 1 month, 1 week, 6 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself. Tuomas Evans, Llwynegrawys, Cardigan: Seconp Prize, 10/., for “ Laurie,” black (Castle-Martin), 2 years, 3 months-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “ Benjamin ;” dam, “ Penllydan” by “ King of the Vale.” Ricuarp Humpureys, Beddgelert: the Reserve Nwmber, to his black, little white, 2 years, 5 months, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-calf; bred by himself, Welsh—Yearling Heifers. ’ James Bevan Bowen, Liwyngwair, Newport, Pembrokeshire: First Preze, 151, for “Laurie 3rd,” black (Anzlesea), 1 year, 2 months, 3 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire ‘“‘ Young Cynghordy ;” dam, “ Laurie 2nd” by “ Ap Shenkln.” {Castle-Martin—Pairs of Cows over Three Years old, in-milk or in-calf. Witir1am Benzamin Ropers, Loveston, Pembroke: First Prizm, 15/., for “Blossom,” black, 5 years, 8 months-old, in-milk; bred by Mr. Leach, Corston House, Pembroke: and for “ Mayflower,” black, 8 years, 4 months-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. Hurlow, West Pinnar, Pembroke. Ps Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. lxix _Huen Harriss, Vaynor, Narberth, Pembrokeshire: Seconp Prizx, 10/., for “Mary Ann,” black, 7 years, 5 months-old, in-milk and in-calf; dam, “Panny :” and for “ Fanny,” black, 9 years, 6 months-old, in-milk and in-calf; dam, “ Wingole ;” both bred by himself, Heyry Davis, Typicca, Dryslwyn, Carmarthenshire: the Reserve Number, to “Victoria,” black, 8 years, 4 months-old, in-calf: and to ‘‘ Queen,” black, 4 years, 3 months-old, in-calf ; both bred by himself. | Other Established Breeds—Bulls above One Year old. | Lorp Sonpes, Elmham Hall, Thetford, Norfolk: Frrsr Prize, 10/., for his red (Norfolk Polled), 3 years, 1 month, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. JEREMIAH J. Comman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: Szconp Prize, 5/., for “Cherry Duke,” red (Norfolk Polled), 4 years, 4 months, 1 week, 4 days- old, bred by Mr. S. Wolton, Newbourne Hall, Woodbridge; sire, ‘‘ Esquire,” dam, “ Beauty.” Other Established Breeds—Cows above Three Years old. Lorp Sonprs, Elmham Hall, Thetford, Norfolk: First Prizx, 10/., for his red (Norfolk Polled), 3 years, 8 months-old, in-milk and in-calf; bred by Mr. B. Brown, Thursford. ‘Richarp Hemmine Cuarman, Upton, Nuneaton, Warwickshire: Srconp Prizes, 5/., for “Ivanhoe” (Longhorn), white and coloured, 7 years, 83 months, 2 weeks-old, in-milk ; bred by himself; sire, “‘Old Sparkenhoe,” dam, “ Fillpail,” sire of dam, ‘‘ Sir Richard Warner.” Other Established Breeds—Heifers in-milk or in-calf, not exceeding Three Years old. Lorp SonprEs, Elmham, First Prizz, 10/., for his red (Norfolk Polled), 2 years, 7 months, 2 weeks-old, in-calf; bred by Mr. B. Brown, ‘Thurs- ford. Lorp Songs, Elmham, Srconp Prize, 5J., for his red (Norfolk Polled), 2 years, 4 months-old, in-calf; bred by himself. Ricuarp Hemminc CHapmay, Upton, Nuneaton: the Reserve Number, to “Rolbright,” white and red (Longhorn), 2 years, 3 months, 1 week, 5 days-old, in-calf; bred by himself; sire, “‘The Spondon Knight,” dam, “Daisy ;” sire of dam, “ Curzon.” *Bull, Cow, and their Offspring of any Pure Breed. Warren Evans, Llandowlais, Usk, Monmouthshire, First Prizr, 20/., for Hereford bull, “ Monaughty 3rd,” 4 years, 6 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old ; sire, “ Hopeful” (2045); dam, “Nena 3rd:” for cow, “Damsel 3rd,” 6 years, 3 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; sire, “Hope” (2573); dam, “Damsel 2nd :” and for calf, 8 months, 2 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself. {Dairy Catile—Pairs of Cows over Three Years and Hight Months old, in-milk. Joun Wituams, Llantrithyd, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First Prix, 15/., for his roan (Shorthorns), “ Blanche,” 7 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 4 days~ old; sire, “ Duffryn” (19,592); dam, “ Blossom ;” sire of dam, “Frank ” VOL, VIIL.—S. £. - Ixx Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. (17,874): and “Pearl,” 5 years, 4 months-old; sire, “Count Fosco” (2363); dam, “ Prioress;” sire of dam, “ Frank” (17,874); both bred by Mr. J. Garsed, The Moorlands, Cowbridge. JosePH Evan Spencer, Lancadle, Cowbridge: Srconp Prize, 10/., for his red, white face (Herefords), “ Beauty,” 9 years, 4 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old ; bred by the late Mr. J. Parlow, Sufton, Hereford; sire, “Shamrock 2nd” (2210); dam, “Prettymaid;” sire of dam, “Sovereign” (1472): and “* Princess of Wales,” 5 years, 2 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Shylock” (2755); dam, ‘‘Countess;” sire of dam, “ Clipper” (1178). Wir1am BrapBurn, Wednesfield, Wolverhampton: TxHirp Prize, 51., for “Miss Valentine,” red and white (Shorthorn), age unknown; bred by Mr. C. Stubbs, Preston Hill, Penkridge; sire, “ Huntsman” (21,964) ; dam, ‘‘ Duchess of Argyle ;” sire of dam, ‘‘ Hercules” (14,692): and for “ Oxley,”roan (nearly Shorthorn), age unknown; bred by the late Mr. J. Bickford, Oxley, Wolverhampton. Tuomas STaTTER, junior, Stand Hall: the Reserve Number, to his (Ayr- shires) “ Beauty” and “ Buttercup,” ages and breeders unknown. SHEEP. Leicesters—Shearling Rams. The Rev. Grorce Incr, Thorpe Constantine, Tamworth, Staffordshire: . First Prize, 201., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ad LE. id JouN Borton, Barton House, Barton-le-Street, Malton : Srconp Prizg, 101., for his 1 year, 8 months-old; bred by himself. TEASDALE Hitton Hutcurxson, Manor House, Catterick: Tuirp Prizg, 51, for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Joun Borton, Barton House: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 8 mon old; bred by himself, Leicesters—Rams of any other Age. The Rev. Grorce Incr, Thorpe Constantine, Tamworth: First Prize, 20/., for his 3 years, 4 months-old ; bred by himself; sire, “T ;” dam, “P.” Joux Borton, Barton House, Barton-le-Street :, Seconp Prize, 10/., for his 3 years, 3 months-old; bred by himself. . GrorcE Turner, Brampford Speke, Exeter, Devonshire: Tatrp Prize, 51., for his 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Joun Boron, Barton House: the Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 3 months- old: bred by himself. Leicesters—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. The Rev. Grorcr Incr, Thorpe Constantine, Tamworth: First Prize, 151, for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. TgaspaALE H. Hutcuinson, Manor House, Catterick, Yorkshire: SEconD : k Prizx, 101., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself, Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. lxxi Joun Borton, Barton House, Barton-le-Street, Malton: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself, Cotswolds—Shearling Rams. Tue Execurors of the late Tuomas GintetTt, Kilkenny Farm, Faringdon, Oxfordshire: First Prize, 20/., for their 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by themselves. _ Tuomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm, Downham Market: Seconp Prize, 101., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Tuomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm: Txrrp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Tuomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Cotswolds—Rams of any other Age. _ Tuomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm: First Prize, 20/., for his 8 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. | The Execurors of the late Toomas Giniert, Kilkenny Farm, {Faringdon : SEconD Prize, 10/., for their 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by themselves. T. Beate Browns, Salperton Park, Andoversford : Tutrp Prize, 5/., for his 38 years, 3 months-old ; bred by himself. Tuomas Brown, Marham Hall Farm: the Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 4 months 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself, Cotswolds—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. | Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. I CuRIsTOPHER SreNceR, Gileston, Cowbridge: Ssconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. | James Watxer, Northleach, Gloucestershire: Tuirrp Prizz, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old ; bred by himself. | Mary Gopwry, Troy Farm, Somerton, Deddington, Oxfordshire: the Reserve Number, to her 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by herself. * Cotswolds—Pens of Five Ram Lambs. Tuomas Tuomas, St. Hilary, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First Prize, 15/:, for his 4 months-old; bred by himself. ’ CuristopHEeR Spencer, Gileston, Cowbridge: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for his between 4 and 5 months-old; bred by himself. Joun Wittams, Caercady, Cowbridge: the Reserve Number, to his 4 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself. ; Lincolns—Shearling Rams. | Wri11am and Henry Dupprye, Panton House, Wragby, Lincolnshire: : First Prize, 20/., for their 1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by themselves. ; Rosert Wricut, Nocton Heath, Lincoln: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself, , fa 7 “xxi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Joun Pears, Mere, Lincoln: Tamp Prizg, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months- old; bred by himself, Wi111AM and Henry Duppine, Panton House: the Reserve Number, to their 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by themselves. Lincolns—Rams of any other Age. Wuu1am JF. Marsuatt, Branston, Lincoln: First Prizr, 20/., for his 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Rozert WricuH', Nocton Heath, Lincoln: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his 3 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. ; JouN Pears, Mere, Lincoln: Turrp Prize, 5/., for his 3 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Wittiam IF. Marswatt, Branston: the Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Lincolns—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. Joun Pears, Mere, Lincoln: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Joun Byron, Kirkby Green, Sleaford, Lincolnshire: Szconp Prize, 101., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. Tuomas GuNNELL, Milton, Cambridge: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. *Long Wools—Pens of Ten Ewes with their Lambs. Joun WituiAMs, Caercady, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire: First Prize, 10/., for his ages various; bred by himself. Tuomas Wit11amM Dantet Harris, Wootton, Northampton: Sxconp Prizz, 5l., for his ages various; bred by himself. Oxfordshire Downs—Shearling Rams. Joun TREADWELL, Upper Winchendon, Aylesbury, Bucks: First Prize, 20/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. A. F. Mitron Drucr, Twelve Acres, Eynsham: Srconp Prize, 100., for his 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Cuares Hopzs, Maisey Hampton, Cricklade: Tutrp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. ’ JOHN TREADWELL, Upper Winchendon: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Oxfordshire Downs—Rams of any other Age. Grorce Watts, Old Shifford, Bampton, Faringdon: Fimsr Prize, 200., for his 2 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Joun TREADWELL, Upper Winchendon, Aylesbury: Szconp Prizz, 10/., for his 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. 2 Freperick Srreet, Harrowden House, Bedford: Tutrp Prizr, 5/., for his 2 years, 5 months-old; bred by himself. Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. lxxili Caartes Howarp, Biddenham, Bedford: the Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself, Oxfordshire Downs—Pens of five Shearling Ewes. Cuartes Howarp, Biddenham, Bedford: First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. A. F. Minton Drucr, Twelve Acres, Eynsham, Oxon: Srconp Prize, 101., for his 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Freperick Street, Harrowden House, Bedford: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 5 months-old; bred by himself. Southdowns—Shearling Rams. Wii1am Riepen, Hove, Brighton, Sussex: First Prize, 20/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Wiui1am Ricpey, Hove, Brighton: Sxconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself. CotoneL R. N. FirzHarpince Kinescorz, M.P., Kingscote, Wotton-under- edge, Gloucestershire: Turrp Prizz, 5/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, Mr. Hart’s “‘ No. 14.” H.R.H. Toe Prixck or Wates, K.G., Sandringham, King’s Lynn: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by His Royal Highness. Southdowns—Rams of any other Age. WILLIAM Rrapey, Hove, Brighton, Sussex: First Prize, 20/., for his 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Wit11am Ricpen, Hove: Seconp Prizz, 10/., for his 2 years, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. Lorp WatsineHamM, Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk: Tarrp Prizn, 5/., for “Young Bury St. Edmunds,” 2 years, 4 months-old ; bred by the late Lord Walsingham, Merton Home Farm, Thetford. Tue Douxks or Ricumonp, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex: the Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself. Southdowns—Pens of five Shearling Ewes. Lorp WatstncHaM, Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk: First Prize, 151., for his 1 year, 4 months-old, bred by himself. ; Lorp Sonpzs, Elmham Hall, Thetford, Norfolk: Szcoyp Prizz, 10/., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. JEREMIAH JAMES Cotman, M.P., Carrow House, Norwich: Turrp Prizz, 51., for his 1 year, 4 months-old ; bred by himself. H.R.H. Tue Proce or Watss, K.G., Sandringham, King’s Lynn: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by His Royal Highness; sire, “ Joe.” Shropshires—Shearling Fams. Lorp CursHam, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks: Firsr Prize, 201., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ No. 8.” lxxiy Award of Live-Stoch Prizes at Cardiff. W. 0. Fosrrr, Apley Park, Shifnal, Salop: Szconp Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Young Latimer” by “ Fat Back.” Joun Evans, Uffington: Tutrp Prize, 5., for his 1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks- old ; bred by himself: sire, “ Hard Lines” by “ Cardinal.” Saraw Beacu, The Hattons, Brewood, Staffordshire: the Reserve Number, to her 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by herself. Shropshires—Rams of any other Age. Tuomas Mawnseti, Adcott Hall, Baschurch: First Prize, 201., for “ Legatee,” 2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Conservative.” Tuyomas Mansett, Adcott Hall: Snconp Prizz, 10/., for “ Constitution,” | 2 years, 4 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Conservative.” SaraH Beacu, The Hattons, Brewood, Stafford: Turrp Prize, 5/., for her 2 years, 3 months 2 weeks-old; bred by herself. Lorp CuesHaM, Latimer, Chesham, Bucks: the Reserve Number, to “ Lizmore,” 2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Shropshires—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. JouN Hansury BrapBurne, Pipe Place, Lichfield; First Prize, 15/., for his 1 year, 4 mouths, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “Crosswood Hero 2nd.” Lorp CuersHam, Latimer, Chesham: Srconp Prizz, 10/., for his 1 year, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Joun Evans, Uffington, Shrewsbury: Turrp, Prizx, 5/., for his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Hard Lines.” Saran Beacu, The Hattons, Brewood, Staffordshire: the Reserve Number, to her 1 year, 4 months-old; bred by herself. Hampshire and other Short-wools—Shearling Rams. JamMEs RAwLeNce, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury: Firsr Prize, 20/., for his (Hampshire Down) 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. James RAw.LeENcE, Bulbridge, Wilton: Szconp Prizx, 10/., for his (Hamp- shire Down) 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Roser Corzs, Middleton, Norton Bavent, Warminster: Tairp Prize, 52., for his (Hampshire Down) 1 year, 5 months-old ; bred by himself. Ropert Cores, Middleton: the Reserve Number, to his Neopia = Down) 1 year, 5 months- old; bred by himself. Hampshire and other Short-wools—Rams of any other Age. AurreD Morrisoy, Fonthill House, lisbury: First Prize, 20/7., for his (Hampshire Down) 2 years, 4 months, 1 week-old ; bred by himself. JAMES RAWLENCE, Bulbridge, Wilton: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his (Hampshire Down) 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by. himself, Atrrep Morrison, Fonthill House, Tisbury, Wilts: Turrp Prize, 5/., for his (Hampshire Down) 2 years, ‘4 months-old; bred by the late Mr. E. Waters, Stratford-sub-Castle, Salisbury. : Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Ixxv THomMAs Coapman Saunpers, Watercombe, Dorchester: the Reserve Number, to his (Hampshire Down) 4 years, 5 months-old ; bred by himself. Hampshire and other Short-wools—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. JAMES RAWLENCE, Bulbridge, Wilton, Salisbury : First Prize, 15/., for his (Hampshire Down) 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. James RAWLENcE, Bulbridge, Wilton: Seconp Prize, 10/., for his (Hampshire Down) 1 year, 5 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Tuomas CHAPMAN SAUNDERS, Watercombe, Dorchester: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 5 months, 1 week-old; bred by F. S. Schwann, late of North Houghton Manor, Stockbridge, Hants. Dorsets—Shearling Rams. Henry Mayo, Cokers Frome, Dorchester, Dorset: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 6 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Henry Mayo, Cokers Frome: Seconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 7 months- old; bred by himself. JAMES CULVERWELL, Clavelshay, North Petherton, Somerset: the Reserve Number, to “ Varney,” 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Dorsets—Rams of any other Age. Hewry Mayo, Cokers Frome, Dorchester, Dorset: First Prize, 10/., for his 2 years, 6 months, 3 weeks-old; bred by himself. Henry Mayo, Cokers Frome: the Reserve Number, to his 2 years, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Dorsets—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. Henry Mayo, Cokers Frome, Dorchester: First Prize, 10/., for his 1 year, 6 months, 3 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Henry Mayo, Cokers Frome: Seconp Prize, 5/., for his 1 year, 7 months- old; bred by himself. JAMES CULVERWELL, Clavelshay, North Petherton, Somerset: the Reserve Number, to his 1 year, 6 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself. Cheviots—Shearling Rams. JoHN Rozson, Bymess, Rochester, Northumberland: Frrsr Prize, 10/., for his “ Young Model,” 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Model.” JoHN Ropsoy, Bymess, Rochester, Northumberland: Srconp Prize, 5/., for “Young Square Bit,’ 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Square Bit.” Cheviots—Rams of any other Age. Rosert SHorTREED, Attonburn, Kelso, N. B.: First Prize, 10/., for kis 2 years, 3 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “Jerry.” Wit114m B. Buppicom, Penbedw Hall, Mold, Flintshire: Secoxp Prize, 51., for his ‘‘ Eriestam,” 2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by Mr. Thomas Welsh, Eriestam, Moffat, N. B.; sire, ‘‘ Hugh” by “ Loggie.” ' Jonny Rozsox, Bymess, Rochester, Northumberland: the Reserve Number, to “ Reserve Number,” 4 years, 2 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Harry.” Ixxvi Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Cheviots—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. Roser? SHorrreep, Attonburn, Kelso, N. B.: Fist Prue, 100., for his 1 year, 8 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Jerry.” Joun Rosson, Bymess, Rochester, Northumberland: Srconp Prizs, 51., for his 1 year, 2 months, 2 weeks-old ; bred by himself. Witu1am B, Buppicom, Penbedw Hall, Mold, Flintshire: the Reserve Numbe 7 to his 8 years, 8 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by Mr. Thomas Welsh, Eriestam, Moffat, N. B. Radnors—Shearling Rams. Epwarp Farr, Pilleth, Knighton, Radnorshire: Frrst Prize, 100., for his 1 year, 3 months-old; bred by Mr. H. M. Evans,.Treburvab, Knighton. } Radnors—Rams of any other Age. JosrPpH RAWLE Paramore, Preswylfa, Neath, Glamorganshire: First Priag, 10/., for his 8 years-old ; breeder unknown. Epwarp Farr, Pilleth, Knighton, Radnorshire: Seconp Prizp, 5/., for his 3 years, 38 months-old; bred by himself. JoserpH RaAwLE Paramore: Preswylfa, Neath: the Reserve Number, to his aged ; breeder unknown. { Radnors—Pens of Five Shearling Ewes. Tromas Datton, Crockherbtown, Cardiff: First Prize, 10/., for his 4 years, 4 months-old ; bred by Mr. William Wilson, The Bank, Walton, Kington. Tuomas Dauton, Crockherbtown, Cardiff: Szconp Prizz, 51, for his 4 years, 4 months-old ; bred by Mr. William Wilson, The Bank, Walton, King- ton. ; Epwarp Farr, Pilleth, Knighton: the Reserve Number, to his 4 years, $ months-old; bred by Mr. H. M. Evans, Treburvah, Knighton. Welsh Mountain—Rams of any Age. Howetu Harrys, Crofta, Yestradowen, Cowbridge: First Prize, 10/., for his” 1 year, 4 mohths-old; bred by himself. } PIGS. Large White Breed —LBoars above Twelve Months old. JAMES AND Frepertck Howarp, Britannia Farms, Bedford: Firs Prize, 101., for “ Victor III.,” 2 years, 2 weeks, 6 days-old; bred by them- selves; sire, “‘ Victor II. ;” dam, “ Beauty ;” sire of dam, ‘ Hero II.” {IcHARD Exmurrst Duckertne, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey : Sxconp Prize, 51, for “Wighth Cultivator,” 2 years, 2 months-old; bred by him- self; sire, “Seventh Cultivator.” - @ Marrnew WaLkKer, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent: the /eserve Number, to “ Victor I1.,” 4 years, 1 week, 1 day-old; bred by Messrs. Howard, Bedford; sire, “ Victor I.;” dam, ‘ Longville;” sire of dam, “Gold Spur.” ‘ vs Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Ixxvil Large White Breed—Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Perer Epex, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prize, 10/., for “Sailor,” 11 months, 1 week, 5 days-old; bred by himself: sire, “ Pre- mier ;” dam, “ Blanche ;” sire of dam, “‘ Ranger.” _Matruew Waker, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent: SEcoND Prize, 5/., for “ Pluto,” 9 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ John Bull 2nd ;” dam, “Stella;” sire of dam, “ Old Joe.” JOHN WHEELER, Long Compton, Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire: the Re- serve Number, to “ Young Sam,” 10 months, 8 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “General ;” dam, “Miss Juvenile;” sire of dam, “ Admiral.” Large White Breed—Breeding Sows. Prerer Epren, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prizz, 10/., for “Blanche,” 2 years, 9 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘“ Ranger ;” dam, ‘“ Formosa.” James and FREDERICK Howarp, Britannia Farms, Bedford: Seconp PRIZE, 51., for “ Duchess,” 4 years, 1 week, 1 day-old, in-pig; bred by them- selves; sire, “Victor I.;” dam, “ Longville” sire of dam, “ Golden Spur.” MatrrHew WALKER, Stockley Park, Anslow, Burton-on-Trent: the Reserve Number, to “ Playmate,” 3 years, 10 months-old, in-pig; bred by him- self; sire, “King Charming;” dam, “ Matchless;” sire of dam, “ Old King of the West.” Large White Breed—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs. RicHarD Exmuirst Duckerine, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey, Lincolnshire : First Prizz, 10/., for his 7 months, 1 week, 1 day-old: bred by him~ self; sire, ‘ Victor.” Ciement R. N. Beswick-Royps, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire : Seconp Prize, 5/., for “ Rose,” “Shamrock,” and “ Thistle,” 7 months, 8 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Prince Rupert;” dam, “Rose ;” sire of dam, “ Hercules.” Peter Eprny, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: the Reserve Number, to his 7 months, 2 weeks, 38 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘* Victor ;” 2? dam, “ Lily ;” sire of dam, “ Ranger.” Small White Breed—Boars above Twelve Months old. Prrer Epen, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prize, 10/., for “Peacock,” 1 year, 10 months-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Young King ;” dam, “ Sister to Young Prince ;” sire of dam, “Old Prince.” Crement R. N. Beswick-Royps, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire: Seconp Prizz, 5/., for ‘‘ Hector,” 1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks, 2 days- old; bred by Mr. Peter Eden, Salford; sire, “Young King;” dam, “ Sister to Prince.” Prerer Even, Cross Lane, Salford: the Reserve Number, to “ Young Prince,” 2 years, 10 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Old Prince ;” dam, ‘ Violet ;” sire of dam, ‘“‘ King Lear 1st.” Ixxviii Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Small White Breed—Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. Peter Epey, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prize, 107., for “Mouse,” 9 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Young Prince ;” dam, “ Minnie Warren ; ;’ sire of dam, “ Young Prince.” Prtrer Epen, Cross Lane, Salford: Szconp Prizs, 5/., for ‘“ Baronet,” 10 months, 2 weeks-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Young King;” dam, “ Jewess ;” sire of dam, “ Lord Nelson.” Tuomas Nicuorgon, 100, Lowther Street, Groves, York: the Reserve Number, : to his 10 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself. i Small White Breed—Breeding Sows. Peter Epzy, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prize, 10/., for “Venus,” 1 year, 7 months, 2 weeks, 38 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ King Lear 3rd ;” dam, “Lancashire Maid ;” sire of dam, “British — Workman.” : SECOND Prize, ‘SL, for-<é Little Queen,” 1 year, 10 months-old ; bred Mr. T. Nicholson, Lowther Street, York. q Ricoarp Exmurst Duckerrie, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey, Lincolnshire: ; the Reserve Number, to “ Princess,” 1 year, 7 months, 1 week, 3 days- old; bred by himself; sire “ Comet.” Small White Breed—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs. Lorp RenpiesHam, Rendlesham Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk: First Prize, 10/., for “ Three Lilies,” 6 months, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by Mr. J. Sawyer, Street Farm, Tunstall, Wickham Market; sire, “Young Tommy Dod ;” dam, ‘“‘ Miss Prim;” sire of dam, “ Emperor.” Grorce Mumrorp Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk: Szcoxp PrizE, 5/., for the “Three Reai Teazers,” 7 months, 3 weeks, 5 days- old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Peter.” ; Ciement R. N. Beswicx-Royps, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire: the Reserve Number, to “'The Furies,” 6 months, 4 weeks, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Prince Charlie ” dam, “‘ Young Queen ;” sire of dam, “* Longback.” Small Black Breed—Boars above Twelve Months old. CuemenT R. N. Brswicx-Royps, Pyke House, Littleborough, Dancashire: First Prize, 10/., for “ Uncle Tom,” 8 years, 3 months, 2 weeks, 1 day old; bred by Mr. T. Roberts, St. "Leven, Penzance; sire, ‘Tancred ;” dam, “ Bessie,” Gror@E Mumrorp Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Epswiete: Srconp Prize, 5/., for “Oremorne,” 1 year, 4 months, 1 week, 2 days-old; bred by himself sire, “ Adv enturer? ‘dam, ae Hannah ; ;” sire of dam, “ Gladiateur.” Grorce Mumrorp Sexroy, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich: the Reserve Number, to “ Queen’s Messenger,” 1 year, 3 months, 1 week, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘Adventurer ;” dam, ‘‘ Achievement ;” sire of dam, ‘* Stock well.” Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. xxix Small Black Breed—Boars above Six and not eaceeding Twelve Months old, Gxorcr Mumrorp Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk: First PRIZE, 10/., for “Patriarch” 9 months, 1 day-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Adventurer ;” dam, “ Hippia ;” sire of dam, “ Stockwell.” ~Witu1am Mortimer Ware, Newham House, Helstone, Cornwall : Szconp Prize, 5/., for “ Steatite,” 8 months, 2 weeks, 3 days-old; bred by him- self; sire, “ Portsmouth ;” dam, “Bessie ;” sire of dam, “ Tancred.” Small Black Breed—Breeding Sows. GxEorcE Mumrorp Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk: First Prize, 10/., for “ Maria Louise,” 1 year, 7 months, 4 weeks-old; bred by himself ; sire, “ Adventurer ;” dam, “Expectation ;” sire of dam, “ Negro.” Gzorcr Mumrorp Szxton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich: Srconp Prize, AJ., for “Reine,” 1 year, 9 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “Blair Athol ;” dam, “ Princess of Wales ;” sire of dam, “ Battersea Prince.” Cirment R. N. Beswicx-Royps, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire : the Reserve Number, to “Topsy,” 2 years, 2 months, 2 weeks, 2 days- old, in-pig; bred by Mr. 8. G. Stearn, Wickham Market; sire, “ Black Tom ;” dam, “ Fan ;” sire of dam, “ Negro.” | Small Black Breed—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs. Grorce Momrorp Sexton, Wherstead Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk: First Prizx, 10l., for “ What, first again,” 7 months, 3 weeks, 3 days-old ; bred by himself; sire, “ Adventurer;? dam, ‘“ Achievement;” sire of dam, “ Stockwell.” Berkshire Breed—Boars above Twelve Months old. Heser Humrrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham, Berks: First Prize, 102, for “No, 380 M,” 1 year, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘* Leamington ;” dam, “ No. 283 D;” sire of dam, “ Rainbow.” Tuomas Rapciirre, Cheswell Grange, Newport, Salop: Srconp Prizu, 5/., for “Dick Turpin,” 2 years, 1 week-old; bred by Mr. R. Fowler, Aylesbury ; sire, ‘‘ Tim Whiffler ;” dam, “ Royal Oxford.” Heser Humrrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham: the Reserve Number, to “Maple Grove,” 2 years, 3 weeks, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Royal Oak ;” dam, “ Beauty Bewitched ;” sire of dam, “Souse Genteel.” Berkshire Breed—Boars above Six and not exceeding Twelve Months old. The Exrcutors of the late W. Hewsrr, Sevenhampton, Highworth, Wilts: First Prizz, 10/., for their 11 months, 5 days-old; bred by themselves ; sire, “ Exchange ;” dam, “ Hope;” sire of dam, ‘‘ Sennington Lad Sth.” Lorp CiEermont, Ravensdale Park, Newry, Ireland: Sseconp Prize, 51., for his 6 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, ‘‘ Disraeli ;” dam, ‘Spencer 2nd ;” sire of dam, ‘‘ Exeter 3rd.” Arruur Stewart, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester: the Reserve Number, to his 9 months, 4 weeks-old ; bred by himself; sire, “Sampson ;” dam, “ Kalvellie I.” Ixxx Award of Live-Stock Prizes at Cardiff. Berkshire Breed—Breeding Sows. Ricnuarp Fowter, Broughton Farm, Aylesbury, Bucks: Firsr Prize, 10/., for “Royal Princess,” 2 years, 6 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old, in pig; bred by himself; sire, “Tim Whiffler.” ARTHUR SrTEwart, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester: Szconp Prize, 51., for ‘Duchess II.,” 1 year, 4 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old, in-pig; bred by himself; sire, “Sampson ;” dam, ‘ Kalvellie I.” NATHANIEL Bengarietp, Short’s Green Farm, Motcombe, Shaftesbury, Dorset: the Reserve Number, to “ Princess Beatrice,” 1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old, in-pig; bred by himself; sire, “ King Pippin 4th ;” dam, “ Princess ;” sire of dam, ‘‘ Diamond.” Berkshire Breed—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs. ARTHUR STEWART, Saint Bridge Farm, Gloucester: First Prize, 10/., for his 7 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Sampson ;” dam, “ Kalvellie II.” | JouN Biaas, Cublington, Leighton Buzzard: Srconp Prize, 5/., for his 6 months, 3 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Tichborne;” dam, ‘‘ Beauty ;” sire of dam, ‘* Baronet.” RusseLt Swanwick, Royal Agricultural College Farm, Cirencester, Gloucester- shire: the Reserve Number, to the “Sally Family,” 6 months, 3 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “ Othello;” dam, “Sally IV.;” sire of dam, “ D boar.” Other Breeds—Boars. Ciement, R. N. Beswicx-Royps, Pyke House, Littleborough, Lancashire : First Prizz, 10/., for “ Priam,” white, with spots (middle), 1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks, 2 days-old; bred by Mr. P. Eden, Salford, Man-. chester ; sire, “‘ Young Sampson ;” dam, “ Lancashire Lass.” Ricuarp E. Ducxerrna, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey : Srconp Prize, 5/., for “Wolf,” black (Hssex), 1 year, 11 months-old; bred by Mr. T. R. Cornish, Wolfsgrove, Bishopsteignton, Devon. Francis Hart Dyke, Acomb, York: the Reserve Number, to “ Ebor” white (middle), 1 year, 10 months-old; bred by himself. Other Breeds—Breeding Sows. Peter Epen, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prizn, 10/., for “Busy Bee,” white (middle), 5 years, 5 months, 4 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “King Lear 1st ;” dam, “Pride of the Village;” sire of dam, ‘ King Lear Ist.” Perer Eprn, Cross Lane, Salford: Seconp Prizx, 5/., for “Flo,” white (middle), 2 years, 6 months-old; bred by himself; sire, “SOld Prince ;” dam, “‘ Countess ;” sire of dam, “ ‘Ihe Cure.” Ricwarp Enmurrst Duckerine, Northorpe, Kirton-Lindsey ; the Reserve Number, to “ Victress,” white (Lincoln middle), 2 years, 6 months, 1 week-old; bred by himself; sire, “ 6th Cultivator.” Other Breeds—Pens of Three Breeding Sow Pigs. Perer EprEn, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester: First Prize, 10/., for his white (middle), 7 months, 2 weeks, 5 days-old; bred by himself; sire, “Young King ;” dam, “ Empress ;” sire of dam, “ King Lear 2nd,” Award of Prizes at Cardiff. Ixxxi * BUTTER. Six Pounds, made up in Pounds. orD CHEsHAm, Latimer, Chesham: Firs'r Prize, 51. ARET H. Davy, St. Fagan’s Rectory, Cardiff: Srconp Prize, 3/. ‘oHN Jones, Old Beaupré, Cowbridge: Turrp Prize, 27. EORGE Crorts Wix1Ams, Llanrumney Hall, Cardiff: the Reserve Number. Zz * CHEESE, tue Propuce or 1872. Over 6 inches thick, and weighing in the aggregate not less than One Hundredweight. orGE Griezons, Tunley Farm, Bath: First Prizs, 102. m11am Dupieston, New Lodge, Dorrington, Newport, Salop: Szconp Prizes, 5/. ‘A BENJAFIELD, Froglin Farm, Motcombe, Shaftesbury: Tuirp Prize, 27. REW PRIcE, Bagley, Ellesmere: the Reserve Number. Under 6 inches thick, and weighing in the aggregate not less than 56 Pounds. EorGE Harris, Court House Farm, Lower Cam, Dursley: First Prize, 10., oun Situ, Nupdown Farm, Thornbury, Gloucestershire: Seconp Prize, 5/. ARTA Barrs, Odstone Hall, Atherstone: Tarrp Prize, 2. oMAS CULVERWELL, Llwynbelig, Cowbridge: the Reserve Number. FARM PRIZES. For the Two Best Managed Farms in South Wales and Monmouthshire. Wr211am Savours Powett, Eglwsnunyd, Taibach: First Prize, a Silver Cup, value 100/.; the gift of Sir Watkin W. Wynn, Bart., M.P., Presi- dent of the Society. VaLeNTINE Parsons, Slough Farm, Caerwent, Chepstow: SzcoxD Prize, 50/.; given by the Society. IMPLEMENTS. Portable Steam Engines (not Self-Moving) not exceeding 8-Horse Power. Ouayton and SyuTrTLEwortTH, Lincoln: First Prize, 40/., for their 8-Horse- Power Single-Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, improved and manu- factured by themselves. The Reapine Ironworks Company (Limited), Reading: Seconp Prizz, 201, for their 8-Horse-Power Portable Steam Engine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves, Ixxxii Award of Prizes at Cardiff. ra : * Davey, Paxman, and Co., Colchester, Essex: Hicuty CoMMENDED, for their 8-Horse-Power Portable Engine, improved and manufactured by them- selves. MarsHaLt, Sons, and Co. (Limited), Gainsborough: Hicnny ComMENDED, for their Portable Steam Engine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. Brown and May, Devizes: CommenpeED, for their 8-Horse-Power Portable Steam Engine, manufactured by themselves. Combined Portable Threshing and Finishing Machines, to be worked by Steam. Marsuauy, Sons, and Co.: First Prizz, 40/., for their Threshing and Finishing Dressing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. Ransomes, Srus, and Heap, Ipswich: Szconp Prizx, 20/., for their Portable — Double-Blast Finishing Threshing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves, Py CLayTon and SHurrLEwortTH: Hicuiy CoMMENDED, for their Combing Portable Double-Blast Threshing and Finishing Machine, invented, im- — proved, and manufactured by themselves. Ruston, Procror, and Co., Lincoln: CommEnveD, for their Combined Threshing — and Finishing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by them- selves. Combined Portable Threshing Machines, to be worked by Steam. CLayron and SuHurrtewortTH: First Prizx, 40/., for their Combined Por- 4 table Threshing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by — themselves. Ransomes, Sms, and Heap: Srconp PrizE, 20/., for their Single-Blast Steam Threshing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. Marsa, Sons, and Co., Gainsborough: Hicuiy CommEnpEp, for their Threshing and Dressing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. Wr11am Tasker, and Sons, Andover: Highty CommENpDED, for their Por- table Combined Threshing Machine, invented, improved, and manufac- tured by themselves. Hotmes and Son, Norwich: CommernprEp, for their Combined Portable Threshing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by them- selves, F Paitie and Henry Partie Gissons, Wantage: Commenpep, for their Por- table Combined Steam Threshing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. Straw Elevators, to be worked by Steam. Marsuatt, Sons, and Co.: First Prize, 10/., for their Straw Elevator, — invented by ‘Hayes, Stamford ; improved and manufactured by them- selves. Cuayron and SxHurrirwortH: Srconp Prize, 5/., for'their Portable Straw Elevator, improved, and manufactured by themselves. ent Sates ee i Award of Prizes at Cardiff. Ixxxili Wrini1Am Tasker and Sons: Higuiy Commennen, for their 4-Wheel Eleva- tors, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. Straw or Hay Elevators, to be worked by Horse-Power. Crayton and SuurrteworrH: First Prize, 10/., for their Portable Elevator for stacking straw, hay, or sheaf-corn, improved and manufactured by themselves. ‘SrerHeN Lewiy,! Poole, Dorset: Srconp Prizz, 5/., for his Stacking Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by himself. ‘Wit11am Tasker and Sons: Hicuiy Commennen, for their 2-Wheel Balance ~ Elevator, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. 'R. and J. Reeves and Son, Bratton, Westbury, Wilts: Hreuiy Com- MENDED, for their Hay, Corn, or Straw Elevator, invented by W. Andrews, Melksham; improved and manufactured by themselves. Seed Drawers. Hotmes and Son: Tue Prizz of 10/. for their Seed Drawer, with Dressing Apparatus, invented, improved, and manufactured by themselves. R. Hunt and J. A. Tawett, Earls Colne, Halstead, Essex: Hiauty Com- MENDED, for their Steam-Power Clover and Trefoil Seed Drawing Machine, invented by Reuben Hunt, and manufactured by themselves. Corn-Dressing Machines. J. Coocu, Harlestone, Northamptonshire: First Prize, 15/., for her Corn- Dressing Machine, invented by the late J. Cooch; improved and manu- factured by herself. THomas BAKER, Compton, Newbury : Second Prize, 10/., for his Corn-Dressing and Winnowing Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by himself. |W. N. Nicuorson and Son, Newark, Notts: Tatrp Prize, 5/., for their Winnower and Corn-Dressing Machine, invented, improved, and manu- i factured by themselves. W. Rarxrortu and Son, Brayford Head, Lincoln: Hicguuy Commenpen, for h their Winnowing and Corn-Dressing Machine, improved and manufac- tured by themselves. Corset and CurrcHase, Shrewsbury : Commennen, for their Corn-Dressing Machine, invented and improved by themselves; manufactured by T. Corbet. g Joun Baxer, Wisbeach ; CommenDED, for his Corn-Dressing and Screening Machine, invented, improved, and manufactured by himself. Corn Screens. Rosert Bosy, Bury St. Edmunds: First Prize, 101., for his Self-Cleaning Corn Screen, invented, improved, and manufactured by himself. Ricuarp Hornspy and Sons, Grantham: Seconp Prizx, 5/., for their Adjustable Corn Screen, invented, improved, and manufactured by them- selves. _Cozeman and Morrtoy, Chelmsford: Hicuuy CommenneD, for their Adjustable Ixxxiy Award of Prizes at Cardiff. ~ % Rotary Corn Screen and Seed Separator, invented by W. Wyatt; im- proved and manufactured by themselves. . W. Rarvrortn and Son: Higuty Commenvep, for their Adjustable Rotary Corn Screen, invented and manufactured by themselves. Tuomas Corsett, Shrewsbury: CommenpbeEp, for his Corn Screen, invented, improved, and raanufactured by himself. PENNEY and Co. (Limited), Lincoln: Commenprp, for their Adjustable Rotary Corn Screen, invented, improved, and manufactured by them- selves. 7 SILVER MEDALS. E. R. and F. Turyer, Ipswich, for Hartwell’s Patent Variable Expansi Governor. BENJAMIN Rep, and Co., Aberdeen, for their Patent Disc Broadcast Sowing- Machine, with Road Carriage, invented by J. H. Sams. Barrorp and Perrys, Peterborough, for their Patent Adjusting Screws for ; setting Square Threshing or other Machines. CuayTon and SHuTrLeworts, for Wilder’s Patent Self-Feeding Apparatus, adapted for Threshing Machines. Ransomes, Sts, and Heap, for their Patent Drum, adapted for Threshing Machines. MarspEn and Co., Leeds, for Blake’s Patent Stone Breaker. LAWRENCE and Co., 14, St. Mary Axe, London, E.C., for their Patent Capillary Refrigerator for Cooling Milk. 6% lxxxvy .) AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Examination Papers, 1872. EXAMINATION IN AGRICULTURE. Maximum Noumper or Marks, 200. Pass Numser, 100. Tuesday, April 16th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m. 1. State the implements required for use on a farm of 500 acres of light land, 100 acres being pasture, worth to rent 50s. per acre, the remainder arable. 2. For such a farm as described in question No. 1, state the live stock which would be required, and the numbers of each kind. 3. What would be the number of labourers required to be employed on such a farm as described in No. 1 question ? 4, Describe the best course of cropping to be pursued on the arable part of such farm as the one mentioned in No. 1 question. 5. Describe the best course of cropping to be pursued on an arable farm of 1000 acres of strong clay land. 6. Supposing steam-power to be employed on such a farm as the one described in question No. 5, what implement or implements should you prefer to use in the summer for preparing land for wheat? And what for breaking up the stubbles in autumn ? 7. Still considering the farm as described in question No. 5, give a description of the cultivation required in the spring for lent corn and ' for green crops, presuming such land to be perfectly clean. 8. Following question No. 7, describe the cultivation necessary, presuming the land to be full of couch.grass or otherwise foul. 9. Given 100 acres of swedes, 15 tons being grown to the acre. How many feeding sheep would be required to eat them off in 22 weeks? Each sheep to have daily } lb. of cake and some chaff. 10. A six-horse-power engine and a thrashing machine being used, state the number of persons required to be employed in thrashing a wheat rick and their different duties, the straw being stacked on the spot. Afternoon, viva voce examination commencing at 2 o'clock. VOL. VIII.—S. s. g a Ixxxvi Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1872. EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY. Maximum Noumper or Manas, 200. Pass Numpnr, 100. I. Generat CHEMISTRY. Wednesday, April 17th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m. 1. What is the Composition of the Atmosphere ? 2. Describe the general characters of Salts of Ammonia, and a good method of determining Ammonia quantitatively. 3. Mention the most important Compounds of Nitrogen and Oxygen, and describe their principal properties. 4, Give an outline of the Manufacture of Oil of Vitriol. 5. How do you distinguish Lime from Magnesia ? 6. What is the chemical relation between Starch, Gum, Glucose, Cane-Sugar, and Alcohol ? 7. Mention some of the means of arrésting the incipient decomposi- tion of Organic matters, and the best plans oF hastening the putre- faction of animal matters. 8. Describe some of the principal constituents of Blood. 9. What are the chemical changes which urine undergoes in becoming putrid? Point out the differences in the urine of herbi- yorous and carnivorous animals. II. AcricutturAL CHEMISTRY. Wednesday, April 17th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 1. Mention some of the causes of sterility of soils, and the means of removing them. 2. Under what circumstances is Lime advantageous to land? How and at what time of the year should it be applied ? 3. State the various methods of determining the quantity of Phos- phoric acid in a soil; which method yields the most accurate results? 4, Explain the chemical changes, if any, that occur in the following solutions in the act of percolating soils of various descriptions. . Nitrate of Soda. . Nitrate of Potash. . Sulphate of Ammonia. . Phosphate of Ammonia, . Chloride of Sodium. . Chloride of Potassium. attr w;whbre Agricultural Education—LExamination Papers, 1872. 1xxxvii 5. What is the amount of Nitrogen in 100 Ibs. of Nitrate of Soda. be Nitrate of Potash. ¥ Sulphate of Ammonia. _ Chloride of Ammonia. 6. How do you best prevent the loss of fertilizing matters in making farm-yard manure? Mention in general terms the differences in the composition of fresh and rotten dung. 7. What is the composition of Peruvian Guano? How can you ascertain whether it is genuine or adulterated? How should it be applied to the land, and for what crops is it most suitable ? 8. What is the composition and feeding value of malt-dust, rice- meal, bran, and brewer's grains ? 9. Write a short paper on the principles which ought to guide the farmer in the selection of food for calves, store cattle, fattening beasts and milk-cows. EXAMINATION IN MECHANICS AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. Maxmom Numer or Marks 200. Pass Number 100., Thursday, April 18th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m. 1. If two given forces act on a point, what is the method of finding the single force that would balance them ? Suppose the forces to be of 5 and 7 units respectively, and to act in directions at right angles to each other; show by a figure how the force acts which exactly balances them, and determine in any way its magnitude and direction. 2. In the case of a single fixed pulley the power is said to equal the weight; on what suppositions would this be strictly true ? Given, two pulleys in separate blocks: show by diagrams various ways of combining them, and mention the advantage obtained in each way. 3. A rectangular block of stone 2 feet square and 4 fect high weighs a ton: if it stands upright on a horizontal plane what is the smallest force necessary to overthrow it? If it were lying lengthwise on the horizontal plane, what would be the smallest force needed to bring it into an upright position? Why is it that in raising the block, its tendency to slide does not ordinarily show itself till it has been raised through a considerable angle ? 4, A horse is known to do 10 million units of work in a day; it is found that by means of certain machinery he raises 70 loals of 1000 Ibs. g2 Ixxxvui Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1872. each from a depth of 100 feet in the course of a working day; what portion of his working power has been expended on the friction of the machinery ? ; 5. A body weighing twelve tons is moved along a smooth horizontal ® plane by a constant horizontal force, and is found at the end of — 4 seconds to be moving at the rate of 5 feet per second: what is the amount of that force? If the plane had been rough and this force had just not moved the body, what would have been the co-efficient of _ friction between the plane and the body (g = 382-2) ? 6. A ball weighing 1 ewt. is fastened to the end of a rod; the rod is horizontal and at the other end is attached a vertical spindle ; the . distance from the spindle to the centre of the ball is 8 feet. If the ball makes 80 revolutions per minute, what force does it exert on the spindle? In what units do you estimate the result? 7. What is meant by the “dead points” of a crank? Explain how the fly-wheel tends to equalize the motion of machinery. 8. Explain the method of finding the specific gravity of a liquid by ascertaining the loss of weight of a given substance when immersed in the liquid. Give a numerical example. 9. Describe briefly the effects produced by the application of heat to a liquid. What is meant by a saturated vapour ? EXAMINATION IN MENSURATION AND LAND SURVEYING. Maximum Number or Mangs, 100. Pass Numpzr, 50. Thursday, April 18th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 1. A common hipped roof is 80 feet wide and 50 feet long, the height of the ridge above the eaves is 10 feet ; how many squares of slate are there in the roof? 2. Draw on your paper a figure with four unequal sides; construct a triangle equal in area to this figure, and then construct a square equal in area to the triangle. 3. Give a rule for finding the solid contents of a piece of rdugh or unsquared timber, and give a numerical example. Mention briefly the reason of the rule you give. 4, It is said that 50 cubic feet of dry oak weigh 25 cwts. In this rule what is the assumed value of the specific gravity of dry oak? 5. A well is 5 feet in diameter and 50 fect deep; how many eubie feet of earth have been dug out in making it? 6. There are two poles, one on each side of a pond; both are acces- Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1872, Ixxxix sible and the surrounding ground is level; give a method of deter- _ mining the distance between the poles by tape and pickets. DA. 0 | 1,800 120 | 1,200 | 100 | 800 0; 000 _ %. Let A, B, C, D be four stations in- L off D closing a piece of wooded ground; the ") angle at A is a right angle; plot the ac- C.D: companying notes to scale, and determine 0! 1.100: | _ the area of the wood, 100 | 800 | 8. The three sides of a triangle are 120 300 | 7500 feet, 5000 feet, and 7500 feet re- . 0; 000 } spectively ; find the angles and area of | L off C | _ the triangle. oF 9. Two stations A and B are three B.C. miles apart; A bears 57° W. of N. from 0 | 1,400 | B; there is a third station, P, such that 60 | 400 A bears 22° W. of N. from P, and B 0; 000 _ bears 38° E. of N. from P. Show how to |L of B _ lay down P on paper, and ascertain by scale the distance from P to A and from i pe | PtoB. 0 | 1,200 50; 800 100 120 0 000 Begin at A | go South EXAMINATION IN BOOKKEEPING. Maximum Nomper or Marks, 200. Pass Numszr, 100. Friday, April 19th, from 10 am. tall 1 p.m. __ Journalise and post into a ledger, in proper technical language, the following series of facts and transactions; and from such ledger make out a Trial Balance, a Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet. Liabilities and Assets of Peter Barrett, Seed Merchant, December 31st, 1871. LIaBILivies. Siaienee Amount due to P. James a2 oy LOU eae Do. J. Smith for 1 quarter's rent due Xmas .. ie 1. el d2GF OR O Bills payable, due 4th J anuary, IGBOG L ee Abas xe Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1872. _ ASSETS. Stock of. seeds im hand,» 1;{ esky colt peace Do. Carts, horses, &e. .. ee Cash at Messrs. Glyn & Co.’s— on current account on deposit account Do. Petty in house Lease of business premises 1872. Jan. 1. Paid P. James "5 o 5, Accepted P. James’ draft due 4th Apri ‘ 3. Sold seeds for cash = 4, Paid bill due this day .... 5 5. Transferred from deposit to current account : ; Interest to date also transferred .. + 6. Drawn cheque for petty cash a 33 9. Bought for cash 3 tons of hay for use in stables : “>! ad pe eer » 10. Sold seeds to D. Prout . » 11. Bought seeds of James Muir » 15. Paid J. Smith rent due Xmas : » 20. Received invoice of grain from D. Jones o on consignment .. .. . £436 0 0 s 5, Accepted D. Jones’ draft due 24th March .. » 25. Paid expenses on above consignment ont of Petty Cash » 26. Sold D. Jones’ grain to P. Jameson for » 27. Received Jameson’s acceptance 30th April .. - », Laid D. Jones’ balance of con- signment .. 0. os ss ave Ole Less 1 per cent. commission £418 4 »» eXpenses 13.6 32 pees 29. Paid Insurance on Stock, &e. = ee » ol. Paid clerk one month’s salary Maximum Noumper or Margs, 100. Pass Numpmr, 50, 1. State some of the advantages of a knowledge of Geology as. applied to 2. By what different agencies have rocks been formied? Giye Allowed for wear and tear of carts, &e. Interest on Capital for one month Stock of seeds in hand .. EXAMINATION IN GEOLOGY. Friday, April 19th, from 2 p.m, till 5 p.m. Agriculture. examples of some of the principal kinds of rock. £: 8.50 1200 0 0 155 5 0 234 9 © 500 0 0 3.8 4 500 0 0 60 13. 4 100 0 0 280 5 6 18 9 3 200 0 0. 2, 6.98% 10 0 0 13 10 0 348 10 0 286 0 0 125 0 @ 400 0 0 7 8 @ 492 10 4 492 10 4 80 8 6 12 0 @ 10 0:7 410 0 8 16 10 930 10 0 Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1872. xci 3. Explain the various geological conditions under which springs occur. 4. Give the characters and composition of the so-called “Coprolites”; | state the geological formations in which they are found, and the uses to which they are applied. | 5. Define the terms “Permeable” and “Impermeable” strata; give examples derived from the Cretaceous system of rocks. 6. What is understood by “ Brash” soils, and upon what formations do they occur ? -7. Name the sub-divisions of the Oolitic system of rocks. Give their mineral characters, and state the chief economical substances obtained from them. 8. Define the terms Septaria, Loam, Shale, Marl, Pan, Oolite Conglomerate. 9. What would you expect to be the physical and agricultural features of districts situated on the following formations :—Chalk, Upper Green Sand, Red Marl, Old Red Sandstone, Lower Oolites ? 10. Name some fossils which are characteristic of each of three great divisions of Stratified rocks. 11. Contrast agriculturally and geologically the chalk districts of the Wolds of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire with those of the North and South Downs, and explain the differences. 12. Name the rocks and fossils on the table. EXAMINATION IN BOTANY. [It is expected that Eight Questions at least be answered. ] Maxiwum Noumper or Marks, 100. Pass Numper, 50. Saturday, April 20th, from 10 a.m. till 1 p.m. 1. Describe the difference in the growth of the stem and roots. 2. What organs are employed by plants in which to store up food ? Give examples. 3. Explain the changes that take place in the stored food before it can be appropriated by the plant. 4, What is Phyllotaxy ? 5. What is the function of the leaf in the active life of the plant ? 6. What are the distinctions between a dicotyledonous and a mono- cotyledonous plant in relation to (a) the seed, (b) the root, (c) the stem, and (d) the foliage ? 7. Give the principal groups into which dicotyledonous plants are arranged, with their distinguishing characters, and an example of each. 8. What are gymnosperms? Give examples, xcli = Agricultural Education—Examination Papers, 1872. 9. What is mycelium, and what order of plants does it charac terise ? 10. Distinguish between mycelium and prothallus. 11. What are the sciéntific names and natural orders of Rye-grass, Dock, Rape, Cow-grass, Dodder, and Barley ? 12. Describe in a systematic method the plants marked A, B, and C, EXAMINATION IN ANATOMY AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. Maximum Noumper or Marss, 100. Pass Numpxr, 50. Saturday, April 20th, from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. 1, Name the bones of the hind leg of the horse in the order of their arrangement from above, downwards, and state the popular names which are given to each. 2. State which joints of the hind limb possess a hinge movement only, and describe the nature of the other articulations. 3. Describe in general terms the structure of the mammary gland of the cow, and name the vessels which convey the blood for its nourish- ment and for the secretion of milk. State also the means by which the blood is returned from the gland to the heart. 4. State in what essential particulars arterial blood differs from venous. xcili) MEMORANDA. _Appness or Letrers—The Society's office being situated in the postal district designated by the letter W, members in their correspondence with the Secretary, are requested to subjoin that | letter to the usual address, GENERAL MEETING in London, in December, 1872. GENERAL MeeTING in London, May 22nd, 1873, at_12 o’clock. | | Meerine at Hull, July, 1873. : | Monraty Counott (for transaction of business), at 12 o’clock on the first Wednesday in every month, excepting January, September, and October: open only to Members of Council and Governors of the Society. ApJoURNMENTS.—The Council adjourn over Passion and Easter weeks, when those weeks do not include the first Wednesday of the month; from the first Wednesday in August to the first ee, in November ; and from the first Wednesday in December to the first Wednesday in ebruary. Orrice Hours—10 to 4. On Saturdays, from the Council Meeting in August until the Council Meeting in April, 10 to 2. Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs.—Members have the privilege of applying to the Veterinary i Committee of the Society; and of sending animals to the Royal Veterinary College, on the same terms as if they were subscribers to the College.—(A statement of these privileges will be found in the Appendix.) | Cuemicat ANALrsIs.—The privileges of Chemical Analysis enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found stated in the Appendix to the present volume. Boranicat PrivitecEs.—The Botanical Privileges enjoyed by Members of the Society will be found stated in the Appendix to the present volume. Supscrierions.—1, Annual.—The subscription of a Governor is £5, and that of a Member £1, due in advance on the ist of January of each year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the ist of June. 2. For Life—Governors may compound for their subscription for future years by paying at once the sum of £50, and Members by paying £10. Members who have paid their annual subscription for 20 years or upwards, and whose subscriptions are not in arrear, may compound for future annual subscriptions, that of the current year inclusive, by a single payment of £5. PaymeEnts.—Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, in the most direct and satisfactory manner, either at the office of the Society, No. 12, Hanover Square, London, W., or by means of post- office orders, to be obtained at any of the principal post-offices throughout the kingdom, and made payable to him at the Vere Street Office, London, W.; but any cheque on a banker's or any other house of business in London will be equally available, if made payable on demand. In obtaining post-office orders care should be taken to give the postmaster the correct initials and surname of the Secretary of the Society (H. M. Jenkins), otherwise the payment will be refused to him at the post-office on which such order has been obtained; and when remitting the money-orders it should be stated by whom, and on whose account, they are sent. Cheques should be made payable as drafts on demand (not as bills only payable after sight or a certain number of days after date), and should be drawn on a London (not on a local country) banker. When payment is made to the London and Westminster Bank, St. James’s Square Branch, as the bankers of the Society, it will be desirable that the Secretary should be advised. by letter of such payment, in order that the entry in the banker’s book may be at once iden- tified, and the amount posted to the credit of the proper party. No coin can be remitted by post, unless the letter be registered. New Mempers.—Every candidate for admission into the Society must be proposed by a Member; H the proposer to specify in writing the full name, usual place of residence, and post-town, of the ! candidate, either at a Council meeting, or by letter addressed to the Secretary. Forms of Proposal may be obtained on application to the Secretary. *,* Members may obtain on application to the Secretary copics of an Abstract of the Charter and Bye-laws, of a Statement of the General Objects, &c., of the Society, of Chemical, Botanical, and Veterinary Privileges, and of other printed papers connected with special departments of the Society’s business. : (y xp) SHMembers’? Weterinary Privileges. I.—Szniovs on Extensive Diszases. No. 1. Any Member of the Society who may desire professional attendance and special advice in cases of serious or extensive disease among his cattle, sheep, or pigs, will, on application to the Secretary, obtain the services of the — Society’s Veterinary Inspector, to visit the place where the disease prevails. No. 2. The remuneration of the Inspector will be 2/. 2s. each day as a professional fee, and 1/. 1s, each day for personal expenses ; and he will also — be allowed to charge the cost of travelling to and from the locality where his services may have been required. The fees and expenses will be a charge against the applicant; but this charge may be reduced or remitted altogether at the discretion of the Council, on such course being recommended to them by — the Veterinary Committee. h No. 3. The Inspector, on his return from visiting the diseased stock, will report to the Committee, in writing, the results of his observations and pro- — ceedings, which Report will be laid before the Council. No. 4. When contingencies arise to prevent a personal discharge of the duties confided to the Inspector, he may, subject to the approval of the Com- mittee, name some competent professional person to act in his stead, who shall receive the same rates of remuneration. y II.—Orprnary on Orner Caszs oF DisEase. Members may obtain the attendance of the Veterinary Inspector on any case of disease by paying the cost of his visit, which will be at the following — rates, viz,, 2/. 2s. per diem, and travelling expenses, ITI.—ConsvLtTaTIoNs WITHOUT VISIT. Personal consultation with the Veterinary Inspector .. os bn Consultation by letter .. a x a6 a aio ne ae Consultation necessitating the writing of three or more letters. 10s. Post-mortem examination, and report thereon .. on ae LOR A return of the number of applications during each half-year being required — from the Veterinary Inspector. IV.—Anmisston or Disrasep ANIMALS TO THE VETERINARY COLLEGE Invustications; Lrorurus, AND Reports. No. 1. All Members of the Society have the privilege of sending cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Infirmary of the Royal Veterinary College, on the same terms as if they were Members of the College; viz., by paying for the keep and treatment of cattle 10s. 6d. per week each animal, and for sheep and — pigs ‘a small proportionate charge to be fixed by the Principal according to circumstances.” No. 2. The College has also undertaken to investigate such particular classes of disease, or special subjects connected with the application of the Veterinary art to cattle, sheep, and pigs, as may be named by the Council. No. 3. In addition to the lectures now given by the Professor of Cattle Pathology to the pupils in the Royal Veterinary College, on special occasions the College undertake that one of the Professors shall also deliver such lectures before the Members of the Society, at their house in Hanover Square, as the Council shall desire. - No. 4. The Royal Veterinary College will authorise the Principal to furnish te the Council, quarterly, a detailed Report of the cases of cattle, sheep, and pigs treated in the Infirmary ; and also Special Reports from time to time on any matter of unusual interest, which may come under the notice of the College. By order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. G zev ) Members’ Pribileges of Chemical Analpsis. ‘Tur Council have fixed the following rates of Charge for Analyses to be made by the Consulting Chemist for the bond-fide use of Members of the Society; who (to avoid all unnecessary correspondence) are particularly requested, when applying to him, to mention the kind of analysis they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined schedule. The charge for analysis, together with the carriage of the specimens, must be paid to him by members at the time of their application. No. 1.—An opinion of the genuineness of Pernvian guano, bone- dust, or oil-cake (each sample) .. 5s. 2.—An analysis of guano; showing the proportion of moisture, organic matter, sand, phosphate of lime, alkaline salts, and ammonia oe Hp lO 3.—An estimate of the value (telatively ” to the average of samples in the market) of sulphate and muriate of am- ”? monia, and of the nitrates of potash and soda .. sept LOS, » 4.—An analysis of superphosphate of lime for soluble phos- phates only -- 108, », 5.—An analysis of superphosphate of lime, showing the pro- portions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and insoluble phosphates, sulphate of lime, and ammonia .. £1, 6.—An analysis (sufficient for the determination of its agricul- tural value) of any ordinary artificial manure .. £1. » 7.—Limestone :—the proportion of lime, 7s. 6d.; the propor- tion of magnesia, 10s. ; the proportion of lime and mag- nesia & 15s. 8.—Limestone or marls, “including carbonate, "phosphate, and sulphate of lime, and magnesia with sand and Clay es cel, » 9.—Partial analysis of a soil, including determinations of clay, sand, organic matter, and carbonate of lime .. ial 2A Pe 10.—Complete analysis of asoil . £3. » 11.—An analysis of oil-cake, or other substance used for feeding purposes; showing the proportion of moisture, oil, mineral matter, albuminous matter, and woody fibre ; as well as of starch, gum, and sugar, in the aggregate LAS », 12,—Analyses of any vegetable product .. So nate », 13.—Analyses of animal products, refuse substances “used for manure, &c, -- from 10s. to 30s, », 14.—Determination of the “hardness” of a ere of water before and after boiling .. = aa al Os ld .—Analysis of water of land pis ah and of water used for irrigation .. oe yo, wicca plo: —Determination of nitric acid in a sample of water . ie LAS N.B.—The above Scale of Charges is not applicable to the case of persons commercially engaged in the Manufacture or Sale of any Substance sent for Analysis. The Address of the Consulting Chemist of the Society is, Dr. Aveustus Voetcker, F.R.S., 11, Salisbury Square, London, E.C., to which he requests that all letters and parcels (postage and carriage paid) should be directed. By order of the Council, H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. (\"xevr *) INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. ARTIFICIAL MANURES.—Take a large handful of the manure from three or four bags, mix the whole on a large sheet of paper, breaking down with the hand any lumps present, and fold up in tinfoil, or in oil silk, about 3 ozs. of the well-mixed sample, and send it to 11, Satispury Square, FLeet STREET, E.C., by post: or place the mixed manure in a small wooden or tin box, and send it by post. Ifthe manure be very wet and lumpy, a larger boxful, weighing from. 10 to 12 ozs., should be sent either by post or railway. Samples not exceeding 4 ounces in weight may be sent by post, by attaching two penny postage stamps to the parcel. Samples not exceeding 8 ounces, for three postage stamps. Samples not exceeding 12 ounces, for four postage stamps. The parcels should be addressed: Dr. Aucustus VorLcKER, 11, SALISBURY Square, FLEET Street, Lonpon, E.C., and the address of the sender or the uumber or mark of the article be stated on parcels. The samples may be sent in covers, or in boxes, bags of linen or other materials. No parcel sent by post must exceed 12 ozs, in weight, 1 foot 6 inches in length, 9 inches in width, and 6 inches in depth. SOILS.—Have a wooden box made 6 inches long and wide, and from 9 to 12 inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field a space of about 12 inches square; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, so as to leave undisturbed a block of soil with its subsoil from 9 to 12 inches deep; trim this block or plan of the field to make it fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then pass a spade under the box and lift it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid and send it by goods or parcel train to the laboratory. The soil will then be received in the exact position in which it is found in the field. In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at ence inverted over the soil and forced down by pressure, and then dug out. WATERS.—Two gallons of water are required for analysis. The water, if possible, should be sent in glass-stoppered Winchester half-gallon bottles, which are readily obtained in any chemist and druggist’s shop. If Winchester bottles cannot be procured, the water may be sent in perfectly clean new stoneware spirit- jars surrounded by wickerwork. For the determination of the degree of hardness before and after boiling, only one quart wine-bottle full of water is required. LIMESTONES, MARLS, IRONSTONES, AND OTHER MINERALS.— Whole pieces, weighing from 3 to 4 ozs., should be sent enclosed in small linen bags, or wrapped in paper. Postage 2d., if under 4 ounces. OILCAKES.—Take a sample from the middle of the cake. To this end breaka whole cake into two. Then break off a piece from the end where the two halves were joined together, and wrap it in paper, leaving the ends open, and send parcel by post. The piece should weigh from 10 to 12o0zs. Postage, 4c. If sent by railway, one quarter or half a cake should be forwarded. FEEDING MEALS.—About 3 ozs. will be sufficient for analysis. Enclose the meal in a small linen bag. Send it by post. On forwarding samples, separate letters should be sent to the laboratory, specifying the nature of the information required, and, if possible, the object in view. H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. SS ee ee a (( xevii_) Members’ Botanical Privileges. The Council have provisionally fixed the following rates of Charge for the examination of Plants and Seeds for the bond fide use of Members of the Society, who are particularly requested, _ when applying to the Consulting Botanist, to mention the kind of examination they require, and to quote its number in the subjoined Schedule. The charge for examination must be _ paid to the Consulting Botanist at the time of application, and _ the carriage of all parcels must be prepaid. No, 1.—A general opinion as to the genuineness and age of a sample of clover-seed (each sample) = 5s. » 2.—A detailed examination of a sample of dirty or * impure clover-seed, with a report on its admixture with seeds of dodder or other weeds (each sample) .. «e 10s. » o—A test examination of turnip or other cruciferous seed, with a report on its germinating power, or its adultera- tion with 000 seed (each sample) 5c 10s. », 4.—A test examination of any other kind of seed, or corn, with a report on its germinating power (each sample) =. LOs: », 0.—Determination of the species of any indigenous British plant (not pemsitio), with a repr on its habits (each species) .. 5s. » 6.—Determination of the. species ‘of any epiphyte or vegetable parasite, on any farm-crop grown by the Member, with a report on its habits, and ‘suggestions (where possible) as to its extermination or prevention (each species) .. 10s. ay 7.—Report on any other form of Dee not caused by insects... 10s. >, 8.—Determination of the species of a " collection of natural grasses ak a to any district on one kind of soil (each collection) . af Ze ne ar eee OEE INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDING SAMPLES. Tn sending seed or corn for examination the utmost care must be taken to secure a fair and honest sample. If anything supposed to be injurious or useless exists in the corn or seed, selected samples should also be sent. _ In collecting specimens of plants, the whole plant should be taken up, and _ the earth shaken from the roots. If possible the plants must be in flower or _ fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm paper parcel. | Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as | possible. Place them in a bottle, or pack them in tin-foil or oil-silk. All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation, &c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the inquiry. N.B.—The above Scale of Charges is not applicable in the case of Seedsmen | requiring the services of the Consulting Botanist. __ Parcels or letters (Carriage or Postage prepaid) to be addressed to Mr. W. | CarruTuers, F.R.S., 25, Wellington Street, Islington, London. H. M. JENKINS, Secretary. 4 y r 9 CE [atienioet “evidiis Eee ; 9 f re 2 « “ist rao tw3shue : warts woe old tot 7. aN eodenglt ) «ah - qnce +} : tiie tubule bagel yan fw Foie £ fooreq Te io oy : « ithieg fos wy kK : vio > ae ’ ; Hawes A-~H Me frec--rayals . {hd 9s pio : \ uoONwiTx® Reap 2 : a ta Hie {ify agi : ee | f Thera LONDON: oot baat 5 oo Printed by Winrtam Crowes and Soxs, Stamford Strcet, nit Chiari Cross. , . msi gna né. 2 fap Lees ery ‘ r ’ aiskeep ¥ prt Al a eal '2: 2505 7 », vase ar «pill : o* esr 1 tte tense Cw 252 iiss hie Toa 7 st “7Yy : tig ae vr nay att rr owe Sra ood ree ye ‘ yf of, Atinonte jg PR La 7 a iba c dure! Som Nitta wry, ‘am ts rie .] , — GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY | OF ENGLAND. 1872. ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. Patroness, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. List of Gobernors. + Life Governor's mark. _Alleroft, John D....Harlington, Middlesex 'fAldam, William...Frickley Hall, Doncaster, Yorkshire Allison, Arthur...Tilgate Forest Lodge, Crawley, Sussex Allison, Charles F....Tilgate Forest Lodge, Crawley, Sussex tArkwright, J. Hungerford. ..Hampton Court, Leominster, Herefordshire Barclay, Hedworth David... Eastwick Park, Leatherhead, Surrey +Barker, John Raymond... Fairford Park, Fairford, Gloucestershire Barrow, William Hodgson, M.P....Southwell, Nottinghamshire +Bath, Marquis of...Longleat, Warminster, Wilts. Bective, Lord...Underley Hall, Kirby Lonsdale Bedford, Duke of...Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire +Belper, Lord. ..Kingston Hall, Derby Blount, William. ..Orehhill, Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks. +Bowes, John...Streatham Castle, Staindrop, Durham Bridport, Major-General Viscount. ..Cricket St. Thomas, Chard, Somersetshire +Brown, James...Rossington, Bawtry, Notts. Buccleuch, Duke of, K.G.... Montague House, Whitehall, S.W. tBuller, Sir Edward Manningham, Bart., M.P....Dilhorne Castle, Cheadle, Staffs, _ Buxton, Sir Robert Jacob, Bart... .Shadwell Court, Thetford, Norfolk Cabbell, Benjamin Bond. ..Cromer Hall, Norfolk _tCambridge, H.R.H. Duke of, K.G....Gloucester House, Piccadilly, W. Camoys, Lord...Stonor Park, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire Carnarvon, Earl of...High Clere Castle, Newbury, Berks. +Catheart, Earl, Thornton-le-Street, Thirsk, Yorkshire Challoner, Colonel C. B.... Portnall Park, Staines, Middlesex Chaplin, Henry, M.P....Blankney Hall, Lincoln + Chesham, Lord...Latimer, Chesham, Bucks. Chichester, Earl of...Stanmer Park, Lewes, Sussex ¢Childers, John Walbanke...Cantley Hall, Doneaster, Yorkshire +Cholmeley, Sir Montagne J., Bart., M.P... Easton Hall, Colsterworth, Line. ¢Clive, Rev. Archer... Whitfield, Hereford IV List of Governors of the Coleman, Edward J....Stoke Park, Slongh, Bucks. Cotes, John... Woodcote, Newport, Salop. Courtauld, Samuel...Gosfield Hall, Halstead, Essex +Craven, Earl of...Coombe Abbey, Coventry, Warwickshire Curteis, Major Edward Barrett. ..Leesam House, Rye, Sussex Darnley, Earl of...Cobham Hall, Grayesend, Kent +Dartmouth, Earl of...Patshall Hall, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire tDavies, David Reynolds. ..High Legh Hall, Knutsford, Cheshire Devonshire, Duke of, K.G....Holker Hall, Milnthorpe, Westmoreland Dickinson, Francis Henry...King’s Weston, Somerton, Somersetshire +Duleep Singh, his Highness the Maharajah...Elveden Hall, Thetford, Norfolk +Dunmore, Earl of...Dunmore, N. B. +Dysart, Earl of...Buckminster Hall, Colsterworth, Lincolnshire Egmont, Earl of. ..Cowdray Park, Petworth, Sussex +Ellesmere, Earl of... Worsley Hall, Manchester Essex, Earl of...Cassiobury Park, Watford, Hertfordshire +Etwall, Ralph...Andover, Hampshire Evans, Thomas William... Allestree Hall, Derby tEversley, Viscount. ..Heckfield Place, Winchfield, Hants. +Eyre, Charles...Welford, Newbury, Berkshire Farquharson, John James... Langton, Blandford, Dorset tFellowes, Edward, M.P....Ramsey Abbey, Huntingdon FitzWalter, Lord...Godneston Park, Wingham, Kent +Fortescue, Earl...Castle Hill, South Molton, Devon. +Freeland, H. W....Chichester, Sussex +Fuller, Francis...3, Whitehall Gardens, S.W. Gainsborough, Earl of..,.Exton Hall, Oakham, Rutlandshire Gibbs, B. Thomas Brandreth. ..47, Half-moon Street, Piccadilly, W. +Grey, Earl...Howick House, Alnwick, Northumberland Hale, Robert Blagden...Alderley Park, Wootton, Gloucestershire +Harcourt, George Simon...35, St. George’s Square, S.W. Hartley, W. H. H....Lye Grove, Cross Hands, Sodbury, Gloucestershire Hertford, Marquis of... Ragley Park, Alcester +Hey wood, Sir T. Percival, Bart....Doveleys, Ashbourne, Derbyshire +Hill, Viscount. ..Hawkstonue Park, Shrewsbury, Salop. +Hoghton, Sir Henry de, Bart... .Travellers’ Club, S.W. +Holford, R. Stayner, M.P.. sWeédton Birt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire Holland, Edward.. “‘Duriibibtch Hall, Evesham, Worcestershire +Howe, Earl. ..Gopsall, Atherstone, Warwickshire +Hulse, Col. Sir Edward, Bart....Breamore House, Fordingbridge, econ +Hunt, Zachary D. ..Aylesbury, Bucks. Johnstone, Sir Harcourt, Bart., M.P....Hackness Hall, Scarborough, Yorkshire _ Kerrison, Sir Edward Clarence, Bart....Brome Hall, Scole, Norfolk Kesteven, Lord. ..Caswick, Stamford, Taincolwiite +Knight, Frederick Winn, M.P....Wolverley House, Kidderminster, Worcestershire 8 y Royal Agricultural Society of England. | tLe Couteur, Colonel... Belle Vue, Jersey Legh, William John, M.P... -Lyme Park, Disley, Stockport, Lancashire _fLeicester, Earl of...Holkham Hall, Norfolk tLeigh, Lord...Stoneleigh Abbey, Warwickshire _ tLonsdale, Earl of... Lowther Castle, Penrith, Cumberland | Lovelace, Earl of... East Horsley Towers, Woking Station, Surrey Loyd, Lewis. ..Monks Orchard, Bromley, Kent t+Macdonald, Sir A. K., Bart... . Woolmer Lodge, Liphook Marlborough, Duke of, K.G....Blenheim Park, Oxon. tMarshall, William. ..Rattendale Hall, Penrith, Cumberland +Miles, Sir William, Bart.... Leigh Court, Bristol, Somersetshire Montefiore, Joseph Meyer... Worth Park, Crawley, Sussex _tMorrison, Alfred. ..Fonthill House, Hindon, Wilts. Murray, Charles Robert Scott... Danesfield, Marlow, Buckinghamshire Nisbet-Hamilton, Right Hon. R.A....Bloxholme Hall, Sleaford, Lincolnshire tNorthwick, Lord...7, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. Ormathwaite, Lord. ..Warfield Park, Bracknell, Berkshire Ossington, Viscount. ..Ossington, Newark-on-Trent Palmer, Robert...Holme Park, Reading, Berkshire _ Patten, Col. John Wilson, M.P....Bank Hall, Warrington, Lancashire _ Penrhyn, Lord...Penrhyn Castle, Bangor, Carnarvonshire _ tPerkins, Algernon...Hanworth Park, Hounslow, W. +Popham, Francis Leyborne...Puckaster, Isle of Wight _ tPortman, Lord...Bryanston House, Blandford, Dorsetshire + Powis, Earl of... Powis Castle, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire _ Richmond, Duke of, K. G.. .°. Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex _ Ridley, Sir Matthew White, Bart... .Blagdon, Cramlington, Northumberland _ Rigg, Jonathan...4, Chester Place, Hyde Park Square, W. Ripon, Marquis of, K.G., Studley Royal, Ripon, Yorkshire _ Robartes, Lord... Lanhydrock House, Bodmin, Cornwall tRutland, Duke of, K.G.... Belvoir Castle, Grantham, Lincolnshire | Saint Germans, Earl of...Port Eliot, Devonport, Devonshire tSanford, Edward Ayshford...Nynehead Court, Wellington, Somersetshire +Sefton, Earl of...Croxteth, Liverpool tShadwell, Lucas. ..Fairlight, Hastings, Sussex +Sondes, Lord...Elmham Hall, Thetford, Norfolk Sotheron-Estcourt, Rt. Hon. Thos. H. S....Estcourt, Tetbury, Gloucestershire +Southampton, Lord... Whittlebury Lodge, Towcester, Northamptonshire _ Stafford, Lord...Cossey Hall, Norwich, Norfolk +Stradbroke, Earl of...Henham Park, Wangford, Suffolk ySutherland, Duke of, K.G....Stafford House, St. James’s, S.W +Sutton, John Manners... Kelham, Newark, Notts. t+Tanqueray, John Samuel... +Thompson,.H. S....Kirby Hall, York + Torrington, Viscount... Yokes Court, Mereworth, Kent Vi Governors of the Royal Agricultural Society of Engl d. Towneley, Col. Charles... Towneley, Burnley, Lancashire ' tTredegar, Lord,..Tredegar Park, Newport, Monmouthshire © ‘i +Vernon, Lord...Sudbury Hall, Derby Wales, H.R.H. Prince of, K.G., &c....Marlborough House, S.W- + Warner, Edward...Higham Hall, Woodford, Essex +Warwick, Marl of... Warwick Castle, Warwick } Whitbread, William Henry...Southhill House, Bedford Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, Bart., M.P....Wynnstay, Rhuabon, Denbighshire a Zetland, Earl of...Aske Hall, Richmond, Yorkshire ( vir List of selembers. + Life Member's mark, A. Abbot, Chas. H....Bower, Long Ashton, Bristol FAbbott, Stephen, jun... ,.Castleacre, Swaffham Abbott, Wm.. . Hill Farm, Gt. Wigborough,Colchester Abbotts, R. W.... Burton-on-Trent _ Abercorn, Duke of, K.G.: ..58, Green Street, W. tAbergavenny, Earl of. . Eridge Castle, Tunb. Wells Abraham, Thomas... Dunster, Taunton +Abrey, Thomas Shaw Hellier..., Witham, Essex tAckers, B. St. J..Prinknash Park, Painswick, Stroud Acland, Sir T. Dyke, Bt. M.P...Sprydoncote, Exeter Acock Arthur...Cold Aston, Northleach Acton, William...Fern Acres, Slough yAcworth, N. B....The Hook, Northaw, Middlesex yAdams, G, T.,..Hawkhurst, Kent Adams, James...The Fallowes, Oxton, Southwell +Adderley, Rt. Hon.C, B.,M.P.. Hams Hall,Minworth Addington, Rev. H....Henlow Grange, Biggleswade Addison, Jolin...6, Delahay Street, Westminster Addison, Joseph, ..Mapledurwell, Basingstoke Addison, J.... Brookfield, Gretton, Uppingham Adkins, George C. ...The Lightwoods, Birmingham Adkins, Henry...The Firs, Edgbaston, Birmingham Agate, Alfred. ..Horsham Agnew, C. Swain...Springfield, Eccles, Manchester Agnew, T. Jun-....Hopeleigh, Eccles, Manchester +Ahrens, E,. New Schlagsdorf, Mecklenbg., Schwerin Aitkin, James... Peterborough Akers, Henry... Black Bourton, Faringdon fAkroyd, Edward, M.P...Bank Field, Halifax Alcock-Beck, William...Hawkshead, Windermere Alderman, Rey. F. C....Kintbury, Hungerford +Alderson, John... Aldous, James Arthur...Lingwood, Norwich +Aldridge, Major J....St. Leonard’s Forest, Horsham +Aldworth, W., jun....Frilford, Abingdon +Alexander, Edward. ..Leominster Alexander, J. C....Herne Hill, Faversham +Alexander, R. C. B....Downs House, Staplehurst Alexander, W. L.,..Shatton Lodge, Cockermouth tAlington, G. M....Swinhope House, Grimsby Alison, John...90, Lancaster Gate, W. Allcock, Charles.. .Bulwell, Nottingham Allcock, Thomas... Radcliffe-on-Trent, Nottingham fAllen, B. Haigh...Clifford Priory, Hereford Allen, George....The Manor Farm, Old Windsor Allen, George...Knightley Hall, Eccleshall Allen, Henry...Oakfield, Hay, Herefordshire +Allen, John,., Knighton, Leicester Allen, Joseph, jun....19, Seymour Street, Leicester Allen, Major Ralph S., M.P.. -Shockerwick, Bathford Allen, Rev. Dr., .Shouldham Hal], Downham Market Allen, Stephen H....Eastover, Andover Allen, Thomas...Thurmaston, Leicester Allenby, George... Hallington, Louth, Lincolnshire Allender, G. M....6, Dawson Place, Bayswater, W. Allender, H.J....6, Belmont Rd., Antield, Liverpool Allerton, Alex. R... -Colemans, Prittlewell, Essex fAllfrey,H.W...Hemingford Ho., Stratford-on-Avon +Allfrey, Robert... Wakefield Park, Reading Allison, James John...Sunderland Allison, R. A....Scaleby Hall, Carlisle Allnutt, Albert A....Hunsdon Lodge, Ware Allnutt, T, Alexander. . Watlington Farm, Tetsworth Allix, W. Townley...Campsea Ash, Wickham Mkt. Allsopp, Henry...Hindlip Hall, Worcester tAmbler, Henry... Watkinson Hall, Halifax Amcotts, Col., M.P...Hackthorn Hall, Lincoln Ames, Lionel. ..The Hyde, St. Albans yAmhurst, W. A. T....Didlington Park, Brandon Amos, James, jun.... Broomfield, Herne Bay Amos, James C.,.. West Barnet Lodge, Herts. y+Amos, Chas. E...5, Cedars Road, Clapham Common yAnanoff, Alexander. ..Koutais, Russia +Ananoff, Ivan. ..Moscow +Anderson, Alexander... Anderson, Rev. C. G. ..Countesthorpe, Leicester yAnderson, R....Grey Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Anderson, Robert A....Cirencester +Anderson, William..,Lesney House, Erith, Kent Andrews, Henry... Wylye, Heytesbury Andrews, Onslow... Brabourne, Ashford Angas, George...Beeford range, Lowthorpe, Hull Angerstein, W. T, N....Ashby Lodge, Rugby Angrave, Thomas C....East Leake, Loughborough Angus, George... Benwell Grange, Nwestle-on-Tyne Angus, Johu... Whitefield, Morpeth yAnson, Sir John, Bart....Avisford, Arundel Anstey, Samuel...Menabilly Farm, Par Station +Anstruther, J. H. L....Hintlesham Hall, Ipswich Anthony, John...Yealmpton, Plympton +Aplin, Henry.Coombe St. Nicholas, Chard,Somerset +Appach,Reginald..Maytham Hall, Rolvenden, Kent +Applewhaite, Edward.. Pickenham Hall, Swaflham Apps, John, iun....Goudhurst, Staplehurst Arabin, W. St. Julien...Englefield Green, Egham +Aranjo, Captain F. J. da Silva...Rio de Janeiro +Arbuthnot, John A.,..Cowarth, Chertsey, Surrey ‘ VIII Arbathnot, W. U....Bridgen Place, Kent Archer, James...Combermere Abbey, Whitchurch Ardron, John...Queniborough, Leicester +Argles, F, Atkinson,..Eversley, Milnthorpe Arkcoll, Thomas...The Meads, Eastbourne Arkell, H.,..Butlers Ct., Boddington, Cheltenham tArkell, Thomas...Pen Hill Farm, Swindon, Wilts. Arkell, Thomas. ..Boddington, Cheltenham Arkle, T....Highlaws, Morpeth, Northumberland Arkwright, A.W.. Broughton Astley Ho., Lutterworth Armitage, Arthur...Moraston, Ross, Herefordshire Armstrong, George...Thornton Heath, Surrey Armstrong, H., M.D... Peckham Ho., Peckham, S.E. Armstrong, J. A...Bay’s Leap, Wylam, Nrthmbrind. Armstrong, J. Knight...Wharton Hall, Winsford Armstrong, T. J... Hawthorn Ter., Nwestle-on-Tyne Armstrong, Wm. Jones... Fairlie, Greenock Arnold, George, jun.. .Dolton, North Devon. Arnold, James...35, West Smithfield, E.C. Arnold, Matthew... Westmeon, Petersfield Arnold, Ralph, «Shackerstone, Atherstone Arnold, Rey. Richard A...,Ellough, Beccles Armold, William...Lichfield Street, Tamworth Arnott, T. Reid. .Bramshill, Harlesden Green, N.W. Arthur, Col. Charles... Misterton Hall, Lutterworth Ashburton, Lord,..Bath House, Piccadilly, W. Ashcroft, Thomas, .. Walford, Eccleshall, Staffs. Ashdown, S. H....Uppington, Wellington, Salop. Ashhurst, John H.... Waterstock, Oxford Ashlin, John... Firsby, Spilsby Ashmore, John...Norton, Evesham tAshton, H....Murray Place, Nova Scotia, Liverpool +Ashton, T. Henry...Temple Laugherne, Worcester Ashton, T. M....Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Ashwin, Manley C....Stratford-on-Avon Ashworth, Alfred... Egerton Hall, Bolton Ashworth, Charies E.... Fairfield, Manchester Ft Askew, Sir H .,Br...Pallinsburn Ho., Coldstream +Askew, Watson... Pallinsburn, Coldstream Asten, William...Oddingley, Droitwich Asterley, W L..The Pentief, Llanymynech, Oswest. tAstley, F. L’Estrange.. . Melton Constable, Thetford 7Aston, S. ...Bushwood Lodge, Henley-in-Arden +Atchison, Wm... Bowling Iron Company, Bradford +Atherton, T...Chapel House, Speke, Liverpool tAthorpe, J. C....Dinnington Hall, Rotherham +Atkinson, James. ..Winderwath, Penrith +Atkinson, J. H. H....Angerton, Morpeth tAtkinson, W....Gt. Rapers, Bures St. Mary's Atkinson, William...Ashton Hayes, Chester Attenborough, Richard...Whilby Grove, Reading Attwater, J. Gay... Britford, Salisbury Austin, Harry Colley...Allscott, Wellington, Salop. Aveland, Lord... Normanton Park, Oakham Aveling, Thomas, ..Rochester Averill, Charles, Jun....Pyrehill, Stone, Staffs. Averill, E..., Wood Gate, King’s Bromley, Lichfield Averill, George Hanson... Wood End, Lichfield Avery, Thomas Charles. . .Gloucester +Avery, Wm. Howard, .. Tixall Heath, Stafford Awbery, F. D....St. Lawrence Wootton, Basingstoke Aweock, eps -Oxen Heath, Tunbridge, Kent +Aylmer, H.... West Dereham, Stoke Ferry, Norfolk List of Members of the | +Baker, Wm. H.. +Aylmer, J. B.,..Fincham Hall, Downham, Norfolk 4 +Aylmer, R. B....Westacre Abbey, Swaffham : tAytoun, R. S., M.P.. .Inchdairnie, Kirkcaldy, N.B. _ B. TBabington, Prof. Charles Cardale.. Bacchus, W. E....Horley, Banbury +Back, J.A....Old Hall, Hethersett, Wymondham Backhouse, R. Onions... Westwood, Bridgnorth Bacon, Rev. H:...Baxterley Rectory, Atherstone Bacon, James, Pluckley, Ashford, Kent Bacon, Samuel, jun.... Ratcliffe Culey, Atherstone +Backhouse, Edmund, M. P...Polam Hill, Darlington Badcock, Kenjamin...Headington Hill, Oxford Badcock, P....4, Aldridge Rd. Villas, Westbourne Pk Badcock, Rev. T....Fleckney, Market Harboro’ Badham, George... Wingmoor, Cheltenham Badham, G. D.,,.Bulmer Tye, Sudbury Bagnall, George... Draycot, Cheadle, Staffordshire Bagot, Rev. R. Wolfe...Fontstown, Athy, Kildare Bagot, Lord... Blithefield, Rugeley, Staffordshire Bailey, Edward. .. Leicester . +Bailey, Henry...Cirencester +Bailey, Henry James... Rosedale Farm, Tenbury +Bailey, James...Burnham, Bridgwater +Bailey, James....St. Stephens, St. Albans Bailey, J. B....4, Coley Hill, Reading +Bailey, Sir J. R., Bt., M.P.. .Glanusk, Crickhowell +Bailey, Wm....Hazling, Belford, Northumberland +Baillie, Evan, ..Filleigh, Chudley, Devon. +Baillie, Hamilton.,.Ash Hall, Cowbridge Baillie, Lieut. Col. H. S....Househill, Nairn, N. B. — Baillie, Wm, H....43, Norfolk Sq., Hyde Park, W. Baily, John..113, Mount St., Berkeley Square, W. Baily, John...Python Hill, Mansfield, Notts. Baily, Rev. H. G....The Vicarage, Swindon . Baily, T. F....11, Queen Street, May Fair, W. Bainbridge, E. M..Dissington, Newcastle-on-Tyne Bainbridge, Robt. S.... Woodhorn Grange, Morpeth — +Baird, Alexander. ..Robeston Hall, Milford Haven Baker, C.N.. Half-moon Passage,Gracechureh-st., 8.0. +Baker, Sir E. Baker, Bart...Ranston Ho., Blandford Baker, G. W..48, Cambridge Ter., Clphm. Rd..S.W. Baker, H. Orde Lloyd. . Hardwicke Court, Gloucester +Baker, Hugh Massey...Kidnall, Malpas, Cheshire — Baker, John. ..Hockley, Rayleigh, Essex +Baker, John... Baker, J. W....Little Rolbright, Chipping Norton +Baker, Lake J.... Hargrave, Kimbolton Baker, Robert. ..Gamston, East Retford Baker, Rev. R. Lowbridge. Ramsden, Enstone, Oxon, +Baker, T. Barwick L.,.HardwickeCourt, Gloucester Baker, Thomas... Barton, Cambridge | .Cambridge Baker, Thomas ..Blackstone, Bewdley Baker, William...Moor Barns, Atherstone Baker, William...Combe Farm, Woodstock, Oxford -Brooklands, Worthing +Baldwin, John...Luddington, Stratford-on-Avon Baldwin, Thomas. ..Glasnevin, Dublin Baldwin, T...Earl’s Wood, Hockley Heath, Bmghm, — Baldwin, Wm, H...Normanton Hall, Normanton ia Baldwin, W. J. A....Dalton-in-Furness, Lancaster i , D....Balfour Castle, Kirkwall, N.B. George... North Kilworth, Rugby , James...Peterstone Mills, Cardiff , William. ..Rothwell, Kettering » Philip... Leighton Court, Bromyard leny, C. D....Red Barns, Newcastle-on-Tyne Balmer, Thomas. ..Fochabers, N.B. Balston, Richard J....Boxley Abbey, Maidstone on, Thomas...Chart Sutton, Staplehurst Balstone, Henry K....Hale Carr, Altrincham miett, A. C....Thirsk Bankes, J. Scott..Soughton Hall, Northop, Flints. janks, John Jackson... Kendal Bannerman, Alexander, .. Lytham, Lancashire Bannerman, Henry...Hunton Court, Maidstone tock, Thomas... Merridale Ho., Wolverhampton nyard, T., jun...Poplar Hall, Horningsea, Cambs. ber, George... Titlington Mount, Alnwick ber, Richard... Harlescott, Shrewsbury bour, George... Kingslee, Farndon, Chester Barbour, R....Bolesworth Castle, Chester rchard, F....Horsted Place, Horsted, Uckfield lay, John... Falmouth arclay, G. R....Oxford and Cambridge Club Barclay, W. Leatham...Knott’s Green, Leyton, E. ford, William... Peterborough aring, John...Oakwood, Chichester Barker, Edward... Pickburn, Doncaster Barker, G. I. Raymond...17, Royal Crescent, Bath Barker, H.B. Raymond. ..University Cl., Suffolk St. ker, J. H....Rowsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire ker, Thomas... Bramall Grange, Stockport ker, Walter R. H.... Wantage arlow, F. ..The Shrubbery, Hasketon, Woodbridge ard, Charles,.. Norwich ardiston, Nathaniel C....The Ryes, Sudbury Barneby, William...Clater Park, Bromyard Barneby-Lutley, J. H...Brockhampton, Worcester Barnes, C. A....Charlingwood, Rickmansworth jarnes, John.. .Shenstone, Lichfield Barnes, T....The Quinta, Chirk, N. Wales nes, Thomas... Westland, Moynalty, co. Meath 8arnes, Thomas...Bunker’s Hill, Carlisle Barnes, Wilson...Teigh, Oakham Barflett, Charles. .Stratton Pk., Biggleswade, Beds, arnett, Henry, M.P....Glympton Park, Woodstock arnett, R....Meopham Court, Gravesend arnett, T. J....13, North Street, Wolverhampton Sarnett, William E....Newcastle-on-Tyne att, C. Underwood... .Eccleshall, Staffordshire ett, John B.... Milton House, Steventon, Berks. 3arroby, Miss Elizabeth. ..Dishforth, Thirsk ‘Barrow, John James,..Normanton Hall, Southwell ‘Barrow, Wm... .Bilbrooke House, Wolverhampton 3arrs, Mrs. Maria...Odstone Hall, Atherstone Barstow, Charles D....Garrow Hill, York 3artholomew, W....Waddington Heath, Lincoln Barthropp, N. G....Hacheston, Wickham Market ‘Barton, Charles... Holbrook House, Wincanton Barton, Charles. ..Fitield, Lechlade arton, Gerard...Fundenhall, Wymondham Barton J....Westleigh Lodge, Leigh, Manchester Royal Agricultural Society of England. IX +Barton, Rev. H. N... St. Ervan Rectory, Padstow tBarton, J. Hope...Stapleton Park, Pontefract Barton, James Pipe. ..Bangley, Tamworth Barton, Richard, ..Caldy Manor, Birkenhead Barton, Thomas...The Crescent, Carlisle Bartram, William... Harrogate, Yorkshire fBarwell, Thomas. . . Leicester Baskerville, H...Crawshay Park, Reading Baskett, Nathaniel... Wetheringsett, Stonham Bass, Michael T., M.P.... Burton-on-Trent Bass, W....Duckenfield Lodge, Ashton-under-Lyme +Bassett, Richard... Bonvilstone, Cardiff Batchelor, T. B....Maindee, Newport, Mon. Bate, Edward... Kelsterton, Flintshire, N. Wales Bate, John William,..Astol, Shifnal, Salop. Bate, John...10, St. Mary’s, Manchester Bate, Richard Stokes. ..Badger, Shifnal Bate, Samuel. ..Springfields, Newcastle-under-Lyme +Bateman, Henry...Asthall, Witney, Oxon. Bateman, J....Croxton Hanmer, Whitchurch, Salop. 7+Bateman, Lord...Shobden Court, Shobden + Bates, George. ..Blaxhall Hall, Wickham Market Bates, Thomas, jun....Eaton Green, Luton, Beds. +Bather, Thomas. ..Maesbury Hall Mill, Oswestry Bathurst, Earl. ..38, Half-moon Street, W. Bathurst, Lt.-Col... .Qlarendon Park, Salisbury 7+Batson, Thos....Bath ' Batt, William Henry...West Drayton, Uxbridge 7Battcock, F...Hemingford Abbotts, St. Ives, Hunts. 7Batten, John... Yeovil Battle, John R.... Potter Hanworth, Lincoln Baumback, Henry. ..South Elmham Hall, Harleston Baumgardt, Edmund C,... +Baxendale, J.... Woodside, Whetstone, N. Baxendale, Richard B....Whetstone, Herts, N. Baxter, Benjamin. .,Elslack Hall, Skipton Baxter, H. J...Cheadle, Manchester Baxter, Robert... Doncaster Baxter, 7 lomas...Acton Grange, Warrington +Bayden, Thomas...Hythe, Kent 7Bayden, Thomas, jun... .Hythe, Kent Bayes, Charles. .. Kettering Bayley, Capt. D....Friarstown Ho., Tallaght, Dublin Bayley, John... Tilstock, Whitchurch, Salop. Bayley, Thomas... Lenton, Nottingham +Bayley, Rev. W. R...Cassington Vicarage, Oxford Bayly, John...Plymouth Bayning, Lady...Honingham Hall, Norwich , Bayzand, Joseph...Kingley, Alcester, Redditch Bazley, Thomas S,..Hatherop, Fairfield, Gloucester Beach, J...Standeford Cottage, Wolverhampton Beach, J. Allen...The Park, Redmarley, Newent +Beach, Sir M.E.H.,Bt.,M.P.. Williamstrip, Fairford Beach, Mrs. Sarah...The Hattons, Brewood, Staffs. Beachel, John...Raweliffe, Selby, Yorkshire Beadel, Win. James. ..Chelmsford Beadon, Rey. F....North Stoneham Rectory, Hants. Beale, E. J....237, High Holborn, W.C. Beale, Joseph.... Wolsey Grange, Hinckley +Beale, William...Larkins Farm, Chiddingstone Beales, William...Barton Hall, Mildenhall Bealey, J. Edward...Bloxwich, Walsall, Staffs. +Bean, Alfred W....Dansom Park, Welling, S.E. ot List of Members of the +Bearcroft, E....Mere Hall, Droitwich Beard, Frederic... Horton, Canterbury Beards, Thomas...Stowe Park, Buckingham Bearn, William, ,,Finedon Hill, Wellingborough Beart, Charles. ..Stow Bardolph, Downham Market Beart, Robert ,..Godmanchester, Huntingdonshire Beasey, J. Noble. ..Pitstord Hall, Northampton Beasley, John,..Brampton, Northampton Beattie, James...Newbie House, Annan, N.B. Beauchamp, Chas. D....93, Lansdowne Road, W. Beauchamp, Sir T. W.B., Bt... Langley H1., Norwich Beaumont, E. B,... Woodhall, Barnsley, Yorkshire 7 Beaumont, Geo., jun.,.. Bridgeford Hill, Notts. 7Beaumont, J. A....Park House, Wimbledon, S.W. Beaumont, Joseph...Ducklington, Witney, Oxford +Beaumont, W.B.,M.P.. BywellHall,Newc.-on- Tyne Beaven, C...Ivy Ho. Farm, Shipton Moyne, Tetbury Beaven, James... West Leaze Farm, Swindon Beck, Charles W,...Upton Priory, Macclesfield Beck, Edmund...Sandringham, King’s Lynn Beck, Francis Henry. ..Albrighton, Shifnal Beck, Peter, ..Shrewsbury Becker, J. L....Foxdenton, Chadderton, Manchester Beckett, Richard... Hartford, Northwich, Cheshire Beckett, Samuel... Eccleston, Chester Beckitt, Richard...Watton Abbey, Driffield +Beckwith, Rev. H.. Eaton Constantine, Wellington, +Beckwith, Thos. Percival... ({Salop. Beecroft, C....Lowdham Lodge Farm, Nottingham Beer, Jas. Henry...29, St. George’s St., Canterbury Beeston, T....Goldstone Manor, Market Drayton Beeston, William... Kidderminster Beever, Rev, William Holt. ..Pencraig Court, Ross Beevor, Henry..+Blyth, Worksop +Begg, David, M.D....Canons Park, Edgware, N.W. Belcher, Charles. ..The Crescent, Bedford +Beldam, Valentine...Royston, Hertfordshire Bell, Ancill...Manor House, N. Kyme, Sleaford Bell, H...Hempshaw Brook Brewery, Stockport Bell, Capt. Henry...Chalfont Lodge, Cheltenham Bell, John... Breaks Hall, Appleby, Westmoreland Bell, J. Williams,..Gillingham, Bath Bell, Matthew. ..Bourne Park, Canterbury Bell, Robert. ..Newcastle-on-Tyne +Bell, Robert... Mallsgate, Brampton Bell, Thomas... Plaistow, E. Bell, William...Cramlington, Northumberland Bellew, J. Froude. ..Stockleigh Court, Crediton Beman, Thomas... Weston-Subedge, Broadway ‘++Bence, Capt....Kentwell Hall, Long Melford Bence, Henry A....Thorington Hall, Saxmundham Benington, T... +Bennell, Joseph... Hitchin, Herts. Bennet, Philip... Rougham Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s Bennett, Alfred William... Wharton, Ross +Bennett, B. E...Marston Trussell Hall, Rugby Bennett, E. Gasking...Plymouth Bennett, Rev. Henry Leigh. ..Thorpe, Egham Bennett, James. ..Ingestone, Ross Bennett, John... Little Rissington, Burford, Oxon. Bennett, John... The Banks, Mountfield,Hurst Green Bennett, John Ewins... Bosworth Grange, Rugby Bennett, Joseph Bb. H.,..Tutbury, Burton-on-Trent Bennett, Stephen White... Wareham, Dorset A Bennett, Thos. Oatley...Bruton, Somersetshire Bennett, W... Yate, Chipping Sodbury tBennion, Owen...Cresswell, Stafford Benson, C....98, Bull Street, Birmingham +Benson, George... Lutwyche Hall, Wenlock, Benson, John...Countess Weir, Exeter +Benson, William. ..Allerwash House, Hexham Bentall, E. H., M.P....Heybridge, Maldon, Bentley, Robert Joni .«7, Hall Cross, Doneastaatll | q Bentley, T....Davenham, Northwich, Cheshire Benyon, Ret E. R....Culford , Bury St. Edmand’s | *" +Benyon, R., M.P... ‘Englefield House, Reading Beridge, Rev. Basil... Algarckirk, Spalding +Berkeley, Robert...Spetchley Park, Worcester +Berners, John...Holbrook, Ipswich +Berners, Lady... Keythorpe Hall, Leicester +Berney, Sir Hanson, Bart....Sheepy, Atherstone Berridge, Samuel. . Seotgueat Brackley : Berridge, Thos... Pimlico Farm, Tusmore, Bicester +Berrington, A. D....Pant y Goitre, Newport, Mon. Berry, Edward... isehleys Market Harborough = Berry, William. ..High Street, Leicester 4 Besley, Heury...South Street, Exeter . Bessborough, Earl of... Pilltown, Ireland +Best, Hon. and Rev. S.... Abbotts Ann, Andover Best, James, jun... . Hill Top, Tenbury “f Best, John B... Jovhttead Abbots, Ware +Best, J. V..32, Guildford Rd., South Lainbeth., S.W. Best, Rev. Thomas. . Red Rice House, Andover Beswicke-Royds, C.R.N..Pyke House, Littleborough Bethell, William... Rise, Beverley +Bethune, Alexander...Blebo, Cupar, Fife, N.B. +Bettinson, R....Cawthorpe, Bourne, Lincolnshire Betts, E. Ludd...Holmwood, Bickley, Kent Bevan, Beckford...Bury St. Edmund's Bevan, G. Innes...Godmanchester, Huntingdon ‘ Bevan, William R.... Bury St. Edmund’s ’ Beverley, Matthew B....Leeds Bibby, J. J.... Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury =~ Bickerton, S....Shotatton, Ruyton 11 Towns, Salop. Bickford, a oseph...Oxley, Wolverhampton Biddell, G. Arthur...Ipswich aie Herman. .. Playford, Ipswich +Biddell, Manfred... Playford, Ipswich +Biddell, W.... Lavenham Hall, Sudbury Bidwell, Charles M....Ely - Bigg, T... Leicester House) Great Dover Street, S.E. Bigge, Chas. Selby. . Bourton Grange, Much Wenlock Biggs, John...Cublington, Leighton Buzzard } Bill, John... Trent Vale, Stoke-on- Trent Billington, Joli S...Netherset Key, Madeley, Stats. Bingham,Col.R.H.. . BinghamsMelcombe, Dorchester Binney, Charles H....North Cheam, Surrey +Birch, George Byaitiss ..Clare Park, Farnham Birch, James...Pearse Hay, Penkridge Birch, T....Broomyhill Farm, Belmont, Hereford Birchall, Edward... Willaston, Nantwich +Birchall, T...Kibbleton Hall, Preston, Lancashire +Bircham, William G....Dunton, Fakenham +Bird, J.... Yaxley, Stilton, Huntingdonshire 1 +Bird, Rev. J. Waller,..Foulsham Rectory, Norfolk +Birkbeck, Henry...Norwich ” Birkbeck, Robert. ..20, Berkeley Square, W. irket, C....Plungington Hall, Preston, Lancashire irkett, Joseph, .. Foxton House, Penrith jirt, Jacob. ..23, Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, W. iscoe, T.P.B....Kingellie House, Newton,Inverness ishop, James, .. Looe, Cornwall jishop, John. .3, The Walk, Market Place, Norwich Bixio, Maurice, C. E., 26, Rue Jacob, Paris jlackburne, J. Ireland...Hale, Warrington 4 tlackburne, Jas. Taddy... The CampFarm, Aldershot slackburne, Lt.-Col.L., jun.... Hale Hall, Warrington ‘Blacker, M. M....Claremount, Claremorris, Mayo Slackett, Sir E., Bart....Matfen, Newcastle-on-Tyne 3lackstock, John...Hayton Castle, Maryport $lackstone, J ....1, Gloucester Rd., Regent's Park Blackwell, G., jun..Hazlecote, Kingscote, Wootton- under-Edge Slagrave, Edward...Oxford “Blair, John... 3 lake, Alfred. ..Sutton, Stanton-Harcourt, Witney Blake, Francis John. ..Norwich 3 lake, William. , . Bridge, Ilminster 3lake, Wm. John...Danesbury, Welwyn : land, George. ..Coleby Hall, Lincoln Bland, Henry Wainwright... Barlow, Chesterfield 3land, William. ..Hartlip, Sittingbourne 8 landford, Thomas. ..Corbridge, Northumberland Blane, Col. Robt....The Oaks, Sunninghill, Staines ;Blanshard, Richard...53, Chancery Lane, W.C. Blantern, George G....Haston, Hadnall, Shrewsbury Blashill, Henry...36, New Market Street, Hereford Blathwayte, Geo. W., jun...Dyrham, Chippenham Plencowe, J. George.. ...Bineham, Lewes Blencowe, Robert A.... Blencowe, Robert Willis...The Hooke, Lewes Blenkinsop, John...Simonside Ho., South Shields Blick, John... Hill Court, Droitwich Bloxcidge, John Smith. ..Mere Pits, Tamworth Blow, W. W..'Temple Mount, Belvedere Pk., Kent Blundell, Arthur. ..Chediston Hall, Halesworth Blundell, J....3, Portland Street, Southampton +Blundell, John H.... Woodside, Luton Blurton, Edward...Wolverhampton Blurton, W. Mountfort...Field Hall, Uttoxeter Blyth, D’Urban...Great Massingham, Rougham Blyth, James...24, Hyde Park Gardens, W. +Blyth, James...Weasenham All Saints, Brandon Blyth, Thomas W....Aldington, Evesham +Board, John... Westerham, Sevenoaks Boards, Edward. ..Edmonton, N. Boards, William...Edmonton, N. +Boby, Charles,..Stutton, Ipswich +Boby, Robert...Bury St. Edmund’s tBoddington, Henry. Monton Ho, Eccles, Lancashire Body, John...The College, Wittersham, Peasmarsh Body, R. B....Hyde End, Shinfield, Reading ger, Deeble. .. Wolsdon, Devonport rl Hext, . Lower Durnford St.,Stonehouse, Dev. +Boghurst, William P....Frating Abbey, Colchester Bolam, C. G..,.Savernake Forest, Marlborough Bolam, Harry G....Keverstone, Stzindrop, Durham ) | Royal Agricultural Society of England. XI +Bolam, Robt. G.... Weetwodd Hall, Wooler Bolam, W. T..Jesmond Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne Bolden, Samuel E..The Council House, Shrewsbury Boldero, John. ..Rattlesden, Woolpit +Bolitho, Edward...Trewiden, Penzance Bolitho, R. F....Ponsandam, Penzance +Bolitho, T. S....Pendleverne, Penzance +Bolitho, William, ..Penzance +Bolton, Jasper...Ballykisteen, Tipperary Bolton, John A., M.D.. Belgrave Gate Ho., Leicester +Bolton, Lord...Bolton Hall, Bedale Bomford, Benjamin. . . Pitchill, Evesham Bomford, Heming James...Dunnington, Alcester Bond, Abraham...Hunstile, Bridgwater Bond, Barnabas... Alburgh, Harleston, Norfolk Bond, Benjamin, ..Draycot, Cheadle, Staffordshire Bond, Peter... Draycot, Cheadle, Staffordshire Bone, Henry...Avon, Ringwood, Hants. Bonehill, C. G.... Bickford Grange, Penkridge Bonham, Rev. J... .Ballingtaggart, Ballistore,Ireland Bonnall, John. ..Grantham +Bonner, H.C....East Rudham, Rougham, Norfolk Booker, Joseph. Wilbrighton Hall, Newport, Salop. +Booth, James Godfrey... Hamburgh Boot, William. ..Chesterfield, Lichfield Booth, E. W....Trent Pk. Farm, New Barnet, Herts. Booth, John B....Killerby, Catterick, Yorkshire Booth, John. .Cotham, Newark, Nottinghamshire Booth, John...Shenstone Hall, Lichfield Booth, N., jun...North Delph, Downham Booth, Thomas. ..Tamborne Park, Lichfield Booth, Thomas C,...Warlaby, Northallerton +Borie, Victor. ..14, Rue de Lille, Paris Borman, Luke. . . Barnoldby-le-Beck, Grimsby +Borough, C. B...,Chetwynd Pk., Newport, Salop. Borthwick, John. ., Prospect, Carrickfergus Bortliwick, William...Monkwray, Whitehaven +Bortier, Monsieur. ..43, Rue Royale, Brussels Borton, John... Barton-le-Street, Malton +Bosanquet, Horace 8... . Broxbourne Pk, Hoddesden Bosanquet, Rev. R. W....Roch, Alnwick Bosanquet, S. Courthope...Tanhurst, Dorking Bosley, John...Lower Leyde, Hereford Bostock, Edwin. ..The Haugh, Stafford Bostock, Thomas. .. Hill Top, Burslem Bosworth, J. Green...Greetham, Oakham Botfield, Rev. W. B. Garnett..Decker Hill, Shifnal +Botham, George... Wexham Court, Slough, Bucks. Botly, Wm....Salisbury Villa, Upper Norwood, S. Bott, Joseph Fennell. ..Morrell Roothing, Dunmow Botterill, John...Eppleworth, Cottingham, Hull Botting, William. ..Westmeston Pl., Hurstperpoint Boucher, A. E....Wolverley, Kidderminster Boucher, Charles...Caenby Hall, Market Rasen Boucherett, Henry Robert. ..Hoarcross, Rugeley +Bouck, John T....Manchester Boultbee, J....Noyadd Ho., Aberayron, South Wales Boulter, Thomas. ..Shenstone House, Kidderminster Boulton, John...Bowling Green Farm, Shifnal Boulton, R. C....Lower Ballingham, Ross Boulton, W. Baker,..The Liziard, Shifnal +Bourn, James...Studley, Redditch Bourne, John... Hildenstone, Stone, Staffordshire XIL Bourne, John... Bugsell Farm, Hurst Green Bourne, S....Goldsmith House, Whitchurch, Salop. Bourne, William... Atherstone Bowden, Wm., jun.... Bowen, Edward H....Kingslow, Bridgnorth, Salop. Bowen, Humphrey C. .Chesterton, Bridgnorth, Salop. Bowen, James B......Llwyngwair, Haverfordwest Bowen, John, jun....Dunvall House, Bridgnorth. Bowen, James...Troedyraur, Newcastle Emelyn Bowen, Thomas, Wootton, Bridgnorth, Salop. Bowers, Henry R....Abbot’s Lodge, Chester Bowler, Wm. Anthony...4, Whitehall Place, S.W. Bowling, Roger...Forton Lodge, Garstang Bowly, Edward... .Siddington House, Cirencester Bowly, William. ..Cirencester Bowman, J.....High House, Sandwith, Cumberland +Bowman, J. B. .Sandicroft Farm, Hawerden Bowser, R...Bishop Auckland, Durham _Bowstead, Jas. Cooper. ..Hackthorpe Hall, Penrith }Bowstead, Thomas...Eden Hall, Penrith TBowyer, Capt. H. A....Steeple-Aston, Woodstock Boxall, W. B....Strathfieldsaye, Winchtield Boyd, E. Fenwick...Moor House, Durham Boydell, Harry S,...Sulham, Reading Boyer, W....Sywell House, Northampton Braby, James...Maybanks, Rudgwick, Horsham Bracebridge, C. H....Atherstone Hall, Atherstone Bradburn, Wilton...Hilton, Wolverhampton Bradburne, J. Hanbury...Pipe Place, Lichfield Bradbury, G. E.H....Longroyde, Rastrick, Yorks. Bradbury, Wm....Bradley Green Colliery, Congleton Braddock, Henry...Bury St. Edmund’s Bradford, Earl of. ..43, Belgrave Square, S.W. Bradford, Thomas. ..63, Fleet Street, E.C. }Bradshaw, John...Knowle, Cranleigh, Surrey 7Bradshaw, Capt., R.N...Tubney Lodge, Abingdon Bradshaw, W...Slade Ho., Levenshulme, Manchester Bradstock, Thomas S.,..Cobrey Park, Ross Brady, Charles Alldis. ..Calne Green, Stockport Brady, W. Hollinshed...Chestergate, Stock port 7Braikenridge, J. H....Chew Magna, Bristol Bramley, Charles...Fiskerton Hall, Lincoln Bramley-Moore, J...Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Bramwell, F. J....37, Gt. George St., Westminster Brand, Rt. Hon. Henry, M.P....Glynde, Lewes +Brander, R. B....Tanbridge House, Horsham Branford, John W....March, Cambs. Branson, William C..,.Little Weldon, Wansford Branwhite, F...Chapel House, Long Melford, Suffolk +Brassey, Henry A., M.P....51, Queen’s Gate, W. Bravender, John. . .Cirencester Bray, George...The Haven, Dilwyn, Leominster +Braybrooke, Lord...Audley End, Saffron Walden +Breach, J. G....Meaburn House, Upper Richmond Brealey, John. .Leek, Staffordshire (Road, Putney Brebner, James. . Norfolk Farm, Windsor Great Park Brereton, Rev.J.Lloyd. . LittleMassingham, Rougham Brett, John...Burton Joyce, Nottingham Brett, John. ..Oxton Grange, Southwell +Bretts, Chas. .. Brewster, Jas.... Brewster, John...Stretton Mill, Penkridge Brewster, Richard... Heathy Mills, Kidderminster List of Members of the Brewster, S. N....The Limes, Rushmere, Ipswich Brewster, W....Balderton Hall, Middle Shrewsbury Brickwell, C. J....Overthorpe Lodge, Banbury __ Bridge, Thomas ..Wynford Eagle, Dorchester Bridge, Thomas... Buttsbury, Ingatestone Bridgeman, John... Ascott Hall, Shrewsbury Bridges, Harry. . .Stowmarket Bridgland, Stephen...Springfield, Tooting Bridgwood, George... Bedwall, Stafford Brierley, C. W....Rhodes House, Middleton, Lane. Brierly, Harry, jun....Church Lawford, Rugby Briggs, D. Grant...Calcethorpe Manor, Louth * +Briggs, Rawdon... Birstwith Hall, Ripley, Yorksh. Briggs, Thos,...The Homestead, Richmond, Surrey Briggs, William. ..Hylton Castle, Sunderland Briggs, William....Elford Park, Tamworth Bright, John...Styche, Market Drayton, Salop. +Bright, John...Bath Row House, Birmingham +Briscoe, Sir Robert, Bt....Crofton Hall, Wigton +Brise, Lieut.-Col. S.B.R...Spains Hall, Braintree Britten, Thomas... Little Billing, Northampton Broadbent, J. H....Sealand, Chester +Broadhurst, John... Foston, Derby Brodburst, Lucas... Upton, Southwell Brodie, John, jun. Braken Ho., Melsonby, Darlington Brogden, Alexander, M.P..-. .Ulverston Bromet, William R....Cocksford, Tadcaster Bromfield, H..Flint Hall, Wellesbourne, Warwick Bromley, James... Forton, Garstang Bromley, John, ..Derby Bromley, John... Lancaster +Bromley, J. R.. ..Gesyns, Newmarket 3 Bromwich, Thomas... Woolston, Coventry Brook, Arthur Sawyer... Bexhill, Hastings Brook, Charles....Enderby Hall, Leicester Brook, J...Park Farm, St. Helen’s, Isle of Wight Brooke, H....Wetheringsett, Stonham Brooke, Rev. John. ..Haughton, Shifnal Brooke, John W....Sibton Park, Yoxford, Suffolk +Brooke, William. ..Northgate House, Huddersfield +Brooke, Sir W.De Capell, Bart... . Market-Harbro’ Brooks, J. M....7, Charlotte Street, Manchester Broomhall, T. T... Beech Cliff, Newcastle, Staffs. +Broomhead, B. P....Broomhall Park, Sheffleld Brough, William S....Fowlchurch, Leek Broughton, E. Delves... Wistaston Hall, Nantwich +Broughton, P...Tunstall Hall, Market Drayton +Brown, A. H. C....Kingston House, Tetsworth Brown, B....Manor House, Shipbourne, Tunbridge Brown, Benjamin, ..Thursford, Thetford Brown, Charles...Park Hall, Leigh, Cheadle, Staffs. — +Brown, Douglas...15, Hertford Street, Mayfair Brown, Edward.. .Worsley Grange, Manchester Brown, George... Avebury, Calne Brown, George... Roborough House, Barnstaple Brown, Henry...Preston, Wellington, Salop. Brown, Prof, Geo. T....7A, New Cavendish St., W. Brown, Henry. ..Ashby-de-la-Zouch +Brown, Rev. H. H.... Brown, James... Liverpool Arms Hotel, Chester Brown, John...Tring F i Brown, John...Coldham Hall, Wisbeach Brown, J. Washbourne, ..Ufcott, Swindon eS = a ee a et oe — + > OF j b b n, Mathew...Scar Bank, Longtown n, Michael L....Tillington, Stafford n, Pereira...Glentworth Hall, Lincoln Brown, Potto. .. Houghton, Huntingdon 3rown, Ralph... Whickham, Gateshead trown, Richard... Walton Bank, Stone, Staffs. 3rown, R....Ruyton Eleven Towns, Salop. ‘Brown, W. H.....Brookfield House, Belbroughton 3rown, Robert... Wigginton House, Tamworth Brown, Thomas. ..Buckham Hall, Uckfield +Brown, Thomas...Marham, Downham Market +Brown, Thomas. ..Horton, Devizes 3rown, Thos. James...The Moor, Hereford 3rown, William. ..Tring 3rown, William. ..Devizes rown, William... Wirswall, Whitchurch, Salop. frown, William...Holme-on-Spalding Moor, York , W. J,...Hazlebury House, Chippenham 3rowne, George. ..Troutbeck, Windermere Browne, Lord J. T.... Westport, co. Mayo 3 tig Philip M....Fornham, Bury St. Edmund’s 3 e, Samuel. . Suen Hall, Shifnal 3rowne, T. Beale. .Salperton Park, Andoversford 3rowne, T. B...Mellington Hall, Cliurchstoke 3rowne, Rev. T. C... .59, High Street, Oxford 3rowning, James T....Oxford frowning, S...Joint Counties Asylum,Abergavenny 3ruce, John. . .Tiddington, Stratford-on-Avon Sruce, Maj.C. L. C., M.P....Dunphail, Forres, N.B. 3runsdon, Benjamin. . .Ross Brunskill, Stephen...Sand Area, Kendal Bruxner, Rev. G. E., M.A... Thurlaxton, Hinckley 3ryan, Frederick Thos... . Humberstone, Leicester 3ryan, John...Southleigh, Witney Bubb, Anthony....Witcombe Court, Gloucester ‘Buck, Albert...Sansome Terrace, Worcester ‘Buckingham, Duke of... Wootten, Aylesbury Buckland, G...Ontario, Toronto Buckland, J. A.. .Frogs’ Hole Farm, Biddenden 3uckland, Thomas, jun.,..Wraysbury, Staines 3uckley, Gen. E. P.....New Hall, Salisbury 3uckley, Jas... Penyfai Ho., Llanelly, Carmarthen. 3uckley, John N....Loughborough 3ackman, Prof,.. Bradford Abbas, Sherborne, Dorset Budd, Francis...Hatch Warren, Basingstoke Budd, J. Palmer... Ystalyfera, Swansea Budd, Thos. W....13, Norfolk Cres., Hyde Pk., W. 3udd, William...Aston-le-Walls, Leamington 3uddicom, Wm. B ...Penbedu Hall, Mold Bugg, Walter..-Milborne Wick, Sherborne 3nggins, W....Booth’s Farm, New Oscott, Birming. Bulford, James. ..Hordley Farm, Woodstock Bulkeley, C. Rivers...Bodylityn, iiiwaten Bulkeley, SirR.W., Bt.,M.P... Baron Hill,Beaumaris Bulkeley, T. F... .Clewer Lodge, Windsor Bull, J. H. W..Great Wolford, Shipston-on-Stour Bullen, John T....Marshwood Manor, Crewkerne Buller, Morton Edward... Dilhorn, Cheadle Bullock, Ferdinand... Wantage, Berks. Bullock, George... East Coker, Somerset 3ulmer, Jeffery., jun... -Middleton, Darlington ‘Bult, James S....Dodhill Ho., Kingston, Taunton Bulteel, John..,Pamflete, Ivybridge Royal Agricultural Society of England. XIII Buititaft, H...Bedwellhay Grange, Ely ~Bulwer, Walter Redford... Randalstown, Antrim Bulwer, Wm. Lytton...Heydon Hall, Reepham Bunbury, Sir C., Bart... Bury St. Edmund’s Bunbury, Henry M....Marlston House, Newbury Bundy, Thomas, . . Eastleigh, Southampton Bunning, T. W....34, Grey St., Newcastle-on-Tyne Bunny, Major Edward John...Slinfold, Horsham 7Bunsen, G ...Bourg-Rheindorf, Bonn, Prussia Burbery, J. J...Crofts, Alvestone, Stratford-on-Avon Burchnall, Samuel. ..Catton, Burton-on-Trent Burd, Thomas A....Bureot, Wellington, Salop. Burden, Rowland. ..Castle Eden, Stockton-on-Tees +Burdett, E....Manor Farm, Lyvedon, Thrapstone Burdon, George. .. Heddon Ho., Newcastle-on-Tyne Burgess, John... Edenham, Bourne Burgess, William...Holborn Viaduct, E.C. Burgoyne, Sir J. M., Bt...Sutton Park, Potton Burkill, E. W....Winteringham, Brigg Burn,jR. Scott.1, Linkfield, Musselbvrgh, Edinburgh Burnard, Chas. F....Compton Villa, Plymouth +Burnell, Edward. ..Chappel, Halstead Burnell, E. P....Winkburne Hall, Southwell, Notts. Burnett, David...Ashley, Stockbridge, Hants 7Burnett, Francis. ..Kingseote, Wotton-under-Edge Burnett, Gregory...Dee Cottage, Flint Burney, George... Millwall, E. 7Burnham, W.H.. LongCompston, Shipston-on-Stour 7Burniston, R....Oil Mills, Henley-on-Thames 7Burr, D. Higford...Aldermanstone Court, Reading Burrard, Sir George, Bt... Walhampton, Lymington Burrell, Charles. ..Thetford Burrell, R....Westley Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s Burroughes, H. N...Burlingham Hall, Norwich Burroughes, Rev. J....Lingwood Lodge, Norwich Burroughes, Rev. T....Gazeley, Newmarket Burrows, Richard...Ruddington, Notts. Burrows, T. Ashe... Normanton-on-Trent, Newark +Burt, H. C....Witchampton, Wimborne +Burton, John...Gresford, Wrexham Burton, R. H. L....Chilton Grove, Shrewsbury Burtt, J. B...., Kettering Bury, Charles...Nazing, Essex +Bush, John W.... +Bushby, H. J....Henleaze, Kingston Hill, S.W. Bushell, William...Poulton, Wingham, Kent Butcher, Thomas. ..Selling, Faversham, Kent Butcher, W.... Bowling Green Farm, Ewell Butcher, William. . .Gosmere, Selling, Faversham +Butler, Hon. C. L...Coton House, Rugby Butler, Edward. ,.Ewell Hall, Kelvedon, Essex Butler, G. C...1, Harcourt Buildings, Temple Butler, Capt. J....Kirby Ho., Inkpen, Hungerford +Butler, Paul. .Down Ampney House, Cricklade Butler, Richard. . . Radcliffe-on-Trent +Butler, Wm....Badminton, Chippenham Buxton, W....Lime Tree Lodgé, Rotherhithe, S,E. Byford, William...The Court, Glemsford, Suffolk Byrd, Charles.. .Littywood, Stafford Byrd, David... Milford, Stafford Byrd, Frederick... Dunston, Penkridge Byron, John...Kirby Green, Sleaford, Lincoln XIV C. Denton, Grantham Wentworth, Chertsey Cadle, Clement...Clarence Street, Gloucester Cadle, John...Ballingham Hall, Ross Cadle, Miles. ..Stockton-on-Tees 7Cadle, Thomas. ..Longcroft, Westbury-on-Severn Cadogan, Mrs....Brinkburn Priory, Morpeth Caflin, Peter... Hazelwick, Crawley Caird, James...3, St. James’s Square, S.W. }Calcraft, J. H., ...Kempstone, Corfe Castle Caldecott, C. M....Holbrook Grange, Rugby Caldecott, Thos..,Rugby Lodge, Rugby Caldwall, Bonham... Leominster Caldwell, H. B... Monkton Farleigh, Brdfrd.-on- Avon 7Caless, Wm....Bodicote House, Banbury Callender, Peter...Devonshire House, Birkenhead Calthorpe, Lord...Perry Hall, Stafford Calverley, C. C....University Club, Edinburgh +Calvert, Frederic... Calvert, Dr. F. C....Gibbon Street. Bradford +Calvertt, J.S... Tothill Manor House, Alford +Cameron, A. H.F...., Sheil Road, Liverpool * Cammell, C....Norton Hall, Sheffield Campain, Joseph George. ..Cowbit, Spalding Campain,S. W....Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Campbell, A. J...St. James’s Pl., Fermoy, Ireland Campbell, Sir A. T. C., Bart.. Wyseby, Ecclefechan Campbell, C. Lee, Thurstaston Hall, Birkenhead Campbell, R....Buscot Park, Lechlade Cane, Edward...Berwick, Lewes Cane, Rev. T. C..... Brackenhurst, Southwell Canning, George H...Shottery, Stratford-on-Avon Canning, Wm. Browne... Elston, Devizes Cannon, Joseph C....Beckley, Oxford +Cantrell, Charles Seward...Riding Court, Datchet +Cantrell, H....Bayliss Court, Slough 7+Capel, Arthur...Bulland Lodge, Wiveliscombe Capel, Wm....The Grove, Stroud, Gloucestershire Capper, R. Harcourt...N. Gate, St. Weonard’s, Ross Carding, F,,.Combs Farm, Farnsfield, Southwell +Cardwell, E. H....11, Cromwell Place, W. +Carew, R. Russell...Carpender’s Park, Watford +Carew, Thomas...Collipriest House, Tiverton +Carew, W. H. Pole...Antony House, Devonport +Carew-Gibson, G. C., .Sandgate Lodge,Steyning Cargey, Gilbert... Kiplin, Catterick Carlin, Wm., jun....Marsh Cott., Keyingham, Hull Carlisle, Edward... Penrith +Carnegie, David... Eastbury, Watford Carnegie, Hon. J. J....Fair Oak, Petersfield +Carpenter-Garnier J...S. Sydenham, Tavistock Carr, William...Dene Park, Tonbridge, Kent +Carrington, T. S. T....Faton, Doveridge, Derby Carrington, William T....Hollington, Uttoxeter Carrol, W. Hutchinson... Tulla House, Nenagh Carruthers, G. Brockbank. . Westbrne Ter., Lancaster Carson, James. ..Spinfield, Great Marlow Carson, J. A....La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill +Carter, John Bonham, M.P....Adhurst St. Mary’s +Carter, George John...T'atton Dale, Knutsford Carter, J. Quartly...Arborlield, Reading Caborn, Richard S.... Cabrera, General... List of Members of the oy Carter, William...Boughton Blean, Faversham Cartwright, Col. H., M.P....Kineton, Warwick Cartwright, Robert...Wergs, Wolverhampton a Cartwright, Richard Aubrey...Edgcott, Banbury +Cartwright, R. Norton...Flixton, Bungay + Cartwright, T....Pillar Farm, Dunston, Lincoin Cartwright,T. L. M..Newbottle Manor Ho., Brackley }Cartwright, T. W...Ragnall Hall, Newton, Newall Cartwright, Gen. W.... Weedon Cartwright, W. G., M.A...Newport, Mon. Cartwright, W. S...Stow House, Newport, Mon. Carver, Robert... Ingarsby, Leicester Case, James...Upton, Reading TCase, J. B... Poulton Hey, Bebbington, Birkenhead Case, Thomas H....Testerton Hall, Fakenham Casson, Joseph, .. Burgh-by-Sands, Carlisle Casswell, George. ..Gosberton, Spalding Casswell, John Henry...Laughton, Folkingham Castellain, Alfred... Liverpool Castle, George. .Sutton, Stanton Harcourt, Eynsham i Castle, George R.... Bicester . Castletown,Ld. Granstown Man,,Ballycols, Abbey ix, Castree, Josiah. .College Green, Gloucester [Ireland Catchpool, Edward...Feering Bury, Kelvedon ‘q Cater, J. W....West Lodge, Barnet, N. | +Cathcart, R..,Pitcairlie Ho., Auchtermuchty, Fife, | Catlin, R, Edgar... Humberston Road, Leicester | +Caulfield, St. George... Donamor Cas., Resmi fy +Cavan, Col. P.C.... Cave, Henry Haddon...Brigg +Cavendish, Lt.-Col. W.H.F.. West Stoke, Chichester Cawdor, Earl of...Stackpole Court, Pembroke Cawley, Thomas. ..Nantwich ! Cawton, Wm. J,...Park Hall, Chesterfield : i Cayley, Sir Digby, Bart....Brompton, York Chadburn, Frank, ..Cockcliffe Hill, Arnold, Notts. Chadwick, E.,C.B....Park Cottage, East Sheen, S.W. i. +Chadwick, Elias...Pudleston Court, Leominster +Chadwick, F....The Hermitage, Grimsargh, Preston Chadwick, T....Wilmslow Grange, Cheshire +Chafy, Westwood W....Bowes House, Ongar Chalcraft, H....Millhall Cottage, Alton Chaleraft, William. ..Bramshot House, Liphook Chalk, Thomas...Barbourne, Worcester Challenor, John...Blackwood, Leek Chaloner, Admiral... Longhull, Guisborough Chamberlain, Henry, jun... Bredicot Court, Worcester | +Chamberlayne, T....Cranbury Park, Winchester — Chamberlin, W..,.Adderbury, Banbury Chambers, George...High Green Hause, Sheffield Chambers, John...The Hurst, Tibshall, Alfreton 2 Chambers, P. H...Llysmeirchion, Trefnant, Rhyl Chambers, Thomas, jun....Colkirk Hall, Fakenham +Chambers, Wm....Hafod, Rhayader i” Champion, Wm. W....Calcot, Reading 4 Champney, Felix. . .Gatwigk, Crawley, Sussex . Champneys, Rev. T. P....Badsworth, Pontefract th Shandler, Henry.. ‘Salford, Manchester Chaplin, J. R.. Three Chimneys, Ridgewell, Halsteai ud Chapman, R. H....Upton, Nuneaton 5 Chapman,Thos. . 4 ,Cockspur St.,Charing Cross,S. | Chapman, Capt. W. H.,..Enderby, Leicester ‘ Carter, M. F....Newnham, Gloucester all a 4 Min et Hon Hen a xypman, W...S. Pancras Ho., Orwell Pl., Ipswich jpman, William. ..Apethorpe, Peterborough lemont, Earl of...Charlemont House, Dublin arles,James... Home Farm, Hursley Pk, Winchester lesworth, J... Middlestown, Wakefield esworth, J. Barff...Hatfield Hall, Wakefield ley, Richard... ton, St. John...Pentreffynon,, Holywell ton, St. J. C..Apley Cas., Wellington, Salop arlton, W. H....Hesleyside, Hexham arteris, Hon. F... Eccles Hall, Attleborough e, Henry...Stanton Hall, Ixworth, Suffolk hattock, H, H....Solihull, Warwickshire wner, Henry...Hound Hill, Uttoxeter awner, Richard. ..Hare Hill, Doveridge, Derby hawner, Richard Croft...The Abnalls, Lichfield eatle, T. Farmer. ..Dosthill, Tamworth eere, Rev. Frederic... Papworth Hall, St. Ives eesman, Frederick, .. Little Chart, Ashford setham, Henry... Woodthorpe, Nottingham eftins, Henry... Little Easton Manor, Dunmow eney, Edward....Gadsley Hall, Melton Mowbray herry, Geo. Charles... Denford House, Hungerford esworth, Jeseph...Longslow, Market Drayton etwode, Six J. N. L., Bart..Oakley, Mkt. Drayton etwynd, Sir G., Bart...Grendon Hall, Atherstone etwynde, Maior W. F....Brocton Hall, Stafford ick, John..,.Compton Vallence, Dorset ick, Thomas...Stratton, Dorchester, Dorset hillingworth, John...Horsepath, Oxford inery, John... Wootton Milton, Lymington ittenden, James...Hope All Saints, New Romney ittenden, John... Newchurch, New Romney itty, Edward... Guildford olmley, Sir George, Bart....Howsham, York holmley, H. W..Newton Hall, Rillington, Yorks. holmondeley, Lord H....Holly Hill, Southampton olmondeley, Col.Hon.G..Abbott’s Moss, Nthwch. isty, James, jun....Boynton Hall, Chelmsford urch, John... Woodside, Hatfield thurchill, George... Aldershott, Fordingbridge burchill, Lord... urchill, H....Barton Ho., Morchard Bishop, Devon thurton, John... Foregate Street, Chester ute, W. L. Wiggett...The Vyne, Basingstoke are, Charles L....Higher Broughton, Manchester are, W. Harcourt...Twycross, Atherstone ‘larance, John... larina, Lord...Elm Park, Limerick, Ireland ark, Geo. Wm....Steellands, Ticehurst, Sussex ark, Joseph H....Attwood House, Maidenhead ark, Thomas... Derndale, Hereford ark, William. ..Luney Barton, St. Ewe, Cornwall ark, William J....Elm Lodge, Reading arke, C....Ashby-de-la-Lound, Sleaford arke, Charles F...Perton Grove, Wolverhampton arke, E. C.... Manor Farm, Haddenham, Thame arke, Edw. S,...Glebeland House, Lee, Kent arke, G. R....Chesterton Lodge, Bicester arke, John..,The Roos, Saffron Walden arke, John Algernon...Long Sutton arke, Jno. Sanders...Pratling Hali, Lutterworth arke, Jno. William. ..Guisborough, Yorkshire . Royal Agricultural Society of England. XV Clarke, Nathaniel...Beamish Park, Fence Houses +Clarke, Robt. B....Haynes Hill, Barbadoes tClarke, T. E....Tremlett House, Wellington, Som. Clarke, Thomas T....Swakeleys, Uxbridge Clarke, William...Brack Farm, Luton Clarke, W. B..Barwickstead, Berkermet, Carnforth 7Clavering, Sir W., Bt... Clay, Charles...Walton Grange, Wakefield Clay, Charles, Whitchurch, Salop. Clay, John... Kinsale, Whittington, Oswestry +Clayden, John Carter, ..Hadley, Barnet 7Clayton, E. E....Guildhall St., Bury St. Edmund’s Clayton, David S....Norbury, Stockport Clayton, John. ..Neweastle-on-Tyne 7+Clayton, Nathaniel...Newland House, Lincoln Clayton,R.C.B....35, Clarendon Square, Leamington Clayton, T. G....Ousecliffe, York Cleasby, R. H.‘..Broomside House, Durham Cleasby, Thomas M.... Wilton Grange, Redcar Cleave, Benjamin W....Newcombe House, Crediton Cleminson, Robert... £ndon, Stoke-on-Trent Clerk, Arthur...The Mead, Chepstow 7Clerk, E, H....Burford, Shepton Mallet Clews, R. T....The Woodlands, Weston, Shifnal Cliffe, Thomas...Crewe Gates, Crewe Clifft, Samuel, ..Fordhouse Mill, Wolverhampton Clifton, T. H....Lytham Hall, Lytham, Lancashire +Clinch, Charles...Eagle Brewery, Witney Clinton, Col, Fred....Ashley Clinton, Lymington +Clinton, Lord. .Heanton Satchville, Beaford Clive, George... Perrystone, Ross Clive, Capt. Hon. W.W., M.P...53, Grosvenor St.,W. +Clonbrock, Lord. ..Clonbrock, Ahaserah, Ireland +Clowes, Edmund...Carnforth, Lancaster Clowes, George. .Oak Hill, Surbiton Clowes, Wm...51, Gloucester Ter., Hyde Park, W. Clutterbuck, Rev.J.C...Long Wittenham, Abingdon Clutterbuck, R....8, Gt. Cumberland Pl,, Hyde Pk. Clutterbuck, T...Warkworth, Acklington Clutton, Henry...9, Whitehall Place, S.W. Clutton, John... 9, Whitehall Place, S.W. +Clutton, John Henry...9, Whitehall Place, S.W. Clutton, Robert. ..Hartswood, Reigate, Surrey Clutton, Robt. G....9, Whitehall Place, S.W. +Clutton, Wm. James...The Mount, York Coaker, George...Old Newnham, Plympton Coatsworth, J..West Wickham, Bromley Cobb, Frederick... Walton, Warwick ' Cobb, Geo. Henry. ..Qakwood, Upper Norwood, S.E . +Cobb, Henry...26, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C. Cobb, John...Sheldwick, Faversham Cobb, Robert L....Higham, Rochester Cobb, Thomas... Radnor Cliff Villa, Sandgate Cobbett, John M....Skeynes, Edenbridge Cobbold, John Chevallier... Ipswich +Cobbold, John Patterson, Ipswich Cobon, James... Well Hall, Lynn +Cochrane, A. H.... Langton Grange, Darlington Cochrane, James. ..Harburn, Edinburgh Cockburne, G... Newcastle-on-Tyne Cocking, W.F...Curlew House, Crowle, Doncaster +Cocks, Rev. C. R. Somers...Neen Savage Rectory, Cleobury Mortimer Bi ig Cocks, Charles...Packington, Lichfield Cocksedge, James S... .Stowmarket Codd, H....Beenham Lodge, Aldermaston, Reading +Coke, Hon. E. K....Longford Hall, Derby Coldham, H. W....Anmer, Lynn, Norfolk 7Cole, R. J... Cole, Robert...Belmont, Wragby Cole, William Douglas. .. Bicester Coleberd, Robert...Purewell Farm, Christchurch Coleman, G. W., Great Glen, Leicester Coleman, H. Septimus. ..Chelmsford Coleman, John...Escrick Park, York Coleman, John...Park Nook, Quorndon, Derby Coleman, Richard....Langdon Abbey, Dover Coles, Alfred...Clifton Lodge, Clapham Park, S, Coles, Walter...Bushy Lodge Farm, Watford Coley, Henry... Neachley Hall, Shifnal Collier, W. F....Woodtown, Horrabridge, S. Devon Collin, Rev. J., jun....Rickling Vicarage, Herts. Collings, Rev. William T....Guernsey Collins, Charles... Burbage, Hinckley 7Collins, Henry...Aldsworth House, Emsworth Collins, John...Wonham, Bampton, Devon Collins, Wm....Aston Farm, Stafford Collison, William.. hie Collyer, Rev. Canon R...Warham Rect., Wells, Norf. Colman, Samuel... Willy Hall, Attleborough Colman, Thos.H....Rockland St. Peter, Attleborough Colman, J. James, M.P....Carrow House, Norwich Colthurst, John,...Chew Court, Chew Magna, Bristol Colvile, Gen... Kempsey House, Worcester Colvile, C. R...Lullington Hall, Burton-on-Trent +Colvin, B. B... Monkhams Hall, Waltham Abbey 7Colyer, William...North End, Crayford, Kent Combe, R. H....Pierrepoint, Frensham, Farnham Combe, Thomas...Oxford +Comber, Thomas. .. Redcliffe, Newton-le-Willows 7+Combermere, Visc. .Combermere Abbey, Nantwich +Compton, H.C.,Minstead Manor House, Lyndhurst Compton, T...Fisherton Delamere, Heytesbury Coney, William. ..Battenhall, Worcester » fCongreve, S. B....Harbors Magna, Rugby 7Congreve, T....Peter Hall, Brinklow, Coventry +Congreve, Walter... Conington, Clement...Hagworthingham, Spilsby +Constable, Sir Clifford, Bart....Burton Constable, Hull Constable, Rev. J....R. A. College, Cirencester Conway, Wm. S....Bodryddan, St.Asaph’s, Flints. Cook, George. ..Flitwick, Ampthill Cooke, B. G. D....Colomendy, Mold Cooke, Chas...Livermere Parva, Bury St. Edmund’s Cooke, Frederick T... Caston Hall, Attleboro’ Cooke, G.....Horseheath Pk. Farm, Linton, Cambs. +Cooke, Henry. ..138, Widemarshe Street, Hereford Cooke, James H....Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire Cooke, John... Mill Moor, Macefen, Malpas Cooke, Rev. James Y....Semer, Ipswich Cooke, Robert C....Livermere, Bury St. Edmund’s Cooke, William...The Green, Skelsley, Worcester 7Cooke, Wm. Fothergill... Cooke, Wm. R....Rickenhall, Botesdale, Suffolk Cookes, Jno. M....32, Warwick St., Leamington List of Members of the * +Cookson, John...The Firs, Stretford, Lanca: Cookes, John R....Wood House, Stourport Cookson, W. J... Denton Park, Otley, Yorksh Cooper, Alfred Allen. .. The Hall, Wigston, Cooper, C. B....Fakenham Hall, Ixworth Cooper, E. H...Markree Castle, Colloney, Sligo — Cooper, G. Kersey... Bowbeck House; Ixworth — Cooper, Henry Reeve... Britwell, Watlinton, O: Cooper, J. R...Barton, Bury St. Edmund's Cooper, N. J.... Westgate, Mansfield Cooper, Thomas W....Bury St. Edmund’s Cooper, W. W....Barnham, Thetford Coote, Geo. Cosens,..Tortington, Arundel A Cope, T. Berwick.., Tettenhall, Wolverhampton — Copeman, George...Dunham Lodge, Swaffham Copestake, Thos. G....Brailsford, Derby “re. +Coppard, T....Lanehurst Lodge, Hurstpierpoi Corbet, H....Farmers’ Club, Salisbury Square, EC. +Corbet, H. R.... Adderley Hall, Market Drayton Corbett, C.,..Broad Marston, Stratford-on-Avyon _ Corbett, James. ..Croome Dabitop, Severn Stoke +Corbett, Capt. R. J....Newland, near Coleford hi Corbett, Thomas. ..Shrewsbury mi Corbett, W. A....Dumbleton, Evesham Corder, Edward... Writtle, Chelmsford Corden, Arthur H....Brincton, Shifnal Corden, John...Great Chatwell, Newport, S Corner, Edward...Esk Hall, Whitby Cornish, G....Risby Gate St., Bury St. Edmund’s — Corringham, R, W....Lound House, Haxey, Bawtry Coryton, A....Pentillie Castle, Saltash, Cornwall — +Cosby, R: G....Stradbally Hall, Queen’s Count Costerton, Charles Fisher. ..Scole 7 Cother, William...Middle Aston, Woodstock +Cotta, Baron G,.,.Hipfelhof, Heilbronn, man\ Cottam, George H....Old St. Pancras Road, N.W. +Cotterell, Sir H. G. Bart....Garnons, Hereford +Cotterell, Jacob Henry...6, Terrace Walks, Cottingham, J....4, St. James’s Square, Mane! Cottingham, John G....Chatsworth, Chesterfield Cottle, George... West Felton, Shrewsbury +Cotton, Alexander... é Cotton, Gen. F. Conyers...Cilhendre, Rhuabon Cotton, H. P....Quex Park, Isle of Thanet : +Cotton, Hon. R. W.S...Bowilton Park, Sh: bur’ +Couchman, C....Temple Balsall, Birmingham Couchman, J. W...7, Stanley Villas, Pembur Road, Tottenham . Coulman, Edward...The Levels, Thorne, Yorkshire Coulman, John...Red House, Thorne . , Coultas, James, jun.....Spittlegate} Grantham +Coulthard, G....Lanercost Abbey, Brampton Coupland, John G....Freeston, Boston +Court, P. Simpson. ..140, Snargate Street, Dover Courthope, G. C....Whiligh, Hurst Green Cousins, Richard...Whitehaven Coussmaker, Lannoy... Westwood, Guildford Coventry, Earl of...Croome Court, Kempsey +Cowley, W. Payne...Ashby St. Ledgers, Rugb Cowper, E. A, C. E....6, Great George Street, 3. +Cox, Henry.. Tevebetsd Edenbridge, Kent Cox, Samuel Walker. ..Spondon Cottage, Derby Cox, William... Brailsford, Derby 4 } i oil Fersstrs st ee Fz Wm. Thos....Spondon Hall, Derby Coxe, James... n .-Freeford Farm, Lichfield ddock, R.. .. Lyneham, Chipping Norton, Oxford W. Smith...Arkholme, Lancaster ie, P. G.. Hartley Ho., Lower Heath, Hampstead ine, Edward...Forton, Montford, Shrewsbury ne, James...Tolpuddle, Dorchester ne, Joseph... .Calcot, Shrewsbury field, William...Buckden, Huntingdon nke, John...Fountain Street, Ulverston Cranston, Thomas. ..Little Dilwyn, Leominster ven, J... Whalley Range, Manchester rawford, John...Lumley Park, Fence Houses rawford, Wm. H....Lakelands, Cork Whall, G....West Bank, Mansfield, Notts. awley, John, jun.,.Gosberton Fen, Spalding wley, J. R....Melchbourne, Grange, Bedford awley, John S....Stock wood Park, Luton wley, Lewis...Keightley House, Holbeach eese, William...Teddington, Tewkesbury gham, Jonah...Carshalton, S.E. sswell, A. J, Baker...Cresswell, Morpeth resswell, Mrs. Gerard. .Appleton Hall, King’s Lynn reswell, R. W....Ravenstone, Ashby-de-la-Zouch rewe, Sir J. H., Bart....Calke Abbey, Derby ewe-Read, Capt., R.N...Llandinam, Montgomery ickmore, W...Seething, Brooke, Norfolk ripwell, John...Epperstone, Southwell, Notts. isp, Arthur Wm...Gedgrave Hall, Woodbridge isp, Edwards, M.D....42, Beaufort Street, S.W. itchley, Walter R....Salwick Hall, Preston oft, AH. .Aldborongh, Boroughbridge, Yorkshire roft, Sir John, Bart....Kingsdown, Sittingbourne roft, J....Dalton Ho., Saddington, Mkt. Harboro’. ofts, Rev. C. D....Caythorpe Rectory, Grantham ‘ofts, John...Long Lawford Hill, Rugby ‘ofts, Lieut. R. B., R.N....Great Cozens, Ware xompton, George. ..Chesterfield trompton, John George... Derby troome, J. Capel... Bagendon House, Cirencester ‘Cropper, E. Wm....West Highfield, Talbot Road, _ Oxton, Birkenhead osbie, Wm. T....Ardfert Abbey, Tralee, Ireland Jrosby, J. M....73, Newboro’ Street, Scarborough rosland, Jabez...Clumber Street, Nottingham tross, John...78, Cross Street, Manchester Cross, Wm. A....Red Scarr, Preston, Lancashire trosse, Thomas B....Shaw Hill, Chorley wrosskill, Alfred...The Lron Works, Beverley rossley, Sir F., Bt., M.P...Somerleyton, Lowestoft Jrosthwaite, Peter...Monk Hall, Keswick ‘oudson, John... Urswick, Ulverstone ow, G....Ornhams, Boroughbridge, Yorkshire owdy, G. Frederick... Faringdon, Berks. xrowe, Daniel...Gaywood, King’s Lynn owley, John L...Standford Hall, Newport, Salop. oysdale, John... Whitley Bridye, Pontefract Crump, G. W...Woollas Hill, Eckington, Pershore a undwell, G....Rose Mount, lffley, Oxford rutchley, P.H....Sunninghill Park, Staines Royal Agricultural Society of England. ox, W. S....Sansom Wood, Calverton, Nottingham . XVI Cuff, J. H....New Cattle Market, Islington, N. {Caff, W. Fitchett...Merriott, Tannton Culley, George. ..Fowberry Tower, Belford Culshaw, Joseph. ..Towneley, Burnley Cumberbatch, L....Qneen’s House, Lyndhurst tCumming, L....Ratten, Thurso, N.B. Cummins, John, jun....Nelfields, Newent Cumpston, Joseph H,.,.Barton{Hall, Penrith Cunninghame, Capt. R.D. B. . Hensol, Castle-Douglas Canliffe, Maj. Ellis...Queen St, Lytham +Cure, Capel...Blake Hall, Ongar, Essex Cureton, George. ..Beam House, Shrewsbury Currie, Edmund...West Burton Buse, Petworth ‘ Currie, Henry...West Horsley Park, Leatherhead Currie, Raikes. ..Minley Manor, Farnborough Curtis, Charles E....Alton Curtis, Thomas...The Hall, Berkhampstead +Curtis, Sir Wm., Bart....Caynham Court, Ludlow Curtler, T. G....Bevere House, Worcester Curzon, Hon. S. C. H. R..Grove Ho., Tooting, S.W. Cust, Capt. F. Henry... Ellesmere Custance, Hambleton F....Weston House, Norwich Cuthbert, Robert... Newton-le-Willows, Bedale +Cuthbert, William...Beanfront, Hexham Cutting, Robert Coote. ..Ridlington, Uppingham Czarnecki, Lieut. Arthur... D. Dacre, Lord...The Hoo, Welwyn, Herts. +Dacre, Henry... Auckland, New Zealand +Dacre, Rev. W....Irthington Vicarage, Carlisle Daglish, R....Aston Hall, Preston Brook Daintree, J. O...The Grange, Lolworth, St. Ives Daintree, G. E.,..Fenton, Warboys, Huntingdon Dalton, James. ..Fillingham Manor, Lincoln Dalton, P...Cummersdale, Carlisle Dalton, Rev. R...Kelmarsh, Northampton Dalzell, Anthony...Stainburn Hall, Workington Dalzell, John. ., Papeastle, Cockermouth Danby, Francis... Middledale, Driffield Daniel, Thomas. . .Stoodleigh, Tiverton Danson, J. T..Carnsdale Farm, Barnston, Birkenhead 7Darbishire, S. D....Pendyffryn, Conway +Darby, Alfred. ..Stanley Hall, Bridgnorth Darby, George...Markly, Warbleton, Hurst Green +Darby, Abraham..Ebbw Vale Pk., Newport, Mon. Darley, Chas. Albert...Burtonfield, York +Darling, J....Beau Desert, Rugeley Darling, Robt....Plawsworth, Fence Houses 7;Dashwvood, F. Loftus... Kirtlington Park, Oxon. Dashwood, Sir Henry W., Bt....Kirtlington, Oxford +Dashwood, M....22, Park Lane, W. Daubeny, Rey. E. A....Ampney, Cirencester Daubeny, R....2, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. Davenport, F, H....Headington Hill, Oxford Davey, Charles M....Witham Davey, H. M....Beverley Villas, Colchester Davey, John G, Ellis...Horningtoft, Letcham +Davey, J. S....Redruth, Cornwall Davey, Richard. ..Bocliym House, Helstone b x VIDEE s David, Edward... Llandaff David, Evan William...Radyr Court, Cardiff Davie, Sir H. Ferguson, Bt., M.P...Creedy, Crediton Davie, J. Thornton. . repueatl Red House, Morpeth Davies, Benjamin...Hayton House, Chorley Davies, D. Price...Troedybryn, Llandilo +Davies, E. H.... Davies, George R...Mere Old Hall, Knutsford Davies, Rev. J... Moor Court, Kington, Herefordshire +Davies, James... Bollington, Altrincham Davies, James, ..Isle Park, Shrewsbury Davies, John Morgan. ..Froodvale, Llandilo Davies, L. T....Llyneubing, Llanpumpsaint Davies, Robert C....Southminster, Maldon Davies, Robert J...Cwrtmaur, Llangeitho, Lampeter +Davies, Robt. P....Ridgeway, Narberth, S. Wales Davies, Mrs. Sica’! -Rochlaveston Manor, Notts. Davies, Thomas... Burlfon Court, Burghill, Hereford Davis, Evan H....Patton, Much Wenlock Davis, Henry...Old Downs, Oakhill, Bath Davis, John..Wykin Hall, Hinckley Davis, Peter...Bickmarsh Hall, Alcester +Davis, R....9, St. Helen’s Place, Bishopsgate, E.C. 7Davis, R. F.... ‘Davis, R, S. B....Swerford Park, Enstone, Oxon. +Davis, Samuel...Swerford Park, Enstone, Oxon. Davis, Stephen... Woolashill, Pershore Davis, T....Little Wenlock, Wellington, Salop. +Davis, Thomas Henry...Orleton, Worcester Davison, John Perry... Easton Maudit, Northampton Davison, Richard... Driffield Davy, Jas....Flitton Barton, North Molton Davy, John...Owersby, Market-Rasen Davy, John T....Barton Roseash, South Molton Davys, W. H. C....Nenadd-fawr, Llandovery Dawson, Edward...Aldcliffe Hall, Lancaster Dawson, George. ..Thorncliffe, Sheffield Dawson, J....Gronant, Rhyl, Flintshire +Dawson, Wm. Edward. .Plumstead Common, S.E, +Day, Charles. ., Easton, Stamford Day, John...High Street, Whitchurch, Salop. Day, John... Newick Lodge, Uckfield +Day, Nevile...Easton, Stamford Day, Richard...Hodroyd Hall, Barnsley +Day, Samuel,..St. Neot’s Day, Thomas. ..22, Dorset Street, Baker Street, W. +Day, William. .. Woodyates, Salisbury +D'Azy, Count Benoist...88, Rue de Grenelle, Paris Deacon, John...Mabledon, Tonbridge +Dean, A. K....East Brent, Axbridge, Somerset + Dean, F. K.,..East Brent, Axbridge, Somerset Dean, H.C...North Stonham Park, Southampton Dean, James... Brereton, Rugeley Dean, Thomas...Mold Deane, Patrick, High Street, Hull +Decanville, M....Petit Bourg, Corbeil TDecanville, M. Paul...Petit Bourg, Corbeil +De Curzay, Visct...Chdteau de Curzay, Lusignan Deedes, Lieut.-Vol. Wm....Sandling Park, Hythe +Dees, James... flora Villa, Whitehaven +Dees, Robert R.... Wallsend, Newcastle-on-Tyne +De Kergolay, Count,..Camisy (Manche) Delano, William H....59, Rue de la Victoire, Paris List of Members of the ¥ +De L’Isle and Dudley, Lord. . Penshurst Park, Ke Delves, William...Frant, Tunbridge Wells +De Monicault, E.. 127, Boulevard Haussman, Par’ De Mornay, Alfred...Cold Harbour, Wallingford Denchfield, J....Aston Abbotts, Aylesbury Denison, AE, - Doncaster Denman, Lord...Middleton Hall, Bakewell Denne, W....Three Counties Asylum, Arlesey, Bed tDennett, Mullens...Lodsworth, Petworth, Sussex Dennis, Henry...Hafod-y-bwceh, Rhuabon Denson, Samuel...Pwllhalog Hall, Rhyl, Flints. +Dent, John Coucher...Sudely Castle, Wincheom! +Dent, John D., M.P....Ribstone Hall, Wetherby Dent, Joseph. . ‘itibstone Hall, Wetherby | Dent, Ralph...Streatham Castle, Barnard Castle tDenton, J. Bailey...Orchard Court, Stevenage Denton, A. Bailey....Stevenage, Herts. Denton, Henry... Wolverhampton > De Pass, D....9, Delamere St., Westbourne Sq., W_ +Derby, Earl of. .. Knowsley, Prescot Derham, James...St. Thomas’s Road, Chorley +Derham, William...Tottenham De Rothschild, Sir A., Bt....Aston Clinton, Tring | Des Vouex, Sir H.,Bt.. Drakelow Pk.,Burton-on-Tren | +De Schroder, Baron. ..The Dell, Windsor +De Trafford, Sir H., Bt. .. Trafford Pk., Mancheste |) +Deusy, Ernest...Chateau de la Pacandiére, Franc: | Devas, Charles F....Bromley Lodge, Kent, S.E, Devas, Thomas....Mount Ararat, Wimbledon, S.W Devas, William... Woodside, Old Windsor Devaux, A...20, Avenue-rd., St. John’s Wood, N.W Deverell, John...Purbrook Park, Portsmouth | +De Vibraye, Marquis.Chateau de Chaverny, France tDe Vitre, H. D....Charlton House, Wantage +De Vogué, Cots Ch,.37, Rue de Bourgogne, Paris +De Vogué, Marquis... Rue Tabert (2) Paris +Devon, Earl of,..Powderham Castle, Exeter Dew, Tomkyns... Whitney Court, Hereford De Wend, F. W...Underbank Hall, Sheffield +De Westphalen, Count Clemens. . Laer, via Cologne +De Wezele, Count G.,..55, Haton Square, W. ! 7Dewing, R....Carbrooke, Watton, Norfolk De Winton, Capt, T....Wallsworth H1., Gloucester — Deykin, James, jun..., Whiston, Penkridge Diamond, James..,.The Beeches, Axminster Dicken, Thomas, jun....Colton Hall, Rugeley +Dickens, Charles Scrace...Horsham, Sussex ' Dickens, R. A... Woodford Grange, Wolverhampton +Dickers, Samuel S,,.Golder Manor, Tetsworth Dickin, E. T...Yockingsgate, Whitchurch, Salop. Dickin, John...Tyndwfr, Llangollen Dickin, Wm....The Lloyd, Market Drayton : Dickinson, G.T,...Wheelbirks, Stocksfield Dickinson, E. H....Berkeley, Frome ’ Dickinson, William... New Park, Lymington " }Dickons, Thomas... High Oakham, Mansfield 1! Dickson, Arthur..,..Queen’s Park, Chester ey }Dickson, G. A....Newton Nurseries, Chester Digby, G. D, Wingfield. . Sherborne Castle, { Digby, Rev. K...Tetteshall Rectory, Litcham, Nast, | Digby, Lord...Minterne House, Dorchester, Dorset i Sir C. W., Bt., M.P....76, Sloane St., S.W- inning, J... Adderstone, Belford, Northumberland inning Joseph... Langley Hill Top, Haydon Bdge. raeli, Rt.Hn. B., M.P..Huyhendon, Bucks. t, John...Bovey Tracey, Devon. : ixon, George M.....Bradley Hall, Ashbourne ixon, Henry...Frankham, Tunbridge Wells n, John Thomas... Walwick Grange, Hexliam on, John W....Caistor, Lincolnshire Whitehall... Llannerch Park, St. Asaph odd, Francis. ..Rush Court, Wallingford dd, H....The Hall, Rothertield, Tunbridge Wells ods T. P....Anick Grange, Hexham Yodson, Charles E....Littledale Hall, Lancaster ) oggett, Arthur... Newnham, Baldock oggett, Thomas William...Sandon, Royston Joneraile, Viscount. ..Doneraile Court, Co. Cork kin, Samuel. ..Bywell, Felton, Northumberland Jonovan, George (49th Regt.)... rrell, Thomas... Bishampton, Pershore ington, C....Bridehall Farm, St. Albans utington, C. H. .Otterburne, Winchester mer, C. Cottrill...Rousham, Woodstock, Oxon. ubleday, Dr.... Long Clawson, Melton Mowbray uglas, J. Byrant,.Hampden Street, Nottingham iden, Thomas...Roke Farm, Bere Regis owdeswell, A. C....Pall Court, Tewkesbury deswell, Benjamin...Castle Eaton, Fairford owdeswell, W. E.,M.P.... Pall Court, Tewkesbury wding, Edwyn...15, Vineyards, Bath owning, Isaac. ..Turner’s Hill, Rowley Regis, Dudley »wning, J. B....Holme Lacey, Hereford ning, John. . Ashfield, Fermoy, Ireland wning, J. Marshall. ..Dowles, Bewdley, Salop. wns, J. H....Grove Lodge, Fulham, S.W. wnward, Rev. George R.... Shrewsbury vowse, W. T..Chelsfield Hall Fm, Orpington, Kent : oyle, John A,..Plas Dulas, Abergele ake, Sir T. T. F. E., Bart... Nutwell Court, Exeter rake, T. Tyrwhitt...Shardloes, Amersham keford, David... Brookside, Crawley, Sussex aper, Charles....Clinton House, Kenilworth ‘ax, J. S. W. Erle. .Charborough Park, Blandford >w, Edw...Calcot,K ingscote, W ootton-under-Edge le w, James...Artiscombe, Tavistock ewe, E. Simcoe. . The Grange, Honiton ewitt, George... Manor Farm, Oving, Chichester ewitt, Henry... Milvill Farm, Titchfield 2witt, John... North Stoke, Arundel ewitt, R. Dawtrey... Peppering, Arundel ewitt, Thomas. .Piccard’s Farm, Guildford rewry, G...Holker, Granye, Lancashire ver, Robert Collin....4, Whitehall Place, S.W. uce, A. F. Milton. .Twelve Acres, Eynsham, Ox. ruce, Joseph... Eynsham, Oxford ce, Samuel. , .Eynsham, Oxford tuce, S. Benj. L....New University Club, S.W. yden, Thomas, ..Moss Kennels, Haydon Bridge Royal Agricultural Society of England. XIX +Du Buat, Count.Chateau dela Sunardiére, France TDucie, Karl of... Tortworth, Wootton-under-Edge Duckering, R. E....Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey Duckham, T... -Baysham Court, Ross, Herefordshire 7+Duckworth, Sir J., Bart....Wear House, Exeter +Duckworth, Russell...Murtrey Hill, Frome Dudding, Henry...Panton House, Wragby Dadding, Thomas... Pockerby, Goole Dudding, William..Lamberoft, Louth, Lincolnshire Dudgeon, J....8, Tavistock Square, W.C. Dudtield, Benjamin...,Kinlet, Bewdley, Salop. Duffield, James...Great Baddow, Chelmsford Dufty, Thomas...Knapthorpe, Newark Dumbrell, James....Ditchling, Sussex Duncan, Alexander. . Knossington Grange, Oakham +Duncan, James... Benmore, N.B. Duncan, W. G....Bradwell House, Stony Stratford t+Duncombe, Hon. O.,M.P....Waresley, Biggleswade Duncombe, Hon. Adl..Killerwick Percy,Pocklington +Duncombe, Sir P. P., Bart.... Bletchley, Bucks. Dun, Finlay...Weston Park, Shipston-on-Stour Dunlop, A. M..1, Westm. Chambers, Victoria St, S.W. Dunn, John,..Fernhill Villa, Market Drayton Dunn, Jonathan...Kelfield Lodge, York Dunn, Nicholas J...Elm Grove, St. Florence, Tenby 7Dunn, Thomas...1, York Gate, Regent’s Pk., N.W. 7Dunn, Wm. H....Inglewood, Hungerford +Dunne, Thomas...Bircher, Leominster +Du Plessis, Gustave...Chateau du Plassi, France Duplessis, Jules...Newtown Park, Lymington Du Pré, C. G., M.P.... Wilton Park, Beaconstield Dupuis, Rev. G. J... Eton College, Windsor Durant, Richard. ..Sharpham, Totnes Durham, Makin...Thorne, Yorkshire Dutton, John...Curbridge, Faringdon 7Duval, Fernand R.....16, Place Venddme, Paris +Dyer, Major, H. C.S,.Westhorpe, Bromfleld, Salop. Dyke, Francis Hart...3, Museum Street, York Dyke, SirP. H., Vart....Lullington Castle, Dartford Dyott, Col., M.P....Freeford Manor, Lichfield E. Eagle, Alfred...Boxted, Bury St. Edmund’s Ealand, John Robert....Aisthorpe, Lincoln Eardley, Wm,...Larkton Hall, Malpas +Earle, Frederic W.....Edenhurst, Prescot, Lane. Early, Thomas... Witney, Oxon. +Easterson, Thomas. ..Bawdsey, Woodbridge Easton, George....Horsley Hill, South Shields +Easton, James,.. Nest House, Gateshead +Easton, James..Hothe Court, Blean, Canterbury Easton, William....6, Hammet Street, Taunton Easton, William... Bradford, Taunton Eastwood, George...Healey Hall, Burnley Eaton, Charles O.,..Tolethorpe, Stamford }Eaton, George...Spixwortl, Norwich Eccles, H.J....Spriddlestone, Brixton, Plymouth Eckersley, James,..Burnt House, Chorley Eckersley, Nathaniel. ..Standish Hall, Wigan Kckley, Richard...12, Darlington Place, Bath +Eddison, Francis...60, High West St., Dorchester b2 xx Last of Members of the +Eddison, R. W....Headingley Hill, Leeds +Eddison, William. ..Huddersfield +Eddowes, Thos. Henry....Pontesbury, Salop. +Eden, J....Beamish Pk., Chester-le-Street, Durham Eden, Peter...Cross Lane, Salford +Eden, Hon. Wm. Geo..,..Doncaster +Edge, James Thomas...Strelley Hall, Nottingham +Edmonds, F. E.... Edmonds, Giles. ..Eastleach, Lechlade Edmonds, Wm. J....Southrop, Lechlade Edmondson, T; G.,..Gresgarth Hall, Lancaster Edmunds, Edmund... Rugby Edwards, D. T....Taff Well, Cardiff Edwards, Edward... Boreton, Shrewsbury Edwards, Edwin... Brocton Grange, Shifnal Edwards, G. Withers, jun.... Woolston, Oswestry Edwards, Sir H., Bt., M.P....Pye Nest, Halifax Edwards, Henry N....Broadwood, Leominster Edwards, James L.... Rochester, Kent Edwards, Joseph...Hutton, Weston-super-Mare Edwards, Richard. ..Adlington, Shrewsbury Edwards Richard...Trewern Hall, Welshpool Edwards, T, F...Tanholt Farm, Eye, Peterborough Effingham, Earl of. .Tusmore House, Bicester, Oxon, Egerton, Lord...Tatton Park, Knutsford Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., Bt. M.P....Tarporley Egyar, James...Bentley, Farnham Eggleston, Edward J....Great Peatling, Lutterworth Eggleston, Wm,...Wigston Magna, leicester Elcho, Lord, M.P....Armisfielad, Haddington, N. B.* Eley, W.H., jun...Islingham, Frindsbury, Rochester +Elkins, John Francis... Yelvertoft, Rugby Ellett, Robert...Oakley Villa, Cirencester Ellershaw, Charles... Bossall, York Elliot, John...Chapel Brampton, Northampton Elliot, John... Moor Park Farm, Rickmansworth TElliot, J. Lettsom,..10, Connaught Place, W Elliott, Samuel...Trafalgar House, Plymouth Ellis, Charles...Preston House, Beddingham, Lewes Ellis, James,..Glenfield, Leicester +Ellis, John... Artington, Guildford Ellis, Philip P... Herbrandstone Hall, Milford Haven +Ellis, Robert Ridge... Yalding, Kent Ellis, Samuel H....Maldon, Essex +Ellman, R. H.,..Landport, Lewes Elston, William...Bank House, Selby +Elston, Capt.W....St. Ann’s Rd , North Brixton, S. Elton, Sir E. M., Bt.... Widworthy Court, Honiton +Elwell, Charles John...Compton, Wolverhampton +Elwell, E....Nenaddfraith, Newtown, S. Wales Elwell, Paul...Evelith Manor, Shifnal Elwes, H. T,..West Hoathley, East Grinstead Elwes, Hugh W. H....Stowe Park, Bungay Elwes, John H..,,.Closeburn House, Cheltenham Embleton, Robert... Backworth, Newcast]e-on. Tyne Emery, Richard A..,.Lostford, Market Drayton Emery, R. Coleman., Hurston Place, Storrington +Emson,H.H... Nether Hall,Cherry Hinton,Cambs, England, Richard,..Binham, Wells, Norfolk Enniskillen, Earl of.... Florence Court, Enniskillen +Entwistle, John S....Foxholes, Rochdale Enys, John Samuel... Enys, Peuryn, Cornwall Erichsen, H. G...7, Gt. Winchester St Bldngs., E.C +Erkoig, Adolphus, ..Derekegyhaza, Pesth, Hungary Erle,Rt.Hon.SirW.,Kt... Bramshot Grange, Liphook Ernest, Henry...17, Salisbury Street, Strand : +Errington, Rowland...Sandon, Hexham y Esam, Wm....Averham Park, Southwell Esdaile, W. C. D.. Burley Park, Ringwood, Hants Etches, Edward, ..Derby Ethelston, Rev. C. W..Up Lyme, Lyme Regis Ettrick, Anthony....North Hylton, Sunderland +Evans, E. Bickerton.. Whitbourne Hall, Worcester Evans, E, M....Llwynbarried, Nantmel, Kington Evans, George... Wimborne, Dorset tEvans, Henry J....Bank, Cardiff Evans, H....Swanstone-Court, Leominster Evans, Isaac Pearson,..Griff, Nuneaton Evans, James Eaton...Haverfordwest Evans, John.,.Uffington, Salop. Evans, John...Hadnall Wood, Hadnall, Salop. Evans, J. Jones...Cwmbychan Farm, Carmarthen Evans, R. P....4, Gray’s Inn Square, W.C. tEvans, R. W....Eyton Hall, Leominster Evans, Samuel... Darly Abbey, Derby Evans, Capt. T. B.... Uddens, Wimborne, Dorset , Evans, Warren. . Llandowlais, Usk, Monmouthshire +Evans, William...The Field, Newport, Mon. x +Evans, Rev. W. E....Burton Court, Herefordshire — +Evans, W. Herbert...Ford Abbey, Chard | Everard, W...Narboro’ Wood House, Leicester Eve, Frederick. , .Sherrington, Newport Pagnell Everett, F. H....Bridgeham, Thetford +Everett, W. S....Carlton Colville, Lowestoft Everington, Wm, jun..,..Skegness, Burgh-le-marsh +Everington, W. D....Dillington Hall., E. Dereham Evershed, Henry.,.Shere, Guildford Evershed, John....Hartfield, Tunbridge Wells +Exeter, Marquis of,..Burghley House, Stamford Eyke, John...Stanton, Shifnal +Eyre, Edwin...Preston Hall, Uppingham +Eyre, G. E.... Warrens, Stoney Cross, Southampton Eyre, Henry R....Shaw House, Newbury Eyre, R. T....Riverdale, Surbiton, S.W. +Eyres, Capt. Harry...Knockwood Park, Tenterden Eyton, John Wynne... Lees Wood, Mold yEyton, Thos. C.,.. Vineyard, Wellington, Salop. F, Faber, C, Wilson... Northaw House, Barnet, N. Fair, Jacob W.... Lytham, Preston, Lane. Fair, James, .Tabley Villa Farm, Knutsford Fair, Thomas... Westwood, Lytham, Lane, +Fair, William. ...Aston-by-Budworth, Northwich Falmouth, Viscount...Mereworth Castle, Maidstone +Fardon, H. F..7, Braithwaite Rd., Birmingham Fardon, J. A.... Witton House, Droitwich " +Farhall, J. N....Tillington, Petworth ~ weld Farley, S. L....4, Windsor Crescent, Newe.-on-Tyne Farmer, Edmund... Moreton in the Marsh -* Farmer, James....Lawton, Pembridge ate +Farmer, C. Haywood. .Comiberford Hall, Tamwilll Farnham, E. B.....Quorndon House, Loughborough: Famworth, J. K....Alderley Edge, Manchester +Farr, Richard... Hereford a » Wm. Wyndham..Iford, Christchurch, Hants ell, E. W....3, Merrion Square East, Dublin ell, John Arthur...Moynalty, County Meath » Edmund...Sporle, Swaffham er, James...Ingleborough, Lancaster Farrer, O. W....Binnegar Hall, Wareham, Dorset Farrer, H. R....Green Hammerton, Yorkshire hing, Walter. ..Stowey Court, Bridgwater well, Frederick G....Wolverhampton aulkner, John...Bretby Farm, Burton-on-Trent faulkner, William... Broxton, Chester Javiell, George... Amcotes Lodge, Doncaster Faviell, Mark, jun.... Faviell, William F.....Down Place, Guildford aweett, E. A....Childwick Hall, St. Albans awcett, James. ..Scaleby Castle, Carlisle /aweett, John... Durham /aweus, John....South Charlton, Chathill ‘eatherstonhaugh, R...Rockview, Killucan, Ireland veilden, Major H.M., M.P.. Witton Park, Blackburn Feilden Robert, . .Coxbench, Derby Fellowes, Jas....6, Bryanstone Square, W. “ellowes, Robert....Shotesham Park, Norwich ‘ellowes, Rey. T. L..... Vicarage, Honingham Fenn, Thomas.,.Stonebrook House, Ludlow “enton, Ferrar... Wakefield Road, Dewsbury Fenton, Joseph. ...Bamford Hall, Rochdale enton, Kirkby...Caldecote Hall, Nuneaton Fenton, William....Beaumonds, Rochdale enwick, George A....The Bank, Newc.-on-Tyne enwick, J. C.....Newcastle-on-Tyne Ferard, Charles Colton... .50, Burton Crescent, W.C. Ferris, T....Manningford Bohune, Pewsey, Wilts. Ferris, W....Manor Ho., Milton, Pewsey, Wilts. eversham, Earl of,..Duncombe Park, Helmsley Yield, George. ..Ashurst Park, Kent a ‘Field, Henry...East Lodge, Tulse Hill, S.W. ield, James Pope... Hammond’s End, Harpenden Nield, Samuel... Farnsfield, Southwell Field, William...224, Oxford Street, W. Fielden, John...Dobroyd Castle, Todmorden Fielden, J., M.P...Stansfield Hall, Todmorden Fielden, S...,Centre Vale, Todmorden Fieldsend, C. R.... Kirmond, Market Rasen -Filgate, L. G. P....Lisvenney, Ardee, Ireland Filmer, Sir E., Bt., .East Sutton Park, Staplehurst inch, J....59, Mark Lane, E.C. Finch, Rey. W.... Warboys, Huntingdonshire Findlay, John... findlay, T. Dunlop...Easter Hill, Glasgow finlay, A. S....Castle Toward, Greenock 2 mney, Samuel....Gateshead -Finnis, Steriker...The Elms, Hougham, Dover sirbank, Joseph. ..Newport, Monmouthshire il irkins, Geo. John....Bishampton, Pershore Firmstone, W.C.. Rockingham, Hagley, Stourbridge Fisher, Capt. C,...Distington House, Whitehaven isher, E. K..,. Market Harborough sher, Edward,..Grove Hill, Beverley Fison, Cornell. ... Thetford }Fison, Cornell Henry... Thetford Royal Agricultural Society of England. XXI +Fison, J. P..,.Manor House, Feversham, Cambs.” Fison, Joseph. . .Ipswich Fitton, Samuel... Willastone, Nantwich +Fitzgerald, Maj. H. T.G...MapertonHo.,Wincanton t¥itzhardinge, Lord...Berkeley Castle Fitzherbert, Sir W., Bt..Somersall Herbert, Uttoxeter Fitz-Herbert, W....Swynnerton, Stone +¥itzhugh, Thomas Lloyd ..Plas Power, Wrexham Fitzhugh, Rev. Wm....Street, Lewes Fitzroy, George.. .Grafton-Regis, Stoney Statford Fitzroy, Lt.-Col. H... .Stratton Strawless, Norwich +Fitzwilliam, Hon. C.W., M.P..Alwaltor, Peterboro’ Fitzwilliams, E. C. L....Adpar, Newcastle Emlyn 7Fitzwygram, Lt.-Col. F....Carlton Club, S.W. Fletcher, Charles E.... Luscombe, Dawlish TFletcher, Maj.-Gen. E. C....Kenward, Yalding Fletcher, George.. .Shipton, Cheltenham Fletcher, Tlohn....Merton Hall Farm, Merton, S.E, Fletcher, John Charles...Dale Park, Arundel +Fletcher, J. P....Sunbury + Fletcher, Capt. Joseph... Lowther St., Whitehaven Fletcher, Thomas,..Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding +Fletcher, W. H.,..Shipton Olliffe, Cheltenham Flower, Charles Henry,..France Farm, Blandford +Floyer, John, M.P....Stafford, Dorchester 7Foljambe, F.J. Savile, M.P.. Osberton Ho.,Worksop Follows, F. W....Cheetham, Manchester Fookes, H....Whitechurch Farm, Blandford Forbes, John M.,..Dropmore, Maidenhead +Ford, Sir F. C., Bt,..Hartfield, Tunbridge Wells +Ford, George... Barlaston, Stone, Staffordshire Ford, J., jun... Rushton Farm, Blandford Ford, John....Tancred, Whixley, York Ford, W. H....Merridale Road, Wolverhampton +Fordham, Edward King... Ashwell, Baldock Fordham, John George. ..Royston Forester, G. T....Ercall Magna, Wellington, Salop +Forrester, Jos. James... Forster, A. T....Garrettstown, Kinsale, Ireland +Forster Charles, M.P...,Lysways Hall Rugeley Forster, George....Washington, Durham Forster, R. C....White House, Gateshead +Forster, Samuel...Southend, Sydenham, S.E, Forsythe, James... Wolverhampton Fortescue, Hon. G, ... Boconnock, Lostwithiel +Fortune, W....The Drefor, Kerry, Montgomery +Foster, H. Y. W....Cranwell Lodge, Sleaford Foster, J....Ledsham, Milford Junction Foster, John, ..Copson Lodge, Hinckley Foster, J. P....Killhow, Wigton, Cumberland +Foster, John James... Foster, Matthew H.. Little Wymondeley, Steven Foster, T. Nelson....Gloucester Foster, Wm.,..Canwick House, Lincoln +Foster, W. O....Apley Park, Bridgnorth Fothergill, R....Hensol Castle, Cowbridge, S. Wales Fothergill, W. .Cefnrhychdir, Tredegar, Monmouth. Foulkes, C....St. Mary’s Street, Whitchurch, Salop, +Fountaine, Bernard T....Stoke House, Bletchley Fowke, Sir F.T., Bart... Lowesley Hall, Leicester Fowler, Francis. ..Henlow, Biggleswade Fowler, J....Park Hill House, Ferry Hill, Durham Fowler, John K., jun....Aylesbury Fowler, L. P...Little Bushey Farm, Bushey XXII Fowler, R., jun.,..14, Bennett’s Hill, Birmingham Fowler, Richard...Broughton Farm, Aylesbury Fowler, Robert... Leeds +Fowler, Robert C,...Gunton Hall, Lowestoft Fowler, William.., Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury Fowler, Wllliam.. .Ryle House, Pauntley, Newent TFox, Chas. B.,..Malpas, Newport, Monmouthshire Fox, Frederick F....Melbourne, Derby +Fox, G. Lane...Bramham Park, Tadcaster Fox, John. . .Coalbrookdale, Wellington, Salop. Fox, William...Brook Farm, Dunston, Lincoln +Fox, William...Adbury, Newbury TFox, William...Abbey, St. Bees, Cumberland Frampton, Henry...Okers Wood, Dorchester Francis, Clement... .Quy Hall, Cambridgeshire Francis, Frederick,.,Ramsden Hall, Billericay Frank, F. Bacon...Campsall Hall, Doncaster Frank, John Charles... Rhydairy, Oswestry Frankish, William...Limber Magna, Ulceby +Franklin, Joseph... Little Haseley, Tetsworth +Franklin, Richard...Clemenstone, Bridgend Franklin, Thomas...Ascott, Wallingford Franklin, W. Taylor. ..Ascott, Wallingford Franks, George...Thong, Gravesend Franks, James. ..Bramley, Guildford Franks, Thomas. ..21, Lower Fitzwilliam St., Dublin Fraser, Henry N....Hayclose, Penrith Frederick, Sir R., Bt... Burwood Park, Esher +Freebody, Wm. Y...239, Hackney Road, N.E. Freeman, Edward.. .Creeting-All-Saints, Stonham Freeman, Edwin...Chilton, Thame +Freeman, Frederick...Speedwell Farm, Woburn Freeman, John G....Aspall House, Debenham Freeman, P... High Heaton, Neweastle-on-Tyne Freeman, W. P. W....Pylewell, Lymington, Hants. Freer, Chas. T....The Coplow, Billesdon, Leicester Freer, F. Hubert... Hampton, Evesham Freer, Jesse... Rothley, Loughborough +Fremlin, W. Arthur,..Teston, Maidstone French, Richard Day...St. John’s, Bungay +Frere, G. E....Roydon Hall, Diss Fretwell, C. H..Be .e Isle, York Rd., King’s Cross, N. Frewer, Alfred... Debenham, Ipswich +Fries, Count August... Moravia, Praitz Station +Frost, Chas....Wherstead, Ipswich +Frost, Robert, Lime Grove, Chester +Fry, James Thomas. ..Boston, Bromley, S.E. Fry, Thomas.,.Baglake Farm, Dorchester, Dorset +Fryer, H. C....Lodge Park, Taliesin, Shrewsbury Fryer, W. Fleming...The Wergs, Wolverhampton Fuggle, T. G.....Crown Hotel, Worcester Fulcher, Thomas... Elmham Hall, Thetford Fuller, F. G....Reading Fuller, Robert Willes...Croydon, S.E. Fulljames, Thos....Foscombe, Gloucester Furneis, John...Coxhoe, Ferryhill, Durham Furness, Captain M. W....Rugby Fussell, Rev. James G. C....The Chantry, Frome Fyers, Col. W. A.,C.B....United Service Club S.W. Fyson, Edward. ..Silverley, Ashley, Newmarket +Fytche, J. Lewis...Thorpe Hall, Elkington, Louth List of Members of the G. Gadesden, Augustus W....Ewell Castle, Sarveyial Gadsby, A...George Yard, Bouverie Street, Jaa Gaitskell, J....Hall Santon, Carnforth, Lancashire — +Gayner, Charles, M.A.. .New College Lane, Oxford — Galpin, George...Tarrant Keynston, Blandford Galpin, John...Dorchester, Dorset 3 Galpin, Thomas P.,.. Little Langford, Heyteabuag +Galton, Darwin. ..Claverdon Leys, Warwick +Galway, Viscount, M.P....Serlby Hall, Bawtry +Gamble, D....Gerard’s Bridge, St. Helen’s, Lane, +Gamlen, Wm, H....Brampford Speke, Exeter +Gammie, Geo...Shotover House, Wheatley, Oxon, +Gandy, Capt. Henry...Fden Grove, Penrith Gandy, Rev. J. H.,.Stanwick, Higham Ferrers Gandy, Lt.-Col...-Heaves, Milnthorpe 7 Garbutt, Thomas... Yarm, Cleveland et h + Garde, T... .Ballinacurra, Middleton, co. Cork Gardner, John...Twycross, Atherstone ; Gardner, William...Bekesbourne, Canterbury Gardner, W. A....Hough Green, Chester if Gardom, J. W...Butterton Hail, Newcastle, Staffs. +Gardom,T. W....The Yeld, Baslow, Chesterfield 7Garfit, Arthur...Scotherne, Lincoln a Gartit, Charles. .. Queenstown, co. Cork Al Garland, T. Bland...Hillfields, Reading a Garne, George, ..Churchill Heath, Chipping ee +Garne, John, ..Filkins, Lechlade +Garne, Robert...Aldsworth, Northleach Garne, Thomas...Broadmoor, Northleach +Garne, Wm.... Manor House, Cerney, Cirenceall Garnett, William. ..Clitheroe Garnett, W. J....Bleasdale Tower, Garstang Garrard, C. B.D... . Lamar Hall, St. Albans ’ +Garratt, John...Bishop’s Court, Exeter J Garratt, R. Lancefield...Thorpe Malsor, Kettering +Garrett, Richard...Carleton Hall, Saxmundham Garrold, R. H....Kilforge, Ross ¥ Garsed, John, ..The Moorlands, Cowbridge Garth, T.C....Haines Hill, Reading Gartside, H. Swherinads Tower, Saddleworth, Yorks. Gascoyne, William Whitehead.,.Sittingbourne +Gaskell, Henry L....Kiddington Hall, Woodstock Gaskell, Major W.P...Fulmer House, Slough +Gatacre, Edward L...Gatacre Hall, Bridgnorth Gater, John... West End, Southampton ' +Gates, R....7, Sussex Place, Horsham : Gaudern, J....Earl’s Barton, Wellingborough = Gaudin, Philip. . .Spring Farm, St. Heliers, io 7 Gauntlett, W. H...Middlesboro’-on*Tees +Gauthorp, H.. Moorfield Ho., Widness, Warri +Gawne, Edw. Moore...Kentraugh, Isle of Man +Geary, Sir W. R. P., Bt....Oxen Heath, Tunbri Gedge, Charles J....Bury St. Edmund's +Gee, John... Welford, Rugby - Gee, Thomas. ..Dewhurst Lodge, Wadhurst, S Gelsthorpe,Thomas. .. Morton Manor, Newark +Genge, R. Waterston Ho., Puddleton, Dore! German, G....The Field, Measham, Atherstone +German, William...Measham Lodge, Athe Gerrard, John... Adlington, Chorley Ss Gervis, Sir G. E. M. ., Bt....Christchureh, Seer eterstasasestr Ff = => = ibbens, Edward...Minster, Isle of Thanet ibbins, H....Bedhampton Manor, Havant, Hants. ibbons, Henry... Hampton Bishop, Hereford ibbon, H. J..Holmscales, Milnthorpe ibbons, Thomas. ..Burn Foot, Longtown Gibbs, George. . .Belmont, Bristol Gibbs, H. H.,.St. Dunstan's, Regent’s Pk., N. Ww. ibbs, Philip H ...Eckington, Worcester Hibbs, Thomas..,Sledmere, York tibbs, Thomas. ..26, Down Street, Piccadilly, W. tibbs, Wm....Tyntesfield, Bourton, Bristol Gibson, John Kirk. . Ingleby, Lincoln “Gibson, Joseph... Whelprigg, Kirkby Lonsdale ibson, R.,. South Benwell, Newcastle-on-Tyne rilbert, F, W....Little Eastley, Bishopstoke tilbert, Henry...Barnby Manor, Newark, Notts. silbert, John...Perry Barr, Birmingham silbert, Joseph. .. Evesham Gilbert, R....Ashby Hall, Berghapton, Norfolk ilbert, R., jun....Rockland St. Mary, Norwich Gilbert, William A....Cantley, Acle silbertson, M....Elm Cottage, Egham Hill, Surrey ilbey, Alfred... Wooburn House, Beaconsfield ilbey, Walter...Hargreaves Park, Stanstead siles, F. T.... Marsh House, Bentley, Farnham jles, Henry, jun....Croxton Park, Thetford Files, John... Bradford House, Kidderminster ilford, William...North Luffenham, Uppingham ill, George... Weston, Shrewsbury illard, Henry.,.Stafford Gillart, R....Llynlloedd, Machynlleth Zillett, C....Lower Haddon, Bampton, Faringdon illett, Frederick... Upton Downs, Burford illett, John.,.Oaklands, Charlbury illett, John...Minster Lovel, Witney illott, Thomas L....10, Broad Gate, Coventry illow, Rev. Charles...Ushaw College, Durham illow, Richard, jun.... Leighton Hall, Lancaster I ilpin-Brown, G...Sodbury Park, Richmond, Yorks. ilstrap, William, .Fornham Pk., Bury St. Edmund’s inders, Samuel. ..Ingestre, Stafford lasier, William Richard...41, Charing Cross, S.W. lanville, R. Carew. .Sconnors, St. Germans lege, Lt.-Cél. E. Holt...Backford Hall, Chester Glen, G....Stratton Audley Park, Bicester Glover, John...Bangley, Tamworth lover, Robert... Wexford, Lichfield Glynne, Rey. Henry...Hawarden Rectory, Chester lynne, Sir S., Bt... Hawarden Castle, Flints. Gobbitt, John. ..The Grove, Hollesley, Woodbridge oddard, H. N...Manor Ho.,Cliffe, Wootton-Bassett odard, R. H....Tibberton, Droitwich Goddard, Thomas...St. Fagans, Cardiff Goddard, Wm. Gilbert... Broad Chalk, Salisbury +Goddard,Wm.R...GlastonHillHo.,Eversley, Hants +Godsall, Philip Wm. .Iscoyd Pk., Whitchurch,Salop. Godson, N. S.., Harewood House, Chipping Norton Godwin, J. S. S.,.West Peckham, Maidstone Godwin, Robert... Water Eaton, Cricklade Godwin, William... Lugwardine, Hereford Goldingham, H. G... Goldsmith, Harry...Corn Hill, Bury St. Edmund’s |;Golledge, Matthais...Forthampton, Tewkesbury Royal Agricultural Society of England. XXIII +Gonne, Charles...11, St. Helen’s Place, E.C. +Gooch, John Virel... Reform Club, Pall Mall, S.W. Goodall, W. H...Sutton, Market Drayton Goodchild, Philip. . The Grange,Glen Parva, Leicester +Goodden, John...Over Compton, Sherborne, Dorset +Goodhart, Charles E.,,.Langley, Beckenham +Goodlake, F. Mills...Wadley House, Faringdon Goodson, Wm....Hill Farm, Mitcham, S.E. Goodwin, Frederick... Britannia House, Worcester Goodwin, J....Bath and West of England Soc., Bath Gordon, Charles... Wiscombe Park, Honiton +Gorringe, Hugh. . .Southwick Green, Shoreham +Gorst, William, ..Garston, Liverpool Gosling, J. W...Little Bradley Place, Newmarket Gosling, Thomas G....15, Portland Place, W. +Gosset, Major Arthur... West Park, Mortlake,S.W. +Gotch,Wm. Hepburn, .Chileombe Farm, Winchester Gothorp, James. ..Mowbray Hill, Bedale Gough, Ashwin D... Hinton, Evesham Gough, Ralph Dickinson... Willenhall, Staffs. Gould, John...Hyde Hall, Denton, Manchester Gouldburn, John.,.Broomhall, Nantwich Gouldbourne, J... Wilksley, Whitchurch, Salop. Goulding, Wm....108, Patrick Street, Cork Goulter, Allen...Hawkesbury, Chipping Sodbury Gouthwaite, Richard...Lumby, South Milford +Gow, James... Fowler’s Park, Hawkhurst, Kent Gower, Andrew... Market Drayton +Gower, Erasmus..Clyn Derwen, Narberth, S. Wales +Gower, G. W. G. Leveson...Titsey Pk., Godstone +Gower, J. Leveson... Bill Hill, Wokingham, Berks. +Gower, Robt. F...Clyn Derwen, Narberth, S.Wales +Grafton, Duke of...Euston, Thetford Graham, A....Manor House, Barnston, Birkenhead +Graham, James... Graham, James...Parcelstown, Westlinton, Carlisle Graham, Walter... West Drayton, Uxbridge Graham, William, jun....Pewet, Abingdon Graham, William, jun....Newport, Monmouth Grain, Peter...Shelford, Cambridge +Grandeau, Louis...Nancy, Meurthe, France +Grant, Sir G. McPherson,Bt. . Ballincalloch, N.B. +Grant, Colonel William L....13, Victoria St., S.W. +Grantham, George. ..Barcombe Place, Lewes Grantham, Major, H. V,... West Keal Hall, Spilsby Grantham, R. B., C.E.,...22, Whitehall Place, S.W. Grantley, Lord... Wonersh Park, Guildford +Granville, Earl, K.G....Aldenham, Bridgnorth Graves, Robert...Charlton, Ludwell, Salisbury +Gray, Frederick. ..Castle Carey, Somerset +Gray, G. W.....Gatton, Reigate +Gray, J....Backwell Hill, West Town, Bristol Gray, Thos... .Clayton St. West, Newcastle-on-Tyne Grazebrook, George. ..The Race Course, Stourbridge Greatorex, F....Queen’s Brewery, Manchester Greaves, John, ..Elsfield, Oxford Greaves, William. ..Bakewell, Derbyshire Green, Alfred. ..Kinwarton, Redditch Green, John...Heath Grange, Worcester +Green Joseph B....Marlow, Leintwardine Green, Robert...Scalby, Scarborough Green, Stephen... Haverfordwest Green, Rev. Thomas...Badby, Daventry XXIV +Greenall, G.... Walton Hall,Warrington, Lancashire Greenaway, George C....Binswood Cott. Leamington Greene, Edward, M.P...Westgate, Bury St. Edmd’s. +Greene, Harry A....Crown Street, St. Ives, Hunts. Greene, John... Millbrook, Magany, Kildare Greene, John M.,..Stradishall, Newmarket +Greene, Thomas... Whittington Hall, Lancaster Greene, Wm....Ditcham Park, Petersfield Greening, E. O...35, King Street, Westminster,S.W. Greenly, C. W....Titley Court, Titley, Herefordshire +Greenfield, George ..Belle Eau Park, Ollerton Greenslade, John, .. Balham, Tiverton +Greenwell, Thomas. ..Broomshields, Darlington +Greenwood, J....Swarcliffe Hall, Ripley, Yorkshire +Greetham, J...Stainfield Hall, Wragby, Lincoln Greetham, William...Stainfield Hall, Wragby, Linc. +Gregs, Thomas... +Gregson, Matthew. ..Toxteth Park, Liverpool +Greig, D ...Fowler’s Steam Plough Works, Leeds Grenfell, Arthur Riversdale. .. Travellers’ Club, S.W. +Grenville, R. N., M.P....Butleigh Ct., Glastonbury Greville, Lord... North Mimms Park, Hatfield +Grey, Charles G...Dilston, Corbridge-on-Tyne +Grey, Hon. G. De...11, South Andley Street, W. +Grey, Hon. & Rev. F. De. . .Copdock, Ipswich +Grey, Hon. Sir F. W.,G.C.B.... Lynwood, Staines +Grey, Rt. Hon. Sir G.,Bt.,M.P...Fallowdon, Alnwick Grey, Jas....Kimmerston, Wooler, Northumberland Griffin, Alfred E....Wolverhampton Griffin, Clement W.... Werrington, Peterborough Griffin, Edward... Towersey Manor, Thame Griffin, George...Tortan, Kidderminster Griffin, George F....Tillington, Stafford Griffin, John... Borough Fen, Peterborough Griffin, T. John...Preston Vale, Penkridge, Staffs. Griffith, C. Darby... Padworth House, Reading Griffith, E. H....Plas-Newydd, Trefnant, Rhyl Griffith, J...Llwynduris, Newcastle-Emlyn Griffith, John, jun....Trevorgan, Cardigan Griffith, William. ..Glyn, Dolgelly Griffithes, Thomas J... .Bishop’s Castle, Salop. Griffiths, Edward...New Court, Hereford Griffiths, John... Houlston Middle, Salop. Griffiths, John Harward...The Weir, Hereford Griffiths, John R....Brynderwen, Llanrwst iriffiths, R. C....Park Farm, Broughton, Chester Griffiths, Samuel. ..Overton, Flints. Griggs, George...Oaklands, Romford +Grimes, Wm. Howlett..Bubbenhall, Kenilworth Grimston, Lt.-Col. Oswald A... Grimwade, Edward... Ipswich Grindley, William. .. Weeping Cross, Stafford +Grisewood, H....Daylesford Ho., Chipping Norton +Grissell, Thos...Norbury Park, Dorking Groom, James...Arlstone House, Wellington, Salop. Groucock, Charles, . Stanfield Hall, Wymondham Groves, Robert A. C....Berrington, Shrewsbury Grout, John... Bull Hotel, Woodbridge Grundy, E.S....Reddish Hall, Warrington Gruning, Louis... Broomborough, Chester Guilding, Richard... Brick Barms, Malvern Wells Gulliver, William... Swalcliffe, Banbury Gulston, Alan J.,Dirleton, Llangadock, Carmarthen List of Members of the ‘a B Gunnell, Thomas. .. Milton, Cambridge ith Gunson, J....Ponsonby, Calder Bridge, Whitehaven Gunson, John...Hopefield, Lowick, Ulverston f +Gunter, Captain Robert... Wetherby ; +Gurdon, B....Letton Hall, Shipdham, Norfolk +Gurdon, Rev. P..Cramworth, Shipdham, Norfolk — +Gurdon, William... Brantham, Manningtree ’ 7Gurney, John Henry... Marldon, Totnes +Gurney, Rt. Hon. Russell, M.P. .8, Palace Grn, +Gurteen, Daniel...Haverhill, Suffolk Gutteridge, Charles... Assendon, Henley-on-Thames — 7Guy, John Henry...Whitchurch, Aylesbury > Bt +Guthrie, John. ..Guthrie Castle, Forfarshire Guy, G. F....Angel Hill, Bury St. Edmund’s Gwyn, H .Dy@ryn, Neath, Glamorganshire H. Hack, Algernon ..Buckminster, Grantham Hack, Matthew... Leicester Hadden, A,...The Old Parks, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Hagen, Jacob...Ropley House, Alresford ‘ Haggard, Wm, M. R... Bradenham Hall, Thetford Haig, George Augustus,,.7, Argyle St.,Regent St.W. Haig, J. H.... % Haine, George...Over Farm, Gloucester Haines, J. Poole... Boteler House, Cheltenham Hale, Bernard...Holly Hill, Hartfield, Sussex Hale, Chas. C....Glenlochay, Killrie, Perthshire Hales, C...Bassingbourne, Royston Hales, Edward,...The Waldrons, Croydon Halford, T....Newbold-on-Stour, Shipston-on-Stour — +Halifax, Viscount. .[Hickleton Hall, Doncaster i if Hall, Alexander Hall... Watergate, Emsworth Hall, Capt. A. W....Claremont, Millbrook, Hants. Hall, Benjamin... Wood Farm, Malvern Wells Hall, Charles... Brickwood Villa, Croydon, S, Hall, Collinson. ..Navestock, Romford, E. : + Hall, Francis...Park Hall, Mansfield : Hall, George...Garford, Yarkhill, Ledbury Hall, George S...Ely, Camhs. +Hall, Henry... Hall, James. ..Scarborongh Hall, Beverley Hall, J. O....1, Brunswick Row, Queen Sq., W.C. Hall, Major-(Gen....Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W. +Hall, Marriott...Thorpe Salvin, Worksop +Hall, Marshall. ..New University Club, S.W. + Hall, Richard. .. Baglan House, Neath,S. Wales Hall, Richard...Great Barford, Neddiggton +Hall, William... Ashton, Leominster Hall, Wm...Seven Springs, Cubberley, Cheltenhaill Hall, William Henry...Glen Parva, Leicester Hallam, Thos... .Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham +Hall Dare, F.M.... Hall Dare, R. W....Newtownbarry-house, Ireland Hallett, F. F ...‘The Manor House, Brighton +Halliday, J....Chapel Cleeve, Taunton Halls, Joseph. . Denham Castle, Bury St. Edmund's: Halsey, Thomas. ..The Hyde, Cheltenham ' Hambleton, A. P...Harley Thorn, Newcastle, Si +Hambro, Charles, M.?...Milton Abbey, Biandford +Uambrough, Albert J....Steep Hill Castle, Ventnor q : , Royal Agricultural Society of England. Hamer, Charles M., .Snitterfield, Stratford-on-Avon Hamel, Alfred J.... Lancaster Place, Leicester fHames, John...Rotherby, Leicester +Hamilton, Capt. Archibald...Rozelle, Ayr Hamilton, Chas.W.....Hamwood, Clonee, Co, Meath | tHamilton, John. ..Sundram, Ayr, N.B. Hamilton, John...Hilston Park, Monmouth [Avon 7Hamilton, Sir R. N.C., Bt.,K.C.B...Stratford-on- ' ¢Hamilton, Wm. M ...2, Orchard Place, Canterbury Hammersley, Hugh...Great Haseley, Tetsworth +Hammersley, Wm...Parkinson Street, Nottingham +Hammerton, George. ..Princethorpe, Rugby Hammond, John...Bale, Thetford Hamond, Chiurles Frederick... Newcastle-on-Tyne +Hamond, Nicholas... | ¢Hamond, W. Parker. ..Pampisford Hall, Cambridge yHampson, J....Ullen Wood, Leckhampton Hampton, George...Finedon Park Farm, Worthing | tHanbury, E....Eastrop Grange, Highworth Hanbury, Osgood, Jun....Howe Haich, Brentwood Hanbury, Robert... Poles, Ware Hancock, J. Donne...Halse, Taunton Hancox, Edward O....Evesham _ Hand, James... Ludlow +Handley, Maj. B...Pointon House, Folkingham Handy, Edward...Sierford, Cheltenham Hankey, George A....Ferney Hill Farm, Barnet Hanmer, Sir J. Bt., M.P. Bettisfield, Pk., Whitchurch Hannam, Henry J,...Burcote, Abingdon ‘ ;Hannay, Robert...Springfield, Ulverston Hanning, James. . Little Oat Hall, Burgess Hill Harbin, George. ..Newton House, Yeovil Harbord, Collet... Bookers Lee, Cranleigh, Guildford +Harcourt, E. W....Stanton Harcourt, Witney Harcourt, Colonel F, V...5, Carlton Gardens, S.W. 7yHardacre, Richard... Hellitield, Leeds Harding, Egerton W....Old Springs, Market Drayton | Harding, Charles...Knighton, Leicester + Harding, John...Dursley, Gloucestershire Harding, James... Waterson, Dorchester Harding, John...Bicton House, Shrewsbury Harding, T. K...,Maiden Bradley, Bath Harding, W...East Woodyates, Cranborne, Salisbury Hardinge, E.S....Stonewall Park, Edenbridge Hardon, Edwin...Heaton Norris, Stockport Hardwick, Alfred...Hangleton, Portslade | Hardwick, R....Bowden, Altrincham, Cheshire | Hardy, A...Mackley House, Sudbury, Derbyshire Hardy, B..Greenhouse Farm, Ashover, Chesterfield _ Hardy, James. ..Jaques Hall, Manningtree Hardy, John, M.P..Dunstall Hall, Burton-on-Trent Hardy, J...Baguley House Farm, Northenden Hardy, Peter...The Grange, Claines, Worcester Hardy, Richard,,.Marchington, Uttoxeter _ tHardy,W. H.C....Letherivgsett Hall, Holt, Norfolk +tHare, Sir J., Bart.... Hare, Sir Thos., Bt....Stow Hall, Downham Market Hare, T. J....Crooke Hall, Chorley Hare, Thos. W...Berthddii, Llandinam, Montgomery +Harewood, Earl of...Harewood House, Leeds +Harford, J. B....Stoke House, Stoke Bishop, Bristol _ Harford, W....Barley Wood, Wrington, Bristol Hargreaves, Edward’H.... Kirkham, Lancashire XXV Harker, James...iTbsbelf, Alfreton Harkes, David...Mere, Knutsferd, Cheshire Harland, Henry Seaton,..Brompton, York +Harle, J. J....Mill Hills, Haydon Bridge Harlock, Henry..Fornham, Bury St. Edmund’s. +Harman, Hon. L. King.. Ballymena, co. Longford +Harper, Latimer. ..Chilton Cottage, Hungerford Harper, William...Bury, Lancashire Harrett, R....Kirkwhelpington, Newcastle-on-Tyne Harries, Francis, jun....Cruckton Hall, Shrewsbury Hartis, Charles T.... Knighton House, Leicester Harris, Edward., .Horbling Vicarage, Folkingham Harris George Shirley... Leicester Harris, John. ..Nottingham Harris, John Dove, Jun.,..Knighton, Leicester } Harris, Lord...Belmont, Faversham Harris, Samuel...Westcoates Grange, Leicester Harris, Thomas... Moston, Stanton, Salop. Harris, Thomas. , .Stonylane, Bromsgrove Harrison, Col. Broadley...Kynastone, Ross +Harrison, Daniel... Kendal Harrison, John..,Summerlands, Kendal +Harrison, John. .The Willows, Leicester Harrison, John. . Warmingham, Sandbach Harrison, J., jun...Snelston Hall, Ashbourne Harrison, J. T....3, Park Place Villas, Maida Hill Harrison, Rev. J. H....Bugbrooke Rectory, Weedon +Harrison, Richard... Wolverton, Stony Stratford Harrison, Rev. R. J..Caerhowell, Garthmyl, Salop Hairison, T. Ashton,..Stalybridge, Cheshire Harrison, W. H....Oxenden, Northamptonshire } Harrison, William...Samlesbury Hall, Preston Harrold, G.A.... Leicester Harrowby, Earl of, K.G....Norton Ho., Campden Hart, Henry P,...Beddingham, Lewes Hart, John...Strangeways, Manchester yHarter, Rev. G. G....Cranfield, Newport Pagnell +Harter, Jas. Collier...Broughton Hall, Manchester Hartili, Jeremiah... Willenhall, Wolverhampton Hartland, W. Jun....Bodley, Westbury-on-Severn Hartley, Gilford Wm....Rose Hill, Whitehaven Hartopp, Sir J. Bt.. Four Oaks Hall, Sutton Coldfield Harvey, Chas. W....Walton-on-the-Hill, Liverpool Harvey, George... Belton, Great Yarmouth Harvey, John J....Statenboro’ House, Sandwich +Harvey, Richard...Greenaway, Torquay Harvey, Richard H....Slade House, Haverfordwest Harvey, William...Timworth, Bury St. Edmund's Harward, John...Chaddesley Corbet, Kidderminster Harwood, Thomas... Belstead Hall, [pswich +Haslam, John Perceval...Gilmow House, Bolton +Haslewood, L. R...194, Gresham Ho., Old Broad St. +Hassall, Geo....Shelford Manor, Radcliffe-on-Trent Hassall, Joseph...Great Wigston, Leicester Hassall, Wm....Bubney, Whitchurch, Salop. Hatfeild, Chas. Taddy...Hartsdown House, Margate Hatherton, Lord...Teddesley, Penkridge Hathorn, A...Smeathalls, Ferrybridge, Yorkshire Hathornthwaite, W. H....Wyersdale, Dolphinholme Hatton, William... Kingston, Tetsworth, Oxon. Havers, William...Bacou’s Farm, Mountnessing Haward, R....Mells Hill, Halesworth Hawarden, Viscount...Dundrum Castle, Cashel XXVI Hawdon, W....Walkerfield, Staindrop, Durham +Hawkesworth, R.S...Forest Mountrath, Ireland Hawken, Thomas... Mellingey, St. Issey, Cornwall Hawkes, Thomas. ..Foxdown, Wellington, Somerset. +Hawkes, William...Thenford, Banbury Hawkins, Rey. Canon...St. Woolas, Newport, Mon. +Hawkins, T,...Bentley Hall, Ipswich +Hawkins, Thos., jun....Mannington Ho., Hereford Hawthorn, W..Benwell Cottage, Newcastle-on-Tyne Hay, C. Anderson. . York Ter., Regent's Pk., N.W. Hayes, Henry...Stamford Hayes, John Higson...Frodsham t+Hayne, John. ..24, Gloucester Sq., Hyde Park, W. Hayter, Tom John...West Woodgates, Salisbury Hayward, Frederick... Needham Market Haywood, Edward W....Sillins, Redditch Haywood, George... Derby Haywood, Henry...Blakemere House, Hereford Haywood, James, jun.... Derby Hazlerigg, Sir A. Grey, Bt....Noseley Hall, Leicester Head, John...Orwell Works, Ipswich Headlam, M...Whorlton, Darlington _[nard Castle +Headlam, Rt. Hn. T. E., M.P..Gilmonby Hall, Bar- Headly, Edward...2, New Square, Cambridge +Heale, H. Newton.,.Highfield, Hemel Hempstead Healey, Edward C,...Wyphurst, Guildford Heard, Wm....St. Margaret’s, Ware Heasman, Alfred...Angmering, Arundel Heath, John...Cleobury Mortimer, Bewdley }Heathcote, Capt. E....Blanshard, Lyndhurst +Heathcote, J. M....Connington Castle, Stilton Heatley, James H....Engleton Hall, Penkridge Heatley, John...Eaton, Market Drayton +Heatley, R. T....Eaton Grange, Market Drayton Heatley, T...Pattingham, Wolverhampton Heaton, T....Castle Hill, Alton, Cheadle, Staffs. Hedley, Thomas...Cox Lodge, Newcastle-on-Tyne +Hellyer, G. W. M....Tan-y-Garth, Bettws-y-coed Helyar, Wm. Hawker. ..Coker Hall, Yeovil Hemming, Richard...Bentley Manor, Bromsgrove +Hempson, John A....Erwarton Hall, lpswich +Hemsley, John...Shelton, Newark, Notts. Henderson, John...The Shrubbery, Sandwich Henderson, John... Horsley Hill, South Shields Henderson, W....Fowberry Mains, Belford +Heneage, Edward...Hainton Hall, Wragby Heneage, Geo. H. Walker...Compton Basset, Calne +Henley, Henry Cornish... Leigh House, Chard Henley, Joseph J....Sherburn Lodge, Tetsworth +Henley, Rt. Hon. J, W., M.P....Waterpury, Oxon. Henniker, Capt... Weston Hall, Bulkington, Rugby Henniker, Lord... Woodlands, Ipswich +Henning, James... Henning, William L,...Frome Honse, Dorchester Henry, Frederick H.... Lodge Park, Straffan, Ireland Henry, Capt. James... Blackdown House, Petworth Hensman, H. D....Duston Lodge, Northampton Henson, William... Burton Fields, Hinckley Hepburn Thomas, ..Clapham Common, S.W. Hepworth, Joshua...Rogerthorp, Pontefract Herbert, H....Llansantffraed, Abergavenny +Herbert, John Maurice...Rocklands, Ross +Herbert, Maj.-Gen. Hon. P. E., M.P.. Berkeley Sq. List of Members of the Herbert, Thos... .86, Welford Road, Leicester Hercy, John...Cruchfield House, Maidenhead Herrick, Wm. Perry... Beau Manor Park, Loughboro +Herries, Lord...Everingham Park, Pocklington Herring, Frank... Brasted Park Farm, Sevenoaks Herring, Henry. ..Caldwell Farm, Kidderminster Hersee, Miss... Westgate, Chichester [mund’s Hervey, Lord A., M.P.....Ickworth, Bury St, Ed- +Heseltine, E....6 a, Austin Friars, E.C. Hesketh, Sir T. G., Bt., M.P.. . Rufford Hall, Ormskirk Heskett, William...Plumptori Hall, Penrith Heslop, Rev. Gordon,. .Cossal], Nottingham Heslop, Isaac. ..Urpeth, Chester-le-Street Hesseltine, W..Beaumont Cote, Barton-on-Humber +Hester, G. P.... Town Clerk’s Office, Oxford Hetherington, J. R....Carleton, Carlisle Hetherington, Robt.... Manor Ho., Ropley, Alresford Hetherington, R. Beaty. ..Park Head, Silloth Hewer, Robert. . Fairgreen Farm, Chipping Norton Hewertson, Nelson. ..Newport, Monmouthshire Hewett, James, ..Posbrooke, Titchfield Hewett, William Henry,...Norton Court, Taunton Hewson, John Dale, M.D....Coton Hill, Stafford Heygate, Captain E. N.... Buckland, Leominster tHeytesbury, Lord...Heytesbury, Wilts +Heywood, J....26, Palace Gardens, Kensington, W. Heywood, Wm. H.... Dunham Massey, Altrincham +Hibbert, H.,.Broughton Grove, Grange, Lancashire Hibbert, John... Braywick Lodge, Maidenhead + Hibbert, P. E. T....14, Hill Street, W. Hibbert, T. J.. Broughton Grove, Newton-in-Cartmel +Hibbert, Washington, ..14, Hill Street, W. Hibbit, A. W. W.,.. Penkridge, Staffordshire Hicken, John...Dun Cow Hotel, Dunchureh, Rugby +Hicks, Sir F., Bt....Oakfield, Streatham Hill, S.W. Hicks, G. H. T....Hiil Grove, Wells, Somerset Hicks, L.H...Paddock Lodge, Kentish Town, N.W. tHicks, Thomas. .Holmewood, Streatham Hill, S.W. Hickson, Richard. ..Hougham, Grantham Higginbotham, Samuel. ..Killermont, Glasgow Higgins, Col.Wm, B...,Pict’s Hill, Bedford +Higginson, Edmund...Saltmarsh, Bromyard Higgs, Albert A....The Bath Farm, Penkridge Higgs, J. Birch...Brewood, Penkridge Highfield, George... Blencogo House, Wigton Hilder, William...Tenterden +Hildyard, J. R. W..Hutton-Honville, Northallerton +Hildyard, Thomas, B. T., M,P...Flintham, Newark Hill, Rev. Abraham... .24, Spa Place, Leicester Hill, Henry. ..52, Queen’s Gate Terrace, S.W. Hill, Rev. J....The Citadel, Hawkston, Snre wali Hill, John... Llancays, Usk Hill, John... Wistaston Manor House, Nantwich Hill, John...Severn Stoke, Worcester Hill, Rev. R. P....Bromesberrow, Ledbury Hill, Richard. ..Orleton Court, Ludlow +Hill, T. Rowley..Catherine Hill House, Worcester Hill-Trevor, Lord A. E., M.P...Brynkinalt, Chirk Hilliam, Capt. Thomas... Willesby Hall, Spalding Hilliard, Rev. J. A.S.. Little Wittenham, Abingdon Hilliard, William E.,..Cowley House, Uxbridge Hills, Alfred. ..The © oppite, Penkridge Hills, William Arthur,..Hammerwich, Lichfield @ a 4 filto Hilto Royal Agricultural Society of England. Hilton, Henry...Sole St. Ho., Selling, Faversham Hilton, Robert S....Milstead Rectory, Sittingbourne Hilton, Stephen Musgrave... Brambling, Wingham Hilton, Capt. Thos,...Nackington Ho., Canterbury _ tHippisley, John...Stone Easton, Bath +Hipwell, G. M....Elmore Lodge, Sutton, Surrey. -Hitchcock, Rey. J..Chitterne All Saints, Heytesbury Hitchman, John, M.D....Mickleover, Derby Hobbs, Charles...Maisey Hampton, Cricklade Hobbs, William...Derward’s Hall, Bocking, Essex Hoblyn,W. P....The Fir Hill, St. Columb, Cornwall Hobson, J....St. Neots, Hunts. Hobson, John George...Curlew Lodge, Long Sutton +Hobson, Thomas, Pownall Hall, Wilmslow Hockenhull, John...The Flax Yards, Tarporley Hockin, John...Broomhill, Bude, Cornwall Hodgkinson, Enoch. ..Morton Grange, Retford +Hodgkinson, F.... Kirkby, Sutton in Ashfleld tHodgkinson, G.... Kirkby in Ashfield, Nottingham Hodgkinson, Grosvenor, M.P.... Newark, Notts. Hodgkinson, Richard. ..Osberton Grange, Worksop +Hodgson, E. G...Charsfield Hall, Wickham Market +Hodgson, Henry Tylston...Harpenden, St. Albans Hodgson, Isaac Scott...Sodylt Hall, Rhuabon tHodgson, J. Stewart...Denbigh, Haslemere Hodgson, R.. .Crofton Mills, Blyth, Northumberland +Hodgson, William. ..Gilston Park, Herts Hodgson, William. .New Parks, Falsgrave, Scarboro. Hodgson, W. N., M.P....Newby Grange, Carlisle Hodsoll, J. H....Loose Court, Maidstone jHoffschlaeger, J. F..,..Weisin, bei Mecklenburg Hogg, James... Buckton, Belford, Northumberland Hogg, William...Mitford Steads, Morpeth Hoggins, Thomas. ..Trafford Lodge, Chester t+Holbech, Rev, C. W....Farnborough, Banbury Holben, R. Rowley... Barton, Cambridge Holborow, Daniel B.... Knockdown, Tetbury +Holborow, D. C..Bagpath Ct., Wootton-under-Edge Holder, W...Yemston Ct., Upper Sapey, Worcester Holding, Henry...Fardington, Alton Hole, James...Knowle, Dunster Hole, James...Muskham Woodhouse, Newark Holehouse, John. ..Gaer Hill, Chepstow Holland, Dr. Chas....St. Chad’s, Lichfield Holland, Francis D....Cropthorne Court, Pershore Holland, J....Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Holland, J. W....Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Holland, Robert, Mobberley, Knutsford Holland, William. . .Broxton, Chester Holland, William..,Streethay, Lichfield Holland, William...Pemberton, Wigan Holliday, James...Lord Street, Liverpool Hollins, James C,..Astley Bridge, Bolton Hollis, Henry William... Keele, Newcastle, Staffs. Hollis, Edward...Steam Mills, West Felton, Salop. +Hollist, Hasler... Lodsworth, Petworth Holloway, Horatio. ..Marehwood, Southampton Holloway, Thos.,..Tittenhurst Lodge, Sunninghill +Holloweg, M. de B....Runorva, Nakel, Prussia +Holman, Stephen...Spring Lodge, Ealing Holmden, James. ..Marlpit Hill, Edenbridge Holme, John...Park Side, Milnthorpe +Holmes, Gervas...Brockdish Hall, Scole Holmes, Rev, John...Brooke Hall, Norwich XXVII Holmes, John...Globe Lane, Norwich Holmes, William. ..Cloverdale Island, Magee Holtom, William Fifield...Cleeve Prior, Evesham Homer, Thomas A....Tolpuddle, Dorchester, Dorset Homfray, Lorenzo A...Woodlands, Newport, Mon, Homfrey, S...Glenuske, Caerleon, Newport, Mon. Hone, Henry...Stoke Orchard, Cheltenham jTHoney, Rev. P. F.... Honywood, Mrs....Marks Hall, Kelvedon Honywood, William... Hood, Sir Alex. A., Bt... Bicknoller, Taunton t+Hood, Capt. Hon. A...Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Hoole, Arthur. ..Hinnington House, Shifnal Hooper, George. ..Cottington Court, Deal +Hooper, R. N....Llansanor Court, Cowbridge +Hope A. Peterkin...Fenton Barns, Drem, N. B. +Hope, Joseph... Whoof House, Carlisle Hope, Samuel Pierce. ..Marchwiel Hall, Wrexham Hope, Thomas Radford. ..Henfryn, Rhyl Hope, William...Parsloes, Barking, Essex Hope-Edwardes, T. H.... Netley, Shrewsbury +Hopkins, Henry...Burnside, Van Dieman’s Land Hopkins, John. ..Tidmarsh House, Reading Hopkins, Rev. T. H. T...Magdalen College, Oxford Hopton, Rev. John...Canon-Frome Court, Ledbury +Horley, Thomas, jun....The Fosse, Leamington Hornby, Capt, Montague. .Hanley, Shrewsbury +Hornby, Rev. Robt....The Parsonage, Shrewsbury Hornby, W. Ht, M.P. ..Shrewbridge Hall, Nantwich Horncastle, Henry. ..Edwinstowe, Ollerton, Notts. Horne, Thomas. . .Moreton-in-the-Marsh +Horner, James B....Lincoln Horner, John G.,..Martins Town, Dorchester Homer, Rev. John...Mells Park, Frome, Somerset Horniblow, William T....Ripple, Tewkesbury Hornsby, Richard...Spittle Gate, Grantham tHornyold, J. V... Blackmore Park, Upton-on-Severn Horsfall, T. Berry...Bellamour Hall, Rugeley Hortoa, George...Harley, Much Wenlock, Salop. +Horton, Samuel L....Park House, Shifnal, Salop. Horton, Thomas. ..Harnage Grange, Shrewsbury Horton, Capt. W., R.N..Livermere,Bury St.Edmd’s. +Horton, W. T..Skelmersdale, Hall, Ormskirk, Lanc. Hosken, Samuel...Loggan Mill, Hayle +Hoskins, Thos... Haselbury, Crewkerne, Somerset. Hoskyns, Chandos Wren, M.P.... Harewood, Ross +Hoskyns, Rev. H. J....Blaby Rectory, Leicester +Houblon, J. A..Hallingbury P1., Bishop Stortford +Houblon, Richard Archer. ..Bartlow, Cambridge Houghton, J. S.. Refreshment Rooms, Landport Houghton, Thomas,..Hemshill Manor, Nottingham Houlder, Edwin... Fernwood, Sutton, Surrey How, James... Broughton, Huntingdon +Howard, Charles... Biddenham, Bedford Howard, Hon. C. W. G...Naworth Castle, Brampton Howard, C. J....Stockport, Cheshire Howard, Edward J....Rise Farm, Nocton, Lincoln +Howard, Henry...Greystoke Castle, Penrith +Howard, Hon. James...Hazelby, Newbury +Howard, James, M.P... Bedford +Howard, Robert... Broughton Hall, Wrexham Howard, R. G. F....Temple Bruer, Lincoln Howard, Samuel... Dairy House Farm, Altrincham Howard, Wm,... Windsor Terrace, Taunton XXVIII Howden, Alexander. ..Murston Court, Pembridge +Howell, Henry...Coates, Cirencester Howells, John Lewis... Blackwood, Monmouth Howland, A. R....Ludesden House, Thame Howman, H.A..Halloughton,Coleshill, Warwickshire +Hubback, Joseph...Liverpool +Hubbard, Egerton...Addington Manor, Winslow +Hubbard, Wm. Egerton...St. Leonard’s, Horsham Hubbersty, H.A.... Buxton Hubbersty, W. Philip. ..Wirksworth, Derbyshire Huddleston, Ferdinand. .Sawston Hall, Cambridge Hudson, Charles H....Sandall Grove, Doncaster Hudson, John. ..Sibberscott, Lea Cross, Salop. +Hudson, S...Wytheford Hall, Shawbury, Salop. Hudson, Thos....Longford Farm, Market Drayton +Hudson, T. Moore...Castleacre, Brandon Hudspith, W....Brookside, Haltwhistle, Northamb. Huggup, James... West Sleekburn, Bedlington +Hughes, Hugh...Brightling, Hawkhurst +Hughes Hugh R....Kinmel Park, St. Asaph’s Hughes, Hugh Robert... Ystrad, Denbigh Hughes, James...Wood Lawn, Oxford Hulme, T.. Dunwood Lodge, Endon, Stoke-on-Trent +Hulme, W....The Bank, Pembroke, South Wales +Hulse, Charles. ..Hall Grove, Bagshot +Humberston, P.S.....Glan-y-Wern, Denbigh Humby, Joseph H...Ashley, Stockbridge, Hants. +Hume, C. T....The Rectory, St. Leonard’s, Sussex Humfrey, Heber. . Kingstone, Ashbury, Shrivenham Humpbrey, Arthur... Walpole St. Peter, Wisbeach Humphrey, Henry...Ashington, Hurstpierpoint +Humphreys, Henry... Woodhouse, Loughboro’ Humphreys, W. T.. . Calcott Hall, Oswestry Humphries, E....Pershore Humpidge, Thos. .Burleigh, Cheshunt Hunt, A. H....Birtley House, Chester-le-Street -+Hunt, G....Frenchwood, Preston, Lancashire Hunt, George... Evesham Hunt, Reuben...Earl’s Colne, Essex Hunt, Rowland...Kibsworth Hall, Leicestershire Hunt, William...Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding Hunt, William... Leicester Hunter, Lt.-Col. Charles, . Mount Severn, LJanidloes Hunter, Henry Launoy...Beech Hill, Reading Hunter, John Joseph. . Whickham Grange, Gateshead +Hunter, Patrick, ..Roden, Wellington, Salop, Hunter, Samuel T....Old Court, Abergavenny +Hunter, L. R.. Bedstow Ho., Aston-on-Clun, Salop. Huntley, W. V....Welsh St. Donatts, Cowbridge +Huntsman, Benjamin...West Retford, Notts. +Hurdman, J. E....Mareham le Hill, Horncastle Hurle, Joseph Cooke...Brislington, Bristol Hurlston, W.,.Heathcote, Wasperton, Warwickshire Hurrell, Henry...Harston, Cambridge Hurrell, William. ..Newton, Cambridge Hurst, Robert... Bank Buildings, Baillie St., Rochdale Hurt, Albert F....Alderwasley, Belper +Huskinson, Thos....Epperstone, Southwell Hussey, Edward...Scotney Castle, Lamberhurst +Hussey, R. Hussey... Taplow House, Maidenhead Hutchinson, Col. Hon. H. K,.. Weston Ho.,Towcester 7Hatchinson, James. ..Cowley Manor, Cheltenham Hutchinson, John, ,.,Brougham Castle, Penrith , = List of Members of the Hutchinson, Teasdale H....Manor House, Catterick +Hutchison, Robert. ..Carlowrie, Kirkliston, N.B. Hutley, Jonathan. ..Rivenhall Hall, Witham Hutt, John... Water Eaton, Oxford (Gateshead Hutt, Rt. Hon. Sir W., K.C.B., M.P....Gibside Hall, Hutton, William...Gate Burton, Gainsborough Huxstable, Ven. Archd..Sutton Waldron, Blandford +Huyshe, Rev. J... .Clysthydon Rectory, Collumpton Hyett, John Edward...Haydon’s Elm, Cheltenham Hyett, W.H....Painswick, Gloucestershire Hylton, Lord...Heath House, Petersfield I. Ikin, Edward...Moat House, Wem, Salop. Iles, Daniel... Fairford Retreat, Fairford Impey, William... Broomfield Hall, Chelmsford Inge, Chas. Henry... Whittington Hurst, Lichfield Inge, Rev. G.....Thorpe Constantine, Tamworth Ingham, William. . Bishop Thornton, Ripley, Yorks, Ingham, William...,Armley, Leeds Ingram, Hugo F. M....Hoarcross, Rugeley, Staffs. +Ingram, George. .Chetwynd Park, Newport, Salop. +Ingram, John A...Wylye, Heytesbury +Ingram, Joseph...The Elms, Sale, Manchester Ingram, Thomas...Great Wigston, Leicester Ingledew, William...Sceugh Farm, Penrith +Innes, William. ..Field Place, Warnham, Horsham Innocent, Arthur,..Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicester Insole, James Harvey...Ely Court, Llandaff Irlam, William... Ridgefield, Manchester +Ireland, William...Forthampton, Tewkesbury Ironmonger, T..., Victoria Street, Wolverhampton Isham, A. C....Lower Winchendon, Aylesbury Isham, Sir C. E., Bart... Lamport Hall, Northampton Isham, Rev. R....Lamport Rectory, Northampton Isherwood, Arthur B....Counden Hall, Coventry Islip, Francis W..Burford Farm, Gt. Marlow, Bucks, Ive, John G..,.Southend Lodge, Langley, Slough Izon, John B.,..Walsgrave-on-Sowe, Coventry J. Jackson, Daniel...Chadwell Place, Grays, Essex Jackson, G....Higher Peover, Knutsford Jackson, James,..6, Chapel Street, Preston Jackson, P. R...Blackbrook, Gresmont, Hereford Jackson, Thomas... Eltham Park, Kent Jackson, T. Finch, .,.Tattenhall Hall, Chester +Jackson, William. ..Oak Bank, Carlisle +Jacobsen, C. C....Whatfield, Ipswich Jacson, Chas. Roger... Barton, Preston, Lancashire James, Edward. .Felton, Northumberland James, Isaac... Tivoli, Cheltenham James, James William...Mappowder, Blandford James, John...Sandon Hall Farm, Stone, Staffs. James, John... Lansoar, Caerleon, Mon. James, John Prole.. .Cople, Bedford James, Richard...High Street, Haverfordwest James, T....Otterburn Castle, Newcastle-on-Tyne James, Thomas...Shushions Manor, Church Eaton James, Sir Walter C., Bt....Betteshanger, Sandwich Royal Agricultural Society of England. +James, Capt. Wm. E....Barrack Lodge, Carlisle Jaques, Leonard. .Wentbridge House, Pontefract Jaques, R. M....Easby Abbey, Richmond, Yorks. _ Jaques, T. G....Blacktoft, Howden, Yorkshire +Jay, John...46, West Seventeenth St., New York Jefferson, Rev. J. Dunnington..Thicket Priory, York +Jefferson, Robert...Preston Hows, Whitehaven Jefferson, Skelton... Preston Hows, Whitehaven | Jefferys, G. E...Rutland Works, Stamford Jeffreys, N. N...Hollybrook, Shirley, Southampton +Jegon, Trew...Slough Jekyll, J....Carholme Terrace, Newland, Lincoln Jemmet, A.. Murrell Hill Farm, Binfield, Berks. Jenkin, H B....Cotton Farm, Whitchurch, Salop. +Jenkins, John B....Kingstowne House, Abingdon Jenkins, Richard David,..The Priory, Cardigan Jenkinson, Francis... Marston, Stafford Jenkinson, Sir G., Bt., M.P.,..Eastwood, Berkeley Jenkinson, Joshua...Anfield, Cockermouth Jenkinson, Wilson. .The Schoose Farm, Workington Jenks, Thomas.,.Orton, Trysul, Wolverhampton Jenks, William.,.Upper Penn, Wolverhampton +Jenner, George... Parsonage House, Udimore, Rye Jennings, R....Carmarthen Jervis, Hon. E. Swinfen...Aston Park, Staffs. tJervoise, F. E. J....Herriard Park, Basingstoke Jessop, Joseph...Grove Farm, Chiswick, W. Jeyes, Francis C....Brixworth, Northamptonshire Jillings, F. V....Saxham, Bury St. Edmund’s Jillings, John...Little Saxham, Bury St. Edmund’s +Jobez, Charles...17, Boulevard Madeleine, Paris Jobson, William. ,, Buteland, Hexham ‘¢Jocelyn-Ffoulkes, Major...Eriviatt, Denbigh +Jodrell, Sir Edw. R., Bt....64, Portland Place, W. Johnson, A. H.,.Gunnersbury House, Spring Grove, Isleworth Johnson, A. H., jun...Hanger Hill Farm, Ealing, W. Johnson, B. B.,.,Withersfield, Newmarket Johnson, Charles W....36, Mark*Lane, E.C. +Johnson, Cuthbert Wm...,Waldronhurst, Croydon Johnson, Daniel J....Kensal Green, Harrow Rd., W. Johnson, Edward...The Deanery, Chester-le-Street Johnson, E. W....Chichester Johnson, Francis Dixon...Aykleyheads, Durham +Johnson, George...Blaco Hill, Retford, Notts. +Jobnson, John7George...Cross House, Torrington Johnson, Joseph...High Street, Windsor Johnson, Joseph,, .Sutton by Beckingham, Newark Johnson, Robert... Kirkireton, Wirksworth Johnson, R.W...Bricklehampton Hall, Pershore Johnson, Thomas... The Hermitage, Frodsham Johnson, Thomas... Whittlesea, Cambridgeshire Johnson, T, C....Chevet, Waketield Johnson, T. Fielding. , .Stoneygate, Leicester Johnson, Walter F.,.. Leicester Johnson, Wm. H,...Old Hall, Braunston, Leicester +Johuston, A. R...Heatherley, Wokingham Johnston, J, Lindsay...(Crondall, Farnham, Surrey Johnstone, Edward...3, King’s Bench Walk, E.C. +Johnstone, Rev. George... Broughton, Hunts. +Johnstone, J. C. H....Hardwick Hall, Durham ' Joicey, Edward, .. Newcastle-on-Tyne Joicey, John,..Newton Hall, Stocksfield-on-Tyne xXXIX Jollands, William D....Buxshalls, Lindfield, Sussex +Jonas, Arthur Owen...Marwood Hill, Barnstaple +Jonas, F. M....Chrishall Grange, Saffron Walden Jonas, George. ..Duxford, Cambridge +Jonas, George...Ickleton, Saffron Walden +Jonas, Henry...4, Whitehall, S.W. Jonas, John Carter. .3, St. Mary’s Street, Cambridge +Jonas, William...Heydon, Royston +Jones, Arthur Owen....Marwood Hill, Barnstaple +Jones, David... Pantylas, Carmarthen Jones, Edward...Park Farm, Caersws Jones, G...Whitley Court., Upton St. Leonard’s Jones, George...Starton, Kenilworth Jones, George... .Stow, Downham Market +Jones, H. P....Portway House, Warminster Jones, James...The Oaklands, Spurston, Tarporley Jones, James...Norville, Bridgnorth, Salop. +Jones, J. Bowen..Eusdon House, Baschurch, Salop. tJones, James Cove...Loxley, Warwick +Jones, John... Blaeno’s, Llandovery, S. Wales Jones, John...Bryn Adda, Dolgelly Jones, John... Maesypandy, Tal-y-llan, Merioneth Jones, John...The Lodge, Whitchurch, Salop. Jones, John, Pantygoitre, Abergavenny Jones, R. P....The Hermitage, Whitchurch, Salop. Jones, Stephen... Lea Cross, Salop. Jones, Thomas...Kiln Green, Malpas Jones, Thomas...English Frankton, Ellesmere fJones, Wm....Harrington, Shifnal Jones, Rev. William... Baschurchi, Shrewsbury tJones, Sir W., Bt....Cranmer Hall, Fakenham tJones, W. B....Lissdare, Clonakilty, County Cork Jones, W. H...Canon Bridge, Madley, Hereford Jordan, John S....Elmswell, Driffield Jordan, Wm....Charlton Kings, Cheltenham Josling Geo. F....Great Thurlow Hall, Newmarket Jowitt, Christopher... Palterton, Chesterfield Jowett, Rev. J. F....Kingston Bagpuze, Abingdon +Jowitt, Thomas...The Old Weir, Hereford Juckes, George... Beslow Hall, Wroxeter, Salop. Juckes, Mrs. Mary...Cotwall, Wellington, Salop. Juckes, Thomas...Tern, Wellington, Salop. +Justice, Henry...Hinstock, Market Drayton K. +Karslake, Rev. W. H.....Mesham, Southmolton }+Kay, J. R....Bass Lane House, Bury, Lancashire Kay, R....Forcett Valley, Darlington +Kaye, John Edward... Bretton Park, Wakefield Kearne, J. H....Mintare Birkdall Park, South port Kearsey, Charles...Glewstone, Ross Keary, H. W....Aldenham, Bridgnorth, Salop. Keeling, Chas. R....Yew Tree Farm, Penkridge Keeling, G. B.... Hampton House, Penkridge +Keene, Rev. C. E. R....Swincombe Ho., Nettlebed Keep, Joseph S....Russell Street, Birmingham Keep, Richard... Burghfield Place, Reading Keightley, A. D.,..Old Hall, Milnthorpe Keir, Capt. G. L..33, Pembroke Rd., Kensington, W. Kelham, Robert....Bleasby Hall, Southwell Kelsall, George,..Marton, Baschurch +Kelsall, Henry, jun.... XXX Kelsall, Thos... Bettisfield Hall, Whitchurch, Salop. +Kemble, Horatio...Potter’s Bar, Barnet, Herts. +Kemble, Thomas...Runwell Hall, Chelmsford Kemp, Francis. ..Saddington, Market Harboro’ Kemp, J.....Hill’s Road, Cambridge Kempster, W..,.New Crickett, Ellesmere, Salop. Kendrick, Edward... Weeford, Lichfield +Kennard, Adam S.,..Dawpool, Birkenhead +Kennaway, Sir John, Bart....Escot, Honiton. Kennedy, Myles....Burton Cottage, Ulverston Kennedy, Rt. Hon. T. F.... Kenrick, George...Thurgarton Hill, Southwell +Kensington, E. T...Beacon Downs, Exeter Kent, George E.... North End, Portsea +Kenyon, Hon. E....Macefen, Whitchurch, Salop. Kerfoot, John. ..Faenol Bach, St. Asaph Kerr, Hugh...St. John’s Place, Annan, N.B. +Kerrich, John...Geldeston Hall, Beccles Kerry, T. R....Lockford, Bury St. Edmund’s +Kesterton, Thomas...Sutton, Surrey Kett, George Samuel.. .Brook House, Norwich +Kettle, Geo. Mackenzie... Key, Maj.-Gen... . Manor Ho., Coates, Cirencester Key, Sir Kingsmill Grove, Bt... .Holborn Viaduct +Keyworth, Henry Joseph. ..Cottesford P1., Lincoln +Keyworth, J, R. Haldenby. .Greestone Ho., Lincoln Kibble, Thomas., .Green Trees, Tunbridge Kilpin, W. Wells...Bickerings Park, Woburn Kimber, Jas. Weaving... Tubney Warren, Abingdon +Kimberley, Earl of...Kimberley, Wymondham Kindersley, E. Leigh...Syward Lodge, Dorchester King, A. C....Desning Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s King, C....North Lodge Farm, Potter’s Bar, Barnet King, Chas. Allen... Branksome Dene, Bournemouth King, Frederick... King, George. ..Saffron Walden +King, George...East Haddon, Northampton +King, John G....Beedon, Newbury +King, John R....North Ormsby, Louth +King, John L...Thorpe Abbots, Scole Inn, Norfolk King, John Pittman...North Stoke, Wallingford King, Hon. J. P. L., M.P.... Woburn Pk., Chertsey King, Raymond Fuller...39, Lombard Street, E.C. King, Richard H.,... Warkworth, Acklington King, Richard King Meade... Walford, Taunton King, Robt. William...Brinkley Hall, Newmarket King, S....Bockhampton Farm, Lambourne, Berks. King, Thomas..,Preston, Bildeston, Suffolk King, Walter J... .Suffolk Chronicle Office, Ipswich King, William... Barton, Bury St. Edmund’s King, Willlam...Denham, Uxbridge King, W. C.... Warfield Hall, Bracknel King, W. D....Wooderofts, North End, Portsmouth Kings, W. Padbury...Lower Heyford, Banbury Kingsbury, E, W., .5, Effra Road, Brixton Kingsby, Thomas... Boarscroft, Tring +Kingscote, Col. R. N. F., M.P...Kinygscote, Glo’s +Kingsmill, Wm, H....Sydmonton Court, Newbury +Kingsnorth, Alfred.,.Great Chart, Ashford, Kent Kingsnorth, Edward. ,, Brookland, New Komney Kingston, Samuel, Spalding, Lincolnshire Kinloch, Colonel... Logie, Kirriemuir, N.B. Kinnaird, Lord... Rossie Priory, Inchture, Perthshire List of Members of the Dalquharran Castle, N.B. Kirbell, Edward... Lattimer, Chesham Kirby, Thomas...Crewe Hall Farm, Crewe Kirk, Charles...Sleaford, Lincolnshire +Kirk, R....Gale Bank, Leybourne, Wensleydale Kirkaldie, Viscount... Windsor ’ Kirkby, D. E....Llanfendigaid, Towyn, Merioneth. Kirkby, Thomas...Cuxwold, Caistor Kirkham, Thomas...Biscathorpe House, Louth Kirkland, Sir John, Bt....17, Whitehall Place, S.W. Kirkpatrick, Capt. John ...Monk’s Horton, Hythe Kitson, James... Leeds Kitson, William. .. Torquay ? Knatchbull, Rev. W...Cholderton Lodge, Amesbury +Knatchbull, Wm....Babington, Frome, Somerset. * +Knight, A. J. R. B... Downton Castle, Leintwardine Knight, Edward...Chawton House, Alton Knight, Edward...Sandon, Stone, Staffs. +Knight, E....High Leadon, Newent r Knight, Edward W....Newton Harcourt, Leicester _ Knight, Capt. Gregory. .Glen Parva Manor, Leicester Knight, John...Castle View House, Farnworth Knight, John, ..Forthampton, Tewkesbury Knight, J. L... Barton under Needwood, Staffs. Knight, Maj. Joseph...Glen Parva Manor, Leicester Knight, Josiah. ..Milwich, Stone, Staffordshire ‘Knight, Richard...Bobbing Court, Sittingbourne Knight, Thomags...Norlington, Lewes . Knight, Rev. Thos. H...Broadhayes House, Honiton Knight, W. Edward. .14, Carter Gate, Newark, Notts. +Knighton, SirW., Bt.. Blendworth Lodge, Horndean Knollys, J. E....Fitzhead Court, Taunton Knollys, Gen. Sir W., K.C.B...Blount’s Ct., Henley Knowles, James... Wetherby +Knowles, James...Eagley Bank, Bolton Knowles, William. ..Gloucester Knox, Octavius N....Corgrig Lodge, Foynes, lreland +Kynnersley, C. T.S....High Fields, Uttoxeter Kyrke, Rich. V....Nantyflrith Hall, Wrexham L. Labalmondiere, G....32, Craven Street, Strand, W.C. Lacey, Robert...Hoton, Loughborough +Lake Edward, ...Hill Side, Strood, Kent Lake, James... Newlands, Teynham, Sittingbourne Lake, John... Edgeworthy, Morchard, Tiverton Lake, Robert... Milton, Canterbury Lakin, Henry... Link End, Malvern Lambe, John, ..Hopefield, Eccles, Manchester +Lambert, Chas....Sunk Island, Otteringham, Hull t+Lambert, H. 'T....Sandhills, Bletchingley, Redhill Lambert, Wm. Chas....Stepleton Manor, Dorchester +Lancaster, T....Bownham House, Stroud Landor, Walter J....Lee Hall, Rugeley Lane, Ebenezer,...Honey Street, Marlborongh Lane, John... Winslow Hall, Bucks tLane, Lieut.-Col.. J. H. B....Lilly Hill, Bracknell +Lane, Wiiliam... Broadfield, Northleach Lang, Thomas M.... Barrington Court, Ilminster +Langdale, Lady....Eywood, Kington Langdale, Sampson.,,.Espley House, Morpeth ~ Langford, William.,,Cherbury Hall, Salop. Langham, Herbert,,,Cottesbrooke, Northampton . Royal Agricultural Society of England. fLangton, W. H. P. Gore, M.P..,.Newton Pk., Bath Larking, John Wingfield. ..The Firs, Lee, Kent Larkman, G. J... .Caldecott Hall, Fritton, Lowestoft Larkman, Robert... Belton Hall, Great Yarmouth _ Larkworthy, J. L.... Worcester _ Lascelles, F. H....Mayfield, Rawledge, Farnbam Lascelles, Hon. G, E..Ston Hill, Thirsk _ Latham, Geo. William...Bradwall Hall, Sandbach | tLatham, Thomas... Little Wittenham, Abingdon Laud, B. H....Bury St. Edmund’s _ FLaurence, William. ..Brockworth Park, Gloucester +Laurie, Andrew...10, Charles St., St. James’s, S.W. _tLaurie, Reginald Northall..Pax Hill Pk., Cuckfield _ Laverack, Samuel S..,.Redness Hall, Goole tLaw, Rev. R. V....Christian Malford, Chippenham Lawes, John Bennett. . Rothamsted Park, St. Albans Lawford, Thomas, jun....London, Canada West Fawley, Hon. & Rev.S. W...Escrick Rectory, York Lawrence, J. W. .Chestertield Grange, Lichfield Lawson, C...Borthwick Hall, Gorebridge, N.B. Lawson, Chas., jun,..34, George Square, Edinburgh Lawson, E...Redesdale Cottage, Newcastle-on-Tyne Lawson, Rev. E.... Longhurst Hall, Morpeth | Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, Bart... .Arkleby Hall, Aspatria +Lawson, William. ..Brayton Hall, Carlisle Lay, Rev. John Ward...Hele, Ashburton fLay, John W...Walcott’s, Great Tey, Essex Laycock, Joseph...Seghill House, Northumberland Lea, Henry, 316, Bristol Road, Birmingham Lea, James...Dodecote Grange, Market Drayton ) Lea, John...Mackley Farm, Sudbury, Derby Lea, John Wheeley...Stansfield House, Worcester Lea, Joseph. .Grove Mount, Davenham, Northwich Lea, R. N...Vernon’s Oak, Doveridge Leach, Henry...Corston, Pembroke (bray Leadbeater, J. B..Thorpe Satchville, Melton Mow- Leamon, Bobert...Whitwell, Reepham | Learmouth, T.L...Park Hall, Linlithgow, N.B. _ Leather, Simeon. ..Delamere, Northwich FLeaver, Francis... Longnor Hall, Penkridge Lechmere, Sir E. A. H., Bt.. Upton-on-Severn Le Cornu, Charles Philip. ..Trinity Manor, Jersey Lee, Charles.., Newton House, Bedale Lee, Capt. John...Woolley Firs, Maidenhead Lee, J. Bunting..Stocksfield H1., Stocksfield-on-Tyne jLee, J. Lee... Dillington House, Ilminster Lee, Joseph. .. Dilston, Corbridge, Northumberland | Lee, Joseph Henry...Redbrook, Whitchurch, Salop. _ Lee, Thomas S.,..Brincton House, Shifnal | }Lee, Vaughan H.,..Lanelay, Llantrissant, S. Wales _ Leech, George. . . Hunden Great Lodge, Haverhill Leedham, William... Andover Leeds, Henry.. .Stibbington, Wansford fLeeds, Robt....Lexham, Castleacre, Brandon Leeke, R.,..Longford Hall, Newport, Salop. | Fees, Charles... .23, Philpot Lane, E.C. Lees, John... Reigate Lees, John, Waterloo Road, Wolverhampton Lees, William. ..Gorsty Hill, Crewe jLeese, Charles Stuart... Divan Court, Faversham Leese, Spencer... West Cliffe, Preston, Lancashire Le Feuvre,, H.J...Les Niémes, St. Peters, Jersey Le Gallais, Albert...La Moire House, Jersey XXXI Legg, Thomas Fry,., Burton Bradstock, Bridport Le Grande, Emile. . Bale, Switzerland Le Grice, Henry...Market Hill, Bury St. Edmund’s Leggatt, H. B....Brownwich, Fareham Leggatt, S. B... .Crofton, Titchfield Legge, Benj... Court Ho., Litton Cheney,Dorchester Legh, G. Cornwall, M.P....High Legh, Knutsford +Leigh, Col. E...Jodrell Hall, Holmes Chapel Leigh, F. A...Rosegarland, Foulksmill, co. Wexford Leigh, John Gerard, ..The Hoo, Luton, Beds. Leighton, Robert... Thistleyhaugh, Morpeth +Leighton, Stanley...Sweeney Hall, Oswestry Lempriere, Rev. William. ..Rozel Manor, Jersey Leney, Charles. ..Haddon Place, Tonbridge Leney, Edward... Hadlow Place, Hadlow Lennard, Col. J. F... Wickham Court, Bromley, S.E. Lenton, William, jun... .Oundle Lennard, Sir T. B., Bt... Belhus,Avely, Romford, E. Lennox, William. ..Six Mile Bridge, Newe.-on-Tyne Lenthall, E. Kyffin...Besselsleigh Manor, Abingdon Le Page, T.B. . Maison de Bas, St. Andrews, Guernsey Lepper, George Andrew. ... Aylesbury Leslie, Charles Powell, M.P.,..Glasslough, Ireland +Lethbridge, Charles. ..Eastbrook House, Taunton Lett, John. ,.Stone Court, Kidderminster Lett, William. ..Rushock, Droitwich Levett, William.. .Glassenbury, Cranbrook Lewes, Col. John...Llanliar, Talsarn, Carmarthen Lewes, Rev. Thomas...Taynton, Burford, Oxon. Lewis, David. ..Stradey, Llanelly, Carmarthen +Lewis, G....Bank House, Worthenbury, Wrexham Lewis, I. H....Gallants Ct., East Farleigh, Maidstone Lewis, J. L. G. P... Henllan, Narberth, Pembroke Lewis, S....Audley, Neweastle-under-Lyme Lewis, Thomas...Norchard, Tenby Lewis, T. F.... Newport, Monmouthshire Lewis, William ..Shrewsbury Lewis, W. H....Clynfiew, Newcastle Emlyn Lewis, Wyndham W.., .Llanishen House, Cardiff Lewisham, Viscount...Patshull, Wolverhampton y+Lewthwaite, G...Broadgate, Broughton in Furness Lichfield, Earl of. ..Shugborough, Staffordshire Liddell, Hon.“H. G., M.P,...Ravensworth Castle Lightfoot, F. L....Market Drayton, Salop. Linaker, P.... Norton Hill, Preston Brook, Cheshire Lindley, Urban, ..Radmanthwaite House, Mansfield Lindsay, Col. R. Loyd, M.P....Lockinge, Wantage Lindsell, Lieut.-Col. . . Fairfield House, Biggleswade Linley, William. ..Ham Common, Surrey +Linton, Rev. J... Hemingford Ho., St. Ives, Hunts. Lintott, James, jun....Kimbolton, Hunts. Lintott, Wm...,.Holmbush, Slinfold, Horsham Linzee, Robert G....Jermyns, Romsey Lister, Charles...Coleby Lodge, Lincoln Lister, Edward. ..Cefn Ila, Usk, Mon. Litchfield, John...Epperstone, Nottingham Little, Edward. ..Lanhill, Chippenham Little, Hack Magnus...Elmington, Oundle +Little, Herbert John...Coldham Hall, Wisbech Little, Wm.... Vigo House, Chester-le-Street Little, William...Littleport, Ely, Cambs. Littledale, Harold,..Liscard, Liverpool Littler, J. B...Copthorne, Audlem, Cheshire XXXII +Livesey, Rev. Thos....Stourton Hall, Horncastle 7Liewellin, R...Tregwynt, Fishguard, Pembroke +Lioyd, Arthur P....Shawbury, Shrewsbury Lloyd, Francis...12, Bridge Street, Worcester Lloyd, J. A...,Leaton Knolls, Shrewsbury Lloyd, John...Kingsbury, St. Albans Lloyd, John...B6éd Lloyd, Ruabon Lloyd, Joseph...St. Asaph Lloyd, Llewellyn...Croesnewydd, Wrexham Lloyd, Llewellyn F....Nannerch Hall, Mold Lloyd, Robert...Offmore, Kidderminster +Lloyd, R. T....Aston Hall, Oswestry Lloyd, W. B...Preston Montford Hall, Shrewsbury +Lobb, Geo., jun... . Lawhitton, Launceston,Cornwall +Locker, Wm, T.,..Aston, Stone, Staffs. Lockwood, A. C....Chester +Locock, Sir C., Bt....26, Hertford Street, May Fair +Locock, Edmund...South Elkington, Louth +Locock, Fred....9, St. James’s Place, S.W. Loesch, H....Cammerswaldau, Hirschberg, Prussia Logan, J...11, Lansdown Crescent, Bath +Lombe, Rev. H. E....Melton Hall, Wymondham +Londesborough, Lord. ..Grimston, Tadcaster Long, Alexander Wearing.. .Mint Cottage, Kendal Long, Daniel... Whaddon, Gloucester +Long, Kellett...Dunstan Hall, Norwich +Long, R. P...Rood Ashton, Trowbridge, Wilts. +Longbourne, W. Y..4, South Sq., Gray’s Inn, W.C. +Longcroft, C. J... . Havant Longcroft, C. R....Llanina, Aberayron, Cardigansh, yLonge, John...Spixworth Park, Norwich +Longford, Earl of...Packenham Hall, Westmeath Longland, James,..Grendon, Northampton +Loomes, Edward... Whittlesea, Cambridgeshire +Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart.,M.P...Maristow, Roborough Loraine, Edward,..The Riding, Northumberland +Lord, Capt. John P.,..Great Malvern Lord, Richard. ,.Stanton Harcourt, Witney Lott, John, ..156, Victoria Park Road, N.E. +Louch F, Wm. B.... Lovatt, Henry... Finchfield House, Wolverhampton Love, Peter... Midland Road, Bedford Love, S... The Water House, Shoreham, Sevenoaks +Lovell, Edward W. L....Dinder, Wells, Somerset +Lovell, Edwin...Dinder, Wells, Somersetshire +Lovell, Thomas...Winwick Warren, Rugby Loveridge, Charles. ..Ivetsey Bank, Penkridge +Loveridge, S...Chapel Ash House, Wolverhampton Low, George...Burghtown, Athy, Kildare Lowe, Edward...Comberford Mill, Tamworth Lowe, John... Ryhall, Stamford Lowe, John... Whitmore House, Birmingham Lowe, John...Wheelock Heath, Sandbach Lowe, Robert N...15, Clarendon Street, Nottingham Lowe, T....The Old Pale, Eddisbury, Northwich Lowe, Thomas...Trysall, Wolverhampton Lowe, Thomas...Calverley Hall, Handley, Chester Lowe, Thomas Foster...South Croxton, Leicester +Lowndes, Geo, Alan... Barrington Hall, Harlow +Lowndes, W. L..,.Linley Hall, Bridgnorth, Salop. +Lowther, William, M.P.... +Loyd, Lt.-Col. Ed....Lillesden, Hawkhurst, Kent +Loyd, Wm, Jones...Langleybury, Watford List of Members of the Loye, P...Kingston Villa, Mannamead, Plymouth Lucan, Earl of... .36, South St., Park Lane, W. Lucas, Bernard. ..Chesterfield +Lucas, Rev. C.H .Edith Weston Rectory, Stamford 4 Lucas, George... Filby House, Great Yarmouth +Lucas, Lieut. Richard...Edith Weston, Stamford — Luckeock, Howard...Edgbaston, Birmingham Lucy, Rev. J.... Hampton Lucy, Stratford-on-Ayon Ludlow, H. G. G.,..Heywood House, Westbury Luff, John W....Canford, Wimborne +Luyar, Henry...Ingham, Bury St. Edmund’s Lungley, Brooke M...Peyton Hall, Boxford, Suffolk Lunn, Robert...Norton, Evesham +Lupton, Arthur...Headingley, Leeds e Lurgan, Lord...Brownlow Ho., Lurgan, Armagh — i 7Lushington, C. Manners... ‘ +Lutteroth, Robert...Hamburgh +Luttman-Johnson, J..Gostrode Farm, Chiddingfold — Luttrell, Rev. Alex. H. F....Minehead, Taunton : Luttrell, Col.. Badgworth Ct., Weston-Super-Mare +Lyall, William... : Lyne, R. Seager...Compton, Winchester, Hants. *, Lyne, Wm....Oddington, Stow-on-the-Wold ‘@ +Lynes, G. Boulton,.,Hackleton Ho., Northampton Lynn, John...Church Farm, Stroxton, Grantham Lyon, William...Charlwood, Crawley +Lythall, Frederick...The Spittal Farm, Banbury Lyveden, Lord, .. Farming Woods, Thrapstone , Lywood, Edwin...Manor Ho., Maddington, Devizes ~ 4 : wt M. Mabbett, John...Stinchcombe, Dursley, Gloucester Macadam, Charles T....109, Fenchurch St., E.C. M‘Cann, George...Court Farm, Malvern +Macclesfield, Earl of...Sherburn Castle, Tetaworth MacClintock, Maj. H. S...Hillsborough, Co. Down Macdona, Rev. J. Cumming...Hilbre House, West © Kirby, Birkenhead : MacDouall, Col. James... Logan, Stranraer, N.B- MacDouall, James, jun....Logan, Stranraer, N.B. +MacDowall, J.C. S.... | ; Mace, J. Ellis... Ashford Road, Tenterden, Kent Md Mace, Thomas...Sherborne, Northleach : Macfarlan, Walter...Chapelthorpe, Wakefield McGeorge, John...Gt. Chart, Ashford MacGregor, John...Acton, Weaverham, Northwich — : Machin, J. Vessey...Gateford Hall, Worksop ts McHattie, John. ..Chester 2 +MaclIntosh, David...Havering, Romford, E. f Mackay, A. S. H..Ashton Villa, Ealing Green, Ealing +Mackenzie, E....Fawley Court, Henley-on-Thame Mackenzie, James...Camden Quay, Cork +Mackenzie,J.H..Northwood, West Hoathley,Susse Mackenzie, William...34, Dawson Street, Dublin Mackinder, Harwood...Langton Grange, Spilsby — Mackinder, Herbert...Mere Hall, Lincoln +MacLagan, Peter, M.P...Pumpherstone, Midcalde McLaren, Henry...Offerton Hall, Sunderland ' McLaren, Wm.,..Low Burn Hall, Durham _ “ +McLaughlin, W. G.,..Helmsley, York f) tMacleod, Norman... { wen, Charles. . .Perrysfield, Oxted, Surrey ) Martin. ..Haselour, Tamworth Maddison, George Wilson... Partny, Spilsby gwick, Wm., jun....Alciston, Lewes Mahon, H. J. P...Strokestown House, Roscommon ainwaring. Charles S....Galltfaenan, Rhyl Mainwaring, T....Galltfaenan, Denbigh Maitland, Col. F. T...Hollywych, Edenbridge akgill, George... Prestbury, Cheltenham Malcolm, Maj.-Gen, G, A... 67, Sloane Street, S.W, Malcolm, John, ..7, Great Stanhope Street, W. ‘alcolm, M....Manor House, Kineton ale, Henry...East Chinnock, Yeovil allock, C. H....Court House, Cockington, Torquay almesbury, Earl of... Heron Court, Christchurch Manchester, Dake of...Kimbolton Castle, Hunts. anfield,W....Ixworth Thorpe, Bury St. Edmund’s Mangles, F.... angles, George. ..Givendale Grange, Ripon fangon, M. Hervé...69, Rue St. Dominique, Paris Manley, Augustus East. .Manley Hall, Lichfield anley, Maj. R. G.. Upton House, Kineton ann, John...Thornage, Thetford fanners, Lord G., M.P...Cheveley Pk., Newmarket anning, John...Orlingbury, Wellingborough annings, George. ,. Downton, Salisbury annington, Wm... .Laughton Place, Hurst Green fannsfeld, Count... Dobrisch, Prague, Austria nsell, Andrew... Little Ness, Baschurch, Salop. sell, Edward..,.27, Great George Street, S.W. Mansell, Sir J.,Bt..Maesdilo, Llandilo, Carmarthen Mansell, Thomas. ..Adcott Hall, Baschurch Salop. ple, John... Bedford Lodge, Hampstead, N.W. applebeck, W. B.*..6, Bull Ring, Birmingham argary, Maj. A. R....Chartham Pk., E. Grinstead argesson, Rev. W...28, St. Leonard's Ter. Chelsea Margetts, Charles. ..Huntingdon argetts, John...High Street, Warwick farjoribanks, D. C....Bushey Hall Farm, Watford farjoribanks, Edward, jun....59, Strand, W.C. arkby, John Randall...9, Whitehall Place, S.W. Marker, Richard...Combe, Honiton, Deyon arkham, Charles, jun....Northampton ‘kham, Lt.-Col. W. T...Becca Hall, Milford June. iage, John...Moulsham Lodge, Chelmsford arriott, Capt. E. J. Beckett. . Burford, Oxon. iott, John L....Narborough, Brandon Marriott, W. M....Kibworth, Market Harborough arris, Thomas...The Chase, Ulceby arsh, Matthew H.....Ramridge, Andover arsh, Richard ...Little Offley House, Hitchin h, Wm. Jas....Loridge, Berkeley, Glo’stershire farshall, Arthur,,.Headingley, Leeds arshall, Rev. C...9, South St., Finsbury Sq., E.C. shall, Edmond Henry...Westwood Hall, Leeds larshall, Frederick Charles..,Riseholme, Lincoln Marshall, George Hibbert... hall, H. J....Poulton Priory, Cricklade shall, James,. Gainsborough hall, James... Low Horton, Cramlington arshall, James Garth..,Headingley, Leeds shall, William Francis...Branston Villa, Lincoln ham, Robert, D.C.L....Merton College, Oxford Royal Agricultural Society of England. XXXITI +Marsland, W.. Baguley, Northenden, Manchiester Marson, John...Acton Mill, Stafford Marten, John...Chilham, Canterbury Marten, Peter...Chilham, Canterbury +Martin, Antoine...Malagnow, Geneva Martin, David... Wainfleet, Lincolnshire Martin, E. Hall, jun.... Barr Hill, Madeley, Staffs. +Martin, E. Waterer...Nonsuch Park Farm, Ewell +Martin, F. P. B...Oxford & Cambridge Club,S.W. +Martin, George...Hubert’s Bridge, Boston +Martin, Gilson... Bedford Office, Tavistock Martin, Henry B....Colston Basset, Bingham, Notta. 7Martin, Henry W....Littleport, Isle of Ely + Martin, James... Wainfleet, Boston +Martin, J.... Highfield Ho., Littleport, Isle of Ely +Martin, Robert..,Asterby, Horncastle Martin, S. D....1, Park Place, Leeds +Masfen, R. Hanbury...Pendeford, Wolverhampton Masfen, William...Norton Caines, Cannock, Staffs. Mashiter, Thomas... Priest’s, Romford, E. +Mason, James... ynsham Hall, Witney Mason, Richard, ..Keddington, Louth +Master, Charles H... Barrow Green House, Godstone Master, Col. Thomas C.,..The Abbey, Cirencester Masterman, Thos. J....Little Danby, Northallerton Masterman,T.W..,Claremont, Tunbridge Wells Masters, Albert E....Nixendon Hall, Chelmsford Mather, Daniel...Chipping Norton, Oxon. +Mather, Myles E....Glyn Abbot, Holywell +Matheson, Sir J., Bt.. .. The Lewes Island, N.B. Mathew, Edward Windus...Wern, Portmadoc Mathew, William.,.Knettishall, Harling Mathews, Augustus... Pitchcombe View, Stroud + Mathews, Jeremiah. ..Edgbaston Ho., Birmingham +Matson, W. Bawtree... Matthews, C..Cleveland Road, Wolverhampton Matthews, Francis Cook... Driffield Matthews, Henry...Montford, Shrewsbury Matthews, John, M.D....Tynemouth +Matthews, T.... Newton by Castleacre, Brandon Maud, Chas. T... Waterhouse, Bath Maude, Col. G. A...Stud Farm, Hampton Court Mawer, Edward. .Wyrdelands, Thorney, Peterboro’ 7 Maxse, Capt. F. A., R.N...Holly Hill, Southmptn. Maxwell, Sir John H., Bt.. .Springkell, Ecclefechan Maxwell, Hon. M. Constable...Terregles, Dumfries Maxwell, J. R. Heron...Springkell, Ecclefechan, N.B. +Maxwell, R. C. H...Springkell, Ecclefechan, N.B. +Maxwell, W. H., M.P...Munches, Dalbeattie, N.B May, Chas. Neale... Devizes +May, George Anderson... Elford Park, Lichfield Mayman, B.... Water St., Liverpool. Maynard, Robert... Whittlesford, Cambridge Mayo, Henry...Cokers Frome, Dorchester Mayon, J. Webster...Fazeley, Tamworth Meade, W. R....Ballymartle, Kinsale, co. Cork Meakin, H. J....Shobnall Grange, Burton-on-Trent Mechi, John J...,112, Regent Street, W. +Medlycott, Sir W. C., Bt.. .Milborne Port,Sherborne Meeson, William Taylor...Doggetts, Rochford Mein, William... Brewood, Stafford XXXIV Mellard, Ralph...Rugeley, Staffordshire Mello, William,..Chadwell, Ware Mellersh, T. G...2, Southfield Villas, Cheltenham Mellows, William.. «High Melton, Doncaster Melville, Hon. A. Leslie...Branston Hall, Lincoln 7Melville, Alex. S. Leslie...The Longhills, Lincoln +Melville, Charles Leslie... Branston Hall, Lincoln Menzies, George. . Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs. Mercer, F....28, Clayton St. West, Newe.-on-Tyne +Mercer, James, M.D.... 7Mercer, William. ,.Newton, Warrington é Mercer, William...Grove Ho., Hunton, Staplehurst Meredith, David... Yeatsall, Rugely Meredith, J...The Hildra, Welsh Pool Merriman, Edward B,,..Marlborough tMerriman, Thomas Baverstock, . . Marlborough +Merriman, William Clark.. - Marlborough Merson, James...South View House, North Molton +Mertens, Baron Edward...Rue Ducale, Brussels +Metcalfe, Charles James... Methuen, Lord...Corsham Court, Chippenham Mewbnrn, William...Wykham Park, Banbury +Meyer, Herman P. D....Little Laver Hall, Ongar tMeyer, James...Forty Hall, Enfield, N. tMeyer, P. Herman. ..Stondor Place, Brentwood Meyrick, Owen Fuller.. -Bodergau, Anglesey, N.W Michell, John... Forcett Park, Darlington Michell, E. W., jun... -Shirley Vicarage, Derby +Micklethwait, Rey. J....Taverham Hall, Norwich Middleditch, E. Taylor... Blansdon Ho., Highworth Middlemore, Colonel. . -Thorngrove, Worcester Middlemore, Mrs... .Thorngrove, Worcester + Middleton, Charles... Holkham +Middleton, Henry...Cutteslowe. Oxford Middleton, Saville... Water Newton, Hunts, Middieton, W. Wiley... Fliteham Abbey, Lynn 7Midgley, W. H..Inchbrook, Malvern Link Milbank, A. S.... Barningham Pk., Barnard Castle Milburn, Robert.. 76, Church Lane, Whitechapel tMildred, Daniel... Preston, Cirencester tMildmay, SirH. St.J.Bt... Dogmersfield, Winchfield Miles, Charles William... Burton Hill, Malmesbury TMiles, Grosyenor...Bourton House, Rugby TMiles, John William... King’s Weston, Bristol TMiles, P. W. S....61, Queen’s Square, Bristol Miles, Roger Dutton.. -Keyham, Leicester Miles, Thomas... Keyham, Leicester FMiles, William... Dix’s Field, Exeter Milford, Thomas . -Thorverton, Cullompton FMiller, Bartlett...Moulton, Northampton Miller, G. Seymour. ..Bradpole, Bridport Miller, J. Norton. . -Pattingham, Wolverhampton Miller, Samuel...Abermule, Montgomery Miller, Thomas. .. Bitteswell Hall, Lutterworth Miller, T. H... -Singleton, Kirkham, Lancashire Mills, John... Bisterne, Ringwood Mills, John...Pinkneys Green, Maidenhead TMills, J. R... Kingswood Lodge, Tunbridge Wells +Mills, Joseph T....Husband’s Bosworth, Rugby Mills, R. W. F....Sendal, York +Mills, Wm....Saxham Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s Milne, David...Paxton House, Berwick Milne, Oswald, jun.. Tennis Court Club, Leamington List of Members of the Milner, John...Myerscough, Preston Milward, Dawson A....Tullogher, New Ross Milward, Richard. .Thurgarton Priory, South Minet, Charles Wm....41, West Smithfield, E Minett, J. E... Llowley Hall, Filloughley, Coy Minor, A. H.... Minor, John...The Grove, Kingsland, Shrewsh Minton, Alfred...The Lawn, Datchet, Bucks. Mitchell, Andrew... .Alloa, Clackmannanshire, N 7Mitchell, F.J...Llanfrechfa, Newport, Mon. Mitchell, John.,.The Beacon, Penkridge Mitchell, John Jackson... Wigton i Mitchell, William...Northwold, Brandon wlii\| +Mitford, Wm. Townley, M.P....Pitshill, Petworth Moffat, James...Kirklinton Park, Carlisle Molyneux, James More...Losely Park, Guildford TMonck, J. Bligh...Coley Park, Reading Monckton, E...The Hectorage, Tonbridge 7Monckton, E. H. C...Fineshade Abbey, Noi : Monckton, Francis...Stretton Hall, Penkridge — Monckton, Frederick...Hadlow, Tonbridge : Monks, James...Aden Cottage, Durham Monro, Mordaunt Martin. ..Enfield Montgomery, Rev. R...Milton, Northampton Moody, General. ..Caynham House, Ludlow =e oe we =< se of se BO oe ee ee ee Se es — ee ee ee ees, ee ee eee cee, +Moore, Rev. Edward...Theobalds, Hawkhurst — F Moore, Edward Wells. ..Coleshill, Faringdon y Moore, George...Appleby Hall, Atherstone y Moore, George... White Hall, Wigton y tMoore, Rev. G. Bridges...Tunstall, Sittingbourne | y +Moore, Henry...Elmley Castle, Pershore ; Moore, Henry... Bilboro, Notts. r y Moore, James. ..11,Upper Berkeley St.,Portman Sq y Moore, John... Kerry, Montgomery ) Moore, John...Church Street, Warwick t Moore, John...Calverton, Notts. y Moore, J....Northumberland House, Charing Cross y Moore, Robert,..Rye Hill, Church Eaton, Stafford ; +Moore, Thos. William... Warham, Wells, Norfolk : Moore, Wm....Elm House, Elm, Wisbeach y Moore, William W....Tewkesbury r y +Moorsom, C. R....Harewood, Leeds y Morant, George...Farnborough, Hants. y More, R. Jasper. ..Bishop’s Castle, Salop. R +Morgan, Col. the Hon. F. C....Newport, Mon. y +Morgan, Maj. the Hon. G.C., M.P.... Cardiff — i Morgan, M...Coppy Crooks, Bishop Auckland y Morgan, Richard...Newtown, Montgomeryshire — ¥ Morgan, Roger...Llanellan, Abergavenny . i! Morgan, Thomas. ..39, Faulkner Street, Manchest F Morison, Alex. John, M.D....Portcleu, Pembroke t Morland, George Bowes. ..Abingdon ’ t Morland, W. Courtenay..Court Lodge, Lamberhur y Morley, Earl of. ..Saltram, Plympton ¥ Morley, E....Brize Norton, Bamptou, Faringdon y +Morley, Henry H....Craven Lodge, Stamford Hill y Morley, William. .. Haddon, Bampton, Faringdon y Morrell, Frederick J....St. Giles’s, Oxford # +Morrice, J. W....The Tower, Caltliorpe, Rug’ y Morris, Abiathar...Pendeford Ho,, Wolverhamp \ Morris, James...Union Place; Oswestry é \ Morris, John... Town House, Madley, Hereford ty Morris, Sir John... Wightwick Ho., Wolverhampte Morris, Col. Lewis G....Morrisania, New York Morris, Norman.,.Ford, Lingfield, Surrey orris, Richard... Knockin Heath Farm, Oswestry orris, Thos., jun....Walcote Fields, Lutterworth orris, Thomas. ..Maisemore, Gloucester ‘Morris, Thomas. ..Henfaes, Welshpool orris, Walter... Dewsal Court, Hereford ‘orris, William. ..Carmarthen Morris, W. Rudkin...Silverlands, St. Leonard’s + Morrison, Charles...Basildon Park, Reading Morrison, F,..Cromwell Houses, South Kensington +Morrison, Walter, M.P. ..Malham Tarn, Skipton Morrison, William H....Wood Hall, Barnsley Morshead, Sir Warwick, Bt., .. Forest Lodge, Binfield Mort, William ...Marton, Baschurch, Salop. Morton, Francis. .36, Parliament Street, S.W. Morton, Henry Thos... Morton, John Chalmers...Harrow, N.W. +Morton, J. D....19, Parliament Street, S.W. Morton, J. T....Darenth, Dartford Moscrop, W. J....Aske, Richmond, Yorkshire Moseley, Captain W. H...Leaton Hall, Stourbridge Mosley, Sir T., Bart....East Lodge, Burton-on-Trent Moss, Benjamin. ..Ashington Hill, Rochford Mostyn, Sir P., Bt....Talacre, Holywell, Flintshire Mott, Charles John..Clifton-upon-Dusmore, Rugby Mott, Thomas...Much Hadham, Ware Mott, William... Wall, Lichfield Moult, Wm....Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire Mount Edgecumbe.Earl of..Mt.Edgecumbe,Devon. +Mount, W.G....Wasing Place, Reading Mourant, Edward...Samare’s Manor, Jersey Mousley, Geo....Hooton Hall, Chester Mousley, Thomas Turner... Well Field, Carmarthen +Mowbray, Capt... .Overseal, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Mowbray, S....Kilbany, Mountrath, Ireland Moxon, Thomas David. ..Easenball, Rugby +Moysey, H.G....Batheaton Court, Wiveliscombe +Mucklow, E.. .Castle Head, Grange, Lancashire Mudford, Joseph. ..Hoe Fields, Hinckley Muirhead, Thomas..20, Victoria Street, Manchester Mumford, George S.... Lavenham, Sudbury Mumford, J. A....Chilton Park Farm, Thame +Mumford, Maurice. ..Creeting, Stowmarket Mumford, William...Credenhill, Hereford +Mumford, William Henry... Mundy, C.J. Massingberd . .Old Bolingbroke, Spilsby Mundy, William...Markheaton, Derby +Munn, Fred....Holt Castle, Worcester +Munn, Maj. W. A....Churchill House, Dover 7Muntz, G. F....Umberslade Park, Birmingham Murray, A....74, St. George’s Rd, Belgravia, S.W. Murray, Gilbert. ..Elvaston Castle, Derby Murray, William...Lower Boughton, Manchester Marton, Frederick...Smeeth, Ashford Morton, Thomas. ..Kenninghall, Thetford Murton, William...Tunstall, Sittingbourne Musgrave, Sir Geo., Bart....Edenhall, Penrith Musgrave, J... Wasdale, Holmbrook, Cumberland Musgrave, R.C.... Musgrave, Rev. Vernon... Hascombe, Godalming Muskett, Chas... .Bressingham House, Diss .Biddick Hall, Fence Houses | +Mausters, John C....Annesley Park, Linhy, Notts. Royal Agricultural Society of England. | Neild, Henry... | Nesfield, R. M.N... | Nesham, David.. +Newport, Henry A. W... | XXXV +Mynors, R... Weather Oak, Alvechurch, Bromsgrove tMynors, W. C. T....Elford Lowe, Tamworth Myott, James. ..Copesthorne, Congleton +Mytton, D. H...Garth, Welshpool N ¢Namby, Charles M...Barnoldby le Beck, Grimsby Naish, W. B....Stoneaston, Bath Nalder, Jas. Hall. .» Haseley [ron Works, Tetsworth Nalder, Thomas. ..Challow, Wantage +Nall, Joseph...Hoveringham House, Nottingham Naper, Jas. L.....Loughcrew, Oldcastle, Ireland +Napier, Edw. B....Pennard House, Shepton Mallet Napper, Jobn...Ifold, Horsham Nash, Charles... Royston, Herts. Nash, Daniel...4, York Gate, Regent’s Park,N.W. Nash, John,..The Rectory, Langley, Slough Nash, Henry F....Upton Lea, Slough +Nathusius, ancit G...Hundisburg, Prussia TNaylor, John. . SGivenpac! tNaylor, Rich. Christopher...Hooton Hall, Chester Neale, Charles..... Screveton, Bingham Neale, Charles James... Mansfield, Notts. TNeame, E... North Court, Lower Hardres, Canterby. +Neame, Edwin...Harefield, Selling, Faversham Neame, Frederick. ..Macknade, Faversham +Neame, H. B....Selling Court, Faversham Neame, P. B....The Mount, Ospringe, Faversham Neame, Robert...Boughton Blean, Faversham +Negus, Thomas A....Lynn House, Walsall, Statfs The Grange, Worsley, Manchester Nelson, John...Kettleby Thorpe, Brigg +Nelson, John...Wytham House, Louth Nelmes, William. ..Pembridge Castle, Monmouth Nelson, T.,..Catgill Hall, Egremont, Cumberland .Castle Hill, Bakewell . The Hall, Gainford, Darlington +Nethercote, H. O....Moulton Grange. Northampton Neve, C....Amberfield, Chart Sutton, Staplehurst Neve, George. . .Sissinghurst, Staplehurst +Neve, Richard...Benenden, Staplehurst Nevell, Edward...Chawley Farm, Cumnor, Oxford Nevett, Wm... Yorton, Harmer Hill, Shrewsbury +Nevile, Rev. Christopher. . Thorney, Newark, Notts +Nevile, George...Shebton, Newark-on-Trent Neville, J., jun....Lea End, Alvechurch, Redditch New, David...Waverley House, Nottingham New, Richard E ...Hartpury, Gloucester +Newall, Henry..Hare Hill, Littleboro’, Lancashire +Newbery, R. P.... Webbe House, Chard, Somerset Newcombe, Samuel...White Crofts, Orsett, Essex Newdegate, C. N., M.P....Arbury, Nuneaton +Newdigate, W. F...Byrkley, Burton-on-Trent Newhouse, Henry...Tatton Park, Knutsford Newill, Joseph... Lydbury North, Salop. Newill, Thos...Spring Bank, Welshpool Newman, James...Shipton Lve, Quainton, Bucks. +Newman, J....Brands Ho., High Wycombe, Bucks, Newman, Thomas...Cray’s Marsh Farm, Melksham -Coton Hall, Bridgnorth ce 2 XXXVI Newton, Chas. E...Mickleover, Derby +Newton, G. Onslow...-Croxted Park, St. Neot’s Newton, John. ..™Manor Road, Bermondsey, S.E. Newton, Martin...Oldfield, Altrincham List of Members of the } +Newton, R. J....Campsfield, Woodstock | | 7+Newton, 8. C....The Downs, Croxton, St. Neot’s +Newton, Thomas... Newton, Thomas...Oldfield, Altrincham Newton, T. H. G...Barrell’s Park, Henley-in-Arden Niccolls, William H....Newnham, Shrewsbury Nicholay, J. A.... Victoria Oil Mills, West Drayton tNicholl, G. W..The Ham, Llantwit, Cowbridge Nichols, Ben.... West End Farm, Aldershot Nicholson, B....Stourton Grange, Garforth, Leeds Nicholson, Clement...Cheadle, Hulme, Manchester Nicholson, Geo... . Winlaton, Blaydon-on-Tyne +Nicholson, James ..Dlencairn Hall, Penrith Nicholson, J....Kirkby Thore Hall, Westmoreland Nicholson, Capt. S....74, Holland Park, W. +Nicholson, W...4, Sussex-square, Hyde Park, W. Nicholson, Wm. Nurzam...Newark-upon-Trent Nickisson, John...103, Friar Gate, Derby Nickolls, Gnas: ..Tuck Hill, Bridgnorth Nicks, William. ..Greville House, Gloucester Nicol, James D., M.P....13, Hyde-Park Terrace, W. +Nightiagale, Vaughan E....Burway, Ludlow, +Nightingaie, W. E....Embley, Romsey Nisbet, Ralph Pattison...Thorney, Peterhorough? +Noakes, john Tompsett..Brockley Ho., Lewisham Nock, Charles, . .Norton, Shifnal Nock, Thomas... .Sutton Maddock, Shifnal Nock, T. F....Kingslow, Bridgnorth ~ Noel, Captain C. Perrat...Bell Hall, Stourbridge Nodder, Rev. J....Marsh Green, Chesterfield Norfolk, Richard. ..Iron Works, Beverley Norman, Geo... .Dinnaton, Swimbridge, Barnstaple +Norman, George Warde...Bromley, Kent, S.E. +Norman, J.Newcomb. . .Harborough Magna, Rugby Norman, William...Hall Bank, Aspatria +Normanby, Marquis of,.. Mulgrave Castle, Whitby +Norreys, Viscount... Wytham Park, Oxford +Norris, William... Wood Norton, Fakenham North, Charles. ..South Thoresby, Alford North, Charles...The Hall, Rougham, Norfolk North, Lieut.-Col., M.P...Wroxton Abbey, Banbury | +Northcote, Rt. Hon. SirS., Bt., M.P...Pynes, Exeter Northey, Edward Richard... Epsom +Northumberland, Duke of... Alnwick Castle +Nott, James... Penn Hall, Eardiston, Tenbury +Nottidge Josias...Iden Rectory, Rye Nowell, W. A...Netherside, Skipton, Yorkshire. Noyes, Thomas H....13, Gate Street, Lincoln’s Inn Nunn, Edmund B... Royston, Cambs. Nunn, G. H.,..Eldo House, Bury St. Edmund’s Nunnerley, John...Buerton Hall, Nantwich Nunnerley, T....Bradley Green, Whitchurch, Salop, +Natt, Jolin...White House, Fillongley, Coventry Nuitall, James...Chaddesden, Derby Nuttall, Thomas...Manor House, Beeby, Leicester | +Overman, Robert. ..Edgmere, Walsingham, Norfolk Norris, W. G....Coalbrookdale, Wellington, Salop. | | +Packe, George H.....Caythorpe Hall, Grantham ie LJ ae Oz. Oakes, Hervey Asten...Stowmarket Oakes, Thos. Haden. ..Riddings House, Alfreton Oakley, Christopher. ..10, Waterloo Place, S.W. 7Oakley, George... Lawrence End, Luton Oakley, John...10, Waterloo Place, S.W. Oastler, Jonah. , .White’s Farm, Alfold, Horsham yOckleston, Wm. Fairhurst...Cheadle, Manchester Odams, James...109, Fenchurch Street, E.C. 7Ogden, John Maude...Sunderland Ogilvie, Alexander. ..Sizewell House, Leiston Ogilvie, John D....Mardon, Coldstream, N.B. Ogilvy, Sir J., Bt.,M.P....Baldovan Ho.,Dundee,N.B, _ yOhrly, H. G, Jun... Downside, Ventnor : Oldacres, Matthew...Clipston, Market Harborongh Oldacres, Walter...Broad Fields, Lichfield Oldfield, Edmund,..Fouldon Hall, Brandon Oldham, John. ..Carlton-on-Trent, Notts. Oldrin, John...Rushmere, Wangford, Suffolk Oliphant-Ferguson, G. H. H.. Broadfield, Carlisle +Oliver, John...Oxenden, Northampton Oliver, ‘Robert E....Sholbrooke Lodge, Towcester Olver, Richard Sobey.,.Trescowe, Bodmin O'Neil, William...Athy, Kildare, Ireland Orbell, William... Hawstead, Suffolk Ord, George... Brixton Hill, S.W. Ord, Rev. J. A. B.... Whitfield Hall, Haydon Bridge Orde, Charles William...Nunnykirk, Morpeth +Orde,Sir J.P.W.,Bt...KilmoreyHo.,Loch GilpHead Orlebar, H. A... West Hoathley, East Grinstead Ormerod, George...Sedbury Park, Chepstow Ormerod, Henry Mere...5, Clarence St., Manchester Ormond, Francis...Moulton Park, Northampton Ormston, Robert. ..Newcastle-on-Tyne +Osborn, G.... Manor Ho., Pattishall, Towcester Ostler, John, jun.... Walrond Park, Taunton +Oswell, W. B..,.Eardiston House, West Felton +Otrante, Count A....Nygard, Sdderképing, Sweden — +Overman, Henry R....Weasenham, Fakenham Overman, John...Burnham Sutton, Norfolk 7 Terry eee © FSS , Owen, Charles Mostyn... Walton House, Oxford Owen, Griffith H....Y¥mwlch, Tremadoe Owen, William... Blesinton, Ireland Owen, William... Moorgate Hall, Rotherham Owen, William... Withybush, Haverfordwest Owens, Samuel... Whitefriars Street, E.C. Owston, Hiram A....Great Wigston, Leicester Oxley, John Stewart...Fen Place, Worth, Sussex Ee +Packard, Edward...Ipswich mk +Packe, Dr. James...Melton Lodge, Woodbridge Paddison, Edward...Ingilby, Lincoln Padmore, Richard... Worcester Padwick, Fred....West Thorney, Emsworth, Han Page, Edward... Bedford 4 Page, Francis, . .Uttoxeter +Page, Henry... Walmer Court, Walmer Page, Joseph.,.Stoke Ho, Stoke Prior, Bromsgrove Page, William, jun....Southminster, Maldon Paget, Charles... Ruddington Grange, Nottingham ‘Paget, Col. L. G....Park Homer, Wimborne }Paget,Maj. R.H.,M.P..CranmoreHIl, Shepton Mallet Paget, T. Tertius... Humberstone, Leicestershire Pain, John...Popham, Micheldever Station Pain, T...The Grove, Basingstoke Paine, G. J....Risby, Bury St. Edmund’s +Paine, Mrs....Farnham, Surrey Paine, William D...Chevington, Bury St. Edmund’s +Paine, Wm. Dunkley...Cockshutt Hill, Reigate Painter, Benjamin... Burley-on-Hill, Oakham ‘Painter, John...Forest Road, Nottingham Painter, Robert...18. Gallowtree Gate, Leicester ‘Paitson, William.. .Irish Street, Whitehaven Pakington, Rt. Hon. Sir John, Bt., M P... Droitwich Palin, William... Wilcott House, Shrewsbury ‘Palmer, C. M....Newcastle-on-Tyne Palmer, George, ..Greenwood, Bishop’s Waltham Palmer, George.. Hawstead, Bury St. Edmund’s Palmer, Rev. P. H... Wolsthorp Rectory, Grantham Palmer, Robert... Bexington, Bridport Palmer, Robert...Nagington, Market Drayton Palmer, Sir R.W.H...Cefn Pk., Wrexham, Denbigh Papillon, P. O...Manor House, Lexden, Colchester apillon, Thomas...Crowhurst Park, Battle Paramore, J. Rawle... Preswylfa, Neath Park, James ..Lightburne, Ulverstone Parke, William., .Stragglethorpe, Newark Parker, James S....Iffley, Oxford Parker, John O....Drinkstone, Woolpit Parker, Rowland..Moss End, Burton, Westmoreland Parker, Thomas ..Aldford, Chester +Parker, Thomas Holme. . Warwick Hall, Carlisle Parker, Thomas James. ..10, George St., Sheffield Parker, T. Sumner. .,Oxton, Southwell Parker, T. Towneley..Charnock, Chorley, Lancashire ‘tParker, William...Carlton Hill, Penrith Parker, William...The Park, Ware Parker, Rev.W... Rectory, Little Comberton, Pershore ‘Parker, Major W., M.P....Clopton Hall, Woolpit ‘Parkes, Thomas... Grafton Manor, Bromsgrove Parkin, John, ..[dridgehay, Wirksworth Parkin, John...Goldthorpe, Worksop, Notts. Parkin, P. W...Ridgemount, Bassett, Southampton Parkinson, John.... +Parkinson, R...Oak Ho., Northenden, Manchester ‘+Parkinson, Thomas. ..Hexgreave Park, Southwell ‘Parkyns, Sir Thos. G. A., Bt....Ruddington, Notts. Parmeter, Francis, junr....Brynyraber, Bala Parr, Herman...Barton, Nottingham Parr, John...Cropwell Butler, Bingham Parr, Samuel...The Park, Nottingham Parr, W. Fillingham...Cropwell Butler, Bingham Parr, Capt. R. W...Grappenhall Hayes, Warrington Parrington, John...Brancepeth, Durham +4Parris, John W,...Farnham, Bishop Stortford Parrish, Richard..,Uplands Farm, Bridgnorth Parrott, Edward. ..Shirburn, Tetsworth / Parrott, John, junr,...Stony Stratford Parrott, Thos....Green Bank, Sutton, Maccleslield tParry, Joseph. ..Allington, Devizes Royal Agricultural Society of England. XXXVII Parry, Nicholas... Little Hadham, Ware Parson, Edgecombe. ..Coates, Cirencester Parson, Rev. W. H...Lynchmere Rectory, Haslemere Parsons, Charles William...Anstrey, Atherstone Parsons, C... North Shoebury Hall, Rochford +Parsons, Geo....Martock, Somerset +Parsons, Henry...Haselbury, Crewkerne +Parsons, Herbert... Elsfield, Oxford | +Parsons, John...Iffley, Oxford Parsons, J. P.,.. Wood Farm, Honingham, Norwich Parsons, William...Hill Farm, Elsfield, Oxtord Partridge, Charles. ..Clyra House, Hay Partridge, John...Bishop’s Wood, Ross Pashley, Alexander William. .Haddiseoe, Lowtstoft Paske-Jones, George. ..3, Euston Place, Leamington +Paterson, Richard. ..Leesons, Chiselhurst +Patesball, Evan...Allensmore Court, Hereford +Patmore, James... Hockerhill, Bishop Stortford Pattenson, Capt. W. H.Tylden.Ibornden, Biddenden Paull, James W....Knott Oak House, Ilminster Paulson, F, W....Broomhill Grange, Ollerton Paver, William...Peckfield, Milford Junction +Paxton, Edmund, .. Willaston House, Bicester Paxman, James,..Bank Buildings, Colchester Paxton, Jonas. ..Bicester Paxton, Robert... Lower Winchenden, Aylesbury Payne, George... Badwell Ash, Ixworth Payne, Henry...Birdbrook, Halstead, Essex +Payne, William... Willcott, Nesscliff, Salop. Peacey, William...Chedglow, Tetbury Peachey, Wm....Ebernoe, Petworth +Peacocke, Warren...Efford, Lymington Peacocke, Wilkinson...Greatford Hall, Stamford Peake, John. ..Mullaghmore, Monaghan, Ireland Pears, John, Mere, Lincoln Pearson, F. Fenwick..Stours Hall, Carnforth, Lanc. Pearson, J. C....Newbridge, Wolverhampton Pearson, Capt. Wm.,..Walcote, Lutterworth +Pease, J. Whitwell, M.P....Woodlands, Darlington +Peck, Edmund... Plas-y-Dinas, Shrewsbury Peel, Edmund...Bryn-y-Pys, Wrexham Peel, George... .Brookfield, Cheadle, Manchester Peel, John... Middleton Hall, Tamworth +Peel, Jonathan. ..Knowlmere Manor, Clitheroe Peel,Rt.Hon.Sir R.,Bt.M.P.. Drayton Manor, Fazeley Peel, Wm....Taliaris Pk., Llandilo, Carmarthenshire Peel, William...Trenant Park, Looe, Cornwall Peers, Joseph... Ruthin . +Peile, Rev. T. W..Laira H., Winchester Rd., N.E. Pelham, F....Norfolk Farm, Windsor Vark, Staines +Pell, Albert, M.P....Hazelbeach, Northampton Pemberton, Rev. R. N....Church Stretton, Salop. +Penn, Granville J.... +Pennant, P. Pennant. ..Brynbella, St. Asaph Pennell, H. B.... Dawlish Pennington, Frederick... Broome Hall, Dorking Pennington, Richard... Westfield House, Rugby Penny, Thomas. . .Taunton Penrice, Thomas... Kilvrough, Swansea Pepper, John. ..3, Queen Street, Leeds + Peppercorn, J. Hutchinson, . Eaton Socon, St.Neot's Peppercorne, H...- Bradburn Park, Kast Malling +Perales, Marquis de,,..Madrid XXXVIII +,Perceval Chas....West Haddon, Northamptonshire Peren, W. B....Compton, South Petherton, Somerset +Perkins, Henry,..Thriplow, Royston Perkins, James...Manstey Farm, Penkridge Perkins, Jos., jn.. .Sibbertoft, Market Harborough +Perkins, Thomas. ..Hitchin Perkins, W. H...Theddingworth, Rugby Perkins, Walter... Bowling Green Ho., Southampton Perkins, William. ..Minster, Ramsgate +Perry, Graddon...Acton Pigott, Condover, Salop. +Perry,Thos.A...Betham Ho., Avon Dassett, Banbury Perry, Sir T. Erskine, Bt... West Court, Wokingham Perry, W....Hickmerelands, Sedgley, Dudley }Perry-Watlington, J. W....Moor Hall, Harlow Pertwee, James...Boreham, Chelmsford Peters, Daniel. ..31, College Green, Bristol +Peterson, A. T. T...Drumdnar, Lymington Peto, Lawrence J....17, Esplanade, Lowestoft +Peto, Sir S. M., Bt..9, Victoria Chamb., Victoria St. Petre, Edward...Whitley Abbey, Coventry Pettitt, E....18, St. John St., Bury St. Edmund’s +Pettiward, R. J....Firborough Hall, Stowmarket Phelps, H. G. Hart, Ridley Parsonage, Wrotham +Philips, Sir G. Richard, Bart... .Shipston-on-Stour Philips, Mark. ..Snitterfield, Stratford-on-Avon Phillimore, Edward. ..Cheltenham Phillimore, Rev. G....Radnage, Stokenchurch, Oxon. Phillips, G. T...Brockton Leasowes, Newport, SaJop. Phillips, Henry R.... Willesden Paddocks, Kilburn +Phillips, J. H....Beadlam Grange, Nawton, York Phillips, J. R. S....Riffhams Lodge, Danbury Phillips, Richard... Brackton Grange, Shifnal Phillips, Thomas...5, Princess Sq., Plymouth Phillips, Maj.-Gen. Sir T....Sen. U.S. Club, S.W. Phillips, Thomas E....37, Wilton Place, S.W. Phillips, Zachariah, ..Birchmoor, Woburn +Phillpotts, T., jun...Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall +Phipps, Charles Paul...Cbhaleot House, Westbury Phipps, Filmer...River, Dover +Phipps, J. Lewis, M.P... Leighton, Westbury, Wilts. +Phipps, P....Collingtree Grange, Northampton Phipps, Thomas...Bricklehampton, Pershore Picken, William. .. Hilton, Newport, Salop. Pickering, James... Whitby, Chester Pickering, Leonard... Wilcot, Charlbury, Oxon, Pickering, William...Poulton, Pulford, Wrexham +Pickford, William...1484, Fenchurch Street, E.C. Pickstock, Henry...Baschurch, Shrewsbury Pickworth, W....Deeping Bank, Crowland, Lincoln +Piercy, Alfred...Cold Harbour, Henley, Oxon, Piercy, Rev. J. M. W...Slawston, Market Harboro’ +Pierson, Jas. Alex....The Gwynd, Arbroath, N.B. Piggot, Jas. Algernon...Beckingham Hall, Witham +Piggott, Geo. Grenville. ..Doddershall, Winslow Pigot, Sir Robert, Bart....Patshill, Wolverhampton Pigott, William. . . Brigg Pike, John,..Bulland, Antony, Devonport Pike, William...Castle Thorpe, Stony Stratford Pilcher, Jesse...Cheriton Court, Hythe, Kent Pilgrim, Charles H....Merlewood, Virginia Water Pilgrim, S. C....The Outwoods, Hinckley +Pilkington, Sir L. M.S., Br...Chevet Pk., Wakefield Pinckard, George H....Combe Court, Godalming List of Members of the . Pinder, Thomas...Barroby, Grantham } ; +Pinnegar, C....Rockbourn, Fordingbridge, Hants. lye Pinnell, Charles... Westwell, Burford, Oxon. " Pinney, Col. W....Somerton-Erleigh, Somersetshire _ +Pipon, Capt M....Deerswood, Crawley ay Pippet, William...Caughton House, Bromsgrove (\ Pitfield, A. J... Eype, Symondsbury, Bridport Pitfield, John, ..Symondsbury, Bridport ; TPitt, George. ..Chadnor Court, Dilwyn, Leominster Pitt, Walter William...,Whitchurch, Monmouth Plant, Edward... Little Onn, Stafford Plant, Henry W. C....Burley Fields, Stafford Platt, Henry... Werneth Park, Oldham, Lancashire — Platt, James...Newton, Malpas Platt, John...Belle Vue, Wem, Salop. Playfair, G. G...Errol Villa, Southbrook Rd., Lee — Plowden, W....Plowden Hall, Bishop’s Castle, Salop. Plumptre, Charles J....Pedding House, Sandwich Plumptre, J. B. ..Goodnestone Farm, Wingham Pochin, Capt. R. G., R.N..Braunstone Ho., Leicester + Pocock, Chas.. Pocock, Gagan Podmore, Robert.. ' % \¢ New London Road, St. Albans rn -Sealand, Queen’s Ferry, Fine 4 +Pogson, Frank M....Caythorpe, Grantham ay! Pogson, S. M.. eaatos Sleaford, Linc. bt Polding, James Bede...Burnley, Lancashire " Pole-Gell, H. Chandos...Footherley Hall, Lichfield a Pole, Sir Van NottenP.,Bt..59,Gloucester Pl.,Hyde Ph. +Pollard, Joseph... .Highdown, Hitchin +Pollen, R. H.... Radbourn, Chippenham +Pomfret, Virgil. .. Tenterden, Kent Poole, Commander G., R.N...Llangynider, Breco Pooler, Henry...Calvington, Newport, Salop, Pooly, Thomas. ..Northwold, Norfolk Pope, John...Symondsbury, Bridport, Dorset Pope, William... The Wharf, Biggleswade Porter, James...Corney Bury, Buntingford Porter, J. T. B.... Lincoln Porter, Major-Gen....Minterne House, Dorchester Porter, Thos....Bawnton, Cirencester Porter, Wm....Hembury Fort, Honiton +Portman, Hons W.H.B., ors P... Bryanston, Blandf. _ +Portsmouth, Earl of. ..Eggesford Ho., North Devon — Pott, John Manger... "Nothageisa 4 Potter, T. B., M.P....Buile Hill, Manchester 2 Potterton, W. H..,.Boughton Grange, Northampton Potts, Bainbriggs. ..Calverton, Notts. Potts, John D....89, Goldsmith Street, Nottingham Powell, Evan....Swan Side, Newtown, Montgomery Powell, John Thomas. .Easton, Pew: sey, Wilts. 9 Powell, Richard...The Hall, Benson, Wallingford +Powell, Rev. S. H.. Ww y oN AOA IRA aad V iS eer Vv A He ¢ NG I Wiueyy 5 © v ee ge Be yd) yo WoX vu ayy . y e, W UY uuy WA Ne yi eu NR CR ee visa tt Pe Ww oY Sw. AN i gagtivel Sag SoC cot NARA SO , WY sv vivid Ba Wa Set : iv | " Sy ies ; oer WY fe Ce ix pRate valk ‘ : Ms 4 : w “UY eye y swotk ATOR