All Rights Reserved.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF ENGLAND.

VOLUME THE SIXTY-NINTH.

■ ‘

fcv , V A’ . ; V

PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1908.

ADVERTISEMENTS,

BY ROYAL
WARRANT TO

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THE KING.

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For New and Old
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ADVERTISEMENTS.

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THE JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
YOL. 69.

1908.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

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Cup, Royal South Bucks, and fifty-six First Prizes in 1908.

Tested Seed selected under the “ Carter ” Method. Price 16 per lb. ; 14-Si- per cwt.

CARTERS GOLDEN TANKARD MANGEL.

A favourite with Dairy Farmers on account of its richly coloured yellow flesh and milk-
producing qualities.

Tested Seed selected under the “ Carter" Method. Price II- per lb. ; 98 i- per cwt.

CARTERS HOLBORN INVICTA SWEDE.

The finest Purplish Bronze Swede in cultivation.

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237, 238 & 97, High Holborn, LONDON.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF ENGLAND.

VOLUME 69.

(being the sixty-ninth volume issued since the

FIRST PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL IN 1839.)

PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

library

"IEW YORK
>TANICAL
? ‘ROEN

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1908.

Extract from the Society’s By-laws

(Dating from the Foundation of the Society ) : —

“ The Society will not be responsible for the accuracy
of the statements or conclusions contained in the several
papers in the Journal, the authors themselves being
solely responsible.”

•[ 5 ]

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOLUME 69, 1908.

PORTRAIT OF SIR NIGEL KINGSCOTE, G.C.V.O., page
K.C.B. • Frontispiece

Sir Nigel Kingscote ......... 1

By Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., F.S.A.

Rotations . . . . . . . . . .17

By Primrose McConnell, B.Sc., F.G.S.

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire ...... 32

I. — Cotswold Sheep . . . . . . . .32

By Bruce Swanwick.

II. — Oxford Downs ........ 44

By J. T. Hobbs.

Farm Book-keeping ......... 49

By C. S. Orwin, F.S.I.

Report of Lord Reay’s Committee on Agricultural Education . 62

By Norman Lamont, M.P.

Milch Cows and the production of Store Stock . . . .79

{With, Five Illustrations')

By Kenneth J. J. Mackenzie, M.A.

Market Gardening and Fruit Growing in the Vale of Evesham . 95

By James IJdale.

The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production . . . . .104

By Edward J. Russell, D.Sc.

Sussex Cattle . . . . . . . . . .114

By Henry Rigden.

Plant Pests and Legislation . . . . . . . .122

By Ernest S. Salmon, F.L.S.

The late Earl of Derby . . . . . . . . .133

The Newcastle Show, 1908 . . . . . . . .135

( With Sixteen Illustrations)

By Thomas McRow.

The Trials of Artificial and Farm -yard Manure Distributors at New-
castle, 1908 .......... 173

( With Four Illustrations)

By Frank Martin.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Newcastle, 1908 . .182

By Frank Martin.

Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show, 1908 . . .188

By Ernest Mathews.

I. — Milk-yield Tests 188

II. — Butter Tests 195

III. — Experiments in the Dairy ...... 199

[6]

Contents of Volume 69.

PAGE

Agricultural Education Exhibition, 1908 205

Report on the Forestry Exhibition, 1908 ..... 210

By A. C. Forbes.

Report on th^Farm Prize Competitions, 1908 .... 212

By William H. Hogg.

Plans of Farm Buildings : Report by the Judges of the Competition 241
Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting of Governors

and Members of the Society, December 9, 1908 . . .274

Annual Report for 1908 of the Principal of the Royal Yeterinary

College 286

By Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B., B.Sc., C.M.

Anthrax, 286 ; Glanders, 287 ; Swine Fever, 288 ; Sheep Scab, 289 ;
Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 289 ; New Tests for Tuberculosis, 289 ;
Vaccination of Cattle against Tuberculosis, 290 ; Cases of Poison-
ing in Animals, 293.

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist . . . 295

By J. Augustus Voelcker, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.

Feeding Stuffs, 298 ; Fertilisers, 301; Miscellaneous Materials, 305.

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist . . . 308

( With Six Illustrations )

By William Carruthers, F.R.S.

Purity and Germination of Seeds, 308 ; Duration of Vitality in Farm
Seeds, 311 ; Dodder Seeds in Seed Mixtures for Permanent Pastures
or Temporary Lays, 311; Weeds, 313; Diseases and Injuries to
Plants, 315 ; Complete Failure of a Swede Crop, 315 ; Appearance
of a new Potato Pest, 318 ; Disease in Sea Kale, 319.

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist . . . . .321

( With Five Illustrations )

By Cecil Warburton, M.A., F.Z.S.

Thrips on Garden Peas, 321 ; “ Leather Jackets,” or Crane Fly
Grubs, 327 ; Forest Tree Pests, 330 ; Warble Fly, 333 ; Miscellaneous
Notes, 335.

The Woburn Experimental Station of the Royal Agricultural

Society of England ......... 337

By J. Augustus Voelcker, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.

Field Experiments, 1908, 337 ; Continuous Growing of Wheat,

337 ; of Barley, 339 ; Rotation Experiments, 343 ; Green-manuring
Experiments, 348 ; “ Nitrolim ” (Calcium Cyanamide) Experiment,

349; “ Finger-and-Toe” Experiment, and use of Lime, 349;
Varieties of Lucerne, 350 ; Inoculation Experiment with “ Nitro-
Bacterine,” 351 ; Potato Experiments with “ Nitrolim ” and
Magnesia, 352 ; Experiment on Swedes, 354 ; The use of Salt for
Mangolds, 355 ; Grass Experiments, 356 ; Rainfall at Woburn, 357 ;
Pot-Culture Experiments, 1907-8, 358.

Contents of Volume 69. [7]

PAGE

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests .... 361

I. — Summary of Report ....... 361

II. — Tables of Acreage, Live Stock, and Yield of Crops . 366

III. — Prices, Imports, and Exports of Agricultural Produce . 372
The Soil, by A. D. Hall (A Revieiv) ...... 382

The Weather during the Agricultural Year, 1907-1908 . . . 384

By Frederick J. Brodie, F.R. Met. Soc.

Rainfall, Temperature, and Bright Sunshine during 1908 . . 390

The Rainfall of 1908 ......... 391

John Thornton .......... 394

George Henry Sanday . . . . . . . . 394

APPENDIX.

List of Council of Royal Agricultural Society of England . i

Standing Committees of the Council ...... iii

Chief Officials of the Society ....... iv

Distribution of Governors and Members of the Society, and of

Ordinary Members of the Council ..... v

Governors of the Society ........ vii

Honorary Members of the Society ...... xiii

Summary of Members on Register, December 31, 1908 . . xiii

Life Governors and Members paying an Annual Subscription . xiv

Table showing the Number of Governors and Members in each

Year from the Establishment of the Society ... xv

Financial Statement by the Chairman of the Finance Committee xvi

Balance-sheet for 1908, with appended Statements of Ordinary
Income and Expenditure and of Receipts and Expenditure
at the Newcastle Show, 1908 ...... xviii

Trust Funds held by the Royal Agricultural Society . . . xxii

Statement showing Distribution of Prizes at Newcastle Show . xxiii

Memoranda .......... xxviii

Minutes of the Council Meetings in 1908 ..... xxix

January 29, xxix ; February 26, xxx ; April 1, xxxii ;

May 6, xxxiii ; June 3, xxxiv ; July 1, xxxvi ; July 4, xl ;

July 29, xli ; November 4, xliii ; December 9, xlv.

Proceedings at the General Meeting, July 2, 1908 . . . xxxvii

Proceedings at the Annual General Meeting, December 9, 1908 xlvii
Reception of Representatives of the National Agricultural

Society of Hungary xxxv

Officials and Judges at the Newcastle Meeting, 1908 . . . liii

Awards of Prizes at Newcastle, 1908 Ivii

Prize List for Gloucester Show of 1909. .... cxxxi

Principal Additions to the Library ...... cxli

Index to Yolume 69 ........ cxliii

[

8

]

Binding of the Volumes

of the Journal.

Governors, Members, and others who desire to have their copies of the Journal bound
in green cloth to match the Bound Volumes issued by the Society from 1901 to 1904,
are requested to communicate on the subject with the Society’s printers, Messrs. James
Truscott & Son, Ltd., of Suffolk Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

Messrs. Truscott & Son have contracted — (1) To bind the Volume in the green cloth
cover, with gilt lettering at the back, and the Society’s device in gilt at the side, at the
price of 2s., including delivery of the Bound Volume ; (2) To supply the green cloth
lettered cases, for the use of local bookbinders, at the price of l.s. 3d. each, post free,
or l.s. each, if called for at their Offices in Suffolk Lane.

Back Volumes of the Journal will also be bound in the same description of cover at
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Series cannot be supplied separately.

All parcels and correspondence thereon should be addressed postage or carriage
'prepaid) to Messrs. James Truscott & Son, Ltd., and not to the Society.

To avoid confusion the Volumes of the Journal have been re-numbered from the be-
ginning, and the following Table shows both the Old and the New Numbers of each of the
Volumes which have been issued since the first appearance of the Journal in 1839 : —

NEW

NUMBERS

Vol. 1. (1838-40)

Vol.26. 1865 ..
„ 27. 1866 ..

„ 30. 1868 ..
„ 31. 1870 .
„ 32. 1871 ..
„ 33. 1872 ..
„ 34. 1873 ..
„ 35. 1874 ..
„ 36. 1875 ..
„ 37. 1876 ..
„ 38. 1877 ..
„ 38. 1878 ..

Old Numbers

FIRST SERIES

2.

1841

II.

3.

1842

III.

4.

1843

t|

IV.

5.

1844

„

V.

6.

1845

VI.

7.

1846

VII.

8.

1847

VIII.

9.

1848

IX.

10.

1849

X.

11.

1850

XI.

12.

1851

XII.

13.

1852

XIII.

14.

1853

XIV.

15.

1854

XV.

16.

1855

XVI.

17.

1856

„

XVII.

18.

1857

XVIII.

19.

1858

(1

XIX.

20.

1859

„

XX.

21.

1860

„

XXI.

22.

1861

M

XXII.

23.

1862

M

XXIII.

24.

1863

XXIV.

25.

1864

xxv.

SECOND

I. (i.), II. (ii), III. (iii ),
and IV. (iv.)

(v.) II. (vi.), & III. (vii.)
(viii.), II. (ix.), & III. (x.)
(xi.) and II. (xii.)

(xiii.) and II. (xiv.)

(xv.) and II. (xvi.)

(xvii.) and II. (xviii.)
(xix.) and II. (xx.)

(xxi.) and II. (xxii.)
(xxiii.) and II. (xxiv.)
(xxv.) and II. (xxvi.)
(xxvii.) and II. (xxviii.)
(xxix.) and II. (xxx.)
(xxxi.) and II. (xxxii.)
(xxxiii.) and II. (xxxiv.)
(xxxv.) and II. (xxxvi.)
(xxxvii.) & II. (xxxviii.)
(xx xix.) and II. (xl.)

(xli.) and II. (xlii.)

(xliii.) and II. (xliv.)
(xlv.) and II. (xlvi.)
(xlvii.) and II. (xlviii.)
and II. (xlix.)

(1.) and II. (li.)

(Iii.) and II. (liii.)

I. Parts I. (i.) and II. (ii.)

II.

III.

IV.
V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

I. (iii.) and II. (iv.)

I. (v.) and II. (vi.)

I. (vii.) and II. (viii.)

I. (ix.) and II. (x.)

I. (xi.) and II. (xii.)

I. (xiii.) and II. (xiv.)

I. (xv.) and II. (xvi.)

I. (xvii.) and II. (xviii.)

I. (xix.) and II. (xx.)

I. (xxi.) and II. (xxii.)

I. (xxiii.) and II. (xxiv.)

I. (xxv.) and II. (xxvi.)

I. (xxvii.) and II. (xxviii.)

NEW

NUMBERS

Old Numbers

Vol. 40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

Vol. 51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.
61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

1879 .

1880 .
1881 .
1882 .

1883 .

1884 .

1885 .

1886 .

1887 .

1888 .

1890 .

1891 .

1892 .

1893 .

1894 .

1895 .

1896 .

1897 .

1898 .

1899 .

1900 .

1901 .

1902 .

1903 .

1904 .

1905 .

1906 .

1907 .

1908 .

SECOND SERIES— continued.

Vol. XV. Parts I. (xxix.) and II. (xxx.)
XVI. „ I. (xxxi.) and II. (xxxii.)
XVII. „ I. (xxxiii.) and II. (xxxiv.)

, XVIII. „ I. (xxxv. )and II. (xxxvi.)

XIX. „ I. (xxxvii.) & II. (xxxviii.)

, XX. „ I. (xxxix.) and II. (xl.)
XXI. „ I. (xli.) and II. (xiii.)

XXII. „ I. (xliii.) and II. (xliv.)
XXIII. „ I. (xlv.) and 1 1, (xlvi.)
XXIV. „ I. (xlvii.) and II. (xlviii.)
XXV. „ I. (xlix.) and II. (1.)

THIRD SERIES

Vol. I. Parcs I. (1). II. (2). III. (S), aod
IV. (4)

„ II. „ I. (5). II. (6), III. (7), and

iV. (8)

„ III. ,. I. (9). II. (10), III. (11), and
IV. (12)

„ IV. „ I. (13), 11.(14), III. (16), and
IV. (16)

„ V. „ I. (17), II. (18), III. (19), and

IV. (20)

„ VI. „ I. (21), II. (22), III. (23), and

IV. (24)

„ VII. „ I. (25), II. (26), III. (27), and

IV. (28)

„ VIII. „ I. (29), II. (30), III. (31), and
IV. (32)

„ IX. ,. I. (33), II. (34), III. (35). and

IV. (36)

„ X. „ I. (37), II. (38), III. (39). and

IV. (40)

„ XI. „ I. (41), II. (42), III. (43), and

IV. (44)

Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

Issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers.
Issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers.
Issued as;m Annual Volume in paper covers.
Issued as an Annual Volume in paper coveis.

(The numerals within brackets indicate the numbers as printed on the several Parts of each Series.)

ELLIOTT A FRY PHOTO.

EMERY WALKER IMP

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF ENGLAND.

SIR NIGEL KINGSCOTE.

Born February 28, 1830. Died September 22, 1908.

JUST about the time of the Royal Agricultural Society’s great
Jubilee Show in Windsor Great Park, in June, 1889, as one
outcome of which all those associated with the Society had to
accustom themselves to addressing Colonel Kingscote as “ Sir
Nigel,” and Mr. Wilson as“ Sir Jacob,” a somewhat remarkable
man (now dead) was co-opted on the Council. He had been
connected with a firm of agricultural engineers in earlier life,
and was learned in all matters of farm machinery ; but he had
no taste whatever for live stock, and was no respecter of
persons, however highly placed. He had, however, a great
admiration for character, had read widely and deeply, and had
fresh and piquant views on a great variety of subjects. He
was a most useful man in committee, often interpolating some
shrewd remark which summarised the situation, but he
contented himself at the Council meetings with watching and
observing the idiosyncrasies of his colleagues.

One day he suddenly said to me, “ I want you to tell me
the secret of the influence exercised by Sir Nigel Kingscote at
Hanover Square. He cannot be said to be a good speaker ; he
is not so ready in the cut and thrust of debate as others
holding opposite views ; I should hardly call him farsighted
or clever ; and yet he always seems to dominate the Council.
Why is this ? ” The best answer I could give on the spur
of the moment was that Sir Nigel was a great gentleman,
courteous and considerate to all, both high and low, a man of
the highest honour integrity and simplicity of character, who
said and did what he felt to be right without pose or regard for
after consequences to himself.

VOL. 69.

B

2

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

But I subsequently showed my friend, who, being the
author of a book was on the Journal Committee, a passage
which I had quoted from Greville’s Memoirs when writing in
this Journal, in 1890, 1 a biography of the third Earl Spencer,
better known in politics as Lord Althorp ; and we were agreed
that Sir Nigel Kingscote might be regarded in many respects
as a re-incarnation of Lord Spencer. What Charles Greville
wrote in his diary within a few days of the death, on October 1,
1845, of the first President of this Society, may be fitly applied
to the fortieth President, who died on September 22, 1908, and
I therefore again quote his words here : —

“ No man ever died with a fairer character, or more generally regretted.
In his county he was exceedingly beloved and respected, and his personal
friends, who were warmly attached to him, highly valued his opinions upon
public matters, and on all important occasions anxiously sought and placed
great reliance upon his advice. His career presents few materials to the
biographer, but he had sterling qualities of mind and character which made
him one of the most useful and valuable, as he was one of the best and most
amiable men of his day. He was the very model and type of an English
gentleman, tilling with propriety the station in which fortune had placed him,
and making the best use of the abilities which Nature had bestowed upon him.

“ Modest without diffidence, confident without vanity, ardently desiring
the good of his country, without the slightest personal ambition, he took that
part in public affairs which his station and his opinions prompted, with a
straightforward bravery which was the result of sincerity, singleness of
purpose, the absence of all selfishness, and a true, genuine, but unpretending
patriotism. His tastes, habits, and turn of mind were peculiarly and
essentially English ; he was a high-minded, unaffected, sensible, well-educated
English gentleman, addicted to all those rural pursuits and amusements which
are considered national ; a practical farmer, and fond of field sports, but
enjoying all things in moderation, and making every other occupation
subordinate to the discharge of those duties to his country, whether general or
local, the paramount obligation of which was ever uppermost in his mind.
His friends followed this plain and simple man with enthusiastic devotion, and
he possessed the faculty of disarming his antagonists of all bitterness and
animosity towards him.” 2

In fact, Sir Nigel Kingscote was, like Lord Spencer and
Philip Pusey, the first Editor of this Journal, an excellent
type of a fine body of men — the old country gentleman M.P.
As Lord Welby — a close and attached friend of Sir Nigel —
says in a letter to me which I am permitted to quote :

“ They ranged over many shades of character, from men of
restricted ideas to men who could, like Pusey, hold their
own in any generation, but they had a common quality of
upright gentlemen, not swayed by pettifogging interests.”

Sir Nigel Kingscote was a scion of one of the oldest
families in the Kingdom — the Kingscotes of Kingscote, who
trace their pedigree back to a period (985 A.D.) before the

1 R.A.S.E. Journal for 1890, Part I., pp. 138-153.

The Greville Memoirs, Yol. V. (Ed. 1888), pp. 301-4.

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

3

Norman Conquest. In the reign of Henry the Second, Adam
de Kingscote obtained a confirmation (1188 A.D.) from his
uncle, Lord Maurice Fitzhardinge, of the manor of Kingscote,
which his father, Nigell Fitz-Arthur, had received as dower
from his wife, Adeva, daughter of Robert Fitzhardinge,
grandson of Sueno, the third King of Denmark, by Eva, niece
of William the Conqueror. It is a family tradition that the
domain so obtained is to this day exactly the same in size as
when its dimensions were recorded in Domesday Book.

The head of the house a century ago was Robert Kingscote,
a bachelor, who himself had succeeded a childless uncle.
Robert was followed in February, 1840, by a nephew, Thomas
Heni’y Kingscote, born January 19, 1799. Thomas Kingscote,
who was a strikingly handsome and powerful man, G feet
6 inches high, and was considered the best heavy-weight
rider in the Badminton Hunt, married in 1828 Lady Isabella
Somerset, sixth daughter of Henry, sixth Duke of Beaufort.
Lady Isabella was under twenty years of age when she
married, and was only twenty-two when she died on
February 4, 1831, less than a year after the birth, on
February 28, 1830, of a son, who was christened Robert Nigel
Fitzhardinge. Thomas Kingscote married again in June, 1833,
and by his second wife, the eldest daughter of the first Lord
Bloomfield, he had five sons and three daughters.

Of the early days of young Nigel Kingscote not much is
recorded, but from his earliest youth he was a good rider and
fond of field sports. He did not go to any public school, but
got most of his education at a private academy near
Weymouth, after which he went abroad for a year with a
tutor. At the early age of sixteen he obtained, doubtless
through the influence of his maternal great-uncle, Lord
Fitzroy Somerset (afterwards Lord Raglan), a commission in
the Scots Fusilier Guards. He became Ensign and Lieutenant
in that historic regiment on October 27, 1846, was promoted
to be Lieutenant and Captain on June 28, 1850, and on the
breaking out in 1854 of hostilities with Russia, was selected
by his great-uncle, now Lord Raglan and Commander-in-Chief,
to accompany him to the Crimea as one of his aides-de-camp.
It should be mentioned that at this time Captain Kingscote was
a widower. He had married on March 13, 1851, Caroline,
daughter of Colonel Wyndham (afterwards the first Lord
Leconfield), but she had died in 1852, leaving no issue.

As to his experiences in the Crimea there is not much to
be said. It is obvious from Kinglake’s1 three references to
him that he was in close and devoted attendance on his
relative, the Commander-in-Chief, and did his best to help in

1 Invasion of the Crimea, Vol. V., 389 ; Vol. VI., 208. 341.

4

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

surmounting the difficulties of the campaign. When Lord
Raglan died from dysentery on June 28, 1855, during the siege
of Sebastopol, his remains were brought back to England in
the steamship Caradoc, and his aides-de-camp1 escorted the
body to its last r’esting-place in the family vault of the
Somersets at Badminton. For his war services Nigel
Kingscote, who had been gazetted Brevet-Major whilst in the
Crimea, on December 12, 1854, was given the brevet rank of
Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army, was made a Companion of
the Bath, and received the Crimean Medal, with four clasps
(Alma, Balaclava, Inkerman, and Sebastopol), as well as the
Turkish Medal.

On February 5, 1856, Colonel Kingscote married as his
second wife Lady Emily Marie Curzon, third daughter of the
first Earl Howe, and set up an establishment at 34 Charles
Street, Berkeley Square, where he continued to reside for over
forty years, removing in 1897 to 19 South Audley Street. He
sold out of the Scots Fusilier Guards in 1856, and thereafter
his only association with the Army was as Honorary Colonel
of the (recently disbanded) North Gloucester Militia, a position
in which he succeeded his father in 1862. He lived for a
number of years the ordinary life of a country gentleman
with a town residence and a seat in Parliament : for in July,
1852, he had been elected as a Liberal to represent the Western
Division of Gloucestershire, and retained the seat for thirty-
three years. On the death of his father on December 19, 1861,
he came into possession of the estate at Kingscote, and kept
up the family traditions as a squire, stock-breeder, and a
follower of the hounds.

In Parliament he was one of the silent members, more
common then than now ; and the only subject on which he is
remembered to have taken a part of any prominence was that
of the Abolition of Purchase in the Army, in which his views
were opposed to the Liberal party, to which he then belonged.
He was, however, regarded as a useful practical member, espe-
cially in all matters relating to agriculture. He held his seat for
West Gloucestershire without a contest from 1852 (when as a
Free Trader he defeated a Protectionist) until 1868, and he was
practically unopposed then and later, for although the Liberals
won, lost, and regained the second seat, it was an understanding

1 His four aides-de-camp were (1) Lieut.-Col. Lord Burghersh, (2) Lieut.*
Col. Poulet G. H. Somerset, (3) Brevet-Major Kingscote, (4) Capt. the Hon.
Leicester Curzon. The senior, Lord Burghersh, subsequently twelfth Earl of
Westmorland, married on July 16, 1857, Lady Adelaide Curzon, elder sister
of Lady Emily Kingscote, nee Curzon. The junior was Lady Emily's
youngest brother, who subsequently took the name of Smyth on marrying an
heiress of that name, and died in 1891 as Sir Leicester Smyth, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

5

on both sides that only that seat should be contested, and that
Colonel Kingscote, whilst having the Liberal vote, should
receive enough Conservative votes to ensure his election. In
the last Parliament in which he sat (1880-5) he had as
colleague Lord Moreton, son of his old and attached friend,
Earl Ducie. In March, 1885, Colonel Kingscote received from
Mr. Gladstone the offer of a Commissionership of Woods and
Forests, and his acceptance of this Civil Service appointment
brought his Parliamentary career to a close.

The qualities that were afterwards so generally recognised
in Colonel Kingscote had obviously attracted the notice of the
powers that then were so early as June 28, 1859, when he was
appointed on the formation of Lord Palmerston’s Government
to the post of Parliamentary Groom-in-Waiting to Queen
Victoria. He retained this appointment during Lord Russell’s
short Government of 1865-6, but retired when that Ministry
fell in July, 1866.

Meanwhile, in May, 1864, he had been appointed, in succession
to Colonel Thomas, to the post of Superintendent of the Prince
of Wales’s Stables, a position which involved practically daily
attendance at Marlboi-ough House, and the general supervision
of the men, horses, and carriages in this department of the
Heir-Apparent’s household. Memories of Colonel Kingscote’s
punctilious discharge of his duties, and of the respect and
affection that he inspired, remain to this day in the staff
serving under him in the Royal stables.

It was in this way that commenced the long and intimate
association with his Royal master and mistress which lasted
forty-four years, and was only terminated by Sir Nigel’s death.
On April 9, 1867, he received the additional (honorary)
appointment of Extra Equerry to the Prince of Wales, which
he retained until the beginning of the present reign, when he
was made Extra Equerry to the King. His wife, Lady Emily
Kingscote, who had been appointed in July, 1872, Lady of the
Bedchamber to the Princess of Wales, was at the same time
made Bedchamber Woman to Queen Alexandra, a position which
she resigned in June, 1906, in consequence of failing health.

Mr. T. H. S. Escott says in his brightly written King
Edivcird VII. and his Court (1903) : —

“The Court of the Seventh Edward is above all things representative.
The first principle expressed in its composition is, as befits a monarchical
and aristocratic country, that of antiquity of family descent. Wessex,
richly endowed as it is in that respect, possesses few stocks so ancient
as the Kingscotes, of Wotton-under-Edge. Sir Nigel Kingscote, the Palace
Paymaster, discharges one of his duties by reminding critics of the new
regime that the most cosmopolitan sovereign and court ever known in this
nation is also one of the most conservative. A Gloucestershire squire of many
acres and old descent, Sir Nigel Kingscote has appeared as the one repre-

6

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

sentative near the throne of the country gentleman who, till the eve of the
Victorian age, was an English power only second to the Sovereign or his great
territorial nobles (pp. 34-6 and 275).

The paid post of Superintendent of the Stables at
Marlborough House was relinquished by Sir Nigel in 1885,
when he took up his duties as one of the Commissioners of
Woods and Forests. As in all his other appointments, he
brought to this new work a diligent and punctual discharge
of duty,- and won golden opinions from the tenants of the
Royal estates, which it was his function to control and inspect.
On July 9, 1886, he was also made a member of the Council
of the Prince of Wales, and in 1888 he became Receiver-
General of the Duchy of Cornwall, two posts which he retained
to his death.

After ten years’ service as Commissioner of Woods and
Forests, Sir Nigel, who on July 2, 1889, had been made K.C.B.
(Civil), reached the age — sixty-five — at which, under the
Treasury Regulations, civil servants are called upon to retire.
He retired from his Commissionership on March 3, 1895
(exactly ten years after his appointment), on a small pension,
and for some years held no public office, though his services
were speedily secured by Lord Cawdor (then Chairman of the
Great Western Railway) as a Director of that Company.
Shortly after his present Majesty ascended the throne, however,
the appointment of Paymaster-General of the Household fell
vacant, and to this post the King delightedly appointed his old
friend and faithful servant. For the seven years before his
death, therefore, Sir Nigel was in daily attendance at his little
office in Stable Yard, St. James’s Palace, where I often went
to see him to discuss the difficult problems which the Royal
Agricultural Society was then attempting to solve. On
November 9, 1902, the King further showed his regard for
Sir Nigel by conferring upon him the distinction of Knight
Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.

So much for Sir Nigel’s official appointments at various
periods of his long and useful life. But the careful and
punctual discharge of his obligatory duties by no means
exhausted his activities. He was much in request as a
member of the governing bodies of a great many institutions
connected with agriculture, and contrived by an orderly
management of his time and thoughts, and an exemplary
punctuality in all his engagements, to give due attention to
each and all.

First and foremost in the estimation of most readers of
these pages are his splendid services to the Royal Agricultural
Society. His father became a member of the English
Agricultural Society (as it was called before it got its Charter)

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

7

in 1839, and Sir Nigel once told me that he had been taken by
his parent to witness the Royal Show held at Bristol in 1842 —
when, therefore, he was a boy of twelve. Colonel Kingscote
himself was elected a member of the Society on April 5, 1854,
on the nomination of Mr. Raymond Barker, then Chairman of
the Finance Committee. He was elected a member of the
Council on July 1, 1863, on the motion of the Hon. William
Cavendish, M.P., seconded by Major-General Hood (afterwards
Lords Chesham and Bridport). He joined the Finance
Committee at the beginning of 1867, and when the late Lord
Bridport became President in 1874-5, Sir Nigel succeeded him
as Chairman of the Finance Committee, a position which he
held until the end of 1905, except during the year (1877-8) of
his own Presidency of the Society, when the Show of 1878
was being held (for the second time) at Bristol, in his own
district.

Sir Nigel’s letter of August, 1905, to the then President,
announcing his intention not to seek re-election at the end
of that year as Chairman of the enlarged Finance Committee,
is characteristic. He said that it was known to Mr. Cornwallis
and others of his old colleagues that he had for some
time been anxious to be relieved from the Chairmanship of
the Committee, but was unwilling to retire whilst the Society
was in trouble, lest it might be thought that he was shirking
duty. But he thought that after thirty years of Chairman-
ship, he might not unreasonably ask that at his time of life
(he was then seventy-five) and at the beginning of a new era
of management, he might be excused from further service as
Chairman. He remained on the Council, however, until
November in the following year, when he formally resigned
the position of trustee, to which he had been appointed on
July 1, 1874, and thus ceased to be a member of the governing
body. At their meeting held on November 7, 1906, the
Council passed, on the motion of Mr. Cornwallis, seconded
by H.R.H. Prince Christian, the following resolution : —

“ The Council desire to record on their minutes the great regret with
which they learn that Sir Nigel Kingscote is compelled by ill-health to
retire from the deliberations of the Council. Since his election to the
Council in 1 8G3, he has served as President of the Society in 1877-8,
as Chairman of the Finance Committee from 1875, and Chairman of the
House Committee from the same date. He frequently acted as Steward
at the Annual Shows, and has been a Trustee of the Society from 1874.
In these and other offices, and on all occasions, his energy, tact, and
earnestness have been of inestimable value to the Society, while his
courtesy and kindness have endeared him in a special degree to all his
colleagues.”

In an unofficial capacity as Governor of the Society, Sir
Nigel attended however several subsequent meetings of the

8

Sir Niyel Kingscote.

Council, when matters relating to the forthcoming Show at
Gloucester in 1909 were under discussion, his last appearance
being on July 29, 1908.

A pleasing incident in connection with Sir Nigel’s associa-
tion with the Royal Agricultural Society was the honorary
degree of Doctor of Laws which he received from the University
of Cambridge when the Society visited that town for the second
time in June, 1894. The late Duke of Devonshire was in
that year President of the Society, and as Chancellor of the
University he personally conferred upon some of his colleagues
on the Council (H.R.H. the Duke of York, the Duke of
Richmond and Gordon, Earl Cathcart, Sir John Thorold, Bart.,
Sir Nigel Kingscote, and Mr. Albert Pell) the titular degree of
LL.D. In introducing to the Chancellor Sir Nigel Kingscote,
the Public Orator of the University made a Latin speech1
in which he spoke of Sir Nigel’s services in war and peace, of
his having done admirable service in the customary business
of the Royal Agricultural Society, and of his being one whom
Ennius would have described as “ egregio cordatus homo ” —
a man of excellent heart.

It would be impossible in this place to recount in detail
the services rendered by Sir Nigel to the Society during the
forty years that he was on the Council. During the whole
of the period (18^ years) that I served under him he was
generally recognised as a sort of permanent Chairman of the
Council, to whom all the officials of the Society — Presidents,
Honorary Directors, Chairmen of other Committees, and
Secretary — took their difficulties for solution. He had a kind
of instinct for what was right to be done, and one felt a
moral safety in following his advice.

In addition to his Chairmanship of the Finance Committee,
he was for a long series of years Chairman of the House
Committee, and an active member of the Veterinary and
Selection Committees. He was a Trustee of Harewood House,
a Trustee of the Queen Victoria Gifts Fund, raised in 1897
in celebration of the Diamond Jubilee, Chairman of the
Committee for Hanover Square Garden, and of many special
Committees both of the Society itself or of organisations in
which it was interested. He did not profess to be an orator,
and indeed, when upon his legs, suffered somewhat in the
exposition of his views from a difficulty in the choice of words.
But his meaning was there all the same ; and as the Council
was always a little restive at lengthy speeches, he no doubt
achieved liis result as well as, if not better than, if his remarks
in debate had been more fluent than they actually were.

1 For the full text of this Latin oration, see K.A.S.E.' Journal for 1894,
pp. 430 and 431

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

9

Sir Nigel was a great stickler for order in debate, and
the intrusion in discussions of matters extraneous to the
particular issue was to him a source of discomfort and
restlessness. Direct and precise himself, he expected others
more diffuse and loquacious than he was to keep to the
point — which . is always the difficulty in all deliberative
assemblies. It would be unjust to say of a man so amiable
in character that he glowered at opponents and interrupters ;
but having a clear view himself of what he felt to be right,
he could not enter sympathetically into opposite opinions
expressed by others— probably with less opportunities for a
correct judgment than he had. Yet always, even under the
most trying conditions, he maintained his courtesy of manner,
and never spoke with heat or recrimination.

I recall especially one illustration of Sir Nigel’s simple and
direct methods of thought and action. As it happened nearly
twenty years ago, and all the leading actors in the matter are
either dead or have retired from the service of the Society,
there can be no harm in mentioning it. There was a particular
matter in which the Finance Committee took up a strong line,
but which was strenuously objected to by an individual Member
of the Council with independent views, and a great facility
and clearness in expressing them. After some preliminary
skirmishes and a long set debate, this Member of the Council
was handsomely beaten ; but he persevered in his opposition,
taking advantage of various opportunities which occurred
during the next few months to attempt to upset the previous
decision by giving notice of amendments.

In the hope of averting another complicated debate on this
vexed question, efforts were made by correspondence to effect
a compromise by meeting the objector half way. At one time
there seemed hope of the negotiations being successful, but he
finally adhered to his own views. In order that the Council
might have the opportunity of expressing its opinion on
the suggested compromise, notice of a further amendment
embodying it was put on the agenda paper by another
Member friendly to the Finance Committee. The day arrived
for the decision. The Finance Committee held a preliminary
meeting before the Council sat, when it was agreed that a
proposed alteration in the By-laws, of which notice had
already been given by Sir Nigel, should be formally moved
in its original form, but that the discussion should proceed
on the two amendments. If the Council thought well of the
new principle embodied in these amendments, then support
would be given by the Committee to the proposal contained in
the compromise which the objector had refused to accept. But
on his way upstairs to the Comicil Chamber, Sir Nigel met the

10

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

Duke of Richmond and Gordon, and found in him an ardent
sympathiser in the trouble which defence of the Finance
Committee’s position had involved to Sir Nigel for nine or
ten months past. Emboldened by His Grace’s support of
the original proposal, Sir Nigel put away from him as irksome
any suggestion of a middle course. To my amazement, he got
up and made a fighting speech, and being supported strenuously
by the Duke, the original resolution was carried by a three-
fourths majority, and has never since been questioned.

Another institution of public usefulness in which Sir Nigel
took a particular interest was the Royal Veterinary College in
College Street, Camden Town, of which he became a Governor
in 1873. He became a Vice-President in 1878, and in 1887, on
the retirement of the late Mr. C. N. Newdegate, he was elected
Chairman of the Governors and a Trustee of the College. He
took an active part in obtaining for the College the charter of
incorporation granted to it in 1875, and it was largely owing
to his exertions and influence that in 1905 the Government,
through the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, made an
annual grant of 800Z. in aid of the College funds. The system
of education pursued at the College has been very considerably
extended and improved since the date of Sir Nigel’s election
as a Governor. Every step in advance had his cordial
approval and assistance, even when through the raising the
standard of the Matriculation examination the number of
students entering the College was reduced.

In 1891, during Sir Nigel’s Chairmanship, the centenary of
the foundation of the College took place. On that occasion the
College was visited by His Majesty the King, then Prince of
Wales, who was accompanied by the President of the College,
His late Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge. Under Sir
Nigel’s guidance a thorough inspection was made of the
College premises, and the opportunity was taken of formally
opening a new range of buildings which had been erected at
a cost of some 10,000?., and which included a new lecture
theatre, a museum, a library and reading room for the students,
and other class rooms, &c. In the erection of these buildings
Sir Nigel had taken a very active part, and it was largely due
to his exertions that the opening ceremony was brought to so
successful an issue.

In 1903 the Governors of the College resolved that the
University of London he approached with the request that the
University would institute a degree in veterinary science.
This was a subject in which Sir Nigel took the warmest
interest and which he furthered by every means in his power.
A degree in veterinary science has now been instituted by
the University, for which several students of the College are

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

11

candidates, the more advanced courses of instruction required
of these candidates being given in the College. Indeed, in
season and out of season, Sir Nigel was never tired of working
in the College interest, and the number of his friends and
acquaintances that he induced to become supporters of the
institution may, the Secretary says, “ be reckoned by scores
if not by hundreds.”

Sir Nigel took an active part in the formation of the
Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland, established
in July, 1874, to take over Coates’ Herd Book.1 He was
indeed the first of the signatories to the articles of association,
and the last survivor of them. He was for a long series of
years Chairman of the General Purposes Committee of the
Shorthorn Society, and served the office of President on two
separate occasions (1879-80 and 1901-2).

Another Society in which Sir Nigel took a prominent part
was the Hunters’ Improvement Society, the establishment of
which was the outcome of a meeting held at Tattersall’s on
November 5, 1884, to organise a Show for classes of thorough-
bred stallions suitable for getting hunters and half-bred
horses. In December, 1880, he was elected a Vice-President of
the then newly formed Hunters’ Improvement Society, and in
June, 1887, was elected President, serving later for a second
tex-m in 1901. He acted as Chairman of a Special Committee
which drew up, after much delibex-ation, the conditions for
l’egistering hunter stallions and mares. Though a great
adherent of “ blood ” and the thoroughbred, he more than
once acknowledged that the registration of stallions with a
slight stain would be of value to breeders.

He was also on the govei-ning bodies of the Smithfield
Club (President in 1879 and 1903), Southdown Sheep Society
(Vice-Pi’esident since 1899, President in 1902), and the
Kingscote Fanners’ Club, a local institution of which he was
for many years the President, and before which he not only
read papers himself, but persuaded leading exponents of
agricultural thought to do likewise.

Sir Nigel was a member of the Royal Commission on
Agriculture of 1880, of which the late Duke of Richmond
and Gordon was the Chairman, and also on the later
Commission appointed in 1893, under the chairmanship of
Mr. Shaw-Lefevre (now Lord Eversley), and pei’formed useful
service on both.

In his own county of Gloucestershire, Sir Nigel was for
many years a leading figure. He was a Deputy Lieutenant for

1 For an interesting sketch of the origin and growth of this publication see
pp. 37-38 of Sir Nigel’s article on “The Value of Pedigree,” in the R.A.S.E
Journal for 1902.

12

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

the county, and a Justice of the Peace both for Gloucestershire
and Wiltshire. He was one of the first Aldermen appointed
in 1889 by the Gloucestershire County Council, a position he
retained until his death, and for many years one of the
Committee of Management of the Royal Agricultural College
at Cirencester. Although in late years he had not been able to
follow the hounds, he had a great reputation in the past amongst
hunting men in the Badminton, the V.W.H., and Berkeley
countries for being an especially straight and bold rider. His
hunting career commenced when he was sixteen, and there
are records in the Berkeley annals of brilliant gallops when
he and others “ went best.” In the winter of 1861, when the
then Duke of Beaufort had to winter abroad, the management
of the Badminton pack was entrusted to Sir William Codrington
and Colonel Kingscote.1 When riding one of the Prince of
Wales’s horses whilst His Royal Highness was in Egypt, Colonel
Kingscote broke his leg whilst out hunting ; and he also broke
some ribs in the field. Almost to the last he was fond of
riding, and rarely missed his early morning canter in Hyde
Park. In the grounds of Kingscote is what was once one of the
finest race-courses in England, and the meetings there used to
be called the Goodwood of the West. There was, however,
no racing there in Sir Nigel’s lifetime, as the course has
not been used for that purpose since 1825. In a secluded
dell in the park is pointed out a place where many prize
fights were held in the palmy days of the ring. In his
early days he was devoted to cricket, and was mainly instru-
mental in getting together an eleven to play the Free
Foresters at Kingscote and in bringing a team to play the
Zingari at Badminton.

Mention has been made on a previous page of Sir Nigel’s
having kept up, on succeeding in 1861 to the Kingscote
property, the family traditions as a landlord of the old school,
and as an enthusiastic breeder of pedigree live-stock. He took
a very keen and practical interest in the management of his
estate and liked to be kept duly informed of all that took
place. He was a just and generous landlord, ever ready to
help his tenants in all their difficulties. They never applied
to him in vain for improvements to their holdings that
appeared to him of practical value. He was perhaps happiest
when walking or riding over his home farm and estate. He
knew every man on it and took a personal interest in their
welfare. He had not resided at Kingscote for the last twenty
years, greatly to the regret of the neighbourhood, but he came
down for a day or two every two months or so, and made a

1 The Eighth I)ul<e of Beaufort and the Badminton Hunt , by T. F. Dale,
1901, pp. 193, 223.

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

13

point of seeing his tenants and having a chat with them at
least twice in the year.

He was extremely fond of his stud, herd and flock, and
assisted in their management and breeding with his varied and
practical knowledge. In an interesting and useful paper
which he contributed to this Journal in 19021 on “The Value
of Pedigree,” he spoke of himself as having then for thirty
years bred “pure” Suffolk horses, “pure” Shorthorn cattle,
“pure ” Southdown sheep, and “pure” Berkshire pigs. In all this
he was only following in his father’s footsteps. Shortly after Mr.
Thomas. Kingscote came into possession of the property, in 1840,
he laid the foundation of the herd of cattle of which his son
was so justly proud, and which, as many will hear with regret,
is now to be dispersed under the hammer next April.

It is unusual to find the clean-limbed Suffolk horses in the
West Country, but they were and are bred not only at
Kingscote but also at Buckland, the family seat of the
Throckmortons near Faringdon. At Kingscote the Suffolks
did all the work of the home farm and estate. Sir Nigel
always went to East Anglia when he required a fresh sire, and
occasionally bought a mare or two to introduce fresh blood.
He liked best a short-legged compact animal that could move
sharply in its walk, and objected to a horse that had too much
top for its bone. When he lived at Kingscote he put a Suffolk
mare to a thoroughbred stallion, and was success tul in breeding
good hunters from this cross. He personally rode these
animals to hounds as four-year-olds, and they made high prices
when sold at the end of the season, two of this mare’s produce
realising 175 and 155 guineas respectively.

The herd of Shorthorn cattle at Kingscote dates back to
about 1845, and was one of the earliest as well as one of the
most famous in the West Country. In founding it Mr. Thomas
Kingscote had the highly competent advice of his friend the
second Earl of Ducie, the owner of the famous Tortworth herd.
The earliest sires at Kingscote were from Tortworth (Fourth
Duke of York, Duke of Gloucester, &c.), and others came from
the well-known Wetherby herd in Yorkshire, A succession
of high-class Bates “ Duchess ” sires rendered the herd full of
the fashionable blood of the day.

About ten years after he had succeeded to the property, Sir
Nigel took the bold course, under the advice of the late John
Thornton, of importing from Canada a young bull, “ Duke
of Hillhurst,” from the Hon. M. H. Cochrane, a collector of
high-class Bates families. The price given for “ Duke of
Hillhurst ” was a high one : so much so that he was wittily
called at the time the “ golden calf.” But as Sir Nigel admitted

1 K.A.S.E. Journal, Vol. for 1902, pp. 31-48.

14

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

at the complimentary dinner given, under his chairmanship,
to Mr. Thornton on June 27, 1905, this bull “turned out very
well ” ; in other words, he became such a noted sire that his
purchase was an excellent investment. At the Dunmore sale
on August 25, 1875, “Duke of Connaught,” a son of “Duke
of Hillhurst,” was sold to Lord Fitzhardinge for 4,500 guineas
for the Berkeley herd, and a grand-daughter of “ Duke of
Hillhurst ” realised 1,100 guineas at Sir Nigel’s own sale in
1870, also going to Berkeley Castle. At this Kingscote
sale in 1879 forty-eight animals were sold at an average of
997. 5s. 6d. This had been exceeded at a previous sale in
1875 (at the time of what may be called the Shorthorn
mania), when forty Kingscote animals realised an average of
179 1. 4s. 8(7., and a Wild Eyes heifer had been sold to Mr. W.
Angerstein for 700 guineas. There were subsequent sales at
Kingscote in 1882 and 1889, the whole herd being dispersed
on the latter occasion with the exception of the heifer calves,
which became the nucleus of the existing herd. Since 1889
the Kingscote animals have been disposed of at joint sales with
neighbouring breeders, and it was at the last of these, held on
September 11, 1908, that Sir Nigel caught the chill which was
the beginning of his fatal illness.

Of all the animals bred at Kingscote Sir Nigel was probably
fondest of, and took most interest in, his Shorthorns. He
personally kept a register of all the births, sales, &c., that took
place in the herd. He started with Bates bred cattle, and
never lost his love for this line of breeding. When it became
necessary to introduce fresh blood, owing to the lack of stamina
developed in the Bates cattle through in-breeding, he did so
very warily, and objected to introduce a violent outcross.
Instead, he selected a sire bred from a Bates cow and got by
a bull of some other good line of breeding. He thus kept
intact the Bates style and character, which he loved so much.
His ideal was to breed cows that pay their way at the pail and
feed quickly for the butcher : in fact the combination milk
and beef animal. As to management, he liked the herd to
be dealt with naturally. The heifers lay out the whole year
round after they had passed the yearling stage. Even the
milking cows lay out night and day in the winter when
weather would permit, and this on a Cotswold Hill farm, 750
to 800 feet above sea level.

The Southdown flock of sheep at Kingscote dates back to
1842, when seventy ewes were obtained for Mr. Thomas
Kingscote from thb Duke of Richmond’s flock at Goodwood ;
and nothing but pure Southdown blood has been imported
since. In one season in the fifties, Mr. Kingscote hired a ram
of the late Mr. Jonas Webb for 90 guineas. Since 1842 ewes

Sir Xiyel King scot e.

have been added to the flock from time to time, purchased
at Goodwood, Buckland, Crichel, and Cirencester. Sir Nigel
was extremely fond of his flock of Southdowns, and liked to
see them uniform in type and colour. He introduced fresh
blood each season by the purchase of sires from well-known
flocks, Goodwood and Babraham being frequently drawn upon
for this purpose. He very seldom purchased ewes, as he
thought lie could more easily keep an uniform type by
breeding from ewes bred at home.

It is some years since pure bred Berkshire pigs were kept
at Kingscote. Sir Nigel was very much grieved when, some
fifteen years ago, swine-fever cleared out his old herd, which
was full of Kingscote blood. He started another herd, which
again was cleared out in the same manner. The origin of the
disease was never traced in either case. After the second
visitation only cross-bred pigs were kept. Even in the poultry
yard Sir Nigel liked to see pure stock, and he used to breed
the black-breasted Old English Red Game, of which some
years ago he had a number of very good specimens.

In personal appearance, Sir Nigel was tall, slim, and upright,
with a striking aristocratic face, and the aquiline nose of the
Somersets which he inherited from his mother. His courteous
and distinguished bearing, and his kindly and tactful manners
of the old school, made him a great favourite in social circles,
and he was wonderfully popular wherever he went. He was
a familiar figure at Brooks’ Club, and was equally well
known at the interesting but now practically defunct
Cosmopolitan Club, which from about 1858 to the end of 1902
had its meetings twice a week at 30 Charles Street, Berkeley
Square. Sir Algernon West, than whom no better arbiter of
a man’s social qualities exists, and who has the tenderest
memories of Sir Nigel, wrote an entertaining account of the
Cosmopolitan Club in the Cornhill Magazine for August, 1903.

He tells me that when a vacancy occurred in the office of
Secretary, the thoughts of every member turned with one
accord to Sir Nigel, and that he “brought to bear in the
performance of his duties a charm of manner, a personal
popularity, and a perennial youth which reflected themselves
upon every member of the club.” Lord Welby, another
staunch “ Cosmopolitan,” echoes these sentiments, and is an
equally ardent admirer of Sir Nigel, with whom he was also
brought into close association at the periodical gatherings of
the Society of Dilettanti (established in 1734), to which they
both belonged. If it were necessary, which it is not, the

16

Sir Nigel Kingscote.

sentiments of these two old friends could be supplemented
by the testimony of many men in all walks of life, from
the highest to the lowest, to the charm and influence of Sir
Nigel’s simple and high-minded character.

Almost up to the last, Sir Nigel retained the smartness
and alert hearing that becomes a military man, and he carried
his years so well that it was difficult to think of him as almost
an octogenarian. Of late, his friends began to detect failure
of some of his powers, and he had to recognise the necessity
of husbanding his strength. It had been his custom for many
years past to pay an autumn visit of some duration to his
friend, Mrs. Montefiore, at Worth Park, near Crawley, Sussex.
In the second week of September of this year he went to
Worth Park with Lady Emily. During his visit he left to
attend a sale held at Badminton, on September 11, of some of
his own (with other) Shorthorns, and presided — in the absence
of the Duke of Beaufort — at the luncheon. He then returned
to Worth Park, and’ the day following had a heart seizure,
which proved fatal at 8 a.m. on Tuesday, September 22.
His body was brought to London, and thence- to Kingscote,
where he was buried in the family vault in the churchyard
on Friday, September 25.

A memorial service held in London at the same time at
Christ Church, Down Street (of which he had been for
several years churchwarden), was very largely attended by
old friends, official and private, as well as by representa-
tives of the King, the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and
other members of the Royal Family, various Government
Departments, and the many institutions with which he was
associated during his long and useful life.

As I finish this brief and imperfect record of a noble
and disinterested career on the tercentenary of the birth of
John Milton, I may fitly apply to Sir Nigel the fine lines of
that poet :

“ When Faith and Love, which parted from thee never,

Had ripened thy just soul to dwell with God,

Meekly thou didst resign this earthy load
Of death, called life, which us from life doth sever.

Thy works, thy alms, and all thy good endeavour
Stayed not behind nor in the grave were trod.”

Ernest Clarke.

31 Tavistock Square, W.C.
December 9, 1908,

17

ROTATIONS.

The practice of some primitive system or other of rotating crops
has apparently been followed from the very earliest times, and
men have adopted the principle from their first attempts at
growing cultivated crops. In Bible history, which is our oldest
authentic record, we find the idea inculcated in the Mosaic laws,
and what was practically a crude seven-years’ rotation was laid
down as one of the rules of that dispensation.

Coming down to classical times we find the idea enlarged
on by the Roman and other writers — Virgil, Columella, Ovid,
and several others giving instructions and references regarding
the practice very frequently. Later on, in Saxon times, we
meet with a sort of three-course shift — two corn crops and a
bare fallow — practised on the small patches of arable land near
the village settlements or homesteads in the days when little or
nothing was known about manuring, when fallow crops were
unknown, and only the natural fertility of the soil was
depended on.

The practical foundation of the system of rotating crops is
the experience of generations of farmers including those of the
present day, that if the same crop is repeated on the same
field for even two years in succession the yield may deteriorate
independently of season, cultivation, or any other circumstance,
while if the repetition is continued the resultant crops, with
some species of plants, will become worse and worse.
Per contra , it has been found that if the successive crops are
different the yield is better, and that, in the case of certain
plants, the greater the number of yeai’S that is allowed to elapse
before growing the same crop a second time on a given field
the better are the results. This was the broad outstanding fact
known to farmers since the earliest times from practical
experience ; but it is only within the last century or so that
we began to inquire into the reason why of this state of
matters, and to understand when and how rotations might
be followed, or modified, or departed from altogether, as
circumstances allowed.

The old restrictions in farm leases binding a tenant to a
certain course of cropping and a certain method of using the
crop were founded on the idea that a farm must be self-
supporting manurially, and thus all fodder and roots were to
he consumed at home to make manure for future crops. The
discovery of so many varied forms of artificial manures and

VOL. 69. 0

18

Rotations.

the manufacture and use of various “cakes” has, however,
altered all that. The Agricultural Holdings Act, which comes
into force on January 1, 1909, practically legalises freedom of
cropping. So long as the farm is kept clean and well
manured this is as it should be. There can be no objection of
course to insisting on a farm being left in a regular rotation at
the end of a tenancy. A new tenant coming in to a farm may
not want to crop or farm generally as his predecessor did, and
therefore it is but right and fair the land should be left to him
on some recognised system suitable to the district so that he
can start off knowing that crops have not been unduly
repeated on individual fields, and then he can modify the
rotation to suit himself. Even under such circumstances —
provided the land is clean and in good heart — a hard and fast
rule need not be laid down.

Crops are grown either to sell or to feed stock, and
therefore in fixing on those to be cultivated a farmer naturally
tries to stick to those which give the best returns. The land,
however, must be kept clean and in good manurial condition,
and therefore cleaning and renovating crops must be alternated
with those which bring in cash. But of course these latter must
be more than self-sustaining also, and thus roots, beans, clover,
and plants like these, which have a direct value in addition to
improving the soil, are preferred. A cleaning and renovating
“ shift ” in the form of a bare fallow is the least desirable from
this point of view, but on the other hand it thoroughly cleans
the soil and allows some of the elements of fertility to
accumulate. Very often, indeed, we find the fallow work
comes in very handy at a slack time, and therefore the labour
spent on the same may not really he a very great outlay,
though charged in a valuation as “tillages.”

In any system of rotation or of changing crops in any
form the preserving and improving of the fertility of the soil
ought to be kept in view. It is always possible in most districts
in this country, of course, to keep the fertility right by the
extraneous addition of manure in some form or another, but
we know enough now about the growth of the various crops
to be able to follow a sequence that will, to a certain extent at
least, replenish by the residue left by some of them. Thus
corn, potatoes, and roots are exhausting crops where sold or at
least, removed from the fields where they grew ; but clover,
beans, peas, and indeed all leguminous plants leave a nitrogenous
residue behind in their roots. And thus these, while yielding a
saleable crop, will, if supplied with the cheap mineral manures,
at the same time replenish the soil. It is therefore desirable to
alternate these and other replenishing crops with those of an
exhausting nature as much as possible.

Rotations.

19

Indirectly, also, the rotation adopted lias an influence on
the tilth or friability of the soil. Though it is possible1 to
grow one kind of crop, like corn, continuously, where the soil
only requires to be turned over with an ordinary furrow slice,
the texture and filthiness of the land will deteriorate year by
year, and even extra cultivation in the shape of hoeing,
scarifying, &c., may not be sufficient. On the other hand, the
introduction of a fallow crop gives an opportunity for deep-
ploughing, thorough exposure to the frost and weather during
winter, and a continuous series of cultivations while the crop
is growing. By this means the tilth of the soil is improved for
several years.

That different kinds of cultivation — as for example deep
versus shallow ploughing — are provided for the different
crops is one of the indirect results of rotating crops — we
are rotating the different varieties of cultivation at the same
time.

It must be noted that there are various ways of looking at
a rotation or what constitutes a rotation. The outstanding
rule being that no crop should be followed by the same crop
the next year, we reduce the whole matter to a two-years’
rotation thus, as far as ordinary farming is concerned — corn ;
other crop ; corn ; other crop ; and so on indefinitely. The
corn (of whatever kind) is a more or less “scourging” crop,
and we alternate it with a renovating or cleaning crop in the
shape of bare fallow, roots, beans, clover, or grass, according to
circumstances. Thus in the great majority of cases we are
only rotating corn with something else, although the rotation
is named according to the number of years intervening between
the repetition of these intermediate crops.

Apart altogether from a regular rotation of crops, that is,
from a hard and fast cycle which repeats itself at an interval
of so many years, there are many reasons why crops should
be changed as to their sites from year to year, and we may
classify and examine these in some detail. They may be
divided into two groups — those due to the soil itself (a), and
those due to circumstances outside the soil (b). We may take
the former first in order and see what rotations do.

A.

1. Admit of better cleaning of the land.

This is probably the oldest reason for changing a crop on
the soil. In ancient times in our own country the “ infields,”
that is the cultivated fields near the homestead in contra-
distinction to the grazing “ outfields ” at a distance, were

1 Mr. Prout’s system at Sawbridgeworth, Herts, is very nearly continuous
corn, though an occasional fallow or clover crop is taken. — Editor.

20

Rotations.

worked on a sort of three-course shift, viz., two corn crops
and a bare fallow in constant succession. Continuous corn-
growing fouled the land, while the yield became more and
more stunted, and thus the introduction of the bare fallow as
a means of cleaning and incidentally renovating the fertility
was introduced.

2. Are economical of food in soil as well as of manures.

Sir Humphry Davy was one of the first in this country
to inquire into the chemical composition of farm crops, and
in later years the two veteran experimenters of Rothamsted—
Sir John Lawes and Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert — carried
similar investigations to a fuller issue, and we nowadays
know that every crop takes from the soil so many pounds per
acre of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, lime, and a lot of
other substances ; and further, that different plants require
these in very varying quantities. We therefore economise
manure by varying the crops grown, because, if one kind is
repeated on the same land year after year, one or more of the
special chemical bodies may have to be supplied in larger
quantities than is necessary under a more general system of
farming. If this is not done the crop grown on the same
soil year after year may become stunted, having exhausted
its own special form of available food, or at any rate greatly
reduced the supply, by its incessant demands on that par-
ticular area.

A dressing of manure of any kind put on a crop is generally
compounded to specially suit that crop so far as we know how
to do so. For instance, we put superphosphate or some other
phosphate manure on turnips, lime in some form or another
on clover and beans, and so on, but there is in the case of
many fertilisers an “ unexhausted residue ” left for the next
crop, while in the case of dung or mixed artificials some
ingredient would not be used up so fully as the others. A
change to another crop will equalise matters, and thus the
whole of the fertility becomes utilised more evenly ; the
manures as well as the “ inherent fertility ” of the soil.

3. Alternate dee p and shalloiv -rooted crops.

Our different crops vary very much as to the depth to
which their roots penetrate, and the layer of soil in which
each feeds most largely. Thus wheat and barley are good
examples of the difference between two corn crops ; wheat is
deep-rooted, and barley very shallow-rooted. This explains
why they go well together in a rotation, and why in some
rotations barley will grow well immediately after wheat.
They draw their nutriment from different layers, and thus

Rotations.

21

while the surface \ soil may be drawn on by the one crop the
lower layer is accumulating a supply against the next crop,
and vice versa.

4. Allow one crop to prepare the soil for another.

An example will best explain this. Clover is a crop which
finds its own nitrogen and takes little of it out of the soil —
indeed increases the amount there through the action of the
nitrogen -fixing “ bacteria ” in the tubercles on the roots. On
the other hand, clover requires mineral manures. Wheat
requires plenty of nitrogen but is much more independent of
mineral manures than is clover. Hence clover is a good
preparation for wheat.

5. Check influence of insect and fungous pests.

When the same crop is repeatedly grown on the same field
there is liable to be a gathering strength from year to year of
the insects and fungous pests which infect that crop. One of
the most prominent illustrations of this is in the case of potato
growing. The residue left in the land in the shape of haulm
and tubers may be the means of continuing or even increasing
the diseases from which this crop suffers. Thus potatoes after
potatoes are more liable to be diseased than when they are not
grown for several years afterwards, and when they are taken
on absolutely fresh ground the percentage of disease is still
smaller. Potatoes are often grown year after year in a garden,
but then the early raising and use reduce the harm done by
an attack of disease very much. Finger-and-toe in turnips is
another illustration of the necessity of a change to reduce the
chance of an attack from the disease.

With insects a case in point is that of wireworm, where
a bare fallow will help to eradicate the “ worms.” These
usually live several years in the larva stage, so that the stoppage
of the food supply compels them to go into the chrysalis stage
and thus cease further depredations, whereas the repetition of
a crop — especially a corn crop — would perpetuate the trouble.

Clover “ sickness ” again is another illustration, as at least
one form of it is due to fungoid agency, and leaving as many
years as possible between successive crops of the same is
beneficial.

6. Influenced by soil texture.

The texture of the soil has much to do, of course, with
influencing the nature of the crops grown, but this takes
effect often without altering the regularity of a rotation. For
instance, on a heavy soil where root-growing would be
expensive and precarious it is common to substitute a bare
fallow ; it is a fallow in both cases, and therefore the circle of

22

Rotations.

cropping remains the same. Theoretically, of course, a light
land rotation would not suit heavy land, but if both soils occur
in one field it is probable that one rotation is practised on both.

The second group of influences at work which control or
affect the particular rotation of cropping adopted on a
particular farm or in a district are those which are partly at
least outside the actual soil itself, and are more or less beyond
the control of the farmer.

B.

1. Influence of climate.

It is manifest that the particular crops grown on a given
farm depend partly on the rainfall of the district, the position
north or south, the position high or low, and this in turn will
influence the scheme of cropping. In the northern and western
districts the rainfall is heavy ; in the eastern and southern
country it is light, with, as we shall see, a corresponding
influence on the cropping and rotations. The most noticeable
fact is that in the northern counties of England grass for
grazing is left down for two or three years — a system that is
almost universal in Scotland. The writer was accustomed to
this in his youth, and on removal to Essex practised it for
many years, but eventually abandoned it as unsuitable to the
dry climate of eastern England. The “ grass ” of course was
a mixture of suitable clovers and grasses. The influence of
the rainfall in this direction suggested the idea that in the
wetter west of England there might be similar cropping to
suit, and an examination of the returns from correspondents
residing in Devon, Somerset, &c., reveals the fact that in a
large number of districts the rotations preferred are those with
several years down in “ seeds.” Per contra , throughout the
drier Midlands and south-eastern parts of England the “ seeds ”
are reduced to one year (often clover alone) or left out
altogether ; thus the arable land is always under arable crops,
while the grass land is more or less permanent grass — some-
times prehistoric old meadows. It might be assumed that this
state of matters was entirely due to the lesser rainfall reducing
the growth of the grass ; but it is not always so, for there is no
difficulty in some cases in getting a satisfactory crop to grow.
The chief trouble in certain cases comes after the grass is
broken up for subsequent cropping. The tough furrow-slices
when turned over just lie like pieces of dry turf, and the result
is that the corn (generally oats) never gets a proper root hold
with the open spaces below, while the wireworms bred in the
grass layer play havoc with the young plants. The conse-
quence of all this is that the soil requires two years of
cultivation to get it back into a proper state of tilth, and thus

Rotations.

23

experience has shown that the land had always be better
kept in tilth for cropping purposes, and the long “ layer ” kept
out of the rotation.

Now, where there is a sufficiency of rainfall, the furrow-
slice cut out of a grass field is better washed down in winter
time, the extra moisture supplies the roots of the corn in
summer, and it can get over the trouble of hollow ground and
wireworm, and thus all the benefits of a “ rest ” from growing
grass are obtained where there is heavier rainfall without any
drawbacks.

2. Arrangement of fields.

There is another circumstance which indirectly, but never-
theless very greatly, influences the rotation adopted on a
particular farm. This is the size, number, and position of the
fields on a farm. It is obvious that whatever scheme of
cro])ping is adopted it is a convenience, and indeed a necessity,
to fit it into the fields of the farm. If there are four fields
then a four-course shift is the most suitable ; if seven fields
then a seven-course shift, and so on. A little figuring will
show that you cannot fit four courses on to six fields or five
courses on to seven without getting into a muddle as to the
succession after two or three years. It is, of course, quite
possible to alter the fields to suit a different scheme, but this is
not a tenant’s job, while on most farms the fields have been
arranged as they now are for at least half a century, and it is
easier to alter a rotation to suit the fields than to alter the fields
to suit a rotation. Further, the dividing up of a field into
patches of different kinds of crop is not methodical, though it
is often done, and therefore the working of a rotation which
adapts itself to the fields as they already exist on a farm is
much the best, and this is often an important factor in deciding
the matter.

The opposite process— making the fields to suit the
rotation— was largely carried out, however, some two genera-
tions ago now. When the era of making large farms set in,
an important part of the process was the rooting up of
thousands of miles of fences which divided the small fields
from one another. Two or three intermediate fences were
removed so as to make one large field out of several small
ones, and only those fences were left which were suitable as
boundary lines for large ones, but the new fields were planned
out more or less to suit a scheme of cropping, and very often
that scheme holds to the present day.

3. Distribution of labour.

Rotations fit in very well with dividing the work of the
farm evenly over the year. In a new country like to that we

24

Rotations.

see on the wheat plains of the Far West, the growth of one
kind of crop year after year means that there is a great burst
of work at, say, two periods of the year, and then there is
nothing to do in between. In our own country, where the
cropping is more intensive, and we want to keep a gang of
farm workers regularly employed all round the year, a
divergence of cropping is necessary so that the work done in
connection with one will dovetail in with the seasons and the
work done with others. This of course does not necessarily
imply a rotation of crops, but it enforces growing a variety of
crops which suit a rotation.

4. Supply of labour.

Outside of the influence of soil and climate on the kinds of
crops and the order of rotation, there is another factor to be
taken into account. This is the supply of labour. The
ordinary crops in the shape of corn, roots, hay, &c., can be
handled by the regular staff of the farm, and the work
belonging to these can be conveniently dovetailed in, the one
with the other, round the different seasons. With such crops,
however, as potatoes, green peas for picking, &c., &c., a great
crowd of “ casuals ” or women and children are required for a
few weeks at certain seasons of the year for harvesting
purposes. If workers of this description cannot be procured,
or if the horse labour on the farm is insufficient for this
purpose, then it is obvious that these and similar crops cannot
be grown, and therefore the rotation must be modified to leave
them out accordingly. Often one hears a farmer explain, for
instance, that his farm would suit potato growing or some
other crop very well, but that he does not grow such because
he has not a command of labour for the few critical days or
weeks when it is needed, and the rotation has to be adjusted
accordingly.

5. Varieties of crops required to suit markets.

As all kinds of crops are required to supply the markets as
well as the demands of the stock on the farm, we have in this
another reason which enforces the growing of different
varieties. In addition to this, local markets may demand
some special product or an extra quantity of some one of the
ordinary crops, and it pays the local farmers to meet the
demand. In seed-growing districts this is specially the case,
and crops are grown for seed which are not met with in
ordinary farming for this purpose at all. Corn, beans, potatoes,
&c., have all of them their seed produced in the course of
ordinary farming. Clover, turnips, mangolds, mustard, &c.,
only have their seed produced in certain favourable districts,
and thus the system of crop growing has to be modified on

Rotations,

25

these farms to suit these special crops. The same principle
applies as regards many local markets where there may be a
good demand for one product like potatoes or hay, which the
farmers lay themselves out to supply and adapt their cropping
to suit accordingly.

6. Rotation of live stock.

Following on the changing of the crops there is a corres-
ponding change of the live stock on the fields, and this is not
only desirable but necessary. On pastures we do not always
see this where there is a great extent per head, but we know
that they get “ tainted ” from perpetual sheep-feeding, they
get “sick” of horse-feeding, and so on, and the same thing
applies to arable land where, say, sheep are folded, or live
stock grazed on temporary pastures. Further, the droppings
of the animals, especially from sheep folded on the land, are
one of the important means of keeping up the fertility of the
soil, and consequently feeding the live stock on different fields
in succession is a necessity from this point of view. The
rotation of the live stock, if possible, is just as necessary as
that of the crops, and of course depends on that of the latter,
and is important from a health point of view as well as from
that of the use of the crops or the manuring of the land.

It is quite impossible to give a list of all the rotations that
have been, or are, practised throughout the country, and a
selection will be offered later on by way of illustration of the
various systems in vogue. But we may remark that while
the shortest rotation may be taken at two years, the longest
one appears to be eight years — at least the writer has not
come across one of greater length. Where the land is left
down for an indefinite number of years in “ seeds ” or in
lucerne, &c., the rotation cannot be defined, of course, and in
the same way any rotation can be lengthened by leaving the
grass alone.

It is not possible to plan an ideal rotation, or rather, we
find that an ideal rotation would never fit in with all the
manifold circumstances — such as soil, climate, labour, markets,
&c. — which influence and control these matters. An American
authority gives an ideal rotation for the United States as
maize, potatoes, wheat, clover. The clover sod is manured
heavily in preparation for the maize, and the two corn crops
alternate with roots and clover. The objections to it from a
British point of view is that the clover comes too often — as it
is merely another version of the Norfolk four-course — and
something else would have to be substituted every second
series. This liability to fail is not confined to clover, and we
are sometimes compelled to depart from a hard and fast rule

26

Rotations.

simply because the crop that suits a certain shift in a rotation
has failed, is ploughed up, and something else is tried.

In the south of England and other of the more genial
districts the question of introducing “ catch crops ” arises,
whereby three crops are obtained in two years from time to
time. Catch crops are for the most part beneficial to the land,
they are examples of “ intensive ” farming, and enable a
farmer to carry extra stock. On the other hand they more or
less upset regular rotations, the Wiltshire system being
the only one known to the writer where catch crops are
regularly included in the same. Rape or mustard after potatoes,
winter rye fed off in spring in time for sowing turnips, maize
sown at midsummer after a half-fallow, are all examples of
slipping in a forage crop between two other crops, but which
are liable to upset methodical rotation, though beneficial and
desirable otherwise.

For the purposes of this paper a large number of circulars
were sent out by the Editing Committee to leading farmers in
every county in England, asking them to specify the rotation
each followed or which was common in their respective
districts, to state the nature of their soil, and to give any other
information on their system of farming they thought of value.
Over one hundred gentlemen replied, and the present writer
may here thank them for their courtesy in filling up the forms
and giving many details of information.

In the preceding pages the writer has given a general sketch
of the whole subject looked at from what might be called
the theoretical aspect of the question, and now the returns
obtained as to what are the actual practices followed up and
down England may be discussed.

The great outstanding fact learnt from these circulars is the
universality of the Norfolk or four-course shift. From the north
to the south of England, and from east to west, this rotation was
either used in its simplest form or else it was the basis of some
modification in a majority of cases. Apart from this a study of
many of the various other rotations known by specific names
reveals the fact that these also are in many cases simply based
on the four-course shift! In the northern counties the Berwick
five-course predominated: corn, roots, corn, seeds, seeds. This,
however, is just the four-course with an extra year “ laid
down ” — a “ mixture ” of grass and clover for two years taking
the place of pure clover for one year. Again, an eight-course
shift reported from the Midlands proved, on examination, to
be a double four-course with clover in one group and peas in
the other.

Another point brought to the front by these returns is that
rotations are independent of geological formations. As a

Rotations.

27

geologist I should be very pleased to receive information which
would enable me to collate certain rotations of crops or
systems of cropping to certain geological formations, but these
seem to have far less influence than climate, latitude, altitude,
markets, &c., &c. There is, of course, a difference or a suit-
ability of rotations for light, medium, or heavy soils, but as we
have examples of these irrespective of geological position I
am not able to make out a geological system of rotating crops.
Thus a rotation suitable to stiff land will suit that kind of soil
whether it is derived from the London clay, the Oxford clay,
Kimmeridge clay, &c., &c., so long as the other circumstances
and conditions are similar.

The conclusion appears to be that special geological forma-
tions do not seem to require special rotations of crops to suit
them other than the general influence of light versus medium
or heavy soils. This result is further complicated by the fact
that sometimes the same rotation or scheme is followed over
different classes of soil. Thus some of the correspondents
intimate that they have several kinds of soil on their farms,
but carry on the same rotation round all. Of course, if several
kinds of soil occur in one field convenience may induce one to
put the same crop over the whole area, and to attempt to
equalise the different soils by cultivation and manuring.

From these same returns, however, there appears to be a
vast preponderance of opinion against any hard and fast rule
for a succession of crops at all. Many of the writers give a
rotation on a methodical scheme, but add a note to the effect
that they do not hesitate to depart from the same when
occasion arises, while there does not seem to be a hard and
fast rule insisted on in farm agreements now as there used to
be formerly.

The information which was returned to the Committee
contained many items of interest regarding special or local
practices, which are more or less interesting and useful, and
some of these may be here described.

There are instances where a rotation is not followed for a
special reason. On some clay farms in the south of England
there is sometimes a field of lighter texture, which suits better
for the growth of roots than any other. Under such circum-
stances the farmer grows mangolds year after year on this same
field with the best results. Of course this is very “ scourging ”
on the land, and therefore a heavy system of manuring has to
be kept up, but good crops are obtained, and the work
comfortably done because the land suits, while the mangold is
a plant that can be grown year after year on the same land
without any disease — such as finger-and-toe in turnips —
showing itself.

28

Rotations.

In the Roothings of Essex, again, it is a common practice
to follow a root crop — especially mangolds — with a bare fallow.
This system of practically fallowing the land for two years in
succession may at first sight appear strange and even wasteful,
but it is a special system devised for the purpose of killing out
wild oats. The wild oat (Avena fatua ) is one of the most
troublesome weeds met with in that part of the country, and it
is no uncommon thing to see a crop of corn — wheat or oats —
completely ruined for market purposes by the admixture with
this weed. The plant grows similar to ordinary oats, will
survive the worst of winters, and a sufficient amount of grain
drops off to re-seed the land, while it will keep alive at least
two years in the soil. The root crop, followed by bare fallow,
kills out all seed in the soil, or if any sprouts the plants will be
killed in turn. The present writer found from experience on
one farm in Essex that putting the land away in grass for a
few years had the same effect : when ploughed up again the
wild oats were completely gone.

Another practice in Essex — in the Essex five-course shift — is
growing two corn crops in succession. This would be reckoned
contrary to the rules of good husbandry in some parts of
England, but in this case wheat is followed by barley on land
that has been well tilled and manured previously. Further, it
is a case of following a deep-rooting plant with one of shallow
growth, and on land in good condition a better quality of barley
is obtained ; if barley were grown immediately after roots fed
off with sheep it would often be too rank and strong and the
grain deficient.

A peculiar rotation practised in Surrey is as follows : — Corn,
potatoes, peppermint, corn, potatoes, corn, catch crop (tares),
potatoes. Everything was sold off and fertility was kept up by
a copious use of manures ; corn of various kinds was grown for
a rest between the more valuable crops. The peculiarity is of
course the growth of peppermint as a regular farm crop, it being
sometimes “ left down ” for several years. The soil is a clay
loam over chalk.

The standard four-course shift is admittedly, in many
localities, too short for the successful growth of turnips and
clover. Turnips, and more particularly swedes, are very
liable to the disease called finger-and-toe — a fungoid disease
which may infect the soil for years — and thus several expe-
dients are adopted to have these roots coming round only
once in, say, eight years, such as having only half of the root
break in swedes and the other half in , say, potatoes, and then
alternate these the next rotation ; and so on.

The same difficulty is found with clover. Clover “ sick-
ness ” is very prevalent with the Broad Red clover which is

Rotations.

29

ordinarily sown by itself for one year, and so to avoid
failure from the growth of the same every four years, it is
often requisite to add, say, fi lb. per acre of Italian rye-grass
to make sure that there will be something to cover the ground
if the clover fails, or, better still, a one-year temporary
“ mixture ” is adopted.

The difficulties met with in connection with swedes and
clover occur with some other crops, but in lesser degree ;
though it is only in cases such as these that any special steps
have to be taken to meet the case, but these exemplify the
rule that crops should be as far apart in a rotation as possible.

The grass layer may not of course be put to the same use
all over the country, though it is more largely confined to the
wetter districts. The grass may be cut for hay or grazed by
cattle, while in the southern districts the system of folding
sheep within hurdles is very commonly followed, and with the
best results.

Moreover, a “seed layer” may take the form of laying
away in lucerne or sainfoin for a series of years. In the
southern and eastern parts of England, especially where there
is some chalk or marl in the soil, it is customary to put fields
down into either of these crops for a change, and thus a
rotation becomes broken up as it were, and the land is put out
of cultivation for a time. These crops will not thrive to
perfection unless there is a superabundance of limestone in the
soil or subsoil, and as they send down immense tap-roots they
are independent of surface droughts and suit the drier south
country very well. Sainfoin will not grow very far north, but
recent experiments at the Kilmarnock (N.B.) Experimental
Station have shown that lucerne will grow there very well as
far as climate is concerned if the soil is naturally suitable, or
made so by liming.

The plants send down immense tap-roots and draw their
sustenance from the deepest layers of soil or rock, and are
usually left down for from five to ten years, according to
conditions and cleanliness. The result is that on again
breaking up the layer to resume a rotation of arable crops the
soil is immensely enriched.

Summary of Rotations as returned by
Correspondents.

Three Years' Course. — Three examples returned.

(1) Potatoes or mangolds or mustard ; (2) wheat ; (3) oats.
Two of the examples were on fen soil in Cambridgeshire :
one on heavy land in Bucks. Clover or sainfoin, instead of
potatoes, are alternatives mentioned by the correspondents.
Four Years' Course. — Thirty-two examples returned.

30

Rotations.

Eleven were the old Norfolk system — roots, barley or
oats, seeds, wheat, from the following counties : — Lincoln (3),
Norfolk (2), Berks (2), Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, and Salop.
All descriptions of soil are specified from heavy to light.

Nine examples similar to above, only that wheat and spring
corn were interchangeable. From the above counties, also
from Lancashire (2) and Notts., no soil was described as
heavy ; “ medium ” to “ heath ” are given.

Four examples of the four-course without taking wheat.
Yorkshire (2) and Northumberland (2). Correspondents sup-
plying these specified the following soils : — “ Good loam to
stony clay,” “gravel,” “mixed,” &c.

One Norfolk system in Surrey had no swedes nor any barley
in the rotation ; it reads, “ Mangolds and potatoes, oats, ‘ seeds,’
wheat.”

In the above twenty-five examples, “clover ” is specified only
six times as being taken once in four years ; all the other cases
“seeds,” “hay,” &c., is the turn mentioned in its stead. No
special county or type of soil is, however, distinguishable
where clover is mentioned.

Six examples are practically the Norfolk system, except that
peas, beans, vetches, and sainfoin, &c., replace part of the
clover. These crops sometimes being used singly, sometimes
in couples as “ beans and vetches.”

One four-course from Wiltshire is as follows : — Wheat,
barley, roots or clover, roots.

Besides the above examples, which are mentioned as being
practised by the correspondent, very many others say that the
“ four-course ” is commonly used in the district by their neigh-
bours.

Five Years' Course. — Forty examples returned. (A few
examples too doubtful to include.)

The Norfolk or closely allied system with “ seeds” left down
two years is sent in from the following nine counties : —
Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham, Yorks., Lancashire,
Cheshire, Lincoln, Notts., and Shropshire; all classes of soil
being mentioned.

The same system, i.e., the Norfolk, extended by taking two
white straw crops, is mentioned twenty-five times, as follows :
— Oats after wheat, nine times ; barley after wheat, five times ;
wheat after oats, five times ; barley after oats, three times ;
barley after barley, three times.

These examples come from counties as far apart as Essex
and Somerset, Hants and Yorkshire, Warwick and Norfolk, and
every class of soil except chalk or fen is mentioned.

Four examples where potatoes are taken as an extra crop
once in five years, always after clover or “ seeds,” were sent in

Rotations.

31

from Durham, Lincoln, Cheshire, and Worcester. “ Strongish ”
to “sandy loam ” being the names given to the soils.

One example with beans or peas taken between red clover
and wheat is also to hand.

Six Years' Course , or Longer. — Thirty-five examples
returned .

There are seven cases where the Norfolk four-course is
extended by substituting mangolds, in the south, and potatoes,
in the north, for the ordinary root breadth or swedes. In
three cases more beans take the place of clover, so as to make
this crop come only once in eight years.

“ Seeds ” two or three years or over account for the length
of rotations returned on thirteen farms, the counties being : —
Cumberland (3), Northumberland, Lancashire, Westmorland,
Cheshire (2), Hereford, Devonshire, Derby, Notts, and North-
amptonshire. In seven of these examples we have two white
straw crops in succession, as well as the long seed ley.

In Essex and Kent we find instances of mangold after
mangold, and “ fallow ” preceding “ roots ” — two fallow crops
in succession. And one or two other correspondents mention
it as an occasional practice.

There are two cases where potatoes are given a place in the
system to themselves, in Cheshire and Northamptonshire ;
and in Notts, we find peas taken between wheat and wheat.

Eight examples can only be classified by saying that forage
crops are taken when wanted, and cleaning crops as required,
and that not more than once in six years. Corn follows corn
or not, depending upon whether crops or stock be the chief
product of the farm.

The following are typical of special or extraordinary long-
course rotations : — '

Bedfordshire (mixed soil).— Wheat, potatoes, seed-peas
and market-garden crops, white straw crop, potatoes, other
market-garden crops, potatoes, white straw crop.

Berks1 (various soils). — Roots, wheat, barley or oats, barley,
clover and beans, wheat, wheat.

Essex (loam). — Potatoes, wheat, clover or peas, wheat,
winter oats, mangold and rabi, wheat, spring oats.

Wilts (loam over chalk). — Forage followed by roots, roots,
wheat, barley, forage followed by roots, barley, clover,
wheat.

Yorks (light soil on the Wolds). — Turnips, oats or barley,
barley or oats, turnips, oats, seeds, seeds, wheat.

No Rotation. — Six correspondents from various counties
disclaim the use of any rotation or system at all.

1 This example is sent in by Mr. Thos. Lotham, who also has 100 acres
under “continuous corn ” on the “ Prout” system.

32

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

Catch Crops. — There are seven systems of cropping which
include catch crops. Two from Hants (one of them from the
Isle of Wight), two from Somersetshire, one each from Notts.,
Essex, and Wilts.

In answer to the question, “ What variations in the above
(Rotation) are at times considered necessary ? ” only eight
correspondents answer “ none.” This is out of one hundred
and seven answers from correspondents, who give the system
they themselves practice, and who in some few instances give
two, or even three examples of the rotations carried out on
their farms. The different systems generally arise from the
fact that the soil farmed is not all the same, though in some
cases stock is the cause, i.e., early or ram-lambs, milk, &c.

The conclusion of the whole matter is that a hard and fast
system of rotation is neither desirable nor necessary. It is
necessary to change the crops from year to year ; the same
crop should not follow in succession unless under exceptional
circumstances, but provided the land is kept clear of weeds
and in good manurial condition the farmer may follow any
system or no system at all, or he may change from time to
time. The principle to follow nowadays is to grow what will
pay best, or what will suit the circumstances or the occasion.

P. McConnell, B.Sc., F.G.S.

North Wycke,

Southminster.

THE SHEEP STOCK OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

I. COTSWOLD SHEEP.

In view of the forthcoming visit of the Royal Agricultural
Society to the borders of the Cotswold country it has been
thought that some account of the native breed of sheep would
be of interest. The breed of Cotswold sheep derives its
name from the Cotswold Hills, an elevated tract of rolling,
down-like country with an area of some four hundred and
seventy square miles, extending over a considerable portion of
Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. These hills have been
famous for their sheep from time immemorial. Whether the
name is actually derived, as Camden tells us, from the
practice of “ cotting ” or housing the sheep in winter is open
to question.1

1 Among the sources from which information for this paper has been
gleaned must be mentioned the essays prefixed to Vols. 1 and 2 of the
Cotswold Flock Book. To these we may add two delightful books descriptive
of the Cotswold country, one by Mr. Hutton and the other by Herbert Evans.

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

33

Throughout Saxon and Norman times there is ample
historical evidence that the keeping of sheep and the working
up of the wool were carried on to a very large extent in the
country round Cirencester, and in Domesday Book (1086 A.D.)
“ the sheeps’ wool of Cirencester ” is spoken of as being the
Queen’s due. From Goding’s “History of Beverstone ” we
learn that in the thirteenth century “ the quantity of sheep,
nearly 6,000, kept at Beverstone is remarkable.” In the same
author’s “Ancient Trade of Wool and Cloth” it is stated that,
in the reign of Edward III., 30,000 sacks of Cotswold wool was
the annual quantity granted from the County of Gloucester for
the King’s household. About the fourteenth century the
Florentines imported largely into this country and took in
return wool and cloth, which came from the Cotswolds. In
i the fifteenth century sheep farming became general, and it
, appears that both sheep and wool were largely exported. In
1425 a law was passed, enacting “ that no sheep shall be
exported without the King’s licence,” and there are records of
I licences granted by the King for the export of the wool of
Cotswold sheep. It is worthy of remark that no other breed
is mentioned. In 1437 Don Duarte, King of Portugal, who
might easily have obtained the choicest Spanish wool from
his brother-in-law, the King of Castile, made application to
Henry YI. for liberty to export sixty sacks of Cotswold wool,
in order that he might manufacture certain cloths of gold at
Florence for his own use.1 Stowe records that in 1464 a
present of Cotswold rams was sent by Edward IY. to Henry
of Castile ; and in 1468 twenty Cotswold ewes and four rams
were shipped for John of Aragon.

In this connection it is interesting to note that in the
1 Spanish dictionary of Yelasquez “Cotswold” appears as an
English word denoting “ an open field sheep fold.” The
i discovery of this, and of another purely local word, namely
“ Fossway,” which is translated as “a big road with ditches”

I in a Spanish dictionary, has led to the not unnatural surmise
I that Cotswold men may have accompanied their sheep to
Spain and left these words as traces of their visits, and of the
descriptions given of their replaced homes.

The fine churches of Fairford, Northleach and Campden,
not to mention almshouses and other buildings out of all
j proportion to the present population of these little towns, bear
testimony to their importance as centres of the wool trade,
or to the munificence of the wealthy wool merchants who
, took up their abode in these out of the way places in order
' to be near the centre of their business. Each of these towns
is connected with the name of families of historic interest.

VOL. 69.

1 Youatt on sheep, p. 339.

D

34

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

At Chipping Campden lived William Grevel, ancestor of the
houses of Warwick and Willoughby de Broke, whose fame
was such that his epitaph, dated 1401, describes him as “the
flower of the wool merchants of all England.” Fairford, we
are told by Leland, “ never flourished before the coming of the
Tames on to it.” To John Tame, a prince of wool merchants,
it owes its church and its famous windows. At Northleach
we find the Celys, and interesting evidence of its importance
as a centre of the wool trade is to be found in the “ Cely
Letters,” dating from 1475-1488, recently published by the
Royal Historical Society. The Celys were an important
family of wool merchants with a business house in Mark
Lane ; they dealt almost exclusively in Cotswold wool, and
Northleach is the town in that district most frequently
mentioned as being visited by them. One son appears to
have been permanently established on the Continent — either
at Calais, where the recognised mart for English produce was at
that time fixed, or at Bruges — while another would often be in
Gloucestershire, buying the wool or superintending the packing.

We have therefore proof that at this time an expox-t ti'ade
was carried on in English wool, and the relative value of
Cotswold and of other wools will be seen in the following
table : — 1

Date

Cotswold

Average 'Wool

&

s.

d.

&

s.

d.

1380

0

9

4

0

6

5 per tod.

1421

0

13

1

0

7

51

1 452

0

7

0

0

4

3*

1456

0

9

4

0

4

3* (1451-1460) „

1552

1

10

0

0

15

9 (1551-1560) „

1592

1

10

0

1

0

0 (1583-1600) „

1661

1

8

0

Spanish Wool 3

4

0 „

1779

1

4

10*

Hereford ,,

3

14

1836

2

5

0

1840

3

10

0

1870

2

0

0-2

5 0

2

0

0-2 5 0

1906

1

8

0-1

15 0

1

8

0-1 16 0

We

may form an idea of the

relative values of farm

duce at the earlier dates from the fact that from 1260 till 1540

wheat was sold at an average price of 5s. 11|<7. per quarter,
while from 1495 till 1770 the average prices of various articles
of diet were as follows : — butter 1 d., cheese \d., meat \d.
per lb., bread f d. the four-pound loaf.2

In the 16th century Michael Drayton (1561-1631) wrote : —

“ The sheep our Wold doth breed

(The simplest though it seem) shall our description need,
And Shepheard-like the Muse thus of that kind doth speak.

1 Cp. Victoria County Hist., Gloucestershire.

2 Thorold Rogers. Work and Wages, pp. 1 and 119.

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

35

No brown, nor sullyed black, the face or legs doth streak
Like those of Moreland, Cank, or of the Cambrian Hills
That lightly laden are ; but Cotswold wisely fills
Her with the whitest kind : whose brows so woolly be
As men in her fair sheep no emptiness should see.

The staple deep and thick, through to the very graine
Most strongly keepeth out the violentest rain—

A body long and large, the buttocks equal broad
As fit to undergoe the full and weightie load.”

Previous to the year 1760 it is probable that the greater
part of the Cotswold country was open down, used as sheep
pasture. Marshall, writing in 1796, says that previous to
enclosure the country was devoted to breeding flocks, the
yearlings being sold to graziers, in Buckinghamshire. It is
natural that, under such circumstances, wool production
should have been the primary object of sheep-farming in the
district. The improvement in arable husbandry, the intro-
duction of the turnip and consequent development of winter
feeding, and the extraordinary improvement of the Leicester
sheep from the point of view of mutton, resulting from the
efforts of Bakewell and his followers, had their effect xipon the
Cotswold breed. Thus Marshall tells us (“ Rural Economy of
Gloucestershire ”) that the Cotswold of the day was fuller
behind and lighter forward than most breeds, but that the
crossing with the new Leicester then being practised would
fill up the fore quarter.

Rudge, in his report to the Board of Agriculture in 1813,
describes the Cotswold of his day as a large sheep, coarse in
the wool, weighing from 22 to 30 lb. per quarter at two shear,
i.e., three years, and capable of being fatted to 45 lb. per
quarter, and cutting 9 to 10 lb. of wool. He adds, that the
result of crossing the New Leicester with the Cotswold was to
make the "wool shorter and finer, the carcase lighter and more
compact, the bone finer, the neck smaller, and the best parts
covered with flesh and fat. Another cross, prevalent at the
time, was that of the Cotswold with the Southdown, breeders
being guided in their adoption of one cross or the other accord-
ing to whether their desire was to breed for wool or for mutton.
To such an extent was crossing with the New Leicester
practised, that pure-bred Cotswold flocks had become rare at
this time. But, in spite of the advantages gained by this
cross, it was found that the New Leicester blood tended to
reduce the hardiness of the breed and to lower the yield of
wool, as well as to injuriously affect the fecundity of the ewes.
These considerations led to a return to the use of a pure-bred
Cotswold ram.

By degrees a uniform breed was established, and the
practice of out crosses was discontinued. Mr. Elwes, in his

36

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

essay prefixed to Yol. II. of the Flock Book, quotes Mr. W.
Lane, of Broadfield, to the effect that he could not remember
a Leicester cross being used later than 1830.

The following weights of two-year old wether sheep,
shown by James Cloth er, of Gloucester, at Smithfield in 1808,
are of interest as showing the development of the Cotswold as
a mutton sheep a hundred years ago : —

No. 1. Live Weight 271 lb. Carcass 177 lb. Fat 20 lb. Offal 74 lb.

„ 2. „ „ 273 „ „ 184 „ 18 „ „ 71 „

„ 3. „ „ 272 „ „ 184 „ „ 19 „ ,, 69 „

Having produced a breed of sheep which combined the
superior carcass of the New Leicester with the size, hardiness,
and heavy fleece of the old Cotswold, the next move was in
the direction of early maturity. As early as 1838, Mr. H. Lane,
of Broadfield, by adopting the practice of cutting roots for his
tegs, succeeded in fattening them out in April (i.g., at fourteen
months), at the estimated weight of 25 lb. per quarter, but the
practice was not general until later.

The development of railway communication, the establish-
ment of agricultural shows, and the general activity and desire
for improvement which prevailed in the first half of last
century, all contributed to spread the fame of the Cotswold
sheep beyond its own country, and to widen its popularity.
Pure-bred flocks were established in Wilts, Hereford,
Worcester, Glamorgan, Norfolk, Kent, and Somerset.
Mr. John Bravender, writing about 1850, says : “ Our sheep
are in great demand in all parts of England, as well as Ireland,
for crossing with other breeds.” Mr. R. Smith, in his prize
essay on the management of sheep, wrote, in 1847, that
Cotswold rams were “ much sought after for crossing with
short-woolled breeds, and with good effect.”

About this time it was estimated that in Gloucestershire
alone 5,000 rams were sold and let in a season, at a total price
of little less than 50,0O0Z. About ten years later the numbers
had fallen to 4,000. During these years there was a good
export trade to America, Australia, and the Continent of
Europe. In the Times report of the Royal Show at Lincoln
in 1854, it is stated that the breed had found great favour with
American agriculturists, and that one breeder had sold in
that year seven rams and ten ewes to a transatlantic purchaser,
at prices amounting in the aggregate to nearly 1,000Z.

The records of the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show
are evidence that the Cotswold men were not behind in the
showyard, and Cotswold sheep, although not allotted a class
to themselves until 1862, frequently swept the board in the
classes for long-wools. In the early days of the Society, the
names of Large, Carne, Lane, E. Smith, Hewer, Handy,

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

37

Beman, Wells, Slatter, Fletcher, Beale, Brown, Walker, King,
Tombs, and Gillett were among the most prominent prize-
winners.

It was about this time that the supremacy of the Cots wold
sheep in their native district began to be disputed by what
was originally a cross-bred sheep, the product, namely, of
mating a Cotswold ram with a Hampshire (or in some cases a
Sussex Down) ewe.

The prize essay of Yol. 15, First Series, of the Royal
Agricultural Journal, by the late Mr. Clare Sewell Reade,
written in 1854, contains an excellent description of the
Cotswold of that day. He also gives a good account of the
cross-bred sheep, destined in the course of the next thirty
years to largely displace it as the general breed of the country.
He being such a competent authority of the time, I cannot clo
better than quote his words at some length.

The Cotswolds, sometimes called Gloucesters, or New
Oxfords, are described as a “ hardy, heavy, most useful breed
of sheep, gradually and most desirably rising in public

estimation The improvement which has been

effected in these sheep within the last twenty years is
surprising ; they may be indebted to the delicate Leicesters
for diminishing their coarseness, producing aptitude to fatten,
and rendering the fleece of finer quality. But they have not
lost their gigantic size or hardiness, which so fits them for cold
and elevated situations. As a farmers’ sheep they are much
superior to any other long-wools, producing a great weight of
mutton and a heavy fleece at a very early age. Tegs at
fourteen months old will commonly weigh 10 stone, or 80 lb.
per sheep, and clip 8 or 9 lb. of wool. Numerous instances
might be cited of a much heavier weight, but the above is a
fair average. The weight on record of some Cotswolds appears
almost fabulous : two rams killed in one year at Middle Aston
weighed 84 lb. per quarter, and last Christmas three ewes
from the same flock only missed 3 lb. of averaging 60 lb.
per quarter.

“ The principal fault found with the Cotswolds is that
their meat gives too much to the grease-pot and too little to
the table ; the mutton is a penny a pound less in value than
that of the Downs, but the extra weight compensates for
the deficiency.”

After enumerating the principal Southdown flocks kept
chiefly by the “ nobility and gentry,” the writer goes on
to say : —

“ But the present ‘ glory of the country,’ the most profitable
sheep to the producer, the butcher and the consumer, are the
‘ Half-Breds,’ better described as ‘Down Cotswold.’ The

38

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

Down Cotswold sheep of this country were originally a cross
between the Cotswold ram and the Hampshire Down ewe ;
but the cross, having been bred from for nearly twenty years
without the infusion of any fresh blood, has become a distinct
breed of sheep, quite as distinct and quite as pure as the sort
called Shropshire Downs . . .

In helping to produce this breed (the Oxford Down), the
Cotswold performed one of its principal services to English
sheep breeding, and, as was natural, the success of the new
breed reacted on the popularity of the old. The process was,
however, a slow one, and during the transition period there
was a considerable demand for Cotswold rams for crossing on
the Down ewes.

Nor was this the only direction in which the Cotswold
blood exerted an influence. There is scarcely a pedigreed
long-woolled breed which does not owe something to the
infusion of this blood. As was natural, this wide demand for
Cotswold rams meant a brisk trade .and high prices. In this
respect the high-water mark was reached between the years
1860 and 1875. In 1861, the highest recorded average was
made by Mr. Robt. Lane, of the Cottage Farm, Northleach, viz.,
34Z. 10s. 8 d. per head ; in 1867 Mr. W. Lane made an average
of 31Z. 17s. 11 d. for fifty-four sheep, and in 1873 Mr. Robert
Game made 28Z. 16s. 4 d. for fifty-four sheep.

The position held by the Cotswold has undergone con-
siderable change of late years. The popularity of the Oxford
Down has been steadily growing and sheep of that type have
now, and for some years past, practically replaced the Cotswold
as the ordinary stock of the district. The Cotswold flocks
which remain are principally pedigreed flocks, kept for the
purpose of breeding rams or ram lambs. Even the number of
these has declined of late years, as a comparison of the number
of registered flocks in 1890 and 1907 will show. This reduc-
tion in numbers has been in obedience to the laws of supply
and demand, and the breed now seems to have reached a
stationary point. In an age when every breed has its own
flock-book, an out-cross, however beneficial, is seldom resorted
to, and breeds which have owed much to an infusion of
Cotswold blood in the past, are now rivals rather than clients.
The result is that the market for Cotswold rams is mainly
restricted, in this country, to the eastern counties, where the
breed has proved itself particularly suited for crossing with
the native sheep of the prevailing Suffolk Down type.

The export trade, too, although it does not show the
magnificent proportions, nor attain to the high prices, reached
in the case of some other breeds, is not to be despised, and is
not only general in its distribution, but is largely carried on

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire. 39

with, countries which have a great agricultural future before
them. Canada and Russia are good patrons of the breed, and
it is not a vain prediction that in the wide development which
awaits the great north-west of Canada and the great north-
east of Siberia, the Cotswold, which has proved itself an
essentially cold-country sheep, will be required in large num-
bers. In the United States, also a considerable exporter, the
breed has been firmly established for sixty years or more.
A return given in the Year Book of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1899 of the various American sheep-
breeders’ associations, shows the number of registrations in
the case of the Cotswolds to be 21,000, the highest of any
breed. A considerable number of animals have also been
exported of recent years to France and Spain.

From the foregoing history of the breed and from the
descriptions which have been quoted from contemporaneous
authorities at various points in its history, a general impression
of its characteristics will have been gathered, and it only
remains to till in more in detail the chief points of the
modern Cotswold with reference to its general appearance,
show points, constitution, and capacity as a producer of wool
and mutton.

What perhaps most distinguishes the Cotswold from almost
any other breed is its extraordinary bold carriage. The head,
carried well up, on a finely turned and slightly arched neck,
the ample forelock, full breast and bold, free walk, all contri-
bute to give the Cotswold ram an imposing appearance. The
head is of a fair length and remarkably clean-cut, with a
deep, well-defined jaw. The muzzle ends squarely, not
running to a point, and in the ram the bridge of the nose is
wide and bold. The poll is covered with a forelock, more
conspicuous than in any other breed, which falls well over
the brow and nose. The eyes are large and dark ; the ears,
which ai’e carried well up, are long and of a fair width, thin,
not fleshy, and covered with fine close hair of a greyish colour,
showing no shade of the pink flesh below. The back is
straight and well carried-out to the rump, which however
should not project too much, as is sometimes the case in older
sheep. The ribs are well sprung, which gives the breadth of
back so characteristic of the breed, and the covering of flesh
throughout the whole course of the back should be so deep,
firm and even that the hand of the judge should, in the case
of a show sheep, have no suspicion of the framework beneath.

Next to its bold head and fine carriage, the broad, firm,
well-covered back of the Cotswold is its strongest and most
distinguishing feature, and has particularly adapted it for
improving the deficiencies of other breeds.

40

7 he Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

The fulness of the breast has already been mentioned,
and it may be added that the Cotswold is well developed
through the heart, and girths remarkably well. Although an
upstanding sheep, the Cotswold carries a good deal of middle,
which contributes to its generally square and massive appear-
ance. The leg of mutton is good, although hardly as good as
in the Down breeds.

The wool should be long, lustrous and thickly set, not too
fine and yet not coarse, with a well-defined lock, showing a
wavy curl, and in tegs should measure from 10^ inches to
11 inches in length. The belly should be well covered, and
a bare poll is an abomination. The quality of the wool on
the body should be uniform, not showing “ two sorts of wool,”
as they say, nor should it be coarse and “ doggy ” on the
thighs.

One of the most valuable qualities of the Cotswold is its
strong constitution and power of thriving in the most exposed
situations and in the most rigorous climates. By nature a
hill sheep, it can fatten on a thin brashy soil, but it is capable
at the same time of standing the mud of a heavy fold better
than most breeds. Perhaps the purpose for which it is least
suited is that of grazing in rich, low-lying situations. Its
genet al adaptability is remarkable, although, speaking generally,
it has shown a decided preference for a cold climate and has
not made as much headway as some other breeds in the
Argentine and Australia.

The ewes are good mothers, being both quiet and tractable
and good milkers. In fecundity they surpass the Leicesters,
and are up to the average of most English breeds. After
weaning they rapidly regain their flesh and seem able to get
fat on next to nothing. In this respect they are far superior
to some more popular breeds.

As a mutton sheep the modern Cotswold matures early, as
on an average it can be fed out at ten to fourteen months at
20 to 25 lb. per quarter. The weight of 6 cwt. 1 qr. 23 lb.
for a pen of three 9 months old Cotswold tegs exhibited by
Mr. Fk. Craddock at the Smithfield Show in 1892 has only
twice been exceeded by any breed in the history of the club.
This, notwithstanding that the exhibits of Cotswold sheep at
Smithfield have been comparatively few in number. The case
of a ram 2 years 3 months old, killed by Mr. W. Lane of
Broadfield, which weighed 90 lb. per quarter, will show the
weight to which a Cotswold ram can attain.

An elaborate series of experiments carried out by Sir J. B.
Lawes1 on some of the leading long-woolled and short-woolled

' Journal R.A.S.E., First Series, Vols. XII., XIII., XVI., XXII., and
XXIII.

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

41

breeds showed that Cotswold sheep consumed less food in
proportion to live-weight increase than any other breed in the
experiment ; that, as compared with Hampshires and Sussex
Downs, they gave a heavier carcass in a given time, a heavier
proportion of carcass to live-weight, a considerably larger
proportion of outside fat and less of loose or internal fat.
These experiments further demonstrate that, in the case of
the Cotswolds, the animals of largest increase showed most
markedly the characteristic defects of the long-woolled sheep,
that is to say, the coarsest meat, and a deficiency of internal
and an excess of external fat, more particularly on the breasts
and rumps.

These results fully bear out the opinion of the butcher,
namely, that Cotswolds have suffered in their reputation from
not being brought out sufficiently early, with the result that
they are often sold at too great weights, and when too fat to
be profitable either to the producer or to the retailer ; that, as
a breed, they carry a considerable portion of their meat on the
inferior parts of the carcass, while a section through the back
and loin shows a smaller depth of lean meat than is the case
with Downs or half-breds. The growing demand for small
joints is another factor which tends to depreciate Cotswold
mutton.

It must, however, be borne in mind that the very qualities
which militate against the popularity of the pure-bred
Cotswold, as a butchers’ sheep, are among the most valuable
attributes of the breed for crossing purposes.

Wool has always been a strong point of the breed, and at
one time was a more important consideration than mutton.
Even as late as 1870, when wool was worth 70s. per tod, the
clip of the flock would often more than pay the rent of the
farm. Since then the period of low prices has led to some
neglect of this important produce. Breeders were induced to
sacrifice wool to mutton, but of late years there has been a
reaction — much to the advantage of the breed for crossing
! purposes in this country and abroad. The yield of wool of
i some of the best flocks has l’eached astonishingly high figures ;

I at one weighing recorded of late years, 1,100 fleeces from one
' flock gave 417 tod of washed wool, an average of 10^ lbs. per
fleece. Another recorded average is 10 lb. 5 oz., but, speaking
I generally, 9 lb. is a good average. Tegs have been known to
i cut 22 lb. of washed wool, and a good teg fleece will measure
10^ in. to 11 in. in length of staple.

It will be asked whether there is any attempt on the part
of breeders to modify their animal to meet modern require-
ments. The answer is undoubtedly in the affirmative. The
general tendency is in the direction of a rather smaller and

42

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

more compact animal on shorter legs, with plenty of bone, and
at the same time more attention is being paid to both quantity
and quality of wool.

Such a modification is in harmony both with the develop-
ments of modern sheep-breeding in this country and with the
requirements of the foreign, and more especially the North
American, buyer. These requirements, on the authority of a
well-known exporter, may be summarised as follows : — A
sheep well set on its legs, with a leg — so to speak — at each
corner, especially strong on its joints ; not over-fed, but with
the greatest possible quantity of lean flesh ; with a good
straight spine, capable of growing a thick-set, heavy fleece of
good quality, but not too fine.

Some account of the management of a Cotswold flock may
not be without interest. The ram is turned out with the ewes
at such a date that they bring their lambs soon after the New
Year. Shortly before lambing, the ewes are brought to the
lambing-pen erected in the field of roots reserved for the ewes
and lambs. The lambs, as they are strong enough to leave the
pen, are drafted off with their mothers to another part of the
field, provided with some temporary shelter, where they are
hurdled on the roots, the lambs running forward and picking
the tops of the swedes, and receiving cake and corn in troughs
to themselves. The ewes with single and double Iambs are
usually kept separate, the latter being better done. The
swedes are succeeded by seeds — or better, sainfoin, which crop
is a sheet-anchor of Cotswold sheep-farming, being regarded
as an almost infallible corrective, if the lambs need a change —
all foldings being supplemented by mangolds carted on to the
land. Though hurdling, with a forward run for the lambs, is
sometimes resorted to, the more usual practice is for ewes and
lambs to run the whole field.

Weaning takes place about the end of May or beginning
of June, shortly after which the winter-grown vetches will
be ready, and the lambs are hurdled on them, eating off the
crop or having it cut and put in racks according to the
heaviness of yield and the state of the weather. By the
time the vetches are finished there will probably be after-
math seeds or sainfoin on which the lambs run thinly, being
frequently changed from one field to another, until the early
turnips are ready for folding. A good practice is to combine
a fold of turnips at night with a run on the seeds by day.
As soon as the lambs are on turnips they are given hay in
racks at night and chaffed hay with their cake in the
morning. The turnips being finished, the lambs are changed
on to the swedes, which are generally cut and given them
in troughs.

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire .

43

Any ram lambs intended for showing are picked out in
November and housed under cover with a yard to run in,
and fed on cut roots, cake, corn, peas and beans, their feeding
continuing the same until early cabbage and vetches succeed
to swedes and mangolds.

The ewes meanwhile, after weaning, are washed and shorn
and put on the barest common available until shortly before
the turning out of the rams, when they are changed on to
better keep, a piece of aftermath clover and rye-grass being the
most usual feed available at the time. This may be followed
by a run on the stubbles to pick up any heads of oats or
barley which may be left. As long as there is grass, or seeds,
the ewes should not go on to roots, it being found that the
fewer roots they have before lambing the better. When
necessary to put them on they should have as much hay and
exercise as possible.

The private sales of rams, at one time such a feature of
Cotswold ram breeding, have been discontinued in the
district for some years, although the practice is still con-
tinued by Mr. Davis Brown in Norfolk. Public auction
and individual sales have replaced them. The recent rise in
the price of wool has given a decided stimulus to the demand
for Cotswold rams, some idea of which as well as of the
principal markets, and of prices realised, will be gained from
the following figures extracted from returns published in
agricultural annuals ; the figures, be it understood are not
complete.

At Hampton Green Fair in 1908, 85 rams averaged
11 guineas, while 35 ram lambs averaged 11Z. 10s. 6<Z. At
the same fair in 1907, 187 rams averaged 10Z. 14s. At
Messrs. T. Brown & Son’s private ram letting at Marham
Hall, Norfolk, in 1906, 80 rams averaged 9Z. 8s., while
120 ram lambs averaged 81. 6s. 3cZ. In 1907, 80 rams from
the same flock averaged 9Z. 7s., while 120 ram lambs averaged
71. 16s. A certain number of rams and ram lambs are also
sold at Cirencester Ram Fair in August and September, when
some good prices are made, although the average is not so
high as these already given.

Sales are also held at Oxford, Gloucester and Ilsley Fair.

Bruce Swanwick.

The Thatched House,

Coates, Cirencester.

44

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

II.— OXFORD DOWNS.

History of the Breed.

About the year 1827 Messrs. Druce of Eynsham, Gillett of
Southleigh, Blake of Stanton Harcourt, and Twynham of
Hampshire, undertook the raising of a new breed of sheep that
should, in a great measure, possess the weight of the “ Long
Wool ” with the quality of the Down. Some slight admixture
of the Sussex Down may have been introduced by those early
breeders, but the Cots wold grey -faced ram and the Hampshire
Down ewe were the chief materials, which, by judicious blend-
ing and careful selection have resulted in a class of sheep
difficult to equal — on account of size, weight of wool, aptitude
to fatten and excellence of quality of mutton.

In the year 1857 they were given the name of the “Oxford-
shire Down,” now for the sake of convenience shortened to
Oxford Down, the county of Oxford being then their strong-
hold.

It is more than gratifying to Oxford Down breeders to find
that their breed is to a large extent being adopted on the hill-
country of Gloucestershire. When the breed was first intro-
duced in the year 1849, some ten to fifteen rams were sold
annually at ridiculously low prices ; now at Cirencester, the
capital of the Cots wolds, there are hundreds sold annually at
remunerative rates, and of the thousands of mutton sheep
monthly bought out of the hill-country, to be sent to the
more densely populated districts, nearly the whole are Oxford
Downs.

The Royal Agricultural Society gave the breed a separate
class in the year 1862, at Battersea, when they numbered sixty
entries and were much admired. In the years 1872, 1875 and
1887, Oxford Downs gained the Champion prize over all breeds
at the Smithfield show. Mr. Rush and others have many times
won first and champion prizes at Smithfield with the produce
of the Oxford mated with the Hampshire Down ewe.

In 1889 the first flock book connected with the breed was
published in England, although in North America an Association
for the publication of an Oxford Down record had been
established in 1881, and the breed has flourished there from
that date. In the 1889 edition of the English Oxford flock
book there are 87, and in the 1908 edition 200 members’ names,
and the annual demand for sires has increased in the same
proportion.

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

45

Description.

In the first volume of the Flock Book, Mr. R. Henry Rew
describes a typical Oxford Down ram as follows : —

“ He has a bold masculine head — well set on a strong neck
— the poll is well covered with wool, and adorned by a top-
knot — the ears are self-coloured and of good length — the face
is a uniform dark-brown colour ; the legs are short, dark
coloured and placed well outside him — the barrel is deep, thick
and long, with straight underline — the chest wide — the back
level — ribs well sprung — tail broad and well set on. The
mutton is firm, lean, and of excellent quality — the fleece is
heavy and thick on the skin.” I have nothing to add to this
except to emphasise that the face is to be a uniform dark
coloured brown — much preferable in my opinion to coal black,
as the wool and skin in the dark brown faced sheep are usually
of better quality and colour, and freer from dark spots and
black wool.

Mr. Rew goes on to say that as good wine needs no bush, so
Oxford Down sheep need little recommendation to practical
farmers. Alike on arable and grass lands they are at home.
For crossing purposes, an Oxford Down ram can scarcely come
amiss, he will give size and weight to Short-wools and quality
and good mutton to Long-wools, without in either case
impairing the original good qualities of the flock.

When trying to turn out weighty sheep, I find by frequently
weighing them that the long ones give the best results. Long,
low, and lusty should always be borne in mind when selecting
your animal. Then as regards shoulders — a most important
point — my idea is that they should be placed obliquely, meeting
on the top, and be well covered with firm lean flesh. More
! care should be taken than is customary in the selection of a
I sheep that handles well on the back. Sheep will not win
j prizes in these days when quality is so much to the front unless
j the back is covered with firm flesh.

Considering now the fleece, the showyard authorities insist
j on the sheep being well covered all over with wool of a close
i spongy texture. They have in mind the quality of wool — as
i well as of mutton — to be seen in the# Southdown. Our ideal
; should be the quality of the Southdown, with added size and
weight , for the Oxford. Furthermore, all animals should be
i active and straight on their fore legs, have their hocks well
placed and widely separated, and be well set up on their
j pastern joints.

Distribution.

In these days, when better meat and more of it must be
the watchword of the breeder, Oxford Downs are bound to

46 The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

play a prominent part in British Agriculture. They are
now found in districts very widely separated — ranging from
Cornwall to the North of Scotland, and from Wales to
Norfolk. Ireland has also now many pure-bred flocks, and
the breed appears to be yearly gaining in favour in that
country. Scotland has been a great friend and patron of
the Oxford Down, hundreds being annually sold at Kelso
and other places, the cross Oxford lambs generally exceeding
in price all other crosses.

The United States of America, Argentina, Chili, Monte
Video, the Australasian Colonies, and the whole Continent of
Europe, are purchasers of the breed in increasing numbers.

Management.

In August the breeding flock clears up any seed-land that
may be left over before it is ploughed for wheat. When the
object is to breed either for the showyard or “ fat lambs ”
they are put to the ram in August, so as to produce lambs
early in the year. Ewes to produce mutton sheep come to
the ram from the middle of September till October. Sub-
sequently they run the stubble and afterwards graze any
rough grass until nearly Christmas.

Before lambing ewes should only have a limited supply of
roots. The lambing pen is usually made in a turnip or swede
field, a dry spot being chosen, near a hayrick if possible,
surrounded by thatched hurdles and liberally littered with
straw. Get the new-born lambs away from the lambing pen
as soon as possible, and let them run on through “creeps”
in front of ewes so that they may pick and choose the
youngest and most succulent mouthfuls of whatever fodder
crop they are folded on, supplying shelter by means of
sheltering cloths or thatched hurdles. Ewes when suckling
should have about one pound of corn or cake, and hay in
addition to roots ; lambs should have access to a little of
the very best hay and a mixture of corn and cake in their
own troughs, which should be placed near the creeps out
of the ewes’ reach. The time of weaning much varies —
on the Cotswold Hills in Gloucestershire it is from the middle
to the end of May, and in grass districts much later.

After wTeaning, lambs on the Cotswolds are taken on to
rye and young seeds early in May, afterwards they are put
on to vetches, and all this time a few mangolds are a great
help. In the latter part of July lambs are folded on the
second growth of clover and mixed seeds, rape follows on ;
in September turnips should be ready for folding.

The rams and ram lambs are sold in August and Sep-
tember. A number of ordinary Oxford lambs are ready for

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire. 47

the butcher in October, when they weigh between seventy
and eighty pounds dressed carcass.

If tatting sheep are kept until the spring and shorn, on
the Cotswold Hills they are usually folded on turnips or
swedes, getting hay and as lambs a quarter of a pound of
concentrated food and gradually working up to a pound each
before being sold fat after shearing in the spring. Farmers
find it an enormous advantage in these times, when economy
has to be considered so minutely, to be able to make their
sheep ample weights while allowing the feeding animal to
gnaw the roots on the ground and so dispense with the
additional cost of cleaning and slicing or grinding. Ram
lambs to be sold in August and September must never have
a bad day, and their capacity for eating cake and corn is
enormous, two pounds each before they are sold being no
extraordinary ration. Those sold as shearling rams seldom
exceed this quantity — a plentiful supply of vetches and
cabbage in addition being given.

As to whether sheep should, or should not, be washed
before shearing appears to me an open question.

Breeders of great experience and keen perception cannot
speak with any degree of certainty as to the monetary
comparison between the two systems. Personally, I do not
wash, although my sheep are largely on arable land.

Sheep often receive rough treatment at the washing pool
and bad effects follow, counterbalancing any increased value
I to the wool that may accrue from the washing.

Sales.

As regards amounts realised by the sale of sheep of this
breed, Mr. R. L. Angas, writing in 1906 on the Agriculture
of Oxfordshire, quotes the following prices for lambs born
early in the year 1904 and sold for mutton the following
October, November, and December at Oxford, Woodstock, and
Thame, namely, 66s. 6e/., 63s., and 71s. 6d. respectively, and
in 1905 70s. and 78s. These figures can be authenticated.

When dispersed, Mr. Worley’s flock of ewes made 4/.
17s. 5 d. a head in 1906. In the same year the highest average
for shearling rams at Oxford Fair was 12 1. 18s. for 28 sheep ;
at Cirencester August Fair, 1906, 55 rams averaged 16/. 17s. 9d. ;
and at Kelso 10 rams averaged 18/. At the Oxford Fair, 1906,
56 ram lambs averaged 11/. 13s. 8 d. ; and at Cirencester Fair
10 ram lambs averaged 9/. 14s. Id.

In 1907 : Cirencester August Fair, 56 shearlings averaged
14/. Is. Id.

Winchendon Sale : 59 shearlings averaged 22/. 17s. 0 d..
highest price 157/. 10s. 0 d.

48

The Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire.

Oxford Fair : 16 rams averaged 16?. 6s. 10e?.

Kelso : 10 rams averaged 23?. 18s. 0 d.

Oxford Fair : 28 ram lambs averaged 13 1. 4s. 4c?.

Cirencester : 15 ram lambs averaged 8 1. 11s. 0 d.

In 1908 : At Cirencester August Fair, 43 shearlings averaged
20?. Is. 8<7. Highest price 141?. 15s. 0 d.

Oxford Fair : 33 ram lambs averaged 10?. 15s. 5c?. Highest
price 65?. 2s. 0 d.

The sales this year at the Palermo Show, Argentina, are
very encouraging to Oxford breeders. Mr. Yivot averaged
25?. 12s. be?, for fifteen. Mr. L. Perequa averaged 21?. 8s. 9c?.,
Mr. Vega’s average was 19?. 3s. 0e?. Many others made good
prices.

Weights.

Referring to weights in 1905 the three shearling Oxford
wethers gaining first prize at Smithfield weighed 9 cwt., being
the heaviest pen in the show excepting Lincolns. In 1906 the
first prize Oxford shearling wethers weighed 9 cwt. 18 lb.,
the Lincolns alone again exceeding them in weight. The first
prize pen of three Oxford wether lambs in 1907 weighed
6 cwt. 9 lb.

One of the ram lambs in the first prize pen at this year’s
Newcastle Royal weighed 176 lb. on June 26; it weighed
115 lb. when 93 days old.

The weight of wool taking the whole flock is about 7 lb.
per head, individual sheep cutting as much as 18 lb.

Quotations from Authorities.

Mr. Clare Sewell Read writes referring to Oxford Downs
in Oxfordshire : “ . . . the glory of the county, the most

profitable sheep to the producer, the butcher, and the con-
sumer.”

Mr. Philip Pusey says in favour of Oxford Downs that
they have “ superior quality and therefore higher price per lb.
as compared with long woolled sheep, and the superior weight
of wool and of mutton as compared with the short woolled
sheep.”

In conclusion I should like to quote Mr. Treadwell’s
remarks, written in his eighty-first year and dated October 28,
1908 : —

“ Oxford Downs will improve any breed they are put upon,
either give them size and weight, or quality, and improve the
wool. We breed them now with so much more lean meat
that they can be sold as fat lambs at light weights, or kept on
and made any weight you like.”

J. T. Hobbs.

Maisey Hampton,

Fairford, Gloucestershire.

49

FARM BOOK-KEEPING.

In the Judges’ report on the Farm Prize Competitions, 1907,
the winner of the first prize in the principal class gives it as
his opinion that, “ so long as a farmer keeps a record of his
transactions which will enable him to strike a balance in
‘ Profit and Loss ’ account, he does all that is necessary,” and
subsequently reference is made by the Judges to his “ well-kept
and carefully audited books.”1 Surely, if the striking of a
balance in the profit and loss account is all that the book-
keeping leads up to, the keeping of accounts of any sort on a
farm is rather a waste of time. The farmer’s bankers will
keep his cash account for him, and a glance at his pass-book
and at any unpaid bills he may have, together with an annual
valuation of his stock and tenant-right, will enable him to
strike a balance in profit and loss in a few seconds. But whilst
a knowledge of the profit on the farm as a whole may suffice
for those having the exceptional ability and great experience of
the gentleman referred to above, there must be many to whom
detailed information as to the net profits on each department
of the farm would be of the utmost value. It must be granted
that the accounts kept by very many farmers are of a decidedly
elementary character, and possibly the explanation lies in the
fact that they and their fathers before them have found that
the usual arrangement of accounts recommended to them
taught them so little about the details of their business as to
justify their abandonment altogether. In commerce it has
always been recognised that accurate accountancy is essential to
success. By the system of “ costs book-keeping ” which
prevails in all well-managed manufacturing establishments, the
manufacturer is able to arrive at the net cost to him of the
various articles constituting his output, and an adaptation of
this system ought to be made to agricultural affairs as it
constitutes the only reliable guide to the profitable develop-
ment of any enterprise, and no commercial man would embark
capital in a concern where the book-keeping was conducted on
the somewhat “ sketchy ” lines followed by the general run of
agriculturists.

It may be that, in knowledge of accountancy, the average
farmer is at a disadvantage in comparison with the purely
commercial man ; moreover, even in those rare cases where
accurate accounts are kept, enabling the farmer equally with
the business man, to put his finger on the exact source of his
losses, he is not able always to follow the example of the latter
by ceasing to pursue unprofitable lines because his sphere of
operations is necessarily restricted by the nature of his holding,

VOL. 69.

1 Journal R.A.S.E. 1907, page 179.

E

50

Farm Book-keeping.

by the custom under which he holds, by his markets, and by
various other circumstances.

There is no doubt that the farmer, anxious to improve his
business methods by embarking on a system of book-keeping
which will enable him to ascertain costs, cannot get much help
from the text books. There are plenty at his disposal, and
most of them excellent as far as they go, but there is the serious
objection to them all that after leading him through a maze of
operations more or less intricate, they bring him only to a
knowledge of the gross profits on his different operations.
Gross profits resolve themselves too often into net losses when
the truth about the accounts is ari’ived at, and nothing can be
more deceptive or less useful than a “ Profit and Loss ” account
comprising only gross profits and losses — however correct the
balance of such an account may be. As a matter of fact, the
farmer, seeking for a system of “ costs ” book-keeping, has to
go back nearly a hundred years to find an account of anything
likely to be of service to him. The subject of farm accounts
did not escape the attention of Arthur Young, and with
characteristic thoroughness he evolved a system which is of the
greatest value to the agriculturist. This system is described in
the “ Farmer’s Calendar ” and, though the extreme detail
recommended by Young in certain directions is open to
cx-iticism as entailixxg unpi*oductive labour, this does not
constitute a serious objection, for one great advantage of the
method is its absolute elasticity, so that the degree of complexity
to which the accounts are carried is a matter entirely for
individual coxxyenience or capacity.

No great knowledge of accountancy is demanded by the
method. The first step is to consider in what departmexxts of
the farm profits may be made ; the second step is to open
ledger accounts for each of these depax-tments. The important
thing to be borne in mind is that, sooner or later, every item of
income and expenditure on the farm must be brought into one
or other of these accounts. It will be seen later that certain
subsidiary, or auxiliary, accouxxts may have to be opened, but
before the books are closed at the end of the year, their
balances will have been transferred to one or other of the first
mentioned accounts. The departments in which profits can be
made depend, of course, upon the natux’e of the farming, and
each one must decide for himself what he requires. For
ordinary mixed farming there will be only “ Live Stock
Accounts ” and “ Land Accounts.” These can be split up as
desired xxnder various headings, and it might be mentioned that
those which follow here are merely by way of illustration.
The arrangement nxay be simpler or more complex according
to taste.

Farm Book-keeping.

51

Live Stock Accounts. — The farmer should not be content
with a “ Cattle Account ” and a “ Sheep Account ” and so on,
for he will be unable thus to realise to the full the advantage
of this system of book-keeping ; accounts should be opened
for each of the different classes of Live Stock. Thus there
will be : —

Cattle Accounts. 1. Breeding Stock.

2. Stores.

3. Feeding Stock.

Sheep Accounts. 1. Breeding Flock.

2. Lambs.

3. Feeding Sheep.

And so on.

Any of these can be subdivided to any desired extent. Thus,
in the Cattle Accounts, separate accounts may be opened under
the general heading of “ Feeding Stock ” for different lots of
cattle put up to fatten, with the object of getting at the profit
on each lot, or for comparing the economy of different food
rations. Different breeds of cattle or sheep can have their own
accounts — in fact, subdivision can be carried out to almost hny
extent, care being taken at the same time to avoid useless
labour and to have no accounts other than those which will
impart information about the business.

Having opened the necessary live stock accounts in the
ledger each one must be debited with ( a ) the value of the
stock at the beginning of the year and the cost of stock bought
during the year falling under its particular heading. Each
account must also be charged with its share of expenses such
as ( b ) manual labour, (e) horse labour, (d) rent and rates and
(e) establishment expenditure. Each account must further be
charged with the keep of its stock such as (/) grazing,
( g ) home-grown foods consumed and ( h ) purchased foods
consumed. Lastly, each account must be debited with (i)
tire value of the stock transferred to it from other accounts
during the year, for it will be obvious that there must be
a constant transference of stock from one account to another.
Thus, when a calf is weaned, the breeding stock account is
credited with its value, whilst the store stock account is debited.
When heifers come into the herd or when steers are put
up to fat, the store stock account is credited and either the
breeding stock account or the feeding stock account is debited.
Similarly with the sheep and pigs.1

On the other hand each live stock account must be credited
with (a) the proceeds of stock sold, (6) the value of stock
transferred to other accounts, (c) the value of the residues of

1 Bulls, rams, and boars are, of course, charged to Breeding Stock Accounts.

E 2

52

Farm Book-keeping .

foods consumed, ( d ) the value of stock remaining at the end
of the year and any other receipts. These accounts have now
only to be balanced, to give the true net profit or loss made
by the farmer on each class of live stock on his farm.

By way of illustration a group of cattle accounts as they
would appear in the ledger, are here set out, many of the
entries being, of course, summarised : —

BREEDING STOCK ACCOUNT.

Dr.

To Valuation of Cows at beginning of year

„ Manual Labour during year

„ Horse Labour during year ......

„ Rent and Rates . .

„ Establishment Expenses . . . •

„ Grazing .*

„ Home-grown Foods consumed .

„ Purchased Foods consumed .....
,, Value of Heifers transferred from Store Stock Account
Net Profit on Breeding Stock .....

Cr.

By Milk sold .........

,, Value of Calves transferred to Store Stock Account .
„ Value of Drape Cows transferred to Feeding Stock
Account .........

„ Value of Food Residues

,, Valuation of Cows at end of year ....

* STORE STOCK ACCOUNT.

Dr.

To Valuation of Store Stock at beginning of year .

,, Manual Labour during year . . . . .

„ Horse Labour during year ......

„ Rent and Rates ........

„ Establishment Expenses . . . .

,, Grazing . . .

„ Home-grown Foods consumed .....

„ Purchased Foods consumed

,, Value of Calves transferred from Breeding Stock

Account

Net Profit on Store Stock .....

Cr.

By Value of Heifers transferred to Breeding Stock

Account

„ Value of Steers transferred to Feeding Stock Account

„ Value of Food Residues

„ Valuation of Store Stock at end of year

£

s.

d.

400

0

0

50

0

0

15

0

0

12

0

0

3

0

0

90

0

0

60

0

0

72

0

0

60

0

0

68

0

0

£830

0

0

£

s.

d.

250

0

0

80

0

0

56

0

0

24

0

0

420

0

0

£830

0

0

£

s.

d.

620

0

0

40

0

0

3

0

0

10

0

0

3

0

0

60

0

0

30

0

0

48

0

0

80

0

0

36

0

0

£930

0

0

£

s.

d.

60

0

0

224

0

0

16

0

0

630

0

0

£930

0

0

Farm Book-keeping .

53

FEEDING STOCK ACCOUNT.

Dr.

£

d.

To Value of Drape Cows transferred from Breeding Stock

Account .....

0

0

,, Value of Steers transferred from Store Stock Account 224

0

0

„ Manual Labour during year

. 30

0

0

,, Horse Labour during year .

1

10

0

,, Rent and Rates . . ...

. 10

0

0

Establishment Expenses

1

0

0

„ Homegrown Foods consumed

. 38

0

0

„ Purchased Foods consumed

70

0

0

yet Profit on Feeding Stock

. 13

0

0

£443

10

0

Cr.

£

s.

d.

By Sale of Fat Cows

. 80

0

0

Sale of Fat Steers

. 340

0

0

„ Value of Food Residues

. 23

10

0

£443

10

0

No mention has yet been made of a “Horse Account.”
Where horses are bred an account must be opened for “ young
horses,” which will be charged with all expenses from the time
of foaling until the time when the young horses are sold, or
added to the working teams, and the account will be balanced
as an ordinary live stock account to find the profit or loss.
Where only working horses are kept, the horse account is one
of the subsidiary or auxiliary accounts to which passing
reference has been made, and the method of dealing with it
will be set out later.

Land Accounts. Only two land accounts are required on
the ordinary farm, namely an “ Arable Land Account ” and a
“ Meadow Land Account.” In special cases there may be
accounts under such headings as “ Orchards,” “ Hops,” “Market
Gardening,” “ Osiers,” &c.

The Arable Land must be treated as a whole. Arthur
Young recommended a ledger account for each field. This
involves an enormous amount of useless work as will be
obvious when it is remembered that the arable land is managed
on a rotation , and that many of the operations carried out
apparently for the growing of one particular crop are in reality
for the benefit of the whole rotation. Thus, the turnip crops
may cost anything up to 11. per acre, whilst in an abundant
season the roots themselves may not be worth more than 30s.
or 2 1. To produce a profit and loss account for the turnip
fields showing a loss of 51. an acre would be absurd and the
explanation of the apparent loss is, of course, the fact that a
great part of the cost of cleaning the Hnd for the turnip crop
should be spread over the whole rotation. All the arable land
must therefore be dealt with in one account.

54

Farm Book-keeping.

At the beginning of the year, whether it be Michaelmas or
Lady Day, the Arable Land Account is debited with (a) cultiva-
tions done, seed sown and manures applied during the previous
year for the coming year’s crops, ( b ) unexhausted manures
and food residues from the previous year. During the year the
account must also be charged with (c) all manual and horse
labour expended upon the land in cultivations and cleanings,
and in sowing, securing and marketing the crops (d) the cost
of seed corn and other seeds sown, (e) residues of foods con-
sumed by stock on the land during the year, (/) rent and rates

(g) depreciation of implements and ( h ) establishment expenses,
and any other payments such as hedging, &c. The credits of
this account will be (a) the proceeds of corn and other crops
sold, ( b ) the value of corn fed to the stock on the farm, (c) the
consuming value of seeds — hay and straw, (d) the mangolds
grown, at their value on the farm, ( e ) fallow crops fed, at their
letting value in the district, (/) seeds grazed, at their value, ( g )
manures and food residues unexhausted at the end of the year,

(h) cultivations done, seed sown and manures applied during
the year for the crops of the succeeding year. This account,
with many of the items summarised, will appear somewhat as
follows, and its balance represents the true profit or loss on this
branch of the farming : —

ARABLE LAND ACCOUNT.

Dr. £

To Valuation of Cultivations, Crops, &c., at beginning of

8.

d.

year .......

. 350

0

0

,, Valuation of Food Residues

. 33

0

0

„ Manual Labour during year

. 400

0

0

„ Horse Labour during year

. 410

0

0

,, Seed

. 75

0

0

„ Rent and Rates ....

. 460

0

0

„ Depreciation of Implements

. 30

0

0

„ Establishment Expenses

6

0

0

Net Profit on Arable Land

. 346

10

0

£2,110

10

0

Cr.

£

8.

d.

By Corn sold

. 1,120

0

0

„ Corn fed . . . . • .

. 155

0

0

,, Seeds — hay and straw fed .

. 100

0

0

„ Mangolds

. 36

0

0

„ Fallow crops fed ....

. 200

0

0

,, Seeds grazed

. 100

0

0

,, Unexhausted Manures (food residues)

. 49

10

0

Valuation of Cultivations, Crops, &c., at end of year . 350 0 0

£2,110 10 0

The meadow land is treated practically in the same way as
is the arable land. The account is debited at the beginning of
the year with (a) any food residues or manures unexhausted in

Farm Book-keeping.

55

the year previous. During the year it is debited further with,
(6) manures applied during the year, ( c ) manual and horse-
labour expended in surface tillage, in hay-making, and in
trussing and marketing any hay sold, ( d ) rent and rates, (e)
establishment charges, and any other expenses. The account
will be credited with, (a) the consuming value of hay fed on
the farm, (5) the proceeds of hay sold, ( c ) the value of the
grazing after the hay harvest, ( d ) manures unexhausted at
the end of the year. As before, the balance of the account
gives its true profit or loss.

On the ordinary mixed farm no accounts other than the
foregoing must appear in the “ Profit and Loss ” Account, but
by this time it will be obvious that they cannot be kept in
the manner indicated without opening various subsidiary
accounts in the ledger. The balances of these subsidiary
or auxiliai'y accounts are carried sooner or later to one or
more of the accounts already described, and must never appear
in Profit and Loss.

Labour. — Manual labour requires no ledger account. The
ordinary weekly labour sheet showing how each man has
been employed, and what money he has earned can be analysed,
and the wages apportioned amongst the various accounts. The
various amounts can be posted to the ledger weekly or, to save
entries, it may be thought desirable to enter them on an
analysis sheet, and post the totals to the different accounts
either monthly or quarterly. On large farms it has been found
advantageous to adopt a labour sheet somewhat different from
the common type. It is ruled thus : —

LABOUR SHEET.

Account.

Week ending ;

NAME.

0

0

CG

0

O

a

<v

0

H

£

h

0

ja

H

E

d

C£

No. of
Days.

Rate

per

Day.

Rate

per

Week.

TOTAL.

s.

d.

s.

d.

£

s ■

d.

Horses

employed

.

56

Farm Book-keeping .

In addition to the ordinary weekly labour sheet with the
work done by all the men which constitutes the pay-
sheet, their time is entered on separate sheets, headed with
the names of the various accounts for which they may have
been working. Where a man spends a day doing various jobs,
his name will, of course, appear under two or more headings.1
These labour sheets when tilled in appear as follows : —

LABOUR SHEET.

Arable Land Account.
Week ending October 31, 1908.

NAME.

a

3

VI

Mon.

as

a>

3

H

'd

<L>

£

Thurs

'E

Sat.

No. of
Days.

Rate

per

Day.

Rate

per

Week.

TOTAL.

J, Smith

1

i

1

1

i

1

6

8.

d

8

18

a.

0

£

8.

18

d.

0

W. Vear

1

i

1

1

i

1

6

18

0

18

0

T. Watkins ...

1

i

1

1

i

1

6

18

0

18

0

F. Goy

1

i

1

i

1

5

2

6

12

6

H. Tuplin

1

i

1

1

i

1

6

2

6

15

0

£

4

1

6

Horses

employed

10

10

10

8

10

10

58

LABOUR SHEET.

Sheep-Breeding Flock Account.
Week ending October 31, 1908.

1 It is not practicable to divide a man’s time into anything less than
quarters of a day.

Farm Book-keeping.

57

The number of horses employed by the men is entered at
the bottom of each sheet. It will be seen presently that some
such record of the horse labour is essential.

The advantage of these sheets is that the labour is analysed
straight away daily. They can be kept by any farm foreman
and on a large farm the trouble saved to the farmer in analys-
ing his labour sheet at the end of each week is considerable.
They are easily filed and need be totalled up only at the end of
the year, thus reducing the entries for “labour” in each account,
to one only.

For Horse labour it is essential to open a ledger account.
This account can be treated in one of two ways. Some figure
may be taken as representing the value of a horse’s day and
each account may then be charged with the value of horse
work done for it as calculated on this basis. At the same time,
the “ Horse account ” in the ledger is credited with these sums
and debited with expenses. When the account is balanced at
the end of the year a profit or loss on the horses is arrived at.
Seeing, however, that horses are usually kept on the farm to do
work, and not as a direct source of gain, it is not desirable to
show a profit or a loss on them. The best course is to ascertain
in the first place exactly what the cost of the horse labour on
the farm is. To do this the ledger account is debited with (o)
the valuation of horses and harness, &c., at the beginning of
the year (5) the cost of food consumed during the year (c) the
cost of shoeing ( d ) repairs to harness (e) rent and rates (/)
establishment expenditure and any other expenses. It is credited
with the valuation of the horses and harness at the end of the
year, and the balance of the account represents the total cost of
the horse labour on the farm. This cost is then shared out
over the various accounts in proportion to the number of days
of horse labour performed for each. The number of days is
got in a few moments from the labour sheets and the appor-
tionment is quite easily made. The Horse account appears
thus : —

HORSE LABOUR ACCOUNT.
Dk.

£ s. d.
600 0 0
60 0 0
350 0 0
49 0 0
22 0 0
15 0 0

12 0 0
110 0 0
3 0 0

To Valuation of Horses at beginning year

„ Valuation of Harness, &c., at beginning of year
„ Home-grown foods consumed during year .

,, Grazing

„ Shoeing

„ Repairs to Harness .....

„ Rent and Rates

Two 3-year old colts purchased
Establishment Expenses

£1,211 0 0

58

Farm Book-keeping.

Ck.

By Valuation of Horses at end of year
„ Valuation of Harness, &c., at end of year
Net Cost of Horse Labour

Apportionment : — Cattle Accounts .

Sheep Accounts .

Arable Land
Meadow Land .

Grazing

Establishment .

£ s. d.

. 19 10 0
.800
410 0 0
. 32 0 0
.400
. 1 10 0

£475 0 0

£ -> *. d.
688 0 0
48 0 0
476 0 0

£1,211 0 0

Rent and Rates. — These require no ledger account. Rates
are readily apportioned between land and buildings by taking
the figures in the demand note. The rates on land must then
be shared over arable, meadow, and pasture land, whilst rates
on buildings must be divided over the different classes of
stock using them.

The Rent must also be apportioned in the same way,
remembei’ing to deduct from it the value of the farm-house,
which must be charged to a “ Private Account ” or a “ House
Account.” Some such account will be found necessary in all
farm book-keeping for the accommodation of certain items of
purely personal expenditure which are apt to creep into the
farm accounts.

It must be admitted that the apportionment of rent con-
stitutes a rather serious difficulty in the system of accounts
here advocated. The item is a considerable one and a careless
division of it may produce fictitious balances. It is a difficulty,
however, which presents itself in all businesses, and as it is
tackled and overcome by the manufacturer there is no reason
to suppose that the farmer should not be equal to the task.

Brazing. — No profit or loss is made on the pasture land.
Its produce is not directly marketable and should be regarded
merely as a food to be paid for. To arrive at the cost of
this food a ledger account must be opened under the heading
of “ Grazing,” which is debited at the beginning of the year
with ( a ) the value of any manures or food residues unex-
hausted in the previous year. During the year it must be
debited further with (5) any labour, such as harrowing,
rolling, &c., (c) manures applied and manurial residues of
foods fed during the year, ( d ) rent and rates. The only
credit will be the value of the manures and manurial residues
unexhausted at the end of the year, and the balance of the
account represents the cost of the grazing. This cost is then
shared out over the various live stock accounts just as was

Farm Book-keeping.

59

the horse labour. To simplify the apportionment, one beast
may be taken as the equivalent of six to eight sheep.

Purchased Foods and Manures. — It will save a great deal
of work to charge foods and manures purchased straight away
to the accounts that are to use them. Thus nitrate of soda
and basic slag can be charged direct to the “ Arable Land
Account ” and the “ Grazing Account ” respectively, and it
will often be possible to charge foods in the same way.
When, however, there is one store for the foods purchased
for all classes of live stock, this cannot be done and a ledger
account must be opened under the heading of “ Purchased
Foods and Manures.” This account is then debited with foods
and manures purchased, and credited from time to time with
foods consumed and manures applied. Simultaneously the
various stock accounts will be debited with what they eat,,
and the land accounts with the manures they receive. The
balance of the account at the end of the year should represent
the value of stores unconsumed, and is carried forward to the
debit of the year following.

Implements. — These, too, require a ledger account, which
must be debited at the beginning of the year with (a) the
valuation of implements on hand. During the year it must
further be charged with (b) repairs, ( c ) cost of new implements.
The account is credited with the value of implements on hand
at the end of the year, and the balance of the account repre-
sents the cost of the implements for the year. The common
way to arrive at the valuation of the implements at the end
of the year is to deduct a certain percentage from the valuation
at the beginning of the year, and then add the cost of any
new implements. This method is inaccurate and therefore
objectionable. The proper course is to prepare an inventory
and valuation of the implements on the farm and then to
estimate the life of each implement. By dividing the years
of life into the value, the annual depreciation is arrived at.
The inventory may conveniently be set out thus : —

Implement

Valuation
in 1906

Estimated

Life

Annual

Depreciation

Valuation
in 1907

Valuation
in 1908, etc.

£

s.

(1.

Years.

£

8.

d.

£

s.

d.

£

s.

d.

Cart

20

0

0

20

1

0

0

10

0

0

18

0

0

Water cart .

10

0

0

15

13

0

9

7

0

8

14

0

Corn drill

7

10

0

20

7

(i

7

2

6

6

15

0

Iron plough .

3

10

0

25

3

0

3

7

0

3

4

0

Seed harrows

2

10

0

25

2

0

2

8

0

2

6

0

Binder .

30

0

0

10

3

0

0

27

0

0

24

0

0

Mower .

10

0

0

15

13

0

9

7

0

8

14

0

Boiler .

12

0

0

25

10

0

11

10

0

11

0

0

Totals

—

—

6

8

6

89

1

6

82

13

0

60

Farm Book-keeping.

New implements are added to the list as they are bought
and the worn-out ones are struck off. Some things, such as
rollers, ploughs, harrows, &c., are never worn completely out,
but always have a certain value however ancient they may
be. These may be depreciated on a twenty-five years principle
for say twenty years, after which they will be brought forward
each year at the same figure. Thus, a set of seed harrows
worth 50s. in 1906 would be depreciated at the rate of 2s.
per annum until the year 1926 when their value in the books
would stand at 10s., and at this figure they would be carried
forward in the succeeding years without further depreciation.

The Implement Account being one of the auxiliary
accounts, its "balance does not go directly to “ Profit and
Loss,” but is apportioned to the other accounts after the
manner of the balances of “ Horse ” and “ Grazing ” accounts
already described. This apportionment is apt to be trouble-
some but with a little consideration it may be accomplished.
Thus it will be obvious that the depreciation of ploughs,
harrows, binders, reapers, &c., should be charged to the arable
land ; that on cake breakers, root cutters, &c., to the stock and
so on. Depreciation on carts, waggons, &c., which ai'e used
for all manner of purposes, can either be charged to the “ Horse
Account ” thereby increasing the cost of the horse labour or it
may be carried to the Establishment Account, which is, per-
haps, the preferable arrangement. The labour of apportion-
ment is reduced by grouping the various implements in the
inventory as far as possible under such headings as “ arable
land,” “ live stock,” &c.

Dung. — Under this head a ledger account must be opened
in order to get at the value of the manure. This account would
be debited with the consuming value of all straw used for litter
and with the value of the residues of foods consumed in the
yards. There is nothing with which to credit this account ;
the balance represents the cost of the dung and this is shared
between the meadow land and the arable land in proportion to
the number of loads applied to each.

Establishment. — Repeated reference -has been made to the
“ Establishment Account.” This is not usually met with in
the ordinary forms of farm book-keeping, but in any attempt
to keep accurate accounts it will be found that certain pay-
ments have to be made which cannot with fairness be placed
against any of the accounts already dealt with. The foreman’s
wages, repairs to farm roads, travelling expenses, keep of nag-
horse and other matters have to be debited to an “ Establish-
ment Expenses Account.” It is an auxiliary account, and the
balance must be shared out over the other accounts in some way
or another. The simplest method of apportionment is to share

Farm Book-keeping.

61

the balance of the Establishment Account over all the other
accounts in proportion to their turnover — going on the
assumption that the account with the largest turnover has
probably benefited to the greatest extent by the establishment
expenditure. This is, of course, only an approximation and
to reduce any error to a minimum the account must be kept
as small as possible ; that is to say, nothing must be charged
to it that can by any means be placed direct against any of the
other accounts.

It may not be out of place to refer to one or two criticisms
which have been brought against this system of farm book-
keeping, and perhaps the writer may first of all emphasise the
point that this article is merely suggestive in its intention. So
long as the principle of “ costs ” and “ net profits ” is adhered
to, the accounts can be developed in a variety of ways other
than that adopted here by way of illustration. It has
been objected that there are so many estimations of
values as to make the results shown by the various accounts
quite unreliable. If this were so the system would stand
condemned, for the results would not justify the labour
entailed ; but there is no reason why the estimations
and apportionments should be so far wrong. The only
point where a serious error might be introduced is in the
apportionment of rent, but this problem has to be faced and
it may be solved with reasonable accuracy. With regard to
the prices at which live stock is transferred from one account
to another, the farmer is so constantly attending markets, fairs,
&c., that he should have no difficulty in assigning a fair value
to his own stock.

Objection has also been made against the annual valuation
on the grounds that market fluctuations might considerably
affect the values of stock which there is no intention of selling,
thereby producing fictitious profits or losses. This is a matter
of opinion. Some people like an annual valuation at current
market prices because it admits of the true financial position
on a certain date being shown, but it is by no means an
absolute necessity in the keeping of these accounts. Thus,
for breeding flocks and herds which are carried on from year
to year, a fair average value per head can be adopted and the
stock carried forward each year on this basis regardless of
current market prices. The rest of the live stock can be
carried forward at the close of the year at their cost , as shown
by their various accounts, and the profit or loss will then only
appear when subsequently the stock is sold.

The commonest objection, however, is on the score of
the work entailed. It is said that no farmer could be
expected to plunge into such a maze of figures. That a

62 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

farmer on any considerable scale would have to employ a
clerk to keep his books for him and so forth. Now why
should the farmer regard himself as exempt from the ordinary
rules of business ? If a manufacturer be asked the net cost at
the factory of the article he produces he can state it at once ;
ask him what percentage he must add to pay the expenses of
the counting-house and his answer is ready. But how many
farmers can state the cost of producing a stone of beef, or the
cost of a horse per day, or the cost per ton of the dung on the
farm ? Why is it that they alone of all business men can
get along without a knowledge of costs ? Surely it would
be of the greatest service to them, and if they cannot or
will not devote the necessary time and trouble to get at it, is
it unreasonable to suggest that they should employ book-
keepers ? What right has a person with say 5,000Z. in his
business and an annual turnover running possibly into larger
figures still, to expect to conduct his business without a clerk,
and keep his books by memoranda on the backs of envelopes ?
Is there any other class of men in business who would dare to
attempt it ? Surely the question requires no argument and
when the agriculturist begins to realise what a mine of
information his books should be to him, he will not begrudge
either the time or the expense which may be involved in
keeping them, and he will find that, a new interest has been
added to his already absorbing occupation.

C. S. Orwin.

Estate Office, Pan ton, Wragby.

THE REPORT OF
LORD REAY’S COMMITTEE ON
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.1

Lord Carrington, President of the Board of Agriculture,
on March 20, 1907, appointed a Departmental Committee
“ to inquire as to the provision which has now been made
for affording scientific and technical instruction in agriculture
in England and Wales, and to report whether, in view of the
practical results which have already been obtained, the
existing facilities for the purpose are satisfactory and sufficient,
and, if not, in what manner they may with advantage be
modified or extended.” The Committee were fortunate in
having Lord Reay as Chairman. His knowledge of educational
problems, and his experience of the conduct of Commissions

1 Report [Cd. 420(i] and Minutes of Evidence [Cd. 4207], Wyman &
Sons, price 9 d. and 5*. 3 d. respectively.

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 63

and Committees, proved invaluable. The names of my other
colleagues were such as to guarantee a full and impartial
inquiry, and to command respect for their recommendations.
They were : — Lord Barnard, Lord Belper, Lord Moreton,
Mr. F. D. Acland, M.P., Mr. David Davies, M.P., Mr. H. S.
Staveley-Hill, M.P., Professor T. H. Middleton, of the Board
of Agriculture, Professor William Somerville, Mr. Thomas
Latham, and Mr. J. C. Medd.

The Committee held sittings on thirty-one days to receive
evidence, and on twenty other days to consider their Report.
They examined 113 witnesses and asked over 16,000 questions.
They received innumerable pamphlets and publications of
every description. Their unanimous Report extends to thirty-
nine closely printed folio pages. The early determination
of the Committee that their inquiry should be comprehensive
and exhaustive was thus undeniably realised.

It will be observed that the terms of reference were limited
in two important respects. First, the inquiry was confined to
England and Wales. At the outset I expressed the opinion
that from both the English and the Scottish point of view it was
regrettable that the terms of reference did not include the
whole of Great Britain. Nothing that has since transpired has
altered that opinion. Secondly, education of an elementary or
secondary character did not come within the scope of the
inquiry. Although what may be called “ rural ” in contra-
distinction to “ agricultural ” education was not strictly
within the Committee’s terms of reference, yet many witnesses
alluded to it. Much interesting and valuable evidence on such
questions as nature study, “ rural bias,” and school-gardens was
received ; and there can be little doubt that the almost
unanimous opinion expressed by witnesses that elementary and
secondary schools should always provide a general and not a
specialised education, had much influence with the Committee.
Mr. Medd deals with the question of rural schools in his
supplementary memorandum, but the only mention of rural
education in the Report of the Committee is as follows : —
“ Nothing in our system of education should hinder any lad from
seeking his life’s work upon the land. On the contrary, all that
is possible should be done to show him how, by the application
of skilled knowledge, agriculture holds out the prospect of not
only an interesting but a profitable career. A complete system
of technical agricultural education is, therefore, the natural
corollary to the vast sums spent on elementary education in the
rural parts of the country.” With this exception the Report
is confined to questions connected with the provision of
instruction in agriculture, and in allied subjects, to persons
generally above school age.

64 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

Brief Historical Sketch.

Although considerable space is devoted in this Report to
setting out the important stages in the history of the progress
of agricultural education, it is unnecessary here to review this
chapter at any length. It is interesting, however, to note that
among the earliest dates mentioned is 1840, as being the year
in which the Royal Agricultural Society of England was
incorporated by Royal Charter. The Committee later acknow-
ledge the educational work of the Society, which since 1868
has held examinations in the science and practice of agriculture.
But to trace the origin of the present provision of agricultural
instruction one need go back only twenty years. In 1887, a
Committee, presided over by the late Sir R. H. Paget, inquired
into “Agricultural and Dairy Schools which might properly
receive Government grants, and to advise as to the Department
which should be charged with the administration of such
grants.”

At that time the only Agricultural Colleges in England were
those at Cirencester, Downton, Aspatria, and Hollesley Bay ;
while the Worleston Dairy School had lately been established
in Cheshire.

From the publication of the Paget Report1 dates the present
system. In the estimates for the year 1888-89 the Agri-
cultural Department of the Privy Council were provided
with a sum of 5,000Z. for giving effect to such of the
recommendations of the Committee as might be adopted by
the Government.

This was the first sum set apart by Parliament for
the promotion of definite agricultural education. In 1890,
the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act was passed
under which the Residue Grant provided County Councils
with a source of income distinctly applicable to agricultural
education.

Readers of this Journal will be familiar with the methods
by which these two authorities — the Privy Council and
subsequently the Board of Agriculture, on the one hand, and
the County Councils on the other — have increased the provision
of agricultural education. Many counties from the first
appointed itinerant instructors, who, by means of lectures,
demonstrations, and personal advice have been the real
pioneers of subsequent work. It is important to re-
member that such work has until within the last two or
three years been carried out entirely at the expense of the
counties without any financial assistance whatever from any
Government Department. The work has, however, been

1 C.— 5285 and C.— 5313.

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 65

regularly inspected by the Board of Agriculture. Other
counties, such as Cheshire, established an Agricultural College
through which the whole of their work, migratory as well
as collegiate, has since been conducted. Others, such as
many in Wales and in the North and East of England, devoted
money to the establishment and support of an agricultural
department in an existing institution. The Board of
Agriculture have, from the passing of the 1890 Act, confined
their grants to the support of permanent institutions. For
many years the only institutions eligible for grants from the
Board of Agriculture were those connected with two or more
counties, but more recently grants have been made to
institutions such as the Colleges at Holmes Chapel and
Uckfield acting for only 'one county.

The story of how the twenty institutions now in receipt
of grants from the Board came into the scheme of
agricultural education is admirably told in a memorandum
prepared for the Committee by their Secretary, Mr. A. E.
Brooke-Hunt, and published as an appendix. As these
institutions are familiar to most agriculturists, it is needless
to particularise them here. Suffice it to say that their work
has, year by year, expanded and developed, and that, speaking
generally, the number of students attending them has steadily
grown. Unfortunately the Board of Agriculture have not in
the last few years been able to increase the amount of their
grants in proportion to the increasing cost of these institutions.
This difficulty has been accentuated by the fact that, since the
Education Act of 1902 has come into full operation, the money
at the disposal of County Councils for purposes of technical
education has been partly diverted into other channels, thus
depriving the institutions of any prospect of additional grants
from that source. Indeed, so keenly have county councils
felt the want of money in the last three or four years that the
amount spent by them on agricultural education, whether
through permanent institutions or in connection with then-
own staff of instructors, has, taken in the aggregate, become
less year by year. Instead of the work expanding with the
demand for instruction, it has only too often been reduced.

This short sketch will serve to show some of the difficulties
attending the provision of agricultural education at the time
of the appointment of the Committee. On all sides there was
an appeal for further funds, but Lord Carrington widely
decided that, before approaching the Treasury, it was
advisable to appoint a Committee to review the past twenty
years and to weigh the results achieved.

With this introduction we may proceed to examine the
findings of the Committee.

VOL. 69.

F

66 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

The Committee recorded with pleasure that, whereas in
1887 there were only some four or five institutions engaged
in providing courses of instruction in agriculture, they had
heard evidence from at least twenty-four institutions actively
engaged at the present time in providing higher agricultural
instruction. During the twenty years, therefore, which have
elapsed since the Paget Committee made its Report, the whole
aspect of agricultural education in the country has changed
and the foundations of a national system have been laid.

Attitude of Agriculturists towards Agricultural

Education.

By their terms of reference the Committee were to
consider “the practical results” obtained, and a chapter
dealing with this important question is placed in the forefront
of their Report. “ The evidence shows in an unmistakable
manner that the attitude of farmers on the subject has
undergone, or is undergoing, a change.” It will be obvious
to every one who studies the Report that the standard by
which every class or system of instruction was judged was
that of “ results obtained.” “ However useful,” says the
Report, “ agriculture may be as a subject of instruction in
schools and colleges, it is obvious that unless the farmer
recognises the value of scientific knowledge to himself, as of
assistance in the management of his land or of his stock, the
nation is not likely to derive much direct benefit from
expenditure upon technical education in agriculture.” That
farmers in this country have begun to recognise the value of
scientific knowledge to themselves was acknowledged by many
farmers and land agents. The fact that opposite opinions
were expressed by others coming, for the most part, from parts
of the country affording few or no opportunities for coming
into personal contact with agricultural teachers of the first rank,
seems to me to localise, not to negative, this favourable
testimony.

Before considering further the appreciation shown in
Britain of existing facilities for agricultural instruction, it
will be advisable to summarise that part of the Report dealing
with the attitude of agriculturists in other countries.

Comparison with Other Countries.

No branch of the inquiry was so interesting, and no section
of the Report will so well repay careful study, as that devoted
to agricultural education in other countries. The countries
especially mentioned are those from which it was considered
that Britain had something to learn. They were Denmark,
Ireland, Germany, Holland, and the United States of America.

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 6 7

If only agriculturists in England and Wales, who are
convinced of the value of agricultural education, will study
for themselves the description given by Professor Campbell of
the admirable system created in Ireland by the Department of
which he is Assistant Secretary, the demand for similar
advantages in this country will become imperative. In Ireland,
the Department of Agriculture realised that the first need was
to provide for the training of men to become teachers and
specialists. This they did by the addition of an Agricultural
Department to the Royal College of Science, Dublin, there
being no local university colleges, as in Great Britain, which
could undertake the teaching of agriculture. Their second
step was to provide a first-rate agricultural college (Glasnevin)
to act as a stepping-stone for men desirous of entering the
Royal College of Science, and also to educate future land
agents, as well as the sons of well-to-do farmers intending
to manage their own farms. Next, they provided three
provincial institutions where young men can attend a
course of agriculture extending over one year, and the
provision of others is contemplated. The fourth step was to
establish winter schools where the sons of farmers could obtain
technical training during the winter months. “ Twenty-eight
of these schools,” said Professor Campbell, “ were in operation
last year in twelve counties.” He then went on to describe
what his Department had done and proposed to do with regard
to institutions for women, a school of forestry, and other
schemes, showing that in Ireland the system of education in
agriculture, costing some 83,000Z. a year, is graduated and
complete. Professor Campbell’s evidence I regard as the most
valuable which the Committee received, and to it readers
should refer for further information on the Irish system. One
of our witnesses — a lady — complained that “ she had never
been educated, but only brought up in Ireland.” Under
Professor Campbell’s regime such a misfortune will become a
matter for sincere congratulation.

The Committee did not receive verbal evidence direct from
the United States, Germany, Holland, or Denmark, but were
fortunate in having among their own members several who had
visited and made a study of agricultural education in one or
more of the countries mentioned. In addition, they had placed
before them a considerable amount of literature dealing with
this branch of the subject. It appears that in the United43tates
much dissatisfaction was expressed with the results obtained
from agricultural education after the establishment of the
Land Grant Colleges, owing to the fact that the teachers and
students depended, for the subject matter of courses in agricul-
tural science, chiefly on the results of research conducted in

68 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

Germany. But as soon as the experiment stations, from which
we receive to-day such important bulletins, had been estab-
lished and had set to work to discover facts applicable to the
agricultural conditions of America, a striking change in the
attitude of the farmers was observed. Here, then, is a point
to be noted. To win the confidence of farmers in America the
teacher had to provide him, not with broad general principles,
but with direct information which he could put to the test on
his own farm and find to be accurate.

In Germany also there was, at first, a marked indifference
on the part of the agriculturist towards agricultural education,
but the State “ provided a supply of scientific facts and a
system of knowledge precisely adapted to the special needs of
the German agriculturist. He, finding teachers he could trust
and information that interested him, has abandoned his former
attitude of indifference.”

“Denmark,” says the Report, “may be quoted as a State
in which the problem of reaching the farmer no longer really
exists. The desire for knowledge existing in Denmark has
made the task of the teacher an easy one. This desire for
knowledge is not a marked attribute of the agricultural classes
in England, and in providing agricultural education for this
country the greatest stress should be laid on all means
calculated to arouse a demand for information.” Here, then,
we arrive at the real problem of agricultural education in this
country. How is this desire for knowledge to be aroused ?
We have seen how the success that has attended agricultural
education in Germany and in the United States was achieved.
Is it unreasonable to hope that similar efforts in this country
would meet with similar success ? On the contrary, the
Committee had overwhelming evidence of the practical appre-
ciation by farmers of the experimental work conducted in
various parts of this country. “ Round those institutions,”
states the Report, “ at which experimental work has been
properly conducted, numbers of farmers may be found keenly
interested in the new facts which each year brings to light.”

Experimental and Research Work.

It must be remembered that the Committee’s terms of
reference did not permit them to make inquiries into the
economic value of research. Their inquiry was limited
to th§ relation of research to education. This relation was
clearly demonstrated by Mr. E. S. Beaven, of Warminster.
Asked if a possible explanation of the farmers’ apparent lack
of appreciation of instruction was that teachers in this country
had not the necessary material at their disposal with which to
instruct him, he replied, “ You have not sufficiently good

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 69

matter to otter the intelligent agriculturist — the large grower,
at any rate. No doubt the small cultivator can be taught how
to use manures and such like things by means merely of
demonstrations, but we have arrived at a point where, at any
rate, the larger growers, who are responsible for the main part
of the agricultural produce of the country, are now fully
acquainted with facts with regard to such subjects.”

The Committee, after considering very carefully this
question of research, decided that “ it would be unwise to
develop any extensive system for providing instruction in
agriculture in Great Britain without at the same time providing
for research.” In 1887 the Paget Committee recommended
that an annual grant-in-aid of 3,000/. should be placed at the
disposal of the Government Agricultural Department to be
expended in investigation. Even if the grants of 200/. paid
by the Board of Agriculture in respect of the farms attached to
collegiate centres be included, the total grant in aid of research
has never reached the sum recommended twenty years ago.
The statement on this subject made by the Assistant Secretary
to the Board in the last annual report1 has, therefore, been
welcomed as an indication that this branch of the Department’s
activities is to be extended in the future “I wish,” he said,
“ to urge the importance of these special grants (for experi-
ments and research) and to suggest that much larger sums
should be expended by the Board in promoting research on
agricultural problems. Apart from the economic value of such
research, its effect on agricultural education would justify the
expenditure.”

Passing from original research to the less exacting but
scarcely less important work of field experiments or demon-
strations, the Report says : “ It was frequently stated by
those giving evidence that farmers took more interest in
experiments than in any other class of work undertaken by
the colleges, and the Committee agree that the teacher has no
better means of getting into close touch with the farmer than
by laying out for his inspection a series of experimental plots
designed to' elucidate some local question.” The Report
emphasises the need for better organisation in connection with
these minor experiments and suggests that the results of the
more important experiments should be summarised at regular
intervals, and published in the Journal of the Board of
Agriculture. This suggestion has already been adopted by the
Board. It continues, “ In view of the large sums spent upon
experiments, and of the important influence which they ought
to have upon agriculture, the Committee are of opinion that
the Board of Agx*iculture should give very special attention to
1 Cd. 3908; page vii.

70 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

collating the results, comparing them with the results of
similar work conducted in other countries and extracting and
publishing such facts as may have a direct bearing on the
practice of agriculture in this country.” There can be little
doubt if this were done, and done well, the educational value
of such experimental work would be greatly increased.

We may now consider the various types of institutions
providing agricultural instruction.

Institutions op the Highest Grade.

The most advanced type of agricultural institution is the
agricultural department of a university or university college,
and the next is the agricultural college. The essential
difference between these two grades is that whereas at the
latter institution instruction is given only in agriculture and
allied subjects, at a university or university college, side by side
with the agricultural department, are departments dealing with
every branch of education.

The Committee emphasised the value and importance to
agriculture of universities and university colleges, and noted
“ with satisfaction that agriculture has now received recognition
in all the leading universities in this country,” To those who
remember the attitude of the universities some thirty years ago
towards “ utilitarian education,” it must be a matter for
congratulation that no less than five universities and five
university colleges sent representatives to explain to the
Committee their existing or projected agricultural work.

Particularly pleasing to hear was the evidence respecting
the agricultural developments brought about during the past
sixteen years at the University of Cambridge. The agricultural
department has been fortunate in its benefactors. It has been
equally fortunate in its staff. Indeed, the importance of the
results of recent research conducted at Cambridge has been so
great, and so widely recognised, as to overshadow the very real
value of the more purely educational work. Still further
developments are in prospect. When these are effected, the
great University, many of whose colleges are themselves large
owners of land, and educate a high proportion of the sons of
our landed classes, will occupy the first place, not only in
research, but in the practical training of future land-owners
and land agents for their very responsible duties.

The Committee welcomed the prospect of instruction in
agriculture being provided in the Universities of Manchester
and Birmingham, and recommended that “ in view of the
strong support now given to agricultural education by the
University of Oxford, the State should make an annual grant

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 71

to the University similar to that made to other universities
with fully-equipped agricultural departments.” The Com-
mittee considered that, when these developments have been
carried out, when the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester
has become a public institution, when an agricultural college
has been established in Devonshire under the Seale Hayne
bequest, and when the college at Aspatria has been placed on a
permanent footing, “ the number of institutions providing
higher instruction in agriculture will probably be sufficient.
Most of the institutions, however, have been but recently
founded, and are not yet fully developed. Future expenditure
on higher education should pi’ovide for the better equipment
of existing institutions rather than for any increase in their
number.”

Every one interested in educational progress agrees that,
although much depends upon efficient organisation, the most
important factor of all is the teacher. This is especially true
with regard to agricultural education. Much of the prejudice
created in early days was the result of the ignorance of
agriculture as a business observed by agriculturists in teachers
and lecturers. One witness gave an amusing instance: — “We
had one professor come to our place some years ago, and he
had a meeting in the village, and he told the men who kept
pigs that the manure from them was of no value ; he would
give them a recipe by which they would be able to put their
fingers into their waistcoat pocket and take out sufficient
manure to put on their allotments, and somebody called out,
* Yes ; and you would be able to put your fingers in the other
pocket and take out the produce.’ ” The serious aspect of this
incident is that such a lecture would retard the progress of
agricultural education in that neighbourhood for half a genera-
tion. A contrast to this story is the remark of Professor
Middleton when describing the agricultural department of
Cambridge University. Having referred to the use made of
the University farm for instructing students, he continued,
“ We use the farm for demonstrating to farmers, and these
demonstrations we find most useful. It is by means of them
that we have got into close contact with the farmers in the
Eastern Counties. They come there in large numbers now.
Last year we had about 600, and we could easily have had
more if we could have taken them. When farmers come they
see what is being done, and as our system is that each person
is responsible for some particular work, each one is a specialist
in some particular business. The farmer finds that there is
someone on the farm who knows about some one part of
agriculture more than he does himself, and many farmers
come there to learn.”

72 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

On this important question of the efficiency of the teachers
the Committee summarised their conclusions as follows : — “ In
developing the existing facilities attention should be first given
to securing a highly qualified staff. Many institutions employ
too few teachers, or relegate the teaching of important subjects
to junior members of the staff. It is of special importance
that high qualifications should be secured in the teachers of
such subjects as agriculture, agricultural chemistry, and agri-
cultural botany. The staff of the higher institutions should
include men who are not only capable teachers of, but
recognised authorities on, these subjects. Further develop-
ments in agricultural education will be difficult until a
greater supply of well-qualified teachers is available. This
subject demands the serious consideration of the Board of
Agriculture.”

Less Advanced Agricultural Institutions.

While the Committee found that the number of higher
institutions affording instruction in agriculture is now nearly
sufficient, they stated that “ the facilities for agricultural
instruction of a lower grade are unorganised, unsystematic,
and wholly inadequate. Very few institutions giving instruc-
tion of this grade exist, and if satisfactory provision is to
be made their number must be materially increased.” This
state of affairs may be regarded as inevitable. In England,
as in Ireland, a beginning had to be made at the top, and
it is apparent that if twenty lower grade institutions were
founded within twelve months from now it would be found
impossible to staff them efficiently.

The section of the Committee’s Report, which has met with
most criticism is that dealing with the best type of institution
to provide instruction for “the rank and file of young
farmers.” As in many cases this criticism seems based on an
inaccurate idea of the Committee’s actual recommendations,
this opportunity of explaining them is welcome.

Abroad may be found two types of schools for this class of
student. There is, first, the secondary agricultural school, or
practical school of agriculture, attended by students of from
fourteen to sixteen or seventeen years of age, where general
education is given in continuation of that provided in primary
schools, together with theoretical and practical instruction in
agriculture. The course extends over usually two and
occasionally three years, half the day being spent in manual
labour on the farm attached to the school. The second type
of school is known on the Continent as the Winter
Agricultural School. As the name implies, these schools are
open only for six months of the year, but in many of them

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 73

there is a definite second year’s course. The students
attending these winter schools are over sixteen years of age
and have all been at work on the land during the summer
months ; it has consequently been found unnecessary to
provide any but theoretical instruction. The essential
difference between these two types of schools is that in the
former the lad returns to his home at the age of seventeen
or eighteen, having never engaged in practical farming,
because his education from the elementary school has been
continuous ; while in the case of the winter school the lad’s
education is not continuous, for, on leaving the elementary
school, he returns to work on his father’s farm, except for
the winter months.

The Committee considered that the type of institution best
adapted to the needs of this country is the winter school.
They recommended that “ in the course of the next ten years
from fifty to sixty of these schools should be provided in
England and Wales.” The reasons for this preference are
fully given in the Report, but one or two of the more
important may be indicated here. This can best be done
by the following quotation : —

“ It has been represented to the Committee that if a lad
once leaves school and begins farming it is difficult to get him
to return. This is an undoubted difficulty, but on the other
hand it must be pointed out that the longer a boy’s entrance
on agricultural life is delayed, the greater is the risk that
he may forsake agriculture for some other occupation.
Attention must also be directed to the great advantage which
the agriculturist derives from beginning to learn his business
at an early age.

“There is a further point of some importance in comparing
practical schools with winter schools. At the former the
pupils, in order to gain experience, must spend half their
time in manual work. To this, British parents might object
on the grounds that if their children were engaged in
unskilled manual labour, they would be better employed
assisting in farm work at home.”

The instruction suggested at these proposed winter schools
closely resembles that given with striking success at the short
courses held at our university and agricultural colleges.
Again, four county councils, viz., those of Bedfordshire,
Cumberland, Hampshire and Essex, have already established
institutions providing courses very similar to those held at
the less advanced winter schools on the Continent. Doubtless
a continuous course of schooling may have proved successful
elsewhere, but it must be remembered that there is not,
in all counti’ies, that constant gravitation towards the

74 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

towns which, in an old, densely populated, and industrial
country like this, creates the danger that the prolonged
separation of a lad from the land may terminate in a
permanent divorce. In Prussia, Denmark, Holland, and
Canada, where serious attention has been given to the
instruction of the agriculturist, the importance of practical
training, before technical instruction is attempted, has been
clearly demonstrated, so much so, indeed, that at Guelph,
perhaps the first agricultural college in the world, no student
is now admitted who has not had practical experience on
a farm.

Migratory and Advisory Work.

Instruction in agriculture, horticulture, dairying, poultry
keeping, farm hygiene, farriery, and manual agricultural
processes such as hedging and thatching, has been provided
by means of lectures, demonstrations, and visits of advice by
instructors employed direct by county councils as well as
by members of the staff at agricultural institutions. With
regard to such work, the Committee considered that, while
itinerant instructors should in the future play a much more
important part in the system of agricultural education in
this country than hitherto, yet the continuance of casual
classes in the subjects mentioned is undesirable. “ While
much good has been accomplished by some itinerant teachers,
the Committee cannot but feel that as a whole the work has
suffered from want of system. Classes have been held at
irregular intervals often by persons who have come to and
left the district as strangers, whose lack of local knowledge
has discredited their teaching, and who have produced no
effect on the methods of cultivation pursued in farm and
garden.” “ Local authorities,” the Report continues, “ should
be encouraged to concentrate their attention upon obtaining
a permanent staff of teachers. If funds are small they should
prefer one permanent to several temporary teachers . . .

To stimulate local authorities to provide capable teachers, the
Committee think that grants-in-aid should be made by the
Board of Agriculture.” With a view to the better organisation
of this class of work and in order to ensure that the practical
skill of these permanent instructors shall be maintained, it is
urged that, in districts where “ there is no suitable institution
with which the county instructors could be associated, farm
institutes should be established to serve as headquarters for
the entire itinerant staff.” A farm institute in every county
is therefore recommended in order “to give definiteness of
aim and stability to county work.” Attached to each institute
would be a farm laid out as typical of the district, the general

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 75

aim being “ to place before farmers and gardeners an object
lesson for guidance in their work and to stimulate them to
improve their methods of cultivation.”

It would be very unwise for a committee sitting in London
to attempt to work out a scheme suitable for every part of the
country. No such attempt is made by this Committee, but the
following is a broad outline of the system of agricultural in-
struction which they recommend : — In each large district or
agricultural province, comprising several counties, there would
be an agricultural department to a university or university
college. This would provide the highest form of agricultural
education in the district, would be definitely connected with
every agricultural institution anti every county in its area, and
would exercise scientific supervision over every type of agri-
cultural instruction and over every experiment conducted in the
locality. There would also be one or more agricultural colleges
in the province ; and in each county, or group of two counties,
there could be a farm-institute at which the local instructors
would have their headquarters. These instructors would, during
the winter months, conduct a winter school (in most cases held
in the institute itself) and provide lectures at different centres
in the county or counties with which they were connected.
In the summer months, when the students at the winter school
had returned to their farms, the instructors would visit farmers
and gardeners, making a special effort to keep in touch with
those who had passed through the winter school. In dairying
districts, a three months’ summer dairy school might, as in
Denmark, very usefully be held. Such a system as this, of
which we already have the nucleus in many parts of the coun-
try, would prove, if assisted by means of carefully graded
scholarships, of immense value to agriculture.

Dairying.

It is probably in instruction in dairying, as well as in the
practice of dairy-farming, that Britain has most to learn from
some of her foreign competitors. Excellent work is being done
by milk-record societies, but they are far too few. The Report
notes with satisfaction the great increase both in the facilities,
and in the demand, for instruction in this subject since the days
of the Paget Committee ; but at present this country, in the
matter of dairy-research, has to rely largely upon foreign sources.
Dairy-institutes are giving good instruction in the treatment
of milk, and in the making of butter and cheese. Some of
them, however, buy their milk, instead of themselves keeping
cows, thus failing to attach due importance to the breeding and
rearing of dairy-cattle, with a view to increase the yield and
quality of milk. In the improvement of methods of milking,

76 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

moreover, and in the sanitary distribution of milk, there is a
wide field for investigation and instruction.

If small holdings are ever to become thoroughly successful
on an extensive scale, it can only be through co-operative
dairy-farming. The early provision of satisfactory instruction
in this subject throughout England and Wales is therefore
especially urgent.

Control.

The authority to be entrusted with carrying into effect the
system above described remains to be considered. As regards
the Local Authority, the Committee recommend that, in each
county, agricultural education should, on behalf of the county
council, be in charge of representatives of agricultural interests.
Lord Fitzmaurice, in his evidence, described how, in Wiltshire,
by re-appointing the members of the agricultural education
committee to be the statutory committees for the Fertilisers
and Feeding Stuffs Act, the Diseases of Animals Acts, and the
Small Holdings Act, the county council have succeeded in
consolidating their agricultural work ; and indicated the advan-
tages that would accrue if legislation were passed to make such
an arrangement statutory. This is a valuable suggestion, and
the Committee lay stress “ on the expediency of there being in
every county a special committee to organise and to supervise
agricultural education.”

As regards the Central Authority, the opinion of the Com-
mittee as to the Department by which agricultural education
should be controlled is expressed in much detail. The reason
for this is that they had, for more than the length of an
average day’s sitting, listened to interesting and lucid evidence
from an Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education —
evidence, for the most part, designed to show that the work
of agricultural education should be placed under his depart-
ment.

Now in Scotland agricultural education is already controlled
by the Scotch Education Department, and if this plan were
generally regarded with satisfaction, it would supply a strong
argument in favour of the adoption of a similar arrangement
in England. But Mr. Munro-Ferguson, M.P., addressing, from
the chair, the Scottish Chamber of Agriculture at Edinburgh,
on October 14, 1908, expressed no satisfaction. Far from it,
he suggested the creation of “a joint standing Committee
between the Board of Agriculture and the Scotch Education
Department. At present they were absolutely dependent,” he
said, “ upon a Department which might be excused for mis-
taking a ‘ neep for a docken.’ Sir Thomas Elliott and his staff
might be able to temper the purely theoretical and scientific
control (of the Education Department) with a little practical

Report of Committee on Agricultural Education. 77

knowledge of things bucolic. Better still, they might perhaps
take its place in the administration of Agricultural Education
in Scotland."1

At the present time agricultural education in England and
Wales, so far as supported by the State, consists of (i.) the
instruction given at the twenty institutions subsidised by the
Board of Agriculture ; (ii.) some two or three institutions,
notably the Swanley Horticultural College and the Worcester
Dairy Institute, earning grants from the Board of Education ;
and (iii.) the work, chiefly of a migratory character, which,
until three or four years ago, was conducted by county
councils without financial assistance from any Department
of the State, but has recently been assisted in certain counties by
grants from the Board of Education. There is thus a certain
amount of overlapping between the operations of these two
Departments ; and it will not be wondered that the Committee
recommend that “ in the interests both of efficiency and of
economy the respective spheres of influence of the two
Departments should be defined.” During the last two or three
years, indeed, five of the twenty institutions first mentioned
have, in addition to receiving a grant-in-aid from the Board
of Agriculture, earned grants from the Board of Education.

The Committee carefully considered this question and the
report contains convincing arguments in support of their
conclusion. It will suffice here to quote the paragraph wherein
the Committee summarise their recommendation on this
matter. “ Since complete co-operation between the Boards of
Agriculture and Education is essential, if the field of education
is to be adequately covered and overlapping avoided, the
Committee are of opinion that agricultural instruction, when
provided by universities, university colleges, agricultural
colleges, farm institutes, and winter schools, or by means of
special classes or courses of lectures in agricultural and kindred
subjects should be under the direction of the Board of Agricul-
ture ; while all instruction in agricultural subjects forming
part of courses of primary, secondary, or such evening schools
as are in definite continuation of the education given in
primary schools, should be under the Board of Education.”

Since the publication of the Committee’s Report a memor-
andum2 which, not without justice, has been described as a
“ counterblast,” has been issued by the Board of Education.
This is not the place for a detailed criticism of this singular
document, but it is safe to predict that its somewhat
ostentatious dangling of the money bags of the Board
of Education before the eyes of county councils and of

1 Scotsman, October 15, 1908.

2 Cd. 4271.

78 Report of Committee on Agricultural Education.

institutions providing agricultural education is not calculated
to diminish overlapping during the next few years. It would
be interesting, moreover, to know what county councillors and
farmers, who have concerned themselves for some years in the
promotion of agricultural education, think of its main argu-
ment that it is since the passing of the Education Act of 1902
that instruction in agriculture had progressed ! Either all the
landowners, land-agents, farmers, county councillors, and
county education olficials were mistaken, who complained to
the Committee of the deplorable effect which that Act has had
upon agricultural education, by diverting the “ whisky-money ”
to the training of elementary school teachers, or else the
memorandum in question is the outcome of a really surprising
misapprehension of the facts of the case.

Finance.

It is clear that, to carry out the recommendations of the
Committee, additional funds must be forthcoming. Much
evidence was given to the effect that it is idle at the present
time to expect any material increase in the sums devoted to
agricultural education by county councils. The Committee
therefore recommend that the amount at the disposal of the
Board of Agriculture for this purpose should be largely
augmented. Unless this recommendation is adopted by the
Government very few of our suggestions for the improvement
of agricultural education can be carried into effect. Agricul-
turists throughout the country must, therefore, not merely
accord a tacit approval to the Report, they must raise their
voices and demand its adoption. In Ireland, in Canada, in the
United States, and in many countries of Europe, where
agriculturists have realised the importance of agricultural
education, they have required and have obtained its adequate
support by the State. In Britain agricultural education has
been starved. Full financial provision must henceforth be
made. The Board of Agriculture alone cannot obtain this
grant. Agriculturally-minded Members of Parliament are few
and silent. Even were they numerous and vocal, their speeches
unaided would not avail to effect a breach in the walls of the
Treasury. It is for agriculturists themselves, in their Societies,
and in their Chambers, in their journals, and in public
meetings, to raise a demand so insistent that it cannot be
denied.

Norman Lamont.

House of Commons,

London, S.W.

79

MILCH COWS AND THE PRODUCTION OF
STORE STOCK.

The cattle industry in England tends to divide itself into
three divisions which are all, though constantly over-lapping
and to a certain extent intermingling, more or less separate
from one another. The men dealing with these three divisions
of stock may be briefly described as breeders, feeders, and
milk-producers.

From two of these groups we have had, during the last few
years, a unanimous cry against the re-opening of the question,
which Mr. Walter Long sought to close for ever by statute, of
the admission of colonial or foreign store stock. That this
should be so is obviously logical from the point of view of the
breeding community, i.e., of those owning pedigree as well as
store stock-producing cattle.

The cow-keeping farmer is almost as logical in his
opposition as is the breeder. He has a large amount of money
invested in animals which, owing to their highly developed
milking systems are more or less bound to be delicate, which
animals have for a great part of the year to be housed under
conditions which almost ensure that any contagious disease
imported from abroad should run a rapid and terrible course.
It is true that the milk-producer has not specimen stock, such
as are owned by some pedigree breeders, which have not only
a high monetary value, but also an individuality representing a
lifetime’s work impossible to replace. But, on the other hand,
the milch cow owner has a great deal to lose from the point of
view of commercial “ goodwill,” for, in the event of an
epidemic destroying his cattle, the contracts or customers on -
his milk walk may be lost, never to be regained. This state of
* things, so well known that words would only be wasted in
giving more emphasis to the position, leads to an outburst of
indignation, almost unagricultural in its unanimity, from
breeder and milk-producer, whenever the question of altering
the status quo arises.

The feeder does not, nor can he altogether be expected to,
look upon the prohibition of imports with the same enthusiasm.
He is a manufacturer of an article that is not a monopoly, his
beef has to meet foreign competition on far harder terms than
has the milk produced by his cow-keeping confrere. He has
no direct regard for the individual animals which are essential

80 Milcli Cotvs and the Production of Store Stock.

to the upkeep of the supply of breeding stock which we send
out to foreigners from our National Stud Farm. It is essential
to his business that he be supplied with a sufficiency of stock
suitable to his purpose and it matters little to him who breeds
them, provided that they are good and at a price that allows of
his selling them when fat at a profit. Finally, he does not run
the risk of quite such terrible results if contagious disease
appears. His beasts, animal for animal, are not quite so valuable ;
the stock is on his hands a comparatively short time and,
compared with the housing of milch cows, his yards and boxes
are not quite so favourable to the spread of disease. This
being so, it is not surprising when, to use the words of a
correspondent who writes with the authority of an expert
“ there is no doubt whatever that the store cattle stock of this
country is not what it ought to be'' that we find feeders,
singly and collectively pointing out the hardship to which they
are subjected, by the exclusion from our shores, of Canadian
or other suitable store stock. It must undeniably be a hardship
to the feeder, for experience has shown that economic
conditions make it possible for the English producer’s rivals to
raise good “ stores ” in their homes and sell them profitably in
our markets far cheaper than it can ever possibly be done by
the British farmer.

This hardship, it must at once be admitted, is a necessary
evil, if grave risk of the importation of disease is to be avoided.
But, as a hardship to one part of our population is neces-
sary for the general welfare, extra attention should be given
so as to avoid injustice, and the object of this article is to
draw attention to a state of affairs which cannot be held to be
altogether equitable.

A long course of observation while studying the markets,
in which the feeder has to make his selection of store cattle,
has made many besides the writer aware that much is offered
for sale of so bad a quality as to constitute an injustice to the
man on whom an Act of Parliament forces so limited a choice.

The fact of oversea stores being kept out of our markets
limits the number of cattle on offer, but it is most unfair that,
even unwittingly, the breeder should take advantage of this
fact and callously force on buyers so-called feeding or grazing
stores that are quite unsuitable for the purpose. This is,
however, only too often done and there is no doubt that much
of the trash the feeder is compelled to buy is the product of
that class of cow-keeper who only looks on the calf as an evil
necessary to the continuance of profit in his milk-making
machine — the cow. Nobody having acquaintance with many,
and friendship with some of them, would accuse the milk-
producers as a class of willingly being unjust, nevertheless,

Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 81

many do so behave from callousness, carelessness or the
mistaken notion that their own and feeders’ requirements are
in total opposition to one another.

There are, in the six eastern counties alone some 110,000
milk-producing cows, eighty per cent, of which may be looked
upon as wanted by their owners for milk production only.
Possibly some twenty per cent, of these are merely bought in
with the object of selling out fat when dry and so may be
ignored, and the economic waste that this practice may entail
will, through the advancing price of large deep-milking cows,
be likely to correct itself. The remaining 88,000 cows will
probably produce some 85,000 marketable calves and it is from

among these and tens of thousands of similar stock, from all
over England and from certain parts of Scotland and Wales,
that we get eventually a very large proportion of our “ stores.”
Amongst them is a percentage whose want of quality baffles
description.

We give here an illustration of one of these from life and
it suffices to say that she is as narrow as she is shallow. A
large number of countings on the market has led us to believe
that such real, though not “rotten,” wasters are produced in
great quantity from among “ Home-breds.” We have found
them at the rate of 1:8 in the eastern and south-eastern
counties.

VOL. 68.

G

82 Milch Coics and the Production of Store Stock.

Remembering the position of the feeder, forced to buy
stores which, though not all bad, in many cases do not come up
to his necessary standard of quality, because the outside supply
is forbidden him by law, no thinking man can deny that the
cow-keeper who is callous or careless about the supply of
calves he sends to market, is guilty of the gravest injustice.

On the other hand, the position of the man who wants to
keep up a supply of home-bred heifers that will grow into
deep-milking cows, who believes that he cannot do this and
yet have bull calves suitable for the feeder, cannot be held to
be an unjust one. He has his own furrow to plough, and his
own lot is not so good that he can afford to make it worse for
the sake of others, even though they may be in a worse plight
than himself.

It is, however, the object of this article to show that the
breeder of dairy cattle is mistaken, and to prove that he may
have large-framed cows, of milking capacity far greater than
the average found at present among dairy herds, that will either
in themselves, when they are dry, or through their male off-
spring, supply material with which no reasonable feeder can
for a moment find fault.

Such an animal is spoken of as the “ dual-purpose ” cow,
and we will now proceed to discuss it.

The Dual-purpose Cow in Theory.

It is well to consider those points which are, or should be,
present in the milch cow, so as to be able to contrast them with
those the feeder would like to see in the store he wants to
graze or for winter feeding.

A milch cow should be long and symmetrical in frame,
that is to say, the distances from head to chine, from chine to
hook, and from hook to pinbone should be lengthy in them-
selves while proportioned to one another, and all three joined up
so as to knit together into one elegant yet substantial whole.
Her frame or skeleton should, in order to allow of plenty of
room for the development of her vital organs, be roomy as well
as long.

Restricting an examination to the frame or skeleton, let us
see how these requirements coincide with those for beef pro-
duction.

The well-laid shoulder which gives the length to the fore
end of a milch cow is undesirable in the beef animal, for it
gives an undue amount of space on which to carry those
cuts (see Plate I.), numbered (11), (8), and (12), which are
cheap and inferior meat.

Length of middle and of quarter is, however, as desirable
in a beef animal as in the milch cow.

Milcli Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 83

So essential to a capacious udder is length from hook to
pinbone found to be by dairymen, that milch cows are, on the
whole, better in this respect at the “ quarter ” than pure beef
animals. The quarter is formed by a large bone (see (A) (A),
Plate II.,) which, in order to enable it to accommodate a large
amount of muscle is cup-shaped on its outer surface. Now it
is from muscle carried by this cup-shaped bone that the
butcher cuts the rump steak ( (a) (a) (a) (a) (a), Plate II.). It
is hardly necessary to point out that muscle and lean meat are
the same thing. The rump is one of the four first-quality cuts
( (3) Plate I.) so that, in her length of frame, the milch cow

Plate I.

Key to Plate I.

(1) Fore rib (7 ribs), first quality.

(2) Loin (including first or wing rib), first

quality.

(3) Rump, first quality.

(4) Round, first quality.

(5) Mid rib (3 ribs), second quality.

(6) Aitch bone, second quality.

(7) Thick flank, second quality.

(8) Blade bone or chuck (2 ribs), third

quality.

(9) Thin flank, third quality.

(10) Brisket, third quality.

(11) Sticking or neck, fourth quality.

(12) The clod, fourth quality,

Shin (forearm), fourth quality.

Leg (hock), fourth quality.

atones for the faultiness of the fore end of her body by being
extra long at her quarter.

Turning now to the shape of frame other than length,
we may state that all parties are agreed in wishing for great
depth.

On days when trade is slack the enterprising dealer may
often be heard at the market announcing, to all and sundry,
that the stores he has for sale are of those that have backs
upon which “ the snow can lie.” This somewhat crude

02

84 Milcli Cows and the Production of Store Stock.

announcement merely indicates graphically that width of back
which he knows purchasers of feeding cattle require. Exam-
ining the skeleton, we find that this width of back is obtained
through the ribs and other lateral processes coming out with
a long sweep horizontally from the spinal column. It will
be seen from the illustration (Plate III.) what happens when
this formation of bone is present.

The spring of rib makes (see line A B Fig. 1, and C D
Fig. 2 in Plate III.) one side of a rectangular figure — which

Plate II.

i

/

Side view of hip bone or pelvis, showing : A, A, line of quarter ; a, a, a, a, a, area
containing rump steak.

View from the top or dorsal surface of hip bone of ox, showing horizontal area
of rump steak. Letters as in upper flg.

under the shoulder blade becomes almost triangular — one
other side is formed by the ridge of the spine. The rectangle,
which runs from the hook to immediately behind the shoulder
blade, is filled in by a mass of muscle which forms the lean
meat in the joints (1) (2) and (5), Plate I. If the rib is well
sprung and the “ process ” at loin lengthy, as is the case with
a “wide” animal, the line A B Fig. 1 Plate III. is such as to
make the rectangle in question a long one and consequently
to allow room for good joints. This is the reason why the
feeder wants width all the way along. In the milch cow, if

Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 85

we are to have room inside the body for the huge organs
of digestion, essential to the process of converting rough
fodder into milk, as well as ample space for calf development,
the loin should be wide and the “fore” ribs well sprung,
thus agreeing with the requirements of the “ feeder,” for these
parts of the frame carry the joints which are most valuable
as far as meat is concerned. On the other hand, the milch-
cow’s chine, that is the area over and immediately behind the
shoulders, should be fine, and in this respect she must fail
as a bi'eeder of feeding animals. But these parts only carry,

Plate III

Section at (1) on full size figure of os. showing : 1, a good line of beef ; and 2, a
poor line of beef.

as will be seen ’by studying the figure, the inferior and
consequently cheaper joints.

We have seen that in the frame, or skeleton, there are
slight differences of structure in the two classes of animals,
which differences, however, are on that part of the skeleton
which does not carry the best butcher’s joints. We have now
to consider the question from another point of view.

The feeder wants, when he buys a “store,” an animal with,
suitable frame, but further he must have this frame covered

86 Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock.

with thick muscle. His business is to feed so as to keep the
muscular system nourished while he covers it and interlards
it with fat. The great difference between his work and the
milk producer’s is that one wants the food turned into prime
meat, i.e., muscle and an adequate admixture of fat on the
back of the animal, the other wishes the food to come away
in a somewhat similar mixture in the form of milk.

Does the fact that an animal has the faculty of turning
food into milk make it impossible for her, either in her own
body when dry or through her male offspring when they are
steered, to divert, so to speak, the milk-forming stream and
make it turn into the more substantial material — beef ? In
certain “ butter-making ” breeds the diversion from milk to
beef may be said to be impossible. In the case of animals
wanted as pail-fillers or milch cows it is, on the other hand,
quite possible ; though it must be at once conceded that they
will never be quite as thick fleshed as in the case of the pure
beef breeds. These cows will fail in flesh more especially
at the “ round ” and “ thick-flank ” ( (4) and (7) Plate I.). To
show how very nearly beef and milk may be combined in the
same animal, we will now proceed to the consideration of

The Dual-purpose Cow in Practice.

Very many stock- owners will think it superfluous to take
up space proving that the dual-purpose cow is to be met with
in great numbers. Nevertheless very many agriculturists of
the present day hold the contrary opinion so strongly as to
make it desirable that an effort should be made to bring
evidence to establish the point beyond any reasonable doubt.
The possibility and desirability of breeding for both milk and
beef in the same strain is no new question, for we find Sir
John Sinclair writing as follows in 1802 : —

“ Whether a particular breed ought to be kept up for that sole purpose,”
(the dairy) “ or whether it is preferable to have stock partly calculated for
the butcher and partly for the dairy, is a point well entitled to the most
deliberate discussion. It is probable that, by great attention, a breed might
be reared, the males of which might be well calculated, in every respect,
for the shambles, and the females that might, when young, produce abundant
quantities of milk, yet, when they reached eight or nine years of age, be
easily fattened. This would be the most valuable breed that could be
propagated in any country, and indeed some of the best English and Scotch
breeds have almost reached that point of perfection.” 1

“ Deliberate discussion ” on the part of thinking men
cannot fail to bring out the fact that, with our supply of stores

1 Essays on Agriculture , Farming , Breeding and Fattening Cattle , and
Longevity , by Sir John Sinclair, Bart., page 73, 2nd Edition. Printed by
A. Strahan, New Street Square, for T. Cadell & W. Davies in the Strand,
and C. & J. Offor, Tower Hill.

Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 87

limited to those produced in Great Britain, the dairy farmers
have a great duty to perform towards the man whose living
depends so largely upon having animals “ well calculated in
every respect for the shambles.” In order to show that these
may be bred from stock “ that produce abundant quantities of
milk,” the following instances from fact, and opinions of
practical men, are here brought to the notice of those who
doubt the possibility of the “ perfection ” Sir John Sinclair
wrote about one hundred years ago : —

Shorthorn Bulls on Non-pedigree Cows.

The writer’s own personal experience enables him to vouch
for the following facts and figures : — On a thin-chalk soil farm
attached to the Wye College, a herd of deep-milking non-
pedigree Shorthorn cows was kept for some years. Pedigree
Shorthorn bulls of milking strains were used. The bull calves
were reared and fed as steers, and almost invariably made top
prices in the Ashford Market. The following figures are given
from records taken at the time : — Milk yields from some dozen
to fourteen cows, plus two or three fivst-calf heifers. In 1899
(a very droughty year with practically no yield of grass from
June to October), 570 gallons ; 1900, 750 gallons ; 1901, 666
gallons. Produce of above : 1899, three steers sold under two
years of age at 22 1. 10s., weighing 11 cwt. 3 qrs. 81b. each.
One of these was out of a 1,000-gallon cow, and they were all
“ finished” on under 10 lb. of cake and corn, with a very limited
supply of roots and hay. 1900, a heifer seventeen months old,
weighed 11 cwt. 16 lb. She had been reared on whole milk,
which was far from being the case with the other beasts here
mentioned. On going to the local show she was highly com-
mended in a large mixed class of heifers under two years, and
made the best Christmas market price. 1903, two steers,
moderately fat, weighed 13 cwt. at about twenty-eight months
old.

An inquiry for some particulars, re an article in a back
number of the Live Stock Journal Annual, brought a long
and interesting letter from Mr. R. E. Turnbull, from which the
following is quoted : —

“ Yes, I reared a large number of calves when I was farming in Holderness
early in the eighties. You will find full particulars of the farm that I occupied
in the Journal of the R.A.S.E., Part II., 1883. I bought a large number of
Shorthorn cows and heifers in Cumberland — chiefly in the Lake districts.
Those I selected were deep in frame, wide-backed animals that gave an
abundant supply of milk. Bullock calves bred from these cows come early to
maturity when properly reared, and were in great demand for grazing purposes.
I usually sold my bullock calves (in good store condition, say 52 up to 54 per
cent.) when from twelve to fifteen months old. Early in the eighties they
realised about 1 1. on the average for each month — twelve-months-old calves
12?. . . . Store cattle were very dear at that time. I should think that

88 Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock.

40.s. to 42.«. 6 d. per cwt., live weight, was market price. . . . Cows and

heifers averaged 730 gallons a year — some of them were Ayrshire and Ayrshire-
Shorthorns. I occasionally met with Blue-Grey cows. . . . The calves of

the Cumberland Shorthorns were more valuable. . . . They could nearly

always be relied upon to grow into good bullocks for beef purposes, or into
good heifers for the production of milk.”

That the calves he writes about were good, their gain of
half a hundredweight, live weight, per month shows, par-
ticularly when the economical, if careful and skilful, method
of feeding is allowed for. This system is described in the
afore-mentioned article. Mr. Turnbull concludes a long and
very interesting letter by saying “ A well-bred bull is very
important."

Mr. William Nunnerley, Kenwick, Ellesmere, Salop, from
the far west of the West-Midlands, writes : —

“We, in this district, aim at breeding a good Shorthorn cross, i.e., not a
full pedigree animal, chiefly using pedigree bulls on so-called ‘cross-bred
cows’ — meaning a cow without a full pedigree. Many cattle making excellent
milkers, and also good fatteners, are bred. I have reared for both, and sold to
the butcher when nineteen to twenty months old at 20Z. to 25 1. each, whilst
from the same dams have made dairy cows giving as much as 60 to 70 lb. of
milk a day.”

Mr. Nunnerley says later in a long and interesting letter,
which we wish it were possible to reproduce in full : “ I always
consider we are much indebted to our pure-breeders.”

In the most eastern part of England we find that the same
has been done, for Mr. Fred. C. Paine, farm manager to the
executors of Colonel H. McCalmont, Crockfords, Newmarket,
Cambs., says

“It is difficult, but quite possible, to combine milk with beef. When I
was farming some 3,000 acres for the late Richard Garrett, of Leiston, East
Suffolk, I bred some hundreds of good steers, selling up to 27 1. each as ‘ stores’
at two and a half years old for feeding purposes, from real deep milking
cows ; keeping back the heifer calves, which themselves in time became
valuable as milk producers. I was careful always to go to Birmingham and
get good pure Shorthorn bulls. These bulls were the only pedigree stock used.
I kept this practice up for ten years.”

Pedigree Shorthorns.

Of pedigree Shorthorns, Mr. George Taylor, of Cranford,
near Hounslow, writes me quite recently as follows : —

“ My experience is that there is no animal that will put on flesh quicker
than the pure-bred, or well-bred, deep-milking dairy cow, and especially the
cow that does not get poor, when in profit gives very poor milk. ... In
the early eighties I had a very deep-milking cow barren, and we tried to
get her in-calf and could not. This cow won first prizes as a dairy heifer
and cow, we grazed her the summer, and showed her at a Christmas Fat
Stock Show, when she won first prize and made forty-seven guineas at the
auction in the afternoon. At my 1904 sale (May 17), Waterloo Cranford , red,
calved August 13, 1899, was sold as in-calf for 105 guineas, and turned out
barren. I took her back, we tried physic, starving her, keeping her in the
dark, and veterinary with instruments, till middle of September, gave her

Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 89

three months’ grazing, and sent her to Christmas Fat Show ; she won second
prize — people said she ought to have been first. I sold her by weight, and she
weighed 138 stone of 8 lb., and the butcher said it was the best quality beef
he had — better flesh than Angus or cross-bred steers and heifers. This cow
calved on July 11, 1902, and was milked 525 days, and gave 1,204 gallons of
milk. . . . My old stock bull, Beau Sabreur, is sire of heifers and cows

that have won first prizes as dairy cows, and firsts in milking competitions,
and also of prize steers and bulls.”

In a recent communication, Mr. F. B. Punchard gives me,
amongst others, the two following instances of the dual-
purpose animal : —

“ Moss Bose 2nd, a very handsome red pedigree cow, gave 720 gallons, at one
calving had three calves (one a bull sold to Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Kelmscott, for
three figures), and was then sold at the Christmas Fat Stock Show at Kendal
for 19Z. 15s. Forever 83517, used in herd for three years, and then sold
to Mr. Thomas Walker, Templand, Grange-over- Sands, who reports that he
is doing very well, and weighs over 22 cwt. live weight. He is the sire of
many beautiful milkers, and has won prizes himself at shows.”

Pure-bred stock bred by Mr. John D. Maxted at Lower
Garrington, Littlebourne, Kent, has been known to the writer
for some years, and here winners at the local fat stock shows
have been bred from good milkers. Of his first prize winner
at the Ashford Fat Stock Show this month (December, 1908),
his son, Mr. Jack Maxted, tells me “ her dam is a roan Short-
horn cow, Beauty , she has been a good milker, having brought
up five calves and then been milked between calving and
calving. The sire of the winning heifer was a red Shorthorn
bull of a good milking strain, one of J. T. Hobbs’ breeding.”

An article entitled “ Manufacture of Meat,” in the Live
Stock Journal of April 13, 1882, tells us that Mr. Stratton’s
Smithfield Champion was grandson of a famous dairy cow.
On applying to that gentleman we received a reply which
would certainly be published in its entirety were it not that
the most urgent considerations of space strictly limits us to the
following quotations : —

“ But the point you want to illustrate, I understand, is that ample
production of milk can be combined with good grazing properties. I
have had half a century’s experience of cattle breeding, have always been
associated with a large dairy herd as well as with pedigree Shorthorns, and I
have no hesitation whatever in asserting that the best of graziers may be
bred from first-class dairy cattle. It has been so proved to demonstration by
my father (who always kept a herd of good dairy Shorthorns) in the records
of the Smithfield Club and the Birmingham Fat Stock Show ; and my own
records at those shows in the seventies afford similar proof. But the question
is whether the dairyman can venture to use pedigree bulls without impairing
the milking properties of his herd. I have no hesitation in saying that he can,
but of course discretion must be exercised, and careful selection — the
injudicious use of a bull from a non-milking family would undoubtedly have a
disastrous effect, but there are plenty of pure-bred Shorthorns from which
bulls maybe selected that would improve the grazing properties of an ordinary
dairy herd enormously without in the slightest degree injuring the milking
capabilities.”

90 Milcli Cows and the Production of Store Stock.

Mr. Stratton, towards the end of this letter, which would
be well described as an instructive essay, writes : —

“To imagine that a non-milking race of cattle is essential for the produc-
tion of the best graziers is perfectly ridiculous.”

At Babraham, Mr. Adeane’s cow, Lady Crystal Bates ,
shows by her breeding how, while substance and weight is not
neglected, milk may be kept up. Her record is as follows : —
First calf, 560 gallons ; second calf, 680 gallons ; third calf,
880 gallons ; and if we look into her pedigree we find a g.g.
grandsire making 55 1. to the butcher (weight 22 cwt. 2 qrs.).
A generation later Lord Somerset weighed 17 cwt. at two
years old ; and of Crystal Count , sire of the cow we are
discussing, Mr. F. N. Webb writes : —

“ This bull was sold by Messrs. Chalk & Sons, auctioneers, in the Cattle
Market at Cambridge, to kill, on August 12, 1900, and made 29Z. 10s. I
find we had stock got by Crystal Count , born as late as March 15, 1901, and
that he was used as late as June, 1900. As we had a lot of unregistered cows
too at that time, this bull was probably used almost up to the time he was
sold, and was not specially fattened up for market.”

To look at the matter the other way round, Priceless
Princess , of the same herd, was, as a co-judge at a show once
said to the writer, “ unimprovable in any particular.” In her
lifetime the whole show world knew of her milk, quality, and
flesh. Her dam, Princess Raglan , gave 750 gallons every
year for four years.

Lincoln Red Short-horns.

The writer saw one of Mr. John Evens’ famous Lincoln
Reds win in a small but strong mixed class at the Christmas
Fat Stock Show at Lincoln in December, 1906. Upon inquiry
it was found that this heifer was White/oot 7th, aged three
and a half years, and that she was sold for 307. 10s. for
beef. Also that her sire, Burton Red , Herd Book 2131, was
out of a cow that, to quote her owner, “ has yielded over
5,000 gallons of milk after her five calves,” that her dam was
another Whitefoot, “a fine old cow whose g. dam, Whitefootlst,
was firet in the ‘ Royal ’ Milk Tests in 1898 and 1899.”

From the same herd, Missey, after winning many prizes,
was in 1903 second at the same Christmas Fat Stock Show,
and being seven years old made 287. for beef. Her sire,
Professor, Herd Book 200, was “ from a grand dairy cow that
averaged over 900 gallons of milk per year.” This bull,
Professor, weighed 23 cwt. when sold fat for 287. 15s. at
six years old, Missey's dam, Pride , averaged 1,210 gallons of
milk per calf after her six calves.

Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock. 91
Red Polls.

One example of the dual-purpose cow belonging to this
breed, and that a very notable one, is Sir Walter Corbet’s
Linda 3rd. Besides producing 6,000 gallons of milk in
six years, she is the dam of two Smithfield cup winners ;
one is a heifer, Acton Dairy Maid , which at two years five
months and twenty-seven days old weighed 16 cwt. 2 qrs.
24 lb., and the other, a steer, Acton Comet , weighing 15 cwt.
3 qrs. 18 lb., at two years seven months and nine days old.

Welsh Cattle.

Professor T. Winter writes me in connection with this
breed, which he has shown so successfully for the University
College of North Wales, Bangor : —

“ Ours is essentially a dairy herd. At the Smithfield Show, in 1906, the
heaviest steer under two years old was a Welsh bullock shown by us. He was
second in his class (as at Birmingham) and weighed 14 cwt. 3 qrs. 4 lb. His
dam Madryn Rose, one of the best milkers we have — she gives five gallons a
day when in full milk. The two Welsh steers I showed at Smithfield last year
(1907) which were third and fourth in their class, were bred from two sisters,
both good at the pail.”

CROSS-BREDS.

Mr. Colin Campbell tells me that the dam of Mr. Hudson’s
champion heifer Danesfield Rose was Black Lady , a Shorthorn
Angus cross. “ Black Lady," he writes, “ was a very good
dairy cow, and gave a quantity of milk of good quality.”
Danesfield Rose , with Championships and prizes at

Birmingham and prizes at Smithfield, earned 100L in prize-
money this Christmas, and weighed 13 cwt. 2 qrs. 15 lb. at
twenty-three months and thirteen days old.

Suggestions for the Future.

The possibility of breeding both for milk and beef being
admitted, and the waste caused by not doing so being obvious,
there remains only to suggest some practical way of reducing
the number of unsuitable store stock, and of replacing them by
a supply better suited to the feeders’ requirements.

That something might be done by agricultural societies in
the east and south-east of England, and in some other parts,
seems certain, for in these districts we have none of those
classes for store beasts found in so many of the small shows
in the north. Prize-money does undoubtedly arouse interest,
and it might be arranged so that classes for home-bred stores,
the property of bona fide tenant farmers, should become a
popular feature in the programme of every local exhibition.
We believe that in the north-east of Scotland few classes, at
any rate among the horned stock exhibits, give proof of greater
vitality than those above indicated. Again, when competitions

92 Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock.

for non-pedigree milch cows are held, there might be a
condition — with adequate instructions to the judge — that
suitability for producing useful store cattle as well as pail-
filling capabilities, should be considered when awarding
premiums. This condition might also apply to competitions
for herds of dairy cows held, alas ! so seldom, by our agri-
cultural societies. Finally, the dairy and cow-keeping asso-
ciations might have classes at our national shows for fat stock
bred from parents having a good record for milk.

Tests and trials at the experimental stations might be
carried out — as is, we may mention, suggested in the aforesaid
letter from Mr. R. Stratton — in England as in the United
States. It is worthy of note that at these American trials the
purely “ beef ” breeds did not show to very vast advantage
over the “ general utility ” animals.1 All these suggestions for
encouraging the improvement are, however, merely foolish
vapourings if great attention be not given to the next con-
sideration, viz. —

The Bull Used.

It is indubitable that, as a nation, we have every right to be
proud of having the very best sires, but that this does not
prevent our using the very worst will be obvious to any one
who will take the trouble to study our own commercial
markets, and visit those of other parts of the world.

Any male calf that has been too long overlooked by the
castrator, and that is not quite good enough to warrant the
risk of a late operation to alter him, is sure to find a ready
purchaser in some cow-keeping farmer anxious only for an
animal to use as a sire at the lowest possible price. It does
not seem to matter whether he has milk points or beef points,
or, as is most often the case, no points at all, as long as the
immediate outlay in cash is small. Such stock may be seen in
any of our southern or south-eastern markets, and it is
unreasonable to hope for a good supply of store stock while a
large proportion of those we bz-eed are begotten by these
shallow, narrow, bony brutes, which, had they been deprived
of their powers of pi-ocreation, would never have earned
any one but a drover a shilling towards profit in their lives.
If any despot could ordain that only suitable pure-bred bulls
might be used on the cows that are kept to supply our
population with milk, the battle would be moi-e than half over,
and the cry from the feeder for the opening of our poi’ts would
lose very much of its volume.

The many objections to the pure-bred sire may be briefly
answered. On tlie score of expense, five shillings a head on

Henry’s Feeds and Feeding , page 372. Value of breed in beef making.

Milch Cows and, the Production of Store Stock. 93

the get of an average bull will repay the 15 1. or 20Z. that may
have to be laid out on his original cost over and above the
price, say 10Z., of the mongrel that we urge he should replace.
Any cow-keeper who has once got a reputation for using
nothing but well-bred and well-selected sires, will find little
difficulty in selling his calves on a contract that will repay
the cost with 100 per cent, interest. Many of those who are
noted for the deep-milking cows they keep (amongst them
Messrs. Hobbs, of Kelmscott, and Messrs. Robinson, of Iford,
Lewes), have such contracts at two guineas, or over, for each
male calf out of their non-pedigree cows by pedigree bulls.

Store Heifer out of a very bony Milch Cow by a pure-bred Aberdeen Bull.

Others say that where a purely “ beef ” bull is used on
commercial cows, the calf is so large that difficulty arises at
calving. There is some little truth perhaps in this objection,
but obviously, in agriculture as in every other occupation under
the sun, few improvements can be brought about without
taking some little extra risk. This trouble, however, will be
amply repaid to every cow-keeper who sells all his calves as
feeding stores if, as all such should, he uses a hull of any pure
heef breed.

On the other hand, many cow-keepers tell us that where a
sire of quality is used, the sucking calf is small and so sells

94 Milch Cows and the Production of Store Stock.

badly in the open market, and this evil is certainly apt to occur
in some districts before the reputation of stock bred as
described above is satisfactorily established. Experience has,
however, shown that the use of a good bull for a few years
will do away with any prejudice which at first may exist
against a neat calf of quality in a market where buyers have
long been accustomed to coarse, and therefore, large looking
calves. This prejudice once removed, such youngsters will
sell at very much better prices than their ousted rivals.

Delicacy in the calves is another point urged. If this be
true, which experience in actual practice makes the writer
doubt, it merely means that a little more care is required to
get a good beast than a bad one, and obviously in these times
of small profits at farming, what is done at all had best be
done well.

Again, there is the case of the small cow-keeper who has to
use another's bull and so must take what he can get. It is a
million pities that the prevalence of contagious abortion makes
the co-operative ownership of a valuable sire so very difficult
to carry out in practice. Though the difficulties caused by
this terrible scourge are admittedly most serious, still with
proper regulation even this obstacle to improvement might be
overcome.

It is self-evident that general improvement in the supply of
stores bred by milk producers is not an easy and simple
matter. We hold, however, that it has been shown to be
within the bounds of possibility and only to require vigorous
and energetic action on the part of the agricultural community.
Holding, as we do, that within reason all things are possible to
the great practical attainments of our farming community, we
would emphatically urge the presence of the “ writing on the
wall.” Whatever political party may be in power, it cannot
be imagined that the general public opinion of this country
will allow the just grievance of the feeder to go for long
without remedy, so that every possible consideration must be
given to their requirements by those to whom the continued
exclusion of foreign and colonial live stock is commercial
salvation.

K. J. J. Mackenzie.

University Department of Agriculture,

Cambridge.

December , 1908.

95

MARKET GARDENING AND FRUIT
GROWING IN THE VALE OF EVESHAM.

“The path is called the Little Abbey Lane, and divides what
were formerly the cloisters of the gr#at church from the
gardens of the Monastery. These gardens, which were in
cultivation by the Monks of Evesham Abbey more than one
thousand years ago, formed the beginning of that great
market-garden industry which has now become so widely
extended in the town and neighbourhood, and gives to the
district the title of ‘ The Garden of England.’ ” The quota-
tion from Smith’s valuable publication, “ Evesham and its
Neighbourhood,” briefly indicates the earliest site and com-
mencement of a most important and flourishing industry in
the County of Worcester. And although this industry now
extends from its centre at Evesham into Warwickshire and
Gloucestershire, yet nearly the whole of it is in Worcestershire.

Fifty or sixty years ago the total area of land devoted to
market gardening and fruit growing near Evesham has been
estimated at from 500 to 600 acres ; now (December, 1908)
the total area within a radius of ten miles of Evesham devoted
to this industry is estimated at 15,000 acres. The area within
seven miles of Evesham alone is estimated at 10,000 to 12,000
acres ; the present area being supposed to be about double what
it was twenty-five years ago, so rapidly has the industry
extended.

The pioneers fifty-five years ago were men of such well-
known names as Myatt, Masters, Field, Cole, New, and Byrd ;
to these men. belongs the credit due for continuing and more
firmly establishing such profitable and prosperous work. To
the late Mr. James Myatt we are indebted for “ Myatt’s Early
Prolific ’’ potato, “ Myatt’s Early Offenham” cabbage (the best
for commercial purposes), “ Myatt’s Victoria” rhubarb, several
strawberries of sterling merit, and other vegetables and fruit.

In more recent years young men of good family and
education have settled in the district and embarked in market
gardening with more or less success ; but bearers of the old
names — descendants of those previously mentioned — occupy
the leading positions.

It is not uncommon, also, to find instances where steady,
industrious labourers commence with an allotment ; then take
a larger one ; and in three or four years more we find these
men fully developed market gardeners with their four, six, or
ten acres of garden, horses and carts, and living in their own
new, well-fitted, and well-furnished homes.

96

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham.

Of the eight main vegetable crops grown, the estimated area
is as follows :

Asparagus

Cabbage (for cutting in March and April)

Beans (runner)

Marrows

Onions (for use a* salad in the early months

Acres.

700—1,000

1,000

500

200—260

of the year). . . . .

Lettuce (for use in March and April)

. 2,000—2,500
70—80

150—200

100—120

Peas

Radishes .

These are supplemented by early cauliflowers, broad beans, ridge cucumbers,
parsnips, leeks, Jerusalem artichokes, and herbs.

Tomatoes are largely and often profitably grown in the
district in the open air. Of these it is estimated there are
grown 250 acres. During 1908 one man alone had 30 acres of
tomatoes — a risk which some men would not care to take.

Wallflowers (Gillies) and Narcissi are largely grown as
catch crops under the fruit trees, and are valuable aids to keep-
ing the balance on the right side of the ledger. Violets also are
grown to some extent in beds and borders in the open ; and
white pinks are grown as a profitable edging to the paths.

With regard to successional crops or Rotation of Cropping,
this necessarily varies with the individual grower, and the
kinds of crops he cultivates. Broadly, cabbage is followed
by the tomato crop, spring onions are followed by Brussels
sprouts, radishes are succeeded by marrows or ridge cucumbers,
or both, and broad beans are grown at intervals between, to
form shelter. Often early cauliflowers are grown under hand
glasses, and marrows between them. These, in turn, are
succeeded by peas (early) or runner beans, and sometimes
Brussels sprouts. Cauliflowers, if not taken, as befoi'e men-
tioned, under hand glasses, are planted after spring cabbage,
the latter being cleared from the ground when quite young.
The cabbages will have been dressed with some kind of fer-
tiliser, and will thus leave the soil in “good heart,” and quite
capable of carrying another “ green ” crop without unduly
exhausting the soil.

As animal manure is very scarce, other sources of plant
food have to be utilised ; and such fertilisers as fish guano,
soot, nitrate of soda, and blood manure are very largely used.
In a lesser degree recourse is had to muriate or sulphate of
potash, kainit, bone meal, and superphosphates.

There are six vegetable crops at least which receive special
attention, viz., asparagus, cabbage, marrows, radishes, peas, and
lettuce.

Asparagus, in value if not in area, stands first. It is grown,
in almost all cases, in single rows at 3 ft. or 3 ft. 6 in. apart ;

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham. 97

but occasionally it is seen in narrow beds containing two rows,
with a wide path or trench between. No special preparation
of the soil is made, or required, for this crop. Sometimes the
seed is sowed where the plants are to remain ; by this
procedure some time is saved, but there is a consequent
variation in the strength of the plants, and the size and quality
of the asparagus produced. It is better to sow the seed in
a bed, very thinly, in April, and to plant it out in the April of
the following year, selecting the best plants only for propagation.
The subsequent cultivation mainly consists of manuring,
earthing-up, cutting, and re-earthing during the season of
cutting, weeding, diligently searching for the asparagus beetle
(neglect of this being a frequent cause of failure), cutting
down the stems in November, and levelling the ridges.

Cabbage, though equal in area, is seldom of the same value
per acre. The seed for this crop is sowed on beds in July.
The young plants are planted out in September, and sometimes
in October, in rows about 15 in. apart, and about 12 in. from
plant to plant in the rows. They are frequently hoed, and in
January and February dressing with fertilisers commences.
The stimulants and hoeings promote early growth, and nice
young cabbages are ready for cutting some time in March.

Marrows. — Sometimes these are raised from seed sowed in
pots and placed in artificial heat in a greenhouse, frame, or
hotbed ; but more usually the seed is sowed where the plants
are to grow and fruit. In the latter case holes are made at
certain distances apart — the distances depending on whether
the ordinary rambling plant be grown, or whether they be
“ bush ” marrows, the latter being compact plants, about 4 ft.
across, and very fruitful ; a forkful of manure is placed in the
holes, the soil returned, a ring of metal 3 in. or 4 in. in depth,
and about 12 in. in diameter is placed thereon, three or four
seeds are sowed, and a disc of glass placed over the ring. This
is done about the end of April. Some covering is required on
cold and frosty nights, and various materials are used for the
purpose ; particularly is this protection from cold required
when the seedlings are through the soil. With the warmer
days and nights of June, the glass is entirely removed, and
the marrow plants fully exposed.

Early Peas are usually sowed in January, in rows 18 in. to
24 in. apart, on sheltered plots and protected borders. Sticks
are seldom used, dwarf varieties only being grown. Harrison’s
“ Eclipse,” “ William Hurst,” “ Daisy,” and “ Senator,” being
the varieties most favoured.

Lettuce. — A hardy variety of cabbage lettuce named
“ Schofield ” is the variety mainly cultivated. The seed is
sowed early in August, and at the end of September strong plants

VOL. 68. H

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham.

98

are obtained for transplanting in breadths under the shelter
of plum trees from which, at that time, the fruit has been
gathered. The soil must be fertile and clean ; the lettuce
plants are placed 6 in. or 8 in. apart, and beyond a little
watchfulness for slugs, sparrows, and larks, little more attention
is given to the crop.

Radishes — especially the earliest crops— are not so easily
obtained as the general public would think. Tender and juicy
radishes can only be obtained from rich soil — soil rich in plant
food and humus. The earliest crops are sowed in December
on borders sloping to the south, and these are sheltered from
the north either naturally or artificially — often both. The
seedlings are very tender in January and February, and easily
destroyed ; hence it is not uncommon to have to sow twice,
and even thrice, to obtain a crop of early radishes. After the
seed is sowed and lightly raked in, the whole border is covered
with clean, new straw. When the seed has germinated and
the seedlings appear, this protective covering of straw has to
be carefully reilioved on favourable days by a very long-
handled rake, and be again returned over the seedling radishes
in the evening ; since, if they are not exposed to light they
will perish, and if they be exposed to frost they will likewise
perish. So the lot of the radish grower can hardly be
described as “ a happy one.” Birds are troublesome to the
later crops grown on the open plots, and these are scared by
boys armed with various, and more or less harmless, weapons.

Tomatoes also must be considered as a special crop in and
around the Vale of Evesham, and it has come into favour
within the last twenty years. They go to supply the English
and Scottish markets with cheap fruit during the months of
September and October ; and if the grower can obtain five or
six farthings per pound clear he is amply repaid by a good
crop. All are grown in the open, “ glass ” being conspicuous
by its absence from such an important horticultural centre.
The few gardeners who have one or two warm greenhouses
supply their neighbours with young tomato plants at a cheap
rate per thousand during the latter half of May. These
are planted in rows about 4 ft. apart, and 30 in. or
3 ft. apart in the rows, and tied and trained to a stout
stick about 3 ft. high. As previously stated, one man has
grown 30 acres of tomatoes in 1908, but usually the area
devoted to them by individual growers varies from half an
acre to 4 acres.

French Gardening.

So much attention has been given to this subject in 1908
that it may be well to refer to it here.

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham.

99

“ La Petite Culture ” under frames and bell-glasses, or
“ French Gardening,” is the same system whereby the old
English gardener produced all his early vegetables and salads
under frames set on heaps of fermenting material. The
writer had his first practical experience of the system in 1865,
and practised it continuously till 1871. Since then “glass” has
got cheaper, hot-water apparatus have been developed, and so
the more or less uncertain hot beds have been replaced by hot-
water heated frames, pits, or low roofed glass-houses.

It may be remarked that a “ French Garden ” is not a piece
of ground entirely covered by frames and bell-glasses, but that
the amount of land so covered is equal to about one-fourth of
the total area ; the glass being moved from quarter to quarter
or plot to plot, as the various successive crops require
protecting.

So far as I know, there is but one bona-fide “ French
Garden ” at Evesham, but I believe the nucleus of a second
one has been formed. Considering that a large number of
Evesham gardeners were taken to Paris several years ago with
the special object of stimulating them to copy the French
gardeners, and incidentally to show to them (the Evesham
men) their backwardness and shortcomings, it is significant
that the Frenchmen have had practically no imitators in the
Vale of Evesham.

Mr. J. N. Harvey, the owner of the French Garden in
Evesham, has most kindly supplied the following particulars
and estimates for the cost of, and returns from a “ French
Garden ” of two acres, containing about half an acre of glass.
This area of land is the item taken by the author of “ The
French Garden,” on page 8 of his book.

The quantities and prices mentioned are averages ; neither
the best or the worst possible crops or prices being specified.

Estimated average capital expenditure on and returns from
a French Garden covering two acres of land with half an acre
of glass, conducted by an intelligent man with an average
knowledge of horticulture.

Capital Account.

1 10 frames @ 15s.

330 lights.

3,000 cloches ® 60Z. per 1,000
Water-pipes, fittings, Ac.

Mats ....

Tools ....

Sheds ....

Crates, boxes, Ac.

£ s. d.
82 10 0
123 15 0
180 0 0
30 0 0
25 0 0

5 0 0

50 0 0
20 0 0

£516 5 0

H 2

100

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham.

Current Account.

Expenditure.

Income.

£

s .

d.

A

s.

d.

Manure, 250 tons @ 6.s. .

75

0

0

Lettuce, 1,700 doz. @ Is. . 85

0

0

Labour —

Cos lettuce, 400 doz. @

Proprietor

50

0

0

3s 60

0

0

Assistant

40

0

0

Carrots, 3,000 bunches @3*2. 37

10

0

Extra labour

10

0

0

Cauliflowers, 200 doz. @

Water, 200,000 gals. @ Is.

2s. 6 d 25

0

0

per 1,000

10

0

0

Radishes, estimate . .10

0

0

Painting ....

10

0

0

Cucumbers (170 lights),

Seeds ....

3

0

0

1.000 doz. @ 1.?. . . 50

0

0

Rent ....

12

0

0

Melons (160 lights), 480

Rates ....

3

0

0

@ Is. . . .24

0

0

Sundries ....

15

0

0

Outdoor crops from 1J

Depreciation —

acres . . .60

0

0

Frames, 20 per cent.

16

10

0

Lights, 10 per cent.

12

8

0

Rest, 5 per cent. .

16

0

0

Interest on Capital @ 5

per cent.

25

16

0

Profit ....

52

16

0

£351

10

6

£351

10

0

Fruit Culture

has become very important and extensive in the Yale of
Evesham, and probably the district is better known throughout
the United Kingdom for its plums than for any other crop.
Truly the vast area occupied by this fruit tree is surprising to
any visitor. In all directions the plantations extend for miles,
and in spring the vast sheets of white blossom presented to
view form a series of pictures “ in white and dark grey ” not
soon forgotten.

Within a radius of ten miles of Evesham probably there are
upwards of 9,000 acres of plum trees ; and in years when the
crop has totally failed, the writer has estimated the loss at
certainly not less than 100, 000Z.

The plum trees are variously planted ; sometimes in whole
plantations in rows at 12 ft. or 15 ft. apart, sometimes in
“ belts,” often in single or double rows at 30 ft. to 40 ft.
apart, the intervening space being cropped in turn with
different kinds of vegetables, such as cabbage, peas, marrows,
runner beans, or spring onions, whilst other breadths are
devoted to asparagus.

The varieties of plums chiefly grown are Pershore, Victoria,
Czar, Damascene, White Perdrigon (grown under the name of
White Magnum Bonum), Rivers’ Early Prolific, and Heron ;
the first four predominating. Belle de Louvain, Cox’s Emperor,
and Jemmy Moore are also grown in small quantities. A new
variety, said to be a purple variety of Pershore, possessing all

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham. 101

the virtues of that variety, has made its appearance in the
district and been favourably received.

Apples are being more extensively grown, there being now
about 3,000 acres of them. Bush trees are mainly planted, and
these by the more up to date of the growers. This is a step
in the right direction, since apple blossom escapes the earlier
frosts, which are so destructive to the blossom of the plum,
and thus gives a crop of fruit when there are no plums.

Pears are much less grown than apples, but a move has
now been made, and bush pear trees are being planted.
Planters are feeling their way with regard to suitable varieties,
and wisely so. The writer has seen on one fruit farm plan-
tations of nice bush trees of the well-known “ Marie Louise ”
(a variety notoriously “ shy ”), which up to the present have
given practically no fruit. If they would produce a good
crop the owner would be fortunate, but this result is difficult
to attain. Doyenne d’Ete is well thought of by those who
grow it — a small and early pear, and very prolific. Of course
Williams’ Bon Chretien is grown, and where this succeeds I
would recommend a trial — on the quince stock — of Clapp’s
Favourite, which is an improved form of Williams’ Bon
Chretien.

■ Gooseberries constitute the second important fruit crop in
the district. Probably there are upwards of 900 acres grown,
and many of these form an “ under crop ” to the plums, being
planted beneath and between the trees ; but many are also
grown in the open. They are planted 5 ft. or G ft. apart,
and the pruning mainly consists of thinning-out the branches
which are too close, and slightly shortening the young growth.
Occasionally this crop realises a very high price, but the
average may be taken as about 45 1. per acre.

The varieties chiefly grown are Keepsake, Whinham’s
Industry, Whitesmith, Crown Bob, Lancashire Lad, and Berry’s
Early Kent. The writer is unable to discover any diffei’ence
between the first and last named.

Strawberries. — Omitting tomatoes from this division, straw-
berries are the next in importance. Many acres are grown,
but it is difficult to form an approximately correct estimate of
the total area devoted to them. It is said there are 2,000
acres. They are usually grown in breadths between the rows
of plum trees, which are planted 30 ft. to 40 ft. apart ; the rows
of strawberries being 3 ft. apart.

During the first year the strawberries occupy the ground a
catch crop of some kind is taken from between the rows. If
the strawberries be planted in autumn the catch crop will be
either spring cabbage or spring onions, or early lettuce ; if
planted in spring, a crop of cauliflowers, runner beans kept

102 Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham.

dwarf, dwarf beans, or dwarf peas may be taken. The
Evesham gardeners do not trouble about summer or autumn
cabbage.

The varieties grown are chiefly Royal Sovereign and Sir
Joseph Paxton ; and such varieties as Monarch and Vicom-
tesse Hericart de Thury are not wholly despised. Even the
old British Queen is to be found, though it is rare.

Of raspberries and loganberries little need be here said ;
both are grown, but to a very limited extent. Those persons
who can grow the American blackberries will succeed with the
loganberry, the treatment for the latter being identically the
same as for the former.

Life of Fruit Trees.

It will be understood that the life of any tree is largely
governed by the nature of the soil in which it grows, by its
treatment and environment.1 Plum trees growing on gravelly
ground are shorter-lived than those on the rich alluvial soil of
the Yalley of the Avon. The former are practically exhausted
in twenty or twenty-five years ; the latter will last ten years
longer. Negligence as to food and water will shorten the life
of a tree in either of the two cases, but particularly in the
former. Judicious or injudicious pruning cannot fail to have
an influence on their welfare.

The plantations of apples and pears being young, it is too
early to particularise as to them ; but it is safe to say that the
same conditions which affect the plums will, in a greater or less
degree, affect them.

The gooseberry trees similarly respond to the same con-
ditions. Grand old trees 6 ft. and more in diameter are to
be found on the richer and moister soil ; smaller and less
vigorous trees are plentiful on the drier and more hungry soil.

Methods of Marketing.

At Evesham there are two wholesale markets to which
growers send the fruit, flowers, and vegetables produced on
their land. These markets are invaluable to the “ small ”
growers of the district. The buyers attending these markets
are local men, themselves growers, at say Evesham, and sales-
men at Birmingham or elsewhere ; there are also buyers on
the large scale who sell to other salesmen wholesale at the
cities to be mentioned hereafter.

Gardeners with many acres of land usually send their
produce direct to dealers at other centres of consumption,

1 A plum tree will not profitably bear fruit until it has been planted five
or six years ; then it may continue in full bearing for ten or fifteen years ;
then slowly decline in fruit-bearing.

Market Gardening in the Vale of Evesham. 103

such as Glasgow, Newcastle, Bolton, Manchester, Nottingham,
Sheffield, Birmingham, Liverpool, Cardiff, Bristol, &c.

Much friendly advice is constantly offered to market
gardeners around Evesham as elsewhere. Unrestrained
criticism is often directed at their methods of marketing by
persons whose only knowledge of fruit crops consist of count-
ing their gooseberries by the gallon, plums by the peck, apples
and pears by the dozen. Many of the men of Evesham have to
handle their fruit literally by the hundreds of tons ; and with
regard to plums “ pretty packing ” is out of the question in all
but very exceptional cases. With regard to plums the finest
samples are packed in half sieves (12 lb.) or sieves (24 lb.),
and in these they travel very safely. The next grade are placed
in half pot hampers (36 lb.), and the common quality into pot
_ hampers (72 lb.). The same applies to gooseberries — the
earliest pickings (green) in half sieves and sieves, the later fruit
in half pots and pots.

Apples, being less perishable than plums, are graded with
much care, the finest being wrapped in tissue paper and packed
in small boxes ; the second grade are carefully packed in sieves,
and the third grade in half pots and pots. Pears are similarly
treated.

Strawberries — the earliest and finest — are packed in punnets
(round or square), which in turn are carefully placed in cases
made to contain three dozen or six dozen punnets, and are sent
straight to the retail dealer, who is thus able to deliver to his
customers strawberries almost as fresh as they were when
gathered. The later fruit is sent to market in shallow trays
in “nests,” and these also arrive at the dealers in good con-
dition.

Asparagus is tied and sold in bundles of 120 “heads,” each
bundle of 120 consisting of four smaller bundles, the whole
being bound together into a long flat bundle by means of thin
withes or osiers. These bundles in turn are placed in pot
hampers ( and usually arrive safely at their destination ), then-
only packing being a bit of soft straw.

Marrows, peas, beans, radishes, cabbage, onions, and cucum-
bers are all sold by the pot hamper, the radishes and onions
being first tied in bunches — the long radishes in “ hands.”

The most choice and earliest fruit and vegetables — including
salads — can be bought only by the few hundreds or thousands
of wealthy people. The largest quantities of these articles are
comparatively very small. They can, and should, be packed in
receptacles in which they may show to advantage when opened.
The buyer sees them as they are opened and is willing to pay
for appearance as well as for quality ; therefore the grower
who would obtain the best prices for the produce of his garden

104 The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production.

should give special study to the selection of suitable packages,
the colour as well as kind of packing material, and to
very careful grading and packing, in order that the best effect
may be produced when the consignment is opened. I know
that in this respect there are some good pioneers at work in and
around Evesham, and probably nothing more need be added to
these remarks.

This article would be incomplete without some reference to
the Railway facilities in the district. The Midland Company
ai d Great Western Company collect small quantities of garden
produce within a radius of several miles of their respective
stations, so the man whose holding does not justify the possession
of a horse or pony is, though not on equal terms with the man
who has one, much more fortunate than is the case in some
districts.

The Midland Company have nine or ten stations in the
district, and the Great Western Company six or seven ; so the
Yale of Evesham is well served.

These railway facilities certainly are a great advantage, and
the climate and soil possibly play a great part in producing the
extraordinary qualities, quantity, and variety of the produce
from the district. But fruit growing and market gardening
would not be so prosperous were it not for the attention given
to the crops by the excellent and hard-working cultivators of
Evesham and district.

James Udale.

2, Ombersley Road,

Droitwicb.

THE NITROGEN PROBLEM IN CROP
PRODUCTION.

By Edward J. Russell, D.Sc.,

“ Goldsmith " Chemist for Soil Investigations , Rothamsted
Experimental Station.

NITROGEN is almost equally important in all branches of
farming : the yield of crops is increased by increasing the
amount present in the soil, the yield of milk is affected by
the amount supplied to the animal, while the rate at which
a beast fattens is greatly influenced by the quantity present
in its food. It is by far the most expensive constituent in

The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production. 105

purchased manures, and the one most liable to waste both
before and after spreading on the land ; while the nitrogenous
constituents of food, though not as costly as the oil, are never-
theless a serious item in the feeding-stuffs bill.

In the present paper it is proposed to deal only with crop
production, which is as a rule the most important phase of the
problem. The bulk of the nitrogenous feeding-stuffs wanted
by the animal can be grown on the farm, and a large part of
the nitrogen actually consumed in the food is excreted and
may pass into the manure. Hence, even for the dairyman
and the farmer who fattens stock, the nitrogen problem largely
resolves itself into questions of manure-making and crop
production.

It is a matter of common experience that the yield of
non-leguminous crops on nearly all soils is increased by
supplying nitrogenous manure. The increase does not go on
indefinitely, and heavy dressings bring in proportionately less
return than lighter ones. Up to a certain point the extra crop
more than pays for the extra manure, but beyond that point
the increase in yield is so small that it no longer pays for
itself. It would require a nice calculation of odds to determine
just how far manuring can profitably go.

The Sources of Nitrogen available to the Farmer.

In ordinary circumstances there are four sources of supply
available. (1) Nitrogen compounds already in the soil ; (2)
purchased manures ; (3) purchased food-stuffs, the nitrogen of
which largely passes into the animal excretions ; (4) nitrogen
of the air fixed by bacteria.

1. Nitrogen compounds in the soil. — The amount of nitrogen
present even in very poor soil is surprisingly great, and would
appear sufficient to last for a large number of crops. The
figures in Table I. illustrate this point very well.

Table I. — Amounts of Nitrogen present in certain Soils.

Percentage
of nitrogen

Lb. of
nitrogen in
top 9 in.
per acre

Number of four-
quarter wheat
crops (including
straw) containing
this quantity of
nitrogen

Rothamsted soil, unmanured for 60
years ......

•097

2,450

47

Barren sandy heaths, Kent and Surrey

•125

3,400

65

Good arable loams, Kent (mean of 15)

•180

4,800

92

Kent hop gardens, very rich

■200

5,300

102

Sandwich marsh soil ....

•681

17,200

331

106 The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production

There is clearly no deficiency of nitrogen compounds in
any of the above soils, but unfortunately only a small pro-
portion of these compounds is of any value as plant food.
One of the great problems of the future is to discover a
means of converting the useless compounds into valuable
material, but for the present they must be left out of account ;
in most cases the farmer cannot get enough nitrogen out of the
soil itself for profitable farming.

2. Purchased manures. — The simplest of these, sulphate of
ammonia, obtained from coal, and nitrate of soda, found in
South America, are in such demand that many attempts have
been made to obtain them, or similar bodies, at cheaper cost
than at present. Enormous quantities of nitrogen exist in the
air around us — a cubic yard of air contains enough to make

10 lb. of nitrate of soda — and the difficulties of conversion are
now to a large extent overcome. At least two manures are at
present being made from the nitrogen of the air. The so-called
“ nitrate of lime,” a basic calcium nitrate, closely resembles
nitrate of soda in speed of action and effectiveness, while it
promises to be better adapted to stiff soils, since it does not
render them sticky and unkindly. The second manure, calcium
cyanamide, which has unfortunately received the name “ lime
nitrogen,” is more like ammonium sulphate in general action,
though it still remains to be seen whether it will prove as
useful on potatoes. The fact that these manures can be made
on a commercial scale definitely dispels any fear of the
“nitrogen famine” about which gloomy apprehensions have at
times been entertained.

Certain bye-products from manufacturing processes are
also available as manure, and the amount tends to increase by
reason of the economies necessitated by modern manufacturing
conditions. As an instance : the great demand for vegetable

011 has led to a number of oil seeds being brought into com-
merce, the residues from which after extraction of the oil are
available as manure if they cannot be used for food ; rape and
castor meals are familiar examples. Again, the woollen fac-
tories of the West Riding of Yorkshire turn out quantities of
waste material which can no longer be worked up into cloth,
and is therefore sold as shoddy, wool waste, &c.,for manure.
Even the importation of immense amounts of foreign meat is
not altogether bad, in this respect, for the agriculturist, since
a certain amount is condemned and converted into manure.

Other sources of nitrogen have not yet been fully exploited,
e.g ., sea-weed, inedible fish, peat, &c., and, finally, immense
amounts of nitrogen compounds, which ought to fertilise our
soils if only the way could be discovered, are annually de-
stroyed in our sewage works.

The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production. 107

3. Purchased feeding-stuff's. — Most of the nitrogen of pur-
chased feeding-stuffs may go to enrich the soil ; only a small
part — varying from about 30 per cent, in the case of a dairy
cow to about o per cent, in the case of a fatting bullock — is
retained by the animal to make milk or meat. The remainder
is excreted — the most useful part in the urine, and the rest in
the solid excreta. When the conditions allow of it, there is no
better method of increasing fertility than to fatten animals on
the land. Some of the most fertile tracts of the Lower Green-
sand formation in Surrey and Sussex owe their productiveness
largely to the practice of buying in sheep in autumn and
fattening them out during winter and spring on purchased
concentrated foods. The fertility of some of the very pro-
ductive marsh and brick earth soils of Kent and Sussex has
been maintained and often increased by fattening bullocks.
Nitrogen is thus transferred from the foreign soil, where the
purchased food was grown, to the home soil, where it is fed to
animals. The tendency of modern agricultural conditions is
to enrich some of our own soils at the expense of the soil of
other countries.

When animals cannot be fed on the land, but have to be fed
in stalls, boxes, or yards, the proportion of nitrogen reaching
the soil is diminished, for dung cannot be made without loss.
Even if the utmost care is taken, about 15 per cent, of the
nitrogen is lost, and the loss falls entirely on the quickly
available, i.e., the most useful, nitrogen compounds. A greater
loss takes place if the dung cannot be used straightway, but has
to be stored in a mixen ; indeed, before the dung reaches the
soil nearly half its nitrogen may have gone even on a well-
conducted farm. The loss is still greater where the manage-
ment is bad, e.g., where the dung is made with excessive quan-
tities of litter, and left exposed to rain in open yards for long
periods, or where the liquid is allowed to run to waste.

The amount of nitrogen furnished by the food is propor-
tional to the amount of protein (or albuminoid) present. Thus
for certain common foods the order would be : — 1 (supplying
most nitrogen), decorticated cotton cake ; 2, linseed cake
containing 7 per cent, oil ; 3, linseed cake containing 10 per
cent, oil ; 4, undecorticated cotton cake ; 5, pulse ; 6, dried
brewers’ grains ; 7, wheat offal ; 8, barley, and 9 (supplying
least nitrogen), maize. It is noteworthy that linseed cake
containing 7 per cent, of oil makes better manure than the
grade containing 10 per cent. Wheat offal also stands above
any corn, whether barley, oats, wheat, or maize.

4. Nitrogen fixed bg bacteria. — (a) Bacteria associated with
leguminous crops. — In relation to the nitrogen problem the
various leguminous crops — peas, beans, clover, sainfoin, lucerne,

108 The Nitrogen Problem, in Crop Production.

tares, lupines, &c. — stand out in sharp contrast with all others.
They do not depend for their growth on a supply of ready-made
nitrogen compounds, but can obtain all the nitrogen they want
from the air. In fact, they actually enrich the soil, because the
roots and stubble, when decayed, produce valuable nitrogenous
plant food. The following Rothamsted experiment shows that
a clover crop will both yield more nitrogen to be sold off or
fed, and also leave more quickly available nitrogen behind it,
than a corn crop : —

Wheat Glover

Lb. of nitrogen in crop removed .... 12 27

Lb. of quickly available nitrogen ( i.e in the form
of nitrates) in the top 9 inches of soil remaining
after the crop is removed ..... 52'4 145-7

But the most convincing evidence is furnished by the
Agdell field experiment. Here the rotation clover, wheat,
roots, barley, is tried against fallow, wheat, roots, barley,
and the beneficial effect of clover on the succeeding crops is
well seen in Table II.

Table II. — Effects of Clover on subsequent Crops in the
Rotation , average 1884-1907 ( omitting 1898-1901, when
Beans replaced Clover in the Rotation).

Potash and Superphosphate Supplied, but no Nitrogenous Manures.

1st crop, wheat

2nd crop,
swedes

3rd crop, barley

Grain

Straw

Grain

Straw

Bushels

Cwt.

Owt.

Bushels

Cwt.

Yield after clover

36-6

339

189

19'8

128

Yield after fallow

28 1

263

151

141

9 3

Increase due to clover

8-5

7-6

38

5'7

35

Percentage increase

30

29

25

40-4

37-5

In this experiment the swedes are all drawn off ; had they
been fed on the land, the barley would have shown a still
further increase.

No nitrogenous manure is supplied to this plot, but both
potash salts, and phosphates are given. Another experiment
shows that the beneficial results of clover depend on an
adequate supply of these substances ; reference to Table III.
shows that, on the unmanured plot, clover scarcely increases
the yield of wheat and depresses the yield of barley and
swedes, particularly the latter.

7 he Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production. 109

Table III. — Yields during the same years on Plots inhere no
Manure is supplied.

1st crop, wheat

2nd crop,
swedes

3rd crop, barley

Grain

Straw

Grain

Straw

Bushels

Cwt.

Cwt.

Bushels

Cwt.

Yield after clover

223

18-9

5'1

10-5

97

Yield after fallow

231

19 0

16 2

14-4

10-3

Decrease due to clover .

•8

_

111

39

•6

Percentage decrease

—

685

27

3-8

Many cases are on record where leguminous crops have
effected great improvement in the soil. Jethro Tull, writing
in 1730, mentions a farm of over 100 acres on thin slaty land
“ of ten pounds per annum rent, which, whilst in arable was
like to have undone the tenant, but, being all planted with
St. Foin by the owner, was let out a(f one hundred and
ten pounds per annum, and proved a good bargain.” A
classical instance is furnished by the Schultz-Lupitz estate in
Altmark, North Germany. Fifty years ago this was a barren
sand ; it was manured with lime, potash, and phosphoric acid,
and cropped alternately with lupines and cereals. The lupines
were either ploughed in or fed, and so increased the amount
of nitrogen1 and organic matter that the barren sand was after
a time converted into a rich soil, capable of growing a large
variety of crops. This excellent result had been obtained
without buying in any nitrogenous manure. In our own
country the late Mr. Mason, of Eynsham Hall, Oxon, effected
a marked and permanent improvement in some poor Oxford
clay by deep cultivation, treatment with basic slag, and sowing
with lucerne. Wherever a good plant was obtained, the soil
was considerably enriched in nitrogen ; as the ley got old, it
was either converted into meadow by sowing appropriate grass
seeds, or else ploughed up and put into corn and roots.

It is hardly necessary to lay further stress on the impor-
tance of leguminous crops. Their value is great, whether
they are fed green or made into hay, and whether the hay
is fed or sold off. Unfortunately they suffer from two or
three drawbacks.

They cannot replace roots as winter and spring food.
Attempts have been made to convert them into- silage to be
fed in winter and spring, but without any great success ;

1 In 1880 the top 8 inches of soil contained '087 per cent, of nitrogen, and
in 1891 "177 per cent. An adjoining pasture was found in 1880 to contain
only -027 per cent.

1 10 The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production.

the loss of feeding material in the silo is so great that the
silage costs more than it is worth. In any attempts to extend
the leguminous crops they must not be brought into com-
petition with roots.

The second drawback is more serious because more obscure.
Many arable soils will not profitably carry clover oftener than
once in six or eight years ; if it is tried more frequently the
yield falls off and the land is said to become tk clover sick.”
No cure is known, and even the nature of the “ sickness ”
is not understood. It is known, however, that land which
fails to carry one leguminous crop will not necessarily fail to
carry another, and the practical inconvenience arising from
“ sickness ” can be obviated to a certain extent by changing
varieties, so that each sort has a long interval before it is sown
again. The relative value of the different varieties of legumi-
nous crops depends on local conditions, and would form a
very fruitful line of trial for those in a position to carry out
agricultural experiments.

It has been stated above that the free nitrogen of the
air forms the food of leguminous plants. The nitrogen is,
however, not taken up directly by the plant but by minute
bacteria associated with the little lumps — the nodules — on the
roots. Leguminous plants therefore depend for their food
on these bacteria, and it has been urged that farmers have
only to add bacteria to the soil in order to secure heavy and
valuable crops for a trifling outlay. The scheme is certainly
attractive, and appeals strongly to the natural human desire
to achieve great results at a small cost, so that “ soil
inoculation ” is always sure to arouse very widespread interest,
and has even formed the subject of questions in the House
of Commons. On going carefully through the experimental
evidence, two facts stand out clearly :

(1) Soil inoculation has proved successful on poor vii*gin
soils that are being put into leguminous crops for the first
time ;

(2) It has also succeeded on older arable land when a
completely new variety of leguminous crop is being grown
for the first time.

But when we turn to the common British case of legu-
minous crops that have been grown fairly frequently on the
same soil, we find so few successful instances that the plan
cannot at present be recommended. The problem is, however,
under investigation in several laboratories, and a practical
method may at some time be evolved.

5. Nitrogen fixed by bacteria without leguminous plants. —
Bacteria capable of taking up free nitrogen and making it
into plant food occur in many, if not most, soils, but as they

The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production. Ill

require organic matter (/.«., decayed plant remains) for food
their action is best seen on land where vegetation is left
to die back. Land which has gone out of cultivation and is
left to cover itself with weeds, grasses, &c., or to -become
permanent pasture, no matter how poor, will steadily enrich
itself in nitrogen so long as calcium carbonate is present. A
Rothamsted plot left to run wild is gaining something like
100 lb. of nitrogen per acre in the top 9 inches every year ;
indeed, there is reason to suppose that soil came by its
original stock of nitrogen compounds through the action of
these organisms. The conditions in arable land are less
favourable to their action, and at present it is not clear
that these unattached nitrogen-fixing organisms play any great
part in ordinary farm practice.

The Losses of Nitrogen on the Farm.

We now turn to the other side of the account to see in
what ways nitrogen is lost, and how the losses may be kept
low. The two most serious are : (a) drainage ; ( b ) bacterial
action.

Loss by drainage. — The ready solubility of nitrates is an
advantage so long as a crop is on the ground to take them, but
a disadvantage under other circumstances, since it leads to
their being washed away. The loss thus suffered during the
year cannot be estimated precisely, but a few examples will
give an idea of its amount. A piece of ground at Rothamsted
kept clear of crops and weeds loses by drainage 31’4 lb. of
nitrogen each year, equivalent to 188 lb. of nitrate of soda,
worth about 17s.1 One of the wheat plots receives sulphate of
ammonia every other year, but its effect shows in the first year
only, and none is left for the second year. It is well known
that a wet autumn and winter act unfavourably on the wheat
crop ; indeed, Dr. Mill has shown that there is almost a mathe-
matical relationship between rainfall and yield. One very
important reason is that in a wet winter the nitrates are much
more completely washed out of the soil than in a dry one.
Again, it is often noticed on light sandy or gravelly soils that
where a rick has stood in a field throughout the winter, the
crop subsequently obtained does better than on the rest of the
field which stood bare. The explanation is mainly that the
rick kept off the rain and prevented nitrates from being
washed away.

There are two ways of reducing the loss: (1) to use well-
balanced manures during the rotation, so that the preceding

1 Warington estimated the loss from soil continuously growing wheat at
about one quarter this amount.

112 The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production.

crop may take up a large amount of the nitrates present ;.(2)
to leave the land uncropped as little as possible consistent with
good tillage.

The first method is applicable everywhere. As an instance
of its effectiveness the following result from the Broadbalk
Wheat Field may be quoted : —

Crop

Nitrate in draining water
running away during
autumn

Grain

Straw

Badly balanced manure (nitro-

Bushels

Cwt.

gen only). (Plot 10).
Better balanced manure (nitro-
gen, potash, phosphoric acid).

160

1475

17-8 parts of nitrogen
per million of water.

(Plot 13)

26-7

30-75

8-5 parts of nitrogen
per million of water.

Much less nitrate is lost from plot 13, where a well-balanced
manure has been used ; indeed, analysis shows that the top
9 inches of soil contains about 300 lb. more nitrogen per acre
than that of plot 10, in spite of the larger amount withdrawn
by the crop.

The second method is of more limited application, because
certain soils must lie uncropped during autumn and winter in
order to clean the land and get a tilth. Instances are furnished
by catch cropping, “ bastard,” or “ rag ” fallowing, and sowing
seeds with corn. The crop will, during the late autumn and
winter, take up nitrates which would otherwise be washed
away. In an experiment by Deherain the drainage water from
soil cropped with wheat alone carried away 28| lb. of nitrogen
in the form of nitrates per acre during the year, but from soil
cropped with wheat followed by vetches the loss was reduced
to less than 13 lb. per acre.

Loss by bacterial action. — (a) Certain bacteria decompose
nitrates with liberation of the nitrogen as gas or production of
an injurious “ nitrite.” This change only goes on in the
absence of air, and there is no evidence that it takes place
under conditions obtaining in British agriculture. It happens,
however, in the swampy “ paddy ” soils of the East, and
renders the use of nitrate of soda unprofitable there.

( b ) Other bacteria live on nitrates and ammonia, which are
thus temporarily withdrawn from the reach of the plant roots ;
when these bacteria decay some of their nitrogenous con-
stituents may be reconverted into plant food. Not sufficient
is known about this source of loss to say anything as to its
practical significance.

The Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production. 113

(c) Other bacteria liberate nitrogen during the decomposi-
tion of organic matter in presence of air. They cause
much of the loss in making dung (see page 107). They act in
the soil whenever the condition of the land becomes high ; thus
they prevent an indefinite accumulation of fertility. One of
the Broadbalk wheat plots receives 14 tons of dung annually,
but the nitrogen does not increase in the soil as much as
would be expected ; analysis shows that 130 lb. are lost each
year. The loss is smaller where dung is only applied once in
four years, but even so it amounts to some 30 per cent. The
worst instance is afforded by the virgin soils of new countries,
which, when broken up and cultivated, lose their nitrogen at a
great rate. At the Indian Head Experimental Farm, Sask.,
Canada, the top 8 inches of soil has been found to have lost
during the past twenty-two years no less than 1,500 lb. of
nitrogen per acre, in addition to the 700 lb. removed during
that period in the crops.

No element of plant food is as liable to waste as nitrogen.
If a farmer applies potash or phosphoric acid to his land he may
reasonably expect to get most of it back again, but when he
applies nitrogen he is almost certain to lose a good proportion
of it. The sound practice is therefore to keep the nitrogen
circulating, to crop it out and replace it, rather than to aim at
leaving it in the soil. The most advantageous method is to
use well-balanced manures, and thus secitre as full a return as
possible for the nitrogen applied. An instance, showing the
effect on the amount of nitrate washed away, has already
been given. The following example, from the Rothamsted
mangold plots, shows the effect on the total recovery of
nitrogen : —

Nitrogen
Roots, recovered,
tons lb.

per acre per acre

Badly balanced manure (organic manures and
sulphate of ammonia) 24‘7 134'4

Better balanced manure (the above plus potash

and phosphatic manures) .... 29-3 172 0

The organic manures and sulphate of ammonia supplied
plenty of nitrogen but insufficient potash, consequently the
plant could not make full use of the nitrogen. With a better
balanced manure the recovery was more complete, a larger crop
was obtained, and less nitrogen was left to get lost. The very
heavy dressings of dung alone, or of dung and nitrate of soda,
sometimes used for mangolds and even for potatoes, are
wasteful, and would often be improved by substituting potash
and phosphatic manures for some of the dung. In all farm
practice the minerals lacking in the soil should be added at the
appropriate place in the rotation. Liming or chalking (where-

VOL. 69. I

114

Sussex Cattle.

ever necessary) must also be included in the scheme ; the value
of this excellent practice is universally admitted, yret, somehow,
it is less commonly adopted than it should be.

Finally, a proper arrangement of the rotation helps con-
siderably in making the most of the nitrogen supply. This
opens up too wide a subject for discussion here, but it may be
mentioned that cases have come under the writer’s notice where
marked increases of crop have been secured by suitably
modifying the order in which crops are taken, and without
buying in more nitrogenous manure.

E. J. Russell.

Rothamsted Experimental Station,

HarpendeD, Herts.

SUSSEX CATTLE.

The “ Sussex ” breed of cattle is named after the county of its
origin, to which it was chiefly confined until the beginning of
the last century. Even at the present day no recognised
pedigree herds are to be found outside the Home Counties.

When the Herd Book was started by Mr. Heasman in 1882,
there were eighty-one registered herds entered in the first
volume, of which seventy were in Sussex, ten in Kent, and
one in Surrey, whereas we find in the last volume (Vol. 23)
of the same, that there were recently (January, 1908) forty-
seven herds in Sussex, forty-six in Kent, one in Surrey, and
one in Essex. The increase is thus practically confined to the
county of Kent, while there is a heavy decrease in Sussex.

The chief value of Sussex cattle lies in its excellent grazing
and beef-making qualities, combined with great constitutional
vigour and thriftiness, which make it especially valuable for
stocking poor pasture land.

The colour of the breed is almost wholly red, but the tips
of the tails are always white and spots of white occasionally
appear on the body.1 These, when confined to the belly of
the animal, are not considered a disqualification. The shade
of red most generally approved is a rich mahogany colour, but
it varies from light brick dust to almost black. Black Sussex
cattle are often referred to by early chroniclers of the breed.

Sussex cattle have many characteristics similar to the
Devon but are larger in size, stronger in bone, and more robust
in constitution. Both breeds are no doubt descended from the
middle-horned red cattle which old writers tell us were found
in the south and south-western counties.

1 It may be said there is really no breed of animal absolutely whole
coloured.

Sussex Cattle.

115

The Sussex bull must be strong and vigorous, and thrifty
enough to get through the year without the aid of artificial
food. His head should be strong and masculine, with good,
though not coarse, horns which should on no account have an
upward tendency but grow straight from the head. The nose
must be 'perfectly white. He should have good length, especially
from hip to tail, and have strong, clean bone, and he should be
of the darker shade of colour.

The cows must be large and roomy, with well-developed
hips and good length from hip to tail. The shoulders should
be strong but not coarse, flat on the top where they meet the
backbone and not coming to a point as in the milking breeds.
The nose should be white, though even in the best strains an
occasional dusky one may be found. As in all long-horned
breeds there is a certain latitude allowed the shape of the
horns, but the cock horn or Devon type must be avoided.

As with the bulls, so the cows must have good bone. This,
a chief characteristic of the breed, must be insisted upon.

The history of the breed is not extensive, but in Marshall,
Boys, and other writers of the eighteenth, and in Youatt in
the nineteenth century we find references to the breed with
allusions to their size, length, and great constitutional vigour,
but with scant praise for them as beef makers ; one writer
calling them “ quaint and ungainly creatures.” This was before
the improvement in the breed, and when these cattle had for
generations been bred chiefly for the production of steers for
draught purposes.

As far back as 1751 an old chronicler writing about the
Sussex roads, says that they have a most unenviable reputation,
and asks, “ why comes it that the oxen, the swine, and the
women and all other animals are so long-legged in Sussex.
Can it be from the difficulty of pulling the feet out of so much
mud by the strength of the ankle, so that the muscles become
stretched as it were, and the bones lengthened thereby.”

Earlier in the eighteenth century the Wealds of Kent and
Sussex were the centre of the great iron industry, and the
extensive forest of Anderida was denuded of its oaks to feed
the large furnaces at Mayfield, Lamberhurst, and other places
in the district. The strong-boned Sussex steers were par-
ticularly well adapted for the haulage of this timber through
the soft, undrained tracks of the partially cleared forest, and
their being employed on such work would account for the
popular verdict against them as beef producers. It is interest-
ing to know that, until recently, there existed a herd directly
descended from the old working oxen. This was the Lyne
herd, dispersed in 1903, and in the preface to the catalogue, we
read that : “ This is probably the oldest Sussex herd in existence,

116

Sussex Cattle.

records going back as far as 1800. When a portion of the
present Lyne house was built in that year, the bricks were
carted by the Sussex steers from the Lyne herd.”

The writer remembers the occasional use of working oxen
in Kent and Sussex. Improved roads and lighter implements,
however, have led to farm work being almost entirely done by
horses. It is doubtful though, if oxen, with their steady pull
and freedom from injury, are not the best beasts of draught
for such purposes as timber clearing. Only two years ago,
teams that had been used for ploughing, carting, and timber
hauling, were sold at Tenterden, in Kent.

Early in the nineteenth century an increasing population,
a more flourishing state of trade, and the larger spending power
among the commercial classes, all occasioned a greater demand
for beef ; such a demand led to improvement and increase of
beef-making qualities in the stock. The choicer parts were
improved, coarse bone and length of limb reduced, the fore-end
diminished in size, and coarseness of shoulder modified. An
animal of quality, yet of large size and maturing quickly, was
the object. This the breeders of improved Sussex were skilful
enough to achieve without sacrificing constitutional vigour or
resorting to alien blood. In the “ quaint and ungainly crea-
ture ” the}' had hardy, healthy stock, with the soundest consti-
tutions to work upon. Building upon such a foundation they
have left us, descended from timber-hauling ancestry, a breed
unequalled in the United Kingdom for quality of beef and
early maturity, combined with thriftiness enough to grow and
do well on the poorest pasture.

The names of some of these pioneer breeders may be here
recalled.

Youatt tells us of some of them living in the latter part
of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries.
He mentions “ Mr. Ellman, of Glynde, to whom the eastern
part of the county (Sussex) is much indebted for the preser-
vation of the native breed of cattle.” He also speaks of Mr.
Marten, of Tirle, who had a breed of black Sussex, of Mr.
Edsaw, who was partial to large cattle, and of others.

Later on, in the neighbourhood of Rye, in those days a great
stronghold of the breed, there lived Mr. Samuel Selmes, Mr.
Tilden Smith, and Mr. Willsher. The valuable stock belonging
to Mr. Selmes was taken over in 1848 by Mr. Smith, who
carried on the herd with great success, winning prizes at
Smith field and many local shows, until at his death a most
successful disposal sale took place in 1880. In many ways
Mr. Smith was a link with the past. On his large farm at
Knelle, Beckley, near Rye, he used Sussex steers in cultivation
till the end, these large working steers when fattened making

Sussex Cattle.

117

from 40Z. to 50Z. per head at Sinithfield and elsewhere. Though
he kept no pedigrees of his cattle, we know that the influence
of his blood was great, for we have sufficient evidence to prove
that many breeders had recourse to his herd for bulls ; this
blood descending to some of our best present day stock. By
reference to the catalogue of his sale it can be seen that many
animals went into East Kent where hitherto Sussex cattle had
been but sparsely bred.

It is on record that he tried the Devon cross, but so un-
successful was it, that he not only discontinued it, but found
it necessary to eliminate any animals so bred from his herd.
This experience confirmed Youatt’s opinion that the cross was
not a useful one, and had always been a failure when tried, or
at least resulted in no advantage to Sussex stock.

Mr. Willsher’s herd which, we are told, consisted of excellent
cattle of the best type, was also dispersed in 1880. We must
not omit, when speaking of breeders in Sussex, to mention
Messrs. Braby, father and son, Messrs. Stanford, great exhibi-
tors in the early seventies, Mr. A. Heasman, editor of the first
Sussex Herd Book, Mr. Alfred Agate, a great enthusiast, while
others are reluctantly left unnamed.

In Kent the name of Mr. Philip Prebble will always be
remembered as long as Sussex cattle are bred. Though
previous to 1882 there were few recorded herds in this county,
we find that in 1840 he had a herd at Horton Park, near
Hythe, from which some of our most valuable animals of the
present day are descended. Among these the “ Prebble ” tribe
still brings his name prominently before lovers of the breed.

Mr. John Kirkpatrick, the owner of the property, and
himself a breeder since 1859, took over Mr. Prebble’s farm
and bought some of his females in 1868, and so continued the
strain, establishing at Horton Park the largest and most
successful herd that Kent had known up to his day.

The late Mr. Frederick Warde did much for the breed,
as was shown by the many winners he sent out from Aldon
and by the record prices obtained in 1899 at the sale of his
herd, rich in Prebble blood.

In finishing this notice of past breeders the serious loss
sustained by the Sussex breed by the deaths of two of its
staunch supporters, the Earl of Winterton and the Earl of
Derby, must be sorrowfully alluded to.

The most noticeable improvement that has been effected in
these cattle during the last century, has been in the reduction
of size, length of leg, and more particularly in the coarseness
of the shoulder, in which last respect perhaps further
improvement might be effected. Youatt and other early
writers pointed this out as the greatest defect in a beef-making

118

Sussex Cattle.

breed, and it is perhaps remarkable that so great a reduction
of size and coarseness has been effected. At the present day,
however, the improvement mostly required is in the hind-
quarters, the setting on of the tail and in breeding for better
buttocks and thighs.

The general thriftiness of these cattle makes them most
excellent grazers on poor land ; the coarsest and most scanty
herbage being sufficient to maintain the cows and bullocks
in good and thriving condition. This is evidenced when they
are grazed in the poor parks and on the rough pastures of
Kent and Sussex ; on lands where sheep will not thrive and
where less hardy breeds of cattle would starve. When,
however, they are removed to richer and more fattening
pastures, the steers rapidly put on flesh while the cows get
too fat and heavy for breeding purposes. Had the lot of these
cattle been cast in the Midlands we venture to assert that no
breed would have been in such request for grazing and
fattening in the beautiful pastures of Leicestershire and the
neighbouring counties ; and, were their good qualities better
known we feel sure that their locale would not be confined,
as it is now, to the counties of Kent and Sussex.

The Sussex steer is second to none in attaining great
weight at an early age and, moreover, they are prime
favourites with the butcher as they invariably “ die well ”
with a large proportion of finely mottled lean meat on the
best and most profitable joints. Many of the steer calves
bred on arable farms when yarded at the time of weaning,
will at eighteen to twenty months old, weigh 80 to 100 stone
and realise the highest market price.

We have before us the figures of the eight years, 1898 to
1905, of the Sussex beasts shown at Smithfield, and find that
the 66 steers under two years old averaged 13 cwt. 0 qr. 12 lb.,
with a daily gain of 2 lb. 1^ oz. The older steers during the
same period showed a daily gain of 1 lb. 12 oz., and the
heifers 1 lb. 10 oz.

These figures are conclusive of the value of the good
feeding qualities of the breed and compare most favourably
with those of any other breed, particularly those of the Devons
and Herefords.

On more than one occasion the Sussex breed has provided
the animals that held the record for the year for the highest
daily gain, notably in 1902 when Mr. Gerald Warde’s steer, one
year ten months old, weighed 15 cwt. 1 qr. 9 lb., with a daily
gain of over 2 lb. 8 oz. This is not quite the record for
Smithfield as an Aberdeen Angus steer once showed a daily
gain of 2 lb. 10 oz. ; but in the same year a Sussex steer was
exhibited at Ashford at twenty months old and scaled the

Sussex Cattle.

119

great weight of 14 cwt. 2 qrs. 16 lb., which works out at
over 2 lb. daily gain, which we claim as a record up till
now. The dead weight of this steer was 142 stone and 6 lb.,
or the excellent proportion of ’7 or over two-thirds of his
live weight. The heaviest Sussex beast that has been shown
of recent years was Mr. Winch’s steer which weighed nearly
a ton at two years eight months old, and his dead weight was
189 stone 3 lb. These figures are sufficient to prove the
Sussex breed’s superiority as an early maturity butcher’s
beast. We may add that where classes are provided for them
at local shows calves at ten and eleven months of age often
exceed nine hundredweight in live weight.

Reviewing the present position of the breed, we hail with
pleasure the fact that the number of registered herds has
increased in the last few years, and that greater interest is now
taken in Sussex cattle. At the same time, this may be partly
due to the Sussex Herd Book Society admitting animals of
unregistered breeding by inspection. Many undoubtedly
excellent and pure bred animals have so been entered, but
it is to be hoped in the interest of pedigree breeders that the
Sussex Herd Book will not be opened again on the same
liberal lines.

On the other hand, we have to deplore the loss of great
numbers of herds of Sussex type, which some twenty or
thirty years ago were kept on the Wealds of Kent and Sussex,
whence their produce supplied the farmers and hop growers
with excellent stores to fatten. These herds had previously
existed for generations, but the increase in the price of wool
which occurred about that time, together with the greater
demand for milk and other causes, has led to their
disappearance. Sheep, always the predominant stock in Kent
and Sussex,1 now almost entirely replace the herds of breeding
cattle, inferior cross-bred beasts being bought in the summer
to act as scavengers to the sheep.

While there are so many farms in Kent and Sussex
contiguous to the Metropolis and the great seaside resorts,
milk producing is likely to be profitable. There are, however,
scores of farms not so favourably situated for the sale of milk,
that would carry a few head of Sussex cattle with profit to the
occupier. These unfortunately now do very little towards
supplying the prime stores produced twenty or thirty years
ago. Further, those farmers who have gone in for milk have
not fully realised the advantage of using Sussex sires instead
of the present bulls, which are often mongrels of the baser
kind.

1 Youatt remarked on the increasing numbers of sheep grazed in the Marsh

districts.

120

Sussex Cattle.

These latter are responsible for the most inferior store
cattle coming in such large numbers from the milk-producing
districts in general, and Kent and Sussex in particular ;
whereas a Sussex bull whether it be from Shorthorns, Jerseys
or mongrel stock invariably gets strong, healthy red, or the
favourite red roan coloured calves. In our local markets
these red or “coloury” calves always sell best as suckers,
and, if reared to stores, make much better prices than the
produce of the ordinary bull. One case in particular is known
to the writer ; the continuous use of Sussex bulls through
some generations on ordinary milking stock has led to the
cows so bred partaking much of the Sussex character, all
being ot' the red colour and with their milking properties
little impaired. All the steer calves are reared and sold as
Sussex, any slight reduction of milk supply being amply
repaid by their increased value.

More such milking herds might be instanced and our
dairy farmers would do well to follow the example so set,
with profit to themselves, good to the store stock supply of
the country and benefit to their native breed of cattle.

As in all other breeds, so in the Sussex, the management
varies. Their hardiness, however, perhaps only exceeded by
that of the Welsh cattle, enables them to withstand the rigours
of an English climate in open pastures, provided sufficient
food can be obtained. On the very heavy clays of the Weald
pastures, however, this is not advisable on account of the
heavy treading of the cattle. On the lighter soils and the
chalks of East Kent many cattle are kept out during the
winter months, only receiving a little hay. In one large herd
in East Kent the whole of the breeding stock has been so
kept through several generations. The calves in this herd
are dropped in June and July, the steers are yarded after
weaning and are fed till eighteen months old, being then sold
to the butcher, often averaging over 20/. each.

Several of the show herds keep their breeding cows without
any artificial food, only a few roots and straw ad lib. being
given to them where the farming is on arable land.

Simple as is the management, there is one point in which
the writer would criticise it severely, namely, the way that
milking considerations are ignored. Sorry should we be to see
the grand beef-making and grazing qualities of the Sussex
sacrificed to the pail, but our contention is that it has a greater
capacity for maternal duties than its admirers allow, or that its
breeders permit it to exercise. In all beef-making breeds
where weight and “kindliness” are the first essentials, heifers
will be bred that have very few maternal qualifications. Such
may be execellent advertisements for the herd and make

Sussex Cattle.

121

excellent show animals, but they are not the stock to which
a young breeder should look to found a herd. Given a good
pedigree let him choose rather the best breeders and mothers,
having obtained these, let him manage them in such a way that
their lacteal qualities be developed. This he may do, follow-
ing the advice of Mr. A. Heasman, who says “ By this method
of management a cow rears two calves and rarely proves
barren.” The writer once bought a cow of the Prebble tribe,
which, after rearing a splendid heifer calf, brought up six
others in succession.

Even with the first calf the udder should be relieved at least
twice a day, preferably before the calf sucks. By this custom
the calf obtains a fresh supply and the last of the milk, which
we know to be the richest and best. Further, when the cow
has brought up her one calf which is weaned at five or six
months old, she should not be turned off into succulent
pastures without any attempt being made to utilise her milk.
Only this year the writer saw cows so treated, with milk
running from them, and in such a state that had they been in
a public market, their owners would have been liable to prose-
cution. Cows should always be milked after their calves are
weaned until within at least three months of their calving time
or, better still, may bring up another calf. I do not charge
all, but the majority of breeders do their best to make the
Sussex cows live up to the bad character as milkers, which,
exaggerated beyond justice, they have been given by the public.
They are allowed to calve in the meadows in summer time, the
calf is left alone with the dam, taking what milk it requires,
while no attempt is made to relieve the udder of the surplus
milk which the calf cannot take.

Such practices as the above lead to over fatness and conse-
quent difficulty in reproduction.

We have referred previously to the records of the breed at
Smithfield, and we have noticed for several years that the press,
both agricultural and other, has called attention to the gradual
improvement in these cattle, both as regards greater symmetry
and compactness, which must be evident to all who are interested
in the breed. On the other hand we have heard breeders
deplore the loss of size, particularly in the cows, which they
say has occurred in the last forty years. This is very possibly
the case, but we hold that for all useful purposes the Sussex
cow is large enough, and we do not really believe that she has
lost in weight, while she has certainly gained in symmetry by
losing the coarseness of shoulder, length of leg, &c., that
formerly distinguished her.

It sometimes occurs that at the annual summer shows, the
breed is represented by small classes only, owing to their being

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held at such a distance from its county ; at Smithfield and
other Christmas shows, however, it appears with marked
success, while at the local shows, especially at Tunbridge
Wells, a splendid display can always be seen.

The thriftiness, which is such a valuable characteristic of
this animal, and which makes it so suitable for poor land,
together with its many other qualifications, must make us feel
that it is wonderful that it has not received greater attention,
not only from home breeders but from those abroad. This is
especially the case when we consider the great demand there is
from such countries as the Argentine and our own beef-
producing colonies for an animal of this description.

There are, however, some signs of an improvement in this
direction and among them we may mention that the Transvaal
Government which a few years ago imported some of the stock
have renewed their orders again this year. Further, we are
pleased to state that large exportations of both Sussex bulls and
cows have, during the course of the last few months, been sent
to the Argentine. If, then, the “ Sussex” breeders feel on the
one hand, that the breed has not received its due deserts in the
past, they can, on the other, look forward with every confidence
to the future.

Henry Rigden.

Ashford, Kent.

PLANT PESTS AND LEGISLATION.

By E. S. Salmon, F.L.S.,

Mycologist to the South Eastern Agricultural College ,
Wye, Kent.

During the years 1907 and 1908 important legislative steps
have been taken for the purpose of protecting the farmer, fruit-
grower, and market gardener against the ravages of certain
fungus and insect pests. With the passing of the “ Destructive
Insects and Pests Act,” on July 4, 1907, the Board of Agri-
culture obtained full powers to deal with diseases of plants by
legislative measures. Such legislative measures have for many
years past been actively employed by the State in all other
fruit-growing countries. Fruit-growing and market-gardening,
as the only branch of agriculture in this country which has
continuously and steadily increased its growth during recent
years, can legitimately claim that large measure of State
assistance which this industry enjoys in other countries. All
interested in the development of fruit-growing should note
that it has been chiefly because of its neglect by our Govern-
ment that the state of the industry in this country at the

Plant Pests and Legislation.

123

present time is, in many respects, some ten or twenty years
behind that found in the United States, and in Canada and our
other fruit-growing Colonies.

Before dealing with the recent legislation, we must, in order
to understand certain points, become acquainted with the
previous legislation on this subject. Only one Act existed
previously, viz.: “The Destructive Insects Act, 1877.” The
scope of this Act was actually limited to giving the Privy
Council power to “ make such Orders as they think expedient
for preventing the introduction into Great Britain of the insect
designated as Doryphora decemlineata , and commonly called
the Colorado beetle.”

As the scope of this Act was so limited — not extending
beyond one insect — and as, further, this Act has now been
incorporated in a later one, it is not necessary to examine its
provisions in detail. One clause, however, must be noted ;
this runs : “ Where by any Order under this Act the Privy
Council direct or authorise the removal or destruction of any
crop, they may direct or authorise the payment by the Local
Authority of compensation for the crop.”

On the occasion of the introduction of the Colorado beetle
into England in 1901 the Agricultural Authorities wisely
decided to take immediate action. The carrying out of the
measures was entrusted to properly qualified inspectors acting
under an entomologist. The prompt destruction of all beetles
and diseased crops secured the eradication of the pest in two
years. Compensation for the crops compulsorily destroyed
was paid from Treasury funds.

From 1877 to 1906 no further legislation was enacted, but
on July 4, 1907, a much more important Act than the Destruc-
tive Insects Act of 1877 was added to the Statute-Book. This
was the “ Destructive Insects and Pests Act,” described as “ an
Act to extend the Destructive Insects Act, 1877, to all pests
destructive to crops, trees, or bushes.” This Act gives very
wide legal powers to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries in
England, and to the Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction in Ireland, to deal with any plant pest. There are
five important powers or provisions under the Act, as follows : —

1. Power to make such Orders as the Board or Department
think expedient for preventing the introduction or the spread-
ing of any pest. Orders may prohibit or regulate the landing
of any vegetable substance or other article brought from any
place out of Great Britain or Ireland, and direct or authorise
destruction of the article if landed. Such articles, also, are
liable to forfeiture by the Customs.

2. Power to direct or authorise the removal or destruction
of any crop, trees, or bushes or other substance on which the

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Plant Pests and Legislation.

pest in any state of existence is found, or to or by means of
which the pest may appear to the Board or Department likely
to spread, and the entering on any lands for the purposes of
such destruction or removal, or for examination or enquiry, or
any other purpose.

3. Power to impose penalties (not exceeding ten pounds on
each occasion) for offences against the Orders.

4. Power by Order, with the consent of the Local Authority,
to direct or authorise payment by them of compensation for
crops, trees, or bushes, removed or destined under an Order.
The compensation is not to exceed half value for diseased
crops, nor three-quarter value for other crops.

5. The Local Authorities who are required to carry the
Orders into effect are the same as those under the Diseases of
Animals Act.

We see then, that since July 4, 1907, the Board of Agri-
culture have been provided, under the “ Destructive Insects and
Pests Act,” with the fullest legal powers for dealing with
pests of cultivated plants ; that is, they now have powers to
make, from time to time as they choose, “ Orders” dealing with
any insect or fungus pest of plants. By virtue of these powers
sixteen Orders have been issued during the past seventeen
months.1 Before considering the nature of these Orders, I
should like to point out that in my opinion it is only certain
kinds of plant-diseases which should be dealt with by legislative
means. Such plant-diseases should (1) affect plants of economic
importance ; (2) be infectious and epidemic, i.e., capable of
spreading and of causing wholesale damage ; and (3) be
restricted to definite areas, so that when drastic measures are
enforced there is a probability of eradicating the pest. Among
plant-diseases suitable for control by legislation are pre-
eminently those which may be, or have lately been, introduced
into Great Britain from foreign countries. The duties of
keeping a look-out to prevent the introduction of fungus
diseases of this description, and of stamping out outbreaks when
the disease has been introduced, have been totally neglected by
the Government in the past ; and as regards insect diseases the
Colorado beetle has been the only one against which any
action has been taken.

In order to be able to carry out this new work of fighting
plant-diseases, the Board of Agriculture require to have

(1) expert scientific advice that shall be authoritative ; and

(2) to be in practical touch with both farmer and fruit-grower.
The Board of Agriculture is at present conspicuously handi-
capped in not being supplied by Government with adequate

1 A complete list of all the Orders issued will be given in the Journal of
the South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, for 1909.

Plant Pests and Legislation. 125

f

funds to organise the Department so that it is strong in these
two respects.

In my opinion, no adequate administration of the wide
powers conferred on the Board under the Destructive Insects
and Pests Act can be looked for — especially as regards the
fungus and insect pests which cause such losses to the com-
mercial fruit-grower — until the Board of Agriculture are put
into a position which allows them to establish a well-equipped
and scientifically organised Sub-Department. Such a Sub-
Department was unanimously asked for by the Departmental
Committee appointed in 1905 to inquire into the conditions
of the fruit industry in this country.

Let us now see what pests have been proceeded against by
the Board of Agriculture and by what kind of Orders.

Two diseases during the past two years have attracted
general notice among agriculturists.

The first is the American Gooseberry Mildew {Splice rotheca
mors-uvce (Schwein.) Berk.). This mildew was introduced
into Europe from America about 1900. Since 1900 it has
spread through the greater part of Ireland and invaded parts
of the Continent. It is an entirely new pest in this country,
being unknown in England before 1903 or 1904 ; it is conse-
quently a pest of which the English fruit-grower has had
hitherto no experience. Its destructive powers can best be
gauged by remembering the fact that it is solely on account of
the presence of this mildew in the United States and Canada
that the European varieties of gooseberries cannot be grown
there to any commercial extent.

The second disease is the “ Black Scab” or “ Warty Disease ”
of the potato {Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, Schilb.). This again
is a disease which is new to this country, having been intro-
duced, apparently from the Continent, about fifteen years ago.
There is a consensus of opinion among scientific and practical
men that the “ Black Scab ” is an extremely dangerous and
destructive disease. Already cases are on record where the
potatoes in fields of several acres in extent, situated on farms
in certain districts, have been so badly attacked by this pest
that the crop has not b6en worth lifting, every tuber being
affected with the disease. Already numerous instances are
known where the soil of allotments and cottage gardens has
become so thoroughly infected with the germs of this disease
that it has become impossible to grow potatoes at all. At
present the disease is firmly established in certain districts in
certain counties ; and from these infected districts the disease
has slowly but surely been spreading through the sale of
diseased “ seed.” A number of counties in the Midlands, in
the north of England, and in Wales have become infected ;

126

Plant Pests and Legislation.

the disease exists, also, in some half dozen counties in Scotland.
At present the pest is unknown in Lincolnshire, and also in
the south of England generally, but unless the sale of diseased
“ seed ” is prohibited by law (which has not yet been done)
the pest will inevitably be introduced, sooner or later, into all
the potato-growing districts, through the medium of Scotch
and other “ seed.” Land is rendered unfit for potatoes for six
years or longer after the growing of a diseased crop.

Let us see now what steps have been taken under the
“Destructive Insects and Pests Act” against these two most
destructive diseases.

With regard to the American Gooseberry Mildew, the first
Order was issued on July 12, 1907. This was entitled the
“ Gloucestershire and Worcestershire (Gooseberry Mildew)
Order of 1907,” and contained the following provisions : —

The disease must be notified by the grower ; the Local
Authority (County or Borough Council) is then required to
investigate and to serve notices under which the grower is
compelled (1) to destroy immediately all diseased bushes ;
(2) to spray the site of all bushes that have been destroyed,
and also all the remaining gooseberry and currant bushes on a
defined area, with a certain fungicide. Powers of entry are
given to inspectors appointed by the Local Authority. The
grower, further, is prohibited from removing any gooseberry
or currant bush from the defined area.

Four similar orders were issued during July, September,
and October, 1907, for (1) Lincolnshire and Norfolk ;
(2) Warwickshire ; (3) Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and

Nottinghamshire ; and (4) Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon-
shire.

The object of these Orders was to secure the destruction
of diseased bushes. But little success resulted in this
direction. As pointed out on page 124 it is at present
left to the Local Authority to decide whether compensation
is paid for bushes compulsorily destroyed, instead of the
Government having vested this power in the Board of
Agriculture, as in the Act of 1877 (see page 123). In the case
of all the above Orders, the County Councils concerned
decided not to give any compensation. The growers strongly
objected to having their bushes destroyed without being
compensated, and a deadlock resulted, there being no systematic
grubbing up of diseased bushes over the infected areas in any
county. The extreme difficulty, or even the impossibility,
of working this first Order, coupled with the fact that the
mildew has spread rapidly to fresh areas, forced the Board on
December 10, 1907, to revoke all these Orders, and to issue
the “ American Gooseberry Mildew Oi’der of 1907.”

Plant Pests and Legislation.

127

The important difference in this new Order — which affects
all the counties mentioned on p. 126 and also Herefordshire —
was the substitution of the words italicised in the following
paragraph : — The occupier of infected premises is required
to destroy by burning or other effective method, and by
a date to be specified in the notice, either the whole bush,
or, if he so prefer, all wood formed in the current or preceding
year on the bush , which wood shall for that purpose be pruned
to the satisfaction of an inspector of the Local A uthority.

The important point to be noticed here is that if this
second Order is carried out to the letter the grower is required
to cut off and burn “ all wood formed in the current or
preceding year on the bush.” In the Annual Report of the
Intelligence Division of the Board of Agriculture for the year
1907 (which has just been published) we read the official
account of this part of Iflie new Order, and of the manner in
which it was hoped it would work. As this is the essential
part of the Gooseberry Mildew Orders now in force, it will be
well to quote this account : — “ The fungus is only found on
young wood of the current or (during the winter months) of
the previous season’s growth, the wood of greater age being
too hard to admit of infection. If, therefore, the whole of the
young wood of that nature were pruned off, not only would
all the sources of infection be taken away, but also, in the
case of summer outbreaks, all the shoots or branches which
were capable of receiving the disease. A new Order was
therefore issued in December, requiring the occupier of
infected premises either to burn or otherwise destroy diseased
bushes, or if he should so prefer, to prune them in the manner
already described.”

Experience has now shown — as I predicted would be the
case in a letter to The Times a year ago1 — that no systematic
pruning and burning of all the young wood on diseased bushes
has been able to be enforced in the infected districts. As a
matter of fact growers with many acres of diseased bushes
are now being allowed simply to tip those branches which
are diseased, and are not required to cut off all young wood.
From a long study of the habits of these mildews it is my
firm conviction that the drastic measures embodied in the
first Order are necessary if the aim is to stamp out this
mildew, and also that the measures which are at present
being employed will not even stop it from spreading. It
may be observed that if the Government had acted seven
years ago, the problem of combating this mildew — which is
the most serious pest known of the gooseberry — would have
been very much easier.

1 December 23, 1907.

128

Plant Pests and Legislation.

The next Order that was issued, on July 17, 1908, was the
“ American Gooseberry Mildew (Kent) Order of 1908.” This,
like all the existing Orders, gave the County Council no power
to order a grower to destroy a diseased bush, the grower being
allowed the alternative (which is practically always taken)
of pruning and spraying. Acting on the advice of Wye
College, the Kent County Council objected to the Order as it
stood, and applied for the power (which a Local Authority is
entitled to have under the “ Destructive Insects and Pests Act,”
see page 124) to give compensation, so that their inspectors
could order at any time the destruction of diseased bushes.
On August 14, 1908, the Board issued the American Gooseberry
Mildew (Kent) Order of 1908 (No. 2), which gives the Kent
County Council powers to order, whenever they think
advisable, the immediate destruction of diseased bushes,
compensation (out of the rates) being paid on the scale
mentioned above on page 124.

Such powers are, in my opinion, absolutely necessary for
every County Council to possess, since without them it is
powerless, in the event of a small and circumscribed outbreak
in any part of the county, to clear that district (before this
highly-infectious mildew has had time to spread) by ordering
the immediate destruction of the diseased bushes. In such
cases as these, under the Orders under which all other County
Councils are at present acting, the grower possesses the right
of choosing the alternative of merely pruning and spraying,
and considering that under these same Orders no compensation
is paid, it is practically certain that the grower would not
consent to destroy at once the diseased bushes. I would
point out, further, that the present policy of allowing Local
Authorities to deal in different ways with an infectious and
epidemic disease such as the American Gooseberry Mildew is
essentially unscientific and uneconomic. Unless the work of
fighting new plant diseases is planned as a work of national
and not local importance, it is certain that much money will
be wasted by County Councils, while little or no results will
be obtained for the country generally.

On August 28, 1908, and October 5, 1908, respectively, the
American Gooseberry Mildew (Essex) and American Goose-
berry Mildew (Shropshire) Orders were issued.

On November 27, 1908, a special Order was issued, affecting
parts of Norfolk, Huntingdon, and Cambridgeshire. This
is entitled the “ American Gooseberry Mildew (Wisbech
and District) Order of 1908,” and gives growers permission
to move gooseberry or currant bushes if the bushes are
accompanied by a licence signed by an inspector of the Board
of Agriculture.

Plant Pests and Legislation.

129

Two other Orders dealing only with the American Goose-
berry Mildew have been issued. On December 14, 1907, the
“ American Gooseberry Mildew (Prohibition of Importation of
Bushes) Order of 1907 ” came into force. The first clause
defines the scope of this Order : — “ The landing in Great Britain
of any gooseberry bush or currant bush brought from any
place out of Great Britain is strictly prohibited.” On Novem-
ber 12, 1908, the “ American Gooseberry Mildew (Prohibition
of Importation of Bushes) Amendment Order' of 1908 ” was
issued, allowing gooseberry or currant bushes to be brought to
Great Britain from the Channel Islands.

The only other Order in which the American Gooseberry
Mildew is mentioned is the “ Destructive Insects and Pests
Order of 1908 ” (see next page.) Before passing on to
consider the measures taken against the “ Black Scab ” of
potatoes, a few words may be said on certain points connected
with the “ Destructive Insects and Pests Act ” itself, and the
American Gooseberry Mildew Orders which have been issued
under it.

First of all, the Act itself is, apparently, defective in one
important respect, since it gives the Board of Agriculture no
power to take action if a Local Authority (County or Borough
Council) fails to put an Order into force. Although the
American Gooseberry Mildew is known to occur in both
Surrey and Sussex, the respective County Councils are not
proceeding to act under any Order, with the result that no
local inspectors are being appointed to take the measures
necessary before the pest has time to establish numerous
centres of infection as it has done in the neighbouring County
of Kent. Then with regard to the County of Essex, the matter
has been placed in the hands of the Essex County Police — a
proceeding which makes, for all practical purposes, a dead
letter of the Order.

Again, the American Gooseberry Mildew Orders require
the owner of “ infected premises ” to spray his bushes in
summer with a fungicide which shall be either a solution of
“liver of sulphur” or “some other fungicide approved by
or on behalf of the Local Authority for that purpose.” The
choice of the fungicide to be used ought not to have been left
to the Local Authority, but should have been kept in the
hands of the Board of Agriculture, as in the case of sheep-dips.
Especially unwise is this arrangement with regard to the
American Gooseberry Mildew, since numberless scientifically-
conducted experiments in America have shown conclusively
that a freshly -mixed solution of “ liver of sulphur ” (which
costs only about Is. Gd. per 100 gallons) is the most effective
spray to use. Counties like Kent which receive scientific

VOL. 69. K

130

Plant Pests and Legislation.

advice from Agricultural Colleges, do not, of course, allow any
other fungicide to be used officially under the Order (though
growers, of course, are free to experiment with other fluids) ;
other County Councils, however, have already sanctioned the
official use of a number of proprietary spray-fluids, in which
the “ liver of sulphur ” is not freshly mixed , and is only one of
several constituents. The effect of allowing the use of these
proprietary fluids, which are more costly and whose properties
have not been scientifically tested, must tend to stultify the
working of the Order, and the Order should be altered at once,
so that the Board of Agriculture alone has the power of choos-
ing the nature of the fungicide to be used in all compulsory
spraying.

We turn now to the consideration of the measures taken
against the “ Black Scab ” of potatoes in England and in
Ireland. During 1907 and the early part of 1908, in letters to
the Press, and in a paper read before the “ Farmers’ Club,”
I pointed out the urgent necessity of immediate steps being
taken to prevent the continued spread of “Black Scab” (known
in this country since 1901), and to prevent the introduction
into Great Britain of the “ Black Knot ” of the plum and the
“ Fire Blight ” of the pear. On May 7, 1908, an influential
deputation, convened by the National Fruit Growers’ Federa-
tion, was received at the Board of Agriculture.1 Convinced
no doubt by the ample evidence brought to them on this
occasion, the Board of Agriculture in their revised leaflet on
the “ Black Scab,” have emphasised the danger threatening
potato-growers in the following words : — “ The disease must be
treated as a dangerous enemy, which, if neglected, may
entirely prevent the growth of potatoes. . . . When this

disease appeal’s it may, if neglected, spread over a farm and
render the soil useless for potato-growing in the course of a
few years.”

On June 18, 1908, the Board issued the “Destructive
Insects and Pests Order of 1908.” The extent of this Order
is to make notifiable certain diseases which are mentioned in
an accompanying schedule.2

Beyond including the “ Black Scab ” in the schedule to
this Order, no legal steps have been taken against this disease.
The notification of the disease requbed under the Order, and
the power given to inspectors to search for the disease, though

1 An account of the proceedings will be found in the Journal of the South
Eastern Agricultural College (Wye), Vol. XVII.. page 300.

* Insect) f : The Vine Louse, the San Jos£ Scale, the Mediterranean Fruit-
fly, the Colorado Beetle, the Large Larch Saw-fly. Fungi. Black Knot,
White Boot Hot, Black Scab or Warty Disease of Potatoes, the American
Gooseberry Mildew. It is to be noted in passing that the “ Fire Blight ” of
the pear is not included. Fruit-growers should press for the inclusion of this.

Plant Pests and Legislation.

131

necessary as preliminary steps, will not in themselves he of the
slightest avail in stopping its spread.

At present, when outbreaks are discovered, the Board
advise the grower to take certain precautions, but have no
legal powers to prevent him from selling diseased “ seed.”

The Irish Department of Agriculture have taken resolute
steps. By virtue of an Order issued on October 1, 1908,
entitled the “ ‘ Black Scab ’ in Potatoes (Ireland) Order of
1908,” a grower, besides being required to notify the disease,
is then required to adopt the following measures : —

1. All diseased tubers and the haulms (if any) belonging
thereto, as well as all packing material and packages at any
time used for the storing or conveying of such potatoes, shall
be immediately destroyed on the spot by burning or other
effective method prescribed by the Department.

2. No potatoes, or potato haulms, shall be removed, or be
permitted to be removed, out of the area defined in the notice
except with and subject to the conditions (if any) of a licence
signed by an inspector of the Department or other authorised
officer permitting such removal.

3. Potatoes shall not be again planted or sown on the
affected land without the sanction of the Department.

4. No affected soil shall be removed from one part of a
farm either to another part of the same farm, or to another
farm, whether within or without the affected area.

A further provision is also made as follows : — “ It shall not
be lawful to land in Ireland any potatoes diseased, or suspected
of being diseased, brought from any place out of Ireland.”

Full powei‘3 of entry are given to inspectors of the Depart-
ment, and penalties prescribed for offences against the Order.
Among the latter may be noted that of failing “ to give to an
inspector or other authorised officer, or to the Department
when required to do so, information as to the place of origin
of any potatoes diseased or suspected to be diseased.”

In November last the “ Black Scab ” was first reported from
Ireland. The following extract from a letter written by the
Secretary to the Department of Agriculture for Ireland shows
how the matter was dealt with : — “ I have to state that three
cases of Black Scab in potatoes have been discovered in this
country, and these cases were found in two districts situated on
the east coast of County Down. All the diseased tubers have
been destroyed in compliance with a notice served by the
Department under the ‘ Black Scab in Potatoes (Ireland)
Order, 1908.’”

If Government had chosen to bring in and pass the Des-
tructive Insects and Pests Act previously to 1901, our Board of
Agriculture would have been placed in a position to have acted

k 2

132

Plant Pests and Legislation.

when but few cases were known. Could prompt action then
have been taken, potato-growers would not now be faced with
a danger of such magnitude. But although this procrastina-
tion has made the work much more difficult, it must be
undertaken now in earnest and carried through. Acting on
the advice of its Pests Committee, the Central Chamber of
Agriculture have urged the Board of Agriculture to apply
the Irish Order to Great Britain. All agriculturists should
give hearty support to this movement, for the effect will
be disastrous if this Black Scab disease is allowed to reach
Lincolnshire and other centres of potato-growing and is not
at once stamped out. Foreign countries are alive to the
danger, and already Malta has closed its ports to all potatoes
from Great Britain unless they are accompanied by “ a certificate
from an officer of the Board or Department of Agriculture
stating that they are free from Black Scab and were not grown
on land infected with that disease.”

It should be noted, also, that Farmers’ Clubs in Ireland
have already begun to ask for the total prohibition of potatoes
from Great Britain in view of the spread of Black Scab in
this country. Indeed, all countries will be wise in refusing
potatoes from England and Scotland if the spread of this
disease is allowed to continue as it has done during recent
years.

The last Order to be mentioned is the “ American Goose-
berry Mildew and Black Currant Mite (Ireland) Order, 1908,”
issued on February 24, 1908. So far as I can hear, this Order
became somewhat of a dead letter directly it was issued ; due
no doubt to the fact that the mildew (introduced about 1900)
had by 1908 spread practically all over Ireland.

If now we view what has been done during 1907 and 1908
to protect the crops of agriculturists against pests, we find
important legislation being brought to bear on the subject.
But this legislation is stultified to a large extent by the want
of public opinion demanding that our Board of Agriculture
be liberally equipped with men and money to carry out the
necessary work. A State agricultural mycologist, entomo-
logist, and chemist are required in this country, such as we
find in the United States and also in Canada and our other
Colonies. Until such official scientific assistance is available,
the proper administration of the “ Destructive Insects and
Pests Act” can hardly be looked for, with the result that
agriculturists will suffer heavy losses through the attacks of
new or recently-established pests.

Ernest S. Salmon.

Wye, Kent.

December , 1908,

133

THE LATE EARL OF DERBY.

BY the death of Frederick Arthur Stanley, K.G., G.C.B.,
G.C.Y.O., sixteenth Earl of Derby, the Royal Agricultural Society
has lost one of its most active and generous supporters, and
the agricultural community generally a sympathetic and kind
friend. The late Lord Derby held many of the high offices of
the State, including the Governor-Generalship of Canada, in
which office he succeeded the present Marquis of Lansdowne
in 1888. During his term of office, which extended to 1893,
the Governor-General was brought into close association with
the agriculture of Canada, and gained much experience there,
which his Lordship found most serviceable on his succession
to the title and to the vast family estates on the death of the
fifteenth Earl in the year 1893.

His estates in Lancashire and Cheshire extended to about
70,000 acres, and in addition he owned some 9,000 or 10,000
acres in the counties of Kent and Surrey. In the management
of his property the late Lord Derby took the greatest personal
interest, and he made a practice of attending the two rent
audit dinners held at Knowsley annually at Christmas ; in fact
he never once missed being present at these functions during the
fifteen years of his possession. In addition to the Knowsley rent
audit dinners, he also frequently attended those on the Fylde,
Macclesfield, and East Lancashire estates. He was most liberal
in the administration of his property, and his opinion was that
his tenantry should have good and sufficient accommodation
for the working of their holdings, but that when they had
obtained this they should do their best to keep things in good
order. It is acknowledged by all those who are acquainted
with the estates that their condition was vastly improved
during the late Earl’s possession, and his tenantry gratefully
recognised the heavy expenditure he had incurred on their
behalf.

In 1895 Lord Derby was elected a Member of the Council
of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, becoming
subsequently in 1900 a Vice-President, and in 1901 a Trustee
of the Society. He served on the Journal, Veterinary, and
Dairy Committees, and frequently presided over the General
Show Committee.

On the occasion of the Society’s visit to Lancashire in 1897,
Lord Derby took a very prominent part in that most successful
Show, which was held at Manchester in the Diamond Jubilee
year of Queen Victoria, under the Presidency of His Royal

134

The late Earl of Derby.

Highness the Duke of York, K.G., and, not only as a Member
of the Council, but as a Member of the Local Committee and
a subscriber to its funds, his Lordship did much to ensure the
success of the Show.

The Presidency of the Society was undertaken by Lord
Derby for the year 1904, in succession to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, and he was indefatigable in his efforts to promote
the success of the Society in every sphere of its operations.
The generous support accorded by Lord Derby was emphasised
by his handsome subscription of 5,000Z. to the Permanent
Show Fund, and later by a generous donation ofi 250Z. to the
fund which was raised to enable the Society to hold the third
Show at Park Royal in the year 1905.

Lord Derby was possessed in a remarkable degree of the
faculty for presenting his views on any question under
discussion in an exceptionally lucid manner, and in this respect
he rendered great service to the Members at the General
Meetings held in connection with the proposals for applying
for the grant of a Supplemental Charter, under which the
Council would in future be elected by the Members. The
services of Lord Derby to the Royal Agricultural Society of
England will long be remembered by the Members and by his
Lordship’s colleagues on the Council, and it is a matter for
sincere congratulation that the present Earl has been elected
a Vice-President of the Society, and has already shown that he
is desirous of maintaining the interest of the House of Stanley
in the welfare of the agriculture of the country.

135

THE NEWCASTLE SHOW, 1908.

To Newcastle-on-Tyne now belongs the unique distinction
of having been on no less than four different occasions the
venue of the Society’s annual Show, the visits to the city on
Tyneside before 1908 having taken place respectively in the
years 1846, 1864, and 1887. Carlisle has received the Society
three times, in 1855, 1880, and 1902, and Darlington once, in
1895 ; so that eight Shows in all have now been held in the
northern district of England. For purposes of comparison,
some particulars of these eight shows are brought together in
the subjoined table : —

Year

Place of
Meeting

President

Imple-

ments

entered

Entries
of live
stock

Amount

of

Prizes

Persons
paying for
admission

Financial
Result
(+= Profit
=L088)

1846

Newcastle

Lord Port man.

735

613

£

1,391

Norecord

£

— 2,138

1855

Carlisle

Mr. Wm. Miles, M.P.

1,314

808

2,175

37,533

— 860

1864

Newcastle

Lord Feversham

4.024

1,099

3,195

114,683

+ 1,342

1880

Carlisle

9th Duke of Bedford

4,196

1,485

5,881

92,011

- 538

1887

Newcastle

Lord Egerton of Tatton .

3,616

1,825

6,760

127,372

- 2,029

1895

Darlington

Sir J. H. Thorold, Bt.

5,855

l,703f

5,603

100,310

+ 653

1902

Carlisle

H.R.H. Prince Christian

3,916

1,911

6,070

93,187

— 2,898

1908

Newcastle

Duke of Devonshire

4,481

2,619

10,560

213,867

+ 10,054

t No Pigs Exhibited.

Taking the first seven of the above Shows, five resulted in
an aggregate loss of 8,463Z., while the remaining two yielded a
profit of 1,995Z. The net loss on the whole seven was there-
fore 6,468Z., or an average annual loss of 924Z. The
unprecedented result of the last Newcastle Meeting, however,
brings the total of the profitable North Country Shows up to
12,049Z., so that if the losses of 8,463Z., mentioned above, be
deducted from this figure, a balance of 3,586Z. is shown, which,
spread over the eight Shows, gives an average annual profit of
448Z. 5s.

In accordance with the practice which has now become an
established custom, the members of the Northumberland
Agricultural Society abandoned their own local show of 1908,
and joined forces with the National Society. The privileges
of free admission to the Show and reduced fees for entries of
live stock were accorded to members of the County Agricul-
tural Society, who held a “ One Day ” exhibition in the
Showyard on the Friday. Similar privileges were also
extended to the Members of the Durham Agricultural Society,
who made a contribution towards the Prize fund.

136

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

Show of 1887.

The previous Show at Newcastle was, as will be remem-
bered by many, held during the Mining and Industrial
Exhibition of 1887, and was honoured by the presence of
H.M. The King (as Prince of Wales) and bis two sons, the
present Prince of Wales and the late Duke of Clarence and
Avondale, who during the week were the guests of the late
Viscount Ridley, at Blagdon Hall.

It was in 1887 that the Society inaugurated the Spring
Show of Thoroughbred Stallions. Five equal premiums of
200Z. each were offered, together with a Special Gold Medal,
for thoroughbred stallions (3 years old and upwards) suitable
for getting hunters and other half-bred horses, subject to the
condition that each stallion winning a premium should serve
not less than 50 half-bred mares, if required, during the
season, and should stand or travel (at the owner’s option) in
such parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and
Westmorland as should be specified at a fee not exceeding
50s. for each mare, except to Members of the Society, to whom
the fee would be 21. A range of buildings erected in con-
nection with the Mining Exhibition was utilised for the
purpose of the Show, which took place on January 25, 1887.
Forty-five horses were entered, seven of these however were
sent for exhibition only and not for competition. Later
in the year 1887, the Royal Commission on Horse-Breeding
was appointed, and its first Show was held in conjunction with
the Society’s Spring Show of Thoroughbred Stallions at
Nottingham in 1888.

While dealing with the 1887 Show, it may here be
mentioned that the Society commenced in this year the Com-
petitions for Shoeing Smiths, which have become since that
time quite a feature of the Showyard. The Society’s opera-
tions in this direction, with the co-operation of the Worshipful
Company of Farriers, have undoubtedly helped to raise the
standard of Shoeing Smiths all over the country.

The Showyard.

By the courtesy of the Freemen of Newcastle, a site for the
1908 Show was provided in the City upon the spacious Town
Moor, the scene of earlier “ Royal ” Shows. About 105 acres
were enclosed for the Society’s requirements, and the familiar
Main Entrance Buildings (which first did duty at the Newcastle
Meeting of 1887) were erected at the southern end of the
ground, facing Park Terrace, with approaches, on the one side,
from the North Road, and, on the other, from Claremont
Road, along both of which thoroughfares there were excellent
services of electric tram cars.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

137

The ground, which had been prepared by the Local Com-
mittee, was wonderfully even, and altogether the excellent site
has never been surpassed from the point of view of utility,
although on some occasions the Showyard may have been
situated in more picturesque surroundings. The gradual rise
of the ground from the entrances showed up the Implement
Sheds to the best advantage, and the level portion in the centre
of the Yard admitted of the provision of a splendid Large
Ring, facing which were the three Pavilions. The Royal
Pavilion was decorated and furnished by Messrs. Robson &
Sons, Ltd., of Newcastle, and their treatment of the building
was most successful. The Reception Room was furnished as
a Hall in Jacobean style, beautifully panelled in oak, and the
Retiring Rooms were fitted up in harmony with this arrange-
ment. The Floral Decorations of the Pavilions and other
parts of the Showyard were carried out by Messrs. William
Fell & Co., Ltd., of Hexham.

Events of the Week.

Owing to the fact that the usual time for the Show, i.e., the
week after Ascot, had been fixed upon for both the Annual
Temperance Fete on the Town Moor and the Summer Race
Meeting at Gosforth Park, the Show was opened a week later
than customary, viz., on Tuesday, June 30, closing on the
following Saturday, July 4.

The judging of live stock was commenced at 9 o’clock on
June 30, and continued throughout the whole of the day.
The arrangement adopted at Lincoln of completing the veteri-
nary examination of the horses before the commencement of
the judging, was again carried out, and worked very smoothly
under the supervision of the Steward, Mr. Cyril Greenall.
Horses certified to have been passed as sound at the London
Spring Shows were not re-examined in the Newcastle
Showyard.

A noteworthy event of the day was the visit of a party of
about fifty agriculturists representing the National Agricultural
Society of Hungary, who arrived in England on June 15, and
who had been making a tour of England and Scotland inspect-
ing typical farms, breeding establishments, and experimental
stations. These distinguished visitors took the greatest interest
in the Exhibits, and spent two days at the Show, being enter-
tained to luncheon by the President on the opening day.
The Chairman of the party, Count Esterhazy, expressed the
pleasure their visit to this country had afforded them, and
acknowledged the kindness of all those noblemen and gentle-
men whose estates they had visited, and to whom they were
indebted for their very hospitable reception.

138

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

The principal event of Wednesday was the visit of their
Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, who, as
the guests of the Duke and Duchess of Northumberland,
at Alnwick, had arrived in the north on the previous
Monday.

Their Royal Highnesses travelled from Alnwick by motor
car, stopping on the way at Morpeth to receive an address.
On arrival at the Showyard at about 12.30 p.m., the Royal
Party were met at the gates by the Honorary Director
(Sir Gilbert Greenall), who escorted them to the Royal Pavilion,
where they were received by the President (the Duke of
Devonshire) and other members of the Council. A small party
of Crimean and Indian Mutiny veterans (in charge of Major
Thompson of the Corps of Commissionaires) having been
inspected, Their Royal Highnesses made a tour of the Show-
ground in an open carriage. The Prince and Princess
afterwards honoured, the President and Council with their
company at Luncheon in the Royal Pavilion. The guests at
this function also included the Duchess of Devonshire, the
Duke of Northumberland, the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress,
and other residents and officials in the City and County.

After luncheon, their Royal Highnesses were shown a
selection of prize cattle, and a number of implements and
appliances to which the Society’s Silver Medal had been
awarded since the year 1905, when the Prince of Wales last
visited the Show. The party then drove to the Agricultural
Education and Forestry Exhibition and to the Horticultural
Exhibition, and having inspected the exhibits here, they were
later conducted by the Honorary Director round the large
Horse Ring to the Royal Box in the Grand Stand, where they
remained for some time watching the jumping competitions.
The Royal Visitors left the Showyard by motor about 4.15 p.m.,
having spent nearly four hours in the Showyard.

In the evening the Lord Mayor of Newcastle entertained
the President and Members of Council of the Society at a
Banquet in the Large Hall of the Armstrong College.

The General Meeting of Governors and Members of the
Society was held at noon on Thursday, at which His Grace the
Duke of Devonshire, as President, took the Chair. The first
business of the meeting was the presentation of the Cups,
Medals, Prizes, and Certificates to the successful competitors in
the Ploughing Competitions. The awards in the Farm Prize
Competition were also announced at this meeting. (A full
report of the proceedings at the General Meeting will be
found in the Appendix — See pp. xxxvii. to xl.)

On Thursday the bulk of the catalogues had been sold, so
great had been the demand, and to meet the requirements of

The Newcastle Show , 1908.

139

the visitors on the remaining days, the full List of the Awards
of Prizes was sold in the Showyard.

The visit of Their Royal Highnesses on the Friday was of an
official character, the procession including the Lord Mayor and
Sheriff of Newcastle and other representatives of the City,
together with the Lord Lieutenant of the County (the Duke of
Northumberland), the Duchess of Devonshire, and other mem-
bers of the Alnwick Castle house party.

On arrival at the Showyard, about 3 o’clock, the Prince and
Princess were met at the entrances by the Honorary Director
and received by the President at the Royal Pavilion. Visits were
paid to the Working Dairy and the Wool Shed. Winners in
the different sheep classes were next inspected, after which
a visit was paid to the Neivcastle Chronicle Pavilion, in front of
which were drawn up the ploughs used by the Champion
prize winners in the Ploughing Competitions held early in the
year. Their Royal Highnesses then proceeded to the Royal
Box at the Large Ring, where they witnessed the parades, &c.
The Royal party left the Showyard at 4.30 p.m. and proceeded
to Gosforth to visit the Cripple’s Home, of which Institution
the Lord Mayor of Newcastle was Chairman.

The Northumberland Agricultural Society’s local classes,
comprising exhibits of cattle, horses, and sheep, were judged on
the Friday.

On the last day, Saturday, the Trials of Sheep Dogs were
carried out in the Large Ring, and the Pit Ponies were judged.
In the afternoon a Brass Band Contest was held under the
auspices of the Local Committee.

It was the custom a few years ago, when the Show closed
on a Friday evening, to arrange a series of sports on the
Saturday for the Police engaged during the Meeting. This
practice was, to a certain extent, revived this year by the offer
of prizes for a Tug-of-War. In addition to the Metropolitan
and Newcastle Police, teams also came from Gateshead, Walls-
end, and Gosforth ; the latter team, which was an excellent one,
finally being victorious.

The Band of the Northumberland Hussars, conducted by
Mr. H. G. Amers, performed selections of music in the Band-
stand during the first four days of the Show.

The Attendance.

At the commencement of the Show no rain had fallen for
about a week at Newcastle, and the Society were exceedingly
fortunate in having a continuance of beautiful weather, with a
great wealth of sunshine. The only rain during the week was
a slight shower which fell about one o’clock on the Saturday,
after a somewhat dull morning. The climatic conditions were

140

The Newoastle Show, 1908.

almost all that could have been desired, and presented a strong
contrast to the exceptionally wet weather which was experienced
at Carlisle when the Show was held there in 1902.

The tables set out below give the actual figures of the
attendances at different hours during the recent Show, and a
comparison is made between the last two Newcastle Shows,
1887 and 1908, and with the six Shows held from 1902 to 1907.

(1) Admissions by Payment at Newcastle, 1908.

Day of Show

11 a.m.

1 p.m.

3 p.m.

5 p.m.

Day’s total

Tuesday (5s.) ....

1,047

1,701

2,208

2,378

2,397

Wednesday (2s. 6 d.~) .

12,093

20,954

28,857

31,889

32,142

Thursday (2.s. 6 d.)

10,983

19,479

26,553

28,575

28,880

Friday (Is.) ....

30,958

54,509

81,414

97,007

98,489

Saturday (Is.) .

17,479

30,522

45,144

51,353

51,959

Total Admissions

213,867

(2) Total daily admissions at Newcastle, 1908, compared with
previous six Shows and Newcastle 1887.

Prices of
Admission

New-

castle,

1908

Lincoln,

1907

Derby,

1906

Park

Royal,

1905

Park

Royal,

1904

Park

Royal,

1903

Carlisle,

1902

New-

castle,

1887

Implement Yard only
(2s. 6<f.) .

Five Shillings
Half-crown .
Half-crown .

One Shilling .

One Shilling .

2,397

32,142

28,880

98.489

51,959

1.680

22,835

22,725

51,888

33,878

2,752

25,666

46,055

44,670

2.770
7,684
7,754

5.770

2,011

9.375

10,912

14,175

16,457

2,685

12,057

11.403

20,569

18,299

2,372

2,321

7,550

15,398

46,242

19,304

1,209

1,097

11.331

12,020

77,410

24305

Totals .

213,867

133,006

119, 1431

*23,9782

52,9303

65.013

93,187

127,372

1 Derby, 1906 — Only one Half-crown day.

2 Park Royal, 1905— No Five Shilling day ; third day, price of admission (2 t. 6 d.)
reduced to Is. after 3 p.m.

a Park Royal, 1904 — Second and third days, price of admission (2s. 6 d.) reduced
to Is. after 4 p.m.

On the occasion of the first visit of the Prince and Princess
of Wales on the Wednesday, when the charge for admission was
2s. 6d., the number of visitors, 32,142, was larger than on any
half-crown day at any previous Show of the Society. When
Their Royal Highnesses paid their official visit to the Show on
the Friday (the first shilling day), the traffic had to be stopped
for some time before the procession arrived, and as a consequence
a tremendous crowd of persons on their way to the Showyard
collected at the approaches on either side of the entrance.
When the doors were again opened after the arrival of the
Royal procession, the ten turnstiles at the entrances proved

The Newcastle Show , 1908.

141

wholly inadequate for the admission of the vast numbers of
people who were struggling to get into the Yard. Mr.
Richardson Carr (Steward of Finance) pressed into service all
the officials that could be found, stationing them at the various
ticket entrances and doors, with bags to take the shillings from
those who came through. During the day 98,489 persons were
admitted by payment into the Showyard, this being the largest
daily attendance on record. The previous largest one day
attendance was at Nottingham, in 1888, when 88,832 persons
were admitted into the Showyard on a shilling day. The
total of 213,867 for the whole Show falls short of the aggre-
gate for the Manchester Meeting held in the Diamond Jubilee
year, 1897. On that occasion a total of 217,980 persons paid
for admission to the Show, which, however, was open for six
days, as against five at Newcastle.

Prize Sheet and Entries.

The total value of the prizes offered (inclusive of Champion
Prizes, Special Prizes, and Medals) was 10,560/., a sum which
has only twice been exceeded, namely, at the International
Shows held by the Society at Kilburn in 1879 and at Windsor
in 1889, and which is nearly 2,000/. more than was offered
at the Lincoln Show of 1907. Of the total amount, a sum of
2,176/. was contributed by the various Stud, Herd, and Flock-
Book Societies, 2,002/. by the Newcastle Local Committee, 300/.
by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural Societies,
and 281/. — for local classes — by the Northumberland Agri-
cultural Society.

The following is a statement of the entries for the 1908
Show as compared with the Shows of the seven preceding years
and the three previous Newcastle Shows : —

Live Stock , Poultry , and Produce.

New-

castle,

1008

Lincoln,

1007

Derby,

1008

Park

Royal,

1005

Park

Royal,

1904

Park

Royal,

1903

Carlisle,

1902

Cardiff,

1901

New-

castle,

1887

New-

castle,

1864

New-

castle,

1846

Horses .

l664

>506

*563

a372

a365

422

521

'355

493

164

60

Cattle .

'948

1 1,030

>926

898

867

944

667

553

628

381

192

Sheep .

*695

*672

*564

591

525

520

545

519

509

418

268

Pigs

312

368

266

252

227

222

178

148

195

136

93

Total. .

2,619

2,576

2,319

2,113

1,984

2,108

1,911

1,575

1,825

1,099

613

Poultry

768

826

811

871

603

763

653

701

404

-

-

Produce

416

572

525

493

544

609

461

521

347

-

-

1 Exclusive of Double Entries.

‘ Exclusive of Draught Horses and the Harness Classes.

142

The Newcastle Show , 1908.

The figures in the subjoined table show the amount of
shedding allotted in the Implement Department compared with
the seven preceding years and the Newcastle Show of 1887.

Shedding in Implement Yard.

Description of
Shedding

New-

castle,

1908

Lincoln,

1907

Derby,

1906

Park

Royal,

1905

Park

Royal,

1904

Park

Royal,

1903

Carlisle.

1902

Cardiff,

1901

New-

castle,

1887

Ordinary
Machinery . .
Special .
(Seeds, Models.
&c.)

Feet

6,490

2,585

2,960

Feet

7,650

2,165

3,251

Feet

7,818

2,520

2,892

Feet

6,590

1,750

1,629

Feet

7,630

2,060

2,032

Feet

9.360

2,670

2,555

Feet

6.693

2,079

2,321

Feet

7,245

2,305

2,101

Feet

5,508

1,125

1,584

Total .
[Exclusive of
open ground
space]

12,035

13,066

13,030

9,969

11,722

14,585

11,093

11,651

8,217

No. of Stands.

389

417

424

289

350

456

340

358

283

A detailed comparison of the classes, entries, &c., at the
last two Newcastle Meetings will be found on the opposite page.

Auctions.

The amounts realised at the sales by auction show, on the
whole, a considerable falling off, the horse sales being the only
section where there was an increase over last year. The
restrictions imposed by the Argentine Republic, owing to the
outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Scotland early in
the year, on the importation of Scotch cattle, and of animals
which had been in contact with animals from Scotland — in
which latter category were included all the English exhibits
at Newcastle — undoubtedly caused a disinclination on the part
of shippers to buy animals which would have to be kept on
hand for a considerable time, until the restriction was with-
drawn by the Argentine Government. All possible measures
were taken by the Council of the Society to obtain special
permission for animals purchased at the Show to be forthwith
shipped to the Argentine ; and such special permission was at
length granted, although no official intimation of the fact had
reached the Society by the close of the Show.

The following table gives the amounts realised respectively
for horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs at the Shows of the last three
years : —

Derby,

1906

Lincoln,

1907

Newcastle,

1908

Horses . . ■* .

£ s. d.
123 18 0

£ s. d.
347 11 0

£ s. d.

552 6 0

Cattle ....

10,034 6 6

8,707 13 0

7,445 0 6

Sheep ....

2,045 18 6

2,027 19 6

1,574 9 6

Pigs

572 5 0

951 19 3

243 1 6

Total

12,776 8 0

12,035 2 9

9,814 17 6

The Newcastle Show, 1908

143

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ENTRIES, Etc.,

At the Two Meetings held at Newcastle in 1887 and 1908.

1887 (July 11-15) 1908 (June 30- July 4)

IMPLEMENTS -Stands . . . . 283 . . . .389

HORSES

1887

1908

SHEEP.

1887

1908

AND

Cattle

Pigs, poultry,
Produce

Entries

Classes

Entries

Cla-ses

Entries

Classes

Entries

Classes

HORSES

N

SHEEP

Prizes .

£1.275

£1,762 10s.

Prizes .

—

£ 2.103

—

£3.421

Oxford Down .

4

26

4

45

Hunters .

ii

139

10

101

Shropshire

4

101

7

1241

Polo Ponies .

X

—

5

28

Southdown

4

46

6

64

Cleveland Bays or

Hampshire Down .

4

42

6

31

Coach Horses

3

35

4

19

Suffolk

4

22

6

24

Hackneys

6

34

9

62

Dorset Horn .

4

21

Ponies

8

36

4

16

Rveland .

i 3

10

Highland or Fell

Kerry Hill

4

13

Ponies .

—

—

2

5

Other Short Wools.

3

7

Dales Ponies .

—

—

2

7

Lincoln

4

28

7

63

Shetland Ponies .

—

—

2

17

Leicester .

4

43

4

24

Shire

8

84

9

76

Border Leicester .

4

46

3

76

Clydesdale .

8

90

8

81

Wensleydale .

4

22

Suffolk .

5

21

5

29

Kent or Romney

Agricultural

Marsh .

5

66

Horses .

8

54

5

32

Cotswold .

4

15

4

21

Pit Ponies

—

—

2

15

South Devon .

2

7

Riding Classes

—

—

8

110

Cheviot .

4

46

4

37

Harness Classes .

—

—

15

136

Lonk ....

3

9

3

11

Jumping.

—

—

5

73

Herdwick

4

26

3

13

Welsh

2

10

Black-faced

Total for HORSES

57

493

95

807 >

Mountain

4

33

5

62

Other Long Wools .

3

19

—

—

CATTLE

Total for SHEEP .

67

509

85

734>

Prizes .

—

£2,205

—

£2.799

Shorthorn

8

no

15

372

PIGS

Lincolnshire Red

Prizes .

—

£360

—

£770 5i.

Short-horn .

—

8

38

Large White .

4

54

6

83

Hereford.

7

76

6

49

Middle White .

4

36

6

36

Devon

5

31

5

27

Small White .

4

24

—

South Devon .

—

6

28

Tamworth

4

22

6

28

Longhorn

—

—

3

9

Berkshire.

4

39

6

61

Sussex

5

27

5

23

Large Black .

4

20

6

64

Welsh

—

5

21

Lincolnshire

Red PoU '. . .

Aberdeen Angus .
Galloway

5

6
6

30

69

65

6

8

5

41

81

51

Curly-coated

—

—

6

41

Total for PIGS .

24

195

36

312

Highland

2

8

4

8

Ayrshire .

Jersey

Guernsey

5

6

32

100

33

6

8

6

27

94

21

TOTAL FOR STOCK

202

1,825

-

-

5

Kerry
Dexter .
Dairy Cattle .
Milk Yield .
Butter Test .

2

2

25

22

4

6

11

23

28

93

POULTRY

Prizes ....
Entries

52

£312

404

99

£199 15s.
768

28

PRODUCE:-

Total for CATTLE.

Prizes ....

£211

£249 25s.

64

628

106

1,062 >

Entries

26

347

49

416

Grand Totals for 1887 . 280 Classes . 2,576 Entries . £6,973 J Prizes

LIVE STOCK, POULTRY,

and PRODUCE. 190S . 465 „ . 4,099 „ . £ 10,560 » „

Animals exhibited in more than one class are here counted as separate entries.

Including £475 for Farm Prizes.

3 Including £260 for Farm Prizes, £281 for Local Classes, £32 for [Implements, £250 for Horti-
cultural Exhibition, £567 for Competitions.

144

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

Implement Department.

The report of the Judges on the Trials of Manure
Distributors held in connection with the Show will be found
on pp. 173 to 182, and the Report on the Miscellaneous Imple-
ments on pp. 182 to 188.

Description op Exhibits.

The particulars given in the following pages are, for the most
part, based upon the reports furnished by the Judges of the
various classes. A complete list of the awards, with full
information as to the exhibitors, breeders, pedigrees, &c., of the
prize-winning animals, is included in the Appendix to this
Volume, preceded by the names of the Stewards and Judges
in the different departments (see pp. liii. to cxxx.).

Illustrations having been given in the last Volume of all
the champion animals at Lincoln — horses, cattle, sheep, and
pigs — it has been thought well to revert to the system pre-
viously in vogue of dealing with only one section each year.
Accordingly, on the present occasion, only the champions in
the horse classes appear.

Horses.

This section was a particularly strong one, the entries,
numbering 664 (excluding double entries) being more numerous
than at any Show since the York Meeting of 1900, when there
was an entry of 696 horses. The Hunters, of which there
were 101, were present in strongest force, and, as might well
be expected at Newcastle, the Clydesdale classes were better
filled than usual, the entries of this breed numbering 81. The
Shires totalled 76, and the Hackneys 62. The entries in the
Driving classes were 98, and in the Riding classes (Hunters,
and Polo and Riding Ponies) 81, exclusive of entries under
other headings.

Hunters. — Classes 2, 4, 7, and 10 were considered by the
Judges particularly good. The other classes were not so
strong, but there were some beautiful animals in them.
Mr. T. L. Bennett’s Sermon was an outstanding animal. The
Hunter’s Improvement Society's Gold Medal (1) for the best
filly in Classes 4, 5, and 6, was awarded to Lord Middleton’s
Modwena (see Fig. 1), and (2) for the best mare in Classes 7
and 8, to Mr. E. W. Robinson’s Golden Leaf 2896 (see Fig. 2).
There were many entries of high class and of great value in
the Riding classes (62 to 69), and great difficulty was experi-
enced in adjudicating in certain classes where such a difference
of weight, as between 12 and 14 stones, had to be considered.
The Judges would have liked to have seen a little more quality
in the majority of the exhibits entered to carry more than
14 stones.

Fig. 2.— Hunter Mare, "Golden Leaf."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Hu nter Mare, 4 years and upwards, Newcastle. 1508.
Exhibited by MR. E. W ROBINSON.

Fig. i.— Hunter Filly, "Modwena."

Wiimci of Champion Prize for best Hunter Filly not exceeding 3 years old, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Lord Middleton.

Fig. 3.— Polo and Riding Foxy Stallion, “Spanish Hero.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Polo and Riding Pony Stallion or Colt, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Mr. Stephen Mumford.

Fig. 4. — Polo and Riding Pony Mare, ‘‘Actress.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Polo or Riding Pony Mare or Filly, Newcastle, 190S.
Exhibited by SIR JOHN BARKER, BART., M P.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

145

Polo and Riding Ponies. — There were some very good
exhibits in Classes 11 and 12, and the Judges observed that
great care had been taken in trying to breed to type. The
Male Championship was secured by Mr. Stephen Mumford for
Spanish Hero 372 (see Fig. 3), the Female Championship going
to Actress 1560 (see Fig. 4), the property of Sir John Barker.

Cleveland Bays and Coach Horses. — The Judge reports that
the entries in some of the classes fell short of what might
have been hoped for, but the quality all round was excellent.
The stallion class (16) was a good one, eight sound promising
young horses coming into the ring. The winner, Mr. John
Lett’s Rillington Surprise, was a horse of fair quality and
character and used his shoulders well, and the second prize
horse, Mr. George Elders’ Aislaby Hero 1696, was very similar
in character. The third, Kitching's Lightfoot 2472, was a short-
legged horse built on rather strong lines ; the reserve horse
was also powerful, and looked like making a valuable stallion
for certain class mares. Three-year-old fillies (Class 17) were
very good. Mr. George Grandage’s Woodland Glade 1106, the
winner, was particularly stylish and a fine mover ; the other
two were also very promising young fillies. It was a matter of
regret that nothing opposed Woodland Queen 1126, the winner
in the two-year-old class. She is built on correct lines and
should make a brood mare. The brood mares (Class 19) were
well bred and all of the highest character. The winner,
Woodland Briar 1318, was the most stylish of the three and
had the most stylish foal. The second, Madeline 1265, was a
more powerful mare and had a very good foal at foot. The
third prize mare, Aislaby Beauty 1169, was stylish and a fine
mover, but had a backward foal. There was not much between
the three.

Hackneys. — These classes as a whole were good. Class 20
(stallions foaled in 1907) was fair, the first and second both
being good colts. Class 21 (stallions foaled in 1906) was poor,
with the exception of the first and second prize winners, and
Class 22 (stallions foaled in 1905) was fair. The winner in
Class 21, Flash Cadet 10203 (see Fig. 5), also obtained Cham-
pion honours as the best stallion. Class 23 (fillies foaled in 1907)
was a very good one, the first three being fine mares. Class 24
(fillies foaled in 1906) was a good class, with plenty of action
in it. There was very little to choose between the first and
second animals in Class 25 (fillies foaled in 1905), which was
excellent. Class 26 (mares, with foals, over 14 and not exceed-
ing 15 h. 2 in.) was a very good one, and Class 27 (mares, with
foals, over 15 h. 2 in.) contained two good animals, the first,
District Maid 15039 (see Fig. 6) being later awarded the
Champion Gold Medal for the best mare or filly. Class 28

VOL. 69. L

146

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

(foals, the produce of mares in Classes 26 and 27) was only
moderate. The Hackney Ponies (Classes 29-32), taken as a
whole, were only a moderate lot. ^

Shetland Ponies. — The stallions (Class 33) were a very fair
representation of the breed, and all the animals shown were of
considerable merit, especially the first prize winner, Seaweed 333
(see Fig. 8), who was awarded the Silver Medal for best
stallion. The Judge noticed, however, that since these ponies
have become dispersed amongst various breeders, the same
ideal type of pony is not followed as closely as it was by Lord
Londonderry when he was almost the sole breeder of the
selected and improved type. This is only a natural conse-
quence, as all breeders do not have the same ideal type of pony
in their minds when they are selecting and breeding them.
The mares (Class 34) were few in number. Showing mares
with foals at foot and barren mares in the same class made it
difficult to compare them, but both the mares with foals at foot
were of outstanding quality. One of the barren mares was an
extra good one, and, but for the fact that she was going lame,
would have been in the prize list.

Highland and Dales Ponies. — The Highland Ponies (Classes
35 and 36) were rather a mixed lot. Breeders of these ponies
have not proceeded so far as to make a marked type of their
kind. If it could be impressed upon those breeders that they
should aim at a fixed type in the same way that Lord
Londonderry did with the Shetland Ponies, the type and quality
would soon show a marked improvement. The remarks about
Highland Ponies are also applicable to Dales Ponies (Classes
37 and 38). There were at least two Dales Ponies of outstand-
ing merit, but some of the others looked quite a different type
of pony.

Harness Horses. — There were nine classes for horses driven
in single harness, one “ Pace and Action ” class, two classes for
pair in double harness, two for pairs driven tandem, and one
class for four-in-hand teams shown before a coach. The
Hackney Horse Society’s Gold Medal for the best mare or
gelding driven in single harness, the produce of a Registered
Hackney Stallion, was awarded to Miss Dora Schintz for
Morocco (see Fig. 15), a chestnut gelding sired by “Revival
7263,” Mr. J. H. Hodkinson’s Fylde Sabrinetta 14341 being
Reserve Champion. There were four entries in the class for
teams, but only two were present. The Challenge Cup went
to Miss Ella S. Ross for her team of blacks. (See Fig. 16).

Shires. — The first prize stallion in Class 39, Pendle//
Champion, exhibited by Mr. Martinez-de-Hoz, was an exception-
ally good colt and looked like making a 6ire. The second, Earl
Egerton’s Tatton Prior , was a growing colt shown in poor

Fig. 6.— Hackney Mare, “ District Maid."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Hackney Mare or Filly, Newcastle, igoS.
Exhibited by Mr R. P. Evans.

Fig. 5— Hackney Stallion, “Flash Cadet."

Winner op Champion Prize for best Hackney Stallion, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart.

Fig. 7. — Hackney Pony Filly, “Seaham Norah.”

Winner of Special Prize for best Hackney Pony Mare or Filly, Newcastle, 1908
Exhibited by Mr. John Forbes.

Fig. 8.— Shetland Pony Stallion, "Seaweed."

Winner of Silver Medal for best Shetland Pony Stallion, Newcastle, 190S.
Exhibited by MR. William Mungall.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

147

condition and ought to improve. The third and reserve were
neat colts but under-sized. In Class 40 (stallions foaled in 1906)
the first prize colt, Lord Rothschild’s Halstead Royal Duke
25255, was a real good weighty animal, a perfect goer, and had
the appearance of making a real weight stock horse. This
animal was also awarded the Male Championship (see Fig. 9).
The second, General of Hothfield 25229, was a thick, massive,
blocky, weighty horse, that looked like making a stock horse.
The third and fourth were very useful, but not of such sub-
stance as the two first. Altogether it was a good class. The first
prize winner, King Forest 24347, in Class 41 (stallions foaled
in 1905) was a very useful horse, who had stood his showyard
career well, and thoroughly deserved his prize and his
reserve card for the Championship. Class 42 (yearling fillies)
was a very good one with a lot of fillies of very even merit.
The first prize filly, Danesfield Champion Duchess, was brought
out in lean condition, but should make a grand mare, particularly
good at the ground. The second, Dunsmore Girl, was a sweet
filly and a wonderful mover. In Class 43 (fillies foaled in 1906)
the first, Sir Walpole Greenwell’s Harden Peach 54607, was a
nice, thick, weighty mare, and the second was very good on the
ground. The first in Class 44 (fillies foaled in 1905), Wimbledon
Eldorado, a real weighty good mare, and a typical Shire, was
also Reserve Champion. Class 45 (mares with foals at foot)
was, in the opinion of the Judges, one of the best classes of the
day. The first prize mare, Halstead Duchess 3 rd 42121
(see Fig. 10), also gained the Female Championship. She was a
typical Shire, and evidently a good breeder, as she was the dam
of the champion stallion. The second, Northenden Blossom
45864, was a weighty, good mare, but not in as large a share as
the winner. The third was a beautiful mai’e, and in fact the
whole class was excellent. In Class 46 (colt foals, the produce
of mares in Class 45), the first was a very good weighty colt,
brother to the Champion stallion, and looked like making as
good a horse. The second was a very correct foal but had not
quite so much weight. The animal awarded the first prize in
Class 47 (filly foals, the produce of mares in Class 45) was a
very good filly, and very weighty. The second was a very nice
foal. The whole section was excellent.

Clydesdales. — In Class 48 (yearling stallions) the first horse,
exhibited by A. and W. Montgomery, was an exceptionally
good one, being Reserve Champion, and, on the whole, the
winners in all the classes were very representative of the
Clydesdale breed, many of them being previous prize-winners.
Mr. R. Brydon’s Bonny Buchlyvie 14032 (see Fig. 11), the first in
Class 49 (two-year-old stallions), was an easy winner, and a very
good colt, the second being a heavy, nice colt, but not so good a

148

The Newcastle Show , 1908.

mover. The third was full of quality, but a trifle undersized.
The prize-winner in this class was afterwards Champion of the
male section. Class 50 (three-year-old stallions) was only a
fair class, • some of the animals shown being out of form.
Class 51 (yearling fillies) was very good, containing three or
four very nice fillies, the winner, Mr. J. E. Kerr’s Ferelith ,
standing out by herself. Class 52 (two-year-old fillies) was
another good one, the first three animals being very good, and
the winner, Mr. Kerr’s Nerissa, gaining the Championship.
She was a perfect mover. Class 53 (three-year-old fillies)
was not so good as some of the other classes, and the winner,
Mr. Kerr’s Marilla, was a long way ahead of the others.
Class 54 (mares with foals at foot) was probably the best class
in the section. Here, again, Mr. S. Mitchell’s Royal Ruby ,
the winner, stood out by herself, having beautiful legs and
fine hair. The second Minniewawa, also exhibited by Mr.
Mitchell, was a nice mare, and the third also, but the latter was
beginning to show signs of age.

Suffolks. — These classes were fairly well filled, although
more arrived at the Show than competed in the ring. Sir
Cuthbert Quilter’s Bawdscy Marshall Ney 3385, the winner in
Class 56 (two-year-old stallions) was a typical Suffolk, standing
on good feet and legs, and is likely to grow into a good horse.
Mr. Alfred J. Smith’s Rendlesham Major Gray 3278 (see
Fig. 13), the winner in Class 57 (three-year-old stallions) took
the Championship for Suffolk stallions and is a worthy son of
a Champion Suffolk sire. The second, Mr. Kenneth M. Clark’s
Sudbourne Arab 3309 was also Reserve for the Championship.
Class 58 (two-year-old fillies) contained four well-grown
youngsters, the winner, Sir Cuthbert Quilter’s Sutton Jewell
5789, was a sweet filly, likely to be heard of again. The
animals shown in Class 59 (three-year-old fillies) were all
good types of Suffolk mares. Class 60 (mares with foals at
foot) was a very good one of both mares and foals, the first
three mares being exceptional animals. One unfortunately
met with a slight accident before appearing in the ring, but
for which she would have taken a much higher position.

Draught Horses. — A very useful class of draught horses,
some of which were very valuable. Competition was very
keen, and in the end the referee had to be called in.

Draught Horses in Gears. — These classes (87-90) were particu-
larly interesting, as they afforded an opportunity of comparing
in the respective classes heavy horses of the Shire, Clydesdale,
and Suffolk breeds. In Class 87, for single horses, a Clydesdale
won, Shires were second and third, and a Suffolk fourth.
The class as a whole was highly creditable, and made a fine
display of the best horses for town work. For pairs of horses

Fig. 9. — Shire Stallion, " Halstead Royal Duke.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Sliire Stallion, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Lord Rothschild.

Fig. 10.— Shire Mare, “ Halstead Duchess 3RD."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Sliire Mare or Filly, Newcastle, 190S.
Exhibited by Mr. John Bradley.

Fig. ii.— Clydesdale Stallion, "Bonnie Buchlyvie."
Winner of Champion Prize for best Clydesdale Stallion, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Mr Robert Brydon

Fig. 12.— Clydesdale Filly-, " Xerissa. '

Winner of Champion Prize for best Clydesdale Mare or Filly, Newcastle. 1508.
Exhibited by Mr. J. Ernest Kerr.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

149

(Class 88) the prizes were awarded to heavy geldings of the
highest class, the Shires predominating. They possessed very
strong feet and had quality and bone, combined with free
action. Teams of four horses (Classes 89 and 90) brought out
a fine competition, comprising Shires and Suffolks, the Shires
again getting first and second. The teams of Suffolks were
a very fine display. They had great weight and substance, a
pleasing uniformity of colour and type, and capable of dealing
with heavy weights in a business-like manner, but they lacked
the strength of limbs and feet in comparison with their
successful rivals. These competitions were thoroughly
appreciated by the public, and the competitors turned out
clean and well groomed, with harness to match.

Pit Ponies. — At the Show of 1887, a class was provided for
“ Ponies suitable for pit purposes,” but this only attracted two
entries of four ponies each. At the 1908 Show, two classes
were given, the competition being restricted to animals which
had actually been working in the pits since January 1, 1908.
The ponies were shown in pairs in ordinary gears without
tubs. In the two classes there were fifteen entries, or thirty
animals in all. The exhibits in Class 85, not exceeding eleven
hands, were fairly representative of the kind of ponies used
in the pits, comprising Shetlands and Welsh, one of the first
prize pair, exhibited by the Seaton Delaval Coal Company, Ltd.,
being an exceptionally good specimen of the Shetland breed.
The entries in Class 86 (over 11 hands and not exceeding
12 hands 2 in.) were not so uniform in character as those in
the former class, nor were they so good all round. The first
prize pair, shown by the Seaton Burn Coal Company, Ltd., were
good specimens.

Cattle.

The total of 948 (excluding double entries) in this section,
while not so large as at Lincoln last year, when there were
1,030 entries, was above the average, and included the record
number. of 372 Shorthorns, or twenty-four more than at the
Show of 1907, when the previous largest entry of this breed
was made. The judging of the Shorthorn Classes was not
finished until 6.30 p.m. Of Jerseys there were 94 entries,
Aberdeen Angus coming next with 81 entries, and Galloways
with 51.

Shorthorns. — These classes were well filled with many
animals of superior merit, especially in the male section and in
that for two-year-old heifers. There were thirty-five entries
in Class 91 (old bulls), and the first prize was awarded
to Sir Richard Cooper for Chiddingstone Malcolm 98377,
who was followed by Mr. George Campbell’s Tarrel Uxor

150

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

93622. His Majesty’s Royal Windsor 93289, and Mr. George
Harrison’s Elvetham Sweetmeat 91624 followed in the order
named. The Champion Prize for the best bull was also
won by Chiddingstone Malcolm , the Reserve Number being
Mr. Harrison’s Pride of Tees 96474, the winner of the first
prize in the two-year-old class (92), where he was followed
by His Majesty’s Evander 95106, and Mr. Rothwell’s Lord
Brilliant 95801. In Class 93, for bulls calved between July
and December, 1906, there were eighteen entries, the first prize
going to Mr. John Handley for Rosedale Favourite 100365,
Mr. Basset’s Tehidy Robin Hood 97420 being second. Bulls
calved in the first half of the year 1907 (Class 94) produced
sixty-nine entries, which included a number of exceptionally
fine animals. Mr. George Harrison’s Gollynie Champion was
first, being closely followed by Mr. A. T. Gordon’s Count
Fascinator and Mr. F. Miller’s Royal Duke. In the younger
yearling class (95) Mr. Gordon’s Bandmaster was first, and
Mr. H. S. Leon’s two entries were placed second and third. In
Class 96 (cows in-milk) Mr. J. H. Maden'ls beautiful roan Lady
Graceful was awarded first prize, Mr. Harrison’s Dalmeny
Rosemary second, followed by Mr. William Bell’s Ratcheugh
Beauty and Ratcheugh Witch. Messrs. S. E. Dean & Sons’
Queen of Spey 1 6th was first in Class 97 (three-year-old
heifers). The two-year-old heifers (Class 98), numbering fifty-
one, were excellent animals. The first prize was awarded to
His Majesty’s Marjorie , from the Windsor herd, Mr. Leon’s
Snowdrop was second, and Dame Oxford , from His Majesty’s
Sandringham herd, was awarded third prize. The Champion-
ship for the best female was also awarded to His Majesty the
King for Marjorie. Messrs. Game’s Village Belle was first in
Class 99 (yearling heifers), followed by Mr. W. J. Hosken’s
Tehidy Royal Dickson 4 th. The Group Class, consisting of
bull and three of his offspring, attracted only three entries.
Sir Richard Cooper’s well-known white bull Meteor 86631,
with his produce, was first, and the entries of Mr. Henry
Salvin and Lord Middleton were respectively second and third.
In the Family Class, for a cow and three of her produce,
Mr. Bell’s Ratcheugh Witch beat Mr. Henry Williams’
Strowan Buttercup 18^A, the only other competitor. The
Judges were gratified to note that there were fewer instances
of over-feeding in the breeding classes than has been frequently
seen in the “ Royal” Showyard.

Dairy Shorthorns.— -The animals in these classes well upheld
their reputation as typical dual purpose cattle, the general
uniformity to dairy type being more noticeable probably than
at any previous Show of the Society. Class 100 (cows calved
in or before 1903) was especially good, both in numbers and

Fig. 13.— Suffolk Stallion, “Rendlesham Major Gray.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Suffolk Stallion, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Mr. Alfred J. Smith.

Fig. 14— Draught Geldixg, "Major.”

Winner of First Prize in Class for Draught Geldings, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by Mr. William Griffiths.

Fig. 15.— Harness Gelding, “Morocco.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Harness Mare or Gelding, Newcastle, 1908.
Exhibited by MISS DORA SCH1NTZ

Fig. 16— Four-in-Hand Team, “Grand Vizier,” “Grand Vulcan,” “RowroN Vitalba,”

“ Grand Vandal."

Winner of Challenge Cup for best Four-in-Hand Team, Newcastle, 190S.

Exhibited by Miss Ella Ross.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

151

also as containing many good animals of individual merit, both
as regards looks and milking capabilities, one cow exceeding,
and three others yielding close on, four gallons of milk at the
single milking. This class contained both the Champion, Lord
Rothschild’s Gift 2nd, and Reserve Champion for the best
Dairy Shorthorn cow or heifer. In Class 101 (cows calved
in 1904) there was a short entry, but the winners did credit to
the breed, the first prize, Primrose 4 th, exhibited by Lord
Rothschild, being of particularly good dairy type. Class 102
(heifers calved in or after 1905) contained a good entry,
but there were several absentees. It was a very good class
throughout, the first and second prize heifers showing fine
Shorthorn character. The milk yield of the whole class was
far above the standard. The Special Local Prize Class was
poor, with but two entries.

Lincolnshire Red Short-horns. — Considering these animals
were some distance from home, the classes were fairly well
filled. Class 106 (bulls calved in 1903, 1904 or 1905) con-
tained five exhibits, which were all representative and typical
of the breed. Class 107 (bulls calved in 1906) contained two
useful bulls in moderate condition. Class 108 (yearling bulls)
was strong, the first prize animal, Stenigot Bloom Boy 2nd,
being a clear winner with some good typical bulls behind him.
Originally well filled, several animals were absent when
Class 109 (cows, in-milk, calved in or before 1904) came into
the ring. There was very little to choose between the first
three cows. Class 110 (heifers, in-milk, calved in 1905)
was small, the first being an easy winner and a good heifer.
Class 111 (heifers calved in 1906) was the weakest in the
Show, but Class 112 (yearling heifers) was the largest and
best class of the breed, including some beautiful heifers.

Herefords. — In Class 114 (bull, calved in 1903, 1904, or
1905) there were very good entries considering the long way
from their homes. No. 1080, Mr. G. D. Faber’s Rob Roy 24953,
was specially good, being awarded first prize and eventually
winning the Championship as the best Hereford bull. H.M.
The King’s second prize bull, Admiral 23256. a very fine
specimen, was Reserve Champion. The third and fourth were
very good bulls. Class 115 (bulls calved in 1906) was rather
small, the first prize animal, Lancaster 25480, being a big
stylish bull and likely to make a good sire. - He won rather
easily. The second prize bull was also a big animal and will
be heard of in the future. Only five animals were shown in
Class 116 (yearling bulls), four of them being nearly equal
in merit. The first prize cow, Merriment , shown by Lord
Coventry in Class 117 (cows or heifers calved in or before 1905)
won very easily and was Reserve for Champion, the other three

152

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

being good specimens of the breed. Class 118 (two-year-old
heifers) was a small class, but contained good specimens, the
first prize heifer, Mr. A. E. Hughes’ Lemster Plum, eventually
winning the Championship. Class 119 (yearling heifers)
was a good and big class, the first prize heifer being especially
good.

Devons. — The Judge found some difficulty in judging
Class 120 (bulls calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906) owing to the
difference in age and type of the animals entered for com-
petition. He says that as so much depends on the sires used,
each type received consideration in making the awards in the
bull classes, for a sire suitable for the rich pastures of Somerset
would not be considered desirable for the hills of North Devon
or for the dairy herds of Dorset. The first prize in Class 120
was awarded to Mrs. A. C. Skinner & Son’s Capton Ploughhoy
4923, a big, active bull. This animal also secured the Champion-
ship for the Best Bull. The second was a very level well-made
bull of North Devon type. Of the yearling bulls (Class 121) the
winner, Pound Gladiator, also exhibited by Mrs. Skinner &
Son, was a heavy-fleshed animal with plenty of size, and was
Reserve Champion. In the cow class (122) the first prize was
awarded to Mr. T. S. Morgan’s Whimplc Kitty ls£ 19573, a
well-made, good-fleshed cow, with a fair udder ; she subse-
quently obtained the Female Championship. The second prize
winner was a level cow, not so correct in her horns, but with
a better udder, which, although she had lost a quarter, looked
like giving more milk than others in this class. The third
prize cow was a good specimen of the beef type. In Class 123
(heifers calved in 1906) there were five entries, the first prize
going to the Hon. E. W. B. Portman for Lady Coot 21647, a
big, growing heifer, not over-fed, the second prize animal
being a better-fleshed heifer than the winner. In Class 124
(yearling heifers) there were four exhibits. The first prize
was awarded to Mr. Morgan’s Whimple Broadhorn 2nd, a
good-fleshed heifer.

South Devons. — Five classes were provided for this breed
as against three classes at Lincoln in 1907, and the entries,
which numbered twenty-eight, showed a corresponding increase
over the fifteen made at Lincoln. The animals exhibited were
splendid specimens of the breed, and showed great size and
superior quality.

Sussex. — This breed was short in numbers, owing no doubt
to the great distance from its home. All the first prize winners
were very good specimens, particularly the winners in Classes
130 and 133.

Welsh. — The display was small numerically, but several of
the animals showed very good quality and breed character.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

153

The first prize in Class 135 (bulls over two years) was awarded
to the North Wales University College for a grand topped one,
with plenty of width, called Madryn Madoc 297, his sire being
the noted bull, “ Madoc." Lord Harlech was awarded second
prize for Tybor 211, and the Coed Coch Trustees were given
the Reserve card for Mynach Du. In the junior male class
(136), Mr. Greaves’ Wern Goalkeeper , a shapely and promising
youngster, was placed at the head, Mrs. Wynne-Finch coming
second with Camelot 2nd. In the cow or heifer class (137)
Madryn Sally 2nd 917 took the first prize to the College,
and Mr. Greaves’ Abbess 4 th 432, a cow with a well-shaped
udder, was placed second ; whilst Wern Fortress 739, a heifer
of grand quality and possessing good outline, was first in the
three-year-old class (138) for the same exhibitor, the Univer-
sity College coming second with Madryn Sally 3 rd 922, and
the Coed Coch Trustees Reserve for Gogledd. The junior
female class made quite a nice show, and contained some
animals of great promise, including the winner, Madryn Jet,
shown by the University College. •

Red Poll. — These classes were not strong in numbers, but
the quality on the whole was good. In Class 140 (for old
bulls) the winner, Davyson 265th 9230, shown by Lord
Cranworth, was exceptionally good, standing quite by himself,
and afterwards winning the Male Championship. Of the nine
animals entered in Class 141 (bulls calved in 1907), only three
came forward, none of which were of exceptional merit. In
Class 142 (cows) there were two or three good animals, but
nothing outstanding. In Class 143 (heifers calved in 1906)
only four animals entered the ring, the winner, Sir Richard
Cooper’s Ashlyns Maid 20633, being an outstanding animal,
easily winning the Championship for the best female. In
Class 144 (heifers calved in 1907) five came forward, among
them one or two promising animals.

Aberdeen Angus. — The classes on the whole were very
good. The aged bulls (Class 146) were exceptionally strong.
The three-year-old heifers in-milk were also an excellent lot.
Cows were good, as were also two-year-old and yearling
heifers. The two-year-old bulls were the weakest class, but
a few good yearling bulls were Bhown.

Galloways. — This breed had been on no previous occasion
so well represented at the great national show of England, the
numbers being about double what they have been at any other
meeting, with the exception of Carlisle, which, of course like
Newcastle, had the advantage of being close to the home of the
breed. The quality, too, was up to a high standard, the aged
bull and the two-year-old heifer classes being, perhaps, most
worthy of mention, both being particularly well filled, and

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The Newcastle Show, 1908.

while a greater number of outstanding animals may have
been seen at previous shows, the winners in every class were
excellent, and the respective Champions, His Grace The Duke
of Buccleuch’s Romulus 9421, and Messrs. Biggai-s’ cow, Flora
Macdonald 16422 (which, by the way, had the same distinction
last year), were both animals of particularly high merit.

Highland. — Although there were only seven exhibits in
this section, the different animals shown were, in the Judge’s
opinion, a credit to their respective exhibitors. In Class 160
only two two-year-old bulls were shown. Sir Donald Currie’s
Morair Behalaich, the first prize animal in this class, was
decidedly the best specimen of the breed at the Show. He is
red coloured, but has all the characteristics of a perfect High-
land animal and should take a high place at the principal
shows for some years to come. The second prize animal was
a very fair type and would be an acquisition to any Highland
fold. There was only one entry in Class 161 (cows or heifers,
in-milk), an eight-year-old cow with calf at foot. This cow
was a fairly good specimen of the breed, but a little wanting
in substance. One, two, and three-year-old heifers competed
together in Class 162. The yellow two-year-old, Mr. W. Sopper’s
Diana of Dunmag lass, placed first, is a very sweet animal, well
haired, and showing plenty of character, although scarcely as
strong as one could wish. The black three-year-old placed
second is a strong well-bred animal, but a little rough above
the tail, and the colour is defective. The yearling, although a
little strong in the horn, promises to turn out a superior beast.

Ayrshires. — In Class 163 (aged bulls) there were three
very good bulls, all showing good size and substance. In
Class 164 (yearling bulls) there were four good level bulls
shown, but none of outstanding merit. In Class 165 there
were five cows in-milk. The first prize cow, Old Graitney
Sonde 7th 18252, was a particularly good one shown in great
bloom, although she could have done with her teat a trifle
larger. The second was a very stylish, handsome cow and
showed grand teats, but not quite in the same bloom as the first
prize one. The other cattle were very useful looking dairy
animals. The first prize in Class 166 (cows or heifers, in-calf)
was won by a very promising looking young cow, Auchlochan
Rosette 21547, showing very great layers and teats, and a very
kindly toucher. The second prize was gained by a big stylish
looking cow, also showing good layers and teats. The third
prize animal was a little stiffish made. Class 167 (heifers
calved in 1906 or 1907) had two exceptionally good heifers,
showing great style and substance.

Jerseys. — These classes were good, though rather short in
numbers. In Class 169 (bulls calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or

I1 he Newcastle Show, 1908.

155

1906), the nine bulls competing were all highly commended,
every one of them being worthy of a distinction. The first,
Mr. Miller-Hallett’s Alfriston's Pride , fully deserved his place,
and, bred from a cow that had won honours in a butter test,
finally took the Special Prize awarded by the Royal Jersey
Agricultural Society. The second was Lady de Rothschild’s
Stormer , also out of a butter test cow, and looked all over like a
good dairy bull. The third was a fine type of bull, though a
little high on his tail, and the reserve, though of good quality,
carried quite enough flesh and was rather weak in the back. Four
very first-class bulls had to be content with a high commenda-
tion. Class 170 (bulls calved in 1907) was short in numbers.
Lord Rothschild’s Combination Jack , an excellent yearling,
afterwards Reserve in the Special Class for animals out of butter
test cows, came easily to the front, and the second and third
prizes and reserve number were very equal in point of merit.
Class 171 (cows, in-milk, calved before or in 1904) was the best
filled class ; the first, Mr. Miller-Hallett’s Lady Viola, was an
excellent type of a Jersey cow, and the second, though not quite
so good in her head and neck, had a remarkably good udder
and good body. The third was a fine cow, not quite so good in
her top line, and the fourth was followed by four very good
cows, all highly commended. In Class 172 (three-year-old
heifers) the first prize was awarded to Lord Rothschild for a
beautiful animal named Kenta (12866), and the second showed
great dairy promise, the third falling to a rich good heifer, not
quite so perfect in her bag as the first and second, the fourth
not handling so well as the prize winners. Four very good
heifers divided the prize money in Class 173 (heifers, in-milk,
calved in 1906), but the rest of the class was poor. The entries
in Class 174 (yearlings) were by no means so numerous as one
expected, but there were half-a-dozen extremely good heifers at
the top, out of which the first heifer, Qlorina, easily drew to the
front, very little separating the second and third prize. The
fourth was a very neat heifer and the reserve would have been
higher but for being a little weak in the loin. Class 175 (for
cows and heifers bred by exhibitor and sired in Great Britain)
was a difficult class to judge owing to the disparity in age. The
first prize was awarded to a young cow, Post Obit, that had been
reserve in the old cow class. The second prize animal, which
had also taken second prize in the two-year-old class, was not
quite so good in her bag, and she was very closely followed by
the third prize in the three-year-old class.

Guernseys. — There was rather a short entry of this breed,
which, considering the distance from their home, was only to
be expected, but what was lacking in number was made up in
quality. The first prize in Class 177 (bulls calved in 1903,

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The Newcastle Show, 1908.

1904, 1905, or 1906) was awarded to Mr. F. Hargreaves’ bull,
Merton Signet 1691. He is a fair lengthy bull of good quality,
good top and outline, and carries his years well. The second,
Moss Raider 1871, the property of Lady Tichborne, is a young
nice topped bull, showing good quality,- but hardly the length
of the prize winner. In Class 178 (bulls calved in 1907), Mr.
Hargreaves’ Merton Village Boy 1971, a nice promising bull,
was placed first. Lady Tichborne’s Ttchen Dairymaid 3268
was first in Class 179 (cows or heifers, in-milk, calved in or
before 1905), and is a typical Guernsey cow with a fine bag
and showing great quality. Felois 4436, exhibited by Mr.
Hargreaves, which was placed second, is a very good cow but
shows her age somewhat. There were only three two-year-
old heifers brought forward in Class 180, Itchen Royal Rose
2nd 6925, a nice quality heifer, belonging to Lady Tichborne,
being placed first. Itchen Pearl 5th 6923, belonging to the
same owner, was second. In Class 181 (yearling heifers),
Floss 3rd of the Quartiers 7712, the property of Mr. Hargreaves,
was first.

Longhorns. — Class 183 contained four bulls and Class 184 five
cows. There were good specimens- of the breed in both classes.

Kerries. — As a whole these were an excellent lot of cattle.
Class 186 (bulls calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906) contained
some very fine bulls, especially the first four in the award list.
Mr. Tillotson’s La Mancha Diver , the first prize bull in this
class, was eventually awarded the Championship of the breed.
Class 187 (cows or heifers, in-milk, calved in or before 1905)
comprised some typical cows, especially those awarded money
prizes. Included in Class 188 (heifers calved in 1906 or 1907)
were two very promising heifers, and the Duchess of Newcastle’s
Hardwick Flora 3rd, the first prize winner, should develop
into a grand cow.

Dexters. — With the exception of the prize winners in the
female classes and two bulls, the exhibits of this breed were of
only average merit. The first and second prize bulls in Class
190 (bulls calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906) were of good
quality and not too large. His Majesty’s Compton Dolly
Varden , the first prize cow in Class 191, and the Champion of
the braed, was a very compact and typical specimen of the
breed. Only two heifers were exhibited in Class 192. La
Mancha Marjorie , the winner, also the property of H.M. The
King, has a very capacious well-shaped udder, and was placed
Reserve for the Championship. The young heifers in Class
193 that had calved had generally badly-shaped udders and
the prizes were awarded to those in-calf. The first prize
winner, Mapnath Modesty, the property of Mr. R. Tait
Robertson, was a model of neatness and quality.

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

157

Milk and Butter Tests. — A full Report upon these Tests by
the Steward of Dairying is printed on pp. 188 to 204.

Sheep.

The entries, totalling 695, were twenty-three more than at
Lincoln last year, and, with the single exception of Manchester,
1897, it was the largest entry since the Windsor (International)
Show of 1889. All the breeds were well represented, the
South Devons being the only section in which the entries did
not reach double figures. Considering the distance of Newcastle
from the home of this breed, this was, however, only to be
expected. The Shropshires came first with 85 entries, Border
Leicesters followed with 76 entries, Kent or Romney Marsh
with 66, Southdowns with 64, and Lincolns with 53.

Oxford Downs. — The Judge states that, as a whole, it was the
best show of Oxford Downs he had ever seen. They were all
true to type, and had every characteristic of the breed.
Class 197 (shearling rams), with an entry of sixteen, was an
excellent show of big, massive, strong-boned, well-woolled
sheep. Mr. James Horlick gained first prize with a big,
massive sheep, which handled very well, and had a good head.
The second prize went to Mr. J. T. Hobbs for a grand, big
sheep which should be a ram getter. The third prize went
to Mr. H. W. Stilgoe for a very taking sheep and a stylish
walker. Class 198, with twelve entries, was an excellent show of
ram lambs. First prize went to Mr. J. T. Hobbs, for a pen of
three excellent ram lambs, which handled very well, and had
beautiful, strong heads and good coats. The second prize went
to Mr. H. W. Stilgoe for a pen of very good, well-coated ram
lambs, and the third prize to Messrs. R. W. Hobbs & Sons for a
pen of good, big, useful ram lambs. With eight entries, Class 199
(three shearling ewes) made a most excellent show, the first
prize going to Mr. A. Brassey for a pen of three splendid,
big, massive shearling ewes, very well matched, and with
good coats. The second prize went to Mr. J. T. Hobbs for
a very well matched pen, and the third prize was awarded
to Mr. J. Horlick for a pen of very good, stylish-looking
shearling ewes. With nine entries, Class 200 (three ewe
lambs) was a very good show, and was difficult to judge. The
first prize was awarded to Mr. J. T. Hobbs for an excellent
pen of three well-coated, big, strong ewe lambs, and very well
matched. The second prize went to Messrs. Adams for a very
good pen of ewe lambs, which had good coats and size. The
third prize went to Messrs. R. W. Hobbs for a pen of very
well-matched, good-coated, strong ewe lambs.

Shropshires. — Class 201 was fair, with the first a clear
winner. Class 202 was a good one, all the winners being

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The Newcastle Show, 1908.

quite worthy of the honours, and the same remarks apply to
Class 203. The winners in Class 204 appeared in Classes 202
and 203. There was very little to choose between the first and
second prize pens in Class 205. Class 206 was very good,
including some animals of excellent quality, but Class 207 was
only fair.

Southdowns. — The Judges report that although the numbers
in each class were less than in other years, the cause no doubt
being that the Show was so far north, each class had some
exceedingly good representatives of the breed, those taking
honours being quite equal to, if not above, the general average
seen at any exhibition. The first prize in Class 208 (two-shear
rams) was awarded to Mr. C. R. W. Adeane for a really good
sheep, far above the average. This sheep was eventually
awarded the Champion Gold Medal for the best ram in Classes
208 and 209. The second prize went to Sir Jeremiah Colman,
Bart., for a very nice type of Southdown. In Class 209
(shearling rams) the first prize was awarded to H.M. The King
for a really good type of Southdown. This was an exceedingly
strong class, both in numbers and quality ; in fact, the Judges
had considerable difficulty in placing the first four sheep.
The first prize in this class was Reserve for the Champion Gold
Medal. There were seven exhibits in Class 210 (pens of three
shearling rams), and most of the sheep were really good
specimens of the breed. In Class 211 (pens of three ram
lambs), H.M. The King was awarded the first prize for three
lambs such as are rarely seen. They were splendid in quality,
size, character, and touch, and were closely followed by the
other prize winners. Class 212 (three shearling ewes) caused
a considerable amount of anxiety and trouble in making a
selection. The exhibit awarded the first prize was a really
good pen of nicely matched ewes of good quality, short legs,
and splendid handle, belonging to Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bart.,
to which was afterwards given the Silver Medal for the best
pen of ewes or ewe lambs. The second prize went to Sir
Julius Wernher, Bart., for a very good pen, which were Reserve
for the Silver Medal. In Class 213, His Majesty exhibited
three ewe lambs similar in character, size, and quality to those
in Class 211, and was awarded first prize. The second prize
went to Sir Julius Wernher, Bart., for an exceedingly nice pen.

Hampshire Downs. — Considering the distance from their
homes, this breed made a very creditable show, with thirty-one
entries in five classes and only one absentee. The two-shear
rams (Class 214) contained five animals of very level merit.
The nine shearling rams exhibited in Class 215 were not quite
so level, but the first prize winner, exhibited by Mr. James
Flower, was a splendid sheep, typical of the breed in every

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159

point. Class 210 (three ram lambs) contained some really
good sheep, the leading pens being very nearly equal in merit.
Four pens of shearling ewes in Class 217 — the smallest class
in the section — were headed by the best pen of ewes seen for
some years. The ewe lambs in- Class 218 were a level lot, but
the winning pens were not quite up to the quality and type of
previous years. The first prize pen of ram lambs, shown by
Mr. H. C. Stephens, won the Championship, with the second
prize pen reserve.

Suffolks. — The Judge states that these sheep made a good
show and were very representative of the breed, all the animals
being true to type and of good colour, although some of the
classes might have been better filled. The two-shear rams
(Class 219) made a good class of typical sheep, especially the
first prize animal, and the same remarks apply to Class 220.
Some very good lambs were shown in Class 221, being very
true to type and of smart appearance. All the sheep exhibited
in Class 222 were of especial merit. Class 223 was a collection
of good animals, although the third prize winners were rather
too fine for show sheep. A very good class of well-grown
lambs of very smart appearance was found in Class 224.

Dorset Horns. — The Judge reports that although the entries
of Dorset Horns were not large, the specimens exhibited were
representative of the breed. The first prize in Class 225
(shearling rams) was awarded to No. 1862, a well-made, good
fleshed ram ; the second prize to No. 1864, an animal with a
good head and more size, and the third prize to No. 1867, a
better fleshed ram but not so good on his legs. There was
close competition in Class 226 (ram lambs), and first place was
awarded to No. 1871, having correct turned horns, the second
prize going to No. 1870. The third prize pen, No. 1869, and
the reserve pen, No. 1872, contained good specimens of the
breed. The shearling ewes in Class 227 were nearly of equal
merit, No. 1873, a grand pen, taking first prize, No. 1875 the
second prize, and No. 1877, the best fleshed pen in this class,
the third prize. In Class 228 (ewe lambs), No. 1879 was
awarded first prize, No. 1880 second prize, and No. 1882 third
prize.

Ryelands. — Being so far from home, there was only a fair
entry of this very old breed of sheep, so celebrated in ancient
times for their high quality of wool. The first prize animals
in all the classes showed considerable merit and were excellent
representatives of the breed. The second prize sheep were
also good.

Kerry Hill (Wales). — The Judge remarks that, owing to the
distance from their native hills, the Kerry Hill (Wales) Sheep
did not muster in large numbers, but those exhibited were

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The Newcastle Show, 1908.

typical specimens of this hardy breed, favourites with the
butchers and rent-payers for the hill farmers. Two grand
specimens of the breed came forward in Class 232 (rams, two-
shear and upwards), correct in type and colour, good symmetry,
full of lean flesh, and carrying fleeces fitted for the cold hills ;
No. 1894, excelling in head and fleece, being placed first, with
No. 1895 second.- The entries in Class 233 (shearling rams),
although only three in number, varied considerably. No. 1896,
the first prize winner, is a lengthy masculine sheep, free from
any defects, true to type, with plenty of size, good form, and
close wool. No. 1898, a beautiful sheep, wide in the loins, deep
in the leg, slightly deficient behind the shoulders and a bit
shorter than the first prize winner, was placed second. Class
234 comprised three pens of really good specimens of the breed.
No. 1900, three good, well-grown ewes, was awarded first prize,
and No. 1901, three well-matched ewes, a shade smaller than
the first prize winners but very correct, was placed second.
Class 235 was perhaps the weakest class of the breed, although
the first prize pen, No. 1904, look like growing into good ewes.
The whole of the sheep were brought out in comparatively
natural condition, with very little showyard forcing or
trimming.

Lincolns. — Only four exhibits came forward in Class 236
(two-shear rams), the first prize ram being a well-grown sheep,
with a good even fleece. In Class 237 (shearling rams) there
were thirteen entries, the whole of which appeared before the
Judges. The winner has good bone, good Lincoln fleece, and
good outline, but is not a particularly forward sheep in con-
dition. This animal, shown by Messrs. S. E. Dean & Sons, was
also awarded the Championship. The first and second prize
pens in Class 238 (five shearling rams) were of pretty equal
merit, but the winners had the best Lincoln fleeces. The
lambs in Classes 239 and 241 were very backward in condition.
Class 240 (three shearling ewes) was a very fair class, the first
and second prize pens showing most Lincoln character. Class
242, with seven exhibits, was also a fair class of yearling ewes.
The first prize pen had very even fleeces and good character.
The Lincolns as a whole were not equal to former years.

Leicesters. — The shearling rams (Class 243) were a fairly
good class, though varying a little perhaps in type. None of
the other classes need special comment, with the exception of
that for shearling ewes, which was excellent, and which the
Judge had great difficulty in deciding how to place.

Border Leicesters. — The show of Border Leicesters as a
whole was most meritorious. The class for rams over one-shear
(Class 247) was well filled and the prize winners all very good
sheep. Shearling rams were a very large class and competition

The Newcastle Show , 1908.

161

extremely keen. The order of merit was of the highest class.
Shearling ewes also made a grand display.

Cotswolds. — Considering the long distance from their
homes, there was a good entry in Class 250 (shearling rams),
the winners being especially good sheep. Some very good ram
lambs were exhibited among the five entries in Class 251.
Class 252 was a very good lot of ewes, and Class 253 was a
small, but good class of ewe lambs.

Kent or Romney Marsh. — The Judge considers that these
sheep were wonderfully well represented numerically, being
the third best of all the breeds, in spite of the great distance
the Show was held from the home of the breed. The quality
was very high and competition keen. There were fewer sheep
bare of wool than usual, and attention must be given to filling
up the hole behind the shoulder visible in some of the speci-
mens. In Class 254 (two-shear rams) the first, second, and
third were quite good sheep, and the fourth was rather on the
big side. The first prize animal in Class 255 (shearling rams)
won easily, and is a grand Kent ram. The second was a very
showy sheep, rather overdone, and getting inactive. The third
was a capital sheep, but did not stand well. Altogether this
was a very strong class. Class 256 (three ram lambs) made a
fair show of sheep at a difficult age. The first prize pen were
well grown and even, the second of nice quality, the third
useful but not quite matching, the fourth moderate, and the
reserve small. Class 257 (three shearling ewes) was a very
even event throughout. The first prize sheep had grand
quality of flesh and excellent wool. The second prize winners
were of grand type, but not quite so fine in their wool. The
third just beat the fourth in quality of wool, the latter being a
typical pen on the strong side. The reserve sheep were a neat,
level pen, but inclined to weakness. In Class 258 (three ewe
lambs) the first prize sheep won easily, and were level and
good. The second, a pen of typical sheep, just beat the third,
the latter being well covered and level. The fourth were of
useful type.

Wensleydales. — The two-shear rams exhibited in Class 259
were of fair quality, no sheep of outstanding merit being
shown. Shearling rams were entered in Class 260 in fair
numbers, and were of good quality. Some of the ten sheep
exhibited were of outstanding merit, with an absence of
over-feeding, so injurious to animals intended for breeding
purposes, which is much to be commended. Only two entries
of ram lambs were made in Class 261, but both were of good
quality, although small. There need be no surprise at either
the small entry or the backward condition of the sheep when
the fact is taken into consideration that Wensleydales are not

VOL. 69. M

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dropped until March and April, and the cold wet spring was
against the lambs coming on. Class 262 (shearling ewes) was,
like Class 260, of exceptional merit, the whole class being
commended.

South Devons. — Although small in numbers of exhibits, the
animals exhibited were splendid specimens of the breed, the
two-shear rams being of -exceptional merit.

Cheviots. — The Judges report that these classes represent a
record at the “ Royal,” both in quality and numbers. Class 265
(for aged rams) was the largest, and was headed by a big, massive
sheep bred at Mowhaugh, with a good strong head, excellent
quality wool, and standing well on his legs. The second prize
ram followed very closely, but was a little plainer in his head,
and had not quite the excellent quality of wool. The eight
shearling rams exhibited in Class 266 made perhaps the
weakest of the four classes, although the first prize animal
was a good specimen of the breed. Class 267 (for aged ewes),
although small in numbers, included some excellent animals,
the first prize ewe having excellent wool, a very high head,
and good legs. The shearling ewes (Class 268) were the best
of the section. All the ewes were of splendid quality, and the
good points of the first and second animals gave the Judges
considerable difficulty in deciding between them.

Lonks. — The entries in this section were few in number, but
the quality was good. In Class 269 (rams, shearling and upwards)
the first prize animal was a thick-fleshed sheep of good colour,
except perhaps in the face, and although he had not been shorn
bare, his wool was of the best quality. The second prize
animal had a good head, horn, and was of good colour, but was
short of substance. In Class 270, a nice lot of ram lambs won
first prize. One was small and young, but showed good quality,
and all three were well woolled, with good bright colour, and
look like making good sheep. There was one good lamb in
the second prize pen. The shearling ewes exhibited in Class
271 were good, there being little to choose between the first
three pens. The first were longer casted sheep, and showed a
fair amount of the old Lonk character, but some of their horns
were unsatisfactory. The second prize pen were very good in
colour, with smart heads, well fleshed, and with good all round
quality. The third prize sheep were of nice colour, well woolled,
and with good quality.

Herdwicks. — This breed of mountain sheep was not largely
represented, but some very good exhibits were forward,
especially in the aged ram class and in that for shearling ewes.
The winners in the ewe class were the best the Judge had seen
for a considerable time. The task of judging was rendered
rather difficult by the fact that some of the exhibits were

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163

shown in their wool while others were shorn, making it
unsatisfactory for the Judge and the exhibitors.

Welsh Mountain. — Two classes were provided for this breed,
one for rams, shearling and upwards, and the other for pens of
shearling ewes. In the male class the University College of
North Wales was first and reserve, the winner being an animal
of very choice character and type .and merit, bred by Mr. W.
Conwy Bell, who found himself beaten by a ram of his own
breeding, for in this class his two entries were second and
highly commended, but in the shearling ewe class his beauti-
fully-matched and typical pen were deservedly first, the
University College taking second and reserve with a couple
of pens of high merit and quality.

Black-faced Mountain. — The Judge reports that the show of
these sheep was excellent, not only on account of numbers, but
also in respect of general excellence. There was no weak class
in the section and the competition throughout was close and
keen. The rams, two-shear and upwards, entered in Class 277,
numbered fourteen, the prize winners being of fine quality, the
first and second prizes being awarded to rams which would be
very hard to beat. Shearling rams (Class 278) numbered sixteen,
and the first and second prize winners were again of more than
usual merit, the rams placed after them being also very creditable
exhibits. Class 279 numbered eight ram lambs, and was headed
by four very promising specimens of the breed, but the other
exhibits in this class were not of much merit. Class 280 (ewes,
two-shear and upwards) had nine entries, the quality generally
being much above the standard, almost every exhibit showing
first-class breeding, the average merit in this class being higher
than in any other. The shearling ewe class had fifteen entries,
and although the quality all through was not so high as in the
former class, the prize winners again showed evidences of the
highest breeding, and promise to maintain the character of the
breed in future showyards.

Pigs.

This section, though not so large in point of entries as at
Lincoln, where there was a record entry last year, was with
this one exception larger than at any other Show of the
Society, the entries reaching a total of 312. Six classes were
set apart for each of the following breeds : — Large White,
Middle White, Tam worth, Berkshire, Large Black, and Lincoln-
shire Curly-Coated. The Large Whites numbered 83, the Large
Blacks coming next with 64 entries.

Large Whites. — The Judge reports that these pigs as a
whole were very meritorious, containing a large number of
very superior animals, which took a lot of judging, so very

164

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

even were the exhibits in a great many classes. The first prize
in Class 282 (old boars) was awarded to No. 2322, the property
of Mr. Alfred W. White, Hillegom, Spalding, a very fine boar,
which eventually took the National Pig Breeders’ Association
Medal for the best boar or sow. The second and third prizes
went to Nos. 2312 and 2308, two fine boars, and there were
other animals of great merit in this class. Another fine Class
was 283, in which the first prize was awarded to No. 2332,
belonging to Mr. R. R. Rothwell, and the second prize to No.
2323, a boar which drops slightly in his quarters. There were no
less than twenty exhibits in Class 284, which were all very good
and gave the Judge great difficulty in arriving at his decisions.
The first, second, and fourth prizes went to Mr. D. R. Daybell
for very classy pigs. Eight splendid sows came before the
Judge in Class 285, and this class generally was excellent.
Class 286 was a grand one, the first prize animal being Reserve
for the Championship, and all the exhibits in Class 287 were
of great merit, every animal obtaining a card.

Middle Whites. — These classes were fairly well filled, the
average quality being good, although several pigs missed prize
money owing to the very objectionable defect in a Middle
White of blue spots, and the Judge would not sanction this
hereditary blemish. The first prize in Class 288 was awarded
to No. 2392, a boar of good type and plenty of size ; the second
prize to No. 2395, a smaller pig of excellent quality ; and the
defect of blue spots allowed a coarser pig in No. 2391 to obtain
the third prize. Only two entries appeared in Class 289 (1907
boars), but No. 2396, in addition to the first prize, won the
Champion Gold Medal. He had splendid quality, beautiful
hair, was in fine condition though not ovei'fed, was an excellent
mover, very good on his joints, and was a pronounced champion.
No. 2397, the second prize boar, had a bad head and was short
of hair. A growthy young pig, No. 2402, with a nice coat, was
given first prize in Class 290, but owing to a number of animals
of a similar type showing blue spots, Nos. 2404 and 2405 were
second and third respectively, having good quality and feeding
properties, but being rather defective with regard to their
hocks. In the old sow class (291) Nos. 2409 and 2410 were
very closely matched, but better hams and squareness of joints
gave the former the first prize, and later the Reserve for the
Gold Medal. In the class for 1907 sows, No. 2417 had an easy
win. She had good quality and hams, but might have had
a trifle more bone. There were eight entries of pens of three
sow pigs in Class 293, Nos. 2419 and 2420 being easily first and
second, showing family likeness and plenty of quality.

Tamworths. — Class 294 (old boars) was poor, neither of the
boars being good. The first prize boar in Class 295 was very

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

165

promising, and shown in proper breeding condition, though
rather short of hair. The rest of the class were fair. Some nice
young pigs were found in Class 296, but the reserve number was
quite a different type of animal to the others. The breeding
sows (Class 297) were not as good as usual, especially in colour,
but Class 298 was a long way the best of the section, and was
very difficult to judge, not having a bad animal in it. Two good
pens formed Class 299. The winner of and reserve for the
Championship were excellent pigs, good enough to go anywhere.

Berkshires. — Class 300 (old boars) was rather a strong one,
the winner being very stylish, with good character of the
breed, and the winner in Class 301, for 1907 boars, was a nice
pig with length and character. Some very nice character pigs
were exhibited in the 1908 boar class, No. 302, the winner
being a good lengthy pig with style and character. Class 303,
for breeding sows, was an exceptionally strong class, including
several superb animals. The animal awarded the first prize
was a very nice typical pig, and looked a winner all over,
although the second prize sow, rather lacking on the shoulder
and dropping a little at the tail, ran her very close, and some
time was taken to decide between the two. Mr. Horwood
states that he has never judged a stronger class. Sows farrowed
in 1907 made a good class of stylish animals with character,
although some were rather behind the first prize winner, but
they all look like making grand sows later on. The first prize
in Class 305 (pens of three sow pigs) was awarded to very level,
nice character pigs with good colour and bone, the second prize
to nice pigs but not so level in size, and the third prize to
a pen which included a pair of most typical pigs, the other
animal being weak in hind quarters, and consequently spoiling
the pen from being placed higher. The reserve pen was
comprised of very smart pigs of most beautiful character, but
gone off of the legs. No. 2491, the Champion, was an out-
standing pig and an easy winner, with almost all good points.

Large Blacks. — The Judge remarks that the support which
this section received at such a distance from the eastern and
western counties, the chief centres of this breed, must have
been gratifying to those interested. Class 306 (old boars) was
headed by a grand boar, No. 2518, which was also awarded the
Championship. This animal possessed great length and depth
and was the oldest in his class. The second, No. 2520, was well
grown and of nice quality, and the third, No. 2515, had remark-
able length and substance, but was somewhat on the coarse side.
Class 307 (boars farrowed in 1907) furnished nine entries. The
winner, No. 2527, was nicely level, with plenty of size and
quality, and was subsequently Reserve for the Championship.
The second and third prize animals were also good specimens

166

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

of the breed. Class 308 (young boars) contained no less than
twenty-two entries, many of them showing a considerable
diversity of type. No. 2542 was an easy first, being very level,
with skin and hair of excellent quality, and the second and
third were well-grown animals. Some of the entries in this
class showed signs of wrinkled skins, a defect to be guarded
against. There were seven entries in the old sow class (309),
which included some grand specimens, and considerable diffi-
culty was experienced in placing the first and second prize
animals, both being splendid examples of the breed but of
rather different type ; the younger animal, No. 2555, appearing
to have a slight advantage on the balance of points, obtained
the premier position and was afterwards awarded the Challenge
Cup presented by the Breed Society, the second prize animal
being reserve. Class 310 (1907 sows) was strong, both in point
of numbers and merit, and the competition was extremely close
between representatives of the same herds as in the previous
class. No. 2560, awarded the first prize, was a very level
animal, well placed on short legs, with length and substance
and of exceptional quality, there being very little between the
first and second, which was a grand sow of great length and
depth, and the third prize winner, from the same herd, was an
animal of similar type. Seven entries appeared in Class 311
for pens of three 1908 sows. No. 2574, awarded the first prize,
was a well-matched pen of nice type and quality and easily
obtained the premier position. The second prize pen, No. 2572,
were level short-legged pigs, with not quite sufficient length.
The third prize pen. No. 2577, contained animals of individual
merit, but not well matched, as was the case with other pens
in this class.

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated. — The pigs in Class 312 (old boars)
were of very large size and good symmetry, with abundance of
lean flesh, standing well on their legs. The class for boars
farrowed in 1907 was rather small, but what it lacked in num-
bers was amply made up in quality. Nine exhibits appeared
before the Judge in Class 314 (1908 boars), all of them very
good, and in fact this was the best of the boar classes. Class
315, for breeding sows, was well filled with very fine, beautiful
specimens that would be hard to beat. The pigs entered in
Class 316 (1907 sows) showed more quality than the older
sows, but had not quite the same size about them. Competi-
tion was very keen in a very good class of pens of sow pigs
farrowed in 1908.

Poultry, including Ducks, Geese, and Turkeys.

For the first time this section was held under Poultry Club
rules. The prizes, amounting to 199Z. 15s., included a

The Newcastle Show , 1908.

167

Challenge Cup value Ten Guineas and two Silver Medals
offered by the Club, the competition in these cases being
restricted to its own members. The entries numbered 768 in
99 classes, as against 826 in 87 classes at Lincoln in 1907. As
usual, three Judges divided the task of awarding the prizes.
Mr. W. W. Broomhead judged the Game Fowls, Wyandottes,
Sussex, Brahmas, Cochins, French, and Table Fowls ; the Rev.
T. W. Sturges judged the Orpingtons, Minorcas, Leghorns,
and Andalusians ; and Mr. T. Lambert judged the Langshans,
Plymouth Rocks, Dorkings, Hamburghs, Campines, Ducks,
Geese, and Turkeys.

Mr. Broomhead states that as regards the quality of the
birds in the classes entrusted to him, he has not seen a better
lot of poultry at any exhibition held in the same season of the
year. The adults, without exception, were in splendid feather,
and the chickens were very forward and well developed. It was
pleasing to see so many Old English Game fowl on view, and
the display of Indian Game was also most satisfactory. The
Wyandottes , too, were very line, both Whites and Partridges
being well to the fore. The fanciers of Sussex fowls are to be
congratulated in supporting the event in such an excellent
manner, and he has no doubt that the display of these most
useful birds in the far north will do much to popularise the
breed outside the wealds. The Brahmas , Cochins , and French
breeds were well up to the usual standard, and quality was not
lacking. The entries generally were very good, and were
sufficient proof that the “ Royal ” still holds its own as a
popular fanciers’ show. The Rev. T. W. Sturges reports that the
Orpington classes on the whole were well tilled, and that the
quality was excellent. A better collection of old birds has
seldom been got together, and it is evident that the generous
classification is much appreciated. The Leghorns were just a
fair lot. The Minorcas were good in quality but few in
numbers, as the season had been unfavourable for young stock,
which were sparsely shown. Andalusians were a failure, with
only two exhibits. Of the varieties judged by Mr. Thomas
Lambert, the Langshans had two good classes, the winners in
each excelling in type and colour. Plymouth Rocks, with
sixty-four entries, made a very fine display, the quality being
excellent throughout, the winning Barred cock being about
the best specimen of the day, while in the young bird classes
the Barred pullet was of great promise. The other variety
classes also contained some real good specimens of Buffs and
Whites. The quality in the classes for Dorkings was excellent
throughout, and was all that could be desired, as it was a
contest of notable winners of the year. Altogether these
birds made a fine collection. The Hamburgh classes were

168

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

weak in numbers but good in quality, while the Campines
were just fair. The Water Fowl and Turkey classes were the
weakest of the Judge’s section, and, with the exception of the
classes for Indian Runners , the competition was decidedly
disappointing, and consequently in three classes the first prizes
were withheld.

Produce.

Butter.— The number of entries was small and the
quality of the produce as a whole was not of a high order of
merit. There were nine entries only in Class 417, and of these
three were absent. Four of the six samples were neither well
made nor well packed. Sixty-four of the entries competed in
Class 418. The first prize butters were of vex-y good quality,
the second prize good, and the third prize fair. Among the non-
prize-winning exhibits there wei'e sevei*al inferior samples, and
it would appear that many exhibitors made the mistake of over-
working their butter. In other cases it was clear that the
cream had been ripened by an unfavoux-able ferment.

Cheese. — On the whole, the show in this section was a very
good one indeed. The prize winners stood out very boldly
from the other exhibits. Unfortunately the excessive heat was
against the condition of the cheese, and many lots were vei*y
soft and heated.

Cider and Perry. — The Judges repoi’t that, although this
section was not as strong in quality and numbers as in some
pi’evious seasons, taking into considei’ation last season’s poor
crop of fruit, the exhibits may be regarded as of fair average
quality. Class 428 as a whole was weak, both as regards
numbers (eight entries) and quality. Several casks, which
were otherwise of fair quality, showed signs of cider sickness.
Considering the unfavourable nature of the last cider-making
season, Class 429 (sixteen entries) -was strong in quality, and
there was but little difference in merit between the entries
which obtained mention. The exhibits in Class 430 (thirteen
entries) were very mixed in character. The samples which
obtained mention were good and above the average in quality.
Class 431 was weak in numbers (six entries) and poor as a
whole in quality.

The following are the results of the chemical analyses of
the samples gaining prizes or commendation : —

Class 428. — Cask of Cider, not less than 18, and not more

than 30 gallons, made in Autumn of 1907.

No.

Specific

gravity

Alcohol

Total

solids

Acidity

Awards

3563

1 0224

per cent.
374

per cent.
6-89

per cent.
•318

1st Prize

3568

1 0204

440

6-39

•469

2nd Prize

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

169

Class 429. — One Dozen Bottles of Cider, made in
Autumn of 1907.

No.

Specific

gravity

Alcohol

Total

solids

Acidity

Awards

per cent.

per cent.

per cent.

3582

1 0334

305

9-47

-402

1st Prize

3584

1 0351

3-00

9-65

"365

2nd Prize

3574

' 1-0327

2-90

913

•342

3rd Prize

3583

1 0341

3-10

9-49

•365

R. N. & H. C.

3570

1-0280

3-70

7-81

■412

H. C.

3571

1-0330

1-75

8-89

•398

Com.

3578

1-0184

377

6-04

•439

Com.

3579

1-0173

3-82

5-61

•482

Com.

Class

430. — One Dozen Bottles of Cider , made in any year
before 1907.

3586

1-0390

105

10-29

•452

1st Prize

3587

1 0393

1-20

10-27

•425

2nd Prize

3597

1 0362

3-56

10-18

•415

3rd Prize

3596

10313

305

8-84

•425

R. N. & H. C.

3689

1-0204

4-35

6-35

■375

H. C.

Class

431. — One Dozen Bottles of Perry.

3601

1 0505

1-35

13-26

•649

1st Prize

3599

1 0420

2-70

11-71

•382

2nd Prize

3604

1-0095

6-23

4-35

•596

3rd Prize

Wool. — The exhibits as a whole were very good for the~
classes they represented, but, with the exception of Cheviots
and Scotch, they were not representative of the bulk of the
wool grown in the north of England. Doubtless the reason
why only two exhibits appeared in the Shropshire class was
because this wool is rarely to be found in the northern counties.

Hives, Honey, &c. — The quantity of exhibits in this section
was not so great as in recent years, partially through being so
far north, where the season is not sufficiently early. The
quality, on the whole, was rather above the average, and the
classes were divided, so that the counties were grouped — north
and south. That furnished a very good means of testing the
varying qualities, according to the district, and that in itself was
of educational value. Some excellent hives were shown, and
marked a great advance in the improvements in that direction
in recent years. Possibly the tendency was towards too much
elaboration, and the simplifying of the appliances might be an
advantage. The collection of appliances and trophies were
rightly a source of great interest and admiration. In several
classes the competition was particularly keen, and the Judges
experienced great difficulty in making their awards,

170

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

Horse-shoeing. — The Judges report that the work done by
the best competitors was excellent, the first prize winner in
each class made no technical error, and the placed competitors
showed a good knowledge of the scientific principles under-
lying the important art of horse-shoeing. It was gratifying to
note that nearly all the prize winners were men who had R.S.S.
after their names, and who had attended County. Council
Technical Classes, a fact which clearly demonstrates the great
good to be derived from attending these classes of instruction.
It is to be regretted that the work done by many of the local
competitors was of an indifferent character, showing a great
want of knowledge of the structure and functions of the horse’s
foot. The preparation of the foot for the shoe was ignored, or
wrongly carried out, also the fitting and nailing on ; the idea
evidently being that the making of a pretty shoe was of greater
importance than the comfort of the horse. The medals offered
by the National Master Farriers’ Association were greatly
appreciated and the competition for them was very keen. The
public appeared to take a great deal of interest in the com-
petitions, as was evidenced by the large number of people in
attendance during the whole of the proceedings.

Plans of Farm Buildings. — The report of the Judges of this
competition, with reproductions of the designs, specifications,
and estimates of the prize winners was published in the form
of a pamphlet, and copies were on sale in the Showyard. The
report is reprinted in the present volume (see pp. 241 to 273).

Farm Prize Competition. — The report on this competition
will be found at pp. 212 to 240.

Sheep Dog Trials. — These were held in the Large Parade
Ring, and were a great success in every respect. There was
a good entry of forty-four, and the work of the dogs as a
whole was good, not one abusive dog coming forward for
competition. The only regrettable circumstance was that the
time allowed for the trials was too short to admit of all the
dogs being tested as thoroughly as they might have been.
Each dog was given a simple preliminary run in order to
get an idea of its style, command, and abilities, and also to
weed out the least brilliant workers, so as to allow a consider-
able length of time in testing more severely, in a second trial,
the selected or short-leet dogs. The preliminary runs occupied
on an average about five minutes, and were finished by one
o’clock, thus leaving ninety minutes for testing — in driving,
penning, shedding, and wearing — the thirteen dogs that were
selected for a second trial. As every dog that was preferred
for a second run possessed some outstanding qualification as a
worker, and as the work and tests were more difficult and critical
than in the preliminary run, the spectators had an opportunity

The Newcastle Show, 1908.

171

of witnessing what an able and well-trained collie is capable
of doing, and every clever point and display on the part of
those agile workers was loudly applauded. As far as the limits
of the Large Parade Ring would allow, the dogs were tested on
work which they were accustomed to do, or should be able to
do, in the daily routine at home, so that the work assigned to
each dog was thoroughly practical. What was aimed at was
to afford each dog an opportunity of giving an exhibition of
its best form of work, and to exclude from the course every
device for puzzling the dogs, so as to prevent, as far as possible,
the element of chance coming in. Scotland sent only five
dogs, and three of these were in the short-leet, one of which
eventually got second place in the prize list. Northumberland,
however, gave by far the best display, both as to numbers and
style of work. Of the thirteen dogs that were selected for a
second trial, eleven of them were of the same strain, several
being closely related. The first and second prize winners, though
not from Northumberland, were of the same lineage, the “ Old
Hemp ” and “ Kep ” progeny. This strain excel in attention
to work, eye, and action, and their cowering style is most
fascinating and cannot be surpassed anywhere. The English
dogs from further south than Northumberland made rather a
poor display as compared with the Northumbrians. They
have neither the size, action, nor attention to work of the
Border dogs, and are far behind them in practical work, but
for doing puzzles and trick work, the guiding of sheep through
a labyrinth of flags and poles and other intricacies, they are
certainly well qualified. To sum up, the first prize winner
gave almost a faultless performance, being gentle, obedient,
and possessed of a certain freeness of movement not often met
with. His performance might have been improved with the
introduction of a little more fire. The second prize winner
goes well to and round her sheep, brings straight and steadily,
has good style, and in excellent command. She marred the
beauty of her performance, however, by “ turning tail ” in
wearing single sheep. The third prize winner runs with great
eagerness and power and his style all over is superb. In his
second trial, however, he got a little out of command. The
fourth prize winner goes free and fast, is wonderful in
obedience, but the crowd appeared to bewilder him a little.
The fifth prize winner is stylish, obedient, and brings his
sheep beautifully, but is rather loose in his running at close
quarters. The Judge congratulates the Council in being the
first to introduce before the Grand Stand such an excellent
demonstration of canine sagacity, an exhibition which is at
once the most interesting and instructive of all open air
sport.

172

The Newcastle Show, 1 908.

Dairy Cows and Milkers’ Competition. — The prizes for these
classes were provided by the Northumberland Dairy and
Tenant Farmers’ Association, and were competed for on the
Thursday. The Judge found the Cows a good class, and in
every way typical of what he would expect to find in a first-
class showyard. The Heifers were disappointing both from
the point of numbers and quality. Of the Mil/iers' Com-
petition the Judge could not speak too highly, the women
being especially good.

Ploughing Competition.— The competitions promoted and
carried out by the proprietors of the Newcastle Chronicle on
behalf of the Society at the beginning of the year were a new
and popular feature of the Society’s proceedings in connection
with the Newcastle Show.

For the purpose of creating widespread interest in these
competitions the two northern counties were divided into six
districts. Four of the preliminary competitions were held in the
County of Northumberland at the following places : — Walbottle,
to the west of Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Widdrington, near Mor-
peth ; West Link Hall, near Christon Bank, and Heatherslaw,
near Flodden Field. Two were held in the County of Durham
— one at Chester-le-Street and the other at Bradbury, near
Ferryhill. In these preliminary competitions there were two
classes — one for swing ploughs and another for wheel or digger
ploughs. One hundred and seventy-nine entered for the
various competitions and only" three failed to take part in
the contests.

The first prize winners, in each class, at the sectional
competitions (twelve in number) met in a final trial at Hips-
burn, near Alnwick, on February 7, in a field kindly lent for
the purpose by Sir Henry Scott. It was a beautiful day and
the scene was an animated one by reason of the presence of
thousands of spectators, many of whom had travelled long
distances to be present, and whose keen interest in the work
of the contestants was evidence of their appreciation of the
splendid ploughing being done. The Judges had considerable
difficulty in arriving at a decision owing to the exceptional
merits of the competing ploughmen. It is worthy of note that
the six divisional preliminary competitions arranged to take
place within little more than one week were actually carried
through, with one exception (owing to the frost), on the days
fixed.

Agricultural Education and Forestry. — These sections are
treated in special reports (see pp. 205 to 212).

Horticultural Exhibition. — This section of the Show was
organised by the Durham, Northumberland and Newcastle
Botanical and Horticultural Society, and, as on previous

I1 rials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors. 173

occasions, provided a most interesting and beautiful exhibition.
The grounds adjoining the tents containing the floral exhibits
were laid out as ornamental gardens, including a rockery with
fountains, and furnished a most attractive display. On the
Wednesday Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of
Wales visited the Horticultural Show, and were received by
Alderman Sir Joseph Baxter Ellis and Mr. Councillor Johnstone
Wallace.

The successful Show at Newcastle will always be remem-
bered, not only for the practical way in which the Corporation
and Local Committee showed their interest in the Society’s
visit, but also for the prominent support accorded by the local
newspapers and the whole press of the country — to which, in
a great measure, the large attendance of visitors was un-
doubtedly attributable. The arrangements made by the
Northern railway companies for the transport of exhibits of
live stock and implements, and also for the conveyance of the
large numbers of visitors to the Show, were excellently carried
out, and worked in the smoothest manner possible.

Thos. McRow.

16 Bedford Square, '

London, W.C.

THE TRIALS OF ARTIFICIAL AND
FARMYARD MANURE DISTRIBUTORS AT
NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, 1908.

. , (James Younger, Burradon Farm, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

»< ge.\ |pRANK Martin, Land Agent, Hubbert’s Bridge, near Boston.

Trial of Artificial Manure Distributors.

In this competition there were nineteen entries all of which
competed.

The points on which the Judges had to decide were as
follows : —

Uniformity of distribution.

Efficiency of regulating amount of distribution.
Adaptability for dealing with various manures.

Freedom from clogging.

Facilities for emptying and cleaning.

Economy of working.

1 74 Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors.

Capacity of hopper.

Width of distribution.

Mechanical construction.

Draft.

Price.

The trials were carried out on Mr. Stephen Fairbairn’s
High Weetslade Farm, Annitsford, near Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The plots were measured and staked out half an acre each and
the soil was in a perfect state for the tests, having been well
worked down so that all the points of distribution, &c., would
be plainly visible.

The first test which the machines were put through was to
sow at the rate of 6 cwts. per acre of superphosphate. The
superphosphate was in very good condition and not as pasty as
it would be in the ordinary course of sowing for a crop in
the spring, the weather having been very dry for some period
previously and during the trials. The whole of the machines
entered got rid of the superphosphate without clogging to any
great extent owing to the manure being in such a friable state.

During this test it was noticed and commented upon that
nearly every one of the machines that sowed the same width
as the hopper, distributed the manure in lines across the full
width of the machine, leaving bare spaces between. The
rotary machines, however, made a more even distribution.

The Judges decided after this test that there were only
seven machines that had any likelihood of complying with the
points set out for them to judge by, and the following were
those left in.

No. in

Catalogue

118 Teasdale Bros., Ltd., Darlington. The “ Teasdale.”

154 J. & R. Wallace, Castle Douglas.

305 John Wallace & Sons, Ltd., Glasgow. “Victor.”

925 Kuxmann & Co., Germany. “Westphalia.”

1907 R. & J. Reeves & Son, Ltd., Westbury. “ Cyclone.”

1955 Alex Jack & Sons, Maybole. The “Empire.”

3401 Jas. Coultas, Grantham.

The next test these seven machines were put through was
to sow at the rate of 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia to the acre,
on half acre plots. The sulphate of ammonia had been passed
through a half inch screen and was in the usual state when
applied to the land. After sowing the manure each machine
was emptied and cleaned out to test the point of “ emptying
and cleaning out.”

Machine No. 118 ( Teasdale Bros ., Ltd ., Darlington), a rotary
one, was the first tested. It distributed the sulphate fairly

Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors. 175

well, but did not apply sufficient, and there were many lumps
thrown out, so that the distribution was uneven. When
finished it was cleaned out, but this work could not be done
satisfactorily, as, when tipped up, the discs caught the ground
and were liable to be bent or damaged unless the shafts were
held at a particular height.

Machine No. 154 (J. <k R. Wallace , Castle Douglas), also a
rotary, was next tried with the same quantity of sulphate of
ammonia and afterwards emptied and cleaned out. The dis-
tribution by this machine was very good indeed and it covered
a wide breadth, the same as had been noticed in the previous
trial. No lumps were to be found, and the emptying and
cleaning out were easily and rapidly done by one man, as the
machine could be tipped up and stand by itself with the discs
clear of the ground.

Machine No. 305 ( John Wallace & Sons , Ltd., Glasgow),
broadcast (with large roller in bottom of hopper which lets
down for cleaning out) came next on the same test, but did
very bad work and only sowed at intervals. The opinion
formed was that this machine was capable of doing much
better work if it had been more efficiently handled and set
properly. The emptying and cleaning of this machine were
rapid and easily done.

Machine No. 925 ( Kuxmann & Co., Germany). Broadcast
machine, with clever contrivance for cleaning knives (which
push out the material) when at work. The manure had to
be placed in a particular way in this hopper, so as to allow
for the movement of distributors from one side of the machine
to the other, and a layer of sand had first to b.e placed in the
bottom of the hopper for the blades to be run upon to keep
them from pasting on underside.

This machine delivered the sulphate very irregularly and
in blotches, and not at all evenly ; it was too wide to pass
through a nine feet gateway and had transport arrangement
to enable it to go through gates endways. It was very in-
convenient for emptying and cleaning out, one wheel having
to be propped up and turned round several times before the
manure could be got out. It was also noticed that the manure
lodged on the front side of the hopper and would not fall
down to be distributed.

Machine No. 1907 (R. <k J. Reeves A Son, Ltd., Westbury)
was a rotary machine having a kind of propeller disc for
distribution in a vertical position, with a chain of flat blades
working under the bottom of the hopper about 1^ in. wide,
and as they turned over the roller to deliver the manure to the
discs, the blades brought .it out at regular intervals, and not
continuously, so the discs delivex*ed it in puffs or blasts, not

176 Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors.

at all evenly, and with too many lumps. The emptying and
cleaning of this machine were not satisfactory.

Machine No. 1955 {Alex. Jack & Sons , Maybole) was a
rotary machine with forced feed. This machine did very
good work and covered a wide breadth distributing the sulphate
of ammonia evenly ; the same as it had been noticed to do on
the first test — but there were small lumps to be seen in several
places. The emptying and cleaning out were satisfactory, but
the shafts had to be held in one position during the operation,
or damage might be done to the discs.

Machine No. 3401 {James Coultas, Grantham). This
implement is a broadcast sower the full width of the machine.
It is so constructed that the hopper winds up as it moves along
and brings the manure into contact with a revolving rake,
which kicks the manure over at the back of the machine. At
each time of filling, the hopper has to be wound down by hand.
The capacity of the machine is about 2% cwt. When the
machine started on its plot with sulphate it travelled some
distance before it began to sow any manure, and, after
commencing, it distributed it very unevenly and in patches ;
this was noticed on its first test. It also sowed the sulphate
with small lumps. The emptying and cleaning out were
easily performed ; but the great drawback to this machine was
the necessity of winding down the hopper when it had to be
refilled.

After this test the Judges decided that machine No. 305 had
not gone through the last trial satisfactorily, so it was struck
out. They also decided that, as the superphosphate used on
the first day was in a too fine and dry condition, they would
test the six machines remaining in with superphosphate in
a more damp state, similar to the ordinary condition of 26 per
cent, soluble superphosphate — to be sown at the rate of 6 cwt.
per acre, in order to judge as to the clogging of the machines
and also to take note of the state the machines were in after
having gone through this trial. They did not consider it
necessary to test the machines with basic slag, as the super-
phosphate used on the first trial was dry and powdery.

Machine No. 118 {Teasdale Bros., Ltd.), sowed the >3 cwt.
of superphosphate on the half-acre plot and did its work
satisfactorily so far as distribution went. It, however, got rid
of the manure too quickly, so that it could not complete the
plot. Had it sown it at the right thickness, the machine would
have shown more signs of clogging, as it has a stirrer moving
backward and forward at bottom of hopper.

Machine No. 154 {J. &■ R. Wallace, Castle Douglas). This
machine again sowed the superphosphate very evenly and
without lumps, and did not show signs of pasting or clogging.

Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors. 177

There was a small quantity of manure left after sowing the
half-acre plot, but as this test was not made with a view of
obtaining the maximum delivery from the machine, but rather
a reduced delivery, this point did not weigh with the Judges.
The Judges were well satisfied that this machine had complied
with the conditions of the trials all through.

Machine No. 925 ( Kuxmann Jk Co., Germany). This
machine did its work on this trial very badly, only sowing
the manure on one side of it, and when finished, the super-
phosphate was found to be all banked up on the front side of
the hopper.

Machine No. 1907 (R. & J. Reeves <k Son, Ltd., Westbury).
In this trial the machine did not make a good distribution,
as the manure stuck to the propeller discs and every now
and again large lumps became detached and were thrown out
in a pasty mass, the hopper had not cleared itself properly.

Machine No. 1955 (Alex. Jack A Sons, Maybole). This
machine made good work in this trial and evenly distributed
the superphosphate. It finished fairly clear from clogging, and
put on the right quantity of manure.

Machine No. 3101 (James Goultas , Grantham). This
machine was stated to be worked out to a nicety, so as to sow
any amount required from 1 to 6 cwt. per acre by changing
wheels, which changing, however, takes some time. In this
test the machine sowed about one half of the plot and ran out
of superphosphate and so could not finish.

After this third test the Judges were agreed as to which
machine should be awarded the Gold Medal, but were not
fully decided as to which should be awarded the Bronze
Medal.

Machines Nos. 118 and 1955 were therefore again tested
with superphosphate without being cleaned out or having any-
thing done to them, to see which of the two would run and
distribute the manure with the least clogging.

Machine No. 118 was tried first and it was found that the
longer it was worked the more it clogged and threw out large
pasty lumps. This was expected from the backward and
forward movement of the stirrer in the bottom of the hopper.

Machine No. 1955 did its work as well as in the last test,
was very little clogged, and had not made the superphosphate
pasty inside the hopper.

It was therefore decided, with the concurrence of the
Steward and Consulting Engineer, that the machine, No. 154
in catalogue, entered by Messrs. J. & R. Wallace, of Castle
Douglas, should be awarded the Gold Medal, and that machine
No. 1955 in catalogue, entered by Messrs. Alex. Jack & Sons,
Maybole, should be awarded the Bronze Medal.

VOL. 69.

N,

178

Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors.

J. & R. WALLACE’S ‘'UNIVERSAL'’ DISTRIBUTOR.
Awarded the Gold Medal.

i

Illustration showing machine set to sow up hill.

Illustration showing machine »et to sow down hill.

T rials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors. 1 7 9

Description op the “Universal” Distributor.

This machine possesses a property peculiar to itself, that is,
an entire absence of the stirring principle in the hopper, or,
in other words, there is no mechanism in the hopper moving
through inert material in the shape of manures.

Many fertilisers if stirred at all become pasty and difficult
to distribute, so that one is safe to say that the machine which
stirs least will distribute best.

In this machine the bottom of the hopper is a platform
moving circumferentially at a slow rate carrying round the
material to the openings. It is surmounted by a star or finger
wheel, which moves in conjunction and with it forms an
effective conveyor. This finger wheel is also effective in
crushing against the fixed scrapers any lumps which may be
amongst the material to be distributed.

The machine has a tilting device, so as to vary the angle at
which the hopper and discs stand, for distributing the manure
when working either on the flat, up, or down hill.

The wheels can be adjusted to fit varying widths, when
sowing ridged land.

ALEXANDER JACK & SONS. LTD.. NEW PATENT “EMPIRE” DISTRIBUTOR
AWARDED THE BRONZE MEDAL.

'vm k.

paten*
Manure duinbvhr

180 Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors.

Description of the “ Empire ” Distributor.

The “ Empire ” is very compact in arrangement, embodied
in which are : —

The combination force feed and revolving disc, which
overcomes hitherto insuperable difficulties, securing more
regular output and discharging superphosphates and all other
kinds of artificial manures without clogging.

The patent lever adjustable brackets, by which the driver
can readily tilt the delivery discs, and alter the position of the
discharging spouts, either in or out of motion, thereby in
combination with the force feed giving equal distribution on
uneven or hilly land.

The lever for regulating the output, conveniently placed
at the back of the main frame, and fitted with a numbered
index as a guide to quantity distributed.

The road wheels, both fitted with spring ratchets which
give equal power in driving the spur and bevel gears,
ensuring instantaneous starting and stopping sowing, and
entire freedom from side draught.

The main axle, adapted for extension of wheels to suit
drills from 25 in. to 30 in. wide. The base 'of hopper revolves
on ball bearings, which render the “ Empire ” extremely light
in draught.

Trial of Farmyard Manure Distributors
(Broadcast).

There was only one entry in this class, viz. : — No. 1053
(Messrs. Timpany & Tylor , of Liverpool).

This machine was a kind of wagon drawn by two horses,
with pole ; having a movable bottom with revolving rake or
distributor in the rear. It was loaded and packed in with
manure that was in a very nice state, fairly dry and loose, and
distributed the load with fair evenness, but the width covered
was very narrow and the draft heavy. It was afterwards tried
with some fresh manure brought from a box where cattle were
being fattened ; but when loaded in the ordinary way, and not
packed in, the strain on the horses was very great, so great
that unless they had been exceptionally strong and good
pullers they could not have moved the wagon any distance,
when distributing, without stopping. The manure was sent
out very irregularly, some places having great lumps and
others scarcely any.

The great drawback to this machine was that the draft,
when loaded, was too much for an ordinary pair of horses and
the weight of the load going over the land (unless in a very
dry state) would be very detrimental thereto.

Trials of Artificial and Farmyard Manure Distributors. 181

The Judges were of the opinion that the machine was not
of great use to a practical farmer, as the manure would have
to be prepared and made into a suitable condition before the
machine could make a satisfactory distribution. They there-
fore decided not to award a medal.

Trial op Farmyard Manure Distributors
(in Ridges);

There were two entries in this class — one the same kind of
wagon as in the previous class, entered by Messrs. Timpany
A Tylor, of Liverpool (No. 1054), with an arrangement in the
rear to distribute the manure down ridges. This machine did
its work fairly for some distance, but became choked and had
to be relieved by hand. When started again, one of the
revolving belts broke and it could not deliver the manure and
therefore did not finish the load. The same remarks as to
heavy draft and weight going over the land apply to this
machine as in the broadcast distributor of the same firm.

The other entry was a small machine (No. 1935) to attach
to the rear of a cart and distribute manure down one ridge at
a time, entered by Messrs. J. D. Allan Jc Sons, Murthly. This
machine broke up the manure, which was in very nice and
suitable condition and delivered it in the ridge ; but it was
noticed that there was no regularity of distribution, as it
depended to a great extent upon the speed at which the
manure was thrown into the machine by the man on the cart ;
because as soon as the manure was thrown into the hopper it
was ejected at the rear, and when the horse walked a fair pace,
the man on the cart could not throw the manure into the
hopper quickly enough to keep up a regular supply. In some
places there was a fair sprinkling of manure and the next yard
or so none. The manure used for the trial of this implement
was exactly suitable for the machine ; but if ordinary farm-
yard manure, fresh out of a heap, had been used, in the opinion
of the Judges, the machine could not have distributed it.

It was claimed by the inventor that one man could throw
the manure into the machine and drive the horse and cart at
the same time. This appeared to be practicable when the
horse was walking down the ridge, but it was doubtful, in the
opinion of the Judges, whether one man could manage the
horse and cart and the machine when turning at the ends.

In the opinion of the Judges, the price of the machine, for
the amount of work it was capable of doing, was excessive.

It was agreed that neither of these machines fulfilled the
requirements of the regulations as laid down for the trials, so
the Judges decided not to award a medal.

182 Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Newcastle, 1908.

Before concluding this report I wish to thank, on behalf of
my colleague (Mr. James Younger) and myself, the Implement
Stewards (Mr. R. M. Greaves and Mr. Claude M. S. Pilkington)
and the Consulting Engineer (Mr. F. S. Courtney, M. Inst.C.E.),
for the very great assistance they rendered to the Judges
during these exhaustive trials, and to congratulate them on the
very efficient and satisfactory manner in which the arrange-
ments generally were made for the carrying out of the same.

And I must also thank Mr. Stephen Fairbairn, on behalf of
the Royal Agricultural Society, for having allowed the use of
his fields for the conduct of these trials and for having put
them into a satisfactory state as regards condition of soil, &c.,
which work could not have been done without some expense,
as at the time of my first visit to make arrangements the land
was in a bad state so far as fineness and suitability for the tests
were concerned.

The thanks of the Judges, Stewards, and Consulting
Engineer are due to Mr. Fairbairn for his kind hospitality
during the two days of the trials.

Frank Martin.

Hubbert’s Bridge,
nr. Boston,

Lincolnshire.

MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS
EXHIBITED AT NEWCASTLE, 1908.

The Judges appointed by the Society to make the awards of
Silver Medals for New Implements were : —

Mr. William Cross, M. Inst. C.E., Spreakfield Cottage,
Frensham, Farnham ; and

Mr. James Younger, Burradon Farm, Newcastle-on-Tyne ;

but owing to a regrettable motor accident Mr. Cross was
unable to attend, and Mr. Frank Martin, Land Agent, Hubbert’s
Bridge, Boston (the writer of this article), was requested to
act in his stead.

In this class there appeared to be very few exhibits new in
design or of great merit, and the Judges had some difficulty
in deciding as to the giving of the Silver Medals, so many of
the entries, excepting for some alterations in the working parts,
not being of a novel description.

No. 217. — Grinding Mill. — Entered by Henry Simon, Ltd.,
Manchester. This was a grist mill with an emery grinding
wheel placed in a vertical position, instead of stone or metal

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Newcastle , 1908. 183

as in the usual grist mill. The Judges were of the opinion
that there was nothing in the idea that was a very marked
improvement, and were not satisfied with the method of
adjustment of the grinding surfaces.

No. 615. — Grist Mill , with roller appliance attached to
make soft meal. — Shown by E. R. & F. Turner, Ltd., Ipswich.
The only novelty about this appeared to be the combination
of grist and roller mill.

No. 670. — An Improved Running Gear for a Motor
Vehicle. — Shown by Leyland Motors, Ltd., Lancashire. This
was a metal casing to enclose the Cardan shaft, and so con-
structed that the shaft ran in oil and prevented dust from
entering. It appeared to be the same idea, in connection with
the Cardan shaft, that has been used for the cranks of most
motors.

No. 747. — Poultry Breeding Pen. — Exhibited by The
Westmeria Company. The special feature claimed for this
house was the ease with which poultry might be attended to
by a lady. The bottom of the house, however, was so con-
structed that it could not be cleaned out easily, on account of
a sill being across the door where droppings would have to
be taken out.

No. 748. — Oil Motor. — By Marshall, Sons & Co., Ltd.,
Gainsborough. This was a very substantial and useful motor
for hauling, or any agricultural work such as ploughing,
threshing, &c., very well constructed, and, in the opinion of
the Judges, a very suitable machine, and more on the lines
that an agricultural motor for this purpose should be than the
generality of oil motors now manufactured.

No. 749. — Traction Engine. — Exhibited by the same firm.
This engine is so constructed that all the control levers can
be worked from the foot-plate instead of the driver having to
stop his engine and get off. It is lightly built so as to go on
to roads and land that will not bear a heavier engine.

No. 1074. — Machine for making Concrete Blocks. — Ex-
hibited by the British Concrete Company, of Liverpool. This
was a moulding machine to be filled and consolidated by hand.
By inserting different plates, blocks of concrete of varying
shapes and sizes could be made. In the Judges’ opinion it
was suitable for making concrete blocks for building any kind
of structure in which bricks or stone might be used.

No. 1363. — Cream Separator. — By Moeller & Condrup, Fore
Street, London. Having a kind of worm drive placed at an
angle to the upright spindle of the bowl ; said to be the first
time that spindles had been worked in conjunction with each
other at this particular angle. The Judges were unable to see
any great advantage in this style of gearing.

184 Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Newcastle , 1908.

No. 1416. — Fastener to Top of Churn. — Exhibited by
Waide & Sons, Leeds. This was a kind of lever to pull past
the centre and remain fixed ; similar to what has been pre-
viously applied to dog-cart doors, &c.

No. 1494. — Cream Separator. — Exhibited by the Dairy
Supply Company, Ltd., London. The novelty claimed for
this was in the construction of the discs, which had holes in
them, allowing the milk to pass through more rapidly. It was
said to increase the capacity from 440 to 660 gallons.

No. 1496. — Milk Strainer. — By the same exhibitors. This
was a milk strainer so constructed that by placing a linen bag
over it in a certain way and pressing down the upper part, a
larger straining surface was obtained than would otherwise .
be possible, thereby getting the milk through the strainer
more rapidly.

No. 2007. — Cultivator. — By Martin’s Cultivator Company,
Stamford. A similar spring-tined cultivator to their well-
known make, but smaller in size and suitable for small
holders.

No. 2008.; — Molasses Mixer. — By the last-named firm. This
was a machine for mixing molasses with chaff in certain
quantities as desired. There is a hopper to hold the chaff,
with a revolving pronged spindle at the bottom to force
it through an aperture, and as the chaff passes this a roller
the full width of the machine carries over the molasses from
a trough in which it runs, pressing it against the chaff as it
is being delivered by the prongs inside the chaff hopper.
The amount to be mixed with the chaff is regulated by an
adjustable scraper on the face side of the roller bringing up
the molasses. The idea is novel and good, but the output of
the machine was much too slow.

No. 2035. — Pole Point and Carrier for Binder or Reaper
Poles. — Exhibited by J. & H. Keyworth & Co., Liverpool.
This was a contrivance to fix to a reaper or binder pole to take
the weight of the machine off the horses’ necks and collars so
that the animals could move more freely. In the opinion of
the Judges it was not of much advantage, as, generally
speaking, all binders and reapers are nearly balanced, or ought
to be, when at work.

No. 3881. — Lamp Pump. — Exhibited by the Lamp Pump
Syndicate, Ltd., Carey Street, Westminster. This is a small
pump — to be worked at a low pressure — for pumping water
from shallow wells. It is of a novel and very interesting kind,
being worked by a small Wells burner consuming about one
pint of paraffin per hour. The pump itself takes up a small
space, and requires very little fixing other than connecting up
with the suction and delivery pipes.

Miscellaneous Implements E.rhilnted at Newcastle , 1908. 185

It was exhibited for the first time last year at Lincoln,
and then attracted the attention of the Judges, who recom-
mended that it should be put forward as a new Implement for
this year. The system and working parts are fully described
and illustrated in last year’s (1907) Journal of the Society,
pp. 185 to 137.

The improvements made since last year are of an important
nature, and consist of : —

(а) A new condenser arrangement which is best described
as an air vessel on the main suction pipe encased in a cast iron
vessel which forms the actual condenser. The arrangement
enables the pump to prime itself on starting, and to work more
efficiently on a long suction, at the same time it does away
with some joints in the structure which might have given
trouble, and which at any rate were somewhat hard to get at.

(б) A simple method of making the water cushion at the
bottom of the pump certain and satisfactory in action has been
introduced.

( c ) The gland of the pump rod has been improved, and the
machine as now made is put together in a much more compact
form, with the result that the joints have been largely reduced
in number and simplified in form, and the cross copper pipe
connections done away with.

(d) The present boiler is made so that it can be easily taken
to pieces for cleaning purposes, and the apparatus for feeding
it with water has been made stronger and simpler, there being
no float, spring, or screw employed in its working parts but
only a weighted valve and counterpoise.

In its present form it should prove to be a very useful pump
for domestic supplies, as it requires a minimum of attention.

In order to show clearly the capabilities of the machine,
the following figures, which are reported to have been actually
obtained in working, may be of value : — A boiler weighing
20 lbs. heated by a lamp burning ordinary paraffin oil, has
driven one of these engines continuously at 100 strokes per
minute, raising 350 gallons of water an hour, from 20 ft.
below ground to a height of 40 ft. above ground level, the
pressure in the boiler remaining at 0 with a consumption
of paraffin of 1 pint per hour, which, with paraffin at 8<7. per
gallon, works out at 1 d. per hour.

These machines are automatic, and therefore when once
started require no attendant. They can be started and looked
after by farm labourers without fear of accident to themselves
or the machine.

No. 4316. — Field Gate Latch. — Shown by A. C. Harris,
Leicester. This was a self-securing device, and easily un-
fastened by simply pulling at a small handle. It tripped a

186 Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Newcastle , 1908.

small catch, and when the gate swung to the post again it
caught this trip and secured it. This was tried by the Judges,
but it was noticed that if the gate sagged a little it would not
fasten without being bauged to with some force.

No. 4411. — Steam Motor Waggon. — Exhibited by the
Marquis of Londonderry, K.G., Seaham Harbour. This was a
very superior motor lorry, capable of carrying 5 tons, well
made and exceptionally strong. There did not, however,
appear to be any points about it that were exceptional or
novel ; it was much on the lines of other motor lorries.

No. 4436. — Sewage Distributor. — Exhibited by W. E.
Farrer, Birmingham. This was an appliance for small sewage
plants for mansions, cottages, or outlying buildings, and con-
sisted of a septic tank with an outlet into a rocking or tilting
trough ; the liquid then passed into smaller troughs having
holes in them, to let it out and distribute it equally over the
surface of the filter bed. The rocking or tilting trough was
so arranged that it delivered its load first on one side and then
on the other, automatically. In the opinion of the Judges
this was a suitable plant for dealing with small quantities of
sewage.

No. 4466. — Extension Ladder. — Exhibited by the Motewood
Company. This was a handy, light, and very strong ladder.
It was constructed with steel ribs along the back, put on when
the wooden sides were sprung like a bow, thus giving increased
strength by the resistance of the two. One length of the
ladder was tested by the Judges, 4 cwt. being placed in the
centre. It stood the strain well, and returned to its original
shape afterwards. The trip arrangement was strong, simple,
and very efficacious.

After having made an inspection of the various exhibits
entered as New IMPLEMENTS, the Judges decided to award
a Silver Medal to the Lamp Pump, No. 3881, exhibited by
the Lamp Pump Syndicate, Ltd., Carey Street, Westminster,
S.W.

As machine No. 467, entered by Sharp’s Auto-Mower and
Tractor Co., York, was shown in a broken state, as machine
No. 1378 ( Butter Separator) entered by the Swiftsure
Syndicate, Liverpool, was quite novel in the way it worked
the cream, but could not be tested under satisfactory con-
ditions, and as the two Turnip Thinners, No. 324, exhibited
by Ord & Maddison, Ltd., Darlington, and No. 2135, by
the Yorkshire Patent Drill Co., Kirbymoorside, could not be
tested at work, the Judges recommend that these four
machines be allowed to enter as NEW IMPLEMENTS at the
next Show.

.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Newcastle , 1908. 187

During the inspection by the Judges of the various imple-
ments on the stands in the Show Yard, it was noticed that the
following were worthy of mention : —

No. 158. — Milking Machine. — By J. & R. Wallace, Castle
Douglas (R.A.S.E. Silver Medal, Park Royal, 1905), altered and
improved since receiving the medal in 1905.

This machine is operated by vacuum, created by a small
engine and air pump attached to a cylinder where a constant
vacuum is maintained, and connected by pipes placed in a
convenient position along the stalls or shed where the cows are
housed. The milking cans when being used are coupled up,
by pieces of indiarubber piping, on to the fixed pipe and
moved along to the next cow as required.

In the opinion of the Judges this machine appears to have
overcome the difficulties hitherto experienced of being harmful
to the cow and also of not finishing off milking without
stripping.

No. 698. — Glover Huller. — Exhibited by Ruston, Proctor
& Co., Ltd., Lincoln. This machine was very well constructed
and finished. It had many points worthy of the attention of
clover seed growers, one of which was demonstrated by the
splendid sample made at the t.ime of threshing.

No. 1932. — Scarifier (improved double disc.) — Exhibited
by Thomas Hunter & Sons, Maybole. This is a very useful
implement, on a novel principle, for cleaning turnips, man-
golds, &c., where grown on the ridge. It is also good for
cleaning strawberries and cutting off the runners.

No. 1993. — Hay Sweep (Mugleston’s Patent). — Exhibited
by the Maldon Ironworks Co., Maldon, Essex. This is a
machine, drawn by two horses, for collecting hay or clover
and for taking the same to the elevator for stacking without
having to be handled by workmen. It appears to be a very
efficient and great labour saving implement where the fields
are large and the produce is stacked on the spot.

No. 3242. — Hay Rick Builder (or mould). — For building
pikes in the hay or clover field. Exhibited by Gregg & Co.,
Exchange Street, Belfast. This appliance was quite a new idea
and consisted of an inverted cone, or mould, into which the
hay is thrown and trampled down by a man or boy. It was
stated that three men could build a pike or cock in ten minutes
which would be nearly weather proof, and that it dispensed
with raking or tying down.

No. 3594. — Root Cleaner and Cutter Combined. — By
Harrison MacGregor & Co., Ltd., Leigh, Lancashire. This
machine is well and strongly constructed and will do good
work ; the advantage being that the revolving screen which
cleans the roots before cutting can be raised or lowered at one

188 Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show, 1908.

end, so that the roots can be kept in the cleaner for a longer
or shorter period as desired, according to the time required to
clean them.

No. 3867. — “ Empire ” Gas Generator. — Exhibited by
Richard Thornton, Gosforth, Newcastle. This is a petrol gas-
making plant for mansions, estates, or private houses. It is a
very well arranged appliance taking up little space, and
capable of producing gas for a large number of burners.

It was very deeply regretted that the valuable services of the
Consulting Engineer were not available on account of a sad
bereavement sustained during the Show ; but my colleague
(Mr. James Younger) and myself wish to thank his assistant
(Mr. Amos) for the very great help rendered during the in-
spection of the various implements on the stands.

The Judges’ thanks are also due to the Implement Stewards
(Mr. R. M. Greaves and Mr. Claude M. S. Pilkington) for their
invaluable assistance and kindness to them during the judging
of the New Implements and inspection of the other exhibits
on the Show Ground.

Before concluding I wish to express my best thanks to
my esteemed colleague for his kind courtesy and valued services
rendered to me during the time we were engaged in inspecting
and judging the Implements.

Frank Martin.

Hubberts Bridge,
nr. Boston,

Lincolnshire.

MILK AND BUTTER TESTS AT THE
NEWCASTLE SHOW, 1908.

I.— MILK- YIELD TESTS.

The prizes offered in these classes were of the same value as
at Derby in 1906., the extra prizes given by the Lincolnshire
Red Short-horn Society in 1907 not being forthcoming this
year. In all other respects the trials were identical with
those of the past two years, the conditions and practice for
carrying them out being the same as before.

The scale of points which governed these competitions
being the same as in previous years, it may be thought un-
necessary to insert them here, but as I propose to suggest that

Milk and Butter Texts at the Newcastle Show, 1908. 189

the standard be slightly raised, I have given them at length for
the sake of reference. The points are as follows : —

One Point for every 1 lb. of milk.

One Point for every completed ten days since calving, deducting the first
forty days. Maximum points for lactation 12.

Four points for every one per cent, of fat shown on the average of the
two milkings.

Cows whose milk shows less than an average of 3 per cent, of fat on the
two milkings to be disqualified.

Fractions of lbs. of milk, percentages of fat, and incomplete periods of
less than ten days to be worked out in decimals, and added to the
total points.

No Prize or Commendation to be awarded to cattle which do not obtain
the following points : —

Cows Cows and heifers

5 years under

old and 5 years
over of age

Shorthorn, Lincolnshire Red Short-horn,!

South Devon, Red-Polled, Ayrshire, [■ 55 50

Jersey, Guernsey, or Longhorn . . J

Kerry or Dexter 40 35

In the case of cows obtaining the same number of points, the Prize to be
awarded to the cow which has been the longest time in milk.

Highly Commended Cards to be awarded to all animals other than
winners of the Prizes which reach the above standard.

The competing cattle were stripped on the evening of the
Judging Day, June 30, at 5 p.m., the milk of the next twenty-
four hours being taken for the trials. Both the morning and
evening milks, after being weighed, were sampled by Dr.
Voelcker for analysis.

I call special attention to the fact that the trials were com-
menced on the evening of the first day of the Show, when
many of the animals had been in the ring, and consequently
had not been milked out at the usual hour in the morning. In
my opinion, it would be preferable if these trials could be
deferred for one day, taking the milk of the third day of the
Show instead of the second day, and publishing the results on
the Friday instead of the Thursday as is at present the case,
since the cows have not got back to their milk on the Wednes-
day morning, which in a milk-yield trial should be if possible
avoided.

The full results of the trials in the breed milk-yield classes
will be found in Table I. on pp. 190 and 191, while Table II.,
page 192, gives the particulars of the cows entered for the special
prizes, this class forming the champion class and being open to
all breeds.

The next table, No. III., gives the number of cattle com-
peting under their breed headings, together with the numbers
that were present at the Derby and Lincoln meetings in 1906
* and 1907.

Table I.— MILK-YIELD CLASSES at NEWCASTLE, 1908.

190

.d

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1 These animals were also entered for the Special Milk-yield Competition (Class 195), see Table II., page 192. 2 S.C.=Speoial Class.

Table I.— MILK-YIELD CLASSES at NEWCASTLE, 1908 —continued.

191

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These animals were also entered for the Special Milk-yield Competition (Class 195), see Table II., page 192.

Table II. Class 195. — SPECIAL MILK-YIELD CLASSES for COWS of any Age, Breed, or Cross.

192

Awards

1st Prize, 201.

H.C.

H.C.

H.C.

H.C.

Below Fat Standard
H.C.

H C

3rd Prize, 51.

H.C.

R.H.C.

H.C.

H.C.

H.C.

H.C.

H.C.

N ot sampled in

[evening

H.C.

H.C.

Below Fat Standard
2nd Prize, 101.

H.C.

Total

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Date of
last calf

1908
Apr. 9
May 31
May 14
Apr. 24
June 9
Jan. 22
May 1
May 4
Apr. 17
Apr. 24
Apr. 19
Feb. 20
Mar. 11
Apr. 19
May 16
May 10
Jan. 15
Apr. 20

Jan. 17
1 Feb. 17
May 11
j Mar. 5
Apr. 15

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Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show, 1008. 103

Table III.

Breed

Derby,

1906

Lincoln,
1907 ■

Newcastle,

1908

Shorthorns ....

10

12

8

Lincolnshire Red Short-horns .

4

8

i

South Devons ....

2

2

3

Red Polled ....

6

6

5

Ayrshires

1

4

3

Jerseys .....

18

9

17

Guernseys ....

8

6

5

Longhorns ....

1

2

4

Kerries .....

6

5

8

Dexters .....

8

10

7

Crossbred

1

1

Total

63

65

65

In reports of such trials as these there must of necessity be
a sameness. I therefore make no apology for following the
lines of previous reports, and giving two more tables — one
showing the average of the milk yields of the various breeds
in the breed classes, and the other the averages of those cows,
under their breed headings, which were also entered in the
special or champion class. I have omitted, as in former years,
the particulars of the cross-bred cows, since their lack of
pedigree makes them worthless.

Table IY. — Averages of Cattle entered in the Breed Milk-
yield Classes.

No.

Fat

per

cent.

Points

of cows
com-
peting

Breed

Days in
milk

Milk

Milk

Fat

Lacta-

tion

Total

6

Shorthorns

66

Lb. oz.
49 0

332

4900

1328

2-60

6 4-88

4

Lincoln. Red do.

84

45 H

428

45-09

17-12

4-40

66-61

3

South Devons .

64

48 15J

3-36

48 95

13-44

2-40

64-79

5

Red Polled

73

44 Of

334

44 04

13-36

3-30

60-70

3

Ayrshires .

74

51 8§-

3-50

51-54

1400

3-40

68-94

16

Jerseys

91

36 91

462

36-56

18-48

510

60-14

5

Guernseys .

51

38 12f

406

38-79

16-24

1-10

56-13

4

Longhorns

45

30 8i

4-07

30-53

16-28

■50

47-31

7

Kerries

73

36 2

3 39

3*1*12

13-56

3-30

49-59

7

Dexters

81

31 134

3-42

31-85

1368

410

49-63

Note.— The yields of milk and particulars of one Jersey and one Kerry are left out
in these figures, as in both cases the herdsmen omitted at one milking to take their
milk to Dr. Voelcker for analysis.

VOL. 69.

0

194 Milk and Butter T'ests at the Newcastle Show, 1908.

Table Y. — Averages of Cattle entered in the Special
Milk-yield Class.

No of

Days

Fat

Points

com-

peting

Breed

in

milk

Milk

per

cent.

Milk

Fat

Lacta-

tion

Total

4

Shorthorns

77

Lb. oz.
63 11

3-81

63 09

15-24

3-70

82-03

3

Lincoln. Red do.

83

44 8

4-62

44 50

18-48

4-30

67-28

3

South Devons .

64

48 15£

3-36

48-95

13-44

2-40

64-79

1

Red Polled

68

69 12

3-90

59-75

15-60

2-80

78-15

2

Ayrshires .

102

57 0

3-32

57-00

13-28

6-20

76-48

6

Jerseys

102

39 4-|

4-63

39-29

18-52

6-20

64 01

1

Guernseys .

136

35 12

4-48

35"75

1792

9-50

6317

As in former years, several animals were disqualified on
account of their milk being below the standard, while, as
mentioned above, two cows wei’e prevented by the carelessness
of their herdsmen from competing.

The following cows gave milk below the standard of
3 per cent, fat : —

1 Shorthorn out of an entry of 8

1 South Devon „ 3

1 Red Polled „ 6

3 Kerries „ 8

2 Dexters ,, 7

1 Cross-bred „ 1

If the points awarded to each animal in Table I. are
examined it will be seen that in almost every instance the
points gained qualified the animal to receive a prize, even in
those cases where the cows were disqualified because their milk
contained less than the average standard of 3 per cent. fat.

The following will make this clear : —

5 Shorthorns out of 6 competing gained the necessary points.

4 Lincolnshire Red Short-horns out of 4 competing gained the necessary
points.

3 South Devons out of 3 competing gained the necessary points.

4 Red Polled

„ 5

V

ii

3 Ayrshires

„ 3

11

n

n

J15 Jerseys

„ 16

)1

n

n

4 Guernseys

,, 5

11

n

ii

1 Longhorn

„ 4

n

n

n

1 7 Kerries

„ 7

u

ii

7 Dexters

„ 7

ii

ii

ii

i The Jersey and Kerry cows whose milk was not analysed are not included in the
above figures

Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show, 1908. 195

In the special class every animal gained the minimum
points. From the above it would appear that the points in
certain cases would bear revision, as the object of the trials is
to improve the milking capabilities of the various breeds, which
object will be defeated if the standard is too low, since a com-
mended card should be a certificate of the fitness of the animal
to improve the milking properties of the particular breed it
represents.

In my opinion, the points might for the future stand as
follows : —

Cows

5 years Cows and Heifers

Shorthorn, Lincolnshire Red Short-horn, \
and South Devon . . . .1

and over.
60

under 5 years.
55

Red Polled, Ayrshires, Jerseys, Guernseys, l
and Longhorns . . . . .>

55

50

Kerries and Dexters

45

40

II.— BUTTER TESTS (CLASS 196, A & B).

Twenty-six cows competed in these classes at Newcastle,
as against thirty-five last year at Lincoln, the prize money
being the same as before, but it must be remembered that the
northern counties do not take the same interest in the dairy as
the more southern parts of the country.

The trials were carried out under similar conditions, and
the same points as in previous years, which are as follows : —

One point for every ounce of butter.

One point for every completed ten days since calving, deducting the first
forty days. Maximum allowance for period of lactation, 12 points.

Fractions of ounces of butter and incomplete periods of less than ten days
to be worked out in decimals and added to the total points.

No Prize or Commendation to be given to Cows under five years old failing
to obtain 28 points (or in the case of Jerseys, 30 points), or to Cows
five years old and over failing to obtain 32 points (or in the case of
Jerseys 35 points).

The cows were stripped on Tuesday evening, June 30, at
5 p.m., the milk of the next twenty-four hours being taken for
the tests.

The same objection to the date for commencing these trials
that I have mentioned in the report of the milk-yield classes
equally applies here.

The cows, after being stripped, were weighed and divided
into their respective classes of over and under 900 lb. live
weight.

The following table gives the full results of the trials : —

Table VI.— RESULTS of BUTTER TESTS at NEWCASTLE,

CLASS 196 A— COWS IN-MILK, OF ANT AGE, BREED OR CROSS, EXCEEDING 900 LB. LD

196

^ n

CHURNING TABLE

Tempera-
ture, • F.

Juiuuanna ; SS5SSSS3SS S 8 8 3

puamwjo ! 3 33 S SSSSS S 8 3 S S? S

Aired | K g£ 33322 2 2 £ £ £

Time

(sainaiui)

uoijuma

5 S3 3S88S 83 f 838

paqsiaij

It 4

2 58
2 53

11 5
11 10
10 45

10 54

11 14

11 7
1* 12

12 50

2 55
2 45

2 47

UKS.1SI

3 S3 3S33S S3 S SS 3 £

2 ”** SSSSS S3 3. " " N _

Awards

1.1 *11 %

S’fld o,d d n*-3 — o

«'«'« 1 Si-
s'' S * s‘oH 1*

sjutod jo -on i«jox

111 III! 11 1111

aoiwovi
joj sjuiod jo -ox

! n i mi s jj i i g i

JWnq

joj sjuiod jo-otf

I IS Hill 11 ISIS

Colour and quality
of butter

—

Poor

Very good
Very good

Very good
Very good
Good
Good
Fair

Good

Very good

Very good

Very good
Very good

Very good

jnoioo

Very poor
Good

Very good

Good

Good

Very good
Good
Good

Fair

Excellent

Fair

Excellent

Good

Fair j

Jdjjuq *qi oj
3UUU -qj ‘-zia oijbvIt

ill III1I I I 1111

piaiit aswisi

J~ .-ft ■z’zzrsv » sr s? ?r ^ r

Milk-
yield
in 4K

houi>

gSi 3” '■"“S2'' ® S 2 2 ® 2

g£ S8 35S33 33 3 S S S

ttlitu ut s.fnp jo -ON

8 SS SS8£S 2 S § 82 2

Date of
hist calf

1908
April 9

April 24 .

June 9 .

Jan. 22
May 1
May 4
April 17
Feb. 20 .

March 11

Jan. 15

Jan. 17 .

Feb. 17 .

March 5 .

April 15

Date of
birth

? .83 P = S88 S .3 8 .8

- 3'g Sjftfvtf a* "• “• ft- 8 g

I II Mil ii i F 8

jtiSmat 8Ati

si si SSSSS 1 a a | | §

I

Shorthorn

L’nc’n Red
L’nc’n Red

L’nc’n Red
S. Devon .
S. Devon .
tS. Devon .
Ayrshire .

Jersey

Jersey .

Jersey

Guernsey .
Shorthorn

Shorthorn

V

11

Darlington Cran-
ford 5th

Burton Cork 3rd .
Burton Quality
5th

Burton Ruby Spot
Cowslip 5th
Fancy

N08egay4tli .
Dalflbblc Daisy
Bell .

Lady Phyllis
Marigold . .

Wench . . .

Melanie of Good-
nestone 2nd
Burton Milker

Tozzle . . .

Exhibitor

Lord Rothschild .

J Evens .

J. Evens .

J. Evens . * .

W. P. Vosper. .

W & H. Whitley
J. Sparrow Wroth
W. Niabet .

Lady de Roths-
child

J. H. Smith- Barry

The Marquis of

Winchester

H. F. Plumptre
J. Evens .

J. Evens . . .

anSoinjeO ui 'ON

1008

1052

1053

1054
1167

1170

1171
1420

1460

1474

1477

1534

1609

1610

its tlie number ollb. o£ milk required to make 1 lb. o£ butter. Ten lb. of milk are reckoned as equal to an imperial gallon.

Table VI.— RESULTS of BUTTER TESTS at NEWCASTLE, 1908— continued.

CLASS 196 B— COWS IN-MILK, OF ANY AGE, BREED OR CROSS NOT EXCEEDING 900 LB. LIVE WEIGHT. 12 ENTRIES.

H

-3

pa

<

H

e

fc

fc

Ph

P

w

o

'V o

e.

P

jniuuaajna

© © *> -* OO .-4 C> © 00 05 CO o

m © m to m © m © m m m ©

o.m qo

PUB OIB0JO

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

52

X J lOQ

72

72

72

72

74

72

74

74

76

76

76

Time 1

(sajnuuu)

ooijBj'ua

28

48

32

39

24

35

38

41

23

35

36
43

1

poqsiai^L

11 1

11 16:
11 10!
12 1

11 34

12 30
12 4

12 20 j

12 15
3 0
2 55
2 53

uisfteg

10 33

10 28

10 38

11 22
11 10
11 55
11 26
11 39

11 52
2 25
2 19
2 10

Awards

lstprizelSL&E.J.C.S.
Bronze Medal.

2nd prize 101.

H. C. & Cert, of Merit

H.C. & Cert.of Merit

R.H.C. & Cert, of
Merit

3rd prize, 51.

H.C. & Cert, of Merit
H .C. & Cert, of Merit

gjniod jo -on I'Biox

o o m m m m m o mom©

T-* w © ^j* m eo c* o in o h

r; eg © t- w co b» f- L. b> © ^

Mcoc^eococ'iM cooeoco

UOIJ'B'JO'BJ

joj sjiiiod jo on

o ooooooo oooo

rH C* 9> C* CO © 0* P4 M »n 00 rH

in O H CO i-* if) co 4* c- CO

jajanq

joj sjuiod jo 'ON

36'00

33'00

2875

2725

2925

3275

2825

3200

3475

25'00

2875

28-00

Colour and quality
of butter

ijiianf)

Very good

Very good
Excellent
Excellent
Good
Excellent
Very good
Good

Good

Good

Fail-

Very good

jnoioo

Excellent

Good
Good
Good
Excellent
Very good
Very good
Poor

Very good
Poor
Good
Fair

JOjanq *qi oj
ainm 'qi *'zia ^iwht

© © o e* rj> ao as

m m o> © r-< © ® eo e-i co n ©

2 ® ® o i N o r-< CO O ©

l-« 1-4 r-« r-< 00 .-H C* W

Piau joima

o-v c? 2? <J? c? © c7 a. c7 e*

-”1

Milk
yield
in 48
hours

Lb.oz.
32 10

40 6

35 14
27 4
48 10

36 2

45 14

41 12

46 4

37 4
36 6
29 10

jiiioi oi sXup JO 'ON

91

92
59
42
73
46
52
92

72

85

118

101

Date of
last calf

1908
April 1

Mar. 31
May 3
May 20
Apr. 19
May 16
May 10
Mar. 31

Apr. 20
April 7
Mar. 5
Mar. 22

Date of
birth

June 4, *99

Mar. 10, ’99
Oct. 11, ’03
May 7, ’03
Jan. 1, '04
Apr. 28, ’99
Apr. 15, ’00
1895

Mar. 23, ’04
Jan. 1, ’05
Oct. 7, *00
Mar. 23. ’04

9qS;aAv oait

d ? SSSggSS £ 3 §2 8

J ** CO CO CO C- CO C© oo C— CO CO

Breed

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Jersey

Name of
cow

China Belle 2nd .

Oaklands Beauty
Credita .

Victoire .
Frolicsome 5th .
Lady V iola .
Vanilla 2nd .

My Brunette

Post Obit
Jubilee May 2nd .
Mary’s Beauty
Silver Spray .

Exhibitor

.

J. de Knoop .

J. de Knoop .
T.R.B Elliot
T. R. B. Elliot
Mrs. McIntosh
A. Miller-RalJett .
A. Miller-Hallett .
Lord Rothschild.

J. H. Smith-Barry
Earl Cadogan >

J. Carson
Lord Rothschild .

©nSo[vp30 oi 'on

1456

1458

1461

1462
1465

1467

1468
1472

1475

1478

1611

1612

1 The “ Butter Ratio ” represents the number of lb. of milk required to make 1 lb. of butter. Ten lb. of milk are reckoned as equal to an imperial gallon.

198 Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Shoiv, 1908.

Table YII. gives the number of cattle competing under
their respective breeds, with the corresponding numbers at
Derby and Lincoln in 1906 and 1907.

Table VII. — Number of Cattle entered under their
respective Breeds.

Breed

Derby,

1906

Lincoln,

1907

Newcastle,

1908

Shorthorns ....

2

4

3

Lincolnshire Bed Short-horns .

2

8

3

South Devons ....

2

2

3

Red Polled ....

—

i

—

Ayrshires .....

—

—

1

Jerseys

17

14

15

Guernseys ....

2

4

1

Longhorns ....

—

1

—

Crossbred ....

—

1

—

Total ....

25

35

26

The next table gives the full particulars of the prize winners
in the two classes, and the awards of the medals offered by the
English Jersey Cattle Society for Jersey cows.

Table YIII. — Prize Winners in Butter-test Competition.

Class 196 A.-COWS EXCEEDING 900 LB. LIVE WEIGHT.

Name of
exhibitor

Name of
cow

Breed

Live

weight

Days

in

milk

Milk

Butter

Ratio

Points

Result

Lb.

Lb.oz.

Lb. oz

Lb.

Lord Rothschild

Darlington Cran-
ford 5 th .

Sh’thorn

1498

83

78 12

3 1

2571

5330

1st Prize
& 1st 6 P.
of 20/.

J. Evens

Burton Milker .

Sh’ thorn

1190

118

56 8

2 03

2L65

4955

2nd Prize
«v 2nd S. P.
Of 10/.

The Marquis of
Winchester

Wench .

Jersey

945

J

166

31 12

2 3i

14-41

4725

3rd Prize
«v 3rd s. 1*.
Of 51.

CLASS 196 B.-COWS 900 LB. LIVE WEIGHT AND UNDER.

J.deKnoop.

J. deKnoop.

J. EL Sraith-Barry

China Belle 2nd.

Jersey

742

91

3210

2 4

14-50

41-10

Oaklands Beauty

Jersey

819

92

40-6

2 1

19-57

38'20

Post Obit. .

Jersey

875

72

46-4

2 23

21 -29

37 95

1st Prize
2nd Prize
3rd Prize

The Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals (limited to Jersey
cows), given by the English Jersey Cattle Society, were
awarded as follows : —

Gold Medal . . The Marquis of Winchester’s “Wench ” Jersey.

Silver Medal . . Mr. J. H. Smith Barry’s “Marigold” Jersey.

Bronze Medal . . Mr. J. de Knoop’s “ China Belle 2nd ” Jersey.

Nineteen animals out of the twenty-six tested received
prizes or commended cards, showing in this respect an
improvement over last year’s records at Lincoln.

Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show , 1908. 199

Table IX. — Averages of Cattle Tested.

No.

of cows
com-
peting

Breed

Live

weight

Days in
milk

Milk

Butter i

Ratio

Points

Lb.

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

OZ.

Lb.

3

Shorthorns

1386

92

64

ih

2

n

24 94

46-76

3

Lincoln. Red do.

1477

83

44

8

1

15*1

22-30

36-85

3

South Devons .

1617

64

48

15*

1

10**1

2910

29-38

1

Ayrshires .

1029

132

54

4

1

in

28-69

39-45

15

Jerseys

851

91

37

1

144

19-69

35-61

1

Guernseys .

1099

135

35

12

1

12|

19-89

38-25

Table X. — Average points won by Cattle at Derby ,
Lincoln, and Newcastle, with the numbers competing at the
three Shows.

Breed

Derby,

1906

Lincoln,

1907

Newcastle,

1908

No. of
Cows

Points

No. of
Cows

Points

No. of
Cows

Points

Shorthorns

2

37-77

4

31-70

3

46-76

Lincolnshire Red Short-
horns . . ' .

2

38-45

8

3106

3

36-85

South Devons

2

41-40

2

37-75

3

29-38

Red Polled .

—

—

1

31-65

—

—

Ayrshires

—

—

—

—

1

39-45

Longhorns

—

—

1

33-35

—

—

Jerseys ....

17

37-95

14

36-61

15

35-61

Guernseys

2

29-25

4

33-45

1

38-25

III.— EXPERIMENTS IN THE DAIRY.
Experiment No. 1.

The effect of Pasteurising milk for butter making.

Two lots of milk from the Shorthorn and Jersey breeds
were selected for this experiment. These were each sub-
divided into three portions, making six lots in all, and were
treated in the following manner : —

One portion of each breed’s milk was heated to 1G0° F., and
then reduced to 100° F., when it was separated.

The creams obtained were cooled to 40° F., and subsequently
heated up to 60° F. when a starter — a pure lactic acid ferment
supplied by the Midland Dairy College — was added to each lot<
The second portions of each were heated to 100° F. and
then separated, the creams being cooled to 40° F., reheated to.
60° F., and ripened with the same starter as the last lots. The
third portions of each were similarly heated to 100° F., the
cream being left to cool down and ripen naturally. All six lots.

200 Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Shoiv, 1908.

of cream were then left until they were ready for churning,
when they were all alike cooled to 54° F. and churned.

The butters were subsequently judged for colour, texture,
and flavour.

Shorthorn. —There was little, if any, difference between the
butters made from the two lots which were not Pasteurised,
colour, texture, and flavour being in both faii’ly good. In the
portion that was Pasteurised and ripened, the result was not
satisfactory. In colour and texture the butter was inferior,
although in flavour it was the same as the others.

Jerseys. — There was little, if any, difference at all between
all these butters.

It must be noted that the samples of milk were very good,
which will account for the flavour in every case being good,
so that the starter had not the opportunity of demonstrating
the effect it might have had in improving the quality of the
butter had the milk been of bad flavour.

The Pasteurising of the Shorthorn milk appeared to affect
the colour and texture of the butter disadvantageously. In the
case of the Jersey milk no such result was seen.

Experiment No. 2.

The effect of ripening Cream with good and had starters.

Two lots of cream taken from the bulk of some excellent
Channel Island cream were used for this experiment.

The first lot was ripened with a pure lactic acid ferment,
the second with a lactic ferment which had become con-
taminated.

Both ferments were gratuitously supplied by Professor
Blacksliaw, of the Midland Dairy College, for the purpose of
the experiment.

The creams were treated alike, the churning, drying of the
butters, and making up being as nearly as possible identical.

The butter made from the sample ripened with the pure
ferment was excellent in every way ; that ripened with the
contaminated ferment, although in appearance, texture, and
colour as good as the other, had a most unpleasant smell and
was nasty to the taste.

This experiment, it is submitted, demonstrates the care
necessary to be taken where a starter is used to see that it is
pure and free from contamination, and this applies equally
whether the starter, as in many cases, is butter-milk of a
previous churning, or a lactic acid ferment specially
manufactured.

The experiment further shows the necessity for keeping
cream in such a way that it may not be exposed to the risk of
contamination from outside sources.

Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show, 1908. 201

Experiment No. 3.

Colouring of Milk.

At the Lincoln Show experiments in colouring milks were
carried out with “ the object of demonstrating that the public
are taken in by the colouring of milk, a practice allowed by
the Legislature so long as the colouring matter is not injurious
to health” ( vide report R.A.S.E. Journal, Vol. 68, page 150.)

At Lincoln four lots of new milk were selected for the
experiments, while at Newcastle two lots of new milk only
were used, the other two samples being separated milks, as I
felt that if the public could be taken in by the colouring of
separated milk the practice of colouring could be denounced
more strongly than before.

Four bottles were filled with milk as below : —

No. 1 with Jersey milk.

No. 2 with white milk from another breed.

No. 3 separated milk coloured to be deeper than the
Jersey.

No. 4 separated milk without any colouring matter.

I adopted the same methods as at Lincoln to obtain the
opinions of the audience on three days during the show with
the following results.

On every occasion the coloured separated milk obtained
the most votes, the Jersey came next, while the uncoloured
separated milk received no votes at all, showing that while the
public could discriminate between separated and new milk, so
long as no colouring material was employed, they were unable
to distinguish between the coloured separated milk and genuine
milk of the best quality.

On each occasion I warned the audience against buying
milk without obtaining a guarantee that the milk was not
coloured, just as I had done at Lincoln last year.

This experiment I submit shows conclusively that the
colouring of milk cannot be too strongly condemned and that
it is important, now that the question of good milk for the
populations in our large towns is receiving so much attention,
that steps should be taken either to put a stop to what, in my
opinion, is a most reprehensible practice, or to compel the
vendor to disclose to the purchaser, in every case where
colouring is resorted to, the fact that the milk is coloured.

Experiment No. 4.

Wensleydale Cheese.

Twelve gallons of milk from each of the following breeds
of cattle were obtained for making cheeses of this variety.

202 Milk and Butter Tests at the JYewcastle Show, 1908.

Shorthorn, Red Polls, Jersey, Guernsey, and Kerry, the object
being to see (a) whether the richer milks from the Channel
Island cattle were suitable for making this class of cheese, ( b )
whether the prime cost of making the cheeses would be the
same in each case, and ( c ) whether the milks from the other
three breeds, which more nearly resemble the milk used in the
Wensleydale district were not the best for the purpose, taking
into consideration the high position the Wensleydale cheeses
hold in the market.

The five lots of milk, which were kept separate and used
within two hours of their being brought to the dairy, were all
treated in the following manner.

From | to 1 pint of a starter (lactic acid ferment) was
mixed with each lot of milk ten minutes before renneting.
One dram of rennet was added to every 4 gallons of milk at a
temperature of 85° F.

The milks were stirred to keep the cream from rising for
about fifteen minutes after renneting, when coagulation com-
menced. They were then covered up and left for about an
hour to an hour and a quarter to set, then cut with American
curd knives into cubes and allowed to pitch for ten minutes
for the curd to firm slightly, when they were stirred for twenty
minutes, then covered again and left for the further period of
an hour.

The whey was next drawn off and the curd lifted into
cloths to drain. It was then cut every twenty minutes while
the acidity was developing, which varied from three to four
hours.

The curds were all tested for acidity by the “ hot iron ”
test, which, although not the most accurate method, is in
general use amongst cheese makers.

The curds were then weighed, broken and salted, one
ounce of salt being added to every 4 lb. of curd and put into
the cheese mould without a cloth and allowed to settle, after
which they were turned into cloths and put into the .press
with slight pressure, being turned once every twenty-four
hours until a nice smooth coat was formed, when they were
removed into moulds and bandaged.

The cheeses were subsequently packed, and by the kind
permission of Mr. Rowntree were sent to his dairy at Kirby-
Overblow, so that Miss Sykes, who made the cheeses, might
look after them until they were fit for sale.

They were kept all alike at a temperature varying from
55° to 60° F. and turned very frequently. They did not all
ripen evenly, the milk being so different in quality, the amount
of acidity developed in the curd before salting evidently not
being uniform in each case.

Milk ami Butter 1'ests at the Newcastle Show, 1908. 203

The following Table gives the quantity of milk used, the
weights of curd before salting, after bandaging, when ripe, and
the loss since making.

Table XI.

Breed.

Milk.

-

Weight of Curd.

Before salting.

When bandaged.

When ripe.

Lossin making.

Gallons

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

OZ.

Lb.

OZ.

Lb.

OZ.

Shorthorn

12

15

4

12

4

!)

4

3

0

Red Poll

12

16

0

14

2

10

0

4

2

Jersey .

12

18

4

15

8

12

4

3

4

G uernsey

12

17

8

15

4

11

0

4

4

Kerry .

. 12

16

0

15

0

11

0

4

0

It will be noticed that the Jersey milk made the greatest
weight of cheese and the Shorthorn the least.

The cheeses were kept at Mr. Rowntree’s dairy until
September 30, when they were sent off to the Society’s offices
at 1G Bedford Square.

Miss Sykes’s report on the cheeses is as follows ; —

“ The cheeses have not ripened evenly, but that could hardly be expected
from such different milks, and I do not think the results should be taken as
conclusive, since the amount of acid developed in the curd before salting was
evidently not uniform in each case, there being no accurate means of testing
the same, and on this acid the ripening largely depends. According to my
judgment the Kerry milk has produced a cheese showing the most typical
points of a true Wensleydale, one being the colour of the curd, which is white,
while in the cases of the Jersey and Guernsey it is yellow. The Kerry lias
also ripened quickly and is now (September 30) blue and ready for use, whilst
the Jersey, Guernsey and Shorthorn have developed more slowly and will be
much improved by keeping for another six or eight weeks in a temperature of
about 60° to 65u F. The Red Poll cheese is not sufficiently cured and
shows signs of decay, owing in my opinion to there being not enough acidity
developed in the curd at the time of salting. The Guernsey shows every sign
of becoming an excellent cheese, but the Jersey and Shorthorn cheeses are
rather dry, owing in my belief to there being too much acid in the curd.”

On arrival at Bedford Square the cheeses were put in a dry
cellar at a temperature of from 60° to 65° F. and were turned
occasionally.

They were subsequently tasted and judged by Miss Jenkins
and Miss Kirke, two of the head assistants in the Dairy at the
Newcastle Show, and Dairy Instructresses respectively under
the Staffordshire and Wiltshire County Councils.

They placed the cheeses in the following order : —

1st. — Guernsey. Good Wensleydale flavour, but too deep
in colour.

204 Milk and Butter Tests at the Newcastle Shoiv , 1908.

2nd. — Jersey. Not a typical Wensleydale, a little too acid
and too deep in colour but otherwise fairly good.

3rd. — Kerry. Rather better than the Shorthorn, but not so
good as the Jersey.

4th. — Shorthorn. Poor in flavour, rather dry.

5th.— Red Poll. Not good ; gone off too quickly.

The practical lessons derived from the experiments may be
summed up as follows : —

1. The milks richer in fat appear to make better cheeses
than those containing less fat, the order in which the cheeses
were placed when tasted demonstrating this. At the same
time the colour of the richer cheeses is deeper than the
accepted colour of a Wensleydale, accounted for by the fact
that the cattle of that district are of the Dairy Shorthorn type.
Whether the colour of a cheese should override the quality is
more a matter for the consumer than for any one else.

2. Assuming the milks to be of equal value the cost of
making Wensleydale cheeses from the richer milks was less
than from the poorer milks and conversely the profit on the
cheeses made from the richer milks would be more than the
difference in weight discloses, because in addition to the excess
in weight the higher price obtainable for a better quality
cheese must be taken into consideration.

3. The use of an acidimeter is always advisable, the hot
iron test not being sufficiently reliable in an experiment of
this sort, where different qualities of milk are used.

To carry out work of this description involves a good deal
of care, both at the time of making the cheeses and subse-
quently, and I feel it only right to point out that to Miss
Sykes’ interest and attention throughout, the success of the
experiment, if any, is due. To her and to Mr. Rowntree for
allowing the cheeses to be kept at his Dairy, the thanks of the
Society are due.

I would also gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to
my Assistant Steward, the Hon. John R. de C. Boscawen, and
to Mr. Gilbert and the whole staff of the Dairy.

Ernest Mathews.

Little Shardeloes,
Amersham.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION EXHIBITION.

This Section, now one of the regular features of the Society’s
Show, was once again supervised by Mr. J. Bo wen- Jones, who
has so often before acted as Steward.

Education Section. — The first position in the catalogue
is held by the Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, a
college of the University of Durham. This, the local
institution for higher agricultural education, was practically
the sole representative of the Colleges, as the only other one
that put in an appearance gave as its whole display a few
photographic pictures.

The Armstrong College, however, took full advantage of
its geographical position to give visitors to Newcastle every
opportunity for studying the work it is carrying on. If
anything, the space allotted was rather overcrowded and many
of the exhibits seemed to get in each other’s way although the
area allowed this exhibit was considerable.

Under the heading 1 (a) in their catalogue may be read
the following : — “ Geological Maps (Drift Edition ; scale one
inch to one mile) of the four northern counties. . . . These

maps . . . are the best sources for information 1 as to the

varying characteristics of the soils of the four northern
counties.”

It is perhaps permissible to question the use of the
superlative in connection with a map on which a line one inch
in length may reasonably be expected to cut across five fields
of twenty acres each. Considering how very little information
a farmer could possibly derive from such maps it seems
advisable to replace the adjective “ best ” by the word “ only.”
A very fine display of these maps on the walls added to the
regret that their small scale so limited their usefulness. It
was, however, pleasing to note that, when the College
authorities themselves wanted to bring out some geological
features bearing on their own work they displayed a map on
the twenty-five inch to a mile scale. This contrast only made
the desire for the long-hoped-for six-inch Ordnance Survey
Maps all the greater.

The value of some very excellent coloured illustrations of
diseases in plants was rather diminished by the absence of any
labelling likely to be of use to farmers. It is to be hoped that,
in the future, all agricultural exhibitions will scrupulously
avoid anything that may in any way tend to mystify those
who have not had the advantage of a complete college training.
Farmers who visit such educational displays — and their

1 The italics are ours.

206

Agricultural Education Exhibition.

number grows greater every year — are very emphatic in their
demands that more attention should be paid to “ with Practice,”
and this notwithstanding that they may be getting more and
more ready to admit the application of “ Science ” to their
everyday lives.

It is much to be regretted that the many good exhibits
which, after arduous and self-sacriticing labour, the “ Newcastle
Agricultural” Staff placed before the public, Lave, owing to
considerations of space, to be left with no more notice than the
following brief extract from the catalogue affords.

Agriculture. — Sections and examples of turf from many localities showing
the action of manures on the soil itself as well as the effect of different
manurings on the heibage. Thirty-five slides showing examples of weed seeds
apt to be found as impurities in commercial samples of seed corn, &c.
Specimens of, with notes on, the great development of Lucerne root.
Varieties of barley and oats. Pot culture experiments, &c., &c. Chemistry. —
Poisonous impurities apt to get into farm foods. Pure and impure copper and
iron sulphates. Variations in the feeding value of different swedes and
turnips displayed diagramatically. And various chemical phenomena.
Diiirg. — Diagrams from the Durham County Station at Offerton. Colostrum
and milk impurities, preservatives and variations. Kations for milch cows.
Also other exhibits including some Showing the visible effects of bacterial
work on various dairy products. Botany. — Fungoid and bacterial diseases
of plants were shown in innumerable stages. Potatoes, cereals, &c.,
suffering from many of the ills that farm produce is heir to were on view.
Among them were to be noticed some very extraordinary malformations of
turnip bulbs. Zoology. — This section included specimens of parasites
affecting farm stock. Injurious Insects , Tuberculous Udders , and the
Skeletolugy of the Horse in health and disease.

These and many other interesting items had been got
together by Professors Gilchrist and Potter, Messrs. Walker,
Meek, Collins, Drummond, Gray, and Laurence (of the Cumber-
land and Westmorland Farm School). These gentlemen were
assisted in their indefatigable efforts to instruct the crowds
who visited the eight bays of which their exhibit consisted, by
students from the College.

The County Council’s Association. — (Education Committee
of Cumberland, Durham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland,
and Westmorland). — The wonderful display of specimens of
work done by children who are nowadays being encouraged,
through their school work, to take an interest in rural life,
must be most gratifying to those who have urged attention to
Nature study, school gardens, &c., upon the educationalists.
It is hard to believe, when one looks at the exhibits, that so
great a result can have been achieved in so short a time as is
the case.

The great number of the exhibits prohibits detailed
comment, and with the majority so good the exceptions alone
can be touched upon. Among these we would mention
instances where the work exhibited showed that teachers had

Agricultural Education Exhibition.

207

allowed their pupils to confuse the conventional ornamentation,
say of a wall paper, with the things to be seen illustrating
“ Nature’s wonderful book.”

Furthermore, while we suppose that it is impossible to
altogether substitute drawing from life for the copying of
pictures, even in the case of -such familiar country objects as
farm live stock, we would nevertheless urge the necessity of a
little skilled selection in the models. Some of the pictures
produced by the children were very faithful reproductions of
well-known models of an.imals, some of whose points could
only have been put on paper owing to the original artist having
no technical knowledge whatever.

— Again we very much doubt whether the bottling and
labelling of manures can be of any educational value to the
youngsters. But whether this be so or not, anyhow, it is
essential that the authorities should not let boys put up
powders of which neither they nor any expert knows anything
definite. “Turnips Manure,” “ Wheat Fertilizers,” are labels
which we had hoped would never have been used to prostitute
a study which is known by the name of “ Nature.”

The number of schools exhibiting was as follows : — Ele-
mentary, seventy-one ; secondary, three ; and industrial, two.

Having noted above the one or two blemishes that were
discovered, we may conclude by saying that the number and
variety of the exhibits show the very great interest taken in
the subject by the School authorities, and reflect great credit
on the teachei-s.

Royal Agricultural Society of England. — The value of the
Society’s Educational exhibit, if one can judge by the number
of visitors to their bay, grows greater every year. Mr. Freear,
who is always present to personally explain the exhibit, was at
times literally besieged at Newcastle. His work on these
occasions bears ample fruit however, for year by year, visitors
to the Show (many of them members of the Society) return
not only to hear his explanations of the exhibit, but to ask
advice, and to discuss with him questions that have arisen on
their own particular farms.

The arrangements this year were particularly indicative of
the fact that Dr. Voelcker, Mr. Carruthers (the Consulting
Botanist), and the other scientific advisers of the Society, realise
that the sure way to reach the farmer, with such very special
knowledge, is to be thorough, for only three main items were
treated upon in detail, but so skilfully and minutely were they
illustrated that it would seem difficult to believe that any
reasonable man could fail to understand the very important
exhibits, illustrating matters as important as they were in some
cases intricate,

208

Agricultural Education Exhibition.

The complexity of the details in these exhibits showed the
amount of research work necessary to properly elucidate them.
In a set of four large pots containing soil, poor in lime, to
which magnesium oxide had been added in varying proportions,
wheat plants were growing. An examination of plants growing
in the natural soil showed a longer straw than those in soil
to which magnesium had been added, and the grain from
similar plants grown the previous year, is of a decidedly starchy
character. It was remarkable to trace how the influence of
small additions of magnesium oxide completely altered the
character of the plant, as well as the type of grain. The straw
became shorter, but stouter, with each addition, while the flag
became darker in colour, showing greater carbon assimilation.
The grain altered from the white starchy variety so often seen
on our markets, to a very much harder and more glutinous
type ; but the development of an immense amount of fibrous
root, which increased up to a point with the amount of magnesia
added, was one of the most interesting and instructive things
in the exhibition.

The section dealing with the soil investigations was one that
appealed to the practical man strongly. It was desired to show
how necessary good cultivations were for the maintenance of a
proper degree of water saturation during dry weather. Speci-
men soil particles were shown, obtained from a sandy loam in
one case and a piece of Oxford clay in the other, together with
tubes of soil, standing in water, illustrating their respective
powers to lift water from the subsoil. These, together with
diagrams and Mr. Freear’s explanation, were the means, we
feel sure, of helping many to grasp the reasons governing a
“ good tilth.” Also to show those who depend on an extra
hundredweight of artificial manure to do the work of men and
implements, how fallacious and disappointing must be the
results.

The dodder exhibit sent by the Botanical department was
essentially practical and instructive. There is a common idea
that the dodder plant will only grow on the clovers, but here
was shown the European dodder growing on seedling red clover,
and Chilian dodder growing on white clover. Lucerne rye-grass,
and kohl rabi. Specimens of dodder seed obtained from
European and Chilian clover were shown, and it was easy to
see from the size of the Chilian seed how exceedingly difficult
it is to clean clover seed contaminated with this weed.

Another interesting exhibit sent by this department of the
Society, was a large diagram illustrating “ The life of farm
seeds.” Collections of weed seeds, diagrams illustrating the
life of the wheat plant ; photographs and charts showing the
average yields of wheat and barley in the continuous corn

Agricultural Education Exhibition.

209

growing experiments, together with a cropping plan of the
Woburn farm for 1908, all helped to make one of the most
educational exhibits the Society has ever placed before its
members and the public.

Royal Meteorological Society, 70 Victoria Street, West-
minster.— An interesting exhibit was arranged to illustrate the
work which the Royal Meteorological Society is carrying on
for the diffusion of a knowledge of the science of Meteorology.
This included a large number of diagrams, relating to rainfall,
temperature, sunshine, the influence of weather on crops,
health, &c., and also a very fine collection of photographs
illustrating meteorological phenomena. Various patterns of
self-recording and other meteorological instruments were
shown, and as several of these were at work, visitors to the
Show had an opportunity of ^noticing the weather changes
that were taking place.

The methods adopted for obtaining information on the
meteorological conditions prevailing in the upper atmosphere
were fully illustrated. A large kite, with a meteorograph, and
also a ballon-soncle , carrying a smaller meteorograph, were
suspended from the roof of the building. The results obtained
by Mr. Dines from the ascents made at Pyrton Hill, Oxfordshire,
January to June, 1908, were given in a diagrammatic form,
and these showed that there is a generally uniform decrease of
temperature up to the height of about seven miles above the
earth’s surface, and that above that height there is no further
decrease, but often an increase of temperature.

A diagram of the yearly rainfall at Newcastle-on-Tyne for
the forty years 1868-1907 illustrated the fallacy of taking too
sh#rt a period on which to base a true local average of rainfall.
The yearly amounts were as follows : —

Year

Rain

Year

Rain

Year

Rain

Year

Rain

Ins.

1868 ... 24 51

Ins.

1878 ... 3354

Ins.

1888 ... 28-23

Ins.

1898 ... 22 19

1869 .

. 24-78

1879 .

. 28 29

1889 ..

. 25 07

1899 ..

. 25-57

1870 .

. 25-10

1880 .

. 29 18

1890 ..

. 28 37

1900 ..

. 38 88

1871 .

. 26-16

1881 .

. 33 40

1891 ..

. 28 57

1901 ..

. 26"36

1872 .

. 41 49

1882 .

. 30 08

1892 ..

. 28 07

1902 ..

. 21-98

1873 .

. 20 35

1883 .

. 29 43

1893 ..

. 20-65

1903 ..

. 34 46

1874 .

. 24-82

1884 .

. 22 34

1894 ..

. 24 33

1904 ..

. 23-34

1875 .

. 32 93

1885 .

. 25-29

1895 ..

. 3016

1905 ..

. 21-49

1876 .

. 31 47

1886 .

. 33 08

1896 ..

. 26-91

1906 ..

. 3019

1877 .

. 37 71

1887 .

. 22-81

1897 ..

. 2418

1907 ..

. 27-33

Average 20 years ... 28'84. J Average 20 years ... 26 82.

Average 40 years ... 27-83 ins.

The average for the whole period of forty years above shown is 27'83 ins.
The values above this average are printed in thick type, and those below in
ordinary type.

VOL. 69.

P

210 Report on the Forestry Exhibition at Newcastle.

Dr. H. R. Mill, the Director of the British Rainfall
Organisation, contributed some specially prepared maps showing
(1) the average annual rainfall of the North of England and
the South of Scotland ; and (2) the heavy rainfall of October 8,
1903, over the North of England, when more than three inches
fell along the coast of Northumberland and Durham.

In a railed-off enclosure in the ground adjoining the
Agricultural Education Pavilion, a fully equipped Climatological
Station was arranged, with the various instruments in position,
and readings were taken hourly during the Show. These
observations, together with the weather charts for 7 a.m. and
6 p.m., and the special telegram from the Meteorological Office,
giving the forecast of the day, were posted up in the Pavilion
for general information. Addresses were given each day b.r
Mr. W. Marriott.

REPORT ON THE FORESTRY EXHIBITION
AT NEWCASTLE.

The Forestry Exhibits generally were of considerable interest
to both professional foresters and the ordinary visitor. In the
competitive classes the entries were, with one or two exceptions,
few in number, but the quality of the exhibits was of a very
high order. The planks and boards cut from the ordinary
forest trees were exceptionally fine, both as regards size and
quality, and in Class 2 the whole of the seven entries left
little to be desired in the way of quality as far as larch and
Scots pine were concerned.

The classes for exhibits of an educational character, such
as specimens of good and bad pruning and . thinning, insect
pests, and diseases of trees, were filled by extremely good and
instructive entries, the chief exhibitors being the Duke of
Northumberland, K.G., and the Earl of Yarborough.

The entries of field gates were nine in number, and
included several very cheap and well-made gates suitable for
farm and estate use. For hunting gates the Duke of
Northumberland was awarded the silver medal for a cheap,
well-made gate, fitted with a patent fastening which attracted
much attention. Creosoted fencing, gates, tree guards, &c.,
were shown by Earl Fitzwilliam and the Earl of Yarborough.
The exhibit of the former comprised almost every article
capable of being manufactured from home-grown coniferous
wood, while the latter showed specimen lengths of park
fencing of both wood, and wood and wire combined. This
latter fence consisted of ten lines of No. 8 wire, the lower

Report on the Forestry Exhibition at Newcastle. 211

ones being strengthened by two of Messrs. Main & Co.’s
“ Springbok ” droppers, a good invention for keeping the
fence rigid and in proper shape.

Awards were made in all classes, and reserve numbers given
in most.

The non-competitive exhibits were, taken as a whole, of
greater interest than those in the competitive classes. The
Armstrong College (per Mr. J. F. Annand), the Duke of
Northumberland, and the Earl of Yarborough had exhibits of
exceptional interest, while others worthy of special notice came
from Earl Fitz william, Professor M. C: Potter, Mr. John
Patten, jun., &c. The Armstrong College exhibited botanical
specimens of forest trees, insect pests, and sections of foreign
and home-grown timbers of various kinds, together with
photographs of demonstration and simple plots. The Duke of
Northumberland had a highly instructive and novel plot laid
out to illustrate the class of timber and condition of the
surface soil in Scots pine plantations of four, twenty-five,
fifty, seventy-five and one hundred years of age respectively,
and also the condition of the surface of cleared ground after
temporary grazing by sheep and cattle. Considerable trouble
and skill were exercised in preparing this exhibit, which was
of great educational value.

In Section 3 the Earl of Yarborough showed tables of
results obtained by creosoting under pressure, photographs of
well-grown plantations on the Brocklesby estate, &c., and in
Section 4 the same exhibitor had a splendid collection of
polished planks of eighty-three different species of home-grown
woods, together with hand specimens of 171 species, all grown
on the Brocklesby and Man by estates. The most noteworthy
examples were scarlet and British oaks, silver fir, English
maple, crack willow, cedar of Lebanon, lime, plane, Douglas
fir, Cryptomeria, &c.

Professor Potter showed a fairly complete set of fructifica-
tions of fungus affecting timber, with specimens of their effect,
and Mr. John Patten, jun., exhibited a set of dried flowers and
fruit of forest trees carefully mounted.

Other exhibits of interest were the plots of trees and shrubs
exhibited by Messrs. Little and Ballantyne and Joseph Robson
and Sons, the last named having an instructive series of groups
illustrating the planting of different localities and exposures.
Mr. C. J. Leyland had an interesting collection of conifers in
pots.

Notes on Competitive Classes.

Class 1. — Four entries. All good, but varying in uniformity.

Class 2. — Seven entries. Spruce, chiefly knotty. Larch and Scots pine,
very clean and good.

212 Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

Class 3. — Two entries. Both interesting collections of 11 and 14
specimens.

Class 4. — Two entries. Lord Carnarvon’s entry contained exceptionally
good specimens of Weymouth pine and silver fir.

Class 5. — Four entries. Mr. Gillanders’ twelve cases of forest insects
very carefully mounted and arranged.

Class 6. — Two entries. Both instructive exhibits, but Earl Beauchamp’s
more complete.

Class 7.— One entry. Fine set of specimens showing sound and diseased
knots.

Class 8. — Two entries. Both very good and instructive exhibits.

Class 9. — One entry. Contained unique set of witches’ brooms and burrs
in twenty distinct species.

Class 10. — Five entries. All good, well-made gates, but the one awarded
silver medal alone combined cheapness, strength, and neatness of
construction.

Class 11. — Four entries. All serviceable gates, but except No. 38 of no
particular merit.

Class 12. — Five entries. No. 40 very cheap and fitted with patent catch
of considerable merit. Others good but more expensive.

Class 13. — Three entries. All good, but No. 45 most' representative
exhibit.

A. C. Forbes.

Department of Agriculture for Ireland,

4 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin.

FARM PRIZE COMPETITION, 1908.

The several Classes for which prizes were offered by the Local
Committee in connection with this year’s show at Newcastle
were as follows : —

Class I. — For the best-managed- Arable and Grass Farm of 250 and
not exceeding 600 acres. First Prize, 60 1. Second Prize, 30/. Third
Prize, 15/.

Class II. — For the best-managed Arable and Grass Farm of 50 and
not exceeding 250 acres. First Prize, 35/. Second Prize, 25/. Third
Prize, 10/.

Class III. — For the best-managed Dairy Farm of 50 acres and
upwards. First Prize, 50/. Second Prize, 25/. Third Prize, 10/.

In addition to the above-mentioned prizes, Cups of the value of 15/. and
10/. were provided for the first prize winners in Classes 1 and 2 respectively,
through the Local Committee, by Mr. W. J. Benson, of Fourstones,
Northumberland. The same Farm could not be entered in more than one
Class, but a competitor in Classes 1 and 2 might also enter a Dairy Farm
in Class 3, if the said Farm comprised a separate holding. A11 entry fee of
1/. was charged to Members of the Royal, Northumberland, or Durham
Agricultural Societies ; to non-members of any of the above-named
Societies the entrance fee was 21.

The following entries were obtained : —

In Class I. 9 Farms.

In Class II. 8 Farms.

I11 Class III. 4 Farms.

Farm Prize Competition , 1908. 213

The cost of adjudication was borne by the Royal Agricul-
tural Society. As is customary in these competitions, the con-
ditions of entry required that the tenants should be bona fide
tenant farmers, paying rent for at least three-fourths of the land
in their occupation, and that they should enter for competition
all the land in their occupation in the Counties of Northumber-
land and Durham, always provided that such land had been in
their tenure for at least two years. Mr. John Evens, of
Burton, by Lincoln, and Mr. William Hindmarsh, of Newton
House, Christon Bank, R.S.O., Northumberland, were appointed
to judge all three classes ; and the writer to act as Secretary.

The Judges were requested to take into consideration
any special advantages which one competitor might possess
over another, to withhold the prizes in the absence of
sufficient merit, and especially to consider the following
points : — (1) General management with a view to profit ;
(2) productiveness of crops ; (3) quality and suitability of
live stock, especially that bred upon the farm ; (4) manage-
ment of grass land ; (5) state of gates, fences, roads, general
neatness, and state of cottage or cottages so far as tenant is
liable ; (6) method of book-keeping followed (if any) ; (7) man-
agement of dairy and dairy produce if dairying is pursued ;
(8) the duration of tenancy.

The first visit was made between March 3 and 15, when
all the farms entered were carefully inspected. The weather
during the earlier part of the time was most unfavourable
owing to snowstorms and rain, and the Judges had a good
deal to contend with owing to the presence of snow ; it was
in some cases impossible to see all the land during this first
visit, but the roots, stock, buildings, and general manage-
ment were thoroughly looked into, and the Judges considered
that it was necessary to re-visit the following farms only :
In Class 1 — Mr. George M. Angus, Matfen High House, Cor-
bridge-on-Tyne ; Mr. John W. Dryden, Dene House Farm,
Seaham Harbour ; Mr. George A. Harrison, Gainslaw Hill,
Berwick-on-Tweed ; Mr. James Ord, Cavil Head, Ackling-
ton ; Mr. William A. Weightman, Hall Farm, Silksworth,
Sunderland. In Class 2— Mr. Robert H. Dryden, Mill House
Farm, New Seaham ; Mr. John M. Hall, Middle Field
House, Stockton-on-Tees ; Mr. George Harrison, Gainford
Hall, Gainford, Darlington ; Mr. Fenwick Wilson, Marden,
Whitley Bay. In Class 3 — Mr. Robert J. Ebdon, West Farm,
Fulwell ; Mr. Malcolm Nicol, Elstob House, Silksworth Lane,
Sunderland; and Mr. John Reay, East Brunton, Gosforth,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.

The second tour of inspection began on June 8 and
ended on June 13. It was conducted under most favourable

214 Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

conditions, which admitted of every item of farm manage-
ment being thoroughly investigated. After having carefully
considered the various points which had come to their notice
during the tours of inspection, the Judges made the following
awards, which were announced at the General Meeting of
Members held in the Showyard at Newcastle : —

Class I. — First Prize of 60 1. and 15/. Cup to John W. Dryden.
Second prize of 30/. to James Ord. Third Prize of 15/. to William
A. Weightman.

Class II. — First Prize of 35/. and 10/. Cup to George Harrison.
Second Prize of 25/. to Fenwick Wilson. Third Prize of 10/. to Robert
H. Dryden. Very Highly Commended, John M. Hall.

Cla^S III. — First Prize of 50/. to Malcolm Nicol. Second Prize of
25/. to John Reay. Third Prize of 10/. to Robert J. Ebdon.

It will have been observed that all the first prizes went to
Durham, the seconds to Northumberland, and the thirds to
Durham. It is probable that, in Class 1, the rule restricting
the area of competing farms to 600 acres had a detrimental
effect upon the true representation of Northumberland
farming. The following table (taken from the Agricultural
Returns for 1908) summarises the number of agricultural
holdings of various sizes in the two counties, and the
figures show clearly that large holdings preponderate in
Northumberland : —

Number of Agricultural Holdings.

Northumberland

Durham

Above 1 and not exceeding 5 acres

902

1,176

ji ^ n

„ 50 ,,

2,149

3,079

„ 60

„ 300 „

1,989

2,331

„ 300 acres

.

731

150

Total

5,771

6,736

It has been said that large estates and large farms are
usually found associated, and perhaps it might be added that
some of the best and most economical farming is found on
these large farms where there is full scope for the proportionate
reduction of labour, general expenditure, and economical man-
agement, particularly where sheep-farming is included, as is
extensively the case in Northumberland. It is a significant fact,
as showing the limitation of the present Competition, that the
Judges visited seven farms before seeing a sheep. This report
is necessarily limited to the farms winning the premier
positions. The following figures show the difference between
the areas under various crops in the Counties of Northum-
berland and Durham in 1888.

Northumberland.

Under the total of crops and grass there are in the county
10,514 acres less than were accounted for in 1888. There are

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

215

72,479 acres less arable, whereas the total area of grass land
has increased by 61,905 acres during the period of twenty
years.

All the corn crops have decreased in area as follows : —
Wheat, 10,902 acres; barley, 6,726 acres; oats, 11,187 acres;
rye, 101 acres ; beans, 1,389 aci’es ; peas, 1,331 acres ; making
a total decrease under corn of 31,636 acres. Potatoes have
increased in area by 533 acres, mangolds by 349 acres, and
cabbage, &c., by 329 acres. Turnips show a decrease of 10,093
acres ; vetches, &c., 1,881 acres ; clover, &c., 24,653 acres ; and
bare fallow, 6,047 acres. On the other hand, permanent grasses
have increased to the extent of 61,965 acres. The total number
of horses has decreased by 612, and pigs by 1,104. Cattle show
an increase of 27,374, and sheep, 213,358.

Durham.

For the County of Durham the figures are : — Under the
total of crops and grass, 1,375 acres less than in 1888. Of the
corn crops, barley alone shows an increase in area, viz., 4,483
acres. Wheat has decreased by 14,615 acres, oats by 1,402
acres, rye by 60 acres, beans by 359 acres, peas by 958 acres.
Potatoes have increased by 3,244 acres, mangolds by 532 acres,
cabbage, &c., by 199 acres, whereas turnips have decreased by
2,576 acres. Vetches, &c., are lower by 2,366 acres ; clover,
&c., by 8,263 acres, and bare fallow by 7,570 acres.

Permanent grass is greater by 27,855 acres, and small fruit
by 36 acres.

During the period of twenty years, the total of all classes
of stock shows an increase of 3,814 horses, 14,489 cattle, 61,866
sheep, and 3,349 pigs.

Class I. — First Prize Farm.

Occupied by Mr. J. W. Dryden, Dene House Farm ,
Seaham Harbour.

This farm consists of 250 acres, of which 200 are arable and
50 grass. It is held on a yearly tenancy under the Marquis
of Londonderry, K.G., and has been occupied by the present
tenant for seventeen years. The fields lie very conveni-
ently and compactly, almost in the form of a triangle,
but the general situation of the farm strikes one as being
unusual. We have here a farm, no outside field of which is
joined by any neighbouring farmer. It is bounded on the
north by the Dene, in which is situated Seaham Hall (one of
the residences of the Marquis of Londonderry), on the east
by the sea, and on the south by the road which runs through
the colliery town of Seaham Harbour. The farm is practically

216

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

within the town and the house most certainly is, being the end
one of a row of very comfortable dwellings just off the main
road. Mr. Dryden’s holding is in the midst of a population of
10,000, and herein lies the commercial value of the farm, with
the further advantage of good railway facilities owing to the
presence of the collieries. The town of Seaham affords an
immediate market for a very considerable amount of the farm
produce, besides supplying a quantity of manure, &c. The
close proximity of the town of Sunderland, with its population
of 146,000 and excellent railway facilities, is also of great
value to the local farming community. The soil generally
may be described as a strong clay loam of a deep rich
character ; there are, however, a few acres on the gravel where
the soil is lighter. The areas under various crops in 1908 were
as follows : — Turnips, 30 acres ; oats, 30 acres ; potatoes,
50 acres ; wheat, 30 acres ; clover, 50 acres ; tares and cabbage,
10 acres ; total 200. The general system of cropping on the
arable land is “ green,” followed by “ white.” A specimen
rotation might be turnips, oats, clover, potatoes, wheat.
Oats being taken after potatoes when there is not time to
get wheat in.

Turnips. — The wheat stubble is ploughed deeply twice (once
before Christmas and again early in the spring). The .land is
set up in drills into which are carted fifteen to twenty loads per
acre of well-rotted farm-yard manure. In addition to this the
land receives about 7 cwt. per acre of mixed turnip manure.
The drills are then closed and the swede seed sown on the
ridge at the rate of about 4 lb. per acre. The singling and
second hoeing of the turnips are done by piece-work at the rate
of 13s. per acre for the double operation ; the final operations of
pulling, topping and tailing, &c., are done by day-work. An
average crop of swedes is about 40 tons per acre on this farm.
The roots seen were good and the land thoroughly clean, and
it had evidently been well cultivated.

Oats. — The oat crop comes after turnips and receives no
special manuring, with the possible exception of a little top-
dressing of nitrate of soda in the spring, if necessary. Mr.
Dryden has a decided preference for the white short variety
and changes the seed every two years. The oats are drilled at
the rate of about one sack per acre. No hoeings are given
to the oat crop, which is usually looked over for thistles and
then left alone until harvest. Harvest operations are done by
day-work. An average crop of oats for the district is 70
bushels per acre.

Potatoes. — Following Oats. — During the autumn, farm-yard
manure is carted and spread upon the stubble at the rate of 20
to 25 tons to the acre, this being ploughed in before Christmas

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

217

if possible and subsequently cross-ploughed in February. The
land is then set up in drills and receives 7 cwt. per acre of
potato manure when the potatoes are being put in. The
Up-to-date variety is the one most favoured here. The sets
are obtained from Scotland and grown for two years, half of
the potato land being planted with new seed each year. The
crop is taken up by a potato digger, and averages 10 tons per
acre. There is a ready market for any seed potatoes there
may be to spare and an excellent local market for the “ ware,”
practically all of which can be disposed of at retail prices.

When the potatoes follow a clover crop their treatment is
similar, the manure being carted on the clover ley. Should
there be any land for potatoes that could not be manured and
ploughed in the autumn or winter as usual, it is manured
direct into the drills in springtime with 20 to 25 tons per
acre of well-rotted pit dung, and does not generally receive
anything further unless the ground is considered to be cold
or low in condition, in which case some special potato manure
is added.

Wheat follows the potatoes and is sown in the autumn ; the
Square Head’s Master variety is drilled at the rate of 8
pecks to the acre. For spring sowing White Chaff White at
10 pecks per acre is used. New seed is obtained every second
year. It is expected that the land will be left clean and in
good heart after the potatoes, therefore no special manure is
given nor is it considered necessary to hoe the wheat crop,
which is usually only looked over for thistles, &c. The wheat
crops were good and clean.

Clover, «fcc. — The seeds are sown under a white crop and the
mixture used consists of G lb. English Red Clover, 1 lb. Alsike,
2 lb. Cow Grass, and 1^ pecks Italian Rye Grass per acre. This
lies for one year only and is all hayed twice within the season,
with the exception of such portions of the second crop as are
cut green for the cows. A top-dressing of 1^ cwt. per acre
of nitrate of soda is given to the seeds in the spring.

Should it for any reason be desirable or necessary to leave
the seeds down for a second year, they are then manured with
farm-yard manure in the autumn and possibly top-dressed in
the spring. The seed crops were excellent, showing great bulk
and wonderful growth.

Grass Land. — This consists of 12 acres of old meadow and
38 acres of pasture. Each year one half of the 12 acres of
meadow is manured in the autumn with 10 tons per acre of
well-rotted manure which has been made by the cows and
horses during the summer. The 38 acres of pasture land
receive every third year 10 cwt. per acre of basic slag, and
show great improvement. *

218

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

Stock. — The stock on the farm at the time of the first visit
consisted of —

The horses were of the Clydesdale type — a splendid lot and in
the pink of condition. They are all bought at about four
years old, worked and sold at six years old to go into towns
for Corporation work. Mr. Dryden is gifted with an eye for a
horse, and his judgment is well known, so that he has no
difficulty in finding a ready sale. A good deal of contracting
work is done, which accounts for there being so many horses
on the farm. The appearance of the horses when paraded in
the farm-yard and when seen at work in the fields was a most
pleasing sight, and reflected the greatest credit both on the
master and the men. The care taken of both horse and
harness was very evident, and the pride which each man took
in his pair and their appearance was a pleasure to see. The
Hackney ponies are used for the milk floats and general jobs
about the farm. The horses and ponies lie out at grass all
night during the summer.

- Dairying. — This is carried on to a considerable extent.
There are forty-seven non-pedigree dairy cows which are bought
in, milked through, and then fattened off, except a few of the
best. They are in good condition and well looked after.

Cattle. — The cows are turned out to grass in the daytime
during the summer months and brought in at night. They
are allowed as much tares and green clover as they care to
take, with about 10 lb. per head per day of cake and meal mixed
with brewers’ grains. They are milked at 5 a.m. and fed
with mash while being milked, turned out at about 6.15 and
receive green food in the field, coming in at 12 noon. They
are fed with mash, &c., before the second milking, which
commences at 12.45 p.m. At 2 p.m. they go out again, and at
6 p.m. they come in for the night and receive tares and clover.
Any newly calved cows are milked a third time at 6 p.m., and
the milk disposed of immediately. During winter the feed is
somewhat similar, but swedes take the place of the green
stuffs at the rate of about two stones per cow, given at 7 a.m.,
and again at 4 p.m. Hay is given at 6 a.m., 2 p.m., and 7 p.m.
Mr. Dryden has a very good milk trade in the town of Seaham,
and is more often than not in the happy position of having
more customers than he can supply.

Sheep. — This is not a sheep farm, but there being a good
' market locally for mutton, Mr. Dryden runs a flying flock of
about 100 sheep, which he buys in as lambs and sells off as

Horses

12 Working Horses.
3 „ Ponies.

47 Cows.

3 Yearling Heifers.
10 Calves and 1 Bull.

Cattle

Sheep
70 Hogs.

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

219

fat hogs. The lambs are first put on to the clover fog and
allowed a little Bombay cotton cake ; afterwards they go on
to the grass land to finish, and receive as many roots as they
can clean up and an increased quantity of a mixture of Bombay
cotton cake, a local feed cake, and crushed oats. Mr. Dryden
thus contrives to supply a local demand and incidentally
improve his grass land.

Labour. — In this district wages run at about 22s. per week.
Mr. Dryden employs one foreman at 21s. per week with house
and 80 stones of potatoes per annum ; foreman’s two sons at
24s. each per week ; one spade hind at 21s. per week, with
house and 00 stones of potatoes ; one byreman at 21s. per
week, with house and 60 stones of potatoes ; five men at 22s.
per week and no perquisites ; three Irishmen (May to
December) at 24s. per week, and from ten to twenty women
at Is. ‘id. to Is. 6d. per day according to requirements. The
women are mainly employed in sorting turnips and potatoes,
but are not expected to work in stormy or wet weather.

Buildings. — The buildings and cottages are maintained by
the landlord, who also provides the gates and attends to
repairs. The buildings are poor, old-fashioned, and incon-
venient, and would probably have been renewed long ago but
for their position. Being now surrounded by houses, it is
most likely that they will have to be pulled down and new
buildings erected on a site more remote from the township.

Implements. — The farm was suitably equipped with good
implements, which were well looked after.

Fences, ditches, and occupation roads are maintained by the
tenant, and were in a satisfactory condition. Drainage requires
attention in places.

Book-keeping. — An excellent system of accounts is in use.
The main sources of income are potatoes, dairying, and horses.
Excellent potatoes are grown on the farm, and the produce is
sold close at home at prices which would gladden the heart of
a Covent Garden salesman. Milk sells readily at a good price,
and as the hour for retailing approaches numbers of women
and children are seen waiting with their pence and pitchers.
Good geldings bought at four years old, worked and sold at
six, sell well for town and Corporation work. Perhaps the
great secret of success is the business capacity generally
displayed to meet all opportunities for successful trading, no
item escaping Mr. Dryden’s attention. That there are excep-
tional opportunities surrounding the Dene House Farm no one
will deny. Quantities of turnips can be sold at the door at
one halfpenny each, and at Is. 9 d. to 2s. per cwt. ; cabbages
and other vegetables also finding a good market. Carting and
Corporation work have already been alluded to. The farming

220

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

was characterised by thoroughly good cultivations, clean land,
and excellent crops. The general management was good, the
land being maintained in a high state of fertility.

It is a matter of great difficulty to compare a farm such as
Dene House, with its deep rich soil and exceptional position
and facilities, with farms having none of these advantages—
the Judges having to decide which tenant is making the most
of his land and of the surroundings in which he finds himself.
In no case did the Judges see land so well cultivated or carry-
ing such clean and good crops all round as at Dene House Farm.
As to the thorough adaptation to circumstances, there was
equally no doubt.

They therefore had no hesitation in awarding to Mr. J. W.
Dry den the First Prize of F»0Z. and Cup in Class 1.

NOTE. — The Judges desire to say how deeply they regret to
have since heard of the death of Mrs. Dryden, and to express
their sincere sympathy with Mr. Dryden and his family in
their great bereavement.

Class I. — Second Prize Farm.

Occupied by Mr. James Ord, Cavil Head, Acklington.

This farm consists of 423 acres, of which 208 are arable and
215 grass. It is held on a yearly tenancy, under His Grace the
Duke of Northumberland, K.G., and has been occupied by
Mr. Ord for fifteen years.

The soil is of a loamy character, subsoil sand, and, in places,
clay. The land is farmed on the four-course system, with
“ seeds ” occasionally left down two or three years, the
rotation being roots, barley, seeds, oats. Very little wheat is
grown, but if any, it is taken after roots. The cropping in
1908 was as follows : — Turnips, 20 acres ; swedes, 16 acres ;
potatoes, 2 acres ; mangolds, 2 acres ; barley, 30 acres ; first
year seeds, 42 acres ; second year seed pasture, 24 acres ; third
year seed pasture, 23 acres ; fourth year seed ley, 25 acres
cut for cattle hay ; oats, 23 acres ; cabbage, 1 acre. Total,
208 acres.

Roots. — The roots consist of turnips, swedes, mangolds, and
potatoes, and follow the oat crop. The oat stubble before being
ploughed receives twenty-five loads per acre of over-year
manure. If possible, the land is ploughed four times, and is
then set up in ridges. If Mr. Ord has any suspicion of grub,
he applies 5 to 6 cwt. per acre of kainit at the time of the
autumn ploughing, and this is harrowed in. For the turnip
crop there is applied to the drills either 5 cwt. superphosphate
or 5 cwt. bone meal per acre ; the superphosphate being applied
to that portion which will subsequently come in (after the

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

221

barley crop) for grazing seeds, and the bone meal to that portion
which is intended to come in for seeds hay. The turnips are
horse-hoed or “scuffled,” as it is termed, frequently, and the
operation of singling and setting out is as a rule done by female
labour on day work. Should Irish labour be employed, the
price paid is 11s. per acre for setting out and hoeing once over.
Women are paid Is. 8 d. per day. An average crop of turnips
on this land will run from 25 to 30 tons per acre, and about
two-thirds of the crop grown is fed on the land by sheep. The
land coming in for mangolds and potatoes receives twenty-five
loads of manure in the autumn at the time of ploughing, and a
further dressing of ten loads per acre in the ridges in spring,
as well as 5 cwt. of bone meal. The crop itself is top-dressed
with sulphate of ammonia at f cwt. per acre, which is scuffled in
some four to five weeks after the mangold and swede plants have
been set out. All the operations on the mangold crop are done
by day work, and an average crop for this district is 30 tons per
acre. The land for the potato crop receives the same treatment as
that for the mangolds, excepting the substitution of 5 cwt. of
potato manure for bone meal, and no top-dressings are applied.

Barley. — This follows the root crop, and is not specially
manured, nor are any hoeings given, as the land is left clean
after roots. The “ Stand well ” variety is the one most favoured ;
this is drilled at 10 pecks per acre, and yields from ten to
twelve sacks per acre of good quality barley.

Seeds. — If sown for hay, the seed mixture consists of 5 lb.
red clover, 3 lb. cow grass, 2 lb. alsike, ^ bushel Italian rye-
grass, and £ bushel perennial rye-grass. If for pasture for the
sheep, the mixture consists of 11 to 13 lb. of hop trefoil, and
3Jb. white clover, with \ bushel Italian rye-grass added to give
a little top grass. The “ seeds ” for hay stand for one year only
as a rule, but should it be an exceptionally good plant, it may be
allowed to lie for two or even three years, during which time it
is pastured, Mr. Ord .being of opinion that this resting of the
land is distinctly beneficial to it, particularly as it is being
grazed by sheep in the meantime. The pasture seeds, in the
same way, may be left for two or three years. The seeds for
hay sometimes receive a top-dressing of 4 cwt. of super-
phosphate per acre during January or February.

Oats follow the seeds, and no manuring is necessary ; no
hoeings are given, and an average crop consists of fourteen
sacks per acre, all of which is consumed on the farm. The
arable land is ordinarily good, useful land, which will give a
good return if well treated, but would soon lose condition if
not looked after.

Grass Land. — The 44 acres of grass land near the house may
be described as good grazing land, and are usually occupied by

222

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

Irish heifers receiving some 4 lb. of cake per head per day.
They commence feeding in March or April, and are fattened off
by July, August, or September. This land will also carry a
few sheep at the same time. One hundred acres of grass on
the other side of the railway is good land for store stock, and
is grazed by bullocks and heifers, the bullocks being afterwards
brought in during the autumn and fattened at the homestead,
while the heifers are transferred to the better land. The flock
of ewes also runs over this railway grass land. There are
50 acres of useful grazing land also in Mr. Ord’s occupation
at Whirley Shaws, about two miles from home, which are
grazed by young stock. The grass land is well stocked, and is
not specially manured.

Hay. — Ten acres of the old grass land are annually cut for
hay, which goes to the sheep and cows. Twenty acres of the
pasture seeds in the third or fourth year are cut for hay for the
cattle. The one-year seeds hay is consumed by the horses,
hardly any being sold. All the grass land has at different times
been treated with basic slag, with very good results ; kainit has
also been tried, but no improvement was noticeable.

Manures. — All the straw is consumed at home, and in this
way Mr. Ord makes a great quantity of farm-yard manure.
In addition to this he spends about 1502. annually on artificial
manures and lime. Once in every eight years Mr. Ord dresses
the clover ley (which comes into oats) with lime. He uses both
gas lime and ordinary lump lime, the former at the rate of five
tons per acre, and the latter at six, a part of the clover ley being
done each year. Very good results are obtained from the gas
lime, which can be bought at 4s. per ton, delivered Acklington
Station, which is quite close to the farm. In addition to the
fact that all the oats and straw, and practically all the hay, are
consumed at home, Mr. Ord purchases annually from 2502. to
3002. worth of cake and maize, and other feeding-stuffs.

Horses.— The horses consist of eight working horses, one
two-year-old, and two ponies. Two brood mares of the
Clydesdale breed are kept, and these are put to a Clydesdale
or Shire stallion to produce good, useful cart-horses for the
farm. Mr. Ord only professes to breed for his own farm
purposes, but has occasionally sold a good one for town work.
The horses lie out all the summer, and their corn consists of
mixed oats and maize (all bruised) at the rate of 14 stones per
week for each pair. They are brought in during the winter
months, the feed being the same, only greater in quantity when
work is hard.

Cattle. — The cattle are three Shorthorn cows, one Shorthorn
bull, and four Jersey cows, with one Jersey bull for breeding
purposes. The cows are allowed to rear their calves, only

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

223

sufficient dairying being done to supply the house and cottages.
Mr. Ord usually feeds about sixty-five cattle in stalls in the
winter, and during the summer fattens off from forty to forty-five
on the grass, as well as running twenty store cattle. The winter
stall-fed cattle consist of Blue-Greys (for which Mr. Ord has
rather a preference) and Shorthorns. They are given as many
roots and as much oat straw as they will consume, and receive in
addition a mixture of linseed and cotton cake, which is gradually
increased in quantity to 8 lb. per head per day. They also receive
hay which has been cut from the third or fourth year pasture seeds.

Sheep. — A flock of twelve score of ewes is run on this farm.
There are ten score of three-quarter-bred ewes i.e., Cheviot ewe
crossed by Border Leicester, and offspring again crossed by
Border Leicester ; and two score of pure Oxford Down
ewes. The three-quarter-bred ewes are put to Oxford and
Lincoln tups, and the produce all sold off fat. Part of the
lambs are sold as fat lambs, the remainder being kept as stores
and fed off upon the turnip land. These stores are first put
upon the white turnips, then follow on to the swedes, receiving
1 lb. of mixed cake per head per day, made up of one part
linseed cake, two parts cotton cake, and one part Waterloo
compound cake ; they also receive a little hay. The Oxford
ewes are put to pure Oxford tups, and kept as a separate flock.
The pure Oxford tup lambs are all sold at the Kelso and
Acklington ram sales, the ewe lambs being retained to keep up
the flock. All the ewes are discarded, as a rule, after their
fourth crop of lambs, and either fattened off or sent to the York
sales. After the lambs are weaned, the ewes are run on the grass
land at Whirley Shaws and west side of railway until October,
when they are put to the tups, at which time they begin to
receive a little corn, which is gradually increased in quantity.
About two months before lambing time they are run on to the
turnip land and allowed to stay four or five hours each day on
white turnips, receiving about ^ lb. of mixed cake and oats
per head per day. They are all brought home to the lambing
yard to lamb, and receive turnips or mangold with cake and
corn. When the lambs are about ten days old, ewes and
lambs are taken to the seeds pastures, and then follow on to
the grass land. The lambs are weaned at about fourteen
weeks old, and are sent on to seed pasture which has been
saved for them, and receive ^ lb. of corn and cake per head ;
they then follow on to the clover fogs. The sheep are a very nice
lot indeed, and apparently well looked after ; on the occasion of
the second visit tlie ewes were looking very fresh and well.

Outgoings. — The principal outgoings on this farm are :
Rent, 23s. per acre ; labour, 12s. &d. per acre ; artificial manures,
6s. per acre ; and purchased foods, 14s. per acre.

224

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

The arable land was very well tilled and receiving great
attention. The corn crops seen were quite good, and the
swedes and mangolds looked very well indeed. There was
evidence on all sides of all-round good commercial farming.

Class II. — First Prize Farm.

Occupied by Mr. George Harrison , Gainford Hall, Gainford.

This farm is beautifully situated in the pleasant old village
of Gainford, which lies eight miles west from Darlington, and
eight miles east from Barnard Castle. Gainford Hall, now
the farm-house, is at the west end of the village and is the
property of Lord Barnard. It is a picturesque gabled building
of the Jacobean period.

The land farmed by Mr. Harrison is made up of two hold-
ings, one being known as Gainford Hall Farm, the other as
Park Farm. Gainford Hall Farm, consisting of 76 acres of
arable and 52 acres of grass land, is held on a yearly tenancy
under Lord Barnard and has been occupied by Mr. Harrison
for twelve years. The Park Farm consists of 98 acres of grass
land, and has been rented from Henry Kitchin, Esq., of Great
Ayton, since 1903. The soil at Gainford is a gravelly loam,
subsoil gravel. The cropping of the arable land in 1908 was :
Wheat, 4 acres ; barley, 16 acres ; oats, 16 acres ; tares, &c.,
4 acres ; swedes, 10 acres ; mangolds, 3 acres ; potatoes, 1 acre ;
yellow turnips, 1 acre ; one-year seeds, 8 acres ; two and three-
year seeds, 13 acres. The potatoes are grown for the house
and men, and the yellow turnips for winter feed for the ewes.
Clover must not be taken too frequently on this land. There-
fore, instead of each year undersowing with seeds the whole of
the barley area, only one half is so treated. The barley on the
other half of the area is followed by oats, the land receiving
fifteen loads per acre of well-rotted summer-made farm-yard
manure. Mr. Harrison is not bound down to any prescribed
form of rotation, and his system of cropping, which is as follows,
introduces clover once only in eight years : —

Fallows and Roots, 1901.

Barley, 1902.

Seeds — 1903 — Oats.

Oats — 1904 — Roots.

Wheat and Tares — 1905 — Barley.

Roots — 1906 — Seeds.

Barley — 1907 — Oats.

Oats — 1908 — Wheat and Tares.

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

225

Roots. — The land required for roots is twice ploughed and
after the second ploughing 10 cwt. of ground lime are applied,
the land subsequently being set up in drills in the spring. A
dressing of twenty to twenty-five loads per acre of well-rotted
farm-yard manure is carted and spread into the drills, and an
application of 3 cwt. superphosphate and 2 cwt. kainit per acre
sown broadcast with the manure drill.

The yellow turnip crop receives no artificials, as the roots
grow quite big enough without such assistance.

No roots are fed on the arable land, most of the swede
turnips are consumed at the homestead, the remainder being
eaten by sheep on the grass land. Mr. Harrison considers that
the sheep do better on the grass and that he also thereby im-
proves his land and gets rid of Windle-Strays (Dogstail bents).

Barley is sown after roots at the rate of 9 pecks per
acre, the Goldthorpe variety being preferred. This crop is
not hoed, but merely looked over for thistles, &c. Very good
quality barley can be grown on this farm, and this is the only
produce which is ever sold off.

Seeds. — Half of the barley area, as stated above, is
undersown with seeds, and according to circumstances the
following mixtures are used per acre : For One Year’s Ley —
6 lb. English Red Clover ; 3 lb. Cowgrass Clover ; 2 lb. Alsike
Clover ; 1 lb. White Clover ; 5 lb. Italian Rye Grass. For Two
Years’ Ley — 5 lb. Perennial Rye Grass ; 5 lb. Italian Rye Grass ;
3 lb. Red Clover ; 3 lb. Cow Grass ; 2 lb. White Clover ;

1 lb. Trefoil ; 1 lb. Alsike ; 2 lb. Cocksfoot ; 2 lb. Timothy ;

2 lb. Meadow Fescue. The first cut of seeds is taken for hay,
the second crop being grazed by the lambs.

Oats. — The seeds are always followed by oats, and this crop
receives no special attention in this case. When, however, the
oats follow barley the land receives a dressing of fifteen loads
per acre of well-rotted farm-yard manure, which is ploughed
in during the autumn. No top-dressings are used.

Oats after seeds are followed by wheat and tares, &c. Land
which has been growing oats after barley comes in for roots
and receives the treatment already mentioned.

Wheat. — The portion of oat stubble which is to be sown
with wheat is dressed with fifteen loads per acre of farm-yard
manure as soon as possible after harvest. This is ploughed in
and the land drilled with Red Standard wheat at 9 pecks
per acre. No hoeings are given to this crop, which is, however,
looked over for thistles, &c.

Tares, Kale, &c. — The portion of oat stubble for these crops
also receives fifteen loads per acre of farm-yard manure during
the winter. The tares are sown mixed with oats at the rate of
two bushels of tares to one of oats, the produce is cut green

VOL. 69. Q

£26

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

for fodder and the sowing is done at different times so as to
ensure a continuous supply. Thousand-head kale is grown for
the lambs, and Mr. Harrison considers it splendid for them.
It does not spoil with mildew or frost, and is safe eating, not
producing looseness. The preparation of the land is the same
as for the tares, with the exception that in this case the land is
ridged up into rows twenty-four inches apart ; the crop is not
thinned but allowed to grow at will, the idea being that this
method produces less waste and less stalkiness. The land
which has been growing wheat, tares, kale, &c., all comes in
for roots, and is now thoroughly cleaned and tilled and then
manured as before mentioned.

There are 52 acres of useful old grass land at the Hall
Farm — of these 32 acres are mown every year and 20 always
grazed. In the 32 acres of mowing grass there is a field of 12
acres which has been “ sheep folded ” every year. This field has
improved very much indeed both in quantity and quality of
herbage. The remainder of the mowing grass gets farm-yard
manure every year except each fifth year, when it receives
instead 3 cwt. per acre of precipitated bone phosphate.
The 20 acres of pasture receive no manorial treatment. The
grass is useful, but liable to scorch. It is good for milk
production, particularly if there is plenty of rain. The 98
acres of grass at the Park Farm are finer in the herbage and
require more careful treatment. There are 35 acres of old
meadow grass. This grass is manured during autumn and
spring with farm-yard manure from the buildings which lie
most conveniently in the centre of the Park Farm fields.
This manure from the byres is filled into carts from day to day
and led out direct on to the land, which is thus manured piece-
meal and labour is saved. The remaining 63 acres consist of
pasture, of which a portion has received annually 3 cwt. per
acre precipitated bone phosphate, and another 4 cwt. per acre
superphosphate during the last three years, and so far the
precipitated bone phosphate shows the better result. At Park
Farm there is a most useful lot of buildings, to which the
landlord, Mr. Kitchin, has just added four excellent calf boxes
at the tenant’s request, the latter paying a percentage on the
capital outlay. The live stock on the farm at the time of
inspection was as follows : —

Horses

Geldings (working) 4
Ponies . . .2

6

Pigs

Large White

Breeding Sows . 2

Sheep

Ewes

. 60

She Hogs

. 26

Tup Hogs

. 17

Bams

. 3

106

Poultry

160

Cattle

Stud Bulls . . 2

Young Bulls . 19

Pedigree Cows . 33
Non-pedigree Cows 1 2
Young Heifers . 27
Suckling Calves . 10

109

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

227

Horses. — These are of the Clydesdale type, very good and
well up to their work. They are all bought at four years old,
worked and sold at six years old for town and Corporation
work. There is a good demand for this class of horse, and
good animals realise high prices. The horses lie out at grass
all night during the summer months and receive three feeds of
rolled oats per head per day when at work. During winter
they get four feeds of rolled oats, long hay, and bran mash. A
little linseed cake is given along with the oats.

Sheep. — The flock of English Leicesters has come to Mr.
Harrison from his grandfather and uncle. There are sixty
ewes, and they average one and a half lambs each. The lamb-
ing time is during February and March, the ewes receiving
1 lb. per head per day of mixed Waterloo cake and corn until
the lambs begin to eat. The cake and corn is then taken off
the ewes, as the trouble is to keep them lean. The lambs
receive a little cake and corn all the summer. They are weaned
in July and the ram lambs put on to the clover fog. Half of the
ram lambs are sold for crossing, for which they are particularly
well adapted where early maturity fat lambs are wanted. They
average between four and five guineas each. The other half are
retained for shearlings for pure flocks and to supply foreign
customers. By far the greater number go abroad to all parts of
the world at prices averaging from 157. to 25 1. per head. The
lambs first run on the clover fog, then on the kale, from the
kale to the cabbage, then to turnips, which they receive on the
grass land, commencing about December. After weaning time
the ewes are put on the barest pasture that can be found until
fourteen days before tupping time, when they are put on to
good old land fog ; this method insuring a good crop of lambs.
The ewes remain on the grass until snow comes, when they
receive as much good old land hay as they care to eat and two
turnips per ewe per day.

Cattle. — The cattle are indeed a grand lot. The breeding
is nearly all done at Park Farm. Mr. Harrison’s aim being to
produce good dual-purpose animals for milk and beef, he intro-
duces into his herd the best bulls he can get hold of and retains
the best of his heifers, also buying in a good heifer calf or cow
when desirable. The cows are allowed to suckle their calves,
and are hand-milked as well, until such time as the calf can
take all the milk. Foster mothers are not kept, each cow rear-
ing her own calf. During winter the cows receive meal mash
twice a day with the addition of a little bran and plenty of
good hay. The meal mash consists of a mixture of oat meal,
maize germ meal, and decorticated meal. During summer the
cows have the grass only. The calves come in during the day
and go out at night during the hot weather, and vice versa in the

228

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

cold. After weaning, all the calves are brought to the Hall
Farm, the bull calves are kept going, being well fed with cake
and meal, but no condiments or “ substitutes.” The heifer calves
receive roots and hay, and about 3 lb. Waterloo linseed and
feeding cakes mixed per day. Dry cows are given turnips and
straw. The yearling bulls are allowed a run in the paddock
and the older ones are exercised daily. All bulls not suitable
for abroad are sold as yearlings to local farmers — those suitable
are kept until two years old or thereabouts, then disposed of.
The mash for the older bulls consists of three parts oats to one
part barley. No food is weighed ; the feeder uses his own
discretion, as animals vary so much in their requirements. No
more is given than they will clean up each time. No animal
is made too fat for breeding, not even show animals. Mr.
Harrison has a great objection to over-fed animals, as they soon
get lumpy and out of form, besides giving but little milk and
breeding irregularly. His idea of a Shorthorn cow is that she
should be level in her flesh, with a good and well-shaped udder,
and yielding a fair quantity of milk. Mr. Harrison will not
have them otherwise. So many, show animals are ruined
by over-feeding that the Judges were here struck with the
natural healthy condition in which the bulls and show cattle
were brought before them — all being active and good on their
feet.

Pigs. — Two breeding pigs of the Large White variety supply
the house with bacon and pork for the market.

Poultry and Dairying, &c. — This is Mrs. Harrison’s department
and is managed with great care and thoroughness, yielding con-
siderable profit. One hundred and fifty Barndoor fowls crossed
for egg production, and also for table birds, are kept, a pure bred
cock of a different breed being bought each year. The milk and
cream are retailed in the village, only sufficient butter being
made to supply the household.

Mr. George Harrison, who has farmed since 1879, and
came to the Gainford Hall Farm in 1896, has always been
interested in breeding and rearing stock of one kind or another.
His first fancy was for the old English Leicester Sheep — his
interest in these being aroused by the flock which had been
founded by his grandfather, Mr. John Harrison, in 1830. This
fondness for the Leicester Sheep has continued, and to-day
Mr. Harrison still takes the greatest pride in his flock, as the
successes of his sheep in the showyard prove. During the
years 1879 to 1907 Mr. Harrison’s sheep won 12 Champion-
ships, 1902, first prizes, 676 seconds, and 140 thirds.

Mr. Harrison made a start with Shorthorns in 1879 by the
breeding of the bull calf Sir Oracle , the sire of which was
Chaser and the dam Hartforth Rose , descended from a Cradock

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

229

Shorthorn bred by a descendant of that well-known family
whose old Hall Mr. Harrison now occupies.

Taking the animals which Mr. Harrison has introduced
into his herd in the male line, we pass from Sir Oracle to
British General, bred by Mr. Findall, of Knapton, which was
his first pure-bred bull, bought in 1884 and shown in 1885.
This animal was used as a stock bull for three seasons and
afterwards shown at Birmingham as a four-year-old, taking first
prize, and sold for further use. Then came Prince Magnus
(Booth-Warlaby blood), bought as a calf in 1887 from his
breeders, Messrs. Nathaniel Russell & Sons, of Northallerton.
This bull won the first prize at the Yorkshire Show as a
yearling, and during the years 1889-1890 won 19 firsts and 5
seconds. Next in 1890 we have Duncan Gray, bought as a
calf from Mr. Scoresby, and shown in 1891 and 1892 ; this
bull won 18 firsts, 13 seconds, and 5 thirds, and was sold for
200 guineas to go to South America. In 1891 Mr. Harrison
purchased in Aberdeenshire the calf Royal Cry, a great prize
winner (including Champion Medal at Dublin), bred by the
late Mr. W. S. Marr. In 1893 came the calf Champion Cup
(from Mr. Deane Willis) out of that best of Cruikshank heifers,
Cineraria. Champion Cup was a very successful bull (first
and Reserve Champion at the Royal and Champion at the High-
land), and was sold in 1896 for 5007. — considered a very high
price at that time — to go to the Argentine. The bull calf
Misty Morning was bought from Mr. Duthie in 1896. He
was very successful both as a sire and prizewinner (first at
Royal as a two-year-old), and remained in the herd for seven
years as stock bull. In 1897 another Duthie calf, Count Beauty ,
was used and shown for two seasons, winning twenty first
and Champion prizes, including the Royal and Highland, and
then sold for 6007. to go to the Argentine. Silver Bell was
bought as a calf from Mr. Duthie in 1900, shown in 1901,
winning first at the Royal at Cardiff, and was afterwards used
in the herd until 1903, and then sold to go to the Argentine,
where he has proved most successful. Royal Ensign was
obtained from Mr. Duthie as a calf in 1904, his many winnings
including first for “ Bull and Produce” at the Lincoln “Royal.”
In 1906 Elvetham Sweetmeat (out of the Champion cow Sweet-
heart) came from Lord Calthorpe’s herd, was used for two
seasons, and then sold to go abroad. In 1906, Mr. Harrison
also bought Pride of Tees (of the famous Augusta tribe)
from Mr. Jolliffe, and so far he has proved a most successful
sire, his calves looking very promising. This bull was suc-
cessfully shown in 1907, and in 1908 was first and Reserve
Champion at the Royal, also winning the Silver Cup for the best
Shorthorn bull bred in the County of Durham. Pride of Tees

230

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

has now been sold at a very high figure to go abroad. In 1907
Collynie Champion was bought as a calf from Mr. Duthie and
shown in 1908 at the Royal and Highland Shows only, taking
the first prize at each show, and was not further exhibited.
This bull now takes the place of Pride of Tees in the herd,
other bulls at present in use being Gainford Knight , Storm
King , and Royal Ensign.

We have seen how Mr. Harrison started in 1879 with a
bull calf from Hart forth Rose. Now we come to the females,
it is interesting to find that the first heifer introduced into the
herd is one of her granddaughters, called Rosemary , out of
White Rose (daughter of Hartforth Rose ) by Sir. C. M.
Palmer’s bull at Crinkle Park. In 1891, when in Aberdeen-
shire, Mr. Harrison purchased from Mr. Campbell, of Kinellar,
the heifer calf Warfare, afterwards famous as the winner of
133 prizes (three firsts at the Royal), and as being the mother of
Welcome (sire Champion Cup), herself the winner of 112
prizes, including first at the Royal. In 1894 Rose Blossom
was also bought from Mr. Campbell as a calf and won many
prizes during 1895, 1896, and 1897, including first at the
Royal. She was afterwards sold to Mr. Jolliffe, and produced
the noted stock bull Pride of Avon, now the property of Mr.
James McWilliam, and who has sired so many high-priced
bulls at Mr. Duthie’s sales. Welcome was bred at Gainford in
1895, and had a wonderfully successful career, as before
mentioned, from 1892-1902, when she finished up by winning
the Yorkshire Prize for “ Cow and her Produce,” thus proving
that Mr. Harrison produces good breeding as well as good
show animals. Flora VI, bought as a yearling from Mr. John
Naylor, of Welshpool, was shown nineteen times in 1902, and
eighteen times in 1903, never being beaten — thus winning 37
firsts and, in addition, 16 Championships in two years. Un-
fortunately Flora calved prematurely in 1903, and, despite every
care and the most skilful attention, never produced another
calf, although kept until 1908. She has now been slaughtered,
and her head preserved and mounted hangs in the Hall and
recalls to memory the best heifer Mr. Harrison ever saw.
Ursula Raglan, bought from Mr. Anthony Dobson in 1904
as a five-year-old, has won many prizes and bred regularly up
to 1907. So the list goes on and, to use Mr. Harrison’s words,
might continue for a week.

The following summary of successes will speak for them-
selves. From 1879 to 1907 inclusive, the prizes won were 91
Championships, 1,451 firsts, 717 seconds, and 204 thirds. In the
Hall there are many oil paintings and photographs of the most
famous of the animals and a multitude of trophies won by
them. Truly this is a record of giants in the Shorthorn world.

Farm Prize Competition , 1908. 231

Regarding their progeny, the scope of this report being limited,
the reader must be content to remember a few names only,
such as Welcome , Warfare , Princess Mary , Fairy Queen ,
Semolina , 7?osy Morn, Wisdom , Gainford Beauty, Beauty's
Belle, Gainford Fragrance, Gainford Goldie, Gainford First
Favourite, Gainford Rising Star, Senator, Red Rose Prince,
Baron Gainford , Good Morning, Gainford Hopeful, Land
Agent , and Gainford Knight. He may further believe that
the present youngsters are entirely satisfactory to Mr. Harrison
and the herd profitable to a high degree. Should any one
wish to see the animals, let him be assured that such a show
of parents and youngsters as was presented to the Farm Judges
will well repay a journey to Gainford Hall, where he will
receive a hearty welcome.

Labour. — Mr. Harrison employs four labourers, each of
whom receives 11. per week, with house and garden, 1 pint of
milk per day, 60 stones of potatoes per annum, and free cartage
of coals. He also employs one man and two strong boys as
cattlemen. Any extra labour required can be had at 20s. per
week. No female labour is employed here, because they will
not do the work now as they did in years gone by. The men
earn plenty to keep the women. Boys receive Is. 6d. per day.
Encouragement allowances consist of Is. per lamb, 2s. 6d. per
calf, and 20s. per gelding sold.

Piece-work. — Singling and second hoeing turnips is paid
for at *10s. per acre, and pulling and tailing at 8s. per acre.
Labour on the mangold crop is done by day-work.

Mr. Harrison has considerably improved the farm roads,
fences, and gates. Painting is done every four years over the
whole farm, the landlord supplying the paint and the tenant
the labour. Mr. Harrison is well supplied with good buildings
and cottages both at the Hall Farm and the Park Farm. They
are convenient and compact, and are maintained by the land-
lords and kept in excellent order by the tenant. The stackyard
was extremely neat and tidy, and the stacking and thatching
excellent. The farm is well supplied with implements, all of
which were in good order.

Book-keeping. — The following books are kept : — Labour
Book, Cash Book, and Herd and Flock Books. The costs
per acre work out as follows : — Rent, 33s. Id. per annum ;
rates, 3s. per annum ; labour, 43s. per annum. The yearly
bills for the whole farm are : — Cake and feeding stuffs, 850/. ;
moss litter, 70/. ; artificial manures, 30/. ; tradesmen’s bills,
20/. ; sundries — railway carriage of live stock, and shows,
200/.

Fences, gates, and occupation roads are maintained by the
tenant, and all were in good condition.

232

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

With the exception of the barley crop, a portion of which is
sold, all the produce is consumed at home by the stock, and in
addition Mr. Harrison buys 300 quarters of oats per annum.
Here then is a little farm of 226 acres carrying 109 head of
the best of Shorthorn Cattle, and 106 of the best of old English
Leicester Sheep. Indeed, the Shorthorns and the sheep made
a show in themselves. The horses were all good and working
into money, one four-year-old gelding especially looking like a
rentpayer. The grass land was evidently all much improved,
and the corn crops very clean and good. The arable land
strikes one as being naturally of only moderate quality, but
which has been much improved.

Selection and breeding founded on such wonderful judg-
ment as Mr. Harrison displays must and does mean successful
stock farming, both in cattle and sheep, which is of benefit
to the country and to the world at large, as well as to the breeder
himself. Good judgment does not end with the stock, as over
the whole of the farm — arable and grass land alike — there is
shown the same care and thoroughness.

Clean land in high condition best describes the farming, and
good crops pi’ove the success of it. Go where you will all is
characterised by thoroughness and cleanliness, and by a desire
to produce and to have only what is best in crop and stock.
The Judges had no hesitation in selecting Mr. Harrison’s farm
for the First Prize in Class 2.

Class II. — Second Prize Farm.

Occupied, by Mr. Fenwick Wilson, Harden, Whitley Bay.

This farm consists of 221 acres, of which 170 are arable,
and 47 grass. It is held on a yearly tenancy under the Duke
of Northumberland, and has been farmed by Mr. Wilson since
1885. The soil is of a somewhat mixed character, varying
from strong to a light loam, with subsoils of gravel and clay.
The character of the strong clayish soil has been materially
modified by heavy dressings of town manure and town refuse,
which latter Mr. Wilson has delivered to him in large
quantities free of charge ; in fact he is paid for the “ privilege ”
of dumping. The rotation adopted here is : Roots, "wheat, seeds,
seeds, potatoes, wheat, oats. The land for roots gets from
fifty to sixty loads per acre of scavenging manure before being
ploughed in the autumn.; it is cross-ploughed in the spring,
cultivated and cleaned, then ploughed a third time, afterwards
being set up in ridges and manured with farm- yard manure at
the rate of 15 tons per acre. Excellent crops of turnips are
grown on this land. The singling and hoeing of the turnips is
done by piece-work at 9s. per acre, the second hoeing being

Farm, Prize Competition , 1908.

233

•

clone at 5s. per acre ; the pulling, topping, tailing, &c., are done
by day-work. The land for potatoes receives the same
treatment as that for the turnips, and produces an average crop
of 11 tons per acre, which can be readily disposed of. New
seed is obtained from Scotland each ' year, about 15 cwt. of
sets per acre being used. Wheat is taken after turnips and
potatoes, and receives no special treatment. Very good crops
of wheat are grown, the straw fetching a good price locally.
No hoeings are given to the wheat crop, the land being left
clean after roots.

Seeds are sown under the wheat crop, the mixture being as
follows : — h bushel of Italian rye grass, 5 lb. mixed English and
French red clover, and 2 lb. alsike clover ; the seeds are
allowed to lie for two years, being cut for hay twice during
the first year, and once in the second, and then ploughed. The
seeds land is ploughed up and cleaned during August and
September, and in the autumn ridged and dunged for potatoes,
or else ploughed down for oats. If oats are taken then potatoes
follow the oats ; and if potatoes, wheat is taken, and followed
by oats. The grain crops do not receive any special treatment.

Horses. — These consist of eleven working horses, one milk-
cart horse, and one hunter. The working horses are all of the
Clydesdale type, and an extraordinarily good lot. Five of the
best when put together made the best lot of geldings the
Judges had ever seen, all weighty good horses on the best of
legs and feet. To say that they were well cared for is to state
the case mildly. They were in excellent condition, and so
was their harness and everything about them. The horses are
worked from 6 a.m. to 12 midday, are then in the stable for
one and a half hours, and go out again for four hours in the
afternoon. They are fed on chopped hay and straw with
crushed beans and oats. The horses are all bought at from
two to five years old, worked, and sold as opportunity occurs
for town work, being frequently shown with success in the
meantime.

Cattle. — One bull, twenty-four cows, and ten young heifers,
all Shorthorns, are kept. The cows are all bought in, and of
the very best class, and appear to be really well done. During
winter they receive each morning and afternoon a steamed
mash, consisting of bean meal and bran, at the rate of 4 lb.
bean meal and 7 lb. bran per cow per day ; also 3 lb. Bibby
cake, and 3 lb. bean meal dry, per head per day, given at
midday. There is a good trade for milk in Whitley Bay,
where it can be readily disposed of at 4 d. per quart.

Sheep. — The only sheep on this farm are those taken in
upon agistment from October to March, for which M. per head
per week is paid.

234

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

ings. — These are maintained by the landlord, and
are good and suitable for the farm. All are kept in excellent
order, and as clean and tidy as could be desired. The
stackyard was exceedingly neatly kept, the building of the
stacks and thatching being wonderfully well done, the Judges
heartily commending the foreman who was responsible. The
fences, gates, and occupation roads are maintained by the
tenant, and were in excellent order.

Costs. — Rent, 49s. per acre ; rates, 8s. 6 d. ; labour, 37s. 6d. ;
purchased foods and manures, 25s. per acre. The labour on
this farm consists of a steward, who does the stacking,
thatching, hedging, &c., 28s. per week with house, 60 stones
of potatoes, and 20s. for coals ; four men at 23s. each per week
with house ; one milkboy at 18s. per week.

The arable land is all deep-soiled land, which is farmed
right up to the hilt, splendidly tilled, and growing crops which
looked well and clean. The first year’s mowing clover,
dressed with 1 cwt. nitrate soda per acre, was especially good.
The root crops were good and clean. This farm made a very
good second in the best of company. The Judges remarked
that everything seen was of the best, even down to the
retriever pups.

Class III. — First' Prize Farm.

Occupied bp Mr. Malcolm Nicol , Elstob House , Silksivorth
Lane , Sunderland.

This farm is situated about two miles south by west of
Sunderland and midway between this town and Silksworth,
and consists of 48 acres arable and 45 acres grass land. It is
held on a yearly tenancy under the Executors of the late Mr.
John M. Ogden, and has been in Mr. Nicol’s hands for the last
fifteen years. The land is undulating, the soil ou the high
lands being of a strong character, and in the valleys light and
loamy, with limestone subsoil and outcrops of the magnesian
limestone.

The cropping in 1908 was : — Oats, 16 acres ; swedes,
12 acres ; potatoes, 10 acres ; wheat, 5 acres ; tares, 2 acres ;
rye, 2 acres ; turnips, 1 acre.

The land is farmed under an open agreement as to cropping,
and the general rotation is as follows : — Roots, oats, clover,
potatoes, wheat. For turnips the land is twice ploughed, once
before Christmas. After working it is set up in drills, into
which farm-yard manure is carted at the rate of thirty-five
loads per acre, and no other manure is given for this crop. The
swede seed is sown on the drills at 3 to 4 lb. per acre, and no top
dressings given. The double operation of singling and second

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

235

hoeing is done by piece-work at 13s. per acre. The subsequent
cultivations consist of scufflings with the two-horse scuffler,
taking three rows at a time. The swede crop is pulled, topped,
tailed, and put into carts by piece-work at 8s. per acre. An
average crop on this farm is 35 tons per acre.

Mangolds. — About two acres of the Red Tankard variety of
mangolds are grown, the treatment of the ground and the
manuring being similar to that given for the swedes, and an
average ci’op yields 50 tons per acre.

Oats follow the roots, and a preference is here shown for
the “ Abundance ” variety, of which a change of seed is
obtained from the Lothians every two years. The land is
ploughed in the autumn, and, after the necessary spring
cultivations is drilled at the rate of one sack per acre. The
land coming clean after root crop is not hoed, but merely
looked over for thistles. The harvest operations are done by
day-work, an average crop yielding 60 bushels per acre.

Clover. — The oats are undersown with the following mixture
per acre : — 12 to 14 lb. cow grass, and 18 lb. Italian rye grass,
which is left for one year only. This is cut twice — the first
time for hay, and the second time green for the cows. Very
heavy crops of clover and rye grass are grown, running up to
3 tons of hay per acre for the first cut, and one ton for the
second.

Potatoes follow the clover, and this crop receives 30
tons of farm-yard manure in the drills. From 12 to 14 cwt.
per acre of Scotch Factor potato sets are used, new seed being
obtained each year. Very useful crops of potatoes are grown;
running from 10 to 12 tons per acre, for which Sunderland
provides a ready market ; there is also a good local market
for the seed potatoes. The taking-up of the potato crop and
the pitting, sorting, &c., are all done by day-work. A portion
of the crop is sometimes sold as it stands on the land, and
realises about 20 1. per acre. Potatoes are occasionally grown
after mangold, in which case they receive no manure. Some-
times a portion of the clover ley is sown with swede turnips,
in which case the treatment of the land is similar to that given
when the swedes follow the wheat crop.

Wheat follows potatoes. The land is carefully gone over
for any twitch or other objectionable weeds, and then ploughed.
White chaffed red wheat is usually sown and drilled at eight
pecks per acre ; no artificial manures are given. The wheat
crop is not hoed, but merely looked over for thistles, &c.

Grass Land. — There are 45 acres of grass land, 39 of which
are mown each year, and the remaining 6 left for the cows to
run on ; such 6 acres being changed each year. The 39 acres
mown are manured annually during the early autumn

236 Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

alternately with cow manure, at the rate of fifteen loads per acre,
and with liquid manure. No artificials are used. The excellent
use made of the liquid manure from the byre, and the results
obtained, are quite a feature of this farm. The liquid manure
is piped away to a big tank, from which an overflow irrigates
part of a field if time does not permit of its being otherwise
dealt with, but most of it is run into the water carts and taken
where required. Most goes to the grass land, but some is used
on the tillage.

Horses. — There are four heavy horses, strong and useful
looking, for the farm work, also four good horses for the milk
trade, and one nag. The horse feed consists of chopped hay,
crushed oats, and bran.

Cattle. — There are forty-two non-pedigree tested cows, and a
very useful lot they are. The milk is all retailed in the town of
Sunderland, the carts being in the town at 6.30 in the morning
and at 1.30 each afternoon. Mr. Nicol gets a better price for
his milk because all his cows have passed the tuberculin test,
and he holds a veterinary certificate for each one to that effect.
The cows are all purchased in the Wensleydale district of
Yorkshire, they are bought in at the second or third calf,
milked through and then fattened off for the butcher. Some
cows will only be in milk for six months, and others will go as
long as twelve, or even more. During summer the cows all
run out at grass during the day, and are brought in at night.
Mr. Nichol believes in having all cows fed in the morning
before milking commences. The summer programme is :
4.30 a.m., mash consisting of brewers’ grains and bean meal
with a little bran ; 7 a.m., go out to grass and tares, coming in
at 12 noon to another feed of mash, and out again at 1.30.
They come in for the night at 5 p.m. and receive 3 lb. of
Egyptian Cotton Cake per head and a foddering of oat straw.
Milking takes place at 4.30 a.m. and 12.30 p.m., the newly
calved cows being milked a third time at 7 p.m.

During the winter months the cows remain in the byre,
but are let out occasionally for a little exercise — this, however,
only for a very short time. The winter ration is : 4.30 a.m.,
mash, consisting of a mixture of one-third bushel brewers’
grains, 2 lb. bean meal, and 2 lb. Bibby’s Dairy Meal per cow,
together with a little bran ; after milking is finished about
2 stones of whole turnips are given, and also 3 to 4 lb. of oat
straw, the work of gnawing the turnips giving the cows some-
thing to do ; 10 a.m., the earthenware water troughs are all
cleaned out, and the cows supplied with fresh water.
Two stones of turnips are given out after this and a mash as
before ; 12.30, milking ; 1 p.m., 2 stones of turnips ; 4 p.m.,
mash, consisting of one-third bushel brewers’ grains and 2 lb.

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

237

Bibby’s Dairy Meal only per cow ; and, after this, 4 lb. per head
of Egyptian Cotton Cake, also hay. The cows are groomed three
times a week during the winter. Mr. Nicol prefers dry handed
milking, and all the cows are milked in rotation so that the
same milker does not milk the same cow twice. The udders
are well rubbed with clean cloths and the milk is passed
through a strainer and taken away from the byre immediately.
The cows are well fed, and expected to do well. A careful
and complete milk record is kept, the history of each cow thus
being clear and complete. A glimpse at this record shows that
the cows average ten quarts of milk per day throughout the year.
When the yield from any cow falls below four quarts per day
she is fattened for the butcher and sold off. Very good prices
can be made of the fatted cows, so there is not as much drop
as is usually the case between the purchase and selling prices.
The cost of keeping the cows averages for the summer 8s. (> d.
per week, and for the winter 10s. 6d. They all looked well
and bore excellent testimony to the care bestowed upon them.
The byre is well ventilated and kept thoroughly clean. It is an
ideal cow house. There are stands for forty-two cows arranged
in three lines, with ample room all round as well as in front and
behind the cows. The roof is flat, and as Mr. Nicol is
dependent upon water from the town supplied by meter, a
large cistern is used to save all the rainfall for flushing and
cleansing purposes. Running the whole length of the byre
are two glass sided and glass roofed dormer windows, which
allow of ample light and excellent ventilation when opened.
The place is kept beautifully clean and tastefully decorated
with hanging flower baskets filled with ferns and flowers.
Every attention is paid to all-round cleanliness, all inside walls
are whitewashed, and all vessels used in the trade are scalded
and rubbed with lime and sand every day. Lavatory accom-
modation is provided for the milkers. Poultry keeping is
carried on to a certain extent, about 400 eggs per week being
disposed of. The same scrupulous cleanliness is carried out in
this department. Table birds are not kept, but purchased for
customers when required.

Labour. — The labour employed consists of : — Hind at 23s.
per week with house and one pint of milk per day ; byreman
at 21s. with similar perquisites ; three young men in the house
who receive 10s. per week each, with board and lodging ; two
girls at 8s. each per week, also with board and lodging ; two
outside girls at Is. 3 d. each per day of from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. ;
and two boys for attendance on milk carts at 3s. each per week.
The labour bill thus runs about 61. per week.

Two cottages go with the farm and are occupied by the
hind and byreman. The tenant is not responsible for the

238

Farm Prize Competition. 1908.

upkeep of the cottages. The gates, fences, and roads were all
in good order and condition.

Mr. Nicol was brought up to farming from boyhood and
gained most of his experience in Lanarkshire, and his farming
and methods do the greatest credit to his North Country
training.

The tenant has erected a shed in which are kept his various
implements, which are all of the latest type and in good order.
They are sold off as they become old fashioned and the latest
patterns substituted. He has also installed a five-horse power
oil engine at his own expense in a building adjoining the byre
for driving his crushing and chopping machinery. The
landlords maintain the buildings, which were all in good order,
and Mr. Nicol keeps them very clean and tidy.

Book-keeping. — Complete accounts.

The land was all extremely well cultivated and thoroughly
clean. The crops were very good indeed, and showed evidence
of sound management. The fields are rather inconveniently
situated for the homestead, but Mr. Nicol cheerfully sur-
mounts this difficulty and has his farm in perfect order and
in a condition to yield a good return for his labours.

Class III. — Second Prize Farm.

Occupied by Mr. John Reay , East Brunton, Newcastle.

This farm consists of 315 acres, 230 of which are arable
and 85 permanent grass. It is held on a yearly tenancy under
Captain J. F. Laycock. Mr. Reay has held the farm thirty years,
and speaks in the highest terms of his landlord and the
agent, Mr. R. J. Aynsley. The buildings are substantial stone
erections, covering a large space, and very pleasantly situated.
The homestead is on a hard road, which crosses the whole
farm, and is in a central position. All the fields lie conveni-
ently near, and within easy view of the house.

Mr. Reay informed us that the buildings had been erected
for the feeding and rearing of stock, but had been altered and
adapted for milch cows.

Most of the soil is strong clay, which, with the large
dressings of manure it receives, is full of substance. The land
is farmed on an open agreement, there being no restrictions as
to cropping.

The general rotation is turnips and potatoes, followed by
barley and oats, according to circumstances. The barley and
oats are followed by seeds, left down for several years. After
seeds, oats are taken.

Roots. — The land is thrice ploughed and then cultivated
and set up in drills twenty-eight inches apart. Farm-yard

Farm Prize Competition, 1908.

239

manure is applied at the rate of thirty loads per acre. The
drills are then split back and rolled down to a certain
extent with a Cambridge roller. Turnip seed is drilled on
the ridges at the rate of 3 lb. per acre. No artificials
are given at time of sowing, and top-dressings are seldom
necessary. No turnips are eaten by sheep on the land, the
turnips being pulled off towards the end of the year and put
into heaps.

Potatoes. — The land for potatoes receives similar treatment
to that given to turnips, with the exception of the drills being
thirty inches apart. New seed, of the “Factor” and “ Up-to-
Date ” variety, is obtained from Scotland every year, about
15 cwt. of seed per acre being used. The setting of the
potatoes is all done by female labour, and the hoeings are done
by Irishmen who have come over to Brunton regularly for
twenty-four years. Good crops of potatoes can be grown on
this land and there is a ready market for the produce, one
merchant having taken the whole growth for the past fifteen
years.

Barley is taken after turnips and no manuring is given,
“ Burton Malting ” being the variety most favoured. Oats
come after potatoes and are not specially manured.

Seeds.— Seeds of the following mixture : — 2 pecks finest
Perennial Rye Grass, 1 peck finest Italian, 1 lb. finest Cocksfoot,
2 lb. Timothy, 1 lb. Meadow Fescue, 4 lb. Alsike Clover, 1 lb.
Cowgrass Clover, 2 lb. White Dutch Clover, 2 lb. Red Clover,
1 lb. Trefoil Clover per acre are sown under the barley and
oat crops, and usually lie for four years ; but Mr. Reay
frequently allows them to lie much longer, even up to ten
years, as he considers this resting of the land under seeds to be
beneficial to it.

In the ordinary course the seeds are mown for hay for the
first two years. Should they lie more than two years they are
generally manured with farm-yard manure, but are seldom
grazed. They are usually top-dressed in the first year with
1 cwt. per acre of sulphate of ammonia.

Clover is sometimes sown to sell green in town, and a fair
crop will yield good prices.

The manure used to be led by carts to the farm, but a few
years ago the landlord made a railway siding, where Mr. Reay
now receives it in trucks.

Stock. — The Stock consists of —

Horses. — Ten farm horses, four milk-cart horses, and two
cobs. The working horses are of the Clydesdale type and
are good animals, three brood mares being kept to supply the
farm as well as to provide a good horse occasionally for the
Railway Company.

240

Farm Prize Competition , 1908.

Cattle. — Sixty-two cows, six young calves, and twelve
steers. The sixty-two Shorthorn cows are a really good lot of
well-bred animals, with good udders. They are all bought in
fresh calved, or when just about to calve. The feeding of the
cows is as follows when on grass : — Pea-meal, grains, and
cotton cake. Some cows are kept eight months only, while
others keep their place in the herd for a much longer period.
Mr. Reay finds that with heavy feeding cows do not milk so
well when they come to calve a second time as they do when
they first come in. Cows milking badly are fattened off for
the butcher, and as the cows are highly fed this does not take
long. A most complete dairy account is kept and a milk
record, so that the yield of each cow is known from day to day.
During the winter months the cows lie indoors, water being
laid on, in front of them. The winter feed for sixty-two cows
is as follows, per day : — 56 stones pea-meal (with chaff), 25
bushels of grains, 62 stones of hay, and 248 stones of turnips.
The cows are milked at 4.30 a.m. and 1 p.m. They are fed at
6.30, 10 o’clock, 2.30, and 5.30. No straw is cut for the cows,
but all the chaff is bagged from the threshings and steamed
with the meal ; long hay is also given.

Sheep. — The only sheep on the farm are those taken in on
agistment on the aftermath at 4 d. per head per week. Mr.
Reay does not keep the sheep after the “ fogs ” are done,
preferring to rest all his grass land in the winter.

Buildings. — The buildings and stack-yard were kept in a
very tidy condition, the building of the corn-stacks being
particularly good, reflecting great credit on Mr. Reay’s
servants. The implements were good and well taken care of.

The cow-sheds are rather old-fashioned, but in a scrupu-
lously clean condition.

The land generally was clean, and the hedges tidy and in
good order. The corn crops seen looked well, and the seeds
very good indeed, particularly one field of 40 acres, which
had been top-dressed this season.

The great length of service of those employed by Mr. Reay
speaks well for the cordial surroundings of the farm.

The Judges desire to express their appreciation of the
courtesy and hospitality shown by all the competitors, and
to thank them for information readily given to the writer
when preparing this Report. H. HOGG.

Woburn Experimental Farm,

Aspley Guise, R.S.O.

We subscribe to the foregoing Report —

John Evens,

William Hindmarsh.

241

PLANS OF FARM BUILDINGS.

Report by the Judges of the Competition.

In offering prizes for Plans of Farm Buildings, the Royal
Agricultural Society of England have, in a practical way,
emphasised the importance which attaches to the erection of
buildings best adapted to the requirements of the farmer,
having due regard to economy of construction.

The previous occasion on which prizes were offered by the
Society was in connection with the London International
Exhibition of 1879, when separate prizes were offered for
(1) Arable Farms above 300 acres ; (2) Arable Farms not
exceeding 300 acres ; (3) Dairy Farms above 100 acres ; and
(4) Dairy Farms not exceeding 100 acres. Sixty-eight sets of
plans were then sent in from thirty-nine competitors. Mr. J.
Bailey Denton, in reporting on these plans, explained that the
Judges considered that they would be failing in their duty if
they awarded a prize to a design which might present admirable
features of arrangement, but which could not be executed at a
reasonable cost — such a cost as a Landowner would be justified
in expending, and which the Enclosure Commissioners, who
were the protectors of reversionary interests, would allow to
be charged on entailed estates.

In 1879, the Judges prescribed a limit of expenditure, but
it was found that none of the plans which provided superior
accommodation with modern requirements were so designed
that they could be executed within that limit, and consequently
they were unable to recommend the award of any of the prizes.

Upon the present occasion, prizes were — through the
generosity of Sir Richard Cooper, Bart. — offered for Plans of
Farm Buildings suitable for a mixed farm of not less than
300 and not more than 400 acres in extent : —

First Prize, 507. (or Society's Gold Medal).

Second Prize, 25 1.

Third Prize, 15Z.

Fourth Prize, 10Z.

VOL. 69.

R

242

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Under the conditions, it was to be assumed that the farm
was half grass and half arable, the grass land being suitable for
the production of milk, to be disposed of by sale or by making
butter ; the arable land to be regarded as turnip and barley
land worked on the four or five course shift ; the buildings to
be suitable for a tenant farmer, A plan only of the dwelling
house was required, and its position with regard to the other
buildings had to be shown. Plans, elevations, and sections had
to be drawn to a scale of eight feet to one inch, and were to be
accompanied by complete specifications and estimates, with
short descriptions of the plans and particulars stating the basis
on which the estimates were calculated. The attention of the
Judges was specially directed to the following points : —

1. Economy in planning, cost of construction, and sub-

sequent maintenance,

2. Convenience of arrangement for working, and accom-

modation for animals.

3. Lighting, ventilation, and drainage of sheds, especially

of those for dairy cattle.

In arranging the above conditions, every care was taken that
there should be no question as to the general accommodation
required ; at the same time leaving a fair margin for variation
in usage and treatment.

The very satisfactory number of seventy-eight sets of
plans, &c., were submitted by seventy-seven competitors, each
set being distinguished by a motto only, in order that the
identity of the author might not be disclosed until after the
awards had been made. The great majority of the plans were
very highly finished, and reflected the care and considex-ation
that had been bestowed upon their pi’eparation.

The Judges were assisted in their duties by Mr. J. R.
Nayloi’, F.R.I.B.A., the Society’s Surveyor, who acted as
assessor, and reduced each estimate of the selected plans to a
common basis for the purpose of comparison.

The Judges, befoi'e commencing their inspection of the
plans, discussed the limit of expenditure which, in their
opinion, ought to be allowed for the erection of the buildings
and dairy, exclusive of the dwelling house, and came to the
conclusion that the cost ought not materially to exceed
81. per aci’e.

On examining the plans and specifications, it was found that
there were very few fulfilling these conditions which could be
considered satisfactory in other respects. The Judges wei-e,
therefore, reluctantly compelled to exclude several otherwise
excellent plans, the cost of which very considerably exceeded
81. per acre.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

243

' The opinions of competitors naturally differed considerably,
more especially upon the following points : —

Covered or open yards, and kind of roofing.

Piggeries covered or open.

Separate covered yards for manure.

Wooden construction of buildings.

Kind of fittings, whether wood, iron or concrete.

Water supply direct to cattle in the byres.

Cubic space per cow.

Kind of paving materials generally.

Portable or fixed engines.

Provision for poultry.

These, and other similar questions, were dealt with at great
length in some of the reports.

Some of the plans, though good in design, were evidently
by men with little practical knowledge of farming, and many
were extravagant and wasteful both in arrangement and
construction. Several competitors did not comply with the
conditions of the competition, and many made the mistake of
showing an unsuitable position for the house and implement
sheds, and badly placed piggeries.

Twenty-three sets of plans, &c., were selected for final
examination ; and, of these, seven only, according to the
competitors’ own estimates, could be carried out at a cost of
SI. per acre and under. On the other hand, there were several
plans that might have come within the limit, had they not
contained provision for more accommodation than was
necessary for a farm of the size named in the conditions.

As the descriptive statements sent in by the successful com-
petitors are published at the end of this Report, it is unnecessary
to give particulars in detail of the various designs. The Judges
were of opinion that, whilst no set of plans was all that could
be desired, the designs of “ Plough-share ” most nearly complied
with the terms of the Competition, especially bearing in mind
the paramount claims of economy. The accommodation shown
would probably be sufficient for certain systems of farming,
though some additional buildings might reasonably be required
under alternative methods. In that case, an extension could
easily be made without in any way disturbing the excellence
of the design exhibited, which would provide adequate accom-
modation for the largest head of stock the farm could possibly
be expected to carry, and yet keep the cost well within the
limit of 81. per acre.

The Judges commended the designs of “Churn,” “Tees,”
and “ Comfoi’t and Economy,” on account of general excellence
of design rather than suitability for a farm of the size and

244

Plans of Farm Buildings.

description given. The plans, specifications, &c., were in these
three cases thoroughly well prepared, and -would provide
admirable buildings for a much larger acreage.

The awards were as under : —

Award

First Prize of £50 (or
Society’s Gold Medal)
Second Prize of £25

Third Prize of £15

Fourth Prize of £10

Highly Commended

Commended

Commended

Motto

“ Plough-share ”
“ Utility ”

“ Usus”

“ Convalescent”
“ Churn ”

“ Tees ”

“ Comfort and
Economy ”

Name and Address of Com-
petitor

J. W. Hepton, Londesborough,
Market Weighton.

Clark and Moscrop, Feethams,
Darlington.

Samuel Taylor and Son,
Nuttall, Nottingham.

John Markwell Holmes, 2,
St. Mary’s Gate, Grimsby.

Paul Bausor and Son, 24,
Petty Cury, Cambridge.

Henry Bragg, 221, White
Horse Lane, South Nor-
wood, S.E.

Harry Burr, Letchworth, near
Hitchin.

The following table gives the acreage of the farm for which
the plans were designed, together with the competitors’ prices
and those of the assessor : —

Motto

Extent

Cost without House

Cost per acre

Designer’s

Assessor's

Designer’s

Assessor's

•

Estimate

Estimate

Estimate

Estimate

£

£

£ s.

£ 8.

“Plough-share”.

400

1,716

1,916

4 5

4 15

“Utility” ....

400

3,000

3,572

7 10

8 18

“Usus” ....

375

2,614

3,727

6 19

9 18

“ Convalescent ” .

400

1,827

2,825

4 11

7 1

“Churn” ....

400

3,391

8 9

“Tees” ....

400

6,500

16 5

• ✓

“ Comfort and Economy” .

400

4,280

10 14

June , 1908.

Arthur S. Gibson, )
Charles P. Hall, l Judges.
Frederick Reynard, J

245

REPORTS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND ESTIMATES

Submitted by the Competitors to whom the Prizes were awarded.

“ PLOUGH-SHARE.”— First Prize.

REPORT

upon Farm Buildings for a 400 acres mixed farm (assumed to be half grass
and half arable).

Generally.

In designing the above ray chief object has been to design a plain, strong,
and substantial farmstead, being built of brick, with tiled or slated roofs,
concrete floors and fittings ; thus the subsequent repairs and maintenance is
reduced to practically nil.

I wish particularly to draw attention to my concrete stalls and mangers as
erected for stables and cowhouses. They are indestructible, being both
vermin-proof, fire-proof, and sanitary ; the whole being the result of twenty
years’ practical experience.

The Farmstead has a southern aspect, the fold yards being open at front
and sheltered by buildings around.

Block No. 1

Comprises five-bay waggon shed, mixing and turnip house, with copper and
mixing bin with water tap over, engine house, chaff bin, and straw barn.

Granary over waggon shed ; meal, cake, and horse corn granary over mixing
and turnip house, with concrete steps up to same ; stage for chaff cutter over
chaff bin and engine house ; and straw barn full height at end.

Note. — A fireproof floor is fixed over engine house.

Concrete floors are provided for in mixing house, turnip house, engine
house, chaff bin, and straw barn ; the granary floors are wood upon steel
joists ; all walls around granary are rendered in cement and sand 3 ft. high.

The mixing house is situated in the centre of the buildings with easy access
to any part.

The machinery fixed comprises turnip pulper, corn mill, chaff cutter, with
all necessary shafting, belting, and broad canvas belt to carry chaff from chaff
cutter to mixing house ; all driven by an oil engine. (These are tenant’s
fixtures, and are not included in the estimate.)

Crossley's Ram Pump , in engine house, is connected to Artesian well
(120 ft. deep) and made to deliver into a 1,500-gallon cast-metal tank fixed as
high as possible in granary roof ; the water then gravitates to all parts of
buildings and house.

An emergency hydrant is fixed, with length of hose attached, under
concrete staircase and opening into cowhouse.

Block No. 2

Consists of two loose boxes, pigsties (all opening into fold yard), trap house,
harness room, side entrance to buildings, and nag stable. All have concrete
floors, grooved where necessary, with open channels delivering into fold yard.

The divisions and troughs in pigsty, and mangers in boxes, are all formed
in concrete in situ , and walls internally rendered around in cement.

Ventilation is provided by air grates, sliding windows, top half of doors to
open where necessary, and raised ridges on roof.

Light is provided by glass in top parts of windows, and glass lights in roof.

246

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Block No. 3

Consists of stalls for fifteen cows, six calf pens, and four boxes for young
stock, with feeding passage down centre. The whole of the cow stalls,
divisions for calf pens and boxes, and mangers, all with rounded nosings, are
formed in concrete in situ. The floors are formed of concrete grooved, with all
channels and falls complete, and made to deliver into fold yards ; all walls
internally rendered around in cement.

Ventilation is provided by air grates, sliding windows, top half of doors to
open where necessary, and raised ridges on roof.

Light is provided by glass in top part of windows, and glass lights in roof.

Water is laid on for cleansing and other purposes.

Block No. 4

Consists of cart horse stable for eight horses in single stalls, sick box, and
chaff house, with provision on walls of chaff house for hanging spare gears.

The stall divisions and mangers are formed in concrete in situ. The floors
are formed in concrete, grooved, with all channels and falls complete, and made
to deliver into fold yard. All walls of stable and sick box are rendered 5 feet
high in cement.

Water is laid on for cleansing and other purposes, and a water trough is
provided near entrance to stable.

Ventilation is provided by air grates, sliding windows, top half of doors to
open, and raised ridges on roof.

Light is provided by glass in top part of windows, and glass lights in roof.

Block No. 5

Consists of fold yards, half of each being covered in with corrugated
galvanised iron roof with iron principals carried upon brick piers, and having
ventilating ridge full length of roofs, and with glass lights in roofs and
windows in gables.

Concrete cattle mangers and water troughs are provided, with feeding
passage behind. Water trough is fed by secret ball tap. Grooved concrete
causeways are provided both sides of folds. The yards are dished towards
gully in centre.

Block No. 6

Consists of slaughter house with copper, tool house, three-bay implement
shed, and hen house. The floors of hens, slaughter, and tool houses are formed
of concrete.

Drainage System.

The drains are laid with 4-in. and 6-in. deep splay socketed sanitary pipes,
caulked and jointed in cement, with all gullies, manholes, &c., necessary as
shown on plans, and connected to settling tank and filter in fields.

The liquid manure from all buildings is conveyed by open channels into
fold yards where it is absorbed by the straw manure.

SPECIFICATION.

General Conditions.

Quality of Work. — The Contractor is to supply all labour, materials, &c.,
which may be necessary for the entire completion of the several works included
in this specification.

The whole of the materials and workmanship are to be the best of their
respective kinds.

Excavator, Drainer, Concretor, and Bricklayer.

Bricks. — All bricks to be hard burnt clamp bricks. P.C. 24s. per 1,000
on site.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

247

Mortar. — The mortar to be composed of one part hydraulic lime to parts
clean, sharp sand. Lime, P.C. 13s. per ton ; sand, P.C. 2s. 6 d. per ton on site.

- Cement. — All cement to be best Portland from approved makers. P.C. 30s.
per ton on site.

Gravel. — All gravel used in floors, stalls, Ac., to be clean pit or sea gravel.
P.C. 3s. 6<f. per ton on site.

Excavate trenches for all footings and floors to depths as indicated by Plans
and Sections.

Drains. — Provide and lay 4-in. and 6-in. deep splay socket salt glazed pipes,
with all gullies, bends, junctions, &c., necessary, caulked with yarn and pointed
in cement, with gradient not less than 1 in 40 for 4-in. and 1 in 60 for 6-in.
pipes ; and with manholes and inspection eyes as shown.

Concrete. — Form all concrete mangers, stalls, and divisions in position
in proportion of 3 to 1, and finish with steel trowel, rounding all nosings.

All concrete floors to be laid in proportion of 4 to 1, and with open channels
and grooved where shown by Plan and Details, and form concrete fireproof floor
over engine house.

Walls. — Build up all walls of good sound brickwork, 9 in. and 14 in. thick
as shown by Plans and Sections, in old English bond grouted solid, with bull-
nose corners to all piers and openings for sliding doors, and oversail eaves and
gables two courses.

Arches. — Build all arches in cement and sand, and full thickness of all
walls.

Rendering. — Render around walls of stable 5 ft. high, cowhouse and pigsty
3 ft. 6 in. high, and granary 3 ft. high in cement and sand.

Air Grates. — Fix twenty 9-in. by 6-in. sanitary air grates in stable and
boxes, Ac., as directed.

Sills, S)'c. — All window sills, granary steps, and bases to piers to be cast
concrete.

Roofs. — Cover all roofs with French pantiles laid upon laths and sheet laths,
and bedded in hair and lime ; and fix glass tiles as indicated on Plan. Bed
and point in cement concrete ridges and raise for ventilation where shown, and
collar down gables in cement and sand.

Furnace Pans.— Fix 40-gallon furnace pan in mixing house, and 25-gallon
ditto in slaughter house, with door and frame and gate in brickwork complete.

Harness Room. — Fix small range with boiler, and 30-in. by 18-in. by 5-in.
salt glazed sink and waste pipe upon brick piers in harness room.

Carpenter and Joiner.

All timber used for roofs and joinery to be best Petersburg Reds, free from
sap, large, loose, or dead knots, and used in the longest length practicable.

8 Centreing. — Provide all centres and turning pieces, Ac., as necessary.

I Roofs. — The Roofs to be framed in the strongest manner possible according
to the drawings, and of the following scantling : —

Principals

Purlins ...

Plates ...

Ridge ...

Rafters ...

Valley Boards

Fold sheds covered with twenty-four-gauge corrugated galvanised sheets
with ventilating ridge.

Granary Floor. — Fix 2|-in. by 7-in. joists upon 10-in. by 6-in. steel joists
with dogs and plates, and lay lj-in. by 6-in. P.G. & T. red flooring upon same
with bridging complete.

Partitions. — Frame partition to meal and cake store of 3-in. by 2£-in. studs,
Ac., and 1-in. by 6-in. G. A T. boards, with 1-in. batten doors hung complete.

3 in. by 7 in.

3 in. by 4£ in.
1J in. by 7 in.
3 in. by 2£ in.
1 in. bv 11 in.

248

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Xa g Stable. — Form stall, and partition with door of l|-in. boards and
double rails to form box, as per Plan, with wood manger in stall.

Boors and Frames. — All door frames to be 4 in. by 7 in. with metal shoes ;
doors to be 1 \ in. beaded both sides, ridged and braced, and double hung where
shown. The sliding doors to be 2 j-in. framed doors with runners complete.

The fold yard doors to be 2J-in. framed doors, with 12-in. by 12-in. pitch pine
posts, and with all necessary ironwork complete.

Windows. — The windows for granary to be louvre windows with 10 in. glass
over top.

The windows for cowhouse, stable, boxes, Ac., to be hit and miss windows
with 10 in. giass over top.

Plumber, Painter, and Glazier.

Lead Gutters. — Provide and lay 6-lb. valley gutters 18 in. wide, and use
4-lb. lead for all aprons and flashings.

Iron Gutters. — Provide and fix to eaves 5-in. heavy cast-iron gutters, hot
tarred two coats inside, and jointed in red lead putty, and with 3-in. fall
pipes, bends, &c., necessary.

Fix 9-in. by 5-in. heavy valley gutter to fold sheds with outlets and 4-in. fall
pipe. Valley gutter hot tarred, two coats, inside and out.

Glass. — Fix 15-oz. glass to all windows, bedded in oil putty, and fix upon
fold shed roofs Messrs. Pilkington Bros.’ wired rolled plate as roof lights.

Water Supply. — Sink artesian well 120 ft. deep of 2-in. bore, lined through
to the rock, and connect to same Messrs. Crossley’s ram pump, P.C. 153., made
to deliver into 1,500-gallon cast-metal tank supported upon granary walls. The
supply to gravitate through 1-in. main and J-in. and J-in. branch pipes to
water troughs and taps as shown, having stop taps and covers as necessary.
The troughs in covered folds are fed by concealed ball taps.

Provide and fix 2-in. hydrant as shown.

Painting. — Stop and paint in oils, three coats in addition to priming coat,
all wood and ironwork usually painted, with best lead and oil paint.

ESTIMATE.

Note. — This Estimate is based upon Bills of Quantities which have been
measured off Plans and priced, allowing for all labour and materials,
but no allowance made for Architect and Surveyors’ charges.

Block No.

1. Barn and Granary

2. Nag Stable, Boxes, and Piggery .

3. Cowhouse and Boxes

4. Cart Horse Stable

5. Fold Sheds and Cattle Mangers, Ac.

6. Implement Shed, Ac.

Drainage System. Building only
Water Supply. „ „

£ s. d.
. 534 0 1
. 204 17 4
. 243 7 11
. 203 3 0

. 222 0 10
. 89 1 9

. 43 11 0

. 91 9 5

Total . . £1,631 11 4

Alternative.

If with slated roofs instead of tiles

£1,716 5 4

Machinery Extra.

Messrs. Crossley’s K.K. 2f B.H.P. Oil Engine

1 Turnip Pulper

1 Chaff Cutter

1 Corn Mill

Shafting, Belting, Ac., for above

£102 0 0

c

Plans of Farm Buildings.

“ UTILITY.”— Second Prize,

249

REPORT.

It is believed the homestead illustrated by these plans will be found to be
eminently practical and useful, and suited to the purposes of such a farm as is
described in the conditions.

It will be seen that the food and fodder distribution buildings are made
the centre of the steading, and all the stock accommodation is arranged round
about.

The gangways are so disposed as to reach every class of stock with the
least possible amount of labour, and always under cover.

The straw barn, food-mixing house, root store, and cart and implement
sheds, with granaries, chopping floor, and cake store on the upper floor over
same, are arranged on the north side of the proposed range of buildings, and
so shelter the whole of the stock yards, byres, &c.

It is suggested the stackyard, with Dutch barns and transveyors, should be
immediately to the north side of the buildings.

The oil engine house is suggested adjoining the mixing room. This engine
will drive a central shaft from which will be worked the hay and straw chopper,
cake crusher, corn grinder, turnip cutter or pulper, as well as the pump to lift
water from the well to a central cistern whence it will gravitate to all the
buildings.

The cattle of all sorts and horses are arranged for on the south side of the
food distribution centre, all their accommodation being open to the sun for
the whole of the day.

The cattle are disposed of partly in stalls, partly in boxes, and partly in
covered yards.

There are four covered yards, each with an area of 1,274 square feet. Each
of these will accommodate from eight to fifteen head of cattle, according to
the size of same. One or more of the yards, if desired, may be subdivided by
a movable rail fence.

The cattle accommodation is as follows: —

In tie-up stalls 42

In separate or fatting boxes 18

In four covered yards averaging eleven each . . 44

Spare boxes and bull 4

Calves’ boxes 10

Total . .118

There are three other boxes which will be available for either cattle or pigs.
These have runs into covered fold yards.

There is accommodation for eight cart horses, and a large horse box for mare
and foal. A convenient fodder store is arranged in connection with the range,
and served either from central feeding passage or from outside.

The nag stable with two stalls, harness and fodder store, and gig house are
arranged on the west side near to the dwelling-house, and approached either
from inside of main buildings or from outside.

It will be seen that the centre gangway leads direct from the tie-up byre,
towards the dairy, &c., attached to the house for easy conveyance of milk, and
also for quick access from the house of the farmer for general supervision of
the whole of his premises.

A conveniently placed boiling house is arranged adjoining the calf houses
and boxes which may be used for pigs. This boiler house is accessible from
the house and dairy side.

250

Plans of Farm Buildings .

Extra Accommodation.

A blacksmith or joiner’s shop, a sick box or slaughter house, are Useful
adjuncts to a large farm ; these are shown in a detached block, and further
extension by way of a lock-up implement shed is also indicated.

The attention of the judges is specially directed to —

(1) The closeness and economy in the general plan, the simple character
of the buildings, and consequent economy in cost of erection and
maintenance ; (2) The general convenience for feeding, dunging out,
working and supervision of the whole, with the least amount of labour
to the farmer and his men ; (3) The special provision, of an inexpen-
sive kind, made for ventilation without draughts, and lighting of the
whole premises.

Water.

All rain water will be saved for cattle and supplemented by water pumped
by engine up to a central tank. All gutters between ranges of buildings will
deliver into water troughs in covered yards and other convenient positions.
Whenever rain water fails, the well water would be turned on.

Drainage.

All drains will be in straight lines and commanded by small inspection
chambers so that the whole can be readily examined and rodded from end to
end. All liquid manure drains will be carried to a central tank for pumping
into liquid manure carts. No rain water will be connected to these drains. As
much of the liquid will be put into the covered yards as can be absorbed by
the litter therein, but experience has proved it is not possible to so deal with
the liquid from a large cow byre, and this therefore will go through chambers
direct to liquid manure tank. Open channels are recommended for cart horse
and nag stables’ drainage. In the case of former, the open channel will deliver
on to surface of fold yards.

SPECIFICATION.

The materials for buildings must necessarily vary with the situation. In
this case it is suggested the buildings should be erected with hard burnt bricks,
and roofed with pantiles or slates.

An economical roofing would be the “ Eternit Roofing Tile ” made of asbestos.
It is light and not affected by extremes of weather as slates. The cost appears
to be about the same as Welsh slating, but as the rafters can be placed at 30-in.
centres there is considerable economy in the woodwork. Spaced slating is
suggested for upper parts of covered yards.

Cart horse stables would be paved with heavy scoria; bricks (where obtainable
from slag works), otherwise these and nag stable, boxes, food mixing house,
gangways, Ac., would be paved with strong cement concrete, on a foundation of
broken brick or stone. The concrete floors to be roughened on surface where
necessary.

All woodwork used to be clean redwood. In some districts creosoted board-
ing might be used for covering in covered yards, but it is doubted whether
there is any ultimate economy in this.

Wherever possible eaves of roofs should project beyond the walls, and
downcomers should be packed out from the walls so that in case of stoppage of
either spouts or downpipes the water falls clear of the walls, and so avoid what
is a fruitful cause of present dampness and future decay of pointing and walling.

Spouts and downpipes to be of heavy iron.

The cattle troughs should be of heavy salt glazed earthenware

Ironwork to doors, bolts, Ac., all to be blacksmith made and “ extra strong.”

Oak posts to be used for stables, byres, boxes, Ac.

J

Plans of Farm Buildings.

251

The house suggested is thought what would be necessary for a good class of
tenant on a farm of this size. The dairy is outside, and the accommodation
here is only suggestive, as much depends upon what the farmer will do with his
milk.

ESTIMATE.

The cost of the buildings depends considerably upon local cir-
cumstances. Similar buildings finished in a substantial manner
have been erected under recent contracts at 2\d. per cubic foot. On
this basis the buildings here illustrated would cost .... £3,000

“USUS”— Third Prize.

REPORT

On design for a homestead for a mixed farm of 375 acres. ‘principally for the pro-
duction of milli, and raising heifers to replace draft cows at about fourth calf.

Working Basis. — The situation of a farm for production of milk for sale must
to some extent influence the accommodation to be provided for live stock.

If the farm is situated in a belt surrounding one of the large centres of
population, such as Newcastle, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool, Nottingham, Leicester,
Birmingham, and many others, it would probably be the most profitable to keep
the largest herd of dairy cattle, raising no young stock, but selling all calves at
the drop.

On the other hand, if the farm is situated within say two and a half miles
of a railway station, and twenty to fifty miles from a centre of population, it
would probably be the most profitable to raise sufficient heifers every year to
replace draft cows at about fourth calf, and for a basis upon which to work
we have adopted the latter circumstances, and have also borne in mind that a
homestead in these circumstances, far from being merely a collection of build-
ings for housing animals, is mainly a winter factory in which concentrated
food for man is extracted (principally by live stock) from a considerable
proportion of the crops of the farm, the sole object being the production of the
greatest value in the extract (in this case milk) at the least possible cost,
combined with the complete and economical preservation of the by-products
— dung and urine — which contain about 90 per cent, of the original valuable
constituents of the crops consumed.

Size of the Farm. — The farm is assumed to be 375 acres in extent, com-
prising 185 acres of grass, and 185 acres of arable (good turnip and barley
land), the remaining 5 acres being absorbed by the site of the house, buildings,
garden, orchard, rickyard, and roads.

System of Farming. — The farm is supposed to be situate within two miles
of a railway station from which there is a convenient and quick service of
trains to a large centre of population (say 300,000) within a distance of fifty
miles, where there is a regular demand for milk at a good price.

It is proposed to make milk for sale the principal product of the farm,
supplemented by sales of calving cows at about fourth calf (raising sufficient
heifers each year, in number equal to one-third of the milking herd, to replace
draft cows), breeding and feeding a quantity of pigs, and fattening off a
number of wethers on a portion of the root crop on the land in all but the
scantiest seasons.

Situation of Homestead. — The homestead is to be placed on a private road
running east and west through the farm. The site is assumed to be almost
level, having a slight fall to the south east, and it is also assumed that a good
supply of water for all purposes would be secured within 30 ft. of the surface.

252

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Number of Stock. — On the five-course shift there would be for winter food
say —

50 — 60 acres of meadow hay.

37 „ „ clover hay.

74 „ ., oat and barley straw.

32 „ ,, roots (5 acres being used for

potatoes and vetches).

37 „ „ wheat straw for litter, &c.

The above, with the proper proportion of cake and meal necessary to bring
the rations up to the proper albuminoid ratio, should provide sufficient for —

12 horses.

72 dairy cows.

25 rearing calves.

25 heifers, 6 to 12 months old.
25 „ 18 to 24 „ „

1 or 2 bulls.

Taken at
end of the
summer.

Pigs, &c., with a varying number of wethers to pick up the
remnants of grass and clover, and feed off on surplus
roots on the laud.

Accommodation provided. — In a dairy herd for sale of milk it is assumed
that the cows and heifers would be timed to calve regularly the year round, the
heifers calving mostly from May to August and the cows which are to remain
in the herd from August to May, the heifer calves from the latter being reared
mostly in the winter, so that there would be an average of about eight cows
constantly dry for calving, and as the latter are usually better in covered yards
or boxes during the dry periods, the following accommodation is provided : —

Stalls for sixty-four cows constantly in milk, in a central position on
the south side. .

Boxes for eight dried-off cows.

{Twelve heifers, 6 to 9 months old.

„ „ 6 to 12 „ „

„ „ 18 to 21 „ „

„ „ 21 to 24 „

Stalls for eleven horses, horse-box, harness room, forming the western wing.
Five boxes for calves, bull-box, two other boxes, and tool house, forming
the eastern wing.

Food mixing room, with chaff cutting, corn grinding, and cake crushing
chamber over, forming the central portion of the north side, with milk cooling
room, cart and waggon shed with granary over to the right of the centre, and
root store, engine room, market and milk cart shed with straw and litter store
over, and accommodation for water supply tank of 2,100 gallons capacity on
the left.

Three pig breeding styes and four others, with adjacent boiling house for
preparation of food for pigs and calves, hospital in an isolated but sheltered
position, forming with the implement shed, which faces north, a separate block
to the east of the main block, from which it is separated by a road, 24 ft. wide.

Covered manure pit sufficient for 300 loads, and liquid manure tank for
15,000 gallons on the south of the main block, opposite the cowsheds.

The position of the house is indicated on the block plan, and a ground floor
plan is also submitted as a suitable one for a tenant farmer of a farm of the
class adopted. As no details of the house are asked for, its construction has
not been dealt with in the specification, nor its cost included in the estimate
of cost. There would be six bedrooms on the first floor, with linen room, fruit
room, and bath and w.c., and two attics.

In conjunction with the house a dairy, churning room, and utensil washing
room are shown ; these would be required for dealing with the surplus milk
there might be at times.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

253

Points attended to in designing the buildings. — The whole of the buildings
have been designed to meet the requirements of the Model By-laws of the
Local Government Board applicable to such buildings, and the following points
have had special attention, viz : —

1. Economy in planning, and in cost of construction and subsequent
maintenance.

These objects have been attained by compact arrangement, avoidance of
waste spaces, omission of superfluous compartments and of ornamentation of
any kind, &c., combined with simplicity of construction giving a maximum of
strength with a minimum of material, involving very small cost of up-keep,
probably less than 10Z. per annum, being sufficient to keep the whole in repair
and painting for fifty years, and probably less than 15Z. per annum for the
second fifty years — which estimates have been arrived at by the aid of nearly
half a century’s experience in designing and superintending erections and
restorations of homesteads of all classes and in the management of landed
property.

We have found throughout a long experience that even the wealthiest
owners are averse to spending a penny more than is absolutely necessary for
the proper working of the farm, and we have in this design adhered strictly to
this principle, believing that more luxurious designs are useless except on
paper.

The Specification gives in detail the nature of construction and materials,
therefore nothing further need be said here except that the covered yard roofs
are constructed entirely of creosoted wood in the most efficient and economical
manner and to last at least thirty to thirty-five years without necessitating an
outlay of one penny during that period, and afterwards only on the board
covering, since the remainder of the roofs would last sixty to seventy years
without the slightest need for renewals.

2. Convenience of arrangement for working.

The greater part of the labour done about the buildings may be classed
under three heads: (i.) Feeding the live stock! ; (ii.) Distributing litter and
cleaning out dung ; (iii.) Milking.

The buildings have been designed to secure the greatest economy and
convenience in performing these three principal classes of labour and the same
prominence has been accorded to the question of economical working as would
be done in an up-to-date textile factory.

Feeding arrangements. — (1) A commodious mixing room, sufficient for all
food to be mixed several hours before being fed to the live stock, is provided in
a central position, with chaff bins, cake and corn bins, root store and pulper all
close at hand and easily accessible.

From this centre, food is distributed along gangways at the front of the
cattle to over 120 head within twenty paces of the food house.

The chaff, roots, &c., would be conveyed on a low four-wheeled trolley with
light but deep sides holding sufficient for six to eight cattle. The hay would be
carried in trusses on a flat-bottomed trolley.

The average distance travelled to feed the 120 head of cattle is 8 yards per
head, whereas if the gangways with mangers on either side were placed in a
continuous line the average would be 48 yards per head. Considering the
enormous number of times these gangways have to be traversed during seven to
eight months of the year, it will at once be apparent how great is the economy
in working effected by the concentration of the parts adopted in these plans.

Ample corn, cake, hay and straw stores are at hand on the first floor, and
hay for cattle would be stored on the ground floor in the recess at the end of
the mixing room.

The boiling house for preparing food for the pigs and calves is placed in a
convenient position for both, and contains a 40-gallon copper, food bins, and
would have a water supply laid on.

254

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Economy in labour in supplying water to the live stock and elsewhere, as
required, is effected by a system of water supply hereafter described in detail.

The work of corn grinding, chaff cutting, water pumping, &c., would be done
by machinery driven by an oil engine placed in a convenient position for
starting, &c., relative to the machines to be worked.

Distributing Litter. — (2) Litter would be stored on the first floor over the
milk cart shed, &c., and, for the purpose of distribution, small doors at first floor
level are provided over the stable, to each of the cow boxes and for each range
of cow stalls, and a trap-door for putting litter through for calves, and boxes on
the east side. Litter can be dropped through these doors ready for spreading
with practically little labour spent, in carrying.

Cleaning out dung. — The dung from the cowstalls and pigs containing very
little litter would go to the covered pit. To put this class of manure in the
yards where there are young cattle would involve much waste of labour and of
straw as litter to cover the manure. Every ton of straw saved from use as
litter is a gain of at least 25/t. to the farmer, hence the advantage of keeping
cattle clean and dry with the least possible amount of fresh straw litter as is
here suggested.

The dung from the whole of the stables would be scattered over the western
covered yard, and that from the calves and other boxes over the eastern covered
yard. Doors are placed in convenient positions for the purpose of putting the
dung through to save labour in carrying it any distance.

Milking. — (3) As this operation has to be performed over 700 times a year
as expeditiously as possible, it is most important that the best arrangement for
ease of working should be adopted. For this purpose a milk cooling room is
provided at the eastern end of the food house, easily accessible from the cow-
sheds, but completely shut off in order to avoid any possible contamination of
the milk.

This milk cooling room is provided with a 40-gallon copper having water
tap over to furnish boiling water for cleansing the cooler, and separator, &c.

As bearing on the question of economy in working, it may here be noted
that in the process of milking, one minute’s labour saved in milking a cow is
equivalent over the whole herd of seventy two cows to 15L per annum in wages :
and the same may be said to apply in a greater or less degree to the other classes
of labour.

A further great advantage in convenience of working afforded by these
designs, is that practically the whole of the various operations involved in
feeding, milking, and dunging out, can be carried on under cover, and as much
of this work has, in the winter months, to be done before and after daylight,
and often in wet weather, the advantages of this arrangement in promoting
efficiency, and thus also a saving, of labour are very great, especially so in these
(and probable future) times of expensive and often inefficient labour.

3. Best and most economical accommodation for live stock.

Cow Stalls. — These are placed in four ranges of eight (double) stalls each.
Each cow is provided with a separate manger formed with glazed stoneware
channels 18 in. diameter having rounded concrete ends, there being no angles
whatever for the accumulation of food, dirt, &c. The stalls from the manger
to the heel stone might vary in length from 6 ft. 2 in. to 6 ft. 6 in.

Cow Boxes. — These are placed at the north end of the covered yards and are
well adapted for dried-off or in-calf cows. The boxes would be formed with
creosoted boarded partitions 6 ft. high and have boarded gates. Each box
is provided with manger as described above, and water trough with hay rack
over the whole.

Calf and other Boxes. — The advantage of a number of boxes is great,
as they may be used for cattle, pigs, horses, and numerous other purposes
as required from time to time. The whole are roomy and provided with man-
gers or iron troughs, hay racks, and water troughs where necessary.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

255

Stables. — The form of these is clearly shown on the Plans and calls for no
■comment. Each stall is provided with mangers, as previously described, and hay
racks, and separated from the next by a substantial wood partition boarded both
sides to»the middle rail and one side above same.

Covered Yards. — -These are divided into compartments by post and rail
fences with gates, as it is undesirable to have too many heifers together. The
whole are provided with stoneware channel (15 in. diameter), mangers, and
wood hay racks as before described.

'It should be noted that with the exception of the eight cows in boxes — and
these would only require to be moved once in six or seven weeks — no other live
stock whatever are required to pass through these yards.

Piggeries. — These require little explanation as the drawings show their form
and construction. They are ample for a good herd of pigs (the two covered
yards being available for any surplus stock during the summer months).

Hospital. — This is placed in an isolated position, but sheltered and con-
veniently in connection with the other buildings. It is commodious and
provided with manger, hay rack, and beam for slinging horse, &c.

4. Lighting.

The whole of the buildings are well lighted by means of windows and

skylights.

The cowsheds are lighted by means of numerous cast-iron windows in the
southern gables, and so distributed that when the sun shines in winter, its rays
may penetrate every part of the cattle sheds between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m.

There are also skylights 6 ft. by 4 ft. over each range of stalls towards the
northern end of the sheds, and sliding casements on the east and west walls with
wide openings in the wall between the sheds so that no portion of the latter will
be unlighted.

The horse and other boxes are provided with iron windows in all southern
gables, and on the sides with casements to open inwards into hopper brackets
fixed 5 ft. above the floor.

The calf boxes are provided with sliding casements on the sides as before.

The hospital is provided with two casement windows on the west side and a
skylight 4 ft. by 3 ft.

The stable is amply lighted by iron windows in the north gable and a sky-
light on the west side. The horses being out of the stable during the greater
part of the day there is not the same necessity for direct sun’s rays penetrating
the stables as in the case of other live stock.

The mixing room, engine room, milk cooling room, and chambers are amply
lighted by iron windows as will be seen in the elevations.

The covered yards are open to the south and will consequently receive all the
sunshine available, even in the depth of winter.

5. Ventilation.

. The principle adopted for securing thorough change of air in all parts,
more particularly in places occupied by live stock, is to bring in cold fresh air
near the floors and as near as possible to the points where it is required and to
send out the warmer vitiated air at the highest points of the roofs, thus
depending upon natural laws to secure the best possible ventilation without
having resort to mechanical means.

In the cow stalls the major part of the fresh air is required for the lungs of
the cattle, and this is brought in at both ends of the feeding passages by grates
in the walls on the southern side, and hit and miss slides in the lower part of
the doors into the mixing room. The air in the latter would always be cooler
than that in the cowsheds and would constantly flow down the passages like a
stream of water and there being rails only separating Che cattle from the
passages there would be a good supply of fresh air constantly passing the cows’
heads to be inhaled by them.

256

Plans of Farm, Buildings.

A number of aip grates at 9 in. above the floor level sloping down to the
latter are provided in the east and west walls to supply air to replace the
smaller amount of air heated and rarified by coming in contact with the
animals’ bodies. f

On warm days, when the temperatures outside and inside are nearly the
same, the whole of the windows on the south, east, and west sides can be set
open, and semi-circular openings 6 ft. wide between the trusses in the division
wall being provided, a thorough circulation of air would be obtained.

The vitiated air would be drawn off by movable louvres at the apex of the
roof, these being so constructed that each side can be opened and shut inde-
pendently of the others to suit the direction of the wind (it being desirable to
be able to close the side exposed to a gale).

The calf house and stable are ventilated in a similar manner, and the
other boxes where there are no louvre ventilators would be provided with a
sufficient number of ventilating ridge tiles.

One important point io connection with the ventilation of buildings for
live stock is the construction of the roof.

Both tiled and slated roofs are at their best very much like a sieve so far as
the atmosphere is concerned, and particularly so when the outside temperature
is low. The outside cold air will find its way through the very numerous
joints and fall on to the backs of the cattle very much like a stream of cold
water, bringing down with it a portion of the vitiated air, which has been
cooled by contact with the very cold slates or tiles, greatly to the injury of the
cattle.

It is important that this condition of things should be avoided if possible,
and the best means of so doing is to lay the slating on grooved and tongued
boarding instead of laths, and we have adopted this construction in these
designs. Red deal being a bad conductor of heat, the warm air striking it is
cooled but slightly and will therefore continue to rise to the exit provided, and
no cold air can get in through the boards to fall on the cattle like cold water,
nor bring down vitiated air with it.

Lest this method of construction should be considered expensive, it may be
pointed out that the necessary boarding costs but 8s. per square more than the
lathing and torching, and that the cost amounts to less than 6s. per cow stall,
or less than 4d. per cow per annum will pay 5 per cent, on the outlay —
certainly not a tithe of the real value, for, in addition to the advantages already
described, the boarding can be readily lime-washed (to comply with the
sanitary regulations) and affords no spaces at the back of the rafters, as in the
case of a lathed and torched roof, for the accumulation of dirt.

6. Drainage.

Sewage. — The whole of the floors, where there is any possibility of there
being any urine or drainage from manure, are formed with cement concrete
and rendered thoroughly impervious, the covered yards being left with a surface
upon which horses can stand to draw out the manure. .

The only exceptions are the very hard brick on edge pavings (in cement)
at the rear of the cow stalls and stables where the horses and cattle would
have to walk in passing in or out, cement floors being too slippery for this
position.

For the disposal of the urine, &c., from the cowsheds a channel 3 in. wide
at the outer edge of the dung channel is provided, the heel stones being so
fixed as to enable the urine channel to be laid with a fall of 9 in. from north
to south : on reaching the south wall the urine would pass out through a
glazed stoneware pipe fixed into the wall and discharging over trapper!
gullies, whence the urine would be conveyed to the liquid manure tank in
glazed stoneware socketed and cement jointed pipes.

The rest of the boxes and stables would be drained by means of slightly
dished channels formed in the concrete flooring, having not less than 1 in 60

Plans of Farm Buildings.

257

fall, and discharging by means of pipes through the walls either into the
covered yards or over gullies and thence to the tank as above described.

The whole system of drainage is indicated in detail on the Plans.

Rainwater. — The whole of this is entirely excluded from all yards occupied
by cattle or used for dung pits, and none whatever is allowed to mix with the
urine or solid manure.

Large deep half round cast-iron gutters are fixed to all eaves, and are
brought right to the outside of all yards at the southern ends (so that there
can be no possibility of any overflowing into the yards), and the water from
the whole is conveyed by pipes down the walls into gullies, and thence in
stoneware socketed cement jointed pipes clear away from the buildings.

- To aid the flow of water in the gutters from north to south, and to assist
the drainage of the sheds the buildings would be erected with a slight fall in
themselves in that direction.

7. Preservation of the Manure.

It is estimated that manure to the value of considerably over 300Z. would
be made annually (by good farming) at this homestead, and that by exposure
to constant rains, as is the case at many homesteads, one half the value might
be lost. To avoid this heavy loss a covered manure pit is provided for all dung
which cannot be thrown into the covered yards.

With the dung pit is a liquid manure tank provided with pump, so that
the liquid can be pumped on the manure in the pit (which by exposure to sun
and wind would become dry), and so save waste or separate distribution.

8. Water Supply.

A well 30 ft. deep by 4 ft. 6 in. internal diameter is provided, being dry
brick lined to within 6 ft. of the top, the remainder of the lining being set in
cement.

From the well water can be pumped to a large iron tank (2,100 gallons
capacity) fixed 16 ft. above ground or high enough to supply bath and w.c.,
&c., on first floor of house.

For the distribution of the water, strong lead pipes would be laid under the
floors to the various points : although lead costs more than galvanised iron in
initial outlay it lasts considerably longer, and as most of it would be laid under
the concrete paving the extra cost would be saved many times over in the long
run by saving of renewals and pulling up floors.

Two systems would be adopted for distribution, viz., a high pressure system
to the taps and a low pressure system for supplying all drinking troughs in
the yards and roads.

High Pressure System. — J-in. lead piping would be taken direct from the
large tank to the various taps marked on the plans (except the one in the nag
stable), and brass quarter turn bib taps would be provided, and stop tap and
vent screw for emptying the pipes during frosty weather.

Low Pressure System. — Galvanises) iron troughs supported on brick bases
are provided for the yards, stables and cowsheds at points marked on the
plans. These would be supplied by a f-in. lead pipe from a second small
cistern fixed under the chaff chamber steps in the stable, with the top level
with tops of all the water troughs (these all being on a level). Water would
be brought into this cistern by means of a j-in. lead pipe from the large tank,
and have an automatic ball cock. The water would then stand at a uniform
level in the troughs, say 1 in. from the top, which arrangement ensures a
constant supply of water without any attention beyond the pumping necessary
and seeing that the ball cock is in order.

The water would be brought into the troughs through brass roses with
T*g-in. diameter perforations to prevent rubbish getting into the pipes.

The boxes would be provided with small cast-iron troughs, having hinged
lids and fixed at the ends of the mangers. These troughs could be filled by
hand from the taps near at hand without great labour.

VOL. 69.

S

258

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Machinery.

This is usually tenant’s property, and it is assumed that in this case the
tenant would provide engine, shafting and belting, and all machinery.

Space is provided for a 10 to 12 H.P. oil engine (as being the most suitable),
donkey pump to the well, and a dynamo, the latter affording the best means
of lighting the homestead. The initial outlay for an electrical installation
would be the only cost, as the electricity could mostly be provided when the
engine is running for other purposes.

Poultry.

We are strongly of opinion that poultry houses should not in any case be
mixed up with the other buildings for live stock, fowls about the latter places
being objectionable.

If poultry are to be kept in large numbers they should be housed in
portable houses distributed about the farm, as large numbers cannot be kept
profitably in one place.

The houses should be constructed of oreosoted wood as being cheaper and
more suited to fowls than brick or stone buildings, and we have accordingly
shown two houses on the block plan constructed of this material, one being for
fowls and the other for ducks and geese, and the cost of these is included in
the estimate ; any further houses required should be portable and be provided
by the tenant.

SPECIFICATION.

General.

(Such clauses and conditions applicable to the special circumstances of any
case, as may be necessary, to be inserted under this heading in any working
specification.)

Excavator.

Surface.— Kemove all vegetable matter from whole site, of buildings, yards,
paved ways, and roads, and dispose of same as directed.

Trenches tor Foundations. — Dig trenches for foundations sufficiently deep
to secure firm and uniform foundation. When dug, to be well watered and
rammed down.

Drain Trenches. — Fill in and ram the earth to footings and dispose of the
surplus as directed.

Dig trenches for drains to a uniform fall and cut socket holes for every
pipe in the trench, and carefully fill in and ram the earth about the pipes.

Well.- — Dig well 5 ft. 3 in. internal diameter by 30 ft. deep, and dispose of
earth as directed.

Manure Pit , Tank, and Yards. — Excavate as directed to form yards,
manure pit, and tank.

Boads. — Form roads as shown on' plans about the buildings, with a bed of
hard local materials 6 in. deep and a topping of finer material 2 in. deep, the
surface to have a fall of 5 in. in 24 ft. from the buildings on every side.

Sheds. — Level and ram the ground in cart and implement sheds.

Bricklayer.

Walls. — Use throughout hard burnt stock bricks from an approved local
yard ; face the whole of the external walls with selected bricks, and point all
exposed faces with a flat struck joint as the work proceeds.

But to all walls three courses of footings of the several widths shown on the
sections, and grout up all foundations from the bottom of the footings to the
damp course.

The mortar to be composed of clean sharp sand or boiler ashes mixed with
an equal quantity (by measure) of freshly burnt local lime or best Portland
cement (as the case may be).

Plans of Farm Buildings.

259

Damp-proof Course. — Lay over the whole of walls above ground level a
course of pressed blue Staffordshire bricks bedded in. and jointed with neat
Portland cement.

Angles. — Build all salient angles in or about the buildings with bull-nose
bricks.

Arches. — Turn arches in half brick rings set in cement mortar to openings
where shown, and properly cut skew backs, &c., to same.

Copings. — Cope all low walls- with selected hard bricks set on edge in cement,

Window Sills. — Put to all sliding windows special made splayed bricks 9 in.
by 4 in. by 4£ in. set in cement.

Put to all other windows cant angled bricks set in cement on edge.

Thresholds. — Form thresholds to doorways with pressed blue bricks set on
edge in cement.

Air Bricks and Flues. — Build in 9-in. by 3-in. cast-iron air bricks in walls
where shown on drawings, and fix one for every cow in the east and west walls
of cowshed, 6 in. above the floor level.

Fires. — Build fireplace openings in harness room for 3-ft. 3-in. oven and
boiler, set and fix same ; build 9-in. by 9-in. flue and parget same. Set the
chimney head in cement mortar, using pressed blue plinth bricks as shown, and
provide a plain red terra-cotta chimney pot, 2 ft. high, flaunched round with
cement.

Fix two 40-gallon furnace pans where shown and set same in brickwork, the
top being finished with Portland cement, J in. thick, chamfered on the edges.
Build smoke flues, and fix chimney pots as described above.

Provide 6-in. glazed pipe bends connected to flues to coppers for steam outlets.

Beam filling. — Beam fill over all walls in between feet of spars with brick-
work.

Flashings. — Point all lead flashings with cement. —

Mangers. — Build mangers for live stock as follows : — For cattle in stalls and
boxes with 4J-in. brickwork each side on a concrete bottom, filled in between
with lime concrete, and having 18-in. diameter glazed stoneware channels insido
bedded in the concrete : the ends to be formed with fine cement concrete
rounded and finished with trowelled face in cement.

For cattle in yards, the mangers to be similar to above, but having 15-in.
diameter channels in continuous lengths.

For horses, with 4 J-in. brickwork sides on half-brick arches set in cement
mortar, supported on solid brick piers, 14 in. wide between the stalls ; fill in
over the arches with cement concrete, and fix 1 8-in. diameter stoneware channels,
and form rounded ends to each manger as described above.

Swill Tanks. — Build these with 9-in. brickwork in cement mortar, cope with
a blue half round coping set in cement, and render insides with neat Portland
cement.

Floors and Parings. — Under all pavings (except concreted yards) lay a bed
of hard broken local materials, 4 in. thick, well wetted and beaten down.

Gangways. — Pave all gangways, passages, and also form the channels up to
walls in stables and cowsheds, with selected hard stock bricks set on edge, and
grouted with cement grout.

Pave at edge of trolley gangways with special made hard cant bricks set on
edge in cement.

Mixing , Engine , and Milk Booms.- — Pave mixing room, milk cooling room,
engine ro>m, boiling shed, and trolley gangways with cement granite concrete
2J in. thick, finished with floated plain face and put down in two layers, as
follows : bottom layer 1 j in. thick composed of three parts (by measure) J-iii. to
$-in. granite chippings, one part sand to one part best Portland cement, top
layer 1 in. thick composed of two parts |-in. to J-in. granite chippings, half part
sand and one part cement, the whole well mixed dry on boards, gently wetted,
again mixed, spread and well rolled down, no part to be allowed to dry before
being finished off.

S 2

260

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Cattle , Calf , and Pig lores. — Pave all cattle boxes, calf boxes, piggery and
hospital with a similar flooring 2J in. thick, but coved into squares or diamonds
and laid to falls.

Cow Stalls — Pave at heel of cows in stalls with a floor as last described but
3 in. thick, put down in two layers of 2 in. and 1 in. thick. Form channels at
heel stones 18 in. wide with round sinking at outer edge to convey urine, to fall
not less than one in sixty.

Stables , Horse box.-— Pave stalls in stables from gangway to mangers and
whole of horse box with a similar floor 3£ in. thick, put down in layers of
2^ in. and 1 in. thick. Form channels at heels of horses, to have a fall of not
less than one in sixty.

Clay Paring. — Pave for 3 ft. of cowstalls with well-puddled clay 4 in.
thick well beaten down.

Harness Room , Tools , tyc. — Pave harness room and tool house with selected
hard stbck bricks as before described.

Milk Cart Shed. — Pave milk cart shed with asphalte paving 2J in. thick,
well tarred, sanded, and rolled down, and having on the outer edge a blue brick
on edge kerb.

Turds. — Pave yards with cement concrete 6 in. thick well rolled down and
left with rough face, put down in two layers of 4 in. and 2 in. and composed
of five parts £-in. to j-in. hard local materials (gravel, stone, &c.) one part sand,
and one part cement as before.

Manure Pit and Tank. — The manure pit to be constructed with low concrete
walls battered one face as shown on the drawings and composed of materials as
last described ; the floor to be 6 in. thick and to be composed of same material.

The tank to be constructed of 9-in. brickwork built in cement, having a two-
ringed arch over and cement concrete bottom 6 in. thick as last described, and
rendered all over the inside with Portland cement | in. thick.

Drains. — The drains to be constructed with 4-in. and 6-in. best quality
glazed stoneware socketed pipes with Portland cement joints ; all connections
to drains to be over 6-in. glazed stoneware trapped gullies having galvanised
iron grates over same. The drainage from the channels in sheds, See., to be
conveyed through the walls by means of a 4-in. glazed stoneware pipe.

An inspection chamber 2 ft. by 2 ft. inside to be provided at point indicated
on the Plan constructed with 9-in. brickwork rendered with cement and the
bottom formed with a 6-in. open stoneware channel bedded in cement concrete,
and the pit closed with a heavy cast-iron airtight manhole cover and frame.

The drains are to be laid throughout with uniform falls, not less in any
case than one in sixty. The gullies to have 2-in. blue brick on edge kerbs set
in cement all round them.

Well and Water Troughs. — Dry brick line, half brick thick, the well to
within 6 ft. of the top and gather in the upper part to 2 ft. 6 in. diameter, this
part being built with brick in cement. Build half brick bases to water troughs
with bull-nose bricks on outer angles and 6et in cement mortar.

Ceilings. — Lath plaster and set the ceiling in milk cooling room.

Sundry. — The bricklayer to build in all stonework in cement, to hoist and
fix all steelwork, bed and point round all door and window frames, bed wall
plates and other timbers, cut away for and make good after all other trades
and generally to attend on them as required.

Mason.

General.—- The stone to be local or other approved stone selected for
hardness and laid on its quarry bed.

Thresholds. — Fix to all door frames threshold stones 14 in. by 6 in. deep
and full width of the wall, tooled on the upper face and two sides and mortised
for dowels.

Hook, 4'c., Stones. — Fix to all doors hung to walls hook and catch stones
14 in. by 14 in., 14 in. by 9 in., and 9 in. by 9 in. as required by 6£.in. deep

Plans of Farm Buildings.

261

having rounded corners to match bull-nose angles and rebated where required,
and let the ironwork into same and run with lead.

Templates. — Fix under steel joists on north wall tooled templates 6 in. thick
tooled as required.

Bases for Columns. — Fix to cast-iron columns in cart and implement sheds
round bases 15 in. diameter by 15 in. high rounded all ways with flat top and
mortised for two bolts each.

Fix to columns in mixing room bases 18 in. by 18 in. by 10£ in. square, all
sides, and mortised for two bolts each.

Guard Stones. — Fix to each side of openings to cart sheds and roots, guard
stones, 12 in. by 12 in. by 18 in., rounded three sides.

Heel Stones. — Fix to the cow stalls, tooled heel stones, 9 in. by 3 in., cham-
fered one edge and in the longest lengths possible.

Steps. — Fix to chaff chamber, tooled steps, 9 in. wide by f>£ in. deep.

Fires.— Fix to harness room fireplace, 2$-in. sawn hearth, 10-in. by 4|-in.
6top chamfered frieze, and 7-in. by 2-in. shelf with rounded corners and finely
tooled all faces.

Fix to coppers, sawn lintels, 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. by 3 in., perforated for
steam-pipe.

Well. — Fix 4-in. self-faced flag over well top, 3 ft. by 3 ft., with mortises
for two lifting rings.

Pig Feeding Troughs. — Fix to each pigsty, a stone, 15 in. by 18 in. by 3 in.,
tooled all faces, rounded two edges, corners rounded, and one face slightly
dished and set sloping.

Sewage Pump. — Fix to sewage tank, sawn stone, 2 ft. by 2 ft. by 4 in., with
perforations for chain and bolts.

Slater.

Cover the whole of roofs (except yards and manure pit) with best quality
blue or purple Welsh slates, 16 in. by 8 in., to a lap of 2f in. ; each slate or
piece of a slate to be secured with two lj-in. large headed copper nails.

Extra wide slates to be used at all gables, to break joint bedded in hair
mortar, and a double course to be fixed at all eaves.

The slating is to be fixed to f-in. grooved and tongued boarding nailed to
the common rafters over all live stock ; elsewhere the slating to be fixed to
l£-iu. by f-in. red deal laths, and to be full torched with fine hair mortar.

The ridges to be covered with blue capped tile ridges with ventilating ridges
every 6 ft. over live stock, all bedded and pointed with cement.

Carpenter and Joiner.

General. — The timber generally for carpenters’ work to be thirds quality
Baltic timber of an approved brand, selected , free from sap, shakes, coarse
knots and other defects, to be cut die square and of the dimensions specified.

The creosoted timber to be of the same quality, fully creosoted under
pressure until at least 8 lb. of oil has been absorbed by each cubic foot of timber,
and the whole to be cut, framed, &o., and prepared ready for fixing before
creosoting.

The stuff for joiners’ work to be “seconds,” very dry l’etersburgh or
Archangel, quite free from sap and other defects.

The oak to be of English growth, free from sap.

Roofs. — Fix to all roofs, wall plates, 6 in. by 3 in., 7 in. by 3 in., and
9 in. by 3 in. ;■ 2£-in. by 3J-in., and 2f-in. by 4-in. common rafters ; 5-in. by 1-in.
ridge boards; 4£-in. by lf-in. tilting fillet to eaves; 7-in. by lf-in. wrot.
chamfered verge boards having 2-in. by f-in. chamfered and splayed fillet to
cover ends of laths, &c.

Frame the trusses to the several buildings according to the sizes figured on
the sectious.

Roofs on Covered Yards. — Frame the trusses in accordance with the Draw-
ings and figured dimensions thereon, and cover the whole with 1-in. by 7-in.
boards twice grooved one side and fixed Ts5 in. apart with steel wire nails to

262

Plans of Farm Buildings.

the purlins, each board being supported on all bearings with two hob nails ;
the top and bottom edges of all boards to be splayed.

Skylights. — Fix 2-in. wrot. skylight casements having 14-in. double rebated
bars and 14-in. by 7-in. inside casings, hang the casements at the top and fix
chains and pulleys for opening same. One skylight, 4 ft. by 6 ft., to be fixed
over each side of cowsheds at about 13 ft. 6 in. from mixing room end ; one
over stable, 4 ft. by 6 ft., and one over the hospital, 3 ft. by 4 ft., outside
measurements.

Ventilators. — Fix over centre of each cowshed, calf house, and stable,
ventilating louvres as follows : — 4-in. by 44-in. splayed bottom plate bolted to
rafters, 4-in. by 4-in. comer posts, 4-in. by 3-in. rails ; cover with IJ-in.
grooved and tongued boarding on 2-in. by 2-in. firrings, and fix 14-in. rolls for
lead ; fix on each end feather-edged boarding, and on all sides above roof 7-in.
by 1-in. louvre boards hung on pivots at each end ; fix 2-in. by 2-in. staves,
linked to louvre boards with short chain for rope.

Flooring. — Fix 8-in. by 3-in. joists not more than 13 in. apart in the
chambers ; frame for trap door 3 ft. by 3 ft., and for cake, corn, chaff, and
other machinery, and for stairs as shown.

Lay lj-in. white spruce grooved and tongued flooring nailed to joists and
all nails clenched.

The trap door to be framed of lj-in. floor boards bolted to 14-in. ledges,

chamfered on the edges.

Stairs. — Fix a step ladder from stables 12 ft. long over all by 2 ft. 6 in.
wide, having 9-in. by 1 4-in. sides chamfered on the edges, and No. 12 treads
7 in. by 1 j in. housed to sides.

Fix round each wellhole in the floor 2-in. by 34-in. rails chamfered on the
edges and mortised to 3-in. by 3-in. newel posts halved and bolted to the
joists, there to be two rails in height.

Granary and Chaff Divisions. — Form these with 1-in. white spruce butt
jointed boarding on 24-in. by 34-in. rails chamfered on the edges, and mortised
to 3-in. by 4-in. posts halved to joists. The divisions to horse and cow chaff to
go up to floor of chamber and have a hinged flap under chaff cutter. The other
divisions to be 4 ft. high.

Mangers and, Hayracks. — Provide for brick mangers, bond or capping
44 in. by 3 in. to all cow mangers, 54 in. by 3 in. to stable mangers, chamfered
on two edges and with dovetailed halvings at all cross pieces.

Fix hayracks to mangers in boxes and covered yards as follows : — 3-in. by
3-in. posts halved and bolted to the principals, 3-in. by 4-in. rails, 7-in. by
24-in. bottom piece, 4-in. boarding, l-|-in. round staves, 2 ft. 6 in. long, stumped
in at ends 3 in. apart.

Fix hayracks to mangers in stables as follows : — 44-in. by 3-in. top rail,
54-in. by 3-in. bottom rail, splayed one side, and l^-in. round staves as before.

Fix hayracks in calf boxes as follows : — 34-in. by 3-in. rails, 6-in. by 3-in.
bottom piece, and 1-in. round staves.

Stall Divisions. — Fix divisions to stalls and boxes as follows In stable,
oak posts 7 ft. 6 in. long by 5 in. by 6 in., chamfered on edges, 24-in. by 34-in.
rails chamfered on exposed edges, lf-in. white spruce boarding to extend to
top of division on one side and to middle rail on other side ; the top to be
finished with 54-in. by 14-in. chamfered cap.

In cowsheds, oak posts 5 ft. by 4 in. by 44 in. at heels, and 4-in. by 3-in.
posts at head, 24-in. by 34-in. rails chamfered on all edges, 1-in. white spruce
boarding, and 11-in. by lj-in. board fixed between posts at back of mangers on
3-in. brackets nailed to posts.

For calf boxes, oak posts 5 ft. 6 in. by 44 in. by 44 in. fixed in cast-iron
sockets ; 3-in. by 34-in. rails ; 1-in. white spruce boarding, and 1-in. creosoted
ledged doors.

In yards, 4-in. by 6-in. creosoted posts, 24-in. by 34-in. creosoted rails, f-in.
creosoted boardings, creosoted gates. The large gates in the yards to be hung

263

Plans of Farm Buildings.

to posts 8 ft. by 10 in. by 10 in., having two sets of hooks in them for raising
the gates as required.

Windows. — Fix in calf house, east and west walls of cowshed, and east wall
of stable, 2-in. sliding casements provided with rollers and fixed between 2f-in.
by 3-in. rebated and chamfered guides.

Fix in stable, horse box, boxes near calves, and hospital, casement windows
with 2-in. casements hung at bottom, to open inwards, with 4f-in. by 3-in.
rebated and chamfered frames with oak weathered sills.

Doors. — Fix to all doorways where there are no live stock passing through
(except where otherwise specified), f-in. and 1-in. ledged and braced doors ; all
doors under 3 ft. by 3 ft. to be f in., and over to be 1 in. thick. The doors
between cowshed and mixing room to have hit and miss slide'shutter in bottom
part.

Fix to all cowsheds, boxes, and hospital, 2-in. framed ledged and braced
doors cut at 4 ft. high and hung in two parts.

Fix to engine room a 2-in. framed ledged door with stiles and bars in upper
part prepared for glass.

Fix to mixing room a 2f-in. framed and braced ledged door 8 ft. wide
by 7 ft. high, on steel rollers at bottom, and fix over same 9-in. by 11-in. wrot.
beam with rebated and chamfered guide bolted to it.

Fix to entrances of covered yards and bull yard, 2-in. framed ledged and
braced doors, as before hung to oak posts, 9 in. by 9 in. by 8 ft. 6 in. long, those
to covered yards being 9 ft. 3 in. wide, hung as a pair.

Fix to engine room and inner door to milk cooling room, 5f-in. by 3f-in.
rebated and chamfered frames having beaded centres 3 in. by 5f in.

Sundry. — Fix over all slide windows and wood casement windows, two
outer doors in chaff chamber, 3-in. by 9-in. lintels wrot. three faces.

Fix sixteen wrot.-shaped harness pegs, 2 in. by 3f in. by 18 in. long, in
harness room, and sixteen ditto, but 21 in. long, in stable.

Fences. — Fix across piggery yard fencing as follows : — two oak posts, 8 ft.
by 9 in. by 9 in., paled gate, 9 ft. wide by 4 ft. high, 3f-in. by 2-in. rails, and
3-in. by f-in. pointed pales, 3 in. apart up to the building on each side of
gateway.

Fix a similar fence across open yard in front of hospital.

Tank Cover. — Provide for water tank f-in. ledged cover, 9 ft. by 7 ft., in two'
parts, having three ledges 7 in. by If in. chamfered on edges, screwed to f-in.
grooved and tongued boarding.

Closet Seat. — Fix in closet 1-in. clean deal nosed and perforated seat om
strong bearers.

Smith and Ironmonger.

Cast Iron as follows : —

Columns. — Fix to implement shed, cart shed and mixing room, cast-iron'
columns 5 in. external diameter by f-in. metal, with caps If in. thick with lips
on side to fit flange of steel joists, and bases 10 in. diam. by If in., with two
holes rimed out for f-in. bolts.

Chairs. — Provide chairs for securing eaves beam on manure pit to steel
stanchions of 1-in. metal rimed out for three bolts each.

Hoppers for Windows. — Provide hoppers for casement windows, 2-ft. 6-in.
by 9-in. by f-in. metal, and screw holes in same.

Shoes for Door Frames. — Provide shoes 5f in. by 3f in. by 4 in. deep for
door frames, and having on under side a dowel for letting into stone.

Sockets for Posts. — Provide sockets 18 in. by 5 in. by 5 in. for wood posts,
with a flange 3 in. wide all round at one end.

Hangers. — Provide two horse mangers 4 ft. long by 15 in. wide, with rolled
edges and ears cast on for fixing to walls.

Windows. — Provide lf-in. windows in stock sizes, with plain chamfered
frames and bars as shown on the drawings, part of the windows to have a

264 Plans of Farm Buildings.

portion to open as indicated on the elevations, hung on centres and with eyes
for cords.

Eaves Gutter. — Provide for all eaves about the covered yards 6-in. deep
half-round caves gutters, and to all others 5-in. ditto, socketed and bolted
joints, and provided with all necessary stopped ends, angles, and nozzles.

Rainwater Pipes. — Fix to all eaves gutters on the buildings, 3-in., and to
the manure pit 2 j-in. round rainwater pipes with ears cast on, provided with
necessary swan-necks, bends, offsets and shoes, and fix large plain heads where
shown on the elevations.

Wrot. Iron : — .1

Eaves Gutter Brackets. — Provide for all eaves gutters, iron brackets 18 in.
by J in. by J in. shaped to gutter, flattened one end, punched, and provided
with two screws for fixing.

Roof Strays and Bolts , fc. — Provide for all roofs, partitions, mangers,
floors, &c., straps, bolts, rods, &c., as indicated on the drawings, roughly
finished.

Doors. — Provide for door ironwork as follows - For external cowshed, box
and hospital doors, bands full width of the door, one-fourth 2 in. by T*y in., and
remainder 1 j in. by J in., bolted to doors with -f-in. diameter bolts ; hooks of
1-in. square metal, split shanks and claws at end, and J-in. diameter pivots
welded solid ; latches 10 in. by 1J in. by J in. on plates 3 in. by 3 in. by J in.
bolted to doors, with carry latches 1J in. by J in. bolted to doors and catches
with wing guards on, of J-in. square metal and split shanks with claws at ends
as before, and strong S handles ; fix strong hasps bolted to doors, and hooks
bolted through walls for holding doors open.

Fix to all ledged doors over 2 ft. 6 in. wide, bands as above, 2 in. by J in.
and 1 J in. by J in., hooks of J-in. square metal having J-in. diameter pivots,
latches 8 in. by 1J in. by J in., carry latches, catches, and hooks and hasps as
before. . . ,

Fix to all small doors in chaff chamber and for putting manure out, bands
"1 J in. by J in., hooks of J-in. square metal having J-in. pivots and strong hooks
and hasps as before.

Fix to yard doors, bands, one-fourth 2J in. by J in., and remainder 1 J in.
by J in., bolted as before, and 10-in. by 1 J-in. by J-in. latches, catches with
wings, guards bolted through door or posts as the case may require, hooks J-in.
square metal, shouldered and bolted through posts or for letting into stones,
having 1-in. diameter pivots and strong hooks and hasps as before.

Gates. — Fix to all gaites, bands at least 3 ft. long, one-fourth 2J in. by

in., and remainder 1 J in. by J in., bolted with J-in. bolts as before, and hooks
of 1-in. square metal, shouldered and bolted through posts with 3-in. by 3-in.
by J-in. shoulder plates each side, the gates in covered yards to be provided
with two sets of hooks for raising the gates as required, and fix strong hooks
and hasps as before.

Vent it tors. — Provide chains 3 ft. long with J in. links by J in. metal, with
plate at one end and ring at other for ventilators (four to each ventilator).

Steelwork : —

Joists. — Provide the following rolled steel joists : —

For over cart shed, two joists 32 ft. long by 12 in. by 5 in. by 32 lb. per foot,
and one 31 ft. long by 15 in. by 5 in. by 42 lb. per foot.

For over mixing room, three joists, each 25 ft. long by 15 in. by 5 in. by
42 lb. per foot, jointed together with 18-in. by 12-in. by J-in. fish plates.

For over roots, two joists 11 ft. long by 9 in. by 4 in. by 21 lb. per foot.

For over milk cart shed, two joists 16-ft. long by 10-in. by 5 in. by 30 lb. per
foot.

For over south side of chaff chamber, three joists 6 in. by 3 in. by 12 lb. per
foot in lengths to suit openings over cow boxes, and not less than 18 It. long, so
as to span two boxes in one length.

For water tank, three joists 12 ft. long by 8 in. by 4 in. by 18 lb. per foot.

snsn

•Opening
10 -«SVTcl

i.EpET'-

Plans of Farm Buildings.

265

For lintels over windows in north wall of buildings, 3-in. by 3-in. joists
:8f lb. per foot, in lengths as long as can be got in.

For manure pit, ten' joists 11 ft. by 5 in. by 4f in. by 18 lb. per foot, with
holes drilled as required for bolting timbers to them.

Galvanised Iron : —

Provide for bond on horse mangers f-in. hoop iron punched for nails every
■6 in.

Calf Troughs. — Provide five calf troughs 8 ft. long by 12 in, wide and 8 in.
deep, 20 gauge metal with tabs riveted on for fixing to partitions.

Sundry : —

Coppers. — Provide two 40-gallon rustless furnace pans and cast-iron works.

Firegrate. — Provide for harness room a 3-ft. 3-in. oven and boiler set without
coves.

Hayracks. — Provide for horse box and hospital two flat hayracks.

Hinges , Jyj. — Provide all necessary butt hinges for skylights, casements, &c.,
and chains and pulleys for skylights, and pivots on plates screwed to louvre
boards.

Water Tanks and Troughs. — Provide and fix 10 ft, above ground an open top
cistern 9 ft. by 7 fti by 5 ft. 6 in. outside measurement over rivet heads, with
angle iron and cover plate at top made of yL-in. plate with 2-in. by 2-in. by
f-in. angle iron and stayed with six f-in. rounded iron stays (painted), with a
2-in. iron overflow pipe, wood float and indicator fixed in engine room showing
the depth of water in the tank, and two holes drilled for f-in. pipes.

Provide galvanised iron tank 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. by 1 ft. 6 in. without top
and including one hole drilled for J-in. pipe and one for f-in. pipe.

Provide five galvanised iron water troughs 4 ft. by 2 ft. by 1 ft. 3 in. with
rolled edge and including hole drilled for f-in. pipe.

Provide twelve cast-iron water troughs 15 in. by 13 in. by 12f in. with
hinged lids.

Pump. — Provide and fix complete a 3f-in. diam. wheel and chain pump
fixed on a stone to liquid manure tank.

Manure Pit Roof. — Cover the manure pit with galvanised corrugated iron
sheeting 22 gauge secured with bolts to 2-in. by 2-in. angle iron principals
as shown in the section, having 2-in. by 2-in. angle iron rafters and struts,
f-in. tie rods, and fixed to iron shoes bolted to steel stanchions of 5-in. by
4f-in. H iron joists 11 ft. long. There. to be five principals in all.

Plumber and Glazier.

Valleys , Gutters , and Flats. — Lay over these 5-lb. milled lead, copper nailed
where required, and dressed over drip or round rolls where necessary, forming
proper over cloaks.

Flashings.— Fix at junction of all sloping roofs with walls, strong zinc
soakers and 5-lb. lead stepped flashing secured by raking out joints of brick-
work f in. deep, turning lead in and wedging with lead wedges.

Fix where required, aprons 12 in. wide of 5-lb. lead secured as above
described or by copper nailing.

Glazing. — Glaze the skylights with f-in. rough plate, secured with best
quality putty and copper sprigs.

Glaze all windows and engine room door with 21-oz. thirds sheet glass,
secured with best quality putty.

Water Service. — Lay f-in. drawn lead piping, to weigh 7 lb. per yard run,
from the supply tank in chamber through the mixing room round to the boiling
house and take off branches to all points marked on the plans. The piping to
be laid in trenches outside the building not less than 2 ft, deep, and fixed
■elsewhere with galvanised iron clips.

All joints to be wiped.

The connections to tank to be made with a brass union.

266

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Fix J-in. brass quarter-turn bib cocks at the points marked, and a brass
screw down stop cock next the tank with brass eye and screw cap for admission
of air to the pipes for emptying.

Lay J-in. pipe as above from tank to a second small cistern under chamber
steps with stop cock, &c., as before.

Fix to the small cistern an equilibrium ball valve with copper ball and
-connected to lead pipe with brass union, &c.

From the small cistern lay a J-in. drawn lead water pipe (to weigh 1 1 lb.
per yard) under the ground to the water troughs at the points shown on the
plan, each branch to be connected with the troughs by means of a brass long-
screw and two nuts and be provided with a brass rose, 3 in. diameter, having
TV in. perforations.

Take a J-in. branch off this J-in. pipe to nag stable and fix J-in. quarter-

turn brass bib cock as before.

Paintee.

The materials throughout to be the best of their respective kinds, genuine
white lead to be the basis of all paint, and no other to be used. The work to
be well brushed or rubbed down between each coat.

Knot and prime before fixing, and stop and paint two coats in plain colours
all wrot. external woodwork and insides of all doors and windows.

Paint. all iron spouts inside and out, and pipes two coats before fixing and
one coat after fixing.

Paint all steel joists three coats before fixing.

ESTIMATE

prepared in accordance with Bill of Quantities and Schedule of Prices, which
latter has been based on average current prices for the best quality of the
work of the same kind ; and where there has been any doubt as to the cost of
special materials, quotations for same have been obtained from manufacturers.
No attempt has been made to cut the prices down to rates unremunerative to
a builder.

£

8. d.

Buildings (exclusive of water supply)

2,450

4 11

Water supply (all trades) .

89

1 5

Fences and Koads ....

75

0 0

Total estimated cost

£2,614

6 4

“ CONVALESCENT.”— Fourth Prize.

REPORT

on Farm Buildings for a Farm of 400 aores.

In submitting these Plans you will notice the crew yards are planned so as
to face due south, with four small crew yards to accommodate ten beasts.

The cow stable range is in the centre of the block, and in close proximity
to the house, with accommodation for twenty-four cows, eight calves, and two
calving boxes, whilst one of the covered yards will at any time accommodate
the in-calvers.

On the north is placed the barn, waggon shed, and other implement places
as shown, to give shelter to the yards, with the corn granary over.

In the centre is the engine house, with a through passage 8 ft. wide
from the stores and stackyard to the whole of the stock.

The infirmary box has been placed between a cart and waggon shed, and
quite isolated from any other stock.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

26?

The nag stables are placed conveniently for the house, with accommodation
for two regular horses, with a spare stall or box.

The drainage I purpose taking as shown on block plan with gullies at the
head of every drain through inspection chamber to a large septic tank, and to
dispose of the effluent in natural sewer in field, or carry through land drains to
the nearest outfall.

There is every convenience for manure being taken from the enclosed places,
and it can be carted away with a pony and proper cart to a place to be pro-
vided at the north side of the stackyard.

The water supply is supposed to be taken from a bore down into the rock by
inserting a 2$-in. bore pipe and putting down same 10 ft. below the natural flow
in same. A lj-in. suction pipe from the pump with rising main of similar
capacity to deliver up into tank house, where tanks are estimated to be placed
to hold at least 2,000 gallons.

It is also estimated by cube measurement that the dwelling house (for a 400
acre farm) should cost, including the dairy, which should have its walls lined to
a height of 4 ft. in seconds glazed white bricks, a sum of six hundred pounds
(600£.).

In my district it is general for the tenant farmer to provide portable wood
chicken places and poultry houses, hence it will be noted nothing of these are
shown on the Plans.

SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATE.

Bricks to be sound, hard, square, and well burnt, from an approved yard,
selected of good red colour for all outside facings.

The window arches to be seconds red stock bricks.

Bond to be English bond, every fourth course being true headers.

The estimate must include for providing all materials. The carting of same,
labour, tools, scaffolding, ladders, and every other matter and utensil required
for the due performance of the whole of the works.

All provisional sums (p.c.’s.) are nett prime cost values to be expended
solely at the discretion of the Agents and deducted in whole or part as the case
may be.

Mortar. — The mortar to be composed of one part of dog kennel fresh burnt
lime to two-and-a-half parts of clean sharp sand, free from vegetable loam.

Cement. — To be good Portland cement from an approved firm.

Slates. — The slates used must be the best Dinorwic, to have double courses
at the eaves, laid to a lap of not less than 3 inches, on good red fir laths.

Brainage. — All internal drains to have surface channels delivering over
Sharp’s gulleys through the respective walls where shown and carried in best
sanitary pipes to the nearest manhole, the last manhole having a patent 6-in.
intercepting trap fixed therein.

Cows , Calves and Horses. — All the mangers and internal water troughs to
be salt glazed, built to the proper levels as directed with salt glazed bricks in
cement.

Water. — It is intended to get a supply of water from a bore to be made
near the engine house and pump up into large galvanised iron tanks at a level
where shown which will give a good pressure and supply the house and the
whole of the troughs to buildings through a 1| in. galvanised iron pipe with all
necessary ball valves required.

Carpenter. — The whole of the timber used must be of an approved brand
from the Baltic ports and be practically free from sap, shakes, loose or dead
knots and other defects, and be well seasoned before being used.

The covered yards, fences, and division timbers to be creosoted where
practical, and the other parts to have two coats of carbolineum or other
approved wood preservative.

Painter. — Where paint is specified to be used it must be mixed from the
best white lead and linseed oil with an admixture of turps and driers.

268

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Nag Stable and Piggery Range.

Level and make up and ram to receive concrete.

Excavate trenches for foundations.

9-in. brickwork laid in mortar, pointed on both sides, the external face
being black marked (all openings deducted).

9-in. brickwork to feed walls to piggeries.

9-in. by 3-in. wrot. and rounded capping bolted down to walls and covered
with carbolineum.

Four bolts 2t in. long.

Seven extra cost to 4-in. double rim arches over iron windows.

Six extra cost to 4-iu. relieving arches over door openings.

Extra cost only to bull-nose bricks in jambs and angles.

Concrete to piggery floors 4 in. thick, composed of four parts slag screenings
to one part best Portland cement laid on, and include a bed of broken bricks
or clinker ashes, the whole being grooved out in small deep squares.

Provide and lay next walls, 9-in. Staffordshire channels to deliver through
walls over gullies as shown.

Concrete all as before described, but finished smooth to boiling place, feed
passages, carriage house, and harness room on bed of broken bricks and
clinker ashes.

Flooring to nag stable, passage, and box in Skier Spring bricks, 9 in. by
4J in., grooved in six or eight squares, laid and grouted in cement on a bed of
concrete composed of six parts broken bricks, stone, and gravel to one part
best Portland cement.

Extra cost 12-in. channel.

Form two chimney stacks to harness room and boiling house.

Chimney pots to harness room and boiling house.

Provide and set in brickwork, 30- and 20-gallon furnace pans respectively,,
with all necessary doors, grates, &c., complete.

Provide grate and boiler for harness room with iron mantel complete.

9-in. by 4J-in. by 3-in. blue Staffordshire bricks laid on edge in cement
between door jamb stones to' form steps.

Fourteen stone templates built in wall to receive iron dowels of door
jambs.

Cement concrete laid to a regular fall, and grooved out in small squares to
wash place on a bed of broken brick.

Three coats plaster to ceiling of nag stable, harness room, box and carriage
house.

Best 18-in. by 9-in. Portmadoc slating on 1 J-in. by |-in. red for laths,
torched on the inside with hair mortar, with the exception of piggeries and
boiling house.

Blue-capped Staffordshire ridge tiles.

Extra cost of ventilating ridges over stalls, box, piggery, and boiling house:

Salt glazed mangers to stalls fixed in walls and having brick in cement piers
formed in the centre to carry same.

Provide a bolt with ring and fix through manger and back wall with 6-in.
cast-iron tie plate and nut on the outside.

Corner manger to box fixed complete with bolts through wall.

Twelve iron stable hit and miss windows 3 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in. having three’
square Hartley’s j -plate glass fixed in same.

7-in. by 3-in. York stone window sills to same, tooled weathered and throated'.

Flash junction of roof with barn wall, and form short valleys at junction of
roofs.

Salt glazed pig troughs in different sizes fixed as directed and where shown.

Perforated gratings in ceilings over stall divisions and box with 10-in. air
shafts and Walker’s patent exhaust ventilator. Fix in roof where directed.

Roof with king post principals having 3-in. by 9-in. tie beams, 3-in. by 9-in,
king-posts, 3-in. by 6-in. principal rafters, 3-in. by 4-in. strutts, 3-in. by 7-in,

Plans of Farm Buildings.

269

purlins, 3-in. by 4-in. plates and cross ties, 2-in. by 4-in. spars, the ridge being
made hollow by forming it with two pieces f in. by 6 in. blocked out with a
fillet 2 in. by 1£ in. where each spar abuts on same to give ventilation through
the patent ridge tiles fixed on the slating.

4.j-in. by 3-in. cast-iron eaves gutter No. 3 section with straight back
securely screwed to facia and joints screwed together and made perfectly
water-tight with white lead and putty, painted three coats on the outside and
tarred on the inside.

Four outlet sockets.

Four stop ends.

3- in. fall pipe painted as above.

Four shoes to 3-in. pipe.

Brestsummer over carnage house opening 7 in. by 9 in., wrot. on front and
soffit.

4J-in. by 4-in. wrot. and rounded door jambs to stables, piggeries, and
boiling house, framed into lintels built into walls.

7-in. by 9-in. wrot. on sides and soffit lintels and build in over door openings.

1 J-in. framed and braced doors hung to above jambs in No. 6.

Six pairs, bands, and hooks.

Rim lock.

Two stable latches.

Two thumb latches.

Four tower bolts.

Two stock locks.

l}-in. by 6-in. beaded facia.

|-in. red grooved and tongued match boarding to walls of harness room,
fixed on 1-in. by 2-in. battens securely plugged to walls and give same two
coats carbolineum of a rich oak tint.

Stall division in nag stable with 6J-in. by 6^-in. oak or pitch pine post,
fitted on with l|-in. grooved and tongued boarding, wrot. and rounded rails
and capping and give two coats of carbolineum as before.

Two collar brackets, provide and fix in harness room.

Two single harness pads.

Telescopic cleaning bracket.

Two rein holders.

Riding bridle bracket.

Paint six doors four coats in oil.

Brestsummer over doors four coats in oil.

Door jambs four coats in oil.

Cart Horse Stable Range.

Level over site and ram to receive concrete.

Excavate trenches for foundations.

9-in. brickwork, all as before described.

9-in. brickwork, all as before described, in gables.

Asphalte dampcourse, 9 in. wide.

Extra cost only to bull-nose bricks in jambs and angles.

4- in. cement concrete as before to gears and corn place.

Skier spring grooved stable bricks in two squares on a bed of concrete as
before described to nag stable.

» Extra cost of 12-in. channel bricks.

9-in. by 4|-in. by 3-in. blue Staffordshire brick on edge in steps to door
openings.

3-in. by 7-in. York stone window sills; sunk, weathered, and throated
to detail.

Best Dinorwic slating as before.

Blue Staffordshire capped ridge tiles.

Extra cost of patent ventilating ridge tiles to fit others.

270

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Salt glazed sanitary strong cart horse mangers let in walls at each end, and
having 18-in. stock brick piers with nosed end pillars to support the troughs
on the underside, with

Four bolts and rings fixed through the manger and back wall and bolted
with 6-in. cast iron tie plate and nuts.

Six hit and miss slide iron windows with three squares Hartley's plate glass
in each.

Flash roof where it abuts on invalid box wall.

Roof with-king post principals, all as before described to nag stable and
piggery range.

4£-in. by 3-in. cast-iron eaves gutter.

Four outlet sockets.

Four stop ends.

3- in. fall pipe.

Four shoes to deliver over gullies.

10-in. by 9-in. brestsummer over cart house openings, wrot. on face and
soffit.

6- in. by lf-in. beaded facia to eaves.

Two coats carbolineum on facia.

Paint three coats iron eaves gutter.

7- in. by 9-in. lintel or head over doorways.

4- in. by 4£-in. jambs to doors.

1 f-in. framed and braced doors to cart horse stables, made in two heights,
and hung to jambs with bands and hooks.

Four pairs strong bands and hooks.

Two hasp and staple fastenings.

Two f stable latches and catches.

If -in. framed and braced doors to gears and manure way to crew yard,
made to slide on the inside in passage.

Two sets sliding irons for same and fix.

Two long hasps and staples to secure outer door.

Purpose-made fastener, made to receive padlock to gears.

Fenders, to prevent carts backing into wall.

Eight short posts for same.

4-in. by 3-in. bond, built in wall and bored to receive iron gear pegs.

6-in. oak post to receive gear rails.

6-in. by 4-in. wrot. top rail.

6-in. by 3-iu. wrot. intermediate top rail.

Give two coats carbolineum to above three items.

Provide and fix in bond in wall sixteen lf-in. wrot. iron gear pegs, average
15 in. long.

Provide and fix five double pegs of a similar strength in centre division.
Paint four doors four coats in oil.

Black four pairs bands and hooks.

Two sets patent sliding irons and fastenings.

Two cast-iron columns to cart shed.

Two templates, 9 in. by 4 in., moulded at ends.

Barn and Granary Range.

Excavate trenches for foundations. ,

Level ground and ram to receive floors.

14-in. brickwork in walls where shown.

9-in. brickwork in walls where shown.

Asphalte dampcourse.

Concrete to floor of barn as before described.

Concrete finished smooth on face to floors of barn, roots, part mixing floor
and chaff places.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

271

Break and well ram in 6-in. chalk, and afterwards fill in the interstices with
ashes and small gravel, having a gallon of tar poured out to every three yards
super, of work, and well roll same at completion.

Blue brick on edge gangway in centre of mixing place.

Concrete floor to infirmary laid on bed of broken chalk or bricks, and
grooved out in squares similar in every respect to those of piggery.

Extra cost to channel being formed next each side outer wall.

Dinorwic slating to roofs over invalid box, waggon shed, barn, and tools
and implement shed, including cutting to hips, &c.

Blue Staffordshire ridge tiles in cement.

Extra cost of ventilating ridges to invalid box.

Flash roofs where they abut on walls.

Dinorwic slating as before over corn and straw granaries.

Blue Staffordshire capped ridge tiles.

Twelve hip irons made to hips.

Dinorwic slating to roof over water tanks and cake and meal store,

Blue Staffordshire capped ridge tiles.

Wrot. iron weather-cock.

5- in. O.G. spouting to eaves painted three coats.

Twelve external angles to hip ends.

Eight outlet sockets.

3-in. fall pipes.

Seven shoes to 3-in. pipe.

lf-in. by 6-in. beaded facia board.

Roofing to the whole range with king-post principals, 9-in. by 4-in. tie
beams, 6-in. by 3-in. principal rafters, lf-in. by 6-in. ridge, 3-in. by 4-in.
struts, 3-in. by 9-in. king-posts, 3-in. by 7-in. purlins, 3-in. by 4-in. plates, and
2-in. by 4-in. spars, 11-in. by 2-in. hip rafters.

Two cast-iron columns to waggon shed, weighing 3 cwt. each.

Thirty-two moulded pads for same.

14-in. by 14-in. brestsummer to waggon shed.

Drill, covered way, roots, reaper, barn and tool shed openings wrot. on face
and soffit.

Pitch-hole door to barn 4 ft. square inside measure.

9- in. by 7-in. beam over door of invalid box wrot. on face and soffit.

4f-in. by 4-in. wrot. and rounded jambs to door.

lf-in. door made in two heights.

Two sets bands and hooks.

lf-in. doors to front of range, made to slide in No. 7.

Seven sets sliding irons.

Four long hasps and staples.

Seven eye-bolts to fix through walls.

Seven knuckle fasteners to receive padlocks.

Door and frame to engine room, 1-in. batten door hung with small bands
and hooks and fastened with good dead- lock.

Staircase having lf-in. treads, lf-in. risers, 2f-in. outer string between 6-in.
Newell’s and 2-in. wall string next the wall, rounded handrail fix directly over
the outer string.

Granary floors formed of 3-in. by 9-in. joists not exceeding 12 in. apart and
covered with lf-in. tongued and grooved floor boards securely nailed down to
joists.

8-in. by 4f-in. steel girder fixed in walls in centre and under the granary
floor joists.

10- in. by 6-in. wrot. steel girder under landing floor of cake place.

6- in. by 5-in. wrot. steel girder to stiffen floor joists of cake place.

Floor to tank house formed of 7-in. by 3-in. joists on wrot. steel girders
and wall carried up over engine house.

Fix beam over trap-door shown on landing near cake house to allow patent
pulley to be fixed at any time for loading and unloading grain.

272

Plans of Farm Buildings.

Ladder 12 ft. long from landing to tank house floor.

Form trap-door in landing where shown.

Seven iron windows (partly glazed with Hartley’s rough plate) in granary
walls where shown.

Seven hit and miss iron windows fixed where shown to infirmary box, chaff
place, &c., with glazed lights at top as before.

Paint thirteen windows three coats.

Thirteen double rim arches over windows 3 ft. wide.

Thirteen York stone sunk, weathered and throated window sills 3 ft. long.
Pitch-hole door in side wall of oat and straw granary, not less than 4 ft. 6 in.
square, with 1-in. ledged and braced door, hung with bands and hooks and
fastened on the inside with hasp and staple.

Paint two pitch-hole doors.

Paint infirmary door.

Eight slide doors to north front.

Engine house door and frame.

Cow Place Range.

Level, spread, and ram, to receive concrete in floors.

Excavate trenches for foundations.

9-in. brickwork in walls and gables laid in mortar and pointed as before.
Asphalte dampcourse.

2£-in. by 4£-in. by 9 in. skier spring paving bricks in six squares on 4-iu.
rough concrete to proper falls.

Extra cost to 12-in. channels laid in cement.

Salt glazed sanitary cow mangers as per detail p.c. with cap on feed wall.
Eight stall divisions having 6-in. posts for hay-racks, and 5-in. steel posts
fixed, leaving all as shown on detail.

9-in. salt glazed mangers set in brickwork in cement with wrot. and rounded
cap rail on back wall, all to detail.

Seven stall divisions to calf places.

Seven small doors to same hung with bands and hooks and fastened with
purpose-made latches.

Salt glazed manger to cow boxes built up in brickwork in cement with wrot.
and rounded cap bolted down.

Boarded division to cow boxes with 4-in. by 4-in. posts, 2£-in. by 6-in. rails,
and 1-in. tongued and grooved boarding.

Extra for forming lattice doors to same.

Best Dinorwic slating in roof, all as before described.

Blue Staffordshire capped ridge tiles.

Extra cost of patent ventilating ridge tiles.

Eighteen iron slide windows glazed and painted complete as before described.
Eighteen window sills in York stone.

Extra cost of double rim arches.

Blue brick on edge steps to door openings.

King-post roofing with timbers of same dimensions as specified to granary
roofs.

If -in. slide doors to openings.

Four sets sliding irons to openings;

Weathered hood over irons.

Louvre oval window in front gable.

Covered Yards and Fences.

Level and form crew yards and bank up next the door openings of buildings
with chalk.

Five-rail fence at back of covered yards.

9-in. brickwork to front of yards laid and pointed as before described.

Blue Staffordshire coping.

Plans or Tarm Buildikcs .
Birds - eye View .

May i90S.

Plans of Farm Buildings.

273

Creosoted five-rail division fences between yards with half-round oak posts
and 0-in. by 2£-in. rails bolted to same.

Covered* yards with lattice segmental curved principals covered with 1-in.
grooved boards fixed on purlins having studs on same, the ends being bonded
and all properly creosoted.

Cattle troughs fixed on posts on purpose-made irons, the posts being bored
to allow the irons to be regulated in height as the manure in yard rises ; all
covered with carbolineum.

Four large front gates hung to 10-in. by 10-in. oak posts with wrot. iron
vartwells and hooks and fastened with purpose-made spring fastener.

Four gates painted three coats.

Drainage.

The sanitary pipes to be of the best quality, laid in straight cut trenches
and joints made watertight in cement.

4-in. best glazed sanitary pipes, including all bends, junctions, &c., as shown
on block plan.

6-in. best glazed sanitary pipes, including junctions and bends.

Three inspection chambers in 9-in. brickwork in cement, with proper half
pipes fixed in same, and sides flaunclied up in cement, covered with 2£-in. self-
faced flags.

Fix in manhole nearest the septic tank a 6-in. intercepting trap.

Form where shown on block plan a septic tank with receiving chamber and
large filtering bed with outlet, the effluent either running into sewer or carried
through a system of land drains in field adjoining the stackyard, as the case

may be.

Sixteen No. 3 Sharpe’s gullies.

Water Supply.

Allow for bore in stackyard near engine house.

Oil engine and pump.

Four galvanised iron tanks with a capacity of 500 gallons each in tank place
over engine house.

Two cattle troughs fixed on brick piers where shown in crew yard.

Feed tank with ball tap.

1 J-in. galvanised iron pipes.

3-in. branches, including all necessary ball valves and screw down bib taps
complete.

ESTIMATE.

£

s.

d.

Nag stables and Piggery range

239

13

0

Cart horse stable range ....

227

18

2

Barn and granary range ....

666

9

7

Cow place range

366

8

6

Covered yards and fences

138

14

7

Drainage

38

12

2

Water supply . . ' .

150

0

0

£1,827

16

0

Allow in estimate a sum of six hundred

pounds for house (cubed) .

600

0

0

Total . £2,427 16 0

VOL. 69.

T

274

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL TO THE
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF GOVERNORS
AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY,

Held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington,
On WEDNESDA Y, December 9, 1908, at 3 p.m.

The Duke of Devonshire (President) in the Chair.

1. The Council have to report that the list of Governors

and Members has undergone the following changes during the
year which has elapsed since the Annual General Meeting on
December 11, 1907 : 13 new Governors and 648 new Members
have joined the Society, and 6 Members have been re-instated
under By-Law 14 ; whilst the deaths of 9 Governors, 93 Life
Members, 139 Annual Members have been reported. A total
of 33 Members have been struck off the books under
By-Law 12, owing to absence of addresses ; 90 under

By-Law 13, for Arrears of subscription ; and 254 Annual
Members have resigned.

2. Since the last Annual Meeting, the Society has sustained
the loss by death of four Governors who had served on the
Council, and who had each filled the office of President, viz. :
the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., the Earl of Derby, K.G., the
Right Hon. Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., and Colonel Sir Nigel
Kingscote, G.C.Y.O., K.C.B.

3. The late Duke of Devonshire was elected a Governor of
the Society in the year 1880, and became President in 1894,
in which year the Annual Show was held at Cambridge, of
which University His Grace was Chancellor. It will also be
remembered that His Grace evinced great interest in the
Derby Show of 1906, and, as Lord Lieutenant of the County
and President of the Local Committee, contributed in a great
measure to the success of that show.

4. The late Earl of Derby was elected a member in 1874,
and joined the Council in 1895, becoming subsequently a Vice-
President and later a Trustee. It will be within the
recollection of almost every Member how well Lord Derby
served the Society as President in the year 1904, and how
generous he was in his contributions to the special fund raised
in connection with the permanent show scheme.

5. Sir Massey Lopes, who passed away in January last at
the age of ninety, joined the Society as a Member in the year
1848, He was elected to the Council in 1865, and was

Wednesday , December 1), 1908.

2 7 5

President of the Society when the Annual Country Meeting
was held at Preston in 1885.

6. Sir Nigel Kingscote, who died in September last,
resigned his position as a Trustee in 1906, and the Council
then passed a resolution expressing great regret that he had
been compelled by ill-health to retire from their deliberations,
Sir Nigel, however, on several occasions since his retirement,
attended the Monthly Council meetings as a Governor, and his
great interest in the Society’s welfare was fully maintained up
to the time of his decease. Elected a Member in 1854, Sir
Nigel joined the Council in 1863, serving as President in 1878,
when the Show was held at Bristol. He was Chairman of the
Finance Committee of the Council for upwards of thirty years,
and frequently acted as Steward at the Annual Shows. To
quote the words of the Council’s resolution of 1906, “ his
energy, tact, and earnestness on all occasions have been of
inestimable value to the Society, while his courtesy and
kindness have endeared him in a special degree to all his
colleagues.”

7. Amongst other Governors and Members whose loss by
death, during the present year, the Society has to deplore are
the Right Hon. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, G.C.B., M.P.,
the Marquis of Linlithgow, K.T., the Earl of Rosse, Viscount
Boyne, Viscount Chelsea, Lord Battersea, Lord Chesham,
Lord Crawshaw, Lord Glenesk, Lord Herries, Lord Hotham,
Lord Poltimoi’e, Lord Sackville, G.C.M.G., Lord St. Levan, the
Hon. and Rev. E. V. Bligh, the Hon. Audley Blyth, the Hon.
Arthur Cole, the Right Hon. Evelyn Ashley, General the Rt.
Hon. Sir Redvers Buller, V.C., G.C.B., the Right Hon. W. S.
Kenyon Slaney, M.P., Sir W. H. E. Chaytor, Bart., the Rev.
Sir G. H. Cornewall, Bart., Sir J. H. Gibson Craig, Bart., Sir
R. J. Dashwood, Bart., Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart.
(Life Governor), Sir H. Clarke Jervoise, Bart., Sir Elliott Lees,
Bart., Sir R. H. Paget, Bart., Sir J. P. P. Radcliffe, Bart., Col.
Sir R. G. Ellison, C.V.O., Sir John Evans, K.C.B., Mr. J. N.
Attwater, Mr. Alfred Baldwin, M.P., Mr. Charles H. Bassett,
Mr. Henry Boden, Mr. J. J. Bowman, Mr. James Braby
(Member since 1854), Mr. T. Fowell Buxton, the Rev.
Prebendary Berdmore Compton, Mr. William H. Cooke
(Member since 1863), Mr. J. H. Cornish, Mr. Ralph Creyke,
Mr. L. Morley Croesman, Mr. W. A. Dew, Count G. de Wezele
(Member since 1857), Mr. Robert Fisher (Leconfield, Beverley),
Mr. James Forshaw, Mr. J. J. Godwin, Mr. E. B. Hadley,
Major-Gen. R. Hale, Captain F. Henniker, Mr. Sidney Hill,
Mr. F. A. Hordern, Mr. William Hornsby, Mr. David Hume,
Mr. John Jones (Dinarth Hall, Colwyn Bay), Mr. J. Llewellin
(Haverfordwest), Mr. Edgar Lubbock, Mr. G. Martin (Member

276

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

since 1856), Mr. C. P. Noel, Mr. Hussey Packe, Mr. A. T. T.
Peterson, Mr. Thomas Radmore, Mr. W. B. Roderick, Col.

E. J. St. John (Member since 1852), Mr. Josiah Smyth,
Mr. F. C. Le Gendre Starkie, Mr. B. Stimpson (Norwich),
Col. H. F. Swan, Mr. A. Grant Thorold, Mr. John T. Tliurlow,
Mr. T. H. Thursfield (Member since 1864), Mr. A. C. Twentyman,
Mr. Joseph Wainwright, Captain E. M. Whitting, Mr. Thomas
Wibberley, Mr. Henry Williams (Moor Park, Harrogate),
Mr. Owen J. Williams (St. Asaph), and Mr. F. W. Wragg,

F. R.C.Y.S.

8. The above and other changes bring the total number of
Governors and Members now on the register to 9,739 divided
as follows

1 Foundation Life Governor ;

182 Annual Governors ;

84 Life Governors ;

6,418 Annual Members ;

3,024 Life Members ;

30 Honorary Members.

9,739 Total number of Governors and Members, as against
a total of 9,690 Members on the Register at the time of the last
Annual Report.

9. In recognition of the valuable services rendered by him
to the Agriculture of Canada, the Council have elected, as an
Honorary Member of the Society, Dr. William Saunders,
C.M.G., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of Experimental Farms,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.

10. The Members of Council who retire by rotation at the
forthcoming Annual Meeting are those representing the
Electoral Districts of Group “ A.” The number of Members
resident in Northumberland on the 1st August last being 319,
this Division is now entitled to two representatives instead of
one as heretofore. On the other hand, as the membership in
both Middlesex and Staffordshire has decreased to less than
300, each of those Divisions loses a Member of Council at the
1908 Election, and is now only entitled to one representative.
The results of the elections in the several Divisions of Group
“ A ” will be announced at the Annual Meeting.

11. Having ascertained that the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B.,

G. C.M.G. (a Vice-President of the Society), would be willing
to allow himself to be nominated as President of the Society
for the year 1909, the Council have unanimously decided to
recommend, at the Annual Meeting, the Election of his Lordship
to that office.

12. Under the By-laws, the balance-sheet has to be presented
for consideration at the Annual General Meeting. The Council

Wednesday , December 9, 1908. 277

therefore, beg to submit the balance-sheet for the year 1907
with the Statement of Ordinary Income and Expenditure.
These accounts were published in Volume 68 of the Journal
issued to Members last March, having been duly examined
and certified as correct by the Auditors appointed by the
Members, and by the professional Accountants employed by
the Society.

13. Major Craigie, who acted as Editor of the last volume of
the Journal, having found it necessary to discontinue the work,
the Journal Committee have entrusted the task of pro-
ducing the next number (Volume 69) to Mr. Kenneth J. J.
Mackenzie, of the Agricultural Department, Cambridge
University.

14. During the past year several parties of agriculturists
from different parts of Europe have visited this country, with
the object of becoming acquainted with the methods adopted
by the British farmer and stockbreeder ; and, in some cases,
short tours were arranged by the Secretary, in conjunction
with Members of the Society, who were good enough to receive
these foreign visitors, and show them over their farms and
breeding establishments. Chief amongst these parties, were
the representatives (numbering about 50) of the National
Agricultural Society of Hungary. On the day of their arrival
in London, the members of this party were received, first of all
by Earl Carrington, the President of the Board of Agriculture,
at the House of Lords ; and later the same day, by the
President of the Society, the Duke of Devonshire, and other
Members of Council, at the Society’s House, 16, Bedford
Square. The itinerary — in the arrangement of which Professor
Middleton, of the Board of Agriculture, and Mr. T. S. Dymond,
of the Education Department, rendered the greatest assistance
— was of a very comprehensive character, and included visits
to farms, experimental stations, &c., in different parts of
England and Scotland. On their return journey from Scotland,
the party spent two days inspecting the exhibits at the Newcastle
Show, and were entertained by the Society to luncheon in the
Showyard, the Duke of Devonshire presiding. The Chairman
of the party, Count Esterhazy, expressed the pleasure their
visit to this country had afforded them, and acknowledged the
kindness of all those noblemen and gentlemen whose estates
they had visited and to whom they were indebted for their very
hospitable reception.

15. The sixty-ninth Annual Exhibition took place, under
the Presidency of His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, upon
the Town Moor, Newcastle-on-Tyne, from June 30 to
July 4 last, and was, without doubt, the most successful Show
in the history of the Society. Their Royal Highnesses the

278 Report to the Annual General Meeting,

Prince and Princess of Wales were the guests, during the
Show week, of the Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick
Castle, and, attended by His Grace, paid visits to the Show on
Wednesday, July 1, and Friday, July 3. On the Wednesday,
the Prince and Princess made an extended tour of the Show-
yard and honoured the President with their company at
Luncheon in the Royal Pavilion. The visit of their Royal
Highnesses on the Friday was of an official character, the
procession including the Lord Mayor and Sheriff of Newcastle
and other representatives of the City, together with the Lord
Lieutenant of the County (the Duke of Northumberland), the
Duchess of Northumberland, the Duchess of Devonshire, and
other members of the Alnwick house party.

16. The success of the Newcastle Show will ever be
associated with Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess
of Wales, as on the occasion of their second visit, on the Friday,
the number of persons who paid for admission reached 98,489,
or nearly 10,000 more than on the first shilling day at the
Nottingham Show of 1888, when the previous highest total for
one day (88,832) was registered. It is interesting to note that
at the Manchester Show in 1897, when His Royal Highness, as
Duke of York, was President, the total number of paying
visitors to the Show was 217,980, but on that occasion the Show
was open for six days, as against five at Newcastle, where the
aggregate number was 213,867. The cordial welcome extended
to the Society by the Lord Mayor and Corporation of Newcastle,
and by the County of Northumberland generally, with the
hearty co-operation of the Newcastle Local Committee,
contributed largely to the success of the Show. The statement
of Accounts, duly audited, will be submitted to the Governors
and Members at the Annual Meeting ; and it is estimated that
the profit on the Show will be 10,053Z, In addition to this,
there will be the contribution of 2,500Z. to the Show Account
from the Ordinary Funds of the Society.

17. The Ploughing Competitions organised early in the year
in connection with the Newcastle Show by the proprietors of
the Newcastle Chronicle excited considerable enthusiasm in the
counties of Northumberland and Durham, and tended in a
great measure to popularise the Society’s visit to the North of
England. The Silver Cups, Medals, and Certificates in these
Competitions were presented to the successful competitors by
the Duke of Devonshire at the commencement of the pro-
ceedings at the General Meeting in the Sliowyard.

18. The Competition for Plans for Farm Buildings, — the
Prizes for which were generously provided by Sir Richard
Cooper Bart. — attracted no less than 78 entries, and the designs
of the Prize winners were exhibited in the Agricultural

Wednesday, December 9, 1908.

279

Education section of the Show, where they were inspected
by thousands of visitors during the week. The Report of
the Judges, with reproductions of the Prize Plans, Specifica-
tions, &c., was on sale in the Showyard,

19. The Seventieth Annual Show of the Society will take
place at Gloucester from Tuesday, June 22, to Saturday,
June 26, 1909. The site, which is well adapted to the
requirements of the Show, consists of portions of meadows
known as Castle Meads, Oxlease and Portham, situated partly
in the City and partly in the County of Gloucester, and is
bounded on the North by the main road to Hereford and
Monmouth, and on the South by railway sidings of the Great
Western Company.

20. The Prize Sheet for Live Stock, Poultry, Produce, &c.,
at the Gloucester Show, which will be issued early in the New
Year, will be on the same comprehensive scale as the schedules
of the last three Shows. Towards the Prizes to be offered
1,345Z. will be contributed by the Gloucester Local Committee,
and 315?. by the Herefordshire and Worcestershire Agricultural
Society. Offers of Champion and other Prizes have been
received from the following Breed Societies : —

Hunters’ Improvement Society, Polo and Riding Pony Society.
Welsh Pony Stud Book Society, Shire Horse Society, Clydesdale Horse
Society, Suffolk Horse Society, Shorthorn Society, Dairy Shorthorn
(Coates’s Herd Book) Association, Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Association,
Hereford Herd Book Society, Longhorn Cattle Society, Devon Cattle
Breeders’ Society, Welsh Black Cattle Society, Red Poll Society, Aberdeen-
Angus Cattle Society, English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association,
English Jersey Cattle Society, English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society,
Oxford Down Sheep Breeders’ Association, Shropshire Sheep Breeders’
Association, Southdown Sheep Society, Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’
Association, Suffolk Sheep Society, Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Associa-
tion, Ryeland Flock Book Society, Kerry Hill (Wales) Flock Book
Society, Lincoln Long-wool Sheep Breeders’ Association, Leicester Sheep
Breeders’ Association, Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders, Wensley-
dale Blue-faced Sheep-Breeders’ Association, Wensleydale Sheep-Breeders’
Association, Lonk Sheep Breeders’ Association, Cotswold Sheep Society,
Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Association, Devon Long-
woolled Sheep Breeders’ Society, South Devon Flock Book Association,
Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association, Cheviot Sheep Society,
Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig Breeders’ Association, the Poultry Club,
the Gloucestershire Committee of the Poultry Club, Variety Orpington
Club and the Campine Club.

Two Challenge Cups, value 50 Guineas each, have been accepted
for competition at the Society’s Shows : (1) For the Best Mare or
Gelding in the Riding Classes for Hunters ; (2) For the Best Single
Harness Horse. The Cups to become the absolute property of the
exhibitors winning them twice in succession, or three times in all.

21. A sum of 345 1. is offered by the Gloucester Local
Committee in the following four Classes, for the best managed
Farms in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, open to Tenant

280

Report to the Annual General Meeting.

Farmers paying a hand fide rent for at least three-fourtlis of
the land in their occupation.

Class I. — Farm of 300 acres and upwards, chiefly Arable, exclusive of
Down. First Prize 100/. Second Prize, 50/.

Class II. — -Farm of 50 acres and under 300 acres, chiefly Arable.
First Prize, 50/. Second Prize, 25 1.

Class III. — Farm of 200 acres and upwards, chiefly Pasture exclusive
of Down. First Prize, 50/. Second Prize, 25/.

Class IV. — Farm of under 200 acres, Pasture. First Prize, 30/.
Second Prize, 15/.

A further sum of 31 f)Z. is also offered by the Herefordshire
and Worcestershire Agricultural Society for the best managed
Farms in Herefordshire and Worcestershire.

Class V. — Farm of 200 acres and upwards, Arable and Pasture.
First Prize, 60/. Second Prize, 30/. Third Prize, 15/.

CLASS VI. — Farm of 50 acres and under 200 acres, Arable and
Pasture. First Prize, 40/. Second Prize, 20/. Third Prize, 10/.

Class VII. — Farm of 150 acres and upwards, of which not less than
20 per cent, is under hops and fruit. First Prize, 60/. Second Prize, 30/.
Third Prize, 15/.

Class VIII. — Farm of 10 acres and not exceeding 50 acres, chiefly
devoted to fruit growing and market gardening. First Prize, 20/.
Second Prize, 10/. Third Prize, 5/.

Entries for these Farm Prizes close on Thursday, December
31, 1908. Applications for forms, &c., should be addressed to
the Secretary, at 16, Bedford Square, London, W.C.

22. A Prize of 100Z. has been provided by Members of the
Society and others interested in the Hop Growing Industry for

he Best Plant for drying Hops. Entries for this Prize must
be sent in to the Secretary on or before January 1. Plants
entered for Competition will be required to be erected and
ready for inspection by August 1 next, and will be tested for
drying Hops in the season of 1909. [7n the event of there

being less than three competitors , no Trial will take place.~\

23. Prizes are also offered in the following two classes for
Fruit Tree Spraying Machines : —

Class I. — For the best machine worked by hand-power for washing
or spraying trees or bushes in commercial plantations. First Prize,
10/. Second Prize, 5/.

Class II. — For the best Movable Plant for spraying trees or bushes
in large plantations, to be worked by steam, petrol, or mechanical power.
First Prize, 20/. Second Prize, 10/.

24. The Council, at their last Meeting, unanimously decided
to accept an Invitation from the City Council of Liverpool to
hold the Show of 1910 in that City, on a site known as the
Wavertree Playground.

25. The number of samples analysed during the year shows
a diminution on that of the previous year. During the past
twelve months the samples sent have been 410 as against

Wednesday , December 9, 1908.

281

462 in 1907. At the same time, though a decrease is
observed in the ordinary routine matters of analysis, there has
been an increase in the number of more special investigations.
In addition to samples sent by Members, there were 128
samples of milk, and 23 of cider and perry, analysed in
connection with the Society’s Show at Newcastle-on-Tyne.

26. At the Woburn Experimental Station there has been
continued activity. The Field Experiments and Pot-Culture
Station have again been visited by a considerable number of
agriculturists and agricultural parties, including the one con-
sisting of members of the National Hungarian Agricultural
Society. In addition to the continuation of the Permanent
Wheat and Barley and the Rotation Experiments, field trials
have been begun with the growing of different varieties of
Lucerne, and on the use of Calcium Cyanamide on corn and
root crops. Also, the influence of inoculating methods for
Lucerne and White Clover has been tried. Further work has
been done at the Pot-Culture Station on the action of Magnesia
in soils, and, for the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal,
an additional year’s work on the utilisation of sewage sludges
has been conducted. As usual, an exhibit from the Experi-
mental Station was sent to the Show at Newcastle, and
another was sent to the Education Section at the Franco-
British Exhibition.

27. Since the last Annual Report of the Consulting Botanist,
240 inquiries from Members of the Society have been dealt
with. The most striking feature in the seeds examined was
the large percentage of Dodder present in many samples of
Clover, it being quite exceptional to find a sample free from
it. A bacterial disease of swede turnip was investigated,
which had rendered an entire crop a failure. Black Scab
Disease of Potato, more correctly known as Potato Canker,
made its appearance again in many places. This pest, by its
steady increase, threatens to be as serious for potato growers
as the Potato Disease. Various injuries affecting roses,
potatoes, beans, peas, turnips, and swedes were reported upon.
From the Woburn Experimental Farm, specimens of a disease-
producing fungus were received, which had destroyed the
crop of Argentine Lucerne and was spreading to the adjoining
plots of Lucerne from other countries. A sample of red
clover which germinated only 21 per cent, was the subject of
litigation ; on the ground that such seed was not fit for sowing,
the judge found in favour of the member of the Society, and
the seed, which had been delivered, was returned to the
vendor.

28. On the whole, crops appear to have been freer than
usual from insect attack during the past year. Rather bad

282 Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

cases of Hessian Fly attack were reported during the summer,
and Root Flies have done considerable injury to various root
crops throughout the country. Many applications have had
reference to Forest Trees, especially beech and coniferous
trees, while a case of severe attack on Lime trees by the Winter
Moth was reported. Much attention has been given to a
disease of the Pea plant, which, although apparently wide-
spread, has hitherto escaped observation in this country. It
is due to the so-called Corn Thrips, Thrips cerealium. The
general interest in the external parasites of domestic animals,
which has been excited by the discovery of their power to
communicate disease, is still on the increase, and numerous
ticks and other animals are continually sent for identification
from various parts of the world.

29. Several requests having, during the year, been made for
copies of the late Miss Ormerod’s diagrams of Insects affecting
Trees, which for some time have been out of print, the Council
decided to reprint this set of diagrams, which includes the
following : — Pine Beetle, Pine Weevil, Pine Sawfly, Goat
Moth, Spruce Gall Aphis, Leopard Moth. The diagrams are
published for the Society by Messrs. W. & A. K. Johnston,
6 Paternoster Buildings, London, E.C., and Edinburgh.

30. Since the beginning of the year outbreaks of anthrax
have occurred with what may be called normal frequency, the
number reported agreeing closely with those of recent years.
The returns indicate a slight decline in the number of out-
breaks of glanders, but the number of animals reported as
attacked has increased, this being no doubt attributable to a
more extensive use of mallein, with the consequent discovery
of occult cases which would otherwise not have been detected.
The reported outbreaks of sheep-scab show a distinct increase
as compared with the two previous years, but the outbreaks
of swine fever fall considerably below those of last year. The
appearance of foot-and-mouth disease in Edinburgh in the
early part of the year was a cause of anxiety to stock-owners,
but, thanks to the prompt and energetic measures taken by
the Board of Agriculture, the disease was speedily brought to
an end, only 112 animals being attacked.

31. The Government of the Argentine Republic, in conse-
quence of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease, decided to
prohibit for a period of six months the importation of Scotch
Cattle and of other animals that had been in contact with
Scotch Cattle. As this restriction affected animals entered for
sale at the Society’s Newcastle Show, where Cattle from
Scotland would be exhibited, the Council took all possible
measures to obtain special permission for animals purchased at
the Show to be at once shipped to the Argentine. This special

Wednesday, December 9, 1908.

283

permission was at length granted, although no official intima-
tion had reached the Society on the matter by the close of the
Show.

32. The question of the importation of Canadian Store
Cattle into this country has again been considered by the
Council, and at their meeting on July 29 the following
Resolution was unanimously passed : —

“ That in -view of the renewed agitation for the removal of the
restrictions upon the importation into this country of live animals from
abroad, the Council desire to express their appreciation of the attitude
adopted by the Board of Agriculture, and to impress upon that Board the
grave risk to the flocks and herds of this country that would be incurred
should the restrictions at present in force be removed.”

33. The proposed Conference with representatives of other
Societies on the Tuberculosis question, of which mention was
made in the Council’s last Annual Report, was duly held at the
Royal Agricultural Hall in December last. The Earl of
Northbrook, who was in the chair on that occasion, explained
that the Royal Agricultural Society was precluded by its
Charter from action upon any “ questions pending or to be
brought forward in either of the Houses of Parliament,” and
that it was therefore impossible for the Society to be represented
as a corporate body upon any Committee such as that which
was proposed. It was thereupon decided to form a separate
body, representative of the cattle, breed, dairy, and other
Societies, for the purpose of watching the interests of Agriculture
in view of possible legislation with regard to Milk and Meat
supply. This body — of which the Earl of Northbrook is
Chairman — is now known as the “ Tuberculosis (Animals)
Committee.”

34. As the result of the examination at the Royal Veterinary
College for the Society’s Medals for proficiency in Cattle
Pathology, including the diseases of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs,
the Silver Medal has been awarded to Mr. A. W. Shilston, of
46, Cameron Road, Ilford, and the Bronze Medal to Mr. S. J.
Motton, of 14, The Terrace, Penzance.

35. The Trustees of the “ Queen Victoria Gifts ” Fund have
made a grant to the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution
of 140Z. for the year 1908, to be distributed in grants of 10Z.
each to the five male candidates, five married couples, and four
female candidates, who polled the largest number of votes in
their class, and who would not this year receive grants from
any other Fund in connection with the Royal Agricultural
Benevolent Institution.

36. The Ninth Annual Examination for the National
Diploma in Agriculture was held at the Leeds University from
April 27-30, 1908, when the following 29 candidates were

284

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

awarded the Diploma, the first four candidates obtaining
honours : —

D'tploma, with Honours.

1. John Dunlop, Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural College.

2. William Dods Davidson, Royal College of Science, Dublin.

3. Alexander Manson, Aberdeen and North of Scotland Agricultural

College.

4. Renwick Hutson Leitch, Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural

College.

Diploma.

John Abernethy, Aberdeen University.

Laurence Alfred Chapman, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
John Duncan Davidson, Royal College of Science, Dublin.

Samuel Wesley Deakin, Harris Institute, Preston.

Reginald Norman Dowling, South Eastern Agricultural College,
Wye, Kent.

George Fenoulhet, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.
James Watt Fraser, Aberdeen and North of Scotland Agricultural
College.

Henry James Hargraves, Leeds University.

John Harvey-Loutit, Aberdeen and Leeds Universities.

John William Holzapfel, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Norman Bentley Hyde, Harris Institute, Preston.

Ernest James Ingleby, Leeds University.

James Pallett Lancashire, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Thomas Limond, Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural College.
Peter Andrew McWilliam, Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural
College.

Francis Metcalfe, Harris Institute, Preston.

Rees Price, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

Frederick John Richards, University College, Reading.

James Barry Riggott, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby.

Thomas Sidney Rudkin, Leeds University.

Wilfrid George Sandeman, Glasgow and West of Scotland Agricultural
College.

Frank A. Smith, Aberdeen and North of Scotland Agricultural College.
Arthur Stephen, Aberdeen and North of Scotland Agricultural College.
Noel Crowther Yiehoff, Harris Institute, Preston.

Frederick White, Leeds University.

37. The Examinations for the National Diploma in Dairying
were held this year for English students at the Midland
Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston, Derby, from
September 19-25, and for Scottish students at the Dairy School
for Scotland, Kilmarnock, from September 26 to October 2.
Thirty-one candidates were examined at Kingston, of whom
nineteen passed, and twenty-six candidates at Kilmarnock, of
whom fifteen passed. The following are the names of the
successful candidates : —

English Centre.

Miss Elsie May Bevis, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby.

Offord Dennis Carter, Essex County Council Dairy School, Chelmsford.
John Charles Jesser Coope, British Dairy Institute, Reading.

Wednesday, December 9, 1908.

285

Philip Crowley, British Dairy Institute, Reading.

Miss Ella Edwards, University College, Aberystwyth.

Miss Margaret Howard, Lancs. County Council Farm, Hutton, Preston.
Norman B. Hyde, Lancs. County Council Farm, Hutton, Preston, and
Midland College, Kingston, Derby.

Miss A. Wrate Leighton, British Dairy Institute, Reading.

Miss Margaret Little, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby.

Miss Madeline Mason, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Derby.
Gaupatlal Day'ASH anker Mehta, Midland Agricultural and Dairy
College, Kingston, Derby.

Miss Dorothy May Owen, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby.

Miss Dora Glover Saker, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby.

Douglas William Scotland, Harper-Adams Agricultural College,
Newport, Salop.

John George William Stafford, Midland Agricultural and Dairy
College, Kingston, Derby.

Miss Hilda J. M. Taylor, British Dairy Institute, Reading.

Miss Dorothy Thompson, Lancs. County Council Farm, Hutton, Preston.
Henry G. Van Der Veen, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston. Derby.

Frank Wilkinson, Midland Agricultural anti Dairy College, Kingston,
Derby.

Scottish Centre.

John Abernethy, Mains Corsindae, Sauchen, Aberdeenshire.

Miss Janet Helen Davidson, Daljedburgh. Barr, Ayrshire.

Miss Nelly Davis, Preston Court, Preston-on-Wye, Hereford.
Alexander John Findlay, M.A., 85, Gray Street, Aberdeen.

Laurence Barnard Foord, The Vicarage, Kirk Ella, Hull.

Percy Alexander Francis, Gracehill, Ballymena, Antrim.

Alfred Leonard Gibson, Grisdale Farm, Leighton, Carnforth, Lancs.
Miss Harriet Gordon Gibson, Cattofield House, Aberdeen.

John Harvey-Loutit, Manse of Foveran, Aberdeenshire.

William Mitchell Lennox, Altizourie Farm, Straiton, Maybole. *
Allan Stewart McWilliam, 47, Brackley Street, Farnworth, R.S.O.
Miss Isabella Marshall, Laverockhill, Balderuock, Torrance.

Joseph Morris, Reiss Lodge, Wick.

Miss Margaret T. Shiell, Whitriggs, Hawick.

Miss Marion Thomson Smith Simson, Ruglen, Kilkerran, near Maybole.

By Order of the Council,

THOMAS McROW,

Secretary.

16, Bedford Square,

London, W.C.

November 4 1908.

286

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1908 OF
THE PRINCIPAL OF
THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Anthrax.

The following Table shows the number of outbreaks of
this disease, and the total number of animals attacked in each
of the last six years : —

Year

Outbreaks

Animals attacked

1903

767

1,143

1904

1,049

1,589

1905

970

1,317

1906

940

1,326

1907

1,089

1,466

1908

1,108

1,426

It will be seen from these figures that during the past five
years the number of reported outbreaks has varied but little.
For reasons which have been explained in previous Annual
Reports, no important decline in the frequency of the disease
can be expected. A very large proportion, if not the great
majority, of the outbreaks appear to be caused by anthrax
spores in feeding-stuffs and manures of foreign origin ; and,
as there are no practicable means of testing such materials so
as to ensure their harmlessness, farmers must put up with the
risk. Fortunately, as experience proves, the risk is not a great
one, for a total of a little over 1,000 outbreaks per annum in
the whole animal population of the country cannot be con-
sidered excessive when one takes into account the enormous
quantity of grains, feeding-stuffs, and manures annually im-
ported from countries in which anthrax is known to be very
prevalent.

It will be noticed that in each year the average number of
animals attacked in an outbreak is almost the same, viz.,
between one and two. The fact proves clearly enough that
when proper precautions are taken in connection with the first
case in any outbreak the disease is easily stamped out. When
larger numbers of animals ai'e attacked in the same outbreak
inquiry usually shows that the first case was not correctly
diagnosed, and that an opportunity was therefore provided for
the infection of other animals by means of the blood, organs,
or excrement of the animal first attacked.

For the farmer the all-important fact to remember is, that
whenever one of his animals is suddenly and unexpectedly

Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College . 287

found dead, or dies from some unrecognised cause after an
illness of only a few hours’ duration, it is his duty to suspect
anthrax, to refrain from interfering with the carcass, and to
report the case to the police.

Glanders.

The following Table shows the number of cases of this
disease reported during each of the past six years : —

Year

No. of cases

Year

No. of cases

1903

2,499

1906

2,012

1904

2,628

1907

1,934

1905

2,068

1908

2,421

These figures at first sight appear to show that glanders was
more prevalent during the past year than in any other included
in the Table. The larger number of cases reported last year
is, however, otherwise explainable, and is reassuring rather
than disturbing. The experience of previous years, and indeed
of many years prior to 1903, had shown that, while the existing
regulations sufficed to hold the disease in check they were
powerless to exterminate it. This was because in dealing with
outbreaks only the visibly diseased horses were destroyed, the
animals which ought to have been suspected in consequence
of contact being left alive and allowed complete freedom of
movement. The inevitable consequence of this was not only
that infected horses were usually left in the same stable, but
also that such infected but apparently healthy horses often
afterwards changed hands and carried the disease into studs
previously healthy. The new Glanders Order, which came
into force at the beginning of last year, changed the procedure
in an important way, for it gave Local Authorities power to
place restrictions on the movements of suspected horses until
such suspicion had been removed as a result of the mallein
test. Moreover, it ordained the slaughter of suspected horses
which reacted to that test, the owner being allowed half value
in Compensation when the post-mortem confirms the existence
of glanders and full value when it does not. As these terms
are not unfavourable to the owners of infected studs, it was to
be foreseen that advantage would be taken of them, and that is
the explanation of the apparent increase in the prevalence of the
disease during the past year. Indeed, it may be said that the
increase in the number of horses killed as glandered during
the past year falls short of what might have been expected,
for the number of diseased, though apparently healthy, horses
in London alone is probably very large. It is not unlikely that

288 Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College.

there is still a good deal of concealment of disease, but this will
diminish as owners of infected studs realise the advantage
which the new Order offers them, with the necessary con-
sequence that for the next few years more horses will have to
be destroyed and compensated for. Already a considerable
check has been placed on the dishonest practice of selling
suspected horses to unsuspecting purchasers, and there is reason
to hope that the disease will before long be brought within
narrow compass and finally stamped out.

Swine Fever.

The following Table shows the number of outbreaks of
this disease for the past six years : —

Year

Outbreaks

|

Year

Outbreaks

1903

1,478

1906

1,280

1904

1,196

1907

2,336

1905

817

1908

2,067

The only consolation which is to be drawn from these
figures is that last year has not been quite so bad as the
immediately preceding one, which was the worst for a long
period. In other respects the result of last year's operations
against swine fever are highly disappointing, and they hold
out no promise that the disease will ever be stamped out. That
it could be stamped out there can be no doubt, but the late
Sir George Brown was probably right when he said that it
would have to be treated on cattle-plague lines if that was the
end aimed at. When account is taken of the money which it
has cost, and of the loss and inconvenience which it has caused
to owners and breeders of pigs, one might be tempted to say
that the attempt to stamp out swine fever was a mistake from
the outset, and that it would be better to abandon it and to
allow the disease to take its natural course. That, however,
would be a mistake, for it cannot be doubted that if left
unchecked it would soon cause enormously greater loss than
it has occasioned in recent years. The comparative failure of
the methods now in force is attributable to the highly conta-
gious character of the disease, the difficulty of diagnosis during
life, and the ease with which the existence of the disease can
be concealed. The last of these is probably the most important,
and one cannot expect to counteract the temptation to
concealment except by making it worth the owner’s while
to report, and by inflicting heavy penalties when concealment
is proved.

Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College. 289
Sheep Scab.

The returns with regard to this disease for the past year are
also disappointing, the number of outbreaks reported having
been 849, as against 751 in 1907, and 534 in 1906. These
figures must be very disappointing to those who expected
that the compulsory dipping Order would make any serious
impression on the prevalence of the disease. To dip sheep
which are not infected does nothing to prevent sheep scab,
though it may be beneficial in other respects. Sheep scab
spreads because it has a permanent home in the hill and
mountain pastures in Wales, the North of England, and the
North of Scotland. What is required to root out the disease
is the enforcement of more drastic regulations in these areas,
and the infliction of heavy penalties when unreported disease
is detected.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

The discovery of foot-and-mouth disease in a cowshed in
Edinburgh during the early part of the year was naturally a
cause of much anxiety to stock owners throughout the whole
country. That the disease was speedily stamped out after only
112 animals had been attacked was in the first place due to
the fortunate circumstance that the owner at once recognised
that it was foot-and-mouth disease, and in the second place to
the prompt and energetic measures taken by the Board of
Agriculture.

The re-introduction of the disease is another reminder that
the country is not absolutely safeguarded by prohibiting the
importation of cattle, sheep, or pigs from countries in which
foot-and-mouth disease is known to exist. It appears to be
most probable that in this instance the infection was intro-
duced with hay imported from Holland, and the action of the
Board of Agriculture in prohibiting the importation of forage
from abroad will be approved by every one who realises what
enormous loss another serious visitation of the disease might
cause to British stock owners. Incidentally it may also be
said that the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United
States of America during the past year, and more particularly
the fact that it had extended to several States before the
report of its existence reached this country, is solemn warning
of the risk which would follow if all foreign cattle imported
into this country were not slaughtered at the port of landing.

New Tests for Tuberculosis.

As a number of inquiries have been received during the
past year regarding the value of certain new methods of
applying the tuberculin test, it may be well to refer briefly to
those procedures here.

VOL. 69.

u

290 Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College.

As is well known, the ordinary tuberculin test is carried
out by injecting the liquid under the skin and taking the
temperature of the animal at intervals during the following
eighteen or twenty-four hours. Two years ago it was dis-
covered, by Yon Pirquet and Wolff-Eisner, that in tuberculous
children a reaction could be produced by applying the tuber-
culin to the slightly scarified skin (cutaneous reaction) or by
dropping it into the eye (ophthalmic or conjunctival reaction).
Both these methods have since been tried on cattle, and, while
experience is not yet sufficiently extensive to enable one to
appraise their value with precision, it may be said that there is
no probability that they will in practice prove equal to the old
method of applying the test. In neither of these new methods
is there any rise of temperature, and what is called the
“ reaction ” is a more or less pronounced but transient inflam-
mation which ensues in the one case in the lining membrane
of the eyelids, and in the other case in the area of scarified
skin. So far as can be judged at present, neither of the new
methods is more reliable than the old one. After repeated
tests an animal may cease to react to the cutaneous test, but
apparently the reaction may be obtained repeatedly with the
ophthalmic test. This, indeed, seems to be the point of most
importance in connection with these new procedures, for it
may in future help to detect a fraud which many think to be
not at all rare, viz., the repeated testing of animals which have
to be sold, with the intention of bringing them into a condition
in which they will not react.

Vaccination op Cattle Against Tuberculosis.

Experiments which were begun at the Royal Veterinary
College ten years ago, and of which a short account appeared
in the author’s Annual Report for 1901 (Journal, Vol. 63,1902,
page 264), showed the erroneousness of the opinion then gener-
ally held that tuberculosis was exceptional among the bacterial
diseases, in that one attack did not confer any immunity
against a subsequent infection with tubercle bacilli. The
experiments in question indicated that, in at least some cases,
when a bovine animal contracted tuberculosis it developed a
greater degree of resistance to infection than it originally
possessed, and they proved that by inoculating cattle with
tubercle bacilli it was possible to confer on them a very high
degree of immunity. It was not then suggested that the
experiments pointed to any safe and practicable method of
vaccinating cattle on a large scale, because of the difficulty of
obtaining bacilli with the necessary degree of diminished
virulence or attenuation. But when it was subsequently
discovered (by Smith, Dinwiddie, Frothingham, Koch, Scliiitz,

Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College. 291

and others) that in many cases of human tuberculosis the
lesions contain tubercle bacilli that have only a feeble virulence
for cattle, it was natural to expect that cultures of such bacilli
might prove serviceable as a “ vaccin ” for immunising bovine
animals. The idea was taken up in Germany by Von Behring,1
at whose instigation a method of vaccinating calves against
tuberculosis has been practised on a comparatively large scale.
On a smaller scale, and by slightly modified procedures, young
cattle have also been immunised against the disease in France,
the United States of America, and other countries. A short
account of this method of vaccinating animals against tuber-
culosis was given in the Annual Report for 1905, and from a
review of the evidence then available the opinion was expressed
that the method was comparatively safe, and that it might
prove of great value as a means of combating bovine tuber-
culosis. In the interval a very large body of further evidence
bearing on the safety and efficiency of the method has been
obtained, and a confident opinion regarding its merits and
demerits now appears to be justified. Briefly, it may be said
that this method, when properly carried out, is devoid of
danger for the animals operated upon, or at least is not attended
by any risk which an owner need hesitate to accept provided
he is assured that the operation is a valuable one in its ultimate
results. And with regard to the latter point, it may unhesi-
tatingly be asserted that the method is valuable, in the sense
that young cattle can thereby be given a high degree of
immunity against tuberculosis. These statements are not
based entirely on a review of the foreign literature (already
considerable) on the subject, but partly on the results which
have been obtained in three herds in this country, in which the
young cattle have been vaccinated by this method. In two of
these only a small number of calves were operated upon, and
as these animals were not subsequently tested with tuberculin
they have not furnished any evidence as to the actual protective
value of the method. They are referred to here only because
they went to show that the operation was without danger.
The third herd was one of valuable pedigree Shorthorns, and
as, with few exceptions, all the calves have been vaccinated for
three years in succession, and two seasons’ calves have been
subsequently tested with tuberculin, the results are of greater
value as an indication alike of the safety and of the efficiency

1 Strictly speaking, Von Behring’s experiments were apparently not
inspired by the idea that the tubercle bacilli found in human lesions might
immediately prove serviceable for vaccinating cattle. He appears to have
thought that such bacilli might be modified in virulence by passing them
through such animals as goats and guinea-pigs, and thus made suitable for
vaccinating cattle.

292 Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College.

of the method. In no single instance has the vaccination
caused any apparent injury to the animal’s general health.
After the operation the calves have thriven as well as could be
desired, and no vaccinated animal has developed any symptoms
of tuberculosis. So much for the safety of the procedure.
There remains, however, the equally important question
whether any protection has been conferred on the animals by
the operation. The most direct method of testing the value of
any process of vaccination is to infect simultaneously an equal
number of vaccinated and of natural or unvaccinated animals
of the same age with a dose of infective material (tubercle
bacilli in this case) certain to provoke serious results in the
latter. Needless to say that heroic method could not be
employed in dealing with very valuable pedigree stock, and
one had to endeavour to measure the efficacy of the vaccination
in another way, viz., by testing the vaccinated animals with
tuberculin at a considerable interval (several months) after
the operation. As judged in this way, the result of the
vaccination has been highly satisfactory, in view of the fact
that the vaccinated calves remained in contact with the cows,
many of which were known to be tuberculous. Whereas in
former years many of the calves born in the herd contracted
the disease and reacted to tuberculin before they were a year
old, nearly the whole of the animals which have been
vaccinated have come successfully through the tuberculin
test, and in the exceptional cases it is not improbable that the
calves were infected before the vaccination, or shortly after-
wards, before they had obtained the full degree of immunity
which the operation confers.

In referring to the results obtained in this herd it is not
pretended that if they stood alone they would justify any one
in recommending the method as one of proved safety and
efficiency, but when they are known to be in harmony with
the results obtained on much larger numbers of animals in
other countries their value as an object lesson becomes much
greater.

Assuming, however, that this method of vaccinating calves
against tuberculosis may now be regarded as practically devoid
of danger, and efficacious up to a certain point, it must be
confessed that the method has some important defects and
limitations. The first of these is that the vaccination is useless
in the case of animals already infected, and the second is that
the protective effect is not obtained until two or three months
after the vaccination. It follows from this that the vaccination
may fail either because the calf was already infected before
the operation, or because it contracts the disease within
the following two months. A third defect is that the

Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College. 293

immunity is not permanent ; and, while it is not yet possible
to say precisely how long it lasts in a serviceable degree, there
is reason to believe that it may have almost entirely disappeared
a year after the operation.

Lastly, an important fact in connection with this method
of protecting cattlfe against tuberculosis is that it cannot be
employed in the case of pregnant heifers or milch cows,
because it has been found that the tubercle bacilli present in
the vaccin may persist in the animal’s body for months after
the operation, and possibly some of them might be passed out
with the milk.

Where the circumstances permit of its employment, the
best method of freeing a herd from tuberculosis still is to
test the whole of the animals with tuberculin, and effect a
permanent separation (in premises widely apart) between
those that react and those that do not. Needless to say, this is
a method which involves much trouble and expense, and in
many cases it is on that account impracticable. In valuable
pedigree herds, apart from the question of trouble and expense,
it is generally considered impracticable because it requires the
calves to be separated from their dams as soon as they are
born. It is in such herds that the protective inoculation of
the calves might be adopted with most advantage. Although
the “ vaccin ” has to be injected into one of the jugular veins,
the operation is one which any competent veterinary surgeon
can undertake, and it has been decided to supply the vaccin,
free of charge, from the Research Laboratory at the Royal
Veterinary College, for the vaccination of calves belonging to
members of the Society during the current year.

Cases of Poisoning in Animals.

It has been thought of interest to include in the present
Annual Report the following notes, which Dr. Lauder has
supplied, regarding analyses in suspected cases of poisoning
during the last few years.

With the smaller animals — foxes, dogs, &c. — strychnine has
been found to be by far the most frequent poison. From the
standpoint of the agriculturist, however, more importance
attaches to poisoning of horses and cattle. If one may judge
from the cases sent to the College, vegetable poisoning among
these is rare, but during the past five years cases of poisoning
by yew and by hemlock have been encountered.

Taking averages of cases in horses and cattle examined
during the last three years, lead and arsenic were found in the

following percentages : —

Lead

Arsenic

Cattle

25

20

Horses

0

16£

294 Annual Report for 1908 of Royal Veterinary College.

It is to be observed, firstly, that poisoning is more frequent
amongst cattle than amongst horses, a circumstance no doubt
attributable to the less discriminating feeding of the former
animals.

In the next place, it is remarkable that no cases of lead
poisoning should have been encountered among horses.

It is possible that lead poisoning is more frequent with
cattle than is commonly supposed, and in this connection it
is to be remarked that the nervous symptoms of acute lead
poisoning often lead to an incorrect diagnosis of vegetable
poison.

On the farm great care should be exercised to prevent the
possibility of lead preparations being left where cattle can
reach them. The possible vehicles of poisoning are lead paints
— particularly white lead and red lead — scraps of metallic
lead, and, where soft water is used, its stoi’age in leaden cisterns.

The capacity of cattle for lead “ as a food ” is enormous,
the proportion found in the viscera generally being very high,
the lowest ever found here being J grain per ounce, and the
highest as much as 2^ per cent, of the visceral contents.

In all cases of acute poisoning it should be remembered
further that the stomach and intestinal contents are most
suitable for chemical examination.

Unfortunately it is not always possible to trace the source
of poisoning with lead, but whenever this has been done it
has always been found that it was lead paint.

As regards arsenic, several interesting cases have been dealt
with. In one arsenic was found in the second and fourth
stomachs of a heifer in the proportion of 9V grain per ounce,
and poisoning was ultimately proved to have been caused by
the mixture of a vermin powder with meal.

An extensive arsenical poisoning case in cattle in the West of
England may be also mentioned. Several animals were examined
and small proportions of arsenic invariably found disseminated
through the whole visceral contents. The actual quantities were
small, varying from -6V to Ti<j grain per ounce, according to the
impaction of the material. Since no noteworthy lesions were
observed, doubt seemed still possible as to the cause of death,
especially as diligent search of the pastures and water supplies
failed to reveal arsenic. Very shortly afterwards another
death occurred, and the' whole alimentary tract was examined,
once again showing arsenic in about the same proportions
as previously found. Ultimately it was discovered that the
animals had had access to a water cart containing arsenical
weed killer.

In reference to poisoning of farm animals there are many
points which would repay exact investigation. To name a

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist. 295

few — cotton cake is often held responsible for death, but no
poisonous principle has been found in it and no systematic
feeding tests appear to have been made. Death is vaguely
attributed to castor oil, or referred to mechanical irritation by
the undecorticated cake. Zinc is often found in cattle and
horses, sometimes in relatively large quantities. Without
experiment it is exceedingly difficult to form an opinion as to
whether zinc is to be held poisonous or not. The same remarks
apply to copper and to antimony. Experimental investigation
is also required as to the poisonous effect of cyanide-producing
foods, such as the Java bean and linseed, which have attracted
much notice recently.

Another point of great value from the toxicologist’s stand-
point is an experimental determination of the proportion of
poison found to poison administered.

J. McFadyean.

Royal Veterinary College,

London, N.W.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1908 OF THE
CONSULTING CHEMIST.

ALTHOUGH the actual number of samples analysed during
the year shows a diminution on those of the preceding year —
this being 408 as against 462 in 1907 — there has been far from
inactivity shown by the Royal Agricultural Society of England
in the prosecution of its endeavours to safeguard its members,
and to give them advice in their farming, as well as to bring
to light such cases of adulteration and fraud as may have
come to their notice.

Without doubt the multiplicity of facilities, through State
Aid to Agricultural Colleges and other bodies, for supplying
the farmer with the ready means of having his fertilisers and
feeding stuffs analysed at low rates, has had a marked effect
upon the extent to which the Society’s Chemical Department
is now resorted to. So, too, has the introduction of the
Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, one which has brought
about a sense of security — frequently, it is true, not fully
warranted — on the part of the farmer.

The records, however, show that though these adverse
agencies have exercised an influence as regards the number
of samples submitted for analysis in the ordinary course, yet,
so far as concerns special investigations and matters outside
the usual “ run ” of things, the laboratory of the Society is

296 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist.

resorted to in the majority of cases of special difficulty or
importance.

The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1906 has now
had a two years’ working experience, and it may be allowable,
therefore, to review it in the light of what it has been able to
effect. To tell the truth, it must be acknowledged that it has
proved, as I ventured to predict it would, even more of a
“ dead letter ” than its predecessor of 1893. It must be
acknowledged, at the same time, that in some minor respects
it has been an improvement on the old Act, but, as a matter of
fact, the practical utility of the Act has been thwarted almost
entirely by : (1) the retention — at the instigation of manu-
facturers and the trade — of the clause limiting the operation of
the Act to samples taken with due observance of all formalities
and within 10 days of delivery (three days of these being
required by way of giving notice of intention to sample) ;
(2) the taking away from County Councils of the right of
instituting proceedings on their own initiative ; and (3) it
must be added, the unwillingness shown by the Board of
Agriculture to institute proceedings even when flagrant cases
have been brought to their notice.

Accordingly it has come about that I doubt whether there
is a single instance in which action has been set on foot by a
private individual, still less by the ordinary farmer, and, where
anything has been attempted, it has been solely by the agency
of official samplers who have been specially instructed by their
County Councils to look out for suspicious cases. More often
than not the outcome of such exceptional activity has met
with but little encouragement from the Board of Agriculture,
who, in 90 per cent, of the cases submitted to them, have
contented themselves with giving a “ warning ” to the trader
at fault. The Board’s Annual Report for 1907 on the working
of the Act gives the particulars of some 20 cases submitted to
the Board, but in only two of these was a prosecution instituted.
One of the cases was dismissed on a technical objection, and
the other failed.

In the course of the present year a case was submitted to
the Board of Agriculture by the R.A.S.E. in which, under the
name of the natural salt “ Kainit,” was sold an artificially
prepared salt, obtained from seaweed, the potash salt of which
consisted largely of carbonate of potash, and not of sulphate of
potash as in the case of “ Kainit,” and which, if mixed with
sulphate of ammonia, would drive o£E the ammonia and entail
heavy loss to the farmer. Yet the Board of Agriculture was
unwilling to prosecute even in this case. Such a disposition
on the part of the Board is most discouraging to a Society like
the R.A.S.E., which has done so much to secure and maintain

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist. 297

the purity and good quality of the materials supplied to the
farmer.

The Chemical Department of the Society has further been
instrumental in exposing another great fraud which there is
reason to believe has been flourishing rampantly for a con-
siderable time. This is the adulteration of wheat offals, such
as bran, sharps, pollards, &c., as well as barley and other
meals, with a waste product called “shudes” or “shude meal.”
This, however, instead of being shudes (the outer husk of
grain) is nothing but finely ground sawdust mixed with
sulphate of lime (gypsum), a material quite unfit for feeding
purposes. It has come to light that large quantities of this
material have been sent to millers throughout the country,
and are used by them for adulterating offals, and for the
compounding of that very indefinite article known under the
name “ pig meal.” It is hoped, however, that the unearthing
of these facts will come in time to stop the further progress of
this fraudulent sale and of its possible imitations.

Coming to matters of general interest, it may be said that
the year has been marked by the high price of feeding-
stuff s generally, while fertilisers have continued much on the
same level as before. Linseed Cake has been very dear, but
there have been comparatively few complaints as regards its
quality or purity. Cotton cake has also gone up in price,
and, while Decorticated Cotton Cake is unfortunately very
scarce, “ Bombay ” Cotton Cake has improved in respect of
manufacture, and the difference between it and “ Egyptian ”
Cotton Cake is not so marked as it was, either as regards
quality or price.

Little has been heard of Java Beans or other articles about
which a warning has been given before, and, indeed, there has
been a dearth of articles new to the food-stuff market.

As to fertilisers, little complaint has had to be made, so far,
at least, as the ordinary purchase of the farm is concerned ;
but, in regard to special manures, waste materials and others
sold under high-sounding names, there has been, as ever, need
of caution.

Attention has very properly been directed to two new
nitrogenous manures which bid fair to rival the supremacy
of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, and, indeed,
to supply a check on the independent position occupied by
these latter. The new materials, calcium cyanamide and
calcium nitrate (nitrate of lime), are both produced by elec-
trical means, the atmosphere itself being in each case utilised
as the source of nitrogen. Though much has been talked
about these products, they have not until quite recently been
articles generally obtainable. The difficulties attending their

298 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist.

manufacture on a commercial scale seem, however, to have
been in measure overcome, and they are now being put
on the market. There is still uncertainty as to their cost of
production, and on this, as on their agricultural utility as
compared with nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia, must
their practical success turn. Even now it would seem that
their price will be largely regulated by the corresponding
price of the unit of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, &c. It
behoves the scientist, however, to experiment with the new
materials and to ascertain how they compare with the
present supplies of nitrogen. Experiments to this end are
now in progress at the Woburn Experimental Farm. If the
farmer finds that he can get his nitrogen in the new form as
cheap as, or cheaper than, he can in nitrate of soda or sulphate
of ammonia, and if it proves equally effective in the field, he
will not be slow to avail himself of the presence of these new
materials on the market. But the whole question of their
utility resolves itself into one of their initial cost.

The different reports which I have submitted to the Chemical
Committee from time to time show the prevalence still of a
certain amount of adulteration against which it is necessary to
be on one’s guard, and the Council have, I am glad to say,
decided to revert to their former practice of publishing with
such cases the names of the offending parties.

A matter which has engaged considerable attention is the
adulteration of offals, experience having shown that these are
frequently otherwise than they should be. In this connection
reference is made to the use of the material called “ shudes,”
already mentioned.

Another point of interest is the occurrence occasionally in
linseed of a body which would appear to impart objectionable,
if not even harmful, properties to the cake manufactured
from it.

Yet another subject demanding attention at the present
time is the occurrence of castor bean in feeding materials, and
this more especially in view of statements which have been
lately put forward throwing doubt on the general belief in the
poisonous properties of the same when occurring in feeding
materials.

The following matters, arranged under their different
heads, may now be set out in fuller detail : —

A. Feeding Stuffs.

1. Linseed Cake.

Instances still occur in which linseed cake is sold under a
guarantee of being “ 95 per cent.,” “ 97 per cent.,” &c., pure.
It should be pointed out that such a form of guarantee is not

Annual Repoi't for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist. 299

permissible under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, and
purchasers should decline to accept any delivery of linseed
cake under these terms. If a cake is described as “ linseed
cake,” it must be a “ pure ” cake, and any other should be
described as “oil cake,” or by some term indicating that it is
not guaranteed as pure.

Prussic Acid in Linseed Cake.

It may be remembered that in the case of Java beans, the
harmful properties of these have been found to be due to the
presence, in the bean, of a body known to chemists as a
“ cyanogenetic glucoside,” and which, when the bean is
macerated in water, develops hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid.)
Something of the same nature has now been ascertained to
occur occasionally in the case of certain kinds of linseed.

Though the conditions under which this happens are not
yet fully understood, it would appear that it may occur when
seed is used which has not been thoroughly ripened. At all
events it does occasionally happen that linseed cake, on being
stirred up with water, develops a certain amount of prussic
acid. I have reason to think that the possible harm resulting
from this has been considerably overstated. Still, it is a
matter to which attention should be directed, and which calls
for further investigation.

Jn one case which was brought to my notice a member of
the Society sent me a sample of linseed cake which he said
his lambs refused to take. I found the cake to be quite free
from any weed seeds or foreign matters, but, on looking into
the matter further, I found that it certainly did develop, when
stirred up in water, a not inconsiderable amount of prussic
acid. I have no doubt that it was to this that the reluctance
of the sheep to take the cake was due, though no actual harm
resulted from its use.

2. Decorticated Cotton Cake.

This kind of cake, as already mentioned, has been excep-
tionally scarce. Occasionally a good sample is met with, and

of this the following is an example : —

Moisture ........ 5 93

Oil 18-71

'Albuminous compounds ..... 39 31

Mucilage, digestible fibre, &c. .... 25’16

Woody fibre (cellulose) ..... 3 62

2 Mineral matter (ash) ..... 7-27

100-00

1 Containing nitrogen ...... 6 29

’Including sand ...... none

•500 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist.

3. Cotton Cake.

An instance was brought to my notice in which cotton
cake was believed to have done injury to stock. On examina-
tion of the cake I found in it a small amount of .castor oil bean.
The occurrence of this seed in cotton cake is, however, 1 must
say, according to my experience, quite exceptional.

4. Castor Bean.

The not unfrequent occurrence of castor oil bean in
different feeding materials has drawn particular attention to
the circumstances under which this seed may find its way into
cargoes of other seeds used for the manufacture of feeding
stuffs.

Doubts have, further, been expressed as to whether it is
really necessary to take such rigid precautions as are at present
observed for the exclusion of castor bean, and whether it
possesses in full the dangerous properties which have been
always attributed to it, chiefly by agricultural chemists. More
recently, however, it has been maintained that, by a new process
for extracting the oil entirely from the castor bean, the in-
jurious qualities are altogether removed, and the resulting meal
is a quite fit material for feeding purposes.

While not inclined — as the result of my experience in the
past — to modify materially my views as to the dangerous
properties of castor bean when it occurs in feeding materials,
and while I think that its presence in them should be rigidly
guarded against, I yet feel that the question raised is an
important one, and one which is fully worthy of further
investigation. Still, if it be the case that the removal of the
oil takes away also any risk of poisoning, it is clear that every-
thing will depend upon whether an assurance can be given
that the whole of the meal has been thoroughly extracted, and
that none has escaped the action of the solvent process.

5. Bran.

The preference by many purchasers for what is known as a
“bold” bran, more especially for the feeding of hunters,
occasions a special demand for a large or coarse bran, this
fetching a higher price than ordinary kinds. In this con-
nection it was brought to my notice that, with the object of
meeting this demand, there existed a practice of damping the
smaller bran with water, and then rolling the pieces together
in order to make the bran look larger. I had such a sample
submitted to me, but may say that I had no difficulty in
detecting when this had been done.

6. Sharps.

A sample sent me of what had been sold as “ Fine Sharps ”
was found not to be a pure sample, but to contain both rice

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist. 301

starch and rice husk, the latter so finely ground up that it was
very difficult of detection.

7. Pig Meal.

A sample of pig meal which was sold at 11. 10s. per ton,
and was stated to consist of three parts of barley meal and one
part of wheat screenings, was found to be very inferior and to
contain weed seeds and sweepings. Among the weed seeds
were cockle seed, chenopodium, and polygonum, together with

per cent, of sand.

In another instance a member sent me a sample of what
had been sold to him as a “ suitable meal for pigs.” He
complained, however, that the pigs did not take to it, and that
some of them had died. On examination of the meal I found
it to consist of damaged cotton seed and to be extremely acid.
Such a material as this is one altogether unfitted to the digestion
of pigs.

8. Shudes.

Under the name “shudes” or “ shude-meal ” — a term
which, when properly applied, refers to the outer husk of
certain grains such as oats, rice, &c., — there has been put on
the market, and sent widely to millers throughout the country,
a material which is composed entirely of sawdust and sulphate
of lime (gypsum), practically half and half. There is reason to
believe that this has been largely used for adulterating the
different offals of wheat, and also in the compounding of meals
for feeding purposes. It is needless to state that the constitu-
ents, sawdust and gypsum, are in no sense feeding materials,
and, under certain conditions, and if used in any quantity,
may be distinctly injurious.

The material is offered at 21. 15s. per ton.

In one instance a member of the Society sent me a sample
of sharps which gave, on analysis —

Mineral matter .... 16‘04 per cent.

Including sulphate of lime . . 12'97 „

The examination of this sample showed me that the sharps
had been adulterated with sawdust and gypsum, very probably
by the addition of a material such as that described above.

B. Fertilisers.

1. Basic Slag.

The following is an instance of an exceptionally good
quality sample : —

Percentage of —

Phosphoric acid 23 29

Equal to phosphate of lime .... 50' 84

Fineness of grinding ..... 82'0

1502 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist.

Tlie price of this Avas only 53s. per ton delivered, in Bucking-
hamshire.

2. Soot.

I have on pre\Tious occasions referred to the variability
found in the quality of soot, and have pointed out the need of
exercising care in the purchase of this material. That* good
samples are obtainable is shown by the following analyses : —

Percentage of — A B

Nitrogen ...... 442 4‘77

Equal to ammonia .... 5'37 5‘79

, 3. Castor Meal (as manure.)

This material is not unfrequently obtainable for manurial
purposes. As a rule its quality ranges between 5 and 6 per
cent, of ammonia. Sometimes, however, a meal is obtainable
from which the husk has been largely removed, and which
gives even higher results, as shown by the following analysis
of a sample sent me by a member of the Society.

This contained —

per cent.

Nitrogen ........ 7-73

Equal to ammonia ....... 9’39

It is well, however, to mention that castor meal is often
adulterated with mineral matter such as carbonate of lime,
sand, &c.

4. Artificial Kainit.

A matter of great importance to farmers was brought out
in the course of an inquiry which I made in consequence of
receiving from a member of the Society a sample of what he
' had purchased as “ Kainit.” The article was invoiced as
kainit, was sold with the usual guarantee for that material (to
contain 11 per cent, of potash) and at the usual price of kainit.
I found, however, on making an analysis of it, that it Avas not
the natural salt kainit, such as comes from the mines at
Stassfurt (Germany), and which is a neutral salt, the potash
being present as sulphate of potash ; but that it was a salt of
decidedly alkaline character, and that the potash, instead of
being present as sulphate of potash, existed largely as carbonate
of potash. In consequence of this, when the salt Avas mixed
with sulphate of ammonia, ammonia Avas freely driven off and
lost. As the purchaser intended to mix the “kainit” with
sulphate of ammonia, he Avould have experienced considerable
loss if he had used the two salts together, whereas the natural
salt kainit could quite well be, and is frequently, so used.
Enquiries which I made elicited the fact that the so-called
“ kainit ” was an artificially prepared salt, obtained from

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist. 303

sea weed. There was no indication given, however, in either
circular or invoice, that the salt was other than the natural salt
from the German mines, but its composition, as stated, differed
materially from that of the natural salt “ kainit.” When the
full facts were elicited, they were put before the Board of
Agriculture with a view to the taking of proceedings under the
Merchandise Marks Act, on the ground of “ false trade
description.” The Board, however, contented themselves with
giving the manufacturers a “ warning,” and obtaining from
them an undertaking to discontinue the application of the term
“ kainit ” to the article in question.

5. Special Manures.

Under various names different materials have been brought
forward, some good and reasonable in price, but many, on the
other hand, comparatively dear. Among the latter may be
mentioned the following : —

(a) “ Fertiliser ” — a material consisting of the refuse from
distilleries, and costing 51. 17 s. 6d. per ton delivered. The
analysis was —

Moisture ........ 8"09

1 Organic matter ....... 8028

-Phosphoric acid. ...... 4 85

Lime ........ -42

“Alkalies, &c. ....... 6'01

Insoluble siliceous matter ..... -35

100-00

1 Containing nitrogen ...... 6-25

Equal to ammonia ...... 7*59

“Equal to phosphate of lime .... 10‘60

“Containing potash ...... 3-98

The nitrogen in this material is in a very unavailable
condition, and the price must be considered a good deal in
excess of the real value.

(6) Fish manure (so-called) costing 31. per ton. This gave,
on analysis —

Soluble phosphate .....

per cent.

6-97

Insoluble phosphates ....

20-28

Nitrogen .......

•G8

Equal to ammonia .....

•83

“ Fish manure ” is not a proper term for

this material

has little resemblance to fish manure,
fully high.

The price, 1

304 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist.

( c ) Tillage — sold in Lincolnshire at 21. per ton, delivered.

The analysis was —

Moisture ........

50-00

1 Organic matter .......

26-67

Lime ........

3-00

2 Phosphoric acid ......

•88

Alkalies, &c. .......

12-81

Sand ........

6-64

10000

'Containing nitrogen ......

2-27

Equal to ammonia ......

2-76

2 Equal to phosphate of lime ....

1-92

This, it will be seen, was half of it water,

and it was,

consequently, in very bad condition for applying to the land.

11. a ton would have fully represented its value.

6. Sewage Sludge.

When sewage sludge can be obtained near at

hand and at

small cost, it may be advantageously employed for market-
gardening purposes. Also, in the case of heavy hand, its
use will be found to improve the working of the land. The

following is the analysis of a sludge which

a farmer on

heavy clay land in Essex used with advantage, finding it
make the land “ work ” well, and being useful for peas,

beans, oats, and wheat. The cost of it was 71.
delivered.

per 100 tons

Moisture . . . . . . . • .

53-28

'Organic matter .......

11-68

Lime .........

14-58

2 Phosphoric acid .......

•73

Oxide of iron, &c. ......

12-93

Insoluble siliceous matter .....

6-80

100-00

'Containing nitrogen ......

•38

Equal to ammonia ......

■46

2 Equal to phosphate of lime ....

1-60

This was evidently quite worth getting. It was found,

however, not to do well with potatoes on light land, the tendency
being great for the potatoes to become “ scabby.”

7. Ground Lime and Chalk.

I have in previous reports alluded to the fact that “ground
lime ” is a material of somewhat uncertain quality, and that
care must be exercised in its purchase. The following are

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist. 305

instances which have occurred of the sale of fair quality and
of inferior ground lime : —

A B

Fair quality. Inferior.

Oxide of iron

and alumina

3-60

319

Lime .

. 85-76

59-67

Magnesia

-931

20-81

Carbonic acid,

&c.

4-24/

Silica .

5-47

16-33

100-00 100-00

Nor must it be supposed that chalk, even when dug
straight out of a pit, is necessarily a material that is suitable
for burning or for using direct on land. It may sometimes
be excessively siliceous, as the following analysis of chalk
dug from a pit near Leighton Buzzard, shows : —

Oxide of iron and alumina

1-88

Carbonate of lime ....

44-25

Sulphuric acid, &c. ....

7-54

Silica ......

46-33

100-00

C. Miscellaneous.

1. Soil poor in Lime.

A sample of soil was sent me from the Birmingham
district, the sender complaining that patches of land over
the extent of a field refused to grow any crop, although the
land was well manured. Both wheat and mangold, though

came up well, died away altogether.

Analysis of this

gave —

(Soil dried at 212° F.)
Organic matter. . . . ...

5-21

Oxide of iron and alumina

4-95

Lime .......

•10

Phosphoric acid .....

•19

Magnesia, alkalies, &c. ....

•49

Insoluble siliceous matter ....

89-06

'

100-00

The soil, it will be seen, was exceptionally poor in lime.
I then suggested the sending to me of a sample of the soil
from parts where a crop could be obtained, and, on analysing
this, I found there to be : —

Lime ....... -15 per cent.

or somewhat more than in the barren portions. It is clear,
however, that the whole land will, sooner or later, require
a good dressing of lime.

VOL. 69.

X

306 Annual Report for 1908 of the- Consulting Chemist.

2. Magnesia in Soils.

My attention has of late years been directed considerably
to the question of the influence which magnesia exerts as a
constituent of the soil and when applied to crops. Experiments
on this point have been carried out at the Woburn Pot Culture
Station, and with very striking results. These are now being
extended to the field cultivation. The general bearing of the
work, so far, has been to show that when the amount of
magnesia in the land preponderates over that of the lime
present, a deteriorating effect is produced on the crop. For
some years past I have noted the results obtained in analysis
of soils where this fact has been brought out, and have made
inquiries regarding the cropping powers of these soils. It has
been brought home to me forcibly, in consequence of these
observations, that, in cases where complaint has been made
that the soils do not crop satisfactorily, while there has been
no evidence of the absence in sufficiency of such necessary
constituents as phosphoric acid, potash, nitrogen, &c., or even
of lime, there has been found a marked preponderance of
magnesia over lime present. To this fact, therefore, I am
inclined to attribute the failure of the soils to crop properly.
Such an instance is the following, the soil coming from near
Burton-on-Trent.

(Soil dried at 212° F.)

Organic matter and loss on heating .

5-18

Oxide of Iron ......

283

Alumina .......

4-07

Lime .......

•63

Magnesia .......

1-44

Potash .......

•74

Soda .......

•28

Phosphoric acid .....

•15

Sulphuric acid ......

■01

Insoluble silicates and sand

84-67

100-00

Containing nitrogen .....

•146

This soil, one would say generally, showed no deficiency
in either vegetable matter, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash,
or lime, and yet the evidence of the farmer went to show that
it would not grow satisfactory crops. It will be noticed that
the magnesia was largely in excess of the lime present, being
more than double the latter, and to this fact I am inclined to
attribute the failure of the land. This is but one of several
similar instances which I have collected, all bearing on the
same point, and confirming the work at Woburn to the effect
that predominance of magnesia over lime is an undesirable

Annual Report for 1508 of the Consulting Chemist. 307

/

feature in soils. The remedy for such a state of things is, of
course, to give the land repeated dressings of lime.

List of samples analysed on behalf of members of the
Society between December 1, 1907, and November 30, 1908 : —

Linseed cakes ......... 35

Undecorticated cotton- cakes ...... 22

Decorticated cotton cakes . . . . . • 6

Compound feeding cakes and meals ..... 30

Cereals .......... 12

Rice meal ......... 1

Dried grains ......... 1

Superphosphates ........ 20

Dissolved bones ........ 8

Compound manures . . . . ... . . 11

Raw and steamed bones . . . . . . . 12

Peruvian guano ........ 8

Fish, meat, and bone guano 7

Basic slag ......... 39

Nitrate of soda ........ 1

Sulphate of ammonia . . . . . . . 12

Potash salts ......... 7

Shoddy . - 25

Hoofs and horns ........ 3

Rape and other manure cakes ...... 3

Lime .......... 10

Soot ...... ... 5

Waters .......... 52

Soils 23

Milk, cream, and butter ... . . . . . 22

Miscellaneous ......... 33

Total .... 408

J. Augustus Voelcker.

22 Tudor Street,

London, E.C.

308 .

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1908 OF THE
CONSULTING BOTANIST.

The number of inquiries from members of the Society during
the past twelve months amounts to 267. Autumn and early
spring brought farm seeds requiring information as to their
quality ; later on the inquiries related to weeds of the farm,
garden, and orchard, their injurious properties, and the best
method of getting rid of them.

Seeds.

It was indicated in the report for last year that the previous
year’s bad harvest of clover seeds would lead to the placing on the
market of seeds of very unsatisfactory quality. This was realised
to a marked extent. The prices at the beginning of the season
were high, and at its height extravagant prices were asked for
seeds not of extra quality. For example, a quantity of English-
grown red clover bought for 56s. per cwt., was found to
contain only 91 per cent, of pure seed, and to germinate only
25 per cent. This was worse than useless to the farmer.
Better samples cost 140s. or more per cwt. Fifty-two per cent,
of all the red clovers examined were condemned on account of
the presence of dodder seeds. Of these, the sample that
contained the smallest number of dodder seeds, had yet
thirty in a lb., while the worst sample contained two thousand
four hundred and sixty-one in a lb. Countries that are
attempting to prevent the importation of dodder seeds with
clover condemn samples that contain more than eight such
seeds in the pound. The French Journal Officiel for April,
1908, publishes a Presidential order prohibiting the importation
into France of agricultural seed containing any seeds of
dodder, and establishing centres for the examination of every
imported sample as to its freedom from these seeds. In
the absence of such action there is no means in England of
protecting the farmer from being offered impure seed, and
it is probable that a good deal of such seed rejected by France
and other countries may find its way from the Continent into
our market. The quantity of dodder sown with seed this past
season will necessarily supply quantities of dodder seed in the
English-grown seeds offered for next year’s sowing. It is very
important that a guarantee of purity be secured from the mer-
chant, in accordance with the form recommended by the Society.
Modern seed-cleaning machines have been greatly improved,
and are capable of eliminating almost every impurity. At the

Annual Report for 19D8 of the Consulting Botanist. 309

Society’s show at Lincoln in 1907, such a machine was exhibited
which received special commendation from the judges. The
manufacturer claims for it that it removes from clover seed the
seeds of dodder, dock, and other weeds, light seeds, and all
foreign matters. The seeds of our native dodder may be easily
separated from red clover, but the larger grains of foreign
dodders are more difficult to remove as these seeds are almost
the same size as the clover seed. The more careful merchants
do not purchase clover which contains these large dodder
seeds.

V / ,

& V ? .

■fhCs,

‘ * JLrjr * j;
* .

*

- * ^*1/

*> *»

Fig. 1.— Sample of red clover with the impurities separated.

The photograph (Fig. 1) of a bad sample of red clover will
convey to the eye some idea of the impurities that may be met
with. The left side of the illustration shows a portion of the
sample spread out on a white surface for examination. The
red clover, of course, predominates in the sample, but the
presence of other seeds may be detected by the naked eye from
their form and size. The different impurities have been

310 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist.

separated from the clover on the right side. The various
elements in the mixture are : —

1. Red Clover {Trifolium pratense Linn.).

2. Vegetable fragments and earthy matter.

3. Knot-weed {Polygonum aviculare Linn.).

4. Dock {Rumex crispus Linn.).

5. Suckling Clover {Trifolium minus Linn.).

6. Chicory {Cichorium Intyhus Linn.).

7. Wild Parsley {Petroselinum segetum Koch).

8. Cut-leaved Cranesbill {Geranium dissectum Linn.).

9. Common Dodder {Cuscuta Trifolii Bab.).

10. Foreign Dodder {Cuscuta suaveolens Seringe).

11. Henfoot ( Torilis nodosa Goertn).

12. Field Madder {Sherardia arvensis Linn.).

13. Rib Grass {Plantago lanceolata Linn.).

Most of these impurities may be removed by sifting
machines, others by submitting them to air blasts, so that from
even the impurest specimen by careful treatment a good and
useful sample may be procured.

A member of the Society sent a sample of red clover seed
to test for germination. It grew only 21 per cent. The
member proposed to return the seed but the vendor refused to
receive it and sued the member for payment. The Consulting
Botanist, at the request of the member, sent his Assistant, who
had made the tests, to give evidence in the case, with the result
that the Judge found that the seed should be returned to the
vendor.

The question of the usefulness of so called “ hard seeds ”
has been raised by some members. “Hard” seeds, i.e. hard
coated seeds, constantly occur in all leguminous seeds. When a
quantity of any seed of this Order is soaked in water for twenty-
four hours all normal seeds absorb the water and swell, while
the hard coated seeds remain unaltered. In the ordinary
course of growth the swollen seeds germinate first, the hard
seeds do so only after some time, it may be months or even
years. Hard seeds cannot be recognised in a sample, they
must be soaked, when their detection is, as has been said, quite
easy. In consequence of their late germination hard seeds may
be of some value in a permanent pasture, where their time of
germination is of less value, but in clover lays the hard seeds
are of little value. They are for the lay practically dead seeds.
Hard seeds are always present in white clover, often as many
as 20 per cent. In red clover they often reach 5 per cent., in
trefoil about 8 per cent., in Alsike 3 per cent., and Lucerne
2 per cent.

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist. 311

Sundry agricultural seeds like cereals, root crops, kale,
rape, chicory, burnet, sainfoin, yarrow and various vegetable
seeds have been examined and on the whole proved satisfactory.

Timothy and bentgrass samples contained nearly in every
case traces of ergot grains. Attention is more generally paid to
ergot by farmers when it is noticed in the crop, but when
present in seed it does not seem to be considered of much
importance by merchants and buyers alike. When noticed by
the purchaser it is usually said to be only the dung of insects.
Bearing in mind that the ergot grain is the resting stage of
the fungus, which in the spring produces fruiting bodies, the
spores from which may attack any kind of grass, it is easy
to prevent the appearance of this dangerous fungus by refusing
any grass in which it is found.

Seeds have again been examined for His Majesty’s Office of
Works for use in the royal parks, for the Asylums Office of the
London County Council and other public bodies.

Duration of Vitality in Farm Seeds.

A diagram illustrating investigation on this point was
brought up to date and again displayed in the Education Section
at the Newcastle Show ; and several inquiries have been made
regarding its use. As some of the seeds under investigation
still germinate, it is not at present proposed to publish results
in detail. After testing forty-three kinds of farm seeds for
thirteen seasons, it may just be mentioned that this year two
kinds of oats grew about 25 per cent., a few varieties show
feeble signs of life, and that the great majority are dead. If,
as is probable, next year sees the completion of the experiment,
the matter will be treated on in extenso.

Dodder Seeds in Seed Mixtures for Permanent
Pastures or Temporary Lays.

Experiments have been carried out with the view of
ascertaining the danger from dodder seeds present in clover
or in ready-made seed mixtures for laying down pastimes, and
some interesting facts have been collected.

From badly infested samples of red clover, dodder seeds
of the two kinds — the larger foreign and the native — have
been separated and sown with various seeds used in agricul-
ture. The plants used were red clover, white clover, alsike,
trefoil, lucerne, timothy, rye-grass, cocksfoot, rape, and kale.
In every instance the seeds of the crop came up before the
seed of the dodder, and both kinds of dodder attached them-
selves to these very different plants. While the various clovers
were more or less rapidly destroyed, little damage was done
to the cruciferous plants like rape and kale, and practically
none was done to the grasses. The dodder grew, flowered,

312 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist.

and produced seeds on the clovers, while the other plants
only provided food for the parasite for a time. The grasses
suffered least from the attack; they supported the dodder plants
from twenty-one to thirty-four days in a condition vigorous

Fig. 2.— Rye-grass attacked by dodder.

FIG. 3.— Red clover attacked by dodder.

FIG. 4.— Kale attacked by dodder.

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist. 313

enough to enable them to spread to neighbouring plants.
Growing plants attacked by dodder were exhibited in the
Education Section of the Newcastle Show. The presence of
dodder seeds in seed used for lays is obviously dangerous. The
photographs reproduced above show the dodder on some of the
experimental plants — Fig. 2, rye-grass where there is little
growth and no real injury to the host plant ; Fig. 3, red clover
which is being slowly killed by the parasite ; Fig. 4, kale on
which it grows luxuriantly without any apparent injury to the
host plant.

The suggestion that seed containing dodder may safely be
used in pasture is thus certainly misleading. The use of
feady-made mixtures should be given up and the seeds should
be separately bought and mixed by the farmer before sowing.

Weeds.

Among the common farm weeds sent for identification,
and for information as to their properties and how to combat
them, were specimens of eyebright ( Euphrasia officinalis
Linn.). This small annual weed quickly spreads by the
large number of seeds which it yearly produces before it
dies. In the case under investigation the eyebright had
come up in quantities all over the field. It is the more
desirable to get rid of this weed, for it obtains part of its
food from the useful plants in the pasture, and so far
impoverishes them. Its roots seek for necessary food in
the soil, and some attach themselves to the roots of other
plants by suckers, which pierce the bark and thus withdraw
food from the plant attacked. A number of plants, nearly
related to the eyebright, in this way rob their neighbours
of food which they had prepared for their own use. Louse-
wort ( Pedicularis palustris Linn.) and yellow-rattle (Rhinan-
thus Crista-Galli Linn.) have this characteristic. Yellow-
rattle was figured and described in the Report for 1903.
Though no case of serious1 injury has been reported as caused
by these plants, it is nevertheless important to note that
eyebright and yellow-rattle sown by themselves, and thus
prevented from attaching themselves to other plants, do not
flourish, but die when they have consumed the food stored
for them in the seeds. The eradication of weeds is often

very difficult. It is not always practicable to bi’eak
up a pasture and plough in the weeds deeply, though
this would be the most efficient method if followed by a
rotation of crops before the field was again laid down to
grass. It is of course of the first importance in laying down
that suitable seeds should be obtained, and that they should
be free from weeds.

314 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist.

Weeds are not easily prevented from shedding their seeds.
Hand pulling can be recommended only in small areas, or
where ^he weed occurs in patches. Hand or horse hoeing is
not practicable in pastures or densely growing crops. In the
case of meadows full of weeds it is most important that the
hay should be cut before the weeds have begun to form seed,
though it may not be the best time for haymaking.

The use of the comparatively newly-invented seed catcher,
now employed in Germany, is desirable. It can be attached to
the reaping machine, and saves from dispersion in the field a
large number of the seeds of useless plants. Without careful
and continued attention in cleaning the field, the weeds will get
the mastery. Nothing hinders their increase. Stock do not
touch them, so they freely flower and seed, whereas the valuable
plants in the pasture being closely eaten are not allowed, in a
well-fed meadow, to run to seed.

A weed has been frequently sent to the Laboratory for
information under the name of dodder, but which has no
connection with the parasite properly so called. The weed
is spurrey ( Spergula arvensis Linn.). The name dodder
seems to be applied to it in various parts of England, and
the description and properties of the true dodder as given in
books differ so much from this annual weed that it has puzzled
many. It is a troublesome annual weed in corn and other
cultivated fields and has obtained no less than twenty-one
common names in different districts of England. It is looked
upon as a pernicious weed, and has been called beggar-weed,
farmers’-ruin, make-beggar, pick-pocket, poverty-weed, &c.
Sir W. J. Hooker says : “ Cattle are fond of this plant, and it
is an object of culture in Holland.” In other Continental
countries the plant is frequently grown, especially on land
which is too poor for anything else. It is well known that
without attention it soon spreads over the whole farm. The
chemical analysis of the weed shows that it is of some feeding
value and that theoretically it is not far behind red clover.
This is seen in the following analysis of spurrey and red
clover : —

Spurrey

Red clover

Green

Dried

Green

Dried

Dry substance

Per cent.
20'8

Per cent.
860

Per cent.
19-8

Per cent.
860

Protein . . . .

2’9

11-8

36

16-7

Fat

0-7

2-7

0-7

2'4

Other nitrogenous matter

8-8

342

8-5

333

Woody fibre ....

61

27-8

5-6

25-4

Ashes .....

2-3

9-5

1-4

8-2

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist. 315

The product of spurrey hay under favourable conditions
has been stated at 10 to 20 cwt. per acre, and as green fodder
at 32, 60, and even at 80 cwt. per acre. The herbage of a field
overrun by this weed may be safely given as a nutritious fodder,
and if it be ploughed in it must supply valuable nitrogenous
manure to the soil. The minute seeds of spurrey, scalded and
mixed with chaff, are said to be equal to the best oil cake.

Diseases and Injuries to Plants.

Some members suspected from the white powdery appear-
ance of the bark of the oak that their trees were attacked by the
“ beech disease ” caused by the “ beech coccus.” The bark was
therefore examined, and in each case the white powdered
appearance was found to be a very common calcareous lichen,
known as Pertusaria communis. This lichen is quite super-
ficial and harmless, though it looks somewhat like the coccus.

The number of applications regarding diseases of crops
was larger than in the previous year. Some diseases caused
by parasitic fungi make their regular appearance every year.
During a hot spell certain injuries were noticed, caused by
the well-known rust and smut fungi. Cases of rust have been
observed in cereals, raspberries, pears, mangolds, sainfoin, and
roses, while smut was reported in oats. Then when the
weather conditions changed and became more unfavourable
another group of pests appeared. Damp and wet increases
moulds and a number of other fungi like cucumber spot,
bean anthracnose, plum gummosis, shot-hole in peaches, and
several instances of the appearance of these fungi came under
notice. All of these pests aj-e well known, and have been
described and figured in previous Reports. Some cases which
were investigated must be referred to at some greater length.

Complete Failure op a Swede Crop.

Appended to the Annual Report for 1900 (Journal, Yol. XI.,
pp. 738 — 741) was a description of a turnip from Yorkshire
injured by bacteria, and figures of the diseased turnip and of
the bacteria were given. In the Report for 1903 (Journal,
Yol. 64, pp. 297 — 300) a description and figures were
given of a turnip attacked by the parasitic fungus, Phoma
Napo-brassicce Rostr. These turnips came fi’om Lincolnshire.
Tucnips have this year been received from Norfolk, which
have been very seriously injured by both of these parasites.
The study of the Norfolk specimens has supplied additional
information as to both the Phoma and the bacteria, which it is
desirable to place on record.

The member inquired into the nature of a disease in
his swedes which destroyed the complete crop of two fields,

316 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist.

one of 23, and the other of 26 acres. The letter contained
a very careful account of the ravages of the disease, and
mentioned many important points enabling the investigation
to be carried out in a thorough manner.

The land, previous to sowing the swedes, was well
prepared and manured, and had previously borne crops of
healthy swedes. The crop came up well, grew fast, and
looked very promising, being aided probably by the manures
and the favourable weather in May and June. Towards
the end of August a spell of hot weather set in, lasting all
September, during which time the first signs of the injury
manifested themselves. The tops began to shrivel and the
leaves to change colour. Early in October rain appeared,
producing a new growth of leaves, while the old ones died
and dropped off. About the middle of October the roots began
to be used, and quite a number were found to be diseased in
the interior. It was useless to store them, as the heaps would
heat and the diseased roots contaminate the others. About 75
per cent, were tainted inside, some rotted to a pulp, others
became hollow, none were really free from disease. The member,
anxious to use the swedes quickly, increased his stock, but
he found that, after being cut up and put into the bullock
bins and sheep troughs, the roots did not look fit for any
animal to eat. They however ate them, but made slow
progress in fattening.

The roots which were forwarded with the letter were
carefully examined. Their odour was very offensive, and
this should have sufficed to turn any animal from eating
them. Roots cut in halves showed marked signs of disease.
The interior was found to contain many sloughish cavities of a
pale pinkish hue, and they were in the highest degree of
fermentation. They were only fit to be destroyed, and it is
remarkable that no injury resulted to the animals that ate
them. Some specimens still bore a few leaves and these were
microscopically examined, with the result that a parasitic
fungus known to attack the swede turnips in this manner was
found in abundance. This evidence led to the examination of
the exterior of the root, and many patches destroyed by the
fungus Phoma Napo-brassicce Rostr. were noticed. This
injury was described in the Report for 1903, and a leaflet
was issued by the Society on this new disease, suggesting
measures for treating it. From the history of the fungus
which attacks the leaves during dry weather, it is clear
that it was the primary cause of this attack. The ripe spores
of the fungus were washed down by the rain to the stalks
and the top of the roots, thus causing the withering of the
top and the hollowing out of the root. In some cases small

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist. 317

Fig. 5.— Section of a diseased swede.

Fig. 6.— Portion of the section magnified.

318 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist.

injuries due to the common turnip fly had offered suitable
places for the growth of the fungus at the base or the middle
of the root. A photograph is reproduced of a longitudinal
section of a diseased root showing the extent of the injury
(see Fig. 5), and a small portion, A, from the edge of this
section has been considerably magnified to exhibit the
cavities formed by the colonies of bacteria (Fig. 6). As
a result of the wet weather following a period of drought,
the turnip bulbs grew in circumference, the portions of the
bark killed by the fungus failed to expand like the healthy
portions, and fissures resulted. These fissures, of course, were
soon infested with bacteria, and though there were many
distinct forms present, one was very predominant. This was
separated and stained and compared with a slide, kept for
reference, of the bacterial disease of turnips, described in the
Report for 1900. They were found to be the same kind. There
is sufficient other evidence to justify the view that the bacteria
gained access to the interior through the cracks in the skin of
the turnips. The pinkish colour of the slimy mass was due to
a small yeast fungus which would naturally appear in a juice
rich in starch and sugar, as the sap of the swede is. This
yeast caused rapid fermentation, and on account of the pro-
duction of gases gave off the foul smell from the roots. The
attack by the Phoma is the first stage in the injury. The
fungus appears in dry weather and on dry land. Steps should
be taken to present the recurrence of the disease where it has
once made its appearance. The diseased roots should be
removed from the field and destroyed by fire or treated with
quicklime to kill the spores of the fungus. The infested field
should have scattered over it gas lime to the amount of two to
three tons to the acre. The fungus may perhaps attack other
root crops, so that it would be well to avoid the culture of
roots for some seasons.

Appearance of a New Potato Pest.

Plants that are universally reproduced by vegetative means,
i.e., by cuttings or tubers, like the potato, are thought to be
exposed to some more or less pronounced degree of degenera-
tion. It is for this reason that a change of seed is recommended
to secure new vigour. Old varieties grown continually on the
same land have frequently failed to produce as satisfactory
crops as the same varieties grown elsewhere. The degenerative
symptoms are indicated by premature ripening, yellowing of
the leaves, and few and small tubers. On the other hand, no
variety of potato is entirely free from disease. This has been
recently proved on the Continent by Graf Arnim-Schlagenthin,
who experimented with 400 distinct varieties, and found

Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist. 319

disease more or less pronounced in every case, thus confirming
on a larger scale the results obtained in the experiments
carried on by the Society in connection with the prizes offered
by the late Earl Cathcart (Journal, 1874, page 475). A new
potato trouble was noticed this year, which has not yet been
thoroughly investigated on account of the time being insufficient
to reach any certain conclusion. The plants, which had pre-
maturely turned yellow, were received from a member in
Cheshire. The tubers, on being cut, showed a yellow ring some-
what beneath the skin. At present no parasitic organism has
been discovered, though a large series of diseased specimens have
been examined. The disease, it was ascertained, was identical
with the so-called “ yellow disease ” observed on potatoes in
Ireland. Similar diseased specimens were also received from
Scotland. In some cases a Fusarium fungus was found which,
as it was repeatedly present, may be one of the causes. But
other instances gave no indication of the cause. In Germany a
disease known as “ Blattrollkrankheit ” showed similar
symptoms, and inquiries have been made from official bodies
in that country, so that the investigation is still proceeding.
If any members notice their potatoes going off in a similar way
they are requested to forward specimens to the Laboratory
for investigation. Tubers showing this yellow ring have been
kept and will be grown under observation next year, when a
fuller report may be looked for.

Disease in Sea Kale.

A destructive pest appeared in various parts of the
country, towards the end of the sea kale season. The shoots
became spotted dark greenish brown, the spots were soft to the
touch, and the decay made rapid progress. On examination a
fungus very common on decaying and injured tissues, Botrytis
cinerea , was found to be present, and it was undoubtedly
the primary cause. Later, numerous bacteria brought on
the decomposition of the attacked parts and, increasing,
destroyed the whole shoot. The conditions under which
sea kale is grown, especially the means adopted to produce
blanched shoots, are very favourable to the growth of Botrytis.
The “ Tops ” which are placed over the plants to seclude the
light ensure a close atmosphere with practically no ventilation.
Such treatment produces a weak, long-drawn plant which is
readily sought for by snails, grubs, etc. These pests, by
damaging the plants when feeding, provide spots for the
fungus to attack. It was suggested that all the plants of sea
kale should be examined, that the diseased tops be cut off,
with other diseased parts, and burned. The shoots but little
attacked might be cut quickly for use. Light and air would

320 Annual Report for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist.

arrest the growth and spread of the fungus, but would of
course be detrimental to the white blanched shoots, as they
would soon turn green and unfold their leaves. Where
diseased shoots have been cut away it is necessary to powder
the cut surface and the soil under the top with lime. This
would destroy any grub or prevent snails getting at the plants.
Occasional ventilation would prove of beenfit, but care should
be taken not to admit light at the same time.

Smoke Injury to Oats.

Oats growing on a field adjacent to iron works showed
marked signs of an injury to the leaves, which turned yellow
in part and became limp. The plants seemed also to make
no progress.

Microscopically examined, no parasitic agent was found,
but the tissues showed that the injury was due to physical
causes, such as smoke or fumes. Smoke of coal rich in
sulphur, or from the kilns of iron works, are very destructive
to some plants. It is remarkable that other plants do not
suffer from such smoke. In the case under observation no
injury was done to cocksfoot or the young shoots of the
surrounding hedges. It is impossible to suggest any means
to combat an injury of this kind. Perhaps plants may be
found that are less affected, for the pastures around the
works near Middlesbrough are quite vigorous.

The Laboratory,

44 Central Hill, Norwood, S.E.

William Carruthers.

321

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1908 OF THE
ZOOLOGIST. '

Introduction.

JUDGING from the applications for advice received by the
Zoologist, the past year would -seem to be rather characterised
by the non-appearance of some of the more familiar pests.
It is always possible, however, that a pest has been as trouble-
some as before, but that it and its treatment have become so
well known to the agriculturist that he ceases to inquire about
it. This may be the case with the pear midge, of whose
depredations few complaints have been received this year.

The farm pest which seems to have been most troublesome
is the root-fly — an insect which has often been dealt with in
these Reports. A rather bad case of Hessian fly attack is also
worthy of record.

The investigation of a disease of garden peas, due to a thrips,
which seems to be little known and which certainly has not
received the attention it deserves, occupied much time during
the summer. A large number of other pests were complained
of in various localities, and the more interesting are noted in
the following pages. Several of them attacked forest trees.

The notes on ticks in the Zoologist’s Report for 11)06 has
resulted in a great many specimens being sent to him annually
from all parts of the world from those who are studying the
diseases conveyed by these creatures and who desire to have
the species identified.

Thrips on Garden Peas.

During the past summer many cases of thrips on peas
came under my observation. Most people seem to be un-
acquainted with the disease, and though I have found an
occasional reference to it, and there is a Board of Agriculture
leaflet on the subject, all the authoritative works on economic
entomology are silent about it. Uzel, who has written a
monograph on this group of insects — unfortunately in a
little known language, Bohemian— gives a list of plants on
which the various species of thrips have been found, but the
pea plant does not appear in the list. The German ento-
mologist, Kirchner, is the only one I can find who even
mentions it. I believe an article upon it by Westwood
appeared many years ago, but I have failed to unearth it.
The extent to which this serious pest has been overlooked is
somewhat remarkable, for it is quite impossible that the
injury it does can have escaped observation. No doubt the

VOL. 69. Y

322 Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

.very small size of the insect has something to do with it, for
it is difficult to credit it with the powers of destruction it
really possesses. Probably the failure it causes has generally
been put down to obscure weather influences, or in some cases
to a fungus attack, especially as a fungoid disease is often
found associated with it ; but that it is really destructive in
itself any member may very readily convince himself by the
inspection of a few vegetable gardens next season, when once
the nature of the attack has been pointed out.

Appearance of the disease. — The disease is recognised by
the blighted and distorted appearance of the developing pods,
which, instead of being uniformly green and straight, are
marked with white and straw-coloured blotches and curled to
one side. Closer examination shows them to be infested by
numbers of small yellow maggot-like creatures. There is no

Fig. 1. — The Pea Thrips. The winged, female ( somewhat too broad, owing to
compression) and the larva, both greatly magnified. The natural size is indicated in
each case.

absolute destruction of tissue ; if the leaves are perforated or
eaten away, this is due to some other pest, but the general
effect is a very unhealthy appearance.

To understand exactly what has happened, it is necessary
to study the structure of the pea-flower and see how the pod
arises. In the very centre of the flower will be found the
ovary, or future pod, enveloped in a sheath, from which spring
the stamens. Next comes the corolla of white petals, con-
sisting of a large upper petal or “ standard,” two side petals or
“ wings ” (with dark patches on them) and two lower petals
fused together to form a “ keel.” Outside this is the little
five-pointed green calyx. Very soon after fertilisation has
taken place, the standard and the wings fall away, and the
ovary begins to develop into the pod, generally carrying with

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist. 323

it, as it grows, the keel, now detached from the flower base,
so that a young pod, say an inch long, is still surrounded by
the calyx and the remains of the stamen sheath at its fixed
end, while its free end is capped by the detached keel. If
diseased, the little yellow larvae of the thrips will be found
mostly concealed under the shelter thus afforded at either end
of the pod, and from these hiding places the injury begins,
and gradually advances over the whole pod. Discoloured
patches appear, interrupting the even greenness which charac-
terises the clean and healthy pod. The patches, which are
generally whitish, look very much as though the surface had
been nibbled away. This is not the case, however, for if the
outer skin of the pod be peeled off, it is found to be entire,
even over the injured portions. The insects do not bite,
though the contrary is sometimes stated. They pierce very
minute holes in the skin and suck the sap, and the discoloura-
tion is due to the injury thus inflicted on the subjacent tissues.
The discolouration is quickly followed by distortion, the pod

Fia. 2.— A young diseased pod, enlarged.

losing its straightness and curling in a very unsightly manner.
Fortunately, as the disease is on the outside of the pod, the
seeds are the last to suffer, and quite tolerable peas can often
be taken from very disagreeable-looking pods. For ordinary
purposes, however, the appearance of the pods is almost as
important as that of the peas themselves. Moreover, a stage
is often reached where a fungoid disease aggravates the injury
done by the thrips, and the whole pod becomes blackened and
decayed. When this is the case with the older pods, it will
be found that many of these at an earlier stage are killed
outright and come to nothing, so that the whole yield may be
very greatly reduced.

The insects concerned. — The minute insects known as
thrips constitute an order by themselves, the Thysanoptera.
Haliday investigated the English species about seventy years
ago, and no one in this country seems to have paid much

324 Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

attention to the group since, though some Continental
entomologists have done excellent work upon it. It is quite
possible that our ideas with regard to some of the English
species require revision. According to Kirchner the species
attacking the pea is Thrips cerealium. This ought, of course,
to be a species attacking corn, and it has often been identified
— probably quite correctly — as the cause of injury to wheat in
this country. Uzel, however, states that he has never found it
on corn in Bohemia, where the common corn thrips is
T. secalina. About fifty British species have been described,
all very small insects, less than a twelfth of an inch in length.
Most of them are chiefly in evidence in hot-houses, but among
outdoor crops three of them attack wheat, potatoes, and onions
respectively. Some species are wingless ; in others the females
only possess wings, while both sexes of yet other species can
fly. The wings are very characteristic ; they are four in
number, and are extremely narrow, and fringed by long hairs.
The legs are short, and end in small bladders ; indeed, the
insect is known in Germany as the “ bladder -foot.” The
metamorphosis is very slight, and the larvae are much like the
adults, except in colour and in the absence of wings. Some
years ago there was a gi’eat deal of controversy as to whether
these insects were really vegetable feeders at all, for apparently
well authenticated instances were adduced of species feeding
upon scale insects, and upon midge larvae. It is now quite
certain, however, that the carniverous species, if any, are
exceptional, and that most of them feed upon and often
greatly injure plants.

Observations during the past season. — When the disease
was first noticed, in July, all the peas were well advanced in
growth, and it was unfortunately impossible to note the
commencement of the attack. The diseased appearance of the
pods above described was well established, and the larvae were
readily found. They were less than one-sixteenth of an inch
long, orange-yellow in colour except for the last two segments,
which were black. The eyes, especially in the younger larva3,
were of a conspicuous red hue. They were fairly active, and
were often seen wandering over the pod, but when feeding
they wei'e necessarily stationary, with their piercing jaws
plunged into the vegetable tissue.

Nothing was to be learnt concerning the course of the
disease from the older pods, so the flowers in all stages of
development were carefully examined. Very few of the adult
insects were seen at all, and still fewer were caught, for they
were very active and flew away immediately on discovery.
Such as were seen were in the flowers, and were nearly black
in colour.

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist. 325

A great deal of search, was necessary before the eggs were
found, a large number of leaf-buds and flowers, old and young,
being dissected and subjected to microscopic examination. At
last they were found, and uniformly in the same situation.
In examining the stamen sheaths of fully developed flowers,
pairs of minute red specks attracted attention, and these
turned out to be the eyes of very young larvae protruding
their heads from the surface of the sheath, in the substance of
which the eggs from which they were hatching were buried.

These little protruding heads with the already conspicuous
eyes had a very quaint appearance, and the examination of a
great many stamen-sheaths showed the larvae in various stages
of development and emergence. When their position was once
discovered there was no difficulty in finding any number of
examples, many stamen-sheaths showing twelve or more of the
developing larvae.

I am by no means sure that this is the only situation in
which the eggs are deposited, but I entirely failed to find them
anywhere else, though from the progress of the disease it
seemed likely that some were laid in the very young shoots

326 Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

before the flowers were developed. At all events the origin of
the disease of the pods was clear enough. The female must
crawl into the flower and pierce the stamen-sheath at intervals
with her ovipositor, depositing an egg at each operation.
While the larvae are developing, so is the pod, and their future
feeding ground is close at hand. When they emerge they have
only to crawl on to the adjacent pod which they pierce with
their jaws, abstracting the sap and mottling the green surface
with white patches, at first only at the base, but later at both
ends where they have convenient shelter if disturbed. The
pod soon looks unhealthy and becomes distorted.

Treatment. — It is very evident from the nature of the
disease that it is most important to notice the commencement
of the attack and deal with it then. The date when it was
first observed made this impossible last season so that observa-
tions of the early stages must be deferred till next year, when
pea-plants will be kept under observation from their first
appearance above ground. All that is possible at present is to
state any facts bearing on the origin of the disease and any
measures which are useful in mitigating its ill effects.

Where do the insects come from ? Is the soil where
diseased peas have been grown a danger to next year’s plants ?

Now the thrips do not pass the winter in the larval state,
but as mature insects, which certainly do not live under the
soil but are found, if at all, in flowers or under the bark of
trees. During attack I never found the larvae on the roots of
infested peas, and even if they could live there very few roots
of the old crop are in the ground at the time the seeds are
sown in the ordinary course of pea cultivation. It would seem
that the only possible direct connection between two attacks
would be in the use of pea-sticks a second time with the thrips
concealed under the bark. During November I searched for
them in such situations and found two or three species of
thrips, but I am not aware that the disease only declares
itself after sticking. The attacks are probably not directly
connected at all, but arrive quite from the outside, in which
case preventive measures would be useless. The insect is
obviously common and widely distributed, whether or not
the species is really Thrips cerealium. This point requires
further investigation, as the larva of that species is described
as yellow, without any mention of the black terminal segments.
The best hope lies in the discovery of some treatment which
shall check it when it first begins to attack the peas.

On the already diseased plants various washes were tried
with very slight success. Paraffin emulsions did not reach
any large proportion of the insects, which were too well
hidden. Arsenic washes were hardly indicated in the case

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist. 327

of sucking insects, but they were tried, with no very beneficial
result. In some varieties of pea, moreover, the pods would
not receive a uniform deposit of the spray and remained largely
unaffected by it.

Distinct improvement, however, resulted from topping the
plants, just as beans are topped when suffering from aphis.
The topmost shoots seemed to be the main seat of the attack,
and the disease was certainly mitigated by their removal. In
some cases badly diseased plants so treated put forth a late
crop of perfectly clean pods.

“Leather Jackets” or Crane Fly Grubs.

The problem of dealing with root-feeding pests in grass
land is always cropping up. Any really drastic measures are
precluded, or grass land ceases to be such, so that more or
less indirect methods of treatment have to be resorted to.

With the assistance of Mr. F. W. Foreman I undertook
some experiments in September last, the results of which it is
as well to record though they were mainly negative. Their
object was twofold : —

(a) To determine if any treatment would kill the grubs
without injuring the grass.

( b ) To see if by any means the grubs could be induced to
come to the surface so that they might be collected and killed.

A variety of compounds were experimented with, including
the vapours of hydrocyanic acid and carbon bisulphide, and
solutions of formalin, ammonia, carbolic acid, toluene, and
other substances.

A large number of “ leather-jackets ” were obtained and
the direct effect upon some of them of the various insecticides
was observed. Others were introduced into an enclosed plot of
grass land, cut off .from the neighbouring ground by a sheet-
iron fence sunk some inches into the soil.

Hydrocyanic ( Prussic ) acid. — As the cases immediately
under consideration concerned certain circumscribed areas —
the putting greens of golf links — it seemed worth while to
try whether the vapour of hydrocyanic acid could be made
to permeate the soil and kill the grubs underground. In
orcfer, therefore, to determine whether sufficient diffusion of
the gas would take place to have an effect at any considerable
distance, generating tubes were buried, and other tubes
containing potassium nitrate were also inserted into the
ground some distance away. If the vapour reached them in
the soil, they would, on analysis, show traces of its presence.
No such traces were found. The soil was somewhat heavy,
and therefore more unfavourable to diffusion than many, but
the experiment was not encouraging.

328

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

Carbon bisulphide. — “ Leather-jackets ” subjected to the
fumes in the laboratory were much convulsed and evacuated
copiously. The following morning they were limp, and
barely alive. Contact with the fluid killed them. It was
obvious that the attenuated vapour which it might be possible
to diffuse in the soil would be of little use.

Toluene affected the grubs exactly in the same way
as carbon bisulphide.

Carbolic acid. — This substance is generally regarded as
particularly destructive of insect life. Moreover, it was
found that a weak solution (up to -5 per cent.) had no visible
injurious effect on the grass. Unfortunately, however, neither
had it on the grubs. Leather- jackets immersed in it for
some time seemed unhurt, and were alive and fairly strong
the next morning.

Formalin. — Solutions of '5 per cent, and even -2 per cent,
discoloured and injured the grass, and further experiments
with it were discontinued.

Ammonia. — Leather-jackets have often been alleged to be
particularly susceptible to the destructive effects of this
insecticide, from which some good results were anticipated.
A '5 per cent, solution did not hurt the grass, but an application
of a 1 per cent, solution discoloured it, and, in addition to
the fear of permanent injury, there was a danger that the
more delicate grasses would be killed and the coarser species
encouraged. Moreover, the direct effects on the grub as
ascertained in the laboratory were not at all satisfactory.
Subjected to the vapour of a 1 per cent, solution they were
only slightly inconvenienced. Immersed in it, they evacuated
so profusely as to become almost transparent, but they were
all alive the following morning.

The above experiments made it quite clear that the grubs
are remarkably difficult to kill, and that it is highly improbable
that any substance will be found capable of destroying them
in the ground without greatly injuring the grass.

Some of the grubs obtained were sent in situ , in a turf
enclosed in a square tin box. They were all found on the top
of the turf when the lid was opened in the morning, and this
fact suggested the possibility of inducing the leather- jackets in
infested ground to come up to the surface by covering the
ground over night. No consistent results were obtained,
however, nor did copious waterings with any of the insecticides
experimented with bring them to the surface with any
uniformity. That they frequently come up and wander about
on their own account, especially in the early morning, is a fact
well known, and advantage should always be taken of this
habit when it is observed. Rolling at such times cannot fail

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist. 329

to be useful. Apart from this it seems impracticable to make
war upon the creature in the grub stage in grass land.

It is generally agreed that crane-flies have a partiality for
certain kinds of ground in which to lay their eggs, and that
rank grass on ill-drained soil is especially sought out for
that purpose. It is worth noting, however, that a contrary
belief existed among observers on the spot in the case which
was under investigation. The fly, it was asserted, might be
seen to emerge from the pupa case, pair, and deposit eggs
in the immediate neighbourhood all within a few minutes,
then flying away to be at once picked off by some member

of the huge flock of sea-gulls, which were attracted by the
plague of insects. Unless the movements of the insects
were wrongly interpreted, this observation is one of
considerable importance, but I am bound to say that it was
not corroborated by anything that came under our notice.
For some time after emergence the fly appeared very weak
and helpless, and when it did begin to move it made a
very lame and halting progress over the ground, in a
manner which might suggest the laying of eggs. Exact

330 Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

observations on this point would be of interest. In an
attack of the common crane-fly, Tipola oleracea , there are, of
course, early and belated individuals, but the great bulk of the
flies emerge within the space of a few days, though the precise
date will vary with the season. About the second week in
September is perhaps the most usual time, and it seems likely
that vigorous action against the pest at that time would have
a considerable effect. The grubs come up to pupate, and the
chrysalids stick up half out of the ground. An observer
described them as standing up “ like matches ” in multitudes
on the affected greens, and this, it is stated, is only to be
observed during two or three days. Constant rolling or even
brushing at such times would seem bound to- kill great
numbers. It might be also possible at such a period so to
dress the land as not only to kill the weakly flies as they
emerge but to deter survivors from laying eggs. At all events,
where the attack is constantly recurrent it is clear that all
energies should be concentrated on dealing with the pest
during these few days.

In the particular case of lawns or putting greens it would
seem likely that a machine which was long ago devised for use
against the cockchafer grub in Germany might be used with
great advantage. Unfortunately I can give no particulars as to
where it is to be obtained. The accompanying figure of it
(see page 329), which appeared in my Annual Report for 1894,
is taken from the well-known work by Judeich and Nitsche,
who state that its cost is about'fifteen shillings. Its object is
to pierce the soil with a number of needles, and its mechanism
can be easily understood from the woodcut. It would prob-
ably be most effective in August, when the grubs are almost
full grown.

Forest Tree Pests.

Beech. — Complaints have been received from many quarters
of the felted scale, Cryptococcus fagi , one of the most familiar
and most troublesome of tree pests. The felted white matter
found chiefly on the main trunk and larger branches of infested
trees is too well known to require re-description. In the
summer, the scale insects of all ages may be found among the
felt, and some larvfe may be found at almost any time of the
year, but the great majority seem to hatch out in May.

Fortunately the insect succumbs pretty readily to various
washes, and paraffin emulsions, especially if applied in May,
are immediately beneficial. Mr Gillanders adds flowers of
sulphur and turpentine to the ordinary paraffin emulsion.

In July I received specimens of beech twigs from young
trees in a nursery suffering from an attack which is quite new

331

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

to me. The shoots contained numbers of grubs, obviously
dipterous, and apparently belonging to some Cecidomyid fly.
Indeed they closely resembled the larvae of the pear midge,
and had the same power of leaping by applying head and tail
together and separating them suddenly. Most flies of this
group make definite malformations or galls on plants, and the
grubs live inside the galls, but in the present instance the
grubs were quite free among the leaves of the growing shoots,
and no galls were observable. I find no such insect described
among the recognised beech pests, and as I was unsuccessful
in hatching out the larvae and received no further information
with regard to the attack I can only note the disease as one
which is at present unidentified.

Willow. — Two or three cases of severe attack by the Giant
Willow Aphis, Lachnus viminalis, were reported. The insect
is so large an example of the group that it becomes a very
conspicuous object when present in large numbers. On small
trees it may be dealt with by rubbing the infested branches

Fig. 4.— a, Male Winter moth. B, Female, natural size. C, Caterpillar, enlarged.

with the gloved hand or with a cloth, while a paraffin
emulsion wash is the best treatment for larger trees. A very
characteristic concomitant of the disease is the presence of
large numbers of wasps. They are not attracted by the honey-
dew — which even ants i-eject — but prey upon the aphides
themselves. In one case the complaint was not so much of
the injury to the willows as of the annoyance caused by the
wasps.

Lime. — In June a number of caterpillars from lime trees
which had been more or less defoliated for some years past
were sent for identification. They proved to be caterpillars of
the Winter Moth, Cheimatobia brumata, a very familiar pest
on fruit trees, though 1 had not previously met with a similar
case of attack on the lime. Not only, therefore, was it desirable
that what had become an annual disfiguration of the lime trees
should be prevented, but the infested trees must have been a

332

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

standing danger to all the orchards in the neighbourhood for
several years.

This seemed to be a particularly appropriate case for
banding the trunks, and this measure was decided on, though
the trees were large and about five hundred in number.

As is well known, the female winter moth cannot fly but
crawls up the trunk to lay its eggs on the shoots, and the
sticky material on the bands prevents its reaching its
destination.

Coniferous Trees. — Two cases of Pine-beetle attack ( Myelo -
philus piniperda ) were reported early in the year. It was
noticed that numerous young shoots had fallen off and strewed
the ground, and these, on examination, showed signs of the
work of the beetle. The following extract from my 1903
Report with regard to it may be reprinted here : —

“ Pine trees, especially the Scotch fir ( Pinus sylrestris ), are much injured
by the feeding of this beetle in the young shoots, which are killed by its
boring. The shoots are not attacked for the purpose of breeding, for which
the bark of dead or dying pine trees is utilised. Under such bark the
female beetle bores a tunnel some four inches long, its direction- lying up and
down the trunk, except for a sharp bend at the entrance end. Along this
tunnel the eggs are laid, and the grubs which hatch out form smaller galleries
more or less at right-angles in the soft inner bark, turning to pupae at the blind
ends of the galleries, and eating their way out through the bark as beetles,
some in July, but most in the following April or May.

“ It follows that the best way to prevent the beetle from attacking the
shoots is to deprive it of all suitable breeding places. Dead pines must never
be left lying on the ground with the bark on — unless, indeed, as traps to induce
the beetles to lay in them, in which case the bark should be stripped off and
burnt with the contained grubs early in June. It is best to fell and strip
failing pines, and to attend to the stumps of previously felled trees.”

The other coniferous pests complained of have for the most
part belonged to the aphis group, the larch-bug being the
most familiar example. From time to time I have asked
members to inform me of any case of larch-bug disease where
no galled spruces could be found in the neighbourhood, but no
such case has so far been brought to my notice. According to
the present state of our knowledge the spruce is the principal
host of this insect, and it is on that tree alone that both sexes
are to be found, but winged females migrate to the larch, and
there set up larch-bug disease.

The fact that many members of the aphis tribe alternate
between two plants, the one known as the principal host, and
the other as the intermediate host, is obviously of great
practical importance.

In May some twigs from Silver Fir ( Abies pectinata) were
sent for examination. They were attacked by a Chermes
which seemed to me to agree with the description given by
Cholodkovsky of Chermes coccineus, a form which alternates

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist. 333

between the spruce and the larch, but which hitherto has only
been found in Russia. Determinations from a single stage of
these insects, however, are very unsafe, and it is probable that
the chermes was C. picece , which, according to Mr. Gillanders’
recently published work, is not rare on the silver fir. Very
little is known about this species, but it is believed that the
silver fir is the intermediate host and that the principal host is
as yet undiscovered.

Warble Fly.

In a Report to the Council on May 6 I called the attention
of members to some extremely interesting experiments recently
conducted in Irelahd by Professor Carpenter, and especially
to one conclusion to which that experimenter had come,
namely that preventive smearing was useless, and a waste of
time and money. 'Much dissent from and much adverse
criticism of this conclusion has arisen in many quarters. The
matter is clearly one of very great practical importance to the
cattle owqer, who may be wasting considerable sums of
money annually. It may be useful here to point out certain
matters which appear to have been largely overlooked in the
discussion which has arisen, but first I will briefly state one
of the experiments which led Professor Carpenter to his
conclusion.

(1) Six yearling heifers smeared all over every day with
tar and train-oil smear from May to September, 1906, had an
average of 30T6 warbles.

(2) Five yearling heifers untreated during the summer
1906 had an average of 31’20 warbles.

Now the first criticism which is usually passed is that a
few experiments on a small scale prove nothing. But surely
there is a fallacy here. If a cow is smeared and does not get
warbled nothing is proved, for there might be other reasons
for its escape — such as the absence of the fly. But if the
cow is smeared and does get badly warbled, something is
absolutely proved, namely, that the smear did not keep off
the fly. Of course it is open to an objector to say that the
dressing was not properly done, but this does not sound
convincing. Is it likely that six animals specially treated
for experimental purposes were less carefully smeared than
cattle would be in the ordinary routine ? And what grazier
smears his cattle all over every day from May to September ?
Moreover the dressing used was that most usually recom-
mended and considered most effective. I confess that if
this experiment stood alone and unsupported — which it by
no means does — it would cause me, if I were a grazier, to
make a very strict inquiry into the evidence in favour of

334 Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

preventive smearing before spending more money on it, and
I am bound to say there are weak points in that evidence,
which seems largely to rest on general impressions of a
beneficial result, unsupported by any actual proof.

The outcry which arose when these experiments were
published took two forms. Some objectors appeared to hold
that what a distinguished economic entomologist had stated
twenty-four years ago, and what had been repeated annually
ever since and largely acted upon, was established once for
all, and it was almost sacrilege to question it. This, of
course, is quite unanswerable. There is another class of
objectors, however, who deserve the most serious considera-
tion, large and highly intelligent graziers who during a
long experience have thought that their cattle benefited by
preventive dressing. The only question is, can their impres-
sion be mistaken, and have they any definite proof? As
an example of the inconclusiveness of much of the evidence
I will quote a statement given by Mr. Theobald as received
from an East Peckham cattle owner, who had smeared his
cows but not his heifers. He says : “ I now find that those
cows smeared show no bots in the following spring, or at
any rate only an occasional one, while my heifers, which do
not get done, ow'ing to the labour of catching them in the
meadows, show great quantities.” But observe that in
Professor Carpenter’s experiments seven cows untreated in
1906 had an average of 3‘3 warbles, while five yearling
heifers untreated hail an average of 31 ’2 warbles ! Obviously
it is no use comparing cows with heifers.

Now what I want to point out is this. The large graziers,
to whom the ^matter is of great importance, can settle the
matter definitely, but only in one way, namely, by refusing to
trust to mere impressions, but by deliberately leaving certain
animals of each class untreated, and comparing their condition
with that of animals of the same class which have been
regularly dressed. I do not gather from the strictures I have
read that they ever do this, and yet surely nothing could be
more simple. If the untreated animals are much more
warbled than the others there will be definite grounds to go
upon, but to trust to a general impi’ession of beneficial results"
is extremely unsafe, and may be leading to an annual waste of
time and money. The particular point here discussed is by
no means the only matter of interest in the account of these
very interesting experiments, which every member ought to
read for himself. It is to be found in Vol. VIII. of the
Journal of the Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland. Among other things it definitely
establishes the fact that the eggs of the warble fly are laid

Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist. 335

principally on the legs, and not, as was formerly believed,
along the backs of the cattle.

Miscellaneous Notes.

Wasps. — I have received information from more than one
quarter that prizes had been locally given for the destruction
of queen wasps during the spring and that the plague of wasps
in the summer was certainly less than usual. This has
undoubtedly been the case in my own neighbourhood. Of
course a few such cases may be mere coincidence and prove
nothing, but it would be interesting to collect the experiences
of all those neighbourhoods where the destruction of queen
wasps was encouraged and compare them with others where
no such measures were taken. It is well known that only the
queens survive the winter, and that each individual found
living in the spring is the potential foundress of a nest, and it
is reasonable to suppose that a determined raid on the insects
at this time must result in a noticeable reduction of its
numbers later on.

Pear midge. — Compared with the last few years I have
this year received remarkably few complaints of the pear
midge. This is very likely due to the fact that members are
now quite well acquainted with the pest and no longer write
to inquire as to its identity. Possibly, however, it has really
been less troublesome during the past season, and stringent
measures have had some restraining effect on it. In any case
there is no reason to relax vigilance with regard to it, and all
fruit growers should watch for its appearance in May next and
do their utmost to eradicate it if it appears.

Logan berries. — Cases of attack on logan berries by the
raspberry beetle {By turns tomentosus ) were reported.

Though the effect of this pest is manifest in the fruit, the
attack really takes place when the plant is in flower, and it is
at that time that most can be done to combat it. Those who
have had their logan berries — or raspberries — attacked by this
troublesome pest should look out for the beetle when the
plants are in bloom next year, when numbers of the insects
may be shaken down and destroyed.

Cockroaches. — Some members seem still happily un-
acquainted with these unpleasant insects, which have several
times been sent for identification during the past year, and
have been accused of depredations of which they are entirely
innocent. The common house-cockroach, more often called the
“ black beetle,” is a too frequent nuisance in kitchens, getting
into the flour and other food-stuffs, but it does no absolute
harm. It is not black, but a dark brown colour ; nor is it a

336 Annual Report for 1908 of the Zoologist.

beetle, for it belongs to the Orthoptera, and is akin to the
cricket. It is about an inch in length.

Meal-worms in pigeon guano. — A member who had
acquired a considerable quantity of pigeon manui*e from an old
tower found it full of what he took to be wire-worms. They
were, however, the somewhat similar grubs known as meal-
worms— apparently the common species, though this was not
definitely ascertained by rearing. Their occurrence in such a
situation was curious, but they would probably be quite
harmless to plants, though it would be undesirable to utilise
the infested guano in or near the neighbourhood of buildings.
The fact that these grubs are a favourite food of birds makes
their occurrence in large numbers in a pigeon-infested building
the more remarkable.

Weevil grubs at the roots of clover.— Two cases were
reported of clover attacked by root-feeding grubs, which
proved .to be the larvte of Sitones. The weevil is common
enough as a pest on the clover leaves, which it notches in a
characteristic manner, and its grub is known to feed on the
roots, but it is seldom that noticeable harm is done at this
stage of the attack.

Zoological Laboratory,
Cambridge.

Cecil Warburton.

337

THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL
STATION OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

PAGE

FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1908 337

CONTINUOUS WHEAT (STACKYARD FIELD) .... 337

CONTINUOUS BARLEY (STACKYARD FIELD) .... 339

ROTATION EXPERIMENTS 343

GREEN-MANURING EXPERIMENTS . - 348

“NITROLIM” (CALCIUM CYANAMIDE) EXPERIMENT . . 349

“ FINGER-AND-TOE ” EXPERIMENT, AND USE OF LIME . . 349

VARIETIES OF LUCERNE 350

INOCULATION EXPERIMENT WITH “ NITRO-BACTERINE ” . 351

POTATO EXPERIMENTS WITH “NITROLIM” AND MAGNESIA . 352

EXPERIMENT ON SWEDES (VARIETIES) 354

THE USE OF SALT FOR MANGOLDS 355

GRASS EXPERIMENTS 356

RAINFALL AT WOBURN, 1908 357

POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 1907-8 (Summary) . . 358

FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

Continuous Growing of Wheat {Stackyard fields
1908 (32nd Season).

As mentioned in last year’s Report (Journal R.A.S.E., Yol. 68,
1907, pp. 242-5), at the close of the period of thirty years’
continuous experimenting with wheat and barley (1877-1906),
certain changes in the plan of manuring were introduced in
1907 with the object of simplifying the work and of bringing
it more in conformity with agricultural practice. The present
season (1908) may, therefore, be taken as the one in which the
changes introduced nlight be expected for the first time to
show any effect.

The wheat laud, after the usual preparation, had farmyard
manure applied to plot lib on October 16, 1907, 100 lb. of
VOL. 69, Z

338

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

ammonia (as ascertained by analysis of the manure itself when
put on) per acre being supplied. It may he of interest to note
that the manure, made in feeding boxes during the early part
of the year, weighed, on March 19, 1907, when taken out of the
boxes and put in a heap, 49 cwt. 2 qrs. 7 lb., and when removed
on October 16 (after being all the time covered over with
earth), 26 cwt. 2 qrs. 7 lb., the loss in weight being thus 47 per
cent. The manure was ploughed in at once after spreading,
the actual quantity going on the land, to supply 100 lb.
ammonia per acre, being 5 tons 13 cwt. per acre. On
November 5 “ Square Head’s Master ” wheat was drilled, at
the rate of 9 pecks per acre, the seed being previously dressed
with sulphate of copper (bluestone). Mineral manures were
applied to plots 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10a at the same date.
November was a cold and wet month, and it was December 5
before the wheat began to show. Hard frost followed early in
January, 1908, and at that time plots 8a and 8b (mineral
manures with ammonia salts, but no lime), were almost blank.
On February 21 rape dust was applied to plot 10b, the quantity
being just short of 4 cwt. per acre. The nitrogenous top-
dressings were given to the various plots on May 11-12 and
June 4, the heavier applications going on in two dressings.
By the end of May the No. 2 plots showed very interesting
differences, for while 2a was almost bare, 2aa had a small crop
on it, 2b a good one, and 2bb the best, the influence of lime
thus clearly telling. The wheat came into ear by June 19,
and at the end of July, owing to the hot weather then
prevailing, the crop ripened fast, so that all the plots, with
the exception of 2a, 2aa, 5a, and 8 (ammonia salts) were
cut on August 11. By August 26 all plots were carted and
stacked.

The wheat yield, it will be seen, was quite a good one,
taking it all round, the unmanured produce being 12^ bushels
per acre, which is nearly 2 bushels above the average of the
last ten years. The highest yield was 28^ bushels per acre,
with minerals and 2 cwt. per acre (practically) of nitrate of
soda, the same minerals with 1 cwt. per acre of nitrate of soda
giving (plot 6) 26'2 bushels. Farmyard manure produced 24'3
bushels, but rape dust only 16’6 bushels. It would appear
already that the quantity of rape dust used (4 cwt. per acre) is
insufficient to give a full crop, and is not equal in effect to
1 cwt. per acre of nitrate of soda (plot 3b) supplying the same
amount of ammonia, this latter giving 23'7 bushels. As
between 1 cwt. per acre and 2 cwt. per acre of nitrate of soda
(plots 3b and 3a) there was only a difference of 2'6 bushels in
favour of the heavier dressing. A comparison of plots 10a and
11a would indicate that, so far, the presence of phosphates is

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908. 339

more essential than that of potash, but it is too early yet to come
to a definite conclusion on this point.

Coming lastly to the sulphate of ammonia plots,' it will be
seen that while sulphate of ammonia when used alone (plot 2a)
gave no crop, the small dressing of 5 cwt. of lime per acre
yielded 3 bushels, and the 2 tons of lime per acre applied as far
back as 1897 (plot 2b) gave as much as 22-9 bushels. The
renewed application in 1905 (plot 2bb) did not yield so well,
though earlier in the year the crop looked the better one. As
regards sulphate of ammonia used with minerals, there was
almost no crop (plots 8a and 8b) where no lime was used and
a heavy dressing of sulphate of ammonia given, but the addition
of lime, even at so low a rate as b ton per acre, gave a marked
increase (plots 8aa and 8bb), 1 ton of lime (plot 5b) doing
still better. It is becoming increasingly clear that heavy
dressings of sulphate of ammonia when continuously applied
will “run land out” where lime is deficient, even when
mineral manures are applied, and that the true remedy is
liming. There are, further, indications already that i ton per
acre of lime is not sufficient, but that at least 1 ton per acre
should be used.

The full harvest results are given in Table I., page 340.

The corn, after dressing, was valued, and the prices assigned
to each plot are given in Table I. The highest grade comprised
mainly the wheats grown with sulphate of ammonia, these being
the strongest samples, though the yield, it must be remembered,
was in several cases almost insignificant. Farmyard manure
and rape dust alike gave very fair quality. The wheats
generally were in good condition.

Continuous Growing op Barley {Stackyard Field),
1908 (32nd Season).

The alterations in the plan of manuring mentioned in the
case of the continuous wheat experiments just set out apply also
to the barley crop. The land was ploughed in October, 1907,
and again in February, 1908. Farmyard manure — to give 100 lb.
ammonia per acre — was ploughed in on plot lib on February
20. When removed from the feeding boxes on March 19,
1907, this weighed 48 cwt. 3 qrs. 21 lb., and when put out on
February 20, 1908, 30 cwt. 0 qr. 3 lb., the loss of weight
being thus nearly 39 per cent. The actual quantity applied
was 6 tons 9 cwt. per acre. On March 24 “ Chevalier ” barley
was drilled at the rate of 9 pecks per acre. Mineral manures
went in on April 9, as also rape dust (plot 10b). April was a
wet and cold month, and the barley suffered a great deal,
especially on the weaker plots. Indeed the crop never
properly recovered from the check received at the start, and

340 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

Table I. — Continuous Growing of Wheat, 1908
(32nd Season ).

(Wheat grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied

every year.)

Stackyard Field — Produce per acre.

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,

Value

per

quarter
on basis
of
33s.

Plot

Manures per acre

No. of
bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

chaff,

Ac.

1

Unmanured ....

12-88

Lb.
60 75

Lb.

15

C. q. lb.
10 0 1

s. d.
32 0

2a

Sulphate of ammonia (=25 lb.
ammonia) ....

_

_

13

1 2 25

33 0

2aa

As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905

3-0

600

4

4 2 12

30 0

2b

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897

22-9

61-2

28

12 0 0

32 0

2bb

As 2b, with 2 tons lime (re-
peated), Jan., 1905
Nitrateof soda(=50 Ib.ammonia)

18-7

59-2

32

13 2 11

32 0

3a

26-3

57-0

30

19 3 14

30 0

3b

Nitrate of soda(=25 Ib.ammonia)

23-7

59-6

20

17 0 18

32 0

4

Mineral manures (superphos-
phate, 3 cwt. ; sulphate of
potash, £ cwt.)

11-3

61-2

14

9 3 17

32 0

5a

Mineral manures and sulphate
of ammonia (=25 lb. ammonia)

12-9

61-5

12

8 0 27

32 6

5b

As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Jan.,
1905

18-4

61-0

20

14 1 27

32 0

6

Mineral manures and nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

26-2

611

22

21 0 27

32 0

7

Unmanured ....

12-4

60-7

17

9 2 6

32 0

8a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)

30'

61-9

4

4 0 3

32 0

8aa

As 8a, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905

17-(P

62-0

16

12 3 6

33 0

8b

Mineral manures, sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years).

3-42

61-9

4

4 1 11

32 0

8bb

As 8b, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905 . . . . • .

12-82

62-5

20

10 1 8

32 6

9a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) nitrate of soda
(=50 lb. ammonia)

28-51

62-1

30

22 0 26

33 0

9b

Mineral manures, nitrate of
soda (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

161 2

631

20

12 2 16

32 0

10a

Superphosphate 3 cwt., Nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

27-7

58-2

20

19 1 0

30 0

10b

Rape dust (=25 lb. ammonia).

16-C

62-1

22

12 0 23

32 6

11a

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., ni-
trate of soda (=25 lb. am-
monia) .....

24-8

61-7

24

18 2 2

32 0

lib

Farmyard manure (=100 lb.
ammonia) ....

24-3

62-0

20

22 0 23

32 6

Applied.

Omitted.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

841

Table II. — Continuous Growing of Bat'ley, 1908
(32 nd Season).

(Barley grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied

every year.)

Stackyard Field— Produce per acre.

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,

chaff,

&c.

Value

per

Plot

Manures per acre

No. of
bush.

Weight

per

bush.

A

to

‘5

fs

quarter
on basis
of
30j.

1

Unmanured ....

6*5

Lb.

61-7

Lb.

20

C. q. lb.
4 3 1

s. d.
24 6

2a

2aa

Sulphate of ammonia (=25 lb.

ammonia) ....
As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Mar.,
1905

—

—

32

1 3 1

25 0

2b

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897

32

520

8

3 3 7

25 0

2bb

As 2b, with 2 tons lime (re-
peated), Mar., 1905
Ni trate of sod a(= 50 lb. ammonia)

9-7

52-0

48

6 0 1

24 6

3a

18'1

50-7

44

10 0 18

24 0

3b

N itrate of soda(=25 lb.ammonia)

14-4

51-2

54

8 2 4

24 0

4

Mineral manures (superphos-
phate 3 cwt., sulphate of
potash i cwt.)

5-4

51-5

19

4 3 0

26 0

5a

Mineral manures and sulphate
of ammonia (=25 lb.ammonia)

4

0 1 24

25 0

5aa

As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Mar.,
1905

132

540

28

7 1 14

25 6

6b

As 5a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897 . . ...

6-4

52-0

14

3 3 24

25 0

6

Mineral manures and nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

14-2

61-6

33

7 1 0

26 0

7

Unmanured ....

6-4

51-6

12

3 2 22

25 0

8a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) sulphate of am-
monia (=50 lb. ammonia) .

12

0 3 4

25 0

8aa

As 8a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897

1301

520

32

9 2 23

26 0

8b

Mineral manures, sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

8bb

As 8b, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897

6’4a

520

32

5 2 4

25 6

9a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) nitrate of soda
(=50 lb. ammonia)

22 01

51-5

60

10 3 3

26 0

9b

Mineral manures, nitrate of
soda (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

1023

51-2

22

6 1 0

26 0

10a

Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

18-2

530

28

9 1 24

27 6

10b

Rape dust (=25 lb. ammonia) .

139

540

18

7 2 24

27 0

11a

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., ni-
trate of soda (=25 lb. am-
monia) .....

19-5

530

22

10 0 12

26 6

lib

Farmyard manure ( = 100 lb.
ammonia) ....

24-4

633

30

12 1 9

26 6

Applied.

Omitted.

342 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

this year, at all events, it would have been better had later
sowing taken place.

Nitrogenous top-dressings were applied May 11-13 and
June 4. As usual, the sulphate of ammonia plots (2’s and 5’s)
presented interesting appearances, the need of lime and of
renewal of it being more emphasised than in the case of the
wheat. Thus there was practically no crop where 5 cwt. of
lime per acre had been used with sulphate of ammonia, and
the earlier dressing (in 1897) of 2 tons of lime per acre seemed
(contrary to the similar plot in the wheat experiments) to be
worked out, for the plot was much overgrown with spurry ;
so also was plot f>b, which, until now, had been yielding
extremely well. On the other hand, the renewal of lime (2
tons per acre), on plot 2bb in 1905, gave a better crop, and it
would seem clear that the barley crop, being a “ surface
feeder,” feels more quickly the withdrawal of lime and the
injurious effects of soil-acidity. These differences were, no
doubt, increased by the unfavourable season.

The plots looked, as a whole, very short, patchy, and poor
throughout the time of growth, and never recovered from the
poor start the barley had. When at length the time for cutting
came (August 26) the weather was very bad for harvesting,
rain fell day after day, and the sheaves had to be turned,
opened out, and spread about before they could be stacked.

The yield, under the above circumstances, was a very poor
one, and the grain was practically spoiled as regards quality.
The unmanured produce was 6 bushels per acre only against
an average of 12^ bushels for the past ten years. The highest
yield was with farmyard manure, viz., 24'4 bushels, and
minerals and nitrate of soda (plot 9a), as in the case of wheat,
gave the best crop of those treated with artificial manures.
Nitrate of soda alone produced 14-4 bushels when 1 cwt. per
acre was used, and 18T bushels with 2 cwt. per acre. The
influence of potash (plot 11a) as compared with phosphates
(plot 10a) was not as marked as in the previous year.
Rape dust, as with the wheat, gave a crop much inferior to
that with farmyard manure. The appearances noted at the
time of growth in the case of the sulphate of ammonia plots,
with and without lime, were borne out in the harvest results,
these all being poor, or no crop at all ; the 1 ton per acre of
lime, last put on in 1905, gave the highest yield of this series.
It would seem probable that there is need of renewing the
lime on several of the plots.

The full harvest results are given in Table II., page 341.

The different samples of corn were also valued, but the
barley was so “weathered” that none of it could be considered
as fit for anything but grinding.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908. 343

Rotation Experiments (Stackyard Field).

This experiment, it will be remembered, is divided into
two halves, viz. : —

A. The upper half, in which sheep feed off the roots on
the land, receiving, on one plot, decorticated cotton cake, on
a second plot, maize meal, and on the third and fourth plots,
neither cake nor corn.

B. The lower half, in which the roots are manured with
dung made in the feeding boxes by bullocks consuming, in
addition to other foods, for plot 5, decorticated cotton cake,
for plot 6, maize meal, for plots 7 and 8, neither cake nor corn.

The object of the experiment is to see what increase of
crops during the rotation is obtainable from the use of decorti-
cated cotton cake as compared with maize meal, or from either
as compared with no cake or corn ; in other words, to ascertain
what is the unexhausted manurial value of these foods, accord-
ing as they may be, in the one case, fed direct on the laud by
sheep, or, in the other case, used by bullocks in feeding boxes
for the production of farmyard manure.

A. — upper half (Sheep-feeding).

Rotation I. 1908, Wheat — following Mustard (1907).

The mustard stubble was ploughed up in October, 1907,
and wheat — “ Square Head’s Master ” — drilled, at the rate of
9 pecks per acre, on November 6. The wheat was rather
“ patchy ” at first, but was brought on well by the warm
weather of July, 1908, the crop being cut on August 12 and
carted on August 26. The results are given in Table III.

. Table III. — Rotation I. Wheat , 1908.

Stackyard Field— Produce per acre.

Plot

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per
quarter
on

basis of
33s.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

C. q.

lb.

Lb.

Lb.

C.

q. lb.

s. d.

1

Decorticated cotton

cake plot

9 2

16

170

62-9

15-5

11

2 22

\

2

Maize meal plot

9 3

5

17 4

62-8

14-5

12

0 23

3

No cake or corn

9 1

4

16'5

627

16-5

12

0 0

> 66 U

4

No cake or corn

9 2

1

16-8

631

17 5

11

3 3

)

The produce was by no means a good one, but it will be
seen that there was little to choose between the four plots,
indicating that there was little difference of manurial value
between the foods used, so far as this, the third crop in the
rotation, was concerned. The wheats were considered good

344 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

average ones for the season, in excellent condition, but lacking
in strength.

Rotation II. 1908, Barley — after roots fed off.

The swedes grown in 1907 were fed off on the land by
eighty sheep from January 25, 1908, to the middle of March, at
the rate of 12 tons per acre. On each plot a little clover hay
chaff was given, and the sheep had as additional foods, on
plot 1, decorticated cotton cake at the rate of 920 lb. per acre
(being \ lb. per head daily), and, on plot 2, maize meal at the
same rate, the sheep on plots 3 and 4 receiving neither cake
nor corn.

The land was ploughed March 19-28, and “ Chevalier ”
barley drilled on March 31 at the rate of 9 pecks per acre.
The barley came up well, and the plots presented a great
contrast to the adjoining ones of the continuous barley-
growing series. Further, the several plots showed clearly
the influence of the manurial treatment, the decorticated cotton
cake plot being by far the heaviest, and the maize meal plot
coming next. The crop was cut on August 27, and carted and
stacked September 7-8. The results are given in Table IY.

Table IV. — Rotation II. Barley , 1908.

Stackyard Field — Produce per acre.

Plot

Head com

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per
quarter
on basis
of 30s.

Weight

Bush.

W eight
per
bushel

W eight

C. q. lb.

Lb.

Lb.

C. q. lb..

8. d.

1

Swedes fed off with

dec. cotton cake .

21 1 24

435

552

370

22 2 18

31 0

2

Swedes fed off with

maize meal .

14 2 13

29-6

553

20'0

15 0 20

30 0

3

Swedes fed off with-

out cake or com .

11 3 17

24-1

55-2

220

11 3 9

32 0

4

Swedes fed off with-

out cake or corn .

10 1 20

21-0

55-5

275

9 3 17

28 0

The barleys were in far better condition than those grown
on the continuous plots, and were reckoned as above the average
for the season.

Rotation III. 1908, Green Crop {Mustard) — after
Barley (1907).

The land was ploughed early in January, 1908, and in
February two tons of ground lime per acre were given to this
half of the rotation. Mustard was drilled on June 28 and
came up well. It was cut, carted, and weighed green Sep-
tember 28-30; The weights are given in Table V.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908. 345

Table V. — Rotation III. Mustard, 1908.

Stackyard Field.

Plot

Green produce per acre

T.

c.

q.

lb.

1

After barley— decorticated cotton cake plot .

6

0

0

0

2

„ „ maize meal plot

6

7

0

0

3

„ „ no cake or corn

5

12

0

14

4

» *i n >» ...

4

10

2

14

The crop on the decorticated cotton cake plot was somewhat
the best.

Rotation IV. 1908, Swedes — after Wheat (1907).

The land was ploughed in December, 1907. “ Elephant ”

swede seed — at the rate of 4 lb. per acre — was drilled on
June 13, 1908, this part of the rotation receiving also 4 cwt.
per acre of basic superphosphate, and 1 cwt. per acre of
sulphate of potash. A quite good crop of swedes, considering
the season, was obtained. These were pulled, topped, and
weighed November 23 to December 4. The weights are given
in Table VI.

Table VI. — Rotation IV. Swedes, 1908.

Stackyard Field.

Plot

Produce of roots per acre

T.

c.

q.

lb.

1

10

19

2

0

2

10

0

0

0

3

9

18

0

0

4

10

0

0

0

B.'— LOWER HALF (Bullock-feeding).

Inasmuch as both the upper and lower halves of the field
had got into regular rotation, it was now possible to take the
same crop on the two halves of each rotation ; accordingly
cultivating, drilling, and reaping could be done right through
the two halves, thereby economising labour besides adding to
the interest of the experiment to any one inspecting it. Thus,
in passing along the middle line, between the upper and lower
halves, one can compare, on the one hand, a barley crop follow-
ing roots fed off by sheep with cake or corn, with one following
roots manured with dung made by the feeding of qake or corn
to bullocks in boxes ; in like manner the other crops of the
rotation can be compared as grown under the two sets of
conditions.

The cultivations being alike, it is unnecessary, in treating of
the crops of the lower half, to repeat the details, but it will be
sufficient to briefly state the results.

346 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

Rotation I. 1908, Wheat — following Mustard (1907).
This rotation has not as yet come into regular order, and so
need not be discussed in detail. The results are given in
Table VII.

Table VII. — Rotation I. Wheat , 1908.

Stackyard Field — Produce per acre.

Head com

Tail

corn

Straw.

Value of
com per
quarter
on

basis of
33i.

Plot

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

chaff, Ac.

5

C. q. lb.
7 3 10

138

Lb.

628

Lb.

12'5

C. q. lb.
10 3 22

s. d.

\

6

9 1 20

16 9

624

120

12 1 20

[ 32 6

7

10 3 8

193

627

250

14 2 23

8

10 1 4

184

628

130

13 0 17

)

Rotation II. 1908, Barley — after roots manured.

The swede crop of 1907 had been manured with dung,
made as follows: — For plot 1, with decorticated cotton cake;
for plot 2, with maize meal ; for plots 3 and 4, without either
cake or corn. The crop, distributed over the plots at the rate
of 12 tons per acre, was fed off by sheep which received
neither cake nor corn but merely a little clover- hay chaff, and
“ Chevalier ” barley was subsequently drilled. The results are
given in Table VIII.

Table VIII. — Rotation II. Barley , 1908.

Stackyard Field — Produce per acre.

Plot

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, Ac.

Value of
corn per
quarter
on

basis of
30*.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

C. q. lb.

Lb.

Lb.

C. q. lb.

«. d.

5

Decorticated cotton

cake dung plot .

17 2 16

36-1

546

270

17 0 26

29 0

6

Maize meal dung

plot .

16 3 16

34-2

553

350

17 0 18

29 0

7

Dung plot without

cake or corn . .

16 1 1

32 8

555

34'5

15 1 23

27 6

8

Dung plpt without

cake or corn . .

15 3 22

322

55 3

430

14 2 26

26 0

The decorticated cotton cake plot gave the highest return,
and the maize meal plot the next best, but the differences
between these plots and those to which was given (for the
swede crop) manure made without cake or corn are not nearly

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908. 347

so marked as where (see Table IV.) the cake or corn was given
direct to sheep feeding on the land.

On the other hand the application of farmyard manure to
the land, though made without cake or corn (plots 7 and 8),
has given a better return in the barley crop than where the
swedes were fed off by sheep without cake or corn (plots 3 and
4, Table IV.). These figures bid fair to give interesting results
in the future as regards the comparative efficiency of cake and
of corn, whether fed, in the one case, to sheep on the land, or,
in the other, to bullocks in feeding boxes and subsequently
applied as manure to the land.

Rotation III. 1908, Green crop {Mustard) — after Barley (1907).

This rotation not having come yet into regular order, it will
be enough to record the weights as given in Table IX.

Table IX. — Rotation III. Mustard, 1908.

Stackyard Field.

Plot

Green produce per acre

T.

c.

q-

lb.

5

4

7

2

0

6

4

1

3

0

7

4

4

0

14

8

3

10

0

14

Rotation IV. 1908, Swedes — after Wheat (1907).

The previous wheat crop had not come into regular rotation,
but the new plan commenced with this Rotation (IV.) in 1908,
the farmyard manure for the swede crop being made in the
feeding boxes during the winter of 1907 and applied to the
plots early in June, 1908. The quantity of dung that went on
was 4 tons per acre. That for plot 5 was made by two
bullocks which, in addition to roots, chaff, and hay, had
decorticated cotton cake given to them. The bullocks making
dung for plot 6 had maize meal in place of decorticated cotton
cake, while those making dung for plots 7 and 8 had only
roots, chaff, and hay. The quantity of cake or meal given was
equivalent to 10 cwt. on each acre over which the manure was
• to be spread. The dung was ploughed in June 10-13, swede seed
being drilled on the latter date. The crop on this half clearly
showed the benefit of the manorial applications, being half as
large again as the corresponding crop on the upper half (sheep-
feeding). It is worthy of special note, however, that the cake-
fed or the corn-fed manure gave no better crop than that made
without cake or corn. It should be pointed out that a nearly
similar result was obtained in 1907 in the corresponding case
of Rotation II., but the present returns are of a more uniform

348

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

nature. This consideration seems likely to have an important
significance when the matter has been further pursued. The
results are given in Table X.

Table X. — Rotation IV. Swedes , 1908.

Stackyard Field.

Plot

Produce of roots per acre

6

Decorticated cotton cake dung .

T. c. q. lb.
15 9 0 0

6

Maize meal dung ....

15 2 0 0

7

Dung without cake or corn .

15 6 0 0

8

n >? » ?! • • •

15 12 0 • 0

Green-Manuring Experiment ( Lansome Field), 1908.

The green crops having been grown in 1907, wheat
followed as usual. “ Square Head’s Master ” wheat, at the rate
of 9 pecks per acre, was drilled on November 7, 1907, and
came up satisfactorily. By April, 1908, the wheat after
mustard looked, as in previous years, decidedly the best, that
after rape next best, while the wheat following tares was
clearly the poorest. These appearances were borne out by the
crop results given in Table XI. The wheat was cut on
August 10 and carted on August 20. It is noticeable that the
plots to which lime had been given (last in 1904) were,
generally, superior to the corresponding ones to which mineral
manures had been applied. In one case (plot 4) the wheat
following rape was as good as that after mustard, but in all cases
the smallest crops were those of wheat following tares. These
results go to confirm fully the observations of previous years.

Table XI. — Green-Manuring Experiment ( Lansome Field ) .

Produce of Wheat per acre, 1908.

Plot

Manuring

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, See.

Weight

Bushel

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

Lb.

Lb.

Lb.

C. q. lb.

1

Tares ploughed in, with

mineral manures

733

12-4

58-8

345

8 3 23

2

Tares ploughed in, with lime

909

16-2

560

45-0

8 3 26

3

Rape ploughed in, with

mineral manures

924

165

557

37-5

11 1 4

4

Rape ploughed in, with lime

1,383

24-3

56-7

390

14 0 26

5

Mustard ploughed in, with

mineral manures

1,356

234

577

255

14 2 15

6

Mustard ploughed in, with

lime . . . . .

1,498

24-9

600

255

14 2 6

The Woburn Field Experiments, 1908. 349

Experiment with “ Nitrolim ” (Calcium Cyanamide)
{Butt Furlong ), 1908.

It was considered desirable to make a trial of the new
nitrogenous material, “ nitrolim ” (or calcium cyanamide), pre-
pared from the atmosphere by the aid of a powerful electric
furnace. As calcium cyanamide, if found to be useful in
agriculture, is likely to be a rival to sulphate of ammonia, the
comparison was made between sulphate of ammonia at the rate
of | cwt. per acre, applied as a top-dressing to barley, and
calcium cyanamide in quantity to supply the same amount of
nitrogen. The equivalent weight of calcium cyanamide was
found by analysis to be 96*3 lb. per acre. The results on the
barley crop were : —

Produce of Barley per acre.

Plot

•

Manure per acre

Head com

Tail

corn

Straw, <fcc.

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

Lb.

Lh.

C. q. lb.

1

“ Nitrolim,” 96 3 lb.

3409

660

45

20 1 19

2

Sulphate of ammonia, 84 lb.

22-77

65-5

34

16 2 23

At first sight this would lead to the conclusion that calcium
cyanamide was the more valuable form for supplying nitrogen.
It has, however, to be remembered that the Woburn soil is
decidedly deficient in lime, and the ill effects of sulphate of
ammonia on such a soil have been brought out in the
continuous corn-growing experiments. Calcium cyanamide,
moreover, contains a material quantity of lime, and to this fact
is to be attributed in large measure the better crop obtained
with the new material. This is brought out by the experiment
next recorded, which was made in the same field on plots
adjoining those first described.

Experiments on “ Finger-and-Toe ” and the Use of
Lime {Butt Furlong), 1908.

In this experiment, lime, in the two forms of ordinary lump
lime and of ground lime, is being tried as a remedy for “ finger-
and-toe ” in turnips. The turnips are, however, grown in the
ordinary rotation course, and not, as in a previous experiment,
every year. Three plots were marked out, and to one of them
lump lime at the rate of 2 tons per acre was applied on
January 11, 1908, 10 cwt. of ground lime per acre being put on
a second plot at the same date, while the third plot was left
blank. The crop of 1908 was barley, and the harvest results
obtained were : —

350 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

Produce of Barley per acre.

Head corn

Tail

corn

Plot

Treatment per acre

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

Straw, &c.

1

Untreated ... . .

24-06

Lb.

56-25

Lb.

34

C. q. lb.
16 1 0

2

Lump lime, 2 tons ....

41-03

55’75

79

23 0 27

3

Ground lime, 10 cwt. ....

30-47

55-5

53

22 1 2

From these results it will be seen how much the land stood
in need of liming. It was, moreover, very noticeable that
while the land where sulphate of ammonia, and, to a lesser
extent, “ nitrolim,” had been applied, had a thick growth of
the weed Polygonum aviculare , the plots to which lime had
been directly applied were almost entirely free of this weed.
The use of ordinary lime at the rate of 2 tons per acre
increased the yield of barley by no less than 17 bushels per
acre, and did considerably better than the 10 cwt. of ground
lime. It is proposed to renew later the application of ground
lime so as to bring up the cost of it to that of the 2 tons of
ordinary lime, and thus to judge which is the more economical
to employ. This experiment, however, brings out very clearly
the reason for the “ nitrolim ” having done so much better
than sulphate of ammonia in the experiment last recorded.

It is intended in 1909 to make more extended experiments
both with “ nitrolim ” and with the other new nitrogenous
material — calcium nitrate — also prepared from the atmosphere
by electrical means, and to compare them with sulphate of
ammonia and nitrate of soda as sources of nitrogen supply to
crops.

Varieties of Lucerne (Stackyard Field), 1908.

The three different kinds of lucerne — Provence, American,
and Canadian — sown in 1905, were kept down in 1908, and
gave three cuttings, viz., on June 29, August 27, and October 16.
The total green produce per acre for 1908 was as follows : —

Varieties of Lucerne (Stackyard Field).

Plot

Green produce per acre, 1908 (thjrd year).

T.

c.

q.

lb.

A

Provence seed

6

13

0

14

B

American seed

6

4

0

7

C

Canadian seed .....

9

3

3

0

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908. 351

The Canadian variety has now, for the third year in
succession, given considerably the highest yield ; the Provence
variety, as in 1907, was somewhat better than the American,
though this was not the case in 190G.

Seed direct from the Argentine having been offered by the
Agricultural Department there, and sent over, three different
kinds of Argentine lucerne were sown on small plots by the
side of the older plots just described. These varieties were
known respectively as “ Chubut,” “ Buenos Ayres,” and “ La
Pampa.” The seed was sown on June 4, 1908, and the crops
grew quite well until the end of September, when they were,
without exception, attacked by a fungus, Pseudopeziza Trifolii ,
which quickly spread all over the plot and began to invade the
adjoining older plots. It was therefore necessary to cut them
at once, very close to the ground, to remove all diseased leaves,
and to spread lime over each plot, in order to prevent, if
possible, the disease being carried on to the next season’s crop.
The weights of green produce obtained were : —

Chubut ”

Green produce per acre.
C. q. lb.

9 1 4

Buenos Ayres ” .

La Pampa ”

11

0 3

. 13

3 20

Inoculation Experiments with “ Nitro-Bacterine.”

Professor W. B. Bottomley, of King’s College, London,
having kindly placed at my disposal some of the inoculating
material — nitro-bacterine — prepared by him, it was decided
to carry out experiments on its efficiency, both with white
clover and lucerne. The white clover was of two varieties,
ordinary Dutch White and a new variety, “ Mammoth White.”
The lucerne was seed obtained direct from the Argentine, and
this was sown on the plots which had for several years pre-
viously been used for manurial experiments on lucerne. Each
plot was divided into two halves, these being kept separate by
boards driven down into the ground. On one half the seed
was sown without preparation, while on the other half the
seed was first treated with “ nitro-bacterine ” in strict accord-
ance with the directions given by Professor Bottomley. The
crops came up well ; in the case of the clovers there was little
difference to be noted between the inoculated and non-
inoculated halves, but in the case of the lucerne the non-
inoculated looked the better throughout. In September there
came over the Argentine lucerne the fungoid attack already
spoken of, but this did not spread to the white clover. The
results, in green produce per acre, are given in Table XII ,
page 352.

352 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

Table XII. — Lucerne and White Clover ; seed inoculated and
not inoculated.

Green produce per acre, 1908.

Seed inoculated

Seed not inoculated

Argentine Lucerne — Plot 1 .

C. q. lb.

10 3 4

C. q. lb.

14 3 9

13 1 26

16 0 20

10 3 4

12 0 15

8 0 10

9 1 21

13 1 26

16 0 20

21 2 8

29 2 18

22 3 19

35 0 6

29 2 18

4 1 22

35 0 6

41 3 5

26 3 24

28 1 7

Dutch White Clover

27 2 0

23 3 0

Mammoth White Clover

27 2 0

26 1 0

From this table it will be seen that in no single instance
was there any gain by inoculation of the seed in the case of
the lucerne, but that with white clover there was in each
instance a small increase.

This experiment will be continued in 1909.

Potato Experiments with “Nitrolim” and Magnesia
{Road Piece Field), 1908.

Mention has been made already of an experiment with
“ nitrolim ” (calcium cyanamide) used as a top-dressing for
barley, as compared with sulphate of ammonia similarly used.
It was decided to extend the trial of “ nitrolim ” to the potato
crop and, at the same time, to include a comparison with nitrate
of soda. Further, in consequence of the striking results
obtained at the Pot-culture Station in regard to the influence
of magnesia, it was resolved to try its effects also in the field.

The variety of potato grown was “ Table Talk ” ; six
different plots were marked out in Road Piece Field and each
plot was manured alike with a general dressing comprised of,
per acre : farmyard manure, 12 tons ; superphosphate, 3 cwt. ;
and sulphate of potash, 1 cwt.

In addition to this general manuring, three plots (Nos. 1, 2,
and 3) had further nitrogenous applications in the respective
forms of sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, and “ nitrolim.”
The basis of comparison was 1 cwt. per acre of sulphate of
ammonia, the amounts of nitrate of soda (142 lb. per acre)
and “nitrolim” (128 lb. per acre) applied containing the same
amount of nitrogen as did the 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia.

Plot 4 was left with the general dressing only, but plot 5
received, in addition, 3 cwt. per acre of ground magnesia, and
plot 6, 6 cwt. per acre of the same.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908. 353

The farmyard manure was spread in the drills May 6-9,
1908, and the artificials were applied on May 30, the potatoes
being subsequently planted. The crop came up well, and there
was very little disease.

The results are given in Table XIII. and are of a very
interesting character.

Table XIII. — Experiment on Potatoes , 1908 ( Road Piece Field).

Produce of Tubers per acre.

Plot

Manuring per acre

Ware

Seed

Small

Diseased

Total

produce

1

standard dressing and,
additionally—

Sulphate of ammonia,
1 cwt

T. c. q. lb.
10 0 2 24

O. q. lb.
8 3 20

C. q. lb.
6 1 0

O. q. lb.
3 0 24

T. c. q. lb.
10 19 0 12

2

Nitrate of sodn, 142 lbs.

9 4 2 16

13 2 8

7 0 16

3 2 8

10 8 3 20

3

“Nitrolim,” 128 lbs. .

8 12 2 0

12 3 12

7 0 16

2 3 12

9 15 1 12

4

Standard dressing only

8 8 2 8

9 1 4

5 2 24

3 0 24

9 6 3 4

5

Magnesia, 3 cwt. .

8 18 3 20

13 0 24

5 1 12

2 2 0

10 0 0 0

6

„ 6 cwt. .

9 14 1 4

9 2 16

4 1 4

3 3 20

10 12 0 16

1 12 tons farmyard manure, 3 cwt. superphosphate, 1 cwt. sulphate of potash
per acre.

The lowest produce was with the standard dressing only.
Of the three different nitrogenous applications, decidedly the
best was sulphate of ammonia, the extra nitrogen supplied in
this increasing the crop by 1 ton 12 cwt. per acre ; nitrate of
soda, giving the same nitrogen, improved the yield by 1 ton
2 cwt., and “ nitrolim ” by 8 cwt. 2 qrs. only. The superiority
of sulphate of ammonia to nitrate of soda for the potato crop,
so far at least as the Woburn soil is concerned, has been shown
before, and it would now appear hardly likely that “ nitrolim ”
will prove as good either, presuming its nitrogen to cost the
same as that in sulphate of ammonia.

Very remarkable are the results obtained from the use of
magnesia, even in the small amounts of 3 cwt. and 6 cwt. per
acre. Three cwt. of magnesia per acre increased the crop by
13 cwt., although no more nitrogen was used, and 6 cwt. per
acre of magnesia gave no less an increase than 1 ton 5 cwt.,
the crop being the second largest one of the whole series.
Thus 3 cwt. per acre of magnesia showed itself superior in
effect to 1 cwt. of “nitrolim,” and 6 cwt. of magnesia per acre
acted better than did 1J cwt. of nitrate of soda.

Turning the gains into money values, as far as possible,
sulphate of ammonia gave a gain per acre (after deducting its
cost) of 21. 11s. 9<2. per acre over the “standard” dressing,
that with nitrate of soda being 1£. 10s. per acre. The cost
of “nitrolim ” is not exactly known yet, though it may be taken
that it will be regulated by the price of sulphate of ammonia
and nitrate of soda. If this be so, the extra crop would just
YOL. 69. A A

354

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

about have covered the cost of the application. Magnesia is not
yet a commercial article for agricultural purposes, and so it is
difficult to say what it would cost if regularly available. The
results obtained, however, with magnesia, are such as make the
following up of this subject in the future very desirable.

Experiment on Swedes [Butt Close), 1908.

An experiment was designed with the double object of
seeing which of three different varieties would do the best, and
also of ascertaining the value for the swede crop of a manurial
material recommended for use on land deficient in lime, and
called “basic turnip manure.” The nitrogenous ingre-
dients in the manure are derived from “ nitrolim ” (calcium
cyanamide).

The three varieties of swedes tried were “ Elephant,”
“ Kangaroo,” and “ Invicta.” The same standard dressing was
given to all three plots, and consisted of, per acre : farmyard
manure, 12 tons ; superphosphate, 3 cwt. ; sulphate of potash,
13 lb. (this supplying the same amount of potash as was con-
tained in 6 cwt. of the basic turnip manure). Plot 1 was treated
with the “ standard ” dressing only, plot 2 with nitrate of soda in
addition (70 lb. per acre), giving the same nitrogen as in fi cwt.
of the “basic turnip manure,” and plot 3 with the “standard”
dressing and 6 cwt. per acre of the “ basic turnip manure.”
The latter, it may be said, was basic in character, because of
lime added to it, fitting it thereby for land poor in lime.

The farmyard manure was spread June 10-12, 1908, and
ploughed in June 15-23. The swede seed was then drilled ;
the roots came up well, and were singled and hoed July 14-26.
The crop was pulled and weighed December 5-18. It was
noticeable that the “ Invicta ” came up out of the ground very
“clean,” whereas the “Elephant” left much more earth
attaching to the bulbs. The “ Kangaroo ” were a nice crop, but
not equal to the “ Invicta.” The results are given in Table XIV.

Table XIV. — Experiment on Swedes (Butt Close), 1908.

Produce of Roots per acre.

Variety

Series 1

Series 2

Standard dressing
only ^

Standard dressing
with nitrate of
soda 70 lb. per acre

T. c. q. lb.

T. c. q. lb.

“ Elephant ”

17 10 2 14

16 19 1 14

“ Kangaroo ”

20 6 3 14

18 6 3 14

“Invicta’’.

21 9 1 14

19 6 1 0

Series 3

Standard dressing
with basic turnip
manure 6 cwt.
per acre

c. q. lb.
8 1 21

T.

18

20 2 0 21

21 4 2 21

i Farmyard manure 12 tons, superphosphate 3 cwt., sulphate of potash 13 lb.
per acre.

The Woburn Field Experiments, 1908. 355

These figures show clearly that, as between the three
varieties, the “ Invicta ” were decidedly the best, and the
“ Kangaroo ” the next best. This was the case whatever the
manuring was. As regards the manuring, the notable point is
that the application of nitrate of soda reduced the crop in each
case, though it made the tops look more luxuriant. The basic
turnip manure could not be said to have generally produced
any benefit over the standard dressing. It gave some gain with
the “ Elephant ” variety, but not with the other two.

Experiment on the Use of Salt for Mangolds
{Warren Field), 1908.

Experiments conducted on the mangold crop for the last few
years having shown in each case a distinct benefit to arise from
the use of 1 cwt. of salt per acre along with nitrate of soda when
used as a top-dressing, the question was not unfrequently asked
whether a larger quantity of salt might not be still more
beneficial. Accordingly the experiment of 1908 was arranged
with this view, seven plots being marked out for each of four
different varieties of mangold. A general dressing per acre
of farmyard manure, 12 tons ; superphosphate, 3 cwt., and
sulphate of potash, 1 cwt., was given to all the plots alike,
plot 1 receiving this alone. To plot 2, 1 cwt. per acre of nitrate
of soda was given as a top-dressing ; plot 3 had 1 cwt. of nitrate
of soda and 1 cwt. of salt per acre as top-dressing, while plots 4,
5, and 6 had each 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda as a top-dressing, but
the quantity of salt given with the nitrate of soda rose from
2 cwt. per acre on plot 4, to 4 cwt. on plot 5, and 6 cwt. on plot 6.
One-half of the salt was put in the drills, and the other half
used with the 1 cwt. nitrate of soda as top-dressing. Lastly, on
plot 7, 1 cwt. per acre of “ nitrolim ” (calcium cyanamide) was
used in the drills in addition to the usual dressing. The farm-
yard manure was carted and spread on May 11-14, 1908, and
the superphosphate and sulphate of potash were given on May
15-16. The mangold seed was then drilled. Four different
varieties were tried, viz., “ Sugar Mangold,” “Golden Tankard,”
“ Yellow Globe,” and “ Mammoth Long . Red.” The top-
dressings were applied July 10-11.

It was noticeable that the Sugar Mangold “ bolted ” very
much more than any other variety.

The crops were pulled and weighed October 30 to
November 7. The results are given in Table XV., page 356.

Of the four different varieties the “Yellow Globe” gave,
all round, the greatest weight, the “ Long Red ” being but little
behind ; “ Golden Tankard ” gave the smallest yield. It will
next be seen that the top-dressings in all cases increased -the
crop very materially. The lowest increase was with the

a a 2

356 The Woburn Field Experiments, 1908.

Table XV. — Mangold Experiment ( Warren Field), 1908.

Produce of Roots per acre.

'

Manures per
acre in addition 1
to standard j
dressing 1 )

I.

No top-
dressing

II-

Nitrate
of soda,
lcwt.

in.

Nitrate
of soda,
lcwt. ;
salt,

1 cwt.

IV.

Nitrate
of soda.

1 cwt. ;
salt,

2 cwt.

V.

Nitrate
of soda.
1 cwt;
salt,

4 cwt.

VI.

Nitrate
of soda,
1 cwt. ;
salt,

6 cwt.

VH.

Nitrolim,
1 cwt.

Variety-
Sugar Mangold
Golden Tankard
Yellow Globe .
Long Red .

T. c. q.lb.
28 0 1 7
19 18 3 0
28 3 3 0
31 15 3 21

T. c. q.lb.

30 5 0 0
23 7 2 0
33 3 1 21
36 12 0 21

T. c. q.lb.

31 5 2 14
23 17 3 7
34 17 3 7

32 6 1 0

T. c.q.lb.

34 7 2 0
29 7 3 7
37 19 2 21

35 4 2 21

T. c.q.lb.
34 14 1 14
28 17 2 0
38 6 2 7
36 12 0 21

T. c. q.lb.

33 17 0 21
33 10 1 7
41 5 0 0
36 12 0 21

T. c. q.lb.

30 15 1 7
25 8 3 0

31 15 3 21
29 7 3 7

1 Farmyard manure 12 tons, superphosphate 3 cwt., sulphate of potash 1 cwt
per acre.

“ nitrolim,” the 1 cwt. per acre of this not doing as well as
1 cwt. per acre of nitrate of soda. The next point for notice
is that while there was but small difference between 1 cwt.
nitrate of soda and 1 cwt. nitrate of soda used with 1 cwt.
of salt, yet, as the salt was increased, the yield rose higher,
the highest crops being obtained by the use of as much
as 6 cwt. per acre of salt used along with 1 cwt. per acre of
nitrate of soda. With this dressing, in addition to the general
manuring, as much as 41 £ tons of “Yellow Globe” mangolds
were obtained per acre, this being a big crop for light sandy
land such as that at Woburn.

It follows from this experiment that common salt may be
advantageously used up to 6 cwt. per acre. Between the use
of 2 cwt. per acre of salt and 4 cwt. there seemed, however,
but little to choose.

Grass Experiments ( Broad Mead), 1908.

Broad Mead (old pasture) was the only experimental field
to be hayed in 1908. The plots were chain harrowed and
rolled -early in the spring of the year, but no further manurial
applications were made, these having been last given in the
winter of 1906 and spring of 1907. The grass was ready to
cut by June 26, but, owing to the uncertain weather, great care
had to be taken. However, by not cutting more at a time than
could be dealt with in a single day’s carting, the whole was
secured in admirable condition.

Samples of the hay from each plot were submitted to
Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., the Society’s Consulting Botanist,
who made botanical separations of the herbage.

The weights of hay and the results of the botanical
separation are set out in Table XVI., page 357.

The heaviest crop, it will be seen, was given by farmyard
manure, but the herbage contained little of the leguminosae.
Lime, as usual, gave, by itself, no increase of crop, but the
fresh green appearance of this plot as compared with the others

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1908.

357

Table XVI. — Grass Experiments ( Broad Mead).

Produce of Hay, 1908, and botanical separation.

Manures per acre in 1901,
1904, and 1906

Weight of hay
per acre

Botanical separation

Plot

Gra-

mme©

Legu-

minosffi

Miscel-

laneous

1

Basic slag, 10 cwt. ; nitrate of
potash, 1 cwt

T. c. q. lb.
2 0 10

Per

cent.

976

Per

cent.

0-7

Per

cent.

1-7

2

Mineral superphosphate, 5 cwt. ;
sulphate of potash, 1 cwt.

1 17 2 0

92-7

4*5

2-8

3

Basic slag, 10 cwt. ; sulphate of
potash, 1 cwt. ....

2 0 3 0

962

2-1

1-7

4

No manure

1 13 3 12

95-8

1-9

23

5

Lime, 2 tons ....

Farmyard manure, 12 tons .

1 13 0 0

961

IS

26

6

2 12 0

97-3

11

1-6 ‘

was most noticeable throughout the season and after the
removal of the hay crop. There is no doubt that the lime
has had the effect of producing a finer condition of the
herbage. Next in order to farmyard manure came the plot
dressed with basic slag and sulphate of potash (plot 3), this
showing an increase also in the leguminous herbage. Plot 2,
however (mineral superphosphate and sulphate of potash),
was the only one to show a marked increase of leguminous
herbage, the percentage rising to 4‘5. The growth of clovers
on this plot had been noticeable throughout the season.

It is worthy of remark that in 1908 there was a much
smaller proportion of leguminous herbage in the plots generally
than had been noted in the years 1905 and 1907, when botanical
separations were also made. In 1905 the lowest percentage of
leguminous herbage was 2-0 and the highest 7T, in 1907 the
lowest was 5*1, the highest 190. Now (in 1908) the lowest
percentage was 0*7, the highest 4'5.

In Broad Mead field the experiments on the value of sewage
sludge, undertaken in 1907 for the Royal Commission on Sewage
Disposal, were continued in 1908. These experiments, when
completed, will be separately reported on.

Rainfall at Woburn Experimental Station, 1908.
(292 ft. above sea level.)

1908

In.

January . . . . 1-55

February .... 0-85

March .... 2-86

April 3'74

May . . 1*71

June 1-47

1908

T 1 Ia'

July 1-73

August .... 2-65

September. . . . 1-88

October .... 2-07

November . ' . . 0'82

December . . . . 1-57

Total

229

358 The Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1907-8.

POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 1907-8

(summary).

As time has gone on, the advantages of having a Pot-culture
Station, where experiments can be carried on simultaneously
with Field Experiments, have been made increasingly apparent.
In the case of certain problems arising out of the Field
Experiments it has, for instance, been impossible to pursue
the inquiry further by the ordinary methods of field culture.
To take an instance — the investigation of the failure of crops
on the plots continuously treated with ammonia salts. In the
field one can do little more than apply lime and so restore
fertility, but the explanation of what has occurred, and the
investigation of the nature of the poisonous element introduced
on the land, are matters that have to be followed out in close
detail, and which require the presence of a chemical laboratory
and the application of methods of scientific inquiry. Thus it
is now being sought to ascertain whether the use of tany
oxidising material will have the effect of neutralising the
injurious element introduced. The methods of pot-culture
work allow of the simultaneous trials of a number of different
materials of this class, so' that their relative effects can be
studied side by side, whereas in field cultivation this is out of
the question.

Another instance of the value of pot-culture work in
conjunction with field experiment is supplied in the explana-
tion provided of the seemingly anomalous results found in the
field in the case of green-manuring (previous to a corn crop)
with tares and mustard respectively. No continuation of the
Field Experiments by themselves would ever have given the
explanation supplied by the Pot-culture work, or have shown
that the difference lay in the texture of the soil and in the
relative proportions of water evaporated from the soil in the
two cases.

Equally, on the other hand, may investigations begun at
the Pot-culture Station prove useful guides as to what may be
advantageously tried on the field scale. The experiments with
magnesia on corn crops, conducted at the Pot-culture Station
now for several years past, well illustrate this point. It was
the remarkable results produced alike on the quality of the
grain and on the development of the roots of the wheat plant,
that led to the application of magnesia in the Field Experi-
ments. The record of these, as given in the earlier part of this
Report, bears witness to the remarkable influence exerted by
magnesia on the potato crop (see page 353).

The Pot-culture work of 1907-8 followed, in main respects,
the lines of that of 1906-7, but included also new matter in

The Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1907-8. 359

the trial of the new inoculating material, “ nitro-bacterine,”
for leguminous crops ; as also in the further examination of
the question of “ soil-acidity.”

The Hills’ Experiments continue to show in a remarkable
manner how very potent is the influence, both on germination
and on crop return, of even very minute quantities of salts of
certain of the rarer bodies, such as lithium and manganese.
With lithium, the sulphate, chloride, nitrate, and carbonate
were all tried, but whereas in 1906 the quantity of the metal
(lithium) applied in these several forms was as little as ‘05 in
100 parts of the soil, in 1907 the amount had been reduced
to ’0075, and in 1908 it was still further reduced, viz., to
•00375 parts in 100 parts of the soil. It was found in 1908
that even this small quantity retarded germination materially
and also reduced the crop. In the case of carbonate of lithium
the decrease of crop was about 50 per cent., and with the
nitrate 25 per cent.

It has all along been known that even small quantities of
certain salts introduced into solutions in which plants are
growing (water-culture) are capable of exercising marked
effect upon the growth, but it was not until these Pot-culture
Experiments were carried out that one believed that the
presence in quite small quantity, in the soil, of ingredients of
unusual nature and occurrence could exercise so remarkable
an influence on vegetation as was shown to be the case.
Incidentally this throws light upon the next subject that was
specially studied in 1907-8 — the injurious nature of the acidity
produced on the soil of the continuous wheat and barley
experiments (Stackyard Field), where ammonia salts had been
used year after year.

That the material producing this acidity exists in but small
quantity has been shown, but equally is it exceedingly potent.
In 1907-8 it was sought to ascertain whether this acidity could
be destroyed by the use of any oxidising agent. With this
view, sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper, pyrogallic acid, and
animal charcoal were severally tried. While the results with
the three first named were neutral, there was a singular result
obtainable from the use of animal charcoal, the previously acid
soil (which would not grow barley) being now rendered
capable of bearing a barley crop, although the quantity of
animal charcoal applied was not more than 11(5 per cent, of
the weight of the soil. Whether the animal charcoal works by
reason of the absorption of the injurious substance in the soil,
or by virtue of the lime contained in it, is a point that is now
being further investigated.

Equally interesting is the next set of experiments — the
continuation of the work on the relation of magnesia to lime

360 The Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1907-8.

in soils and the consequent effect on crops. The main point
having been established, that the increase of magnesia produces
a change in the nature of the wheat grain and on the root
development of the plant, the Pot-culture Experiments are now
being extended to studying the effect of natural minerals — such
as dolomite — in which magnesia presents itself, and which may
be available for use in practice. Dolomite, both in its ground
state and as burnt into magnesian lime, is being tried, and in
comparison with ordinary limestone and with burnt lime (not
magnesian), as also with magnesium carbonate, magnesium
sulphate, &c. The practical question as to whether magnesian
limestone and magnesian lime have or have notan injurious
effect, and are for that reason to be rejected, has an important
bearing on practical agriculture.

Another set of experiments has reference to the advantage
or otherwise of giving nitrogenous manures to Fen soils. The
latter are naturally very rich in nitrogen, but the evidence
obtained from the Pot-culture work at Woburn goes to show
that this nitrogen is in a very unavailable condition, and that
easily assimilable nitrogen may usefully be added.

The experiments on green-manuring have been advanced
another stage, and while it has been shown that the question
as between tares and mustard as a preparatory crop for wheat
is largely one of soil texture and consequent water require-
ments, there are other points involved, it is believed, which
the continuation of the inquiry will, it is hoped, elucidate.

A new subject was taken up in 1908 at the Pot-culture
Station, in conjunction with the Field Experiments on the same
subject, and described on pages 351-2 of this Report — the value
of Professor Bottomley’s “ nitro-bacterine ” for inoculating
leguminous crops. The general results of these experiments
at the Pot-culture Station were of a negative character. In
some cases the inoculated crops were slightly better than those
not inoculated, in others the reverse was the case, but the
differences between the two sets were practically immaterial.

Other trials were made with Professor Bottomley’s culture
for non-leguminous crops, but the material was received too
late to make the trials really comparable, and they will be
repeated in 1909.

Experiments on the eradication of wild onion have been
continued at the Pot-culture Station, and this jointly with
others on a practical scale on farm fields. The evidence thus
far obtained goes to show that there is little hope of any
application of “ chemicals ” to the soil being really effective,
but that the remedy really consists in the alteration of the
texture and condition of the soil. In the field work alluded
to a marked diminution of the wild onion has been brought

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 361

about by laying the land down either in lucerne or with a
mixture of deep-rooting grasses.

Lastly, the experiments conducted on behalf of the Royal
Commission on Sewage Disposal were, by request of the
Commission, continued for a second year at the Pot-culture
Station. Wheat was the crop experimented on in 1907, and a
barley crop was subsequently taken in 1908. By means of the
Pot-culture Station it was possible to carry out comparative
experiments with seven different sludges, no less than seventy
pots being employed for the purpose. Such work as this, it is
clear, could not possibly have been carried out in the field,
and there was the added advantage that the whole of the work
was under close observation all the time.

J. Augustus Yoelcker.

22 Tudor Street, E.C.

STATISTICS AFFECTING BRITISH
AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS.

As in previous years, the information compiled in the tables
printed on pp. 366-380 is taken from the official publications of
the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the other Govern-
ment Departments as noted below.1 The data have been
brought up to date wherever possible by the inclusion of the
figures for 1908, some of the tables having been specially
supplied in manuscript by the Board of Agriculture.

In one or two cases changes have been made, owing to
similar changes in the original returns.

In the first of the general tables there will be found a
summary for the United Kingdom. In this is included the
data for Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands, for
the details of which refei’ence must be made to the actual
statistics themselves. As in previous years, this actual state-
ment deals with 47,000,000 acres, which are under crops and
grass, out of the whole 77,000,000 acres included in the land
area of the British Isles. The population having last year been
estimated at 44,800,000, there is now only a portion of about
one acre and a twentieth of cultivated or grass land for each
living person.

1 Agricultural Statistics for 1908, Vol. XLIII., Part I. ; Agricultural Statistics
for 1907, Vol. XL1I., Parts I., II., and III. ; the preliminary statements as to
produce of crops, acreage, and yield per acre for 1908 ; the Annual Statements
of the Board of Trade ; and the Trade and Navigation Accounts for December,
1908.

362 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests.

Of the total area of land used for agricultural purposes,
about nineteen and a half millions of acres are arable land, and
about twenty-seven and a half millions are pasture. Compared
with the previous year, and considering Great Britain alone,
there has been a diminution of the utilised area of 32,000 acres,
there being a loss of 170,000 acres of arable land and a gain
of 138,000 acres of permanent grass.

Of the whole diminution in arable land, England alone
takes up 118,000 acres, against which must be set an increase
of 93,000 acres of pasture, leaving a net loss of 55,000 acres.
The decrease in the preceding twelve months was 15,000 acres.

Considering now the arable land as a whole, we find that
the corn crops occupy about 42 per cent, of the total area in the
United Kingdom, and about 55 per cent, in England.

Of the area under corn crops, 4,189,000 acres, or rather
more than half, was under oats, there having been a decrease of
27,000 acres (about | per cent.) in this crop since the previous
year. In fact, except in the case of wheat, where the area
remained practically the same, there were decreases in all the
corn crops.

The total number of horses was practically the same as the
previous year, there being an increase in those used for
agricultural purposes of 12,500, while there was a decrease in
unbroken horses of one year and upwards amounting to 16,500,
against which must be set an increase of 3,500 in those under
one year old. The total number of horses in the United
Kingdom is now 2,088,595, and in England 1,179,902.

In cattle there was a decrease in Great Britain of 6,933, but
an increase of 109,680 in the United Kingdom and one of
10,547 in England. There were decreases of 6,433 in Wales,
and of 11,047 in Scotland.

The increase in the number of sheep was over 1,324,000,
bringing the total up to 31,336,000, while .the pigs increased by
about 88,000, and now amount to 4,056,000.

Acreage of Crops.

The tables published this year are again brought up to date
by means of information kindly supplied by Mr. Rew, Assistant
Secretary of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Of the 56,200,000 acres comprised in the land surface of
Great Britain, there were 32,211,381 shown as under crops and
grass in 1908, or 32,000 less than in the previous year. These
were divided among 508,629 holdings, giving an average of
63‘3 acres per holding. In addition to this area there was an
extent of 12,801,883 acres returned as mountain and heath land
used for grazing.

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 363

It will thus be seen that, taking the whole area of Great
Britain, 57’3 per cent, were under crops and grass, which
divided the total acreage between them very nearly in the
proportion of 39 to 55.

The year’s changes in Great Britain include, as stated above,
a total loss of 32,000 acres under crops and grass, and it will be
found on inspecting Table I. that this is the difference between
a loss of 170,000 acres under crops and a gain of 138,000 acres
under grass. As, in addition to this, the area left in bare fallow
amounted to nearly 54,000 acres more than in 1907, the total
loss of area under crops and grass is really about 86,000 acres.

The area under Wheat in Great Britain in the year 1908 was
1,664,860 acres, or within 200 acres of the amount in the
previous year. It is satisfactory to note that the shrinkage
reported in last year’s returns has not been continued, but the
variations in the county areas have been very considerable.
These variations, moreover, differ very much in the same parts
of the country, but on the whole there is a slight decrease in
the north and east, balanced by an increase in the south and
west.

It will be remembered that the decrease in acreage in the
year 1907 was attributed in last year’s Report to the weather,
and hopes were expressed that this might be remedied. The
variable weather last year, however, has disappointed these
hopes, although it is some comfort that the wheat acreage has
not further declined.

The area under Barley in 1908 was 1,667,437 acres in Great
Britain, showing a decrease of about 45,000 acres on the
previous year, which gave a record for the small area of this
crop. The decrease was very generally distributed, being
slightly more pronounced in the south.

There was a decrease in Great Britain of 13,980 acres of
Oats, which now occupy an area of 3,108,918 acres. The
decrease was made up of losses of 8,872 acres in England,
2,313 in Wales, and 2,795 in Scotland. In the rest of the
United Kingdom, namely, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the
Channel Islands, there was a further loss of 15,183 acres, the
vast bulk of which must have been in Ireland.

The increase of 20,839 acres in Beans, noted in last year’s
Report, was unfortunately not maintained in 1908 ; there
being on the contrary a loss of 14,707 acres in Great Britain, of
which 12,525 were in England, 490 in Wales, and 1,691 in
Scotland. The total area of Beans in Great Britain is now
295,024 acres. Peas also showed a diminution of area last year
of 2,397 acres, as against an increase of 12,157 in the previous
year. They now occupy an area of 163,739 acres in Great
Britain, of which 162,023 are in England. In the rest of

364 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests.

the United Kingdom there are only a few hundred acres of
them.

Potatoes showed an increase in Great Britain of 13,185
acres, made up of increases of 9,192 acres in England, and
4,804 acres in Scotland, against which must be set a decrease
of 811 acres in Wales. The total acreage in 1908 was 562,105
acres as against 548,920 acres in 1907. Turnips and Swedes
once again showed a decline, in this case of 12,081 acres as
against 27,942 acres in the previous year, when the lowest
acreage on record was reached. This has unfortunately now
been still further diminished, and stood last year at 1,550,900.

Mangolds, which afforded some satisfaction by an increase
of about 18,000 acres in 1907, had in 1908 decreased by
22,281 acres as compared with the previous year. There were
427,770 acres of them.

The area of Lucerne once again increased, but by a smaller
amount than the previous year, when an increase of 8,000
acres was recorded. Last year it was 1,361 acres, bringing the
total in Great Britain up to 65,156 acres.

The Small Fruit area, which was 84,870 acres, showed an
increase of 2,705 acres, of which 2,378 were in England, and
340 in Scotland, while the area in Wales was practically
unchanged.

The acreage of Orchards was practically unchanged, being
in 1908, 250,288 acres as against 250,176 acres in 1907.

There was a decrease of the total area under Clover and
Rotation Grasses by 69,374 acres, which more than counter-
balances the increase of the previous year, which was 58,732.
In England there was a decrease of 55,214 acres, in Wales
of 8,608, and in Scotland of 5,552 acres. The whole area last
year in Great Britain was 4,421,587 acres.

The total land under Permanent Grass in Great Britain last
year reached an area of 17,415,869 acres, being an increase of
137,985 acres over that of 1907. The greater portion of this
increase, namely, 93,062 acres, was in England.

Considering now the two classes of permanent grass, “ For
Hay” and “Not for Hay,” separately, we find that the first
class increased by 13,228 acres, or only 0’3 per cent., while £he
latter took up 124,757 acres, or 1 per cent, of its previous area.
Eighteen counties showed an increase of acreage of “ Grass for
Hay,” the ones showing the largest being Kent, Lancaster, and
Sussex.

Twenty-eight counties showed an increase in grass “ Not
for Hay,” those contributing the largest amount being
Buckingham, Chester, Devon, Gloucester, Leicester, Lincoln,
Northampton, Salop, and Warwick, with increases of over
5,000 acres each.

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 365
Live Stock Returns.

Considering now the portion of the returns devoted to
Live Stock, the numbers given for June, 1908, show an increase
of 924,275 sheep, or 3'5 per cent., which is accompanied by an
increase of 186,716 pigs, or 7T per cent. Unfortunately
against these must be put decreases of 10,698, or 0-7 per cent,
of horses, and 6,933, or 0-l per cent, of cattle.

The return of Horses shows a falling off on the total of only
0-7 per cent., and it is noticeable that this is confined to the
case of unbroken horses of one year and over, of which there
is a decrease of 14,143, there being an increase of 3,397 in
those used for agricultural purposes. It is unfortunate that
this diminution of unbroken horses should continue, as it seems
to show that it no longer pays to breed them.

The number of Cattle recorded last year in Great Britain
(6,905,134) showed a decrease of 6,933, whereas in the whole
United Kingdom there was an increase of 109,680. The
increases and decreases were spread over different parts of the
country, contiguous counties often showing one a decrease and
the other an increase. Thus Kent shows a decrease of 3-8 per
cent., while Surrey gives an increase of nearly 3*9 per cent.

The number of Sheep in Great Britain, on the other hand,
showed an increase of 1,004,275, bringing the total up to
27,119,750, and this increase occurred in spite of an importation
of about 1,600,000Z. worth of foreign sheep over and above the
figure for the previous year. The increases were in “ Ewes
kept for breeding,” 291,949 ; in “ Other Sheep,” 439,170 ; and
in lambs, 273,156. As in the case of the cattle, it seems
difficult to apply any general remarks to the locality of the
increase of sheep, but on the whole they seem to have increased
most in the neighbourhood of the great centres of population,
especially in the north midlands. In Kent, Suffolk, and
Norfolk there were considerable increases, and also in some of
the counties on the south coast. On the whole, however, the
increase was in patches, and not general.

The number of Pigs in 1908 was 2,823,482, an increase of
186,716 over the previous year, but it is unfortunate that in the
case of “ Sows kept for breeding ” there was a decrease of
10,791, or 2'8 per cent., thus reversing the experience of the
previous year.

Produce Returns.

The preliminary returns issued by the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries have in this, as in previous years, been utilised to
complete Tables II. and III. in this volume, and from them the
following conclusions may be drawn : —

The Wheat crop of the year for Great Britain was 6,565,370
quarters, a decrease of 335,400 quarters since the previous year,

[Continued on page 381.]

G Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests,

Table I. — Acreage under Crops and Grass; and Number of

and Scotland, with totals for Great Britain and for the

Crops, Grass, and Live Stock.

England

Wales

1908

1907

1908

1907

Total Area (excluding water)

Acres

32,381,908

Acres

4,748,398

Total Acreage under Crops!
and Grass1 )

24,560,399

24,585,455

2.787,514

2,791,514

Arable Land

Permanent Grass1

10.659,477

13,900,922

10,777,595

13,807,860

746,709

2,040,805

769,482

2,022,032

Wheat

Barley or Bere ....

Oats

Eye

Beans

Peas

1,548.732

1,383,326

1,958.810

45,842

283,661

162,023

1.537.208

1.411,163

1,967,682

53,837

296,186

164,326

34.573

86,693

201,595

951

1,116

753

39,930

90,622

203,908

737

1,606

863

Total Corn crops .

5,382,394

5,430,402

325,681

337,666

Potatoes

Turnips and Swedes .

Mangold

Cabbage

Kohl-Kabi

Eape

Vetches or Tares . . . .

Lucerne

Hops

Small Fruit *

Clover, Sainfoin, and Grass
under Eotation

Other Crops

Bare FaUow

391,083

1,052,488

415,360

60,489

17,177

74,303

117.502

64,760

38.921

75,750

2,556,508

111,532

301,210

381,891
1,058.292
436,193
65.262
20,572
' 79,913

145,067
63,379
44,938
73.372

2,611,722

117,914

248,678

27,330

57,416

10,432

717

65

4,642

618

368

1,200

311.387

1,072

5,781

28,141

58,496

11,056

822

82

4,441

832

338

1,213

319.995

1,195

5,205

Horses used for Agricultural
purposes . . . .

Unbroken 1 One year and above
Horses J Under one year

No.

866,709

222,179

91,0)4

No.

863,817

234,495

90,835

No.

96.827

42.285

22,150

No.

96,444

43,869

22,185

Total of Horses .

1,179,902

1,189,147

161,262

162,498

C^8f“dlln ca,f but not in

Heifers \ mi]k . .

Other Cattle Two years and
above

„ „ One year and

under two

„ „ Under one year

1,592,919

453,593

1,039,191

966,303

946,272

1,590,010

442,274

1,013.034

992.084

920,329

240,160

45,225

84,646

173.179

189,241

241,171

46,836

96,096

174,024

180,757

Total of Cattle .

4,998,278

4,987.731

732,451

738,884

Ewes kept for Breeding
Other Sheep: — One year and
above

„ „ Under one year

5,980,125

3,366,497

6,612,253

5,750,187

2,994,392

6,354,349

1,545,507

817,245

1,358,608

1,512,828

822,049

1.368,495

Total of Sheep

15,958,875

15,098,958

3,721,360

3,703,372

Sows kept for Breeding
Other Pigs

315,524

2,123,563

321,740

1,935,396

37,510

203,101

39,718

193,278

Total of Pigs .

2,439,087

2,257.136

240,611

232,996

i Not including Mountain and Heath Land used for grazing.

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 3(57

Live Stock, on June 4, 1908 and 1907, in England , Wales,
United Kingdom.

United Kinedom, including

Scotland

Great Britain

Ireland, Isle of Man,

and the Channel Islands

1908

1907

1908

1907

1908

1907

Acres

Acres

Acres

19,069.674

56,200,006

77,096,022

4,863,473

4,866,478

32,211,381

32,243,447

47,001,961

46,997,546

3,389,331

3,418,486

14,795,512

14,965,563

19,478,399

19,585,826

1,474,142

1,447,992

17.415,869

17,277,884

27,523.562

27,411,720

43,428

48,307

1,626,733

1,625,455

1,664,860

1,665,017

197,418

210,309

1,667,437

1,712,094 -

1,824,410

1,885.359

948,513

951,308

3,108,918

3,122,898 -

4,189,378

4,218,541

5,951 •

6,637

52,744

61,211 a

60,962

70.204

10,247

11,938

295,024

309.730

296.918

311,684

963

947

163,739

166,136

164,183

166,608

1,206,520

1,229,446

6,914,595

6,997,514

8,200,711

8,317,413

143,692

138.888

562,105

548,920

1.161.122

1,151,632

440,993

446,190

1,550.897

1,562,978

1,837,997

1,846,128

1,980

2,804

427,772

450,053

500,740

518,019

7,914

8,812

69,120

74,896 ’

)

10

33

17,252

20,687

1 215,674

229,009

7,550

6,918

86,495

91,272

1

7,963

8,157

126,083

154.056

128,276

156,157

28

78

65,156

63,795

—

—

—

—

38,921

44,938

38,922

44.938

7,930

7,590

84,880

82,175

97,570

94,175

1,553.692

1,559,244

4,421,587

4,490,961

6,725,921

6,693,017

2,798

2,759

115,402

121,868

256,004

273,621

8,261

7,567

315,252

261,450

315,462

261,717

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

155.788

155,666

1.119,324

1,115,927

1.501,508

1,489.064

35,345

35,588

299,809

313,952

398,770

415,266

13,374

13,470

126,538

126.490

188,317

184,802

204,507

204,724

1,545,671

1,556.369

2,088,595

2,088,932

364,684

367,032

2,197,763

2,198,213

1

[ 4,368,237

4,338,086

67,199

71,923

566,017

561,033

1

247,851

249,811

1,371,688

1,388,941

2,417,673

2,433,928

276.001

274.306

1,415,483

1,440.414

2,475,373

2.449,410

218,670

222.380

1,354,183

1,323,466

2,476,880

2,407,059

1,174,405

1,185,452

6,905,134

6,912,067

11,738,163

11,628,48?

3,043,457

3,014,125

10,569,089

10,277,140

12,242,197

11,833,083

1.449,025

1,377.156

5,632,767

5,193.597

6.403,569

5,896,649

2,947.013

2,921,874

10,917,874

10,644,718

12.690,151

12,281,587

7,439,495

7,313,155

27,119,730

26.115.455

31,335,917

30,011,219

16,442

18.809

369,476

380,267

495,300

524,589

127.342

127,825

2.454,006

2,256,499

3,560,416

3,442.235

' 143,784

146,634

2,823,482

2,636,766

.".,4.055,716

3,966,824

368 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests

Table II. — Statement of the Acreage of Wheat, Barley, and
Oats, and Numbers of Live Stock in each County of Great
Britain on June 4, 1908.

COUNTIES

Corn Crops

Live Stock

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

1908

1908

1908

1908

1908

1908

ENGLAND

Acres

Acres

Acres

No.

No.

No.

Bedford .

34,827

13,194

21,788

36,079

92,087

32,038

Berks .

33,552

20,595

34,867

48,118

167,413

26,171

Buckingham .

29,816

13,642

27,979

79,785

201,416

32,387

Cambridge

92,665

51,682

51,734

58.920

173,823

62,029

Chester

12,758

1,054

64,573

179,629

177,528

89,525

CornwaU .

17,120

30,696

66,033

219,890

410,055

104,813

Cumberland .

1,088

1,368

68,606

156,238

647,410

17,243

Derby

11,476

5,339

23,328

140,374

155,746

33,407

Devon

41,081

33,582

127,173

294.947

883,538

106,175

Dorset

19,035

19,344

33,849

90,346

330,363

57.793

Durham .

9,582

19,131

32,211

76,725

257,751

15,211

Essex .

112,042

62,166

71,309

96,406

251,933

94,024

Gloucester

39,569

23,740

33,732

132,749

386,058

84,177

Hants

56,694

28,987

83,638

90,962

351,897

70,892 .

Hereford .

18,152

17,658

25,767

102,408

377,964

33,116

Hertford .

51,067

20,669

37,519

40,741

110,196

28,680

Huntingdon

30,749

19,549

12,737

29,464

88,854

21,494

Kent .

43,550

30,311

45,517

85,284

942,863

78,115

Lancaster .

16,397

3,230

81,005

236,045

356,096

82,426

Leicester .

18,514

9,279

24,401

145,575

336,302

28,195

Lincoln

165,264

193,861

130,586

253,462

1,059,171

134,044

London

32

—

130

3,741

3,008

2,106

Middlesex .

2,270

402

2,382

14,751

16,565

16,047 -j

Monmouth

4,185

3,070

8,268

49,718

251,209

18,218

Norfolk

117,477

176,813

89,594

136,886

515,704

118,984

Northampton .

40,417

33,773

28,848

135,844

333,529

36,098

Northumberland

5,055

30,732

41,332

121,823

1,128,331

12,276

Notts .

34,000

30,536

40,952

85,228

194,357

35,196

Oxford

33,703

34,643

34,485

66,336

226,842

35,887

Rutland

4,450

9,181

4,177

20,042

84,792

2,971

Salop .

21,658

44,443

47,078

190,299

535.339

85.191

Somerset .

28,657

17,550

28,907

241,069

482,207

131,852

Stafford

17,541

12,224

38,291

166,993

245,184

57,010

Suffolk

102,847

121,781

52,794

77,368

365,126

174,262

Surrey

15,735

4,568

22,520

45,138

66,549

26,409

Sussex

46,253

7,959

58,542

121,444

409,933

47,167

Warwick .

27,676

10,608

29,571

117,122

276,364

40,471

Westmorland .

122

404

13,726

70.438

414,644

4,767

Wilts .

48,324

22,283

52,009

121,640

476,626

64,124

Worcester

23.519

6,228

21,029

75,167

182,576

51,224

York, E. Riding

63,464

71,782

91,479

94,091

483,869

70,717

„ N. Riding

19,472

74,591

71,398

177,292

759,305

61,965

„ W. Riding

36,847

50,678

82,946

272,701

730,332

121,180

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 369

Table II. — continued. — Acreage of Wheat, Barley, and Oats,

and Numbers of Live Stock in each County of Great
Britain on June 4, 1908.

COUNTIES
0 continued )

Corn Crops

Live Stock

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

1908

1908

1908

1908

1908

1908

WALES :

Anglesey ....
Brecon ....
Cardigan ....
Carmarthen .
Carnarvon

Denbigh ....

Flint

Glamorgan

Merioneth

Montgomery

Pembroke.

Radnor ....

Acres

134

■2.100

4,950

6,152

244

3,937

2,407

3,358

527

6,855

2,068

1,841

Acres

1,349

3,336

14193

11,713

5,014

11,445

4,357

5,705

3,581

6,517

16,174

3,309

Acres

18,765

10,951

26,382

24,311

10,423

23,572

10,408

10,400

8,522

19,949

26,685

11,217

No.

54,551

40,212

68,420

117,647

52,933

69,486

38,037

56,986

36,725

72,220

92,386

32,848

No.

118,756

519,386

277,598

288,207

292,787

409,516

115,584

331,743

434018

475,544

157,973

300,248

No.

15,629

8,241

22,606

38,175

18,263

30,833

21,170

17,194

7,447

24,575

31,673

4805

SCOTLAND :

Aberdeen ....

—

20,061

188,132

167,244

257,249

13,778

Argyll ....

—

1,397

16,924

58,235

865,410

4,616

Ayr

803

545

42,857

99,710

373,708

13,936

Banff

—

8,051

48,851

43,540

68,398

3,610

Berwick ....

1,773

18,783

31,596

17,935

336,643

3,974

Bute

—

26

4,625

9,095

44,632

616

Caithness ....

—

936

32,026

21,207

133,663

1.684

Clackmannan .

229

317

3,089

3,461

15,657

940

Dumbarton

483

62

6,879

14,068

75,768

1,249

Dumfries ....

76

488

41,106

63,018

578,308

9,280

Elgin, or Moray

394

11,261

23,266

23,266

64,696

2,798

Fife

9,207

20,049

38,585

46,112

130,793

5,884

Forfar ....

7,805

27,430

48,569

47,850

178,989

6,849

Haddington

4545

15,176

16,581

11,834

140,152

1,939

Inverness ....

92

7,158

29,966

50,188

559,316

2,550

Kincardine

613

12,348

26,590

23,526

54,376

2,839

Kinross ....

66

341

6,079

6,465

38,204

690

Kirkcudbright

24

36

25,326

51,260

411,982

9,970

Lanark ....

1,697

260

36,996

71,636

257,779

7,226

Linlithgow

1,651

2,507

10,078

11,306

25,745

1,431

Midlothian

4,987

5,090

21,485

19,145

190,396

8,798

Nairn

—

3,026

5,626

5,919

18,570

627

Orkney ....

—

4386

33,088

28,725

37,504

2,333

Peebles ....

—

325

6,993

7,153

206,452

590

Perth

4,332

10,278

66,760

70,770

702,207

7,548

Renfrew ....

1,469

35

10,337

25.016

43,700

1,444

Ross and Cromarty

1,167

10,785

29,862

42,739

289,785

4,811

Roxburgh ....

444

11,063

26,925

18,172

549,026

3.159

Selkirk ....

—

265

4610

3,320

186,174

447

Shetland ....

—

1,341

7,705

17,361

133,955

1,411

Stirling ....

1,424

2,212

17,893

30,562

130,900

1,945

Sutherland

—

784

7,843

11,557

209,365

764

Wigtown ....

144

596

31,265

53,010

129,987

14,048

370 Statistics afectina British Agricultural Interests,

Table III. — Produce of Crops — Estimated Total Produce and
Yield per Acre of the undermentioned Crops in Great Britain
in the Year 1908, with Comparisons for 1907, and the

Average Yield per Acre of the Ten Years 1898-1907.

Crops

Estimated
total produce

Acreage

Average esti-
mated yield
per acre

Average
of the
ten years

1898-1907

1908

1907

1908

1907

1908

1907

Qrs.

Qrs.

Acres

Acres

Bush

Bush

Bush.

/England.

0,223,65!

6.526,242

1,548,731

1,537,208 3215

3396

3T65

Wales .

117,011

137,932

34,57c

39,921' 27-08

2764

26 37

Wheat Scotland.

224,701

236, 60C

43,428

48.30"

j 4f39

3918

3897

^ Great Britain

6.565.37C

6,900,774

1,626,73?

1,625,436

32-29

3396

3170

/England.

5,615,15.'

6,292,461

1,383,326

1,411,16?

3247

3567

33-20

Wales

324.94'

349,098

86,69?

90,622 29-99

30-82

3137

Barley ■< Scotland.

898,981

904,714

197.418

210, 30E

3643

34 41

35 59

^ Great Britain

6.839,081

7,546,273

1,667,437

1,712,094

3281

35-26

3338

/England.

9,993,773

11,464,406

1,958,736

1,967,671

40-82

46 61

42-01

Wales

864,419

948,697

201.595

203,90?

34-30

3722

3469

Oats -j Scotland.

4,609,424

4,385,912

948,513

951,011

38-88

36 89

3641

(.Great Britain

15,467,616

16,799,015

3,108,844

3,122,590

3980

43-04

3975

/ England .

1,057,467

1,270,946

282,573

295,129

2994

3445

2985

Wales

3,71“!

5,635

1,08?

1,572

27-43

28-68

26-64

Beans -( Scotland.

44,261

52,049

9,572

11,430

3699

36-43

34 61

1, Great Britain

1,105,442

1,328,630

293,228

308,131

3016

34-50

30 06

/England.

540,404

587,774

153,086

159,431

28-24

2949

27-34

Wales

2,094

2,214

746

845

22'46

2096

2147

Peas -< Scotland.

2,035

2,089

566

600

2876

27-86

2634

(.Great Britain

544,533

592,077

154,398

160,876

2821

29-44

2729

Tons

Tons

Tons

Tons

Tons

/ England .

2,719,539

2,097,814

391,083

381,891

6-95

5-49

575

Wales

151,700

115,203

27,330

28,141

5-55

409

4-99

Potatoes Scotland.

1,048,559

764,468

143,692

138,888

7'30

550

603

(.Great Britain

3,919.798

2,977,485

562,105

548,920

6-97

542

5-78

/England.

14,485,867

14,665,737

1,052,488

1,058,292

1376

1386

1225

Turnips | Wales .

933.309

881,936

57,416

58,496

1626

15-08

1473

and •< Scotland.

8,319,031

6,538,045

440,993

446,202

18-86

1465

15-22

Swedes ^ Great Britain

23,738,207

22,085,718

1,550,897

1,562,990

15-31

1413

1316

/England.

8,748.524

8,690,789

415,360

436.193

2106

1992

19-35

Wales . .

196,117

203.864

10,432

11.056

1880

1844

1716

Mangold •< Scotland.

42,520

42,269

1,980

2,792

2147

1514

1733

(.Great Britain

8,987,161

8,936,922

427,772

450,041

2101

19-86

1928

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Hay /England.

2,597,094

2,738,779

1,626.832

1.644 622

31-9.3

3331

2985

from Wales

228,448

252.918

178,537

183,502

25' 59

27-57

2521

Clover, \ Scotland.

681,926

718,280

426,984

422,195

3T94

3403

3253

Sainfoin, 1 __

&c< ^Great Britain

3,507,468

3,709,977

2,232,353

2,250,319

3T42

3297

29 95

Hay / England .

5,419,056

5,941,256

4,267.562

4,275.730

25-40

2779

24-57

from Wales

559,871

561.838

529,098

517,194

2116

2173

1966

Perma- ■{ Scotland.

235,504

216,163

152,378

143,011

3091

30-23

2973

D6nt | ~

Grass \Great Britain

6,214,431

6,719,257

4,949,038

4,935,935

1

25-11

27 23

24 21

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. )>71

Table IV. — Estimated Total Production o/Hops in the Years
1908 and 1907, with the Acreage and Average Yield per
Statute Acre, in each County in which Hops were grown.

Counties

Estimated total
produce

Acreage

Average
yield per acre

1908

1907

1908

1907

i 1908

1907

Cwt.

Cwt.

Acres

Acres

Cwt.

Cwt.

/East .

81,469

62,035

7,364

8,996

11-47

6-90

Mid. .

118,003

66,117

7,900

9,647

14-94

6-85

Kentt Weald

108,843

93,708

8,711

9,526

12-49

9-84

V Total, Kent

311,315

221,860

23,975

28,169

12-98

788

Hants ....

21,176

17,865

1.636

1,842

12-94

9-70

Hereford

54.554

58,268

5,572

6,143

979

9-48

Salop ....

1.015

910

113

129

8-98

7-05

Surrey ....

8.021

7,089

648

744

1238

953

Sussex ....

40.203

39,679

3,579

4.243

11-23

935

Worcester

34,256

28,216

3,353

3,622

10-22

7-79

Other Counties'.

221

242

45

46

4-91

5-25

Total .

470,761

374,129

38,921

44,938

1 12-10

8-33

Table V. (a) — Number and Size of Agricultural Holdings in

each Division of England, in Wales, in Scotland, and in
Great Britain in the Year 1908.

—

1-5

acres

5-50

acres

50-300

acres

Above 300
acres

Total

number

Average
size, acres 2

England—

Division I. .
Do. II. .
Do. in.
Do. IV. .

18,574

16,712

22.313

22,238

32.413

32,891

41,340

58,621

22.732
22,728

29.733
34,637

5,001

3,889

3,397

2,364

78,720

76,220

96,783

117,860

78

73

65

54

Total of England .
Wales ....
Scotland

79,837

10,121

18,136

165,265

31,953

34,601

109,830

18.034

23,138

14,651

390

2,673

369,583

60,498

78,548

66

46

62

Great Britain

108,094

231,819

151,002

17,714

508,629

63

Table V. (hi) — Area of Cultivated Land farmed by Tenants
and by Owners respectively , and Number of Holdings Bented
and Owned , or Mainly Owned, respectively .

—

Acreage
occupied
by tenants

Acreage
occupied
by owners

Number of
holdings
rented
or mainly
rented.

Number of
holdings
owned
or mainly
owned.

Acres

Acres

No.

No.

England

21,514,706

3,045,693

321,192

48,391

Wales

2,499,379

288,135

54,020

6,478

Scotland

4,269,998

593,475

72,129

6,419

Great Britain

28,284,083

3,927,303

447,341

61,288

1 Gloucester and Suffolk. In 1908 Gloucester only.

2 From the information compiled for 1907.

BB 2

372 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests.

Table VI. (a) — Average Prices of British Corn per Imperial
Quarter in England and Wales, as ascertained under the
Corn Returns Act , 1882, in each I Veek of the Year 1908.

Week ended

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Week ended

Wheat

Barley

Oats

s.

d.

8. d

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

8.

d.

January 4 .

35

1

26 9

18 4

July 4 .

30 11

23 11

18

7

January 11 .

35

2

26 9

18 3

July 11 . . .

30 5

24 4

18

5

January 18 .

35

5

27 1

18 5

July 18 .

30 7

23 1

18

5

January 25 .

35

6

26 11

18 5

July 25 .

31 5

26 5

18

6

February 1 .

35

0

26 11

18 4

August 1

31 10

24 4

18

V

February 8 .

34

3

26 9

18 3

August 8

31 6

23 1

18

9

February 15

33

1

26 9

18 0

August 15 .

31 6

23 10

18

1

February 22.

32

6

26 5

17 11

August 22 .

31 2

24 5

17

10

February 29 .

30

11

26 3

17 8

August 29 .

30 10

24 5

17

1

March 7

30

5

26 1

17 8

September 5

30 10

25 5

17

3

March 14

31

3

26 0

17 10

September 12

31 5

25 11

17

6

March 21

31

7

26 2

17 11

September 19

31 7

26 0

17

3

March 28

31

4

25 10

17 10

September 26

31 5

26 8

17

2

April 4.

31

3

25 5

17 9

October 3 .

31 7

26 11

17

2

April 11 .

31

2

25 10

17 7

October 10 •

31 5

27 5

17

0

April 18 .

30

11

26 1

17 7

October 17 .

31 2

27 6

17

0

April 25 .

30

10

25 5

17 9

October 24 .

30 11

27 5

16

11

May 2 .

31

6

25 8

18 0

October 31 .

30 8

27 5

16

11

May 9 .

32

4

25 5

18 4

November 7

30 11

27 6

17

0

May 16 .

33

1

24 9

18 7

November 14

31 2

27 4

17

0

May 23 .

33

8

25 9

18 10

November 21

31 10

27 3

17

3

May 30 . .

33

5

24 6

18 8

November 28

32 3

27 2

17

5

June 6 .

33

1

25 10

18 4

December 5

32 7

27 2

17

4

June 13 .

32

7

24 5

18 4

December 12

32 8

27 0

17

4

June 20 .

32

0

24 2

18 5

December 19

32 9

26 9

17

3

June 27 .

31

5

24 0

18 7

December 26

32 2

26 8

17

2

Average of year .

32 0

25 10

17 10

Table VI. ( h ) — Annual Average Prices per Quarter and
total Quantities of British Corn sold in the Towns in
England and Wales making Returns under the Corn
Rettirns Act, 1882, in the undernoted Years.

Year

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Wheat

Barley

Oats

5.

d.

s.

d.

8.

d.

Qrs.

Qrs.

Qrs.

1904

28

4

22

4

16

4

2,138,142

3,437,176

1,316,516

1906

29

8

24

4

17

4

2,467,551

3,265,613

1,073,611

1906

28

3

24

2

18

4

2,684,101

3,210,995

1,011,931

1907

30

7

25

1

18

10

2,722,847

3,317,521

1,374,260

1908

32

0

25

10

17

10

3,293,606

3,293,916

1,304,223

Table VI. ( c ) — Annual and Septennial Average Prices per
Bushel of British Corn in the undernoted Years, with
the Value of 100Z. of Tithe Rent-charge.

Annual
average price

Septennial
average price

Value of

tithe rent-charge of 1001.

Year

Calculated on

Calculated on

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Wheat

Barley

Oats

annual

average

septennial

average

s.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

8.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

£ s. d.

£ s. d.

1904

3

61

2

91

2

01

3

6

3

1

2

21

65 1 5

69 12 01

1905

3

81

3

01

2

2

3

5

3

01

2

21

69 9 71

68 12 0}

1906

3

61

3

01

2

31

3

51

3

01

2

2|

69 18 71

68 19 61

1907

3

9!

3

11

2

41

3

61

3

01

2

41

72 19 01

69 10 61

1908

4

0

3

2f

2

21

3

71

3

01

2

3

73 4 1

69 18 51

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 37)>

Table VII. — Average Prices of Fat Cattle 'per cwt. ( Live
Weight) at the undermentioned places in England and
Scotland , for the years 1901 to 1907 inclusive. Compiled
from the Returns received under the Markets and Fairs
( Weighing of Cattle ) Act, 1891.

Places

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

England —

s.

d.

s. d ■

s.

d.

s. d.

s.

d.

s. d.

s.

d.

Carlisle

32

2

33 2

33

6

31 11

31

6

31 6

32

6

Leeds

33

0

35 6

34

4

33 4

32 11

33 0

33

2

Leicester

33

2

35 2

33

6

32 2

32

9

31 11

32

6

Liverpool

33

0

34 10

32

8

32 1

31

3

30 10

32

6

London

37

0

39 4

36

4

35 6

35

4

34 10

35

9

Newcastle ....

36

0

38 10

37

0

36 2

34

8

35 4

36

1

Shrewsbury ....

32 10

33 10

33

6

31 9

31

6

31 3

33

4

Scotland—

Aberdeen

32 10

34 9

33

4

32 8

32

6

32 5

32

8

Dundee

33

6

34 11

33

3

32 7

32

0

31 11

32

8

Edinburgh ....

35

3

37 4

35

5

34 10

33 10

34 2

35

1

Glasgow

35

5

37 10

36

3

35 8

32

6

32 5

33

1

Perth

36

9

37 4

35

1

33 3

34

4

34 6

35

8

England

33

9

35 5

34

1

33 1

32

8

32 6

33

6

Scotland

34

1

36 2

34

6

33 9

33

0

33 0

33

9

Great Britain ....

34

0

35 11

34

4

33 7

32 11

32 11

33

8

Table YIII. — Average Prices of Wool in the undernoted

Years.

Year

English

a , _
S 3 si

En

Leicester1

Half-breds1

Southdown >

Lincoln2

◄

Per lb. i

Per lb.

Per lb.

Per lb.

Per lb

Per lb.

Per lb.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

1889

9|

to 10!

10!

to

11

10!

to

12!

11

lOf

io!

104

1890

10

„ 104

lOf

it

ii!

11

n

13

11

11

104

104

1891

n

„ 10

10

n

lOf

10!

it

13

94

94

94

94

1892

„ 9

9!

10!

10!

n

12!

84

8!

9!

94

1893

a*

9!

9!

n

K>!

10!

ii

12

10!

84

9!

9!

1894

9

„ 10

9!

10f

94

n

12

10!

8!

9

94

1895

9i

„ m

9!

17

1 1

9!

n

11!

12

8

8!

9!

1896

9f

.. ji

9!

„

10f

9!

,,

H!

11!

8!

84

74

1897

8!

„ 10

8|

Jl

9f

84

ii

10!

9!

8

84

71

1898

8

8!

7!

1)

84

8!

„

94

84

8f

84

7 5
'■&

1899

7

„ 8

7

11

8!

7f

H

11

8!

94

8

7!

1900

6*

„ n

Of

11

8f

8

,,

12

7!

11

8!

84

1901

5*

.. a

5!

11

9!

7!

„

9!

6!

8!

64

7

1902

5

.. 6*

5f

„

6!

7!

n

9!

6!

84

6!

74

1903

<H

.. «*

7!

11

8

8!

n

1H

7!

9!

74

7!

1904

8*

„ 9!

9!

11

10!

91

n

HI

10J

10

8!

74

1905

Uf

.. 12

11!

11

12f

11!

n

13!

12!

10!

94

74

1900.

124

„ 13

1 9f

11

14!

1H

,,

15!

14!

11

114

8!

1907

12|

.. 12!

12!

..

1

13!

n

15

12!

1 10!

114

84

> Computed from the prices given weekly in The Economist newspaper.
2 Prices extracted from “ The Yorkshire Daily Observer Wool Tables.”
a Calculated from the Trade and Navigation Accounts.

7 4 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests,

Table IX. (a) — Quantities and Values of Corn Imported into
the United Kingdom in the undernoted Years.

Description

Quantities

Values

1906

1907

1908

1906

1907

1908

Wheat ....

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

£

»

h

£

92,967,200

97,168,000

91,132,705

32,676,185

37,346,830

38,295,940

Wheat meal and flour

14,190,300

13,297,357

12,969,855

6,817,213

6,694,532

7,075,231

Barley ....

19,934,500

19,628,620

18,137.200

5,677,587

6,565,006

6,113,945

Oats

15,286,500

10,488,290

14,271,150

4,532,160

3,384,577

4,162.775

Peas ....

1,453,420

1,245,670

1,060,999

614,649

602,648

538,315

Beans ....

634.280

799,569

1,043,097

231,758

290,693

373,018

Maize ....

46,685,200

53,378,950

33,841,000

11,972,694

14,604,159

10,388,061

Oatmeal and groats .

661,809

638,702

500,698

495,980

479.352

416,134

Maize meal .

616,200

658,656

450,410

195,302

213,581

159,484

Other kinds of corn i

1,746,352

1,588,958

1,618,180 i

609,553

644,789'

682,289

and meal . . >

Table IX. ( h ) — Countries from which Wheat, and Wheat Meal
or Flour, were Imported into the United Kingdom in the
undernoted Years.

Countries

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

Wheat from —
Russia.

Germany
Turkey
Roumania .
United States
Chile .

Argentina .

Brit. E. Indies .
Australasia .
Canada

Other countries .

Cwt.

29,529,500

251,000

431,200

1,491,800

7,051,600

915,400

21,440,400

25,493,000

10,630,700

6,195,300

352,600

Cwt.

24,703,200

300,000

244.800
2,082,200
6,634,700

162.800
23,236,400
22,807,422
10,404,600

6,522,030

524,600

Cwt.

15.017.500
71,800

242,100

3,780,900

22,490,900

800

19.176.500
12,636,200

7,864,500

11.309,700

376,300

Cwt.

10,900,300

19,900

522,600

3,256,900

20,696,900

85,100

21.900.600

18.269.600
8 327,500

12,469,700

719,800

Cwt.

4,609,710

90,000

403,500

1,837,000

27,123,400

2,210,700

31,680,200

2,948,900

5,518,200

14,442,195

268,900

Total Wheat.

97,782,500

97,622,752

92,967,200

97,168,80?)

91,132,705

Wheat Meal and
Floue from —
Germany .
France

Austria-Hungary
United States
Canada

Other countries .

Cwt.

264,740

1,486,920

733,294

8,252,602

2,045,767

1,939,570

Cwt.

479,300

1,034,503

622,885

5,685,418

1,330,100

2,802,557

Cwt.

190,600

560,500

628,230

9,809,270

1,810,500

1,191,200

Cwt.

321,030

661,700

428,553

9,324,554

1.837,920

723,600

Cwt.

309,020

302,900

250,304

9,781,829

1,705,532

620,270

Total Wheat
Meal and Floue

14,722,893

1 1,954,763

14,190,300

i

13,297,357

12,969,855

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 375

Table X. — Number and Value of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine
Imported into and Exported from the United Kingdom
in the undernoted Years.

(a) Imports.

Number

Value

1906

1907

1908

1906

1907

1908

Cattle from —

Channel Islands
Canada .
United States .

1,639

160,689

398,887

1,801

125,753

344,461

1,343

121,076

260,711

£

29,330

2,765,440

6,937,410

£

30,905

2,150,469

5,923,735

£

23,035

2,066,297

4,459,953

Total

561,215

472,015

383,130

9,732,180

8,105,109

6,549,285

Sheep & Lambs
from — Canada .

United States .
Other countries'

14,290

84,184

4,879

14,485

88,584

2,532

12,167

64,218

2,515

22,228

127,401

7,318

26,216

139,150

3,165

19,439

99,942

3,144

Total

103,359

105,601

78,900

166,947

168,531

122,625

Total Value .

—

—

—

9,889,127

8,273,640

6,671,810

Swine . . .

-

—

—

—

—

—

( b ) Exports.

Cattle to —

£

£

£

Channel Islands.

1,621

—

—

22,931

—

—

Canada

161

—

—

6,044

—

—

United Slates .

521

—

—

15,454

—

—

Argentina .

2,329

—

—

215.231

—

—

Other countries .

984

—

—

67,675

—

—

Total

5,616

5,066

3,895

327,335

227,316

152,607

•

Sheep & Lambs

-

to — Australasia

583

Canada

1,135

—

—

United States .

652

—

—

_

_

—

Argentina .

7,999

—

—

—

—

Germany .

735

—

—

—

—

—

Other countries .

—

—

—

—

—

—

Total

12,716

10,063

5,919

204,061

134,707

70,278

Swine . . .

2,221

1,360

700

20,292

11,077

7,073

1 Given in previous years as Iceland and Greenland.

376 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests.

Table XI. — Number and Value of Horses Imported into
and Exported from the United Kingdom in the undernoted
Years.

(a) Imports.

Countries

Number

Value

1906

1907

1908

1906

1907

1908

Horses from —

£

£

£

Canada .

225

166

167

10,822

7,090

8,916

Denmark .

80

1

1

2,825

1

I

France

1,493

1

1

201,078

1

1

Germany .

172

1

1

3,294

1

1

Holland .

1,079

1

1

108,096

1

1

Russia

11,665

— 1

1

123,886

1

1

United States .

818

786

1,346

36,795

40,575

101,194

Other countries

2,316

14,970

11,703

48,736

381,884

302,497

Total

17,848

15,922

13,216

536,532

429,549

412,607

C b ) Exports.

Horses to —

£

£

£

Canada .

1,625

1

1

97,208

1

1

United States .

971

1

1

91,184

1

1

Belgium .

30,892

30,134

27,882

305,424

304,906

308,122

France

2,524

2,233

2,402

164,602

100,315

111,479

Germany .

1,596

1

1

81,783

1

1

Holland .

20,820

20,964

18,478

188,203

267,545

182,000

Russia

52

1

1 |

4,181

1

1

Other countries

1,934

7,052

4,332

272,717

455,816

334,245

Total

60,414

60,383

53,094

1

1,205,302

1,128,582

935,846

1 Included in "other countries” in returns available.

Statistics affecting British Agricvltvral Interests. 377

Table XII. — Quantities and Values of Fruit, Vegetables, and
Hops Imported into the United Kingdom in the Years 1906,
1907, and 1908. *

Quantity

I

Value

1906

1907

1908

1906

1907

1908

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

£

£

£

Apples ...

2,808,732

3,526,213

3,376,579

1,753,577

2,231,327

2,079,703

Strawberries.

52,251

44,178

33,391

64,777

54,186

45,791

Cherries

191,106

165,412

160,479

245,906

199,489

235,523

Plums .

891,113

325,761

402,881

758.720

345,720

428,966

Pears .

576,573

500,142

523,029

572,274

478,611

515,914

Grapes .

690,371

798,377

673,673

667,969

769,307

728,026

Oranges

5,230,911

6,120,185

5,663,841

2,183,411

2,454,569

2,269,651

Lemons

849,935

504,345

Bushels

882,233

1,045,009

440,406

421,599

471,713

Unenum’d (raw) .

538,465

Bushels

436,947

Bushels

388,598

339,462

291,325

Onions .

8,310,534

Cwt.

8,645,048

Cwt.

7,806,108

Cwt.

953,615

1,036,231

993,669

Potatoes

3,819,787

8,249,463

7,038,323

1.332,027

2.371,617

1,970,216

Tomatoes
Vegetables, raw,

1,124,700

1,135,594

1,160,283,

953,475

1,020,795

955,985

unenumerated .

—

—

—

404,928

365,230

271,209

Hops .

232,619

202,324

279,916

852,476

763,881

767,012

Table XIII. — Horses, Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs Imported into
Great Britain from Ireland and Exported from Great
Britain to Ireland.

Imports from Ireland

Exports to Ireland

Live Stock

1905

1906

1907

1908

1905

1906

1907

1908

Horses :

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

Stallions

202

257

197

249

179

338

273

402

Mares .

14,192

15,316

18,243

15,163

13,049

2,832

2,598

1,997

2,782

Geldings

16,329

17,890

15,355

2,996

2,162

1,712

2,211

Total .

30,723

33,816

33,250

28,653

6,007

5,098

3,982

5,395

Cattle :
Fat

224,943

240,566

292,104

258,695

7

3

Store .

455,667

473,425

492,936

528,386

584

429

647

323

Others .

6,205

5,897

6,071

9,739

64,850

—

—

4

2

Calves .

62,316

55,486

50,858

47

30

60

23

Total .

749,131

775,374

841,969

861,670

631

459

718

351

Sheep :
Sheep .

350,953

293,174

317,039

367,076

34,101

45,837

46,606

26,741

Lambs .

349,673

364,239

343,376

354,608

8,722

8,432

16,096

7,529

Total .

700,626

657,413

660,415

721,684

42,823

54,269

62,702

34,270

Pigs :
Fat

362,791

409,510

448,578

371,537

9

3

7

Store .

1,032

19,920

33,329

15,939

14

68

21

21

Total .

363,823

429,430

481,907

387,476

23

71

28

21

378 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests.

Table XIV. — Quantities and Values of Dead Meat Imported into the
United Kingdom in the undernoted Years.

*

1906

1907

1908

Dead Meat

Quantities

Values

Quantities

Values

Quantities

Values

Bacon :

From United States .
„ Denmark .

„ Canada
„ Other countries

Cwt.

2,775,919

1,463,880

1,190,524

112,299

£

6,859,061

4,324,055

3,135,391

325,608

Cwt.

2,280,644

1,806,934

1,192,401

85,626

£

6,042,579

5,385.275

3,171,562

239,785

Cwt.

2.541.945

2,051.148

1,004,126

88,523

£

6,035,498

5,685,526

2,518,222

241,333

Beef:
Salted .

Total .

5,542,622

14,644.115

5,365,605

14,839,201

5.685.742

14,480,579

From United States .
„ Other countries

146,163

15,200

197,238

20,709

115,410

22,937

169,700

31,522

98,754

15,988

191,374

23,846

Total .

161,363

217,947

138,347

201,222

114,742

215,220

Fresh.

From United States .
„ Argentina .

„ Australasia
„ Other countries

2,426,644

2,795,913

273,328

27,924

5,235,663

4,136,819

370.505

42,620

2,417,604

2,691,554

517,329

108,516

5,170,593

4,308,273

750,328

167,908

1.432,142

3,590,307

460,455

149,085

3,268,584

6,102,926

711,508

225,362

Hams:

Total .

5,523.809

9,785,607

5,735,003

10,397,102

5,631,989

10,308,380

From United States .
„ Canada
„ Other countries

1,045,718

254,495

2,539

2,808,823

674,469

8,302

832,042

296,949

3,658

2,385,400

845,021

11,762

900,795

321,463

2,969

2,240,238

835,194

9,237

Total .

1,302,752

3,491,594

1,132,649

3,242,183

1,225,227

3,084,669

Meat (unenumerated) :

Salted or /From Holland . .

•{ .. United States .

iresn. . ^ ^ Other countries

222,280

189,328

240,755

502,027

282.128

361,309

211,971

178,797

272,186

479,467

255,209

394,591

243,988

158,061

369,786

558,385

235,783

502,743

Total .

652,363

1,145,464

662,954

1,129,267

771,835

1,296,911

Preserved, '
otherwise
than by
salting

Beef . . . .

Mutton ....
Other sorts .

296,301

48,443

142,680

1.103,695

125,954

593,022

160,388

39,220

116,899

894.468

85,548

554,899

270,841

65,106

128,721

1,154,337

155,419

573,724

Total .

487,424

1,822,671

316,507

1,534,915

464,668

1,883,480

Mutton :
Fresh .

' From Australasia
„ Argentina .

„ Holland
i „ Other countries

2,365,058

1,433,097

234,926

49,675

4,566,254
2,440,996
536,100
102, 585

2,863,304

1,402,302

221,223

105,313

5,641,698

2,360.565

528.411

181,257

2,373.640

1,556.746

267.222

193,651

4.647,843

2,512,656

641,135

346,763

Pork :

Salted (not1
bacon or
hams)

Total .

4,082,756

7,645,935

4,592,142

8,711,931

4391,259

8,148,397

From United States .
„ Other countries

67,775

138,281

116,480

150,320

55,919

198,718

100,724

227,645

67.438

203,190

115.673

213,178

Total .

206,056

266,800

254,637

328,369

270,628

328,851

Fresh .

' From Holland
„ Belgium
„ United States .
. „ Other countries

318,296

13,225

120,734

39,866

739,588

32,744

268.804

89,814

429,324

18,340

86.612

33,056

1,004.864

45,040

204,270

84,068

384004

23,123

135,152

29,943

912,609

57,602

290.170

71,054

Rabbits :

Total .

492,121

1,130,950

567,332

1,338,242

572,222

1,331,435

From Australasia
„ Belgium
„ Other countries

717,981

66,811

18,764

761,172

185,207

54,407

613,613

62,385

16,925

636,662

176.718

49,355

488,023

46,633

16.272

507,977

130,058

47,413

Total .

803,556

1,000,786

692,923

862,735

550,928

685,448

Total of Dead Meat .

19,254,822

41,151,869

19,458,098

42,685,167

19.679,240

41,763,370

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 379

Table XV. — Imports of Butter, Margarine, Cheese, Milk, Poultry, and

Eggs into the United Kingdom in the undernoted Years , showing the
Countries from which sent.

Quantities

Values

1906

1907

1908

1906

1907

1908

Butter :

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

£

£

£

From Russia

606,549

657,649

639,118

2,918,124

3,086,821

3,401,637

Sweden

182,803

226,740

238,929

1,036,638

1,269,820

1,430,769

Denmark .

1,675,761

1,818,811

1,857,103

9,636,862

10,192,587

10,984,722

n

Germany .

10,701

7,297

3,195

56,55£

34,832

16,751

Holland

195,366

168,496

244.356

993,396

856,288

1,299,624

France

319.401

281,306

394,612

1,775,601

1,651,137

2,265,494

New South WaleS

180,655

201,568

138,953

957,702

1,009,266

779,293

Queensland.

77,982

97,685

67,710

404,980

473,104

369,990

Victoria

287,190

288,670

193,045

1,568,057

1,470,280

1,097,534

New Zealand

311,672

313,863

221,395

1,626,997

1,599,226

1,250,211

Canada

190,968

34,753

47,877

976,008

175,537

266,867

United States

157,312

1,063

39,914

748,197

5,450

213,832

Other countries .

140,898

118,534

124,988

761,075

628,112

705,813

Total

4,337,258

4,216,435

4,211,195

23,460,196

22,452,460

24,082,537

Margarine :

From Norway

5,291

6,099

4,866

12,504

14,385

11,555

'Holland

1,058,618

836,658

764,876

2,601,344

2,085,462

1,945,205

France

29,422

26,505

27,111

102,500

92,684

93,076

Other countries .

8,626

15,806

16,594

17,447

31,114

31,404

Total

1,101,957

885,068

813,447

2,733,795

2,223,645

2,081,240

Cheese :

From Holland

229,341

241,553

279,401

545,947

583,582

653,835

France

43,244

47,036

48,597

140,702

152,187

153,371

Australia .

—

3,515

757

—

10,833

2,212

Nfew Zealand

126,216

192,301

264,995

370,666

586,675

801,131

Canada

1,925,835

1,698,847

1,541,502

5,634,288

4,989,399

4,555,751

United States

233,445

114,300

105,555

656,705

337,302

302.662

11

Other countries .

80,713

74,683

65,279

259,333

245,534

215,241

Total

2,638,794

2,372,235

2.306,086

7,607,641

6,905,512

6.684,203

Condensed Milk :

907,983

911,876

921,876

1,563,677

1,599,637

1,607,524

Milk and Cream :
(other than Condensed)

12,279

11,362

16,021

24,040

22,408

33,439

Poultry (and game) :
From Russia

. -

206,260

318,105

377,000

n

Belgium

—

—

—

198,421

183,113

197,522

j»

France

—

—

—

204,402

206,879

200,645

11

Other countries .

—

—

—

376,374

349,836

278,132

Total

—

—

—

985,457

1,057,933

1,053,299

Eggs :

Great

Great

Great

Hundreds

Hundreds

Hundreds

From

Russia

7,132,928

7,178,941

7,061,519

2,344,256

2,392,044

2,518,051

11

Denmark .

3,823,942

3,800,366

3,916,368

1,701,291

1,774,318

1,824,273

11

Germany .

2,644,242

2,821,124

2,370,429

957,905

1,030,190

855,256

Belgium

2,444,746

2,133,612

2,121,760

992,103

891,460

884,686

11

France

1,491,219

1,232,107

1,225,338

623,104

541,088

535,249

„

Canada

231,719

115,872

40,351

106,393

53,084

24,786

11

Other countries .

1,105,263

1,285,869

1,464,302

373,070

452,348

540,811

Total

18,874,059

18,567,891

18,210,070

7,098,122

7,134,532

7,183.112

380

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests,

Table XYI. — Quantities and Values of Wool, Wood, Seeds,
Manures, &c., Imported into the United Kingdom in the Years
1906, 1907, and 1908.

Quantities

Values

'

1906

1907

1908

1906

1907

1908

Wool : Sheep

and Lambs’ —

Lb.

Lb.

Lb.

£

£

£

Total Imports.

639,342,939

759,236,745

719,074,887

27,146,133

32,692,967

13,350,821

27,997,328

Re-exported
Excess of

269,135,040

312,673,305

325,450,849

11,197,764

15,156,593

Imports .

370,207,899

446,563,440

393,624,038

15,948,369

19,342,146

12,840,735

Wood and

Timber :

Loads

Loads

Loads

Hewn

Sawn or split,

3,246,731

3,512,984

3,883,325

6,411,243

6,990,764

6,884,084

planed or
dressed .

6,692,260

5,985,423

5,488,447

18,534,958

17,146,790

14,515,433

Staves

139,041

171,721

147,028

632,568

736,422

682,105

Seeds, &c. :

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Clover & grass

300,689

338,443

310,826

615,170

683,248

690,320

Cotton

Tons

Tons

Tons

624,765

758,152

616,923

3,716,567

4,881,653

4,150,457

Flax or linseed.

Qrs.

1,588,100

Qrs.

2,071,534

Qrs.

2,067,200

3,274,988

4,397,247

4,306,094

Rape

118,149

261,960

147,490

234,644

551,157

313,520

Oil-seed Cake .

Tons

Tons

Tons

360,198

329,734

332,482

2,362,471

2,134,724

2,118,518

Manures :

Bones (burnt or

Tons

Tons

Tons

not)

42,604

46,115

41,412

194,633

206,598

180,840

Guano

24,906

31,278

34,417

127,719

148,723

158,899

Nitrate of soda
Phosphate of

108,486

113,894

145,724

1,183,082

1,256,658

825,619

1,455,000

917,677

lime and rock.

442,970

504,529

530,177

678,696

Miscellaneous

Tons

Tons

Tons

Hay

155,395

78,509

97,424

1

519,466

338,426

1

Straw

58,725

1

169,812

127,199

1

Flax

87,334

103,598

79,653

3,557,101

3,942,607

3,672,298

Hemp

117,336

134,529

112,185

3,712,179

4,239,167

2,965,995

Hides, raw :

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

Dry

484,218

406,314

357,376

1,602,944

1,484,570

1,215,000

1,837,288

Wet

533,678

546,939

681,104

1,493,859

1,619,719

Leather .

1,291,937

1,068,705

1,176,115

9,642,438

8,909,964

9,479,143

Lard

2,049,367

1,965,131

1,987,491

4,361,399

4,491,539

4,407,410

1 Figures not yet available.

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 381

[Continued from page 365.]

and of 820,700 quarters on the yield of 1906. The area devoted
to it had decreased by 130,200 acres, and the average yield per
acre had fallen from 33*96 bushels per acre in 1907 to 32*29 in
1908. The decrease was most marked in Wales, where it
amounted to 15T7 per cent, of the yield in 1907, the percentage
in England being 4*63, and in Scotland 5*03, while tnat for the
whole of Great Britain was 4*86. No doubt the changeable
weather in May and June had a detrimental effect on this and
the other crops, though the subsequent weather was favourable
to them.

The Barley crop of 1908 was proportionately much worse
than the wheat, the total diminution since the year before
being 707,192, or 9*37 per cent, in Great Britain. In England
the diminution was 577,306 quarters, or 10*76 per cent.; in
Wales it was 24,153 quarters, or 6*92 per cent. ; and in Scotland
it was only 5,733 quarters, or 0*63 per cent. The total yield of
barley in 1908 was 6,839,081 quarters as compared to 7,546,273
in 1907.

In 1908, Oats in Great Britain gave a yield of 15,467,616
quarters, being 1,331,400 less than in the previous year, and
showing a falling off of 7*92 per cent, in Great Britain, 12*83
per cent, in England, and 8*88 per cent, in Wales, while in
Scotland there was an increase of 4*85 per cent. The average
yield per acre in Great Britain had fallen from 43*04 bushels in
1907 to 39*80 this last year. Beans and Peas also, unfortunately,
showed a falling off, in the former case of 16*62 per cent., and
in the latter of 8*03 per cent. As these two crops are cultivated
mostly in England, the loss falls almost entirely on that part of
Great Britain.

When we turn to Potatoes we have the satisfaction of
finding that the total produce in Great Britain amounted to
3,919,800 tons, an increase on the yield of the previous year of
no less than 942,300 tons, or 31*65 per cent. ; the increase in
England was 621,725 tons, or 29*64 per cent. ; in Wales, 36,497
tons, or 31*69 per cent. ; and in Scotland, 284,091 tons, or 37*16
per cent. This increase is all the more satisfactory, coming
as it does after the previous bad season.

Turnips and Swedes showed an increase in Great Britain of
1,652,489 tons, the total being 23,738,207 tons. This gives a
percentage increase of 7*48 per cent, for the whole, but we
must note that in England there was a decrease of 180,000 tons,
or 1*23 per cent, in the total yield, while the yield per acre fell
from 13*86 to 13*76. In all parts of Great Britain the yield
was considerably over the average of the preceding ten years.
There was a general increase of 1*28 tons per acre over the
previous year, England, however, showing a decrease of
0*10 tons per acre. The crop of Mangolds gave a yield

382

The Soil.

estimated at very nearly 9,000,000 tons, about ^ per cent,
better than the previous year. In England, where the vast
majority of this crop is grown, the increase was 0*66 per cent.

The acreage of Hops again fell last year by 6,017 acres, or
13-3 per cent, but the produce increased by 96,632 cwt., or no
less than 25*8 per cent, on the previous year’s produce.

The yield per acre in 1908 was 12T0 cwt., compared with
8*33 cwt. in 1907. The best result was obtained in Mid-Kent,
where the yield per acre was more than double that of the
previous year, and the rest of Kent, Surrey, and Hants were
not very far below the yield in Mid-Kent.

The Hay harvest of the year was for both the kinds of hay
recorded above the average of the preceding ten years, both in
England and Wales. In Scotland the “ Hay from Permanent
Grass ” was above it, while that “ from Clover, Sainfoin, &c.,”
was below it. In every case, except in that of “ Hay from
Permanent Grass” in Scotland, the yield per acre was less than
in the previous year. In England the yield per acre for “ Hay
from Clover, Sainfoin, &c.,” was 31*93 cwt. per acre compared
with 33*31 cwt. in 1907, while the acreage had decreased from
2,738,800 to 2,597,100. This reduced yield was, however,
1*47 cwt. per acre above that of the preceding ten years. The
“ Hay from Permanent Grass ” decreased in England from
27*79 cwt. per acre in 1907 to 25*40, being 0*83 cwt. above the
average of the preceding ten years, the alternate moisture and
sunshine of the summer having led to gx*eat expectations,
which were not entirely fulfilled.

THE SOIL.1

By A. D. Hall.

Mr. Hall’s book on the soil, the second edition of which
has recently appeared, came as a boon to every one interested
in agriculture — the teacher, the student, and the intelligent
farmer who wishes to know something about the soil he
cultivates. The first edition has been translated into Italian
and French, is the text-book at the “ Institut Nationale
Agronomique,” and at several of the American colleges.

Mr. Hall lias not confined himself to the usual elementary
description of soil formation and the methods and results of
soil analysis, which have formed the text of most writers on
agricultural chemistry ; he has taken a wide view of his
subject.

1 The Soil, A. D. Hall. London : John Murray, May, 1 'JO 8. 6.*. nett,

pp. 311 + xiii.

The Soil.

383

The investigation of the soil has grown apace of recent
years. The soil surveys which are in progress in America and
on the Continent are tending to correlate the properties of
soils with the results of analysis,' and to lead to the recognition
of definite soil types agreeing in origin, composition, natural
flora, and suitability for certain crops.

The point of view of the soil chemist and physicist has
also been greatly modified. The soil is no longer regarded
as an inert medium which simply acts as a mechanical plant-
producing machine, but as the site of continual chemical and
physical ’ changes, such, for instance, as the preparation of
available plant food salts and the movements of water among
the soil particles.

But it is perhaps in soil bacteriology that the greatest
advances have taken place ; within the last twenty years the
chief problems of nitrification have been solved, denitrification
and its causes and results have been much studied, the
fixation of free nitrogen by the root nodules of the leguminosse
has been worked out, and much attention has been given to
the role of many individual soil organisms, one of the most
interesting of which is that which when fed on carbohydrate
takes up and fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

All these matters are dealt with in a revised and expanded
chapter in Mr. Hall’s new edition, and this chapter is especially
commended to those who propose to revolutionise agriculture
by soil inoculation, a subject on which so many rash statements
have appeared in the public press. Mr. Hall’s book has all
the freshness and authority of one who writes with the
intimate knowledge derived from personal research. It is well
illustrated by plates and by graphic tables and curves. We
hope Mr. Hall will deal similarly with other branches of
agricultural learning.

384

THE WEATHER DURING THE
AGRICULTURAL YEAR, 1907-1908.

A MILD autumn in 1907, with an excess of rain in most southern
districts, was followed by a long spell of very changeable
weather, lasting, with few important interruptions, beyond the
middle of the following spring. The winter was, as a rule, cold,
though seldom very severe, and the conditions remained un-
favourable for the active growth of vegetation throughout
nearly the whole of March and April, the frosts and snowstorms
experienced towards the close of the latter month being of
unusual intensity for so late a period in the season. In May a
decided improvement took place, and throughout the summer
the conditions were upon the whole fine and genial, with, how-
ever, a somewhat remarkable absence of anything in the way
of extreme warmth. A fortnight of very wet weather was
experienced in the early part of July, while a spell of broken
weather in the latter half of August served in many places
to prolong the harvest beyond its ordinary limits. The succeed-
ing autumn proved warm and dry, and allowed of the almost
uninterrupted progress of farm operations, so that the agricul-
tural season of 1908-1909 opened under the most favourable
auspices.

The Winter of 1907-1908.

The winter season was marked by very changeable weather,
in which almost every climatic element succeeded at one time
or another in forcing itself into prominent notice. The ther-
mometer was, as a rule, above the average winter level, but the
generally open character of the season was occasionally inter-
rupted by brief spells of severe frost and one or two heavy
snowstorms. In most districts the sharpest frost occurred at
the close of December or the beginning of January, another
touch of cold being experienced between January 10 and 13 ;
in February the thermometer scarcely ever fell more than five
or six degrees below the freezing point.

December was for the most part mild and open, the warmest
weather occurring round the 8th and the 19th. O11 each of

those occasions the thermometer rose above 55° in many
places. On the 8th a reading of 59° was reached at Epsom and
Eastbourne, while on the 19th a reading of 58° was recorded a
Rhyl, Geldeston (near Beccles), Maidenhead, and Jersey. Be-
tween 1 in. and in. of rain fell in south Wales and the
south-west of England on the 4th, and similarly large amounts

The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908. 385

in Cumberland and central Wales on the 13th, the downpour
on the latter occasion being associated with a deep storm
system which skirted the north of Scotland and occasioned
strong westerly to north-westerly gales over the entire kingdom.
Another heavy fall of rain occurred in the north-west of
England on the 19th, when Aspatria received as much as
2\ ins. in the space of twenty-four hours. Towards the end
of December a wave of cold air began to spread in from the
Continent, but the decline in temperature was at first very
gradual, and in many places the month was characterised by the
absence of any shade reading lower than the freezing point.
In London the lowest temperature recorded in tbe screen was
as high as 33°, and was at least 3° higher than in any December
of the previous thirty-five years.

With the beginning of January the cold became far more
severe, and between the 3rd and the 6th the thermometer sank
below 15° in many inland parts of England ; the lowest
readings reported at the time being one of 10° at Raunds
(Northampton), 11° at Stokesay, and 12° at Hereford. On the

15th there were many places in which the thermometer remained
at least 5° below the freezing point all day. A mild south-
westerly wind was, however, then beginning to spread over our
western districts, and in the course of the next twenty-four
hours a rapid thaw took place over the entire country, the
change in temperature amounting in many districts to at least
30°. On the 7th and 8th a deep cyclonic disturbance passed
eastwards across the United Kingdom, and occasioned strong
westerly to northerly gales and heavy falls of rain and snow,
especially in the east and south-east of England, where the
snow on the morning of the 8th lay from 3 to 8 in. deep.
After this the weather became more settled, and between the
10th and 13th another sharp frost was experienced, the ther-
mometer falling below 15° in many places, and reaching 10° at
Rauceby, in Lincolnshire. The latter half of January was
mild, dull, and often very foggy, but at the close of the month
it became somewhat colder, with snow on the 28th or 29th in
several places.

February included two clearly marked periods of weather,
the first half of the month being mostly fair and dry, the second
half stormy and wet. During the former period two sharp frosts
occurred, one between the 1st and 2nd, and the other about
ten days later. On each occasion the sheltered thermometer
fell at least 10° below the freezing point in many parts of Eng-
land, while on the surface of the ground it went 5° or so lower.
In the second period the westerly wind often blew hard, and on
the 22nd a severe gale from that quarter or from north-west
swept over the whole kingdom, and occasioned much structural
VOL. 69. C C

386 The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908.

damage. Corn and hay stacks were in many cases overturned,
and trees uprooted, a whole avenue of firs in the King’s estate
at Sandringham being almost entirely demolished. At the close
of February another gale of less severity occurred, and snow fell
pretty generally, in some places to a considerable depth.

For the winter as a whole the mean temperature was below
the normal in all but the south-western districts ; rainfall was
deficient over central and southern England, but in excess of
the average in the west and north ; bright sunshine was
abundant in the south and also in the north, but scanty in the
intermediate districts.

The Spring op 1908.

Until the opening of May the weather of the spring was
almost continuously cold and inclement. The exceedingly slow
progress of vegetation proved, however, little short of an
unmixed blessing. In a more advanced season irreparable
damage would have been occasioned by the phenomenally cold
weather which set in towards the close of April. As it was, the
sharp frosts and snowstorms seem to have had little or no effect,
and in May the growth of the crops was stimulated to an
unusual extent by a long spell of warm weather, accompanied
in the earlier part of the month by a humid atmosphere and
rather frequent showers.

In March the weather was exceedingly cold and changeable,
the only periods of anything like seasonable warmth occurring
about the 8th of the month, or between the 22nd and 24th.
The sharpest frosts were experienced in the first and third
weeks, and were accompanied in most places by falls of snow
or sleet. On the earlier occasion the sheltered thermometer
fell below 20" in many northern and central districts, and below
15° in a few isolated parts of North Britain. In the third week
the coldest weather was experienced over the eastern half of the
country, where the thermometer fell to about the same level as
at the beginning of the month. Over England the rainfall of the
month, though frequent , was seldom heavy, the only material
exception occurring on the 5th, when a copious downpour was
experienced in some parts of Devon and Cornwall. In Wales
and Scotland heavy falls were fairly general on the 24th
and 25th.

The cold winds which prevailed so commonly in March
continued throughout nearly the whole of April, and in London
no temperature as high as 60" was recorded until the 29th of the
month — an event without parallel in the meteorological history
of the previous thirty-five years. In many other parts of the
country, however, a spell of genial warmth occurred about the
middle of the month, the thermometer on the 16th and 17th

The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908. 387

rising above 65° in a few isolated parts of Great Britain.
Sharp frosts were reported very commonly on the 8th and 9th,
and between the 13th and 15th, but the worst weather of the
whole month occurred between the 19th and 25th, when the
country experienced a wintry spell of an altogether unpre-
cedented character for so advanced a period in the season.
During this bitterly cold week sharp frosts occurred in nearly
all districts, and a slight frost even in the Channel Islands,
while heavy falls of snow were reported over a very large por-
tion of Great Britain. In the south of England a snowfall
amounting to over a foot in depth is i*are even in the winter
time. On April 25 this depth was exceeded in many places, as
much as 17 inches being measured at Oxford, and 19 inches in
some parts of south Berkshire. At the close of the month the
rapid melting of the snow, accompanied as it was by heavy
rain, produced serious floods in the Thames Valley.

May opened with a burst of unusually warm weather, and
although the thermometer failed to remain at so high a level,
there were throughout the month few occasions on which it
sank much below the normal. Rather sharp night frosts
occurred on the 6th, between the 10th and 13th, and between
the 20th and 23rd, but it was only at a few northern stations
that the thermometer even on the surface of the grass fell more
than three or four degrees below the freezing point. In the
earlier half of the month the weather was very changeable,
with frequent falls of rain and occasional smart thunderstorms.
Later on the conditions were finer, and at some places in
eastern and central England no rain fell for periods varying
between twelve and fourteen days. Summer warmth prevailed
in the closing week, the thermometer in the shade rising above
75° in many places, and touching 81° at Carlisle on the 28th,
and 80° at Leeds and Isleworth on the 31st.

For the spring as a whole the mean temperature was below
the average, but in eastern and central England the night
readings, taken alone, wefe somewhat above the normal.
Rainfall was more frequent than usual and was in excess of
the average, to the extent of more than 30 per cent, in many
parts of England, and of nearly 40 per cent, in the midland
counties. Bright sunshine was everywhere deficient, the
nearest approach to the normal amount being recorded in the
north-western counties.

The Summer of 1908.

The summer of 1908 included two long spells of fine
weather, interspersed with two shorter periods in which the
conditions were of an entirely opposite character. The longer
spells lasted in the first place for nearly a month, commencing

c c 2

38 8 The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908.

on June 4 or 5, and afterwards from about the middle of July
to the middle of August. One striking feature in connection
with the fine weather was the general absence of extreme
warmth, the sun’s rays being usually tempered by cool breezes
from west or north-west.

June opened with a few days of close thundery weather,
with heavy falls of rain in many parts of England, and
especially in the north midlands. At Cheadle on the 3rd as
much as 2'8 ins. were measured, and on the same day a cloud-
burst occurred at Skipton (West Yorks.), where a large amount
of damage was occasioned by the sudden rising of the river
Aire. On the evening of the 1st, during a thunderstorm, a
violent squall of wind (a miniature tornado) swept over the
western suburbs of London and uprooted many fine trees in
Bushey Park ; while on the afternoon of the 4th a similar
occurrence, accompanied by equally serious effects, was
experienced in north Hertfordshire. After this a cold wind
from the northward spread over the entire country, and early
on the morning of the 6th (Whit Sunday) a sharp ground frost
occurred in many northern and central districts. For the
remainder of June the weather was mostly fair and dry,
broken, however, by heavy rain in the north-west of England
on the 12th and 13tli, and in some parts of the midland
counties on the 16th. Until very nearly the close of the
month the air was very cool, with ground frosts in several
places between the 14th and 18th, and on the 20th or 21st.
After the 27th, and up to about July 3 or 4, the weather became
much warmer, the highest temperature of the whole season being
recorded on July 2 or 3, when the thermometer in the shade
rose to 85° and upwards in many districts. At the close of
June and the beginning of July a remarkable prolongation
of twilight was observed over the whole country, and on two
or three successive nights the midnight sky, even in the
south, was sufficiently luminous to enable one to read print with
the greatest ease.

After about July 4, and for nearly a fortnight, the weather
was in an extremely disturbed state, with frequent thunder-
storms and heavy falls of rain in nearly all districts. The
worst rainstorms occurred in south Wales on the 9th and 10th,
in the south and east of England on the 12th and 13th,
and in a number of isolated places, chiefly in the west,
on the 16th and 17th. At Herne Bay, on the morning of
the 13th, nearly 2| ins. of rain were collected in the space
of three and a half hours. On the 16th and 17th a brisk
northerly wind set in, and shortly after this a decided
improvement in the weather was experienced, many places in
the south of England reporting no further rain until after the

The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908. 389

middle of August. Temperature seldom rose to any very high
level, but in the closing week of July shade readings exceeding
80° were recorded in some parts of our midland and southern
counties, while in the opening week of August the warmth
was even more pronounced, the thermometer at Maidenhead
rising on the 3rd to a maximum of 88°. On the night of
August 11-12 a sharp ground frost was experienced locally in
the north, and on the night of the 16-17th in the same districts
and in some parts of the midland counties.

After the 19th the weather again broke up completely, and
for the remainder of the summer the conditions were cool
and exceedingly changeable, with occasional heavy falls of rain
in most districts. The principal downpours occurred in
Ireland and the west of England on the 20th, in many
isolated parts of the country on the 22nd and again between
the 24th and 26th, and in the south of England on the 27th.
At the close of the month the period of disturbed we'ather
culminated in a gale of considerable severity in all the more
western and southern parts of the kingdom, with further
heavy falls of rain in some parts of Wales and the west of
England.

Owing to the general absence of heat, even in the finer
portions of the season, the mean temperature of the summer
was slightly below the average, though much higher than in
1907. Rainfall was a little in excess of the normal in the
south-east and also in the north-west of England, but deficient
elsewhere. In our north-eastern counties little more than
two-thirds of the average quantity was registered, and in the
Scilly and Channel Islands less than two-thirds. Bright sun-
shine was more abundant than usual in all but the north-
eastern districts ; in the south-east of England the mean daily
allowance for the whole season was nearly an hour in excess
of the average.

The Autumn op 1908.

The autumn was characterised by an almost uninterrupted
run of very mild and for the most part very dry weather.
The only periods of cold occurred in the fourth week of
October and the second week of November, the thermometer at
nearly all other times being well above its average level. At
the close of September and the beginning of October the shade
readings were in many places the highest on record for so
advanced a period in the season, and at the end of October the
thermometer again rose to an exceptional level £or the time of
year.

At the beginning of September an important storm system
was moving eastward across the United Kingdom, and a stiff

[Continued on page 382.]

390

Rainfall, Temperature, and Bright Sunshine experienced over
England and Wales during the whole of 1908, with Average
and Extreme Values for Previous Years.

Rainfall

Total Fall

No. of Days with Rain

Districts

For 42 years, 1866-1907

For 27 years, 1881-1907

In

1908

Aver-

Extremes

In

1908

Aver-

Extremes

age

Driest

Wettest

age

Driest

Wettest

In.

In.

In.

In.

North-eastern .

20-5

25'6

19-9 (1884)

37'2 (1872)

187

186

162 (1884)

208 (1894)

Eastern

217

24'8

191 (1874
and 1887)

33'1 (1872)

184

179

156 (1898)

205 (1894)

Midland

24'5

276

19'2 (1887)

39'8 (1872)

179

179

148 (1887)

210 (1882)

Southern .

24-6

285

21-5 (1887)

417 (1872)

173

173

137 (1899)

197 (1882

North-western 1

and 1903)

with North [>
Wales . J

36'9

37-8

24-9 (1887)

59-2 (1872)

212

199

163 (1887)

226 (1903)

South-western }

with South J-
Wales . j

329

41'9

28 3 (1887)

68 6 (1872)

197

199

159 (1887)

235 (1882)

Channellslands >

25'2

325

26'2 (1887)

39 5 (1882)

193

212

169 (1899)

251 (1886)

Mean Temperature

Hours of Bright sunshine

Districts

For 42 years, 1866-1907

For 27 years, 1881-1907

In

1908

In

1908

Aver-

Extremes

Aver-

Extremes

age

Coldest

Warmest

age

Cloudiest

Sunniest

O

o

O

O

1601 (1906)

North-eastern .

47'8

47’5

44'8 (1879)

49-0 (1898)

1408

1327

1006(1885)

Eastern

48’G

48-5

45 6 (1879)

49-8 (1868)

1585

1586

1267(i888)

1864(1899)

Midland .

481

48-4

45 6 (1879)

511 (1868)

1386

1407

1173(1888)

1715(1893)

Southern .

49-4

496

46'7 (1879)

51-4 (1898)

1742

1606

1245(1888)

1983(1899)

North-western i
with North

48-3

48-5

45’7 (1879)

50 3 (1868)

1498

1389

1198(i888)

1683(1901)

Wales . )

South-western 1
with South y

497

501

48'1 (1888)

52 8 (1868)

1616

1644

1459(1888)

1964(1893)

Wales )

Channellslands.1

52-4

52'2

50-5 (1885)

54'1 (1899)

1907

1896

1710(1888)

2300(1893)

NOTE.— The above Table is compiled from information given in the Weekly Weather
Report of the Meteorological Office.

l For the Channel Islands the “ Averages" and “ Extremes of Rainfall and Mean
Temperature are for the twenty -seven years, 1881-1907.

391

The Rainfall of 1908 and of the previous Ten Years , with the
Average Annual Fall for a long period , as observed at thirty -
eight stations situated in various parts of the United Kingdom.

1908

Rainfall of Previous Years

Stations

Total

rain-

fall

Dif-

fer-

ence

from

ave-

rage

1907

1906

1905

1904

1903

1902

1901

1900

1899

1898

* Ave-
rage
rain-
fall

England and Wales:
Durham

York ....
Hillington .
Yarmouth .
Cambridge
Rothamsted .
Nottingham .

Cheadle.

Hereford
Cirencester .

Oxford ....
London ....
Hastings
Southampton
Stonyhurst .
Manchester .
Liverpool
Llandudno .
Pembroke .

Clifton ....
Cullompton .
Plymouth .

Scilly (St. Mary’s)
Jersey (St. Aubin’s) .

In.

19'4

218

25'5

225

176

23'4

213

333

23’9

245

23'9

21- 3

22- 0
27’8
48'3
377
289
3(l'8
38'5
2(i’6
27-5
310
247
25'2

Per

cent.

—29

—14

- 7
11

-22
-16
-14
+ 2
—11
—20

— 4
-13
—24
—10
+ 3
+ 2

0

0

+ 10
-23
-23
-14
—26
—26

In.

24'8

256

257
219
212
253
23-5
3P9
297
289
26-9
19o
233
308
50'0
404
26-6
263
37 '2
343
33-4
363
29'3
28'6

In.

238

22-8

3P6

28-0

22-4

26-8

2P8

343

236

26'2

240

222

287

337

497

422

287

316

425

301

33'9

33-4

298

29’2

In.

19-2

207

227

22-6

190

24-8

18-6

267

240

257

210

230

269

262

38'8

333

240

267

28'2

250

287

305

27’5

30’3

In.

19-0

208

257

210

17'6

23'2

200

263

25'0

288

227

202

246

310

396

320

257

26-0

318

309

349

414

34‘4

373

In.

30-8

303

356

257

305

363

32'2

39’2

378

417

359

38-0

323

432

58'9

452

344

385

458

42'8

427

458

399

38’2

In.

18'5

187

262

214

15-8

196

2P5

26- 4
243
257
167
20’4
230

27- 4
36-8
26-5
256
250
309
265
30-8
309
25-3
304

In.

229

205

24- 4
212
167
217
204
277

25- 2
267
22-3
215
194
28'3
390
333
257
287
330
266
317
330
326
29'6

In.

28'8

258

326

247

197

277

285

37-5

328

310

236

22'2

29'8

316

483

428

319

328

40-6

377

355

403

347

346

In.
245
22-4
24-7
224
19 3

257
22-6
309
26-7
26-8
210
220

258
276
47-5
335
276
32-4
350
355
370
337
319
263

In.

20-8

23-7

227

200

179

18-7

195

27-8

224

22-1

197

17-8

23-0

266

47-9

332

256

31-3

355

309

299
292
277

300

In.
27-2
253
275
253
227
279
24 8
328
27-0

307
260
244
297
309
468
370
28 8

308
357
346
357
359
336
34'2

’Mean for the whole of 1
England and Wales )

26’6

—14

299

29'9

256

28'0

37’5

267

27'4

32'3

286

262

310

Scotland :

Stornoway .

Wick ....
Aberdeen

Balmoral J . . .

Leith ....
Marchmont .

Fort Augustus .
Glasgow

52’6

320

28-0

26'2

221

307

439

358

+ 8
+ 9

- 9
-27

- 7
—11

- 2
— 7

43-8

296

287

318

307

333

420

42’6

422

332

3P5

397

302

389

5P6

407

507

323

28'5

356

192

27'4

436

307

557

253

237

249

234

267

44'4

337

627

359

363

447

30’9

38'6

66-0

53’3

463

267

273

3P8

164

247

356

291

428
327
28'0
3V4
22-5
27 2
36 9
329

625

337

340

40'5

312

43'8

50-5

47-0

59-9

29- 7

30- 3
356
248
326
42’3
435

716

27-4

276

365

199

283

54-3

374

48-6

293

307
360
238
344
44 6
387

’Mean for the whole 1
of Scotland . )

431

+ 3

445

46'3

4P4

427

577

430

40-8

52-2

467

47'4

418

Ireland :

Belfast ....
Markree Castle .
Armagh.

Dublin ....

Parsonstown

Kilkenny

387
47’3
' 337
23-8

334

335

+ 15
+13
+ 4
-15
+ 1
+ 1

381

45-2

31- 6
27-0
339

32- 4

36'2

44'6

307

22'8

326

287

31 '8
39'0
29'9
25-3
257
250

318

44'9

309

222

32'9

3P5

42'3
547
363
31 '6
40-8
42'0

35-8

387

317

29'4

28'2

337

327

44-9

327

267

317

303

40-6

45-3

364

343

385

392

34'9

437

325

27-7

337

309

303

40-4

3P8

27-1

342

297

336

420

319

280

330

333

’Mean for the whole 1
of Ireland. . J

' 39’2

— 1

397

367

34-6

1

389

47’9

37’2

377

449

406

386

395

1 The Average Fall is in nearly all cases deduced from observations extending over the
thirty-five years 1871-1905.

’ The Mean Rainfall for each country is based upon observations made at a large number
of stations in addition to those given above.

5 The figures for the years prior to 1906 are for Braemar, which ceased reporting after 1905

392 The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908.

[Continued from page 389.]

gale from the westward was blowing over a considerable portion
of England and Ireland. As the disturbance passed off the
wind shifted to the northward, and the weather became
temporarily very cool, a sharp night frost being experienced in
some of the more northern and central districts. Later on the
wind got back to south-west, and the thermometer rose steadily,
the shade readings on the 7th and 8th being above 70° in many
parts of England, and a trifle above 75° in some parts of our
eastern counties. The slow passage of another barometrical
depression across the country was accompanied at this time by
an exceedingly heavy fall of rain in the northern parts of
Ireland and Scotland, and in the rear of the disturbance a cool
north-westerly wind sprang up, with showers of snow or sleet
between the 9th and 11th at some few places in northern and
central England. At Canterbury, on the afternoon of the 11th,
a severe thunderstorm was accompanied by an exceedingly heavy
fall of rain and hail, and at one station in the city more than
3 ins. were collected in the space of about an hour. On the
nights of the 11th and 12th ground frosts were again experienced
over a large portion of the United Kingdom, but in the latter
half of the month the weather, although rather changeable, was
uniformly warm, the thermometer rising between the 17th and
20tli to 75° and upwards in the east and south-east of England,
and to 79° at Whitby and Canterbury. Quite at the close of the
month a more remarkable spell of heat set in, and continued
throughout the early days of October, the thermometer rising
between September 30 and October 3 to 75° and upwards in
Scotland, and to 80° or a little above it in many parts of
England and Wales. At Maidenhead a reading of 82° was
observed on September 30 and October 1, and at Whitby the
thermometer on the latter day reached 84°.

The excessive warmth was followed on October 4 and 5 by
a change to cooler weather, but until well after the middle of
that month the thermometer was almost always above the
normal. After the 20th, however, a cool wind from east and
north-east set in, and for about a week the thermometer was
below the normal, with sharp night frosts between the 21st
and 24th. On the night of the 24th the sheltered thermometer
in some parts of Great Britain fell at least six or seven degrees
below the freezing point, while at Llangammarch Wells the
thermometer on the grass went as many as twenty degrees
below it. In some of the more southern parts of England and
Wales considerable falls of rain were experienced between the
15th and 21st, and on the morning of the 21st, during a severe
thunderstorm, 4 ins. were collected at Weymouth and G^ ins.
on Portland Breakwater. Towards the end of October the
wind veered round to south and the thermometer again rose to

The Weather during the Agricultural Year , 1907-1908. 393

an unusually high level, readings of 65° and upwards being
recorded in many parts of England and Wales. For so
advanced a period in the season the temperatures recorded at
about this time were nearly as remarkable as those observed at
the beginning of the month.

The mild weather continued through the opening days of
November, but on the 4th the wind backed into the eastward,
and after the 6th, when the polar current increased in strength,
the thermometer fell very decidedly. On the night either of
the 8th or 9tli a sharp frost occurred in many places, the ther-
mometer on the grass falling to a minimum of 7° at Llangam-
march Wells, 9° at Greenwich, and 13° at Birmingham. Up to
the 10th the weather was generally very dry, but after that
date, when a south-westerly breeze set in, it became mild and
showery, and on the morning of the 13th a thunderstorm
passed eastward along the south of England. Strong westerly
winds prevailed between the 16th and 20th, and a heavy north-
westerly gale on the 21st and 22nd, with considerable quantities
of rain in the west and north, the amount on the 21st being as
large as 1*7 in. at Darwen, and 1*6 in. at Stonyhurst, near
Clitheroe. Mild unsettled weather continued from this time
onward to the 28th, but at the close of the month the conditions
became much finer, and on the two last nights a sharp frost was
experienced in many northern and central districts.

For the autumn as a whole the mean temperature was well
above the average, and rainfall very deficient. In the east and
north-east of England and the Channel Islands the total rainfall
amounted to about two-thirds of the average, and in the south-
eastern counties to less than two-thirds. In the midlands the
duration of bright sunshine agreed almost precisely with the
normal, but in all other parts of England it was in excess of
the average. In the second week of November the weather in
the east and south-east of England was more sunny than at any
similar period in the season since a precise record commenced

in 1881.

Frederick J. Brodie.

12 Patten Road,

Wandsworth Common.

394

JOHN THORNTON.

The hand of death has of late fallen heavily on the Society’s
Members, and no loss will be felt more keenly by the Agri-
cultural world — Shorthorn breeders in particular — than that
caused by the death of Mr. John Thornton, at Algiers, on the 28th
November, 1908, while on a cruise in the Mediterranean.
Born in 1840, he began in 1857 as an assistant to the late
Henry Strafford, who was at that time the principal auctioneer
of shorthorns, and the proprietor of Coates’s Herd Book.
Mr. Thornton commenced business on his own account in
1808, and from that time he conducted sales in all parts of the
United Kingdom. He figured prominently in the formation of
the Shorthorn Society, and was instrumental in establishing the
English Jersey Herd Book. As a mark of the esteem in which
he was held, both at home and abroad, a public testimonial
was presented to him in the year 1905, the subscribers to which
numbered over 900. The testimonial took the form of his
portrait, painted by Mr. A. S. Cope, A.R.A. Mr. Thornton
joined the Society in 1869, and was elected in 1905 as one of
the Members of the Council for the London division. He
officiated as auctioneer of cattle in the “ Royal ” Showyard
each year since the Park Royal Show of 1903, when the sales
were commenced.

GEORGE HENRY SANDAY.

ANOTHER old supporter of the Society, and one who for many
years took an active part in the administration of the Annual
Shows was Mr. George Henry Sanday,who died in December last.
His association with the Society commenced in 1868 as a
Member, and in 1874 he was elected to the Council, becoming
a Governor and Vice-President in 1902. Mr. Sanday did duty
as a Steward at the Kilburn Show of 1879, on which occasion
he was connected with the Implement section, and in the year
1883 he again acted as a Steward (of Butter and Cheese). From
that year until .1905, with only one break — in 1896 — he acted
as a Steward of the Showyard, the departments with which
he was at various times connected including Finance, Stock,
Implements and Forage. He was a regular attendant at the
Council meetings, and served on the Finance, Veterinary,
Implement, Showyard Works, and Stock Prizes Committees,
acting as Chairman of the latter from 1890 until 1905, wlien,
owing to ill-health, he was compelled to resign his seat upon
the Council. No one worked harder to make the Park Royal
venture a success, and in the opinion of some of his old
colleagues on the Council, these efforts accelerated the break-
down of his health, and hastened his end.

i

Jjkpl %Qxxmltuml Scrrietg 0f (Engkntr.

( Established May 9, 1838, as the English Agricultural Society, and
Incorporated by Royal Charter on March 26, 1840.)

Patron.

HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING.

President for 1909.

The EARL OF JERSEY, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.

Year when
elected on s
Council j

1895 1

1895

1882

1893

1885

1898
1871
1881
1883

1899
1880
1881

Trustees.

H.R.H. The Prince op Wales, K.G., Marlborough House, S. W.
Bedford, Duke of, K.G., Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire.

Cawdor, Earl, Stachpole Court, Pembrokeshire.

Cornwallis, F. S. W., Linton Park, Maidstone, Kent.

Coventry, Earl of, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcestershire.
Devonshire, Duke of, Chatsworth, Chesterfield.

Egerton of Tatton, Earl, Tatton Park, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart., Elsenham Hall, Elsenham , Essex.
Jersey, Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Middleton Park, Bicester, Oxon.
Middleton, Lord, Birdsall House, York.

Moreton, Lord, Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, Oxon.

Thorold, Sir John H., Bart., Syston Park, Grantham, Lincolnshire.

1889

1871

1887

1908

1891

1903
1876

1904
1899
1908
1881
1907

Vice-Presidents.

H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G., Cumberland Lodge, Windsor.
Bowen-Jones, J., St. Mary's Court, Shrewsbury.

Crutchley, Percy, Sunning hill Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.

Derby, Earl of, G.C.V.O., C.B., Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire.
Dugdale, J. Marshall, Llvoyn, Llanfyllin, S.O., Mont.

Fellowes, Rt. Hon. Ailwyn E., Honingham, Norwich.

Feversham, Earl of, Buncombe Park, Helmsley , Yorkshire.
Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart., Walton Hall, Warrington, Cheshire.

\ Northbrook, Earl of, Stratton, Michelderer, Hampshire.

1 Northumberland, Duke of, K.G., Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.
Parker, Hon. Cecil T., Eccleston, Chester.

Yarborough Earl of, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

ar when

t elected

Council

1905

1905

1905

1905

1906

1906

1905

1905

1905

1909

1906

1906

1905

1905

1905

1907

1906

1900

1907

1905

1903

1905

1906

1905

1903

1908

1900

1905

1905

1904

1905

1904

1884

1905

1907

1905

1906

1909

1905

1897

1905

1908

1905

1905

1901

1907

1905

1891

1905

1905

1907

1904

1889

1889

1908

List of Council of the Society.

Ordinary Members of the Council.

Adams, George, Royal Prize Farm , Faringdon ( Berkshire ).

Adeane, Chas. R. W., Babraham, Hall, Cambridge ( Cambridgeshire ).

A veling, Thomas L., Boley Hill House, Rochester ( Kent ).

Bankart, S. N., Hallaton Hall, Uppingham ( Rutland ).

Brocklehurst, Henry Dent, Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe ( Glouces-
tershire).

Buttar, Thomas A., Corston, Coupar Angus ( Scotland ).

Carden, Richard G., Fishmoyne , Borrisoleigh, Tipperary ( Ireland ).

Carr, Richardson, Estate Office, Tring Park ( Hertfordshire ).

Cooper, Sir Richard P., Bart., Shenstone Court, Lichfield (Staffs).

Cross, Hon. John E., High Legh, Knutsford (Cheshire).

De Trafford, Sir H. F., Bart., Hill Crest, Market Harboro'
(Leicestershire).

Dudding, Henri', Riby Grove, Stallingborough (Lincolnshire).-
Eadie, John T. C., The Rock, Newton Solney, Burton-on- Trent
(Derbyshire).

Falconer, James, Northbrook Farm, Micheldever Station(Hamps hir e)
Forrest, Robert, St. Fagan's, Cardiff (Glamorganshire).

Frank, Howard, 9 Conduit Street, W. (London).

Glover, James W., Beechwood , Warwick (Warwickshire).

Greaves, R. M., Wern, Portmadoc (North Wales).

Hamlyn, Ernest A., Oakdale, Ockley (Surrey).

Harris, Joseph, Bracltenbrough Tower , Carlisle (Cumberland).

Harrison, William, Hall House, Leigh (Lancashire).

Hine, John Henry, Pomphlett Farm , Plymstock, Plymouth (Devon).
Hippisley, R. J. Bayntdn, St on Easton Park, near Bath (Somerset).
Hiscock, Arthur, Manor Farm, Motcombe, Shaftesbury (Dorset).

Hobbs, Robert W., Kelmscott , Lechlade (Oxfordshire).

Hosken, W. J., Pulsack, Hayle (Cornwall).

Howard, John Howard, Clapham Park, near Bedford (Bedfordshire).
Ingram, Walter F., 2 St. Andrew's Place, Lewes (Sussex).

Knightley, Sir Charles V., Bart., Fawsley, Daventry (Nortliants).
Mathews, Ernest, Little Shardeloes, Amersham (Buckinghamshire).

May, William A., 3 Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. (London).
Middleton, Christopher, Vane Terrace , Darlington (Durham).

Miller, T. Horrocks, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde (Lancashire).
Minton, Thomas S., Montford, Shrewsbury (Shropshire).

Nocton, William, Langham Hall, Colchester (Essex).

Pilkington, Claude M. S., Wollaton, Nottingham (Nottinghamshire).
Plumptre, H. Fitzwalter, Goodnestone, Dover (Kent).

Prout, W. A., Sawbridgeworth , Herts. (London).

Rea, George Grey, Middleton, Wooler (Northumberland).

Reynard, Frederick, Sunderlandwick, Driffield (Yorks., E. Riding).
Richmond and Gordon, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood. Chichester (Sussex).
Ridley, Viscount, Blagdon , Oramlington (Northumberland).

Rogers, C. Coltman, Stanage Park, Brampton Bryan (South Wales).
Rowell, John, Bury, Huntingdon (Huntingdonshire).

Scoby, William, Hob ground House, Sinnington (Yorks., N. Riding).

Smith, Fred, Woodbridge (Suffolk).

Smith, Henry Herbert, Bowood, Caine (Wiltshire).

Stanyfokth, E. Wilfrid, Kirk Hammerton Hall, York (Yorkshire,

West Riding).

Tallent, Herbert, Westacre , Swaffham (Norfolk).

Taylor, George, Cranford (Middlesex).

Tindall, C. W., Wain.fl.eet, S.O. (Lincolnshire).

Turner, Arthur P., The Been, Pembridge (Herefordshire).

Wheeler, E. Vincent V., Newnham Court, Tenbury ( Worcestershire).
Wilson, Christopher W., Rigmaden Park, Kirkby Lonsdale ( West-
morland).

Wrigley, Louis C., Trellick Grange, Chepstow (Monmouthshire).

J

Ill

STANDING COMMITTEES.

*„* Under By-law 39, the President is a Member ex officio of all Com-
mittees, and the Trustees and Vice-Presidents are Members ex officiis of
all Standing Committees except the Committee of Selection.

The Honorary Director in a Member ex officio of all Committees.

Finance and House Committee.

Adeane, C. R. W. {Chairman). Carr, Richardson.

Devonshire, Duke of. Cornwallis, F. S. W.

Northbrook, Earl of. Crutchley, Percy.

Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart. Harrison, W.

Greenall, Sir G., Bart. Mathews, Ernest.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Wheeler, E. V. V.

Aveling, T. L.

Journal

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart.

{Chairman).

Jersey, Earl of, G.C.B.
Ridley, Viscount.
Moreton, Lord.

Adeane, C. R. W.

and Education Committee.

Bowen-Jones, J. May, W. A.

Brocklehurst, H. D. Plumptre, H. F.
Cornwallis, F. S. W. Smith, H. H.
Dugdale, J. Marshall. Wheeler, E. V. V.
Hippisley, R. J. B. Wrigley, L. C.
Mathews, Ernest.

Chemical and Woburn Committee.

Bowen-Jones, J.

( Chairman).

Knightley, SirC. V., Bart
Brocklehurst, H. D.
Falconer, J.

Greaves, R. M.

Hosken, W. J. Pilkington, C. M. S.

Howard, John Howard. Prout, W. A.
Ingram, W. F. Reynard, F.

May, W. A. Scoby, W.

Middleton, C. Tindall, C. W.

MintoilT. S. Turner, A. P.

Botanical and Zoological Committee.

Rogers, C. C. Bowen-Jones, J.

{Chairman). Cornwallis, F. S. W.

Moreton, Lord. Hamlyn, E. A.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Middleton, C.

Veterinary Committee.

Northbrook, Earl of.

( Chairman).
Devonshire, Duke of.
Moreton, Lord.
Fellowes, Rt. Hon. A. E.
Parker, Hon. C. T.
Greenall, Sir G., Bart.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart.
Bankart, S. N.

Crutchley, Percy.
Eadie, J. T. C.

Harris, Joseph.
Hiscock, A.

* Me Fad yean, Prof. Sir J.
*Master op Farriers’
Company.

Mathews, Ernest.
Miller, T. H.

Plumptre, H. F.
Prout, W. A.
Tallent, H.
Wheeler, E. V. V.

* President of Royal
College of Vety.
Surgeons.
Rowell, John.
Smith, Fred.

Smith, H. H.
Stanyforth, E. W.
SWITHINBANK, H.

Wilson, C. W.

Professional Members of Veterinary Committee not Members of Council.

Stock Prizes Committee.

Reynard, F.

{Chairman).

Coventry, Earl of.
Northbrook, Earl of.
Ridley, Viscount.
Middleton, Lord.

Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart.

De Trafford, Sir H. F., Bt.
Greenall, Sir G., Bart.
Adams, George.
Bowen-Jones, J.

Buttar, T. A.

Carden, R. G.
Carr, Richardson.
Crutchley, Percy.
Dudding, H.

Eadie, J. T. C.
Frank, Howard.
Greaves, R. M.
Hine, J. H.

Hobbs, Robert W.
Hosken, W. J.
Mathews, Ernest.
Miller, T. H.

Minton, T. S.
Rea, G. G.
Rogers, C. C.
Rowell, John.
Smith, Fred.
Taylor, George.
Tindall, C. W.
Turner, A. P.
Wilson, C. W.
Wrigley, L. C.
The Stewards of
Live Stock.

iv

Standing Committees.

Greaves, R. M.

(Chairman).
Parker, Hon. C. T.
Aveling, T. L.

Bo wen- Jones, J.
Crutchley, Percy.
Falconer, J.

Implement Committee.

Glover, J. W.
Harrison, W.
Hippisley, R. J. B.
Howard, J. H.
Middleton, C.
Pilkington, C. M. S.

Prout, W. A.
Stanyforth, E. W.
Tallent, H.
Wheeler, E. V. Y.
The Stewards of
Implements.

Showyard Works Committee.

Greenall, Sir G., Bart.

(Chairman).

Cross, Hon. J. E.
Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart.
Aveling, T. L.

Carr, Richardson.
Crutchley, Percy.
Harrison, W.
Howard, J. H.
Pilkington, C. M. S.

Rea, G. G.
Reynard, F.
Stanyforth, E. W.
Taylor, George.

Committee of Selection.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Devonshire, Duke of. Brocklehurst, H. D.

(Chairman). Parker, Hon. C. T. Rea, G. G.

The President. Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart. Rowell, John.

And the Chairman of each of the Standing Committees.

Dairy and Produce Committee.

Mathews, Ernest
(Chairman).

Parker, Hon. C. T.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart.
Carr, Richardson.

Crutchley, Percy. Plumptre, H. F.

Dugdale, J. Marshall. Smith, Fred.
Greaves, R. M. Taylor, George.

Hine, J. H. Wheeler, E. V. Y.

Hiscock, A.

Qeneral Gloucester Committee.

The Whole Council, with the following representatives of the
Local Committee : —

Bruton, James Aitken, S. Colchester- Wemyss, M.W.

(Mayor of Gloucester). Baker, M. G. Lloyd. Curtis-Hayward, Col. J. F.
Agg-Gardner, J. T. Bruton, H. W. Lister, R. A.

(Mayor of Cheltenham). Clark, C. G. Anderson, R. (Local Sec.)

Honorary Director.

Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart.

Secretary.

Thomas McRow, 16 Bedford Square, )V.C.

Consulting Chemist. — Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, M.A., F.I.C., 22 Tudor
Street , London, E.C.

Consulting Botanist.— W . Carruthers, F.R.S., Central Hill. Norwood , S.E.

Consulting Veterinary Surgeon. — Prof. Sir John McFadyean, Royal
Veterinary College, Camden Town, N. W.

Zoologist. — Cecil Warburton, M.A., Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge.
Consulting Engineer. — F. S. Courtney, 26 Victoria Street , Westminster, S. W.
Surveyor — J. R. Naylor, F.R.I.B.A., Smith's Bank Chambers, Derby.
Consulting Surveyor. — George Hunt, Evesham, Worcestershire.

Publisher. — John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, W.

Solicitors. — Garrard, Wolfe, Gaze &. Clarke, 13 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall
East, S.W.

Bankers. — The London and Westminster Bank, St. James's Square Branch.

Distribution of Governors and Members of the Society.

v

DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS OF THE
SOCIETY, AND OF ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.

( Elected in accordance with the By-laws enacted on May 31, 1905,
and numbered 57-94.)

Number op

Number

Electoral

District

Division

Governors

and

Members

Ordinary
Members
of Councii

Ordinary Members oe Council

Bedfordshire

97

i

J. H. Howard.

Cheshire.

260

i

Hon. J. E. Cross.

Cornwall

96

i

W. J. Hosken.

Derbyshire

164

i

J. T. C. Eadie.

Dorset

66

i

A. Hiscock.

Hampshire and
Channel Islands

241

i

J. Falconer.

Hertfordshire

254

i

Richardson Carr.

Lancashire and
Isle of Man.

348

2

W. Harrison ; T. H. Miller.

A.

Middlesex

150

1

G. Taylor.

Monmouthshire

60

1

L. C. Wrigley.

Norfolk .

266

1

H. Tallent.

Northamptonshire

200

1

Sir C. V. Knightley.

Northumberland .

320

2

G. G. Rea ; Viscount Ridley.

Staffordshire

296

1

Sir R. P. Cooper.

Worcestershire .

166

1

E. V. V. Wheeler.

Yorkshire, N.R.

181

1

W. Scoby.

Scotland .

226

1

T. A. Buttar.

3,391

— 19

Buckinghamshire .

164

1

E. Mathews.

Devon

161

1

J. H. Hine.

B. -

Durham .

151

1

C. Middleton.

Essex

217

1

W. Nocton.

vi Distribution of Governors and Members of the Society.

DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY — continued.

Number of

Number

Electoral

District

Division

Governors

and

Members

Ordinary
Members
of Council

Ordinary Members of Council

Herefordshire

132

1

A, P. Turner.

Leicestershire

269

i

Sir H. F. dc Trafford.

London .

594

3

i Howard Frank ; W. A May ;
1 W. A. Prout.

Nottinghamshire .

155

1

C. M. S. Pilkington.

Rutland .

21

1

S. N. Bankart.

B. i

Shropshire

290

1

T. S. Minton.

Contd.

Suffolk .

222

1

Fred Smith.

Surrey .

233

1

E. A. Hamlyn.

Wiltshire

115 ■

1

H. H. Smith.

Yorkshire, W.R.

249

1

E. W. Stanyforth.

South Wales .

111

1

C. C. Rogers.

3,084

— 17

Berkshire

212

1

George Adams.

Cambridgeshire .

174

1

C. R. W. Adeane.

Cumberland .

121

1

Joseph Harris.

Glamorgan

80

1

R. Forrest.

Gloucestershire .

278

1

H. D. Brockleliurst.

Huntingdonshire .

45

1

John Rowell.

Kent

413

2

( T. L. Aveling ; H. F.
1 Plumptre.

Lincolnshire .

371

2

f Henry Dudding ; C. W.

t Tindall.

C. <

Oxfordshire .

144

i

R. W. Hobbs.

Somerset .

116

i

R. J. Bayntun Hippisley.

Sussex

313

2

[W. F. Ingram; Duke of

1 Richmond and Gordon.

Warwickshire

248

i

J. W. Glover.

Westmorland.

60

i

C. W. Wilson.

Yorkshire, E.R.

112

i

F. Reynard.

Ireland .

129

i

R. G. Carden.

North Wales.

163

i

R. M. Greaves.

2,979

— 19

Foreign Countries.

283

Members with no Addresses

21

Grand Totals .

9,758

55

GOVERNORS OF THE SOCIETY

HIS MAJESTY THE KING... Windsor Castle .

TfH.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G... .Marlborough
House, S.W., and Sandringham, Norfolk . . . .

VP H.R.H. Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein,
K.G....Cumberland Lodge, Windsor . . . .

tABERDARE, Lord—Longwood, Winchester
tACLAND, Alfred Dyke—Digswell House, Welwyn
IIADEANE, C. R. W....Babraham Hall, Cambridge .

ALINGTON, Lord, C.V.O.— Crichel, Wimborne
tALLCROFT, Herbert John— Stokesay Court, Onibury, Salop .
•LANCASTER, Earl of...Normanton Park, Stamford
Ann, Sir Edwin T....West Parkflelds, Kedleston Road, Derby
ARCHER-HOUBLON, Col. George B....Hallingbury Place, Bishop’s
Stortford . . . . . .

Ashworth, Alfred. ..Horsley Hall, Gresford
tA'SSHETON, R. C....Hall Foot, Clitberoe ....
ASSHETON-SllITH, C. G....Vaynol, Bangor, North Wales
ASTOR, Waldorf, jun.... Cliveden, Taplow, Bucks.
Aubrey-Fletcher, Rt, Hon. Sir Henry, Bart., M.P. ...Ham Manor
Angmering, Sussex .......

Baring, Godfrey, M.P... .Nubia House, Cowes, Isle of Wight .

Barnard, Lord...Raby Castle, Darlington
BARRYMORE, Lord... 20 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, W.

Bath, Marquis of...Longleat, Warminster ....

BATHURST, Earl, C.M.G.... Cirencester House, Cirencester

Beck, A. Cecil, M.P— Harrold Hall, Bedford
TtBEDFORD, Duke of, K.G.... Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire

f Beeveh, W. F. Holt-.-Yewden Lodge, Henley-on-Thames
tBELPER, Lord. -Kingston Hall, Notts. ....

tBENN, Thomas G— Thornton Gate, Rossall Beach, Fleetwood, R.S.O
BENTINCK, Lord Henry. -Underley, Kirkby Lonsdale .

Bevan, Francis A. ...04 Lombard Street, E.C. (representing Messrs
Barclay & Co., Ltd.) .......

Bingham, E. C....Yeoveney Lodge, Staines

Binney, J....Pampisford Hall, near Cambridge .

BlRKIN, Sir T. L, Bart.—Ruddington Grange, near Nottingham
IBlyth, Lord-.Blythwood, Stansted, Essex
Bowen, G. W. H.-.Ickleton Grange, Gt. Chesterford, Essex .

VP Bowen-Jones, J. B....St. Mary’s Court, Shrewsbury

Brand, Admiral the Hon. T. Seymour. -Glynde, Lewes

BRASSEY, Lord, G.C.B. . Normanhurst Court, Battle

Brassey, Henry Leonard C....Apethorpe Hall, Wansford, Northants

BRISCOE, W. A.... Longstowe Hall, Cambridge

Brownlow, Earl. -Belton House, Grantham
BUCHANAN, James— Graffham, Petworth
BURGHCLERE, Lord— 48 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.
Burns, Walter S. M.-.22 Old Broad Street, E.C.

Date of election Date of election
as Member as Governor

Feb. 3, 1864

April 6, 1892

Aug. 4, 1875

April i, 1885

Aug. r, 1905

Oct.

8, 1902

Feb. 4, 1903

Nov.

6, 1889'

Jan. to, 1906

May

7, 1879

April 4, 1906

Dec. 12, 1888

Mar.

3, 1869

May 5, 1875

Aug. i, 1906

Mar. 6, 1889

Dec.

2, 1868

Feb. 1, 1905

Mar.

6, 1889

May 30, 1906

May 6, 1908

Jan. 30, 1907

June

6, 1883

July 31. 1907

May 2, 1906

July 27, 1892

Feb.

4, 1885

April 4, 1906

June 22, 1892

April 4, 1906

July

3, 1889

April 4, 1906

Jan. 30, 1907

May 3, 1893

April

2. 1879

June 6, 1894

July

6, 1881

Mar. 6, 1895

Mar. 13, 1878

Aug. 2, 1882

Dec.

12, 1888

Jan. 10, 1906

Dec. n, 1907

June 3, 1908

Jan. 10, 1906

Dec.

10, 1890

May 2, 1906

Nov.

3, 1875

July 27, 1892

Nov.

2, 1892

Mar. 7, 1906

Mar.

6, 1867

Feb. 1, 1905

May

3, 1893

July 31. 1907

July

2, 1879

June s, 1907

Feb. 3, 1892

Jan. 10, 1906

Aug.

3, 1887

April 4, 1906

July 27, 1904

Dec. 7, 1892

April 4, 1906

VP Vice-President.

t Life Governor.

II Member of Council.

D D

T Trustee.

YOL. 6<),

List of Governors of the

via

CADOGAN, Earl, K.G....Culford Hall, Bury St. Edmunds
Calthorpe, Lord— Elvetham, Winchfield
Carrington, Earl, K.G— .Daws Hill, High Wycombe .

CATOR, John— Woodbastwick Hall, Norwich
TtCAWDOR, Earl... Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire .
tCAWSTON, George. ..The Manor House, Cawston, Norfolk
Chaplin, Rt. Hon. Henry, M.P. ...Stafford House, S.W.
Chetwynd, G. J. B....Wyndthorpe, near Doncaster
Christison, Robert... Burwell Park, Louth, Lines.
tCLARENDON, Earl of, G.C.B....The Grove, Watford
Clifden, Viscount— Lanhydrock, Bodmin
Cobham, Viscount— Hagley Hall. Stourbridge
Cockburn, N.C.—Harmston Hall, Lincoln
Colebrooke, Lord— Stratford House, Stratford Place, W. .
Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart.— Warren Tower, Newmarket
Cooper, Sir George A., Bart. — Hursley Park, Winchester
|| Cooper, Sir Richard P., Bart— .Shenstone Court, Lichfield .

T Cornwallis, Fiennes S. W— Linton Park, Maidstone
tCOTTERELL, Sir John, Bart— Garnons, Hereford
TtCoVENTRY, Earl of— Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Wore.
tCox, Frederick— Harefleld Place, Uxbridge
Craven, Thomas— Kirklington Hall, Southwell, Notts.

CREWE, Earl of, K.G— Crewe Hall, Crewe, Cheshire .

VP tCRUTCHLEY, Percy— Sunninghill Lodge, Ascot
CURTIS, Charles C.— South Collingham, .Newark, Notts.
Curtis-Hayward, Lt.-Col. J. F.— Quedgeley House, Gloucester

Date of Election
as Member

Nov. 7, 1883
Mar. 3, 1863

May 4, 1904

June 5, 1872
July 13, 1883
Dec. 8, 1875
May 4, 1892

Feb. 4, 1891
Feb. 4, 1903
Dec. 12, 1888

May 6, 1896
April 1, 1863

May 9, 1891
Feb. 6, 1884
June 3, 1879
Feb. 4, 1887
Feb. 1, 1888

Dartmouth, Earl of... Patshull Hall, Wolverhampton
Davies, David, M.P.— Plas Dinam, Llandinam, Mont. .

Dean, W. M....3G Montagu Mansions, Baker Street, W.

DE LA RUE, Ernest— Lower Hare Park, Newmarket .

VP tDERBY, Earl of, G.C.V.O., C.B.— Knowsley, Prescot.

DE Rothschild, Alfred C— Halton, Tring ....

Derwent, Lord. ..Hackness Hall, Scarborough ...
DESBOROUGH, Lord, K.C.V.O.— Taplow Court, Maidenhead .

IlfDE TRAFFORD, Sir H. F„ Bart.— Hill Crest, Market Harborough
T tDEVONSHlRE, Duke of — Chatsworth, Chesterfield .
tDlCKSON-POYNDER, Sir J., Bart., M.P.— Hartham Park, Corsham,
Wilts. ..........

Digby, Lord— Minterne House, Cerne Abbas, Dorset .
DOWNSHIRE, Marquis of— Easthampstead Park, Wokingham
DUCIE, Earl of, G.C.V.O.— Tortworth Court, Falfleld, R.S.O., Glos. .
Dugdale, James Broughton— Wroxall Abbey, Warwick
VP Dugdale, John Marshall— Llwyn, Llanfyllin, S.O., Mont.
tDULEEP-SlNGH, Prince Frederick— Old Buckenham HaU, Attle-
borough ..........

DUNCOMBE, Col. W. H. O— Waresley Park, Sandy, Beds.
tDURHAM, Earl of— Lamhton Castle, Durham ....

June 1, 1904

Nov. 6, 1895

Dec. 12, 1888
Aug. 1, 1883

Nov. 2, 1887

May 5. >869
Feb. 3, 1892
Feb. 1, 1888

April 1, 1885

T EGERTON OF Tatton, Earl— Tatton Park, Knutsford . Mar. 6, 1872

tELLESMERE, Earl of— Worsley Hall, Manchester ... —

Elliot, Sir Charles, Bart— Beesthorpe Hall, Newark-on-Trent . —

T Trustee. VP Vice-President. t Life Governor. II Member of Council

Date of Election
as Governor

Dec. 11, 1889
May 2, 1894
Mar. 7, 1906
May 1, 1907
Mar. 2, 1892
June 6, 1894
Nov. 2, 1870
May 7, 1906
Nov. 4. 1908
May 2, 1894
Mar. 7, 1906
April 4, 1906
April 4, 1906
May 2, 1906
Jan. 10, 1906
May 1, 1907
Jan. 30, 1907
July 2, 1884
Dec. 12, 1906
April 4, 1894
July 31, 1901
Dec. 6, i8^g
Mar. 7, 1894
Feb. 1, 1905
April 4, 1906
Dec. 12, 1906

Dec. 9, 1891
Mar. 7, 1906
July 31, i9°7
April 4, 1906
Dec. 9, 1908
Mar. 7, 1906
April 7, 1869
Feb. 7, i9°9
June 1, 1892
Mar. 2. 1892

April 2, 1890
July 25, 1894
Feb. 7. 1906
Feb. 1, 1905
June 28, 1905
Feb. 1, 1905

July 25, 1894
May 9, 1899
July 14, 1880

Nov. 7, 1883
July 7, i89g
May 2, 1906

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

IX

Date of Election Date of Election
aa Member as Governor

ESSEX, Earl of ...9 Mansfield Street, W.

Evans, Charles Lee. ..Norton Hill, Runcorn, Cheshire .
Evans, Lewis, F.S.A.— Russells, Watford .

Exeter, Marquis of— Burghley House, Stamford

Farquhar, Granville. ..24, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W.
Farrar, Sidney Howard. -.10 and 11 Park Place, St. James's, S.W.
VP Fellowes, Rt. Hon. Ailwyn E....Honingbam, Norwich .

VP FEVERSHAM, Earl of...Duncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorks.
Fife, Duke of, K.T....15 Portman Square, W.

Fitzhardinge, Lord. ..Berkeley Castle, Glos. .

HtFORREST, Robert. -St. Fagan's, Cardiff ....
Fox, J. St. V....Girsby Manor, Lincoln ....
FURNESS, Sir Christopher, M.P....Grantley Hall, Ripon

GERARD, Lord—Eastwell Park, Ashford, Kent ....
Gibson, William—112 Regent Street, W. .

T Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart.—Elsenham Hall, Elsenham, Essex
GOLDSMID, Oliver E. d'Avigdor.-.Somerhill, near Tonbridge .
Gooch, Charles Edmund— Wyvenhoe Park, Colchester
Grafton, Duke of, K.G.— Wakefield Lodge, Stony Stratford
GRAY, Harold S.—Gog Magog Hills, Oambs. ....
VPfGREENALL, Sir Gilbert, Bart— Walton Hall, Warrington
Griffiths, John James. -Highbury Grange, Highbury, N. .
Groves, James Grimble—Bank Hall, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire

Haddington, Earl of, K.T—.Tyninghame, Prestonkirk, N.B.

Hall, A. C— Great Rollright, Chipping Norton ....

HAMILTON AND Brandon, Duke of, Hamilton Palace, Hamilton, N.B.
HARDING, Colonel T. Walter. -Madingley Hall, Cambridge
Hare wood, Earl of, K.C.V.O.—Harewood House, Leeds
Hastings, Lord. -Melton Constable. Norfolk ....

Hayersham, Lord. -South Hill Park, Bracknell
fHENDERSON, Sir Alex., Bart.-.Buscot Park, Faringdon, Berks.
HENDERSON, Capt. Harold G....Kitemore, Faringdon .

t Henry SON-C aird, James A.—Cassencary, Creetown R.S.O., Kirk-
cudbright .........

Hertford, Marquis of, C.B.—Ragley Park, Alcester .
tHEYWOOD, Sir Arthur Percival, Bart.—Doveleys, Uttoxeter
tHOLFORD, Lieut.-Col. George L., C.V.O., C.I.E....Westonbirt House,

Tetbury, Glos. ........

HOOLEY, Terah F—Papworth Hall, near Cambridge .
tHoRNSBY, James— Laxton Park, Stamford ....

tHOTHFlELD, Lord— Hothfleld Place, Ashford, Kent
Howard de Walden, Lord— Seaford House, Belgrave Square, S.W.

ILCHESTER, Earl of— Melbury, Dorchester
Innes, H. McLeod— Trinity College. Cambridge .
tlRWlN, Colonel Thomas A— Lynehow, Carlisle .
tlVEAGH, Viscount, K.P.— 5 Grosvenor Place, S.W.

Nov. 7, 1888 Nov. 2, 1892

Feb. 2, 1881 May 1, 1907

— July 27, 1904

May 4, 1898 June 21, 1898

Feb. 6, 1889

Dec. 12, 1888
Mar. 5, 1862

Mar. 4, 1885
Feb. 6, 1878

April 13, 1904
Nov. 2, 1870

Feb. 3, 1892

June 6, 1894

June 6, 1883

Dec. 12, 1888
Nov. s, 1890

May 7, 1873
Aug. 2, 1882
April 7, 1875

June 6, 1878

April 4, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
May 3b i9°5
Mar. 3, 1875
Nov. 7, 1888
Feb. r, 1905
May 30, 190b
Feb. 7, 1906
Jan. 10, 1906

Jan- 10, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
June S, 1889
Mar. S, 1902
April 1, 1908
June 3, 1884
April 4, 1906
May 2, 1894
May 1, 1889
May 1, 1895

April 4, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
Aug. 1, 1905
Feb. 7, 1906
Nov. 2, 1892
Dec. 11, 1907
April 4, 1906
July 28, 1897
Mar. 7, 1906

July 31, 1895
May 7, 1884
Feb. 2, 1898

April 6, 1892
Nov. 7, 1906
May 29, 1895
May 7, 1879
Mar. 7, 1906

— April 4, 1906

— Mar. 7, 1906

May s, 1880 June 25, 1895
— June 6, 1,894

II Member of Oouucil.

dd 2

X Trustee.

VP Vice-President.

t Life Governor

viii

List of Governors of the

Cadogan, Earl, K.G.— Culford Hall, Bury St. Edmunds
CALTHORPE, Lord— Elvetham, Winchfleld
CARRINGTON, Earl, K.G— .Daws Hill, High Wycombe .

CATOR, John... Woodbastwick Hall, Norwich
TfCAWDOR, Earl... Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire .
tCAWSTON, George. ..The Manor House, Cawston, Norfolk
Chaplin, Rt. Hon. Henry, M.P. ...Stafford House, S.W.
CHETWYND, G. J. B....Wyndthorpe, near Doncaster
Christison, Robert. ..Bur well Park, Louth, Lines.
tCLARENDON, Earl of, G.C.B....The Grove, Watford
CLIFDEN, Viscount. ..Lanhydrock, Bodmin
COBHAM, Viscount- .Hagley Hall, Stourbridge
COCKBURN, N.C....Harmston Hall, Lincoln
Colebrooke, Lord. ..Stratford House, Stratford Place, W. .
Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart.— Warren Tower, Newmarket
COOPER, Sir George A., Bart. —Hursley Park, Winchester
|| COOPER, Sir Richard P., Bart.—Shenstone Court, Lichfield .

T Cornwallis, Fiennes S. W....Linton Park, Maidstone
tCOTTERELL, Sir John, Bart.—Garnons, Hereford
T fCovENTRY, Earl of ...Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Wore.
tCox, Frederick... Harefield Place, Uxbridge
Craven, Thomas.. .Kirklington Hall, Southwell, Notts.

Crewe, Earl of, K.G.... Crewe Hall. Crewe, Cheshire .

VP fCRUTCHLEY, Percy. -Sunninghill Lodge, Ascot
CURTIS, Charles C.... South Collingbam, .Newark, Notts.
CURTIS-HAYWARD, Lt.-Col. J. F.—Quedgeley House, Gloucester

Date of Election
as Member

Nov. 7, 1883

Mar. 3, 1863

May 4, 1904

June 5, 1872
July 13, 1883
Dec. 8, 1875
May 4, 1892

Feb. 4, 1891
Feb. 4, 1903
Dec. 12, 1888

May 6, 1896
April 1, 1863

May 6, 1891
Feb. 6, 1884
June 3, 1879
Feb. 4, 1887
Feb. 1, 1888

Date of Election
as Governor

Dec. 11, 1889
May 2, 1894
Mar. 7, 1906
May 1, 1907
Mar. 2, 1892
June 6, 1894
Nov. 2, 1870
May 7, 1906
Nov. 4. 1908
May 2, 1894
Mar. 7. 1906
April 4, 1906
April 4, 1906
May 2, 1906
JaD. 10, 1906
May 1, 1907
Jan. 30, 1907
July 2, 1884
Dec. 12, 1906
April 4, 1894
July 31, 1901
Dec. 6, i8ijj
Mar. 7, 1894
Feb. 1, 1905
April 4, 1906
Dec. 12, 1906

Dartmouth, Earl of...Patshull Hall, Wolverhampton —

DAVIES, David, M.P.—Plas Dinam, Llandinam, Mont. . June 1, 1904

Dean, W. M....3G Montagu Mansions, Baker Street, W.

DE la Rue, Ernest.. .Lower Hare Park, Newmarket ... —

VP fDERBY, Earl of, G.C.V.O., C.B—Knowsley, Prescot. Nov. 6,1895

DE Rothschild, Alfred C....Halton, Tring ....

DERWENT, Lord. ..Hackness Hall, Scarborough . . . —

Desborough, Lord, K.C.V.O.—Taplow Court, Maidenhead . Dec. 12, 1888

HtDE TRAFFORD, Sir H. F., Bart.. - Hill Crest, Market Harborough Aug. 1,1883
T tDEVONSHlRE, Duke of- -Chats worth, Chesterfield ... —

tDlCKSON-POYNDER, Sir J., Bart., M.P.—Hartham Park, Corsham,

Wilts. .......... Nov. 2, 1887

Digby, Lord— Minterne House, Cerne Abbas, Dorset ... —

Downshire, Marquis of—Easthampstead Park, Wokingham
DuciE, Earl of, G.C.V.O.—Tortworth Court, Falfleld, R.S.O., Glos. . May 5. 1869
Dugdale, James Broughton. ..Wroxall Abbey, Warwick . . Feb. 3, 1892

VP Dugdale, John Marshall.. . Llwyn, Llanfyllin, S.O., Mont. . Feb. 1, 1888
tDULEEP-SlNGH, Prince Frederick... Old Buckenham Hall, Attle-
borough .......... —

DUNCOMBE, Col. W. H. O— Waresley Park, Sandy, Beds. . . April 1, 1885

tDURHAM, Earl of—Lambton Castle, Durham .... —

Dec. 9, 1891
Mar. 7, 1906
July 31, 1907
April 4. 1906
Dec. 9, 1908
Mar. 7, 1906
April 7, 1869
Feb. 7, 1906
June 1,1892
Mar. 2. 1892

April 2, 1890
July 25, 1894
Feb. 7, 1906
Feb. 1, 1905
June 28, 1905
Feb. 1, 1905

July 25, 1894
May 6, 1896
July 14, 1880

TEGerton OF Tatton, Earl... Tatton Park, Knutsford . Mar. 6,1872

tELLESMERE, Earl of— Worsley Hall, Manchester ...

Elliot, Sir Charles, Bart.— Beesthorpe Hall, Newark-on-Trent

T Trustee. VP Vice-President. + Life Governor. II Member of Council

Nov. 7, 1883
July 7, 1869
May 2, 1906

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

IX

Essex, Earl of ...9 Mansfield Street, W.

Evans, Charles Lee. ..Norton Hill, Runcorn, Cheshire .
EVANS, Lewis, F.S.A.—Russells, Watford .

EXETER, Marquis of...Biirghley House, Stamford

Date of Election
as Member

Nov. 7, 1888
Feb. 2, 1881

May 4, 1898

FARQUHAR, Granville...24, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W.
Farrar, Sidney Howard-. .10 and 11 Park Place, St. James's. S.VV.
VP FELLOWES, Rt. Hon. Ailwyn E....Honingham, Norwich .

VP Feversham, Earl of...Duncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorks.
FIFE, Duke of, K.T....15 Portman Square, W.

FlTZHARDINGE, Lord...Berkeley Castle, Glos.

IlfFORREST, Robert. ..St. Fagan's, Cardiff ....
Fox, J. St. V....Girsby Manor, Lincoln ....
FURNESS, Sir Christopher, M.P....Grantley Hall, Ripon

Feb. 6, 1889

Dec. 12, 1888
Mar. s, 1862

Mar. 4, 1885
Feb. 6, 1878

Gerard, Lord...Eastwell Park, Ashford, Kent ....
GIBSON, William. ..112 Regent Street, W. .

T GlLBEY, Sir Walter, Bart....Elsenham Hall, Elsenbam, Essex
Goldsmid, Oliver E. d’Avigdor...Somerhill, near Tonbridge .
Gooch, Charles Edmund. ..Wyvenhoe Park, Colchester
GRAFTON, Duke of, K.G.... Wakefield Lodge, Stony Stratford
Gray, Harold S....Gog Magog Hills, Cambs. ....
VPfGREENALL, Sir Gilbert, Bart.. ..Walton Hall, Warrington
GRIFFITHS, John James.. .Highbury Grange, Highbury, N. .
GROVES, James Grimble—Bank Hall, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire

April 13, 1904
Nov. 2, 1870

Feb. 3, 1892

Haddington, Earl of, K.T....Tyninghame, Prestonkirk, N.B. . —

HALL, A. C.... Great Rollright, Chipping Norton . . . . June 6,1894

HAMILTON and Brandon, Duke of, Hamilton Palace, Hamilton, N.B. —

Harding, Colonel T. Walter. ..Madingley Hall, Cambridge . . —

Harewood, Earl of, K.C.V.O.— Harewood House, Leeds . . June 6,1883

Hastings, Lord. ..Melton Constable. Norfolk .... —

Haversham, Lord... South Hill Park, Bracknell . . . Dec. 12, 1888

tHENDERSON, Sir Alex., Bart....Buscot Park, Faringdon, Berks. . Nov. 5, 1890

HENDERSON, Capt. Harold G....Kitemore, Faringdon ... —

tHENRYSON-CAlRD, James A....Cassencary, Creetown R.S.O., Kirk-
cudbright ......... May 7, 1873

HERTFORD, Marquis of, C.B....Ragley Park, Alcester . . . Aug. 2, 1882

tHEYWOOD, Sir Arthur Percival, Bart.—Doveleys, Uttoxeter . April 7, 1875

tHOLFORD, Lieut.-Col. George L., C.V.O., C.I.E....Westonbirt House,

Tetbury, Glos. ........ —

HOOLEY, Terah F....Papworth Hall, near Cambridge ... —

tHORNSBY, James...Laxton Park, Stamford .... June 6,1878

tHOTHFlELD, Lord—Hothfleld Place, Ashford, Kent ... —

Howard de Walden, Lord...Seaford House, Belgrave Square, S.W. —

ILCHESTER, Earl of...Melbury, Dorchester .... —

Innes, H. McLeod. ..Trinity College. Cambridge ... —

tlRWlN, Colonel Thomas A....Lynehow, Carlisle .... May 5, 1880
tIVEAGH, Viscount, K.P....5 Grosvenor Place, S.W. ... —

Date of Election
as Governor

Nov. 2, 1892
May 1, 1907
July 27, 1904
June 21, 1898

April 4, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
May 31, 1905
Mar. 3, 1875
Nov. 7, 1888
Feb. 1, 1905
May 30, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
Jan. 10, 1906

Jan. 10, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
June s, 1*89
Mar. 5, 1902
April 1, 1908
June 3, 1884
April 4, 1906
May 2, 1894
May 1, 1889
May 1, 189s

April 4, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
Aug. 1, 1905
Feb. 7, 1906
Nov. 2, 1892
Dec. 11, 1907
April 4, 1906
July 28, 1897
Mar. 7, 1906

July 31, 1895
May 7, 1884
Feb. 2, 1898

April 6, 1892
Nov. 7, 1906
May 29, 1895
May 7, 1879
Mar. 7, 1906

April 4, 1906
Mar. 7, 1906
June 25, 1895
June 6, 4894

T Trustee.

VP Vice-President.

t Life Governor

II Member of Couucil.

X

List of Governors of the

James, John Arthur.. .Coton House, Rughy
JAMES, William D.... West Dean Park, Chichester
PfJERSEY, Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.... Middleton Park, Bicester
JOICEY, E....Blenkinsopp Hall, Haltwhistle, Northumberland
tJONES, Walter J. H.—Blakemere, Hartford, Cheshire .
fJONES, William C....Llanerch Park, Trefnant, R.S.O. .

Date ot election
as Member

June 28, 1905
Nov. 7. 1894
June 30, 1875

Apriln, 1888

Date of election
as Governor

July 31, 1907
Feb. 7, 1906
April 4, 1894
Dec. 12, 1888
May 2, 1894
May 30, 1906

IKleinwort, Herman Grevern9...Wierton Place, Boughton Mon-

chelsea, Kent ......... — June 4, 1902

5KOLHAPUR, H.H. The Maharajah of, G.C.S.I., G.C.V.O.... Kolhapur,

India .......... — Feb. 6, 1889

tKYNNERSLEY, Thomas F.... Leighton Hall, Ironbridge, Salop . Nov. 7, 1883 Nov. 4, 1891

Lamb, R. O.... Hay ton House,, How Mill, Carlisle

tLANSDOWNE, Marquis of, K.G., G.C.S.I....Bowood, Caine, Wilts.

I.ATHOM, Earl of...Lathom House, Ormskirk ....

Laycock, J. F....Wiseton, Bawtry, S.O., Torks. ....

tLECONFIELD, Lord—Petworth House, Sussex ....

— — — ( Leeds, Duke of. ..Hornby Castle, Bedale .....

Lichfield, Earl of...Shugborough, Staffs (representing National
Provincial Bank of England) ......

fLLANGATTOCK, Lord... The Hendre, Monmouth ....

Londesborough, Earl of, K.C.V.O.-.Londesborough Park, Market
Weighton .........

tLoNDONDERRY, Marquis of, K.G....Wynyard Park, Stockton-on-

Tees . . ... . ^ .

fLONG, Rt. Hon. Walter H., M.P....Rood Ashton, Trowbridge, Wilts. .

fLONSDALE, Earl of...Lowther Castle, Penrith ....

LUCAS, Lord. ..Wrest Park, Ampthill, Beds. ....

Ludlow, Lord... 27 Portland Place, W. .....

Dec. 11, 1907
Feb. 3, 1875

Nov. 2, 1887

Nov. 6, 1901

May i, 1889
Mar. 1, 1871

Aug. 4, 1880

Jan. 29, 1908
Feb. s. 1896
Nov. 4, i9°3
May 2, 1906
Mar. 6, 1901
Aug. 1, 1906

Aug. 1, 1906
May 2, 1894

Nov. 7, i9°6

June 3. 188s
Dec. 11, 1895
July 4, 1883
Mar. 7, 1906
May 30, 1906

MAClVER, Colin.. .Blaisdon Hall, near Longhope, Glos. .
tMADEN, J. H....Rockcliffe House, Bacup, Lancs.

MAIR-RUMLEY, J. G....The Hammonds, Udimore, S.O., Sussex
Malmesbury, Earl of.. .Heron Court, Christchurch, Hants. .
MANNERS, Lord.. .Avon Tyrrell, Christchurch, Hants. .

MANVERS, Earl...Thoresby Park, Ollerton, Notts.

MATTHEWS, F. B....Lartington Hall, by Darlington
Meyer, Carl-.Shortgrove, Newport, Essex ....
TMiddleton, Lord... Birdsall House, York . . . .

Midwood, G. Norris. ..Brown Street, Salford .

Mildmay, F. B., M.P.—Flete, Ivy Bridge, Devon

fMOORSOM-MlTCHINSON-MAUDE, C. R....Harewood, Leeds .
TfMORETON, Lord...Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, Oxon.
fMOREWOOD, C. R. Palmer. ..Alfreton Park, Derbyshire
tMoUNT-EDGCUMBE, Earl of, G.C.V.O...Mount-Edgcumbe, Plymouth
MUNCASTER, Lord-.Muncaster Castle, Ravenglass, Cumberland .

April 6, 1881

June 5, 1901

Dec. 12, 1888
Feb. 1, 1888

April 11, 1888

Dec. 2, 1857

April 7. 1875
Nov. 6, 1861

Feb. 7, 1906
July 29, 1908
Feb. 1, 1905
May 2, 1906
April 4, 1906
April 4, 1906
May 6, 1908
Feb. 7, 1906
Mar. 3, 1875
Mar. s, 1902
Nov. 1, 1905
July 26, 1893
Mar. 3, 187s
Feb. 7, 1894
Mar. 5, 1890
June 23, 1891

Neeld, Lt.-Col. Sir Audley D., Bart., C.B., M.V.O.—Grittleton,
Chippenham ......

NEWCASTLE, Duke of- .Clumber, Worksop
Norfolk, Duke of, K.G.— Arundel Castle, Sussex

July 31, 1901
May 2, 1906
July 29, 1891

T Trustee.

p President.

+ Lite Governor.

§ Honorary Member.

I

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Date of election
as Member

Normanton, Earl of...Somerley, Eingwood .... —

VP Northbrook, Earl of ...Stratton, Micheldever. Hants. . . June 2, 1880

VP Northumberland, Duke of, K.G.... Alnwick Castle, North-
umberland ......... May 29, 189s

tONSLOW, Earl of, G.C.M.G....Clandon Park, Guildford, Surrey

Nov. 3, 1880

PAGET, Almeric... Brandon Park, Brandon, Suffolk
tPALMER, Sir Walter, Bart.. ..50 Grosvenor Square, W. .

VPt Parker, Hon. Cecil T....Eccleston, Chester ....
tPARR, Roger Charlton. ..Grappenhall Heyes, Warrington
tPEARSON, Sir Weetman D., Bart., M.P....Paddockhurst, Worth,
Sussex ..........

Peckover, Lord. ..Bank House, Wisbech ....

PERKS, Sir R. W., Bart., M.P....11 Kensington Palace Gardens, W. .

PHILLIPS, Frederick S....Sunnyside, Holmwood, Surrey

Phillips, Lionel. ..Tilney Hall, Winchfleld, Hants.

Phillipps, W. W. G.... Berwick, Salop .....

t Platt, Col. Henry, G.B....Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan .

tPLATT, James E. ........

t Plymouth, Earl of, C.B....Hewel Grange, Bromsgrove

tPORTLAND, Duke of, K.G....Welbeck Abbey, Worksop.

tPORTMAN, Viscount... Bryanston, Blandford . . . .

Portsmouth, Earl of...Hurstbourne Park, Whitchurch, Hants.
tPowis, Earl of ...Powis Castle, Welshpool . . . . .

PRIOR, Charles Lawrance—Grimblethorpe Hall, Lincoln

April 7, 1876
May 7. 1902

Nov. 6, 1895
May 7, 1894

Mar. s, 1862
June 30, 1886

Aug. 6, 1862
April 6, 1887

tQuiLTER, Sir W. Cuthbert, Bart.—Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge,
Suffolk ..........

Mar. 3, 1886

Radnor, Earl of.. .Longford Castle, Salisbury .... —

tRAMSDEN, Lt.-Col. W. J. F....Rogerthorpe Manor, Pontefract . May 2, 1883

fREDESDALE, Lord, G.C.V.O., K.C.B.—Batsford Park, Moreton-in-

Marsh, Glos. ......... —

REISS, James E....36 Cadogan Square, S.W. .... Feb. 7, 1883

Rhodes, Fairfax. ..Brockhampton Park, Andoversford, S.O., Glos. —

1 Richmond and Gordon, Duke of, K.G....Goodwood. Chichester . —

[If Ridley, Viscount—Blagdon, Cramlington .... —

Ripon", Marquis of, K.G.—Studley Royal, Ripon. ... —

fRosEBERY, Earl of, K.G....38 Berkeley Square, W. —

ROTHSCHILD, Lord, G.C.V.O.— 148 Piccadilly, W. Nov. 7, 1888

Rothschild, Leopold de...Ascott, Wing, Leighton Buzzard . . —

Rothschild, Hon. N. Charles. ..Ashton Wold, Oundle. . . —

Rothschild, Hon. Walter.. .Tring Park, Tring .... —

Rutland, Duke of...Belvoir Castle, Grantham ..... Dec. 12, 1888

Salisbury, Marquis of, C.B.... Hatfield House, Herts. .

Salomons, Leopold. ..Norbury Park, Dorking . . . .

SANDERSON, W. J....East Field Hall, Warkworth
SAVILE, Lord, K.C.V.O....Rufford Abbey, Ollerton, Notts.
tSCHRCEDER. Baron Sir J. H. W. Von, Bart., C.V.O....The Dell, Staines
Shaftesbury, Earl of, K.C.V.O.—St. Giles’ House, Salisbury

Nov. 7, 1888

May 4, 1898
Nov. 3, 1869
May 6, 1903

xi

Date of election
as Governor

April 4, 1906
Feb. 1, 1905

Feb. 27, 1907

May 27, 1903

July 29, 1908
Feb. 1, 1899
May 25, 1898
July 30. 1902

Aug. 1, i9°S
Feb. 7, 1906
Mar. 7, 1906
Mar. 7, i9°6
June 28, 1905
June 5, 1907
Feb. 3. 1897
May 1, 1895
Nov. 6, 1878
June 2, 1880
Mar. 5. 1890
Dec. 9, 1891
June 23, 1891
July 31. 1907

April 7, 1897

April 9, 1902
June 25, 1895

Nov. 3, 1886
May 2, 1894
Jan. 29, 1908
April 13, 1904
June 5, 1901
July 3, 1861
June 6, 1894
June 4, 1890
Mar. 1, 1893
Jan. io, 1906
Jan. 10, 1906
July 31. 1907

May 2, 1906
May 6, 1896
Dec. 11, 1907
Jan. 30, 1907
April 2, 1890
May 1, 1907

VP Vice-President.

t Life Governor.

II Member of Council.

List of Governors.

xii

SHEFFIELD, Sir Berkeley D. G., Bart., M.P....Normatiby Park,

Doncaster .........

•Simonds, W. Barrow. ..Abbotts Barton, Winchester
tSLATER, Sam-.Woolhanger Manor, Parracombe, R.S.O., N. Devon .
Smith, Eustace Abel—Longhills, Lincoln . . . . .

SMITH, G. Murray. ..Gumley Hall, Market Harborough
fSMITH.Hon. W. F. D., M.P....3 Grosvenor Place, S.W. .

SPENCER, Earl, K.G....Althorp Park, Northampton

lltSTANYFORTH, E. Wilfrid. ..Kirk Hammerton Hall, York
fSTERN, Sir Edward D... .Fan Court, Chertsey . . . •

Stradbroke, Earl of, C.V.O., C.B....Henham, Wangford

tSTRAKER, Herbert... Hartforth Grange, Richmond. Yorks. .
Strauss, E. a., M.P.... Kingston House, Abingdon

SUFFOLK, Earl of. ..Charlton Park, Malmesbury ....

Sutherland, Duke of, K.G.... Stafford House, St. James's, S.W.

fSUTTON, Martin J.... Holme Park, Sonning, Berks.

tSWINBURNE, Sir John, Bart.—Capheaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne
SwiTHlNBANK, Harold. ..Denham Court, Denham, Bucks.

tTARLETON, Lieut. Alfred H., M.V.O., R.N....Breakspears, Uxbridge
tTHOMPSON, Henry Yates.. .19 Portman Square, W. " .
TfTHOROLD, Sir John H., Bart.—Syston Park, Grantham
TOLLEMACHE, Lord—Peckforton Castle, Tarporley
Townley, Rev. Charles F....Fulbourn Manor, Cambridge .
TREDEGAR, Viscount... Tredegar Park, Newport, Mon.

(TRENCH, Col. The Hon. Wm. Le Poer...3 Hyde Park Gardens, W.
Turbervill, Col. J. P....Ewenny Priory, Bridgend
fTWEEDMOUTH, Lord, K.T....Guisachan, Beauly, N.B. .

UPTON, John H....Cokethorpe, Witney, Oxon.

VAN de Weyer, Col. V. W. B....New Lodge, Windsor Forest
(VIVIAN, H. H....Tregavethan, near Truro ....

WALTER, Col. Arthur F.... Bearwood, Wokingham
WARD, Hon. John Hubert, M.V.O.... Chilton Lodge, Hungerford
(Warren, Reginald A.— Preston Place, East Preston, Worthing
WATSON, Rev. Wentworth. ..Rockingham Castle, Uppingham
WERNHER, Sir Julius, Bart... .82 Piccadilly, W. .
Westminster, Duke of, G.C.V.O.... Eaton Hall, Chester
(Wharncliffe, Earl of... Wortley Hall, Sheffield
Whitbread, Sam... Southill, Biggleswade. Beds.

(Whitehead, Sir Charles.. .Banning House, Maidstone
Williams, Joseph G....Pendley Manor, Tring .

(Wilson, Darcy Bruce. ..Seacroft Hall, near Leeds
WILSON, H. Ri mi ngton...Bly borough Hall, Kirton-in-Lindsey
(WINTERTON, Earl, M.P....Shillinglee Park, Petworth .
WOLVERTON, Lord. ..26, St. James’s Place, S.W. .

Wynn, Hon. F. G....Glynllivon Park, Carnarvon
WYTHES, Ernest J.... Copped Hall, Epping, Essex

VP YARBOROUGH, Earl of...Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire
(YERBURGH, Robert A.. ..Woodfold Park, Blackburn .

(ZETLAND, Marquis of, K.T....Aske Hall, Richmond, Yorks. .

Date ol election
as Member

Feb. 7, 1900
June 19, 1839

June s, 1889
Dec. 12, 1888

Dec. 5, i860
Feb. 6, 1884
May 1, 1889
Feb. 3, 1886
Feb. 2, 1887

Mar. 1, 1882
May 1, 1878
May 1, 1867
Feb. 4, 1885

Aug. 5, 1868

Mar. 7, 1894

Dec. 12, 1888
Mar. 5, 1884

Aug. 1, 1888
Nov. i, 1876

June 3, 1857

June 3, 1879
April 1, 1857

June 3, 1891
June 5, 1907

Mar. 4, 1891
April 12, 1893

Aug. 4, 1880

Feb. 4, 1874

Date of election
as Governor

Feb. i, 1905
Mar. 5, 1890
Feb. 7, 1906
April 4, 1906
April 4, 1906
Dec. 9, 1891
Mar. 3, 187s
July 31, 1895
Dec. 9, 1908
May 2, 1906
July 29, 1908
Mar. 7, 1906
May 2, 1906
Dec. 7, 1892
Feb. 1, 1882
May 7, 1890
Mar. 7, 1906

July 29, 1903
Nov. 7, 1894
May 1, 1889
Mar. 7, 1906
Feb. 7, 1906
May 3, 1876
May 1, 1901
July 27, 1892
July 31, 1889

Apr. 4, 1906

Jan. 10, 1906
May 1, 1907

Mar. 6, 1895
Nov. 4, 1908
June 6, 1894
May 4, 1904
April 13, 1904
May 30, 1900
May ^1906
Mar. 7, 1906
Feb. 6, 1889
Jan. 10, 1906
Feb. 1, 1905
July 31, 1907
Jan. 29, 1908
May 2, 1906
Nov. 4, 1903
July 29, 1903

April 4, 1906
Nov. 7, 1888

May 2, 1894

T Trustee. VP Vice-President. * Elected a Foundation Life Governor, March 5, 181)0.

+ Life Governor. II Member of Council.

List of Honorary Members of the Society.

xiii

HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

(“ British Subjects or Foreigners who hare rendered exceptional services to Agriculture or
Allied Sciences,” and who have been elected under Jig-law 10 as Honorary Members,
without payment of subscription .)

Date ot election

Arisugawa, H.I.H. Prince— Tokio, Japan . . .

ARNIM, Berndt von...Criewen, Brandenburg, Germany .....

Bang, Dr. B.... Professor at the Royal Veterinary College, Copenhagen.

Cartuyvels-VAN-DER-Linden, Jules, M.A....215 Rue de la Loi, Brussels

Chauveau, Prof. Auguste, M.D., LL.D....10 Avenue Jules Janin, Passy, Paris.

CLARKE. Sir Ernest, M.A., F.S.A.... 31 Tavistock Square, London, W.C. .

De VOGUE, Marquis. ..2 Rue Fabert, Paris (Ordinary Member, June i, 1802) .

Elliott, Sir Thomas H., K.C.B... Secretary, Board of Agriculture, 4 Whitehall Place

ETZDORF, Landrath von... Elbing, West Prussia ......

Ewart, Prof. James Cossar, M.D., F.R.S. ...Regius Professor of Natural History at
the University of Edinburgh. ........

FLEISCHMANN, Prof. Wm... .Director of the Agricultural Institute of the Royal
University of Kdnigsberg .........

Kolhapur, H.H.The Maharajah of, G.C.S.I., G.C.V.O.... Kolhapur (Governor, Feb. 6,
1889)

LE Cocq, Senor Alfredo Carlos... Director of the Department of Agriculture, Lisbon

LlVEING, Prof. G. D., M.A., F.R.S.— The University, Cambridge ....

LOVINK, Herr Hermanus Johannus— Director-General of Agriculture, The Hague,
Holland ............

Macdonald, James, F.R.S.E.— Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society
of Scotland, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh ......

MCFADYEAN, Prof. Sir John, M.B., B.Sc., C.M.... Royal Veterinary College, Camden
Town, N.W. (Ordinary Member, Feb. 1, 1893) ......

Nobbe, Dr. J. C. F... -Director of the Experimental Station, Tharand, Saxony

PASSY, Louis— 45 Rue de Olichy, Paris ........

PLUNKETT, The Rt. Hon. Sir Horace Curzon. K.C.V.O., F.R.S.. ..Vice-President of the
Irish Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, Dublin

Proskowetz, Emanuel Ritter von, sen— Kwassitz, Moravia ....

RAMOS-MEXIA, Senor Don Ezequiel ...Sociedad Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires .

REID, His Excellency the Hon. Whitelaw— Dorchester House, Park Lane, W.

SALMON, Dr. D. E.— Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington ........

SAUNDERS, Dr. William. C.M.G., F.R.S.E.. F.L.S.— Director of Experimental Farms,
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada ......

SCHERBATOFF, Prince Alexander— President of the Imperial Agricultural Society
of Moscow, Russia ..........

Siemoni, Dr. Giovanni Carlo— Director-General of the Department of Agriculture,
Rome . ...

Thiel, Dr. H.... Privy Councillor, and Director of the Department of Agriculture,
17 Lutherstrasse, Berlin .........

TlSSERAND, Eugene. ..Ancien Directeur de l'Agriculture, 17 Rue du Cirque, Paris .

VASSILLIERE, Leon. .-Director of Agriculture at the Ministry of Agriculture, Paris

June

29.

1905

June

21,

1899

July

3L

1901

Dec.

11,

1895

Dec.

6,

1893

Dec.

6,

1905

June

21,

1899

June

23.

1903

May

30,

1900

May

1,

1901

Dec.

12,

1894

July

7.

1902

June

23.

1903

Mar.

7,

1894

April 13,

1904

June

23.

1903

May

1,

1901

May

6,

I896

June

23,

1891

June

23.

1903

Nov.

5,

I89O

July

30,

1902

June

29, 1905

July

31,

1901

Feb.

26,

1908

Nov.

3,

1897

June

23.

1903

Aug.

1,

1883

Aug.

I,

1883

June

23.

1903

SUMMARY OF MEMBERS ON REGISTER, December 31, 1908.

1 Foundation Life Governor (Member elected before the granting of the Charter on
March 26, 1840).

178 Governors paying an annual subscription of 51.

88 Life Governors who have compounded for their annual subscriptions.

6,442 Members paying an annual subscription of 1 1.

3,019 Life Members who have compounded for their annual subscriptions.

30 Honorary Members.

9,758 Total number of Governors and Members at December 31, 1908.

XIV

|bnal Agricultural Sucictn af (SnghmiX

LIFE GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS PAYING AN
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION TO THE SOCIETY’S
FUNDS.

£

s.

<?.

£

8.

d.

Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart. .

25

0

0

Mr. J. W. Kenvon .

1

i

0

Mr. 0. O. Openshaw

1

i

0

Earl Cawdor ....

10

0

0

Mr. Ralph Palmer .

Mr. W. Fillingham Parr

1

i

0

Lord Lecon field

10

0

0

1

i

0

Mr. E. E. Pearson .

1

i

0

Mr. K. A. Warren .

5

5

0

Mr. W. A. Prout

1

i

0

Mr. J. R. Rawlence.

1

1

0

Earl of Mount-Edgcumbe .

5

0

0

Mr. R. J. Sankey .
Mr. Michael Stocks

1

1

i

i

0

0

Mr. A. H. Leslie-Melville
Lord Moreton ....

3

3

3

3

0

0

Mr. Walter C. Stunt
Mr. Garrett Taylor
Mr. T. L. Walker .

1

1

1

i

i

i

0

0

0

Mr. A. E. W. Darby

Mr. Conrad A. Wallrotli

1

i

0

2

2

0

Mr. Thomas E. Yorke .

1

i

0

Lord Magheramorne .

2

2

0

Mr. Ernest Matbews

Sir Charles Morrison-Bell, Bart.

Lord Northbourne ....

2

2

2

2

2

2

0

0

0

Mr. Lawrence Abram .
Mr. Joseph Asbforth
Mr. Robert H. Ashton .

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mr. K. u. utter

2

0

Col. C. T. Caldecott

1

0

0

Mr. W. H. Cooke .

Mr. W. T. Coles

1

0

0

2

0

0

Mr. J. F. K. Cross .

1

0

0

Mr. Percy Crutchley .

2

0

0

Mr. Wm. Marshall Dugdale.

1

0

0

Lt.-Col. F. W. Lambton.

2

0

0

Mr. Bernard Dver .

1

0

0

Mr. Charles Lethbridge

2

0

0

Mr. Charles A. Ferard .

1

0

0

Sir J. F. Botton, K.C.

2

0

0

Mr. T. F. Filgate .

1

0

0

Mr. S. G. Stopford Sackville

2

0

0

Sir Wm. Foster, Bart. .

1

0

0

LordWenlock.

2

0

0

Mr. William Garnett

1

0

0

Hon. Percy Wyndham .

2

0

0

Mr. J. Francis Gaskell .

1

0

0

Mr. J. J. Harle .

1

0

0

Mr. Richard Bayly

1

1

0

Mr. W. Hollins

1

0

0

Mr. Thomas Brigg .

1

1

0

Mr. W. W. Jeudwine

1

0

0

Mr. G. J. M. Burnett

1

1

0

Capt. Hon. F. Johnstone

1

0

0

Capt. H. A. Cartwright

1

1

0

Mr. J. W. Kimber .

1

0

0

Mr. G. E. Champion

1

1

0

Mr. Gervase Markham .

1

0

0

Rear-Admiral W. R. Clutterbuek

1

1

0

Mr. Henry Mellish .

1

0

0

Col. R. B. Colvin .

1

1

0

Captain Devereux H. Mvtton

1

0

0

Mr. J. L. Cross ....

1

1

0

Hon. A. E. Parker .

1

0

0

Mr. William G. Crum .

1

1

0

Mr. Edmund Potter

1

0

0

Mr. T. A Dickson .

1

1

0

Lieut.-Col. W. J. F. Ramsden

1

0

0

Mr. Edwin H. Everett .

1

L

u

Mr. Frederick Reynard

1

0

0

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher .

1

1

0

Mr. Alfred Smetham .

1

0

0

Mr. T. Musgrave Francis

1

1

0

Mr. T. Carrington Smith

1

0

0

Sir William Grantham .

1

1

0

Mr. Richard H. Tidswell

1

0

0

Sir E. S. Hardinge, Bart.

1

1

0

Mr. Arthur P. Turner .

1

0

0

Viscount Hill ....

1

1

0

Earl of Westmorland .

1

0

0

Mr. John Howard Howard .

Mr. E. W. Hussey .

1

1

0

£154 16

0

Mr. W. F. Ingram .

1

1

0

XV

Table showing the Number of GOVERNORS and MEMBERS

IN EACH YEAR FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOCIETY.

Year

Governors

Members

ending

President of the Year

Life

Life

Annual

Honor-

Total.

Show of

ary

1839

3rd Earl Spencer ....

—

—

— •

—

—

1,100

1840

5th Duke of Richmond .

86

189

146

2,434

5

2,860

1841

Mr. Philip Pusey ....

91

219

231

4,047

7

4,595

1842

Mr. Henry Handley

101

211

328

5,194

15

5,849

1843

4th Earl of Hardwicke .

94

209

429

6,155

15

6,902

1844

3rd Earl Spencer ....

95

214

442

6,161

15

6,927

1845

5th Duke of Richmond .

94

198

527

5,899

15

6,733

1840

1st Viscount Portman .

92

201

554

6,105

19

6,971

1847

6th Earl of Egrnont

91

195

607

5,478

20

6,391

1848

2nd Earl of Yarborough.

93

186

648

5,387

21

6,335

1849

3rd Earl of Chichester .

89

178

582

4,643

20

5,512

1850

4th Marquis of Downshire .

90

169

627

4,356

19

5,261

1851

5th Duke of Richmond .

91

162

674

4,175

19

5,121

1852

2nd Earl of Ducie ....

93

156

711

4,002

19

4,981

1853

2nd Lord Ashburton

90

147

739

3,928

19

4,923

1854

Mr. Philip Pusey ....

88

146

771

4,152

20

5,177

1855

Mr. William Miles, M.P.

89

141

795

3,838

19

4,882

1856

1st Viscount Portman .

85

139

839

3,896

20

4,979

1857

Viscount Ossington ....

83

137

896

3,933

19

5,068

1858

6th Lord Berners ....

81

133

904

4,010

18

5,146

1859

7th Duke of Marlborough

78

130

927

4,008

18

5,161

1860

5th Lord Walsingham .

72

119

927

4,047

18

5,183

1861

4th Earl of Powis ....

84

90

1,113

3,328

18

4,633

1862

( H.R.H. The Prince Consort . 1

1 1st Viscount Portman . . j

83

97

1,151

3,475

17

4,823

1863

Viscount Eversley ....

80

88

1,263

3,735

17

5,183

1864

2nd Lord Feversham

78

45

1,343

4,013

17

5,496

1865

Sir E. C. Kerrison, Bart., M.P.

79

81

1,386

4,190

16

5,752

1866

1st Lord Tredegar ....

79

84

1,395

4,049

15

5,622

1867

Mr. H. S. Thompson

77

82

1,388

3,903

15

5,465

1868

6th Duke of Richmond .

75

74

1,409

3,888

15

5,461

1869

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.

75

73

1,417

3,864

17

5,446

1870

7th Duke of Devonshire.

74

74

1,511

3,764

15

5,438

1871

6th Lord Vernon ....

72

74

1,589

3,896

17

5,648

1872

Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart., M.P.

71

73

1,655

3,953

14

5,766

1873

Earl Cathcart

74

62

1,832

3,936

12

6,916

1874

Mr. Edward Holland

76

58

1,944

3,756

12

5,846

1875

Viscount Bridport ....

79

79

2,058

3,918

11

6,145

1876

2nd Lord Chesham ....

83

78

2,164

4,013

11

6,349

1877

Lord Skelmersdale ....

81

76

2,239

4,073

17

6,486

1878

Col. Kingscote, C.B., M.P.

81

72

2,328

4,130

26

6,637

1879

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.

81

72

2,453

4,700

26

7,332

1880

9th Duke of Bedford

83

70

2,673

5,083

20

7,929

1881

Mr. William Wells ....

85

69

2,765

5,041

19

7,979

1882

Mr. John Dent Dent

82

71

2,849

5,059

19

8,080

1883

6th Duke of Richmond and Gordon

78

71

2,979

4,952

19

8,099

1884

Sir Brandreth Gibbs

72

72

3,203

5,408

21

8,776

1885

Sir M. Lopes, Bart., M.P.

71

69

3,356

5,619

20

9,135

1886

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.

70

61

3,414

5,569

20

9,13,*

1887

Lord Egerton of Tatton

71

64

3,440

5,387

20

8,982

1888

Sir M. W. Ridley, Bart., M.P.

66

56

3,521

5,225

16

8,884

1889

Her Majesty Queen Victoria

73

58

3,567

7,153

15

10,866

1890

Lord Moreton

122

58

3,846

6,941

17

10,984

1891

2nd Earl of Ravensworth

117

60

3,811

6,921

19

10,928

1892

Earl of Feversham ....

111

69

3,784

7,066

20

11,050

1893

1st Duke of Westminster, K.G.

107

74

3,786

7,138

21

11,126

1894

8th Duke of Devonshire, K.G.

113

■73

3,798

7,212

22

11,218

1895

Sir J. H. Thorold, Bart.

120

80

3,747

7,179

23

11,149

1896

Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart.

126

83

3,695

7,253

23

11,180

1897

H.R.H. The Duke of York, K.G. .

126

83

3,705

7,285

24

11,223

1898

Earl Spencer, K.G

121

79

3,687

7,182

25

11,094

1899

Earl of Coventry ....

116

75

3,656

7,009

23

10,879

1900

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.

111

71

3,628

6,832

24

10,666

1901

Earl Cawdor

102

70

3,564

6,338

27

10,033

1902

H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G.

100

69

3,500

5,955

26

9,650

1903

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.

99

62

3,439

5,771

27

9,398

1904

16th Earl of Derby, K.G.

96

68

3,375

5,906

32

9,477

1905

Lord Middleton ....

95

72

3,270

5,808

31

9,276

1906

Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis.

94

155

3,132

6,189

30

9,600

1907

Earl of Yarborough

91

174

3,076

6,299

29

9,669

1908

Duke of Devonshire

89

178

3,019

6,442

30

9,758

XVI

STATEMENT made to the Council by the Chairman
of the Finance Committee, on presenting the
Accounts .for the year 1908.

Mr. Adeane explained briefly the accounts for the year 1908. With regard
to the Ordinary Income and Expenditure Account, taking the side of expendi-
ture first, it would be found that, allowing for the credit balances, the expen-
diture was practically the same in 1907 as in 1908. For the year 1907 the total
expenditure was 7,867/., and for last year (1908) 7,879/. — only a difference of 12/.
It would be observed that there was a considerable saving- under the head of
administration, amounting to 660/. That had been made up largely under the
following heads There had -keen a saving of interest on the Harewood House
debenture stock, which in the previous year had amounted to 222/. They had
paid off the loan used for the purchase of 16 Bedford Square, representing
a further saving of 1 16/., as compared with last year, and they had not had
any expenditure with regard to the Council Chamber, which in the year 1907
cost 364/. On the other hand, there had been an increase of 109/. for printing
and binding the Text Book, and there had also been last year an increase of
500/. in the contribution to the Show Account from the Governors’ and
Members’ subscriptions.

The income for the year was practically the same as in 1907, with the
exception of an additional 144/., which was due to an enlarged membership.
The total income for the year was 8,442/., and the total expenditure 7,879/.,
giving a credit balance of 563/.

With regard to the balance-sheet, it would be seen that the Society's capital
at the end of 1907 stood at 22,267/. The total addition to capital during the
year 190S, after writing off 472/. for depreciations, had amounted to 14,325/.,
which gave a total capital at the end of 1908 of 43,592/. The Reserve Fund at
the end of 1907 stood at 22,000/. Since then the Council had invested 14,028/.,
and that, with other sums received since, and in addition to the 700/. they were
asking the Council to invest that day, would bring their total reserve up to
37,700/. He thought they might congratulate themselves upon the fact that
this was the largest invested fund the Society had ever possessed. (Hear, hear.)

FORECAST OF ORDINARY RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR 1909.

(Other than in respect of the Show.)

Prepared by direction of the Finance Committee on the basis of the Recommend-

ations of September 21, 1905, made by the Special Committee.

Actual

Figures

for 1908. Receipts.

E 4>

7,487 From Subscriptions for 1909 of Governors and Members 7,480

148 From Interest on Daily Balances 100

554 From Interest on Investments 950

•253 From Sales of Text Book, Pamphlets, &c. (This does not include the sales

of Journals, which are deductedfrom the cost of production) . . . 250

8,442 8,780

Expenditure.

£ £

1,514 Salary of Secretary and Official Staff . 1,586

40 Pension to Official pensioned in 1888 .40

757 Rent, Lighting, Cleaning, Wages, &c. (say) . 700

414 Printing and Stationery 400

200 Postage, Telegrams, Carriage, &c 200

416 Miscellaneous 300

600 Journal 650

615 Chemical Department - 600

250 Botanical Department 250

200 Zoological Department 200

202 Veterinary Department 200

171 Examinations for National Diploma (R.A.S.E. Share) 200

5,379

5,326

XVII

& £j

5,379 Brought forward 5,326

Exceptional Expenditure. £

Donation to Secretary 100

Additional Shelving for Library Books 50

Expenses of preparing Catalogue for Library, and Binding Books . 100

— 250

Reprint of 5,000 copies of Text Book 250

2,500 Contribution from Governors’ and Members' Subscriptions to the

expenses of the Annual Show 2,500

7,879 Total Estimated Expenditure 8,326

Estimated Receipts 8,780

Estimated Expenditure 8,326

Estimated Receipts over Expenditure 454

Taking- the estimates for the coming year, the Finance Committee estimate
that from subscriptions of Governors and Members they will receive 7,480/.,
from interest on Daily Balances 100/., from interest on Investments 950/., from
the sales of Text Books, Pamphlets, &c., 250/., making their total estimated
receipts 8,780/. On the side of expenditure, under salaries of Secretary and
Official Staff, there was an increase. He would like to point out with regard
to this increase that four years ago the salaries of the staff were considerably
reduced. It was generally considered that it was hard on them at the time,
and they had had since then a greater amount of work put upon them than
previously. Pension to Official, 40/. ; Rent, Lighting, Cleaning, Wages, Ac., 700/. ;
Printing and Stationery, 400/. ; Postage and Telegrams. 200/. ; Miscellaneous,
300/. ; Journal, 650/.-— an increase of 50/. recommended by tne Special Committee ;
Chemical Department, 600/. ; Botanical Department, 250/. ; Zoological Depart-
ment, 200/. ; Veterinary Department, 200/. ; Examinations for National Diploma,
200/. Then, with regard to the exceptional expenditure, there was 100/.
donation to their Secretary, Mr. McRow. He was quite sure the Council would
support the Finance Committee in that recommendation. They had had good
fortune during the last three years, but their present position to a great extent
was not only due to fortune, but to hard work. No one had worked harder
than Mr. McRow, and they owed him a great debt for the work he had done,
and also for the courtesy and tact he had always shown to all Members of the
Society. To return to the estimate— for additional shelving for library books
50/. was required, for cataloguing and binding books 100/., and re-publication
of Text Book 250/. Dr. Fream’s book sold practically as fast as they could
print it, and the Journal Committee recommended that a further 5,000 copies
should be prepared. He might say, with regard to that expenditure, that not
only would it come back to the Society, but there would be a considerable
profit. The contribution to the Show Account of 2,500/. would make a total
estimated expenditure for the year of 8,326/., as against estimated receipts
8,780/., giving an estimated balance of receipts over expenditure amounting to
454/.

In conclusion, Mr. Adeane said that they were getting through their period
of stringency, and on the part of some there was a desire for expansion. He
only hoped they would not go in for expansion too quickly, and that their ’
memories would not be too short, because it was only five years ago that the
Society assembled together to consider whether their financial position would
permit of the Royal Show being held in the ensuing year (1905). He thought
they ought to secure the Society against ever being placed in such a position
again. He hoped that if they kept all branches of the Society at a high level,
and proper state of efficiency, Members would second them in their endeavour
to build up a strong reserve fund for the Society. (Hear, hear.) He believed
that that was the only way to place themselves outside any possible anxiety
for the future.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

Balance-sheet,

xvm

Dr.

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1907.

£

1.197

65

1.932

3,194

7.045

5,473

5.727

5.056

2,000

579

23

3.431

431

29,765

498

29,267

£32.461

To SUNDRY CREDITORS—

Sundry Creditors and outstanding .
Subscriptions received in 1908 in advance .
Show Receipts received in 1908 and belonging to
1909

To CAPITAL—

As at December 31, 1907

£ t. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.

1,487 15 4
87 2 0

575 6 9

2,150 4 1

29,267 1 8

Balance from show Fund—

Profit on Show at Newcastle-on-Tyne . . 10,053 18 8

Contribution from Ordinary Income . . 2.500 0 0

12,553 18 8

Life Compositions received in 1908 .... 614 0 0

Donations towards the Society’s Funds (includ-
ing half of a Legacy of 2,0001.) 1,066 0 0

Credit Balance on Ordinary Income and Expen-
diture Account ... . . 563 11 11

44,064 12 3

DEPRECIATIONS written off, viz.:—

Fixtures

Furniture

Machinery

Show Plant

Buildings at Woburn

36 0 4
196 2 3
11 1 11
178 18 1
50 0 0

472 2 7

43,592 9 8

[Note. — For investments other than those shown in
this Balance-sheet see Statement of Funds held
in Trust, Ax., page xxii.]

£45.742 13 9 "

THOMAS McROW, Secretary.

W ELTON, JONES & CO.. Accountants.

SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
December 31, 1908.

xix

Cr.

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1907.

£

14,000
7.795

21,795

2,900

480

1,970

1,500

115

1,789

600

479

833

£32.461

& 1. d. £ s. d.

By Reserve Fund 25,922/. 7s. 9d. Consols, at cost

(average cost 85) 22,000 0 0

Balance at Bank to be invested .... 14,028 18 0

36,028 18 0

^3y LEASE OF 16 BEDFORD SQUARE . . . 2,900 0 0

Less Amount written off 100 0 0

2,800 0 0

By FIXTURES—

Value at December 31, 1907 480 4 10

Less Depreciation at 7i per cent 36 0 4

444 4 6

By FURNITURE—

Value at December 31, 1907 1,970 2 8

Less Sales 9 0 0

1,961 2 8

Less Depreciation at 10 per cent 196 2 3

1,765 0 6

By PICTURES (500/.) and BOOKS (1,000/.) . . . 1,500 0 0

By MACHINERY—

Value at December 31, 1907 115 3 2

Less Sales 440

110 19 2

Less Depreciation at 10 per cent 11 1 11

99 17 3

By SHOW PLANT—

Value at December 31, 1907 1,789 1 0

Less Depreciation at 10 per cent 178 18 1

1,610 2 11

Added during 1908 20 12 2

1,630 15 1

By BUILDINGS FOR POT EXPERIMENTS AT
WOBURN—

As per Account at December 31, 1907 . . . 600 0 0

Less Depreciation 50 0 0

550 0 0

By SUNDRY DEBTORS • 603 9 8

By CASH AT BANKERS AND IN HAND—

Ordinary Account 244 17 3

In Hand 75 11 7

320 8 10

£45,742 13 9

Examined, audited, and found correct, tbis 18th day of February, 1909.

NE^mIll" P^SQIIAREY, } Auditors on behalf of the Society.

XX STATEMENT OF ORDINARY INCOME

The Expenditure in this account includes not only cash payments.

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1907.

§*icome.

£

799

no

6,007

167

75

204

7,362

546

134

76
161

19

936

Annual Subscriptions:—

Governors : Subscriptions for 1908 .

Members : Received in 1907, but belonging to 1908
Subscriptions for 1908 ....

Subscriptions for 1908 (additional) .
Subscriptions for previous years .

Life Governors and Members:—

Annual Contributions

Miscellaneous :—

Interest on Daily Balances
Income on Investments
Sales of Pamphlets, Diagrams, &c.

Sales of Text Book

Letting of Council and Committee Rooms
Miscellaneous

Rent of 12 Hanover Square
Less Rent paid

£ s. d.
873 0 0
65 2 0
6,126 17 0
151 19 0
62 1 0,

208 9 0

£ s. d.

7,487 8 0

954 13 5

£8,298

£8,442 1 5

THOMAS McROW, Secretary.
WELTON, JONES & CO., Accountants.

AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR 1908.

but all liabilities in connection with the year’s transactions.

XXI

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1907.

£
i,5'4
40
1 1 2
974
147
222
S
35 1
160
59

66

116

3.766

450

185

145

90

870

89

214

3°3

567

32

671

613

250

200

200

652

16 1
19
28
21

II

68

308

89

219

96

123

14

40

77

3°

47

2,000

431

£8,298

gteperttoture.

General Administration :-

Salaries o£ Official Staff

Pensions to Officials

Professional Charges: — Auditors’ Fees, Ac.

Rent, Rates, Taxes, Insurance, and House Expenses

£ s. d.
1,514 0 0
40 0 0
58 16 0
757 5 9

Journal of the Society, Vol.
Printing, Binding, &c.

Postage, Packing, and Delivery .
Editing, Literary Contributions, Ac.
Illustrations

69

547

185

150

50

Less Sales (Vol. 68 and earlier)
Advertisements (Vol. 69)

Elements of Agriculture:—
Printing and Binding Text Book
Pamphlets :—

Report on Plans of Farm Buildings
Printing further pamphlets .
Printing Diagrams ....

Laboratory:—

Salaries, Wages, Ac

Other Scientific Departments:—

Consulting Botanist’s Salary and Expenses

Zoologist’s Salary

Grant to Royal Veterinary College .
Medals for Proficiency in Cattle Pathology
Grant to Tuberculosis (Animals) Committee

200

2

Less Entry Fees received and Sales of Examination Papers

350 5
99 13

250 11 10

Less Highland and Agricultural Society’s Moiety . 125 5 11

Examination for National Diploma in Dairying:—

Milk, Cream, and Appliances for Examination . . . 14 19 9

Fees to Examiners 40 3 5

Maintenance and Travelling Expenses 14 18 10

Printing and Postage 739

77 5 9

Less Entry Fees and Sales of Examination Papers, Ac. . 31 18 8

Contribution to Show Fund

CREDIT BALANCE CARRIED TO BALANCE-SHEET .

£ 8. d.

Binding and Purchase of Books 7 19 3

Printing and Stationery 414 1 3

Postage and Telegrams 199 11 10

Carriage of Parcels and Travelling Expenses (including

annual visit to Woburn) 70 3 3

Advertising and Miscellaneous Office Expenses . . . 44 19 4

3,106 16 8

932 8 4

£ s. d.

82 8 4

250 0 0 332 8 4

49 2 6
30 15 6
19 8 6

250 0 0
200 0 0

0 0
5 6

25 0 0

600 0 0
109 12 9

99 6 6
614 15 1

677 5 6

Examination for National Diploma in Agriculture:—

Honoraria and Expenses of Examiners 172 13 3

Travelling Expenses of Officials 41 2 8

Hotel Expenses of Examiners and Officials . . 26 16 3

Printing, Stationery, and Advertising, Ac 44 16 4

Writing Diplomas 15 7 0

Salary for Assistance 49 10 0

125 5 11

45 7 1
2,500 0 0

563 11 11

£8.442 1 5

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 18th day of February, 1909.

NEWELL 'pWSQUAREY } AudUors 0,1 behalf cf the Societu.

|icnnil llgrintllural S'octctn of tfnglanb.

XXII

xxm

NEWCASTLE SHOW, 1908.

Statement showing the distribution of the Prizes
awarded in the several sections of the Newcastle
Show, with comparative figures of the Lincoln Show.

Corresponding
figures for
1907.

STATEMENT OF PRIZES AWARDED:—

£

8.

d.

2,570

Horses

3,130

0

0

2,483

Cattle

2,596

0

0

1,782

Sheep

■ . 1,672

0

0

557

Pigs

690

15

0

159

Poultry

173

15

0

73

Cheese and Butter ....

91

0

0

40

Cider and Perry

38

0

0

63

Wool

59

0

0

27

Horse-shoeing

27

0

0

50

Farms

260

0

0

Sheep Dog Trials ....

21

0

0

Dairy Cows and Milkers’ Competition

48

10

0

40

Contribution to Bee Department

40

0

0

7,844

8,847

0

0

2,899

Less: — Prizes given by variously ,oq
Societies, Ac. . . J ’

8 0

1,000

Prizes given by Newcastle i . ...
Local Committee . ) ’

0 0

4 049

8

0

3,899

3,945

i;

£4,797

12

0

E E

VOL. 69.

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPEN-

JUNE 30 TO

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1907.

£

2,000

3,899

^fteceipfs.

Subscription from Newcastle Local Committee .
Prizes given by Agricultural and Breed Societies
Do. do. Newcastle Local Committee

5,873

2,783

524

56

Fees for Entry of Implements:—

Implement Exhibitors’ Payments for Shedding
Non-Members’ Fees for Entry of Implements .
Fees for Entry of “New Implements"

Fees for Entry of Live Stock.—

By Members: — 1,800 Entries @11.

330 Entries @ 30s. .

192 Entries @21.

49 Post Entries @21. ..

12 Post Entries @ 50s. .

By Non-Members : — 126 Entries @21..

92 Entries @21..

18 Entries @ 41. .

6 Post Entries @ 41.

2 Post Entries @ 51.

49 Entries @ 10s.
194 Entries @ 5s.

£ s. d. £ s. d.

2,000 0 0

2,439 8 0
1,610 0 0

4,049 8 0

5,549 2 11
172 0 0
45 0 0

5,766 2 11

1,800 0 0
495 0 0
384 0 0
98 0 0
30 0 0

2,807 0 0

252 0 0
276 0 0
72 0 0
24 0 0
10 0 0

634 0 0

24 10 0
48 10 0

Fees for Entry of Poultry:—

By Members : — 161 Entries @ 2s. 6 d. .

By Non-Members 603 Entries @ 3s. 6 d. .

45

32

102

Other Entry Fees:—

Fees for Entry of Produce

Fees for Entry in Horse-shoeing Competition .
Fees for Entry in Horse-jumping Competition, &c.
Fees for Entry in Farm Prize Competition

20 2 6
105 10 6

125 13 0

48 4 6
28 5 0
71 0 0
27 0 0

18
4

236

19

653

21

951

35

916

465

96

60

30

30

4

685

£17,050

Catalogue :—

Extra Lines for Particulars of Implement £ s. d.

Exhibits 16 16 0

Woodcuts of “New Implements" ... 626

Advertising in Catalogue 296 8 3

Sales of Implement Section of Catalogue

(including bound copies) 21 5 0

Sales of Combined Catalogue . . . . 722 10 1

Sales of Programmes 57 10 0

1,120 11 10

Less Commission on Sales 39 18 8

1,080 13 2

Miscellaneous Receipts:—

Amount received from Refreshment Contractors . . . 515 0 0

Rent for Railway Offices 93 10 0

Premium for Cloak Room ... .... 60 0 0

Rent for Board of Agriculture Pavilion 30 0 0

Miscellaneous

4 7 6

702 17 6

Carried forward

£17,413 4 1

DITURE OF THE SHOW AT NEWCASTLE,

JULY 4, 1908.

XXV

Correspond-
ing figures
tor 1907.

£

1,400

669

1,428

2,909

223

215

60

402

104

1,224

172

6

18

135

23

1,081

536

10,605

1,464

9,Hi

343

569

33

642

103

IS

58

8

1,530

139

178

406

228

63

83

33

12

128

7,845

773

467]

£21,238

gtepertbiture.

Cost of Erection of Showyard:—
Transferring Society’s Permanent Buildings')
from Lincoln to Newcastle-upon-Tyne [•
(including taking down and re-erecting) )
Fencing round Showyard ....
Erection of Implement Shedding
Erection of Stock Shedding ....
Erection of Poultry and Produce Sheds .
Erection of Dairy . .

Erection of Fodder Shed, Office, &c. .
Erection of Grand Stand and Large Bing
Erection of Horse-shoeing Shed and Stabling.
Various Offices and Stands : Bee Shed, Lava- )
tories, Stables, Lunging Rings, and Repairs j-
to Permanent Buildings, Ac. . . . )

Printing Signs and fixing do., providing and)
fixing Judging Rings and Hurdles, erecting (
Temporary Exit Sheds, and constructing [
Platform in front of Entrances . . )

Insurance

Ironmongery

Education and Forestry Exhibition
Board of Agriculture Pavilion
Hire of Canvas, Felt, Ac.

General Labour and Horse Hire (including 1
Society’s Clerk of Works) .... I

Less 20 per cent, on 1,9981. 15s. 5 d.
60 Flag Poles at 10s. .

£ s. d.

1,599 17 1
30 0 0

Surveyor :—

Salary, 300Z. ; Travelling Expenses to London, 37/. 16s„ and )
Petty Cash, 17s. 6d J

Printing :—

Printing of Prize Sheets, Entry Forms, Admission)
Orders, Circulars to Exhibitors, Prize Cards, Ac.. Tickets, >

and Miscellaneous )

Programmes for Members

Plans of Showyard

Printing of Catalogues

Binding of Catalogues

Carriage of Catalogues to Showyard

Printing Awards

Programmes of Jumping Competitions

Advertising :—

Advertising Closing of Entries in Newspapers
Advertising Show in Newspapers

Bill Posting

Printing of Posters and Postcards, Ac.

Press Visit, Ac., before Show ....

Postage, Carriage, &c. :—
General Postage
Postage of Tickets to Members
Carriage of Luggage

£ s.

d.

1,400 0

0

746 12 10

1,351 7

9

1,064 19

2

202 7

4

185 10

0

76 0

0

358 1

7

121 0

0

1,168 13

1

199 2

6

6 1

3

13 18

9

134 15

8

27 3

4

1,084 15

9

599 5

4

10,739 14

4

- 1,629 17

1

544 9

3

78 4

6

29 18

0

701 11

8

92 13

0

16 4

1

86 3

6

22 12

0

127 4

1

141 19

5

400 5

5

435 9

0

34 2

6

91 14

8

35 14

1

10 14

6

£ s. d.

Amount of Money Prizes Awarded, including 4,0491 8s.
given by various Societies and Ne wcastleLocal Committee
(see receipt per contra ) ... f ... .

[See page xxiii for Statement of Distribution of Prizes .]

Cost of Forage for Live Stock:—

Hay, 187/. 2s. 2d.; Straw, 3191 Is. 3d.; Green Food,)
227 1. 13s. 8d. ; Insurance, 21. 0s. 6 d. ; Wages, Ac., 11. 10s. . f

Judges’ Fees and Expenses:—

Judges of Implement Trials, 221 Is. ; Miscellaneous-)
Implements, 15/. 16s. 4 d. ; Judges of Horses, 831 10s. 5 d. ; I
Cattle, 1321 2s. Id. ; Sheep, 1201 Is. 5d. ; Pigs, 301. 5s. Id. ;!
Poultry, 151. 2s. 3d. ; Butter, 51 3s. : Cheese, 3Z. 3s. ; f
Cider and Perry, 281 7s. 2d. ; Wool 61 4s. ; Horse-
shoeing, 131 9s. 3d. ; Luncheons, 21 1 0s. 5d /

Carried forward ....

109 17 3
338 13 6

1,571 16 0

1,139 0 5

138 3 3
8,847 0 0

743 7 7
496 5 11

£22,384 3 11
EE 2

cvi

respond-

r figures

or 1907.

17,050

390

2,705

2,749

2,476

1,442

135

361

10,258

143

187

148

100

551

1, 1 29

98

343

£28.878

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure

-gleceipfs* ( contd .).

£ s. d. £ t. d.

Brought forward 17,413 4 1

Admissions to Showyard:—

Tuesday, June 30, @ 5s 596 14 6

Wednesday, July 1, @ 2s. lid 3,957 0 8

Thursday, July 2,@2s.6d 3,532 18 9

Friday, July 3, @ Is 4,653 17 1 •

Saturday, July 4, @ Is 2,549 2 11

Season Tickets 617 16 0

Day Tickets 426 1 0

16,333 10 11

Entrances to Horse Ring:—

Wednesday, July 1 200 16 0

Thursday, July 2 192 11 0

Friday, July 3 116 19 6

Saturday, July 4 136 13 0

Tickets sold for Reserved Enclosure 811 3 11

1,458 3 5

Sales :—

Sales of Produce at Dairy Ill 16 1

Auction Sales in Showyard and Share of Commission . 281 8 3

393 4 4

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 26th day of November, 1908.

>MAS McROW, Secretary.

LTON, JONES & CO., Accountants.

JONAS M. WEBB. ) Auditors on

HUBERT J. GREENWOOD, behalf of
NEWELL P. SQUAREY, ) the Society.

of the Show at Newcastle ( continued ).

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1907.

£

21,238
23

47

XXV11

147 i

431

63

103

45

55

63

75

45

10

54

25

6

64

II

9

3

* /

-{

5,056

£28,878

gtependtfure ( contd .).

Brought forward ....
Badges for Judges and other Officials .
Rosettes . . . . - .

General Administration

Stewards Personal and Railway Expenses
Assistant Stewards Personal and Railway Expenses
Official Staff:— Extra Clerks, 1221.9s. 6d.: Lodgings.521.T7s.6d.;)
Maintenance of Clerks, 407. 10s. 9d. ; Travelling Expenses, I
121. 4s. ; Secretary’s Hotel and Travelling Expenses, |

561. 17 s. 3d .)

Finance Office:— Superintendent of Turnstiles, 101. 10s.;)
Grand Stand Men, 321. 18s. ; Turnstile Men, 341. ; >•
Bank Clerks, 301. 12s. ; Refreshments, 51. 11s. 8d. . . )

Awards Office -.—Clerks, 321. 9s. ■, Awards Boys, 91. Is. .

General Management

Foreman and Assistant Foremen

Yardmen and Foddermen

Door and Gate Keepers

Veterinary Department Veterinary Inspectors .
Engineering Department:— Consulting Engineer and Assis-
tants. 611. 11s. 9d. ; Wages to Workmen, 91. 8s. 3d. : House
and Maintenance, 181. Is. ; Repairs, 51. 0s. lid. ; Carriage,

21. 14s. 3d

Police, dec. :— Metropolitan Police, 5761. 15s. lOd. ; Commis- )
sionaires, 261. 14s j

Dairy : — Staff, 1251. 11s. 4d.; Milk, 461. 11s. ; Ice, 91.
Utensils, 51l.2s.3d.: Salt, 11. 16s. ; Butter Tests, 181. 12s. 9d. ; |
Milk Analyses, 161. 19s. 2d. ; Carriage, 11. Is. 9d. ; Fuel, I
31. 12s. 6d. ; Engine, 151. 4s. 4d. ; Cheese and Butter Boxes, f
21. 9s. 6d. ; Lodgings, 16s. 6d. ; Refreshments, 71. 3s. lOd. ; 1

Miscellaneous Payments, 61. 5s. 2d /

Poultry Superintendent, 121. 10s. 2d. ; Penning, Atten- 1

dants, and Food, 161. ; Carriage, 91. 2s. 9d. . . . . I

Morse-shoeing :— Hire of Forges, 281. 5s. 2d. ; Fuel, 31. 12s. 6d. ; )
Gratuities, 71. 5s. : Wages, 51. 10s. 9d. ; Medals, 11. 16s. ; >■

Refreshments, 2l.is.6d )

Produce:— Analyses of Cider

Farm Prize Competition : — Expenses of Judging Farms, &c.
Trials of Implements .-—Cost of Manure Distributors, Ac. .

General Showyard Expenses:—

Military Band

St. John Ambulance

Official Luncheons "

Hire of Furniture

Education and Forestry Exhibition.

Telephone Extension ....

Telegraph Extension ....
Carriage of Sleepers . . . .

Hire of Weighbridge . . . .

Hire of Chairs

Medals

Fuel

Levelling Showground

Posting Bills in Showyard

Hurdles, 71. 3s. 4d. ; Carriage, 91. 3s. 6d. ; Cloth, &c., 91. ;
Printing and Colouring Plans of Showyard, 51. 16s. Id,
Forage, 31. 16s. ; Hire of Safes, 21. 5s. .

Miscellaneous

‘i}

£ s.

d.

£ s.

d.

22,384 3 11

31 1

3

48 5

4

105 4

3

122 13

5

284 19

0

113 11

8

41 10

0

667 18

38 16

1

88 7 10

43 1

7

85 1 11

96 16

2

603 9 10

955 13

306 6

1

37 12 11

48 14

1

13 16

3

406 9

4

208 8

129 15

9

100 0

0

42 0

0

74 10

6

50 0

0

60 14

1

47 19

9

20 5

0

100 0

0

14 7

4

62 9

4

18 4

0

4 16

8

39 0

0

6 0

0

37 3 11

34 17 10

Credit Balance

- 712 8 5

25,544 4 1
10,053 18 8

£35,598 2 9

Actual profit to the Society on the Newcastle Show £10,053 18 8

Contribution from Ordinary Funds of the Society to the Show Fund . 2,500 0 0

£12,553 18 8

Balance carried to Reserve Fund .

XXV111

MEMORANDA.

Address of Letters. — All letters on the general business of the Society
should be addressed to “The Secretary, Royal Agricultural Society of
England, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.”

Telegrams. — Registered address for telegrams : “ Practice, London.”

Telephone Number.— “ Gerrard,” 3675.

Office Hours. — 10 to 4. On Saturdays, 10 to 2.

Annual General Meeting, Wednesday, December 8, 1909.

Monthly Council (for transaction of business), at noon : usually on the first
Wednesday in every month, excepting January, September, and October :
open only to Members of Council and Governors of the Society.

Subscriptions. — 1. Annual. — The minimum subscription of a Governor is 5 1.,
and that of a Member 1Z., due in advance on the 1st of January of each
year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the 1st of J une.

2. For Life. — Governors may compound for their subscriptions for future
years by paying at once the sum of 50/., and Members by paying 15Z.
After payment of ten or more annual subscriptions, a Member may com-
pound for future subscriptions, including that of the current year, by a
single payment of 10Z.; and after payment of twenty or more annual
subscriptions, by a single payment or 51. — or 25Z. in the case of Governors.

No Governor or Member can be allowed to enter into a composition for
life until all subscriptions due by him at the time shall have been paid.

No Governor or Member whose subscription is in arrear is entitled to
any of the privileges of the Society.

All Members of the Society are, under the By-laws, bound to pay their
annual subscriptions until they shall withdraw from it by notice in
writing to the Secretary.

Payments— Subscriptions may be paid to the Secretary, either at the office of
the Society, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C. ; or by means of crossed
cheques in favour of the Secretary, or by orossed postal orders. When
making remittances it should be stated by whom, and on whose account,
they are sent. All Cheques and Postal Orders should be crossed “ London
and Westminster Bank.”

On application to the Secretary, forms may be obtained for authorising
the regular payment, by the Bankers of individual Members, of each
annual subscription as it falls due. Members are particularly invited to
avail themselves of these Bankers’ orders, in order to save trouble both to
themselves and to the Society. When payment is made to the London and
Westminster Bank, as the Bankers of the Society, it will be desirable that
the Secretary should be advised by letter of such payment, in order that
the entry in the Bankers’ book may be at once identified, and the amount
posted to the credit of the proper person. No coin can be remitted by
post, unless the letter be registered.

Journal. — The Volumes of the Society’s Journal are (when the subscription
is not in arrear) forwarded by post to Members, or delivered from the
Society’s Office to Members, or to the bearer of their written order.

The back numbers of the Journal are kept constantly on sale by the
publisher, Mr. John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, W.

Gloucester Meeting, June 22 to 26, 1909. Entries close: Implements,
March 20 ; post entries, April 1. Live Stock, and Cider and Perry, May 20 ;
Poultry and Produce (except cider and perry), May 31.

New Members. — Every candidate for admission into the Society must be
nominated bv a Governor or Member, and must duly fill up and sign an
application for Membership on the appointed form. Forms of proposal
may be obtained on application to the Secretary, who will inform new
Members of their election by letter.

XXIX

[Copies of the full Report of any of the Council Meetings held during the year
1908 may be obtained on application to the Secretary, at 16 Bedford Square,
London, W.C.]

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY DF ENGLAND.

flMnutes of the Council.

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C., the Right Hon.

Victoe Cavendish, M.P. (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — 'Trustees. — The Earl of Coventry, Lord Middleton, Lord Moreton,
Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, the Earl of
Jersey, G.C.B., the Earl of Northbrook.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. George Adams, Mr. Charles R. W.
Adeane, Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Sir Richard P. Cooper,
Bart., Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert
Greenall, Bart., Mr. Ernest A. Hamlyn, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison,
Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. Ernest
Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. W.
Nocton, Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. F. Reynard, the Duke of Richmond and
Gordon, K.G., Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. E. W. Shackle, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. E. W.
Stanyforth, Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. George Taylor, Mr. John Thornton, and
Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler.

The following Members of the Newcastle Local Committee were also
present: — Mr. John Fitzgerald, Mr. J. M. Oubridge, Mr. Johnstone Wallace,
and Mr. A. M. Oliver (Local Secretary).

Mr. Cavendish, at the commencement of the proceedings, said that, as he
was occupying the Chair for the first time, he desired alto express his gratitude
for the honour that had been conferred upon him. He was the third of his
family to occupy the position of President of the Society, and he did so with
the greatest possible pleasure. He hoped that, with the kind indulgence and
support of the Council, he would be able to carry on the great work of the
Society in the way his predecessors had done, and he felt confident that he
could rely upon the support of the Council during his year of office.

The President then said he had to announce, with great regret, the death,
on January 15, of Sir Massey Lopes, who had been for many years closely
connected with the Society. Sir Massey, who had reached the age of ninety,
joined the Council in the year 1865 and was President of the Society in 1885,
in which year the Annual Country Meeting was held at Preston. In the
same year he was elected a Vice-President, and continued his association with
the Council until the year 1905, when he retired.

The Minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday,
December 1 1, 1907, were taken as read and approved.

Earl Winterton, M.P., Mr. R. O. Lamb, and Mr. Fairfax Rhodes were
elected Governors, and 151 duly nominated candidates were admitted into the
Society as Members under By-law 2. The name of one Member (Mr. B. H. B.
Gadd) was restored to the Registers under By-law 14.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted, and
a request from the recently-formed Tuberculosis (Animals) Committee for

XXX

Monthly Council , February 26, 1908.

permission to hold their meetings at, and have their correspondence directed to
No. 16 Bedford Square, was, on the motion of Mr. Adeane. acceded to by the
Council.

The Reports of the General Newcastle, Journal and Education, and
Chemical and Woburn Committees having been received and adopted, Mr.
Stratton asked for some information with regard to the Feeding Experiments
at the Woburn Farm.

Dr. Voelcker explained that there would be experiments with sheep on
the unexhausted mauurial value of different foods, and feeding experiments
with bullocks on the relative values of two different kinds of mangolds grown
on the Farm.

The Report of the Committee of Selection having been received and
adopted, the President announced the names of those of the newly elected
Members of Council who were present at the meeting, and, on behalf of the
Council, he extended to them a very cordial welcome.

The President said that, with one exception, the suggestions made by
Members at the Annual General Meeting in December last had been dealt with
in the Committees’ reports, and as Mr. Hamlyn, who had made the remaining
suggestion, was present, perhaps they could deal with the matter at that
meeting. Mr. Hamlyn replied that his suggestion, “ That the Council should
consider the advisability of approaching the Board of Agriculture to request
them to take measures to compel butchers selling foreign meat to exhibit a
notice to that effect,” spoke for itself. His views were all embodied in a letter
which had appeared in The Standard on December 13, 1907, and if it would
not take up too much of the Council’s time, he would ask the Secretary to read
it to the meeting. As however the letter was rather lengthy, it was, at the
suggestion of the President, agreed to postpone the consideration of
Mr. Hamlyn’s suggestion until the next meeting.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, February 26, 1908, at 11 a.m.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C., the Right Hon.
Victor Cavendish, M.P. (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, the Earl of Coventry, Lord
Middleton, Lord Morebon, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, the Right Hon. A. E. Fellowes, the
Earl of Northbrook, the Hon. C. T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. George Adams, Mr. Charles R. W.
Adeane, Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. S. N. Bankart, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart.,
Sir H. F. de Trafford, Bart., Mr. H. Dudding, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M.
Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. Ernest A. Plamlyn, Mr. Arthur
Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C.
Middleton, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. T. S. Minton, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. R. G.
Patterson, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. W. Scoby,
Mr. E. W. Shackle, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth,
Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. H. Tallent, Mr. George Taylor, Mr. C. W. Tindall,
Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

The President made reference to the grievous calamity which, since the
last meeting of the Council, had fallen upon the Royal House of Portugal.
Having regard not only to the friendly relationship between this country and
Portugal, but to the friendship that existed between the Royal Families of both
countries, (he Council would, he was sure, desire to place on record their deep
sense of sorrow for the death of His Majesty King Carlos and the Crown Prince
of Portugal, and to express their respectful sympathy to their Majesties King
Edward and Queen Alexandra in the melancholy circumstances which had
caused such universal sorrow.

Monthly Council , February 26, 1908.

xxxi

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council held on Wednesday,
January 29, 1908, were taken as read and approved.

Fifty-six duly nominated candidates were admitted into the Society as
Members under By-law 2.

The report of the Finance Committee having been received and adopted,
Mr. Adeank (Chairman of the Committee) explained the various items of the
Balance Sheet and Statement of Ordinary Receipts and Expenditure for the year
1907, and presented the Committee’s Estimates of Receipts and Expenditure
for the ensuing year, which were approved.

On the motion of the Hon. Cecil T. Parker, seconded by Mr. Richard
Stratton, it was unanimously resolved that a contribution of 257. be made to
the Tuberculosis (Animals) Committee towards the expenses of the investiga-
tions of that Committee.

The Council then proceeded to consider the suggestion made by Mr.
Hamlyn at the Annual General Meeting, which had been postponed from the
last Meeting of the Council, held on January 29 “ That the Council should

consider the advisability of approaching the Board of Agriculture to request
them to take measures to compel butchers selling foreign meat to exhibit a
notice to that effect.” Mr. Hamlyn explained his reasons for having brought
the subject forward, and made a statement in support of his suggestion. After
observations by Mr. Bowen-Jones, however, the President expressed the
opinion that the further discussion of the matter would be contrary to the
Society’s Charter. Mr. Hamlyn replied that he was entirely in the hands of
the Meeting, and, in withdrawing his suggestion, said he had no doubt the
question would be brought forward in some of the other Societies.

The Earl of Northbrook (Chairman of the Veterinary Committee)
having referred to the recent outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Scotland,
a discussion ensued, in which the Right Hon. Ailwyn E. Fellowes, Mr. C.
Middleton, Mr. S. N. Bankart, Lord Northbrook and Mr. G. G. Rea
took part. Eventually, it was unanimously resolved, on the motion of Mr.
Fellowes, seconded by Mr. Bankart, that a letter be written to the Board
of Agriculture expressing the hope that, in view of the outbreaks of Foot-and-
Mouth Disease, the Board might see their way ( 1 ) to prohibit the movement
into England of animals from Scotland, and (2) to extend the existing prohibi-
tion of the importation of Hay and Straw in the form of food and litter, to
imported Hay and Straw used in packing and for packing purposes.

On the motion of Sir John Thorold (Chairman of the Committee of
Selection), seconded by Mr. Adeane, Dr. William Saunders, C.M.G., F.R.S.C.,
F.L.S., Director of Experimental Farms, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa,
Canada, was unanimously elected an Honorary Member of the Society.

Sir Gilbert Greenall (Honorary Director) reported the completion of
the Ploughing Competitions promoted by the' proprietors of the Newcastle
Chronicle in the counties of Northumberland and Durham. The final trials
for the two championships took place on February 7, at Hipsburn, near
Alnmouth, on the farm of Sir Henry Scott, to whom the Society was greatly
indebted, not only for providing the land on which the trials took place, but
for the kind hospitality he dispensed on that occasion. Amongst those present
on the 7th instant had been Mr. Cavendish (their President), the Duke of
Northumberland, and the Lord Mayor of Newcastle, in addition to whom there
were upwards of 5,000 spectators. He (Sir Gilbert) thought the Council
would wish that their best thanks should be conveyed to the proprietors of the
Newcastle Chronicle for their generosity in providing the prizes and expenses
of the trials, and also to Mr. James Mowitt, under whose management the
competitions had been so satisfactorily carried out.

A vote of thanks was accordingly unanimously passed by the Council, on
the motion of the President, seconded by Sir Gilbert Greenall.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, April 1, 1908, at 11 a.m.

xxxn

Monthly Council , April 1, 1908.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 1, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C., Mr. F. S. W.

Cornwallis (Trustee) in the Chair

Present : — Trustees. — The Earl of Coventry, Lord Middleton, Sir John H.
Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall
Dugdale, the Rt. Hon. A. E. Fellowes, the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., the Earl of
Northbrook.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. George Adams, Mr. Charles R. W.
Adeane. Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Richardson Carr,
Sir H. F. de Trafford, Bart, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. J. W.
Glover, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. Ernest A. Hamlyn,
Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. F. Ingram,
Sir Charles Y. Knightley, Bart., Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. T. H.
Miller, Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr.
F. Reynard, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. E. W. Shackle, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. H.
Tallent, Mr. George Taylor, Mr. John Thornton, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr.

E. Y. V. Wheeler, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

In the unavoidable absence of the President (the Duke of Devonshire), Mr.

F. S. W. Cornwallis (Trustee) was called to the chair, on the motion of the
Right Hon. Ailwyn E. Fellowes.

Mr. Cornwallis said that they were all but too well acquainted with The
sad reason which prevented their President taking the Chair, and in taking his
place that day he knew that he might express in the name of the Council their
deepest sympathy with the President and the relatives of the late Duke of
Devonshire, whose loss from the councils of the nation was universally felt to
be a great public misfortune. Their Society was, like so many other public
bodies, under a great obligation to the late Duke ; he was elected a Governor
in 1880, and filled the office of President in the year 1894, when the Society
visited Cambridge, of whose university he was Chancellor. Curiously, the late
Duke’s father was President when the Society visited the sister University City
of Oxford in 1870. It would also be fresh in the minds of Members of the
Council how great an interest he showed in the Society’s visit to Derby in
1906, and how much he contributed to the success of that visit by his powerful
influence as Lord Lieutenant of the County and President of the Local Com-
mittee. It was a matter of great satisfaction to the Council to know that
that interest in the welfare of (he Society was so conspicuously maintained by
their present President, who was the third of his family to fill the Presidential
chair, and while extending to him their deepest sympathy, they wished him
health and strength to perform the responsible duties cast upon him by the
death of that distinguished statesman, whose loss the whole nation so deeply
deplored.

A letter had been received from Lord Knollys, stating that he was com-
manded by T.M. the King and Queen to convey to the Council an expression
of Their Majesties’ appreciation of the sympathy which had been expressed for
them on the occasion of the assassination of King Carlos and the Crown Prince
of Portugal.

The Minutes of the last meeting of the Council held on February 26, 1908,
were taken as read and approved.

Mr. C. E. Gooch, of Wyvenhoe Park, Colchester, was elected a Governor,
and 132 duly nominated candidates were admitted into the Society as Members
under By-law 2.

The Journal and Education Committee’s Report having been received
and adopted, it was unanimously resolved, on the motion of Sir John
Thorold, seconded by Mr. Adeane, that the best (hanks of the Society be^
conveyed to Major Craigie for the services he had rendered to the Society
as editor of Vol. 68 of the Journal-

Monthly Council, May 6, 1908. xxxiii

#

Sir Gilbert Greenald reported that the Farm Prizes Committee had
considered a report submitted by the Judges as to their first visit to the farms
entered for competition, from which it appeared that in consequence of the
severity of the weather the time occupied on the journey had been considerably
longer than had been anticipated. Various questions as to eligibility of certain
farms had been discussed, and instructions given to the Secretary for their
settlement.

Sir John Thorold reported the receipt of a letter from Dr. William
Saunders, C.M.G., expressing his high appreciation of the honour conferred
upon him by the Council in electing him an Honorary Member of the Society.
On the motion of Sir John Thorold, seconded by Mr. Bowen-Jones, the
Seal of the Society was affixed to the Diploma certifying the election of
Dr. Saunders as an Honorary Member of the Society.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, May 6, 1908, at 11 a.m.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 6, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 10 Bedford Square, W.C., the Duke of
Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall
Dugdale, the Earl of Feversham, the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., the Earl of
Northbrook, the Hon. C. T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. George Adams, Mr. Charles R.W. Adeane,
Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Richardson Carr, Sir Richard P.
Cooper, Bart., Sir H. F. de Trafford, Bart , Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. J. Falconer,
Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. Joseph
Harris, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. Arthur Hiscoclc, Mr. John Howard Howard,
Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. R. G. Patterson,
Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. W. Scoby,
Mr. E. W. Shackle, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth,
Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. George Taylor, Mr. John Thornton, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler,
and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

Mr. J. M. Oubridge was also present, representing the Newcastle Local
Committee.

Before proceeding with the business of the day, the President said he
would like to have the opportunity of expressing his most genuine appreciation
of the kind observations made by Mr. Cornwallis on behalf' of the Council at
their last meeting with reference to the death of his uncle, who, he knew, had
always taken the greatest interest in the Society. He desired to thank the
Council on behalf of himself and his family for the kind references to the
great loss they had sustained.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on April 1, 1908,
were taken as read and approved.

Mr. C. G. Assheton-Smith, of Vaynol, Bangor, and Mr. F. Berkeley Matthews,
of Lartington Hall, Darlington, were elected Governors, and 66 duly nominated
candidates were admitted into the Society as members under By-Law 2.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted, after
observations by Mr. Wheeler with reference to the proposed offer of a prize
for Hop Drying Plants in 1909.

The Reports of the General Newcastle and Journal and Education Com-
mittees were received and adopted ; and on the motion of Sir John Thorold,
seconded by Mr. Adeane, it was unanimously resolved that “ Mr. Kenneth J. J.
Mackenzie, of the Department of Agriculture of the Cambridge University, be
appointed as Editor of the Journal for the ensuing year ”

XXXIV

Monthly Council, June 3, 1908.

The Report of the Committee of Selection jvas received and adopted,
including a recommendation that the name of the Earl of Jersey be suggested
to the Annual General Meeting of Members in December next, as President of
the Society for the year 1909.

The Secretary announced that the Trustees of the “ Queen Victoria
Gifts” Fund had decided to make a grant to the Royal Agricultural Benevolent
Institution of 1402. for the year 1908, to be distributed as fourteen grants of
102. each to the five male candidates, five married couples, and four female
candidates who polled the largest number of votes in their class, and who
would not this year receive grants from any other fund in connection with the
Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until Wednes-
day, June 3 (Derby Day), 1908, at 10.30 a.m.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 3, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C., the Duke of
Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustee. — Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G., Mr. J. Bowen-Jones,
Mr. Percy Crutchley, the Rt.. Hon. A. E. Fellowes, the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B.,
the Earl of Northbrook.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. George Adams, Mr. Charles R. W.
Adeane, Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Richardson Carr,
Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Sir H. F. de Trafford, Bart., Mr. J. Falconer,
Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. E. A.
Hamlyn, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W.
Hobbs, Mr. George Lobb, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. T. S. Minton, Mr. W.
Nocton, M. R. G. Patterson, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers,
Mr. E. W. Shackle, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Mr. H. Tailent, Mr. George Taylor,
Mr. C. W. Tindall, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

The following Members of the Newcastle Local Committee were also
present : — Mr. William Chrystal and Mr. Johnstone Wallace.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on May 6, 1908,
were taken as read and approved.

Mr. Ernest C. Bingham, of Yeoveney Lodge, Staines, Middlesex, was elected
a Governor, and ninety-six duly nominated candidates were admitted into the
Society as Members under By-law 2.

On the motion of Mr. Adeane, it was resolved : “ That the Secretary be
empowered to issrfe to any duly nominated candidate for membership of the
Society, on receipt of the annual subscription, a special ticket admitting the
candidate to the same privileges as a Member during the forthcoming Show at
Newcastle-on-Tyne ; the formal election of such candidate to be considered
by the Council at their next Ordinary Meeting.”

Mr. Bowen-Jones, in moving the adoption of the Report of the Chemical
Committee, said that it would be within the recollection of the Council that at
the last meeting one of the cases in the Consulting Chemist’s Report presented
on that occasion had been referred back to the Committee for further
consideration. Since then the Society’s Solicitors had been consulted, and as
the result it had been decided to recommend that the name of the vendors of
the material in question should be published. The Committee were of opinion
that the time had arrived when more drastic action should be taken by the
Society. It often transpired that when a Member found out from the
Consulting Chemist’s analysis that a material was not worth the money paid
for it, he made a bargain with the vendors, and generally informed the
Committee that he thought those vendors were honourable people who had
made a mistake and would not do it again. The Committee were of opinion

Monthly Council , June 3, 1908.

Xxxv

that they should publish the names of vendors in such cases, as by doing so
they would be benefiting the agricultural interest. He might say with regaid
to action by the Board of Agriculture under the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs
Act, that in a great many cases it was impossible to proceed because farmers
had not taken their samples within the limit of ten days required by the Act.
Consequently, it was all the more incumbent upon the Society to take up these
matters.

The Report of the Chemical and Woburn Committee was received and
adopted.

The President said Members of the Council would remember that at a
previous meeting a hearty invitation to visit the Show at Newcastle had been
accorded to the Hungarian Agriculturists who were hoping shortly to make a
tour in this country. The Society’s invitation had been most cordially
accepted by the Secretary of the National Agricultural Society of Hungary,
and the party were proposing to arrive in London on Monday, June 15, when
they would be received by the President of the Board of Agriculture. They
had expressed a desire to be received at the Society’s House at 4 p.m. on the
same day, and he need hardly say that it would afford him the greatest pleasure
to be present to receive their distinguished visitors. He hoped that as many
Members of Council as could make it convenient would be present on that
occasion.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, July 1, 1908 (in the Newcastle Showyard).

IReceptton of IRepresentativcs of
IWational Horicultural Society of 1bunoan>.

MONDAY, JUNE 15, 1908.

The party of Hungarian agriculturists, numbering about fifty, who, at the
invitation of the Council, visited the Society’s Show at Newcastle, arrived in
London on the morning of June 15, and were received at the House of Lords
dnring the afternoon by Earl Carrington, K.G., President of the Board of
Agriculture ; and later a visit was paid to the offices of the Society at
16 Bedford Square, where the party were received by the Duke of Devon-
SHIBE (President) and other Members of the Council.

The Duke of Devonshire said that it was with the greatest pleasure that
he was there that day — at the request of his colleagues on the Council — to
offer those gentlemen of the National Agricultural Society of Hungary a very
cordial welcome. It bad always been the endeavour of their Society to foster
international relations for the advancement of the common cause of agriculture,
and he hoped that they would all take back with them pleasant recollections
of their visit. A programme had been prepared for a tour in England and
Scotland during the next two or three weeks, which he trusted would give
their visitors an opportunity of seeing characteristic examples of all the
various branches of British agriculture which could not fail to be of the
greatest interest to them. The Council were very pleased that the party were
proposing to be present at their English National Agricultural Show at
Newcastle, where it was hoped they would be able to see some of the finest
specimens of live stock, as well as a very comprehensive collection of the
implements in general use by the agriculturists of this country.

Count Laszlo Esterhazy, as Chairman of the party, expressed their
appreciation of the compliment paid to them by the Council of the Royal
Agricultural Society, who had given them such a cordial invitation to this
country.

XXXVI

Monthly Council, July 1, 1908.

Mr. Alois Paikert (Custos of the Agricultural Museum, Budapest)
drew attention to the fact that the two National Agricultural Societies of
England and Hungary were established at almost the same time. The
Hungarian Society was formed in the year 1831, and its objects were
identical with those of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. He
trusted that the cordial meeting that day between the representatives of the
two Societies would result in their co-operating in future to achieve those
objects.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 1, 1908.

At a Monthly Council held in the large tent in the Newcastle Showyard, the
Duke of Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, the Earl of Coventry, Lord
Moreton.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.,
the Earl of Northbrook, the Hon. Cecil T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Mr. S. N. Bankart, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehuist, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. R. G.
Carden, Mr. Richardson Carr, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. John T. C.
Eadie, Mr. James Falconer, Mr. James W. Glover, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir
Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. Ernest A. Hamlyn, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. William
Harrison, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr.
George Lobb, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr.
T. H. Miller, Mr. T. S. Minton, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F.
Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Mr. John
Thornton, Mr. C. W. Tindall, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on June 3, 1908, were
taken as read and approved.

The President said it was with feelings of very sincere regret that he had
to announce officially the death of one of their Trustees, the Earl of Derby,
who had been for a number of years so closely connected with the Society.
Lord Derby had been elected a Member in 1874, a Governor in 1894, and
joined the Council in the year 1895, since which time he had been successively
Vice-President, in 1900, and Trustee in 1901. It would be within the recollec-
tion not only of the Council, but of every Member, how well Lord Derby served
the Society in the office of President in the year 1904, in succession to His
Royal Highness The Prince of Wales.

On the motion of Mi'. Adeane (Chairman of the Finance Committee),
accounts amounting in all to 1,794/. 16*. 9 d. were passed for payment.

The Report of a Special Meeting of the Committee of Selection held on
June 25, 1908, at 16 Bedford Square, was received and adopted ; and, on the
motion of Mr. Cornwallis, seconded by Mr. Adeane, the Duke of Devonshire
was unanimously elected a Trustee of the Society in the room of the Earl of
Derby, deceased. To fill the vacancy thus created, the Duke of Northumberland
was, on the motion of the President, seconded by the Earl of Coventry,
unanimously appointed a Vice-President of the Society.

On the motion of Lord Moreton, seconded by Mr. Pilkington, the
following were appointed a Special Committee “ to consider certain questions
arising in connection with some of the live stock exhibited at the Newcastle
Show” : — Sir Gilbert Greenall, Mr. Adeane, Mr. Harris, and Mr. Reynard.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until Wed-
nesday, July 29, 1908, at 16 Bedford Square. It was, however, agreed that a
Special Council Meeting should be held towards the end of the Show for the
purpose of passing votes of thanks to various individuals, firms, and companies
who had rendered assistance to the Society in connection with the Exhibition.

General Meeting , July 2, 1908.

xxxvu

proceefcmos at

General flfteetmo of Governors anfc flDcmbers,

HELD IN THE

LARGE TENT IN THE SHOWYARD AT NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE,

THURSDAY, JULY 2, 1908.

THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE (PRESIDENT) IN THE CHAIR.

A very large number of Governors and Members were present in the tent,
and amongst those on the platform were the Earl of Onslow, Lord Allendale,
the Right Hon. Ailwyn E. Fellowes, Sir Richard Cooper Bart., Sir Walter
Gilbey, Bart., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. J. Bowen-
Jones, Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale,
Mr. R. M. Greaves, Mr. Ernest A. Hamlyn, Mr. Wm. Harrison, Mr. R. W. Hobbs,
Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. Christopher Middleton, Mr. T.
Horrocks Miller, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. G. G. Rea,
Mr. Frederick Reynard, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. Fred. Smith, Mr. E. W.
Stanyforth, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. C. W. Wilson. Ac.. Ac. The Lord Mayor of
Newcastle (Mr. W. J. Sanderson) and Mr. J. J. Gillespie were also present
representing the Local Committee.

President’s Opening Remarks.

The President, at the commencement of the proceedings, said it would
be within the recollection of many of those present that there had been in
connection with the Newcastle Show a novel and very interesting feature in
the Ploughing Competitions, which had been carried out mainly through the
instrumentality of the proprietors of the Newcastle Chronicle. The Com-
petitions took place over the counties of Northumberland and Durham, the
final trial being held on land farmed by Sir Henry Scott at Hipsburn. His
Grace had had the pleasure of witnessing this last competition, and the large
attendance on that occasion was, he thought, ample justification and ample
proof of how satisfactory the Competition had been. He wished, on behalf of
the Council, to tender their most sincere thanks to those who originated and
carried through those very successful competitions. They had proved most
attractive in themselves, and he believed they had been of the most useful and
practical character. He had had an opportunity on the occasion of the Final
Competition of saying a few words to the successful competitors, and he had
promised at the time to distribute, ou behalf of the Society, the cups, prizes,
and certificates. This he was now in a position to do.

The Secretary then read out the names of the winners, who stepped up to
the platform and received their prizes. The full list will be found on pages
cxxiv and cxxv.

After the presentation of these prizes, Ac.,

The President, continuing his remarks, said it was a very great pleasure to
him to see so many of them there under such exceptionally favourable — he
might say ideal — conditions. He was sure they would agree with him that the
Show was one of the finest and most comprehensive exhibitions that had been
held by the Society during the seventy years of its existence. The visit of
Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales on the previous day
had been a source of great satisfaction, not only to the members of the Society,
but to the inhabitants of Newcastle and Northumberland. He had the
authority of Their Royal Highnesses to say how very pleased they were with
the Show and with their reception there. He was confident that the
inhabitants, not only of Newcastle, but of Durham and Northumberland, would
appreciate the kindness of Their Royal Highnesses in taking that long journey,

General Meeting , July 2, 1908.

xxxviii

especially as His Royal Highness was so busy, having, as they all knew, to make
an important journey to Canada within a very short time. As at their last two
Shows, the Horticultural Exhibition held a very prominent position in the
Showyard, and this department reflected the greatest credit upon all those
responsible for its organisation. Another section of considerable interest was
the Agricultural Education and Forestry Exhibition, particularly the exhibits
kindly sent by the Duke of Northumberland and their ex-President, Lord
Yarborough, whose health, they would all be glad to know, had now much
improved, and they looked forward, at no distant date, to have the benefit
of his Lordship’s assistance and advice again. His Grace was sure that they
would all agree with him that they owed a great debt of gratitude to their
Honorary Director, Sir Gilbert Greenall — (hear, hear) — who had made such
admirable arrangements, and brought to bear his splendid powers of organisa-
tion, and the energy with which he saw that the minutest details were
carried out. The great success of the Show was mainly due to Sir Gilbert,
backed up as he was by a very able staff. He was not going to detain them
with a long speech, but it might be of interest to them to know that the
Reserve Fund now amounted to upwards of 22,000Z. They had every reason
to hope that by the end of the year it would be very considerably increased.
He did not wish to make too much of the satisfactory character of their
financial position, because it must be abundantly clear that they would not
always be in a position to receive the hospitality of great centres of industry,
like Newcastle. In fact, they must all agree that it was the work of that great
Society to go to every portion of the country, where their welcome would be
equally warm, although they might not have such large attendances. He
hoped, after that Show, the Society would be in a strong financial position, and
that they would be able to continue the useful work which he thought the
Society was doing in all parts of the country. The membership of the Society
was at present approximately 10,000, but he hoped — without being at all
avaricious —that that number might be considerably increased. The advantages
which accrued to membership of the Society were so well known, and the
demand upon their purses was so very slender, that he thought it was an
extremely good investment for anyone to become a member of that community.
Every member could do an immense amount by persuading his friends to join,
and by pointing out the useful work now carried on by the Society. He hoped
now, when they had had three Exhibitions such as they had had since they
started their new system, and were in a strong financial position, that they
would be able to induce many more members to join. He was quite sure it
would repay them for doing so. They would all have seen the figures for the
attendance both on the first and second days, and also up to 1 1 o’clock that
day. It was most encouraging, and most satisfactory. He ventured to say
that he did not particularly appreciate what he might call record-breaking, but,
to use the words he had adopted on the previous night at the Lord Mayor’s
banquet, they had established a very salutary precedent, and he hoped it was
one which would be carried out in the future, and, if possible, surpassed.

Farm Prize Competitions.

The Secretary then announced the awards made by the Judges in
the Farm Prize Competitions, which will be found on pages cxxii and cxxiii.

Thanks to Lord Mayor and Corporation.

Sir Gilbert Greenall moved : “ That the best thanks of the Society are
due and are hereby tendered to the Lord Mayor and Corporation of Newcastle
for their cordial reception of the Society.” It was with very great pleasure he
proposed that resolution. He did not suppose any member of the Society had
been brought into touch with the Local Committee so much as he had as
Honorary Director of the Show. He could assure them that from the first time
he came to Newcastle as their representative the greatest kindness and con-
sideration had been shown to the Society by the Lord Mayor and everybody

General Meeting , July 2, 1908.

XXXIX

connected with the Corporation. He could not express the great personal
interest taken by the Lord Mayor and the other members of the Corporation. He
did not think they ought to leave out the name of the ex-Mayor (Councillor J. M
Oubridge), during whose term of office and through whose instrumentality it
was that the Society had been invited to hold the Show at Newcastle this year.
He thought the success of the Show was assured, and they owed to the Lord
Mayor and to the members of the Corporation a very deep debt of gratitude.
(Cheers.) Therefore it was with great pleasure he moved the resolution.

Mr. E. W. Stanyforth seconded the motion, which was carried unani-
mously.

The Lord Mayor of Newcastle, on behalf of the Corporation and him-
self, thanked the meeting sincerely for its kind vote of thanks. From the first
day when it was mooted that the “ Royal” Show should be asked to visit New-
castle the idea met with the most sincere approval and had been carried out
with the greatest enthusiasm. He thought they could safely say that the
Council were wise in accepting the invitation and coming to that city for the
fourth time. It was a record Show. (Hear, hear.) Four times there was a
record also, as Newcastle was the only city that the Show had visited that
number of times. It had given intense pleasure to himself and his colleagues
to work for the Show, and they were amply rewarded by its immense success.

Thanks to local Committee.

The Earl of Onslow, in moving a resolution tendering the best thanks of
the Society, to the Newcastle Local Committee for their exertions in promoting
the success of the Show, said it was a good axiom in matters of government to
leave as much as they could to the mm on the spot. That had been the idea
which had actuated the Society in getting those who knew the surroundings
and local circumstances to assist in every way possible to make the Show a
success. A testimony that this had been a successful policy was to be seen in
the attendance there that day and on the previous days. He thought the
thanks of the Society were largely due to the Chairman of the Local Com-
mittee— the Duke of Northumberland. Every North-countryman knew that
when there was anything that interested, or was for the welfare of the North-
country, the Duke of Northumberland was always foremost. It was the
hospitality his Grace had extended to the Prince and Princess of Wales which
had enabled Their Royal Highnesses to visit the Show not only on one but on
two days.

'Mr. Percy Crutch ley seconded the resolution proposed by Lord Onslow,
which was unanimously adopted.

Mr. J. J. Gillespie (Treasurer of the Local Committee), in responding,
said it had been a very great pleasure to the Local Committee to work in the
way they had done to make the Show a success. The counties of Northumber-
,and and Durham and the city of Newcastle had almost vied with each other
with their subscriptions to the local fund. He was very pleased to say that he
had had a communication that morning from a gentleman, identified with the
county of Northumberland and with their city, who had said to him : “ I see
you want 7,300Z. to complete your fund. You have received 7,1707. I shall be
very pleased to give you the difference.” He could not mention the name of
the gentleman, he was not at liberty to do so then, but it would be divulged in
the course of a few days.

Thanks to North-Eastern Railway.

Mr. R. M. Greaves moved : “ That the best thanks of the Society be ten-
dered to the North-Eastern Railway Company for the facilities afforded by
that company in connection with the Show.” As a Steward of the Implement
Yard, he had had experience of the very excellent way in which they had
assisted the Society in so promptly removing empties from the yard. He hoped
that the public had noticed that, when the Show was first opened, there was

VOL. 69. FF

xl

Monthly Council, July 4, 1908.

not an empty case in the yard. This was due to the admirable way in which
the North-Eastern Railway had carried out their work.

Mr. John Rowell (Steward of Horses) seconded, and the resolution was
carried.

Remarks of Members.

The President having, in accordance with the usual custom, asked if any
Governor or Member had any remark to make or suggestion to offer for the
consideration of the Council,

A Member caused considerable laughter by expressing the hope that the
Society would come oftener — say once in ten years — to Northumberland,
instead of “ pottering about Derby and those places.”

Thanks to the Chairman.

Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis said before they parted that day there was one
resolution which he had the honour to propose, and which he was confident
would meet with universal acceptance. It was a vote of thanks to the Presi-
dent for his services in the chair. They all knew that the office of President
was no sinecure, and that it entailed a large amount of work on the holder.
They were extremely grateful to his Grace for the way in which he had dis-
charged the duties of that office. He was the third of his name who had
occupied the post of President of that great Society. He hoped that the
interest which he and his predecessors had shown in the Society would be
maintained, and they all wished him long life, health, and happiness to dis-
charge the high office and important duties which fell upon him.

Mr. James Hornsby having seconded the motion, it was put to the meet-
ing and carried amidst cheers.

The Duke of Devonshire, in responding, thanked them sincerely for the
kind resolution which they had passed. He differed with Mr. Cornwallis when
he said that the duties of the President were of an extremely onerous character.
Mr. Cornwallis might have been looking back to the time when he occupied
that distinguished position ; for he took the Presidency at a critical period in
the history of the Society, and it was largely due to the work he had rendered
that they were now in such a fortunate position. (Hear, hear.) The work he
did then was still felt and appreciated by those who had followed him in the
Presidency. The work of the President now was extremely easy, as everything
was so well arranged and managed by the Honorary Director and the per-
manent staff. His Grace was very glad to occupy the position. It had been
one of his greatest ambitions that he should succeed where his predecessors lmd
succeeded so well. He had only one more observation to make, and that was
that it would be a matter of satisfaction to them to learn that the Duke of
Northumberland had accepted the office of Vice-President of the Society, to
which the Council had elected him on the previous day. That was a mark of
their appreciation of the work he had rendered to the Society. He hoped it
would be taken also as a compliment, and as an expression of their good feeling
and thanks for what had been done by the Duke of Northumberland and by
the Committee he represented.

The meeting then terminated.

SATURDAY, JULY 4, 1908.

At a Special Meeting of the Council, held in the Showyard, at Newcastle-
on-Tyne, the Duke of Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —

On the motion of Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart. (Honorary Director),
seconded by Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart. (Steward of Finance), it was
unanimously resolved : “ That the best thanks of the Society arc due, and are
hereby tendered to :

(n) The Freemen of Newcastle for their kindness in placing at the Society’s disposal
a portion of the Town Moor as a site for the Show.

Monthly Council , July 29, 1908.

xli

(ft) The Officials of the General Post Office for the efficient postal and telegraphic
arrangements.

(c) The Newcastle Brigade of the St. John’s Ambulance Association for the efficient

Ambulance arrangements, under the charge of Colonel Gibbon.

(d) The Officials of Messrs. Barclay & Company’s Bank, Newcastle, for the efficient

assistance rendered by them.

(e) Messrs. Merryweather & Sons, Ltd., for the provision of Fire Engines, and for

the efficient arrangements in connection with the Fire Station in the
Showyard.

(/) Messrs. Robson & Sons, Ltd., for the loan of Furniture and Decorations for the
Royal Pavilion.

( g ) Messrs, ffm. Fell & Co. (Hexham), Ltd., for providing the Floral Decorations
near the Pavilions, &c.

(ft) Messrs. Marshall, Sons & Co., Ltd., for the loan of a Steam Engine for
supplying Motive Power to the Dairy.

(0 Mr. G. Elphick, M.R.C.V.S., for services rendered by him as one of the
Veterinary Inspectors, as a Judge of Horse-shoeing, and for assistance in
other matters.

0) Mr. Stephen Fairbairn, for the arrangements made by him in connection with
the Trials of Manure Distributors.

(ft) The Great Northern and North British Railway Companies for the facilities
afforded by them in connection with the Show.”

(A special vote of thanks to the North Eastern Railway Company was
passed at the General Meeting held in the Showyard.)

Letters of thanks were also ordered to be addressed to various individuals
and firms for assistance rendered in connection with the Show.

On the motion of the President, seconded by Mr. Frederick Reynard,
cordial votes of thanks were passed to Mr. George Marshall, to the Royal
English Arboricultural Society, and to all the Exhibitors in the Agricultural
Education, and Forestry Exhibition, which proved so successful and interesting
a feature in the Showyard.

On the motion of Sir Gilbert Greenall, seconded by Sir Richard
Cooper, a letter was ordered to be addressed to the Chief Commissioner of
Metropolitan Police conveying the appreciation of the Council of the very
efficient services rendered by the Detachment of Metropolitan Police on duty
in the Showyard. Letters of thanks were also ordered to be sent to the Chief
Constables of the Newcastle City Police and the Northumberland County
Police.

The Secretary laid upon the table a formal certificate by Mr. John Malcolm,
F.R.C.V.S. (the Society’s Chief Veterinary Inspector), to the effect that no case
or suspected case of contagious or infectious disease had occurred amongst the
animals exhibited at the Show.

A telegram was read from Count Esterhazy expressing the thanks of the
party of Hungarian Agriculturists for the arrangements made in connection
with their visit to this country.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 29, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held on Wednesday, July 29, 1908, at 16 Bedford
Square, W.C., the Duke of Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —
Present : — Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, Lord Moreton, Sir John H.
Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J.
Marshall Dugdale, the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., the Earl of Northbrook.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. S. N. Bankart,
Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Henry Dudding,
Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Mr. Joseph Harris,
Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton,
Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. F. Reynard,
Mr. E. W. Shackle, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth,
Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. H. Tallent, Mr. George Taylor, Mr. John Thornton, and
Mr. C. W. Wilson.

F F 2

xlii

Monthly Council , July 29, 1908.

Sir Gilbert Greenall (Honorary Director) and Mr. Adeane (Chairman of the
Finance Committee) were unable to be present at the meeting, as they were
keeping an appointment with the Lord Mayor of Liverpool, with reference to
an invitation to be extended to the Society to hold the Show at Liverpool in
the year 1910.

The minutes of the meetings of the Council held in the Showyard at
Newcastle-on-Tyne on July 1 and 4, 1908, were taken as read and approved.

Mr. John Henry Maden, of Rockcliffe House, Bacup, Lancs. ; Mr. Almeric
Paget, of Brandon Park, Brandon, Suffolk ; and Mr. Herbert Straker, of
Hartforth Grange, Richmond, Yorks, were elected as Governors, and sixty-six
duly nominated candidates were admitted into the Society as Members under
By-law 2.

Before the presentation of the several Committees’ reports, the President
expressed the great pleasure he thought they would all feel at the unprecedented
results of the recent Show at Newcastle. It was not possible at that early
stage to give actual figures, but he thought he might safely say that the profit
on the Newcastle Meeting would be larger than at any previous Show of the
Society. He understood that two representatives of the Newcastle Local
Committee were present — Mr. Johnstone Wallace and Mr. Gillespie (Treasurer
of the Local Fund) — and, without any formal resolution, he hoped they would
convey to their colleagues at Newcastle the sincere thanks of the Council, as it
was largely due to the efforts of the Local Committee that they had achieved
such excellent results.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted, and, on
the motion of Sir John Thorold, seconded by Mr. Percy Crutchley, it was
resolved : “ That, in order to facilitate the winding up of the accounts for the
Newcastle Show as early as possible, authority be given for the issue, during
the recess, of orders upon the Society’s bankers for the payment of accounts
connected with the Show.”

The Report of the Veterinary Committee was received and adopted, and, on
the motion of the Earl of Northbrook, seconded by Mr. Cornwallis, the
following resolution was unanimously passed and ordered to be sent to the
Board of Agriculture : —

"That in view of the renewed agitation for the removal of the restrictions upon
the importation into this country of live animals from abroad, the Council desire to
express their appreciation of the attitude adopted by the Board of Agriculture, and
to impress upon that Board the grave risk to the flocks and herds of this country
that would be incurred should the restrictions at present in force be removed.”

The Report of the Stock Prizes Committee having been received and
adopted, Mr. Cornwallis moved, Sir Richard Cooper seconded, and it was
unanimously resolved : — “That the best thanks of the Society are due and are
hereby tendered to Mr. Frederick Reynard for the valuable services he has
rendered to the Society in acting as one of the Judges in the Competition for
Plans of Farm Buildings.”

Authority was given for the affixing of the Society’s seal to the agreement
with regard to the holding of the Society’s Show of next year at Gloucester, on
portions of the meadows known as Castle Meads, Oxlease, and Portham,
situated partly in the City and partly in the County of Gloucester.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned, over the
autumn recess, until Wednesday, November 4, 1908, at 11 a.m.

xliii

Monthly Council, November 4, 1908.

*

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C., the Duke of
Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, Lord Middleton, Lord Moreton,
Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J.
Marshall Dugdale, the Hon. C. T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. George Adams, Mr. C. R. W. Adeane,
Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. S. N. Bankart, Mr. H. Dent Brockleburst, Mr.
T. A. Buttar, Mr. Richardson Carr, Sir H. F. de Trafford, Bart., Mr. Henry
Dudding, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M.
Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. E. A. Hamlyn, Mr. Joseph Harris,
Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. F. Ingram,
Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. T. H. Miller,
Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers,
Mr. J. Rowell, Mr. W. Scoby, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. E. W.
Stanyforth, Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. George Taylor, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P.
Turner, and Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler.

The Lord Mayor of Newcastle-on -Tyne (Mr. W. J. Sanderson).

The following Members of the Gloucester Local Committee were also
present : — Mr. Samuel Aitken, Mr. R. Anderson, Mr. H. W. Bruton, and Lieut.-
Colonel J. F. Curtis-Hayward.

The Minutes of the last Meeting of the Council, held at 16 Bedford Square,
on Wednesday, July 29, 1908, were taken as read and approved.

The President said that since the last meeting of the Council they would
all have heard with regret of the death of their old and much esteemed
colleague, Sir Nigel Kingscote. Although, in consequence of failing health,
Sir Nigel had felt it necessary two years ago to resign his seat on the
Council, his interest in the welfare of the Society had been maintained, as was
evidenced by his frequent attendance — as a Governor — at their meetings since
his retirement, the last occasion on which he was present being at the Council
on July 29 last. It was hardly necessary, his Grace said, for him to explain to
that meeting the extent of Sir Nigel’s work for the Society, which would be so
well known to all of them. He was sure it would be the wish of the Council
that he, as President, should convey to Lady Emily Kingscote the expression
of the Council’s very deep sympathy in the sad bereavement which she had
sustained.

The Hon. John H. Ward, of 7 Carlton Gardens, London, S.W., and Mr.
Robert Christison, of 5 Lawn Road, Haverstock Hill, N.W., were elected as
Governors, and twenty-six duly nominated candidates were admitted into the
Society as Members under By-law 2.

The report of the Finance Committee having been received and adopted,
Mr. Adeane stated that, subject to audit, the net profit on the Newcastle Show
amounted to about 10,100Z., exclusive of the sum of 2,500Z. allocated from the
Ordinary Account to the Show Account. He was sure this result was gratify-
ing to Members of Council and also to the Lord Mayor of Newcastle and
all the people of that city who had contributed so much to the satisfactory
result. The President having added his tribute to the work done in connec-
tion with the Show, the Lord Mayor of Newcastle assured the meeting
that it was with great pleasure he learnt the result. It was a matter of intense
satisfaction, not only to himself, but to all the inhabitants of his city, and he
expressed his sincere thanks for the great courtesy and kindness which had
been shown to him by Sir Gilbert Greenall and all the officials during the
Society’s visit.

A report from the Sites Committee was presented and adopted, including
a recommendation that the invitation contained in the following letter from
the Lord Mayor of Liverpool should be accepted : —

xliv

Monthly Council , November 4, 1908.

«

The Town Hall, Liverpool, W.

July 31, 1908.

Dear Sir, — I have the pleasure to inform you that at a meeting of the City
Council, held on Wednesday last, the following resolution was unanimously
carried, viz. : —

“ That the Eight Honourable the Lord Mayor be respectfully requested to
invite the Royal Agricultural Society of England to hold their Annual Show
for 1910 at Liverpool, and that the Parks and Gardens Committee be
authorised to place Wavertree Playground at the disposal of the Society for
the purpose, and to make such arrangements in connection therewith as
may be necessary.”

I hope the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society will do Liverpool the
honour of accepting this invitation.

Believe me, yours faithfully.

(Signed) R. CATON, Lord Mayor.

The President. Royal Agricultural Society,

16 Bedford Square. London.

On the motion of the President, seconded by Lord Middleton, it was
unanimously resolved by the Council : “ That the invitation from the City
Council of Liverpool, to hold the Show in that city in 1910, be accepted, and
that the usual agreement be entered into with the Corporation.”

The Report of the General Gloucester Committee was received and adopted,
and the date of the Show at Gloucester was fixed as follows : — Tuesday,
June 22, to Saturday, June 20, 1909.

The Report of the Journal and Education Committee was received and
adopted, and, on the Committee’s recommendation, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst
was appointed as the Society’s representative Governor of the Royal Agricul-
tural College, Cirencester, and Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale was re-elected on the
Governing Body of the Harper- Adams Foundation.

The Report of the Chemical and Woburn Committee was received and
adopted, including a recommendation that the Report of the Consulting Chemist
should be published in the Agricultural Press with the names of the vendors of
'a material sold as pig meal, which, on examination, had been found to contain
sawdust and sulphate of lime (gypsum).

[NOTE.— The printers having declined to furnish copies of the usual pamphlet contain-
ing the Council “Proceedings,” on the ground that certain statements in the
Chemical Committee s Report appeared to render them liable to an action at law if
such Report were printed by them, it was decided to issue the “Proceedings”
omitting the entire Report of the Consulting Chemist.]

The Reports of the Botanical and Zoological, Veterinary, and Stock
Prizes Committees were received and adopted, and permission was given to
Mr. Reynard (Chairman of the Stock Prizes Committee) to accept further
offers of prizes that might be received before the next meeting.

A discussion then ensued with regard to a suggestion made by Lord
Moreton that the Society should communicate to other Societies the names of
exhibitors disqualified for fraudulent practices in connection with animals
exhibited at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show ; and, at the suggestion of
the President, it was decided to refer the matter to the Stock Prizes Com-
mittee for consideration at their next meeting.

Sir Gilbert Greenall was unanimously re-appointed Honorary Director of
the Society’s Show, and Mr. William Priday, of Gloucester, was appointed
Steward of Forage for the Show of 1 909.

The following were appointed a Committee to confer with representatives
of the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Society on Monday, December 7, with
regard to the terms upon which the County Society should forego their Annual
Show of 1910 when the Royal Agricultural Society visited Liverpool : The Duke
of Devonshire (President), the Earl of Jersey, the Earl of Northbrook, the
Right Hon. Ailwyn Fellowes, Sir Richard Cooper, Bart., Sir Gilbert Greenall,
Bart., Mr. Adeane, Mr. Cornwallis, Mr. Crutchley, Mr. Harrison, and Mr. Miller.

The Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting of Governors and
Members, to be held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, at 3 p.m. on
Wednesday, December 9. was prepared and ordered to be issued.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, December 9, at 11 a.m.

Monthly Council , December 9, 1908.

xlv

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1908.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C., the Duke of
Devonshire (President) in the Chair : —

Present: — -Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, Lord Middleton, Sir John
H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J.
Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. A. B. Fellowes, the Earl of Jersey, G.C. B.,
the Earl of Northbrook.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. Charles R. W. Adeane, Mr. T. L.
Aveling, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. R. G. Carden,
Mr. Richardson Carr, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. H. Dudding, Mr. J.
T. C. Eadie, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart.,
Mr. E. A. Hamlyn, Mr. J. Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. R.
W. Hobbs, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Sir Charles V.
Knightley, Bart., Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton,
Mr. T. S. Minton, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. F. Reynard,
Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. W. Scoby, Mr. E. W. Shackle,
Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. H. Tallent,
Mr. George Taylor, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner; Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler,
and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

The following Members of the Gloucester Local Committee were also
present : — Mr. S. Aitken and Mr. M. W. Colchester- Wemyss.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday,
November 4, 1908, were taken as read and approved.

The Earl of Derby, G.C.V.O., C.B., and Sir Edward Stern were elected
Governors, and thirty-four duly nominated candidates were admitted into the
Society as Members under By-law 2.

The President, before proceeding with the ordinary business of the
meeting, mentioned that he had received a communication expressing Lady
Kingscote’s thanks for the letter of sympathy he had sent her on behalf of the
Council, and saying how much she appreciated what had been said about her
husband.

The Council would all have heard with deep regret, the President
continued, of the death, at Algiers, on November 28, 1908, of Mr. John
Thornton, whose connection with the Society had extended over a very long
period. He had been elected a Member in 1869, and became a Member of
Council in August, 1905, as one of the representatives of the Division of
London. He had served as a Member of the Stock Prizes Committee, and, as
they all knew, had acted as auctioneer of cattle in the Society’s Showyard each
year since the inauguration of the auction sales in 1903. He was sure that not
only the Members of the Council, but every one connected with agriculture in
any form whatsoever, felt what a very -great loss they had sustained by the
death of Mr. Thornton.

The President added that Members of Council would also regret to learn
of the death of Mr. George H. Sanday, another old Member of the Society.
He became a Member in 1868, was elected to the Council in the year 1874, and
was made a Vice-President in 1902. He had acted on many occasions as a
Steward at the Annual Shows, and had served for a considerable period on the
Stock Prizes Committee, of which he became Chairman in 1890, a position he
retained until he was compelled, on account of iil-health, to resign his seat upon
the Council in April, 1905. Mr. Sanday’s death would be very deeply felt by
his old colleagues on the Council.

Mr. William Harrison introduced a deputation from the City of
Liverpool, composed of the Lord Mayor, Sir Charles Petrie, Alderman Simon
Jude, Councillor Lea, and supported by Mr. John White (Chairman of the
Council of the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Society) and Mr. H. W.
Worsley-Taylor, K.C. (a Vice-President of that Society). The Lord Mayor
of Liverpool said they had come as a deputation, empowered by the City of

xlvi

Monthly Council, December 9, 1908.

Liverpool, to invite the Society to hold its Show of 1910 in that city. He had
been asked by Mr. White to say, on his behalf, and on behalf of other
Members of the Royal Lancashire Agricultural Society, how cordially they
would welcome the meeting in Lancashire of the “ Royal ” Society. Speeches
in support of the invitation having been made by Sir Charles Petrie,
Alderman Jude, and Mr. John White, the President thanked the
deputation for the very kind invitation extended by them, which the Council
had the greatest possible pleasure in accepting. The deputation then
withdrew.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted, including
the Statement of Receipts and Expenditure of the Show at Newcastle-on-
Tyne, which was explained in detail by Mr. Adeane (Chairman of the
Committee).

The Report of the Chemical and Woburn Committee having been presented,
and an explanatory statement made by Mr. Bowen-Jones (Chairman)
relative to the non-publication of the Consulting Chemist’s Report presented at
the last meeting, a discussion thereon ensued. It was eventually decided by
twenty-one votes to fourteen to omit from the Committee’s Report a recom-
mendation that their Reports on cases of adulteration should in future be
printed in extenso in the Society’s Journal. The Council, however, agreed to
the suggestion that the Report on cases of adulteration adopted by them in
November should be forthwith circulated to all Members of the Society for
their information only, and that future Reports should be circulated as
opportunities offered.

The Report of the Committee of Selection was received and adopted,
including the following recommendations : — (1) That the Earl of Jersey
succeed Earl Spencer as a Trustee ; (2) That the vacancy thus created in the
list of Vice-Presidents be filled by the election of the Earl of Derby ; (3) That
Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., be elected a Vice-President in the room of the
Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P.

The President reminded the Council that Earl Spencer, who had resigned
his position as a Trustee, joined the Society as a Member so long ago as the
year 1859. His Lordship was elected to the Council in the year 1874, became
a Vice-President in 1883, and a Trustee in 1898. It would also be remembered
that he was President of the Society in the year 1898, when the Show was
held at Birmingham ; and the Council owed a debt of gratitude to Lord
Spencer for all the work he had done. The President also pointed out that
it was one of his Lordship’s predecessors who practically formed the Society.
Mr. Chaplin, who had expressed the hope that his position might be taken by
some one who had more leisure and time to devote to the Society’s work,
became a Member in 1870, and first joined the Council in the year 1872,
serving until 1874. He was again elected to the Council in 1884, and bad
been a Vice-President since 1889. The Council had also heard with great
regret that Mr. Richard Stratton, who retired from the Council by rotation as
a representative of the Division of Monmouth, which was included in
Group “ A,” did not desire to seek re-election. Mr. Stratton became a
Member in the year 1867, and eight years later (in 1875) took his seat upon
the Council, thus being one of its oldest Members. He had been a Member of
the Stock Prizes Committee for upwards of thirty years, and frequently acted
as a Steward at the Annual Shows, where he was known as a prominent
breeder and an exhibitor of Shorthorns. The President was sure the Council
would very much regret the loss of Mr. Stratton’s help, but he knew that
he would always remain a good friend to the Society.

The President then presented a Report from the Committee appointed at
the last meeting of the Council to confer with the representatives of the Royal
Lancashire Agricultural Society. He was glad to be in a position to state that,
as a result of the Conference held on December 7 between the representatives
of the two Societies, various terms had been arranged under which the Royal

Annual General Meeting , December 9, 1908. xlvii

Lancashire Society would withhold its Annual Show on the occasion of the
Society’s visit to Liverpool. All difficulties having been swept away, the
Societies would now co-operate in endeavouring to make the Show of 1910 a
great success.

The following Standing Committees were appointed for 1909 : — Finance,
Journal and Education, Chemical and Woburn, Botanical and Zoological,
Veterinary, Stock Prizes, Implement, Showyard Works, Selection, and Dairy
and Produce. The present Members of the various Committees were (with
some exceptions) re-appointed to those Committees. Viscount Ridley and
Mr. Louis C. Wrigley were added to the Journal and Education and Stock
Prizes Committees, Mr. W. J. Hosken to the Chemical and Woburn and Stock
Prizes Committees, Mr. W. A. May to the Chemical and Woburn Committee,
Mr. F. Smith to the Stock Prizes Committee, and the Duke of Devonshire,
Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, and Mr. G. G. Rea to the Committee of Selection.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, February 3, 1909, at 11 a.m.

proceedings at tbe annual
General flDeeting of (Bovernors and Members,

HELD AT THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1908.

THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE (PRESIDENT) IN THE CHAIR.

Present: — Trustees. — Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, Lord Middleton, Sir John H.
Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, the Rt. Hon.
A. E. Fellowes, the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., the Earl of Northbrook.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. R. G. Carden, Sir R. P.
Cooper, Bart., Mr. Henry Dudding, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank,
Mr. J. W. Glover, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Mr. E. A.
Hamlyn, Mr. J. Harris, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. F.
Ingram, Sir C. V. Knightley, Bart., Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May,
Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. John Rowell,
Mr. W. Scoby, Mr. Fred. Smith, Mr. R. Stratton, Mr. H. Tallent, Mr. C. W.
Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler, and Mr. Louis C. Wrigley.

Governors. — Mr. Alfred Ashworth, Mr. R. C. Assheton, Mr. T. G. Benn,
Mr. Terah F. Hooley, Mr. H. H. Vivian.

Members. — The Hon. C. B. Portman, Sir Herbert Chermside, G.C.M.G., Sir
Oswald Mosley, Bart., Sir Francis Walker, Bart., Messrs. J. A. Adams, R. J.
Aspinall, W. Bainbridge, N. Benjafield, W. J. Bennison, C. F. Benson, T. Brigg,
A. Britten, John Bryan, Roland Burke, Colin Campbell, James Chalcraft,
J. C. Jesser Coope, F. S. Courtney, Major P. G. Craigie, C.B., Messrs. J. C.
Daubuz, F. F. Downward, Douglas Ellis, W. England, George Gibbons, John
Evens, Major R. M. Foot, Messrs. W. Fortune, J. T. Hobbs, Surgeon Lt.-Col.
J. Ince, M.D., Messrs. Dunbar Kelly, John Kendrick, J. Pittman King,
J. Lambshead, W. Langridge, the Rev. Cecil H. Legard, Messrs. F. D. Little,

A. McNeilage, W. Madge, S. Mager, Joseph Martin, T. May, W. N. Mead,

B. Middleton, H. C. Minchin, W. Mitchell, H. F. Moore, W. J. Morton, W. Nichol,
W. Nisbet, J. Brittain Pash, Professor J. Penberthy, Messrs. T. F. Plowman,
F. E. Rands, E. C. Ransome, John Richards, J. Rooke, George Scoby, G. F.
Sheppard, E. W. Shepperson, C. F. Simmons, S. Simpson, C. N. Skinner, A. J.

xlviii Annual General Meeting , December 9, 1908.

Smith, Henry Smith, sen., Henry Smith, jun., H. E. Smith, Edwin Smithells,
T. Stilton, J. M. Sturgess, Garrett Taylor, J. Herbert Taylor, R. Thirlby,
G. D. Thody, E. Trimen, F. W. Turner, Eldred G. F. Walker, R. Ward, G. P.
Watkins, F. N. Webb, A. G. Weigall, A. F. T. Westrop, J. M. White, A. de C.
Wilson, C. E. Wodehouse, George Wood, &c.

President’s Opening Remarks.

The President, in opening the proceedings, said that by favour of the
Royal Agricultural Hall Company, and of the Smithfield Club, they were again
assembled there, and he could assure those present that it was a source of
pleasure and satisfaction to him to preside over that meeting at the close of
what he thought they would all agree had been one of the most successful years
in the history of the Society.

The first business on the agenda was the presentation of the Balance-sheet,
and the accounts were before them of the very successful Show at Newcastle,
which had resulted in a credit balance of 10,054Z. He felt that he could not
proceed further without expressing, on behalf of the whole of the Society, their
great indebtedness to the Lord Mayor of Newcastle, the Local Committee, the
City of Newcastle, the Duke of Northumberland, and the county generally, to
whose combined efforts this satisfactory result of the Show was to a large extent
due. The Council and Members would, he knew, desire to place on record their
most cordial thanks to Sir Gilbert Greenall, the Society’s indefatigable Honorary
Director. During the course of the past year his Grace had had many
opportunities of seeing the work of Sir Gilbert Greenall, and he could only say
that even if any one had no intention of doing work before, a few hours’ contact
with Sir Gilbert was sufficient to make that person energetic. Sir Gilbert had
spared neither time nor effort to make the Show a success, and the result must
be very gratifying to him. That result was in a large measure due to his
personal work. He would like also to say how well Sir Gilbert had been
supported by their Secretary, Mr. McRow, and all the staff. Everything went
so smoothly now in connection with the “Royal” that some people might
think there was no work to be done. He had seen something of the inner
working of the Society, and he knew how big and complicated it was, and the
smooth working was entirely due to those officials who had rendered such
excellent and admirable services.

It would be noticed from the General Meeting Report that during the past
year the Society had lost by death a very large number of its principal
supporters, and there had now to be added the names of Mr. John Thornton
and Mr. George H. Sanday. Mr. Thornton’s sudden death removed a great
personality from the agricultural world, and Shorthorn breeders especially
would feel the loss of so eminent an auctioneer, and, in many cases, of a
personal friend. Mr. Sanday would be remembered by many of his old
colleagues on the Council for his services as Chairman of the Stock Prizes
Committee, and as Steward on various occasions of the several departments in
the Showyard.

The Seventieth Annual Show of the Society would take place at Gloucester
from Tuesday, June 22, to Saturday, June 26, 1909. The prize-sheet, to be
issued early next year, would be on the same comprehensive lines as the
schedules of the last three Shows, and he took that opportunity of saying how
generous the Breed Societies had been, as on former occasions, in their
contributions to the Prize Fund. It was largely due to the interest of the
Breed Societies, and the practical form that interest had taken, that the Society
was able to put forward a prize-sheet which would be an attractive one, and
would, he was sure, continue to be an attractive one in the future.

As would be observed from the Report, the somewhat large amount of 660Z.
was offered as prizes for farms of various descriptions in the Counties of
Gloucester and Wiltshire, and in Herefordshire and Worcestershire, the classifi-
cation being arranged to meet the special character of the farms in those
districts.

Annual General Meeting , December 9, 1908. xlix

The Council had been favoured with a most cordial invitation from the
Liverpool City Council to hold the Society’s Annual Show in that city in 1910,
and the Lord Mayor of Liverpool had very kindly attended the Council Meet-
ing that day, with other Members of his Council and Members of the Royal
Lancashire Agricultural Society, to support the invitation which had been
previously tendered. He need hardly say that the Council had most heartily
accepted that invitation, and they looked forward with much pleasure to the
holding of their Show in Lancashire in 1910, in connection with which they
were assured of the full support of the Royal Lancashire Society.

There was one matter which had been frequently mentioned at General
Meetings, and that was the question of membership. It was the only matter
that gave the Council any cause for feeling disappointed in connection with
the working of the year. He found that, in spite of the efforts that have been
made to obtain new recruits, there was only a net increase of something like
forty-nine since the last Annu&l Meeting. Of course, death had been very hard
on Members of the Society, and they had to deplore a great many losses, but he
admitted that he had been in hopes that they might have done more than they
had done during the past twelve months to obtain Members. Suggestions had
very often been but forward at the General Meeting as to ways in which to re-
cruit Members. He himself felt confident that everything that could be done
by the Council was being done with a view of obtaining Members. To quote
an expression used at the Council Meeting that day by the Chairman of their
Finance Committee, they were making every effort to see that for every 1Z. ex-
pended the Members of the Society got full value for it. There was only one
way to add to the List of Members, and that was by individual and personal
exertions of every Member of the Society. If every one succeeded in getting
one or two additional Members, they would, of course, have a very large
increase by this means. He would be very glad to receive suggestions from
those present as to what should be done to induce more Members to join.
Every Member might use his influence by making more widely known the
advantages which the Society afforded to its subscribers. Possibly the mere
fact of a successful Show might attract a considerable number, but he wished
to impress upon them most strongly that the Society’s operations were by no
means restricted to the holding of a Show. That was no doubt the primary,
and possibly the most attractive portion of the work, but in almost every other
sphere, although a man might not be an exhibitor, they were doing something
to benefit every one engaged in agriculture. For instance, he might mention, in
passing, that the question of the adulteration of feeding-stuffs and manures had
been occupying, and was still occupying, the constant attention of the Council.
Certain matters had been brought to their notice, and it had been decided that
a statement should be circulated to all Members of the Society calling attention
to various facts, and they had also taken steps to bring certain facts to the
attention of the Board of Agriculture. He only quoted that as one instance of
the work the Society was doing in addition to holding an Annual Show, and
although an agriculturist might not necessarily be an exhibitor at Shows, yet
he thought in the Journal and other benefits which a Member received he got
very good value for his money. That was the only matter he had to make any
criticism upon, and he hoped that with increased prosperity and increased use-
fulness they might be able to induce a considerable number of Members to
join. As the Report of the Council had been printed and circulated to every
Member of the Society, the meeting would probably be willing that it should
be taken as read.

Adoption of Report.

Mr. George Gibbons (Bath) had much pleasure in moving the adoption of
the Report. He was glad to see that prizes were again to be offered for farms,
and he was also pleased to observe the stand which the Society had taken
against the importation of foreign cattle. He congratulated the President and
Council upon the splendid work that had been performed during the past

1 Annual General Meeting, December 9, 1908.

year, and upon the magnificent return from the Newcastle Meeting, which he
hoped would not for many years remain the highest. There was one matter to
which he desired to refer which was of the greatest importance to British
agriculture. That was the adoption of mechanical power for driving mowing
and reaping machines. He had been present at the fourth country meeting
held by the Society, and in the whole of the Showyard on that occasion there
was not a single appliance for haymaking or corn harvesting, except waggons,
scythes, hooks, picks, and rakes ; but it was totally different now. Everything
in the harvest field was now done by horses, from cutting to elevating to the
rick. Every horse on the farm was wanted to perform very hard work. He
thought the time had come when mechanical power should be employed in the
harvest-field. Motor-power was called in some cases the fiend of the road, but
he hoped that in future it might be called the fairy of the field. No doubt
within a short time something would be done, and a complete appliance intro-
duced. He fancied that he himself would knotf how to make one that could
be taken into a field of twelve acres, and cut it down in two hours. He sug-
gested that the Council should offer prizes at the Liverpool Meeting of 1910 for
the adoption of motor-power for mowing and reaping.

Mr. Joseph Martin, in seconding the Report, congratulated the Council
upon the handsome Balance-sheet presented that day. He rejoiced to find that
the Council had returned to the vigour of their youth. He regretted to see
amongst those who had passed away the names of Sir Nigel Kingscote, Sir
Massey Lopes, and Lord Derby, and he could not help regretting their loss.

The President stated that, as Mr. Gibbons had raised the question, he
thought he might explain that the Council had now under consideration a pro-
posal to hold trials of motors in connection with the Show of 1910, and he was
sure it would be possible to carry out something in the direction suggested.

Mr. John Kendrick (Stafford) said that, as one who took a great interest
in the Society, he really thought that some one in authority ought to have let
the Members in Staffordshire know that they only required an additional four
Members to qualify them to have two representatives on the Council. If this
had been done before the last election, and the two representatives had been
notified, they would have spread it about amongst those interested in agricul-
ture in the county, and he might say that they would not merely have got four
Members, but twenty-four, or even forty-four. There was no doubt that they
would obtain Members when there was something of this kind to work for.
He desired to bring the matter forward, and he hoped that some notice would
be taken of it. He was sure that if his suggestion were carried out it would
mean a very great increase in the membership, which the President had stated
was so desirable.

The Report of the Council was then unanimously adopted.

Election of President.

Major P. G. Craigie, C.B., said it was with great pleasure that he rose to
carry out a duty which every Member in that room would, he felt sure, have
been glad to perform. It was to propose that the Earl of Jersey be elected as
President of the Society for the ensuing year. When they looked back at the
long roll of Royal and noble Presidents of the Royal Agricultural Society, they
felt it their duty that the great succession should be worthily continued, and
he felt certain that, in commending to their notice the name of the Earl of
Jersey, every one would support him with cordial approval. His Lordship had
been known to them as a Member of Council for many years, and he was
known outside that Society wherever agriculturists met together, and his
advice was freely given, and tendered in a most amiable manner. Lord Jersey
had this distinction, in addition to many that had graced their Presidents in
the past — not only had he displayed interest in the agriculture of this country,
but he had been a distinguished Governor of one of their overseas dominions.

Mr. James T. Hobbs (Fairford) said that he had nothing to add to the
very eloquent speech of Major Craigie. They in Gloucestershire felt proud

Annual General Meeting, December 9, 1908.

li

that Lord Jersey was coming over the border next year to preside over the
Gloucester Show, and he could assure them that nothing would be left undone
locally to ensure the Show a bumping success. He hoped that Lord Jersey’s
year of office would be a real pleasure to him.

The resolution, having been put to the meeting, was unanimously cariied.

The Earl of Jersey, in response, said he was deeply grateful to the meet-
ing for his election as President of the Society. He also desired to thank his
friend Major Craigie for the kind remarks which he had made, and also Mr.
Hobbs for the welcome to Gloucester extended in anticipation, not only to
himself, but to the Society, in the coming year. The duties of President were
perhaps rather more constant than onerous, but, whatever those duties were, he
would endeavour to carry them out to the best of his ability. It might be that
next year they could not look forward to such a record as at Newcastle, but, as
the President had said, there was work for the “ Royal” to do besides that of
having a successful Show, and he felt confident that the judgment and delibera-
tions of the Council, upon whom the President must always rely, would go far
to further and benefit the great interests of agriculture in every direction.
They in England firmly believed that they were ahead of every other country
with regard to agriculture, and he was sure that the Society and the Council
especially would do everything in their power to maintain the lead now held.

Election of Trustees.

The following twelve Trustees were elected by show of hands : — H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales, K.G., the Duke of Bedford, K.G., Earl Cawdor, Mr. F. S. W.
Cornwallis, the Earl of Coventry, the Duke of Devonshire, Earl Egerton of
Tatton, Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart., the Earl of Jersey, G.C.B., Lord Middleton,
Lord Moreton, and Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Election of Vice-Presidents.

The Vice-Presidents were then re-elected by show of hands, as follows : —
H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G., Mr. J. Bowen-Jones, Mr. Percy Crutchley, the
Earl of Derby, G.C.V.O., C.B., Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Ailwyn
E. Fellowes, the Earl of Fevershain, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., the Earl of
Northbrook, the Duke of Northumberland, K.G., the Hon, Cecil T. Parker, and
the Earl of Yarborough.

Election of Auditors.

Mr. R. C. Assheton (Clitheroe) then moved that the best thanks of the
Society be tendered to Mr. Jonas M. Webb, Mr. Hubert J. Greenwood, and
Mr. Newell P. Squarey for their services as auditors during the past year, and
that they be re-elected to hold office until the next ensuing Annual General
Meeting. The work of the auditors was thoroughly well done, and he was sure
that the Members were very much indebted to them for their efforts.

Mr. John Kendrick, in seconding the motion, said the duties of the
auditors were somewhat onerous, but those duties during the past year must
have been of a very pleasant character, and he sincerely hoped that there
would be many years when the results would be as satisfactory as they were
this year.

Election of Council.

The President stated that the necessary steps had been taken to fill the
vacancies on the Council in the representation of the districts in Group “A,”
the Members of which retired by rotation ; and he, as President, had to
formally report to the Annual General Meeting the names and addresses of the
Ordinary Members of Council who had been elected by the divisions of that
Group, in order that the meeting might, in accordance with the By-laws, “take
cognisance” of their election.

These names and addresses were as follows : —

Northumberland : Viscount Ridley, Blagdon, Cramlington ; Mr. G. G. Rea, Middleton
Wooler.

Yorks, North Riding : Mr. William Scoby, Hobground House, Sinnington.

lii

Annual General Meeting , December 9, 1908.

Lancashire (and Isle of Man) : Mr. William Harrison, Hall House, Leigh ; Mr. T. H.
Miller, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde
i Cheshire : Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart.. Walton Hall, Warrington.

Derby : Mr. John T. C. Eadie, The Bock, Newton Solney, Burton-on-Trent.

Northampton : Sir Charles V. Knightley, Bart., Fawsley, Daventry.

Norfolk: Mr. Herbert Tallent. West Acre, Swaffham.

Bedford : Mr. Jobn Howard Howard, Clapham Park, Bedford.

Hertford : Mr. Richardson Carr, Estate Office, Tring Park.

Middlesex : Mr George Taylor, Cranford.

Stafford : Sir Richard Cooper, Bart.. Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

Worcester: Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler, Newnham Court, Tenbury

Monmouth : Mr. Louis C. Wrigley, Trellick Grange, Chepstow.

Cornwall : Mr. W. J. Hosken, Puisack, Hayle.

Dorset: Mr. Arthur Hiscoek. Manor Farm, Motcombe. Sbafte9bury.

Hampshire and Channel Islands : Mr. James Falconer, Northbrook Farm,

Micheldever Station.

Scotland : Mr. Thomas A. Buttar, Corston. Coupar Angus.

Thanks to President.

Mr. Alfred Ashworth (Gresford) had the honour to propose the next
resolution, which was one that did not require any words from him to commend
it to their favourable acceptance. It was that a cordial vote of thanks be given
to the Duke of Devonshire for his services as President during the past year.

His Grace was the third Duke of Devonshire who had held the office of
President, and ever since his election to the Council in 1898 he had rendered
exceptional service to the Society. His Grace’s year of Presidency had been
one of the most successful in the history of the Society. That was not the only
thing, for there were many points in the management of the Newcastle Show
which had rendered it of more public interest than any previous Show. He
thought the appeal for Members would be responded to in the coming year.
They thanked the Duke of Devonshire for the excellent way in which he had
presided over the operations of the Council, and he sincerely hoped that the
Society might have the benefit of his services for many years to come.

Sir Oswald Mosley seconded the vote of thanks to their worthy
President. No man in the world had worked harder than their Midland
County “Mr. Victor,” as they were proud to call him in former days, and now
they respected and admired him as being a representative of agriculture, and
yet one of the highest in the land. They must look to those gentlemen to
patronise and look to their interests. They wanted worthy men in their
present President’s position to look to the agricultural interest without bias,
without prospect of anything in the future. Their whole heart and soul were
given to this work without any reward, as far as it went in this world. He
hoped it might come in the next ! (Laughter.)

The Secretary having put the motion to the meeting, it was carried by
acclamation.

The Duke of Devonshire thanked the meeting most sincerely for the vote
of thanks which had been passed. He could confidently say that his year of
office had been a very pleasant one. He had had to do with various bodies,
but he had never been privileged to be associated with a body like the Royal
Agricultural Society, and the Council in particular. This latter body was a
strong and determined one, which knew its own mind, but there had never
been one moment of friction, or anything that they could look back upon
except with pleasure. It was a great privilege to occupy the position of
President of that great Society. He would remember his year of office with
pleasure and satisfaction, and if there was anything he could do for the “Royal”
in the future, they could absolutely rely on his assistance and co-operation.

The meeting then terminated.

1 Owing to the election of Sir Gilbert Greenall as a Vice-President a vacancy wa9
created in the representation on the Council of the Division of Cheshire, which has
been filled by the election of the Hon. J. E. Cross.

liii

NEWCASTLE SHOW,

JUNE 30 to JULY 4, 1908.

PRESIDENT :

THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, Chatsworth, Chesterfield.

OFFICIALS :

Honorary Director.

Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., Walton Hall, Warrington.
Stewards of Live Stock.

Cyril E. Greenall, Willoughby Hall, Grantham.
John Rowell, Bury, Huntingdon.

Joseph Harris, Brackenbrough Tower, Carlisle.

C. W. Tindall, Wainfleet, S.O., Lincolnshire.
Thomas A. Buttar, Corston, Coupar Angus.

Stewards of Implements.

R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc.

Claude M. S. Pilkington, Wollaton, Nottingham.

Steward of Dairying and Poultry.

Ernest Mathews, Little Shardeloes, Amersham, Bucks.
Steward of Forage.

George G. Rea, Middleton, Wooler, Northumberland.

Steward of Refreshments.

William Harrison, Hall House, Leigh, Lancs.

Steward of Education Exhibition.

J. Bowen-Jones, St. Mary’s Court, Shrewsbury.
Stewards of Finance.

Charles R. W. Adeane, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.
Thomas L. Aveling, Boley Hill House, Rochester.
Richardson Carr, Estate Office, Tring Park, Herts.

Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

Surveyor.

J. R. Naylor, F.R.I.B.A., Smith’s Bank Chambers, Derby.
Secretary.

Thomas MoRow, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.

JUDGES OF IMPLEMENTS.

Manure Distributors.

Frank Martin, Hubbert’s Bridge, Boston.

James Younger, Burradon Farm, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Miscellaneous Implements entered for Silver Medals.

Frank Martin, Hubbert’s Bridge, Boston.

James Younger, Burradon Farm, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

liv List of Judges at Newcastle , 1908.

JUDGES OF LIVE STOCK, Ac.

(As finally arranged.')

HORSES.

Hunters. — Classes 1-10, and 62-68 ; and
Polo Ponies. — Classes 11-15 and 69.

The Earl of Orkney, The Tythe
House, Stewldey, Leighton Buzzard.

Anthony F. Maude, Kilwarlin,
Hillsborough, Ireland.

Cleveland Bays and Coach Horses. —

Classes 16-19.

W. Scarth Dixon, Fail-light, Luton,
Beds.

Hackneys. — Classes 20-28 ; Hackney

Ponies. — Classes 29-32 ; and Harness
Horses. — Classes 70-81.

R. G. Heaton, The Ferry, Chatteris.

John Wreghitt, East Thorpe,
Market Weigh ton.

Shetland Ponies. — Classes 33 and 34 ;

Highland or Fell Ponies. — Classes 35-36 ;
and Dales Ponies. — Classes 37-38.

John J. R. Meiklejohn, Raith,
Kirkcaldy.

Shires. — Classes 39-47.

Edward Green, The Moors, Welsh-
pool.

Edmond Whinnerah, Warton,Carn-
f orth .

Clydesdales. — Classes 48-55.

J. P. Sleigh, St. John’s Well’s, Fyvie.

William Taylor, Park Mains, Ren-
frew.

Suffolks. — Classes 66-60.

W. R. Hustler, Earls Hall, Cock-
field, R.S.O., Suffolk.

Draught Geldings. — Class 61.

William Taylor, Park Mains, Ren-
frew.

Edmond Whinnerah, Warton, Carn-
forth.

Pit Ponies. — Classes 85 and 86.

Nathaniel Clark, Tanfield Hall,
Tantobie, R.S.O., Co. Durham.

Draught Horses in Gears.—

Classes 87-90.

R. C. Cooper, Waltham, Melton Mow-
bray.

W. R. Trotter, North Acomb,
Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

CATTLE.

Shorthorns. —

Classes 91-99, and 104-105.
James Durno, Jackstown, Rothie-
norman, Aberdeenshire.

George Freeman, Sherborne, North-
leach, R.S.O., Glos.

Dairy Shorthorn Cows and Heifers. —

Classes 100-102.

Robert Hobbs, Junr., Kelmscott,
Lechlade, Glos.

Lincolnshire Red Short-horns. —

Classes 106-112.

C. Crawley, Hemington, Oundle.

Herefords .—Classes 114-119.
Lawton Moore, Brampton Bryan,
Herefordshire.

W. Thomas, The Hayes, Sully,
Cardiff.

Devons. — Classes 120-124.

W. J. Chick, Stratton, Dorchester.

South Devons. — Classes 125-128.

J. M. Peeke, Hernaford, Totnes.

Sussex. — Classes 130-134.
Gerald Warde, Tutsham Hall, West
Farleigh, Maidstone.

Welsh. — Classes 135-139.

T. H. Vaughan, Sychtyn, Llanerfyl,
Welshpool.

Red Polled.— Classes 140-144.

A. D. Bruce, Estate Office, Elvetham
Park, Winchfield.

Aberdeen-Angus. — Classes 146-153.
George Cran, Morlich, Glenkindie,
Aberdeenshire.

James Whyte, Hayston, Glamis.

Galloways. — Classes 154-158.
John McTurk, Ashley Bank, Castle
Douglas.

Highland. — Classes 159-162.

J. R. Campbell, Shinness, Lairg,
Sutherland.

Ayrshires. — Classes 163 and 167.

A. W. Montgomerie, Lessnessock,
Ochiltree, Ayrshire.

List of Judges at Newcastle , 1908.

lv

Jerseys. — Classes 169-176.
Philip J. Ahier, Seymour Farm,
Gorey, Jersey.

W. Ashcroft, 13 The Waldrons,
Croydon, Surrey.

Guernseys. — Classes 177-181.

C. D. Mare, Ashwick, Chelmarsk,
Bridgnorth.

Longhorns. — Classes 183 and 184.
John T. Oxley, Stowe, Buckingham.
Kerry. — Classes 186-188 ; and Dexter.
— Classes 190-193.

Col. W. Stallard, St. John’s House,
Worcester.

F. N. Webb, Babraham, Cambridge.

SHEEP.

Oxford Downs. — Classes 197-200.
Andrew S. Elliot, Hollybush, Gala-
shiels.

Shropshires. — Classes 201-207.

W. Barrs, Tempe, Measham, Ather-
stone.

A. S. Gibson, Two Gates, Altrincham,
Cheshire.

Southdowns. — Classes 208-213.
Herbert Padwick, The Manor
House, West Thorney, Emsworth.
Garrett Taylor, Trowse House,
Norwich.

Hampshire Downs. — Classes 214-218.
Joseph Dean, Westwood, Wilton
Road, Salisbury.

W. T. Hall, Highclere Farm, New-
bury.

Suffolks. — Classes 219-224.

J. R. Grimsey, St. Helena, Dunwich,
Suffolk.

Dorset Horn. — Classes 225-228.

W. J. Chick, Stratton, Dorchester.

Ryelands. — Classes 229-231.

J. H. Yeomans, Withington, Here-
ford.

Kerry Hill. — Classes 232-239.
George Macqueen, Tan-yr-Allt,
Welshpool.

Lincolns. — Classes 236-242.
Charles Clark, Brookside, Scop-
wick, Lincoln.

William Wright, Scamblesby
House, Horncastle.

Leicesters. — -Classes 243-246.

J. J. Stamper, Highfield House,
Nunnington, Yorkshire.

VOL. 69.

m

Border Leicesters. — Classes 247-249.
James Jeffrey', Deuchrie, Preston-
*= kirk.

Andrew Wood, Brocksbushes,
Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

Cotswolds. — Classes 260-263.

W. Thomas, The Hayes, Sully
Cardiff.

Kent or Romney Marsh. —

Classes 254-268.

C. J. G. Hulkes, Somerhill Estate
Office, Tonbridge, Kent.

Wensleydales. — Classes 259-262.
William Rhodes, Lundholme, West-
house, Kirkby Lonsdale.

J. O. Trotter, Scruton, Bedale.

South Devons. — Classes 263 and 264.
J. M. Peeke, Hernaford, Totnes.

Cheviots. — Classes 265-268.
Michael Johnstone, Alton, Moffat.
Thomas O. Thornton, Hyndlee,
Hawick.

Lonks. — Classes 269-271.
William S. Airey, Whalley, Black-
burn.

Herdwicks. — Classes 272-274.
John Nelson, Undercragg, Mungris-
dale, Penrith.

Welsh Mountain.—

Classes 275 and 276.

T. H. Vaughan, Sychtyn, Llanerfyl,
Welshpool.

Black-faced Mountain.—

Classes 277-281.

John Craig, Innergeldie, Comrie,
Perthshire.

PIGS.

Large Whites. — Classes 282-287.

A. F. Nichol, Bradford, Belford,
Northumberland.

Middle Whites. — Classes 288-293.
Henry Smith, Junr., The Cottage,
Cropwell Butler, Nottingham.

Tamworths. — Classes 294-299.

C. Howard Taylor, Hampole Priory,
near Doncaster.

Berkshires. — Classes 300-305.

R. E. Horwood, Drayton Beauchamp,

1 Tring.

GG

lvi

List of Judges at Newcastle , 1908.

Large Blacks.— Classes 306-311.

R. Beaumont Bond, The Red House,
Sproughton, Ipswich.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated. —

Classes 312-317.

Henry Goodyear, Austerby, Bourne,

POULTRY.

Classes 318-416.

W. W. Broomhead, 97, Philip Lane,
Tottenham, London, N.

Thomas Lambert, Bourne Mill,
Hadlow Kent.

Rev. T. W. Sturgess, Marston Vicar-
age, Northwich.

PRODUCE.

Butter. — Classes 417 and 418.

J. F. Blackshaw, Kingston, Derby.

Cheese. — Classes 419-427.

G. W. Oubridge, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne.

Cider and Perry. — Classes 428-431.

B. T. P. Barker, M.A., Long Ashton,
Bristol.

John H. Wootton, Byford, Hereford.

Wool. — Classes 432-441.

F. C. Collins, 1 Duke Street, Cheap-
side, Bradford.

T. H. Moore, Dundas Street, Hudders-
field.

Hives and Honey. — Classes 442-465.

W. Broughton Carr, 8 Henrietta
Street, Covent Garden, London.

J. N. Kidd, Well Close, Stocksfield-
on-Tyne.

W. F. Reid, Fieldside, Addlestone,
Surrey.

Rev. Sidney Smith, Wheldrake
Rectory, York.

COMPETITIONS.

Jumping.

Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart.,
Shenstone Court, Lichfield. .

Sir H. F. de Trafford, Bart., Hill
Crest, Market Harborough.

E. W. Griffith, Plasnewydd, Tref-
nant, R.S.O., North Wales.

Frederick Reynard, Sunderland-
wick, Driffield.

John C. Straker, The Leazes, Hex-
ham.

R. C. Swan, Caythorpe Court, Grant-
ham.

C. W. Wilson, Rigmaden Park,
Kirkby Lonsdale.

Horse-shoeing.

G. Elphick, M.R.C.V.S., 1 Brandling
Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

W. Jones ANSTEY,R.S.S.,Northenden,
Jackson Avenue, Roundhay, Leeds.

PLANS OF FARM BUILDINGS.

Arthur S. Gibson, Two Gates,
Altrincham, Cheshire.

Charles P. Hall, Park Farm Office,
Woburn.

Frederick Reynard, Sunderland-
wick, Driffield.

FARMS.

John Evens, Burton, Lincoln.

William Hindmarsh, Newton
House, Christon Bank, R.S.O.

SHEEP DOG TRIALS.

James Scott, Troneyhill, Ancrum.

DAIRY COWS AND MILKERS’
COMPETITIONS.

R. Metcalfe, Spruce Gill, Finghall,
R.S.O., Yorkshire.

CHIEF VETERINARY OFFICER.

John Malcolm, F.R.C.V.S., Holliday
Street Wharf, Birmingham.

VETERINARY INSPECTORS.

G. Elphick, M.R.C.V.S., 1 Brandling
Park, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Professor J. Maoqueen, F.R.C.V.S.,
Royal Veterinary College, Camden
Town, N.W.

H. S. Elphick, M.R.C.V.S., 56 Eldon
Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

G. M. Mitchell, M.R.C.V.S., Abbey-
gate, Beechwood Street, Sunder-
land.

Harry Moore, M.R.C.V.S., Potter
Street, Worksop

John J. Ridley, M.R.C.V.S., Osborne
House, Beverley.

C. W. Stanley, M.R.C.V.S., Melton
Mowbray.

ASSISTANT VETERINARY OFFICER.

William Trigger, M.R.C.V.S., New-
castle, Staffs.

lvii

AWARDS OF PRIZES AT NEWCASTLE,

1908.

ABBREVIATIONS.

I., First Prize. II., Second Prize. III., Third Prize. IV., Fourth Prize.

E. N., Reserve Number. H. C., Highly Commended.

N.B. — The responsibility for the accuracy of the description or pedigree, and for
the eligibility to compete of the animals entered in the following classes, rests
solely with the Exhibitors.

Unless otherwise stated, each Prize Animal in the Classes for Horses, Cattle, Sheep
and Pigs was “bred by Exhibitor."

HORSES.

7 BREEDING CLASSES.

Hunters.1 *

No. in Class 1. — Hunter Colts or Geldings, foaled in 1907.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

2 I. (£20.)— Edward Harrison. Acaster Hill, Easingwold, for Harbinger, chestnut

gelding ; s. Squadron Leader, d. Miss Melbourne by The Unknown 78.

4 II. (£10.)— HENRY Kidd, Lowood, Melrose, for Fortune, chestnut gelding: s. Gold.

3 III. ( jC5. ) — Edward Hodgson. The Hollows, Bridlington, for Blucher, bay colt, bred

by H. S. Malone, Ballytore. co. Kildare ; s. Deleniont, d. by Master Ned.

Class 2. — Hunter Geldings, foaled in 1906. [17 entries, 7 absent.]

7 I. (£20.)— T. L. Bennett, Cross Hands Hotel. Chipping Sodbury, for Sermon,
chestnut, bred by S. W. Carson, Ballyneety, Ardflnane, co. Tipperary ; s. Royal
Minister, d. K. T. S. by Hartstown.

10 II. CjCIO.) — R. L. Fenwick, Wymondham, Oakham, for Game Boy, bay ; s. Whisperer,
d. May Queen by May Boy.

18 III. (£5.)— HENRY KIDD,’ Lowood, Melrose, for Little Gallant, chestnut, bred by
the late J. Richardson, Maun House, Softon, York : s. Wales, d. by Red Eagle 33.

17 R. N. & H. C.— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Yeoman.

Class 3. — Hunter Geldings , foaled in 1905. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

24 I. (£20.)— R.L. Fenwick, Wymondham, Oakham, for Zealot, chestnut ; s. Whisperer.
d. by Zeal.

29 II. (£10, k Special.3)— Henry Watson. Benton Lodge, Long Benton, R.S.O., for

False Alarm, brown, bred by T. Argles, Gillingham : s. Pantomime, d. Margaret.

26 III. (£5.)— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Killarney, bay, bred
by Major Honner, Brannockstown, co. Kildare ; s. Red Prince 2nd, d. by Deleniont.

30 R. N. & H. C.— F. B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Admiral.

Class 4. — Hunter Fillies, foaled in 1907. [17 entries, 3 absent.]

35 I. (£20.) — James Cairns. Abercrombie, St. Monance, Fife, for Joyful 3123, chestnut,
bred by A. Rutherford, Brokenheugh, Haydon Bridge : s. King's Beadsman, d. Lady
Mowbray by Blue Glass.

46 II. (£10.)— C. W. Rees STOKES, Warwick House, Tenby, for Gold Belle, chestnut ;

s. Gold Medallist, d. The Belle of Dee by Deeside.

37 III. (£5.)— R. L. Fenwick, Wymondham, Oakham, forSilent, chestnut ; s. Whisperer,
d. Sunny Bank by Favo.

48 R. N. & H. C.— F. B. Wilkinson, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Travelling Lass.

1 £120 towards these prizes were given by gentlemen interested in the breeding of

Hunters.

3 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Colt or Gelding in Classes
1, 2 and 3.

GG 2

lviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]
Class 5. — Hunter Fillies , foaled in 1906. [9 entries, 3 absent.]

57 I. <£20, & R. N. for Champion.1) — F. B. Wilkinson. Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowc,
Newark, for Lady Bird, bay, bred by O. T. Quibell, Newark-on-Trent : s. Worstborn.
50 II. (£10, & Special.2) — David Deuchar, Low Buston, Warkworth, for Gay Girl 2nd,
bay ; s. Coquet Lad, d Dusky Girl 3092 by Aborigine.

55 III. (£5.)— W. S. Ridehalgh, Kent’s Ford, Grange-over-Sands, for Actress, bay,
bred by C. Brennen, Harriestown, co. Kildare : s. Red Prince 2nd, d. by Delemont.

49 R. N. & H. C. — James Cairns, Abercrombie, St. Monance, Fife, for Sylvia.

Class 6. — Hunter Fillies, foaled in 1905. [9 entries, none absent.]

61 I. (£20, & Champion.1)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall House, York, for Modwena,
bay ; s. Wales, d. Madam Modjeska by Gordon.

63 II. (£10.)— W. S. RIDEHALGH, Kent’s Ford, Grange-over-Sands, for Mab, bay, bred
by E. Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington ; s. Pax, d. Faithful by Gooseberry.

59 III. (£5.) — David Davies, M.P., Plas Dinam, Llandinam, for Alpha, bay, bred by
W. B. Swallow, Wootton Lawn, Ulceby ; s. Wales, d. Tugela 2544 by Anklebiter.

66 R. N. & H. C.— F. B. Wilkinson, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Maid Marian.

Class 7. — Hunter Mares, with Foals at foot, up to 14 stone.

[11 entries, 1 absent.]

71 I. (.£20, & Champion.3)— E. W. Robinson, Liscombe, Leighton Buzzard, for Golden

Leaf 2896. chesnut, foaled 1894 [foal by Red Sahib], bred by M. D. Peacock, Manor
House, Middleham ; s. Tertius, d. Golden Fringe by Discord.

69 II. (£10.)— Captain Clayhills Henderson, R.N., Invergowrie, Dundee, for

Rosemary, chestnut, foaled 1896 [foal by Akbar];s. Mosshawk, d. Princess Patrica 1176.

72 III. (£5, & Special.4 5 )— C. W. Rees Stokes. Warwick House, Tenby, for The Belle

of Dee, brown, foaled 1902 [foal by Gold Medallist] ; s. Deeside, d. Sunshine by Macal-
mont.

70 R. N. & H. C.— J. S. Rigg. Elm Bank, Appleby, for Ting-a-ling.

Class 8 .—Hunter Mares, with Foals at foot, up to more than 14 stone.

[7 entries, 2 absent.]

83 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion.3)— J. A. Mullens, Barrow Hills, Longcross, for

Lubra, black [foal by Glenrossal 45], breeder and age unknown.

81 II. (£10). — EDWARD Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Faithful, bay, foaled
1896 [foal by St. Pancras], bred by the late W. Ouston. Bishop Burton, Beverley ;
s. Gooseberry.

78 III. (£5.)— James Cairns. Abercrombie, St. Monance, Fife, for Lady Mowbray,
brown, foaled 1895 [foal by King's Beadsman], breeder unknown ; s. Blue Glass.

84 R. N. & H. C.— E. W. Robinson, Liscombe, Leighton Buzzard, for Lady Muriel.

Class 9. — Hunter Colt Foals, the produce of mares in Classes 7 or 8.

[6 entries, 2 absent.]

89 I. (£10.)— W. B. SWALLOW, Wootton Lawn, Ulceby, for brown; s. Wales, d. Tugela

2544 by Anklebiter. [ Exhibited with No. 74 in Class 7.]

90 II. (£5.)— W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm. Paignton, for bay ; s. Glenrossal 45,

d. Glow-worm by Traverser 2nd. [ Exhibited with No. 76 in Class 7.]

87 III. (£3.)— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for bay. [.Exhibited with
No. 81 in Class 8.]

86 R. N. & H. c.— CAPT. CLAYHILLS Henderson, R.N., Invergowrie, Dundee, for Allah.
Class 10. — Hunter Filly Foals, the produce of mares in Classes 7 or 8.

[11 entries, 1 absent.]

97 I. (£10.)— E. W. Robinson. Liscombe, Leighton Buzzard, dor Red Leaf, chestnut,

( Exhibited with No. 71 in Class 7.)

95 II. (£5.)— J. A. MULLENS, Barrow Hills, Longcross, for Pretoria, bay. [ Exhibited

with No. 83 in Class 8.]

98 (£3, & Special. >)— C. W. Rees Stokes, Warwick House, Tenby. [Exhibited with

No. 72 in Class 7.]

96 R. N. & H. C.— J. S. RIGG, Elm Bank, Appleby, for Alice.

1 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters’ Improvement Society for the best
Filly in Classes 4, 5, and 6, not exceeding three years old, which is registered or entered
in the Hunter Stud Book.

2 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Filly in Classes 4, 5 and 6.

3 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters’ Improvement Society for the best
Mare four years and upwards, in Classes 7 and 8.

4 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Mare in Class 7.

5 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those’Societies only, for the best Filly Foal in Class 10.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1008. lix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”

Polo and Riding- Ponies.1

Class 11. — Polo and Riding Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1905, not
exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. [5 entries, none absent.]

106 I. (£15, & Champion.2)— Stephen Mumfoed, Stud Farm, Moreton Morrell, 'War-
wick. for Spanish Hero 372, brown, foaled 1898, bred by J. G. Mosenthal, Stony
Stratford ; s. Kilwarlin, d. Spanish Maiden by Merry Hampton.

102 II. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2)— Sir John Barker. Bt., M.P., The Grange,
Bishop’s Stortford, for Othrae, bay, foaled 1905, bred by W. E. Elsey ; s. Raeburn
d. Othery by King Monmouth.

105 III. (£5.) -THE Keynsham Stud Co., Amberley Court, Monmouth, for Trysting-
Tree, bay, foaled 1905, bred by O. Howard Taylor, Hampole Priory, Doncaster ;
s. Mountain Ash 298, d. Confidential 934 by Rosewater 37.

104 R. N. & H. C.— A. O. nASLEWOOD, Buxton, for Cricket.

Class 12. — Polo and Riding Pony Colts, Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1907,
not exceeding 13 hands 3 inches. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

107 I. (£15.)— Sir John Barker, bt, M.P., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford, for Ada,
chestnut filly ; s. Right For’ard 368, d. Jenny Bathurst.

108 II. (.£10.)— Sir John Barker, Bt., M.P., for Antonio, chestnut colt ; s. Right
For'ard 368, d. Baby Girl by Sandiway 121.

112 III. (£5.)— S. H. Moorhouse, Woodlands, Stockport, for Rubric, bay colt ; s. Rud-
heath 182, d. Mignonette 1418.

109 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN HURST, St. James’s Road, Carlisle, for Peggy Primrose.

Class 13. — Polo and Riding Pony Colts, Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1906,

not exceeding 14 hands 1 inch. [7 entries, none absent.]

113 I. (£15, & R. N. for Champion.* * * 8) — Sir John Barker, Bt., M.P, The Grange,
Bishop’s Stortford, for Florentine, bay filly ; s. Sandiway 121, d. Florence 1175.

118 II. (£10.) — The Keynsham Stud Co.. Amberley Court. Monmouth, for The Tutor,
bay colt, bred by the Radnorshire Polo and Riding Pony Co., Ltd., The Farm, Bleddfa,
Llangunllo ; s. Schoolmaster 233, d. Oh My 3rd by White Flight 189.

117 III. (£5.)— Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall, Bishop’s Stortford, for Earl Marco, brown
gelding ; s. Bold Marco 352, d. Early Dawn 611.

Class 14. — Polo and Riding Pony Fillies or Geldings, foaled in 1905,
not exceeding 14 hands 1 [ inches. [6 entries, none absent.]

124 I. (£15.)— Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall, Bishop's Stortford, for Tartlet, bay filly,
bred by Sir John Barker, Bt., M.P., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford ; s. Mark
For'ard, d. Eau de Rose.

122 II. (£10.)— Vice-Admiral Sir Francis b. bridgeman, Copgrove Hall, via Leeds,
for Cattarina, grey filly ; s. Carnival 172, d. Erin 1386 by The Arrow.

125 III. (£5.)— The Keynsham Stud CO.. Amberley Court, Monmouth, for Rosamond,
chestnut filly, bred by the late Miss Standish, Marwell Manor, Eastleigh ; s. Rose-
water 37, d. Queenie 745 by Abeyan 2.

123 R. N. & H. C.— F. W. Chance, M.P., Morton, Carlisle, for May Queen.

Class 15. — Polo and Riding Pony Mares, with Foals at foot, not exceeding
14 hands 2 inches. [4 entries, none absent.]

126 I. (£15, & Champion.8)— SIR JOHN Barker, Bt., M.P., The Grange, Bishop's
Stortford, for Actress 1560, bay, aged [foal by Right For’ard 368], breeder unknown.

127 II. (£10.)— Sir John Barker, Bt., M.P. for Saphire 1448, bay, aged [foal
by Sandiway 121], bred by James Curry, Dowdenstone, Ballymore, Eustace, co.
Kildare ; s. Pet Fox, d. by Lurgan.

129 III. (£5.)— The Keynsham Stud Co., Amberley Court, Monmouth, for Grey Wings
1394, grey, aged [foal by Try sting Tree], breeder unknown.

Cleveland Bays or Coach. Horses.

Class 16. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Stallions, foaled in 1905 or 1906.

[10 entries, 2 absent.]

135 I. (£15.)— JOHN Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington. York, for Rillington
Surprise (Coaching), foaled 1906, bred by Mrs. Slater, Harome, Nawton, York ;
s. Lord Chief Justice 1244, d. Lady Marjorie 1063 by Beadlam Prince 2248.

130 II. (£10.)— George Elders, Toft House, Aislaby, Sleights, R.S.O., Yorks, for Aislaby
Hero 1696 (Cleveland Bay), foaled 1906 ; s. Rosedale 1692, d. Lady- Stainthorp 718
by Hillingdon 986.

1 £50 towards these prizes were given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society.

- Champion Gold Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best

Stallion or Colt in Classes 11, 12 and 13.

8 Champion Gold Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best Mare

or Filly in Classes 12-16.

lx Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor.”]

133 III. (.£5.)— Bert Kitching, Hungate House, Pickering, for Hatching's Lightfoot
2472 (Coaching), foaled 1905, bred by W. Robinson, Hawsker, Whitby ; s. Barnaby
1832, d. by Grand Vizier 1164.

139 R. N. & H. C. — F. H. Stericker, Westgate House, Pickering, for Kingsway.

Class 17. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Fillies , foaled in 1905.

[3 entries.]

141 I. (£15.)— George Grandage, Moor Croft. Teadon, Leeds, for Woodland Glade
1106 (Coaching), bred by S. Leaf, Escrick, York ; s. Star of Yorkshire 2359, d. Frolic-
some 423 by Fidius Dius 1592.

140 II. (£10.) — George Elders, Toft House, Aislaby, Sleights, R.S.O . for Hawthorn
Beauty 1293 (Cleveland Bay) ; s. Rosedale 1692, d. Aislaby Beauty 1169 by Prince
George 235.

142 III. (£5.)— George Scoby, Beadlam Grange, Nawton, York, for Beadlam Beauty
(Coaching), bred by F. Wilson Horsfall, Potto Grange, Northallerton; s. Potto
Hutton 1603, d. Potto Queen 1219 by King Albert 1075.

Class 18. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Fillies foaled in 1906. [1 entry.]

143 I. (£15.)— George Grandage. Moor Croft, Yeadon, Leeds, for Woodland Queen 1126,
(Coaching) ; s. Woodland Pride 1659, d. Topsy 843 by Lord Risby 1402.

Class 19. — Cleveland Bay Mares , with Foals at foot. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

145 I. (£15.1 — George Grandage. Moor Croft, Yeadon. Leeds, for Woodland Briar 1318
(Cleveland Bay), foaled 1902 [foal by Woodland Pride 1659], bred by F. Wilson
Horsfall, Potto Grange. Northallerton ; s. King of the East 1525, d. Horsfall’s Progress
948 by Cleveland Park 1052.

146 II. (£10.)— John Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington, York, for Madeline 1265
(Cleveland Bay), foaled 1903 [foal by Rillington Beacon] ; s. Speciality 1562. d.
Madam 2nd 997 by Luck’s All 189.

148 III. (£5.)— J. H. Tyerman, Pond Farm, Hinderwell, for Aislaby Beauty 1169 (Cleve-
land Bay), foaled 1900 [foal by Pitch and Toss 1204], bred by George Elders, Toft
House, Aislaby, Sleights, R.S.O. ; s. Prince George 235, d. Hetty 949 by Pitch and Toss
1204.

Hackneys. 1

Class 20. — Hackney Stallions , foaled in 1907. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

155 I. (£20.) — ROBERT WHITWORTH, Londesborough Stud. Market Weighton, for
Antonius, chestnut ; Polonius 4931, d. Towthorpe Iris 19618 by Forest Star 7445.

151 II. (£10.)— R.P. Evans, Woodhatch House, Reigate, for Woodhatch Rufus, chestnut ;
s. Gartonius 9236, d. Mafalda 16001 by H.R.H. 2nd 5659.

149 III. (£5.)— Walter Briggs. The Hall, Burley-in-Wharfedale, for Albin Wildfire,
chestnut ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Lady Millie 11153 by Agility 2799.

153 R. N. & H. C.— J. G. & W. T. MITCHELL, Ulgham Manor, Morpeth.

Class 21. — Hackney Stallions , foaled in 1906. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

158 I. (£20, & Champion.2)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt„ Elsenham Hall. Essex, for
Flash Cadet 10203, bay ; s. His Majesty 2513. d. Lady Cadet 8024 by Cadet 1251.

161 II. (£10.)— John Smith, Adderley Stud, Monifietli, for Adderley 10054, chestnut ;
s Copper King 7764, d. Ring o’ Bell 12255 by Goldflnder 6th 1791.

163 III. (£5.)— Henry Watson, Newton Kyme, Tadcaster, for Newton Marvel 10343,
chestnut ; s. St, Thomas 7261, d. Newton Mermaid 17618 by Lord Bute 5686.

157 R. N. & H. C.— C. S. Fletcher, The Paddocks, Angram, York, for Lord Rosador.

Class 22. — Hackney Stallions, foaled in 1905. [8 entries, none absent,]

168 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion.2)— A. McKerrow, Camphill, Bearsden, Glasgow,
for King of the West 10284, chestnut, bred by Thomas & Arthur Hall, Copmantborpe
Grange, York ; s. Garton Duke of Connaught 3009, d. Queen of the Dales 4617 by
Eddlethorpe Fireaway 1768.

170 II. (£10.)— T. D. & G. R. Reed, Beeford Grange, Driffield, for Spartan, chestnut,
bred by T. D. Reed ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Valery 13158 by Lord Cave 2551.

167 III. (£5.)— John Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington, York, for Rillington
Excelsior 9853, chestnut ; s. Polonins 4931. d. Pearly 14654 by Rosador 4964.

165 R. N. & H. C.— HENRY Dale, Thorpe Bassett, Riilington, York, for Bonnie Bassett.

Class 23. — Hackney Fillies, foaled in 1907. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

175 I. (£20.)— JOHN Smith, Adderley Stud. Monifietli, for Adderley Patch, chestnut ;
s. Mathias 6473, d. Ring o’ Bell 12255 by Goldflnder 6th 1791.

1 £60 towards these prizes were given by the Hackney Horse Society.

2 Champion Gold Medal, value £10, given by the Hackney Horse Society for the best
Stallion in Classes 20-22.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. lxi

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

172 II. (£10.)— R. P. Evans. Woodhatch House, Reigate, for Woodhatch Maid,
chestnut ; s. Evanthius 8462, d. District Maid 15039 by Rosador 4964.

177 III. (£5. (-Robert WHITWORTH. Londesborougli Stud, Market Weighton, for
Liqueur, chestnut, bred by Joseph Thomas, Everingham ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Miss
Nancy 2nd 3098 by Lord Derwent 2nd 1034.

176 R. N. & H. C.— W. B. Tubbs, The Paddocks, Mill Hill, N.W., for Adalice.

Class 24. — Hackney Fillies, foaled in 1906. [6 entries, none absent,]

180 I. (£20.)— SIR Walter Gilbey. Bt„ Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Flash Clara 19087
chestnut ; s. Royal Danegelt 5785, d. Bonnie Clara 6419 by Connaught 1453.

178 II. (.£10.) — Stephen Cliff, Crayke Manor, Easingwold, for Crayke Fairy 19020,
chestnut roan, bred bv Walter Cliff, Melbourne Hall, York ; s. Merry Wildfire 9342,
d. Melbourne Fancy 16795 by Danegelt 174.

182 III. (£5.)— Iain Ramsay, Kildalton. for Beckingham Lady Grace 18902, chestnut,
bred by R. Surfleet, Beckingham, Gainsborough : s. Beckingham Squire 8070, d.
Beckingham Lady Helmsley 14919 by Garton Duke of Connaught 3009.

183 R. N. & H.C.— R. Whitworth, Londesborough Stud, Market Weighton, for Audacity.

Class 25. — For Hackney Fillies, foaled in 1905. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

187 I. (£20.)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt, Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Lively Birthday
18371, chestnut ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Garton Birthday 9970 by Garton Duke of Con-
naught 3009.

188 II. (£10.)— H. Hinrichsen. Henshall Hall, Congleton, for Ophelia's Daughter Grace
18479, chestnut, bred by F. J. Batchelor, Hopwood. Alvechurcb ; s. Royal Danegelt
5785, d. Ophelia 1301 by Denmark 177 or Danegelt 174.

186 III. (£5.)— Mrs. E. Fletcher, The Grange, Angram, York, for Angram Rosarine
1 18872, chestnut, bred by the late J. B. Barnard, The Moorlands, Haxby ; s. Rosador

4964, d. Princess 10428 by Garton Duke of Connaught 3009.

184 R. N. & H. C. — D. S. Carr, Clyde Vale Stud, Wembley, for Wembley Princess.

Class 26. — Hackney Mares, with Foals at foot, over 14, and not exceeding
15 hands 2 inches. [5 entries, none absent.]

193 I. (£20. & R. N. for Champion.* 1)— R. P. Evans, Woodhatch House, Reigate, for
Medelia 19337, chestnut, foaled 1904 [foal by Evanthius 8463], bred by Harry' Livesey
Rotlierfield. Sussex ; s. Medway 8240, d. Gay Ophelia 11844 by Polonius 4931.

191 II. (£10.)— Dr. Alex. Bowie, Poyle Place, Colnbrook, for Billington Majestic 17135,
chestnut, foaled 1904 [foal by Prince Rattler 6512], bred by A. Nuttall, Billington,
Whalley ; s. His Majesty 2513, d. Helen Agnes 8978 by Lord Derby 2nd 417.

195 III. (£5.)— H. V. Sheringham, South Creake, Fakenliam. for Creake Sylvia 15017,
chestnut, foaled 1901 [foal by Rosador 4964] ; s. Challenger 3013, d. Maidie 11241 by
Silvio 4983.

192 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. Clark, White Hall. Winestead, Hull, for Winsetts Lily.

194 Special.1— Thomas Finley, Harperley, R.S.O., for Lavender Bouquet.

Class 27. — Hackney Mares, tvith Foals at foot, over 15 hands 2 inches.

[6 entries, 4 absent.]

197 I. (£20 & Champion.1)— R. P. Evans. Woodhatch House, Reigate, for District Maid
15039, chestnut, foaled 1901 [foal by Evanthius 8463], bred by A. E. Evans, Bronwylfa,
Wrexham ; s. Rosador 4964, d. Buryr Sunfloyver 1950 by Rob Roy 1339.

199 II. (£10.) — W. E. INMAN. Westfield Lodge, Huddersfield, for Silver Ness 12294,
chestnut, foaled 1897 [foal by Grand Review 8175] ; s. Canny Man 2882, d. Salopia 2nd
8436 by Blaze 2nd 2376.

Class 28. — Hackney Foals, the produce of Mares in Classes 26 and 27.

[9 entries, 3 absent.]

205 I. (£10.)— R. P. Evans, Woodhatch House, Reigate, for chestnut colt. [ Exhibited
with No. 197 in Class 27.]

210 II. (£5.) — H. V. Sheringham, South Creake, Fakenham, for chestnut colt. [Ex-
hibited with No. 195 in Class 26.]

203 III. (£3.) — W. H. CLARK, White Hall, Winestead, Hull, for bay filly ; s. Skeffling
Fireaway 1650, d. Winsetts Lily 9656 by Saxon 2674. [ Exhibited with No. 192 in Class
26.]

207 R. N. & H. C.— Thomas Finley. Harperley, R.S.O.

1 Champion Gold Medal, value £10, given by the Hackney Horse Society for the
best Mare or Filly in Classes 23-27.

1 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Mare or Filly in Classes 23-27.

lxii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Hackney Ponies.1

Class 29. — Hackney Pony Stallions , foaled in or before 1905,
not exceeding 14 hands. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

211 I. (£15,)— D. S. CA.RR, Clyde Vale Stud, Wembley, for Torchfire 9472. brown, foaled
1903. bred by John Jones & Son. Dinarth Hall, Colwyn Bay ; s. Torchlight 8682,
d. Miss Dot 12124 by Julius Caesar 2nd 5666.

216 II. (£10.) -MISS M. E. Knott. St. Martin’s, Hooton, Chester, for Lord Caesar 9791,
brown, foaled 1904. bred by John Jones & Son, Dinarth Hall, Colwyn Bay : s. Julius
Caesar 2nd 5666, d. Flower Girl 8901 by Sir George 778.

213 III. (£5.)— R. H. Clayton, Brandling Hackney Stud, Felling-on-Tyne, for
Gunnergate Wonder, brown, foaled 1904, bred by Dr. T. M. Clayton, Gateshead ;
s. Julius Caesar 2nd 5666, d. The Lady Doctor 13142 by Little Wonder 2nd 1610.

Class 30. — Hackney Pony Colts, Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1906,
not exceeding 13 hands 2 inches. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

221 I. (£15.) — T. P. Robinson, Pinderfields Stud Farm, Wigginton, Yorks, for
Aristocratic Pinderfields, chestnut colt ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Doncaster Fanny 944 by
Danegelt 174,

220 II. (£10.)— Miss Langworthy, Holyport, Maidenhead, for Holyport Ruby 10263,
black colt, bred by John Makeague, Golborne Park, Newton-le-Willows ; s. Ruby
1342, d. Encore 11789 by Sir Horace 5402.

217 III. (jC5.) — R. H. Clayton, Brandling Hackney Stud, Felling-on-Tyne, for
Brandling Royal Princess, bay filly ; s. Julius Csesar 2nd 5666, d. Gordon Belle 8950 by
General Gordon 2084.

222 R. N. & H. C.— The Seaham Harbour Stud Ltd., for Seaham Nivette.

Class 31. — Hackney Pony Fillies or Geldings, foaled in 1905,
not exceeding 13 hands 3 inches. [2 entries, 1 absent.]

223 (£15 & Special.2)— John Forbes. Bute House, Park Road, Middlesbrough, for
Seaham Norah 18583, brown filly, bred by the Seaham Harbour Stud, Ltd., Seaham
Harbour ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Benton Nena 15611 by Tom Tit 2nd 5040.

Class 32. — Hackney Pony Mares, with Foals at foot,
not exceeding 14 hands. [2 entries.]

226 I. (£15, & R.N. for Special.2)— The Seaham Harbour Stud, Ltd., The Dene,
Seaham Harbour, for Benton Nena 15611, brown, foaled 1901 [foal by Monte Cristo
7933], bred by the late Eustace Smith. Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; s. Tom Tit 2nd 5040,
d. Nena 1081.

225 II. (£10.) — R. H. CLAYTON, Brandling Hackney Stud, Felling-on-Tyne, for Princess
Horace 19434, bay, foaled 1900 [foal by Gunnergate Caesar 8881], bred by Roy. B.
Charlton, Queens Letch Farm, Hexham ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Princess Mab by
Little Wonder 2nd 1610.

Shetland Ponies.

Class 33. — Shetland Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1905, not exceeding
10 J hands. [11 entries, 2 absent.]

235 I. (£10, & Chapmion.3)— William Mungall, Transy, Dunfermline, for Seaweed 333,
black, foaled 1901, bred by the Ladies E.'and D. Hope, Great Hollenden. Underriver,
Sevenoaks : s. Oman 33, d. Sea Serpent 1535 by Oman 33.

228 II. (£5 & R. N. for Champion.3) — Charles Douglas, Auchlochan, Lesmahagow,
for Crown Prince 342, brown, foaled 1902 ; s. Frederick 223, d Brossolis 1193
by Odin 32.

236 III. (£3.)— The seaham Harbour Stud, Ltd., The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for
Velocity 232, black, foaled 1896. bred by the Marquis of Londonderry, K.G., Seaham
Hall, Seaham Harbour ; *. Oman 33, d. Vemunda 678 by Odin 32.

233 R. N. & H. C. — R. W. R. Mackenzie, Earlshall, Leuchars, for Helmet of Earlshall.

Class 34. — Shetland Pony Mares, foaled in or before 1905, not exceeding
10] hands. [6 entries, 2 absent..]

240 I. (£10.)— R. W. R. Mackenzie, Earlshall, Leuchars, for Bracelet 1604, mouse black,
foaled 1897 [foal by Haldor 270], bred by the Marquis of Londonderry, K.G., Bressay,
Shetland ; s. Thor 83, d. Bretta 811 by Odin 32.

> £40 towards these Prizes were given by the Hackney Horse Society.

2 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Mare or Filly in Classes
30-32.

» Silver Medal given by the Shetland Pony Stud-Book Society for the best Stallion
in Class 33.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. lxiii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor."]

241 II. (£5.)— R. W. R. Mackenzie, for Southdown of Earlshall, black, foaled 1904 [foal
by Duncan 147] : a. Rattler 210, d. Snowdon 1112 by Thor 83.

238 III. (£3.)— R. W. Creswell-Ward. Neasham Hill, Darlington, for Music, dark
brown, foaled 1901, bred by C. Cane, Rydal Estate Office, Ambleside ; s. Montgomery
175, d. Missie 1180 by Muness 124.

Highland or Fell Ponies.1 *

Class 35. — Highland or Fell Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1905, not
exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. [4 entries, none absent.]

246 I. (£10.)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall House, York, for Comoraich (Highland), grey,
foaled 1901 ; s. Borodale, d. by Glen.

247 II. (£5.)— G. N. Roddam, Billing Shields, Eastgate, S.O., Weardale, for Mountain
Hero 2nd 5270 (Fell), bay, foaled 1897, bred by James Spencer, Murrab Hall, Greystone,
Penrith : s. Young Mountain Hero, d. Black Bess by Fitz George.

245 III. (£3.)— J. H. MUNRO MACKENZIE, Culgary, Isle of Mull, for Skerryvore (High-
land), grey, foaled 1905 ; s. Islesman 253, d. White Polly 1322.

Class 36. — Highland or Fell Pony Mares, foaled in or before 1905, not
exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. [1 entry.]

248 I. (£10.)— J. H. Munro Mackenzie. Culgary, Isle of Mull, for Gometra 1686 (High-
land), grey, foaled 1904 ; s. Islesman 253, d. White Polly 1322.

Dales Ponies."

Class 37. — Dales Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1905, not exceeding
14 hands 2 inches. [" 2 entries.]

249 I. (£10.)— Robert Blackett, Emmerson House, Butterknowle, Durham, for Real
Fashion 6096. black, foaled 1897 ; s. Perfect, d. Polly by Trotting Tom.

250 II. (£5.)— J. W. Peart, White Hills, Ireshopeburn, for Weardale Hero, brown, foaled
1902 ; s. Teesdale Comet, d. Nina by Blooming Heather.

Class 38. — Dales Pony Mares, foaled in or before 1905, not exceeding
14 hands 2 inches. [5 entries, none absent.]

255 I. (£10.)— John Townson, Hilton Moor, Bishop Auckland, for White Heather 5357,
grey, foaled 1903, bred by Joseph Townson, Broadless Gate, Middleton-in-Teesdale ;
s. Teesdale Comet, d. Merry by Black Jock.

252 II. (£5.)— Joseph Blackett, Copley Farm, Butterknowle, for Maid of Honour 6095,
black, foaled 1900 ; s. Real Fashion, d. Darkey by Pride of the North.

251 III. (£3.)— T. M. Reed, Pringle House, Brandon, for Bluebell, grey, foaled 1905.
bred by A. Watson. Ankside, Middleton-in-Teesdale.

251 R. N. & H. C.— E. M. Attwater, 106, Wingrove Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for
Bessie.

Shires.3 4

Class 39. — Shire Stallions, foaled in 1907. [9 entries, 4 absent.]

261 I. (£20.) — M. A. MARTINEZ-DE-HOZ, Berkeley House, Berkeley Square, W„ for
Pendley Champion, brown, bred by J. G. Williams. Pendley Manor, Tring ; s. Red-
lvnch Forest King 23626, d. Dorothy of Waresley 41743 by Castle Bromwich Keith.

259 II. (£10.)— Earl EGERTON OF TATTON. Tatton Park, Cheshire, for Tatton
Prior, bay, bred by Stanley Hayr, Church Langton, Market Harborough ; s. Tatton
Friar 21953, d. Beauty 40844 by Ercall Wynn 14620.

260 III. (£5.) — W. T. Everard, Bardon Hall, Leicester, for Bardon Forest Prince, bay.
bred by J. Hill, Little Eaton, Derby; s. Lockinge Forest King 18867, d. Slackfleld
Fuchsia 40158 by Codnor Harold 17266.

263 R. N. & H. C.— Sir P. A. Muntz, BT., M.P., for Dunsmore Perfection.

Class 40. — Shire Stallions, foaled in 1906. [9 entries, 2 absent.]

271 I. (£20, & Champion.*)— Lord Rothschild. Tring Park, Herts, for Halstead Royal
Duke 25255, bay. bred by John Bradley, Halstead. Tilton. Leicester; s. Lockinge
Forest King 18867, d. Halstead Duchess 3rd 42121 by Menestrel 14180.

268 II. (£10.)— F. E. Muntz, Umberslade. Hockley Heath, for General of Hothfield 25229.
hay, bred by Lord Hothfield, Hothfield Place, Ashford, Kent ; s. Hutton Victor
Chief 19711, d. Cocoa of Hothfield 41444 by Yule Log of Hothfield 18463.

1 £16 towards these prizes were given by gentlemen interested in the breed.

1 £16 towards these Prizes were given by gentlemen interested in the breed.

3 £70 towards these Prizes were given by the Shire Horse Society.

4 Champion Gold Medal, value £10, given by the Shire Horse Society for the best
Stallion in Classes 39-41-

lxiv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor."]

273 III. (£5.)— H. H. SMITH-CARINGTON. Ashby Folville, Melton Mowbray, for Ivy
Victor Chief 25310, bay, bred by the late Philo L. Mills, Ruddington Hall, Notting-
ham : s. Intake Albert 20596. d. Caper Sauce 28003 by Cal wich Victor 16043.

267 R. N. & H. C.— James Gould, Crouchley, Lymm, for Lymm Squire.

265 Special. '—George Allison, Link House, Whitley Bay, for Hawsker Forest King.

Class 41. — Shire Stallions, foaled in 1905. [4 entries, 2 absent.]

275 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion.'1 2) — F. E. MUNTZ, Umberslade, Hockley Heath, for
King Forest 24347, brown, bred by H. R. Craig, Welham Lodge, Market Harborough ;
s. Lockinge Forest King 18867, d. Lockinge Dimple 29261 by Lockinge Warrior 15700.

276 II. (£10.)— SIR P. A. Muntz, Bt., M.P., Dunsmore. Rueby, for Dunsmore Peer, bay ;
s. Dunsmore Jameson 17972, d. Royal Duchess 24648 by Calwich Marksman 12873.

Class 42. — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1907. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

283 I. (£20.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park. Herts, for Danesfield Champion Duchess,
bay, bred by R. W. Hudson, Danesfield, Marlow ; s. Childwick Champion 22215,
d. Poole Duchess 39890 by Hendre Baronet 16714.

282 II. (£10.)— SIR P. A. Muntz, Bt., M.P., Dunsmore, Rugby, for Dunsmore Girl, bay,
bred by Bernard Wall, Hazelwood, Coleshill ; s. Dunsmore Jameson 17972, d. Hendre
Girl 21898 by Dunsmore Willington Bov 13021.

285 III. (£5.)— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley Princess, bay, bred
by W. Grewcock, Lindridge, Desford, Leicester : s. Lockinge Forest King 18867,
d. Princess 49083 by Fauld Charming 14629.

281 R. N. & H. C. — F. E. MUNTZ, Umberslade, Hockley Heath, for Umberslade Victoria.

Class 43. — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1906. [11 entries, 4 abserd.]

287 1. 1 (£20.)— Sir Walpole Greenwell. BT., Marden Park, Woldingham, for
Marden Peach 54607, bay ; s. Lockinge Forest King 18867, d. Marden Pride 48686 by
Codnor Harold 17266.

294 II. (£10.)— H. H. SMITH-CARINGTON, Ashby Folville. Melton Mowbray, for Folville
Festive 53910. bay, bred by Messrs. Houghton. Cold Newton, Melton Mowbray ;
s. Benedick 17761, d. Holker Festive 32499 by Hendre Crown Prince 16177.

290 III. (£5.)— Sir P. A. Muntz, Bt., M.P., Dunsmore, Rugby, for Dunsmore Quicklime
53732, bay. bred by James E. Thurman. Birkholme House, Grantham ; s. Dunsmore
Jameson 17972, d. Monks Mabel 25610 by Carlton Banker 9017.

291 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Cattlegate Rose.

Class 44. — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1905. [4 entries, 2 absent.]

297 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion.3)— Earl Egerton of Tatton, Tatton Park,
Cheshire, for Wimbledon Eldorado, brown, bred by T. Simpson Jay, Warren Farm,
Wimbledon : s. Tatton Friar 21953, d. Eldorado 44843 by Blaisdon Premier 17173.

298 II. (£10.)— Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bt., Marden Park, Woldingham, for Misty
Morn 51759, bay, bred by Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts ; s. Birdsall Menestrel
19337, d. Crossmoor 41519 by Crossmoor Carbon 19525.

Class 45. — Shire Mares, with Foals at foot. [16 entries, 7 absent.]

301 (£20, & Champion. :<)-John Bradley, Halstead, Tilton. Leicester, for Halstead
Duchess 3rd 42121, brown, foaled 1902 [foal by Lockinge Forest King 18867] ; s.
Menestrel 14180, d. Halstead Lady Harold 28812 by Markeaton Royal Harold 15225.

309 II. (£10.)— H. H. Smith-Carington, Ashby Folville, Melton Mowbray, for Northen-
den Blossom 45864, brown, foaled 1903 [foal by Benedick 17761], bred by J. J. Travis,
Park House Farm, Nortbenden ; s. Rocket 5th 17560, d. Mere Carbonic 20415 by
Carbon 3523.

315 III. (£5.) -W. & H. WHITLEY. Primley Farm, Paignton, for Quality 46043, grey,
foaled 1903 [foal by Dunsmore Premier 25160], bred by L. Maclean, Newton,
Longueville, Bletcbley ; s. Dunsmore Jameson 17972, d. Withcote Quality 2nd 34517
by Dunsmore Masterman 12874,

314 R. N. & H. C.— W. & H. Whitley, for Mollington Movement.

Class 46. — Shire Colt Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Class 45.

[6 entries, 3 absent.]

317 I. (£10.)— JOHN BRADLEY, Halstead, Tilton, Leicester, for bay. [ Exhibited with No.

301 in Class 45.] ,

322 II. (£5.)— W. & H. WHITLEY, Primley Farm, Paignton. [ Exhibited with A o. 31o
in Class 45.] _

321 III. (£3.)— W. & H. WHITLEY, for bay; s. Tatton Friar 21953, d. Ashleigh Royal
Duchess 50089 by Lockinge Forest King 18867. [ Exhibited With No. 312 in Class 45.]

1 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Stallion in Classes 39-41.

'2 Champion Gold Medal, value £10, given by the Shire Horse Society for the best
Stallion in Classes 39-41. . ,

3 Champion Gold Medal, value £10, given by the Shire Horse Society for the best
Mare or Filly in Classes 42-45.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. lxv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 47. — Shire Filly Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Class 45.

[9 entries, 4 absent.]

327 I. (£10.1— SIR Berkeley G. D. Sheffield, Bt., M.P.,Normanby Park, Doncaster,
for bay ; s. Norbury Menestrel 23543, d. Norbury Corona 42346 by Norbury Harold
18977. [ Exhibited with No. 308 in Class 45.]

325 II. (£5.)— F. K. Muntz, Umberslade, Hockley Heath, for bay ; s. King Forest 24347,
d. Aldeby Lady Jameson 46847 by Dunsmore Jameson 17972. [ Exhibited with No. 304
in Class 45.]

330 III. (£3.)— W. & H. Whitley, Frimley Farm, Paignton, for bay. [ Exhibited with
No. 314 in Class 45.]

324 R. N. & H. C. -H. S. LEON, Bletchley Park, Bucks, for brown.

Clydesdales. 1

Class 48. — Clydesdale Stallions, foaled in 1907. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

337 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion.2)— A. & W. Montgomery, Netherhall and Banks,
Kirkcudbright, for brown, bred by G. & J. Cocker, Hill of Petty, Fyvie ; s. Baron's
Pride 9122, d. Lady Ida 15438 by Prince Thomas 10262.

335 II. (£10.)— JAMES Kilpatrick, Craigie Mains. Kilmarnock, for bay, bred by Robert
Park. Brunstane, Portobello ; s. Marmion 11429, d. White Stockings 16140 by
McVinnie 9318.

344 III. (£5.)— W. R. Trotter, North Acorn b, Stocksfleld-on-Tyne,for Silver Crest, bay,
bred by Thomas O’Malley, Woodlands, Raheny, co. Dublin ; s. Copper King 13416,
d. Silver Belle by Silver Cup 11184.

342 R. N. & H. C.— J. TOWNSON, Hilton Moors, Bishop Auckland, for Lothian Scott.
Class 49. — Clydesdale Stallions, foaled in 1906. [10 entries, 3 absent.]

345 I. (£20, Champion,2 & Special.3)— Robert Brydon, The Dene. Seabam Harbour,
for Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032, bay, bred by W. Stirling & Sons, Darlingfleld, Kelso ;
s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263, d. Queen of Beauty 14850 by Maegregor 1487.

347 II. (£10.) — William Graiiam, Eden Grove. Bolton, Westmorland, for On Guard
14293. brown, bred by G. Pendreigb, Dalhousie, Bonnyrigg ; s. Prince Sturdy 10112,
d. Lady Pride 14761 by Baron’s Pride 9122.

349 III. (£5.)— James Kilpatrick, Craigie Mains, Kilmarnock, for Baron Belmont
13973, bay, bred by Andrew Cochrane, Fyal Farm, Alyth ; s. Baron of Buchlyvie
11263, d. Agnata 17475 by Sir Christopher 10286.

354 R. N. & H. C.— William Park. Hedley West House, Swalwell, for Baron Hedley.
Class 50. — Clydesdale Stallions, foaled in 1905. [10 entries, 3 absent.]

360 I. (£20.)— A. & W. Montgomery, Netherhall and Banks, Kirkcudbright, for Rvecroft
13722, bay, bred by Charles Christie, South Tillytarmont, Rotliiemay ; s. Everlasting
11331, d. June Rose 17461 by Prince Thomas 10262.

362 II. (£10, & R. N. for Special.3)— JOHN T. PEACOCK, Low Newport Farm, Silks-
worth, Sunderland, for King Harry 14199, black ; s. Silver Cup 11184, d. Queen Mary
14360 by Scottish Crown 9851.

363 III. (£5.)— THE SEAUAM Harbour STUD, Ltd., The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for
Silver Stamp 13753, brown ; s. Silver Cup 11184, d. Beauty 12534 by Cairnbrogie Stamp.

357 R. N. & H. C. — A. B. Matthews, Newton Stewart, for Nigel.

Class 51. — Clydesdale Fillies, foaled in 1907. [12 entries, 4 absent.]

367 I. (£20.)— J. Ernest Kerr. Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for Ferelith, bay ; s. Royal
Favourite 10630, d. Pyrene 19757 by Baron’s Pride 9122.

374 II. (£10.)— D. Y. STEWART, Carse of Trowan, Crieff, for Roseen, light bay, bred by
James Fleming, Bent Farm, Strathaven ; s. ltevelenta 11876, d. Bent Rose 16670
by Montrave Mac 9958.

376 III. (£5.)— W. M. Wood, Drawdykes Castle, Carlisle, for Princess Cedric, brown
s. Marmion 11429, d. Cedric Princess 15273 by Baron’s Pride 9122.

368 R. N. & H. C.— J. Ernest Kerr, for Mira.

Class 52. — Clydesdale Fillies, foaled in 1906. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

380 I. (£20, & Champion.4 )— J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for Nerissa,
bay; s. Baron’s Pride 9122, d. Nellie of Harviestoun 16782, by Royal Favourite 10630.

381 II. (£10.)— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for Boquhan Lady
Peggy, brown, bred by D. & G. Curr, Red House, Carlisle ; s. Hiawatha
10067. d. Lady Peggy 15453 by Baron’s Pride 9122.

1 £50 towards these Prizes were given by the Clydesdale Horse Society.

2 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Clydesdale Horse Society for the best Stallion

in Classes 48-50.

3 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural

Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Stallion in Classes 48-50.

4 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Clydesdale Horse Society for the best Mare or

Filly in Classes 51-54.

lxvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

379 III. (£5.)— David A. Hood, Balgreddan, Kirkcudbright, for Princess Eoyal, bay,
bred by Homer Young, Redhills, Collin, Dumfries; s. Royal Edward 11495, d.
Nancy 18541 by Carbineer 10522.

Class 53. — Clydesdale Fillies , foaled in 1905. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

386 I. (£20.)— J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for Marilla, black, bred by
J. J. Moubray, Naemoor, Rumbling Bridge ; s. Baron’s Pride 9122, d. Mona 2nd 14731
by Prince of Catbcart 8915.

389 II. (£10, & Special.!)— the SEAHAM Harbodr Stud, Ltd., The Dene, Seaham
Harbour, for Silver Pansy, bay, bred by G. H. Procter, Flass House, Durham ;
s. Silver Cup 11184, d. Muriel 15784 by Gallant Prince 10552.

390 III. (£3.) — JOSEPH TOWNSON, Marton Tinmouth, Heighington, Darlington, for
Silver Baroness (vol. 29, p. 199), black ; s. Silver Cup 11184, d. Lady Alice 15851 by
Ryecorn 10639.

385 R. N. & H. C.— The Ashington Coal Co., Ltd., Morpeth, for Princess.

Class 54. — Clydesdale Mares, with Foals at foot. [13 entries, 5 absent.]

397 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion.'2)— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station
for Royal Ruby, brown, foaled 1900 [foal by British Chief 12500], bred by Thomas
Smith, Biacon Point, Chester ; s. Baron’s Pride 9122, d. Royal Rose 12494 by
McGregor 1487.

396 II. (£10.) — Stephen Mitchell, for Minniewawa, brown, foaled 1904 [foal by
Oyama], bred by St. Clair Cunningham, Hedderwick Hill, Dunbar ; s. Hiawatha
lnt)67, d. White Heather 16022 by Baron’s Pride 9122.

394 III. (£5.)— H. B. MARSHALL, Rachan, Broughton, Peeblesshire, for Mimosa 16911,
bay, foaled 1898 [foal by Royal Favourite 10630], bred by Adam Gray, Ingleston,
Borgue, Kirkcudbright ; s. Baron’s Pride 9122, d. Barr Girl 12496 by Top Knott 6360.
393 R. N. & H. C. — JOHN KERR, Red Hall, Wigton, for Silloth Lady.

403 Special.3— THE SEAHAM Harbour STUD, Ltd., for Sunshine.

Class 55. — Clydesdale Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Class 54.

[9 entries, 2 absent.]

407 I. (£10 ) — Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for black colt. [Exhibited
with No. 396 in Class 54.]

412 II. (£5, & Special.4)— The Seaham Harbour Stud, Ltd., The Dene, Seaham
Harbour, for Silver Shine, bay filly. [ Exhibited with No. 403 in Class 54.]

406 III. (£3.)— H. B. MARSHALL, Rachan, Broughton, Peeblesshire, for bay filly. [.Ex-
hibited loith No. 394 in Class 54.]

408 R. N. & H. C.— STEPHEN Mitchell, for colt. [ Exhibited with No. 397 in Class 54.]
410 Special.3— The Seaham Harbour Stud, Ltd., for Silver Knight. [Exhibited

•with No. 400 in Class 54.]

Suffolks.6

Class 56. — Suffolk Stallions , foaled in 1906. [11 entries, 4 absent.]

419 I. (£20.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, for Bawdsey
Marshal Ney 3385 ; s. Napolian 2933, d. Bawdsey Mary 4910 by Prince Wedgewood.

413 II. (£10.)— KENNETH M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Neptune
3463, bred by R. H. & H. M. Wrincb, Harkstead, Ipswich ; s. Sudbourne Sunshine
3374, d. Mermaid 4282 by Lowestoft 1999.

415 III. (£5.)— THE Marquis of Graham, Easton Park, Wickham Market, for Easton
Duke 3517, bred by S. G. Carley, Framlingham ; s. Dennington Cupbearer 3086,
d. Belle 3688 by Wedgewood 2nd 2045.

418 R. N. & H. C.— A. T. PRATT, Morston Hall, Trimley, Ipswich, for Morston Mariner.

Class 57. — Suffolk Stallions, foaled in 1905. [3 entries.]

426 I. (£20, & Champion. 7 ) — ALFRED J, Smith, Rendlesham, Woodbridge. for Rendle-
sham Major Gray 3278, bred by William Gray, Parham Hall, Wickham Market;
s. Saturn 2653, d. Daisy 4398 by Sutton Swell 2686.

> Special Prize of £10, given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Filly in Classes 51-53.

2 Champion Prize of £10, given by the Clydesdale Horse Society for the best Mare or
Filly in Classes 51-54.

3 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of these Societies only, for the best Mare in Class 54.

4 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Filly Foal in Class 55.

s Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Colt Foal in Class 55.

8 £20 towards these Prizes were given by the Suffolk Horse Society,

" Challenge Cup, value Fifty Guineas, given by the Suffolk Horse Society for the best
Stallion in Classes 56 and 57, the Cup to become the absolute property of an Exhibitor
winning it three times.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. lxvii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named helow was “bred by exhibitor."]

424 II. (£10. & E. N. for Champion.1)— KENNETH M. Clark. Sudbourne Hall, Orford,
for Sudbourne Arab 3309 ; s. Sudbourne Count 3257, d. Sudbourne Arabella 5472 by
Wedgewood 1749.

425 III. (£5.)— ARTHUR T. Pratt, Morston Hall, Trimley, Ipswich, for Morston Tip Top
3282 ; s. Golden Grain 2479, d. Rookery Grace 5133 by Jupiter 2533.

Class 58. — Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1906. [4 entries.]

430 I. (£20.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, for Sutton
Jewell 5789 ; s. Sudbourne Count 3257, d. Sutton Ruby 5689 by Warrior 1938.

428 II. (£10.) — Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Lassie 5915,
bred by Jephtha Capon, Dennington, Framlingham ; s. Dennington Minstrel 3096, d.
Lady 4620 by Sutton Swell 2686.

427 III. (£5.) — Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Daylight 5924, bred by W. G.
Munnings, Mendham, Harleston ; s. Dennington Cupbearer 3086, d. Twilight 5369 by
Homocea 2643.

429 R. N. & H. C— Robert Edgar, Knight’s Hill, Cockfleld, for Cockfield Gracious.

Class 59. — Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1905. [5 entries, 2 absent.]

435 I. (£20.)— Alfred J. Smith, Rendlesham, Woodbridge, for Eendlesham Wedgy 5490 ;
s. Saturn 2653, d. Rendlesham Wedge 4371 by Leiston Friar 2520.

432 II. (£10.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Mermaid
6012, bred by R. H. & H. M. Wrincb, Harkstead, Ipswich ; s. Sunshine 2734, d.
Mermaid 4282 by Lowestoft 1999.

433 III. (£5.)— SIR COTHBERT Quilter, Bt„ Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, for Puck
6051, bred, by Major A. W. Cobbold, Hollesley, Suffolk ; s. Prince Albert 2525, d. Prude
3753 by Democrat 2044.

Class 60. — Suffolk Mares , with Foals at foot. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

441 I. (£20.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, for Ramsholt
Princess 4949, foaled 1901 [foal by Bawdsey Harvester 3076] ;s. Prince Wedgewood
2364, d. Ramsholt Beauty 3590 by Queen’s Diadem 1721.

437 II. (£10.) — Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford. for Sudbourne Surprise
5527, foaled 1904 [foal by Sudbourne Sunshine 3374], bred by A. T. Pratt, Sproughton
Hall, Ipswich : s. Saturn 2653, d. Winnipeg 3494 by Czar 1754.

439 III. (£5.)— SIR Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, for
Bawdsey Proud Lady 5655, foaled 1903 [foal by Bawdsey Harvester 3076] ; s. His
Grace 2737, d. Primrose Darby 4659 by Wedgewood 1749.

438 E. N. &. H. C. — Robert Edgar, Knights Hill, Cockfleld, for Betty.

Draught Geldings.2

Class 61. — Geldings, in hand, foaled in 1904 or 1905. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

447 I. (£20.)— William Griffiths, Castlesteads, Plumpton, Penrith, for Major (Clydes-
dale), bay, foaled 1904.

446 II. (£10.) — Thomas Burton, Sandcliffe House, Raskelf, Easingwold, for Sandcliffe
Waggoner (Shire), foaled 1904, bred by Capt. W. H. O. Duncombe, Waresley Park,
Hunts ; s. Castle Bromwich Keith 17865, ct. Packington Brave Girl by Measham Chief.

445 III. (£5.)— Peter Beaton, 12, West Burn Square, Greenock, for Dandy (Clydesdale),
grey, foaled 1904.

444 R. N. & H.C., & (Special.3)— John Baty, Heathery Shank Farm, Fenham, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, for Farmer (Clydesdale), dark brown, foaled 1904, bred by Mr. Jackson,
Dockray Hall, Wigton ; s. Speciality 11547.

Riding Classes.2

Class 62. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in 1904, up to from
12 to 14 stone. [12 entries, 2 absent.]

459 I. (£20.)— J. H. STOKES, Nether House, Great Bowden, Market Harhorough, for
Expert, bay gelding, bred by A. P. Payne-Gallwey, Bakewell ; s. Methuen, d. Anvil
by Autocrat.

455 II. (£10.)— William Gale, Waltham, Melton Mowbray, for chestnut gelding.

461 III. (£5.) — J. H. Stokes, for Regina, chestnut mare.

462 R. N. & H. C.— T. & H. Ward, Pinchinthorpe, Great Ayton, for Adonis.

1 Challenge Cup, value Fifty Guineas, given by the Suffolk Horse Society for the best
Stallion in Classes 56 and 57, the cup to become the absolute property of an Exhibitor

winning it three times.

3 Prizes given hy the Newcastle Local Committee.

3 Special Prize of £10 given hy the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Draught Gelding in Class 61.

lxviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.’’]

Class 63. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in 1904, up to more than 14 stone.

[14 entries, 3 absent.]

472 I. (£20.)— Gilbert Robinson. Hinwick Hall, Wellingborough, for Hackless, bay or
brown mare, bred by R. Downes, Russelstown, Mullingar ; s. Hackler, d. Verily by
Stylites.

474 II. (£10.)— J. H. Stokes, Nether House, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, tor
Belligerent, bay gelding, bred by J. Singlehurst, Weldon, Kettering : s. Barbarian.

465 III, (£5.)— William Gale, Waltham, Melton Mowbray, for Favour, chestnut
gelding.

467 R. N. & H. C.— C. W. C. Henderson, The Riding, Hexham, for Sportsman.

Class 64. — Hunter Mares or Geldings , Novices, foaled inor before 1903, up to from
12 to 14 stone. [18 entries, 4 absent.]

461 I. (£20.)— JOHN Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Bentinck, brown
gelding, foaled 1902.

490 II. (£10.)— J. H. STOKES, Nether House, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for
Newark, chestnut gelding, foaled 1903, bred by Mr. Cooney, Nenagh ; s. Tipperary
Boy, d. by Sheldrake.

478 III. (£5.)— Lord ALLENDALE, By well Hall, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, for Good Friday,
brown gelding, loaled 1902, bred by John Angus, Whitefleld, Morpeth ; s. Kilmarnock,
d. Sadness.

493 R. N. & H. C.— T. & H. Ward, Pinchinthorpe, Great Ayton, for Bertram.

Class 65. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, Novices, foaled in or before 1903, up to
more than 14 stone. [16 entries, 2 absent.]

508 I. ( £20, & Special. 1 )— J- H. Stokes, Nether House, Great Bowden, Market Har-
borough, for Astral, chestnut gelding, foaled 1903, bred by J. Carpenter, Meath ;
s. Ashton by Brown Prince.

499 II. (£10.)— John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Stanford Park, bay
gelding, foaled 1902.

506 III. (£5.) — Viscount Ridley, Blagdon, Cramlington. for Pattern, brown gelding,
foaled 1902, bred by S. Codrington, Chipping Sodbury ; s. Louis 13th, d. Flower Girl.

511 R. N. & H. C.— F. B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for
Request.

Class 66. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in or before 1904, up to from
12 to 13 stone 7 lb. [15 entries, 2 absent.]

489 I. (£20.)— J. H. STOKES. Nether House, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for
Bayard, bay gelding, foaled 1903, bred by Mr. Daniels, Oakham ; s. Upsiton.

481 II. (£10.)— JOHN DRAGE, for Bentinck. (See Class 64.) •

512 III. (£6 & Special.-)— Mrs. Burrell, Carbarn Hall, Coldstream, for Radiance,
brown mare, foaled 1903, bred by the late Brigham Harland, Bishop Burton,
Beverley ; s. Shancrotha, d. Miss Rhodes.

490 IV. (£4.)— J. H. STOKES, for Newark. (See Class 64.)

515 R. N. & H. C.— H. Watson, Benton Lodge, Long Benton, for Merrythought.

Class 67. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled inor before 1904, up to more than
13 stone 7 lb. and not more than 15 stone. [18 entries, 1 absent.]

518 I. (£20.) — w, A. SIMPSON Hinchcliffe, 9 Park Parade Stables, Harrogate, for
Broadwood, brown gelding, foaled 1903, bred by J. Richardson, Saltown, York ;
s. Red Eagle, d. by Selby.

516 II. (£10.) — MRS. Burrell, Carham Hall. Coldstream, for Whisky, bay gelding,
foaled 1899, bred by P. Gilsinan, Trim, co. Meath ; s. Sir Patrick, d. by Play Actor.

474 III. (£6.)— J. H. Stokes, for Belligerent. (See Class 63.)

499 IV. (£4.)— JOHN Drage, for Stanford Park. (See Class 65.)

506 R. N. & H. C.— Viscount Ridley, for Pattern. (See Class 65.)

Class 68. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in or before 1904, up to more than
15 stone. [9 entries, none absent.]

508 I. (£20.)— J. H. Stokes, for Astral. (See Class 65.)

526 II. (£10.)— w. A. SIMPSON HINCHCLIFFE. 9, Park Parade Stables, Harrogate, for
Silver Thorn, chestnut gelding, foaled 1901, bred by P. Fox, Quay Street Dundalk ;
s. Slievegallion, d. by Roddomonck.

• Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Hunter Gelding in Classes
62-68.

2 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Hunter Mare in Classes
62-08.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. lxix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor."]

509 III. (£6.)— J. H. Stokes, for Bullace, bay gelding, foaled 1903.

523 IV. (£1.)— John Clay, 4030, Lake Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A., for Sir Lancelot, chestnut
gelding, foaled 1898.

522 R. N. & H. C.— T. LAWSON Bell, High Seat, Wylam-on-Tyne, for Peter.

Class 69. — Polo and Riding Pony Mares or Geldings, foaled in 1903 or 1904,
not exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. [5 entries, none absent.]

629 I. (£15.) -Vice-admiral sir Francis b. bridoeman, Copgrove Hall, via Leeds,
for Warlock, grey gelding, foaled 1904 ; s. Carnival 172, d. Erin 1386 by The Arrow.

530 II. (£10.)— William Gale, Waltham, Melton Mowbray, for Why Not, brown
gelding, foaled 1903.

532 III, (£5.) -H. & JACK MAJOR. Slodmere, York, for Discount, black mare, foaled 1904.

Driving Classes.1

Class 70. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, tint, exceeding 13 hands 2 inches.

[9 entries, 3 absent.]

541 I. (£10.)— J. H. Tate, 92 Freeman Street, Great Grimsby, for Monafly 17593
brown mare, foaled 1903, bred by W. H. Hansum, Lindum House, Gainsborough ; s.
Fi reboy 7440, d. Mona 9349 by Sir (Tibbie 1672.

534 II. (£6.)— Thomas Boddy, Glenton Hall. West Auckland, for Grand Duchess Go
Bang, bay mare, foaled 1901. bred bv G. E. Franklin, The Field, Derby ; s. Sir Horace
5402, d. Lady Mabel 2210 by Denmark 177.

537 III. (£4.)— JOHN Forbes, Bute House, Park Road, Middlesbrough, for Hello, chest-
nut gelding, foaled 1903, bred by John Jones & Son, Dinarth Hall, Colwyn Bay; s.
Julius Caesar 2nd 5666, d. Light 15248 by Prospector 6516.

535 R. N. & H. C.— R. H. CLAYTON, Brandling Hackney Stud, Felling-on-Tvne, for Mel-
Valley Horace Belle.

Class 71. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, over 13 hands 2 inches, and not
exceeding 14 hands. [9 entries, none absent.]

543 I. (£10.)— Thomas Boddy. Glenton Hall, West Auckland, for Lady Caesar, bay
mare, foaled 1902. bred by John Jones & Son. Dinarth Hall, Colwyn Bay ; s. Julius
Csesar 2nd 5666, d. Lexliam Fanny 4224 by Gem 2082.

547 II. (£6.)— Sir Riley Lord, Rock Hall, Alnwick, for Horace Royalty, bay gelding,
foaled 1903 ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Royalty.

546 III. (£4.)— William Horn, Millfleid House, Whickham, S.O., for Hywel’s Lady
Owen 15900, baf mare, foaled 1902, bred by James Howell, Cardiff ; s. Birdsman 7705,
d. Hywel's Lady Kitty 1552.

548 R. N. & H. C.— Joseph Mark, 17 Grosvenor Gardens, Newtown, Carlisle, for Maid
of Quality.

Class 72. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, over 14 hands, and not
exceeding 14 hands 2 inches. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

554 I. (£10.)— Alexander Gemmell, Ayr. for Seaham Clarence 16915, roan mare,
foaled 1903, bred by the Seaham Harbour Stud. Ltd., Seaham Harbour ; s. Royal
Danegelt 5785, d. Cleopatra 6487 by Roan Derby 3245.

555 II. (£6.)— JAMES Jebson, Yapham Grange. Pocklington, for Yapham Fashion,
brown gelding, foaled 1902, bred by Sir Gilbett Greenall, Bt., Walton Hall, Warring-
ton ; s. Sir Horace 5402.

553 III. (£4.)— Cecil S. Fletcher. The Paddocks, Angram, York, for Angram Loving
Cup, chestnut mare, foaled 1904, bred by Mrs. E. Fletcher, The Grange. Angram ;
s. Angram Swell 8058, d. Angram Lady Hamlet 14896 by Grand Connaught 2nd 6391.

551 R. N. & H. C. — R. H. Clayton, Brandling Hackney Stud, Felling-on-Tyne, for

Brandling Horace.

Class 73. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, over 14 hands 2 inches, and
not exceeding 15 hands. [9 entries, 2 absent.]

563 I. (£10.)— Philip Smith. Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey, for Queen of Ayr, bay
mare, foaled 1903, bred by James Walker, Limefield, West Calder ; s. Mathias 6473,
d. Dearest 2nd 10827 by Lord Rickell 5288.

561 II. (£6.)— Alexander Gemmell, Ayr, for Frith Manor Mary, bay mare, foaled
1904, bred by Sir Horace Regnart, Frith Manor, Mill Hill ; s. Towthorpe Performer
7298. d. Alethorpe Maud 6352 by Ruby 1342.

562 III. (£4.)— Henry Rodmell, The Hollies, Holderness Road, Hull, for Prince
Fortunatus 8976, chestnut gelding, foaled 1903, bred by Tom Mitchell, Eccleshill,
Bradford ; s. Grand Master 2nd 5230, d. Inholmes Princess 8997 by Lord Hamlet 3750.

564 R. N. & H. C.— W. B. Tubbs, The Paddocks, Mill Hill, for Lady Gongelt.

1 Prizes given by the Newcastle Local Committee.

lxx Award of Lice Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor."]
Class 74. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, over 15 hands , and not
exceeding 15 hands 2 inches. [10 entries, 2 absent.]

574 I. (.£10.) — Miss Dora Schintz, Child wall Hall, Liverpool, for Catalina, 17B20,
chestnut mare, foaled 1903, bred bv W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Brookfield Stud,
Higbgate ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Cuckoo Bright 10803 by Last Fashion 4343.

567 II. (£6.)— D. S. Carr, Clyde Vale Stud. Wembley, for Kipling Dainty 16725, bay
mare, foaled 1902. bred by G. A. Brown, Brantingham, Brough ; s. Cornfactor 6313,
d. Dainty 3647 by Prickwillow 629.

569 III. (£4.)— J.T. CROALL, CraigcrookCast'e, Edinburgh, for Merry Widow, bay mare,
foaled 1902, bred by Alex. Morton. Darvel, Ayrshire ; s. Ruby 1342.

568 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. Clark. White Hall, Winestead, Hull forSkeffling Lily.

Class 75. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, exceeding 15 hands 2 inches.

[11 entries, 2 absent.]

584 I. (£10.)— Thomas Smith, Shirley Stud, Hall Green, Birmingham, for Shirley
Dispatch (late Viscount Hopewood), chestnut gelding, foaled 1902. bred by F. J.
Batchelor, Hop wood. Alvechurch ; s. Polonius 4931, d. May Queen 9286 by Danegelt.

577 II. (£6.)— Howard FRANK, Rusthall. Wimbledon Common, for Shelbourne Salta
16935, chestnut mare, foaled 1903, bred by W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P.. Brookfield Stud,
Higbgate ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Saltpetre 13905 by Sir Peter Teazle 3967.

586 III. (£4.)— Henry Watson. Newton Kyme, Tadcaster, for Newton Sportsman,
chestnut gelding, foaled 1904 ; s. Garton Duke of Connaught 3009, d. Fanny 2376 by
King Charley 392.

582 R. N. & H. C.— Miss Ella S. Ross, Beecbfleld, Sale, for Grand Vizier.

Class 76. — Harness Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 14 hands.

[11 entries, 2 absent.]

543 I. (j£715.) — ' Thomas Boddy, for Lady Csesar. (See Class 71.)

541 II. (£10.)-J. H. Tate, for Monafly. (See Class 70.)

536 III. (£6 )— CECIL S. Fletcher, The Paddocks, Angram, York, for Lord Horace,
bay gelding, foaled 1900, bred by J. J. Candlish, Shottow Hall, Castle Eden ; s. Little
Wonder 2nd 1610, d. Elegant 875 by Model 1054.

637 IV. (£4.)— JOHN FORBES, for Heilo. (See Class 70.)

546 R. N. & H. C.— W. HORN, for Hywel’s Lady Owen. (See Class 71.)

Class 77. — Harness Mares or Geldings, over 14 hands, and not exceeding
15 hands. [16 entries, 3 absent.]

589 I. (£15,& R. N. for Champion.2)— J. H. Hodkinson, Lower Wood, Darwen, for
Fylde Sabrinetta 14341, bay mare, foaled 1900, bred by T. B. Sykes. Breck House,
Poulton-le-Fylde ; s. Garton Duke of Connaught 3009, d. Lady Gladys 2911 by Lord
Derby 2nd 417.

592 II. ( jCIO.) — JOHN Kerr, Loud water, Rickmansworth, for Loudwater Flourish, bay
gelding, foaled 1902, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., Walton Hall, Warrington ;
s. Golden Rule 6380, d. Terrington Floweret 13970 by Caxton 2398.

588 III. (jC6.) — MRS. HARTLEY Batt, 20 Westbourne Street, Hyde Park, W„ for
Hopwood Spark, bay gelding, foaled 1901, bred by F. J. Batchelor, Hopwood,
Alvechurch ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Queenie 6069 by Model 2nd 460.

563 IV. (£4.)— Philip Smith, for Queen of Ayr. (See Class 73.)

590 R. N. & H. C.— Paul Hoffmann, 4 Cardigan Mansions. Richmond, for The Gem.

Class 78. — Harness Mares or Geldings, over 15 hands.

[16 entries, 2 absent.]

602 I. (£15, & Champion.')— Miss Dora Schintz, Childwall Hall, Liverpool, for
Morocco, chestnut gelding, foaled 1900, bred by G. N. Stephenson, Manor House,
Goodmanliam ; *. Revival 7263, d. May Flower 765 by Lord Derby 2nd 417.

584 II. (£10.)— Thomas Smith, for Shirley Dispatch. (See Class 75.)

574 III. (£5.) — Miss Dora Schintz. for Catalina. (See Class 74.)

597 IV. (£4.)— PAUL HOFFMANN, 4 Cardigan Mansions, Richmond Hill, for Riot, chest-
nut gelding, foaled 1902, bred by W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Brookfield Stud, Higbgate ;
s. Polonius 4931, d. Emeute by Candidate 920.

601 R. N. & H. 0.— Miss Ella S. Ross, Beecbfleld, Sale, for Grand Vulcan.

Pace and Action.

Class 75- — Single Harness Horses. [6 entries, none absent.]

604 I. (£15.)— WALTER WlNANS, Surrenden Park, Pluckley, Kent, for Nancy Clancy,
brown mare.

603 II. (jCIO.) — Walter Winans, for Kent, bay gelding.

673 III. (dC6.) — J. Raynor, Forest House, Mansfield, for Gay Boy, piebald gelding, foaled
1900, bred by J. W. Coleman, Whatton ; s. Benbow. d. Anconius.

546 IV. (£4.) —William Horn, for Hywel's Lady Owen. (See Class 71.)

> Gold Medal, value £5, given by the Hackney Horse Society, for the best Mare or

Gelding in Classes 70-78, the produce of a registered Hackney Stallion.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Nexvcastle , 1908. lxxi

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor."]

Class 80. — Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings , not exceeding 15 hands
2 inches, driven in Double Harness. [9 entries, none absent.]

610 I. (.£15.)— JOHN Kerr, Loudwater, Rickmanswortb, for Loudwater Gongelt, bay
gelding, foaled 1902. bred by W. B. Tubbs, The Paddocks, Mill Hill ; s. Royal Dane-
gelt 5785, d. Lady Gonville 5564 by Wymondham Gentleman 2781 ; and Loudwater
Grangelt, bay gelding, foaled 1903, bred by W. B. Tubbs, The Paddocks, Mill Hill ; s
Royal Danegelt 5785, d. Lady Granville 5107 by Dr. Syntax 877.

606 II. (£10.) — MRS. HARTLEY Batt, 20 Westbourne Street, Hyde Park, W„ for
Hopwood Horace, bay gelding, foaled 1900, bred by F. J. Batchelor, Hopwood, Alve-
church ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Queenie 6069 by Model 2nd 460 ; and Hopwood Spark,
(See Class 77.)

609 III. (£5.)— Paul Hoffmann, 4 Cardigan Mansions, Richmond Hill, for The Gem
15210, bay mare, foaled 1901, bred by R. Forrest, Knockinlaw, Kilmarnock ; s.
Mathias 6473, d. Lady Mary 207 by Lord Derby 2nd 417 ; and The Gentleman, bay
gelding, foaled 1901, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., Walton Hall, Warrington ; s.
Sir Horace 5402.

611 R. N. & H. C.— John MAKEAGUE, Golborne Park, Newton-le-Willows, for Lumin-
ator and Reflector.

Class 81. — Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings, exceeding 15 hands 2 inches,
driven in Double Harness. [8 entries, none absent.]

622 I. (£15.)— Miss Dora Sc HINTZ, Child wall Hall, Liverpool, for Martello, chestnut
gelding, foaled 1901, bred by R. M. Birley, Ribbletown, Preston ; s. Royal Derby
6538, d. Lady Fish wick 13652 by Model 1054 : and Morocco. (See Class 78.)

621 II. (£10.)— Miss Ella S. ROSS, Beechfield, Sale, for Grand Vizier, black gelding,
foaled 1902, bred by Henry Whittick, Newland. Hull ; s. Gentleman John 3624, d.
Fairy Queen 6643 by Curfew 1755 ; and Rowton Vitalba, black gelding, foaled 1898,
bred by F. W. Macfle, Rowton Hall, Chester ; s. Rowton Blackthorn 5778, d. Rowton
Violet 7366 by Contentment 1268.

619 III. (£5.)— John Makeague, Golborne Park, Newton-le-Willows, for Queen’s
Favour, bay mare, foaled 1904 ; s. Candidate 920, d. Dairymaid 6531 by Dart 1271 ; and
Queen’s Maid, bay mare, foaled 1901 ; s. Gentleman John 3624, d. Dairymaid 6531 by
Dart 1271.

616 R. N. & H. C. — T. Howe & Co., 11 Percy Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Queen of
the Johns and Walden Lady John.

Class 82. — Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 hands,
driven Tandem. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

606 I. (£15.)— Mrs. Hartley Batt, for Hopwood Horace and Hopwood Spark. (See
Class 80.)

609 II. (£10.)— Paul Hoffmann, for The Gem and The Gentleman. (See Class 80.)

613 III. (£5.)— Philip smith, for Queen of Ayr (see Class 73) ; and Prince of Ayr, bay-
gelding. foaled 1903, bred by R. C. Marshall, Burntshields, Kilbarchan ; s. Commerce
7406, d. Rosetta 8426 by Lord Derby 2nd 417.

Class 83. — Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings, exceeding 15 hands,
driven Tandem. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

615 I. (£15.)— Paul Hoffmann, for Riot (see Class 78) : and Green Girl 15835, chestnut
mare, foaled 1902, bred by W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Brookfield Stud, Highgate ;
s. Polonius 4931, d. Dandy Girl 3661 by Danegelt 174.

624 II. (£10.)— JOHN Kerr, Loudwater, Rickmansworth, for Loudwater Robin Hood,
bay gelding, foaled 1902, bred by the late W. Flanders, Witcham, Ely ; s. Forest King
5621, d. Jessamine 10058 by Marmion 2nd 3793 ; and Loudwater Gongelt (see Class 80).

611 III. (£5.)— John Makeague, Golborne Park, Newton-le-Willows, for Luminator,
bay gelding, foaled 1901 ; s. Rosador4964, <f. Miss Emma 10316 by Naffertonian 1527 ;
and Reflector, bay gelding, foaled 1902 ; s. Rosador 4964, d. Miss Emma 10316 by
Naffertonian 1527.

625 R. N. & H. C.— Miss Ella S. Ross, for Grand Vizier and Grand Vulcan.

Class 84. — Four-in-Hand Teams, Mares or Geldings, to be shown before a Coach.

[4 entries, 2 absent.]

629 I. (£25, & Champion.1)— Miss Ella S. Ross, Beechfield. Sale, for Grand Vizier (see
Class 81) ; Rowton Vitalba (see Class 81) ; Grand Vulcan, black 'gelding, foaled 1902,
bred by R. C. Marshall, Burntshields, Kilbarchan ; s. Mathias 6473, d. Rosetta 8426
by Lord Derby 2nd 417 ; and Grand Vandal, black gelding, foaled 1902, bred by the
late Wm. Scott, Tfcornhome, Carluke; s. Mathias 6473, d. Lady May thorn 9143 by
Goldflnder 6th 1791.

1 Challenge Cup, value £50, given by gentlemen interested in Coaching for the best
Team, the Cup to become the absolute property of an Exhibitor winning it twice in
succession or three times in all.

VOL. 69.

HH

lxxii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

628 II. (£15.)— John Kerr, Loudwater. Riekmansworth, for Loudwater Gongelt (see
Class 80) : Loudwater Grangelt (see Class 80) ; Loudwater Friar Tuck, bay gelding,
foaled 1003, bred by the late T. Wing, The Willows, March ; s. Master of Hilston 7188 ;
and Loudwater Robin Hood, bay gelding, foaled 1903, bred by the late W. Flanders,
Witcham, Ely ; s. Forest King 5621, d. Jessamine 10058 by Marmion 2nd 3793.

Pit Ponies.

Class 85 .—Two Pit Ponies, not exceeding 11 hands. [8 entries none absent.]

637 I. (£10.)— The Seaton DELAVAL Coal Co., LTD., Seaton Delaval Colliery.
Northumberland, for Spider, bay stallion, foaled 1902 : and Lap, bay stallion, foaled
1901.

635 II. (£5.)— The North Walbottle coal Co.. Ltd., 10, Queen Street, Newcastle.
on-Tyne, for Turk, hay stallion, foaled 1904 ; and Dunny, brown stallion, foaled 1904,

636 III. (£3.)— U. A. Ritson & Sons. Ltd., Preston Colliery, North Shields, for Norman,
bay stallion, foaled 1902 ; and Buller, bay stallion, foaled 1903.

632 R. N. & H. C.— The Charlaw & Sacristan Collieries Co, Ltd., Kimblesworth
Colliery, Chester-le-Street, for Neddy and Dandy.

Class 86. — Two Pit Ponies, exceeding 11 hands, and not exceeding 12 hands
2 inches. [7 entries, none absent.]

644 1. (£10.)— THE SEATON BURN COAL Co., LTD., Seaton Burn Colliery, Dudley,
R.S.O., for Roney, roan stallion, foaled 1901 ; and Sweep, grey stallion, foaled 1901.

640 II. (£5.)— The Cowpen Coal Co., ltd .Cowpen Colliery Office, Blyth, for Picture,
brown stallion : and Prince, chestnut stallion.

639 III. (£3.)— The BROOIIHILL Collieries, Ltd., Newburgh Colliery, Broomhill,
Acklington, for Buller, black gelding, foaled 1899 ; and Burt, brown gelding, foaled
1901.

643 R. N. & H. C.— The Lambton Collieries, Ltd., Cathedral Buildings, Newcastle-
on~Tyne, for Rector and Rags.

Draught Horses.

Class 87. — Mares or Geldings, shown in Cart or Lurry.1

[8 entries, none absent.]

646 I. (£15.)— Isaac CAnRUTHERS, Black Boy Yard, Groat Market, Newcastle-on-
Tvne, for bay gelding, foaled 1903.

650 II. (£10.)— Peter Davies. Midlands Farm, Warburton.for Midlands Extraordinary
(Shire), bay gelding, foaled 1902.

651 III. (£6.)— LORD Middleton, Birdsall House, York, for bay gelding (Shire), foaled
19H4, bred by R. Smith, Upper Helmsley, York ; s. Saxon Harold.

647 IV. (£4.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sud'bourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Boxer
(Suffolk), chestnut gelding, foaled 1901, bred by Mr, Allen, Harkstead, Ipswich.

653 R. N. &. H. C.— T. STEVENSON, Windlestone Grange, Rusyford, Ferry Hill, for
Captain.

Class 88. — Teams of Two Draught Horses, shown in Lurry or Wagon.1

[7 entries, none absent.]

658 I. (£15.)— Peter Davies, for Midlands Extraordinary (see Class 87) ; and
Midlands Prince (Shire), bay gelding, foaled 1903.

659 II. (£10.)— LORD MIDDLETON, for bay gelding (see Class 87) ; and bay gelding
(Shire), foaled 1905. bred by H. Nicholson, Kennythorpe, Malton : .«. Menestrel.

655 III. (£6.) — Kenneth M. Clark. Sudbourne Hall. Orford. for Sudbourne Smiler
(Suffolk), chestnut gelding, foaled 1902, bred by the Exors. of the late II. E. Moore.
Bricett : and Sudbourne Procter (Suffolk), chestnut gelding, foaled 1902, bred by Mr.
Goldsmith, Burgh, Woodbridge.

600 IV. (£4.)— SIR Cuthbert Q.uilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor, Woodbridge, for Smiler
(Suffolk), chestnut gelding, foaled 1900, bred by Roland Partridge, Hadleigh : and
Bentley Duchess (Suffolk), chestnut mare, foaled 1897, bred by Mr. Starkie, Laxfleld ;
s. Border Minstrel 2287, d. Laxfleld Diamond 1423.

656 R. N. & H. C.— TRe Co-operative Wholesale Society, West Biandford street,
Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Dick and Topper.

Class 89. — Teams of Four Draugtit Horses, shown in Lurry or Wagon.'

[4 entries.]

662 I. (£25.)— Peter Davies, for Midlands Extraordinary (see‘ciass 87); Midlands
Prince (see Class 88) ; Midlands Lion (Shire), gelding ; and Midlands Duke (Shire)
gelding.

663 II. (£15.)— LORD Middleton, Birdsall House, York, for bay geldings (Shire).

1 Prizes given by the Newcastle Local Committee.

Atoartl of Live Stork Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. lxxiii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’ ]

661 III. (.£10.)— Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Boxer (see Class 87) ; Sudbourne
Smiler (see Class 88); Sudbourne Procter (see Class 88); and Sudbourne Club
(Suffolk), chestnut gelding, foaled 1901, bred by Mr. Porter, Burgh, Woodbridge.

064 IV. (£6.)— Sir Outhburt Quilter, Bt., for Smiler (see Class 88); Bentley
Duchess (see Class 88); Nelson (Suffolk), chestnut gelding; and China Aster (Suffolk),
chestnut mare.

Class 90. — Teams of Four Suffolk Horses, to be shown in Lurry or Wagon.1

[2 entries.]

661 I. (£20.)— Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Smiler, Sudbourne Boxer, Sudbourne
Procter, and Sudbourne Club.

664 II. (£10.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., for Smiler, Bentley Duchess, Nelson, and
China Aster.

JUMPING COMPETITIONS.2

Class A. — Hares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 hands 2 inches. [11 entries.]

1 I. (£20.)— James Glencross. North End Stables, Frome. for Nomination, bay mare.

8 II. (£15.)— F. Voller Grange, Oak House, Farndon, for Rufus, chestnut gelding.

7 III. (£10.)— Thomas glencross, Garth, Frome, for Blink Bonny.

11 R. N. & H. C.— Whittingham Bros., Wellington Street, Burton-on-Trent, for
Snowdrop.

Class B. — Hares or Geldings , exceeding 15 hands 2 inches. [12 entries.]

4 I. (£20.)— Thomas swales, High Street, Yarm-on-Tees, for Ladysmith, brown mare.
3 II. (£15.)— F. Voller Grange, Oak House, Farndon, for Hardcash, black gelding.

11 III. (£10.)— F. W. FOSTER, Culland, Brailsford, Derby, for Paddy, hay gelding.

7 R. N. & H. C— G. Ledson, Manor House, Bromboro’, for Pioneer.

Class C. — Mares or Geldings, any height, Winners in Classes A and li excepted.

[18 entries.]

6 \ Whittingham Bros., Wellington Street, Burton-on-Trent, for Snow-

I Equal Prizes drop, grey mare.

14 j of £17 10s. T. & W. SINGER, High House, Corsley, Warminster, for Miss Dainty,
) chestnut mare.

3 (£10.) - T. & H. WARD Pinchinthorpe, Great Ayton, for Fisherman.

Class D. — Champion Class. Mares or Geldings, any height. [15 entries.]

12 I. (£20.)— James Glencross, North End Stables, Frome, for Nomination, bay mare.
10 II. (£15.) — F. W. FOSTER, Culland, Brailsford, Derby, for Paddy, bay gelding.

9 III. (£10.)— ERNEST Bradley, Newton, Great Ayton, for Piper, bay gelding.

6 IV. (£8.)— Wellburn BROS., Huddleston Hall, South Milford, for Gay Lad, chestnut
gelding.

4 V. (£6.) — ' T. & II. Ward, Pinchinthorpe, Great Ayton, for Fisherman, bay gelding.

5 VI. (£4.)— Thomas Swales, High Street, Yarm-on-Tees, for Ladysmith, brown mare.

High Jumping.

Class E. — Horses, any height. [17 entries.]

14 \ ( Wellburn Bros., Huddleston Hall. South Milford, for Ping Pong,

I Equal Prizes ] bay mare.

16 j of £22 10s. J Thomas Glencross, Garth House, Frome, for Blink Bonny, bay
) \ mare.

10 (£10.) — T. & II. Ward, Pinchinthorpe, Great Ayton, for Fisherman.

4\ /B. M. Sims, Borrowfield Lodge, Borrowash, Derby, for Grey Light,

F.ou si PnVfis grey mare.

8 I Equal prizes ) Ernest Bradley. Newton. Great Ayton, for Piper, bay gelding.

15 01 I Whittingham. Bros., Wellington Street, Burton-on-Trent, for Snow-

/ \ drop, grey mare.

CATTLE.

Shorthorns.

Class 91. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, or 1905.

[35 entries, 6 absent.]

675 I. (£10, & Champion.3)— SIR Richard Cooper, BT., Shenstone Court, Lichfield,
for Chiddingstone Malcolm 98377, roan, born May 8, 1905, bred by F. A. Jt E. H M.
Denny, Chiddingstone, Edenbridge ; s. Ascott Constellation 85184, d. Malcolm’s
Princess bg Gay Malcolm 76741,

1 Prizes given by the Suffolk Horse Society.

3 Prizes given by the Newcastle Local Committee.

3 Champion Prize of £30 given by the Shorthorn Society for the best Bull in Classes
91-95.

H H 2

XXIV

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

673 II. (£6,)— George Campbell, Harthill, Whitehouse, for Tarrel Uxor 93622, roan,
born Jan. 27. 1905, bred by John Ross, Meikle Tarrel, Fearn ; s. Ajax 80320, d. Lady
Una 4tli by Regulator 79737.

665 III. (£4.)-H. M, The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Royal Windsor 93289. roan,
born March 27. 1905 : s. Luxury 74958, d. Remembrance by Count Lavender 60545.

684 IV. (£3, & R. N. for Special.1 *)— Geoege Harrison. Gainford Hall. Darlington, for
Elvetham Sweetmeat 91624, roan, born March 7, 1905, bred by Lord Calthorpe,
Elvetham Park, Winchfield; s. Bapton Champion 78285, d. Sweetheart by Royal

T)nTtf> 75509 .

689 V. (£3.)—' The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, for
Alnwick Favourite 90653, roan, born Aug. 16, 1905; s. Bapton Favourite 76080, d.
Baroness Rothschild by Baron Abbotsford 76087.

672 R. N. & H. C— George Campbell, Harthill, Whitehouse, for Moonstone.

Class 92. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved on or between January 1, 1906, and
June 30, 1906. [48 entries, 18 absent.]

726 I. (.£10, R. N. for Champion,1 Cup,3 Special,1 & Special.4)— George Harrison,
Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Pride of Tees 96474, roan, born Feb. 24, bred by C. H.
Jolliffe, Newbus Grange, Darlington ; s. Primrose Pride 79605, d. Lady Augusta 2nd
by Robert Bruce 77661.

700 II. (£6.)— H. M. The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Evander 95106, roan, born
Jan. 4 ; s. Royal Chieftain 84587, d. Eliza 21st by Prince of Sanquhar 71251.

740 III. (£4.)— R. R. Rothwell, Moss Farm, Much Hoole, Preston, for Lord Brilliant
95801, roan, born Jan. 21 ; s Lord Blanche 13th 86418, d. Wallflower’s Brilliant 16th by
Cader Idris ot.h 76279.

730 IV. (£3.) — C. H. Jolliffe, Newbus Grange, Darlington, for King’s Champion 95631,
roan, born Jan. 4, bred by W. Duthie, Collynie, Tarves ; s. Bapton Champion 78285,
d. Missie 150th by Dauntless 54155.

746 V. (£3.)— J. Deane Willis, Bapton Manor, Codford, Wilts, for Bapton Viscount
94146, roan, born April 13 ; s. Chewton Brave Archer 78578, d. Victoria Rosea by
Bapton Victory 69910.

22 R. N. & H. C.— John Handley, Green Head, Milnthorpe, for Lord Palatine.

Class 93. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved on or between July 1, 1906, and
December 31, 1906. [18 entries, 3 absent.]

758 I. (£10. »)— John Handley, Green Head, Milnthorpe, for Rosedale Favourite 100365,
roan, born Sept. 24 ; s. Royal Favourite 89927, d. Rosedale f lower 3rd by Golden
Prince 74644.

748 II. (£6.5 6) — A. F. Basset, Teliidy, Camborne, for Tehidy Robin Hood 97420, roan, born
Dec. 14 ; s. Royal Estate 89925, d. Tehidy Royal Countess 3rd by Shamrock 84742.

761 III. (£4.5)— THE DUKE OF Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, for
Lucky Star 95932, roan, born Sept. 28 ; s. Star of Freedom 90230, d. Daisy's Success by
The Leader 66428.

764 IV. (£3.)— W. M. SCOTT, Nether Swell Manor, Stow-on-the-Wold, for Waverley
97640, roan, horn Nov. 27 ; s. Maybrick 96031, d. Fanfare 7th by Royal Velvet 84655.

757 R. N. & H. C.— John HANDLEY, for Majestic.

Class 94. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved on or between January 1, 1907, and
June 30, 1907. [69 entries, 9 absent.]

793 I. (£10, Special,1' & R. N. for Special.4)— George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Dar-
lington, for Collynie Champion 98417, roan, born Jan. 12, bred by W. Duthie, Collynie,
Tarves ; «, Bapton Champion 78285, d. Missie 150th by Dauntless 54155.

783 II. (£6.5 — A. T. Gordon, Combscauseway, Insch, for Count Fascinator 98479, roan,
born Jan. 25 ; s. Fascinator 88569, d. Countess 20th by Frankenstein 78914.

813 III. (£4.)— F. Miller, La Belen, Clifton Road, Birkenhead, for Royal Duke 100419
roan, born May 1, bred by John Gill, Thorn Farm, Stainton, Penrith ; s, May Duke
92847, d. Lady Annie 3rd by Balmoral 80378.

808 IV. (£3.)— J. H. Maden, Rockcliife House, Bacup, for Duke of Hoole 98666, dark roan,
born Jan. 20. bred by R. and T. Harrison, Manor House, Much Hoole, Preston ; s.
Strowan Marquis 13th 90268, d. Red Blossom 2nd by Chancellor 80657.

1 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Bull in Classes 91-93.

a Champion Prize of £30 given by the Shorthorn Society for the best Bull in Classes
91-95.

3 Silver Cup, value £25, specially given through the Newcastle Local Committee, for
the best Animal in Classes 91-102 bred in the County of Durham.

4 Special Prize of £20 given by the Newcastle Farmers’ Club for the best Animal in

Classes 91 102, exhibited by a tenant farmer in the Counties of Northumberland and
Durham.

6 Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society.

6 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Bull in Classes 94 and 95.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. lxxv

tUnles9 otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

8l0 V. (jC3.) — Earl Manvers, Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham, for White Emperor
101104, white, born Feb. 8 ; s. Ruddington Prince Christian 89997, d. Armathwaite
Butterfly 31st by Duke of Armathwaite 70294.

776 R. N. & H. 0.— S. E. Dean & SONS, Dowsby Hall, Bourne, for Sanquhar Pearl.

Class 95. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved on or between July 1, 1907, and
December 31, 1907. [31 entries, 6 absent.]

843 I. (£10.1)— A. T. GORDON, Combscauseway, Insch, for Bandmaster 97929, roan,
born Dec. 29 ; s. Newton Crystal, 92668, d. Beatrice 22nd by Lancelot 79181.

852 II. (£6.*)— H. S. Leon, Bletchley Park, Bucks, for Bletchley Gold 98111, red and
little white, born Sept. 20 ; s. Pride of Av'on 86878, d. Collynie Golden Drop 4th by
Bapton Champion 78285.

853 III. (£4.')-H. S. Leon, for Bletchley Snow, white, born Nov. 6 ; s. Pride of Avon
86878, d Mistletoe 34th by Bapton Champion 78285.

865 IV. (£3)— J. DEANE Willis, Bapton Manor, Codford, Wilts, for Bapton Socrates,
roan, born Sept. 21 ; s. Chewton Brave Archer 78578, d. Sorceress (vol. 47, p. 849) by
Bapton Javelin 68176.

857 V. (£3.1— THE DUKE of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle? Alnwick, for
Gainford Sweetmeat 98887, roan, born Aug. 29, bred by George Harrison. Gainford
Hall, Darlington ; s. Elvetham Sweetmeat 91624, d. Stanley Betty by Master
Sprightly 79392.

859 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Powis, for Powysland Senator.

Class 96. — Shorthorn Cows (in-milk), calved in or before 1904.

[14 entries, 3 absent.]

871 I. (.£10, & R.N. for Champion.2)— J. H. Maden, Rockcliffe House, Bacup, for Lady
Graceftil (vol. 53, p. 901), roan, born Sept. 25. 1904. calved March 15, 1908, bred by
W. Kendall, Natland Park, Kendal ; s. Farleton Chief 83463, d. White Graceful by
Stanley 77954.

870 II. (£6, & Special. :1)— George HARRISON, Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Dalmeny
Rosemary (vol. 53, p. 817), white, born March 20, 1903, calved Jan. 11, 1908, bred by
the Earl of Rosebery, K.G., Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh ; s. Rosicrucian of Dalmeny
82117, d. Lobelia by Arthur 73963.

867 III. (£4, & R. N. for Special.3)— William Bell, Ratcheugli, Alnwick, for Ratcheugh
Beauty (vol. 51, p. 437), roan, born Dec. 29, 1904, calved March 11, 1908 ; s. Baron
Skeabost 87915, d. Ratcheugh Witch by Baron Abbotsford 76087.

868 IV. (£3.)— William Bell, for Ratcheugh Witch (vol. 53. p. 563), roan, born Sept.
20, 1902, calved March 9, 1908 ; s. Baron Abbotsford 76087, d. Ratcheugh Maid by
Major 59419.

872 R. N. & H. C. — Lord Middleton, Birdsall House, York, for Birdsall Duchess 5th.

Class 97. — Shorthorn Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1905. [12 entries, 2 absent.]

882 I. (£10.' )— S. E. Dean & SONS,- Dowsby Hall, Bourne, for Queen of Spey 16th (vol.

53, p. 682), roan, born Oct. 3, calved Jan. 16, 1908, bred by the Duke of Richmond and
Gordon. K.G., Gordon Castle, Fochabers ; s. Merry Nonpareil 84126, d. Queen of
Spey 12th by Prince of Fortune 77494.

889 II. (£6.')— THE DUKE OF Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, for
Belle of Alnwick (vol. 52, p. 987), roan, born July 7, calved Dec. 30, 1907 ; s. Bapton
Favourite 76080, d. Leading Belle by The Leader 66428.

890 III. (£4.*)— The Earl of Powis, Powis Castle, Welshpool, for Powysland Snow-
drop, white, born Jan. 5, calved April 22, 1908, bred by H. K. Colville, Bellaport Hall,
Market Drayton ; s. Strowan Butterfly 19th 87517, d. Lady Gladys Waterloo (vol.
49. p. 564) by Pitlivie Governor 79562.

886 IV. (£3.)- George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Crown Gem (vol. 53,
p. 718), roan, born Dec. 11, calved April 1, 1908, bred »by [James Durns, Jackston,
Rothienorman ; s. Royal Mint 87199, d. Crown Jewel by Cornelius 66864.

888 R. N. & H. C.— SIR ALEXANDER Henderson, Bt., Buscot Park, Faringdon, for

Buscot Truth.

Class 98. — Shorthorn Heifers , calved in 1906. [51 entries, 5 absent.]

892 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— H. M. The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Mariorie
(vol. 53, p. 489), roan, born Jan. 23 ; s. Royal Chieftain 84587, d. Miriam by Merry
Harbinger 73065.

925 II. (£6.)— H. S. Leon, Bletchley Park, Bucks, for Snowdrop (vol. 53, p. 926), white,
born Aug. 19 ; s. Silver Mint 79968, d. Nonpareil Mistletoe by Nonpareil Courtier 79448.

893 III. (£4.) H. M The King, Sandringham, for Dame Oxford (vol. 53, p. 492), white,
born July 20 ; s. Royal Carlisle 84584, d. Oxford Match by Holker Oxford Duke 5th.

1 Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society.

2 Champion Prize of £30 given by the Shorthorn Society for the best Cow or Heifer in

Classes 96-102.

3 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural

Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Cow in Class 96.

lxxvi

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor.”]

903 IV. (£3.) — Lord OALTHORPE, Elvetham Park, Winchfleld, for Elvetham Sweet-
heart (vol. 53, p. 617), roan, born Feb. 21; s. Sittyton Chief 84821, d. Sweetheart by
Royal Duke 75509.

912 V. (£3.)— A. T. Gordon, Combscauseway, Inseh, for Golden Chloe, red roan, born
Jan. 2, bred by H. M. S. Maekay. Burgie Lodge, Forres ; s. Golden Fame 70786, d.
Chloe 4th (vol. 50, p. 694) by Scotch Thistle 73584.

919 R. N. & H. C., & Special. i— George Harrison, for Elvetham Ruth.

Class 99. — Shorthorn Heifers, calved in 1907. [58 entries, 11 absent.]

956 I. (.£10.)— W. T. Garne & SON, Aldswortb, North leach, for Village Belle, roan,
born Feb. 27 ; d. Village Beau 87631, d. Jewel Case by Provider 77542.

972 II. (£6.)— W. J. Hosken, Loggans Mil), Hayle, for Tehidy Dickson 4th. roan, born
June 3, bred by A. F. Basset, Tehidy, Camborne; s. Shamrock 84742, d. Royal
Dickson (vol. 53, p. 549) by Royal Sovereign 77756.

974 III. (£4.)— J. H. Maden, Rockcliffe House, Bacup, for Hoole Graceful, light roan,
born April 1, bred by R. R, Rothwell, Moss Farm, Much Hoole, Preston ; s. Man-o'-
War 92436, d. Lady Graceful (vol. 53, p. 901) by Farleton Chief 83463.

965 IV. (£3.)— George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Cinderella 14th,
white, bbrn April 1, bred by John Young, Tilbouries, 'Maryculter, Aberdeen ; s.
Scottish Star 93375, d. Cinderella 11th by Sittyton Choice 84822.

963 V. (£3.) — Joseph Harris, Brackenburgh Tower, Carlisle, for Lady Worcester,
roan, born March 24 ; s. Duke of Ruddington 6th 91562, d. Lady Pensive tvol. 53, p.
816) by Prince Pensive 77506.

948 R.N. & H.C.— A. F. Basset, Tehidy, Camborne, for Tehidy Royal Gwynne 6th.

Class 100. — Shorthorn Dairy Cows ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1903, entered
or eligible for entry in Coates's Herd Book.1 * [16 entries, 4 absent.]

1009 I. (£10, & Champion.3 *)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Gift 2nd (vol.
53, p. 900), roan, born Aug. 4, 1901, calved May' 23, 1908, bred by W. Kendall, Kiln
Farm, Farleton, Carnforth ; s. Stanley 77954, d. Gift by Bridegroom 68269.

1001 II. (£6, & R. N. for Champion.3)— C R. W. Adeane, Babraham Hall, Cambridge,
for Babraham Darling Lady (vol. 53, p. 499), red, born Feb. 24, 1902, calved May 14,
1908 ; s. Red Lord 15th 77593, d. Darling 6th by Blair Athol 60367.

1007 III. (£4.) — W. M. CAZALET, Fairlawn, Tonbridge, for Janette 45th (vol. 53, p. 524),
roan, born Feb. 17, 1900, calved April 8, 1908, bred by W. Arkell, Kempsford, Fairtord ;
s. Airy Knight 2nd 69854, d. Janette 31st by Reuben 64657.

1010 R. N.& H.C.— Lord Rothschild, for Moppy Gem 5th.

Class 101. — Shorthorn Dairy Cows (in-milk), calved in 1904, entered or eligible
for entry in Coates's Herd Booh.’1 [6 entries, 2 absent.]

1019 I. (£10.) — Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Primrose 4th, red and little
white, born May 31, calved April 6, 1908, bred by T. Hunter, Stone Row Head Farm,
Lancaster ; s. Silver King 77867, d. Primrose (vol. 53, p. 878) by Duke Fidget 78728.

1022 II. (£6.)— THE marquis of Winchester, Amport St. Mary's, Andover, for
Amport Ursulina (vol. 52, p. 1210), red and little white, born Nov. 5, calved March 7,
1908; *. Stratton Monk 84880, d. Ursulina 17th by Reuben 64657.

1017 III. (£4.) — C. R. W. adeane, Babraham Hail, Cambridge, for Babraham Daisy
(vol. 51, p. 382), red and white, born Feb. 20, calved May 10, 1908; s. Red Lord 15th
77593, d. Dainty Darling by Edwin 70370.

Class 102. — Shorthorn Dairy Heifers (in-milk), calved in or after 1905, entered
or eligible for entry in Coates's Herd Booh.). [9 entries, 4 absent.]

1024 I. (£10.)— C. R. W. Adeane, Babraham Hall, Cambridge, for Babraham Lammer-
more (vol. 52, p. 449), red and white, born Jan. 23, 1905, calved May 23, 1908 ; s. Fairy
Prince 81020, d. Lady Lucy by Red Lord 15th 77593.

1029 II. (£6.) — J. M. Strickland, Warren House, Brandsby, Easing wold, for Brandsby's
Princess (vol. 52, p. 1134), red, born Feb. 18, 1905, calved March 21, 1908; s. Bapton
Judge 82768, d. Princess May' by Coming Star 57082.

1023 III. (£4.)— C. R. W. Adeane, for Babraham Eva Bates (vol. 52, p. 449), red and
white, born Sept. 9, 1905, calved May 11, 1908 ; s. Prince Pericles 24th 86953, d. Lady
Evelyn Bates by Red Lord 15th 77593.

1030 R. N. & H. C.— The Marquis of Winchester, for Lady Morris.

1027 Special.5— Marshall & McBryde, Broomhaugh, Riding Mill, for Miss Molly.

i Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural

Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Heifer in Classes 97-99.

3 Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society.

3 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book)
Association for the best Animal in Classes 100-102.

* Prizes given by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book) Association.

5 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Cow or Heifer in Classes
100-102.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1008. lxxvii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.’ ]

Class 103. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Shorthorn Cows and Ileifers entered
in Classes 96, 97, 100, 101, and 102 only. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

1008 1. (£10.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Darlington Cranford 5th (vol.
53, p. 1163), red, born Oct. 26, 1897, calved April 9, 1908, bred by George Taylor,
Cranford, Middlesex ; s. Lord Somerset Furbelow 65855, d. Darlington Cranford by
Lord Somerset 10th 48249.

1010 II. (£6.)— Lord Rothschild, for Moppv Gem 5th (vol. 53, p. 1165). red and little
white, born April 10, 1897, calved May 31, 1908, bred by Taylor & Walton, Hall
Garth, Kirkby Stephen ; s. Dunottar 68554, d. Moppy Gem 2nd by Ingram Swell.

1009 III. (£4.)— Lord Rothschild, for Gift 2nd. (See Class 100.)

1015 R. N. & H. C.— G. W. Tyser, Oakfleld, Mortimer, for Darlington Cran.

Class 104. — Group Class, consisting of a Bull of any age, not necessarily bred
by Exhibitor, and three of his offspring, the property of the Exhibitor.
Open to animals entered in Classes 91 to 102 only.1 [3 entries.]

1032 I. (jC15.) — Sir Richard Cooper, Bt„ Shenstone Court, Lichfield, for Meteor,
Ashlyn's Meteor, Meteorite, and Shenstone Julianne.

1034 II. (£10.)— Henry Salvin. Burn Hall, Durham, for Crystal, Burnhall Polonius,
Burnhall Nelly 16th, and Vixen.

1033 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Middleton. Birdsall House, York, for Aaron, Birdsall
Aeronaut, Birdsall Duchess 5th, and Duchess of Birdsall 5th.

Class 105. — Group Class, consisting of a Cow, of any age, not necessarily bred
by Exhibitor, and three of her produce in direct line of descent on the
female side, the property of the Exhibitor. Open to animals entered in
Classes 91 to 102 only. [2 entries.]

1035 I. (£15.' )— William Bell, Ratcheugh, Alnwick, for Ratcheugh Witch, Ratcheugh
Model, Ratcheugh Beauty, and Ratcheugh Lady.

1036 II. (£10.)— Henry Williams, Moor Park. Harrogate, for Strowan Buttercup 18th,
Duke of Lancaster, Nabob, Sweet Buttercup, and Royal Buttercup.

Lincolnshire Red Short-horns.

N.B.—In the Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Classes, the number inserted within brackets after
the name of an animal indicates that the animal is entered in Coates’s Herd Book. A
number without brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the Lincolnshire
Red Short-horn Herd Book.

Class 106. — Lincolnshire Bed Short-horn Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, or
1905. [5 entries, none absent.]

1037 I. t£10.)— W. J. Atkinson, Weston St. Mary, Spalding, for Weston Monarch 4th
4187, born April 24. 1904 ; s. Royal Crest (82149), d. Western Charm by Pippin’s Pride.

1040 II. (£6.)— Robert Chatterton, Stenigot, Lincoln, for Hallington Neptune 3904,
born July 18, 1903, bred by William Chatterton, Hallington, Louth ; s. Nero 2991, d. by
King Croesus 155.

1039 III. (£4.)— Robert Chatterton, for Cicero 4314, born Jan. 2, 1904, bred by L. W.
Stephenson, South Thoresby, Alford ; s. Scampton Bloodsucker 3C43, d. by Baron
Ormsby 3rd 26.

1038 R. N. & H. C.— H. W. Blunt, Breedon-on-the-Hill, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, for Breedon
Champion.

Class 107. — Lincolnshire Bed Short-horn Bulls, calved in 1906. 3

[2 entries.]

1043 I (.£10.)— JOHN Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Burton Hermit 2nd 4724, born May 7 ;
s. Burton Hermit 3783. d. Saltfleet Favourite by Grandad 1561.

1042 II. (£6.)— Robert Chatterton. Stenigot, Lincoln, for Flower Chief Consul, born
June 10 ; s. Red Chief 2611, d. Stenigot Flower 4th 5344 by County Member 83. •

Class 108.— Lincolnshire Bed Short-horn Bulls, calved in 1907. a

[7 entries, none absent.]

1044 I. (£10.)— Robert Chatterton, Stenigot, Lincoln, for Stenigot Bloom Boy 2nd,
born Jan. 11 ; s. Ashby Red 2nd 3728, d. Stenigot Bloom 4th (vol. 9. p. 163) by
Wolseley 1436.

1049 II. (£6.) — J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor. Tring. for Pendley Boxer, bom June 26 ;
s. Somercoates Bonus 4577. d. Benniworth Bloom 2nd by Boxer A 2118

1046 III. (£4.)— John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Deepden Benniworth 5290, born March
2. bred by Ekins Ashley, Godmanchester ; s. Bingham Lodge Benniworth 2762, d.
Hum Milker 2nd by Hurn 1st 2236.

1050 R. N. & H. C.— J. G. Williams, for Pendley Count.

i Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society.

1 Prizes given by the Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Association.

lxxviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Class 109. — Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Cows (in-milk), calvedin or before 1904.

[8 entries, 1 absent.]

1055 I, (X' 10.)— George MABBIS, Kirmington, Brocklesby, for Keddington Favourite
4th, born March 1, 1904, calved April 14, 1908, bred by E. II. Cartwright, Keddington
Grange, Louth ; s. Vanguard 2601, d. Keddington Favourite 3rd by Conisholme
Boy 347-

1058 II. (j£"6.) — J. G. Williams. Pendley Manor, Tring, for Starlight, born April 10, 1899,
calved Feb. 28, 1908, bred by E. H. Cartwright, Keddington Grange, Louth ;
s. The Count 1396, d. by Shooting Star 1674.

1051 III. (£4.)— Eabl Egerton of Tatton, Tatton Park, Cheshire, for Enderby
Lass 4th, horn Sept. 17, 1901, calved April 7, 1908, bred by S. Crawley, Hemington,
Oundle : s. Lord Chancellor 1606, d. Enderby Lass 3rd (vol. 7,p. 143) by Baron Ormsby
3rd 26.

1053 R. N. & H. C.— John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Burton Quality 5th.

Class 110. — Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1905.

[3 entries.]

1060 I. (jC 10-) — Capt. E. M. Grantham, The Rookery, West Keal. Spilshy, for Keal
Hilda (vol. 13. p. 205). born April 13. calved Jan. 23, 1908 ; s. Scampton Excavator
4084, d. Keal Daisy by Saltfleet John Bull 1339.

1061 II. (.£6.) — C. Hensman & SON, Fulletby Grange, Horncastle, for Fulletby
Royal, born Jan. 15, calved Jan. 5, 1908, bred by the late George Laughton, Belchford,
Horncastle ; s. Norbury Cato 2993, d. by Saltfleet Ruby Chief 944.

1059 III. (£4.)— John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Burton Royal Maid 3rd, born July
23, calved May 19, 1908 ; s. Burton Challenger 3265, d. Burton Royal Maid (vol. 9.
p. 173) by Professor 200.

Class 111. — Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Heifers, calved in 1906. 1 2

[4 entries.]

1063 I. (£10.)— C. Hensman & Son, Fulletby Grange, Horncastle. for Fulletby
Beauty A, born March 31 ; s. Scampton Formula 4562, d. Fulletby Beauty by
Poolham Butterman 9th 1978.

1065 II. (£6.)— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley Pearl, born Jan. 27,
bred by the late T. Bett, Benniworth Walk, Donington-on-Bain ; s. Saltfleet Echo,
3038, d. Benniworth Pearl by Saltfleet Actor 1664.

1064 III. (£4.) — C. Hensman & Son, for Fulletby Peony 3rd, born July 31 ; s.
Scampton Formula 4562, d. Fulletby Peony A (vol. 13, p. 208) by Poolham
Butterman 9th 1978.

1062 R. N. & H. C — Eabl Egerton of Tatton, Tatton Park, for Tatton Ruby.

Class 112. — Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Heifers, calved in 1907. 1

[9 entries, none absent.]

1073 I. (£10.)— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley Skipworth, born
Feb. 23 ; s. Keddington Baron 4881, d. Keddington Skipworth 5th by Benniworth
4th 629.

1069 II. (£6.)— CAPT. E. M. Grantham, The Rookery, West Keal, Spilsby, for Keal
Barbara, born June 26 ; s. Keal Blois 4873, d. Keal Favourite (vol. 13, p. 206) by
Stenigot Red 530.

1068 III. (£4.)— J. W. Farrow & Sons, Strubby Manor, Alford, for Lady Cardiff 4th,
born May 6 ; s. Under Porter 3126, d. Lady Cardiff 2nd by Ormsby Baronet 2nd.

1072 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN Searbv, Croft, Wainfleet, for Croft Heroine 2nd.

Class 113. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Cows
and Heifers entered in Classes 109 and 110 only. [4 entries.]

1054 I. (£10.) — John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Burton Ruby Spot (vol. 8, p. 418),
born Sept. 10, 1896, calved Jan. 22, 1908 ; s. Professor 200, d. Red E by Hog 134.

1052 II. (£6.)— John Evens, for Burton Cork 3rd (vol. 12, p. 195), born Aug. 24, 1900,
calved April 24, 1908 ; s. Red Rover (77618), d. Burton Cork 2nd by Rambler (69342).

1051 III. (£4.)— Earl Egerton of Tatton, for Enderby Lass 4th. (See Class 109.)

1053 R. N. & H. C— John Evens, for Burton Quality 5th.

Herefordsu

Class 114 .—Hereford Hulls, calved in 1903, 1904, or 1905.

[6 entries, none absent..]

1080 I. (£10, & Champion.3) G. D. FABER, C.B., M.P., Rush Court Wallingford, for
Rob Roy 24953, born Feb. 17, 1905, bred by W. Tudge, Summer Court, Kington ; s.
Commandant 22040, d. Golden Blossom by Goldbox 15339.

1 Prizes given by the Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Association.

2 £29 towards these Prizes were given by the Hereford Herd Book Society.

3 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Hereford Herd Book Society for the best

Bull in Classes 114-116,

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. lxxix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1075 II. (£6, & R. N. for Champion.1)— H.M. The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for
Admiral 23256, born Jan. 19, 1903 ; s. Earlsfleld 19387, d. Angelica by Grove Prince 16745.

1078 III. (£4.)— THE Earl of Coventry, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, for Rabbi
24918. born June 19, 1905 ; s. Queen’s Guard 23995, d. Rapture by Jeyro 1G866.

1079 R. N. & H. C-— H. R. Evans, Court-of-Noke, Staunton-on-Arrow, for Pyon Gauntlet-

Class 115, — Hereford Bulls, calved i/t 1906. [8 entries, 4 absent.]

1085 I. (£10.)-P. & G. Hughes, Gresty, Crewe, for Lancaster 25480, born April 10,
bred by Mrs. E. Medlicott, Bodenham, Leominster ; s. Locarno 20797, d. Blossom 2nd
by Lancer 21515.

1087 II. (£6.) — C. T. PULLEY, Lower Eaton, Hereford, for Eaton Truant 25320, born
March 15 ; s. Eaton Champion 21351, d. Dart by Truant 15758.

1084 III. (£4.) — Allen E. Hughes, Wintercott, Leominster, for Portrane 25659, born
April 30 ; s. Pearl King 24192, d. Peach by Albion 15027.

. 1081 R. N. & H. C.— Peter Coats, Sheepcote, Clifford, for Sunny Jim.

Class 116. — Hereford Bulls, calved in 1907. [9 entries, 4 absent.]

1089 I. (jC15.) — W. H. Cooke, The Green, Stanford Bridge, Worcester, for Shelsley 26480,
born Feb. 15 ; s. Gambler 20639. d. Hawthorn by Ruler 16365.

1091 II. (£10.)— Allen E. hughes, Wintercott, Leominster, for Newbury 26328, born
Feb. 3 ; s. Pearl King 24192, d. Nelly by Albion 15027.

1093 III. (jC4.) — - C. T. Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford, for Eaton Renown 26091, born
Jan. 20 ; s. Eaton Champion 21351. d. Ashleaf by Success 20357.

1097 R. N. & H. C.— A. P. TURNER, The Leen, Pembridge, for Vulcan.

Class 117. — Hereford Cows or Heifers (in milk'), calved in or before 1905.

[5 entries, none .absent,]

1099 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2)— The Earl of Coventry, Croome Court,
Severn Stoke, for Merriment (vol. 38, p. 362), born March 29, 1903, calved April
19, 1908 ; s. Fortunis 21396, d. Misbelief by Miscreant 19595.

1102 II. (£6.)— D. A. Thomas, M.P., Llanwern, Newport, Mon., for Lovisine (vol. 37,
p. 818), born April 19, 1905, calved Feb. 8, 1908, bred by Mrs. Hamblen-Williams
Kingsland, Herefordshire ; s. Commandant 22040, d. Silk weed by Albion 15027.

1098 III. (£4.)— George Butters, Hill House, Newton, Leominster, for Dorothy
(vol. 38, p. 315), born Jan. 4, 1903, calved April 3, 1908 ; s. Greater Britain 21434,
d. Newton Snowdrop by Abductor 17636.

1100 R. N. & H. C.— H. W. Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury, for Sceptre.

Class 118. — Hereford Heifers, calved in 1906. [7 entries, 4 absent.]

1107 I. (.£10, & Champion.2)— ALLEN E. Hughes, Wintercott, Leominster, for
Lemster Plum (vol. 38, p. 532), born Jan. 20 ; s. Pearl King 24192, d. Ivington
Plum by Malcolm 21575.

1109 II. (£6.)— T. R. THOMPSON, ErwrDelyn, Penarth, for Beauty 4th (vol. 38. p. 786),
born Jan. 29 ; s. Perfection 22450, d. Beauty 2nd by Clarence 15944.

1105 III. (£4.)— PETER COATS, Sheepcote, Clifford, for Plum (vol. 38, p. 341), born
Feb. 15 ; s. Endale 21366, d. Pretty Lass by Prince Richard 17450.

Class 119. — Hereford Heifers, calved in 1907. [14 entries, 2 absent.]

1114 I. (£10.)— Richard Bright, Ivingtonbury, Leominster, for Ivington Bess, born
Jan. 1 ; s. Marmion 20844, d. Bright’s Oyster Girl (vol 38, p. 296), by Glencoe 17279.

1122 II. (£6.)— William Tudge, Summer Court, Kington, for Di Vernon, born Jan. 18 ;

s. Rob Roy 24953, d. Lyonia (vol. 36, p. 797) by Major Domo 20179.

1119 III. (£4.) — Sir J. R G. Cotterell, Bt., Garnons. Herefordshire, for Floradora,
born Jan. 25 ; s. Baronet 20456, d. Fedora (vol. 33, p. 289) by Prairie Chief 17430.

1110 R. N. & H. C. — H.M. The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Daphne.

Devons.

Class 120. — Devon Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[6 entries, 1 absent.]

1126 I. (£10, & Champion.3)— MRS. A. C. SKINNER & SON, Pound, Bishop’s Lydeard,
for Capton Ploughboy 4923, born Oct. 13, 1903, bred by A. Bowerman, Capton Farm,
Williton ; «. Bean Planter 4139, d. Capton Escott 18646 by Lord Tarr 2822.

1127 II. (£6.)— J- C. WILLIAMS. Caerhays Castle, Gorran, for Dianthus 4961, born Feb. 6,
1903 ; s. Dramatist 4015, d. Blooming Cow 5th 14281 by Whitehall 2175.

1129 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Frederick Wills, Bt., Northmoor, Dulverton, for Northmoor
Royal.

1 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Hereford Herd Book Society for the best
Bull in Classes 114-116.

2 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Hereford Herd Book Society for the best
Cow or Heifer in Classes 117-119.

3 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society for the
best Bull in Classes 120 and 121.

lxxx Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named helow was “bred by exhibitor."]

Class 121. — Devon Bulls, calved in 1907. [4 entries, none absent.]

1133 I. (.£10, & E. N. for Champion.1 — MRS. A. C. SKINNER & SON, Pound, Bishop's
Lydeard, for Pound Gladiator 6169, born Jan. 15 ; s. C®sar 5174, d. Goodgirl 14663
bp Goodboy 2414.

1131 II. (£6.)— Samuel KlDNER, Bickley, Milverton, for Bickley Triumph 5959, born
March 21 ; a. Bickley Quaker 4898, d. Uncle Tom’s Lady B. 16318 bp Uncle Tom 3821.

1130 E. N. & H. C.— H.M.The Kino, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Nelson.

Class 122. — Devon (otcs or Heifers (in milk'), calved in or before 1905.

[6 entries, 1 absent.]

1135 I. (£10, & Champion.5)— T. S. Morgan, Whimple, Exeter, for Whimple Kitty 1st
19573, born March 5, 1903, calved Jan. 2, 1908 ; s. Hestercombe Redlight 4417, d.
Hursley Kitty 3rd 14950 by Humour 3286.

1139 II. (£6.)— Mrs. A. C. SKINNER & SON, Pound, Bishop’s Lydeard, for Cowslip 2nd
20966, born in 1898, calved March 4, 1908, bred by Henry North, Honiton ; «. Lord
North 5585, d. Cowslip 17136 by Master Harry 2075.

1138 E. N. & H. C.— The Hon. E. W. B. Portman, for Lady Escott 4th.

Class 123. — Devon Heifers, calved in 1906. [5 entries, none absent.]

1144 I. (£10, & E. N. for Champion.2)— The Hon. E. W. B. Portman. Hestercombe,
Taunton, for Lady Coot 21647, born March 27. bred by the late G. Itisdon, Dunster,
Taunton ; s. Crusader 4954, d. Lovely 34th 18335 by Lord Escott 5th 4437.

1141 II. (£6.) — T. S. Morgan. Whimple, Exeter, for Whimple Daisy 1st 21512, born Jan.
11 ; s. Pound Mayor 4850, d. Hestercombe Daisy 17841 bp Duke of Hestercombe 4020.

1143 E. N. & H. C.— Charles Morris, Highfleld Hall, St. Albans, for Pound Brassy 13th.

Class 124. — Devon Heifers, calved in 1907. [6 entries, 2 absent].

1146 I. (£10.) — ' T. S. Morgan, Whimple, Exeter, for Whimple Broadhorn 2nd 22187.
born March 3 ; s. Gladiator 5253, d. Broadhorn 4th 17729 by Gay Lad 3589.

1149 II. (£6.) — The Hon. E. W. B. Portman, Hestercombe, Taunton, for Hestercombe
Fashion 22260, born Jan. 9 ; s. Caesar 5174, d. Favourite 2nd 20250 by Tea Planter 4677.

1150 E. N. & H. C.— The Hon. E. W. B. Portman, for Hestercombe Weigelia.

South Devons.3

Class 125. — South Devon Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[5 entries, 2 absent.]

1155 I. (£10.)— J. Sparrow Wroth, Coombe, Aveton Gifford, Kingsbridge, for Macbeth
1924, born May 10, 1903 ; s. Duke of York 1439, d. Netta 3rd 3653 by Mannion 631

1152 II. (£6.)— Hawken & Son, Okenbury, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Elector 2354,
born Jan. 25, 1905, bred by H. Fairweather. Malston. Sherford, Kingsbridge ; s. High
House Champion 1898, d. Milkmaid 2nd 4536 by Bruin 709.

1154 E. N. & H. C.— J. Sparrow Wroth, for Dan Leno.

Class 126. — South Devon Bulls, calved in 1907. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

1159 I. (£10.) — W. H. Luscombe, Creacombe, Yealmpton, for Morning Star 2965, born
Jan. 25, bred by J. Sparrow Wroth, Coombe. Aveton Gifford ; s. Macbeth 1924,
d. Star’s Countess 3998 by Widland Revelstoke 945.

1168 II. (£6.)— BEN LUSCOMBE, South Langston, Aveton Gifford, Kingsbridge, for
Prince Danilo 2997, born Feb. 26 ; s. Marquis 2175, d. Primrose 4529 by General
Buller 1138.

1156 III. (£4.)— BUTLAND BROS., Leigham, Plympton, for Cheerful Boy 2841, born
June 1 ; s. Lo Ben 2167, d. Cheerful 5266 by Cromer 1276.

1163 E. N. & H. C.— W. & H. Whitley, for Primley Archduke.

Class 127. — South Devon Cows or Heifers (in milk), calved in or before 1905.

[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1166 I. (£10.)— BEN LUSCOMBE, South Langston, Aveton Gifford, Kingsbridge. for
May 4th 5453, born Dec. 24, 1903, calved Jan. 2, 1908 ; s. Masher 769, d. May 3481.

1169 II. (£6.)— W. P. VOSPER, Merafleld, Plympton, for Laura 5676, born Feb. 20. 1903,
calved Jan. 27, 1908 ; s. Drummer 975, d. Cowslip 4th 3923 by Prince Edward 517.

1165 E. N. & H. C.— Butland Bros., Leigham, Plympton. for Handsome.

1 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society for the
best Bull in Classes 120 and 121.

2 Champion Prize of £10 IDs. given by (be Devon Cattle Breeders' Society for the best
Cow or Heifer in Classes 122-124.

3 £20 towards these prizes were given by Breeders of South Devon Cattle.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. lxxxi

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named helow was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 128. — South Devon Heifers , calved in 1906 or 1907. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

1173 I. (£10.1— Butland Bros . Leigham, Plympton, for Handsome 4th 6956. born
March 15, 1906 ; s. Leigham Champion 1667, d. Handsome 4040 by Cromer 969.

1174 II. (£6.)— BEN LUSCOMBE, South Langston. Aveton Gilford, Kingsbridge, for
Favourite Maid 3rd 7168, born Jan. 20, 1906 ; s. Macbeth 1924, d. Favourite Maid 2nd
5450 by Masher 769,

1175 R. N. & H. C. — F. B. Mildmay, ML, Flete, Ivy Bridge, for Pinkey 3rd.

Class 129. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to South Devon Cows and Heifers entered
in Class 127 only. [4 entries, none absent.]

1170 I. (.£10.)— W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for Fancy 3321, iborn
June 18, 1897, calved May 4, 1908, bred by Thomas Willing, Timley, Loddiswell ;
s. Prince 658, d. Dairymaid 894.

1171 II. (£6.)— J. Sparrow Wroth, Coombe, Aveton Gifford, Kingsbridge. for Nosegay
4th 4365, born Jan. 4. 1900, calved April 17, 1908; s. Old Fashion 653, d. Nosegay 2nd
2737 by Councillor 163.

Sussex.1

Class 130. — Sussex Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[6 entries, 2 absent.]

1179 I. (£15, & Champion.2) — E. E. Braby, Drungewick Manor House, Rudgwick. for
Lord of Drungewick 5th 2038, born Jan. 6, 1904 ; s. Duke of Drungewick 3rd 1808, d
Ladysmith 7887 by Prince of Drungewick 1530.

1181 II. (£8, & E. N. for Champion.2)— W. G. Fladgate, Apsley, Thakeham, Pul-
horough, for Apsley Liberty 2128. horn June 4, 1905 ; s. Drungewick Prebble 4th.
1961, d. Libertine 7566 by Li Hung Chang 1474.

1184 III. (£4.)— W. A. Thornton, Lock, Partridge Green, for Ben of Lock 2279, born
May 17, 1906 ; s. Prince of Drungewick 3rd 1810, d. Lavant 15th 7825 by Facility 1455.

1183 E. N. & H. C.— C. Newington, Oakover, Ticehurst, for Bewbush Duke.

Class 131. — Sussex Bulls, calved in 1907. [6 entries, 3 absent.]

1188 I. (£15.) The Hon. R. P. Nevill, Birling Manor, West Mailing, for Birling Ralph
2378, born Jan. 5 ; s. Paley Major 2057, d. Birling Glory 9806 by Birling Gold 1922.

1189 II. (£8.)— Earl Winterton. M.P., Shillinglee Park, Petworth, for Shillinglee
Bewbush 6th 2400, born Jan. 2, bred by the late Earl Winterton ; s. Shillinglee Bew-
hush 2097, d. Sunlight 5th 9441 by Drungewick Prebble 1666.

Class 132. — Sussex Cows or Heifers (in-milli), calved in or before 1905.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

1194 I. (£15.)— W. F. Winch, Tilsden, Cranbrook, for Tilsden Jessie 10533, born March 1,
1905, calved Feb. 4, 1908 ; s. Ensign 1584. d. Jarrie 5279 by Ruby 2nd 721.

1192 II. (£8.1— W. G. Fladgate, Apsley, Thakeham, Pulborough, for Lady Carex 9205,
born Feb. 22, 1903, calved Feb. 9, 1908, bred by the late J. H. T. Broad wood. Capel,
Surrey ; s. Drungewick Prehble 2nd 1877, d. Carex 7028 by Drungewick 5th 1363.

1193 III. (£4.)— C. Newington, Oakover, Ticehurst, forStonedown B1 8342, born Sept. 9,
1900, calved Jan. 21, 1908, bred by Percy Tew, Brightling Park. Sussex ; s. Headley of
Horsham 1571, d. Stonesdown 7810 by Bedtime 1416.

Class 133. -Sussex Heifers, calved in 1906. [3 entries, 2 absent.]

1197 I. f £15.) — W. G. Fladgatk, Apsley, Thakeham. Pulborough, for Apsley Fairy
10766, born Jan. 19 ; s. Silver King 2022, d. Fairy 8818 by Drungewick Prebble 2nd.

Class 134. — Sussex Heifers, calved in 1907. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

1201 I. (£15.) — W. F. Winch, Tilsden, Cranbrook, for Tilsden Careless 3rd 11602, born
Feb. 20 ; s. Vicar 1772, d. Careless 90th 9240 by Jayes 1st 1841.

1199 II. (£8.) — W. G. Fladgate, Apsley, Thakeham, Pulborough, for Apsley Fairy 2nd
11275, born Feb. 4 ; s. Silver King 2022, d. Fairy 8818 by Drungewick Prebble 2nd 1877.

1200 III. (£4.)— THE Hon. R. P. Nevill, Birling Manor, West Mailing, for Birling
Sylvia 11502, born Feb. 13 ; s. Paley Major 2057, d. Birling Bluebell 3rd 8294 by Duke
of Birling 1562.

Welsh.3

Class 135. — Welsh Bulls, calved on or after December 1, 1902, and before
December 1, 1906. [4 entries, none absent.]

1205 I. (£10.) — The University College of North Wales, Madryn, Aber, Bangor,
for Madryn Madoc 297, born in May, 1904, bred by the late Robert Roberts, Bronyga-
dair, Portmadoc ; s. Madoc bitch, d. Gwladys 2nd.

1 £35 towards these Prizes were given by the SusSex Herd Book Society.

2 Silver Medal given by the Sussex Herd Book Society for the best Bull in Classes

130 and 131.

* £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Welsh Black Cattle Society.

Ixxxii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

1204 II. <"jC6.) — Lord Harlech, Brogyntyn, Oswestry, for Tybor 211, born July 28, 1904,
bred by W. E. Oakeley, The Plas, Tan-y-bwlcb : s. Uymgwyn Bob 106, d. Melfed
1344 S.W.

1202 R. N. & H. C.— The Coed Coch Trustees, Llawes-y-Coed Farm, Abergele, for
Mynach Du.

Class 136. — Welsh Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1906, and before
December 1, 1907. [4 entries, none absent.]

1206 I. (£10.)— It. M. Greaves. Wern, Portmadoc, for Wern Goalkeeper, born May 20,
1907 ; s. Wern Defender 45, d. Wern Bilberry 185 by Wern Cawr 427

1208 II. (£6.)— Mrs. Wynne-Finch, Voelas, Bettws-y-Coed, for Camelot 2nd, born
April 5, 1907 ; s. Camelot 208, d. Blacken by Wern.

1207 R. N. & H. C.— The University College of North Wales, for Madryn Baden.

Class 137. — Welsh Cotvs or Heifers (in-milk'), calved before December 1, 1906.

[2 entries.]

1211 I. (jCIO.-) — The University College of North Wales, Madryn, Aber, Bangor,
for Madryn Sally 2nd 917, born Feb, 12, 1905, calved Dec. 4, 1907 ; s. Madryn Duke 182,
d. Madryn Sally 595 by Black Bear 390 N.W.

1210 II. (£6.)— R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc, for Abbess 4th 432, born Feb. 20, 1901,
calved March 28, 1908, bred by Col, Henry Platt, C.B., Gorddinog, Llanfairfecban ;
s. Cawr 417, d. Abbess 3rd 1200 by City Councillor 347.

Class 138. — Welsh Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1905, and before
December 1, 1906. [6 entries, none absent.]

1215 I. (£10.)— R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc, for Wern Fortress 739, born July 17,
1906 ; s. Wern Defender 45, d. Wern Backsheech 182 by Wern Cawr 42.

1216 II. (£6.)— The University College of North Wales, Madryn, Aber, Bangor,
for Madryn Sally 3rd 922, born Jan. 17, 1906 ; s. Mat'eking 181, d. Madryn Sally 595 by
Black Bear 390.

1213 R. N. & H. C.— The Coed Coch Trustees, for Gogledd.

Class 139. — Welsh Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1906, and before
December 1, 1907. [6 entries, none absent.]

1220 I. (£10.)— The University College of North Wales, Madryn, Aber, Bangor,
for Madryn Jet, born Dec. 10, 1906 : s. Madryn Hyfwr 187, d. Fdwnog586 by Dinorwie.

1217 II. (£6.)— R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc, for Wern Frigate, born Dec. 6, 1906 ;
s. Wern Defender 45, d. Bronyfrel 3rd by Maf eking 469.

1219 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Harlech, Brogyntyn, Oswestry, for Brogyntyn Cornelia.

Red Polled.1

Class 140. — Red Polled, Bulls , calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[9 entries, 4 absent.]

1225 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— Lord Cranworth. Letton. Norfolk, for Davyson 265th
9230, born Aug. 1, 1903, bred by John Hammond, Bale, East Dereham ; s. Majiolini
3600, d. Davy 228th 17993 by Caistor Beaufleur 4782.

1231 II. (£6, & R. N. for Champion.2)— G. D. Smith, Strensbam Court, Worcester, for
Warwick 9515, born Feb. 28, 1904, bred by J. P. Arkwright, Hatton, Warwickshire ;
s. Arthur 7802, d. Susie 18362 by Lancer 4490.

1224 III. (£4.) — Sir Richard Cooper, Bt., Ashlyns Hall, Berkliamsted, for Ashlyns
Ruler 9534, born June 13, 1905 ; s. Ashlyns Major 9192, ri. Anna 18415 by Ashlyns Oscar.

1228 R. N. & H. C— The Rt. Hon. A. E. Fellowes, for Honingham Adjutant.

Class 141. — Red Polled Bulls, calved in 1907. [9 entries, 6 absent.]

1232 I. (£10.) — ' T. Brown & Son. Marham Hall, Downham Market, for Juvenal 9810,
born Feb. 5 : s. Pioneer 9292, d. Ina 19268 by Stately 9175.

1238 II. (£6.)— The Rt. IIon. A. E. Fellowes, Honingham Hall, Norwich, for
Honingham Audit 9775, born Jan. 24 ; s. Honingham Alake 9438, d. Honingham
Auntv 19846 by Honingham Archduke 9102.

1235 III. (£4.)— LORD Cranworth, Letton, Norfolk, for Bonny Boy 9780, born Jan. 6,
bred by II. Blofleld. Morley Manor, Wymondham ; s. Jupiter Tonans 8972, d. Beauty
16160 by Magician 5021 .

Class 142. — Red Polled Cows or Heifers (in-milk), calved in or before 1905.

[12 entries, 3 absent.]

1242 I. (£10.)— T. BROWN & SON, Marham Hall, Downham Market, for Frill 18051,
born Oct. 8, 1901, calved May 4, 1908; s. Wentworth 5257, d. Freda 10287 by
Erebus 841. ,

1 £20 towards these Prizes were given by the Red Polled Society.

2 Champion Prize of £5 given by the Red Polled Society for the best Bull in Classes

140 and 141.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. lxxxiii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1252 II. (£6.)— G. D. Smith, Strensham Court, Worcester, for Evelyn 19176, born March
10, 1903, calved Nov. 10. 1907, bred by Sir J. F. Dillon, Lismullen, Navan ; s. Garrett
5500, d. Eve 8516 by Frank of Delvin 1824.

1244 III. (£4.)— SIR WALTER Corbet, BT.. Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury, for Waxlight
2nd 18965, born Feb. 26, 1902, calved April 12, 1908. bred by Lord Amherst of Hackney,
Didlington Hall, Norfolk ; *. Royal Standard 8707, d. Wax Doll 2nd 9068 by Red
Shirt 2014.

1246 R. N. & H. C.— LORD Cranworth, Letton, Norfolk, for Sceptre.

Class 143. — lied Pulled Heifers , calved in 1906. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1254 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— SIR Richard Cooper, Bt., AshlynsHall, Berkhamsted,
for Ashlyns Maid 20633, born March 1 ; s. Royal Standard 8707, d. Ashlyns Handsome
16132 by Rubelite 5182.

1253 II. (£6.)— T. BROWN & SON, Marham Hall. Downham Market, for Plume 2nd
20846, born Jan. 5, bred by Lord Amherst of Hackney, Didlington Hall. Norfolk ;
s. Robin 9160, d. Plume 19404 by Redvers 6570.

1257 III. (£4.)— The Marchioness of Graham, Easton Park, Wickham Market,
for Mimosa 20796. born Feb. 3, bred by H. P. Blofleld, Morley Manor, Wymondham ;
s. Jupiter Tonans 8972, d. Beauty 16160 by Magician 5021.

1255 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Cranworth, Letton, Norfolk, for Bunch of Roses 3rd.

Class 144. — Red Polled Heifers , calved in 1907. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

1258 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion. 1 )— Sir Richard Cooper, Bt., Ashlyns Hall,
Berkhamsted, for Ashlyns Duchess 21020, born Feb. 7 ; s. Ashlyns Duke 9528, d.
Countess 16396 by General 6234.

1260 II. (£6.)— The Rt. HON. a. E. Fellowes. Honingham Hall, Norwich, for
Honingham Ardentina 21019, born April 9 ; s. Honingham Argentine 9588, d. Ardent
14469 by The Pope 4581.

1262 III. (£4.)— THE MARCHIONESS OF Graham, Easton Park, Wickham Market, for
Arathusa 21018, born March 23 ; s. Redskin 9623, d. Lavinia of Easton 9502 by Factor.

1261 R. N. & H. C.— The Rt. Hon. a. E. Fellowes, for Honingham Avon 4th.

Class 145. — Milk Yield Prizes , open to Red Polled Cows and Heifers
entered in Class 142 only. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

1247 I. (£10.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Clarissa 13315, horn Dec. 1,
1898, calved April 24, 1908, bred by Garrett Taylor, Whitlingham, Norwich ;
s. Redmond 5147, d. Chrissy 6246 by Master Falstaff 1233.

1249 II. (£6.)— LORD Rothschild, for Silk 17667, born March 29, 1900, calved May 11,
1908, bred by Garrett Taylor ; s. Red Rover 5149, d. Sunshine 8239 by Starlight 2531.

1248 III. (£4.1— Lord Rothschild, forLorna Doone 18712, born July 15,1902, calved
April 26, 1908 ; s. Rhodas 8651, d. Ladylike 2nd 11425 by Telephone 4174.

Aberdeen Angus.2 3

Class 146. — Aberdeen Angus Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1902, and
before December 1, 1905. [16 entries, none absent.]

1276 I. (£15, & Champion. •’)— D. M. MacRae, Stenhouse, Thornhill, for Everlasting of
Ballindalloch 21435, born March 22, 1905, bred by Sir George Macpherson Grant. Bt.,
The Castle. Ballindalloch ; s. Delamere 13305, d. Evessa 26911 by Sutherland 13983.

1266 II. (£10. & R. N. for Champion.'*)— J. J. Cridlan, Home Farm. Maisemore Park,
Gloucester, for Everwise 24436, born Jan. 19, 1905 ; s. Wizard of Maisemore 21465, d.
Evergreen 7th 33414 by Eimeo 12450.

1265 III. (£4.)— J. S. Clark, Dundas Castle, South Queensferry, for April Fool of
Drumfad 22866, born April 12, 1904, bred by C. Dunbar-Buller. Woburn, Donaghadee ;
s. Morman Barn 16974, d. Augusta of Drumfad 29923 by Cutler 13281.

1264 IV. (£3, & Special.4)— T. H. Bainbridge, Eshott Hall, Felton, for Idelamere
22036, born Feb. 23. 1903 ; s Maramere 18160, d. Ideal 26739 by Mailbag 13637.

1279 V. (£3.)— RaC. SWAN. Rockliffe Park. Darlington, for Eliphaz 23103, born April 17,
1904, bred by Sir George Macpherson Grant. Bt., The Castle, Ballindalloch ; s. Kres-
ton 18021, d. Elision 31937 by Prince of Irish 13844.

1275 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN MACPHERSON, Mulben, Keith, for Imry.

1 Champion Prize of £5 given by the Red Polled Society for the best Cow or Heifer
in Classes 142-144.

2 £108 towards these Prizes were given by the Newcastle Local Commitee.

3 Gold Medal given by the Polled Cattle Society for the best Animal in Classes
146-152.

4 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Bull in Classes 146-148.

XXXIV

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named helow was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Class 147. — Aberdeen Angus Bulls, calved on or after December 1, 1905, and
before December 1, 1906. [7 entries, 2 absent.]

1285 I. (£15.)— CLEMENT STEPHENSON. Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for
Patna 26089. born Dec. 26, 1905, bred by .T. E. Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar ; s.
Buttress 16357, d. Priscilla of Arngomery 28689 by Norfolk 5th 7022.

1281 II. ( jtlO. > — SIR George A. Cooper, Bt.. Hursley Park, Winchester, for Premier of
Hursley 26142, born March 11, 1906; s. Evolsurus 21908, d. Pride 7th of Coynaehie
33021 by Statesman of Coynaehie 17308.

1282 III. (£4.)— W. B. Greenfield, Haynes Park, Bedford, for Rustic of Haynes 26369,
born Dec. 2. 1905 ; s. Gay Boy of Danesfleld 21967, d. Ruth of Haynes 5th 37512 by Just
Rover of Morlich 15605.

1286 R. N. & H. C. — William Watt, Hiddlefleld, Coupar, Fife, for Justus of Morlich.

Class 148. — Aberdeen Angus Bulls, calved on or after December 1, 1906, and.

before December 1, 1907. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

1292 I. (£15.)— .Tames Kennedy, Doonholm, Ayr, for Mondello 27193, horn Dec. 15,1906 ;

s. Evarra 20507, d. Myrica 32175 by Rover of Craibstone 12948.

1295 II. (£10.)— A. D. MacRae, Ruthven. Kingussie, for Earl Echo of Ballindalloch
26706, born March 13, 1907, bred by Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bt , The Castle,
Ballindalloch ; s. Eblamere 21781, d. Evening Echo 31940 by Bion 11454.

1288 III. (£4.) — T. H. Bainbridge, Eshott Hall. Felton, for Magnificent 27115, born
April 20, 1907 ; s. Idelamere 22036, d. Matilda 7th of Aldban 31515 by Marvel of Advie.
1291 IV. (£3.)— R. W. Hill, Balthayock, Perth, for Sunrise of Balthayock 27572, born
Dec. 2, 1906 ; s. Enochdhu 21848, d. Sunray of Harviestoun 34059 by Kidnapper 9300.

1287 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Allendale, By well Hall, Stocksfleld, for Tartan Tego.

Class 149. — Aberdeen Angus Coios (in-milK), calved before December I, 1904.

[9 entries, 1 absent.]

1297 I. (£15, Special,1 & R. N. for Champion.2)— Lord Allendale, Bywell Hall,
Stocksfleld-on-Tvne, for Velozia of Glamis 36440, born March 26, 1903, calved March
16, 1908, bred by the late Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle. Glamis ; s. Fairy King
of Kirkbridge 11662. d. Verdant Vine 29445 by Knight o’ the Heather 14504.

1303 II. (£10.) — W. B. Greenfield, Haynes Park, Bedford, for Darling of Haynes 4th
37504, born Feb. 7, 1904, calved April 24, 1908 ; s. Just Rover of Morlich 15605, d.
Darling of Flamstead Bury 26991 by King of Paris 6869.

1299 III. (£4, & R. N. for Special. 1 )— T. H. Bainbridge, Eshott Hall, Felton, for
Mistress Nellie 32975, born May 9, 1901, calved Nov. 29, 1907, bred by George Willslier.
Pitpointie, Dundee ; s. Just Judge of Morlich 15604, d. Nell G Wynne of Pitpointie 24915
by Erica Lad 11644.

1300 R. N. & H. C— Sir George A. Cooper, Bt., for Fabiana.

Class 150. — Aberdeen Angus Heifers ( in-milk ), calved on or after December 1,
1904, and. before December 1, 1905. [6 entries, none absent.]

1311 I. (£15, & Champion.2)— James Kennedy, Doonholm, Ayr, for Euroto 39206, horn
Dec. 5, 1904, calved Nov. 7, 1907 ; s. Mondamin 18240, d. Even 26499 by Rhombus of
Glamis 13901. .

1307 II. (£10. )— David Arnot, Mains Edzell, Edzell, for Violet 3rd of Congash 39314,
born Dec. 11, 1904, calved Jan. 20, 1908, bred by John M’Ainsh, Congash, Grantown-
on-Spey ; s. Dispatch of Wyrley 21740, d. Violet of Congash 34214 by Clive 14326.

1310 III. (£4.)— Col. G. S. Grant, Auchorachan, Glenlivet, for Legend E 2nd 39043, horn
March 27, 1905, calved Dec. 13, 1907 ; s. Prince Forest 21106, d. Legend E 25510 by
Equestrian 9953.

1309 R. N. & H. C.— T. H. Bainbridge. Eshott Hall, Felton, for Estrella of Eshott.

Class 151. — Aberdeen Angus Heifers, calved on or after December 1, 1905,
and before December 1, 1906. [12 entries, 5 absent.]

1317 I. (£15.)— James KENNEDY, Doonholm, Ayr, for Ellen Terry 40745, born Dec. 20,
1905 ; s. Evarra 20507, d. Emite of Addington 32928 by Kilgraston 15610.

1316 II. (£10.)— R. W. Hill, Balthayock, Perth, for Mariana of Balthayock 40680, born
Feb. 15, 1906 ; s. Mastermere 24739, d. Mayor of Auclmagie 37812 by Flying Fox of
Loehineul 20557.

1315 III. (£4.)— W. B. Greenfield, Haynes Park, Bedford, for Rhona of Haynes 4C647,
born Jan. 29, 1906 ; *. Royal Justice of Haynes 22664, d. Rhona 3rd of Danesfleld
35790 by Danesfleld Jester 18949.

1 Special Prize of £10 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Cow or Heifer in Classes
149-152.

2 Gold Medal given by the English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association for the best
Animal of the opposite sex to that of the Animal awarded the Gold Medal of the Polled
Cattle Society in Classes 146-152.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. lxxxv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was ‘‘bred by exhibitor."]

1314 IV. (£3.)— COL. G. S. Grant, Auchorachan, Glenlivet. for Silva of Auchorachan
40573, born March 7, 1906 ; s. Lewald 23421, d. Sheva 33801 by Liner 15651.

1312 E. N. & H. C.— T. H. Bainbridge, Eshott Hall, Felton, for Ebbtide of Eshott.
Class 152. — Aberdeen Angus Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1906, and
before December 1, 1907. [16 entries, none absent.]

1333 I. (£15.)— James Kennedy, Doonholm, Ayr, for Ermosa 42354, born Dec. 12,1906;

s. F.varra 20507, d. Eruca 34049 by Mailbag 13637.

1326 II. (£10.) — T. H. Bainbridge, Eshott Hall, Felton, for Eureta 42361, born Feb.
16. 1907, bred by J. E. Kerr, Harviestoun Castle. Dollar ; s. Prince of the Wassail
23751, d. Eureka of Sands 37658 by Sutherland 13983,

1325 III. (£4.) — T. H. Bainbridge, for Eolienne 41576, born Feb. 8, 1907 ; s. Proud
Egmont 24990. d. Encolonia 2nd 33136 by Norman of East Town 20984.

1329 IV. (£3.)— J. J. CRIDLAN, Home Farm, Maisemore Park, Gloucester, for Brave
Maid 41857, born Dec. 22, 1906 ; s. Elate 16513, d. Ballista 5th 36507 by Potipbar 19648.
1339 E. N. & H. C.— E. C. Swan, Eockliffe Park, Darlington, for Estelle of Eockliffe.
Class 153. — Group Class, of not less than four Animals of any sex shown in
Classes 146 to 152. [5 entries, none absent.]

1343 I. (£15.)— James Kennedy, Doonholm, Ayr, for Mondello, Euroto, Ellen Terry,
and Ermosa. »

1341 II. (£10.)— T. H. Bainbridge, Eshott Hall, Felton, for Idelamere, Mistress
Kellie, Estrella of Eshott, and Gleesome.

Galloways.1

Class 154. — Galloway Bulls, calved on or after December 1, 1902, and before
. December 1, 1906. [12 entries, 4 absent.]

1348 I. (£15, & Champion.2)— TUE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND Queensberry, K.G.,
K.T., Drumlanrig Castle, Thornhill, for Eomulus 9421, born March 3, 1905;
s. Grandee 8449, d. Lady Laugh 15974 by Macduff 5905.

1345 II. (£10, & E. N. for Champion.2)— T. Biggar & Sons, Cbapelton, Dalbeattie,
for Idaho 9140, born Sept. 15, 1903 ; «. Excelsior 7702, d. Lady Stanley 10th 15432 by
Golden Age 6660.

1355 III. (£4.)— T. & E. GRAHAM, Marchfield, Dumfries, for Marchfield Despised
10149, born Jan. 2, 1906, bred by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., K.T.,
Drumlanrig, Thornhill ; s. Grandee 8449, d. Pride 28th by Earl of Annandale 8050.
1350 E. N. & H. C— The Countess of Carlisle, for Bruce of Naworth.

Class 155. — Galloway Bulls, calved on or after December 1. 1906, and
before December 1, 1907. [6 entries, none absent.]

1360 I. (£15.) — EOBERT Graham, Auchengassel, Twynholm, for War Boy of Craighouse
10176, born Jan. 28, 1907, bred by W. & D. Wilson. Craighouse, Lockerbie ; s. War
Cry of Whiteliill 9566, d. Nora of Craighouse 18568 by Woodland Prince 8772.

1357 If. (£10.)— T. Biggar A SONS, Cbapelton, Dalbeattie, for Sweepstakes 10001, born
May 16, 1907, bred by Col. J. M. Kennedy, M.V.O., Milton Park, Dairy, Galloway;
s. Hall Mark 8841, d. Woodlime of Blaquhairn 16812 by Hugh of Lockenkit 6449.

1361 III. (£4.)— ANDREW Montgomery. Nether Hall, Castle Douglas, for Baron 10033,
born Dec. 2. 1906, bred by John Blackley, Marchhill, Dumfries ; s. Chancellor 9010,
d. Miss Sally 7th of Tarbreoch 18423 by Lord William 7108.

1359 E. N. & H. C.— Bobert Graham, for Jackboots of Auchengassel.

Class 156. — Galloway Cows or Heifers (in milk'), calved before December 1,
1905. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

1363 I. (£15, & Champion.3)— T. Biggar & Sons, Chapelton, Dalbeattie, for Flora
Macdonald 16422, born May 22, 1900, calved Feb. 7, 1908, bred by the Exors. of the
late James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie ; s. Winsome 6707, d. Baroness 2nd
of Tarbreoch 14748 by Campfollower 5042.

1365 II. (£10.) — SIR Bobert W. BUCHANAN-JARDINE, BT., Castlemilk, Lockerbie, for
Black Belle of Castlemilk 17912, born March 24, 1903, calved Jan. 10, 1908 ; s. The
Pathfinder 3rd 5991, d. Blue Bell 5th of Castlemilk 13868 by Black Douglas of
Castlemilk 5002.

1367 III. (£4.)— John Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, for Dorrit of Castlemilk
17387, horn Jan. 3, 1902, calved April 30, 1908, bred by Sir Bobert Jardinc. Bt.,
Castlemilk, Lockerbie ; s. The Pathfinder 3rd 5991, d. Lady Isabella Douglas 7th of
Castlemilk 15907 by Eascal 6118.

1368 E. N. & H. C— John Cunningham, for Maggie Lauder 5th of Tarbreoch.

1 £45 towards these Prizes were given by the Galloway Cattle Society.

3 Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Galloway Cattle Society for the best Bull in
Classes 154 and 155.

» Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Galloway Cattle Society for the best Cow
or Heifer in Classes 156 and 158.

lxxxvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

[Unless otherwise 6tated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 157. — Galloway Ileifers, calved on or after December 1, 1905, and before
December 1, 1906. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

1378 I. (£15, & E. N. lor Champion.’)— Robert Graham, Auchengassel, Twynliolni,
for Isa Violet of Auchengassel 19175, born March 17, 1906 ; s. Black Pearl 9190,
d. Violet 3rd of Cally 13787 by Campfollower’s Heir 5573.

1376 II. (£10.) A. H. Fox-Brockbank, The Croft, Kirksanton, for Louisa of Black-
combe 19593, born April 10, 1906, bred by Robert Graham, Auchengassel, Twynliolm ;
s. Black Pearl 9190, d. Laurel of Castlemilk 17383 by Maris 3rd of Castlemilk 7687.

1381 III. (£4.)— W. M. Neilson, Queenshill, Ringford, for Jura of Queenshill 19095,
born Jan. 5, 1906 ; s. Roderick Dhu of Queenshill 8487, d. Jeanie of Queenshill 17979
by Gay Stanley 7122.

1380 IV. (£3.)— W. M. Neilson, for Ena of Queenshill 19092, born Dec. 12, 1905;
s. Roderick Dhu ol Queenshill 8487, d. Miss Emily 3rd 15469 by Campfollower 5042.

1379 E. N. & H. C.— T. & R. Graham, Marchfleld, Dumfries, for Logan Lassie.

Class 158. — Galloway Ileifers, calved on or after December 1, 1906, and before
December 1, 1907. [13 entries, 3 absent.]

1387 I. (£15.)— John Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, for Maggie Lauder 7th of
Tarbreoch 19512, born Jan. 3, 1907 ; s. Chancellor 9010, d. Maggie Lauder 17416 by
Maedougall 4th of Tarbreoch 6841.

1386 II. f£10. ) — The Countess of Carlisle, Naworth Castle, Brampton, for Sara
3rd of Naworth 1139, born Jan. 12, 1907 ; s. Bruce of Naworth 62, d. Sara of Naworth
450 by Sir Duncan 5903.

1391 III. (£4.)— F. N. M. Gourlay, Broomfield, Moniaive, for Favourite of Craigneston
19625, born Jan. 11, 1907 ; s. Pioneer of Kilquhamty 8470, d. Favourite 12th of
Lochenkit 16456 by Contender 4th of Tarbreoch 5994.

1389 E. N. & H. C.— A. H. Fox-Brockbank, for Jasmine 2nd of Blackcombe.

Highland.2

Class 159 .—Highland Bulls, calved in or before 1903.

[No entry.]

Class 160. — Highland Bulls, calved in 1906 or 1907.

[3 entries, 1 absent.]

1396 I. (£10.)— Sir Donald Currie, G.C.M.G., Balnacraig, Fortingall, for Morair
Bhealaich, red, born Feb. 8, 1906, bred by the Marquis of Breadalbane, K.G., Tay-
mouth Castle, Aberfeldy ; s. Adholack 2nd 1167, d. Mysie 8th of Taymouth 6646 by
Beinn Iadain 1456.

1398 II. (£6.)— William Sopper, Dunmaglass, Daviot, Inverness, for Agamemnon, red
brindled, born Jan. 12, 1906 ; s. King Alaric 1712, d. Aggie of Dunlossit 5166 by Domh-
null na Ardmore 1224.

Class 161. — Highland Cows or Heifers (in-milk'), calved in or before 1904.

[1 entry.]

1399 I. (£10.)— William sopper, Dunmaglass, Daviot, Inverness, for Madam Luna 5289
yellow, born Jan, 11, 1900, calved April 21, 1908, bred by the late Earl of Southesk
K.T., Kinnaird Castle, Brechin ; s. Laioch 1260, d. Luna 2297 by Iain Challum 667.

Class 162. — Highland Heifers , calved in 1905, 1906 or 1907.

[4 entries, none absent.]

1403 I. (£10.)— William Sopper, Dunmaglass, Daviot, Inverness, for Diana of Dunma-
glass, yellow, born Jan. 25, 1906 ; a. King Alaric 1712, d. Madam Denis 5283 by
Laioch 1260.

1401 II. (£6.)— W. J. Nimmo, Castle Eden, for black, born April 21, 1905 ; s. Carrington
1327, d. Neonan Og of Garbole 2nd by Fear-a-Bliaile of Garbole 1354.

1402 III. (£4.)— W. J. Nimmo, for yellow heifer, born Feb. 10, 1907, bred by John
Stewart. Bochastle, Callander ; s. Alastair of Fare 1761, d. Emily dubh 2nd 6597 by
Victor 15th 1292.

Ayrshires.

Class 163. — Ayrshire Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

1404 I. (£100— James Howie, Hillhouse, Kilmarnock, for Howie’s Reliable, white and
little brown, born Feb. 9, 1906 ; s. Not Likely of Hillhouse 4469, d. Borelands Cocade.

’ Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Galloway Cattle Society for the best Cow
or Heifer in Classes 156 and 158.

2 £20 10s. towards these Prizes were given by the Highland Cattle Society of Scotland.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1008. lxxxvii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

1405 II. (£6.)— James Howie, for Nether Craig Spicy Sam 5927, white and brown spots,
born Jan. 20, 1904, bred by Robert Forrest, Knockinlaw, Kilmarnock ; s. Not Likely
of Hillhouse 4469, d. Hareshaw 7th of Orchardton 8324 by White Bonnet of Orchard-
ton 2023.

1407 III. (£4.)— D. & H. WILSON, Auchincloigh, Ochiltree, for Baron's Best 6803,
white and little brown, born in March, 1906, bred by M. Logan, Bargenoch, Dron-
gan, Ayrshire ; s. Bargenoch Durward Lily 5559, d. Bargenoch Snowdrop 3rd 15605
by Baron Wallace of Bogwood 3098.

Class 164. — Ayrshire Bulls , calved in 1907.* [4 entries.]

1408 I. (.£10.) James Howie, Hillhouse, Kilmarnock, for Howie’s All-u-Want, white
and brown, born Jan. 19, bred by Tom Scott, Netherhall, Lanark ; s. Douglas
Monarch 6292, d. Netherhall Susy 7th 20307 by General Macdonald of Hillhouse 4602,

1409 II. (£6.)— ANDREW Mitchell, Barcheskie, Kirkcudbright, for Barcheskie Perrier,
white and brown, born Feb. 20, bred by Eobert Wallace, Auchenbrain, Mauchline ;
s. Monkland Guarantee 6245, d. Beauty by Sir Thomas 2760.

1411 III. (£4.) — Bobekt Osborne, Morton Mains, Thornhill, for Morton Mains Valmont,
white and brown, born April 3 ; s. Oarsegowan Duke of Wigtown 4735, d. Wynbolm
Aldowrie 15519 by Gigantic Stunner of Wynholm 3872.

1410 E. N. & H. C.— Andrew Mitchell, for Samson.

Class 165. — Ayrshire Cows or Heifers (in-milk), calved in or before 1905.

[9 entries, 4 absent.]

1418 I. (£10.)— A. W. & I. Kerr, Old Graitney. Gretna, Carlisle, for Old Graitney
Soncie 7th 18252, red and white, born in Sept. 1903, calved June 14, 1908 ; s. Sir John
of Old Graitney 4035, d. Soncie of Old Graitney.

1414 II. (£6.) Charles Douglas, Auchlochan, Lesmahagow, for Holehouse Duchess
5th 16404, white and brown, born April, 1902, calved June 4, 1908, bred by Eobert
Woodburn, Holehouse, Galston ; *. Flora’s Chief of Adamshill 3955, d. Duchess of
Holehouse 9206 by Traveller’s Heir of Holehouse 2903.

1419 III. (£4.)— A. W. & I. Kerr, for Old Graitney Soncie 8th 19545, white and red,
born Jan. 1904, calved June 11, 1903 : s. Sir John of Old Graitney 4035, d. Soncie 1st of
Old Graitney by Peter of Whithill 1397.

1417 E. N. & H. C.— James Howie, Hillhouse, Kilmarnock, for Midland Greenfield.

Class 166. — Ayrshire Cows or Heifers (in calf), calved in or before 1905*.

[7 entries, 3 absent.]

1422 I. (£10.)— CHARLES Douglas, Auchlochan, Lesmahagow, for Auchlochan Eosette
21547, white and brown, born April 1 904, bred by A. Macfarlane, Nuitch Kilcbattan,
Eothesay ; s. Nuitch Kilchattan Sir Kenneth 67/3, d. Eosie by Nuitch Kilchaltan
Provost 6772.

1424 II. (£6.) — COL G. J. FERGUSSON-BUCHANAN, A"chentorlie, Bowling, for
Auchentorlie Bloomer 6th 16644, white, born May, 1901, bred by James Lawrie,
West Newton, Strathaven ; s. Sir John of Old Graitney 4035, d. Bloomer 2nd of West
Newton 10689 by Mtjor of West Newton 2902.

1423 III. (£4.)— COL. G. J. FERGUSSON-BUCHANAN, for Auchentorlie Bella 18671, brown
and white, born April 17, 1905 : s. Auchentorlie Bum Ration 4806, d. Auchentorlie
Specky 17820 by Sir John of Old Graitney 4035.

1425 E. N. & H. C.— A. W. & I. Kerr, Old Graitney, for Old Graitney Fair Helen.

Class 167. — Ayrshire Heifers, calved in 1906 or 1907. [3 entries.]

1430 I. (£10.)— Eobert Osborne, Morton Mains, Thornhill, for Morton Mains Phyllida
20838, white and brown, born Jan. 5, 1906 ; s. Oarsegowan Duke of Wigtown 4735, d.
First Favourite of Wynholm 13709 by Sultan of Auchenbainzie 3071.

1429 II. (£6.)— Eobert Osborne, for Morton Mains Kymaline 20836, brown and white,
born Jan. 25, 1906 ; s. Oarsegowan Duke of Wigtown 4735, d. Nellie of Wynholm
11741 by Famous Design of Wynholm 3118.

1428 III. (£4.)— Eobert Osborne, for Morton Mains Chlorissa 20832, white and dark
brown, born Feb. 4. 1906 ; s. Oarsegowan Duke of Wigtown 4735, d. Belle 3rd of
Wynholm 12838 by Sultan of Auchenbainzie 3071.

Class 168. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Ayrshire Cows and Heifers entered in
Class 165 only. [3 entries.]

1420 I. (£10.)— W. Nisbet, Lordship. Hinxton, Saffron Walden, for Dalfibble Daisy Bell
16961, black and white, born Dec. 25, 1900, calved Feb. 20, 1908, bred bv John Mackie,
Parkgate, Dalfibble, Dumfries ; s. Knockdon of Sarkshields 3725, d. Tibbie of
Dalfibble 13233 by Ruler of Aitchison’s Bank 3105.

1417 II. (£6.)— James Howie, Hillhouse, Kilmarnock, for Midland Greenfield (vol. 30,
p. 697), white and brown, born 1901, calved April 19, 1908, bred by J. Dixon, Kirk-
gunzeon, Dumfries.

1418 III. (£4.)— A. W. & I. Kerr, for Old Graitney Soncie 7th. [See Class 165.]

r. Prizes given by the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society.

VOL. 69.

II

lxxxviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Jerseys.

N.B.—In the Jersey Classes , the number inserted within brackets after the name of an animal
indicates the. number of such animal in the Island Herd Rook. A number without
brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the English Jersey Herd Book.

Class 169.— Jersey Bulls , calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[10 entries, 1 absent.]

1438 I. (£10, & Special.1)— A. Miller-Hallett, Goddington, Chelsfleld, for Alfriston’s
Pride 9131, whole colour, born July 19, 1905 ; s. Goddington Brownie 8526,
d. Alfriston Gem by Golden Lad 3324.

1435 II. (£6.)— Lady de Rothschild, Aston Clinton, Tring, for Stormer 9431, whole
colour, born March 23, 1906, bred by Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts ;
s. Franc Fiefs Jolly 8187, d. Syren 3rd by La Chasse Prince 5243.

1437 III. (£4.)— Mrs. C. McIntosh, Havering Park, Romford, for Royal Ensign 9053,
black, born June 1, 1905, bred by Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts; s. Franc
Fiefs Jolly 8187, <7. Lady Rotha by Red Rover 7346.

1436 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. C. McIntosh, for La Fosse Hero.

Class 170 .—Jersey Bulls , calved in 1907. [10 entries, 3 absent.]

1447 1. (£10, & R. N. for Special.1 )— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for
Combination Jack, whole colour, born April 25, bred by E. J. Pipon, jun., St. Lawrence,
Jersey ; s. Combination 8845, d. Oaklands Bess (9833).

1445 II. (£6.)— James Joicey, Poulton Priory, Fairford, for Electric Chief broken
colour, born April 5 ; s. Chief Justice 7138, d. Electric Flash (vol. 15, p. 272) by
Flying Fox 2729.

1442 III. (£4.)— Laurence Currie, Minley Manor, Farnborough, for Ladylike’s Lad,
whole colour, born Feb. 19, bred by J. Manger, Trinity, Jersey ; s. Stockwell (3550),
d. Ladylike (10827).

1441 R. N. & H. C.— Earl Cadogan, K.G., Culford Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, for Ray
of Hope.

Class 171. — Jersey Cows (in-milk), calved in or before 1904.

[27 entries, 9 absent.]

1467 I. (£10.1— A. Miller-Hallett, Goddington, Chelsfleld, for Lady Viola (vol. 17,
p. 336), whole colour, born April 28, 1899, calved May 16, 1908, bred by J. W.
Boultiller, St. Ouens, Jersey ; s. Nobleman 6659, d. Bagatelle 2nd (6564) P.S.H.C. by
Golden Lad 3324.

1469 II. (£6,)— The Earl OF Rosebery, K.G., Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard, for
Lady Rhymer (vol. 17, p. 333), whole colour, born in May, 1902, calved April 9,
1908, bred by J. Godenux. Trinity, Jersey ; s. Rhymer 7007.

1468 III. (£4.)— A. Miller-Hallett, for Vanilla 2nd (vol. 18, p. 430), whole colour,
born April 15, 1900, calved May 10, 1908, bred by J. G. Bosdet, St. Ouens, Jersey ;
s. Hobbv (865, d. Vanilla (8009) P.S.H.C, by Visitor 5763.

1470 IV. (£3.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Ardath (10359) P.S.H.C.,
broken colour, born April 10, 1902, calved April 13. 1908, bred by Mrs. J. H. Becquet,
St, Peters, Jersey ; s. Aboukers Boy 7406, d. Feona (3182) P.S.C. by Fred Archer 3292.

1475 R. N. & H. C.— J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park. Pewsey, for Post Obit.

Class 172. — Jersey Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1905.

[13 entries, 5 absent.]

1485 I. (£10.)— LORD ROTHSCHILD, Tring Park. Herts, for Kenta (12366) P.S.H.C., whole
colour, born March 6, calved April 30, 1908, bred by J. Grosvalet, St. Clement’s,
Jersey ; s. General Fox 2nd 8889. d. Pallas 2nd (9694).

1488 II. (£6.)-Lady Smyth. Ashton Court, Bristol, for Lustre (vol. 17, p. 112), whole
colour, born March 27, calvrd May 14, 1908, bred by Lord Rothschild, Tring Park,
Herts ; s. Barrister 7719, d. Hillside Lass by Butter Test 6807.

1484 III. (£4.)— A. Miller-Hallett, Goddington, Chelsfleld, for Goddington Foxglove,
whole colour, born April 21, calved April 24, 1908 ; s. Flying Foam 72(14, d. Meadow
Girl (vol. 12, p. 316) by Prism (2383).

1490 IV. (£3.)— It. Bruce ward. Westwood, Droit wich, for Molly Bawn 6th, whole
colour, born March 14, calved June 10, 1908, bred by E. G. Starck, Trinity, Jersey ;
s. Molly’s Astor 8626, d. Molly Bawn 2nd (9720) by Eminent 2nd 6546.

1486 R. N. & H. C— LORD ROTHSCHILD, for Sultane 24th.

Class 173.— Jersey Ileifers (in-milk), calved in 1906.

[18 entries, 10 absent.]

1505 I. (£10.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Lady Day, whole colour,
born Feb. 19, calved April 17, 1908, bred by J. B. Badier, St. Martin's, Jersey;
s. Majesty 3523, d. Lady Whiteley (6990).

. 1 Special Prize of £10 10s. given by the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society for the

best Bull in Classes 169 and 170, provided its dam has won a Prize or Certificate of

Merit in any Butter Test Competition recognised by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. Ixxxix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

1501 II. (£6.)— Mbs. C. McIntosh, Havering Park, Romford, for Havering’ Carnatie
11th. fawn, born April 17, calved April 26, 1908 : s. Jolly Jim 8564, d. Havering
Carnatie 8th (vol. 17, p. 313) by H ilburton Prince 7250.

1494 III. <£4.)-LADY DE Rothschild. Aston Clinton, Tring. for Spring GirL whole
colour, born Jan. 31, calved April 15. 1908, bred by Mrs. Ruelland, St. Mary’s, Jersey ;
s. Fountain (3578) P.S.C., d. Spring (9672) by Advancer 6758.

1500 IV. (£3.)— James Joicey, Poulton Priory, Fairford, for Glorie de Dijon, broken
colour, born April 2, calved April 27, 1908 ; s. Chieftain 8840, d. Gloriation (vol. 16,
p. 294) by Butterman 7438.

1495 B. N. & H. C. — T. R. B. Elliott, Clifton Park, Kelso, for Orange Lass.

Class 174. — Jersey Heifers , calved in 1907. [16 entries, 3 absent.]

1515 I. (£10.)— James Joicey, Poulton Priory, Fairford, for Glorina, whole colour, born
July 16 : s. Netina’s Dairy Lad 8637, d. Gloria (vol. 17, p. 303) by Chief Justice 7138.

1516 II. (£6.)— Mrs. C. McIntosh, Havering Park, Romford, for Silver Crown 10th,
broken colour, born Jan. 27, bred by J. S. Arthur, St. Mary’s, Jersey ; s. Astor 3042,
d. Silver Crown 7th 9601.

1509 III. (.£4.)— Laurence Currie, Minley Manor, Farnborough, for May Queen,
whole colour, born July 17 ; «. Twylish King 9100, d. Beatie (vol. 18, p. 248) by
Rhodes 7986.

1517 IV. (£3.)— A. Miller-Hallett, Goddington, Chelsfield, for Bayleaf 38th, whole
colour, born Julv 26, bred by D. J. Cabot, St. Saviour’s, Jersey ; s. Noble of
Oaklaaids (3909), d. Bayleaf 27th (11812) by Moray Cannon 3058.

1520 B. N. Sc H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Soumise Lily.

Class 175. — Jersey Cows or Heifers (in-milk'), bred by Exhibitor, and sired
in Great Britain or Ireland. Open to Animals entered in Classes 171,
172, and 173 only A [13 entries, 2 absent.]

1475 I. (£10.)— J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park, Pewsey, for Post Obit (vol. 18, p.
388), fawn, born March 23. 1904, calved April 20, 1908 ; s. Gay Boy 7510, d. Post
Stamp 6th by Distincti ns Crown 4818.

1501 II. (£6.)— Mrs. C. McIntosh, for Havering Carnatie 11th. (See Class 173.)

1484 III. (£4.)— A. Miller-Hallett. for Goddington Foxglove. (See Class 172.)

1486 B. N. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts, for Sultane 24th.

Class 176. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Jersey Cows and Heifers entered in
Classes 171, 172 and 173 only. [17 entries, none absent.]

1474 I. (£10.)— J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park, Pewsey. for Marigold (vol. 15, p.
338), brown, born June 7, 1901, calved Jan. 15, 1908 ; s. Sportive 7037, d. Maquitd 5th
by Doctor Jim 5861.

1477 II. (£6.)— THE Marquis of Winchester, Amport St. Mary’s, Andover, for
Wench (v 1 14, p. 373), light fawn, bora May 6, 1899, calved Jan. 17. 1908. bred by
P. Le Couillard, Granville, Jersey ; s. Rook 7011, d. Ladylike (6782) P.S.C. by
Fauvette’s Boy 4838.

1465 III. (£4.)— Mrs. C. McIntosh, Havering Park, Romford, for Frolicsome 5th
(vol. 16, p. 290), fawn, born Jan. 1, 1904, calved April 19, 1908, bred by Peter
Audrian, St. John’s, Jersey ; s. Sam Loates 7660, d. Frolicsome 2nd (5868) P.S.C. by
Golden Pink 4130.

1472 B. N. & H. C.- Lord Rothschild. Tring Park, Herts, for My Brunette.

Guernseys.2

N.S. — Unless otherwise stated, the numbers refer to the English Guernsey Herd Book.
Class 177. — Guernsey Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[4 entries, none absent.]

1526 I. (£10.) — Frank Hargreaves, Merton Grange, Gamlingay, for Merton Signet
169L red and white, born May 20, 1904 ; s. Reuben 2nd 1416, d. Signalmina 4647 by
Signalman 585.

1528 II. (£6.) Lady TICHBORNE, Tichborne Park, Alresford, for Moss Raider 1871.
fawn and white, born Aug. 15. 1906, bred by Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bt., Tichborne
Park, Alresford ; s. Itchen Raider 1679, d. Itcben Moss Rose 6186 by ItchenMay Day.

1525 B. N. & H. C.— Charles L. Bell, WoolsingtonHall,Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Merton
Secret.

Class 178. — Guernsey Bulls, calved in 1907. [3 entries.]

1529 I. (£10.)— Frank Hargreaves. Merton Grange, Gamlingay. for Merton Village
Boy 1971, red and white, born May 13 ; s. Merton Signet 1691, d. Merton iopsy of the
Village 7002 by William Rufus 1377 P.S., R.G.A.S.

i Prizes given by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

?. £10 towards these Prizes were given by the English Guernsey Cattle Society.

I ii 2

xc

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1531 II. (£6.)— Lady Tichborne, Tichborne Park, Alresford, for Itchen Golden Secret
1946, fawn and white, born May 16. bred by Sir H. D. Tichborne. Bt,. Tichborne
Park, Alresford ; s. Golden Secret 1569, d. Itchen Pearl 2nd 6187 by Rival 1343.

1530 R. N. & H. C.— H. Fitzw alter Plumptre, for Itchen Golden Noble.

Class 179. — Guernsey Cows or Heifers (in-milk'), calved in or before 1905.

[6 entries, none absent.]

1536 I. (£10.)— LADY Tichborne, Tichborne Park, Alresford, for Itchen Dairymaid 3268
F.S.. R.G A.S, red and white, born Aug. 1, 1900, calved June 8, 1908, bred by Mr.
Tourgis, Alderney.

1533 II. (£6.)— Frank Hargreaves, Merton Grange, Gamlingay, for Felois 4436, red,
born July 18, 1897, calved June 3, 1908, bred by N. Guilbert, Castel, Guernsey : s.
Safeguard of the Capelles 318 G.H.B., d. Myrtle 3857, G.H.B.

1537 R. N. & H. C.— Lady Tichborne, for Itchen Pearl 2nd.

Class 180. — Guernsey Heifers , calved in 1906. [3 entries.]

1540 I. (jC 10.) — Lady Tichborne, Tichborne Park, Alresford, for Itchen Royal Rose 2nd
6925, fawn and white, born Jan. 30, bred by Sir H. D. Tichborne. Bt.. Tichborne Park,
Alresfordi; s. Golden Secret 1569, d. Royal Rose 4279, by Active Lad 653.

1539 II. (£6.)— Lady Tichborne, for Itchen Pearl 5th 69^3. fawn and white, born May
10. bred by Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bt., Tichborne Park, Alresford ; s. Itchen Raider
1679, d. Itchen Pearl 2nd 6187 by Rival 1343.

1538 R. N. & H. C.- Frank Hargreaves, for Alexandria 10th.

Class 181. — Guernsey Heifers , calved in 1907. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1541 I. (.£10.)— FRANK Hargreaves, Merton Grange, Gamlingay, for Floss 3rd of
the Quartiers 7712, P.S., R.G.A.S., red and white, born June 2, bred by the Hon. A.
Baillie Hamilton, Les Quartiers, St. Sampson’s, Guernsey ; s. Deputy of the Quartiers
2nd 1818, P.S., R.G.A.S., d. Floss of the Quartiers 2233, F.S., K.G.A S.

1545 II. 1 £6.) -Lady Tichborne, Tichborne Park, Alresford, for Itchen Pearl 6th 7314,
fawn and white, born Jan. 30, bred by Sir H. D. Tichborne, Bt., Tichborne Park,
Alresford ; s. Golden Secret 1569, d. Itchen Pearl 5156 by May Day 1132.

1543 R. N. & H. C.— H. Fitzwalter Plumptre, Goodnestone. Dover, for Adela 3rd.

Class 182. — Milk Yield Prizes , open to Guernsey Cows and. Heifers entered in
Class 179 only. [5 entries, none absent.]

1534 I. (£10.)— H. Fitzwalter Plumptre, Goodnestone, Dover, for Melanie of Goodne-
stone 2nd 4900, fawn and white, born Sept, 27, 1900, calved Feb. 17, 1908 ; s. Randolph
1152, d. Melanie of Goodnestone 4187 by Signet 2nd 645.

1533 II. (£6.)— Frank Hargreaves, for Felois. (See Class 179.)

1536 III. (£4.)— Lady Tichborne, for Itchen Dairymaid. (See Class 179.)

1537 R. N. & H. C.— Lady Tichborne, for Itchen Pearl 2nd.

Long-horns.1

Class 183. — Longhorn Bulls , calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, or 1907.

[4 entries.]

1546 I. (£10.)— Lord Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford, for Melcombe Emperor 416,
dark brindle and white, born April 20, 1903, bred by Major H. Jasper Selwyn, Rhy
Manor, Dulverton ; s. Wootton Emperor 399, d. Melcombe Lovely by Melcombe
Conqueror 324.

1547 II. (£6.)— W. L. RILEY, Foleshill Hall, Coventry, for Fradley Conqueror 461,
brindle and white, born Sept. 15, 1904, bred by W. S. Shaw, jun., Fradley Old Hall
Lichfield : s. Wychnor Secundu- 401, d. Brindled Beauty by Excelsior 310.

1549 III. (£4.) — C. TOLLEMACHE SCOTT, Bosworth Park, Market Bosworth, for
Bosworth Baron 497, brindle and white, born Oct. 14, 1905. bred by H. Houghton,
iNarley House, Osbaston, Leicestershire ; s. Narley’s Pretender 420, d. Pretty Face
2nd by Earl of Upton 10th 307.

1548 R. N. & H. C.— W. L. Riley, for Susan’s Son.

Class 184. — Longhorn Cows or Heifers (in-milk), calved hi or before 1905.

[5 entries, none absent.]

1550 I. (£10.)— Lord Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford, for Bentley Dido (vol. 5, p. 16),
brindle and white, born Jan. 11, 1904, calved May 12, 1908, bred by Mrs. Cheape,
Bentley Manor, Redditch ; «. Bentley Wonder 373, d. Dido by Earl of Upton
11th 308

1552 II. (£6.) — W. H SALE, Arden Hall, Atherstone, for Countess of Dean (vol.
4, p. 15), grizzled and white, born May 31, 1902, bred by J. R. Watson, South
Mosses, Lamplugh ; s. Young Kenilworth 439, d. White Back by Fradley Prior 312.

> £8 towards these Prizes were given by the Longhorn Cattle Society.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

xci

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor."]

1551 III. (£4.) — W. H. SALE, for Arden Pansy 4th (vol. 5, p. 14), brindle and white,
born Feb. 24, 1904, calved May 10, 1908 ; s. Young Bow Horn 488, d. Taverner’s Dark
Pansy by Earl of Upton 10th 307.

1553 R. N. & H. C.— 0. Tollemache Scott, for Perry 3rd.

Class 185. — Milk Yield Prizes , open to Longhorn Cows and Heifers entered
in Class 184 only. [4 entries, none absent,]

1554 I. (£10.)— C. TOLLEMACHE Scott, Bosworth Park, Market Bosworth, for
Taverner’s Dark Pansy (vol. 2, p. 38), dark brindle, born April 19. 189(5, calved
May 3, 1908, bred by T. Taverner, Upton, by Nuneaton; s. Earl of Upton 10th 307.
d. Upton Brindy 2ndby Upton Champion 3ti6.

Kerries.

N.B.—In the Kerry Classes, the number inserted within brackets after the name of an animal
indicates the number of such animal in the Irish Kerry Herd Book. A number
without brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the English Kerry Herd
Book.

Class 186. — Kerry Bulls, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[8 entries, 1 absent.]

1662 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— J. L. TILLOTSON, Heathfleld, Bebington, for La Mancha
Diver, born March 27, 1905, bred by Mrs. Madden, Nutley, Booterstown ; s. Gort Sheen
476, d. Daisy Colleen.

1555 II. (£6.)— Lady Green all. Walton Hall. Warrington, for Walton Eover 176, bom
April 17. 1906 ; s Waterville Rover 581, d. Walton Bouquet 880, F.S.

1561 III. (£4.)— J. L. TILLOTSON, for Kilmorna Lord 3rd, born April 16, 1906, bred by
G. G. Mahony, Kilmorna, co. Kerry ; s. Kilmorna Lord 590, d. Sheen 12tli 3258 by
Kilmorna Duke 513.

1559 R. N. & H. C.— R. TAIT Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide, for Ptarmigan.

Class 187. — Kerry Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1905.

[8 entries, none absent.]

1570 I. (£10, & E. N. for Champion.1)— J. L. TILLOTSON, Heathfleld, Bebington, for
Belvedere Nora (2982), born March 24, 1901, calved May 12. 1908. bred by C. Brindsley
Morley, Belvedere House, Muilinagar ; s. Finn Mac Cumbail (445), d. Belvedere
Beatrice (2218) by Black Prince (351).

1564 II. (£6.)— Lady Greenall, Walton Hall, Warrington, for Maple 4th of Carton 492,
born March 8, 1899, calved March 1, 1908, bred by the Duke of Leinster, Carton,
Maynooth ; s. Abbeyleix Mackineely 346, d. Maple 2nd 2376 by Nuadhat 302.

1563 III. (£4.)— Lady Greenall, for Aicme Cold 510, F.S., bora in March, 1896, calved
May 19, 1908. breeder unknown.

1567 E. N. & H. C.— G. Ll. Palmer, Lackham, Lacock, for Mollig Dhubh.

Class 188. — Kerry Heifers , calved in 1906 or 1907. 2
[7 entries, none absent.]

1572 I. (£10.)— The Duchess oe Newcastle, Clumber, Worksop, for Hardwick Flora
3rd, born May 4. 1906 ; s. La Mancha Gordon 121, F.S.. d. Hardwick Flora 483 by
Kidmore Floral King 71.

1573 II. (£6.)— The Duchess of Newcastle, for Hardwick Ivy 2nd, born March 27,
1906 ; s. La Mancha Gordon 121, F. S., d. Ivy 7th of Carton 564 by Abbeyleix Mack-
ineely 346.

1571 III. (£4.)— Lady Greenall, Walton Hall, Warrington, for Walton Aicme 2nd 925,
born April 30, 1906 : s. Walton Standard Bearer 139, d. Aicme Cold 510, F.S.

1575 R. N. & H. C.— Edmund Royds, for Caythorpe Blossom 2nd.

Class 189. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Kerry Cows and Heifers entered in
Class 187 only. [8 entries, none absent.]

1564 I. (£10.)— Lady Greenall, for Maple 4th of Carton. (See Class 187.)

1569 II. (£6.)— EDMUND Royds, Holycross, Caythorpe, Grantham, for Caythorpe Daisy
683, born April 21, 1904, calved March 28, 1908 ; s. Smiling Tom 154, d. Caythorpe
Peggy 733.

1565 III. (£4.)— The Duchess of Newcastle. Clumber, Worksop, for Hardwick
Pearl 563. born May 10, 1902, calved May 24, 1908 ; s. Hardwick Prince 69, d. Hardwick
Rose (404) by Aicme Carter 59.

1568 E. N. & H. C.— R. Tait Robertson, for Gort Primrose.

1 Challenge Cup, value Twenty-five Guineas, given by the English Kerry and Dexter
Cattle Society for the best animal in Classes 186-188, the Cup to become the property of
an Exhibitor winning it three years in succession.

* Prizes given by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society.

xcii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor."]

Dexters.

N.B.—In the Dexter Classes, the number inserted within brackets after the name of an animal
indicates the number of such animal in the Irish Dexter Herd Book. A number with-
out brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the English Dexter Herd Book.

Class 190. — Dexter Bulls, calred in 1903, 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1578 1. (£10.)-HM. THE King, Sandringham, for King John, black, born July 7, 1905 ;
s. La Mancha King, d. Waterville Judy.

1582 II. (£6.)— B. Tait Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide. co. Dublin, for La Mancha
Tom Noddy, black, born May 6, 1906 ; s. Mapnath Nassau (512), d. Gort Queen (2011).

1579 III. (£4.)— THE HON. Mrs. Godfrey CHETWYND, Wyndthorpe, Doncaster, for
Wyndthorpe Gelonium 339, black, born Sept. 21, 1906, bred by Godfrey J. B.
Chet.wynd ; s. Don Gentian 244. d. Don Garrya 1270.

1584 R. N. & H. C.— The Countess of Sefton, Croxteth, Liverpool, for Altcar Togo.

Class 191. — Dexter Cows ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1904.

[10 entries, 1 absent.]

1585 I. (.£10, & Champion.')— H.M. The KING, Sandringham, for Compton Dolly Varden,
black, born May 19, 1903. calved Feb. 26, 1908, bred by the Duchess of Devonshire,
Compton Place, Eastbourne ; s. Buck hurst Emir, d. Astrachan.

1587 II. (£6.)— BALDOMERO DE Bertodano, Cowbridge House, Malmesbury, for
Cowbridge Dainty Dish 1261, black, born March. 1902, calved March 12, 1908, breeder
unknown.

1588 III. (£4.)— BALDOMERO DE Bertodano, for Cowbridge Stella 1265, black, born .
Oct,, 1904, calved April 7, 1908, breeder unknown.

1591 R. N. & H. C.— R. Tait Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide, for Gort Sunbeam.

Class 192. — Dexter Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1905.’ [3 entries, 1 absent.]

1595 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.'* 2)— H.M. The King, Sandringham, for La Mancha
Marjorie, red. born 1905. calved April 27, 1908. breeder unknown.

1597 II. (£6.) — R. Tait Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide, co. Dublin, for Gort Ethel
(2254), black, born Feb. 6, 1905, calved April 12, 1908, bred by D. M. Rattray,
Gortnaskehy, Ballybunion ; s. Gort Rover (499), d. Gort Biddy (1987).

Class 193 —Dexter Heifers, calred in 1906 or 1907. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

1602 I. (£10.)— R, Tait Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide, co. Dublin, for Mapnath
Modesty, black, born Aug. 28, bred by George Courtney, Kenmare, co. Kerry ;
s. Kenmare George (471), d. Kenmare Marchioness (2123).

1605 II. (£6.) — ' The Countess of Sefton, Croxteth Hall, Liverpool, for Altcar Midget
1574 F.S., black, born 1907, breeder unknown.

1600 III. (£4.)— BALDOMERO DE BERTODANO. Cowbridge House, Malmesbury, for
Cowbridge Little Eva, black, born March 15, bred by G. Courtney, Kenmare, co.
Kerry ; s. Dreen (408), d, Kenmare Novice (18-6).

1604 R. N. & H. C.— The Countess of Sefton, for Altcar Damson.

Class 194. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Dexter Cows and Heifers entered
in Classes 191 and 192 only. [7 entries, none absent.]

1589 I. (£10.)— BALDOMERO DE Bertodano, Cowbridge House, Malmesbury, for La
Mancha Sweet Nell 970, red. born 1901, calved March 29, 1908, breeder unknown.

1586 II. (£6.)— H.M. The Kino, Sandringham, for Waterville Judy, black, born June.
1902, calved May 2, 1908. breeder unknown.

1592 III. (£4.)— R. Tait Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide. for Summerfield Meg
(2122), red, born 1903, calved May 8, 1908, breeder unknown.

1591 R. N. & H. C.— R. Tait Robertson, for Gort Sunbeam.

Special Milk Yield Prizes.

Class 195. — Cows (in-milk'), of any age, breed, or cross.*

[27 entries, 2 absent.]

1008 I. (£20.)— Lord Rothschild, for Darlington Cranford 5th. (See Class 103.)

1609 II. (£10.)— JOHN Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Burton Milker (Shorthorn), red, born
about 1902, calved March 5, 1908, breeder unknown.

1247 III. (£5.)— Lord Rothschild, for Clarissa. (See Class 145.)

1420 R. N. & H. C.— W. NlSBET, for Dalfibble Daisy Bell. (See Class 168.)

' Challenge Cup, value Twenty-five Guineas, given by the English Kerry and
Dexter Cattle Society for the best Dexter Animal in Classes 190-193, the Cup to
become the property of an Exhibitor winning it three years in succession.

2 Prizes given by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society,
a Prizes given by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. xciii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Butter Tests. [28 entries, none absent.]

Glass 198a. — Cows (in* milk), of any age, breed, or cross, exceeding
900 lb. live weight.1

1008 I. (£15, & S. P. £20. 2 * )— Lord Rothschild, for Darlington Cranford 5th. (See
Class 103.)

1609 II. (£10, & S. P. £10.0— John EVENS, for Burton Milker. (See Class 195.)

1477 III. (£5, G. M.,s & S. P. £5.0— The Marquis of Winchester, for Wench. (See
Class 176.)

1474 R. N. & H. 0., S. M.,» & R. N. for S. P.2 -J. H. Smith-Barry, for Marigold. (See
Class 176.)

Class 196b. — Cows (in-milk), of any age, breed, or cross, not exceeding
900 lb. live weight .*

1456 I. (£15, & B. M.*)— JERSEY de KNOOP, Calveley Hall, Tarporlev, for China
Belle 2nd (8814), P.S.H.C., grey fawn, born June 4, 1899, calved April 1. 1908, bred by
P. Le Cornu, St Lawrence, Jersey: s. Intruder (8235), d. China Belle (8505), F.S.C.

1458 II. (£10.)— Jersey de Knoop, for Oaklands Beauty (8659), P.S.C., fawn, bom
March 10, 1899, calved March 31, 1908, bred by E. Bisson, St. Lawrence, Jersey ; s.
Badier Dandy (2612). d. Octavia(7610).

1475 III. (£5 )— J. H. Smith-Barry, for Post Obit. (See Class 175.)

1472 R. N. & H. C., & Certificate.4— Lord Rothschild, for My Brunette.

SHEEP.

Oxford Downs.5

Class 197. — Oxford Down Shearling Rams. [16 entries, 2 absent.]

1621 I. (£10.)— James HORLICK, Cowley Manor, Cheltenham.

1618 II. (£5.) — J- T. HOBBS, Maisey Hampton, Fairford.

1627 III. (£3.)— H. W. STILGOE, The Grounds, Adderbury, Banbury.

1626 R. N. & H. C— H. W. STILGOE.

Class 198. — Pens of Three Oxford Down Ram Lambs. [12 entries, 3 absent.]

1631 I. (£10.) -J. T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford.

1640 II. (£5.)— H. W. STILGOE, The Grounds. Adderbury, Banbury.

1632 III. (£3.)— R. W. Hobbs & SONS, Kelmscott, Lechlade.

1639 R. N. & H. C. — W. J. P. Reading, Rectory Farm, Langford, Lechlade.

Class 199. — Pens of Three Oxford Down Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock.
[8 entries, 2 absent.]

1641 I. (£10.) — ALBERT BRASSEY, Heythrop Park, Chipping Norton.

1644 II. (£5.1— J. T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford.

1645 III. (£3.)— James Horlick, Cowley Manor, Cheltenham .

1642 R. N. & H. C.— George Hankins, Glebe Farm, Achurch, Oundle.

Class 200. — Pens of Three Oxford Down Ewe Lambs. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

1651 I. (£10.)— J. T. HOBBS, Maisey Hampton, Fairford.

1649 II. (£5.)— George Adams & SON, SVadley House, Faringdon.

1652 III. (£3.)— R. W. Hobbs & SONS, Kelmscott, Lechlade.

1656 R. N. & H. C.— W. J. P. READING, Rectory Farm, Langford, Lechlade.

Shropshires.

Class 201. — Shropshire Two-Shear Rams. [10 entries, 2 absent.]

1667 I. (£10.6)— Alfred TANNER, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury, for Shrawardine Dream.
1665 II. (£5.o) T. S. MINTON, Montford, Shrewsbury.

1658 III. (£3.)— A. S. Berry, Shenstone Hall, Lichfield.

1661 R. N. & H. C. — F. G. CLARKE, Freeford Hall, Lichfield, for Clirona Gladiator.

1 Prizes given by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

2 Special Prizes of £20, £10, and £5, given by the English Jersey Cattle Society for
the three Cows in Class 196A and 196b obtaining the greatest number of points in the
competition.

2 Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals given by the English Jersey Cattle Society for
the three Jersey Animals entered or eligible for entry in the English Jersey Herd
Book, obtaining the greatest number of points in the Butter Tests.

4 Certificate of Merit given by the English Jersey Cattle Society for Jersey Cows
entered or eligible for entry in the English Jersey Herd Book, not'being prize winners.

4 £10 towards these Prizes were given by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders’
Association.

® Prizes given by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Association.

xciv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor’’]

Class 202. — Shropshire Shearling Rams. [30 entries, 3 absent.]

1685 I. (£10.)— Mbs. W. F. Inge, Thorpe, Tamworth.

1678 II. (£5.)— Sir Richard Cooper, Bt, Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

1687 III. (£3.) — T. S. MINTON, Montford, Shrewsbury.

1696 IV. (£2), & 1697 V. (£2.)-MATTHEW WILLIAMS, Whiston Hall, Albrighton.
1676 R. N. & H. C — R. F. CAVENDISH, Holker Hall, Cark-in-Cartmel, Lancs.

Class 203. — Pens of Five Shropshire Shearling Rams, of the same Flock.

[15 entries, none absent.]

1703 I. (£15.1 *)— Sir Richard Cooper, Bt„ Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

1712 II. ((£10. l)— Matthew Williams, Whiston Hall, Albrighton, Wolverhampton.
1706 III. (£5.1)-T. S. MINTON, Montford, Shrewsbury.

1705 IV. (£2.)— Mrs. W. F. INGE, Thorpe, Tamworth.

1700 V. (£2.)— Frank BIBBY, Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury.

1709 R. N. & H. C.— Edward Nock, Harrington Hall, Shifnal.

Class 204. — Special Selling ( Auction ) Shearling Rams A
[23 entries, 2 absent.]

1679 I. (£10), 1703 II. (£5), III. (£3), & R. N. & H. C.— Sir Richard Cooper, Bt„

Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

1705 IV. (£2.)— MRS. W. F. INGE, Thorpe, Tamworth.

Class 205. — Pens of Three Shropshire Ram Lambs. [8 entries, 4 absent.]

1721 I. (£10.) — Edward Nock. Harrington Hall, Shifnal, Salop.

1717 II. (£5.)— SIR Richard COOPER, Bt., Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

1718 III. (£3.)— Sir Walter CORBET, Bt., Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury.

1716 R. N. & H. C.— F. G. CLARKE, Freeford Hall, Lichfield.

Class 206. — Pens of Three Shropshire Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock.
[12 entries, 1 absent.]

1730 I. (£10), & 1731 III. (£3.)— Sir Richard Cooper, Bt., Shenstone Court,
Lichfield.

1724 II. (£5), & 1725 R. N. & H. C.— Frank Bibby, Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury.

Class 207. — Pens of Three Shropshire Ewe Lambs.

[7 entries, none absent.]

1742 I. (£10.)— EDWARD nock, Harrington Hall, Shifnal
1741 II. (£5.) — T. S. MINTON, Montford, Shrewsbury.

1740 III. (£3.) — Mrs. W. F. Inge, Thorpe, Tamworth.

1738 R. N. & H. C.— SIR Richard COOPER, Bt., Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

Southdowns.

Class 208. — Southdown Two-Shear Rams.'1 [10 entries, 2 absent.]

1745 I. (£10, & Champion3), A 1746 III. (£3.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall,

Cambridge.

1750 II. (£5.)— Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., Gatton Park, Surrey.

1744 R. N. & H. C.— H.M. The King, Sandringham.

Class 209. — Southdown Shearling Rams. [18 entries, 4 absent.]

1753 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion. 3)— H.M. The King, Sandringham.

1763 II. (£5), & 1764 R. N. & H. C.— THE EXORS. OF THE LATE COL. H. McCALMONT,
Cheveley Park, Newmarket.

1755 III. (£3.) — C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

1758 IV. (£2.) — Earl Cadogan, K.G., Culford Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

Class 210. — Pens of Three Southdown Shearling Rams, bred in same Flock.1
[8 entries, 1 absent.]

1772 I. (£10), & 1773 III. (£3.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

1777 II. (£5.)— The EXORS. OF the late COL. H. McCalmont, Cheveley Park,
Newmarket.

1771 R. N. & H. C.— H.M. The King, Sandringham.

1 Prizes given by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Association.

3 Prizes given by the Southdown Sheep Society.

3 Champion Gold Medal, value £10 10s., given by the Southdown Sheep Society for the
best Ram in Classes 208 and 209.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. xcv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor. ’]

Class 211. — Pens of Three Southdown Ram Lambs. [9 entries, 4 absent.]

1779 I. (£10.)— H.M. The Kino, Sandringham.

1780 II. (£5.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

1787 III. (£3.)— SlK Julius Wernher, Bt., Luton Hoo, Luton.

1782 R. N. & H. C. W. M. CAZALET, Fairlawn, Tonbridge.

Class 212. — Pens of Three Southdown Shearling Ewes , bred in same Floch.

[9 entries, 2 absent.]

1791 I. (£10, & Champion.')— SIR Jeremiah Colman, BT.. Gatton Park, Surrey.

1795 II. (£5, & R. N. for Champion'), & 1796 III. (£3.)-Sir Julius Wernher, Bt„
Luton Hoo. Luton.

1793 R. N. & H. C.— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Albury Park, Guildford.
Class 213. — Pens of Three Southdown Ewe Lambs. [10 entries, 3 absent.]

1797 I. (£10.)— H.M. THE Kino, Sandringham.

1806 II. (£5.)— Sir Julius Wernher, Bt„ Luton Hoo. Luton.

1798 III. (£3.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

1801 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., Gatton Park, Surrey.

Hampshire Downs.

Class 214. — Hampshire Down Two-Shear Rams.'1 * [fi entries, 1 absent.]

1810 I. (£10.)— JAMES Flower. Chilmark, Salisbury.

1812 II. (£5.1— H. C. STEPHENS, Cholderton, Sali'bury.

1811 III. (£3.)— THE HON. D. Pleydell-Bouverie, Coleshill House, Highworth, for
Coleshill No. 1. 7129.

1807 R. N. & H. C.— Cary Coles, for Stonehenge No. 144.

Class 215. — Hampshire Down Shearling Rams. [9 entries, none absent.]
1815 I. (£10.)— JAMES Flower, Chilmark. Salisbury.

1821 II. (£5.), & 1820 III. (£3.)— H. C. STEPHENS. Cholderton, Salisbury.

1819 R. N. & H. C.— The Hon. D. Pleydell-Bouverie, for Winterbourne Ranger.
Class 216. — Pens of Three Hampshire Down Ram Lambs.

[6 entries, none absent.]

1827 I. (£10, and Champion.3 4)— H. C. Stephens, Cholderton. Salisbury.

1825 II. (£5, and R. N. for Champion.3)— Sir George Judd, Cocum, Barton Stacey.

1828 III. (£3.)— James Flower, Chilmark, Salisbury.

1822 R. N. & H. C.— Cary Coles, Manor House, Winterbourne Stoke, Salisbury.

Class 217. — Pens of Three Hampshire Down Shearling Ewes ,
bred in same Floch. [4 entries.]

1828 I. (£10), & 1829 II. (£5.)— JAMES Flower, Chilmark, Salisbury.

1830 III.(£3), & 1831 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Alexander Henderson, Bt., Buscot Park,
Faringdon.

Class 218. — Pens of Three Hampshire Down Ewe Lambs.

[6 entries, none absent.]

1837 I. (£10.) -H. C. Stephens. Cholderton, Salisbury.

1832 II. (£5.) — Cary Coles, Manor House, Winterbourne Stoke, Salisbury.

1835 III. (£3.) — Sir George Judd, Cocum, Barton Stacey, S.O., Hants.

1833 R. N. & H. C.— James Flower, Chilmark, Salisbury.

Suffolks.

Class 219. — Suffolk Two- Shear Rams.* [3 entries.]

1840 I. (£10', & 1839 III. (£3.)-H. E. SMITH, The Grange, Walton. Suffolk.

1338 II. (£5.)— S. R. SHERWOOD, Playford, Ipswich, for Cedric 6th 9588.

Class 220. — Suffolk Shearling Rams. [5 entries, none absent.]

1844 I. (£10), & 1845 II. (£5.)— H E. SMITH, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

1843 III. (£3.).— S. R. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

1842 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Arthur G. Hazleriqg, Bt., for Noseley Earl 3rd.

1 Silver Medal given bv the Southdown Sheep Society for the best Pen of Ewes or

Ewe Lambs in Classes 212 and 213.

3 Prizes given by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association.

3 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association
for the best Pen of Ram Lambs or Ewe Lambs in Classes 216 and 218.

4 Prizes given by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

xcvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]
Class 221. — Suffolk Bam Lambs.1 [5 entries, none absent.]

1849 I. (£10), & 1850 E. N. & H. C.-H. E. Smith, The Grange, Walton. Suffolk.

1847 II. (£5.) -D. A. GREEN, Fingringboe Hall, Colchester.

1848 III. (£3).— S. B. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

Class 222.— Pens of Three Suffolk Ram Lambs. [4 entries.]

1854 I. (£10.)— H. E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

1852 II (£5.)— D. A. Green, Fingringboe Hall, Colchester.

1853 III. (£3.) — S. B. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

1851 E. N. & H. C.— Thomas Goodohild, Great Yeldham Hall, Castle Hedingham.
Class 223. — Pens of Three Suffolk Shearling Ewes , bred in same Flock.

[3 entries.]

1857 I. (£10.), & 1856 II. (£5.) — SIR A. G. HAZLERIGG, BT., Noseley Hall, Billesdon,
Leicester, for pen, bred by E. Barclay. Higham, Bury St. Edmunds.

1855 III. (£3.)— Thomas Goodchild, Great Yeldham Hall, Castle Hedingham.

Class 224. — Pens of Three Suffolk Ewe Lambs. [4 entries.]

1861 I. (£10.)— H. E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

1860 II. (£5.)— S. B. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

1859 III. (£3.)— D. A. GREEN, Fingringhoe Hall, Colchester.

1858 E. N. & H. C.— Thomas Goodchild, Great Yeldham Hall, Castle Hedingham.

Dorset Horn.

Class 225. — Dorset Horn Shearling Rams, dropped after November 1, 1906.
[7 entries, 2 absent.]

1862 I. (£10.) — James Attrill, Waytes Court, Brighstone, Isle of Wight, for Court No. 68.
1864 II. (£5.)— W. E. Flower, West Stafford, Dorchester, for Flower's No. 183 2054.

1867 III. (£3.)— Samuel Kidner. Bickley, Milverton, for Duke of Wellington.

1868 E. N. & H. C.— F. J. Merson, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater.

Class 226. — Pens of Three Dorset Horn Ram Lambs, dropped after Nor-ember 1,
1907. [4 entries.]

1871 I. (£10.)— E. A. Hambro, Delcombe Farm, Milton Abbey, Blandford.

1870 II. (£5.)— W. E. Flower, West Stafford. Dorchester, for Flower's Nos. 184, 185 & 186.

1869 III. (£3.) -James Attrill, Waytes Court, Brighstone, Isle of Wight.

1872 E. N. & H. C.— F. J. MERSON, Farringdon, North Petherton. Bridgwater.

Class 227. — Pens of Three Dorset Horn Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock,
dropped after November 1, 1906. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1873 I. (£10), & 1874 E. N. & H. C.— W. E. FLOWER, West Stafford, Dorchester.

1875 II. (£5.)— E. A. HAMBRO, Delcombe Farm, Milton Abbey, Blandford.

1877 III. (£3.)— F. J. MERSON, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater.

Class 228. — Pens of Three Dorset Horn Ewe Lambs, dropped after November 1,
190 7. 2 3 [5 entries, 2 absent.]

1879 I. (£10.) — W. E. Flower, West Stafford, Dorchester.

1880 II. (£5.)— E. A. Hambro, Delcombe Farm, Milton Abbey, Blandford.

1882 III. (£3.)— F. J. Merson, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater.

Ryeland.

Class 229. — Ryeland Rams, Two- Shear and upwards*

[4 entries, none absent.]

1884 I. (£10.)— F. E. GOUGH, The Moor, Bodenham, Leominster, for ram, horn March
12, 1906.

1883 II. (£5.)— W. T. Barneby, Saltmarshe Castle, Bromyard, for Twin Star, born
March, 1901.

1885 III. (£3.)— H. W. Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury, for ram, born 1905, bred
by D. F. Thomas, Wainmynick, Brecon.

Class 230. — Ryeland Shearling Rams. [3 entries.]

1889 I. (£10.)— F. E. Gough, The Moor, Bodenham, Leominster.

1887 II. (£5), & 1888 III. (£3.)— W. T. Barneby, Saltmarshe Castle, Bromyard.

1 Prizes given by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

- Prizes given by the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association.

3 Prizes given by the By eland Flock Book Society.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

XCVll

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.1']

Class 231. — Pens of Three Ryeland Shearling Ewes , hred in same Flock.

[3 entries.]

1892 I. (.£10.)— F. E. GOUGH, The Moor, Bodenham, Leominster.

1891 II. (£5), & 1890 III. (£3l.—W. T. BAUNEBY, Saltmarshe Castle, Bromyard.

Kerry Hill.1

Class 232. — Kerry Hill Rams , Two-Shear and Upwards.

[3 entries, 1 absent.]

1894 I. (£10.)— Lawton Moore, Brampton Brian, lor Brampton Faultless 1279, born
1905.

1895 II. (£5.)— Lawton Moore, for Brampton Grateful 1575, born March, 1906.

Class 233. — Kerry Hill Shearling Rams. [3 entries.]

1896 I. (£10.)— JOHN ANWYL, Priest Weston, Chirbury, for Heyope Champion, bred by
P. James, Upper Hall, Knighton.

1898 II. (£5.)— Lawton Moore, Brampton Brian, for Brampton Handsome.

1897 III. (£3.)— T. E. Kinsey, Winsbury, Chirbury, for Winsbury Champion.

Class 234. — Pens of Three Kerry Hill Shearling Ewes , hred in same Flock.
[4 entries, 1 absent.]

1900 I. (£10.)— T. E. KINSEY, Winsbury, Chirbury.

1901 II. (£5.) -LAWTON Moore, Brampton Brian.

1902 III. (£3.)— J. & It. PHILLIPS, Llwynybrain, Caersws.

Class 235. — Pens of Three Kerry Hill Ewe Lambs. [3 entries, 1 absent.]

1904 I. (£10.) — T. E. KINSEY, Winsbury, Chirbury.

1905 II. (£5.)— J. & R. Phillips, Llwynybrain, Caersws.

Lincolns.

Class 236. — Lincoln Two- Shear Rams.'1 [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1907 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.3) — TOM Casswell, Pointon House, Folkingham,
for Pointon Magnus 10293.

1909 II. (£5.)— IlENRY BUDDING, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby, for ram, bred by
S. E. Dean & Sons, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

1908 III. (£3.)— S. E. Dean A SONS, Bourne, for Dowsby Choice Solomon.

1906 R. N. & H. C.— J. E. CASSWELL, Laughton, Folkingham, for Laughton Ringer.

Class 237. — Lincoln Shearling Rams. [13 entries, none absent.]

1915 I. (£10, & Champion 3 J, & 1914 III. (£3.)— S. E. DEAN & Sons, Dowsby Hall
Bourne.

1920 II. (£5.)— HENR\r DUDDING, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby.

1916 R.N. & H. C.— ROBERT Dixon, Barfif House, Brandesburton, Hull.

Class 238. — Pens of Fice Lincoln Shearling Rams , hred in same Flock.’2
[9 entries, 1 absent.]

1925 I. (£15.)— S. E. DEAN & SONS, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

1930 II. (£10.)— Charles E. Howard, Nocton Rise, Lincoln.

1924 III. (£5.)— TOM CASSWELL, Pointon House, Folkingham.

1928 R. N. & H. C.— Henry1 Dudding, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby.

Class 239. — Pens of Three Lincoln Ram Lambs. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1936 I. < £10), & 1935 II. (£5.)— HENRY Dudding, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby.

1933 III. (£3.)— S. E. Dean & SONS, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

Class 240. — Pens of Three Lincoln Shearling Ewes, hred in same Flock.

[8 entries, 2 absent.]

1944 I. (£10), & 1945 II. (£5.)— CHARLES E. Howard, Nocton Rise, Lincoln.

1940 III. (£3.) — S. E. DEAN & Sons, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

1939 R. N. & H. C.— Tom Casswell, Pointon House, Folkingham.

Class 241. — Pens of Three Lincoln Ewe Lambs. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1948 I. (£10.) -HENRY DUDDING, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby.

1946 II. (£5.)— S. E. DEAN & SONS, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

1947 III. (£3.)— ROBERT Dixon, Barff House, Brandesburton, Hull.

1 £26 towards these prizes were given by the Kerry Hill (Wales) Flock Book
Society.

2 Prizes given by the Lincoln Long-wool Sheep Breeders’ Association.

3 Piece of Plate, value £5, given by the Lincoln Long-wool Sheep Breeders’
Association for the best Ram in Classes 236 and 237.

xcviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 242. — Pens of Three Lincoln Yearling Ewes , in wool.1
[8 entries, 1 absent.]

1956 I. (£10.)— CHARLES E. Howard, Nocton Rise, Lincoln.

1954 II. (£5.)— S. E. DEAN & SONS, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

1952 III. (£3).— J. E. CASSWELL, Laughton, Folkingham.

1958 It. N. & H. C.— William B. SWALLOW, Wootton Lawn, Ulceby.

Leicesters.2

Class 243. — Leicester Shearling Rams. [10 entries, none absent.]

1966 I. (£10.)— J. E. & C. H. SIMPSON, Pilmoor House, Hunmanby.

1963 II. (£5. ) — E. F. JORDAN, Eastburn, Driffield.

1960 III. (£3, & Special3 *!, & 1961 R. N. & H. C., & R. N. for Special.3— George

Harrison, Gainford Hall Darlington.

Class 244. — Pens of Three Leicester Ram Lambs. [4 entries.]

1970 I. (£10), & 1971 R. N. & H. C.— George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington.
1969 II. (£5.)— John Cranswick, Field House, Hunmanby.

1972 III. (£3.)— J. E. & C. H. Simpson, Pilmoor House. Hunmanby.

Class 245. — Pens of Three Leicester Shearling Ewes , of the same Floclt.

[ 7 entries, none absent.]

1976 I. (£10.)— E. F. JORDAN, Eastburn, Driffield.

1978 II. (£5), & 1979 R. N. & H. C.— J. E. & C. H. Simpson, Pilmoor House,
Hunmanby.

1973 III. (£3.)— John Cranswick, Field House, Hunmanby.

1974 Special,3 & 1975 R. N. for Special3.— George Harrison, Gainford Hall,
Darlington.

Class 246. — Pens of Three Leicester Ewe Lambs. [3 entries.]

1982 I. (.£10.)— J. E. & C. H. SIMPSON, Pilmoor House, Hunmanby.

1981 II. (£5), & 1980 III. (£3.)— George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington.

Border Leicesters.5

Class 247. — Border Leicester Rams , Two-Shear and upwards.

[17 entries, 6 absent.]

1983 I. (£15, & R. N. for Champion. «)— ' The Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, H.P., Whit-
tinghame, Prestonkirk, for Leaston Surprise 1636, born in 1904.

1095 II. (£7 10s., and Special.7) — William Robson, Low Hedgeley, Alnwick, for ram,
born in March, 1906.

1996 III. (£3.)— A. & J. K. Smith, Leaston, Upper Keith, East Lothian, for Leaston
Sir James 1865, born March 19, 1905.

1985 IV. (£2.)— The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G.. K.T., Dalkeith
Park, Dalkeith, for ram, born March 6, 1906.

1993 R. N. & H. C.— Messrs. Nicholson, Manor House, Lanchester, for Manor Wonder.

Class 248. — Border Leicester Shearling Rams. [36 entries, 4 absent.]

2003 I. (£20, & Champion.6)— A. Cameron & SONS, Westside Farm, Brechin.

2035 II. (£12 10s.), 2033 IV. (£2) & 2034 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Wallace, Auchenbrain,
Mauchline.

2C06 III, (£5, & Special") — Thomas CLARK, Oldhamstocks Mains, Cockburnspath.
2022 V. (£2.) — WILLIAM ROBSON, Low Hedgeley, Alnwick.

1 Prizes given by the Lincoln Long-wool Sheep Breeders’ Association.

2 £18 towards these Prizes were given by the Leicester Sheep Breeders’ Association.

3 Special Prize of £5, given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural

Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Ram in Class 243.

3 Special Prize of £5, given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best pen of Shearling Ewes in
Class 245.

6 £30 towards these Prizes were given by the Society of Border Leicester Sheep
Breeders, and £22 10s. through the Newcastle Local Committee.

6 Perpetual Challenge Cup, value Sixty Guineas, given by the Society of Border
Leicester Sheep Breeders, for the best Ram or Ewe in Classes 247-249. A Silver Medal
will be awarded to the winner of the Cup on its return to the R.A.S.E.

7 Special Prize of £20 given by the Newcastle Farmers' Club for the best Border
Leicester Sheep in Classes 247-249, exhibited by a Tenant Farmer in the Counties of
Northumberland or Durham.

» Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Ram in Classes 247 and 248.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. xcix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below waB “ bred by exhibitor.”]
Class 249. — Border Leicester Shearling Ewes. [23 entries, 4 absent.]

2040 I. (£20), & 2039 II. (£12 10s.)— A. CAMERON & SONS, Westside Farm, Brechin.

2044 III. (£5.)— JAMES Findlay, Newmiln of Craigeassie, Forfar.

2038 IV. (£2.)—' The Ddke of BUCCLEUCH AND Queensberry, K.G., K.T., Dalkeith
Park, Dalkeith.

2056 E. N. & H. C.— J. & J. R. C. SMITH, Galalaw, Kelso.

2052 Special. '—WILLIAM ROBSON, Low Hedgeley, Alnwick.

Cotswolds.2

Class 250. — Cotswuld Shearling Rams. [6 entries, none absent.]

2061 I. (.£10), & 2062 II. (£5.)— W. T. GARNE & SON, Aldsworth, Northleach.

2063 B. N. & H. C.— WILLIAM Hodlton, Broadfleld Farm, Northleach.

Class 251. — Pens of Three Cotswold Ram Lambs. [5 entries, none absent.]

2068 I. (£10), & 2067 II. (£5.)— W. T. Garne & SON, Aldsworth, Northleach.

2069 E. N. & H. C.— William HOULTON, Broadfleld Farm, Northleach.

Class 252. — Pens of Three Cotswold Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock
[5 entries, 1 absent.]

2073 I. (£10), & 2074 II. (£5.)— William Hodlton, Broadfleld Farm, Northleach.

2072 E. N. & H. C.— W. T. Garne & SON, Aldsworth, Northleach.

Class 253. — Pens of Three Cotswold Ewe Lambs. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

2078 I. (£10), & 2077 II. (£5.)— W. T. GARNE & SON, Aldsworth. Northleach.

2079 E. N. & H. C.— WILLIAM HOULTON, Broadfleld Farm, Northleach.

Kent or Romney Marsh.3

Class 254. — Kent or Romney Marsh Two-Shear Rams.

[12 entries, 1 absent,]

2083 I. (£10), & 2084 II. (£5.)— Charles File, Elham, Canterbury.

2090 III. (£3.)— HENRY Ridden, Rtchinghill, Lyminge, Kent.

2082 IV. (£2.)— George Farmer, Leeds Abbey, Maidstone, for Farmer’s No. 1 of 1906.
2081 E. N. & H. c.-w. M. Cazalet, for Westbroke No. 48 of 1906.

Class 255. — Kent or Romney Marsh Shearling Rams. [22 entries, 5 absent.]
2111 I. (£10.)— HENRY RIGDEN, Etchmghill, Lyminge, Kent.

2095 II. (£5.)— Charles File, Elham, Canterbury.

2102 III. (£3.)— Frederick Neame, Macknade, Faversham.

2107 IV. (£2.)— J. Egerton Quested, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent,

2099 E. N. & H. C.— William MILLEN, Syndale Valley, Faversham.

Class 256. — Pens of Three Kent or Romney Marsh Ram Lambs.

[11 entries, 3 absent.]

2121 I. (£10), & 2122 IV. (£2.)— J. B. Palmer, New Shelve Manor, Lenham, Kent.

2119 II. (£5.)— William Millen. Syndale Valley. Faversham.

2114 III. (£3.)— W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawn, Tonbridge.

2120 R. N. & H. C.— Frederick Neame, Macknade, Faversham.

Class 257. — Pens of Three Kent or Romney Marsh Shearling Ewes, bred in same
Flock. [11 entries, 2 absent.]

2130 I. (£10.) — William Millen, Syndale Valley, Faversham.

2135 II. (£5.)— G. C. Swindells, Monks Horton Park, Hythe, for Horton Nos. 11, 12,
and 13.

2132 III. (£3.)— Frederick NEAME, Macknade, Faversham.

2134 IV. (£2.)— J. Egerton quested. The Firs, Cheriton, Kent.

2127 E. N. & H. C.— Charles File, Elham, Canterbury.

Class 258. — Pens of Three Kent or Romney Marsh Ewe Lambs.

[10 entries, 3 absent.]

2136 I. (£10.) — W. M. CAZALET, Fairlawn. Tonbridge.

2144 II. (£5.) — J. Egerton Quested, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent.

2137 III. (£3.)— SIR HENRY E. Dering, BT., Surrenden-Dering, Pluckley. Ashford.

2145 IV. (£2.) — G. C. SWINDELLS, Monks Horton Park, Hythe.

2143 E. N. & H. C.— J. B. Palmer, New Shelve Manor, Lenham, Kent.

' Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Ewe in Class 249..
a £25 towards these Prizes were given by the Cotswold Sheep Society.

’ £26 towards these Prizes were given by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep
Breeders’ Association.

c Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Wensleydales.1

Class 259. — Wensleydale Two-Shear Rams. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

2149 I. Gcio.)— w. .1. Wheatley, Melmerby, S.O., for Melmerby 1138.

2147 II. (£5.)— Loed Henry Bentinck, Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, for Leading
Blue, bred bv the Exors. of the late T. Willis, Manor House, Carperby.

2146 III. (£3.)— Lord Henry Bentinck, for Baron Underley 1094.

Clas3 260. — Wensleydale Shearling Rams. [10 entries, none absent.]

2150 I. (jCIO.) — Lord Henry Bentinck, Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, for Killing
Blue, bred by W. Rhodes, Lundholme, Westhouse, Kirkby Lonsdale.

2157 II. (£5.)— The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis, Manor House, Carperby,
for ram, bred by W. Rhodes. Lundholme, Westhouse. Kirkby Lonsdale.

2152 III. ( £3.) — Lord Henry Bentinck, for Westmorland Blue, bred by W. Rhodes,
Lundholme, Westhouse, Kirkby Lonsdale.

2156 R. N. & H. C— John Hargrave, Watb, Melmerby.

Class 261. — Pens of Three Wensleydale Ram Lamls. [2 entries.]

2160 I. (£10)— Lord Henry Bentinck, Underley Hall, Kirby Lonsdale.

2161 II. (£5.)— Edward Horseman, Broken Brea Farm, Richmond, Yorks.

Class 262. — Pens of Three Wensleydale Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock.

[6 entries, none absent.] ,

2167 I. f-eio.) — 1 The exors OF the late Thomas Willis. Manor House, Carperby.

2162 II. (£5), & 2163 III. (£3.)— Lord Henry Bentinck, Underley Hall.

2164 K. N. & H. C.— Edward horseman, Broken Brea Farm, Richmond, Yorks.

South. Devons.2

Class 263. — South Devon Rams, Shearling and upwards. [3 entries.]

2169 I. (£10.1— JOHN S. Hallett. Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth, for Woodleigh No. 2
of 1906 3066, born Feb., 1906, bred by E. B. Luscombe. Woodleigh, Kingsbridge.

2170 II. (£b.) -John Stooke. Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth, for ram, born Feb., 1906.

2168 K. N. & H. C.— John S. Hallett, for Sherford No. 2 of 1906.

Class 264. — Pens of Three South Devon Shearling Ewes , bred in same Flock.
[4 entries, 1 absent.]

2172 I. (£10.) — John S. Hallett, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

2174 II. (£&.)— John STOOKE, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

Cheviots,3

Class 265. — Cheviot Rams, Two- Shear and upwards.

[ 1 4 entries, none absent.]

2185 I. (£15, Champion,4 & Special.5)— J. R. C. Smith, Mowbaugh, Yetholm, Kelso
for ram. horn April 20, 1906.

2175 II. (£7 10s., Cup/ & R. N. for Champion.4)— John Elliott, Hindhope,
Jedburgh, for Humble, born April 20, 1905. bred by John Robson, Newton, Bellingham.
2182 III. (£3.)— JOHN Robson, Millknowe, Duns, for ram, born in 1906.

2184 R. N. & H. C.-J. R. C. SMITH, for Blackfoot.

Class 266. — Cheviot Shearling Rams. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

2189 I. (£15, & R. N. for Special5), & 2190 II. U'7.)— John Elliott, Hindhope
Jedburgh.

2196 R. N. & H. C.— J. R. C. SMITH, Mowhaugb, Yetholm, Kelso.

1 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep
Breeders’ Association and Flock Book Society and £15 by the Wensleydale Sheep
Breeders’ Association.

4 £10 towards these Prizes were given by the South Devon Flock Book

Association.

3 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Cheviot Sheep Society, and £27 10s.
through the Newcastle Local Committee.

4 The “Borthwick" Challenge Cup given by the Cheviot Sheep Society for the best
Ram or Ewe in Cla-ses 265-268.

5 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Ram in Classes 265
and 266.

« Silver Cup, value £25, specially given through the Newcastle Local Committee for
the best Ram or Ewe in Classes 265-268, bred in the County of Northumberland.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. ci

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 207. — Cheviot Ewes, Two- Shear and upwards. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

2203 I. (.£15, & Special. 1 )— JOHN Bobson, Millknowe, Duns, for ewe, born 1906.

2204 II. (£6 10s., & E. N. for Special. 1 )— A. & J. K. Smith, Leaston, Upper Keith,
East Lothian, for ewe, born April 3, 1906.

2201 E. N. k H. C.— Jacob Bobson, Byrness, Otterburn.

Class 268. — Cheviot Shearling Ewes. [7 entries, none absent.]

2206 I. (£15), & 2205 E. N. & H. C.— JOHN F.lliott, Hindhope, Jedburgh.

2207 II. (£6 10s.. & E. N. for Cup.2 *)— Jacob Bobson, Byrness, Otterburn.

Lonks.’

Class 269. — Lonh Rams, Shearling and upwards. [5 entries, 2 absent.]

2216 I. (£10.) — Jonathan Walker. Swan Hotel, Addingham. Leeds, for ram, born April
4. 1906. bred bv James Hardisty, Boulton Road, Addingham.

2213 II. (£5.)-John Blackburn. 227. Barkerhouse Road, Nelson, for Lonk Standard,
born March 1, 1907, bred by the late Thomas Barker, Haggate Gate House,
Briercliffe, Burnley.

2214 E- N. & H. C — 1'HE Bury Waterworks Board, Windy Bank, Lumb, Waterfoot,

Lancs, for Copy Nook Wonder.

Class 270. — Pens of Three Lonh Ram Lambs. [2 entries.]

2218 I. (£10.)— David Hague, Copy Nook, Clitheroe, for Copy Nook Wonder 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th.

2217 II. (£5.)— John Blackburn, 227, Barkerhouge Boad, Nelson, Lancs.

Class 271. — Pens of Three Lonh Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock.

[4 entries, none absent.]

2219 I. (£10.) — John Blackburn, 227, Barkerhouse Road, NeLson.

2221 II. (£5.)— David Hague, Copy Nook, Clitheroe.

2222 E, N. & H. 0.— Edward SMITH. Summerhouse Farm, Cowling, Keighley.

Herdwicks.4

Class 272. — Herdwich Rams, Two Shear and upwards. [5 entries, 1 absent.]
2225 I. (£10.) — The Earl of Lonsdale, Whitehaven Castle, for Hardknot, bom April,
19 4, bred bv S. D. Stanley Dodgson, Tarnbank, Cockermoutli.

2224 II. (£5.)— The Earl of Lonsdale, for Ennerdale, born April, 1904, bred by John
Birkett, How Hall, Ennerdale.

Class 273. — Herdwich Shearling Rams. [4 entries, none absent,]

2230 I. (£10.)— James Todd, Rougholme, Wabertliwaite, Cumberland, for Joe.

2229 II. (£5.)— The Earl of Lonsdale, Whitehaven Castle, for Lazarus, bred by
John Rothery, Wasdale Head Hall, Cumberland.

Class 274. — Pens of Three Herdwich Shearling Ewes, bred in same Flock.
[4 entries, none absent.]

2233 I. (£10.)— The Earl OF Lonsdale, Whitehaven Castle, for ewes, bred by
S. D. Stanley Dodgson. Tarnbank, Cockermouth.

2235 II. (£5.)— James TODD, Rougholme, Waberth waite, Cumberland, for ewes,
bred by W. J. Crossley, M.P., Pulwoods, Ambleside.

Welsh Mountain.

Class 275. — Welsh Mountain Rams, Shearling and upwards.

[6 entries, 2 absent.]

2238 I. (£10.)— The University College of North Wales, Madryn, Aber,
Bangor, for Glanrafon Cymro Goren, born March. 1905, bred by W. Conwy Bell,
Brynyffynon, Rhuddlan.

2237 II. (£5.)— W. Conwy Bell, Brynyffvnon, Rhuddlan, Flintshire.

2239 E. N. & H. C.— The University College of North Wales, for Madryn

Chief 2nd. *

1 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, lor the best Ewe in Classes 267

and 268.

2 Silver Cup, value £25. specially given through the Newcastle Local Committee for
the best Ram or Ewe in Classes 265-1:68, bred in the County of Northumberland.

5 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Lonk Sheep Breeders Association.

* £15 towards these Prizes were given by Breeders of Herdwick Sheep.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

cii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Class 276. — Pens of Three Welsh Mountain Shearling Ewes , bred in same Flock.
[4 entries, none absent.]

2242 I. (£10.)— W. Conwy Bell, Brynyffynon, Rhuddlan, Flintshire.

2243 II. (£5 ). & 2244 R. N. & H. C.— THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH
WALES, Madryn, Aber, Bangor.

Black-faced Mountain.1

Class 277. — Black-faced Mountain Rams , Two-Shear and upwards.

[14 entries, 2 absent.]

2248 I. (£10.1— Cadzow Bros., Borland and Stonebill, Dunsyre, Carstairs Junction, for
Master of Works, born April 15, 1904.

2256 II. (£5, & R. N. for Special.2)— John ROBSON, Maysheil, Duns, for ram, born in
1905, bred by M. P. Fraser. Rankinston, Ayr.

2257 III. (£3.) — JOHN Robson, Newton, Bellingham, for ram. born in 1905, bred by Adam
Archibald, Overshiels, Stow.

2258 IV. (£2.)— JOHN Robson, Newton, Bellingham, for ram, born in 1906.

Class 278. -Black-faced Mountain Shearling Rams.

[16 entries, none absent.]

2272 I. (£10, & Special.2)— JOHN ROBSON, Newton, Bellingham.

2263 II. (£5), & 2262 III. (£3.)— CADZOW Bros., Borland and Stonehill, Dunsyre.

2260 IV. (£2.)— ADDISON & PAISLEY, Tarset Hall, Bellingham.

Class 279. — Black-faced Mountain Bam Lambs. [8 entries, 2 absent.]
2283 I. (£10.)— JOHN ROBSON, Newton, Bellingham, Northumberland.

2277 II. (£5.) — CADZOW BROS., Borland and Stonehill, Dunsyre, Carstairs Junction.

2276 III. (£3.)— ADDISON & Paisley, Tarset Hall, Bellingham.

Class 280. — Black-faced Mountain Ewes, Two-Shear and upwards.

[9 entries, 1 absent.]

2292 I. (£10, & R. N. for Special 3), & 2291 III. (£3.)— John Robson, Newton
Bellingham, for ewes, born in 1903.

2286 II. (£5.) - CADZOW BROS., Borland and Stonehill, Dunsyre. Carstairs Junction, for
ewe, born April 15, 1904.

Class 281. — Black-faced Mountain Shearling Ewes.

[15, entries, 1 absent.]

2305 I. (£10. & Special3), A 2306 III. (£3.)— JOHN ROBSON, Newton, Bellingham.

2295 II. (£5.)— CADZOW BROS., Borland and Stonehill, Dunsyre. Carstairs Junction.

PIGS.

Large White Breed.

Class 282. — Large White Boars, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[15 entries.]

2322 I. (£10, & Champion.4)— Alfred W. White, Hillegom, Spalding, for Turk of
Spalding 10147. born Jan. 20. 1906, bred by W. E. Measures, Tallington. Stamford : s.
Ruddington Right Stamp 8717. d. Peterboro Carnation 16014 by Sbitierton Turk 7937.
2312 II. (£5.)— Thomas Henson, Eastgate, Peterborough, for Right Stamp of Peterboro
10069, born Jan. 20, 1906, bred by W. E. Measures, Tallington, Stamford ; s.
Ruddington Right Stamp 8717. d. Peterboro Carnation 16014 by Shitterton Turk.
2308 III. (£3.)— T. DODD & Sons, Mollington, Chester, for Mollington Mayor 2nd 9977,
born J uly 10, 1905 ; s. Mollington Mayor 7837, d. Mollington Mabel 5th 15912 by
Mollington J. P. 7151.

2310 IV. (£2.) The Earl of Ellesmere. Worsley Hall, Manchester, for Samson of
Worsley 10095, born Jan. 15, 1905, bred by W. E. Measures, Tallington, Stamford ; s.
Ruddington Right Stamp 8717, d. Tallington Lady 17488 by Bottesford Turk.

2321 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. & E. Wherry, Bourne, Lines, for Giant Goliath.

1 £25 towards these Prizes were given by Breeders of Black-faced Sheep.

2 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Ram in Classes 277 and 278.

3 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Ewe in Classes 280 and 281.

4 Champion Gold Medal, value £5 5s„ given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association
for the best Boar or Sow in Classes 282-286.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. ciii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Class 283. — Large White Boars, farrowed, in 1907. 1 [10 entries.]

2332 I. (£10.)— R. R. ROTHWELL. Fulwood Hall Farm, Preston, for boar, born Jan. 3 ; s.
Manshall Baron Fulwood 9971, d. Fulwood Molly 1st 18724 by Fulwood Duke 8569.

2323 II. (£5.)- D. R. Daybell. Bottesford, Nottingham, for Bottesford Eclipse 10615. born
Jan. 5. ; s. Ruddington Eclipse of Bottesford 10081, d. Bottesford Perfection 5th 12312
by Borrowfleld Long Sam 2nd 5869.

2324 III. (£3.)— The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester, for Marchington
Herdsman 10929, born. Jan. 19, bred by G. P. Leason. Marchington, Uttoxeter ; s.
Ruddington Roger of Bottesford 10083, d. Bottesford Marchington Queen 18128 by
Bottesford Arthur 8487.

2325 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Ellesmere, for Worsley Turk 4th.

2331 Special.2— Thomas Rippon, Forest Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Worsley Joe.

Class 284. — Large White Boars , farrowed in 1908. [25 entries.]

2333 I. (£10), & 2334 II. (£5.)— D. R. Daybell, Bottesford. Nottingham, for boars, born
Jan. 4 ; 8. Ruddington Eclipse of Bottesford 10081, d. Bottesford Daisy Bell 7th 18118
by Wissett Young Ruddington Champion 8077.

2338 III. (£3.)— THE EARL OF ELLESMERE, Worsley Hall, Manchester, for boar, born
Jan. 2 ; s. Roger 7203, d. Bottesford Empress 3rd 16714 by Borrowfleld Ringleader 20th.

2335 IV. (£2.)— D. R. Daybell, for boar, born Jan. 5 ; s. Worsley Roger 16th 10231, d.
Bottesford Queen 40th 12332 by Bottesford Long Sam 5893.

2340 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Ellesmere.

Class 285. — Large White Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[11 entries.]

2359 I. (£10.)— The Earl of Ellesmere. Worsley Hall, Manchester, for Bottesford
Marchington Queen 18128, born Jan. 9, 1906, farrowed Jan. 5. bred by D. R. Daybell.
Bottesford, Nottingham ; s. Bottesford Arthur 8487, d. Scarsdale Jewel 4th 14528 by
Scarsdale King Edward 7223.

2361 II. (£5.) -Sir Gilbert Green all, Bt., Walton Hall, Warrington, for Sowerby
Mabel 5th 17432, born May 7. 1905, farrowed Jan. 25. bred by R. Stuart. Brook Vale,
Sowerby; s. Sowerby Roger 8747, r/. Sowerby Mabel 3rd 17428 by Sowerby Beau.

2368 III. (£3.) — ALFRED W. White, Hillegom, Spalding, for Queen Anne of Spalding
19362. born Aug. 22, 1905, farrowed March 1. bred by Thomas Henson, Eastgate,
Peterborough ; s. Peterborough Sam 2nd 8691, d. Peterboro Queen 4th 11582 by
Peterboro King 6019.

2366 R. N. & H. C.— R. R. Rothwell, Fulwood Hall Farm, Preston, for Fullbeam.

2365 Special.3 — THOMAS RIPPON, Forest Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Benton Bloom.

Class 286. — Large White Sows, farrowed in 1907. [10 entries.]

2377 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.'*)— W. H. & E. Wherry, Bourne, for Boufne
Beauty 2nd 20512, born Jan. 1 ; s. Giant Goliath 9865, d. Bourne Madam 13720 by
Ewerby General 6375.

2370 II. (£5.)— The Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall. Manchester, for Miss Russell
Walker, born Jan. 3. bred by Charles Spencer, Holywell Manor, St. Ives ; s. Holywell
Bourne 9161, d. Holywell Accidental 18864 by Holywell John Day 6409.

2375 III. (£3.) — W. E. MEASURES, Tallington, Stamford, for Tallington Carnation
21716, born Jan. 15 : s. Worsley Monarch 19th 9371, d. Peterboro Carnation 16014 by
Shitterton Turk 7937.

2371 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Ellesmere, for Worsley Hope 4th.

Class 287. — Pens of Three Large White Sows , farrowed in 1908.

[12 entries.]

2383 I. (£10.)— The Earl of Ellesmrre, Worsley Hall, Manchester, for pen, born
Jan. 12 : s. Barkwith Joe 6895, d. Wor-ley Princess 24th 1764 ' by Roger 7203.

2382 II. (£5.)— The Earl OF ELLESMERE, for pen, born Jan. 2 ; .«. Worsley Roger 8827.
d. Duchess of Worsley 2nd 16864 by Peterborough Sam 2nd 8691.

2381 III. (£3.)— The Earl of Ellesmere, for pen, born Jan. 2 : s. Roger 7203,
d. Bottesford Empress 3rd 16714 by Borrowfleld Ringleader 20th 6291.

2380 R. N. & H. C.— D. R. Daybell, Bottesford, Nottingham.

1 Prizes given by the NationalPig Breeders’ Association.

2 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Boar in Classes 282-284.

3 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies for Members of those Societies only, for the best Sow in Classes 285 and

286.

* Champion Gold Medal, value £5 5s., given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association
for the best Boar or Sow in Classes 282-286.

VOL. 69.

KK

civ Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Middle White Breed.

Class 288. — Middle White Boars , farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[5 entries.]

2392 I. (£10.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., Walton Hall, Warrington, for Walton
Clumber 4th 9427, born Jan. 8, 1905 ; s. Walton Clumber 3rd 8879, d. Walton Bose 19th
15136 by Walton John 6755.

2395 II. (£5.)— CHARLES Spencer, Holywell Manor, St. Ives, for Holywell Victor Chief
11283, born Aug. 3, 1916, bred by Sanders Spencer & Son. Holywell Manor;
s. Holywell Rosario 8857. d. Holywell Victoria Countess 13298 by Holy well Count.

2391 III. (£3.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, bt., for Brockhall Clumber 10265, bom
Sept. 3, 1905 ; s. Walton Clumber 3rd 8879, d. Walton Rose 19th 15136 by Walton
John 6755.

2394 R. N. & H. C.— Leopold C. Paget, Harewood, Leeds, for Wharfedale Barbarian.

Class 289. — Middle White Boars , farrowed in 1907. 1 [2 entries ]

2396 I. (.£10, Champion,1 2 & Special.3)— Leopold C. Paget, Harewood, Leeds, for
Wharfedale Reveller 11329, bom Jan. 9 ; s. Wharfedale Happy Lad 9467, d. Wharfedale
Barmaid 17810 by Holywell Sherborne 8173.

2397 II. (£5.1— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley Count, born Aug. 21 ;
s. First Choice of Pendley 10277, d. Holywell Lancaster Rose 19884 by Holywell
Viscount 8179.

Class 290. — Middle White Boars, farrowed in 1908. [10 entries.]

2402 I. (£10, & R. N. for Special.3)— Leopold C. Paget, Harewood, Leeds, for boar
born Jan. 9 ; s. Wharfedale Royal Dandy 10343, d. Wharfedale Barmaid 17810 by
Holywell Sherborne 8173.

2404 II. (£5), 2405 III. (£3), & 2406 R. N. & H. C.-THE Earl of Sefton, Croxteth
Hall, Liverpool, for boars, bom Jan. 23 ; s. Walton Clumber 4th 9427, d. Walton
Rose 30th 16350 by Walton Dainty 3rd 8201.

Class 291. — Middle White Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[6 entries.]

2409 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion. 2 )-Sir Gilbert Greenall. Bt., Walton Hall
Warrington, for Walton Rose 57th 19994, born Feb. L 1906, farrowed Feb. 4 ; s. Offley
John 7395, d. Walton Rose 22nd 15142 by Walton Dainty 6753.

2410 II. (£5, & Special.4)— Leopold C. Paget. Harewood. Leeds, for Sarah of
Wharfedale, bora July 4, 1906, farrowed Jan. 5, bred by W. Bancroft. Mere Bank,
Weaverham ; s. Walton-Clumber 4th 9427, d. Mere Bank Sally 2nd by Good Boy.

2413 III. (£3.)— The Earl of Sefton, Croxteth Hall. Liverpool, for Tarbock Pattie
1st 19972, bora July 16, 1905. farrowed Feb. 3, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt.,
Walton Hall. Warrington ; t. Walton Rufus 8215, d. Walton Pattie 4th 16342 by
Hardwick Albert 7357.

2412 R. N. & H. C.— The Hon. D. P. Bouverie, for Colesbill Jewel 4th.

Class 292. — Middle White Sows, farrowed in 1907. [4 entries.]

2417 I. (£10 J— Charles Spencer, Holywell Manor, St. Ives, for Holywell Rosette, born
Jan. 4 ; s. Holywell Vulcan 10305, d. Holywell Rosadora 2nd 19886 by Castlecroft
Dictator 6111.

2416 II. (£5, & R. N. for Special.4)— Leopold C. Paget, Harewood, Leeds, for
Wharfedale Prudence 221481 bom Feb. 5 ; t. Offley Dandy 9417, d. Wharfedale Rosa-
mund 16392 by Holywell Viscount 8179.

2415 III. (£3.)— Leopold C. Paget, for Wharfedale Patience 22144, born Feb. 5 ;
s. Offley Dandy 9417, d. Wharfedale Rosamund 16392 by Holywell Viscount 8179.

2414 R. N. & H. C.— Leopold C. Paget, for Wharfedale Flower Girl.

Class 293. — Pens of Three Middle White Sows, farrowed in 1908.

[8 entries.]

2419 I. (£10.)— Leopold C. Paget, Harewood, Leeds, for pen. born Jan. 9 and 11 ;
ss. Offley Dandy 9417, Wharfedale Royal Dandy 10343, and Wharfedale Middleton
9469. ds. Wharfedale Frolic 17826 by Holywell Sherborne 8173, Wharfedale Barmaid
17810 by Holywell Sherborne 8173, and Madge of Wharfedale 19918 by Warren
Royalist 9461.

1 Prizes given by the National Pig Breeders’ Associatiou.

2 Champion Gold Medal, value £5 5*., given by the National Pig Breeders'
Association for the; best Boar or Sow in Classes 288-292.

3 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Boar in Classes 288-290.

4 Special Prize of £5 given by the Northumberland and Durham Agricultural
Societies, for Members of those Societies only, for the best Sow in Classes 291 and 292.

Award of Live Stock Pnzes at Newcastle , 190$.

cv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

2420 II. (£5.)— Leopold C. Paget, for pen, born Jan. 9 and 11 ; ss. Wharfedale Royal
Dandy 10343 and (Jffley Dandy 9417, ds. Wharfedale Barmaid 17810 by Holywell
Sherborne 8173 and Wharfedale Frolic 17826 by Holywell Sherborne 8173.

2421 III. (£3.)— THE HON. D. P. BODVERIE. Coleshill House, Highworth, for pen, born
Jan. 4 : s. Baron of Coleshill 10263, ds. Jewel 2nd 14980 by Coleshill Duke 8121 and
Coleshill Dora 2nd 19818 by Coleshill Dandy 8119.

2423 E. N. & H. C.— THE EARL OF SEFTON, Croxteth Hall, Liverpool.

Tamworth Breed.

Class 294. — Tamworth Boars , farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[2 entries.]

2427 I. (£10.)— E. J. Morant, Brockenhurst Park, Hants, for Dilton Puritan 11355, born
Jan. 2, 1906 ; s. Charlie 11339. d. Dilton Stumpy 22182 by Knowle Warrior 6813.

2426 II. (£5.)— Robert Ibbotson, The Hawthorns, Knowle, for Knowle Lycidas 10427,
born Sept. 3, 1905 ; s. Knowle Bounder 8945, d. Knowle Chestnut 5th 16502 by Knowle
Forester 5369.

Class 295. — Tamworth Boars, farrowed in 1907. 1 [7 entries.]

2430 I. (.£10, & E. N. for Champion.'2)— Robert Ibbotson. The Hawthorns, Knowle,
for Bishop of Knowle, born Jan. 12, bred by Mrs. E. Ibbof-on, Gun Hill, Arley ;
s. Scarlet Gem 9553, d. Gun Hill Gem 20126 by Whitaere Radium 8987.

2431 II. (£5.)— Robert Ibbotson, for Knowle Bed Gauntlet 11395, born Jan. 16 ;
s. Lydney Red Gauntlet 9517, d. Knowle Golden Dame 20150 by Knowle Bounder.

2433 III. (£3.)— H. C. Stephens, Cbolderton, Salisbury, for Choldei ton Hope 11341, born
June 24 ; s. Rolleston Victor 8375, d. Cholderton Favourite 5th 12062 by Knowle King
3rd 4945.

2434 E. N. & H. C.— Sir Peter C. Walker, Bt., for Bufus of Osmaston.

Class 296. — Tamworth Boars , farrowed' in 1908. [4 entries.]

2436 I. (£10.)— Robert Ibbotson. The Hawthorns, Knowle, for boar, born Jan. 12 ;
s. Bishop of Knowle 11337, d. Knowle Dewdrop 4th 22214 by Lydney Red
Gauntlet 9517.

2437 II. (£5.)— Robert ibbotson, for boar, born Jan. 24 ; s. Knowle King Solomon
3rd 11381, <i. Knowle Sylvia 20176 by Cicero 9475.

2435 III. (£3.)— Robert Ibbotson, for boar, born Jan. 6 ; s. Knowle Lycidas 10427,
d. Knowle Doris 17908 by Knowle Bounder 8945.

2438 E. N. & H. C. — E. J. Morant, Brockenhurst Park, Hants.

Class 297. — Tamworth Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[4 entries.]

2441 I. (£10.)— Robert Ibbotson, The Hawthorns, Knowle, for Knowle Sylvia 20176,
born July 11, 1906, farrowed Jan. 24 ; s. Cicero 9475, d. Knowle Beauty 2nd 17886 by
Rolleston Victor 8375.

2439 II. (£5.)— Egbert de Hamel, Middleton Hall, Tamworth, for Middleton Morgana
20250, born Jan. 1, 1906, farrowed Jan. 2 ; s. Middleton Majestic 8971, d. Middleton
Megallie 16576 by Middleton Mainspring 6825.

2440 III. (£3.)— Robert Ibbotson, for Knowle Chestnut 10th 20138, born March 2,
1906, farrowed Jan. 29 ; s. Knowle Druid 10395, d. Knowle Chestnut 5th 16502 by
Knowle Forester 5369.

Class 298. — Tamworth Sows, farrowed in 1907. [9 entries .]

2444 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— Robert Ibbotson, The Hawthorns, Knowle, for
Constance 22166, born Jan. 12, bred by Mrs. E. Ibbotson, Gun Hill, Arley ; s. Scarlet
Gem 9953, d. Gem of Gun Hill 20126 by Whitaere Radium 8987,

2451 II. (£5j— SIR PETER C. WALKER, Bt., Osmaston Manor, Derby, for Poppy of
Osmaston 22264, born Jan. 23, bred by J. Pearman, Kingsbury. Tamworth ; s. Scarlet
Gem 9553, d. Kingsbury Lassie 22200 by Whitaere Unionist 2nd 10513.

2450 III. (£3.)— Sir Peter C. Walker, Bt„ for Ivy of Osmaston 22198. born March 5,
bred by W. J. Piit, The Albynes, Bridgnorth ; s. Director of Whitaere 10381,
d. Albynes Crocus 22158 by Whitaere Premier 7517.

2447 E. N. & H. C.— SIR Oswald Mosley, Bt., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent, for
Crocus.

Class 299. — Pens of Three Tamworth Sows, farrowed in 1908. [8 entries.]

2453 I. (£10.)— Robert Ibbotson. The Hawthorns, Knowle. for pen, born Jan. 12 ;
s. Bisln p of Knowle 11337, a. Knowle Dewdrop 4th 22214 by Lydney Red Gauntlet.

2452 II. (£5.)— Robert Ibbotson, for pen, born Jan. 6; s. Knowle Lycidas 10427,
d. Knowde Doris 17908 by Knowle Bounder 8945.

1 Prizes given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association.

2 Champion Gold Medal, value £5 5s., given by the National Pig Breeders’
Association for the best Boar or Sow in Classes 294-298.

KK 2

CV1

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’ ]

Berkshire Breed.

Class 300. — Berkshire Boars, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906. [8 entries.]

2459 I. (£10.)— J. JEFFERSON. Peel Hall, Chester, for Peel Eclipse 12140, born Jan. 3, 1906 ;
s. Peel Leonard 10524, d. Peel Bose 3rd 10522 by Lord Burton 8840.

2456 II. (£5.)— Laurence Currie, Hinley Manor, Farnborougb, for Danesfield Eobert
11224. born Aug. 1, 1905, bred by E. W. Hudson, Danesfield, Marlow ; «. Baron
Kitchener 8403, d. Danesfield Sis 9425 by Manor Favourite 7831.

2457 III. (£3.)— E. W. Hudson, Danesfield, Marlow, for Okeford Emperor 10779, born
July 17. 1904, bred by the Hon. C. B. Portman, Child Okeford, Blandford ; s. Okeford
Book 10068, d. Manor Empress Queen 8660 by First Bank F. 7422.

2455 E. N. & H. C. — G. J. B. CHETWYND, Wyndthorpe, Doncaster, for Highmoor Santoi.

Class 301. — Berkshire Boars , farrowed in 1907. 1 [9 entries.]

2463 I. (£10, & E. N. for Champion. 2 )— G. J. B. Chetwynd, Wyndthorpe, Doncaster,
for Don Camphor 12387, born May 20, bred by B, B. Vincent, Compton Valence.
Dorchester; s. Highmoor Tory 11037, d. Compton Crocus 12271 by Supreme’s Boy.

2470 II. (£5.) — E. J. Morant, Brockenhurst Park, Hants, for Hayward Hero, bom June
17 ; s. Hayward Hightide 13188, d. Ethel 13185 by High Quality 8299.

2466 III. (£3.1— J. JEFFERSON, Peel Hall, Chester, for Peel Boy, born July 27 ; s. Peel
Eclipse 12140, d. Peel Joan 8751 by Baron Oxford 6th 7457.

2469 E. N. & H. C.— Earl Manvers, Thoresby Park, Ollerton, for Wyndthorpe
Canute.

Class 302. — Berkshire Boars, farrowed in 1908. [13 entries.]

2471 I. (£10.)— Lord Calthorpe, Elvetham Park, Winchfleld, for boar, bom Jan, 1 ; s.
Wyndthorpe Cherub 11645, d. Compton Bloom 12267 by Supreme's Boy 9743.

2473 II. (£5.)— G. J. B. Chetwynd, Wyndthorpe, Doncaster, for Wyndthorpe Carpenter
13357, born Jan. 18; s. Don Confidence 10987, d. Danesfield May Queen 10359 by
Danesfield Don 9452.

2479 III. (£3.)— The Exors. of the late Col. H. McCalmont, Cheveley Park,
Newmarket, for Links Lackey, bora Jan. 2 ; s. Velmore Topper 10456, d. Links Face
10983 by Manor Very Choice 7634.

2474 E. N. & H. C.— G. J. B. Chetwynd, for Wyndthorpe Carter.

Class 303. — Berkshire Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[12 entries.]

2491 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— J. JEFFERSON, Peel Hall, Chester, for Peel Edie 12598, bom
July 21, 1906, farrowed March 1 ; s. Lyneham Lad 9506, d. Peel Edith 9795 by Peel
Arthur 8751.

2487 II. (£5.)— Joseph Horton, Fern Hill, ’Moseley, Birmingham, for Moseley Princess,
bom April 18, 1906, farrowed Jan. 24, bred by W. A. Barnes. Shirley. Birmingham ;
s. Wig Nag Augustus 9917, d. Bubicels Queen 13th 10586 by Lisle Grand Duke 8446.

2493 III. (£3.) — E. J. Morant, Brockenhurst Park, Hants, for Hayward Beauty 2nd 13195,
born Jan. 27, 1905, farrow'ed Jan. 26 ; s. Marlborough 2nd 10581, d. Hayward Beauty
13194 by Manor Palladur 9247.

2485 E. N. & H. C.— Lord Calthorpe, for Elvetham Fancy.

Class 304. — Berkshire Sows, farrowed in 1907. [12 entries.]

2502 I. (£10.)— J. Jefferson, Peel Hall, Chester, for Peel Coquette 13341, born Feb. 18.
bred by the Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury ; s. Sailor Prince 11936
d. Highclere Coquette 11928 by Harold H. 10238.

2505 II. (£5.i— Hugh Peacock, Greatford Hall. Stamford, for Polegate Dorrithborn
Jan. 4, bred by the Duchess of Devonshire, Compton Place, Eastbourne ; s. Harold
H. 10238, d. Polegate Dorothy 10390 by Baron Kitchener 8403.

2499 III. (£3.) — E. W. HUDSON, Danesfield. Marlow, for Gem 12730, bom Jan. 18,
bred by G. T. Inman. Highmoor Hall, Henley-on-Thames ; s. Highmoor Shogun
11806, d. Highmoor Gem 10427 by Barsac 7645.

2496 E. N. & H. C.— Lord Calthorpe, for Earlsfield Belle 23rd.

Class 305. — Pens of Three Berkshire Sotvs, farrowed in 1908. [7 entries.]

2514 I. (£10.)— C. F. BAPHAEL, Porter’s Park. Shenley, Barnet, for pen, bom Jan. 2; s.
Porter’s Chief 12061, ds. Porter’s Princess by Broughton Herald 10121 and Porter’s
Queen by First Bank F. 7422.

2510 II. (£5.)— Laurence Currie, Minley Manor. Farnborough, for pen, born June 3 ;
s. Whitley Doge, d. Stoke Dolly 11238 by Stoke Julius 7668.

2509 III. (£3.)— G. J. B. CHETWYND, Wyndthorpe, Doncaster, for pen, born Jan. 18 ; s.
Don Confidence 10987, d. Danesfield May Queen 10359 by Danesfield Don 9432.

2511 E. N. & H. C. — B. W. Hudson. Danesfield, Marlow.

1 Prizes given by the British Berkshire Society.

2 Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the British Berkshire Society for the best Boar

or Sow in Classes 300-304.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. cvij

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Large Black Breed.

Class 306. — Large Black Boars , farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[6 entries.]

2518 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— C. F. Marriner, Thorpe Hall, Hasketon, Woodbridge
for Hasketon Black King 4th 1129. born Feb. 12, 1904 ; s. Black King 545, d. Long
Lady lc08 by Launceston Duke 395.

2520 II. (£5.) — John Warne, Treveglos, St. Mabyn, for Treveglos Pride 2221, bom
Aug. 24. 1906, bred by H. J. Kingwell, Great Aish, South Brent ; s. Coombe Happy
Boy 1813, d. Brent Sunflower 5004 by Treseowe Pride 875.

2515 III. (£3.)— Terah F. HoOI.ey, Papworth-Everard. Cambridge, for Stroud
Masterpiece 1373, born March 27, 1905. bred by W. Townsend, The Manse, Stroud ;
s. Borstal Masterpiece 841, d. Stroud Marvel 3304 by Goldfinder 449.

2516 R. N. & H. C.— H. J. Kingwell, Great Aish, South Brent, for Brent Happy Boy.

Class 307. — Large Black Boars, farrowed in 1907. 2 [9 entries.]

2527 I. (£10. & R. N. for Champion.1)— Thomas WARNE, Trevisquite Manor. St. Mabyn,
for Trevisquite Royal 24o5, born May 3, bred by F. A. Johns, Cleave. Lifton, Devon ;
s. Cornwood Duke 1871, d. Cleave Countess 5140 by Trevisquite Confidence 1203.

2522 II. (£5.) — J. H. Glover. The Inn, Cornwood, for Goodameavy Monarch 2329. born
March 3. bred by J. Oscar Muntz. Goodameavy, Yelverton ; s. Goodameavy
Triumph 1717. d. Lady Godiva 48i'2 by Treseowe Pride 875.

2523 III. (jC3.> — THOMAS Goodchild, Great Yeldbam Hall. Castle Hedingham, for
Tarcowe Prince 2345, born March 16 ; s. Treseowe Prince 657, d. Tartar Princess 12th
2656 by Black Akenham 309.

2525 R. N. & H. C.— C. F. Marriner, for Hasketon Lux 14th.

Class 308. — Large Black Boars, farrowed in 1908. [22 entries.]

2542 I. (£10.)— C. F. MARRINER, Thorpe Hall, Hasketon. Woodbridge, for boar, born
Jan. 8 ; s. Hasketon Black King 4th 1129, d. Frith Manor Polly 1st 4428 by Black
King Coffee 1167.

2546 II. (£5.)— Thomas Warne, Trevisquite Manor, St. Mabyn. for boar, born Jan. 15,
bred by F. A. Johns, Cleave, Lifton, Devon ; s. Cleave Rentpayer 2163, d. Cleave
Alpha 5138 by Trevisquite Confidence 1203.

2549 III. (£3.) — W. & H. WHITLEY, Primley Farm, Paignton, for boar, born Jan. 8 ;
s. Whalesborough Chief 717, d. Brent Sapphire 6694 by Cornwood King 1467.

2551 IV. (£2.)— William Wills. Old Court, Tortworth, Falfleld. for Tortworth
Marquis 2nd, born Jan. 4 ; s. The Prior 1427, d. Marchioness 1st 5054 by Cornwood
Marquis 633.

2533 R. N. & H. C.— J. H. Glover, The Inn, Cornwood, for Cornwood Commander.

Class 309. — Large Black Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[7 entries.]

2555 I. (£10, & Champion.3) — H. J. Kingwell. Great Aish, South Brent, for Brent
Dame 5838. born Jan. 26, 1906, farrowed Jan. 27 ; s. Treseowe Pride 875, d. Cornwood
Lass 11th 3710 by Cornwood Marquis 633.

2556 II. (£5, & R. N. for Champion.3)— C. F. Marriner, Thorpe Hall, Hasketon,
Woodbridge, for Hasketon Long Bess 5th 5686, born July 25, 1905, farrowed Jan. 31 ;
s. Royal Bodmin 455, d. Hasketon Long Bess 4th 4156 by Black King 546.

2557 III. (£3.)— John WARNE. Treveglos. St. Mabyn. for Treveglos Floradora 6980,
born Nov. 1, 1906, farrowed Feb. 6, bred by J. C. Olver, Woodland, Ladock ; s. King
of the Valley 1869, d. Beauty of the Valley 2nd 6072 by Havett Lad 885.

2552 R. N. & H. C.— Thomas Goodchild, for Tartar Princess 32nd.

Class 310. — Large Black Sows, farrowed i/i 1907. [12 entries.]

2560 I. (£10.)— H. J. KINGWELL, Great Aish, South Brent, for Brent Secret 3rd 7036,
born April 28 ; s. Stroud Masterpiece 1373. d. Brent Secret 5378 by Treseowe
Pride 875.

2563 II. (£5.)— C. F. Marriner, Thorpe Hall, Hasketon, Woodbridge, for Hasketon
Long Lady 3rd 7270, born Jan. 7 ; s. Lux Rex 1189, d. Long Lady 1808 by Launceston
Duke 395.

2564 III. (£3.)— C. F. Marriner, for Hasketon Long Lady 4th 7272, born Jan, 7 ; s. Lux
Rex 1189, d. Long Lady 1808 by Launceston Duke 395.

2568 R. N. & H. C. — W. J. WARREN, Mill House, Ash Priors, Taunton, for Ash Prior
Lady.

1 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Large Black Pig Society for the best Boar in
Classes 306-308.

2 Prizes given by the Large Black Pig Society.

3 Silver Challenge Cup, value Twenty Guineas, given by the Large Black Pig Society
for the best Sow in Classes 309 and 310, the Cup to become the absolute property of an
Exhibitor winning it twice in succession or three time* in all.

cviii Award of Lire Stock Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor."]

Class 311. — Pens of Three Large Black Sows, farrowed in 1908. [8 entries.]

2574 I. (.£10.)— C. F. Marriner, Thorpe Hall, Hasketon, Woodbridge. for pen, born
Jan. 8 ; s. Hasketon Black King 4th 1129, d. Frith Manor Polly lst4428 by Black King
Coffee 11C7.

2572 II. (£-5.) — Thomas Goodchild. Great Yeldham Hall Castle Hedingham, for pen
born Jan. 4 and 6; ss. Tort worth Prince 2083 and Trestar Prince 2347, ds. Tartar
Princess 39th 7130 by Charco 1833 and Tartar Princess 36th 5978 by Trescowe
Prince 657.

2577 III. (£3.) — W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for pen, born Jan. 7;
s. Wbalesborough Chief 717, d. Brent Pretty Polly 5680 by Trescowe Pride 875.

2573 R. N. & H. C. — William Knight, Wintringham Hall. St. Neots, for Wintringham
Rubio, Wintringham Violetta, and Wintringham Virette.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated Breed.

Class 312. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boars, farrowed in 1904, 1905, or 1906.

[5 entries.]

2583 I. (£10, & Champion. 1 * )— T. Ward & Son, Carrington Grange, Boston, for
Leadenhall Baldwin 497, born April 15, 1906, bred by W. H. Ward, Carrington House,
Boston ; s. Carrington Taylor 389. d. Carrington Maud 84 by Carrington Samson 27.

2581 II. (£5.)— George FREIR, Tolethorpe House, Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding, for
Milestone Bob 527, born March 20, 1906, bred by Henry Caudwell. Midville, Boston ;
s. Midville Bob 223, d. Midville Beauty 594 by Midville Casswell 221.

2582 III. (£3.) — Benjamin Rowland, Ivy House, Wainfleet. for boar, born April, 1906,
bred by Henry Caudwell, Midville, Boston ; s. Midville Bob 223, d. Midville Barmaid
2nd by Midville Casswell 221.

2580 R. N. & H. C— Henry Caudwell, Midville, Boston, Lines.

Class 313. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boars, farrowed in 1907. 1 [3 entries.]

2586 I. (£10 •)— George Godson, Asgarby, Heckington, for Heckington Great Gun 17L
born in Jan., bred by R. A. Greetham, Swineshead Bridge, Boston ; s. Midville Bob
223, d. Swineshead Bridge Bridget 782 by Swineshead Bridge Sam 305.

2585 II. (£5.)— W. M. Kpton, Croft. Wainfleet, for Havenhouse Top Score 465, born Feb.
9, bred by H. Scorer, East Kirkby, Spilsby ; s. Midville County Councillor 519, d. East
Kirkby Alexander 236 by Stickney Alec 291.

2584 III. (£3.)— Henry Caudwell, Midville, Boston, for boar, born March 14; ».
Midville Bob 223, d. Midville Bess 1st 590 by Midville Wright 219.

Class 314. — Lincolnshire Cvrly-coated Boars, farrowed in 1908. [12 entries.]

2598 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.1)— T. WARD & SON, Carrington Grange, Boston,
for boar, born Jan. 18 ; s. Leadenhall Baldwin 497, d Leadenhall Alice 518 by
Leadenhall Toby 193.

2589 II. (£5.)— S. E. Dean & Sons, Dowsby Hall. Bourne, for boar, born in March; s.
Thornton James, d. Dowsby Rose 3rd 1312 by Dowsby Lincoln 1st 79.

2596 III. (£3.) — H. G. THORPE, Hemswell Grange, Lincoln, for boar, born Jan. 26 ; s.
Gainsborough’s Masterpiece 449, d. Ruston's Choice 724 by Hemswell King 151.

2595 R. N. & H. C.-J. H. SMITH, Firsby, Spilsby.

Class 315. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Breeding Sows , farrowed in 1904, 1905,
or 1906. [8 entries.]

2603 I. (£10, & Champion. 3 *)— George Freir. Tolethorpe House, Deeping St. Nicholas,
Spalding, for Deeping Pride 2nd 158, born Jan. 5, 1906, farrowed Jan. 25 ; s. Crowland
Tom 39, d. Deeping Princess 148 by Deeping Hum 47.

2600 II. (£5, & R. N. for Champion.8)- HENRY Caudwell, Midville, Boston, for
Midville Beauty 3rd 598, born in March, 1905, farrowed Jan. 22 ; s. Midville
Casswell 221, d. Midville Bess 1st 590 by Midville Wright 219.

2605 III. <£3.)— T. Ward & SON, Carrington Grange, Boston, for Leadenhall Alice 518
born March 20, 1 1905, farrowed Jan. 18 ; «. Leadenhall Toby 193.

2599 R. N. & H. C.— William bray, East Keal, Spilsby, for Keal Surprise.

Class 316. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Sows, farrowed in 1907.

[7 entries.]

2009 I. (£10.)— Henry Caudwell, Midville, Boston, for Midville Queen 1st, born Jan.
9 : s. Midville Bob 223, d. Midville Beauty 3rd 598 by Midville Casswell 221.

2612 II. (£5.)— H. S. Scorer, East Kirkby House, Spilsby, for East Kirkby Duchess
1344, born Feb. 9 ; s. Midville County Councillor 519, d. East Kirkby Bay 240 by East
Kirkby Foundation 83.

1 Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders’

Association for the best Boar in Classes 312-314.

1 Prizes given by the Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig Breeders’ Association.

3 Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders’

Association for the best Sow' in Classes 315 and 316.

Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

cix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

2610 III. GC3.)— George Freir, Tolethorpe House. Deeping St. Nicholas, Scalding, for
Deeping Pride 3rd 1272, born Jan. 1 ; s. Crowland Chief 399, d. Deeping Pride 156 by
Crowland Tom 39.

2613 E. N. Si H. C. — T. WARD & SON, Carrington Grange, Boston.

Class 317. — Pens of Three Lincolnshire Cnrly-coated Sows, farrowed in
1908. [6 entries.]

2619 I. 6C10.) — J. H. Smith, Firsby, Spilsby, for pen, born Jan. 26 ; s. Havenhouse Top
Score 465, d. Firsby Amazon 288 by Steeping Knight 287.

2615 II. (jC5.)— HENRY CAUDWELL. Midville. Boston, for pen, born Jan. 22 ; s. Hidville
Keal 523. d. Midville Beauty 3rd 598 by Midville Casswell 221.

2618 III. (£3.)—C. E. Harris & SONS, Great Hale Fen, Heckington, for pen, born
Jan. 3 ; s. Hale Bob 457, d. Hale Alice 336 by Hale Swell 123.

2616 E. N. & H. C. — S. E. DEAN & SONS, Dowsby Hall, Bourne.

POULTRY.

By "Cock,” “Hen,” “Drake,” “Duck,” “Gander,” and “Goose," are meant birds hatched
previous to January 1. 1908; and by “Cockerel,” “Pullet,” “Young Drake,” and
“Duckling," are meant birds hatched in 1908, previous to June 1.

Game.

Class 318. — Old English Game Cochs. [25 entries, 2 absent.]

2634 I. (20s )— John Jeffray, North Sunderland, Chathill.

2633 II. (10s.)— Howard & WAKEFIELD, Hetton Lane, Hetton-le-Hole.

2621 III. (5s.)— Armstrong & Paull, 37 West View, Medomsley.

2820 E. N. & H. C.— Dr. P. L. Armstrong, Northwich.

Class 319. — Old English Game Hens. [17 entries, 1 absent.]

2661 I. (20s.)— Mrs. John C. Straker, The Leazes. Hexham.

2646 II. (10s.)— MISS R. B. Babcock, Riminaton, Clitheroe.

2653 III. (5s.)— Howard & Wakefield, Hetton Lane, Hetton-le-Hole.

2659 E. N. Si H. 0.— Steele & smith, Old Vicarage, Haltwhistle.

Class 320. — Old English Gavie Cockerels. [5 entries, none absent.]

2662 I. (20s.)— DR. P. L. ARMSTRONG, Northwich.

2663 II. (10s.) — MISS R. B. BABCOCK, Rimington, Clitheroe.

2664 III. (5s.)— John OLIVER, Shreepwood Farm, Haydon Bridge.

Class 321. — Old English Game Pullets. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

2669 I. (20s.) — DR. P. L. ARMSTRONG, Northwich.

2675 II. (10s.)— JOHN OLIVER, Shreepwood Farm, Haydon Bridge.

2670 III. (5s.)— Miss R. B. Babcock, Rimington, Clitheroe.

2672 R. N. & H. C.— ISAAC Nicholson, Langley Castle Farm, Langley-on-Tyne.

Class 322. — Indian Game Cocks. [10 entries, 2 absent.]

2683 I. (20s. Special1, & E. N. for Medal* 3), and 2684 II. (10s.)— Firth Bros., Wharton
.Farm. Acton Vale, W.

2678 III. (5s.) — William BRENT, Clampit Farm, Callington.

2681 E. N. & H. C.— H. M. DE Trafford, Clifton Hall, Tamworth.

Class 323. — Indian Game Hens. [11 entries, none absent.]

2693 I. ( 20a.. & E. N. for Special1), and 2694 III. (5s.)— Firth Bros., Wharton Farm
Acton Vale, W.

2690 II. (10s.) — W. T. CLIFFE, Allerton House, Castleford, Yorks.

Class 324. — Indian Game Cockerels. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

2702 I. (20s.)— FIRTH Bros., Wharton Farm, Acton Vale, W.

2705 II. (10s.)— Henry RnSTON, Vine House, Chatteris.

2701 III. (5s.)— George Faulkner, Rowton, Chester.

2706 E. N. & H. C.— J. Y. Wheatley, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

Class 325. — Indian Game Pullets. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

2711 I. (20s.)— George Faulkner, Rowton, Chester.

2712 R. N. Si H. C.— Firth Bros., Wharton Farm, Acton Vale, W.

1 Special Prize of 20s. given for the best. Bird in Classes 318-327.

3 Silver Medal given by the Poultry Club, for Members of that Club only, for the
best Male Bird in the Show.

cx

Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

Class 326. — Blaclt Sumatra Game Cocks or Cockerels.
t [No entry.]

Class 327. — Black Sumatra Game Hens or Pullets. [1 entry.]

2714 III. (5s.)— Miss C. Rilot, South Luffenham, Stamford.

Lang-shans.

Class 328. — Langshan Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, none absent.]

2720 I. (20s.)— Harry Wallis, Northend, Warley. Brentwood.

2715 II. (10s.) — MISS R. B. Babcock. Rimington, Clitheroe.

2718 III. (5s.)— Joseph Pickerill, Broomhall School, Nantwich.

2717 R. N. & H. C. — William a. Jukes, Ballymena, St. Mary Cray.

Class 329. — Langshan Hens or Pullets. [11 entries, none absent.]

2730 I. (20s.) — Harry Wallis, Northend. Warley, Brentwood.

2725 II. (10s.) — JOHN Horn, Fairmead, High Beech, Essex.

2722 III. (5s.)— R. Callender, 7 Barmoor Terrace, Ryton-on-Tyne.

2726 E. N. & H. C. — T. A. HUBAND, Langley Park, Newbury.

Plymouth Rocks.

Class 330. — Plymouth Rock Barred Cocks. [10 entries, none absent.]

2740 I. (20s.), & 2739 II. (10s.)— Edward Shaw, Leylands, South Road, Morecamhe.

2736 III. (5s.) — E. S. Jackson, M.D., Carnforth.

2737 R. N. & H. C. — G. A. Jackson, Buckstone House, Carnforth.

Class 331.— Plymouth Rock Barred Hens. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

2747 I. (20s.), 2748 II. 10s.) & 2749 III. (5s.)— Edward SHAW, South Road, Morecamhe.
2742 R. N. & H. C.— James Bateman, Milnthorpe.

Class 332. — Plymouth Rock Barred Cockerels. [13 entries, 3 absent.]

2750 I. (20s.)— J. W. Airey, Oak Cottage, Bayhorse, Lancaster.

2752 II. (10s.)— ROBERT Carter. Fisher’s Row, Pilling, Garstang.

2758 III. (5s.) — Edward Shaw, Leylands, South Road, Morecamhe.

2755 R. N. & H. C.— E. S. Jackson, M.D., Carnforth.

Class 333. — Plymouth Rock Barred Pullets. [12 entries, 1 absent.]

2766 I. (20.) — J. W. Hall, The Flatts House, Thirsk.

2771 II. (10s.)— Edward Shaw, Levlands, South Road, Morecamhe.

2772 III. (5s.)- William Slater, Highfleld, Lancaster.

2774 R. N. & H. C. — John Taylor, Heaton, Lancaster.

Class 334. — Plymouth Rock Cocks or Cockerels , any other variety.

[11 entries, 1 absent.]

2776 I. (20s, & Special.1)— J. Marsden CHANDLER, Knifesmith Gate, Chesterfield
2778 II. (10s.)— GEORGE E. Gush, Thackham, Winchfleld.

2785 III. (5s.)— JOHN Taylor. Heaton, Lancaster.

2784 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. John C. Straker, The Leazes, Hexham.

Class 335. — Plymouth Rock Hens or Pullets , any other variety.

[10 entries, none absent.]

2786 I. (20s.)— James Bateman, Milnthorpe. (Buff.)

2791 II. (10s.)— Salvation army Colony Poultry Farm, Hadleigh, Essex. (White.)

2792 III. (5s).— EDWARD SHAW, Leylands, South Road, Morecamhe. (White.)

2787 R. N. & H. C.— George E. Gush, Thackham, Winchfleld.

Wyandottes.

Class 336. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Cocks. [5 entries, none absent.]

2796 I. (20s.)— O. F. BATES, Harlow Court, Harrogate.

2798 II. (10s.)— ART. C. Gilbert, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington, Kent. (Gold.)

2800 III. (5s.)— Henry Pickles, Kayfleld House, Earby, Colne. (Silver.)

2797 R. N. & H C.— Joseph BRIGGS, Browney, Durham.

Class 337. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Hens. [7 entries, 3 absent.]
2807 I. (20s.)— HENRY Pickles, Kayfleld House, Earby, Colne. (Silver.)

2802 II. (10s.)— O. F. BATES. Harlow Court. Harrogate.

2804 III. (5s.)— Tom H. Furness. Carlton House, Chesterfield.

2801 R. N. & H. C.— Fred ARGO, 24 Beverley Road. Inverurie, Aberdeen. (Silver.)

i Special Prize of 20s. given for the best Bird in Classes 328-376,

Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. cxi

Class 338. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Cockerels. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

2808 I. (20s.) — O. F. BATES, Harlow Court, Harrogate.

2812 II. (10s.)— J. M. PHILIPSOX, Chesterfield, Haydon Bridge. (Silver.)

2813 III. (5s. )— HENRY Pickles, Kay field House. Earby, Colne. (Silver.)

2809 E. N. & H. C.— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

Class 339. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Pullets. [17 entries, 1 absent.]

2814 I. (20s.)— FRED Argo, 24 Beverley Road, Inverurie, Aberdeen. (Silver.)

2821 II. (10s.)— TOM H. FURNESS, Carlton House, Chesterfield

2829 III. (5s.)— JOHN PROCTER, Goosnargh Mill, Preston. (Gold.)

2830 E. N. & H. C. — JOHN Salt, Woodend, Heanor, Notts. (Silver.)

Class 340. — White Wyandotte Cocks. [9 entries, 3 absent.]

2832 I. (20s,)— C. N. GOODE, Peckfleld Lodge, South Milford.

2839 II. (10s.)— ROBERT STEPHENSON. Manor House, Burwell, Cambs.

2831 III. (5s.)— ART. C. GILBERT, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington, Kent.

2836 B. N. & H. C.— JOHN ROBINSON, Thorn Lea, Healds Green, Roy ton, Oldham.

Class 341. — White Wyandotte Hens. [7 entries, none absent.]

2841 I. (20s.)— C. N. GOODE, Peckfleld Lodge, South Milford.

2840 II. (10s.)— C. CLARK, Holly Bank, Heathfleld.

2843 III. (5s.)— THE REV. J. W. A. MACKENZIE, Whitwick Vicarage, Leicester.

2844 E. N. & H. C.— C. G. MANNERS-SUTTON, Larkin Hall, Rochester.

Class 342. — White Wyandotte Cockerels. [10 entries, none absent.]

2850 I. (20s ), & 2851 II. (10s.)— C. N. GOODE, Peckfleld Lodge, South Milford.

2853 III. (5s.)— W. Heyden, Wyandotte Farm, Redruth.

2854 E. N. & H. C.— SALVATION ARMY COLONY POULTRY FARM, Hadleigb, Essex.

Class 343. — White Wyandotte Pullets. [11 entries, 2 absent.]

2859 I. (20s.), & 2860 R. N. & H. C.— C. N. GOODE, Peckfleld Lodge, South Milford.

2862 II. (10s.), &2863 III. (5s.) — W. HEYDEN, Wyandotte Farm, Redruth.

Class 344. — Partridge Wyandotte Cocks. [11 entries, 1 absent.]

2875 I. (20s.)— JOHN WHARTON. Honeycott Farm, Hawes. Yorks.

2868 II. (10s.)— Misses ASHMALL & COOPER. Shenstone Courr, Lichfield.

2871 III. (5s.)— R. H. LlNGWOOb, Riverside Poultry Yards, Needham Market.

2874 E. N. & H. C. — RICHARD Watson, Thorn Garth, Thackley, Bradford.

Class 345. — Partridge Wyandotte liens. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

2883 I. (20s.), & 2885 R. N. & H. C. — Richard WATSON, Thorn Garth, Thackley.
2888 II. (10s.), & 2887 III. (5s.)— HUBERT Wright, Mayfield, Keighley.

Class 346. — Partridge Wyandotte Cockerels. [9 entries, 2 absent.]

2896 I. (20s.)— Hubert Wright, Mayfield, Keighley.

2893 il. (10s.), & 2894 III. (5s.)— JOHN Wharton, Honeycott Farm, Hawes, Yorks.

2891 E. N. & H. C.— R. H. LINGWOOD, Riverside Poultry Yards, Needham Market.

Class 347. — Partridge Wyandotte Pullets. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

2903 I. (20s.), 2904 II. (10s.), & 2905 III. (5s.)— JOHN WHARTON, Honeycott Farm, Hawes.
2907 E. N. & H. C.— Hubert Wright, Mayfield, Keighley.

Class 348. — Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels , any other variety.

[14 entries, 1 absent.]

2909 I. (20s.)— RICHARD Cape, The Blands, Wennington, Lancaster. (Silver pencilled.)

2914 II. (10s.)— The REV. J. W. A. Mackenzie, Whitwick Vicarage. Leicester. (Black.)
2920 III. (5s.)— Mrs. John C. Straker, The Leazes, Hexham. (Buff laced.)

2915 E. N. & H. C.— The Rev. J. w. a. Mackenzie. (Columbian.)

Class 349. — Wyandotte Hens or Pullets , any other variety.

[11 entries, none absent.]

2930 I. (20s.) — EDWARD Shaw, Leylands, South Road, Morecambe. (Black.)

2929 II. (lOs.) — HERBERT Robins, Green Street Green, Dartford. (Columbian.)

2925 III. (5s.)— Richard CAPE, The Blands, Wennington, Lancaster. (Black.)

2931 E. N. & H. C.— JOHN WHARTON, Honeycott Farm, Hawes. (Silver Pencilled.)

Orpingtons.

Class 350. — Buff Orpington Cocks. [21 entries, 3 absent.]

2933 I. (20s.) Frank Bloomer, Foxcote, Stourbridge.

2942 II. (lOs.)— ART. C. GILBERT, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington.

2946 III. (5s.)— M. & W.MULCASTER. Wliinbloom, Seaton, Workington.

2939 E. N. & H. C.— W. H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul’s Cray.

CX11

Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

Class 351. — Buff Orpington Hens. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

2958 I. (20s.)— The Rev. J. B. Nodder, Ashover Rectory, Chestertleld.

2954 II. (10s.) —Frank Bloomer. Foxcote, Stourbridge.

2955 III. (5s.)— Richard Cape, The Blands, Wennington, Lancaster.

Class 352. — Buff Orpington Cockerels. [17 entries, 5 absent.]

2961 I. (20s.)— Richard Cape, The Blands, Wennington, Lancaster.

2968 II. (lOs.)— ART. C. GILBERT, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington, Kent.

2963 III. (5s.)— MISS S. DE M. CAREY, Toynton, Spilsby.

2976 R. N. & H. C.— James Turner, Bentham Poultry Farm, Bentbam.

Class 353. — Buff Orpington Pullets. [16 entries, 1 absent.]

2992 I. (20s.), 2991 II. (10s.), & 2990 R. N. & H. C.— JAMES TURNER, Bentham Poultry
Farm, Bentham, Lancs.

2982 III. (5s.)— Greatorex & CHAWNER, 125 Low Road, Clowne, Chesterfield.

Class 354. — White Orpington Cocks. [9 entries, 2 absent.]

2994 I. (20s., R. N. for Special,' & Ring.')— W. M. Bell, St. Leonard’s Poultry Farm

Ringwood.

2996 II. (10s., & R. N. for Ring.-)— ART. C. Gilbert, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington
3001 III. (5s.)— E. W. REYNOLDS, Massey Hall, Thelwall, Warrington.

2998 R. N. & H. C.— The Rev. J. B. NODDER, Ashover Rectory, Chesterfield.

Class 355. — White Orpington Hens. [8 entries, none absent.]

3003 I. (20s„ Medal,3 & R. N. for Champion.-* *) — W. M. Bell, St. Leonard’s Poultry

Farm, Ringwood.

3004 II. (10s.)— W. H. COOK, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul’s Cray.

3006 III. (5s.) — MRS. H. V. Heber-Percy, Leasingham Rectory, Sleaford.

3008 R. N. & H. C.— The REV. J. B. NODDER, Ashover Rectory, Chesterfield.

Class 356. — White Orpington Cockerels. [8 entries, none absent.]

3016 I. (20s.), & 3015 III. (5s.)— The Rev. J. B. NODDER, Ashover Rectory, Chesterfield.
3012 II. (10s.) -Miss S. a. Cheetham, The Hawthorns, Brighouse.

3017 R. N. & H. C. — E. W. Reynolds, Massey Hall, Thelwall, Warrington.

Class 357. — White Orpington Pullets. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

3019 I. (20s.)— W. M. Bell, St. Leonard’s Poultry Farm, Ringwood.

3025 II. (10s.) — THE REV. J. B Nodder, Ashover Rectory, Chesterfield.

3023 III. (5s.) — W. H. COOK, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.

3022 R. N. & H. C.— Miss S. A. Cheetham, The Hawthorns, Brighouse.

Class 358. — Black Orpington Cocks. [14 entries, 1 absent.]

3033 I. (20s ), & 3035 II. (10s.)— Art. C. Gilbert, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington.
3029 III. (5s.)— O. F. Bates, Harlow Court, Harrogate.

3041 R. N. & H. C.— Lady Alice Stanley, Cowarth Park, Sunningdale.

Class 359. — Black Orpington Hens. [9 entries, none absent.]
3045 I. (20s.)— Frank Bloomer, Foxcote, Stourbridge.

3047 II. (10*.)— ART. C. GILBERT, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington,

3043 III. (5s.)— O.F. BATES, Harlow Court, Harrogate.

3051 R. N. & H. C.— T. B. Tyson, 18 Inkerman Terrace, Whitehaven.

Class 360. — Black Orpington Cockerels. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

3061 I. (20s )— T. B. Tyson, 18 Inkerman Terrace, Whitehaven.

3054 II. (10s.)— W. H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul’s Cray.

3057 III. (5s.)— Henry RUSTON, Vine House, Chatteris.

3055 R. N. & H. C.— LAURENCE CURRIE, Minley Manor, Farnborough.

Class 361. — Black Orpington Pullets. [10 entries, none absent.]
3069 I. (20s )— LADY ALICE STANLEY, Cowarth Park, Sunningdale.

3068 II. (10s.)— HENRY Rus’l’ON, Vine House, Chatteris.

3064 III. (5s.) W. H. COOK, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul’s Cray.

3066 R. N. & H. C.— art. C. Gilbert, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington.

' Special Prize of 20s. given for the best Bird in Classes 328-376.

•2 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Variety Orpington Club for the best White

Orpington in Classes 354-357. . „

■i silver Medal given by the Poultry Club, for Members of that Club only, for the best
Female Bird in the Show.

* Challenge Cup, value £10 10s., given bv the Poultry Club, for Members of that Club
only, for the best Bird in the Show ; the Cup to become the absolute property of an
Exhibitor winning it three times.

Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908. cxiii

Class 362. — Jubilee Orpington Cocks or Cockerels. [4 entries.]

3072 I. (20s., Champion,1 & Ring;-).— W. H. COOK, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.

3073 II. (10s.), 3076 III. (5s.), & 3074 E. N. & H. C.-ART. C. Gilbert, Swanley Poultry
Farm, Wilmington.

Class 363. — Jubilee Orpington Hens or Pullets. [9 entries, none absent.]

3076 I. <20s„ R. N. for Champion,1 & R. N. for Ring.2)— W. H. COOK, Model Poultry
Farm, St. Paul s Cray.

3078 II. (10s.), & 3080 R. N. & H. C.— Art. C. GILBERT, Swanley Poultry Farm,
Wilmington.

3077 III. (5s.)— LAURENCE CURRIE, Minley Manor, Farnborough.

Class 364. — Spangled Or/nngton Cocks or Cockerels. [7 entries, none absent.]

3088 I. (20s., & R. N. for Ring 3), & 3089 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN HORN, Fairmead, High
.Beach. Essex.

3086 II. (10s.), & 3087 III. (5s.)— ART. C. Gilbert, Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington.
Class 365. — Spangled Orpington Hens or Pullets. [6 entries, none absent.]

3093 I. (20s., & Ring3), & 3092 II. (10s.)— ART. C. GILBERT, Swanley Poultry Farm,
Wilmington.

3097 III. (5s.)— Ernest Wilkins, Cold Norton Farm, Kidmore End, Reading.

3096 R. N. & H. C.— JOSEPH Pettipher, Woodway House, Banbury.

Minorcas.

Class 366. — -Minorca Cocks. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

3105 I. (20?.)— A. G. Pitts. Highbridge, Somerset.

3101 II. (10s.)— ROBERT Mitchell, Fowler Farm, Mauchline, N.B.

3104 III. (5s.)— Henry Pinchbeck, The Elms, Burton-on-Trent,

3099 R. N. & H. C. — M. HINSON, Fairfield, Stockton-on-Tees.

Class 367. — Minorca Hens. [6 entries, none absent.]

3111 I. (20?.)— A. G. Pitts, Highbridge, Somerset.

3109 II. (10?.), & 3110 III. (5s.)— M. Hinson, Fairfield, Stockton-on-Tees.

3106 R. N. & H. C. — B. W. BONAS, Measham, Atherstone.

Class 368. — Minorca Cockerels. [3 entries.]

3113 I. (20?.). & 3112 II. (10?.)— Tennyson Fawkes, Royal Stock Farm, Leonard
Stanley, Stonehouse.

3114 III. (5s.)— A. G. PITTS, Highbridge, Somerset.

Class 369. — Minorca Pullets. [5 entries, none absent.]

3116 I. (20s.), & 3117 II. (10s.)— Tennyson FAWKES, Royal Stock Farm, Leonard
Stanley, Stonehouse.

3118 III. (5s.)— G. T. Kenworthy, Broadgate House, Ilorsforth, Leeds.

3119 R. N. & H. C. — G. L. WARD, Woodside Poultry Farm, Eversholt, Woburn.

Leghorns.

Class 370. — White Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels. [4 entries.]

3123 I. (20?.)— J. Reader. Leghorn House, Escrick.

3120 II. (10s.)— J. H. Gilbert, Cowton, vid Northallerton.

3121 III. (5s.)— G. T. Kenworthy, Broadgate House, Horsforth, Leeds.

3122 R. N. & H. C.— C. G. Manners-Sutton, Larkin Hall, Rochester.

Class 371. — White Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [10 entries, none absent.]
3132 I. (20s.)— GEOROE Springett, Dalton-le-Dale, Murton, co. Durham.

3125 II. (10j.)-J. H. Gilbert, Cowton, vid Northallerton.

3126 III. (5s)— William Jobson, 18 Double Row, Cowpen Colliery, Blyth.

Class 372. — Black Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels. [3 entries.]

3135 I. (20s )— SMITH HARRISON, 64 Keighley Road, Colne.

3136 II. (10s.) -Richard Rodwell, 53 Vale Street, Nelson.

3134 III. (5s.) — G. T. BROWN, River View, Kirkby Stephen.

1 Silver Medal given through the Variety Orpington Club for the best Jubilee
Orpington in Classes 362 and 363.

2 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Variety Orpington Club for the hest Jubilee
Orpington in Classes 362 and 363.

3 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Variety Orpington Club for the best Spangled
Orpington. in Classes 364 and 365.

cxiv Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908

Class 373. — Black Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

3138 I. (20s.), & 3139 III. (5s.)— JOHN Hurst, South Terrace, Glossop.

3140 II. (10s.)— Richard Rodwell. 53 Vale Street, Nelson.

3137 R. N. & H. C. — G. T. BROWN, River View, Kirkby Stephen.

Class 374. — Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels, any other colour. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

3145 I. (20s.)— George SPRINGETT. Dalton-le-Dale, Murton, co. Durham. (Brown.)
3144 II. (10s.) — E. Ll. SIMON. Pembroke. (Brown.)

3142 III. (5s.)— R. Chippendale, Hampson Green, Ellel, Lancaster. (Buff.)

3146 R. N. & H. 0.— STANBURY Bros., Haddon House, Paignton. (Brown.)

Class 375. — Leghorn Hens or Pullets, any other colour. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

3154 I. (20s.) — L. C. Verrey, The Warren, Oxshott. (Brown.)

3147 II. (10s.)— R. Chippendale, Hampson Green, Ellel, Lancaster. (Buff.)

3148 III. (5s.)— E. Denver, Walton Road, East Molesey.

3152 R. N. & H. C.— J. W. Morton, Upper Park House, Low Moor, Bradford. (Brown.)

Andalusians.

Class 376. — Andalusian Cocks, Cockerels, Hens or Pullets. [2 entries.]

3155 I. (20s.) — Miss R. B. BABCOCK, Rimington, Clitheroe.

3156 II. (10s.)— Robert Little, Jun., Rokeby Cottage. Glossop,

Dorkings.

Cass 377. — Coloured Dorking Cocks. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

3157 I. (20s.)— Charles Aitkenhead, Stud Farm, Seaham Harbour.

3159 II. (10s.)— The Countess of Home, The Hirsel, Coldstream.

3164 III. (5s.)— Herbert Reeves, Emsworth, Hants.

3160 R. N. & H. C.— Arthur C. Major, Ditton, Langley, Bucks.

Class 378. — Coloured Dorking Hens. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

3166 I. (20s.), & 3167 III. (5s.)— ARTHUR C. Major, Ditton, Langley, Bucks

3165 II. (10s.)— Charles Aitkenhead, Stud Farm, Seaham Harbour.

Class 379. — Coloured Dorking Cockerels. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

3170 I. (20s.), & 3171 II. (10s.)— Charles Aitkenhead, Stud Farm, Seaham Harbour.
3174 III. (5s.), & 3175 R. N. & H. C— J. T. PROUD, Dellwood, Bishop Auckland.

Class HQ.— Coloured Dorking Pullets. [8 entries, none absent.]

3180 I. (20s.)— ARTHUR C. Major, Ditton, Langley, Bucks.

3179 II. (10s.)— Richard ARMRIDING, Crown Hotel, High Street, Garstang.

3183 III. (5s.)— Herbert Reeves. Emsworth. Hants.

3178 R. N. & H. C.— CHARLES Aitkenhead, Stud Farm, Seaham Harbour.

Class 381. — Dorking Cocks, any other variety. [4 entries.]

3189 I. (20s.), & 3188 R. N. & H. C.— Herbert Reeves. Emsworth, Hants. (Silver.)
3186 II. (10s.), & 3187 III. (5s.)— ARTHUR C. Major, Ditton, Langley, Bucks. (Silver.)

Class 382. — Dorking Hens , any other variety. [3 entries, none absent.]

3190 I. (20s.), & 3191 II. (10s.)— ARTHUR C. Major, Ditton, Langley, Bucks. (Silver.)
Class 383. — Dorking Cockerels, any other variety. [6 entries, none absent.]

3193 I. (20s.), & 3194 II. (10s.)— CHARLES Aitkenhead, Seaham Harbour. (Silver.)
3196 III. (5s.)— Herbert Reeves, Emsworth, Hants. (Silver.)

Class 384. — Dorking Pullets , any other variety. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

3201 I. (20s.)— Arthur C. Major, Ditton, Langley, Bucks. (Silver.)

3204 II. (10s.), & 3203 R. N. & H. C.— Herbert Reeves, Emsworth, Hants. (Silver.)
3199 III. (5s.)— CHARLES Aitkenhead, Stud Farm, Seaham Harbour. (Silver.)

Sussex.

Class 385. — Sussex Cocks, any variety. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

3207 I. (200— S. R. Cree, Hellingley Poultry Farm, Dicker, Hellingley, Sussex.

3215 II. (10s.)— W. S. Tucker, Southover, Lewes.

3211 III. (5s.)— THOMAS G. Read, Hill Crest. Heathfleld. (Speckled.)

3214 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. George Trotter, Storrington, Pulborough. (Speckled.)

Class 386 .—Sussex Hens , any variety. [8 entries, none absent,]

3225 I. (200— Col. E. Walker, Woodnorton, Mayfield. (Light.)

3219 II. (10s.)— S R. CREE, Dicker. Hellingley. Sussex. (Speckled.)

3218 III. (50— Mrs. Roland Burke, Normanby, Doncaster. (Light.)

3224 R. N. & H. C.— MRS. GEORGE TROTTER, Storrington, Pulborough. (Speckled.)

Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

cxv

Class 387. — Sussex Cockerels , any variety. [11 entries, 1 absent.]

3231 I. (20s.)— The Rev. C. R. MARTYN, The White House. Dordon. Tamworth.

3229 II. (10s.)— ART. C. GILBERT. Swanley Poultry Farm, Wilmington.

3230 III. (5s.)— J. P. Howard, Glynde Hill, Glynde, Lewes. (Red.)

3236 E. N. & H. C.— Frank A. Walling, 7 Cavendish Cottages, Eastbourne.

Class 388. — Sussex Pullets , any variety. [10 entries, 2 absent.]

3246 I. (20s.)— Col. E. Walker, Woodnorton, Mayfield. (Light.)

3245 II. ( 10-'.) — W. S. TUCKER, Southover. Lewes.

3237 III. 1 5s.)— JOHN Baily & SON, 116 Mount Street, London. W.

3244 E. N. & H. C.— MRS. George Trotter, Storrington, Pulborough. (Speckled.)

Brahmas and Cochins.

Class 389. — Brahma Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

3248 I. (20s.)— G. W. HENSHALL, Urmston, Manchester.

3251 II. (10s.) — S. J. SOUTHON, 7 Bridge Street, Southampton.

3249 III. (5s.)— The Countess of Kintore, Inglismaldie, Laurencekirk.

3250 E. N. & H. C.— R. H. Lingwood, Riverside Poultry Yards, Needham Market,

Class 390. — Brahma Hens or Pullets. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

3254 I. (20s.)— SIDNEY Fletcher. 247 Osmaston Road, Derby.

3256 II. (10s.), & 3255 III. (5s.)— J. M. LONGE, Chillesford Lodge, Orford, Suffolk.

Class 391. — Cochin Cocks or Cockerels. [(> entries, none absent.]

3261 I. (20s., & Special,1 Medal,2 & Champion3 4), & 3262 II. (10s.)— G. H. Procter, Flass
House, Durham.

3258 III. (5s.), & 3257 E. N. & H. C. — R. H. Lingwood, Riverside Poultry Yards.
Needham Market.

Class 392. — Cochin Hens or Pullets. [5 entries, none absent.]

3266 I. (20s., & R. N. for Special, 1 & E. N. for Medal *), & 3267 II. (10s.)-G. H. Procter
Flass House, Durham.

3263 III. (5s.)— R. H. Lingwood, Riverside Poultry Yards, Needham Market.

3265 E. N. & H. C.— Lady Marjoribanks, Lees, Coldstream.

Hamhurghs.

Class 393. — Hamburgh Cocks or Cockerels , any colour. [5 entries, none absent.]

3271 I. (20s.), & 3270 III. (5s.)— HENRY Pickles, Kayfield House. Earby, Colne.

3268 II. (10s.)— HARRY Fortune, Banklands, Silsden, Keighley.

3272 E. N. & H. C. — F. E. Thomas, George House, George Hill, Llandilo.

Class 394. — Hamburgh Hens or Pullets , any colour. [4 entries.]

3276 I. (20s.), & 3275 II. (10s.)— Henry Pickles, Kayfield House, Earby. Colne.

3274 III. (5s.)— THE Countess OF Home, The Hirsel, Coldstream. (Black.)

3273 E. N. & H. C.— Joseph Graham, Hard Edge, Nenthead, Alston. (Silver.)

Campines.

Class 395. — Campine Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

3280 I. (20s., & E. N. for Champion 5), & 3279 III. (5s.)— George Reiss, 15 Market Place
Kendal.

3282 II. (10s.) — W. J. SARJENT. Armour Lodge, Tilehurst, Reading.

3278 E. N. & H. C.— The Rev. E LEWIS Jones, Heyope Rectory, Knighton.

Class 396 .—Campine Hens or Pullets. [7 entries, none absent.]

3283 I. (20s„ & Champion.3)— Dr. S. E. Dunkin, 68 Studley Road, Clapham. S.W.

3289 II. (lOs. ), & 3288 III. (5s.) — W. J. SARJENT, Armour Lodge, Tilehurst, Reading.

3284 R. N. & H. C.— Richard Edwards, Jun, Staunton Old Court, Staunton-on-
Arrow.

1 Special Prize of 20s. given for the best Bird in Classes 377-400.

2 Silver Medal given by the Poultry Club, for Members of that Club only, for the
best Male Bird in the Show.

3 Challenge Cup, value £10 l"s., given by the Poultry Club, for Members of
that Club only, for the best Bird in the Show ; the Cup to become the absolute property
of an Exhibitor winning it three times.

4 Silver Medal given by the Poultry Club, for Members of that Club only, for the
best Female Bird in the Show.

5 Silver Medal given by the Campine Club for the best Campine in Classes
395 and 396.

cxvi Award of Poultry Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

French.

Class 397. — Farerolle Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, none absent.]

3290 I. (20s.)— Mrs. GEORGE BETTS, Coombe Poultry Farm, East Grinstead.

3293 II. (10s.), & 3294 III. (5s.) — T. H. JONES-PARRY, Statham Poultry Yards
Warrington.

3295 B. N. & H. C.— Mrs. John C. Straker, The Leazes, Hexham.

Class 398. — Farerolle Hens or Pullets. [6 entries, none absent.]

329fi I. (20s.)— Mrs. George Betts, Coombe Poultry Farm, East Grinstead.

3297 II. (10s.)— C. H. BRADLEY, Drivers Farm, Tibberton, Glos.

3298 III. (5s.) — T. H. JONES-PARRY, Statham Poultry Yards, Warrington.

3301 B. N. & H. C.— Mrs. John C. STRAKER, The Leazes, Hexham.

Class 399. — French Cocks or Cockerels , any other variety.

[8 entries, none absent.]

3303 I. (20s.)— Henry Edye, South Binns, Heathfleld. (Houdan.)

3305 II. (10s.)— JAMES KEENLEYSIDB, Wooley Burn Foot, Allendale. (Houdan.)

3306 III. (5s.) -Philip Lee. Wem. Salop. (La Flfeche.)

3307 E. N. & H. C. — J. W. Moore, Oakerland Farm, Hexham. (Houdan.)

Class 400. — French Hens or Pullets , any other variety.

[7 entries, none absent.]

3311 I. (20s.), & 3310 E. N. & H. C.— HENRY Edye. South Binns, Heathfleld. (Houdan.)

3312 II. (10s.)— MESDAMES HILL & MACONOCHIE, Tovil House, Maidstone. (Houdan.)
3314 III. (5s.)— MRS. H. Lacey, Bay Tree House, Waltham Cross. (Houdan.)

Table Fowls.

Class 401. — Pairs of Cockerels or Pullets , pure-breed. [5 entries, none absent.]

3319 I. (20s.), & 3318 E. N. & H. C. — J. T. PROUD, Dellwood, Bishop Auckland.
(Coloured Dorking.)

3321 II. < 10s.)— MRS. BRUCE Ward, Westwood Park, Droit wich. (White Orpington
Pullets.)

3320 III. (5s.)— HERBERT REEVES, Emsworth, Hants. (Coloured Dorking Pullets.)
Class 402. — Pairs of Cockerels or Pullets, cross-breed. [16 entries, 1 absent.]
3327 I. (20s.)— W. G. Hicks, Treven, South Hill, Callington. (Indian Game and Dark

Dorking Pullets.)

3323 II. (10s ). & 3322 E. N. & H. C. Laurence Currie, Minley Manor, Farnborough
(Indian Game and Dorking.)

3331 III. (5s.)— Mrs. T. H. Nelson. Stainwells, Sturton-by-Scawley, Lincoln. (Indian
Game and Buff Orpington Pullets.)

DUCKS.

Aylesbury.

Class 403. — Aylesbury Drakes or Young Drakes. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

3338 I. (20s.), & 3339 II. (10s.)— THE COUNTESS OF Home, The Hirsel, Coldstream.

3341 III. (5s.)— J. Y. WHEATLEY, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

Class 404. — Aylesbury Ducks or Ducklings. [4 entries.]

3342 I. (20s.), & 3343 III. (5s.)— THE COUNTESS OF HOME, The Hirsel, Coldstream.
3345 II. (10s.)— J. Y. Wheatley, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

3344 E. N. & H. C.— A. E. REYNOLDS, Aylesbury Duck Farm, Braunston, Rugby.

Rouen.

Class 405. — Rouen Drakes or Young Drakes. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

3347 I. (20s.)— The COUNTESS OF HOME. The Hirsel, Coldstream.

3349 II. (10s.)— The Rev. Isaac Walton, Newbiggin Rectory. Carlisle.

3346 III. (5s.)— WILLIAM BYGOTT, Ryehill House, Wing, Oakham.

Class 406. — Rouen Ducks or Ducklings. [3 entries.]

3350 I. (20s.)— William Bygott, Rvehill’House, Wing, Oakham.

3351 II. (10s.)— The Countess of Home, The Hirsel Coldstream.

3352 III. (5s.)— HOWARD Pease, Otterburn Tower, Otterburn.

Award, of Poultry Prizts at Newcastle, 1908. cxvii

Indian Runners.

Class 407. — Indian Runner Drakes or Young Drakes.

[6 entries, none absent.]

3354 I. (20s.), & 3353 II. (10s.)— W. G. KlNGWELL, Great Aish, South Brent.

3357 III. (5s.), & 335(5 R. N. & H. C.— J. W. WALTON, High Street, Tow Law.

Class 408. — Indian Runner Ducks or Ducklings. [6 entries, none absent.]
3362 I. (20 .)— J. W. WALTON, High Street, Tow Law.

3360 II. (10s.), & 3359 III. (5s.)— W. G. KlNGWELL, Great Aish. South Brent.

3361 R. N. & H. C.— Richard Stuart, Brook Vale, Sowerby, Garstang.

Any Other Breed.

Class 409. — Drakes or Young Drakes. [1 entry.]

3365 I. (20s.)— THE Countess of Home, The Hirsel, Coldstream. (Pekin.)

Class 410. — Ducks or Ducklings. [1 entry.]

3366 II. (I0s.)— THE Countess of Home, The Hirsel, Coldstream. (Pekin.)

GEESE.

Embdens.

Class 411. — Embden Ganders. [4 entries.]

3368 I. (30s.)— William BYGOTT, Rvehitl House, Wing, Oakham.

3370 II. (20s.)— William Woods. Worksop.

3369 III. (10s )— A. H. Fox-Brockbank, The Croft, Kirksanton.

3367 E. N. & H. C.— Richard Booth, Warlaby, Northallerton.

Class 412. — Enibden Geese. [4 entries.]

3374 I. (30s.)— William woods, Worksop.

3372 II. (20s )— ' WILLIAM Bygoit, Rvehill House, Wing, Oakham.

3371 III. (lOs. 5— Richard Booth, Warlaby, Northallerton.

3373 E. N. & H. C.— A. II. Fox-Brockbank, The Croft, Kirksanton.

Toulouse.

Class 413. — Toulouse Ganders. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

3377 I. (30s.)— Fred Hutchinson, Clover Hill Farm, Sealing, Loftus.

3379 II. (20s )— William Woods, Worksop.

3375 III. (lOs.)— Thomas Altham, Clifton Arms, Little Marton, Blackpool.

3378 R. N. & H. C.— J. T. Wheatley, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

Class 414. — Toulouse Geese. [3 entries.]

3382 I. (30s.)— william woods, Worksop.

3381 II. (20s.)— J Y. Wheatley, Appleton Roebuck. Bolton Percy.

3380 III. (lOs.) — William BYGOTT, Ryehill House, Wing, Oakham.

TURKEYS.

Class 415. — Turkey Cocks. [2 entries, 1 absent.]

3383 II. (20s.)— M. C. Appleyard, Ixworth, Suffolk. (Mammoth Bronze.)

Class 416. — Turkey Hens. [3 entries, 2 absent.]

3385 II. (20s.)— M. C. Appleyard, Ixworth, Suffolk. (Mammoth Bronze.)

FARM AND DAIRY PRODUCE OF THE
UNITED KINGDOM.

Butter.

Class 417. — Boxes of Twelve 2-lb. Rolls of Butter, made with not more
than 1 per cent, of salt. [9 entries, 3 absent.]

3390 I. (jC4.) - Miss Mary a. DALRYMPLE, Elliston, St. Boswells.

3395 II. (£2.)— Miss Mabel G. Prideaux, The Grange, Motcorobe, Dorset.

CXV111

Award of Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

Class 418. — Two Pounds Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made up in Pounds.
[70 entries, 6 absent.]

3427 (£2, & Champion. 1 )— Mrs. Holliday, Wood End Farm, Streatham, Darlington.
3429 (£2.) — JAMES Hunter. The Dairy, Wiseton, Bawtry.

3447 (£2, &' R. N. for Champion.1) — Miss H. J. Pearson, Look Out, Alnwick.

3453 (£2.)— Viscount Ridley, Blagdon Hall, Cramlington.

3400 (£1.) — MISS JANE Crawford, .tatcheugh, Alnwick.

3448 (£1.) — Mrs. L. R MlLDON, Higher Mead Down, Rackenford, Morchard Bishop
3456 (£1.) — THE Duke of Roxburghe, Floors Castle, Kelso.

3466 (£1.) — The West Marton Dairy Co.. West Marton, Skipton-in-Craven.

3418 (10s.)— MISS Dorothy Forster, Marley Coat Halls, Staley. Hexham.

3423 (10s.) — MRS. Annie Hart, Bradley Hall Farm, Wylam-on-Tyne.

3445 (10s.)— MISS M. E. ORD, Cavil Head. Acklington.

3455 (10s.)— Lord Rothschild. Tring Park, Herts.

3463 R. N. & H. C. — Miss Urwin, Dunskins, Wolsingham, Durham.

Cheese.

Made in 1908.

Class 419. — Three Cheddar Cheeses, of not less than 50 lb. each.

[15 entries, none absent.]

3479 I. (£5.)— Harry Travers, Middle Farm, Sutton, Ditcheat, Bath.

3472 II. (.£3.)— P. H. Francis, Place Dairy, Mappowder, Blandford.

3476 III. (£2.) — N. J. SIMS. Pitcombe. Bruton, Somerset.

3470 IV. (£1.)— CARY & PORTCH, Redlynch Park Farm, Bruton, Somerset.

3481 R. N. & H. C.— Albert White, West Lambrook, South Petherton, Somerset.
Class 420. — Three Coloured Cheshire Cheeses, of not less than 40 lb. each. ,
[20 entries, 3 absent.]

3492 I. (£4.) — Joseph Jones, New Farm, Dodleston, Chester.

3495 II. (£3.)— Charles PRICE, Onston, Ellesmere, Salop.

3500 III. (£1.)— R. P. Walley. Waverton, Chester.

3493 R. N. & H. C. — Charles E. Parton, Haughton Hall Farm, Tarporley.

Class 421. — Three. Uncoloured Cheshire Cheeses, of not less than 40 lb. each.
[9 entries, 1 absent.]

3508 I. (£4.)— Charles Price, Onston, Ellesmere, Salop.

3504 II. (£3.)— Samuel Charlesworth, Red Hall. Leighton, Crewe.

3502 III. (£1.) — James Blake, Caiveley Hall, Handley, Chester.

3503 R. N. & H. C.— J. H. BOURNE, Hack House Farm, Baddington, Nantwich.

Class 422. — Three Stilton Cheeses. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

3519 I. (£4.)-G. A H. WILKINSON, Granby, Nottingham.

3514 II. (£3.)— Albert HULL Frisby House, Billesdon, Leicester.

3513 III. (£1.)— Joseph Hall. Stathern, Melton Mowbray.

3517 R. N. & H. C.— John SMITH, Gaddesby, Leicester.

Class 423. — Three Wensleydale Cheeses. [11 entries, none absent.]

3521 I. (£4.)- Joseph carter. Low Applegartb, Richmond, Torks.

3530 II. (£3.)— MRS. WILLIS, The Manor House, Carperby, S.O., Yorks.

3527 III. (£1.)— JOHN Stubbs, Swinethwaite, Leyburn.

3529 R. N. & H. C.— E. G. WHITELOCK, The Bryn, Atlow, Ashbourne.

Class 424. — Three Double Gloucester Cheeses. [5 entries, none absent.]

3536 I. (£4.) — N. J. SIMS, Pitcombe, Bruton, Somerset.

3535 II. (£3.)— Frank Portch. Clapton, Cucklington, Wincanton.

3533 III. (£1.)— Hiscock & Co., Stourton Farm, Stourton, Bath.

3534 R. N. & H. C.— THE Parwich Creamery, Parwich, Ashbourne.

Class 425. — Three Cotherstone Cheeses. [3 entries.]

3538 I. (£4.) -Mrs. Mary Holliday, Wood End Farm. Streatlam, Darlington.

3537 II. (£3.)— Mrs. MARGARET HEWARD. Eastfleld. Mickleton, Darlington.

3539 III. (£1.)— The Wensleydale Pure Milk society, Ltd., Northallerton.

Class 426. — Three Clereland Cheeses .2 [10 entries, none absent.]

3549 I. (£3.)— Richard Tyreman, Fryup Lodge, Lealholme, Grosmont.

3548 II. (£2.)— D. A. SWALES. Applegarth Hall, Fryup. Lealholme, Grosmont.

3543 III. (£1.)— Mrs. S. E. Graham, Stonegate, Lealholme, Grosmont.

1 Silver Cup, value £10, specially given through the Newcastle Local Committee for
Exhibitors resident in the Counties of Northumberland and Durham only, for the best
Exhibit in Class 418.

a Prizes given by the Newcastle Local Committee.

Award of Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

cxix

Class 427. — Three Cheddar Truckle Cheeses. [12 entries, none absent.]

3558 I. (£3.) — N. J. Sims. Pitcombe, Bruton, Somerset.

3559 II. (£2.)— W. C. SPENCER. Helling3 Farm, Ore \i kerne. Somerset.

3552 III. (£1.)— CARY & PORTCH, Redlynch Park Farm, Bruton, Somerset.

3554 R. N. & H. C.— J. C. Green, Berkeley Farm, Norton Ferris, Kilmington, Wilts.

Cider and Perry.

N.B.— The names of the Fruits from which the (Siler or Ferry is stated by the Exhibitor to
have been made are added after the address of the Exhibitor. In Classes 139 and 431 the
date of making is also given.

Class 428. — Cashs of CUler , of not less than 18, and not more than 30 gallons,
made in the autumn of 1907. [8 entries, none absent.]

3503 I. (£5.)-D. J. Crofts & Son, Sutton Montis, Sparkford, Somerset. (Red and
White Jersey, White Close Pippin, and Redstreak.)

35C8 II. (£3.) -Tilley Bros., Shepton Mallet. (Red and White Jersey, Dove, and
Kingston Black.)

Class 429. — One Dozen Bottles of Cider , made in the autumn of 1907.

[10 entries, none absent.]

3;>82 I. (£5.)— Tilley Bros., Shepton Mallet. (Kingston Black, Chisel Black, and
Horner.)

■[)§] II. (^3.)— Tilley Bros. (White and Royal Jersey and Horner.)

3:>74 III. (.£2.) D. J. Crofts & Son, Sutton Montis, Sparkford, Somerset. (Royal and
White Jersey, Cadbury, and Kingston Black.)

3583 R. N. & H. C.— Tilley Bros. (Dove, Kingston Black, and Royal Jersey.)

Class 430. — One Dozen Dottles of Cider , made in any year before 1907.

[13 entries, none absent.]

3586 I. (£5.)— JOHN Bazley, The Bury, Stoke Prior, Leominster. (Fox Whelp and
W hite Norman, 1905.)

3587 II. (£3.)- John Bazley. (Mixed Fruit. 1900.)

3597 III. (£2.)— Tilley Bros., Shepton Mallet, (White and Roval Jersey, Dove and
Kingston Black, 1906.)

3596 R. N. & H. C. — Tilley Bros. (Kingston Black, Horner, and Chisel Jersey, 1906.)

3601

3599

3604

Class 431. One Dozen Bottles of Perry. [6 entries, none absent.]
b if 5.)— James Slatter A Co., Paxford, Campden, S.O., Glos. (Oldfield, 1907.)

II. (£3.) Daniel Phelps & Son, Tibberton, Gloucester. (Oldfield, 1905 )

III. (£2.) F . Ff. Woodward & Co., Pershore. (Red Longdon, 1907 )

Wool.

Of 1908 Clip.

Class 432. — Three Fleeces of Leicester or Border Leicester Wool.

[6 entries, none absent.]

3608 I. (£3.)— JOHN W. Harrison, Underpark, Lealholme, Grosmont. (Leicester
Gitnmer Hogs.)

3605 II. (£2), 3607 III. (£ 1), & 3606 R. N. & H. C.— GEORGE HARRISON, Gainford Hall,
Darlington. (Leicester Yearling Hogs.)

Class 433. Ihvee Fleeces of Lincoln Wool. [6 entries, none absent.]

Sg* I. (f30-HENRY Dudding, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby. (Hogs.)

3613 II. (£2.)-C. E. Howard, Norton Rise, Lincoln. (Ho«s )

3616 III. (£].)— W. B. SWALLOW. Wootton Lawn, Ulceby. (Yearling Hogs.)

3014 R. N. & H. C.— George Marris, Kirmington, Brocklesby. (Yearling Hogs.)
Class 434. — Three Fleeces of Kent or Romney Marsh Wool.

[14 entries, 1 absent,]

3618 I. (£3), & 3617 III. (£1.)-Charles File, Elham, Canterbury. (Yearling Ewes )
3630 II. (£2.)— R. S. STROUTS, Lingleton, Great Chart, Ashford. (Yearling Ewe Tegs.)
3620 R. N. & H. C.— Arthur Finn, Westbroke House, Lydd. (Yearling Hogs.)

Class 435. — Three Fleeces of any other Long Wool. [9 entries, 2 absent ]
^^dal ei^he^ f Y BENTINCK’ Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. (Wenslcy-

3(i38 II. ( £2.)-— I HE Exors. OF THE LATE Thomas Willis, Carperby, SO., York4*
(Wensleydale Yearling Hogs.) ' s*

3634 III (£1)— ALFRED Rowntree, Field House, Kirkby Overblow, Pannal, S.O.,
Yorks. (Wensleydale Yearling Hogs.) ' ’

3831 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Henry Bentinck. (Wensleydale Hogs )

VOL. (59. [ r

cxx

Award of Prizes at Newcastle , 1908

Class 436. — Three Fleeces of Southdotv?i Wool. [4 entries.]

3010 I. (X3), & 3641 II. (£2.) — LOKD Calthorpe, Elvetham Park, Winchfleld.
(Yearling Tegs.)

3642 III. (£1.), & 3643 R. N. & H. C.— William Dockeray, Park House, Westwell,
Ashford. (Ewes.)

Class 437. — Three Fleeces of Shropshire Wool. [2 entries.]

3644 I. (£3), & 3645 II. (X2.)— RICHARD BACH, White House, Onibury. (Yearling
Hogs.) m

Class 438. — Three Fleeces of any other Short Wool. [6 entries, none absent.]

3647 I. (X3), & 3648 R. N. & H. C.— W. R. FLOWER, West Stafford, Dorchester. (Dorset
Horn Ewe Hoggets.)

3649 II. (£2.) — E. A. Hambro, Delcombe Farm, Milton Abbey, Blandford. (Dorset
Horn Yearling Hogs.)

3650 III. (XI.) — H. W. Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury. (Ryeland Yearling Hogs.)

Class 439. — Three Fleeces of Welsh Wool. [6 entries, none absent.]

3656 I. (X3.)— MRS. WYNNE-FlNCH, Voelas, Bettws-y -coed. North Wales.

3655 II. (£2), & 3654 III. (XI.) -HENRY O. ELLIS, Tynhendre, Bangor. (Yearling
Wethers.)

Class 440. — Three Fleeces of Cheviot Wool. [8 entries, none absent.]

3658 I. (X3. ) — ROBERT Graiiam, Auchengassel, Twynholm. (Wethers.)

3662 II. (X2.)— JACOB Robson, Byrness, Otterburn. (Yearling Hogs.)

3664 III. (Xl.) — ROBERT Thornton, West Kielder, Kielder Station. (Two-Shear
Wethers.)

3659 R. N. & H. C.— G. G. Rea, Middleton, Wooler. (Shearling Ewe Hogs.)

Class 441. — Three Fleeces of Scotch Wool. [15 entries, 3 absent.]

3669 I. (X3), & 3668 II. (X2.)— JOHN DARGUE, Burneside Hall, Kendal. (Ewes.)

3673 III. (XI.)— ROBERT Graham, Auchengassel, Twynholm. (Wethers.)

5672 R. N. & H. C.— William Johnson Galloway, Skaife Hall, Blubberhouses.
(Yearling Ewe Hogs.)

HIVES, HONEY, AND BEE APPLIANCES.1

Class 442. — Collections of Hives and Appliances. [4 entries.]

3682 I. (X4.)— James lee & SON. 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.

3684 II. (X2.)— E. H. TAYLOR, Welwyn, Herts.

3681 III. (XI.) — W. Dixon. 5 Beckett Street, Leeds.

Class 443. — Frame Hives, for general use, unpainted. [8 entries.]

3686 I. (20a), & 3685 III. (10s.) — ABBOTT BROS., Southall. Middlesex.

3687 II. (15s.), & 3688 R. N. & H. C.— JAMES LEE & SON, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.

Class 444. — Frame Hives, for Cottager's use, unpainted. [5 entries.]

3695 I. (20*.)— JAMES Lee & SON, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.

3697 II. (15s.)— E. H. Taylor, Welwyn, Herts.

3693 III. (10s.)— ABBOTT Bros., Southall, Middlesex.

3696 R. N. & H. C.— W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester.

Class 445. — Honey Extractors A [4 entries.]

3698 I. (15s.), & 3699 II. (10s.) — W. P. MEADOWS, Syston, Leicester.

Class 446. — Observatory Hives, with not less than three Frames, with Bees
and Queen. [4 entries.]

3702 I. (20s.)— W. DIXON, 5 Beckett Street, Leeds.

3703 II. (15s.)— James lee & SON, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.

Class 447. — Any appliance connected with Bee-keeping, to which no prize has
been awarded at a Show of the R.A.S.E. [8 entries.]

3710 I. (10s.), & 3709 Certificate of Merit.— W. P. MEADOWS, Syston, Leicester.

3707 Certificate of Merit, & 3706 R. N. & H. C.— Abbott Bros., Southall, Middlesex.

1 Prizes given by the British Bee-keepers Association.
3 Prizes given by Mr. T. W. Cowan.

Award of Prizes at Newcastle , 1908

cxxi

Class 448. — Comb Honey.' [8 entries.]

3717 I. (20*.)— J. G. NICHOLSON. The Apiary, Langwathby, Cumberland.

37b) II. (15*.)— A. W. W EATIIERHOGG, Willoughton, vid Lincoln.

3718 III. (10*.)— JAMES Pb ARM AN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

Class 449. — Run or Extracted Light-coloured Honey. [11 entries.]

3722 I. (20a'-)— JOHN BERRY, The Apiary. Llanrwst, North Wales.

3720 II. (150— H. DlLWORTH. Shangton. ICibworth, Leicester.

3723 III. (10s.)— J. BoYES. Queen’s Head Hotel, Cardiff.

Class 450. — Run or Extracted Medium or Dark-coloured Honey. [6 entries.]
3737 I. (20 s.)— F. Harris. High Ferry. Sibsey, Boston, Lines.

3734 II. (15*.)— H. Du. worm. Shangton, Kibworth, Leicester.

3736 III. (10*.)— F. W. Frusuer. Swiss Apiary, Crowland, Linos.

Class 451. — Granulated Honey. [5 entries.]

3731) I. (20*.)— J. BOYES Queen’s Head Hotel, Cardiff.

3742 II. (150— W. PATCUErT. North Wold Apiary, Cabourne. Caistor.

3743 III. (10*.)— A. W. W EATIIERHOGG, Willoughton, vid Lincoln.

Class 452. — Comb Honey.'1 [7 entries.]

3746 I. (20*.)— R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiaries. Somersham, Hunts.

3745 II. (15*.)— R. H. BAYNES. 51 Bridge Street, Cambridge.

3749 III. (10s.) -Charles Lodge, High Easter, Chelmsford.

Class 453. — Run or Extracted Light-coloured Honey. [5 entries.]

3751 I. < 20*.) — R. H. BAYNES. 51 Bridge S'reet. Cambridge.

3752 II. (150— R. BROWN A son. Flora Apiaries, Somersham, Hunts.

3753 III. (10*.)— S. G S. LBIOU, Brougnton, Hants.

Class 454. — Run or Extracted, Medium or Dark-coloured Honey. [5 entries.]

3757 I. (200— R Brown & SON, Flora Apiaries, Somersham, Hunts.

376) II. (150— E. C. R. WHITE, Newton Toney, Salisbury.

3758 III. (10s.)— S. G. S. LEIGH, Broughton, Hants.

Class 455. — Granulated Honey. [4 entries.]

3763 I. (20*.)— R. Brown & Son, Flora Apiaries, Somersham, Hunts.

3764 II. (150— GEORGE HELLER. Chrishall Grange, Royston.

3761 III. (10*.)— R. H. BAYNES, 51 Bridge Street, Cambridge.

Class 456. — Fra men of Comb Honey , for extracting. [5 entries.]

3769 I. (200— E. C. R. WHITE, Newton Toney. Salisbury.

3767 II. (15*.) —CHARLES Lodge. High Easter, Chelmsford.

Class 457. — Heather Honey. [5 entries.]

3770 I. <200— A. F. BORLAND, Glenbervie. Cumnock.

3774 II. (150— T. SLEIGHT, Danesmoor, Chesterfield.

3772 III. (10*.)— W. DIXON, 5 Beckett Street, Leeds.

Class 458. — Heather Mixture Extracted Homy. [7 entries.]

3776 I. (20*.)— W. K. BROOKING, Marlborough. Kingsbridge, Devon.

3777 II. (15*.)— W. DIXON, 5 Beckett Street,, Leeds.

3778 III. (10*.)— ROBERT GREEN, The Firs, Boroughbridge, Yorks.

Class 459. — Rest and Most Attractive Displays of Honey. [4 entries.]

3784 I. (300— W. DIXON, 5 Beckett Street. Leeds.

3785 II. (20*.)— James Pearman. Penny Long Line, Derby.

3782 III. (10a.) — R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiaries, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 460. — Exhibits of not less than 2 lb. of Wax, the Produce of the
Exhibitor's Apiary. [8 entries.]

3788 I. (10*.)— F. W. Frusher, Swiss Apiarv, Crowland. Lines.

3793 II. (7s. Gd .)— E. C. R. White, Newton Toney, Salisbury.

3787 III. (5s.) — R. BROWN & SON. Flora Apiaries, Somersham, Hunts.

3791 R. N. & H. C. — JAMES PEARMAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

1 Entres in Classes 448451 can only be made by residents in Cheshire, Cumberland,
Derbyshire, Durham, Herefordshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Mom
mout.hshire, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire. Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire,
Warwickshire, Westmorland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man, Ireland
Scotland, or Wales.

2 Entries in Classes 452-456 can only be made by residents in Bedfordshire. Berkshire.
Bucks. Cambridgeshire Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Essex. Gloucestershire, Hampshire,
Herts, Hunts, Isle of Wight. Kent. Middlesex, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire.
Somerset, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, or Wiltshire.

LL 2

cxxn

Award of Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

Class 461. — Exhibits of not less than 3 lb. of War, the Produce of the
Exhibitor's Apiary. [6 entries.]

3797 I. (10s.)— JAMES PEARMAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

3799 II. (7s.6f#.) — E. C. li. WHITE. Newton Toney. Salisbury.

3796 III. (5s.)— F. W. Frusher. Swiss Apiary, Crowland. Lines.

3/94 R. N. & H. C.— R. H. Baynes, 51 Bridge Street. Cambridge.

Class 462. — Quarts of Iloney Vinegar. [1 entry.]

3800 I. (7s. 6/7.) — James Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

Class 463. — Quarts of Mead. [1 entry.]

3891 Certificate of Merit.— R. BROWN & Son, Flora Apiaries, Somersbam, Hunts.

Class 464. — Exhibits of a practical or interesting nature connected ivith
Bee-culture , not mentioned in the foregoing Classes. [2 entries.]

3803 I. (10'.)— G. HEINREICH. Sonnenburg. Neun.

3802 Certificate of Merit.— W. Dixon, 5 Beckett Street, Leeds.

Class 465. — Exhibits of a scientific nature , not mentioned in the foregoing
Classes, to which no price has been awarded at a Show of the B.A.S.E.

[No entry.]

HORSE-SHOEING COMPETITIONS.

Class 1. — Hunters. [48 entries, none absent.]

23 I. (£3 10s.) — GEORGE IBBOTSON. R.S.S., Redlands Park Road, Caterham.

17 II. <£3, & S. M.1)— Thomas Alfred Elam, R.S.S.. Mill Lane, Brighouse.

11 III. (£2 10s., & B. M.'2)— GEORGE DEIGHTON, R S.S., East Parade, Harrogate.

24 IV. (£2.)— HARRY Jones, R.S.S.. The Forge, St, Aryans, Chepstow.

33 V. (£1 10s.)— John Charles Morris, R.S.S., Henley-in-Arden.

47 VI. (£1.)— Harry' Wilkinson, R.S.S, 36 Town Street, Chapel Allerton, Leeds.
32 R. N. & H. C.— Herbert Morgan, R.S.S., Cwmper, Llanarthney, Carmarthen.

Class 2 .—Cart I/orses. [46 entries, 2 absent,]

113 I. (£'3 10 s., & S. M.1)— Harry Wilkinson, R.S.S.. Chapel Allerton, Leeds.

103 II. (£’3.)— TOM Scholey, West Street, Worsbro’ Dale, Barnsley.

90 HI. (£2 10'-.. & B. M.2)— John Charles Morris. R.S.S, Henley-in-Arden.

82 IV. (£2.)— Thomas Benjamin Lewis. R.S.S.. Cambrian Forge, Aberystwyth.
CO V. (£1 10'.)— Thomas Alfred Elam, R.S.S, Mill Lane, Brighouse.

88 VI. (£1.)— Harold Moon, The Forge, Birdwell, Barnsley.

65 R. N. & H. C.— Edward Ernest Dring, Long Bennington, Grantham.

PLANS OF FARM BUILDINGS.

[77 entries.]

I. (£50.)— J. W. HePION, Londesborough. Market Weighton. (Ploughshare.)
II. (£25.)— CLARK & MOSCROP, Feethams, Darlington. (Utility.)

III. (£15.)— Samuel Taylor & Son, Nuttall, Nottingham. (Usus.)

IV. (£10.)— JOHN M. Holmes, 2 St. Mary’s Gate, Grimsby. (Convalescent.)

FARM PRIZE COMPETITIONS.3

(Open to bond fide Tenant Farmers.)

Class 1. — For the best managed arable and grass farms in the Counties of
Northumberland and Durham, of 250 and not exceeding COO acres.

[9 entries.]

3 I (£60, & £15 Cup.)— John W. Dryden. Dene House Farm, Seaham narbour.

7 II. (£30 ) JAMES ORD. Cavil Head, Acklington.

9 III. (£15.) — William A Weightman, Hall Farm, Silksworth, Sunderland.

i Silver Medal given by the National Master Farriers’ Association, for Members of
the Association only.

i Bronze Medal given by the National Master Farriers’ Association, for Members of
the Association only.

3 Prizes given by the Newcastle Local Committee.

Award of Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. cxxiii

Class 2. — Fur the bent managed arable and grass farms in the Counties of
Northumberland and Durham , of 50 and not exceeding 250 acres.

[8 entries.]

13 I. (.£35.)— GEOROE Harrison, Gainford Hall, Gainford, Darlington.

17 II. (£25.>-FEN\VICK Wilson, Marden. Whitley Bav.

10 III. (£10.) — ROBERT H. DRYDEN, Mill House Farm, New Sealiam.

Class 3. — For the best ma naged dairy farm in the Counties of Northumberland
and Durham , of 50 acres and upwards. [4 entries.]

19 I. (£50.) -Malcolm Nicol, Elstob House. Tunstal Road, Sunderland.

21 II. (£25.)— JOHN Reay, East Hrunton, Gosforth. Newcastle-on-Tyne.

18 III. (£10.)— Robert J. Ebdon, West Farm, Fulwell.

SHEEP DOG TRIALS.1

[44 entries.]

36 I. (£10.)— William Bell, Softlev, Slaggyford, Carlisle, for Tvne.

43 II. (£5.)— Thomas Armstrong, Pinnacle, Ancrum, for Coy.

25 III. (£3.)— ISAAC Herdman, Waterfalls. Wark-on-Tyne, for Tommy.

17 IV. (£2.) — William Wallace. East Otterburn, Otterburn, for Moss

37 V. (£1.)— ALEXANDER MILLAR, Mid Floak, Newton Mearns. Renfrew, for Rist).
29 R. N. & H. C. — Isaac Herdman, Waterfalls, Wark-on-Tyne, for Tyne.

DAIRY COWS AND MILKERS’ COMPETITIONS.2

Class 1. — Dairy Cows , of any age or breed. [30 entries.]

1 I. (£10.)— WALTER Ridley. Merryshields, Stockslield-on-Tyne, for Lily.

15 II. (£5.) John Littleton, Arklebv Hall, Aspatria.

9 III. (£3.)— The ASHINGTON Coal Co., Ashington, Morpeth.

26 IV. (£1.)— The Co-operative Society, Birtley, Co. Durham, for Milk Maid.

Class 2. — Dairy Heifers (in-milk'), bred by Exhibitor. [3 entries.]

31 I. (£6.)— Marshall & McBryde, Broomliaugb, Riding Mill-on-Tyne, for Miss

Molly, white, born Nov. 11, 1905 ; s. Moonstone (86692). d. Stanley Molly 3rd.

32 II. (£3.)— Marshall & McBryde, for Peggy 4, red and little white, born May 29,

1905 ; s. Victor (89087), d. Peggy 2nd.

33 III. (£1.)— Marshall & McBryde, for Grizel 9th. red, born Aug. 19, 1905 ; s. Victor

(89087), d. Grizel 6th.

Class 3. — Men over 16 years of age. [20 entries.]

14 I. (£3, & Gold Medal.)— Carr JONENS, Auction Mart, Gateshead.

3 II. (£2.)— James H. RIDLEY. Merryshields, Stockstield-on-Tyne.

5 III. ( £1.) — R. MOORHEAD. Thornhill Farm, Sunderland.

2 IV. (10s.)— Thomas Ridley, Old Ridley, Stockslield-on-Tyne.

Class 4. — Women over 16 years of age. [29 entries.]

32 I. (£3, & Gold Medal.)— M. A. Robson. West Farm, Ovingham.

25 II. (£2.)— Miss Jennie Thompson. Faille Farm, Ebchester.

35 III. (£1.)— Mrs. J. LISTER. Sunniside Farm. Itavenswoitb, Gateshead.

37 IV. (10s.)— Miss Mary Jane Rogerson, Colliery Farm, Seaton Delaval.

Class 5. — Juniors under 16 years of age. [22 entries.]

70 I. (£3, & Gold Medal.)— Nellie MOORE, Mundles Farm, East Bolden, Sunderland,
aged 14.

59 II. (£2.)— J. A. ROBINSON, East Farm, Tunstall, Sunderland, aged 11.

68 III. ( £1. j — E. W. GltEENSHIELDS, Ivy House, East Herrington, Sunderland, aged 8.

51 IV. (10*.)— J. W. Ross, Unthank, Riding Mill-on-Tyne. aged 14.

i Prizes given by the Newcastle Local Committee.

- Prizes given by the Nortuumberland and Durham Tenant Farmers’ Association.

cxxiv Award of Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.1

Open to the Counties of Northumberland and Durham.

Northumberland.

Division I. — Newcastle to Morpeth.

Class 1. — Swing Ploughs. [19 entries.]

I. (£5.)— Robert Anderson, Wallish Walls, Consett.

II. (£4. > -THOMAS F. Smith. Cartlington House, Whitley Bay.

III. (£2.)— EDWARD Baty. Brokenheugh. Northumberland.

IV. (£1.)— JOSEPH CiIBBISON. Gardners Houses, Dinninaton.

V. (10s.) — WILLIAM bell, Throckley South Farm, Newburn.

Class 2. — Wheel Ploughs. [16 entries.]

I. (£5.)— EDWARD THAIN. High Weetslade. Dudley.

II. (£‘4. i — William Gilhohne, Fawdon Red House, Gosforth.

III. (£2.)-R. TAILFORD, High Weetslade. Dudley.

IV. (£1.)— JOHN Baxter, Gallow Hill, Aydon, Corbridge.

V. (10s.)— M. JOHNSON, Blakelaw Farm, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Division II. — Morpeth to Alnwick.

Class 1. — Swing Ploughs. [17 entries.]

I. (£5.) -Thomas Hall, Earsdon East Forest, Longhorsley.

II. (£4.)— James Nichol. Cresswell Farm, Morpeth.

III. (£2.)— JOHN Willis. Polling Farm. Ellington, Morpeth.

IV. (£1.)— William Shotton, Ellington. Morpeth.

V. (10s.)— ROBERT Wilson, Hermitage Farm, Warkworth.

Class 2. — Wheel Ploughs. [7 entries.]

I. (£5.)— John Temple, Pegswood Farm, Morpeth.

II. (£4.) — Robert W. Willis. Thurston New Houses, Acklington.

III. (£2.)— George Brown Hirst Farm, Morpeth.

IV. (£1.)— WILLIAM miller, Chester House, Acklington.

V. (10s.) — ALEX. ENGLISH. Merwick Farm, Acklington.

Division III. — Alnwick to Belford.

Class I. — Swing Ploughs. [9 entries.]

I. (£5.)— E. Farrell, Field House, Lesbury.

II. (£4.)— J. Mullins, Warenford, Chathill.

III. (£2.)— THOMAS ATHEY, Dunstansteads, Christon Bank.

IV. (£1.)— A. Laidler, East Fleethams, Chathill.

V. (10s.)— Alex. Ridpeath, Lucker, Belford.

Class 2. — Wheel Ploughs. [11 entries.]

I. (£5.)— Thomas Dunn. Rock Mid Stead, Alnwick
II. (£4.)— JAMES Davidson, Rock Moor House, Alnwick.

III. (£2.)— William Murray, Chester Hill, Belford.

IV. (£1.) — R. J LILL1CO, Preston Farm, Chathill.

V. (10s.)— JOHN lee. Branton, Glanton.

Division IV. — Belford to Berwick.

Class 1. — Swing Ploughs. [21 entries.]

I. (£5.)— George Johnstone. St. Cuthbert’s. Cornhill.

II. (£4.)— James Johnstone. St.Cuthhert’s, Cornhill.

III. (£2.)— J. HARDY, Billy Law, Berwick.

IV. (£1.)— A. POTTS. Presson, Cornhill.

V. (10s.)— D. WILKINSON, East Loan End, Berwick.

Class 2. — Wheel Ploughs. [14 entries.]

I. (£5.)— THOMAS Scott, C istle Heaton, Cornhill.

II. (£4.)— GEORGE KERR, East Learmouth, Cornhill.

III. (£2.)— R. KENNEDY, Shoreswood, Norham.

IV. (£1.) R. Tait, Grindon, Norham.

V. (10s )— JAMES Brown, Newburn. Norliam-on-Tweed.

i Prizes given and competitions arranged by the Proprietors of the “Newcastle
Chronicle.’'

Award of Prizes at Newcastle, l DOS. cxxv

Durham.

Division I. — Tyne to Wear, from Gateshead to Durham.
Class 1. — Swing Ploughs. [13 entries.]

I. (£b.)— J. J. Kerton. Monkton Farm, Jarrow.

II. (£4.)— F. CRAGGS, Low House Farm, East Boldon.

III. (£2.)— J. DUNN, Cleadon Grange, Sunderland.

IV. (£1.)— V. YOUNGER, Whitehall, Chester-le-Street.

V. (10s.) — J. MITCHESON, Lobley Hill, Ravenswortb.

Class 2. — Wheel Ploughs. [26 entries.]

I. (£5.) — WILLIAM CARR, Arbour House, Durham.

II. (£4.)—' THOMAS Scott, Whittle Burn, Great Us worth.

III. (.£2.)— Joseph Powell, Eden Hill, Beamish.

IV. (£1.)— Thomas E. PALLISTER, Red Barns, Brandon Colliery.

V. (10s.) — Robert Howden, Hagg House Farm, Framwellgate Moor.

Division II. — Wear to Southern Boundary of the County.
Class 1. — Siring Ploughs. [8 entries.]

I. (jC5.)— THOMAS Dixon, Glebe Farm, Billingham.

II. (£4.)— G. REAH. Thorpe Thewles, Ferryhill.

III. (jC2.)— Richard Ballister, Coatham House, Mundeville, Darlington.

IV. (£1.)— LYMES Dixon, Hopewell, Pierce Bridge, Darlington.

V. (10s.)— D. WALKER, Rouglilea Farm, Ferryhill.

Class 2. — Wheel PI ought. [14 entries.]

I. (jC5.) — ' T. F. FIRRY, Glebe Farm, Bishopton.

II. (jC4.)— T. E. Knox, Brafferton. Darlington.

III. (£2.) — J. W. SWINBANK, Brooks Farm, Sedgefield.

IV. (jCI.)— T. VICKERS, Newton Kelton, Darlington.

V. (10s.) — G. PALLISTER, Coatham House, Mundeville, Darlington.

CHAMPION CLASSES.

Class 1. — Swing Ploughs.

I. (Silver Cup, & £5.)— Robert Anderson, Wallish Walls, Consett.

II. (£5.) — J. J. KIRTON, Monkton Farm, Jarrow.

III. U’4.)— George Johnstone. St. Cuthbert's, Cornhill-on-Tweed.

IV. (£3.)— THOMAS Dixon. Glebe Farm, Billingham, Stockton.

V. (£2.)— Thomas Hall, Earsdon East Forest, Longhorsley.

VI. (£1.)—E. Farrell, Field House, Lesbury.

Class 2. — Wheel Ploughs.

I. (Silver Cup, & j£5.)— Edward Tiiain. High Weetslade, Dudley.

II. (jC5.) — Thomas Scott, Castle Heaton, Cornhill-on-Tweed.

III. (jC4.)— T. F. FlRBY, Glebe Farm, Bishopton.

IV. (£3.) — WILLIAM Carr, Arbour House. Durham.

V. {£2.)— Thomas Dunn, Rock Mid Stead, Alnwick.

VI. (ill.)— John Temple, Pegswood, Morneth.

FORESTRY SECTION.

Class 1. — Specimens of Oak , Elm , and Ash Timber, grown in Great Britain

or Ireland.

2 I. (Silver Medal.) — KARL Beauchamp. Madresfleld Court. Malvern.

4 II. (Bronze Medal.) — Viscount Ridley, Blagdon Hall, Cramlington.

Class 2. — Specimens of Larch , Spruce, and Scotch Pine Timber.

7 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Earl of Carnarvon. Highclere Castle. Newbury.

10 II. (Bronze Medal.) — The Earl of Yarborough. Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.
6 R. N.— Earl Beauchamp, Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

Class 3. — Specimens of any other sort of Hard Wood or Broad-leaved Timber.

13 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Earl of Yarborough. Brocklesbv Park, Lincolnshire.

12 II. (Bronze Medal.)— The Marquis of Exeter, Burghley House, Stamford.

Class 4. — Specimens of any other sort of Coniferous Timber.

14 I. (Silver Medal.)— The EARL OF Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury.

15 II. (Bronze Medal.)— The Earl of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

CXXV1

Award of Prizes at Newcastle, 1008

Class 5. — Specimens of damage done bg Insect Pests injurious to Forest Trees.
lit I. (Silver Medal.) — A. T. GlLLANDERS, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.

17 II. (Bronze Medal.)— Tiie Earl of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park. Lincolnshire.

Class 6. — i Specimens showing comparative quality of any Timber grown on
different soils and situations.

21 I. (Silver Medal. )— Earl Beauchamp, Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

20 E. N.— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle.

Class 7. — Specimens demonstrating the beneficial effects of Pruning.

22 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle.
Class 8. — Specimens of Stems, and Hoards cut from them, illustrating the effects

of dense and thin crops in branch suppression and quality of the timber.

23 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle.

24 R. N.— The Earl of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

Class 9. — Examples of the damage caused by Squirrels, Voles, fyc., to various

kinds of trees.

27 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Earl of Yarborough. Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.
Class 10. — Gates for Farm or Estate use, manufactured from, Oak Timber.

31 I. (Silver Melal).— EARL Fitzwillt.AM, Wentworth, Rotherham.

35 II. (Bronze Medal.)— Viscount Ridley, Blagdon Hall, Cramlington.

32 R. N.— The Marquis of Exeter, Burghley House, Stamford.

Class 11. — Gates for Firm or Estate use, manufactured from any other
home-grown loood.

38 I. (Silver Medal.) — Earl Fitzwilliam, Wentworth, Rotherham.

Class 12. — Wicket or Hunting Gates [self-closing), manufactured from
home-grown t int her.

40 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle.

43 R. N.— Earl Fitzwilliam, Wentworth, Rotherham.

Class 13. — Specimens of Home-grown Timber, suitable for estate purposes, showing
the advantage of applying Creosote or any other preservative.

45 I. (Silver Medal.)— Earl Fitzwilliam, Wentworth, Rotherham.

40 R. N.— The Earl of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

IMPLEMENTS.

Class 1 .—Artificial .1 failure Distributors. [19 entries.]

1154 I. (Gold Medal.)— J. & R. WALLACE. Castle Douglas, N.B.

955 II. (Bronze Medal. (-Alexander Jack & Sons, May bole, N.B.

Class 2 . — Farmyard Manure Distributors ( Broadcast ). [1 entry.]

[No award.]

Class 3. — Farm yard Manure Distributors [Drills'). [2 entries.]

[No award.]

Miscellaneous Implements.

Silver Medal for articles entered as “.Veto Implements for Agricultural or

Estate Purposes.''

3881 The Lamp Pump Syndicate, Ltd.. 12 Carey Street, Westminster, S.W., for
Pump for Shallow Well.

LOCAL. CLASSES.1

Confined to the County of Northumberland.

CATTLE.

Class' 1. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved in or before 1905. [6 entries.]

2 I. (£b.) — John Swann. The Lookout. Seaton Delaval. for Royal Acomb 12th (93187),
red, calved May 1, 1995 ; s. Cadwallader Bates (83019), d. Lady Acomb 20th by
Crown Prince (70450).

i Prizes given by the Northumberland Agricultural Society.

Award of Prizes at Newcastle , 1908.

CXXVll

-4 II. (£2.)— A. F. Nichol, Br idford, Belford. for Lord Findon. roan, calved Jan. 9. 1905,
bred by P. B. Macintyre, Findon Mains, Conon Bridge, N.B. ; s. Cyprus King (85720),
d. Lily of March 3rd by Eclipse (74470).

3 III. (jt‘1.) — William Bell, Ratcheugh, Alnwick, for Master Millicent (92478). roan,
calved May 16. 1905 : s. Bachelor's Pride (85204), </. Lady Millicent by Lord Howick.
1 R. N. & H. C.— J. II. Straker, Ilowden Dene, Corbridge, for Gold Mine.

Class 2. — Shorthorn Bulls , calved in 1906. [8 entries.]

10 I. (A5.>— The Duke of Northumberland. K.G., Alnwick Castle. Alnwick, for
Star of Alnwick (97270). roan, calved Jan. 22, 1900 ; s. Star of Bassington (90228),
d. Rose of Cornwall by Penwarden (66012).

12 II. <A2.) — D. H. Brewis, High Park, Felton, for Highland Baron, roan, calved

April 16, 1906, bred by the Duke of Northumberland ; s. Baron Weetwood (87920),
d. Gaiety’s Gem by Highland Monarch (74702).

13 III. (£1.)— John Thompson. The Ash, Wark-on-Tyne, for Coral Favourite (94715),

roan, calved March 10. 1906. bred by J. D. Fletcher, Rosebaugb, N.B. ; s. Red
Emperor (87026), d. Coral Fairy by Watchword (68063).

8 R. N. & H. C. — WILLIAM Bell, Ratcheugh, Alnwick, for Lord Ratcheugh.

Class 3. — Shorthorn Bulls, calved in 1907. [8 entries.]

18 I. U'5, & Special.' )— A. F. Nichol, Bradford, Belford, for Village Monarch (vol. 54),
red and little white, calved Jan. 25, 1907 ; 6’. Village Swain (91559), d. Lily 10th by
Morning Star (77302).

16 II. (£2.)— William Bell, Ratcheugh, Alnwick, for Walton Chief, red and littl-

white, calved March 25, 1907, bred by Walter Hazell. Walton Grange, Aylesbury ;
s. Golden Hope (91859), d. Avalanche 4th by Harold (68759).

20 III. (AT.)— THE DUKE OF Northumberland. K.G., Alnwick Castle. Alnwick, for
Whitewall Sir Richard, roan, calved May 22, 1907, bred by Mr. Haley, Whitewall,
Malton : s. Sir George (77891), d. Underley Countess by Sullivan (80071).

17 R. N. & H. C.— William Bell, for Ratcheugh Model.

Class 4. — Shorthorn Cows or Heifers, calved in or before 1905. [9 entries.]

31 I. <A’5.)- John Baty, Heathery Shank, Fenham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for roan cow

6 years old.

23 II. < A’2.) — Viscount Ridley. Blagdon Hall, Cramlington, for Peach Blossom 7th
(vol. 53.1140), roan heifer, calved April 14. 1905, bred by A. Robertson, Ilaugh of
Ballecliin. Ballinluig; s. Victor Chief (82532), d. Peach Blossom 6th by Macbeth.

25 III. (AT.)— the ASHINGTON coal Co.. Ltd., Colliery Farms Ashington, Morpeth,

for Lady Roper 6th (vol. 50, p. 867), roan cow, calved April 8. 1900, bred by Jno.
Rickerby, Monkbill Mill, Burgh-by-Sands, Carlisle ; s. Prince (73254), d. Lady
Roper by Baron Bolton 12th (55289).

26 R. N. & H. C— William Bell, lor Royal Waterloo Maid 9th.

Class 5. — Shorthorn Tfeifers, calved in 1906. [4 entries.]

35 I. (£5.)— WILLIAM Bell, Ratcheugh. Alnwick, for Ratcheugh Lady. roan, calved
Jan. 23, 1906 ; s. Lord Remenhan 16th (92340), d. Ratcheugh Witch by Baron Abbots-
ford (76087).

32 II. ( a2.i — Viscount Ridley, Blagdon Hall, Cramlington, for Clarice ( vol. 53, p. 718),
roan, calved March 4, 1906, bred by JamesDurno, Jackstown, Aberdeenshire ; Royal
Mint (87199), d. Coeoanut 6th by Golden Prospect (81181).

33 III. (Al.) J. H. Straker, Howden Dene, Corbridge, for Cowslip (vol. 53, p. 762),

roan, calved Jan. 7, 1906, bred by W. Forster, Bull's Hill, Allendale ; s. Silver Coin
(79963), d. Merry Maid by May Prince (84104).

34 R. N. & H. C.— William Bell, for Little Clara.

Class 6. — Shorthorn Heifers, calved in 1907. [7 entries.]

42 I. (A5.)— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, for

Tyneside Daisy, roan, calved Feb. 5, 1907 ; Sir Augustus (90153), d. Northumberland
Daisy by Pride of Princes (77456).

39 II. (A'2.) -William Bell, Ratcheugh. Alnwick, for Lady Barrington, red, calved
April 20, 1907 ; s. Lord Remenham 16th (92340), d. Pierrepont Lady Barrington 4th by
Millionaire (71016).

38 III. (AT.)— William Bell, for Carmen, roan, calved April 24, 1907. bred by
W. Graham, Eden Grove ; s. Holder Laburnum 4th (88861), d. Careful by Buttercup's
Pride (78512).

Class 7. — Aberdeen Angus Bulls. [5 entries.]

46 I. (A5.)-G. W. Glahome, Cheswick, Beal, for Plunger of Benton (23680), calved
Dec. 17, 1903, bred by C. Stephenson, Sandyforu Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne;
•v. Eliminator ( 17755), d. Petronilla (28051) by Euroclydon (13400).

43 II. (A’2.)— Lord Allendale, Bywell Hail, Stock<tield-on-Tyne, for Tartan Teeo

(27579), calved Dec. 21, 1906, bred by Mr. Grant, Finlarig, N.B. ; s. Evenhand (21900),
d. Tartan Queen of Finlarig (37460) by Edelhof (20416).

1 Special Prize of AT0 given by the Shorthorn Society for the best Bull in Class 3,
entered in Coates’s Herd Book.

Aivard of Prizes at Xewcastle , 1908.

cxxviii

•14 III. (XI.)— Clement Stephenson, Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Elect
of Eshott (24336), calved Dec. 16, 1904, bred by T. H. Bainbridge ; s. Egmont of
Pitpointie (15369), d. Elec-trine (33135) by Breckan (15235).

Class 8. — ■Aberdeen Angus Cent's or Heifer*. [6 entries.]

51 I. (X5.)— Clement Stephenson, Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Bose

Boot (26848), cow, calved March 21, 1898, bred by the late Alexander Geddes,
Blairmore ; s. Eimeo (12450), d. Bose of Prosen (15804) by Brennus 3rd (5907).

52 II. (£2.)— Clement Stephenson, for Eita of Benton (41270), heifer, calved Dec. 11.

1905 ; s. Elate (16513), d. Rita 4th of Notts (27776) by Partner (10322).

49 III. (XI.)— Lord Allendale, By well Hall, Stoeksfleld-on-Tyne, for Marquisa of
Birtley (39432), calved Jan. 2, 1905, bred by the late Cbas. Perkins and Partners ;
s. Prince Gem of Birtley (22506). d. Marchioness of Asswanley (30086) by Patrimo.

SHEEP.

Class 9. — Border Leicester Bams, of any age above one shear. [3 entries.]

56 I. (X4.) — ' Thomas Pigg, Dilston Park. Corbridge-on-Tyne, for Howden Victor, born

March 15, 1906, hred by J. H. Straker. Howden Dene. Corbridge-on-Tyne.

55 II. (X2.i— Charles Charlton. Shaw House, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, for ram, born
May, 1904, bred by Mr. Wood, Broeksbushes.

Class 10. — Border Leicester Shearling Barns. [13 entries.]

57 I. (X5.)— The Scremerston Coal Co., Ltd., Heathery Tops, Scremerston,

Berwick-on-Tweed.

63 II. (X2.)— William Ridley, Shilford, Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

66 III. (XI)— WILLIAM Robson. Low Hedgeley, Alnwick, for ram, born March, 1907.

Class 11. — Border Leicester Ewes. [3 entries.]

72 I. (X4.)— Charles Charlton, Sbaw House. Stocksfield-on-Tyne.

70 II. (X2.>— The Scremerston Coal Co., Ltd., Heathery Tops, Scremerston,
Berwick-on-Tweed, for ewe, bred by the late Mr. Scott, Thornholme, Carluke.

Class 12. — Border Leicester Gi miners. [10 entries.]

74 I. (X4.)— The Scremerston Coal Co.. Ltd., Heathery Tops, Scremerston.

78 II. (X2.)— William Robson, Low Hedgeley, Alnwick.

Class 13. — Cheviot Bams, of any age above one shear. [9 entries.]

86 I. (X4.)— G. G. Rea, Middleton. Wooler, for Peebles Dandy, three shear, bred by

John Elliot, Ilindhope, Jedburgh.

83 II. (X2.)— Jacob Robson, Byrness, Otterburn, for ram. three shear.

87 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Thornton. West Kielder, Kielder Station, for Hamlet.

Class 14. — Cheviot Shearling Bams. [5 entries.]

93 I. (X4), & 92 II. (X2.)— Jacob Robson, Byrness, Otterburn.

96 E. N. & H. C.— JOHN ROBSON, Newton, Bellingham.

Class 15.- - Che riot Ewes. [5 entries.]

97 I. (X4), & 98 II. (X2.)— JACOB Robson, Byrness, Otterburn.

Class 16. — Cheviot Gi miners. [5 entries.]

102 I. (X4). & 103 E. N. & H. C.- Jacob Robson, Byrness, Otterburn.

106 II. (X2.)— JOHN ROBSON, Newton, Bellingham.

Class 17. — Black-faced Mountain Bams, of any age above one shear.

[11 entries.]

110 I. (X4.)— Christopher Cdlley, Puncherton, Rothbury, for Gold Hunter, born
April, 1904, bred by C. Howatxon. Glenbuck, N.B.

107 II. (X2.)— J. & T. Mauguan, Westburnhope, Hexham., for ram, born April, 1906.

108 R. N. & H. C.— Thomas Murray, Scotscoltherd, Haltwhistle.

Class 18. — Black-faced Mountain Shearling Bams. [11 entries.]

121 I. (X4.)— Edward KTOBAUT, Blackballs, Kirkwhelpington, for ram, bred by John
Robson, Newton. Bellingham.

125 II. (X2.)— F. H. Porter, Doddington, Wooler.

120 E. N. & H. C.— Edward Stobart.

Class 19. — Black-faced Mountain Ewes. [3 entries.]

129 I. (X4.)— Addison & PAISLEY, Tarset Hall, Bellingham, for ewe, bred by Cadzow
Bros., Borland.

Class 20. — Blaclt-faced Mountain Gimmers. [4 entries,]

133 I. (X4.)— Addison & Paisley. Tarset Hall, Bellingham.

132 II. (X2.)— F. H. PORTER, Doddington, Wooler.

Award of Prizes at Newcastle, 1908. cxxix

Class 21. — Half-bred Shearling Ha me , by Leicester Ram* from Cheviot Ewes.

[3 entries.]

137 I. (£4), & 136 II. (£2.)— Sir Henry H. Scott, Hipsburn, Lesbury.

Class 22. — Half-bred Ewes, of any aye, by Leicester Rams from Cheviot
Ewes , or Half-bred Rams from Half-bred Ewes. [1 entry.]

139 1 1. (£4.)— F. H. PORTER. Doddington, Wooler.

Class 23. — Half-bred Gimmers, by Leicester Rams from Cheviot Ewes, or
Half-bred Rams from Half-bred Ewes. [5 entries.]

143 I. (£4), & 144 II. (jC2. >— F. H. PORTER, Doddington. Wooler.

Class 24. — Oxford Down. Shearling Rams. [5 entries.]

149 I. (£4), 147 II. (£2), & 148 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN KNOX LYAL, Peepy, Stocksfield.

Class 25. — Oxford Down Ram Lambs. [13 entries.]

150 1. (£4. & Special* , 152 II. (£2), & 151 III. (£1.) — A. F. NlCHOL, Bradford,
Belford.

Class 26. — Oxford Down Gimmers. [5 entries.]

165 I. (£4), 164 II. (£2), & 163 R. N. & H. C.-JOHN KNOX Lyal, Peepy, Stocksfield.

HORSES.

For Agricultural and Draught Purposes.

Class 27. — Brood Mares, with Foals at foot, \or in-foal at time of Show.

[6 entries.]

171 I. (jC6.)— James Johnson, Wharmley, Hexham, tor Daisy's Pride, bay, foaled 1903 ;

s. Lord Lothian (5998), d. Daisy by Pride of Cumberland (3932).

170 II. (£3.)— JOHN P. Rand, Westnewton. Kirknevvton. Alnwick, for Beauty, bay,
foaled April 20, 1902 ; «. Historian (242!)), d. Nance by Sir Everard (5353).

168 III. (£2.)—W. R. Trotter. North Acorn h, Stocksfield, for Garland, bay, foaled
19)1, bred by Matthew Cowing, Low Morley, Haydon Bridge ; s. Chainbearer. d. by
Pearl of Avondale.

169 R. N. & H. C.— Robson Urwin, East Farm, .Back worth, for Springtime.-'

Class 28. — Colt or Filly Foals, the produce of and shown with Mares entered in
Class 27. [6 entries.]

177 I. (A'2.)- James Johnson, Wharmley, Hexham, for bay filly; s. Royal Fashion
(10878), d. Daisy's Pride by Lord Lothian (5998).

174 II. (£1.) — W. R. TROTTER, North Acomb, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, for bay filly ; s.
Hartley Squire, d. Garland.

176 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN P. RAND, Westnewton, Kirknewton, Alnwick.

Class 29. — Geldings or Mares, Four years old and upwards. [5 entries.]

180 I. (£4.)— Fenwick Wilson. Harden. Whitley Bay, for bay, foaled 1903.

182 II. (£2.)— John Baty, Heathery Shank, Fenham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, for Farmer,
brown gelding, four years old, bred by Mr. Jackson, Dockray Hall, Wigton : s.
Speciality (11547).

Class 30. — Three- year-old Geldings. [5 entries.]

187 I. (.£4), & 188 II. (£2.)— Fenwick Wilson, Harden, Whitley Bay, for dark brown
geldings, foaled 1905.

186 R. N. & H. C.— J. Reay, East Brunton, Gosforth, for Prince.

Class 31. — Three-year-old Fillies. [6 entries.]

193 I. (£4.)— ROBERT Hall, Tborntree House. Seaton Burn, Dudley, R.S.O., for black ;
s. Historian (10775), d. by Toward Castle (9863).

194 II. (£2.)— Robert Hall, for bay ; s. Lord Roberts (11103), d. Montrave Roulette
(16722) by Macgregor (1487).

191 R. N. & H. C.— T. CABRY, Turvelaws, WTooler.

Class 32. — Two-year-old Geldings. [1 entry.]

196 I. (£4.)— John P. Rand, 'Westnewton, Kirknewton, Alnwick, for Surprise, bay : s.
Baron Godolphin (11602).

1 Special Prize of £3 given by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders’ Association for
the best Ram Lamb entered, or eligible for entry, in the Flock Book.

cxxx

Award of Prizes at Newcastle, 1908.

t

Class 33. — Two-year-old Fillies. [2 entries.]

197 I. (£i.) — T. Cabry, Turvelaws, Wooler, for black, foaled May, 190G ; s. Baron
Romeo.

198 II. U'2.)-W. R. TROTTER, North Acomb, Stocksfield, for brown ; s. Cock of the
North.

Class 34. — One-year-old Colts or Geldings. [4 entries.]

199 I. (£4.) — W. R. Trotter, North Acomb, Stocksfield, for Cock of the Walk, brown
colt : .s'. Cock of the North, d. Kate by McMeeekan.

202 II. (£2.)— ROBERT hall. Thorntree Home, Seaton Burn. Dudley. R.S.O.. for bay
colt, foaled March 28. 1907. bred by Mr. Shepherd, Arbour House, Durham ;
s. Edwin Mac (12565), d. Durham Queen.

201 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Hall.

Class 35. — One-year-old Fillies. [5 entries.]

207 I. (£4.) — JOHN P. Rand, Westnewton, Kirknewton, Alnwick, for bay, foaled
March 27, 1907 ; s. Perfection (11843). d. Beauty by Historian (2422).

204 II. (£2.)— George A. Davidson, North Shotton, Cramlington, for black, foaled
May 24, 1907 ; s. Storm Signal, d. Nugget,

205 R. N. & H. C.— William Urwin, Middle Farm, Backworth, for Blossom.

Hunting' Classes.

Class 36. — Brood Mares , for breeding Hunters , with Foals at foot, or in-foal
at time of Show. [2 entries.]

209 I. (A'6.)— Messrs. SltmmerbELL, South Shotton, Cramlington, for Jessie, bay,
13 years old, bred by the late Elias Griffith, Chirk, North Wales ; s. May Fly II.

Class 37. — Cult or Filly Foals, the produce of and shown with Mares entered
in Class 36. [2 entries.]

211 I. (£2.)— Messrs. Summerbell, South Shotton, Cramlington. for foal, foaled
June 11, 1908; s. Red Wings, d. Jessie by May Fly II.

Class 38. — Three-year-old Geldings. [3 entries.]

213 I. ( £ 4.) — Thomas L. Bell, High Seat. Wylam-on-Tyne, for brown, bred by Mr.
Barron, Dodley, Stocksfield ; s. Bamboo.

Class 39. — Three-year-old Fillies. [S entries.]

218 I. (£4.)— Messrs. Harrison, Ingoe Low Hall, Matfen, Corbridge-on-Tyne. for
brown ; s. Bamboo, d. Black Boss by Blue Grass.

216 II. (£2.)— MESSRS. Nixon. Pegswood Farm. Morpeth, for chestnut, foaled May,
1905 ; «. Glory Smitten, d. Miss Durham.

219 R. N. & H. C.— Henry Watson, Benton Lodge, Long Benton, R S.O.

Class 40. — Two-year-old Geldings. [5 entries.]

222 I. (£4.)— John O. SCOTT. Oaklands, Riding Mill, for Cardinal, brown, bred by
Mr. Charlton. Welton ; s. Red Wings (33), d. Kate.

223 II. (£2.)— Messrs. Summerbell. South Shotton, CramliogfoD, for His Lordship,
bay ; s. Sobieski, d. Jessie by May Fly II.

221 R. N. & H. C.— Jacob W. Annett, Tog-ton, Acklington. for Lord Howick.

Class 41. — Two-year-old Fillies. [1 entry.]

[No competitor.]

Class 42. — One-year-old Colts or Geldings. [4 entries.]

229 I. (jC4.)— Henry Angus, Matfen High House, Corbridge. for gelding, foaled May 20.
1907 : s. King’s Bandsman, d. by Coquet Lad.

228 II. (£2.)— 3. S. FAWCUS, Dunstansteads. Christen Bank. R.S.O., for colt.

227 R. N. & H. C.— Messrs. Summerbell, South Shotton, Cramlington, for Anxious.

Class 43. — One-year-old Fillies. [5 entries.]

234 I. (£4.).~ John Angus, Whitefleld. Morpeth, for Victory, chestnut, foaled April 5,
1907 : s. Battlefield, d. Fanny Smitten by Glory Smitten.

232 II. (£2.) -Messrs. NIXON, Pegswood Farm, Morpeth, lor chestnut, foaled June.
1907 ; Battlefield, d. Queen by King Harold.

230 R. N. & H. C.— David DEUCHAR. Low Boston. Warkwortb, for Coquet Lass.

t

CXXX1

prize: list

For GLOUCESTER SHOW, JUNE 22 to 26, 1909.

Total value of Prizes offered (inclusive of Champion Prizes, Special Prizes, Cups,
Medals, and Class Prizes), 9,675 l. 18*., of which amount 1,355/. are contributions from
the Gloucester Local Committee, 315/. from the Herefordshire and Worcestershire
Agricultural Society, 2,339/. 8.5. from various Breed Societies, and 836/. 10.5. from
other sources.

CHAMPION PRIZES.

The following Champion Prizes are offered by Breed Societies

HORSES.

HUNTERS’ improvement society :— Two Gold Medals for the best Hunter Mare
4 years and upwards, and for the best Filly not exceeding 3 vears old.

Polo and Riding Pony Society Two Gold Medals for the best Polo and
Riding Pony Stallion or Colt, and for the best Mare or Filly.

Hackney horse society Two Gold Medals, value 10/. each (or 10/. in money),
for the best Hackney Stallion, and for the best Mare or Filly.

Shetland Pony Stud Book Society Silver Medal for the best Shetland Pony
Stallion.

Welsh Pony and Cob society Two Silver Medals and Certificates for the
best Welsh Pony Stallion, and for the best Mare.

SHIRE Horse Society:— Two Gold Medals, value 10/. each (or 10/. in money),
for the best Shire Stallion. and for the best Mare or Filly, and 51. each to the Breeders
of the Champion Shire Stallion, and Mare or Filly.

CLYDESDALE Horse SOCIETY:— Two Prizes of 10/. each for the best Clydesdale
Stallion, and for the best Mare or Filly.

Hackney Horse society Gold Medal (or 51. in money) for the best Mare or
Gelding in the Single Driving Classes, the produce of a Registered Hackney Stallion.

CATTLE.

Shorthorn Society : — Two Prizes of 20/. each for the best Shorthorn Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book) association:— Prize of ioz. for the
best Pedigree Shorthorn Dairy Cow or Heifer.

Hereford Herd Book Society:— Two Prizes of 10/. 10s. each for the best Here-
ford Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society :— Two Prizes of 10/. 10s. each for the best
Devon Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

SUSSEX Herd Book Society :— Two Silver Medals for the best Sussex Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

Red Poll Society :— Two Prizes of 5/. each for the best Red Poll Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

Aberdeen Angus CATTLE Society :— A Gold Medal for the best breeding
animal of the Aberdeen Angus breed.

English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association :— A Gold Medal for the best
animal of the opposite sex to that of the animal awarded the Gold Medal of the Polled
Cattle Society.

English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society :— Two Challenge Cups, value
26/. 5s. each, for the best Kerry Bull, Cow, or Heifer, and for the best Dexter Bull,
Cow, or Heifer.

English Jersey Cattle Society :— Gold Medal (or 10/. in money), Silver Medal,
and Bronze Medal for the three best Jersey Animals in the Butter-test Classes.

SHEEP.

Oxford down Sheep Breeders' Association :— Two Prizes of 51. each for the
best Oxford Down Ram or Ram Lamb, and for the best Pen of Ewes or Ewe Lambs.

Southdown Sheep Society :— A Gold Medal (or 10/. 10s. in money) for the best
Southdown Ram ; and Silver Medal (or 1/. in money) for the best Pen of Ewes or
Ewe Lambs.

Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association :— Prize of 10/. for the best
Hampshire Down Ram Lamb, Pen of Ram Limbs, or Ewe Lambs; and 51. for the best
(Novice) Pen of Ram Lambs or Ewe Lambs.

Lincoln Long-wool Sheep breeders’ association :— A Piece of Plate,
value 51., for the best Lincoln Ram.

Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders :— A Challenge Cup, value
50/., for the best Border Leicester Sheep.

Kent or Romney Marsh sheep Breeders’ association :— Prize of 10/. 10s.
for the best Kent or Romney Marsh Ram.

COTSWOLD SHEEP Society :— Prize of 10/. 10s. for the best Cots wold Ram.

PIGS.

National Pig Breeders’ Association:— Three Gold Medals, or 5/. 5s. in
money, for the best Large White Boar or Sow, Middle White Boar or Sow, and Tam-
worth Boar or Sow.

British Berkshire Society :— Prize of 5/. 5s. for the best Berkshire Boar or Sow.

LARGE BLACK Pig SOCIETY :— Prize of 10/. for the best Large Black Boar ; and a
Challenge Cup, value twenty guineas, for the best Large Black Sow.

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig Breeders’ association:— Two Prizes of
51. 5s. each, for the best Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boar and the best Sow.

CXXX11

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909

HORSES (£3,003).

Frizes

1st

2nd 3rd

HUNTERS.1 *

£

£

£

Colt or Gelding, foaled in

1908

20

10

5

Gelding, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Gelding, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

Filly', foaled in 1908 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

FILLY, foaled in 1906 .

Mare (with foal at foot), up to

20

10

5

14 st

Mare (with foal at foot), up to

20

10

5

more than 14 st. ...

20

10

5

COLT F OAL, produce of Mare in
above classes ....
Filly Foal, produce of Mare

10

5

3

in above classes ....

10

5

3

POLO AND RIDING PONIES.1

STALLION, foaled in or before

1906, not over 14.2 h.

15

10

5

Colt, Filly, or Gelding,

foaled in 1908, not over
13.3 h

15

10

5

Colt, Filly, or Gelding,

foaled in 1907, not over
14.1 h

15

10

5

Filly or Gelding, foaled in

1906, not over 14.1£ h.

Mare (with foal at foot), not

15

10

5

over 14.2 h. ....

15

10

5

CLEVELAND BAYS

OR

COACH HORSES.

Stallion, foaled in 1906 or 1907

15

10

5

Mare (with foal at foot) .

15

10

5

HACKNEYS.3

Stallion, foaled in 1908 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1908 .

20

10

5

FILLY, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1906 .

Mare (with foal at foot), over

20

10

5

14. and not over 15.2 h.

Mare (with foal at foot), over

20

10

5

15.2 h

20

10

5

Foal, produce of Mare in above
classes 10 5 3

HACKNEY PONIES.3

STALLION, foaled in or before
1900, not over 14 h. . . . 15 10 5

Colt, Fills', or Gelding,
foaled in 1907, not over
13.2 h. . . . . . . 15 10 5

Filly or Gelding, foaled in
1906, not over 13.3 h. . . 15 10 5

Maee (with foal at foot), not
over 14 h 15 10 5

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd

SHETLAND PONIES. £ £ £

Stallion, foaled in or before
1906, not over 101 h. . . .10 5 3

MARE (with foal at foot), not
over 10J h 10 5 3

WELSH PONY.4

(Mountain or Moorland Class).
STALLION, foaled in or before

1900, not over 12.2 h.

10

5

3

Mare (with foal at foot), not
over 12.2 h.

10

5

3

SHIRE.4 * * *

STALLION, foaled in 1908 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

FILLY, foaled in 1908 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

Mare (with foal at foot) .

20

10

5

Colt Foal, produce of mare
in above class ....

10

5

3

Filly Foal, produce of mare
in above class ....

10

5

3

CLYDESDALE.0

Stallion, foaled in 1908 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1908 .

2(1

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

MARE ( with foal at foot) .

20

10

5

Foal, produce of mare in above
class

10

5

3

SUFFOLK.’

Stallion, foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Stallion, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

FILLY', foaled in 1907 .

20

10

5

Filly, foaled in 1906 .

20

10

5

Mare (with foal at foot) .

20

10

5

RIDING CLASSES.8

Hunters.

Frizes

1st 2nd 3rd 4th
£ £ £ £

Mare or Gelding, foaled
in 1905, up to from 12 to

14 st 15 10 5 5

Mare OR Gelding, foaled
in 1905, up to more than

14 st 15 10 6 5

Mare or Gelding

(Novice), foaled in or be-
fore 1904, up to from 12

to 14 st 15 10 5 5

Mare or Gelding

(Novice), foaled in or be-
fore 1904, up to more than

14 st 15 10 5 5

Mare or Gelding, foaled
in or before 1905, up to

from 12 to 13.7 st.

Mare or Gelding, foaled

20

15

10

5

in or before 1905, up to
more than 13.7 and not

over 15 st

20

15

10

5

1 £100 provided by gentlemen interested in the breed.

•i £50 provided by the Polo and Hiding Pony Society.

3 £15 provided by the Hackney Horse Society.

4 £18 provided through the Welsh Pony and Cob Society.

4 £70 provided by the Shire Horse Society.

4 £50 provided by the Clydesdale Horse Society.

’ £20 provided by the Suffolk Horse Society.

£ Provided by the Gloucester Local Committee.

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909. cxxxiii

RIDING CLASSES

( continued ).

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd 4 th
£ £ £ £

Mare or Gelding, foaled
in or before 190f>. up to
more than 15 st. . * . . 20 15 10 5

A Challenge Cup, value 50 guineas
for the best Hunter Mare or Gelding. 2
Polo and Riding Pony.

Mare or Gelding, (light-
weight), foaled in or before
1905, not exceeding 14.2 h.. 15 10 5 -

Mare or Gelding (heavy-
weight), foaled in or before
1905, not exceeding 14.2 h. 15 10 5 -

DRIVING CLASSES.1

To be driven In Single Harness.

Mare or Gelding
(Novice), not over 14 h. . 10 7 5

Mare or Gelding
(Novice), over 14 and not

over 15 h 10 7 5 -

Mare or Gelding
(Novice), over 15 h. . . 10 7 5

Mare or gelding, not

over 14 h 15 10 5 -

Mare or Gelding, over

14 and not over 15 li. . . 15 10 5 -

Mare or Gelding, over

15 and not over 15.2 h. . 15 10 5

Mare or Gelding

over 15.2 h 15 10 5 -

A Challenge Cup, value 50 guineas,
for the best Single Harness Mare or
Gelding. &c.

To be driven in Double Harness.

Mares or Geldings, not

over 15 h 15 10 5 5

Mares or Geldings, over
15 h 15 10 5 5

To be driven Tandem.

Mares or Geldings, not

over 15 h 16 10 5 5

Mares or Geldings, over
15 h 15 10 5 5

Four-in-hand Teams.

Mares or Geldings, to be
shown before a Coach . 20 15 10 5

A Challenge Cdp, value 501., for the
best team . -

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sth
£ £ £ £ £
10 5 5 -

DRAUGHT
HORSES.1
Mare or Gelding, foaled
in 1905, shown in Cart or

Lurry 15

Mare or Gelding
foaled in or before 1904,
shown in Cart or Lurry . 15
Team of Two, foaled In or
before 1905. to be shown in
Lurry or Waggon . .15

10

10

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd 4th
£ £ £ £

JUMPING
COMPETITIONS.'

A Mare or Gelding 25
B Mare or Gelding
(First, Prize Winners in
Class A not eligible) . 20 10 5 5 -

C Mare or Gelding,

(First Prize Winners in
Classes A and B not
eligible) . . . .15 10 5 5 -

D Champion Class,

Mare or Gelding . . 25 15 10 5 5

CATTLE (£2,492).

Prizes

SHORTHORN . 5

Bull, calved in 1904, 1905, or 1906 10
Bull, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1907, and Marcli 31, 1907 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
Aprihl, 1907, and Dec. 31, 1907 10 6 4

BULL, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1908, and March 31, 1908 10 6 4

BULL, calved on or between
April 1, 1908, and Dec. 31, 1908 . 10 6 4

Special Prize of 10/. for the
best Bull calved in 1908, the
property of an Exhibitor re-
siding in Gloucestershire4
Group Class, for the best, col-
lection of either three or four
Bulls, bred by Exhibitor . 15 10
Cow, in-milk, calved in or be-
fore 1905 10 6 4

HEIFER, in-milk, calved in 1906 10 8 4

Heifer, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1907, and Marcli 31. 1907 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
April 1, 1907, and Dec. 31, 1907. 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1908, and March 31, 1908 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
April 1. 1908. and Dec. 31, 1908 .10 6 4

GROUP class, for the best col-
lection of either three or four
Cows or Heifers, bred by

Exhibitor 15 10

Dairy Cow, in-milk, calved
in or before 1904 . . . . 10 6 4

Dairy Cow, in-milk, calved in

1905 10 6 4

Dairy Heifer, in-milk, calved
in or after 1900 8 . . . 10 6 4

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

LINCOLNSHIRE RED
SHORT-HORN.0

Bull, calved in 1903, 1904, 1905,

or 1908 10 6 4

BULL, calved in 1907 . . . 10 8 4

BULL, calved in 1908 . . . 10 6 4

Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1905 10 6 4

Heifer, in-milk, calved in

. 10 6 4

. 10 6 4

. 10 8 4

. 10 6 4

1900

Heifer, calved in 1907
HEIFER, calved in 1908
10 5 5 Milk Yield Prizes .

Provided by the Gloucester Local Committee,
z Provided by Gentlemen interested in the breed.

3 £100 provided bv the Shorthorn Society.

4 Offered by the Shorthorn Society.

* Offered by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book) Association
o £80 provided by the Lincolnshire Red Short-horn Association.

CXXX1V

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909

Prizes I Prizes

HEREFORD.1

1st 2nd 3rd

WELSH . 3

1st 2nd 3rd

£

£

£

£

£

£

BULL, calved in 1904, 1905, or

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 3,

1906

10

6

4

1903, and before Dec. 1, 19C6 .

10

6

4

BULL, calved in 1907 .

10

6

4

BULL, calved on or after Dec. 1,

BULL, calved on or between

1906, and before Dec. 1. 1907 .

10

6

4

Jan. 1, 1908. and March 1. 1908 .

15

10

4

Bull, c lived on or alter Dec. 1,

Bull calved in 1908, after

1907, and before Dec. 1. 1908 .

10

6

4

M ircli 1

10

6

4

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,

COW, in-milk, calved in or

calved before Dee. 1, 1906.

10

6

4

before 1905

10

6

4

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

HEIFER, in-milk, calved in 1906 10

6

4

1, 1906, and before Dec. 1, 1907 .

10

6

4

HEIFER, calved in 1907

10

6

4

Heifer, calved on or after

Heifer, calved in 1908

10

6

4

Dec. 1, 1907, and before Dec. 1,

Family Class, consisting of

1908

10

6

4

Bull and Cow. and their off-

spring not excedingl2 months
old

15

10

5

RED POLL.®

DEVON.2

Bull, calved in 1901, 1905. or

1900 10 6 4

BULL, calved in 1907 . . . 10 6 4

BULL, calved in 1908 . . . 10 6 4

BULL, (novice), bred by Ex-
hibitor, calved in 1907 or 1908 . 10 0 4

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,
calved in or before 1906 . . 10 0 4

Heifer, calved in 1907 . . 10 6 4

HEIFER, calved in 1908 . . 10 6 4

HEIFER (novice), bred by Ex-
hibitor. calved in 1907 or 1908 . 10 6 4

DAIRY Cow, in-milk, yielding
the largest quantity of milk,
total solids and percentage of
butter fats to be considered in
making the award . . . 10 6 4

SOUTH DEVON.

Bull, calved in 1904, 1905, 1900,

or 1907 10 0

Bull, calved in 1908 . . . 10 6

COW OR HEIFER, in-milk,
calved in or before 1906 . . 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1907 , . 10 0 -

Heifer, calved in 1908 . . 10 6 -

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 0 4

LONGHORN.3 4 * 6

BULL, calved in 1904, 1905, 1900,

or 1907 10 6 4

Bull, calved in 1908 . . . 10 G

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,
calved in cr before 1906 . . 10 6 4

IlEIFER. calved in 1907 or 190S . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

Bull, calved in 1904, 1905, 1906,

cr 1907 10 6

Bull, calved in 1908 . . . 10 6

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk, calved
in or before 1906 . . . . 10 6

HEIFER, calved in 1907 . . 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1908 . . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10 6

ABERDEEN ANGUS.7 8

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1903, and before Dec. 1, 1906 . 10 6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1906, and before Dec. 1. 1907 . 10 6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1907, and before Dec. 1, 1908 . 10 6

Cow, in-milk, calved before

Dec. 1, 1905 10 6

Heifer, in-milk, calved on or
after Dec. 1, 1905, and before

Dec. 1, 1906 10 6

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1. 1906, and before Dec. 1, 1907. 10 6

HEIFER, calved on or after Dec.

1, 1907, and before Dec. 1, 1908 . 10 6

GALLOWAY.®

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1903, and before Dec. 1, 1907 . 10 6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1907, and before Dec. 1, 1908 . 10 6

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,
calved before Dec. 1, 1906 . 10 6

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1, 1906, and before Dec. 1, 1908 . 10 6

HIGHLAND.

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

SUSSEX. «

Bull, calved in 1904, 1905, 1906,

or 1907 15 8 4

BULL, calved in 1908 . . . 15 8 4

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,
calved in or before 1900 . . 15 8 4

Heifer, calved in 1907 . . Ifi 8 4

Heifer, calved in 1908 . . 15 8 4

BULL, calved in or before 1908 . 10 -

Cow or Heifer, in-milk . 10 - -

AYRSHIRE.®

Bull, calved in or before 1908 . 10 6 4

Cow or IlEIFER, in-milk or

in-calf 10 6 4

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

1 £79 provided by the Hereford Herd Book Society.

2 £60 provided by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society.

3 £22 provided by the Longhorn Cattle Society.

4 £35 provided by the Sussex Herd Book Society.

0 £40 provided by the Welsh Black Cattle Society.

6 £20 provided by the Red Poll Society.

7 £20 provided by Local Gentlemen interested in the Breed.

8 £16 provided by the Galloway Cattle Society.

0 £8 provided by the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society.

cxxxv

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1900.

Prizes

JERSEY. i»tzn£d3r|

Boll, calved 1904. '05, ’00, or '07 10 6 4

BOLL, calved in 1908 . . . 10 0 4

COW, in -milk, calved in or

before 1905 ... . . . 10 6 4

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1906 10 6 4

HEIFER, in-milk, calved in 1907 10 6 4

Heifer, calved in 1908. . . 10 6 4

Cow or Heifer, in-milk, bred
by Exhibitor, sired in Great
Britain or Ireland 1 . . . 10 6 4

Milk Yield Brizes . . . 10 0 4

GUERNSEY.*

BOLL calved 1904, ’05, ’00, or ’07 .10 0 -

BOLL, calved in 1908 . . . 10 6 -

Cow or Heifer, in-milk.

calved in or before 1900 . 10 0

HEIFER, calved in 1907 . . 10 6 -

Heifer, calved in 1908 . . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 0 4

KERRY.3

BOLL, calved in 1904, 1905, 1900, or

1907 10 0 -

COW in-milk, calved in or be-
fore 1905 10 6 -

IlEIFER, in-milk, calved in 1906 10 0

HEIFER, calved in 1907 or 1908 • . 10 0 -

Milk Yield Prizes . ■ . . 10 0 4

DEXTER.3

BOLL, calved in 1904, 1905, 1900,

or 1907 .10 6 -

Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1905 . . . .10 6 -

HEIFER,in-milk,calvedinl9P0 . 10 0

HEIFER, calved in 1907 or 1900 .10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 0 4

SPECIAL MILK YIELD.

( Judged without Inspection.)

Cow, in-milk, of any age, breed,
or cross 1 12 8 5

BUTTER TESTS.1

COW, of any age, breed, or cross,

exceeding 900 lb. live weight . 15 10 5

CO W, of any age, breed, or cross,
not exceeding 900 lb. live

weight 15 10 5

Special Prizes for the 3 cows
in above classes obtaining the
greatest number of points in
the competition . . . 12 8 5

SHEEP (£2,015 10s.).

Prizes

OXFORD DOWN.4 ✓ — n

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

Shearling Ram . . . .10 5 3

Ram LAMB, dropped in 1909 . 10 5 S

THREE Ram lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
in 1909 10 5 3

Prizes

SHROPSHIRE.3 1st 2ud 3rd 4th

Two-Shear Ram . . 10 5 3 -

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 3 -

Five Shearling Rams . 15 10 5 -

Three shearling rams

(Novice) 10 5 3 -

Selling Class for shear-
ling Ram . . . 10 5 3 2

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3 -

Three ram lambs (Novice).

dropped in 1909 . . . 10 5 3 -

Three shearling Ewes .10 5 3 -

Three Ewe LAMBS.dropped
in 1909 . .10 5 3 -

Ten Shearling Field
Ewes 10 5 3 -

Prizes

SOUTHDOWN.

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

Two-Shear Ram ® . . . 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . .10 5 3

Three Shearling Rams ® . 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
in 1909 10 5 3

Prizes

HAMPSHIRE

5th

£

DOWN.7

1st

£

2nd 3rd 4th
£ £ £

Two-Shear Ram .

10

5

3

-

-

SHEARLING RAM .

selling Class for

10

5

3

~

“

Three shearling
rams .

15

10

5

_

_

Ram Lamb, dropped in

1909

Three Ram Lambs,

15

10

7

5

3

dropped in 1909 .

Three Ram Lambs

10

5

3

_

(Novice), dropped in
1909

10

5

3

_

_

Three Shearling
Ewes . . . .

Three Ewe Lambs,

10

5

3

-

-

dropped in 1909 .

Three Ewe Lambs

10

5

3

-

(Novice) dropped in
1909

10

5

3

-

-

1 Offered by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

* £10 provided by the English Guernsey Cattle Society.

3 £20 provided by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society.

4 £18 provided by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders'Assoeiation.

3 £104 provided by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Association.

« Offered by the Southdown Sheep Society.

' £106 provided by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders' Association.

VOL. 69. M M

cxxxvi

Prize List for Gloucester Shore, 1909.

Prizes

SUFFOLK. 'i« andlird

£ £ £

Two-Shear ram 1 . . . 10 ' 5 3

Shearling Ram. . . . 10 5 3

Ram LAMB, dropped in 1909 1 . 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
in 1909 10 5 3

DORSET HORN.2

Shearling Ram, dropped after

Nov. 1, 1907 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs, dropped
after Nov. 1, 1908 . . . 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes,
dropped after Nov. 1, 1907 .10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
after Nov. 1. 1908 . . . 10 5 3

Three Ewe Hoggets, dropped
after Nov. 1, 1907, shown in
their wool 10 5 3

RYELAND.3

Prizes

BORDER LEICESTER. {TTidTTd

£ £ £

Ram, Two Shear and upwards 10 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . .10 5 -
SHEARLING EWE . . . 10 5 -

WENSLEYDALE.7

Two-Shear Ram, entered or
eligible for entry in the Wen-
sleydale Bluefaced Flock

Book II) 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

KENT OR ROMNEY MARSH.8

I Two-Shear Ram . . . 10 5 3

; Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 3

i Five Shearling Rams . . 15 10 5

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
in 1909 10 5 3

Ram, Two Shear and up-
wards . . . '. . 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3

KERRY HILL (WALES!.4

Ram, Tw o Shear and upwards 10 5 3

SHEARLING RAM . . . .10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
in 1909 10 5 3

LINCOLN.5

Two-Shear Ram . . . 10 5 3

Shearling Ram. . . . 10 5 3

Five Shearling Rams . . 15 10 5

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 3

Three Yearling ewes,
shown in their wool . . 10 5 3

LEICESTER.8

Shearling Ram . . . .10 5 -

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

in 1909 10 5 -

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 -

Three Ewe lambs, dropped
in 1909 10 5 -

COTSWOLD.9

Ram, Two shear and up-
wards 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5 3

Shearling Ram (Novice) . .532

Three Ram Lambs, dropped in
1909 . . . . . . 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs (Novice)
dropped in 1909 . . . .5 3 2

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3
Three Shearling Ewes

(Novice) 5 3 2

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped
in 1909 .... . 10 5 3

I Three Ewe Lambs (Novice)

dropped in 1909 . . . .5 3 2

Ten Breeding Ewes, having
each reared a Lamb in 1909 .10 5 3

DEVON LONG-WOOL.10

I Ram, Two-Shear and up-
wards 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 .3

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3

SOUTH DEVON.11

Two Shear Ram. . . .10 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . .10 5 -

Three Ram Lambs, dropped
in 1909 . , . .10 5 -

Three shearling Ewes . 10 5 -
Three Ewe Lambs, dropped in
1909 10 5 -

1 Offered by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

- £30 provided by the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association.
s £28 provided by the Ryeland Flock Book Society.

4 £26 provided by the Kerry Hill (Wales) Flock Book Society.

5 £66 provided by the Lincoln Long-Wool Sheep Breeders' Association.

6 £15 provided by the Leicester Sheep Breeders Association.

7 £10 provided by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders’ Association, and
£6 provided jointly by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders’ Association and
the Wensleydale Sheep Breeders’ Association.

8 £48 provided by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders' Association.

9 £76 provided by the Cotswold Sheep Society.

> o £18 provided by the Devon Long-Woolled Sheep Breeders' Society,
i 1 £30 provided by the South Devon Flock Book Association.

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909.

CXXXYll

Prizes

DARTMOOR.1 1st 2ml 3rd

Same as for Devons. £ £ £

EXMOOR.2

Same as for Devons.

CHEVIOT.3

Ram, Two Shear and upwards 10 5-

SHEARLINQ RAM . . . . 10 5 -

Shearling Ewe. . .10 5 -

LON K.4

Ram, SHEARLING and upwards 10 5

Ram Lamb, dropped in 1909 . 10 5

Three shearling Ewes 10 5 -

HERDWICK.6

Ram, Shearling and upwards 10 5 -

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 -

WELSH MOUNTAIN.

Ram. Shearling and upwards 10 -
Three shearling Ewes . jo - -

BLACK-FACED MOUNTAIN.

Ram, Shearling and upwards 10 -

Shearling Ewe . . . . 10 - -

PIGS (£710 10s.).

Large White11
Middle White” .

Tam worth” ....
Berkshire' ....
Large Black"

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated2

In each of the above Breeds the follow-
ing prizes will be given

let 2nd 3rd

BOAR, farrowed in 1905, 190*1, or £ £ £

1907 10 5 3

Boar, farrowed in 1908 . .10 5 i -3

Boar, farrowed in 1909 . . 10 5 3

Breeding Sow, farrowed in
1905, 1906, or 1907. . . . 10 5 3

Sow, farrowed in 1908. . . 10 5 3

Three Sow Pigs, farrowed in

1909 10 5 3

POULTRY (£212 13s.).

A Challenge Cup, value 10Z. io«., for
best Bird in the Show.1 o

Two Silver Medals, for best Male
and Female Bird in the Show. 111

Two Silver Cups, value 51. 5s. each,
for the best Cock or Cockerel and for the
best Hen or Pullet of any breed.1 1

Prizes are offered for the best COCK,
Hen, Cockerel, and Pullet of the
following Breeds : —

*. *. *.

Game, Old English . . . 20 10 5

Game, Indian . . . . 20 10 5

Game, Black Sumatra . . 20 10 5

A Special Prize of 20s. for b iSt Bird
in above Classes.

Langshan 20 10 5

Croad Langshan . . . 20 10 5

Plymouth Rock, Barred .20 10 5

Plymouth Rock, other

' variety 20 10 5

Wyandotte, Gold or Silver

Laced 20 10 5

Wyandotte, White . . . 20 10 5

Wyandotte, Partridge . . 20 10 5

Wyandotte, other variety .20 10 5

Orpington. Buff . . . 20 10 5

A Silver Cup value 21. 2s. for the
best Buff Orpington. 1 2

Orpington, White . . . 20 10 5

A SILVER SERVIETTE RING, for
best White Orpington.1 3

Orpington, Black . . . 20 10 5

Orpington. Jubilee . . . 20 10 5

A Silver Medal and a Silver
Serviette Ring, lor best Jubilee
Orpington. 1 3

Orpington, Spangled . . 20 10 5

A Silver Serviette Ring, for
best Spangled Orpington.1 3

Minorca . . . .

Leghorn. White
Leghorn, Brown
Leghorn, Black
Leghorn, other variety .
Dorking, Coloured .
Dorking, other variety .
Sussex, Light .

.20 10 5
. 20 10 5
.20 10 5
.20 10 5
.20 10 5
. 20 10 5
. 20 10 6
. 20 10 5

A Silver Medal for best L'ght
Sussex. 1 4

Sussex, Speckled . . . 20 10 5

A Silver Medal for best
Speckled Sussex. 1 4
Sussex, Red . . . . 20 10 5

A Silver Medal for the best Red
Sussex. 1 4

Brahma 20 10 5

A Special Prize of H. Is. for the
best Brahma.1 5

Cochin 20 10 5

Campine 20 10 5

A Silver medal, for best

Campine.1 ”

1 £18 provided by Breeders of Dartmoor Sheep.

2 £18 provided by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders' Society.

3 £15 provided by the Cheviot Sheep Society.

4 £15 provided by the Lonk Sheep Breeders’ Association.

3 £10 provided by the Breeders of Herdwick Sheep.

6 £54 provided by' the National Pig Breeders' Association.

7 £18 provided by the British Berkshire Society.

8 £18 provided by the Large Black Pig Society.

2 £18 provided by the Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig Breeders' Association.
1 o Offered by the Poultry Club.

1 1 Offered by the Gloucestershire Committee of the Poultry Club.

1 2 Offered by the Buff Orpington Club.

1 3 Offered by the Variety Orpington Club.

1 4 Offered by the Sussex Poultry Club.

1 5 Offered by' the Brahma Club.’

1 « Offered through the Campine Club.

M M 2

cxxxviii Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1900

Prizes

POU LTRY- continued. , ' s

1st 2nd 3rd

s. s. s.

French, Faverolle . . . 20 10 5

French, other variety . . 20 10 5

Any other Breed . . 20 10 5

A Special Prize of 20s. for best Bird
in above Classes.

TABLE FOWLS.

(To be sent and exhibited alive.)
Pair of Cockerels or Pullets,

pure-breed 20 10 5

Pair of Cross-bred Cock-
erels or Pullets . . . 20 10 5

DUCKS.

Drake or Young Drake,
Duck or Duckling.

Aylesbury

20

10 5

Itduen

20

10 5

Indian Runner

20

10 5

Any other breed .

20

10 5

GEESE.

Gander and Goose.

Any variety

30

20 10

TURKEYS.

Cock

20 10

Hen ... . . .

30

20 10

PRODUCE (£321 5s.).

BUTTER.

Box of Twelve 2 lb. Rolls or Squares of
Butter, not more than 1 per cent. salt.
1st 4/., 2nd 21, 3rd 11. Prizes

1st and 3rd

Two Pounds of Fresh t £ «■

Butter, without any salt,
made up in plain pounds,
made from the milk of Chan-
nel Island or South Devon
Cattle and their crosses . . 2 1 10

Two Pounds of Fresh
BUTTER, without any salt,
made up in plain pounds,
from the milk of Cattleof any
breed or cross other than
those mentioned . . . 2 1 10

Two Pounds of Fresii
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in plain pounds, from the
milk of Channel Island or
South Devon Cattle and their

crosses 2 1 10

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in plain pounds, from the
milk of Cattle of any breed or
cross other than those men-
tioned . . . . 2 1 10

Special Prizes of 40*.. 30s., 20s., and 10s.
for the best Butter in above Class, made
bv residents in the County of Monmouth. >
Two Pounds of Butter
made up in plain pounds
from Scalded Ci earn . . 2 1 10

Three Pounds of Fresh
Bui ter, slightly salted, made
up in pounds in the most
attractive marketable designs 2 1 10

BUTTER- continued.

Three Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in pounds and packed in
non-returnable boxes for
transmission by rail or parcel
post

Prizes'

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ s.

2 1 10

CHEESE (made in 1909).

Prizes

3 Cheeses in each
Entry.

1st 2nd 3rd 4t l>
£ £ £ £

Cheddar, of not less than
50 lb. each . . . . 5 3 2 1

Cheddar Truckle . .321-

COLOURED CHESHIRE, of not
less than 40 lb. each . .4 3 2 1

Dncoloured Cheshire, of
not less than 40 lb. each . 4 3 2 1
Stilton 3 2 1-

WENSLEYDALE. . . .321-

Double Gloucester, of not
less than 22 lb. each . .4 3 2 1

Single Gloucester, of not
less than 13 lb. each . .321-

Staffordshire or DERBYr-

SHIRE 3 2 1-

CAERPHILLY . . . .321-

Special Prizes of 30s„ 20s, and 10s,
for the best Caerphilly Cheeses, made by
residents in the County of Monmouth.1

Prizes

CIDER AND PERRY, ut 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

Cask of Dry Cider, made in

1908 5 3 2-

Cask of Sweet Cider, made

in 1908 5 3 2

Cask of Cider, made previous

to 1908 5 3 2

One Doz. Dry Cider, made
in 1908 4 2 1

One Doz. Sweet Cider, made

in 1908 4 2 1

One Doz Cider, made jre-
vious to 1908 . . . .4 2 1

One Doz. Dry Perry .421
One Doz. Sweet Perry, 4 2 1

Special Prizes of 35s., 25s., and 10s.
(I.) for the best cask of Sweet Cider;
(II.) for the best exhibit of Sweet Cider
made by residents in the County of
Monmouth, t

A Challenge Cup for the best exhibit
of Cider. 2

WOOL (of 1909 Clip). /£LLcl^
3 Fleeces in each Entry. 3'^

Leicester or Border Leicester

. 3

2

i

Lincoln

. 3

2

i

Kent or Romney Marsh

. 3

2

i

Cots wold ....

. 3

2

i

Devon Long Wool

. 3

2

i

South Devon .

. 3

2

i

Any other Long Wool .

. 3

2

i

Southdown ....

. 3

2

i

Shropshire ....

. 3

2

i

Kerry Hill ....

. 3

2

i

Any other Short Wool .

. 3

2

i

Welsh

. 3

2

i

Cheviot

. 3

2

i

Scotch

. 3

2

i

1 Offered by the Monmouthshire Agricultural F.ducation Committee.

2 Offered by Cider Growers of the YVest of F.ngland.

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909.

cxxxix

HIVES, HONEY, AND BEE
APPLIANCES. Prizes

Offered by British Bee-keepers’ lgt 2n<\ 3,-a

ASSOC Id 1 1 Oil. S S S

CoUection of Hives . . . 80 40 20

Frame Hive 20 15 10

Do. for Cottagers’ use . . 20 15 10

Honey Extractor . . . 15 10 -

Observatory hive (not less
than 3 frames) . . . . 20 15 10

Useful appliances. . . . 10 - -

HONEY.

For the purposes of Classes for Honey
the United Kingdom has been divided into
Two Districts: —

1. Counties of Cheshire, Cumberland,
Derby, Durham, Hereford, Lancashire,
Leicester, Lincoln. Monmouth, North-
umberland.Nottingbam. Rutland. Salop.
Stafford, Warwick, Westmorland, Wor-
cester, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man,
Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.

2. Counties of Bedford, Berks., Bucks.,
Cambridge, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset,
Essex, Gloucester. Hampshire, Herts.,
Hunts., Isle of Wight, Kent. Middlesex,
Norfolk, Northampton, Oxford, Somer-
set, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, or Wiltshire.

For each of the above Districts the
following four Classes and Prizes, for
Honey of any year, have been provided : —
Prizes

HONEY.

12 Sections of Comb Honey, s. j. s.

about 12 lb 20 15 10

Run or Extracted, Light-
coloured Honey, about

121b 20 15 10

Run or Extracted, Me-
dium or Dark-coloured
Honey, about 121b. . . 20 15 10

Granulated Honey, about
12 lb 20 15 10

MISCELLANEOUS.

3 Shallow frames of COMB
HONEY, for extracting . . 20 15 10

6 Jars of Heather honey,

about 6 lb 20 15 10

6 Jars of HEATHER MIXTURE

Extracted Honey, about

0 lb 20 15 10

Display of Honey . . . 30 20 10

21b. of WAX 10 7/6 5

3 lb. of W AX, in marketable form,

suitable for retail trade . . 10 7/6 5

Honey Vinegar, l quart. .7/6 5 -

MEAD, 1 quart .... 7/6 5
Other Practical Exhibits. 10 - -

Other Scientific Exhibits .10 - -

HORSE-SHOEING COMPETITIONS (£50).

( Open to the United Kingdom.')

Class I. Hunters. Class II. Cart Horses.

Prizes in each Class as follows : — 1st, 3/. 10s. ; 2nd, 3/. ; 3rd, 2Z. 10s. ; 4th, 21. ; 5th, 1/. 10s.;
6th, If.

A Gold Medal will be presented to the First Prize Winner in each Class.'

A Silver Medal and a Bronze Medal in each Class to be competed for by Members of
the National Master Farriers’ Association.'

BUTTER-MAKING COMPETITIONS (£66).

The Competitions on Tuesday. Wednesday, and Thursday, will be open only to
these resident in the Counties of Gloucester. Wiltshire, Dorset, Worcester, Hereford,
Monmouth, Glamorgan, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall, who have been pupils or
received instruction in Dairying at their respective County Council Institutes or Dairy
Schools since the 1st day of January, IS'00, and who have never won a Prize at the
Shows of the R.A.S.E , Bath and West, Royal Counties, and at the London Dairy Show.

The Competition on Saturday will be open only to the Prize Winners in Hie three
previous Competitions.

The following- Prizes are offered on each day 1st Prize, 5Z. ; 2nd Prize, 3Z. ;
3rd Prize. 21. ; 4th Prize, 1Z. ; 5th Prize, lth. Certificates of Merit will he given to
those candidates obtaining 86 points out of a possible 100.

Special Prizes of 51., 3Z„ and 2 Z. for the three Candidates resident in the County of
Gloucester, who obtain the highest number of marks in the Competitions.3

Special Prizes of 4 f., 3/ , 21., and 1/., for ihe three Candidates resident in the County
of Monmouth who have attended the Dairy or Cheese Schools of the County, and who
obtain the highest number of marks in the Competitions. ■»

' Offered by the Worshipful Company of Farriers.

3 Offered by the National Master Farriers’ Association.

3 Offered by the Gloucester Local Committee.

4 Offered by the Monmouthshire Agricultural Education Committee.

cxl

Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909.

FARM PRIZES (£660).

(Open to bona-fide Tenant Farmers.')

For the best-managed Farms in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire (Classes I. to IV.b1
Class 1.— Farm of 300 acres or over, chiefly Arable, exclusive of Down. 1st Prize, 100/. ;
2nd Prize. 50Z. (21 entries.)

CLASS II.— Farm of 50 acres or over and under 300 acres, chiefly Arable. 1st
Prize, 50/. ; 2nd Prize, 251. (5 entries).

CLASS III. — Farm of 200 acres or over, chiefly Pasture, exclusive of Down. 1st Prize,
50/. ; 2nd Prize, 25/. (13 entries).

Class IV.— Farm of under 200 acres, chiefly Pasture. 1st Prize, 30/. ; 2nd Prize. 15/. (8
entries).

For the best-managed Farms in Herefordshire and Worcestershire
(Classes V. to VIII.).2

Class V.— Farm of 200 acres or over. Arable and Pasture. 1st Prize. 60/. : 2nd Prize,
30/. ; 3rd Prize, 15/. (15 entries).

Class VI. — Farm of 50 acres or over and under 200 acres, Arable and Pasture. 1st
Prize. 40/. ; 2nd Prize, 20/. : 3rd Prize, 101. (10 entries).

CLASS VII.— Farm of over 50 acres, of which not less than 20 per cent, is under
Hops and Fruit. 1st Prize, 60/. ; 2nd Prize, 30/. ; 3rd Prize. 15/. (3 entries).
Class VIII. — Farm of 10 acres or over and not exceeding 50 acres, chiefly devoted to
Fruit Growing and Market Gardening. 1st Prize, 20/.; 2nd Prize, IQ/.;
3rd Prize, 51. (no entries).

‘ Offered by the Gloucester Local Committee.

2 Offered by the Herefordshire and Worcestershire Agricultural Society.

cxli

PRINCIPAL ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

[ The name of the donor , or the mode of acquisition , appears in Italics
after the title of each work.']

Ball, .Robert S. Natural Sources of Power. 8vo. London, 1908 ...Author
Bower, F. 0., D.Sc., F.R.S. The Origin of a Land Flora. 8vo.

London, 1908 Publishers

Clark, Hubert L. The Apodous Holothurians. 4 to. Washington,

1907 Smithsonian Institution

Dias, Arthur. The Brazil of To-day. 8vo. Nivelles, 1908 Author

Diffloth, P. Encyclopedic Agricole : Zooteclinie speciale. 8vo.

Paris, 1908 Publishers

Dyer, Bernard, D.Sc. Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs. Fifth Edition.

8vo. London, 1908 Author

Elliott, Robert H. The Clifton Park System of Farming. 8vo.

London and Kelso, 1908 James Hunter, Ltd.

Encyclopaedia of Agriculture. Edited by C. E. Green and D. Young.

Vols. II. and III. 8vo. Edinburgh and London Publishers

Fleischmann, Dr. W. Lehrbuch der Milchwirtsckaft. 8vo. Leipzig,

1908 ? Author

Flock Boohs : —

Border Leicester. Vols. I.-X. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1898-1908 Society

Cheviot. Vols. XII. -XVII. 8vo. Hawick, 1903-8 Society

Cotswold. Vols. XI. -XVII. 8vo. Cirencester, 1902-8 Society

Devon Long Woolled. Vol. III. 8vo. Taunton, 1904 Society

Dorset Horn. Vols. V.-XVII. 8vo. Dorchester, 1896-1908 Assocn.

Exmoor Horn. Vol. II. 8vo. Williton and Minehead Society

IJampshire Down. Vol. XIX. 8vo. Salisbury, 1908 Assocn.

Kent or Romney Marsh. Vol. XIV. 8vo. London, 1908 Assocn.

Kerry Hill (Wales). Vols. IV., V., VII., and VIII. 8vo. Newtown,

1904- 5-7-8 Assocn.

Leicester. Vol. XVI. 8vo. Hull, 1908 Assocn.

Lincoln Long Wool. Vol. XVII. 8vo. Lincoln, 1908 Assocn.

New Zealand Romney Marsh. Vol. IV. 8vo. Feilding, N.Z., 1908... Society

Oxford Down. Vol. XX. 8vo. Oxford, 1908 Assocn.

Southdown. Vol. XVII. 8vo. Lewes, 1908 Society

South Devon. Vol. V. 8vo. London, 1908 Society

Suffolk. Vols. XIX., XX., and XXII. 8vo. Bury St. Edmunds,

1905- 6-8 Society

Wensleydale Blue-faced. Vols. IX., XIII., XIV., and XIX. 8vo.

Hawes, 1898-1908 Assocn.

Wensleydale. Vol. XIX. 8vo. Hawes, 1908 Assocn.

Gillandeks, A. T. Forest Entomology. 8vo Edinburgh, 1908 ...Purchased

Goodrich, Charles L. The First Book of Farming. 8vo. London,

1908 Publishers

Hasbach, Dr. W. The History of the English Agricultural Labourer.

8vo. London, 1908 Publishers

Herd Books : —

Ayrshire. Vol. XXXI. 8vo. Kilmarnock, 1908 Society

Coates’s. Vol. LIIL, Part II., and Vol. LTV., Parts I. and II. 8vo.

London, 1906 and 1908 Shorthorn Society

cxlii

Principal Additions to the Library.

Herd Boohs (continued) : —

Davy's Devon. Vol. XXXI. 8vo. Exeter, 1908 Society

South Devon. Supplement. 8vo. Totnes, 1908 Society

Galloway. Vol. XXVIII. 8vo. Dumfries, 1908 Society

Hereford. Vol. XXXIX. 8vo. Hereford, 1908 Society

English Jersey. Vols. XVII. and XIX. 8vo. London, 1906 and 1908... Socie'y

Large Black Big. Vol. IX. 8vo. Bury St. Edmunds, 1908 Society

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig. Vol. II. 4to. Sleaford, 1908 Assoc n.

Lincolnshire Red Short-horn. Vol. XIV. 8vo. Lincoln, 1908 Assocn.

Longhorn Cattle. Vol. VI. Svo. Atherstone, 1908 Society

Polled (Aberdeen Angus). Vol. XXXII. 8vo. Banff, 1908 Society

Red Polled. Vols. XXI I.-XXV. Svo. Norwich, 1905-8 Society

Welsh Black Cattle. Vol. II. Svo. Haverfordwest, 1908 Society

National Pig. Vol. XXIV. Svo. Salisbury, 1908 Assoc/i.

Lipman, Jacob G. Bacteria in relation to Country Life. Svo. New

York, 1908 Publishers

Mackay, Thomas. The Reminiscences of Albert Pell. Svo. London,

1908 Purchased

Martin, Ch. Encyclopedic Agricole : Laiterie. Svo. Parts, 1908... Publishers

Mill, Hugh R., D.Sc., LL.D., E.R.S.E. British Rainfall, 1907. Svo.

London, 1908 Author

Pulling, Albert. Aberdeen Angus Cattle. Svo. London, 1908 ...Author

Reese, Albert M. The Development of the American Alligator. 8vo.

Washington, 1908 Smithsonian Institution

Research Defence Society. Experiments on Animals. 8vo.

London, 1908 Society

Snyder, Harry, B.Sc. Soils and Fertilisers. Third Edition. 8vo.

New York, 1908 Publishers

Stud- Boolis : —

Clydesdale. Vol. XXX. and Index to Stallions. 8vo. Glasgow, 1 90S... Society
General Stud Book. Vols. XIX. and XX. 8vo. London, 1901 and

1905 Purchased

Hackney. Vol. XXV. 8vo. London, 190S Society

Hunters’ Improvement. Vol. III. Svo. London, 1908 Society

Shetland. Vols. XV. -XVIII. Svo. Aberdeen, 1905-8 Society

Shire. Vols. XXVII and XXIX. 8vo. London, 1908. .-. Society

Suffolk. Vol. XVI. 8vo. Diss, 1908 Society

Welsh Pony. Vols. 111. -VII. 8vo. Hereford, 1904-8 « Society

Thomson, Captain J. IT., and Dr. Boverton Redwood. The
Petroleum Lamp ; its Choice and Use. Svo. London, 1902

Anglo-American Oil Co.

Watt, Sir George. The Commercial Products of India. Svo.

London, 1908 Secretary of State for India

The Society is indebted to numerous Government Departments , both at home
and abroad , to Boards of Agriculture , Agricultural Societies, and kindred
Institutions, for copies of their Annual Reports, Journals, Proceedings, Trans-
actions, Bulletins, and other documents received regularly for the library in
exchange for copies of the Journal ,- as well as to the Editors of many agricul-
tural and general papers for the current numbers of their publications, ivhich
have been placed Jov reference in the Beading Room.

cxliii

INDEX TO VOLUME 69,

1908.

The titles of Articles are printed in Italics. The Roman numerals refer to

the Appendix.

ACC

\ CCOUNT, Arable Land. 51
n — Breeding' Stock. 52

— Feeding- Stock. 53

— Horse Labour, 57

— Live Stock, 51

— Store Stock, 52
Accounts, Land, 53
Acreage of Crops, 3(12

— under Crops and Brass. 366

— of Wheat, Barley and Oats in each
County, 308

Additions to Library, Principal,
cxli, cxlii

Admissions by Payment at Newcastle
Show, 140

Advisory Work in Agricultural Edu-
cation, 74

Agdell Field Experiment. h>8
Agricultural Colleges in England. (!4
A gricultural Education Exhibition,
BIOS, 205-21(1

Agricultural Holdings Act, 18
Agricultural Holdings in each Divi-
sion of England, ,Vc., Number of, 371
Agricultural Holdings in Northum-
berland and Durham. 214
American Gooseberry Mildew. 125
Animals, Cases of Poisoning in. 293
Annual Report for 1908 of the Consult-
ing Rota nist, 308-320

— for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist,
295-307

— for 1908 of the Principal of the
Royal Veterinary College, 28(5-295
— for 1908 of the Zoologist, 321-330
Anthrax. 280
Apples, 101

Arable Land Account, 54
Area of Cultivated Land farmed by
Tenants and Owners, 371
Armstrong College. Exhibits of, 205
Arrangement of Fields in Rotations,
23

Artificial Kainit, 302
Artificial Manure Distributors, Trials
of, 173

Asparagus, 90

Attendance at Newcastle Show, 139
Attitude of Agriculturists towards
Agricultural Education, 60
Auction Sales in the Showyard, 142
Auditors, Election of. li
Autumn of 1908, The, 389
Average Prices of British Corn, 372
-- of Eat Cattle, 373

— of Wool. 373

Awards of Prizes at Show of 1908, lvii

cor,

BALAXCE Sheet, 1908, Ordinary,
xviii

- Newcastle Show, xxiv
Barley, Acreage of, 363 ; in each
County, 308

— Continuous Growing of, 339
— Crop Returns, 381
Basic Slag, 301
Beans, Acreage of. 363
Black Scab, 125, 130
Botanist, Annual Report of Consulting,
308-320
Bran, 300

British Corn. Average Prices of, 372
Brodie (F. J.), The. Weather during
the Agricultural Tear, 1907-1908,
384-393

Butter at Newcastle Show, 108
— Imports of, 379

Butter Tests at the Newcastle Show,
1908, 195

PABBAGE, 97

Calcium Cyanamide, 297
- Experiment at Woburn, 349
Calcium Nitrate, 297
Carruthers (William), Annual Report
for 1908 of the Consulting Botanist,
'308-320

Cases of Poisoning in Animals, 293
Castor Bean. 300
— Meal, 302

Cattle at Newcastle Show. 149
— Imported and Exported, Number of,
375 : to and f rom Ireland,- 377
in Great Britain in 1908, 365
Pathology, Medals for. 283
— Prices of Fat, 373
— Vaccination of against Tuberculosis,
290

Chalk, Ground Lime and, 304
Cheese at Newcastle Show, 108
- Imports of, 379

Chemical Composition of Farm Crops,
20

Chemist, Annual Report of Consulting,
295-307

Churn, Fastener to top of. 184
Cider at Newcastle Show, 168
Clarke (Sir Ernest), Sir Nigel Kings-
cote. 1-10

Climate on Crops, Influence of, 22
Clover, Acreage of, 364
— Dodder Seeds in, 308
— Huller, 187
Cockroaches, 335
Colorado Beetle, 123

cxliv

Index to Volume G9.

COL

Colour of Sussex Cattle, 114
Colouring' of Milk, 201
Committee on Agricultural Education,
List of, 63

Committees of Council, Standing-, iii
Comparative Statement of Entries at
Newcastle Show, 143
Concrete Block-making Machine, 183
Continuous Growing of Wheat, 337

— of Barley, 339

Corn, Prices of British, 372

— Imports. Quantities and Values of.
374

Cotswohl Sheet), 32-43
Cotton Cake, 297, 299, 300
Council, Election of, li

— List of, i

— Meetings in 1908, Minutes of, xxix
Countries from which Wheat and

Elour were imported, 374
County Councils Association, 206
Craigie (Major), Thanks to for editing
Journal, xxxii
Crane Ely Grubs, 327
Cream Separator, 183, 184
Crops and Grass, Acreage under, 366

— Deep and Shallow -rooted, 20

— Influence of Climate on, 22

— Influence of Insect and Fungous
Pests on. 21

— Influence of Soil Texture on, 21

— Produce of, and Yield per Acre, 370

— System of Rotating, 17

— Varieties of, required to suit Mar-
kets, 24

Cross-bred Cattle as Store Stock, 91
Cultivated Land farmed by Tenants
and Owners, Area of, 371
Cultivator, 184

DAIRY Cows and Milkers’ Compe-
titions at Newcastle Show, 172
Dairying, 75

Dead Meat. Quantities and Values of,
378

Deaths of Governors and Members
during year, 274, 275
Decorticated Cotton Cake, 299
Deputation from Liverpool, xlv, xlvi
Derby, Death of Earl of, 274, xxxvi
Derby, The late Dari of, 133
Destructive Insects and Pests Act,
122, 124

Devonshire, The late Duke of, 274,
xxxii

Diseases of Plants, 315
Distribution of Governors and Mem-
bers of the Society, v
— of Labour in Rotations, 23
— of Prizes at Newcastle Show, xxiii
Dodder Seeds, 308, 311
Dolomite, 360

Dryden, First Prize Farm of Mr. J. W.,
215

Dual Purpose Cow in Theory, 82
— in Practice, 86

FEU

Duration of Vitality in Farm Seeds.
311

Durham, Agricultural Holdings in,
214

— Areas of Crops in, 215

EDITOR of Journal, Appointment
of, 277. xxxii i
Eggs. Imports of. 379
Election of Auditors, xlviii
— of President for 1909, 276. xxxiv. 1
Empire Gas Generator, 188
Entries and Prize Sheet of Newcastle
Show. 141

Eradication of Wild Onion, 360
Essex, Rotations in, 28
Events for the Week at Newcastle
Show, 137

Examinations for N.D.A. and N.D.D.,
Results of, 284, 285

Exhibits at Newcastle Show, Descrip-
tion of. 144

Expenditure and Receipts at New-
castle Show, xxiv

Experimental and Research Work in
Agricultural Education, 68
Experiments at Woburn Farm. 337
— in the Dairy, 199
Extension Ladder, 186
Eyebright, 313

Z7-1 /•' !/ Rook-heepiny, 49-62

Farm Buildings, Plans of, 241-273
Farm Prize Competition, 1908, 212-240
Farm Seeds, Duration of Vitality in.
311

Farmvard Manure Distributors. Trials
of. 180

Fastener to Top of Churn, 184
Fat Cattle, Prices of, 373
Feeding Stock Account, 53
Feeding Stuffs. 298
Fertilisers, 301

Field Experiments at Woburn, 337
— Gate Latch, 185

Fields, Arrangement of Rotations, 23
Financial Statement by Chairman of
Finance Committee, xvi
“Finger-and-Toe” Experiment at
Woburn, 349

First Prize Farms in Competition.
215, 224, 234

Flour, Countries Importing, 374
Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 289, xxxi
Forbes (A. C.), Report on the Forestry
Exhibition at Newcastle, 1908,210-212
Forest Tree Pests. 330
Forestry Exhibition at Newcastle
Show, 210

French Gardening, 98
Fruit, Acreage of Small, 364
— Culture, 100

— Imported, Quantity and Value of,
377

— Trees, Life of, 102

Index to Volume 09.

cxlv

GAI

GAIN FORD Herd, History of 228
Gas Generator, 188
Gate Latch, 185

General Meeting, Report of Council
to, December 9, 1908, 274-285 ; Pro-
ceeding’s at, xlvii

— in Showyard, 137 ; Proceedings at,
xxxvii
Glanders, 287

Gloucester Show, Prize List for, cxxxi
Gooseberries, 101

Governors of the Society, List of, vii
— Life, paying an Annual Subscrip-
tion to the Society’s Funds, xiv
— Number of, since Establishment of
Society, xv

Grass Experiments at Woburn, 356
Green - manuring Experiment at
Woburn, 348
Grinding Mill, 182
Grist Mill, 182

Ground Lime and Chalk, 304

HALL (A.D.),’’The Soil,”382

Harrison, Prize Farm of Mr.
Geor.ge, 224

Hav, Acreage of, 304 ; Yield of, 382
— fack Builder, 187
— Sweep, 187

— and Straw as Food and Litter,
Importation of, xxxi
“ Hard ” Seeds, 310
Hills’ Experiments, 359
History of Gainford Herd, 228
— of Sussex Cattle, 1 15
Hives, Honey, &c., at Newcastle Show,
169

Hobbs (J. T.), Oxford Downs, 44-48
Hogg (W. H.), Farm Prize Com-
petition, 1908, 212-240
Honey, &c., at Newcastle Show, 169
Honorary Members of the Society, xiii
Hops, Acreage and Yield of, 382
— Estimated Total Production of, 371
— Imported, Quantity and Value of,
377

Hop Drying Plant, Prizes for, 280
Horse Labour Account, 57
Horse-shoeing Competitions at New-
castle Show. 170
Horses at Newcastle Show, 144
— Imported and Exported, Number
of, 376 ; to and from Ireland, 377
— in Great Britain in 1908, 365
Horticultural Exhibition at N ewcastle
Show, 172

Hungarian Agriculturists, Visit of,
137, 277, xxxv

I MPLEMENTS at Newcastle Show,
1 182-188

Injuries to Plants, 315
Inoculation Experiment with Nitro-
Bacterine, 351

LUC

Insect and Fungous Pests, Influence
on Crops, 20

Institutions of the Highest Grade in
Agricultural Education, 70
— Less advanced, 72
Ireland, Live Stock Imported and
Exported, 377

JUDGES at Newcastle Show, liii
— of Farm Prize Competition, 213
— of Plans of Farm Buildings,
Report of, 241

KAINIT, 296

— Artificial, 302
Kingscote, Sir Nigel, 1-16
Kingscote, The late Sir Nigel, 275,
xliii

LABOUR, Distribution of, in Rota-
tions, 23

— Supply of, in Rotations, 24
— Sheets, 55, 56
Ladder, Extension. 186
Lamont (Norman), Report of Lord
Rea if s Committee on Agricultural
Education, 62-78
Lamp Pump, 184
Land Accounts, 53
— devoted to Market Gardening, 95
— farmed by Tenants and Owners,
Area of Cultivated, 371
“Leather Jackets,” or Crane Flv
Grubs, 327
Lettuce, 97

Library, Principal Additions to, cxli,
cxlii

Life Governors and Members paying
an Annual Subscription, xiv
Lime, Experiment on the use of, 349
— Ground, 304
— Soil poor in, 305

Lincolnshire Red Short-horns as
Store Stock, 90
Linseed Cake, 298
List of Council, i

— of Samples analysed by Consulting
Chemist, 307

Live Stock in Great Britain, Ac.,
Number of, 365, 366
— in each County, 368
— Accounts, 51
— Rotations of, 25

Liverpool. Deputation from, xiv., xlvi
— Invitation from, xliv
Local Classes at Newcastle Show,
Awards of, cxxvi

Local Committee, Thanks to, xxxix
Logan Berries, 335

Lopes, The late Sir Massey, 274, xxix
Losses of Nitrogen on the Farm, 111
— by death of Governors and Members,
274, 275

Lucerne, Acreage of, 364
— Varieties of, 350

•exlvi

Index to Volume 69.

MAC

jyjcCOXXELL (Primrose), notations,

McFadyean (Sir John), Annual Report
for 1908 of the Principal of the Royal
Veterinary College, 28(5-295
Mackenzie (K. J. J.), Milch Cows and
the Production of Store Stoch. 79-94
McRow (Thomas), The Newcastle
Show , 1908, 135-173
Magnesia in Soils, 3015

— Potato Experiment with, 352
Mangold Crop Returns, 381
Mangolds, Acreage of, 3(54

— Use of Salt for, 355

Manure Distributors, Trials of, 173
Manures Imported, Quantity and
Value of, 380

— Special, 303
Margarine, Imports of, 379

Market Gardening and Fruit Growing
in the Vale of Fees ha in, 95-104
Marketing, Methods of, 102
Marrows, 97

Martin (Frank). Miscellaneous Imple-
ments Exhibited at Newcastle, 1908,
182-188

Martin (Frank), The Trials of Arti-
ficial and Farmyard Manure Dis-
tributors, 1908, 173-182
Mathews (Ernest), Milk and Butter
Tests at the Newcastle Show, 1908,
188-204

Meal Worms. 336

Meat. Quantities and Values of Dead.
378

Members on Register, xiii

— Deaths of during Year, 274, 275

— Life, paying an Annual Subscrip-
tion, xiv

— Numbers of, since Establishment
of Society, xv

Memoranda, xxviii
Meteorology at Newcastle Show, 209
Migratory Work in Agricultural Edu-
cation, 74

Milch Cows atul the Production of
Store Stock, 79-94

Milk and, Butter Tests at the Newcastle
Show, 1908, 188-204
Milk, Imports of, 379
Milk Producing Cows, Number of,
81

Milk Strainer, 184

Milkers’ Competitions at Newcastle
Show, 172

Milking Machines, 187
Milk-yield Tests, 188
Minutes of Council Meetings in 1908,
xxix

Miscellaneous Implements exhibited at
Newcastle, 1908, 182-188
Molasses Mixer, 184
Motor, Oil, 183

Motor Vehicle, Running Gear for,
183

Motor Waggon, Steam, 186

PLO

NATIONAL Diploma, Results of.
Examinations for, in Agriculture,
284 ; in Dairying, 284, 285
Newcastle Show, 1908, The, 135-173
— Receipts and Expenditure at. xxiv
— Awards of Prizes at, lvii
— Officials and Judges at, liii
— Attendance at, 139
— Prize Sheet and Entries for, 141
New Tests for Tuberculosis, 289
Xicol. Prize Farm of Mr. Malcolm. 231
Nitro-Bacterine. Inoculation Experi-
ment with, 351, 360
Nitrogen present in certain Soils.
Amount of, 105

Nitrogen Problem in Crop Production,
The. 104-114

Nitroiim, Experiment with at Woburn.
349, 352

North-Eastern Railway, Thanks to,
xxxix

Northumberland, Agricultural Hold-
ings in, 214

— Areas of Crops in, 214

OATS, Acreage of, 363 ; in each
County, 368
— Crop Returns, 381
— Smoke Injury to. 320
Officials and Judges at Newcastle
Show, liii

— of the Society, iv
Oil Motor, 183

Onion, Eradication of Wild, 360 -
Orchards, Acreage of, 364
Ord, Prize Farm of Mr. James, 220
Orwin (C. S.), Farm Book-keeping,
49-62

Owners and Tenants, Cultivated Land
farmed by, 371
Oxford Downs, 44-48

PAGET Report, 64

Pasteurising Milk for Butter-
making, 199
Pear Midge, 335
Pears, 101
Peas, 97

— Acreage of, 363
— Crop Returns, 381
— Thrips on, 321
Pedigree Shorthorns, 88
Permanent Grass, Acreage of, 364
Perry at Newcastle Show, 168
Pig Meal, 301

Pigs at Newcastle Show, 163
— in Great Britain in 1908, 365
— Imported and Exported, Number
of, 375 ; to and from Ireland, 377
Pioneers of Market Gardening, 95
Plans of Farm Buildings, 241-273
Plant Pests and Legislation, 122-132
Plants, Diseases of and Injuries to, 315
Poisoning in Animals, Cases of, 293
Ploughing Competition, 172, xxxi,
xxxvii

Index to Volume 69.

cxlvii

pol

Pole Point and Carrier for Binder or
Reaper Poles, 184

Portugal. Death of King- and Crown
Prince of, xxx, xxxii
Potato Crop Returns, 381

— Experiments with Nitrolim and
Magnesia, 352

- Pest, New, 318
Potatoes, Acreage of, 3(i4

— Diseases affecting, 125, 130
Pot-culture Experiments at Woburn,

358

Poultry at Newcastle Show, 166

— Breeding- Pen. 183

— Imports of, 370
President for 1909, 270, xxxiv, 1
Prices of British Corn, 372

— of Fat Cattle, 373

— of Wool, 373

Principal Additions to the Library, cxli
Prize List for Gloucester Show, 1909,
cxxxi

— Sheet and Entries at Newcastle
Show, 141

Prizes offered for Farms. 212

— for Plans of Farm Buildings, 241-273

— at Newcastle Show, Awards of, Ivii
Proceedings at General Meetings in

1008: July 2, xxxvii ; December 9,
xlvii.

Produce at Newcastle Show, 108

— returns for 19118, 365

— and Yield of Crops in 1908, 370
Prussic Acid in Linseed Cake, 200
Pump, the Lamp. 184

UEEN Victoria Gifts Fund, 283,
xxxiv.

D ADISHES, 08
IV Rainfall of 1908, The, 391

— at Woburn, 1908, 357

— Temperature and Bright Sunshine
in 19U8, 390

Reay, Prize Farm of Mr. John, 238
Receipts and Expenditure at New-
castle Show, xxiv
Red Clover. 308, 314
Red Polls as Store Stock, 01
Reports of Consulting Chemist, xxxiv
Report of Council to General Meeting,
December 9. 1008, 274-235
!(<• port of Lord limy's Committee on
Agricultural Education, 62-78
Report on the Forestry Exhibition at
Newcastle , 1908, 210-212
Research Work in Agricultural Edu-
cation, 68

Re-ults of Butter Tests at Newcastle
Show, 106, 107

— of Milk Yield Tests at Newcastle
Show, 190-192

Rig-den (Henry), Sussex Cattle. 111-122
Ripening Cream with good and bad
Starters, 200

Root Cleaner and Cutter, 187

SOI

Rotation of Cropping, 96

— Experiments at Woburn, 343

— Grasses, Acreage of, 364

— of Live Stock, 25
notations, 17-32

Royal Agricultural Society’s Exhibit
at Agricultural Education Exhibi-
tion, Newcastle, 1908, 207
Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal,
Experiments on behalf, 361
Royal LancashireAgriculturnlSociety,
Conference with, xlvi
Royal Meteorological Society, 209
Royal Veterinary College, Annual
Report for 1908 of the Principal of
the, 286-295

Running Gear for Motor Vehicle, 183
Russell (Edward J.), The Nitrogen
Problem in Crop Production , 104-114

SALES of Cotswold Sheep, 43
— of -Oxford Down Sheep, 47
Salmon (E. S.), Plant Pests and Legis-
lation, 122-132

Salt, Use of for Mangolds, 355
Samples analysed by Consulting
Chemist, List of, 307
Sanday, Death of Mr. G. H., 394, xlv
Saunders, Dr. William, Election as
Honorary Member, xxxi. xxxiii
Scarifier, 187
Sea Kale. Disease in, 319
Second Prize Farms in Competition,
220, 232, 238

Seeds, Duration of Vitality in Farm,
311

— Imported. Quantity and Value of,
380

— Prices, Ac., of, 308
Separator, Cream, 183. 184
Sewage Distributor, 186
— Sludge, 304
Sharps, 300

Shedding in Implement Yard at New-
castle Show, 142
Sheep at Newcastle Show, 157
— in Great Britain in 1908, 365
— Imported and Exported. N umber of,
374 : to and from Ireland. 377
— Scab, 289
— Cotswold, 32-43
— Oxford Down, 44-48
Sheep Stock of Gloucestershire, The,
32-48

Sheep Dog Trials at Newcastle Show,
170

Shorthorns, Pedigree. 88
Show of 19:)8. 135
— of 1909, 270
— of 1910, 280, xliv
— of 1887, 136

Showyard, the Newcastle, 136
Shudes, or Shude Meal, 297, 301
Sir Nigel Kingscote, 1-16
Smoke, Injury to Oats, 329
Soil poor in Lime, 305

cxlviii

Index to Volume 69.

SOI

Soil Texture, Influence on Crops, 21
“Soil, The,” by A. D. Hall, 382
Soot, 302

Sources of Nitrogen available to the
Farmer, 105

Spraying- Machines, Prizes for, 280
Spring of 1908, The, 386
Spui-ry, 311

Standing Committees, iii
Statements of Ordinary Receipts and
Expenditure for 1908, xx

— at the Newcastle Show, xxiv

— of Prizes, Classes, and Entries at
Newcastle Show, 143

— showing Distribution of Prizes at
Newcastle Show, xxiii

Statistics affectina British Agricultural
Interests, 361-382
Steam Motor Waggon, 186
Store Stock Account, 52
Strawberries, 101

Summary of Members on Register, xiii

— Rotations, 29
Summer of 1908, The, 387
Sunshine of 1908, The, 390
Supply of Labour in Rotations, 21
Surrey, Rotation in, 28

Sussex Cattle, 114-122
Swanwick (Bruce), Cotswold Sheep,
32-13

Swede Crop, Failure of a, 315

— Returns, 381
Swedes, Acreage of, 364

— Experiment on, 354
Swine Fever, 288

Swine in Great Britain in 1908, 365

— Imported and Exported, Number
of, 375 ; to and from Ireland, 377

TABLE showing number of
Governors and Members in each
year, xv

Temperature of 1908, The, 390
Tenants and Owners, Cultivated Land
farmed by, 371

Tests for Tuberculosis, New, 289
Thanks to Chairman of General Meet-
ing, xl, lii

Thornton, Death of Mr. John, 394, xlv
Thrips on Garden Peas, 321
Tomatoes, 96, 98
Traction Engine, 183
Trials of Artificial and Farmyard
Manure Distributors, 1908, 173-182
Trust Funds held by the Society, xxn
Trustees, Election of, li
— List of, i

Tuberculosis (Animals) Committee,
Contribution to, xxxi
— New Tests for, 289 .

— Vaccination of Cattle against, 290
Turnip Crop Returns, 38
Turnips, Acreage of, 364

UDALE (James), Marltet Gardening
and Fruit Growing in the v ale of
Evesham, 95-104

zoo

■\7ACCINATION of Cattle against
V Tuberculosis, 290
Value of Cotswold Wool, 34
Varieties of Crops required to suit
Markets, 24

— of Lucerne at Woburn, 350
Vegetables Imported, Quantity and

Value of, 377

Veterinary College, Annual Report of,
286-295

Vice-Presidents, Election of, li

— List of, i

Visit of Hungarian Agriculturists.
137, 277, xxxv

Vitality in Farm Seeds, Duration of,
311

Voelcker (Dr. J. A.), Annual Report
for 1908 of the Consulting Chemist.
295-307

— The Woburn Experimental Station
of the Royal Agricult ural Society of
England, 337-361

Vote' of Thanks to Chairman of
General Meeting, xl, lii

WALES, Visit of T.R.H. the Prince
and Princess of to Newcastle
Show, 138
Wallflowers, 96
Warble Fly, 333

Warburton (Cecil), Annual Report for
1908 of the Zoologist, 321-336
Warty Disease of Potato, 125
Wasps, 335 t.

Weather during the Agricultural Year
1907-1908, The, 384-393
Weeds, 313
Weevil Grubs, 336
Weights of Cotswold Sheep, 36
— of Oxford Down Sheep, 48
Welsh Cattle as S ore Stock, 91
Wensleydale Cheese, 201
Wheat, Acreage of, 363 ; in each
County, 368

— Continuous Growing of, 337
— Countries from which Imported, 371
— Crop Returns, 365
Wild Onion, Eradication of, 360
Wilson, Prize Farm of Mr. Fenwick,
232

Winter of 1907-8, The, 384
Woburn Experimental Station of the
Royal Agricultural Society of
England, The, 337-361
Wood, Imported, Quantity and Value
of. 380

Wool at Newcastle Show, 169
— Imported, Quantity and Value of,
380

— Prices of, 373
— Value of Cotswold, 34

yELLOW

-RATTLE, 313

ZOOLOGIST, Annual Report of,
321-336

JAS. TEUSCOTT AND SON, LTD., LONDON.

|krjml ^grimJtnral Sncielg of (Knglanb.

INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 26TH MARCH, 1840.

PRESIDENT FOR 1909:

THE EARL OF JERSEY, G.C.B.

•

Terms and Privileges of Membership.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.— 1 . Annual. — The minimum subscription of a Governor
is £5 and that of a Member £1, due in advance on the 1st of January
of each year, and becoming in arrear if unpaid by the 1st of June.

2. For Life. — Governors may compound for their subscriptions for
future years by paying at once the sum of £50, and Members by
paying £15. After payment of ten or more annual subscriptions, a
Member may compound for future subscriptions, including that of
the current year, by a single payment of £10 ; and after payment of
twenty or more annual subscriptions, by a single payment of £5 — or
£25 in the case of Governors.

ELECTION OF NEW MEMBERS. — Every candidate for admission into
the Society must be proposed by a Member, who must specify in
writing the full name, occupation, and usual place of residence of the
candidate. Forms of proposal may be obtained on application to
the Secretary, who will inform new Members of their election by
letter.

PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP

General Privileges , page II.

Chemical , pages ill to V. | Zoological , page vil.

Botanical , pages VI and vil. | Veterinary , page vjii.

The Society at present consists of about 9,700 Members.

All communications as to Membership or on the general business
of the Society should be addressed to the Secretary, at 1G Bedford
Square, London, W.C.

THOMAS McROW,

16 Bedford Square, W.C. Secretary.

Dectmber, 1908.

Telegraphic Address : “ Practice, London.” Telephone Number : “ Gerrard 3675.”

I

^erteraC 'jSfruuCecjejs of $ov>errtors mt5 ^JTentDers.

FREE ADMISSION TO SHOWS.

The Society holds every year an Exhibition of Live Stock, Farm Produce,
and Implements, to which, and to the Grand Stands at the Horse Ring, Dairy,
and elsewhere, Members are entitled to free admission. The Show of 190!)
will be held at Gloucester, from June 22 to 2(i.

REDUCED RATES FOR ENTRY OF LIVE STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS.

No entry fee is charged to Members exhibiting- Implements at the Shows.
Firms and Companies may secure these privileges by the Membership of one
or more of their partners. Entries of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Poultry,
Produce, Ac., can be made by Members at reduced rates.

SOCIETY’S JOURNAL AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS.

Every Member is entitled to receive, without charge, a copy of the Journal
of the Society, each Volume of which contains articles and communications
by leading authorities on the most important agricultural questions of the day,
together with official reports by the Society’s Scientific Advisers and on the
various departments of the Annual Shows, and other interesting features.

Copies of the Journal may be obtained by Non-Members of the Publisher,
Mr. John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, W., at the price of ten shillings
per copy. Copies of the Society’s pamphlets, sold at not less than One Shilling
each, are obtainable by Members at half price on direct application to the
Secretary.

LIBRARY AND READING ROOM.

The Society has a large and well-stocked library of standard books on agri-
cultural subjects. A Reading Room is provided, at which the principal
agricultural newspapers and other periodicals can be consulted by Members
during office hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; Saturdays, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.).

CHEMICAL PRIVILEGES.

The Society makes annually a considerable grant from its general funds in
order that Members may obtain at low rates analyses of feeding stuffs, fertilisers,
soils, Ac., by the Society’s Consulting Chemist (Dr. J. Augustus Voelckeb,
Analytical Laboratory, 22 Tudor Street, London, E.C.). Members may also
consult Dr. Voelcker either personally or by letter at a small fee.

VETERINARY PRIVILEGES.

Members can consult the Professors of the Royal Veterinary College at
fixed rates of charge, and-they have the privilege of sending Cattle, Sheep, and
Pigs to the College Infirmary on the same terms as subscribers to the College.

BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES.

Reports can be obtained by Members from the Society’s Consulting Botanist
(Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., The Laboratory, 44 Central Hill, Norwood, S.E.)
on the purity and germinating power of seeds, and on diseases or weeds affect-
ing farm crops, at a fee of one shilling in each case.

ZOOLOGICAL PRIVILEGES.

Information respecting any animal (quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.)
which, in any stage of its life, affects the farm or rural economy generally,
with suggestions as to methods of prevention and remedy in respect to any
such animal that may be injurious, can be obtained by Members from the
Society’s Zoologist (Mr. Cecil Warrurton, M.A., The Zoological Laboratory,
Cambridge) at a fee of one shilling in each case.

GENERAL MEETINGS OF GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS.

The Annual General Meeting of Governors and Members is held in London
during the week of the Smithfield Club Show. A General Meeting is usually
held also in the Showyard during the week of the Show.

SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OF GOVERNORS.

In addition to the privileges of Members, as described above, Governors are
entitled to an extra copy of each Volume of the Journal; to attend and speak
at all meetings of the Council, and are alone eligible for election as President,
Trustee, and Vice-President. The minimum Annual Subscription of a Governor is £5,
with a Life Composition of £50.

, II

Governors’ and Members’ Privileges of Chemical Analysis.

(Applicable only to the cane of persons who are not cmihner dally engaged in the
manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis.')

The Council have fixed the following rates of Charges for Chemical
Analysis to Members of the Society.

These privileges are applicable only when the Analyses are for bona fide
agricultural purposes, and are required by Members of the Society for their
own use and guidance in respect of farms or land in their own occupation and
within the United Kingdom.

The Analyses are given on the understanding that they are required for the
individual and sole benefit of the Member applying for them, and must not be
used for other persons, or for commercial purposes.

The Analyses and reports may not be communicated to either vendor or
manufacturer, except in cases of dispute.

Land or estate agents, bailiffs, and others, when forwarding samples, are
required to state the names of those Members on whose behalf they apply.

& s. d.

1 . — An opinion on the purity of any Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff (so

far as this can be given without detailed analysis) . . 0 10

2. — Determination of any one constituent in a Fertiliser or

Feeding Stuff 026

3. — Commercial Analysis of any ordinary Fertiliser or Feeding

StuflE 050

4. — Full Analysis of any compound Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff . 0 10 0

5. — Analysis of any other material in ordinary use for agricultural

purposes 0100

6. — Analysis of Milk, Cream, Butter, or other Dairy produce from

Members’ own farms ........ 0 2 6

(N.B.— Samples in any way connected with the Sale of Food and
Drugs Acts are not undertaken for analysis.)

7. — Analysis of Water 1 10 0

8. — Analysis of Soil — determination of Lime only . . . . 0 10 0

9. — Analysis of Soil — partial 10 0

10. — Analysis of Soil — complete 3 0 0

11. — Consultation by letter or personal appointment . . . 0 5 0

Together with the analysis will be given, as far as possible, an opinion
as to whether an article analysed is worth the price asked for it, or not,
provided the cost of the same, together with guarantee (if any) and
other particulars relating to the purchase, be given at the time.

All samples and communications, together with fees for analysis, to be
addressed to — Du. Voelcker, Analytical Laboratory, 22 Tudor Street,
London, E.C.

R R

ill

Instructions for Selecting and Sending Samples for Analysis.

GENERAL RULES.— (1.) A sample taken for analysis should be fairly representative
of the bulk from which it has been drawn.— (2.) The sample should reach the Analyst
in the same condition that it was in at the time when drawn.

When Fertilisers are delivered in bags, select four or five of these from the hulk,
and either turn them out on a floor and rapidly mix their contents, or else drive a
shovel into each bag and draw out from as near the centre as possible a couple of
shovelfuls of the manure, and mix these quickly on a floor.

Halve the heap obtained in either of these ways, take one half (rejecting the other)
and mix again rapidly, flattening down with the shovel any lumps that appear.
Repeat this operation until at last only some three or four pounds are left.

From this fill three tins, holding from Jib. to lib. each, mark, fasten up and seal
each of these. Send one for analysis, and retain the others for reference.

Or,— the manure may be put into glass bottles provided with well-fitting corks ;
the bottles should be labelled and the corks sealed down. The sample sent for
analysis can he packed in a wooden box and sent by post or rail.

When manures are delivered in bulk, portions should be successively drawn from
different parts of the bulk, the heap being turned over now and again. The portions
drawn should be thoroughly mixed, subdivided, and, finally, samples should be taken
as before, except that when the manure is coarse and bulky it is advisable to send
larger samples than when it is in a finely divided condition.

Linseed, Cotton, and other Feeding Cakes.— If a single cake betaken, three strips

should be broken off right across the cake, and from the middle portion of it, one piece
to he sent for analysis, and the other two retained for reference. Each of the three
pieces should be marked, wrapped in paper, fastened up, and sealed. The piece
forwarded for analysis can he sent by post or rail.

A more satisfactory plan is to select four to six cakes from different parts of the
delivery, then break off a piece about four inches wide from the middle of each cake,
and pass these pieces through a cake-breaker. The broken cake should then be well
mixed and three samples of about 1 lb. each should be taken and kept in tins or bags,
duly marked, fastened, and sealed as before. One of these lots should be sent for
analysis, the remaining two being kept for reference. It is advisable also with the
broken pieces to send a small strip from an unbroken cake.

Feeding Meals, Grain, &c. — Handfuls should be drawn from the centre of half a
dozen different bags of the delivery ; these lots should then he well mixed, and three
i-lb. tins or bags filled from the heap, each being marked, fastened up, and sealed. One
sample is to be forwarded for analysis and the others retained for reference.

Soils.— Have a wooden box made 6 inches in length and width, and from 9 to 12
inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field
a space of about 12 inches square ; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, so as to
leave undisturbed a block of soil and its subsoil 9 to 12 inches deep ; trim this block to
make it to fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then
pass a spade under the box and lift it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid,
and send by rail. The soil will then be received in the position in which it is found in
the field.

In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at once
inverted over the soil, forced down by pressure, and then dug out.

Waters.— Samples of water are best sent in glass-stoppered Winchester bottles,
holding half a gallon. One such bottle is sufficient for a single sample. Care should
be taken to have these scrupulously clean. In taking a sample of water for analysis
it is advisable to reject the first portion drawn or pumped, so as to obtain a sample of
the water when in ordinary flow. The bottle should be rinsed out with the water that
is to be analysed, and it should be filled nearly to the top. The stopper should be
secured with string, or be tied over with linen or soft leather. The sample can then be
sent carefully packed either in a wooden box with sawdust, &c., or in a hamper with
straw.

Milk.— A pint bottle should he sent in a wooden box.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Time for Taking Samples.— All samples, both of

fertilisers and feeding stuffs, should be taken as soon after their delivery as possible,
and should reach the Analyst within ten days after delivery of the article. In every
case it is advisable that the Analyst's certificate be received before a fertiliser is sown
or a feeding stuff is given to stock.

Procedure in the Event of the Vendor wishing Fresh Samples to be Drawn.—

Should a purchaser find that the Analyst’s certificate shows a fertiliser or feeding stuff
not to come up to the guarantee given him, he may inform the vendor of the result
and complain accordingly. He should then send to the vendor one of the two samples
which he has kept for reference. If, however, the vendor should demand that a fresh
sample be drawn, the purchaser must allow this, and also give the vendor an oppor-
tunity of being present, either in person or through a representative whom he may
appoint. In that case three samples should be taken in the presence of both parties
with the same precautions as before described, each of which should be duly packed
up, labelled and sealed by both parties. One of these is to be given to the vendor, one
is to be sent to the Analyst, and the third is to be kept by the purchaser for reference
or future analysis if necessary.

IV

Suggestions to Purchasers of Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.

Purchasers are recommended in all cases to insist on having an INVOICE, and to see that
such invoice contains the following particulars : —

In the case of Fertilisers : —

(1) The name of the Fertiliser.

(2) Whether the Fertiliser is artificially compounded or not.

(3) The minimum analysis of the Fertiliser in respect of its principal fertilising
ingredients.

In the case of artificially prepared Feeding Stulls for Cattle

(11 The name of the article.

(2) The description of the article— whether it has been prepared (a) from one substance
or seed, or (ft) from more than one substance or seed.

For example :

(a) An invoice describing an article as “Linseed Cake” implies a warranty that the
article is pure, i.e., is prepared from linseed only ; ’‘Cotton Cake” (whether
decorticated or undecorticated), and “Rape Cake” (for feeding purposes),
would come under a similar category.

Purchasers are reminded that the use of such terms as “95 per cent.," “ Oil Cake," &c„
affords no security against adulteration. The adoption of the Order Form issued
by the Society is therefore strongly recommended.

(ft) In the case of a Compound Cake or Feeding Stuff, a Vendor is only compelled by
the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1893 to state that it is prepared from
more than one substance, and he is not required to specify the particular
materials used in its preparation. Purchasers are recommended, therefore, to
huy Mixed Feeding Cakes, Meals, &c., with a guaranteed analysis. Any state-
ments in the invoice as to the component parts of such Mixed Cake or Meal
will take effect as a warranty, as also will any statements in an invoice, circular,
or advertisement as to the percentages of nutritive and other ingredients in
any article sold for use as food for cattle.

Members of the Society are strongly recommended not only to see that the invoices
given to them accurately describe the goods they have ordered, but to make all their orders
subject to the Analysis and Report of the Consulting Chemist of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England. Copies of a Form of Order for this purpose may be obtained on application to
the Secretary.

Attention is particularly directed to the recommendations below as to the qualities of
Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs which purchasers should demand.

Conditions of Purchase and Sale.

FERTILISERS.

Raw Bone*, Bone-meal, or Bone-dust to be guaranteed “pure,” and to contain not less
than 45 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 4 per cent, of Ammonia.

Steamed or “ Degelatinieed ” Bones to be guaranteed “ PURE,” and to contain not less than
55 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 1 per cent, of Ammonia.

Mineral Superphosphate of Lime to be guaranteed to contain a certain percentage of
“ Soluble Phosphate. [From 25 to 28 per cent, of Soluble Phosphate is an ordinarily good
quality.]

Dissolved Bones to be guaranteed to be “made from raw bone and acid only,” and to be
sold as containing stated minimum percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates,

and Ammonia.

Compound Artificial Manures, Bone Manures, Bone Compounds, 8c., to be sold by analysis
stating the minimum percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates, and
Ammonia contained.

Baslo Slag to be guaranteed to be sufficiently finely ground that 80 to 90 per cent,
passes through a sieve having 10,000 meshes to the square inch, and to contain a certain
percentage of Phosphoric Acid or its equivalent in Phosphate of Lime. [The highest grades
range from 17 to 20 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid ; medium grades 14 to 16 per cent. ; and
low grades from 10 to 12 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid.]

Peruvian Guano to be described by that name, and to be sold by analysis stating the
minimum percentages of Phosphates and Ammonia.

Sulphate of Ammonia to be guaranteed “ PURE,” and to contain not less than 24 per cent,
of Ammonia.

Nitrate of Soda to be guaranteed “PURE,” and to contain 95 per cent, of Nitrate of Soda

Kainit to be guaranteed to contain 23 per cent, of Sulphate of Potash.

All Fertilisers to be delivered in good and suitable condition for sowing.

FEEDING STUFFS.

Llnteed Cake, Cotton Cake (Decorticated and Undecorticated), and Rape Cake (for feeding
purposes) to be pure, i.e., prepared only from the one kind of seed from which their name
is derived ; and to be in sound condition. The Report of the Consulting Chemist of the
Royal Agricultural Society of England to be conclusive as to the “purity” or otherwise

of any feeding stuffs.

Mixed Feeding Cakes, Meals. 8o., to be sold on a guaranteed analysis, to be sound in
condition, and to contain nothing of an injurious nature, or ingredients that are worth-
less for feeding purposes.

RR 2

V

Members’ Botanical Privileges.

The Council have fixed the following: rates of charge for the examination of
Plants and Seeds by the Society’s Consulting Botanist.

The charge for examination must be paid at the time of application, and

the carriage of all parcels must be prepaid.

1. — A report on the purity, amount, and nature of foreign materials,

the perfectness and germinating power of a sample of seed . . Is.

2. — Determination of the species of any weed or other plant, or of any

epiphyte or vegetable parasite, with a report on its habits, and
the means for its extermination or prevention Is.

3. — Report on any disease affecting farm crops Is.

4. — Determination of the species of a collection of natural grasses found

in any district, with a report on their habits and pasture value . 5s.

N.li. — The Consulting Botanist's Reports on Seeds are furnished to enable
Members— purchasers of seeds and corn for agricultural or horticultural
purposes — to test the value of what they buy, and are not to be used or made
available for advertising or trade purposes.

PURCHASE OF SEEDS.

The purchaser should obtain from the vendor, by invoice or other writing,
the proper designation of the seeds he buys, with a guarantee of the percentage
of purity and germination, and of its freedom from ergot, and, in the case of
clover, from the seeds of dodder and broom-rape.

It is strongly recommended that the purchase of prepared mixtures of seeds
should be avoided. The different seeds should be purchased separately and
mixed by the farmer. Mixtures cannot be tested for germination.

Copies of an “Order Form and Conditions of Purchase and Sale of Seeds”
may be obtained by Members on application to the Secretary, at 16 Bedford
Square, London, W.C.

THE SAMPLING OF SEEDS.

The utmost care should be taken to secure a fair and honest sample. This
should be drawn from the bulk delivered to the purchaser, and not from the
sample sent by the vendor.

When legal evidence is required, the sample should be taken from the bulk,
and placed in a sealed bag in the presence of a witness. Care should be taken
that the sample and bulk be not tampered with after delivery, or mixed or
brought in contact with any other sample or bulk.

At least one ounce of grass and other small seeds should be sent, and two
ounces of cereals and the larger seeds. When the bulk is obviously impure,
the sample should be at least double the amount specified. Grass seeds should
be sent at least four weeks, and seeds of clover and cereals two weeks before
they are to be used.

The exact name under which the sample has been sold and purchased
should accompany it.

VI

Members’ Botanical Privileges — continued.

REPORTING THE RESULTS.

The Report will be made on a schedule in which the nature and amount of
impurities will be stated, and the number of days each sample has been under
test, with the percentage of the seeds which have germinated.

“ Hard ” clover seeds, though not germinating within the time stated, will
be considered good seeds, and their percentage separately stated.

The impurities in the sample, including the chaff of the species tested, will
be specified in the schedule, and only the percentage of the pure seed of that
species will be reported upon ; but the real value of the sample will be
stated. The Real Value is the combined percentages of purity and germina-
tion, and is obtained by multiplying these percentages and dividing by 100 ;
thus in a sample of Meadow Fescue having 88 per cent, purity and 95 per cent,
germination, 88 multiplied by 95 gives 8,360, and this divided by 100 gives 83'6,
the Real Value.

SELECTING SPECIMENS OF PLANTS.

When a specimen is sent for determination, the whole plant should be
taken up and the earth shaken from the roots. If possible, the plants must be
in flower or fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm
paper parcel.

Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as
possible. They should be placed in a bottle, or packed in tinfoil or oil-silk.

All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of
the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation,
&c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the
inquiry.

Parcels or letters containing seeds or plants for examination (carriage or
postage prepaid) must be addressed to Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., The
Laboratory, 44 Central Hill, Norwood, London, S.E.

Members’ Zoological Privileges.

The Council have fixed the charge of Is. for information respecting any
animal (quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.) which, in any stage of its life
affects the farm or rural economy generally, with suggestions as to methods of
prevention and remedy in respect to any such animal which may be injurious.

In inquiries concerning injuries, specimens of the injury done should
accompany the animal supposed to cause it.

All specimens should be sent in tin or wooden boxes, or in quills, so as to
prevent injury in transmission, and must be accompanied by the prescribed
fees.

Parcels or letters containing specimens (carriage or postage paid) must be
addressed to Mr. Cecil Warburton, M.A., Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge.

VII

Members’ Veterinary Privileges.

I. — ADMISSION OF SICK OR DISEASED ANIMALS TO THE ROYAL

VETERINARY COLLEGE.

1. Members of the Society have all the privileges of subscribers to the Royal
Veterinary College, Camden Town, N.W., so far as the admission for treatment
of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine is concerned, without being called upon to pay the
annual subscription to the College of two guineas. The charges made by the
College for keep and treatment are as follows Cattle, 10*’. 6 d., and Sheep and
Pigs, 3*. 6d. per week for each animal.

2. The full privileges of subscribers, including the examination of horses, :
and the admission of horses and dogs into the College Infirmary for surgical or
medical treatment, on payment of the cost of keep, will be accorded to

[ Members of the Society on payment of a subscription to the College of one
guinea instead of two guineas per annum.

II. — FEES FOR CONSULTATIONS, ANALYSES, AND EXAMINATIONS

AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The following fees are payable by Members of the Society for services
performed at the Royal Veterinary College on their behalf in cases where a
visit to the locality is not involved : —

£ s. d.

Personal consultation with a Veterinary Professor . . . . 0 10 6

Consultation by letter 0 10 6

Post-mortem examination of an animal, and report thereon . .110

Chemical Examination of viscera for any specified metallic poison . 0 10 6
Chemical Examination of viscera for metallic poisons . . .10 0

Chemical Examination of viscera for vegetable poisons . . .10 0

Chemical Examination of viscera complete, for metals and alkaloids 2 0 0

(The above fees do not apply to cases which involve a visit to the locality.)

III.— INVESTIGATION OF OUTBREAKS OF DISEASE AMONG
FARM STOCK.

1. In the event of an outbreak of disease among Cattle, Sheep, or Swine
occurring on the farm of any Member of the Society, application should at
once be made to the Principal of the Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town,
London, N.W.

2. The Principal will then instruct an officer of the College to inquire into
the outbreak and report to him. He will also fix the amount of remuneration
to be paid to the Inspector, whose professional fee will in no case exceed two
guineas per day, exclusive of the actual cost of travelling and maintenance.

3. When it appears on the report of the Inspector selected that the outbreak
was of an important character, or of general interest, the cost of the investiga-
tion will be defrayed by the Royal Veterinary College.

4. An annual grant is made by the Society to the Royal Veterinary College
in aid of the further development of Cattle Pathology. In order to assist the
authorities of the College in making the necessary investigations, Members of
the Society are particularly requested to send to the College any diseased
animals (cattle, sheep, or swine) which they would otherwise destroy as use-
less, and also any specimens of diseased parts of an unusual character. In
the event of living animals being sent, it will be necessary to telegraph to the
College at Camden Town the time of their arrival at a London station, so that
a van may be sent to meet them. The expense of transit will be defrayed by
the Royal Veterinary College.

VIII

[This Form may bo torn out, and when filled up and signed should be forwarded to
the Secretary of the Society at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.]

9or

Governor

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP.

S-

of

in the county of

am desirous of becoming a Member® of the HQ'i*tCltCtltX*Ctf

Jioctefg of giwgCand, and engage, when elected, to pay an Annual

Subscription of £-\

and to conform to the Rules and Regulations of the Society until the
termination of the year in which I shall withdraw from it by notice, in
writing, to the Secretary.

( Signature )

Date

Nominated by ....

Elected at the Council Meeting held on

Secretary.

t The Council trust that all Members who are disposed to give a larger annual
Subscription than the minimum of £1 prescribed by the By-laws will be kind enough
to do so, in order that the Society’s operations may be maintained.

IX

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY.

Now published annually as an Annual Volume in paper covers of about 500 pages. Free i
to Members : Price to Non-Members. Ten Shillings.

TEXT-BOOK ON AGRICULTURE.

tLEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE : a Text-book prepared under the authority of the Royal

Agricultural Society of England by W. FREAM. LL.I). 486 pp. with 256 Illustrations. i
Seventh Edition (37th Thousand), 1908. Price 3s. 6 d, bound in cloth.

FARM ACCOUNT BOOKS.

No. I, A DIARY, combining Cash Account with daily record of Farm Transactions. Price 4s.

No. 2, A FARM ACCOUNT BOOK, showing payments and receipts, and supplying a form of
Annual Balance Sheet. Price 5s. 6d. Published for the Society and sold by Messrs.
FORSTER, Groom & Co., Ltd., 15 Charing Cross, London, S.W.

PAMPHLETS.

Veterinary Pamphlets by Professor Sir George Brown, C.B.:

DENTITION AS INDICATIVE OF THE AGE OF FARM ANIMALS. Fifth Edition (1902). 64 pp.

With 60 Illustrations. Price Is.

ANIMALS OF THE FARM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 72 pp. With 52 Illustrations. Fourth

Edition (1909). Price Is.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE HORSE’S FOOT AND THE PRINCIPLES OF SHOEING. 24 pp.

Fourth and Enlarged Edition (1902). With 12 Illustrations. Price 6d.

CONTAGIOUS FOOT ROT OF SHEEP. 2nd Edition (1905). 24pp. With 8 Illustrations. Pricels.
Other Veterinary Pamphlets:

THE MARE AND FOAL. By Professor J. WORTLEY AXE, M.E.C.V.S. 58 pp. With 20
Illustrations. Second Edition (1909). Price Is.

THE LAMBING PEN. By Harold Leeney. 2nd Ed. (1907). 37pp. With 9 Illustrations. Price 6d.

Pamphlets by Mr. Charles Whitehead, F.L.S., F.G.S.:

PRACTICAL HINTS ON FRUIT FARMING. (1904). With 10 Illustrations. 44pp. Pricels.

HOP CULTIVATION. With 13 Illustrations (1893). 48 pp. Price Is.

Dairy Pamphlets:

( Issued under the authority of the Dairy Committee of the Society.)

THE PRACTICE OF (a) CHEDDAR, (b) CHESHIRE, AND (c) STILTON CHEESE-MAKING.

Price 2d. each.

SIMPLE RULES FOR BUTTER-MAKING. Revised, 1907. (Sheet.) Price Id. each, or 5s. per 100.

Mounted on card and varnished, to hang up in the Dairy, 6d. each.

RECIPES FOR MAKING CREAM AND SOFT CHEESES. Price Id.

Other Pamphlets *

THE VALUATION OF UNEXHAUSTED MANURES OBTAINED BV THE CONSUMPTION OF FOODS
BV STOCK. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., and A. D. HALL, M.A.
With 3 Diagrams (1903). 44 pp. Price Is.

PRACTICAL HINTS ON VEGETABLE FARMING. By JAMES UDALE (1904). With 15 Illustra-
tions. 42 pp. Price Is.

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING DEAD WEIGHT AND VALUE OF CATTLE FROM LIVE WEIGHT.

By Sir John B. Lawes, Bart., F.R.S. Price Is.

THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF THE ROVAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER. M.A., B.Sc, PhJX Annual Reports on Field, Feeding,
and Pot-culture Experiments (1899-1908). Price Is. each.

REPORT ON THE WOBURN POT-CULTURE STATION. Bv J- AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A.,
B.Sc.. Ph.D. With 17 Illustrations (1900). 52 pp. Price 2s. 6d.

THE MAKING OF THE LAND IN ENGLAND. By ALBERT PELL. (1899). 27 pp. Price 6d.

THE MANAGEMENT AND PLANTING OF BRITISH WOODLANDS. By Professor CHARLES E.

Curtis, F.SJ. (1904). With 6 Illustrations. 36 pp. Price Is.

THE CONVERSION OF HOME-GROWN TIMBER. By ROBERT ANDERSON, F.SX (1904). With
4 Illustrations. 28 pp. Price Is.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. By CECIL WARBURTON, M.A., F.Z.S. (1904).
With 7 Illustrations. 16 pp. Price Is.

ORCHARD AND BUSH-FRUIT PESTS AND HOW TO COMBAT THEM. By CECIL WARBURTON,

M.A., F.Z.S. With 12 Illustrations (1902). 20 pp. Price 6d.

THE DRYING OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A, B.Sc., Ph.D.
With 4 Illustrations (1897). 24 pp. Price 3d.

COTTAGE SANITATION IN RURAL DISTRICTS. By H. MACLEAN WILSON, MJD, B.Sc. With
a Preface by T. PRIDGIN Teale, F.R.S. Second and Enlarged Edition. 32 pp. 12
Illustrations (1896). Price 3d. per copy ; 2s. per doz.; 12s. 6d. per 100.

THE AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS ACT, 1900. By S. B. L. DRUCE. (1900). 30 pp. Price 6d.

The above can be obtained at the Society's House, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., through any
bookseller, or of Mr. JOHN MURRAY, 50 a Albemarle Street, IV. Copies of pamphlets sold at not
less than One Shilling each are obtainable by Members of the Society at half-price on direct appli-
cation to the Secretary.

COLOURED DIAGRAMS.

(Obtainable from Messrs. TV. & A. K. Johnston, Ltd., 6 Paternoster Buildings, E.C., and Edinburgh.)
TWENTV-SIX DIAGRAMS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS. Drawn from Nature by the late Miss '
Georqiana E. ORMEROD, in conjunction with the late Miss Eleanor A. ORMEROD,
F.R.Met.Soc. Arranged in Five Sets, comprising (1) Common Insect Attacks ; (2)
Insects affecting Corn Crops and Grass ; (3) Insects affecting Fruit Crops ; (4) Insects
affecting Roots and Gardens ; (5) Insects affecting Trees. Price 6s. per set for Nos. 1,

2, and 4, and 7s. per set for Nos. 3 and 5. Varnished aDd mounted on canvas, with
. rollers, price 10s. and 12s. per set. Single diagrams, price Is. 6d. each, or 2s. 6d. mounted.
EIGHT DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE WHEAT PLANT (after FRANCIS
Bauer). With Explanatory Pamphlet by W. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., Consulting
Botanist to the Society. Price (including Pamphlet) 10s. per Set of Eight Diagrams.

THE POTATO DISEASE. By W. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S., Consulting Botanist to the Society.
Price Is.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

1

the VULCAN “PATENT”

J'J'A.R.Y Patent No. 2917/03.

Railway Milk Can

W- MADE TO MEET THE . . .

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE’S REQUIREMENTS.

Sixes s 6, 8, 10 , 12, 15, 17 and 20 gallons .
Weights about 28, 30, 35, 37, 44, 48, 50, 52 lbs .

Write at once for Price Lists, and place order to avoid disappointment.

MAKERS-

0 0 0

S. J. & E. FELLOWS, Ltd.,

WOLVERHAMPTON.

Telegraphic Address: “ VULCAN, WOLVERHAMPTON.” Telephone No. 379.

2

ADVERTISEMENTS.

EVERYTHING OF THE BEST FOR THE DAIRY.

Type B.

The “LISTER”

BRITAIN’S

BEST

SEPARATOR.

GUARANTEED . . .

A PERFECT SKIMMER,
Durable, and

Easy to Work and Clean.

A High Grade Machine at a Low
Price. English-made through-
out.

SENT ON FREE TRIAL.

Capacities, 17 to 100 galls, per hour.

LISTER’S “IDEAL" CHURNS k BUTTERWORKERS

Made in several Grades.
All sizes in Stock.

UNEQUALLED
for VALUE
and QUALITY.

Stocked by most Implement
Agents, whose Names,
with Price Lists, &c.,
will be forwarded on
application to the
Makers : —

R. A. LISTER & CO., Ltd., Dursley.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

3

r..‘ WINDMILLS

(OF GALVANIZED STEEL)

FOR PUMPING,

F0R WATER SUPPLY

To House, Farm, or Estate, and

FOR DRAINAGE

Of Marsh, Quarry, or Cesspool.

Hot Air, Gas, and Oil Engine, Turbine and Water-
wheel Pumps.

Tubes, Tanks, and Fittings.

Hydraulic Rams.

Well Boring (Abyssinian, Tubular & Artesian Wells).
Water Softening Apparatus.

IV Surveys made and Estimates
given for Water Supplies and
Fire Protection by Gravitation or
Pumping.

JOHN S. MILLAR & SON,

Water Engineers, &c., ANNAN.

APTERITE FUMIGANT.

The cheapest and most effective of all remedies for Ground Larvae
and other Soil Pests.

INVALUABLE FOR THE GARDEN,

THE GREENHOUSE, AND THE NURSERY.

SAVES YOUR PLANTS. SAVES YOUR POCKET.

The

Summer Spray-Fluid.

Destroys Aphids, Psyllas, Scale Insects & Young Caterpillars.

V2 FLUID

V2 K FLUID

The Best Remedy for
Rose & other Mildews.

Approved by several County Councils for

AMERICAN GOOSEBERRY MILDEW.

Prices and full particulars from:—

Wm. COOPER & NEPHEWS, BERKHAMSTED.

4

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Tipper’s Mystery,

an ideal Saline Condition Powder. Tonic and
Alterative inaction. Extremely beneficial.

In Canisters only, 24-1- each.

Tipper’s Cod Liver Oil Condiment, "V1*®11*; and

1 r scientifically pre-

pared to suit any animal. Possesses some features not to be found in any
other form of Condiment.

One Guinea for 224- packets. 1\-cwt. Cask for 58!-.

Tipper’s Vitalis, the most useful Drink for all Stock. To be
- — given in cases of colds, influenza, colic, blown,

retention of urine, garget, and particularly valuable during Lambing
and Calving where the mother is “chilled” or prostrated.

30!- per dozen Bottles.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

5

ESTABLISHED 1872.

Ph. MAYFARTH & Co.,

RECOMMEND

Manufacturers of
Agricultural
Machinery.

81, Bunhill Row, LONDON, E.C.

Yearly Output 35 000 Machines. ALSO AT 6oo MEDALS.

Frankfurt a/M., Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Minsk (Russia), Milan, etc.,

Thrashing
Machines,
Grain-
Separators
(or Screens),
Fruit Mills,
Fruit Baling
and other
Industrial
Presses.

Food Steamers
and Boilers,

Calving
Machines,

Cultivators,

Mowers,

Rakes,

“ Noxon ”

Drills,

Safety Hoists.

THE “PERFECT”

MANURE SPREADER.

5 to 13 ft. 3 in. First Price ONE-Chain Delivery System (sidewards running).
Guaranteed uniform distribution of all Artificial Manures.

The most Up-tc-Date and Perfect Steerage

CORN & SEED DRILLS,

7 different sizes, from 7 to 33 rows.

POTATO DIGGER,

LIFTING the potatoes on top of soil
without injuring them.

“Croso” Separator.

Also supplied on high
frame.

Drum has 2 parts only.

CANADIAN “NOXON” BINDERS
and MOWERS,

The Strongest, most Reliable, and
Lightest running, for which we are sole
agents for Europe.

Automatic

Knapsack

Sprayers

“SYPHONIA,”

worked by air
pressure.

6

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE ONLY

“PEDIGREE”

(TRADE MARK)

BARLEY, OATS, and WHEAT.

(CHEVALIER.) ( BLACK TARTARIAN. \ (OLD RED. GOLDEN DIiOP.\
\WHITE CANADIAN.) V HUNTERS. VICTORIA. )

Re-started each year for 49 years from the
proved Best Single Grain of the Year.

Special Prices fox? Large Quantities.

CARRIAGE PAID to STATION in ENGLAND and WALES, PORTS of
GLASGOW and LEITH, and certain PORTS in IRELAND.

Pamphlets and further particulars of

MAJOR H ALLETT,

BRIGHTON.

BLACK’S CREOSOTING PLANT,

CONSISTING OF

PRESSURE CYLINDER,
OIL TANK,

and

SET OF SELF-
CONTAINED PUMPS.

rpIIE above illustration is the most suitable and up-to-date method of Crcosoting Timber Rails, Gale
Posts, &c , to meet the requirements of small and large Estates. Also Creosoting Tanks for steeping
timber in hot or cold oil and all necessary fittings. Suitable Oil for Creosoting supplied.

established 1790. Tele, address: “Boilers, Berwick.”

GEORGE BLACK & SONS, Tweedmouth Boiler Works, Berwick-on-Tweed.

PIGS for BACON.

CHAS. & THOS. HARRIS 6c CO., Ltd., Bacon Curers, Caine, Wilts,
Are always open to buy prime quality pigs from 6 sc. 10 lbs. to 10 sc. 10 lbs.
Prices and Terms on Application. Killings every Day. Cheques posted on Day of Killing.

Kindly mention this Journal. M

NET MANUFACTURER.

RABBTT NETS! BIRD NETS I FISH NETS I
Every description of Trap, Snare, Decoy, for
Sparrows, Hats, Mice, Moles, &c., &c. Illustrated
Catalogue Free. Mention Journal.

SAMUEL YOUNG, Manufacturer,

Misterton, Crewkerne, Somerset.

HARPER ADAMS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

(Recently Enlarged.) NEWPORT, SALOP

This Endowed Residential College provide* com-
plete Practical and Scientific Courses in Agri-
culture. Courses of 8tudy qualifying for ail the
higher Agricultural Examinations. Laboratories,
Farm, Dairy t Workshops. For full particulars apply
to the Principal,

P. HEDWORTH FOULKES, B.Sc., F.E.S.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

7

For . .
HORSES,
COWS,
CALVES.

THE

KING

For . .

SHEEP,

PIGS,

POULTRY.

OF

CONDIMENTAL FOODS-

BOVINE

ENSURES DIGESTION.

INCREASES VITALITY.

PREVENTS DISEASE,

And Effects a Saving in Cash to all Users.

The Directors of Bovine Ltd., wish to call the attention of the
public to the recent reconstruction of this Company, and to state
that the business is now under entirely new management.

BOVINE LIMITED, CARDIFF.

R.A.S.E. Gold Medallists. First Prize in manure Distributor trials.

PATENT ' UNIVERSAL9 DISTRIBUTOR

WITH ABSOLUTE FORCE FEED.

No. 1

Also
Makers
of the

‘WALLACE’

Patent

MILKING

MACHINE.

Which was award-
ed a Silver Medal
by the ll.A.S.E.
after extended
trials at Bedford-
shire County
Agricultural In-
stitute.

It milks ton finish
Easily cleaned.
Self - sustaining
cups.

Many other advan-
tages are possess-
ed by this machine.

Will sow from 1 cwt. to over a ton per acre without chang-
ing wheels. The Feed is Faultlessly Regular. The Distri-
bution is Perfect. Easily Operated. § 4 a . -t a

Delivered Free. 5# I H - I w

Write for Catalogues and Price Lists , Post free—

J. A R. WALLACE, Engineers, The Foundry, CASTLE DOUGLAS, N.B.

8

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Hunters

Guaranteed

Grass . .
. « J3eeds

ARE

the BEST & CHEAPEST.

Purity, Genuineness, and Germination
Guaranteed. Compare Prices and Guarantee
before buying elsewhere.

Price List of farm Seeds, and Treatise
on Permanent Pasture Grasses free.

James Hunter, Ltd- Chester.

By Appointment.

HIGH-CLASS SEEDS .

JOHN K. KING & SONS,

GRASS SEEDS
ROOT SEEDS
SEED CORN
CLOVER SEEDS
GARDEN SEEDS

Have an established reputation of 116
years.

Are Grown on their own Seed Farms.

Are of Guaranteed Germination and
Purity.

Are Moderate in Price.

Carriage Free.

Descriptive Catalogue and Special Estimates, post free.

JOHN K. KING & SONS

Seedsmen to H.M. The King by Royal Sealed Warrant,

COGGESHALL, ESSEX , also READING , BERKS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

9

BATES’ PATENT OIL ENGINES

NO LAMP USED AFTER STARTING.

Awards :

SILVER MEDALS,
Paris, Dec., 1906,
Paris, Dec., 1907,

and

FrancO’British
Exhibition,
London, 1908.

BATES’ Improved

Gas Engines and

Suction Gas Plants

SPIRIT ENQINES
and

LAUNCH MOTORS

AGENTS WANTED.

Write for Illustrated
Catalogue

Telephone : No. 50 Denton.

iSole Makers:

W. J. BATES & CO., Ltd.

(Established 1897),

VICTORIA IRONWORKS,

i DENTON, MANCHESTER.

Telegrams : “ Bates, Denton, Lancs.”

FOREST TREES.

Millions in Stock, very cheap.

Douglas Fir , Europ . and Japan. Larch

THORN for HEDGES, etc., etc , a Speciality.

Catalogues Free. THE LARGEST NURSERIES IN GERMANY.

SHIPMENTS OF 150 MILLIONS of Plants annually.

J. HEINS’ SONS, HALSTENBEK No. 9, near HAMBURG

(GERMANY).

COllCflC Of Agriculture Holmes Chapel,
and jjortlcujturc. * * CHESHIRE.

A residential College, standing on its own Farm, and in the centre of one of the finest
districts for Dairying, Stock-raising, Potato-growing, and general mixed farming ; Staff
of seven Lecturers and three Demonstrators. Fully equipped for thorough training in
Practical and Scientific Agriculture combined ; Course in Estate Management and
Forestry ; Complete separate Horticultural Course ; seven acres of Gardens and Fruit
Plantations ; Preparations for National Diploma and Surveyor's Institute Examinations.

Prospectus and Particulars on application to—

T. J. YOUNG, F.S.I., Principal.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

10

Telegrams: "Tett,” Faversham. Telephone: 0195.

SCIENTIFIC FRUIT TREE SPRAYING,

WINTER and SUMMER.

Write

SPRAY YOUR FRUIT TREES & HOPS

Sole

Agents

FOR

using MACHINES manufactured and sold by

IN

Kent

Catalogue.

HENRY S. TETT & Co., Limited,

Martin's

10 & 11, Market Street, FAVERSHAM.

Cultivator.

Aso 61, High Street, Sittingbourne. Preston Works, Faversham.

MACHINES AND APPLIANCES FOR HOP AND FRUIT CULTURE

A SPECIALITY. -

Being in the centre of the East Kent Hop and Fruit District,

Messrs. Tett have every opportunity of studying 'requirements,

. . SPRAYING MACHINES IN GREAT VARIETY. . .

Sole Agents in East Kent for

THE ECLAIR KNAPSACK, THE FOUNTAIN WASHER, and many others.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

11

QUAINT 1 HOMELY i ATTRACTIVE 1

Carpenter’s Ales

^ . and .

Oatmeal Stout

—also to be obtained at the Bar of the Fountain—
are produced at the noted Calnscross Brewery,
nr. Stroud, one of the very few Breweries in
England (if not the only one), without a single Tied
Bouse.

All (be Best County Families supplied.

KELL & CO., LTD., GLOUCESTER.

THE

“JOHN

BULL”

CORN

DRILL.

THE

“JOHN

BULL”

CORN

DRILL.

~W

Corn Drills. Corn and Manure Drills.
Turnip and Mangold Drills. Hand Drills. Broadcast
Seed Drills. Broadcast Manure Distributors.

Catalogue and Prices—

KELL & CO., LTD., drill works, Gloucester.

12

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Telephone : 32 Houghton. Established 18H.

JOHN BROWN,

WHEELWRIGHT, WAGGON, VAN,
AND CART BUILDER,

Hawdonside Works , HOUGHTON-LE-SPRING.

QUALITY AND WORKMANSHIP GUARANTEED.

MILK FLOATS A SPECIALITY. ESTIMATES AND PHOTOS. FREE.

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE.

A Text Book, by w. fream, LL.D.

SEVENTH EDITION. - - THIRTY-SEVENTH THOUSAND.

PRICE 3/6, BOUND IN CLOTH.

LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, 50a ALBEMARLE STREET, W.

Water V rider the distinguished patronage oj Mobility, Gentry, Landowners, Estate Agents ; cs* iggg

County, District, Town anil Parish Councils; Brewers. Architects, Surveyors, Soli- 1000

Supplies ''dors, Mining and Dairy Companies, Manufacturers and Engineers in the United f
— Kingdom and South Africa.

Head of a Spring found at Prieska, South Africa, by

D TO M P If IMC Expert Water Finder, Consulting Engineer for Water Supplies

O. ■ UIVIrMIlO, (LATE OP CHIPPENHAM),

WOOLLEY MANOR, HUNTINGDON.

SPEC I A L IT Y— Discovers the “ Head of the Spring Depth and Yield of Water ; and Metals , Gold and Silver.
Sites located to avoid water for sinking shafts for mining purposes and underground streams traced.

Author of “ The Theory of Water Finding by the Divining Bod.n Enlarged Edition, and fully Illustrated.
From the Author or any Bookseller, 2s. 6d. ; cheap edition, is. 6 d^ postage, 2

ADVERTISEMENTS.

13

PURVEYORS TO

Ibts flftajestp tbe Iktno.

By Appointment.

WATERLOO ROUND FEEDING CAKES,

AS SUPPLIED TO

HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

By Appointment.

The most perfect MIXED FOOD in the Market.

WATERLOO 97°/o PURE COTTON CAKES.

GUARANTEED FROM EGYPTIAN SEED ONLY.
Guaranteed' 97 per cent, of Purity.

WATERLOO ROUND 97 % PURE LINSEED CAKES.

THESE CAKES ARE MADE FROM THE

BEST LINSEED PROCURABLE. Each Tp WSSUdoS.1 pinl

GUARANTEED 97 PER CENT. OF PURITY.

To contain about 13 per cent. Pure Unseed Oil. Under about £ per cent. Sand.
This is the Purest and Best Linseed Cake Manufactured.

WATERLOO 97°/0 PURE LINSEED CAKES.

ANGLO SHAPE.

Guaranteed 97 per cent, of Purity.

To contain about 12 percent. Pure LinseedOii. Under about 3 per cent. Sand

MADE FROM FINEST QUALITY LINSEED. THOROUGHLY SCREENED.

Sold on the contract warranty of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, viz “ Guaranteed pure
and to be delivered in good condition.”

For Samples and Particulars Apply to

A YRE BROS., THE AVENUE, HUGE.

LEWIS’S KETTERING HORSE HOES.

Made in 11 Sizes.

Prices from £5 10s. to £11.

This implement is adapted to follow any size drill,
and will hoe every description of Corn or Roots at
any distance apart either on the ridge or flat.

Catalogues Free.

Awarded PRIZE by R.A.S.E. and many other Societies.

INDENTS THROUGH MERCHANTS.

Telegrams— Lewis, Ironworks, Kettering. Telephone Nat. No. 0493.

LEWIS & SON, rr KETTERING, ENGLAND.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

harrison, McGregor & Co.,

THE

‘ALBION’

Mowers,

Reapers

AND

Binders

LIMITED,

MANUFACTURERS OF

THE

WORLD

FAMED

“ALBION

GRINDING MILLS,

Combined Grinding and (senton trial

° for One

Crushing Mills

Month Free).

CHAFF CUTTERS, ROOT . .

CUTTERS, CORN CRUSHERS,
OIL CAKE BREAKERS, . . .

HORSE AND PONY GEARS.

Vermilion Medal awarded to the “ALBION”
Food Preparing Machines at the Bourges (France)
Exhibition, 1908.

ALBION IRON WORKS, LEIGH, Lancashire.

ii

Every
Machine
Guaranteed
to gi ve
Satisfaction .

Catalogues

on

Application.

ARE THE BEST IN
THE MARKET.

462 Phizes,

Gold Medals
Cups, &c.,
gained by the
“ALBION.”

■! b ’

ADVERTISEMENTS.

15

PERUVIAN GUANO.

We are offering a wide range of qualities, including the
following Cargoes recently arrived : —

"ABERFOYLE”
“WENDUR” .

“ BALMORE ” .

“ LADY ELIZABETH ”

OFFICIAL ANALYSIS.
Ammonia. Phosphate. Potash.
1021 ... 2185 ... 210

7-16 ... 20-35 ... 2-04

4-97 ... 30-59 ... 3-42

2 92 ... 4163 ... 268

DISSOLVED (SOLUBLE) PERUVIAN

GUANO,

Strongly recommended for Top = dressing, Potatoes, and

Fruit Culture.

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS.

Special Manures for all Crops,
Pure Vitriolised Bones,

Bone Compounds,

Superphosphates (high" Sties")*

Nitrate

Bone

of Soda,
Meal, Kainit.

RA^IP Q| (Anchor Brand)

DMOI w OLrtw our own grinding

APPLY TO AGENTS, OR TO

THE ANGLO-CONTINENTAL GUANO WORKS

{Late 0I1L END ORFF'S),

London Agency— 15, LEADENHALL STREET, LONDON.

16

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ARNOLD & SONS

ENEMA SYRINGES, for Horses, Cattle, &c.

1 pint.

5/6

i pint. 1 pint.

7/6 9/- and 10/6

Best quality, with pipe to fit into piston rod.

i pint.

7/6

4 pint.

10/6

1 pint

12/6

1 quart.

13/6 and 16/

1 quart.

21/-

AR HOLD a SONS PATENT. LONDON

The Animals Thermometer (Patented), suggested by Professor Hobday, in Nickel-plated Case 2 6
The Animals Thermometer (Patented), suggested by Professor Hobday, in Nickel-plated Case

with Magnifying Index ... ... ... ... ... — ••• 3/6

The above differs from the Thermometer in general use at present, by the fact that arrows are added at intervals
on the stem to mark the average normal rectal temperature of each of the domesticated animals and the fowl ; in the
usual Thermometer the only arrow is placed at 98 4 indicating the normal average of man when taken by the mouth
or aiilla.

Milking Tubes ...
Do. do., Self-Retaining

Is., Is. 3d, and Is. 9d. each.
Is. 6d., and 3s. each.

ARNOLD «&

VETERINARY INSTRUMENT

SONS,

MANUFACTURERS,

BY APPOINTMENT TO

His Majesty’s Government, The Honourable Council of India, Foreign
Governments, The Royal Veterinary College, &c., &c.,

26, 30 & 31 WEST SMITHFIELD, LONDON, E.C.

Telegraphic Address— “ INSTRUMENTS, London." ESTABLISHED 1819.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

17

W. <S J. BIGGERSTAFF,

West Smithfield, London, E.C.,

AND

41, North John Street, Liverpool,

ALSO

AVENIDA DE MAYO 784, BUENOS AYRES.

AGENCIES IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

BANKERS AND COMMISSION AGENTS.

Buying, Shipping and Insurance Agents
for Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Pigs.
Special Rates Quoted for Insurance
of Pedigree Live Stock. •

Gash Advances arranged .

CURRENT BANKING ACCOUNTS OPENED. £4 PER CENT.
ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS FOR ONE YEAR.

For full particulars as to Insurance Rates, &c., apply to

W. & J. BIGGERSTAFF,

West

Telephones— 12892 Central.

869 Hoi born.

Telegrams— Blggerstaff, London.

Smithfield,
LONDON, E.C.

Used on the Royal Farms at Windsor, Osborne, Balmoral, and Sandringham,
and by Agriculturists everywhere for over 70 years.

For Kicks, Cuts, Bruises, Sore Withers, Swellings,
Strains, Saddle Galls, &c. It rapidly relieves Strain-
ing and Paining after Calving and Lambing, and is
the remedy for Swollen Udders and Sore Teats.

Price 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 7s. per bottle.

A sure remedy for the Fret, Colic, or Gripes,
Influenza, &c., in Horses. For Debility, Scour or
Diarrhoea in Horses, Cattle and Sheep. Hoven or
Blown Cattle and Sheep instantaneously relieved.

Price 1b. 9d. per bot., 20s. per doz.

For Colds, Indigestion, Costiveness, Yellows, Surfeits,
Loss of Cud, Hide-bound, Red Water, in Cattle and
Sheep. Admirably adapted for cleansing Cows and
Ewes after Parturition.

Price (Cows), 13s. per doz. box;

The only sure jure for Husk, Hoose, or Cough in
Heifers, Calves, Sheep and Lambs; also Tapeworms,
in Sheep. It allays Bronchial Irritation, destroys and
expels the parasites, soothes the lungs, and gives
strength to overcome the malady.

(Ewes),3s. 6d. per doz.,

3 doz. box 10s.

Price 2s. 9d. per

bot., Qt. 10s. 6d., £ Gal. £1.

Uses: - HORSES.

For Blood Disorders, Surfeits, Itching.
For Anaemia and Skin Affections.

For Off Appetite and Sluggishness.

For Weakly Horses and Bad Doers.

For preparing Horses for Show or Sale.
For promoting Growth of Bone.

For Sterility or Barrenness.

SOLD IN TINS.

Price 10/6 and 20/- each,
^cwt., £2 Ss. Od.

Sold in a highly concentrated
Powder form, with measure denoting
exact dose. Full instructions sent.

Uses:— CATTLE & SHEEP.

For Impure Blood and Skin Eruptions.
For Humours, Itching and Ringworm. A
For Loss of Cud and 111 Condition.

For prevention of Abortion.

For preparing animals for Show or Sale.
For increasing the Growth of Lambs.
For Sterility of Bulls and Rams.

SOLD IN TINS.

Price 10/6 and 20/- each.

J cwt., £2 5s. Od.

Sold in a highly concentrated
Powder form, with measure denoting
exact dose. Full instructions sent.

Royal Animal Medicine Manufactory ,

22, DORSET ST., LONDON, W. (im)

ADVERTISEMENTS.

19

THE MOST NOTABLE AGRICULTURAL WORK OF THE DAY.

N.B.— This work has no connection with that which has recently been announced
as the Standard Cyclopaedia of Modern Agriculture.

Green’s

Encyclop/edia of Agriculture

BY THE MOST EMINENT AUTHORITIES

and Containing over 500 Illustrations.

4 Large Volumes Handsomely Bound in Leather. Price 20s. nett each.

“An enormous undertaking which should cause others to realise what Agriculture means
to this country.” — Agricultural Record.

“We think it safe to say that there is scarcely a single question, even distinctly connected
with Agriculture, upon which this work will not be found to afford information
Country Gentleman.

“Provides a full equipment of that knowledge which is power.” — Agricultural Gazette.

“ One of the most serviceable and probably the largest work of its kind ever published.” —
The Field.

“ Will take the leading place.”— Journal of the Land Agents’ Society.

“One begins to admire the Encyclopaedia from its opening page." — Live Stock Journal.

This work, the most complete and reliable in existence on the subject of
Agriculture, is of the greatest value to every farmer and landowner.

ITS CONVENIENT SIZE.

The first three volumes complete the alphabetical arrangement of the articles,
cover the entire range of agricultural knowledge, and deal with each subject in’
alphabetical order. The fourth volume includes a complete calendar of operations
from January to December, an exhaustive index, and a great mass of tabular
information regarding manures, soils, statistics, and other matters which did not
fall naturally into the alphabetical arrangement, although they are of great
importance. It also contains 37 beautiful coloured plates of animal anatomy and
diseases.

THE ENORMOUS LABOUR ITS PREPARATION HAS INVOLVED.

The only satisfactory method of preparing a great work on such a vast subject
as Agriculture is to divide it into its innumerable branches, arrange these alpha-
betically, and ask the greatest authorities to write the subjects of which they have
made a lifelong study.

WHAT SUCH A WORK SHOULD CONTAIN AND WHAT IT
SHOULD NOT.

An Encyclopaedia of Agriculture should deal fully with agricultural subjects
and with these alone. No one wants to refer to every plant, beetle, or fly under
its jaw-breaking Latin name, or to learn the culture of foreign plants, and the
breeding of animals which he can never have to look after. What he does want,
on the other hand, is the fullest information on all branches of his work. The
editors of the Encyclopaedia have devoted great pains to the list of headings and
feel convinced that it includes everything that is really wanted.

EDINBURGH AND LONDON :

WILLIAM GREEN k SONS,

PUBLISHERS.

20

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

SETTLER’S
IDEAL
HOME.

NEW
ZEALAND .

A Country with a fertile soil, well watered, and a temperate
climate. No extremes of heat or cold.

A GREAT

SHEEP, CATTLE, DAIRYING, GRAIN,
and FRUIT-GROWING COUNTRY.

Arrangements have been made with the Shaw, Savill, & Albion Co., the New
Zealand Shipping Co., and the Federal Steam Navigation Co , for

REDUCED FARES

for 2nd and 3rd Class Passages. At the present time reduced rate passages are
limited to Farmers, Agricultural Labourers, Shepherds, and men able to milk cows
and manage live stock, who, if approved, must take not less than £25 with them.

DOMESTIC (WOMEN) SERVANTS

will be granted passages at the reduced rates, subject to their taking with them

not less than £2.

For Application Forms and further information apply to the

HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR NEW ZEALAND, 13, Victoria Street, London.

Or the Agents in the United Kingdom of the above Shipping Companies.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

21

THE WO RED EAMED

/Jiuieius

SUPPLIED

THE KING

OF

PORTUGAL.

EECE

MELODANT

The Worvderfol New
Expression Device

PHRASING LEVER

Gives Freedom. Aivd
Individuality To The
Performer

The Angelus Player-Piano is the
ORIGINAL Invention, and contains
master patents of the greatest importance, the product
of three generations of Inventive Musical Genius.

TP MCI On A NT The glorious possibilities of the “ANGELUS” PIAXO-
IC tTICrL.LrL/rtlx 1 ■ PLAYER have been still further enhanced by this recent
Patented Invention. The melody is made by its use to predominate over the
accompaniment and each note in the central or inspired part of the composition given its
full value. It seems hardly credible that so human-like an effect can be obtained, but the
independent and individual action of the two hands of the pianist are realised.

THE PHRASING LEVER,

the marvellous device controlling every variation
of tempo, enabling the performer to answer
perfectly the technical, intellectual, and emotional demands of the most simple or difficult
music, preserving its marked time and true character, but admitting of rhythmic
variations which give distinction and impart individuality to the performance.

The other exclusive devices of the Angelus all combine to render it the pre-eminent
Player-Piano, notably the MELODY BUTTONS, for bringing out the beauties of any
melody at will, and the DIAPHRAGM PNEUMATICS, which impart the pliant,
resilient, human-like touch to the keys.

THE ANGELUS=BRINSMEAD PLAYER=PIANO

of two world-renowned instruments in one case. The results unrivalled touch, tone, and
expression, with the maximum of reliability. The Angelus is also embodied in pianos of
other eminent makers.

THE ANGELES PIANO=PLAYER or Upright Piano : is adjusted and

removed from the Piano in a moment. Beautiful in design and appearance, it contains all
the exclusive features which have made the Angelus supreme.

Kindly call or write for Illustrated Catalogue No. 105.

J. Herbert Marjfiall .

Dep'^/Jnge/uj //a// fie gent Houje. 233. Regent St London. W.

E

22

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BAYLI55

JONES xBAYLISS, ltd

FOR ALL KINDS OF

IRON FENCING

'ESPALIER.
LiGHf WUROLES
. era . £tc

VICTORIA WORKS

WOLVERHAMPTON

LONDON OFFICES & SHOWROOMS -
139 8 141 CANNON ST

PLEASE MENTION THIS PUBLICATION.

DANSYZ VIRUS is not a Poison, but KILLS

RATS « MICE

Harmless to Human Beings, Domestic and other Animals, Birds, Ac.

Three Tubes, 5/-. One Dozen Tubes, 18/-.

Special terms for large quantities. Whole estates cleared under personal supervision.

HanTrcv Viriic I i(\ S2> leadenhall st., London, e.c.

Dull V OA Y II L.IU,, (Agricultural Department.)

AND OF ALL CHEMISTS.

LAND IMPROVEMENTS.

Drainaqe, Farm Buildings, Labourers’ Cottages, Artizans’ Dwellings,
Country Mansions, Water Supply, &c.

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE & IMPROVEMENT COMPANY.

INCORPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT IN 1849.

DIRECTORS :

ft BOLAM Esq. Chairman. I The Hon. Cecil T. Parker. I George Henry Rew Esq.

EPMonokton, Esq.. I Sir Henry Peto. Bart. I Herbert Warren, Esq.

including Lheer&Uonof Farm Bindings. Labourers’ Cottages, Artizans Dwellings.

additions to Country Mansions. Reclamation o£ Waste Land, w'ater Supply, and t he formation of Streets and
RewerS Ac If preferred, the Company will execute these Improvements for Landowners by its own staff.
The outlay and all ’attendant expense, may be charged upon the estate for any term of years not

eICNoi"nvestigation of title necessary, no notice required to be given either by advertisement or other-

W'8(5fflces of /hi Com^PaXpal“m'mbers, 9. Bridge Street, We^nsre^ondom S-W.^

, Sir Henry Peto, Bart.

Surveyor :-Mr. George North.

Thia Gnmnany advances Money for all purposes of Land Improvement* both Agricultural and General,
ill is LfOrapauj txiic-co Tohcneoec' r-ratYorroc Art.nna’ nivp iniriL and the erection of or

ADVERTISEMENTS.

23

BLACKQUARTER OR BLACKLEG.

This fatal disease in Cattle and Sheep
is absolutely preventable by Vaccination
with “ Blacklegine.” Consult your Veteri-
nary Surgeon who will supply pamphlets
concerning this most important matter to
the Stock raiser. The mark and the
name “Blacklegine” are the guarantee
that this Vaccine is prepared by the Inven-
tor himself.

RAT-VIRUS.

An absolute clearance is effected by the
use of the Pasteur Vaccine Co.’s original
Rat-Virus, which infects them with a fatal

microbic disease. Perfectly harmless to all
other animals and human beings. Tubes at
2 '6 or 3 tubes for 5/-. Special Virus for
Mice lid. per tube, postage Id. extra.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.

Sterility in Mares, Cows, Ewes, Pigs,
Dogs, and other animals effectually obviated
and the vitality of the Sire husbanded by
the use of The " Certes ” (Huish Patent)
Inseminator. Price 42/-.

Brochure on “The Causes and Remedy
for Sterility of Animals,” post free Six
Stamps. Illustrated Catalogue of Instru-
ments, &c., suitable for Agriculturists, free.

C. H. HUISH & COY.,

Surgical Instrument Makers, and Sole Agents for the Pasteur Vaccine Co., Ltd.,

12, RED LION SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.

WATER SUPPLIES.

ARTESIAN
Bored Tube Wells.

Norton’s Patent

‘ABYSSINIAN ’TUBE WELLS

Improved Patent

‘ Multex ’

Air Lift

Pumping Plant.

I F fiRANn & <sIITfl IFF artesian well and

VI ivrvi T L7 U OUILL11 * ? WATERWORKS ENGINEERS

Contractors to the Admiralty, War Department, India Office. Crown Agents for the
Colonies, Trinity House, &c. ADVISERS ON WATER SUPPLIES.

125, B unhill Row, LONDON, E.C.

Telegrams : “Abyssinian, London." Telephone : Central 1649.

LIQUID

MANURE

PUMPS

Essex Education Committee

i

Or for General Estate Purposes.
3,000 to 6,000 Gallons per hour by hand.

COUNTY CENTRAL LABORATORIES,
CHELMSFORD.

Agricultural and Horticultural
Instruction.

1. Winter School of Agriculture.

2. School of Horticulture.

3. Dairy School.

4. Special Courses.

PIKENIX

CHARD.

Full particulars of these Courses may be
had on application to the Secretary. County
Technical Laboratories, Chelmsford.

24

ADVERTISEMENTS.

INSURE

FOALS

IMPERIAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, Ltd.,

Established 1878. Capital £100,000.

Head Office: 17, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

The “IMPERIAL” offers GREATEST BENEFITS at LOWEST RATES.

Full Market Value Insured. Cash Payment for Barren Mares.

Full Amount paid for the Foal if Cast.

Foals Insured until expiration of Annual Policies.

Double Amount paid for Foal after One or Three months old.

STALLIONS INSURED against ACCIDENTS, ILLNESS, and DEATH.

FARM and TRADE HORSES INSURED against DEATH.
CLAIMS PAID, £400,000.

Prospectuses, Proposal Forms, and all information post free.
AGENTS WANTED. B. S. ESSEX, Manaqer.

The New Nitrogenous Fertiliser ^ ^

“NITROLIM”

Containing NITROGEN FROM THE AIR combined with LIME.

IN-FOAL MARES

AND STALLIONS

WITH THE

Cheapest in First Cost and more effective in Results
than either Sulphate of Ammonia or Nitrate of Soda.

GUARANTEED ANALYSIS, FINE CONDITION, SWEETENS THE SOIL.
Wholesale Agents for England, Wales, and Ireland

Southern Counties - - - The Anglo-Continental (late OhlendorfFs) Guano Works,

London.

_ . _ .. . _ . (The Farmers’ Company, Ltd., Barton-on-Humber.

Eastern Counties and East! West Norfolk Farmers’ Manure and Chemical Company, Ltd.,
and West Ridings - - ( Edward Packard A Co.. Ltd.. Ipswich. [King s Lynn.

Wales and North-Western [The United Alkali Co., Ltd., Liverpool.

Counties ------ J Thos. Vickers & Sons, Manchester.

North - Eastern Counties ) L (Jales. chemical Manure Co., Ltd., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

and North Riding- - - j _ , , .

Ireland - -- -- -- - W. & H. M. Goulding, Ltd., Dublin.

For full particulars apply to . .

T-h." North-Western Cyanamide Co., Ltd.,

39, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, LONDON, S.W.

ADVEKTISEMENTS.

25

A TRUE PLANT FOOD.

The only form of Nitrogen
that feeds the crop
IMMEDIATELY
it is applied.

Gives
immense
increase in

CORN, ROOT,
GRASS, MARKET
GARDEN CROPS,
HOPS, &c.

HIT RATE can ba bought from all loading deala ra
in manuraa.

PAMPHLETS, GRA TIS, can be oblainad from

PERMANENT NITRATE COMMITTEE,

FRIARS HOUSE, NEW BROAD STREET, LONDON.

JOHN UNITE, LIMITED,

291 A 293, EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON , IV.

By Appointment to H.M. The King and H.R.H. The Prince of Walei.

Stallion Outfits,
Mackintosh Coats,
Capes and Aprons,

Tents,
Rick Cloths,
Blinds, Cordage.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings, Balls,
Weddings, Bazaars, Flower Shows, Fetes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LIMITED, 291 ft 293, EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON.

26

ADVERTISEMENTS.

NOTE THE NAME !

NOTE THE AWARD !

“SANTOVIN”

Awarded only Gold Medal,

(regd.)

International Exhibition,

for Sheep and Lambs.

New Zealand, 1907. . .

NOW!

Are your Lambs troubled with Tapeworms?

Are they troubled with Husk or Hoose ?

Are they troubled with Fevers ?

Are they troubled with Scour and Debility ?

If so. these troubles will soon cease if you use “ SANTOVIN ” for it
prevents and cures. For Scour in Calves and Weakness and Debility
in Cattle it is invaluable.

Write to-day for our booklet “ Health for Sheep.” It is free.
Read what others say, and then give “ SANTOVIN ” a trial and reap the
same benefits. There is no reason why you should not.

“SANTOVIN” is sold in Cans (30 to 40 doses) SI- ; i gall. (90 to 120 doses) t 3/6 ;
1 gall. (180 to 240 doses) for Lambs, 25/-

Of all Chemists, or if direct, Carriage or Postage Free.

Stock Marking.

No mutilation or branding.

Adopted by Colonial and Government
Farms, and in use all over the World.

CLINCHED.

Clincher” Stud Ear Marking Tablets

FOR ALL ANIMALS.

The best on the market. Made of pure aluminium, feather weight, do not
catch, sag, or disfigure, or pull out of the ear, are easily put on, and look
neat and pleasing to the eye.

Price 10/6 per 100, njulsed with initials, numbers, and date of year on washer
(ordinary size for Cattle, Sheep, and P.gs). Larger size for Cattle, 15/- per 100 (put
up in convenient, numbered, and partitioned Box). Punches for ear, 3 6 each.
Samples and order form free.

Patentees and Factors of Veterinary Instruments for general use. Manufacturers
of a full line of ANIMAL MEDICINES, and WALTON'S (late Croydon)
POULTRY and DOG REMEDIES. Illustrated and General Lists post free.

SOLE PROPRIETORS-

STEPHEN PETTIFER & SONS,

Only Address : MALMESBURY, WILTS.

Established over to Years. Telegrams: “ PcTTIFERS, CRUOWELL."

CAUTION. -Refuse IMITATIONS; and remember “STEPHEN”
in connection with “ Pettifer.”

c/>tnpiz-gjo>x »° <-i-r>cp

ADVERTISEMENTS.

27

GREAT COMPETITION at the Royal
Agricultural Society of England's
Birmingham Show, 1898.

Sixteen different Appliances
were Tested at the Trials. The
Judges awarded the PRIZE of
£10 to RICHMOND & CHANDLER,
Limited, for their “ Multiplex ”
Patent Safety Feeder.

Since improved, and numerous other
Prizes have been awarded.

CORN CRUSHERS -
ROOT PULPERS.
OIL CAKE MILLS -

RICHMOND & CHANDLER, Ltd, MANCHESTER.

THE “AFFORESTATION” BANNER UNFURLEI

Acres of

Unsurpassed Nursery Stock

Grown on the Cold
Exposed Derbyshire Hills.
SUITABLE FOR ANY CLIMATE.

Apply Jo* Catalogue to Dept. D

JAMES SMITH & SONS,

©arfcp ©ofc (Uurecrke,

Specialities.

Rhododendrons, 40 acres.
500,000 Hardy Heaths.
Huge Quantities of
fine healthy Larch and
other Forest Trees.
Ornamental Shrubs,
Climbing Plants.
Roses, Fruit Trees,
etc.

Range up ta 1103 ft.
abore *ea level,
being the most
expos sd in the
British Isles.

'SPECIAL DISCOUNTS TO
LARGE BUYERS.

28

ADVERTISEMENTS.

YOU may augment

YOUR INCOME

by interesting yourself
in the use or sale of

“CROMIL”

Time, Labour, & Money
Saving Appliances.

SPRAYING MACHINES

For WHITEWASHING. DISINFECTING. SPRAYING CROPS.

As a FIRE ENGINE.

NEW ATTACHMENT FOR CARRIAGE CLEANING.

Send a post card and receive complete Illustrated Catalogue of '‘Cromil’'
Appliances, with prices and terms.

CROSIER, STEPHENS & CO.,

Ne wcastle * on » Tyne .

NICHOLSONS’

PATENT BONE AND CORN AND OTHER

CRUSHING AND GRINDING MILLS,

MOSS LITTER MILLS,

BENZINE & STEAM DEGREASING PLANTS.

STEAM ENGINES,

STEAM BOILERS,
CULTIVATORS, HARROWS,
ROLLERS, HORSE RAKES,
SWATHERS & TEDDERS.

PRICED AND ILLUSTRATED LISTS on application to . .

W. N. NICHOLSON & SONS, LIMITED,

NEWARK-ON-TRENT, ENGLAND.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

29

No. 9.— An Artistic little Homestead. Price, as shewn in Brick and Tile,

approximately £375

In Wood and Iron, approximately ... £350

Three
Bedrooms,
Bathroom I
and W.C. IfTT
can be

ZZ

NORWICH. GroUN D PLA H.

Illustration from Booklet entitled —

“RURAL HOMESTEADS,”

A TREATISE ON

Homesteads & Farmsteads for Small
Holdings.

Price 6d.

Boulton &pAUL,Ld„

uilding 1 roviders,

Country House Specialists,
ROSE LANE WORKS,

NORWICH .

COUNTRY HOMES from a Cottage to a Mansion, designed,
erected, and fitted up to suit the needs, tastes, and pockets

of all classes.

Permanent structures of Cavity Brickwork or Ferro-Concrete Construction, artistic,
economical, proof against weather, fire, and decay.

Designs and Estimates submitted to bona-fide enquirers upon
receipt of particulars of requirements, mentioning this Catalogue.

30

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FERTILISERS and

FEEDING MATERIALS.

ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS.— H. R. & Co. will be glad to forward to intending
purchasers their Catalogue of Artificial Fertilisers — of various kinds — and
Feeding Materials, with price lists, etc, on application.

Contents.— Superphosphates, various qualities ; and Pure Vitriolized Bones ; Bones
and Bone Meals, raw and steamed ; Undissolved Phosphates ; Basic Slag and Thomas
Phosphate Powder ; Guanos— Peruvian, various qualities, some rich in ammonia, others
in phosphates ; Damaraland ; Rape Dust and Rape Meals ; Fish Manures ; Sulphate of
Ammonia; Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate of Lime; Potash Salts— Kainit. Muriate, Sulphate,
etc. ; Specially prepared manures for Grass, Corn, Potatoes, Turnips, Mangolds, also
for Topdressing, etc., with guaranteed analyses ; also manures specially prepared
for Gardens, Fruit Trees, Lawns, Tennis Courts, Cricket Pitches, etc.

BASIC SLAG.— For Autumn and Winter application, specially recommended for
Poor Grass Land, Autumn Wheat, Seeds, Beans, Peas, Turnips, etc. Highest qualities
supplied on favourable terms. Quotations on application.

LINSEED CAKES. — Finest quality, own brand. Guaranteed to be made entirely from
well-screened seed of 95 per cent, purity, with pro rata allowance if below 12 per cent, oil,
29 per cent, albuminoids, or exceeding 1 per cent. sand. Also foreign Linseed Cakes of
selected brands — Russian, American, etc. COTTON CAKE, own brand [HR Co., PURE],
entirely from finest new Egyptian seed, with guaranteed analysis ; also other approved
brands. Decorticated Cotton Cakes and Meals, Rice Meal, Maize, Locust Beans, and Meal.

ECONOMY IN CARRIAGE. — H. R. & Co. make a specialty of forwarding articles of
English make— both Feeds and Fertilisers to their clients’ stations, direct from the nearest
point of manufacture ; and goods of foreign import direct from the nearest port of arrival,
thus minimising carriage.

HY. RICHARDSON & COMPY.,

Agricultural Merchants and Manufacturers of Chemical Fertilisers,

SKELDERGATE BRIDGE, YORK.

TENTS! TENTS!!

Suitable for Gardens, Cricket, or Camping-out purposes. 40 ft. in circumference, Pegs,
Poles, Mallet, and lines complete (with Tent Bag included). These Tents are white, and
have only been used a little by His Majesty’s Government, and cost over £6 each. X will
send one complete for 35s.

BELL TENTS (quite new) splendid appearance, complete 50s each.

List of Marquees sent Post Free. FANCY GARDEN TENTS A SPECIALITY.

IIIATCD T A M I/O for storing water, will hold 400 gallons ; wrought-iron, with man-
WAIttl lANIxu hole at top ; weight 476 lbs. ; size 4 ft. 3 in. square ; c.-irriagepaid

for £3 15s. each,
on application.

All sizes in stock, new and second-hand. Prices

Made from very best Navy Canvas, 12 ft. by 9 ft, t2s. ;
15 ft. by 9 ft, 15s. ; 15 ft. by 12 ft, 20s. ; made to any
size at Is. per square yard. Superior, Stout, Green
Rot-proof Canvas Covers; Is. 6d. per square yard. Can be sent on approval.

WATERPROOF COVERS.

for Tennis Court So useful for the Lawn or Garden, specially pre-
_ . . pared with a line attached to the net top and bottom

Bordering. throughout, easy to erect or take away: 25 yards
long by 2 yards wide, 6s. 6d., by 3 yards, 7s. 6d., by 4 yards, 8s. 6d.,
carriage paid. Standards for same, 10 ft. high, 1 s. each.

W Gardener’s Aprons, very strong, any sire, shoulder to calf, two pockets, Is. 6d , post free. "VI

GOOD STRONG GARDEN NETTING .

SMALL MESH. OILED AND DRESSED. WILL NOT ROT.

100 yards long, 1 yard wide ... 4s. Od. ] 100 yards long, 3 yards wide ... 12s. 0d.
100 „ „ 2 „ ... 8s. 0d. | 100 „ „ 4' „ ...18s. Od.

And so on to any length or width.

I do not require payment till you have received and approved of the Netting.

As supplied by us to Royal Gardens. Cheaper kinds can be supplied. Write for my
several Lists, it will pay you.

H. J. GASSON, governmoeonnttractor , RYE .

ADVERTISEMENTS.

31

Largest and Oldest Live Stock and Export Agency in Great Britain.
PRACTICAL FARMERS IN 57 COUNTIES

(Whose Testimonials will be sent on application)

TESTIFY THEIR COMPLETE SATISFACTION

With the Live Stock with which they have been supplied by

€. Goodwin Prccce,

Who attends the leading Fairs and Sales to buy on Commission

(Tattle & Sbeep for jfeebmo, 2>auv, or Breeding.

Satisfaction Guaranteed. Personal Buying.

Orders invited at once forCattle and Sheep, as at present rates a Good Profit is assured.

Breeders supplied with PEDIGREE STOCK of all kinds,

Selected from the leading Studs, Herds and Flocks.

DAIRY COWS, specially selected deep milkers. STALL FEEDERS, Bullocks and
Heifers of prime quality. YOUNG STOCK & OUTLYING CATTLE for wintering.
WETHERS for folding and grazing. EWES-fN -LAM B. STOCK BULLS of
reliable dairy or beef breeding. PEDIGREE STOCK of all breeds from reliable
herds. SHIRE STALLIONS or Mares of the best and weightiest type.

Write for Prices. Every assistance to Buyers. Large numbers of Cattle and
Sheep always on hand.

Letters and Telegrams:—

Preece, Crosshill. SHREWSBURY.

THE

West of Scotland Agricultural College

GLASGOW & KILMARNOCK.

Principal:

R. Patrick Wright, F.R.S.E., F.H.A.S.

Secretary s

John Cuthbertson, F.R.S.E., F.E.I.S.
Agriculture:

R. Patrick Wright.
Agricultural Botany:

A. X. MCALPINE, B.Sc. (Lond.). Assoc. R.C.S.
Agricultural Chemistry:

R. A. Berry, F.I.C., F.C.S.
Dairying:

Wm. Stevenson, B.Sc., N.D.A., N.D.D.

Forestry:

JOHN Nisbet, D.CE.

And a Staff of Lecturers and Assistants in
Zoology, Bacteriology, Veterinary Science,
Book-keeping, Agricultural Engineering,
Agricultural Surveying, Agricultural Law,
and Horticulture.

Manager of Dairy School:

R. J. Drummond.
Superintendent of Farm :

Daniel K. Robb, f.h.a.s.. n.d.d.
Poultry Department:

Agnes Kinross, n.d.d.

The Winter Session in Glasgow extends
from October till March : the Summer
Session at Kilmarnock from April till
October. The Poultry Department is open
all the year round.

Students are prepared for all the Higher
Examinations in Agriculture, Dairying,
Surveying, Forestry. &c Prospectus free
on application to the Secretary.

SALES BY AUCTION FOR THE YEAR 1909.

MESSRS. DEBENHAM, TEWSON,
RICHARDSON & CO.

Beg to announce that their SALES for
1909 of ESTATES, Investments, Town,
Suburban, and Country Houses, Business
Premises, Building Land, Ground Rents,
Advowsons, Reversions, Stocks, Shares, and
other Properties will be held at the
Auction Mart, Tokenhouse Yard, near the
Bank of England, in the City of London,
as follows:—

Tuesday, March 2
Tuesday. March o
Tuesday, March 16
luesday, March 23
Tuesday. March 30
Tuesday. April 6
Tuesday April 20
Tuesday, April 27
Tuesday, May 4
Tuesday, May ll
Tuesday, May 18
Tuesday May 25
Tuesday. June 8
Thursday, June 10
Tuesday, June 15
Tuesday, June 22
Thursday. June 24
Tuesday, June 29

Thursday, July i
Tuesday, July 6
Thursday, July 8
Tuesday, July 13
Thursday, July 15
Tuesday, July 20
Thursday, July 22
Tuesday, July 27
Tuesday, August 3
Tuesday, August lo
Tuesday, October 12
Tuesday, October 19
Tuesday, October 26
Tuesday, November 2
Tuesday, November 16
Tuesday, November SO
Tuesday, December 7

By arrangement, Auctions in Town or
Country can also be held on other days.
Messrs. Debenham, Tewson, Richardson &
Co. undertake Sales and Valuations for
Probate and other purposes of Furniture,
Pictures, Farming Stock, Timber, &c.

Detailed Lists of Investments, Estates,
Sporting Quarters, Residences, Shops, and
Business Premises to be Let or Sold by
Private Contract can be obtained of Messrs.
DEBENHAM, TEWSON, RICHARDSON &
Co., 80, Cheapside, London.

Telephone Nos. 503 and 504 Bank.

32

ADVERTISEMENTS.

R. W. GREEN

Has again grown both in

SCOTLAND and
ENGLAND

every leading variety of

Seed Potatoes

and solicits enquiries.

CORNHILL, WISBECH

BRYAN CORCORAN Ltd.,

Engineers and Contractors, Millwrights
and Water Power Specialists.

Makers ot Coleman's Patent

^^i»n siauli:

Works . Warehouses W HITEO H APEL.
Stores:— BASEMENT OF CORN EXCHANGE.

OFFICE 31, MARK LANE, E.C.

Royal Agricultural College,

CIRENCESTER.

Founded 1845. Reorganized 1908.

Patron—

H.M. KING EDWARD VII.

Chairman-

lord MORETON.

For Land Owners, Land Agents, Surveyors,
Agriculturists, intending Colonists, &c.
Farming and Colonial Branch.

Estate Management and Forestry Branch.

For Prospectus of Curriculum, Fees, Entrance
Exhibitions, Scholarships, Diplomas, &c., apply
to THE PRINCIPAL.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Complete Courses in Agriculture, suitable for
Farmers, Land Owners, Land Agents, Valuers,
or Teachers of Agricultural Science.

The Winter Courses prepare for the
NATIONAL DIPLOMA.

INCLUSIVE FEES: Complete Winter Course, £10. „
8pecial Summer Course, £5.

AMPLE PROVISION FOR RESEARCH.
Special Branches 0/ Agriculture dealt with in Summer
1 Session. The FARM WORK and EXPERI-

MENTS at OARFORTH form an integral part of
the instruction.

Students may take Agriculture in the Final
Examination for the Degree of B.Sc.

Prospectus from the REGISTRAR, the University,
Leeds.

LIVERPOOL
VIRUS 4

Destroys whole jBj

colonies of

RATS

ind HARM- (

MICE / less to

— OTHER
ANIMALS.

The Vermin do not die
in their holes. No smell
from dead bodies. Mice
Virus, 1/6 per tube. Rat

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Interesting Booklet with Mottoes

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ADVERTISEMENTS.

33

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SHROPSHIRE.

Shrewsbury, Wellington, Wem. and Oswe9try.
Messrs. HALL, WATER1DGE & OWEN,
Auctioneers, Valuers, Surveyors 4 Estate Agents.
Offices Hlgn St., Shrewsbury J Church St^ Welling-
ton; 19, High St., Wem; Bank Chambers , Oswestry.
Sales of Landed Estates, Residential and Business
Properties, Standing Timber, Machinery, Agricul-
tural and Pedigree Stock, and Furniture. Agricul-
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at the Raven Horse Repository and Trial Grounds,
Shrewsbury.

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Seventieth ANNUAL SHOW
GLOUCESTER,

JUNE 22nd to 26th, 1909.

For particulars apply to—

THOMAS McROW, Secretary,

16 Bedford Square, w.c.

FARM ACCOUNTS.

A.B.C, System of Accounts for Agriculturists. Requires no knowledge of book-keeping
Works out Gross and Net Profits, Balance Sheet, and Income Tax Statement, with
guaranteed certainty. A book that will prove itself to be “the Thing that progressive
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34

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’

HORSES.

Clydesdales.

Seaham Harbour Stud Co., The.
Breeders and sellers of Clydesdale
Horses of the improved type, com-
bining1 size with quality and fashion-
able pedigree. Inspection invited.
Apply, R. Brydon, Seaham Harbour,
County Durham. Wires : Brydon,
Seaham Harbour.

Hackneys, Roadsters, Hunters, &c.

Carr & Co., Clyde Vale Stud, Wemb-
ley, Middlesex. Breeders and Ex-
porters of high-class Hackney and
Pony Stallions and Mares of best
blood. Also on sale, Show Horses
and Ponies. Telephone: 34, Wemb-
ley. Tels. : Carr, Wembley, Middle-
sex. Inspection invited.

Conchar, John, Wylde Green, Bir-
mingham. Breeder of Shires and
Hackneys. Several have been success-
ful in the show-ring. Colts and
Fillies by the leading Stallions of the
day.

Ford, Richard Garton Driffield.
Hackney Stallions and Mares, best
blood, with size, quality, and action,
always on hand for sale, chiefly
chestnuts, including several Mares in
foal to noted sires.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart.,
Walton Hall, Warrington.
Large stud of high-class pedigree
Hackneys and Hackney Ponies. Over
two hundred head to select from.
Hackney Stud at Terrington (M. and
G.N. Railway), Norfolk ; Ponies at
Tissington (L. and N.W. Railway),
Derbyshire. Apply, Mr. W. Bain-
bridge, Walton House, Warrington.

Martin, Wm., Scoreby Grange, Gate
Helmsley, York. Breeder of High-
class Hackneys, Stallions, Mares, and
Harness Geldings, with size, quality
and action, always on sale. All
colours, though chiefly browns and
bays.

McAllister, Wm., The Inverness
Hackney Stud, Inverness. Breeder
and exhibitor of Pedigree Hackneys
of the most Fashionable Yorkshire
blood. Winners at Hackney Shows,
London ; R.A.S.E. ; Royal Lancashire ;
Wirral and Birkenhead; Kilmarnock ;
Ayr ; Edinburgh ; Glasgow ; Royal
Northern Aberdeen; and the High-
land Society Shows. Young stock
for sale, all winners, by Champions
Rosador, Administrator, Garton
Duke of Connaught, and St. John.
Telegrams : Hackney, Inverness.

Moore, Henry, Burn Butts, Crans-
wick, Hull. Pedigree Stud of
Hackneys, including many prize
winners. Yearlings, two, and three-
year-olds, and others can be seen on
application to Henry Moore.

DIRECTORY.

HORSES — continued.

Polo, Riding and Harness Ponies.

Miller, W.S., Forest Lodge, Brecon,
S. Wales. Extensive breeder and
exporter of best class of Welsh Moun-
tain Ponies, Cobs, and Entires.

Shires.

Blaisdon Stud. Colin MacIver.
Owner. Stallions for hire or service,
Young stock for sale. J. S. Bate,
Agent, Blaisdon, Glos.

Conchar, John, Wylde-Green, Bir-
mingham. Breeder of high-class
Hackneys. Several have been suc-
cessful in the show-ring. Colts and
Fillies by the leading stallions of the
day.

Jackson, J. C. Breeder of Shires (Stud
established 1898). Stallions: Knott-
ingley Regent 18130, Kirk Hammer-
ton, King Maker 24359. Fillies and
Colts for sale. Apply, Faulkner,
Smallages, Skyehouse, Snaith, R.S.O.,
Yorks. Station : Askern.

Leighton Buzzard Stud Company.
Inspection by Societies and private
gentlemen invited. Twenty-fiveShire
Stallions for sale, hire, or service ;
winners at London and other shows.
Colts by Lockinge Forest King,
Drayman 23rd, Stroxton Tom, Hendre
Hydrometer, and Lincoln Lion ;
others by Bury Victor Chief, Blyth-
wood Conqueror, Benedict, Lockinge
Albert, Dunsmore Willington Boy,
&c. Three Colts from this Stud have
changed hands at an average of over
one thousand pounds each. Particu-
lars, apply, Bryan Welch, Leighton
Buzzard, Beds., on L.N.W. main line ;
forty miles north of London, six miles
from Bletchley Junction.

Muntz, Frederick Ernest, Umber-
slade, Hockley Heath, Warwick-
shire. Shire Horse Stud Stallions,
Mares, Fillies ; prize winners. Par-
ticulars from Mr. John T. B. Hartley,
Estate Office, Umberslade, Hockley
Heath, Warwickshire:

Nottingham Corporation, Stoke
Farm. Shire Stallions, Mares. Fillies,
and Geldings of most fashionable
breeding, including many prize-
winners, always on sale. Inspection
invited. Visitors met by appoint-
ment. Apply A. Avis, Stoke Bar-
dolph, Nottingham.

Pigg, Edward, Chipping, Bunting-
ford, Herts. Good, sound Shire
Stallions to let for season. Colts,
Fillies for sale. Inspection invited.
Thirty miles London (G.E.R.).
Buntingford Station, two miles Stud
Farm. Royston. five miles (G.N.R.).

Whitehead' Robert. The Peak
Stud of Shire Horses. Stallions : New
Cut Harold II. 2548G. and Bodenham
King 17177. Nominations now being
booked. Inspection invited. Apply

ADVERTISEMENTS.

35

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

HORSES— continued.

Shires.

J. M. Johnstone, Hargate Hall,
Millers Dale. Station and telegrams :
Millers Dale, Midland Railway.

Suftolks.

Sudbourne Suffolks, the property
of Kenneth M. Clark, Esq. The
largest Stud in England, containing'
over 150 pedigree animals. 384 prizes
and honours (including 13 champion
prizes, 5 for Stallions and 8 for Mares)
won since 1898. Several promising-
young Stallions for sale cheap. Apply,
Agent, Estate Office, Sudbourne Hall,
Orford, Suffolk.

Various.

Dickinson, J. & G., Cark Mills,
Cark-in-Cartmel. Breeders and
Exporters of Hunters, Hackneys,
Shires, all ages ; thoroughly trained
and unbroken. Best Yorkshire, West-
morland, Cumberland, and Lancashire
blood. Nearly all prize-winning
stock. 200 prizes won three years,
including London, Royal North
Lancashire, championships North
Lonsdale, Cartmel, Ramsbottom,
Southport, Warrington, and Orms-
kirk. Communications invited.
Station : Cark-in-Cartmel (Furness
Railway). Prices moderate.

Meacock, Dr., Nene Stud, Wisbech
Cambridgeshire. Harness Horses,
Stallions, and young stock of the
most fashionable blood for sale. Stud
horse, “ Middleton King.”

CATTLE.

Aberdeen Angus.

Balliol College Herd, founded in
1880. The herd from which so many
champions have been sent. Great
attention given to purity of blood
and milking properties. For cata-
logue apply to Clement Stephenson,
Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Bolden, C., Preston-Bissett, Buck-
ingham. Herds at Preston-Bissett,
Bucks, and at Lechlade, Gloucester-
shire.

Bridges, J. H. This old-established
herd, comprising cattle of the Erica,
Pride of Aberdeen, Jilt, and other
good families, can be seen at the
Home Farm, Langshott, Horley,
Surrey (midway between London
and Brighton, on the main line).
Apply to Mr. Albert Pulling, Lang-
shott, Horley.

Cooper, Sir George, Hursley Park,
Winchester. All fashionable strains:
Prides, Ericas, Miss Burgess. Stock
Bulls : Evolsurus, sire of many

winners ; Black for Ever of Ballin-
dalloch. For catalogue, apply Estate
Office, Hursley, Winchester.

CATTLE — continued.

Aberdeen Angus.

Cridlan, J. J. Maisemore Park,
Gloucester. Erica, Pride of Aber-
deen, and other noted tribes. Stock
Bulls : Wizard 21465, champion gold
medal winner at the Bath and West
and Royal Counties, 1905 ; Everwise
24436, champion and gold medal
winner 1907-8.

Doonholm Herd of Aberdeen-
Angus Cattle, the property of
James Kennedy ; of Doonholm, Ayr,
consists of carefully bred high-class
animals of the most fashionable
families. Representatives of this
herd, all bred at Doonholm, won 9
firsts, 2 championships, and 1 reserve
championship at the Royal and
Highland Shows of 1908.

Hursley Park Herd of Aberdeen
Angus Cattle, the property of Sir
George Cooper, Bart., comprising
Erica Pride, Miss Burgess, Lady Ida,
Matilda, Jemima of Morlich families.
Prizes won during 1906-7-8 : 13 firsts,
15 seconds, 5 thirds, 3 reserve cham-
pions. Bulls, Cows, and Heifers for
sale. — Apply to James E. Thorold,
Estate Office, Hursley Park, Win-
chester.

McAinsh, John, Cong ash, Gran-
town-ON-Spey, N.B. Pure-bred Aber-
deen Angus Cattle. Particulars on
application.

McIntyre, J ohn, Theakston, Bedale,
Yorkshire. Aberdeen Angus Herd.
Established 1883. 150 head Registered
Cattle. Fashionable families. 30
grand, thick-fleshed yearling' Bulls
for sale, also Cows and Heifers in calf
to Ballindalloch Erica sires. Natural
treatment. Good milkers and breeders.

Rockliffe Park Herd of Aberdeen
Angus Cattle. Ericas and Prides,
Miss Burgess, Blackbirds of Corskie.
Stock Bulls : Pundit of Preston 17156,
Champion Highland Show, 1904, and
Eliphaz 23103. R. C. Swan, Rockliffe
Park, Darlington.

Roseberry, Earl of, K.G. Dalmeny
herd of select Aberdeen-Angus Cattle
of the best strains. Apply, Manager,
Home Farm, Dalmeny Park, by Edin-
burgh. Ayrshires.

Fergusson-Buchanan, Lieut.-Col.,
Auchentorlie, Bowling, Scot-
land. Ayrshire Cattle, Winner of
prizes at all the principal shows in
Scotland, also of the Royal Agricul-
tural Milk-Yield Test. Bulls and
Heifers for sale. Inspection invited.

Wallace, James, Auchenbainzie,
Thornhill, N.B. Breeder of Pedi-
gree prize-winning Ayrshire Cattle.
This herd of old standing is bred for
dairy purposes ; beauty and style with
good milking properties. Heifers
and Bulls for sale.

36

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

CATTLE — continued.

Devons.

Surridge, John, Manor Farm,
Brompton Ralph, Wiveliscombe,
Somerset. Breeder of Prize Devon
Cattle. Two firsts, champion, and
Thorley’s plate for Heifer, December,
1907. First and second for Heifers,
Dunster Show, 1908. First and third,
Young Steers, Exeter, 1908.

Dutch.

Ford, Richard, Garton, Driffield.
Pure-bred Holstein Cattle. Herd of
these noted Dairy Cattle kept, chiefly
black with white feet ; they are the
best milk producers.

Guernseys.

Tichborne Park Guernseys. Young
Bulls and Heifers from the most
select strains for sale. Apply D.
Michie, Estate Office, Tichborne,
Alresford, Hants.

Herefords.

Bright, Richard, Ivingtonbury,
Leominster. Breeder of Hereford
Cattle.

Phipps, Richard, Bromyard, Wor-
cester. Hereford Pedigree Cattle.
Successful exhibition Heifers, Royal
Agricultural Society, 1904 ; Smithfield
Fat Stock, 1907 and 1908 ; also
Oxford Down Sheep, commencing
Vol. I. Inspection invited by
appointment.

Saltmarshe Castle Estates, Here-
fordshire. Prize-winning Pedigree
Hereford Cattle. Inspection invited.
Good selection for sale. Won Grand
Prix at International Exhibition,
Paris. Apply, J. W. Millyard, Estate
Office, Littlebridge, Bromyard.

Jerseys.

Alexander, W. J., North Road, Hert-
ford. Breeder and Importer. A good
selection of well-bred Cows, Heifers,
and young Bulls always on sale at
reasonable prices. Jerseys sold from
this herd have been awarded first
prizes at the leading shows from 1905
to 1908. Correspondenceand inspection
invited. Telegram: Jerseys, Hertford.

Cary-Elwes, V., Esq., Billing Hall,
Northampton. Railway Station :
“ Billing,” L. and N.W.R. Breeder of
Pedigree Jersey Cattle.

Fowler & de la Perrelle,
Porter’s Lane, near Royal Pier,
Southampton. The largest Im-
porters and Exporters of Pedigree
Jerseys and Guernseys. Always a
large selected herd maintained at
their depot, Porter’s Lane, near Royal
Pier, Southampton. Winners of the
highest honours at the leading shows.
Cows and Heifers down calving all
the year round. Shipping attended
to under personal supervision with

CATTLE — continued.

Jerseys.

experienced men. Freight, insurance,
&c., arranged most advantageously.
Original Exporters to the States,
South America, and the Colonies.
Horn Trainers and Self-Piercing Bull
Rings. Cables and Telegrams : “ Im-
porters, Southampton.”

Grant, W. Maling, Sendhurst
Grange, Send, Surrey, Clandon
St at i ON. Pedigree J erseys bred from
Island and English strains for hardi-
ness, utility, and appearance.

Hall, Humphrey F., Leasbrook,
near Monmouth. Cows and Heifers
often for sale. Registered. Bred
chiefly from Island Stock.

Kerries and Dexters.

Barrow Court Herd of Dexter
Cattle. This herd won Champion
and Two First Prizes at the Royal
Show, 1906, and has taken the Chal-
lenge Cup at Bath and West Show
with Home-bred Animals two years
in succession. About 80 head to
select from. Apply, Agent, Flax-
Bourton. near Bristol.

Cory, Sir Clifford J., Bart., M.P.,
Llantarnam Abbey, Monmouth-
shire. One of the largest herds in
the Country. Championship winners
at the Royal and other principal
shows. Particulars of animals for sale
on application.

Greenall, Lady, Walton Hall
Warrington. Pedigree herd ox
Kerry Cattle. Winner of numerous
prizes, including first Milk Yield
Royal, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, first
Butter Test Dairy Show, 1905.
Winner of Bertodano Challenge Cup,
1904, 1905 ; Royal Counties Challenge
Shield, 1905, 1907. Bulls, Cows,

Heifers on sale. Apply, Mr. W.
Bainbridge, Walton House, Warring-
ton.

Rattray, David M„ Gortnaskehy,
Ballybunion, Co. Kerry. Pedigree
prize-winning herd of Kerries and
Dexters. 202 prizes and honours won
by Cattle from this herd past four
years. Bulls, Cows, and Heifers for
sale.

Lincolnshire Red Short-horns.

Robinson & Son, Anderby, Alford,
Linos. Lincoln Red Short-horn Bulls
for sale, descended from the best herds.
Beef and Milking qualities combined.
Inspection invited. Station : Mumby
Road, G.N. Railway.

Simons, Benjamin, & Co., Auction-
eers, The Grange, Willoughby,
Alford, Linos. Extensive breeders
and salesmen of noted Lincoln Red
Short-horn Bulls, Cows, and Heifers.
All classes of customers can be suited.
Write enquiries.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

37

BREEDERS’

CATTLE— continued.

Polled Angus.

Hoyles, George, Skidby Manor,
Hull. Polled Angus Cattle, Queen
Mother, Erica, and Prides. Bulls and
Heifers for sale. Inspection invited.
Several prize winners.

Red Polled.

Brown, Thomas, & Son, Marham
Hall, Downham Market. Herd
established 53 years, P3 strain pre-
dominates. Many prizes won, includ-
ing R.A.S.E. Championship. Sires
used include Norfolk Duke 127, Royal
Duke 181, Erebus 841, Uncas 3754, all
R. A. S. E. Champions. Stud Bull :
Davyson 244th 9059, triple champion
R. A.S.E. ; milking qualities a speci-
ality. Animals always on sale.
Telegrams : Brown, Hall, Marham.

Cranworth, Right Hon. Lord, offers
grand dual-purpose Red Polls (milk
reaching 12,230 lbs. in year). During
last four years 113 honours won
(including six champions and seven
reserves for champions, with Bulls
and Heifers, including Heifers in Fat
Cattle and Breeding Shows from
heaviest milk strains open to Great
Britain and Ireland. Apply C. F.
Stebbing, Letton. Thetford, England.

Sudbourne Red-Polled Herd, the
property of Kenneth M. Clark, Esq.
Pedigree herd of 60 cows (London
Dairy winners included) kept essen-
tially for milk. Stock always for
sale at reasonable prices. Apply,
Agent, Estate Office, Sudbourne Hall,
Orford, Suffolk.

Shorthorns.

Adeane, C., Babraham Hall,
Cambridge. Pedigree Shorthorns,
heavy milkers, prolific breeders.
Winners at London Dairy Show,
1898, 1902-4-5-6-7-8, Exhibitor and
Breeder of Champion Cow, 1907, and
Reserve Champion Cow, 1908, at Royal
Show. For catalogue or further
particulars, apply, F. N. Webb,
Babraham. Cambridge, England.

Barrow, B. Langdale, Sydnope
Hall, near Matlock. Pure-bred
Shorthorns, prize-winners, tracing
through Herd Book, Vol. I. Young
Bulls often for sale. Inspection by
appointment any afternoon. Nearest
Station, Darley Dale (Midland Rail-
way).

Calthorpe, The Lord, Elvetham
Park. Shorthorn herd. Chief Stock
Bulls : Elvetham Lavender Chief
(98744), Lavender Royal 86380. and
Bapton Juror 97944. Apply A. D.
Bruce, Estate Office, Elvetham Park,
Winchfield, Hants.

Cooper, William, and Nephews,
“Cooper’s Dip” Works, Berkham-
sted. Breeders and’ exporters of
Pedigree Shorthorn Cattle. Winners

DIRECTORY.

CATTLE — continued.

Shorthorns.

of many prizes at all the leading
Shows. Bulls and Heifers always on
sale. Stock Bull at present in use,
“Meteor” 86631, winner, R.A.S.E.,

1905, 1906, 1907, and 1908. Every
facility given to foreign and Colonial
buyers. For full particulars, apply
to Frank Webb, Estate Office, Shen-
stone, Lichfield.

Elliot, Andrew Stirling, Holly-
bush, Galashiels. Pure bred
Shorthorns, heavy milkers, prolific
breeders. Winners of numerous
prizes. Stock Bulls in service :
Scottish Baron 97044, first and cham-
pion at Border Union Show, 1907 ;
Spicy Statesman, Vol. LV., first and
champion at Border Union Show,
1908; Strowan Royal Duke 3rd, Vol.
LV., second at Border Union Show,
Kelso, 1908. Bulls and Heifers always
on sale. Inspection invited.

Gatty, A. A., Bannister Hall, near
Preston. Pedigree Shorthorns :
Cruikshank, Booth, Bates, and Scotch
blood. Stock bull : Strowan Ransom.
Young Bulls and Heifers always for
sale. Stations : Bamber Bridge, two
miles; Preston, four miles.

Grant, G. R., Auchnacree, Fern,
Brechin, N.B. Select Shorthorns,
Cruikshank Butterflys, and other well-
known families. Telegrams: “Fern.”

Hall, A. C., Great Rollright
Manor, Chipping Norton. Pedi-
gree Shorthorn herd combining milk
with flesh. Daily milk record kept.
Chief Stock Bulls : Bianca Lad 98076
and Earl of Fawsley 37th 98707.

Hobbs, James T., Maisky Hampton,
Fairford, Glos. Herd of 180 pure-
bred Shorthorns. Bulls and Heifers
always on sale. Bates and Scotch
breeding. Many prizes won in 1908.

' Bulls in service : Royal Pluto 2nd
.96939, Hampton Bowling 99064, and
Lord Thistle 99474 by Lavender Royal
86380, dam, Lady Dorothy 39th. In-
spection invited. Visitors met by
appointment.

Hobbs, R. W. & Sons, Kelmscott,
Lechlade. Herd of 500 Dairy
Shorthorns. Numerous prizes have
been obtained in milking competi-
tions, also two first prizes for the best
herd of Dairy Cows given by the Bath
and West of England Society and the
Oxfordshire Agricultural Society in

1906. Prizes won in 1908 include
second, third, and fourth at Tring,
also first and two thirds at London
Dairy Show. Only Bulls from good
milking strains and whose dams have
recorded milk yields are in service.
A selection of about 30 young Bulls
are generally on sale at home, also
Cows and Heifers.

38

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

CATTLE— continued.

Shorthorns.

Hughes, George Pringle, Middle-
ton Hall, Wooler, has select herd
carefully registered from entry in
Vol. III., and leading Bulls at the
Royal and County Shows are the pro-
genitors. Yearlings are now for sale.
Landon, Henry, Walton Farm,
Aylesbury, Bucks. Shorthorn Cat-
tle ; registered. Telegrams : Landon,
Aylesbury. Railway stations : Ayles-
bury (N.W.R., G.W.R., Central).

Leon, H. S., Bletchley Park, Bucks.
Herd of Pedigree Scotch Shorthorns ;
young Bulls and Heifers always on
sale, from the oldest and finest blood.
Winner of first prizes at The Royal,
Highland, Royal Dublin, Smithfield,
Birmingham, and London Dairy
Shows. Exporters and breeders are
invited to pay the farm a visit.
Address : J. T. Watson, Home Farm,
Bletchley, Bucks.

Lewis, Herbert C., Hean Castle,
Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire.
Pedigree Shorthorns of best Bates
and Cruikshank strains. Stock Bull ;
Proud Champion 100096, dark roan,
bred by Mr. Duthie, sire, Pride of
Avon 86878, dam, Beaufort Pride 4th,
by Royal Star 71602.

Lydney Park Herd of Pedigree
Shorthorns (all dark Reds). Young
Bulls and Heifers from good milking
strains. J. Lauder, Estate Office,
Lydney, Glos.

Mackay, H. M. S., Burgie Lodge
Farm, Forres, N.B. Select Herd of
Shorthorn Cattle, winners of prizes at
Highland and Agricultural Society’s
and other shows. Station : Kinloss
(Highland Railway).

Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart., Rolles-
ton Hall, Burton - on - Trent.
High-class Shorthorns at the Home
Farm, Rolleston Hall. A few Bulls
and Heifers on sale. Apply to A. E.
Beck, Estate Office, Rolleston Hall,
Burton-on-Trent.

Potter, Edmund, Lowfields, Kirk-
by Lonsdale. Pedigree Shorthorns,
leading tribes, combining beef and
milk. Apply, Thomas Easton. The
Old Hall, Casterton, Kirkby Lons-
dale. Station : Barbon.

Raynar, J. P„ Tancred, Whixley,
York. Pedigree Shorthorns. The
cows, chiefly of “Princess Flora” and
“ Rosedale ” families, are big framed
and good milkers. Stock Bull :
President Pierrepont 92846 (red) bred
by Earl Manvers.

Riddell, John, Timberley, Castle
Bromwich. Breeder of high-class
Shorthorns, Bates and Scotch. Rich
roan and red Bulls and Heifers on
sale. Stock Bulls : Elvetham Renown
91623 and Shenley Squire 100623.

CATTLE -continued.

Shorthorns.

Salvin, Henry. Burn Hall, Durham.
Second Prize Group, Newcastle Royal.
Marr's Royal Bounty 89907 in use.
Bulls and Heifers by Royal Edward
82153, on sale. William Fleming,
Tudhoe, Durham, Agent.

Shipton Sollars Manor Short-
horn Herd. Property of Frederick
Phillips, Esq. Bulls and Heifers for
sale, descended from Game’s old Pye
blood, combining milk with flesh.
Stock Bulls : Newton Comet 96196,
purchased at A. M. Gordon’s sale at
700 guineas ; also Violet Favour 97567,
purchased from W. Duthie, Esq.
Apply, Brain, Shipton Sollars, An-
doversford, Glos.

Silcock, R., & Sons, Poulton-le-
Fylde, Lancashire. Herd of
Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns. Milk
record kept. Young Bulls for sale
from deep milking cows.

Stratton, Richard, The Duffryn,
Newport, Mon. Old-established
herd combining milk with flesh.
Bulls and Heifers for sale. Good
colours.

Swinburne, Sir John, Bart., Cap-
he a ton, Ne wcastle-on-Tyne. Herd
of Bates Shorthorn Cattle. Bulls
and Heifers, choicest strains. For
particulars apply Mr. James Hepple,
Capheaton, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Wordsworth, R. Duffcarrig,
Gorey, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns (Cruick-
shank and Scotch strains). Success-
ful in dairy and showyard. Young
Bulls and in-calf Heifers of good
colours for sale. Exportation orders
faithfully executed.

Sussex.

Lord, James W., Northiam, Sussex.
Pure Sussex herd ; established 1844.
Young Bulls for sale. Steyning,
Ruby, Golddust 11th, Gondolier,
Geoffrey, Gladsome Prince, and Prince
Confidence 2nd, strains blood used.
Purchasers invited.

Various.

Ward, R. Bruce, Westwood, Droit-
wich, Worcestershire, has Bulls,
Cows, and Heifers for sale. Medals,
prizes, and certificates gained in milk-
ing trials and butter tests. Daily
milk records. Violette’s Champion
now in service.

Darby, Alfred, Adcote, Little-
ness, Salop. Small, select herd,
chiefly Booth and Scotch blood.
Young Bulls and Heifers of good
colours, suitable for export. Can be
viewed by appointment. Station :
Baschurch, 2£ miles.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

39

BREEDERS’

CATTLE — continued.

Various.

Debenham, F. G., Cheshunt Park,
Herts. Two miles from Cheshunt
Station, G.E.R. Young- Bulls and
Heifers for sale from choicest pedi-
gree strains. Milk records kept.

SHEEP.

Cotswolds.

Swanwick, Russell, Royal Agri-
cultural College Farm, Ciren-
cester. Breeder of Recorded
Cotswold Sheep. Exports in 1907
were very successful at Canadian,
International, and other Shows. This
flock has won 2.668Z. in prizes.

Dorset Horn.

Attrill, L. Cole, Bowcombe Farm,
Carisbrooke, Wight, England.
Registered Dorsets, Vols. II. to XVII.
Brand 33. Winners wherever shown
in England, America, and Canada.
Inspection any time by appointment.
Particulars on request.

Hampshire Downs.

Coles, Cary, Manor House, Winter-
bourne Stoke, Salisbury. Regis-
tered Hampshire Downs. Prize
winners Royal, leading English and
foreign shows, Salisbury Fair,
1900-1-2-4-6. 25 gs. challenge cup ;

Chicago, 1901, all champions and
firsts for Rams, Ram Lambs ; St. Louis
Exhibition, 1904, 10 exhibits— won
class prizes, besides grand champions,
reserve grand champions. Annual
Ram sale, August, 1906. Extraordinary
records. Twin Ram Lambs let for 205
and 120 guineas, 90 averaged £21 10s.
each. Selections for sale.

Goldsmith, James, Blendworth,
Horndean, Hants. Registered flock
No. 17 of 1,040 Ewes and Ewe Lambs
bred for 51 years on the same farm
without dispersal sale. Annual Ram
sale last Thursday in July at Alres-
ford Fair.

Hall, A. C., Great Rollright
Manor, Chipping Norton. Reg-
istered Hampshire Down flock,
founded by purchases from Professor
Wrightson, Mr. James Flower, and
Lord Carnarvon. Tegs from this
flock were unbeaten at local fat
stock shows in 1902-1905, H.C.
Birmingham Fat Stock Show, 1905.

Judd, Sir George, Cocum, Barton
Stacey, Hants. Pure-bred flock
Hampshire Downs. Over 1,000 Ewes,
reared in the high and dry, therefore
healthy, district of Hants. Selections
well suited for exportation. Annual
sale Ram Lambs first Thursday
August at Cocum.

DIRECTORY.

SHEEP — continued.

Kent or Romney Marsh.

Chittenden, James, Executors
of, St. Mary’s, New Romney.
Breeders Romney Marsh Sheep, flock
number 29.

Finn, Arthur, Westbroke, Lydd,
Kent. Flock established 1770. In-
spection invited of 2,000 registered
Ewes and Rams, grazed only on
Romney Marsh. Highest references
to purchasers in South America, New
Zealand, and at home. Selections
always for sale.

Neame, Frederick, Macknade,
Faversham, Kent, England.
Registered flock No. 5. Successful
Exhibitor since 1870, winning 7
special, 38 first, 48 second, and 18
third prizes at the leading Shows in
the last seven years. Highest average
prices for 50 Rams sold at the Kent
or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’
Association’s Annual Ram Show and
Sale at Ashford, Kent, 1902, 1903, 1904,
1905, 1906 ; also took the challenge
cup there in 1902, 1904, and 1907, and
challenge cup, first and second
prizes for Stud Rams in 1906. Wool
a speciality.

Leicesters.

Barker, Thomas, Dawnay Lodge,
Sherburn, Yorks. Breeder of pure
Leicester Sheep. Rams, Ewes, and
Gimmer Shearlings always for sale.
Flock Book No. 52. Inspection in-
vited.

Brown, W. A., Driffield, East
Yorks, Secretary Leicester Sheep
Breeders’ Association. Leicesters
were awarded Championship for
Long-wools at Smithfield Show, 1907 ;
and reserved for Prince of Wales
Cup.

Simpson Bros., Pilmoor House,
Hunmanby, Yorkshire. Breeders
of Leicesters (Flock No. 2, Leicester
Book). Always for inspection or
sale. Rams and Ewes. These sheep
are of great size, with typical fleeces,
this year winning 17 firsts at the
Royal, Yorkshire, and other shows.

Lincoln Long-wools.

Hoyles, George, Skidby Manor,
near Hull. Pure Lincoln Long-wool
Sheep. True type, sound constitu-
tions, lustrous long wool, give satis-
faction at home and abroad. Rams
and Ewes exported to Buenos Ayres,
Mexico, and Russia.

Jackson, T. A., The Grange, Brid-
lington. Pure Lincoln Long-wools,
No. 288, from the best strains. Select
flock. Sires used this season from
the noted Laughton, Leconfield, and
Hunmanby flocks. Also pure Short-
horns.

40

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’

SHEEP — continued.

Oxford Downs.

Elliot, Andrew S. Hollybush,
Galashiels. Breeder of pure bred
Oxford Down Sheep. Bred for over
forty years from best strains pro-
curable. Prizes gained 1908 at
Aberdeen Highland, Selkirk and
Galashiels, Lauder, and Border Union
Society’s Shows. Ewes and Rams
always on sale. Rams sold annually
September at Edinburgh, Kelso, and
Lanark. Bred on good sound land
up to 800 feet. Inspection invited.

Hobbs, James T., Maisby Hampton,
Fairford, Glos. Flock of 1,000
registered Oxford Down Sheep.
Prizes won in 1908 include 2 firsts,
champion, and President’s medal,
Highland Show ; 2 firsts Royal Show,
Newcastle ; 2 firsts Oxfordshire Show;
2 firsts Bath and West Show ; 2 firsts
Gloucestershire Show ; first at Royal
Counties Show ; also 2 firsts and
breed cup at Smithfield and 2 firsts
Birmingham Fat Stock Shows, 1908.
Sixty Rams sold annually at Ciren-
cester first Tuesday in August. Ewes,
Rams, and Ram Lambs on sale pri-
vately. Inspection invited.

Hobbs, R. W., & Sons, Kelmscott,
Lechlade. Largest flock in Oxford
Down Flock Book. Numerous prizes
at principal shows. Rams or Ram
Lambs always on sale. Drafts of
Rams sold annually, Oxford, Ciren-
cester, Edinburgh, Kelso, N orthamp-
ton, and other fairs.

Oswald, Thomas, Byers Garth
Durham. Breeder of pedigree Oxford
Downs of best and purest strains.
First and Special Prizes won at
Northumberland and Durham County
Shows. Rams and Ram Lambs sold
annually at Kelso, also on sale
privately. Inspection invited.

The Royal Prize Farm Flock.
Pure Oxford Down Sheep, Shearling
Rams, Ram Lambs, Ewes, and Ewe
Lambs for sale. Special arrangements
with foreign buyers. Many prizes at
R.A.S.E. and other Shows during
past 40 years, including 2 firsts, 2
seconds, and 4 other prizes, World’s
Fair, Chicago ; and 14 firsts, 15 seconds,
and 3 champions in 1907 and 1908 at
Royal; Bath and West, and Royal
Counties, &c. Apply, George Adams
and Son, Wadley, Faringdon, Berks.

Ryelands.

Saltmarshe Castle Estates, Here-
fordshire. Pure - bred Ryeland
Sheep. Splendid quality mutton and
wool. Excellent for crossing to
produce fat lambs. Apply, J. W.
Millyard, Estate Office, Littlebridge,
Bromyard.

DIRECTORY.

SHEEP — continued.

Shropshires.

Cooper, William, and Nephews,
“ Cooper’s Dip ” Works, Berkham-
STED. Breeders and exporters of pure
Shropshire Sheep. Twenty prizes
won at Park Royal ; seven at Derby,
R.A.S.E., 190(> ; six at Lincoln,

R.A.S.E., 1907 : eight at Newcastle-
on-Tyne, R.A.S.E., 1908. Over 100
prizes, including Champions and
specials, won in open competition
this season. Largest Export Flock
of Shropshires in England. Sires
used last season include several prize
winners at Royal Show, and other
winners. Every facility given to
foreign and Colonial clients. For
particulars, apply to J. P. Milne,
Ashlyns Estate Office, Berkhamsted,
and Frank Webb, Estate Office, Shen-
stone, Lichfield.

Southdowns.

Babraham Southdowns. Flock No.
58. Owner, Mr. Adeane. This old-
established Pedigree Flock has won
numerous prizes. At the Royal Show
alone, since 1900 : 2 champions,
4 reserve champions, 12 firsts, 9
seconds, 12 thirds. Only Sheep bred
by Mr. Adeane exhibited. For cata-
logue or further particulars, apply,
F. N. Webb, Babraham, Cambridge,
England.

Heasman, Alfred, Court Wick,
Littlehampton. Southdown Flock,
established about 1830, has been
publicly exhibited over 30 years,
and awarded many prizes at all the
leading Agricultural Shows, and is
registered Number 30 in the South-
down Flock Book.

Jennings, F. H., Cockfield Hall,
Bury St. Edmunds. This Pedigree
Flock, No. 295, consists entirely of
sheep of the noted prize-winning
strains of Mr. H. Penfold and the
Pagham Harbour Company, cele-
brated for their fine quality, true
character, and wool.

PIGS.

Berkshires.

Behrens, Captain, Swinton Grange,
Malton, Yorkshire. Pure-bred
Berkshire Boars and Gilts usually for
sale, bred from prize winners, and
most noted blood. Apply, Bailiff,
Home Farm.

Calthorpe, The Lord, Elvetham
Park. Berkshire herd. Young
Boars and Gilts for sale. Apply A.
D. Bruce, Estate Office, Elvetham
Park, Winchfield, Hants.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

41

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

PIGS — continued.

Berkshires.

Cory, Sir Clifford J., Bart., M.P.,
Llantarnam Abbey, Monmouth-
shire. Pedigree Berkshires. Parti-
culars of Gilts, &c., for sale on appli-
cation.

Hall, A. C., Great Rollright
Manor, Chipping Norton. Pedi-
gree Berkshire Pigs of the best strains.
Young Boars and Gilts for sale.

Higham, D. E. Choice Herd of pure-
bred Berkshire Pigs, descended from
fashionable strains, of good size, sound
quality, and' hardy constitutions.
Young stock always for sale at rea-
sonable prices. Apply to Mr. Jas.
McMonies, Coombelands, Addlestone,
Surrey. Station : Addlestone. Tele-
graphic address : Addlestone, Surrey.

Jennings, F. H., Cockfield Hall
Bury St. Edmunds. Breeder of
Pedigree Berkshire Pigs of prize-
winning strains of great length,
depth, quality, and constitution.
Boars, Sows, and Gilts always for
sale.

Reading Corporation. Herd of 250
Pedigree Berkshire Pigs of the best
and most noted prize-winning strains.
Correct ages and pedigrees. Inspec-
tion invited by appointment with
Mr. T. Chettle, The Manor Farm,
Reading, Berks.

Smith, C. Collins, Kingstone Com-
mon, Wantage, Berks. Breeder of
Pedigree Berkshire Pigs of choicest
quality. Grand selection of young
Boars and Sows for sale. Numerous
prizes won at the leading shows.
Purchasers met by appointment.

Swanwick, Russell, Royal Agri-
cultural College Farm, Ciren-
cester. Breeder of Recorded Berk-
shire Pigs. Founder of the noted
Sallie and Stumpy strains.

Large Blacks.

Brent Champion Herd Pedigree
Large Black Pigs. Winners of
numerous first and champion prizes,
R.A.S.E., Bath and West, Royal
Counties, Smithfield, &c. Superb
heads, very typical, with great
substance and length. Inspection
cordially invited. Kingwell, Great
Aish, Brent, Devon.

Hasketon Premier Herd of Large
Black Pigs.— Over 120 first, second,
and third prizes won, in addition to
4 champion and only silver cup
won outright ; champion R.A.S.E.,
1908 ; undoubtedly the best herd to
buy from ; no fancy prices asked ;
Boars and Gilts always on sale from
own bred stock.— Apply, C. F. Mar-
riner, J.P., Hasketon, Woodbridge,
Suffolk.

PIGS— continued.

Large Blacks.

Sudbourne Large Black Pigs, the
property of Kenneth M. Clark, Esq.
Many prizes won at Royal and other
shows. Boars and Gilts always for
sale at reasonable prices. Testimonials
have been received for pigs sent to
Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Germany,
Russia, Italy, France, Spain,
Australia, and South Africa. Apply,
Agent, Estate Office, Sudbourne Hall,
Orford, Suffolk.

Wreford, William Bradford,
Witheridge, Devon. Large Black
Pedigree Pigs, descended from prize
winners. Boars and Gilts for sale at
reasonable prices. Stations : Tiverton,
East Anstey, or Lapford. Telegraphic
Address : Wreford, Witheridge.

Tamworths.

De Hamel, Egbert, Middleton
Hall, Tamworth. Pedigree Red
Tamworth Pigs, Boars, Gilts, and
In-pig Sows, bred from prize winners
at Royal and County Shows. Prices
moderate. Full particulars on appli-
cation.

Ibbotson, Robt., The Hawthorns,
Knowle, Warwickshire. Breeder
and exporter of Tamworth Pigs. This
herd has won more than half the prize
money offered for Tamworths at all
the principal shows in Great Britain
for four years in succession, viz., 1905,
1906, 1907, and 1908. Boars and Gilts
for sale from three to twelve months
old.

Mosley, Sir Oswald, Rolleston
Hall, Burton-on-Trent. Pedigree
prize-winning strains kept and bred
in a healthy natural state in the open.
Young Boars and Gilts for sale. Apply,
A. E. Beck, Estate Office, Rolleston
Hall, Burton-on-Trent.

Osmaston Manor Herd of Tam-
worth (Pedigree Red) Pigs.
Young Boars and Gilts from this
herd for sale ; out of prize winners.
Apply, Estate Office, Osmaston
Manor, Derby.

Yorkshires.

Aquilla Dewhirst, Ryecroft, Dud-
ley Hill, Bradford. Ryecroft
Herd Pedigree Pigs. Won in 1908 28
firsts, 11 seconds, 15 thirds, champion
plate three times, with home-bred
Pigs, not bought. Boars and Gilts
for sale at farmers’ prices, not fancy
prices. 260 to select from.

Ayre, Richard, Bushey Lodge
Farm, Watford, Herts. (15 miles
from London). Large White York-
shire and Berkshire Pedigree Pigs
of the choicest breeding. Prices
moderate. Inspection welcomed.
Correspondence invited. Over hundred
to choose from.

42

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

PIGS— continued.

Yorkshires.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart.,
Walton Hall, Warrington.
Pure-bred Pedigree Large and Middle
White Yorkshires. Its list of prizes
won include all' the principal shows.
A choice selection of young Boars
and Sows on sale. Apply to Mr. W.
Bainbridge, Walton House, Warring-
ton.

Hughes, Alfred, Packwood
Grange, Knowle, near Birming-
ham. Select herd of Pedigree Large
White Yorkshires, bred from prize-
winners. Pigs of various ages for
sale at moderate prices.

Nottingham Corporation, Stoke
Farm. Yorkshire Large White Pigs,
established 1878 ; the largest and
healthiest herd in Nottinghamshire.
Over 100 Breeding Sows kept ; up-
wards of 600 to select from. Boars
and Gilts at farmers’ prices. Inspec-
tion invited. Apply Arthur A . Avis,
Stoke Bardolph, Nottingham.

Owtram, Herbert H„ Newland.
Herd Pedigree Large White York-
shires have won many first prizes,
champion cup, and silver medal.
Boars, Gilts, and In-pig Sows always
on sale. Apply, Bailiff, Newland
Hall, Bay Horse Station, near Lan-
caster.

Paget, Leopold C., Harewood,
Leeds. Pedigree Middle White Pigs.
Prizes won Royal Show, Newcastle,
1908 : championship, 2 specials, 3
firsts, 3 seconds, 1 third. Boars and
Gilts highest quality and breeding
for sale.

Spencer, Charles, Holywell Manor,
St. Ives, Hunts. Large and Middle
Whites. This herd established forty-
three years ago by present owner’s
father still holds premier position.
Twelve prizes and reserves won at
Derby Royal Show with eleven
exhibits.

POULTRY.

Bantams.

MacCaa, William, Garrallan
Smithy, Old Cumnock. Breeder
pure-bred modern Game Pile Ban-
tams. Eggs booked April, 6d. each.
Orders taken to March.

Buff Cochins.

Procter, George Henderson, Flass
House, Durham. Winner of 5,000
prizes and cups at all the leading
shows for last 35 years with Buff
Cochins, including champion cup for
best bird in the Royal Show, 1908.

Dorkings.

Major, Arthur C., Ditton, Langley,
Bucks. Breeder and Exhibitor of
Dark, Silver-Grey, and Cuckoo Dork-
ings 30 years. Winner 30 1. Poultry

POULTRY — continued.

Dorkings.

Club Trophy, also four 30/. Champion
Cups at Crystal Palace, Birming-
ham, Dairy, Liverpool, and over 1,000
other cups, trophies, and prizes.
N.B.— Birds supplied to His Majesty
King Edward VII., and exported to all
parts of the world. Prices moderate.
Eggs Is. each.

Procter, George Henderson, Flass
House, Durham. Breeder of Dark
Dorkings. Winner champion cup,
Crystal Palace, 1st Royal, and
hundreds of other prizes.

Orpingtons.

Procter, George Henderson, Flass
House, Durham. Breeder of Buff
Orpingtons. Winner of many cups
and prizes. Birds from this yard
excel in colour and shape.

Turkeys.

Hensman, Percy, Fulletby Grange,
Horncastle, Lincolnshire. ^ has
really magnificent prize-bred White
Turkey Stags, sired by imported
German Stag, and lovely unrelated
hens for stock, exhibition, or export.
Approval. Eggs in season.

Wyandottes.

McKay, Charles William, Heugh
House, Haydon Bridge, Northum-
berland. Breeder and Exhibitor of
Golden Wyandottes. Numerous prize-
winners. Birds always on sale,
moderate prices. Eggs or day-old
Chicks in season. Satisfaction
guaranteed.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Bradwell & Sons, John H., Auc-
tioneers, Estate Agents, Land
Surveyors, and Tenant Right
Valuers, Thurland Street, Not-
tingham, Southwell, and Mans-
field. Weekly cattle markets at
Nottingham and Mansfield. Fort-
nightly Horse Sales at the Midland
Counties Horse Repository, Notting-
ham. Commissions executed. Tele-
graphic address : Agricola, Notting-
ham.

Burdass, Isaiah, Lowthorpe, Drif-
field. Yorks. Shorthorn Cattle.
Hampshire Sheep. Bull used : Melton
Vittoria Duke 9249h. Herd has won
many prizes. Several sold for export.
Bulls and Heifers for sale.

George, Isaac, J.P., Manor House,
Llanvihangel, Gobion, Aber-
gavenny. Shire bred Stallions,
Mares, Fillies, Hereford Bulls, and
Cows ; all entered in Stud and Herd
Book : several prize-winners from

best strains. Penpergwm Station.

Honner, Major, Brannocktown,
Co. Kildare (Railway, Harristown).
Pure Shorthorn and “Dexter Short-

ADVERTISEMENTS.

43

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

MISCELLANEOUS — continued.

horns ” (new breed), and Dairy Cattle.
Horses : Irish Chaser and Hunter
Stock, young Hunter Sires. Thor-
oughbreds.

Lincolnshire Stock Auctioneers
and Agents. Dickinson, Riggall
and Davy, Agricultural Auctioneers,
Valuers, and Land Agents. Speciality,
Lincoln Red Short-horns, and Long-
Wool Sheep, markets, and sales.
Offices : Louth, Grimsby, and Brigg.

Low, Gavin, 50, Prussia Street,
Dublin. Live Stock Salesman,
Receiver under the Courts, &c. Pedi-
gree and Commercial Stock bought
on commission. Store Cattle Sales
every third Thursday (numbers run
from 800 to 1,500 head).

Nevett, W. B., Cotsbrook, Shifnal.
Breeder Shorthorn Cattle, Shropshire
Sheep. Bulls. Heifers, Rams, Ewes
always on sale, descended from the
old Yorton Villa herd and flock of the
late William Nevett.

Nisbet, William, Lordship Hinx-
ton, Saffron Walden, Essex.
Breeder and exhibitor of Pedigree
Shorthorn and Ayrshire Cattle. All
deep milkers. Shire Horses. Regis-
tered Suffolk Sheep, large White
Pigs, and Pedigree Collie Dogs.
Generally some good ones for sale.
Station : Whittlesford (G.E.R.).

MISCELLANEOUS — continued.

Rosehaugh, Ross-shire. Famous
herds of Aberdeen Angus and Short-
horn Cattle ; select studs of Clydesdale
Horses and Shetland Ponies. All of
first-class breeding. Particulars from
Thomas Henderson, Fortrose, N.B.

Thomas, D. A., M.P., Llanwern, New-
port, Mon. Prize- winning herd
from Stocktonbury, Hampton Court,
Court House, and other leading
strains. Young Bulls and Heifers by
Robin Hood 21721, and Pole Star 24872
for sale. All eligible for the A.H.R.
Also pedigree Shropshire Sheep.
Inspection invited. One hour from
Hereford, two and a half from
London.

Wallet, William, Live Stock
Agent, Castle-Douglas, N.B., sup-
plies on moderate commission all
classes of Scotch Cattle and Sheep.
Large consignments of pure-bred
Galloway Cattle sent to England last
year for establishing herds, and also
for crossing with white bulls.

Waters and Rawlence (Edward
Waters, James E. Rawlence, and
John Mountford), Auctioneers
and Valuers, Salisbury. Office of
Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’
Association. Secretary and Treasurer :
James E. Rawlence. Assistant Secre-
tary : John Mountford.

Recommended by the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

FARMERS’ ACCOUNT BOOKS,

Third Edition, Xow Heady.

No. i. Diary. This Book is arranged with a week in each opening, and
may be commenced at any time of the Year. In it all the transactions
of the Farm are recorded from clay to day, together with all moneys
received and paid, the weekly Labour Account being arranged for by
special ruling.

Price 4/. Post Free 4 4.

No. 2. Receipts, Payments and Balance Sheet. Specially ruled to show at
a glance the receipts from Sales of different kinds of Farm Produce,
arranged in columns, and also the Expenditure on different items,
collected in columns under their proper headings. It also shows a
Balance Sheet, giving the gross profit at the close of the Farming
Year.

Price S 6. Post Pree 510.

NOS. 1 & 2, POST FREE FOR 102.

FORSTER GROOM & Co. Ltd 15, CHARING CROSS, LONDON, S.W.

44

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BRICKENDON STUD

. . OF . .

Shire Stallions

THE PROPERTY OF E. E. PEARSON, Esq.

Cambrian Squire

(21246) Foaled 1902.

Sire - - MERE BOY (17480).

Dam - - CAMBRIAN GOLD (38406).

Normoor Jameson

(23556) Foaled 1904.

Sire - - DUNSMORE JAMESON (17972).

Dam - - NASEBY BLACKBIRD (36717)

by CATTHORPE IRVING (14555).

Coleshill Forester

(24149) Foaled 1905.

Sire - - LOCKINGE FOREST KING (18867).

Dam - - PANSY by HERALD (11601).

Stallions, Mares and
Fillies for Sale . . .

0

INSPECTION

INVITED.

For Fees and Further Particulars :

Apply to ESTATE OFFICE,

BRICKENDONBURY,

HERTFORD.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

45

PEDIGREE HAMPSHIRE DOWNS,

THE HONOURABLE

DUNCOMBE PLEYDELL-BOUVERIE'S

COLES H ILL FLOCK.

COLESHILL I. (7129), 3rd Prize at Royal Show at Newcastle and 1st Prize
at Illinois State Fair, U.S.A., 1908.

ANNUAL

SALES.

ABINGDON.

WEYHILL.

ILSLEY.

OXFORD.

BRISTOL FAIR.

PRIZE LIST

FOR iqo8.

OXFORDSHIRE SHOW.

Third for Shearling Ram.
Reserve for Pen of Ram Lambs.
Reserve for Pen of Ewe Lambs.
First for Ewes with Lambs.
Second for Ewe Tegs.

BATH AND WEST SHOW.

Third for Shearling Ram.
Third for Pair Ram Lambs.
ROYAL COUNTIES SHOW.
Reserve for Ram of any Age.
First and Reserve Champion
for Single Ram Lamb.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE SHOW.
First for Yearling Ram.
Second for Yearling Ram.
First and Champion for Pen of
Ram Lambs.

First for Pen of Ewe Lambs.
ROYAL SHOW.

Third for Two Shear Ram.
Reserve for Shearling Ram.

THE . . .

COLESHILL FLOCK

| although of but comparative-
| ly recent origin, has, by the
I introd uction of the best strains
I of blood by purchases from
I the flocks of Messrs. Flower,

| Buxton, Cripps and Drake,

! &c., obtained a position in
the front rank of the Hamp-
shire Down Flocks.

A proof of the quality of
the

COLESHILL FLOCK

was given by their winning
the “ Derby ” of the Hamp-
shire Down Breeders’ Associ-
ation by securing the First
Prize in the Class for Single
Ram Lambs at the Royal
Counties Show, and First
Prize for Aged Ram at Illinois
State Fair, U.S.A., 1908.

INSPECTION INVITED. SELECTIONS ALWAYS FOR SALE.

Appiy —

C. H. SHAW, THE ESTATE OFFICE, COLESHILL,
HIGHWORTH, WILTS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

The FAN COURT JERSEY HERD,

The Property of Sir E. O. Stern, Fan Court, Chertsey, Surrey.

DANESFIELD STONEWALL 23214. Black. Foaled 1904.

First and Champion Royal Counties Show. First and Champion East Berks. First and Champion
Oxford County. First and Champion and 50 Guineas Cup Bath and West of England.

Sire Hendre Hydrometer 18082. I STUD FEES, £7 7s.

Dam 31723 Desford Stewardess. I Groom’s Fee, 5s.

Apply to the BAILIFF, HERSHAM FARM, LONQCROSS, CHERTSEY. SURREY.

The herd consists of full pedigree Jerseys. It comprises animals of the finest strains
which have won numerous prizes at the various shows. Bulls, Heifers, and Cows for
Sale. Apply to Sir E. D. STERN, Fan Court, Chertsey, Surrey.

EAN COURT SHIRE STUD, - —

77j e Property of Sir Edward Stern, Fan Court, Chertsey, Surrey.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

47

THE RIGHT HON.

Lord Rothschild,

TRING PARK, TRING, HERTS.

PEDIGREE STOCK OF SHIRES, JERSEYS, RED POLLS,
DAIRY SHORTHORNS, AND HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP.

SHIRE STALLIONS:

Halstead Royal Duke (25255) ; Blrdsall Menestrel ( 19337) ; Childwick
Champion (22215); Blythwood Kingmaker (18534), &c., &c.

HALSTEAD ROYAL DUKE (25255).

THE STOCK HAVE WON PRIZES AT ALL THE LEADING SHOWS.
For Particulars, &c., &c., please apply to

MR. RICHARDSON CARR,

ESTATE OFFICE, TRING PARK, TRING, HERTS.,

who will be pleased to show the Stock by appointment.

48

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Che Sbenstonc Shorthorn fierd «

and Shropshire TIocK.

Photo, by] [Gilbert]! Parsons

SHORTHORN BULL CHIODINGSTONE MALCOLM (98377).

Exhibited by Sir Richard Cooper. Bart., Shenstone Court. Lichfield. Unbeaten in 1908, winning eleven
firsts and nine Champions, including FIRST and CHAMPION R.A.S.E., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

SHENSTONE ROYAL SPECIMEN (12153).
SHROPSHIRE RAM. A Record Winner, 1st R.A.S.E., 1903, 1904, 1905.

Inspection by Foreign and Colonial Buyers Invited. Pamphlet (Illustrated) on the Export of
Pedigree Stock sent Post Free.

The Herd and Flock, which are extensive, can he- seen by appointment on application ti . .

FRANK WEBB, Estate Office, Shenstone, near Lichfield.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

49

Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk.

The Property of KENNETH M. CLARK, Esq.

Photo by F. Babbage. Reproduced by permission from the Live Stock Journal.

SUFFOLK STALLION SUDBOURNE ARABI 3287.

Champion at the Royal Shoio at Lincoln.

SUFFOLK HORSES. — The Largest Stud in England, Champion and Great
Prize winners.

RED POLLED CAT1LE. — Daily milk record kept of 52 cows, including
Loudon Dairy winners. 1st Inspection, 1st Milking Trials, Heifer
Class, 1907. Herd kept essentially for breeding heavy milkers.
SUFFOLK SHEEP. — Registered Flocks of 640 Breeding Ewes.
SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. — Registered Flock of 300 Breeding Ewes.

LARGE BLACK PIGS. — Prize-winning Herd ; very hardy.

BERKSHIRE PIGS. — Bred from Prize-winners.

SILVER and WHITE WYANDOTTE and BUFF ORPINGTON FOWLS,

and several other Breeds, including Bantams. Many Prize winners.

Pedigree Animals of all Ages from any of the
above Breeds always on Sale.

For particulars apply—

J. ffl. LONGE, Estate Office, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk.

Telegrams : Orford, Suffolk. Station : Wickham Market, G.E.R.

50

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE FREEGROVE JERSEY HERD.

The Property of Mr. ARTHUR POCOCK, Fheegroye, Calne, Wilts.

JERSEY BULL, “BARRISTER” (8424), BRED AT FREEGROVE.

First and Champion Royal Counties Show, 1907, and winner of several other first prizes.
The Herd won during 1907 and 1908 Two Champions Blythwood Bowl, 10 Reserve.
Champions, and 73 other prizes.

PURE = BRED LEICESTER SHEEP.

nock Book THOMAS BARKER,

No. 52. 7

Dawnay Lodge, SHERBURN, East Yorks.

The above is a group of Leicester Shearling Rams exported to the Argentine by T. B. in 1908.
N.B.— Leicesters were awarded Champion Prize for Longwools at the Smithfield Club

Show in 1907.

Rams, Ewes, and Gimmer Shearlings, always for sale. These Sheep are of great
size and typical fleeces. Inspection invited.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

51

In-Foal Mares, Foals, and Stallions

FULLY INSURED AT MINIMUM PREMIUMS BY THE

SCOTTISH LIVE STOCK

INSURANCE COMPANY, LIMITED.

Claims Paid, over £100,000.

London Offices:

9 & lO, KING STREET,
CHEAPSIDE, E.C.,

& 13, PALL MALL, S.W.

The “ SCOTTISH " gives the best advantages to Farmers at the lowest rates.

The following are special features: — Full Market Value insured. Double Insurance
on Foals.

Foals insured until the expiry of Annual Policy, or to the end of the year
according to Policy, instead of for a month after birth only.

Full Compensation is paid for Foals if cast at any time before due date.

Death from risks of Accident or Disease prior to foaling insured in addition
tc foaling (Class B.).

Cash allowance for Barren Mares. Prompt Insurance.

STALLIONS INSURED AGAINST SICKNESS, ACCIDENT,
AND DEATH AT LOWEST RATES.

Apply for Prospectus to the Secretary, ARTHUR G. BULL.
AGENTS REQUIRED IN UNREPRESENTED DISTRICTS. LIBERAL TERMS GIVEN.

H. & E. M’GRATH

Cattle Sheds.

Offices :

Milford Street, LIVERPOOL.
Great Howard St., LIVERPOOL.

HAY & PROVENDER
DEALERS. :: :: ::

Live Stock Shipping Agents

W Every aitention given to
enquiries from breeders wish-
ing to export animals.

Shipments made. Insurance
effected. Stock well cared for
in our own sheds.

Telegraphic Address : "ANIMALS, LIVERPOOL.”
Telephone 1963 and 1944.

Address Letters to—

H. & E. M’GRATH,

Milford St., LIVERPOOL.

BUSCOT

PARK.

SirAlex. Henderson, Bart.,

BREEDER OF . . .

SHIRES,
SHORTHORNS,
HAMPSHIRE
DOWN SHEEP,
BERKSHIRE
PIGS.

INSPECTION INVITED.

Apply to WALTER CROSLANO.
Estate Office, Buscot Park,
Faringdon, Berks.

Chief Offices:

TAY STREET,
PERTH.

52

ADVERTISEMENTS.!

J.& Fa HOWARD, BEDFORD

CHAMPION PLOUGHS

£ s. d.

S B, a very light pair-horse
plough, weight 229 lbs. . 4 12 6
J A, the famous Champion,
weight 266 lbs. . .600

B, a pair-horee general pur-
pose plough, weight 283 lbs. 6 15 0
Skim Coulter. 5s. 6 d. extra.

Steel instead of iron breast, 3s. extra.

DIGGING PLOUGHS

DDX, with two wheels, and
skim coulter, weight

200 lbs 4 5 0

LBX, with two wheels, and
skim coulter, weight

236 lbs 5 0 0

LBFN, with two wheels, and
skim coulter, weight

236 lbs 5 0 0

LBT, with steel chisel bar

share, weight 236 lbs. .500

ORIGINAL HARROWS

No. 14, for one or two horses,

8$ ft. wide, weight 145 lbs. 3 7 6

No. 12, for two horses, 9J ft.

wide, weight 185 lbs. . . 3 15 0

No. 11, for twoor three horses,

10 ft. wide, weight 245 lbs. 4 5 0

FAMOUS

CULTIVATORS

No. 6, with seven tines, work-
ing width 4J ft., weight
336 lbs 8 0 0

Seed-box attached for broad-
cast sowing,

Four Guineas.

No. 7, with nine tines, work-
ing width 6j fL. weight
366 lbs 6 5 0

Seed-box attached for broad-
cast sowing,

Five Guineas.

FIFTY SEVEN FIRST PRIZES
AS WELL AS GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS
HAVE BEEN AWARDED TO J. & F. HOWARD
BY THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND

ADVERTISEMENTS.

By Royal Warrant Manufacturers of Agricultural Machinery to HIS MAJESTY
KINO EDWARD VII.

Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies

(LIMITED)

MANUFACTURE THE BEST

ROAD LOCOMOTIVES,
TRACTION ENGINES,
PORTABLE ENGINES,
STATIONARY ENGINES,
and BOILERS.

PLOUGHS

FOR ALL PURPOSES
AND SOILS.

STEEL CULTIVATORS,

IN ALL SIZES
To suit every requirement.

SWATH TURNERS

For Boating Quickly and Effectively
with tho Hay and Clover Croft.

“Star” Horse Rakes,
“Self-acting” and
“ Manual ” Horse Rakes
and Hay Makers.

Illustrated Catalogues Free on application to

ORWELL WORKS, IPSWICH

ADVERTISEMENTS.

All interested in laying down land to grass
should read

Permanent & Temporary
Pastures.

By MARTIN J. SUTTON, F.L.S.

Created Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur and Chevalier de l’Ordre du Merite Agricole, "r
by the late Presidents of theFrench Republic, MM. MacMahon and Loubet, for services
rendered to Agriculture.

2

The Times says : — J

“ The general arrangement of the volume is the same as heretofore,
anti the hook remains, and is likely to long continue to be, , our
standard authority upon the cultivation of grass land.”

The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society says : —

“ A practical book written by a practical man for practical men.”

The Field says : — j

“ Mr. M. J. Sutton’s valuable book, which, since it was first published
some sixteen years ago, has rightly been regarded as the standard
work on the subject of grass lands, requires no introduction at this
time of day ; but, well known as the volume is, the intimation that a
sixth edition has been called for and supplied will be received with
interest and satisfaction.”

Sixth Edition. Price 5«., bound in cloth.

Completely revised, and containing a chapter on Weeds found in
Pastures. An Index has also been added. 'Substantially bound in
cloth. Illustrated with 23 engravings of Natural Grasses, Clovers, Ac.,
and containing 46 Analyses of Grasses, Clovers, Ac., prepared
expressly for this work by Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker.

SUTTON’S

Farmers* Year Book and Graziers’ Manual.

This work contains descriptions, illustrations, and much valuable
information on the best varieties of grasses and clovers.

Published annually in February. Post free on application from

SUTTON & SONS, READING.