..>■.>..*«*?>■••■>:■'•'<<.-;- iSiW^**>m"'- ■

:,,,, ;;V;!;';„

'■■V:V;i;;;:i:i;;;;;'-;;:/''^?'

mJ^M

ADVERTISEMENTS.

By Royal Warrant to His Majesty The King.

DAY & SONS, CREWE,

CREWE.

INVALUABLE ANIMAL MEDICINES.

DAYS' BLACK DRINK

For all cases of Kxhaustion. Weakness. ChiUs after Calving. Lambine or Foaling

^ ^^^i _ .<=r> /«=^ Un-

equalk

All Rights Reserved.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF ENGLAND.

VOLUME THE SEVENTY-THIRD

PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

LIBRARY
■..^W YORK
JTANICAL
'ARDBN

LONDON :
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1912.

Price I OS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ALL interested in laying
down land to grass should
read

a

Permanent
& Temporary

Pastures.

99

By MARTIN J. SUTTON, F.L.S.

Created Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur and Chevalier de

rOrdre du Merite Agricole. by the late Presidents of the

French Republic, MM. MacMa'hon and Loubet, for services

rendered to Agriculture.

EIGHTH
EDITION.

Price 5/-

bound in Cloth.

Illustrated with 22
beautiful engravings
of Natural Grasses,
Clovers, etc., and
including 44
Analyses of Grasses,
Clovers, etc.
The Times says :— prepared expressly

,„. , , ,. ,, , ... for this work by Dr.

" The general arrangement of the volume is the j AUGUSTUS

same as heretofore, and the book remains, and is VOELCKER

likely to long continue to be, our standard authority

upon the cultivation of grass land."

The Daily Telegraph says : —

" Since its first appearance this excellent work, the result of very wide
experience, has been regarded as authoritative, and its perusal has been found
helpful to landowners and tenants. Many pages are devoted to the descrip-
tions of agricultural grasses and clovers ; while the botanical accounts,
analyses, and illustrations are most complete and accurate."

The Field says : —

"As the present edition is the eighth, it proves conclusively the necessity

of such a volume to the intelligent
agriculturist, and we heartily commend
it as a standard work of the day. It
forms a complete vade-mecum upon a
subject in which vast interests are
involved, and about which so little is
known by the average grass farmer."

SUTTON'S

FARMER'S YEAR BOOK
& GRAZIER'S MANUAL.

contains descriptions, illustrations,

and much valuAole information

on the best varieties of Grasses
and Clovers.

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY IN
FEBRUARY. :: POST FREE.

SUTTON & SONS,

2El)e ISing'B 3«Hsmen,

READING.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

G.W.R.

FACILITIES FOR THE

Royal Agricultural Show

at BRISTOL

o.

Specially note that the nearest Station to the
Show Ground is Clifton Down, G.W.R.

^Xr Clifton Down Station is connected by an excellent
^JL service of trains with the G.W.R. Stations at
Temple Meads and Stapleton Road, at which
stations the Express Trains from and to London, North of
England, South Wales and the Midlands call.

C

Electric Trams run from Clifton Down to near the
Show Ground, the journey occupying about five
minutes.

The Electric Tram Service gives you

direct access from and to Showground,

to and from ALL PARTS.

CONSIGN— and TRAVEL
"BY G.W.R."

G.W.R. — FRANK POTTER, General Managa.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Cring Park Stud of Sbire f)m^%

The Property of the RT. HON. LORD ROTHSCHILD.

Pholo F. liabbai^f.

BLYTHWOOD KINGMAKER 18534.

Sire — Blythwood Conqueror 14997. Dam — 22998 Blythwood Guelder
Rose by Prince Harold 14228. Gr. Dam 15842 Tudor Rose by

Hitchin Conqueror 4458.

Photo F. Babbage.

HALSTEAD ROYAL DUKE 25255.

Sire— Lockinge Forest King 18867. Dam— 42121 Halstead Duchess

III. by Menestrel 14 180. Gr. Dam— 28812 Halstead Lady Harold by

Markeaton Royal Harold 15225.

Jersey and Dairy Shorthorn Cattle. :: :: Hampshire Down Sheep.

For further particulars apply to

RICHARDSON CARR, §1?,*.^^ Tring Park, Tring, HERTS.

who will be pleased to show the Stock by appointment.

W.H.WILLCOX&Co.,Ld

nifi^lllK^'^^N;^^^^^

aisiiiiw

WiLLCOX

Jones

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SEMI-ROTARY
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tor High Pressures on Traction Engines. Ac.

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ADVERTISEMENTS.

Cbe firm $m of Ulelsb IHomitain Ponies.

THE PROPEETV OF

Mrs. H. D. GREENE, Grove, Craven Arms, R.S.O., Shropshire.

STALLIONS

AT STUD,

SEASON

1913.

GROVE
BALLISTITE
200 W.S.B. ;

by
Champion

Dyoll
Starlight
4 W.S.B.

GROVE

ARCLIGHT

443 W.S.B. ;

by
Champion
Greylight
80 W.S.B.

PKDIGREE
BROOD
MARES
AND YOUNG
STOCK
OF THE

BEST
STRAINS.

GROVE ARCLIGHT W.S.B.443. 12 hands. CoiJijright Photo h,j W. A. Roue.h.

For Particulars ai>ply G. B. MILDRED, Esq., Newington house, Craven Arms, R.S.O.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

IMPERIAL ACCIDENT
INSURANCE COMPANY, Ltd

Established 1878.
17, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

DIRECTORS.
The Rt. Hon. Thomas Fjiedbrick H.a.l9b:y, I Col. 'I'he Hon. Franoi.s 0. Bhidgeman.

CTRiL Selby Lowni)E.s, Escj., M.F.H. | E. Hoger Owen, Esq.

BEN.TA1IIN S. ESSEX, Esq.

Hon. Lord Skmpill.

Hon. LOIID W ROTTESLEY.

LOCAL DIRECTORS.

I A. E. O. Humph RKYS-OWKN, Esij.
I Richard Marker, Esii, J. P., 1>.I,.

FARMERS' INSURANCES-LOW RATES

HORSES and CATTLE INSURED against DEATH from Accident or Disease.
COLTS INSURED for CASTRATION. STALLIONS INSURED against DEATH
or DISABLEMENT. HUNTERS INSURED against DEATH or DISABLEMENT.

IMPERIAL FOALING POLICIES.

SPECIAL ADVANTAGES ! GREAT BENEFITS ! LOW RATES!

Full Market Value of Mares Insurable. Foals Insured to 31st December, or to

expiry of Annual Policy. Full Amount Paid for the Foal if cast any time.

Double Amount payable for Foal after three months old. Large Cash

Payment for Barren Mares.

THE "IMPERIAL" IS THE FARMERS' COMPANY.

CLAIMS PAID - £500,000.

Prospectus Post Free. B. S. ESSEX, Manager,

LIIVIE for» LAJJP.

PURE WHITE AS DRAWN FROM KILNS.
IN LUMP OR GROUND.

Certificate of .\nalvsis by JOHN WHITE, F.I.C.,
County Offices, Derby.

LIME . . . 98-20^
Also Powdered Carbonate of Lime (less
than half the cost of Ground Caustic Lime).

Write for particulars to the—

BUXTON LIME FIRMS CO., LTD.,
BUXTON,

Or enquire of LOCAL AGENT.

Recomaieaded by the Council of the Royal
Atrlcultural Society of England.

FARMERS' ACCOUNT BOOKS,

Third Edition, Now Ready.
No. 1. A DIARY, conibiniii'-' Cash Account
with daily record of Farm Transactions.
Price 4,'- Post Free 4/4.
No. 2. A FARM ACCOUNT BOOK, show-
ing payments and receipts, and supply-
ing a form of Annual Balance Sheet.
Price 5 6. Post Free 5 10.
Nos. I & 2 Post Free for 10 2.
Published for the Society and sold bv

Messrs. FORSTEft GROOIVI & Co. Ltd.,

IS, CHARING CROSS, LONDON, S.W.

Registered Telegraphic Address :
" MACGHANS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE."

National Telephone, No. 1875.

T. & I, MAUGHAN & Co,, ud.

Auctioneers and

Live Steele Agents.

Offices:

t, Marlborough Crescent, Cattle Market,

NEWCASTLE-ON-rrNE.

Proprietors of

GATESHEAD AUCTION MART

(Within five minutes' walk of
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FAT STOCK SALES • Mondays at I p.m.
STORE STOCK SALES ■ Tuesdays at 11.30 a.m.
DAIRY COWS SALES . Fridays at 11.30 a.m.
ICELANDIC PONIES SALES July to September.
SPECIAL SALES . As advertised in New.

castle Daily Journal.

ACKLINQTON AUCTION MART

(Situated midway between Newcastle
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FAT STOCK SALES - Mondays at 9.45 a.m.
STORE STOCK SALIS- Thursdays (fortnight,
ly ) at II o'clock.

Bs appoiutmetit to

llD./lD. Mm (3eoroe ID*

Its Uses: HORSES.

FOR
Blood and Skin Disorders, such as
Surfeits, Itcliing, Heat Lumps, &c.
Off-appetite and Sluggisliness.
Indigestion and Bacliward Yearlings.
Sterility or Barrenness.

iKOSSOLDVNf
IBLOODSALII

Its Uses: CATTLE & SHEEP.

FOR
Poorness of Blood or Anaemia.
Skin Eruptions and Untliriftiness.
Loss of Cud and Off-appetite.
Giving Tone and Condition.
Preventing Abortion and Sterility.

Invaluable for preparing Animals for Show or Sale. Readily taken with the food.

Price lOs. 6d. and £1 pen Tin, i cwt. £2 5s. SampEe Tin 4si

<<KOSSOLIAN BLOOD SALT." racehorse brand.)

Specially prepared for Racehorses, Hunters, Polo Ponies, &c. Price One Guinea per Tin.

For Colic or Gripes, Shivering Fits, and Influenza

in Horses. For Scour, Diarriioea, and General

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weakly Foals, Lambs and Calves.

Price 20s. per doz.

For Kicks, Cuts, Bruises, Broken Knees, Cracked
Heels, Rheumatism, Sore Throats, and Weak
Joints affecting all animals. For anointing after

Calving and Lambing.
Price 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and Ts. per bot.

For Colds, Lobb of Cud, R. 1 \\ it i Hidebound,
&c. For Cleansmg Cowb and L a _b a' ter CaKmg
and Lambing. A safe preventive of Milk Fever

and Quarter-ill.
Price 13s. doz. (Cows), Ewes 3s. 6d.
Also in Tins 12s., 23s., 45s. each.

'^^N D.y. Son. & Hewitt s/^^*"\

BRONCHOLlNE

Or Cough Mrxture

-J

Fi>r Parasitic flusk or Hoose and Tapeworms in
Calves and Lambs. It allays Bronchial irritation,
and destroys the parasites by its diffusive odour.

T!ie "Cough Flixii" is advised for Coughs
unassociated unih \\'o>>ns.

Price 2s. 6d. per bot., Quart 1 0s.6d.
% Gallon, 20s. 1 Ga'lon, 388.

GASEODYNE(Usedas Laudanum). For painful parturition in Mares, Cows and Ewes.
CUROOLIX. For White or Gr-en Skit, " Curding," or Scour. (No mi.\ing required)

PORCINO PIG POWDER. For I^g ailments, such as Colds, Fits, Fever, &c

EASAKOF. An Blectuary for Coughs and Sore Throats, &c., in Horses

0VI9YNE. The great Preventive of Fever and Tapeworms in Lambs, &c.
COD LIVER OIL POWDERS. I'or Weak Horses, Bad Feeders, Chest Troubles, &c.
HORSE BALLS. Bl.ick Physic, Diuretic, Worm, Grease, Cordial, Digestive,
L onslitution, Kcd I'a^te or Condition, Cough and Fever

3/6 per Bottle.
2/- „ 7/6 qt.

2/- doz., or 7/6 tin.
4/- and 7/6 per tin.
18/. per gallon.
26/-gross,42/-cwt.

6/- doz., 17/- 3 doz.

LARGEST MAKERS IPi TH.E V^-O RLD ^ OF -^■•^. /

22. DORSET ST., LCMDON^W. ( EstdCmaS)

_^

ADVERTISEMENTS.

SIR GILBERT GREENALL, Bar.,

WALTON HALL, WARRINGTON.

Herd of Pedigree Dairy
Shorthorns

at WALTON HALL and also at
MOUNT COOTE, KILMALLOCK, co. LIMERICK.

Flock of Pedigree Border=
Leicesters

at TISSINGTON, DERBYSHIRE.

Herd of Pedigree Large and
Iviiddle White Yorkshire Pigs

at WALTON HALL.

Al>l>hl fo —

W. BAINBRIDGE,

Walton Estate Office, near WARRINGTON.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

BRICKENDON SHIRE STUD,

The Property of
E. E. PEARSON, Esq., BRICKENDONBURY, HERTFORD.

SEASON 1913.

Photo by G. H. Parsons.

SHIRE STALLION COLESHILL FORESTER 24149.

Winner of numerous Firsts and Champion Prizes, including two S.H.S. Medals.

Brown, stands 17-1 hands ; foaled 1905 ; Sire, Lockinge Forest King, 18867 ;
Dam, 24474, Pansy, by Herald, 11601.

SEVERN CHAMPION, 27759. Brown; foaled 1908 ; Sire, Childwick
Champion, 22215; Dam, 49077, Primrose Baroness.

COLNEY DRAY KING. Bay; foaled 1910 ; Sire, Tatton Dray King,
23777 1 Dam, 30548, Worsley Princess XVII.

A number of suillions kept for service, or to let on reasonable terms, and

stallions and fillies of the best blood, and in growing condition, always

on sale. Prizewinners.

The Stud Farm can be seen by appointment.

For terms, iioiiiiualiom and full piirliciiliirs, opply to —

THE ESTATE OFFICE, BRICKENDONBURY, HERTFORD.

Stations :—HeTiiorc\. Great Northern and Great Eastern Railways.
Tclegyatiis : — "Stud," Avenue, Hertford.

THE JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

VOL. 73.
1912.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

WELL WORTH A VISIT.

CARTERS EXHIBITION WAREHOUSES AT RAYNES PARK.

Before buying seeds this season, all who are interested
in agriculture

ARE INVITED TO INSPECT

our Model Warehouse and Machinery, and see how

Carters Tested Seeds

are cleaned and the growth tested before being despatched
to customers all over the world.

COME AGAIN

in the Summer and look over the five miles of Pea Trials
and other mterestmg and mstructive sights in our

EXPERIMENTAL GROUNDS. If you cannot

spare time to make a personal call, then write for

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF FARM SEEDS.

POST FREE.

HIGH HOLBORH

S'eriismrn to f^ii ittairste, CTf)? IStng.

RAYNES PARK, LONDON, S.W.

REGISTERED TRADE MARK

THE

JOUENAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF ENGLAND.

VOLUME 73.

(being the seventy-third volume issued since the
first publication of the journal in 1839.)

PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1912.

Extract from the Society's By-laws

(^Dating from the Foundation of the Society): —

"The Society will not be responsible for the accuracy
of the statements or conclusions contained in the several
papers in the Journal, the authors themselves being
solely responsible."

[ 5 ]

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOLUME 73, 1912.

SPECIAL ARTICLES.

The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer
By A. D. Hall, MA., F.R.S.

Milk Records

By Eknest Mathews.

West Country Cheeses .....

I. — Single and Double Gloucester Cheese

By Flora M. Friday, N.D.D.
II. — Caerphilly Cheese ....

By W. J. Grant.
III. — Dorset Blue Cheese
By F. E. Dare.
IV.— North Wilts Cheese

By Margaret Kirke.

Moorland Ponies ......

I. — Dartmoor .....

{With One Illustration)

By T. Palmer.
II. — Exmoor ........

(^With One Illustration)

By A. C. Mardox.

Devon Cattle . . . . . . • • •

(With Two Illustrations)
By Samuel Kidner.

South Devon Cattle ........

(With Two Illustrations)
By Robert Drennan.

Dorset Horn Sheep ........

(^With Two Illustrations)
By Thomas H. Ensor, F.H.A.S., F.A.I.

The Treatment of Grass Land with a view to the Elimination
Disease ..........

By Professor John Peniserthy.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease .......

(With Five Illustrations)

By Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B., B.Sc, C.
Warping ..........

By James Stephenson, M.R.A.C.

English Timber and Underwood ......

By M. C. Duchesne, F.S.I.
The International Institute of Agriculture ....

By H. L. French.

PAQE
1

of

M.

25
25

29

32

35

38
38

42
46
53
66

73
90

104
114
131

[6] Contents of Volume 73.

CONTEMPORARY AFFAIRS.

PAGE

Contemporary Agricultural Law ....... 137

By Aubrey J. Spencer, M.A.

The Kent Commercial Fruit Show . . ... 146

By M. J. R. DuNSTAN.

An Experiment in Mutual Assurance . . . . . .149

By The Editor.
Report of Referees on the Essays sent in for the Royal Agricul-
tural Society's Research Medal . . . . . .152

Prize Essay : The Interpretation of Milk Records . . .153
By William Gtavin, B.A.

OFFICIAL REPORTS.

The Doncaster Show, 1912 175

{With Eighteen Illustratio7is)
By Thomas McRow.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Doncaster, 1912 . .195

(With Fire Illustratiojis)
By Harky W. Buddicom.

Agricultural Education Exhibition, Doncaster, 1912 . . . 206

Forestry Exhibition at Doncaster, 1912 210

By J. C. Blotelo.

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912 . . .214
By the Judges.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912 . . . . . . . 226

By William H. Hogg and James Bainbridge,

Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting of Governors

and Members of the Society, December 11, 1912 . . . 248

Report on the Results of the Examinations in 1912 for — (1) The
National Diploma in Agriculture ; (2) The National Diploma in
Dairying. .......... 258

Annual Report for 1912 of the Principal of the Royal Veterinary

College 268

By Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B., B.Sc, CM.

Annual Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist . . . 276
By J. Augustus Voelcker, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D.

Annual Repoit for 1912 of the Botanist ..... 284
By Professor R. H. Biffen, M.A.

Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist 289

By Cecil Warburton, M.A., F.Z.S.

The Woburn Experimental Station of the Royal Agricultural

Society of England 297

By J. Augustus Yoelcker, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D.

Statistics aflfecting British Agricultural Interests .... 389

Contents of Volume 73.

[7]

The Weather of the past Agricultural Year .

By Frederick J. Brodie, F.R. Met. Soc.
Rainfall, Temperature, and Bright Sunshine during 1912

The Rainfall of 1912

The Trials of Corn and Seed Drills, 1912
{}Vith Four Illustrations)

By CnARLEs P. Hall.

PAGE

. 348

. 354
. 365
. 358

NOTES, COMMUNICATIONS and REVIEWS.

The Report of the Departmental Committee on Buildings for
Small Holdings .........

" English Farming, Past and Present," by Rowland E. Prothero

Farming Results during the last Two Decades

The Effect of Foot - and - Mouth Disease on the Milk Trade of
Lancashire ....

The Agricultural Organisation Society

Sir Charles Whitehead .

Henry Dudding ....

George Taylor ....

APPENDIX.

List of Council of Royal Agricultural Society of England
Standing Committees of the Council .....

Chief Officials of the Society .......

Distribution of Governors and Members of the Society, and of

Ordinary Members of the Council .....
Table showing the Number of Governors and Members in each

Year from the Establishment of the Society
Financial Statement by the Chairman of the Finance Committee
Trust Funds held by the Royal Agricultural Society .
Balance-sheet for 1912, with appended Statements of Ordinarj'

Income and Expenditure and of Receipts and Expenditure

at the Doncaster Show, 1912 .
Statement showing Distribution of Prizes at Doncaster Show
Minutes of the Council Meetings in 1912 .....

January 31, xix ; February 28, xx ; April 3, xxii ;

May 8, xxiii ; June 5, xxiv ; July 2, xxv. ; July 4, xxvi ;

July 31, xxxii ; October 8, xxxiii ; November 6, xxxiv ;

December 11, xxxvii.
Proceedings at the General Meeting, July 4, 1912
Proceedings at the Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912
Officials and Judges at the Doncaster Show, 1912
Awards of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912
Prize List for Bristol Show of 1913
Index to Volume 73 ........ .

366
369

370

371
373
374
.375
375

I
iii
iv

VI

vii
ix

XVlll

xix

XXVll

xxxix

xlvii

1

xc

ci

[ 8 ]

Bindiny of back Volumes of the Journal,

The Journal is now issued to Governors and Members bound in green cloth, and Messrs.
Truscott & Son have contracted to bind back Volumes in the same description
of cover at the rate of 2.*. 3d. per Volume, and to supply the gi'een cloth lettered cases,
for the use of local bookbinders, at the price of 1,?. 3^. each, post free, or Is. each if
called for at their offices. Cases cannot, however, be sup{)lied separately for the
Volumes of the First and Second Series, 1839 to 1889.

All parcels and correspondence relative to the binding of back numbers of the
Journal should be addressed (postage or carriage prepaid) to Messrs. James Truscott
& Son, Ltd., Suffolk Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

To avoid confusion the Volumes of the Journal have been re-numbered from the be-
ginning, and the following Table shows both the Old and the New Numbers of each of the
Volumes which have been issued since the first appearance of the Journal in 1839 : —

NEW
NUMBERS

Old Ncmbbbs

NEW
NUMBERS

OldNoubkrs

FIRST SERIES

Vol. 41.

1880 ...

SECOND SimiS-cotitiriui'd.
Vol. XVI. Paris I. (xixi.) aud 11. (ixxii.)

Vol.1.

(1838-40)

Vol

I.

Parts

I. (i.). II. (ii.). III. (iii.),
and IV. (iv.)

„ 42.
„ 43.

1881 ...

1882 ...

„ XVII. „ I. (xxxiii.) audll.(ixiiv.)
„ XVIII. „ I. (xxxv.)and II. (ixivi.)

. 2

1841 ...

11.

(V.) II. (vi.), & III. (vii.)

„ 44.

1883 ...

„ XIX. „ I. (xxxvii.) & 11. (xxxviii.)

. 3.

1842 ...

ni.

.(viii.), II.(il.), &III. (X.)

„ 45.

1884 ...

XX. „ I. (xxxix.)and II. (il.)

•• *■

1843 ...

IV.

. (li.)aDd II. (xii.)

„ 46.

1885 ...

„ XXI. „ I. (xli.)audll. (xlii.)

- 5.

1844 ...

V.

;

. (xiii.) and II. (xiv.)

„ 47.

1886...

„ XXII. „ I. (xliii.)and II.(iliv.)

. 6.

1845 ...

VI.

. (XV.) and II. (xvi.)

„ 48.

1887 ...

-XXIII. _ I. (xlv.)aud II. (xlvi.)

« 7.

1846 ...

"

VII.

. (xvii.) and II. (xviii.)

„ 49.

1888 ...

„ XXIV. „ I. (ilvii.)andll. (xlviii.)

,. 8.

1847 ...

VIII.

II 1

. (lii.)and II. (xx.)

„ .50.

1889 ...

„ XXV. „ I. (ilix.) and II. (I.)

„ 10.

1848 ...

1849 ...

•■

IX.
X.

" i

. (xii.) and II. (xxii.)
. (xxiii.) and 11. (xxiv.)

THIRD SERIES

„ 11.

1850 ...

II

XI.

II ]

. (ixv.) and 11. (xxvi.)

Vol.51.

1890 ...

Vol. I. FartB I. (1), 11. (2), III. (3), »nd

n 12-

1851 ...

XII.

. (xxvii.) and II. (xxviii.)

IV. (4)

n 13.

1852 ...

II

XIII.

.'.' 1

(xxix.) and II. (xxx.)

„ 52.

1891 ...

II. „ I. (5), II. («), III. (7), »nd

„ 14.

18.53 ...

XIV.

]

(iixi.) and 11. (xixii.)

IV. (8)

„ 15.

1854 ...

XV.

]

(xxxiii.) and II. (xxxiv.)

„ 53.

1892 ...

„ III. „ I. (9), II. (10), III. (11), and

, 16.

1855 ...

XVI.

]

(ixxv.) and 1). (ixivi.)

IV. (12)

. 17-

1856 ...

XVII.

1. 1

(xxxvii.) & II. (xxxviii.)

„ 54.

1893 ...

„ IV. „ I. (13), II. (14), III. (16). and

„ 18.

1857 ...

XVIII.

. (xxxix.)and 11. (xl.)

IV. (16)

n IS-

1858 ...

XIX.

]

. (xli.)and II. (xlii.)

„ 55,

1894 ...

V. „ I. (17), II. (18), III. (18), and
IV. (20)

„ 20.

185H ...

"

XX.

(xliii.) and 11. (xljv.)

> 21.

1860 ...

XXI.

II ]

. (xlv.)and ll.(xlvi.)

„ 56.

1895 ...

„ VI. „ I. (21), 11.(22), 111.(23), aud
iV. (24)

, 22.

1861 ...

XXII.

. (xlvij.) and II. (xlviii.)

. 23.

1862 ...

XXIII.

.and II.(ilix.)

„ 57.

1896 ...

„ VII. „ I. (25), II. (2«), III. (27), and

IV. (28)

„ 24.

1863 ...

XXIV.

]

. (l.)and II. (Ii.)

„ 25.

1864 ...

"

XXV.

" '

. (lii.)andll. (liii.)

,. 58.

1897 ...

„ VIII. „ I. (39), II. (30), III. (SI), and
IV. (32)

SECOND

SERIES

„ 59.

1898 ...

„ IX. „ I. (33), II. (34), III. (S6). and
IV. (36)

Vol.26.

1865 ...

Vol

1.

I'arts I. (i.) aud 11. (ii.)

„ 60.

1898 ...

X. „ I. (37), II. (38), III. (39), and
IV. (40)
„ XI. „ 1.(41), II. (42), III. (43), and

IV. (44)
Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.
Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.
Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.
Issued as an Annwal Bound Volume.
Issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers.
Issued as an Annuiil Volume in paper covers
Issued as an .Annual Volume in paper covers
Issued as an Annual Volume in paper ooveis.
Issued as an Annual Voluuie in p.iper covers.
Issued as an AtumkiI Viilinue in paper covers.
Issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers.
Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

„ 27.
„ 28.

1866 ...

1867 ...

II

II.
in.

;;

I. (iii.) and II. (iv.)
I. (v.)and II. (vi.)

„ 61.

1900...

„ 29.
„ 30.
„ 31.
„ 32.
„ 33.
„ 34.
„ 35.
„ 36.
n 37.
„ 38.

1868 ...

1869 ...

1870 ...

1871 ...

1872 ...

1873 ...

1874 ...

1875 ...

1876 ...

1877 ...

':

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

xin.

I

I. (vii.) and Il.(viii.)
I. (ix.)and II. (x.)
I. (xi.) and II. (xii.)
I. (xiii.) and II. (xiv.)
I. (XV.) and II. (xvi.)
I. (xvii.) and II. (xviii.)
I.(xix.)and II. (xx.)
I. (xxi.)and II. (xxii.)
I (xxiii.) aud II. (xxiv.)
I. (XXV.) and II. (xxvi.)

„ 62.
„ 63.
„ 64.
„ 65.
„ 66.
„ 67.
„ 68.
„ 69.
„ 70.

1901 ...

1902 ...
mi3 ...

1904 ...

1905 ...
190ti ...

1907 ...

1908 ...

1909 ...

., 3«.
„ 40.

1878 ...

1879 ...

"

XIV.
XV.

••

I. (XX vii.) and 11. (xxviii.)
I. (xxix ) and 11. (xxx.)

„ 71.
„ 72.
„ 7iJ.

1910 ..

1911 ...

1912 ...

(The Dumerala within brackets indicate tbe numbers as printed on the several Farts of each Series.)

■ARDEN

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
OF ENGLAND.

THE VALUE OF SOIL ANALYSES TO THE
FARMER.

Since the scientific man first turned his attention to agriculture,
few questions have been more generally addressed to him than
requests to make analyses of particular soils and report the
cause of their excellences or defects. It would seem to be so
straightforward a problem ; on soil A the wheat always stands
up, on soil B it is apt to blight and go down ; why cannot the
chemist analyse them both and say what valuable constituent
B lacks, or what injurious substance it contains to so affect the
wheat. The chemist, however, has rarely been able to answer
such a question ; in many cases when he has given an answer
it has not proved of any value in practice because, in all prob-
ability, he mistook some accidental variation between the two
soils for. a causal difference.

In the first place there is very little difference in composi-
tion between one crop and another, between a healthy and
a diseased one ; all plants contain the same small range of
elements drawn from the soil — nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
sulphur, chlorine, soda, potash, lime, magnesia, with a trace of
iron, and sometimes silica — and in very much the same pro-
portions. These same elements occur in all soils with but
small variations in the proportions. Few soils contain as much
as ()*5 per cent, or less than O'l per cent, of nitrogen, and other
important elements vary even less. Moreover, small as these
amounts may seem, they are far more than the crop requires ;
the soil over an acre down to the depth of nine inches weighs
about 1,000 tons, so 0*1 per cent, would mean about 10 tons of
nitrogen to the acre. Now a big crop of wheat would not
remove from the soil more than about 70 lb. of nitrogen per
acre ; mangels might take away twice as much, but still a trifling
amount compared with the stock in the soil. Yet with all this

VOL. 73. B

2 The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer.

stock the addition of another 25 lb., such as would be contained
in 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda, may increase the crop by 20 per
cent, or more.

Facts of this kind led the chemists to attempt to draw a
distinction between the plant food in the soil that was available,
i.e., could be taken up by the plant, and the dormant stock
which needed to undergo some chemical change to reach the
form that could be utilised by the plant. Moreover, they began
to attack the soil with certain very weak acids in the hope of
extracting thereby only the available but not the total plant
food which was present in the soil. The method thus intro-
duced, though it did give additional information about the
capacity of the soil to bear particular crops, by no means
removed all the difficulties ; a large excess even of available
plant food was revealed in most soils, and the standard that
had to be attained to ensure fertility was found to vary with
both the crop and the character of the soil ; e.g. a sandy soil
with 0*01 per cent, of so-called available phosphoi-ic acid might
grow turnips perfectly well, whereas a clay soil with the same
percentage would need some superphosphate or other phosphatic
manure to ensure a reasonable yield.

Many attempts were made to obtain a precise distinction
between the available and dormant plant food, but without any
general measure of success, so much so that there has arisen in
America a school of soil investigators who deny that the amount
of plant food in the soil as revealed by analysis influences its
fertility. The argument of Whitney and Cameron is that the
water in the soil from which the plant draws its nutrition can
only attain a certain degree of concentration in phosphoric acid
and potash by contact with the soil minerals containing these
elements, just as water can only take up a certain percentage of
salt. Moreover, such a saturated soil solution must possess
practically the same composition for all soils because they all
contain the same minerals. For example, water in contact
with a soil containing phosphate of lime will attain the same
concentration in phosphoric acid whether there is one or ten
parts per thousand of phosphate of lime in the soil. It would
follow as a consequence from this view not only that a chemical
analysis of the soil is a matter of no importance towards forming
an opinion as to its fertility, but that the plant itself is equally
indifferent to the amount of plant food it has at command,
its growth being determined by some other factors.

We need not here consider the various points of controversy
that have arisen over these views of the American Bureau of
Soils ; the point worthy of notice is that they remind us, with
perhaps exaggerated emphasis, of the other functions which
the soil has to fulfil towards the plant. The soil not only

The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer. 3

provides the plant with certain foodstuffs but also with water
and air, and the character of these supplies goes more to deter-
mine the crop than anything else. For example, we all know of
how little avail even the best manured land is in a drought ; it
is then far more important that the land should have been well
cultivated and properly managed, because upon these operations
depends the success with which the plant will obtain whatever
water is available. Again, some soils are known to hold out
against drought better than others, the difference cannot be
a chemical one but must be due to some inequality in their
capacity to retain water falling as rain or to lift that which lies
in the sub-soil below. If, again, we consider the wheat crop
of the past season, it was very noticeable that after the excessive
rainfall of the previous winter there were on most soils patches
where the wheat was stunted and of a bad colour, patches
which never afterwards caught up with the rest of the field.
These patches in nearly all cases owed their existence to some
interference with the air supply in the soil ; either from its close
texture or lack of drainage the soil below these spots for some
little time became saturated with water to the exclusion of air,
whereupon followed the death of the roots and the destruction
of some of the most valuable elements of plant food.

Now one way of looking at a soil whereby some estimate
may be formed of its behaviour towards water and air is to
submit it to a mechanical analysis which will grade it into
groups of particles of particular sizes. From this point of view
all soils are mixtures of little particles — some large like sand,
which, whether coarse or fine, possess no coherence but fall
into a loose powder when dry ; some much finer, so as to be
scarcely gritty between the fingers ; and some so fine that they
will hang in water like a cloud for many hours, are quite soapy
to the touch, and cohere firmly on drying. Coarse sand lies at
one end of the scale, the finest pipe clays at the other, but it
should be borne in mind that the coarsest sandy soil will always
contain some fine sand, silt, and clay, while the purest natural
clays are not free from sandy admixtures. Just as one could
grade a gravel deposit into two inch, inch, half-inch and quarter-
inch material, the process of mechanical analysis separates,
partly by sieves but chiefly by settlement from water, the soil
into fractions of known size, these fractions being arbitrarily
selected but possessing certain characteristic, if not sharply
defined, differences of behaviour.

The result of the mechanical analysis gives precision and
reduces to figures the farmer's way of considering a soil. The
farmer speaks of land as heavy or light, he may go further and
define his soil as a loam, a sandy clay, &c., but the mechanical
analysis reduces the relative proportions of sand and clay to

B 2

4 The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer.

figures. Moreover, these figures are independent of the per-
sonal equation and of the climate, which so greatly affects the
impression a soil gives ; for example, soils that are described as
heavy clays in Scotland, on analysis prove to be similar in all
respects to others regarded as free working loams in the south
of England. This difference in nomenclature is partly due to
the climate which keeps the soil so much wetter in Scotland,
where also no really heavy clays such as the London or Oxford
clays exist for comparison. But though the mechanical analysis
of a soil gives at once a good deal of information as to its
behaviour under cultivation, it takes us little further than the
chemical analysis towards the solution of the sort of problem
indicated at the opening of this article — why a given soil does
not answer for a particular crop and how can it be ameliorated.
"We have only defined one more factor in a very complex result,
and even that factor can only be interpreted by comparative,
and not by a jn'iori methods. In other words, we cannot say
that a soil with a given composition and structure must behave
in such a way, we can only say that one soil resembles in such
characteristics as we determine another soil whose properties
in practice have been found to be so and so.

The next step in the study of soils is to accumulate a very
large number of analyses of soils whose behaviour in practice
is well known, and set down against the analyses that sort of
intimate personal knowledge of the character of the soil in wet
or dry weather, and the precautions necessary to get a good
seed bed on it, &c., which is the special property of an old
ploughman who has long worked on the land in question.

As soon as such a large body of soil analysis data are
examined, certain general conclusions can be drawn which
bring us a little nearer our prime object — that of being able to
give the working farmer information of value. In the first place
we find that by the similarity of their mechanical analysis we
can group together all the soils which we otherwise know to
belong to the same type. For example, in dealing with the soil of
the south-east of England, the brick earths, whether occurring
by the mouth of the Thames, in the Stour Valley in Kent, or on
the maritime plain of West Sussex, all show the same distinctive
structure containing about 12 per cent, of clay, little or no
coarse sand, and about 2.5 per cent, of fine sand, so that we are
justified in claiming that these soils of similar origin constitute
a " type." Now the chemical analysis of these same soils
neither distinguishes them from others, nor brings them into
one characteristic group ; in composition they differ as much
among themselves as they differ from other soils of entirely
unrelated origin. For example, in nine cases the average
percentage of phosphoric acid was 0*16 per cent., but in one

The Value of Soil Anah/ses to the Farmer. 5

example there was as 'much as 0*284 per cent., in another as
little as O'OZJ: per cent. In the soils from the Upper Greensand,
which are entirely distinct, we find very much the same range
of variation, 0'086 per cent, in the lowest case, 0-267 in the
highest. Our mechanical analysis, then, affords us a method
of classification which will bring the soils into natural groups,
and this the chemical analysis fails to do, though it will supple-
ment and sometimes check the grouping based upon mechanical
analysis.

If next we compare the mechanical analysis of soils which
are used for the same purpose, though they may be in different
localities and of various origin, they again fall into natural types
of similar structure. To take an actual example from the south-
eastern counties, among the analyses were those of a number
of soils in different places on which fruit was grown success-
fully, others were known to be specially appropriate to potato
or barley growing. On comparing these results, it was found
that all the fruit soils, though of various origin, fell within the
limits of a fairly defined type ; the potato soils again constituted
another somewhat different type, as also did the barley soils.
Thus, we learn that the adaptability of a soil to a particular
crop is determined in the first place by its physical structure
as revealed by the process of mechanical analysis. Further, by
correlating from a large number of cases the mechanical com-
position and the crops which are known to answer on the soils,
we may thus work out a specification, as it were, of a wheat
soil, a barley soil, soil suitable for fruit or hops, &c., and
this specification is not a theoretical conclusion, but simply
a generalisation from actual experience.

Of course, the mechanical analysis does not sum up all the
factors, we have also to take into account the rainfall, situation,
and other climatic considerations. For example, soils of a
particular type which grow first-rate barley in East Kent nearly
at sea level and with a rainfall of little more than 20 inches,
were found to be rarely cropped with barley in West Sussex,
where the elevation is greater, and the rainfall over 30 inches
per annum.

We have now arrived at a position in which the soil
analyst can be of direct service to the farmer ; he can tell him
with some degree of confidence whether a particular crop can
be extended into a new district on soils hitherto untried. The
question does not of course arise with orclinary mixed
farming, because about that the enquirer can always learn
what has been done before on the land ; but suppose the
occupier desires to grow strawberries, or hops, or tobacco —
some expensive crop new to the locality — then the soil analyst
can tell him to what extent his soil agrees with other soils on

6 The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer.

which the crop has been successfully grown, and in many-
such cases can warn him off an unprofitable venture. In
doing this he is, however, as we said before, only giving
precision to the opinions of a practical man, who, for example,
after walking about on the land, digging a hole and feeling the
soil, would readily express an opinion whether it were fit for
fruit growing or potatoes. Sound as the judgment due to long
experience generally is, it may be vitiated by some accidental
circumstance. I have known a field reported as unfit to carry
fruit merely because it was examined after a spell of wet
weather and the drains were out of order. A mechanical
analysis revealed the fact that the actual soil was little more
than a strong loam of excellent texture for fruit if only the
drainage was set right. At the time it was examined it was
soaking wet because it was waterlogged, not because it was
naturally heavy.

Before mechanical analysis can be made to yield its
maximum of information a large number of analyses must be
accumulated of soils whose behaviour is known under the
various conditions of climate prevailing in the United Kingdom.
With more experience of this kind investigators in different
districts will then be able to work out correlations between
mechanical analysis and the special features which mark the
working of certain soils ; for example, why some soils run and
pan so badly, why others should be cultivated but not ploughed
in the spring, why the corn on yet others lodges so easily.
Fortunately a considerable mass of data are being put together ;
Dr. Russell and I have dealt with some 150 soils in Kent,
Surrey, and Sussex ; Dr. Luxmoore and Professor Percival
reported on a number of soils in Dorset ; while other syste-
matic surveys are in course of publication for Shropshire and
Norfolk, and are being carried out in other counties, so that
in a very few years we shall possess this fundamental
comparative basis for the soils of England.

We cannot, however, entirely dispense with chemical
analysis ; at times it reveals certain facts of very great impor-
tance to the productivity of the land. First of all a chemical
analysis will indicate whether the land is properly supplied
with carbonate of lime, and whether it is neutral or acid. The
importance of lime and chalk was thoroughly realised by the
early farmers of Great Britain, but for the last half century
their application has been neglected and in many parts of the
country the occupiers of the land are living upon and exhaust-
ing the capital which their predecessors put into the soil. It
is not merely compounds containing lime, like bones or super-
phosphate, that are necessary, but quicklime or carbonate of
lime that will provide a base to neutralise the acids which are

The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer. 7

always arising from the decay of vegetable matter. Heavy
land needs carbonate of lime to keep the clay granular and
enable the soil to crumble, to drain and dry, and so get warm ;
light land loses its carbonate of lime most quickly by washing
and readily gets acid. As soon as the soil passes the neutral
point a great disturbance sets in among the bacteria and other
small organisms which have to prepare the food for plants,
certain valuable forms are discouraged and may die out, those
for example which fix nitrogen and those which cause nitrific-
ation. In their place micro-fungi can flourish, some of which
cause disease, as for example the fungus of finger and toe,
which cannot persist in a soil kept neutral by the presence of
carbonate of lime. It is not too much to say that only soils
containing a sufficiency of carbonate of lime can be really
fertile or can make full use of the manure with which they
may be supplied. We now possess methods of analysis which
will measure the very small amounts of carbonate of lime
present in many soils, and again we are able to form better
estimates of soil acidity or otherwise than can be obtained from
the simple but misleading litmus paper.

From these facts alone the soil analyst is in a position to
give certain advice to the farmer ; he can tell him whether to
lime or not, whether to use nitrate of soda or sulphate of
ammonia when he wants a quick acting nitrogenous fertiliser,
whether for his turnips superphosphate or basic slag should be
chosen or some neutral body like phosphatic guano or steamed
bone flour. Manures are themselves acid or basic in their
action on the soil, and they should be selected so as to neutralise
and not to intensify its natural condition. As an example of
the ease with which we may be deceived, on the black Fen soils
superphosphate is the most valuable of all manures, yet it is most
dangerous to use it on other black soils of a peaty nature ; the
Fen peat is neutral even alkaline, and neutralises the acid of
the superphosphate ; l)og and mocirland peats are acid. As to the
other constituents, the analyst can sometimes provide valuable
information with regard to the special need of the soil for phos-
phates and more rarely for potash. But this generally necessitates
some previous knowledge of the type of soil, for it is not bo
much the absolute amount of either constituent that is
significant as the amount relative to that which usually
prevails in soils belonging to that group. For example, lo find
0'16 per cent, of phosphoric acid in a given soil tells nothing,
but to find such a result in a Thanet Sand soil would mean that
the soil is well provided and needs no special phosphatic
manuring, whereas such a figure from a Chalk soil would
generally signify deficiency in phosphoric acid. Again we see
the necessity of soil surveys by which the general type of our

8 The Value of Soil Analyses to the Farmer.

soils can be established, if the results of a particular analysis
are to be interpreted for the service of the farmer. To say a
place is 200 feet above sea level tells nothing as to whether it
is situated in a valley or on a hill unless the general level of
the surrounding country is also known.

Another line of attack has recently been attempted ; the soil
can be put under standard conditions of moisture and warmth
in the laboratory, and the rate determined at which it under-
goes chemical change by reason of the bacteria it contains.
The fei'tility of a soil largely depends upon the rapidity with
which its organic matter is decomposed by bacteria and its
nitrogen compounds transformed into soluble ammonia and
nitrates, the forms taken up by plants. Various methods
for doing this have been worked out ; the carbon dioxide
produced may be determined as a measure of total bacterial
activity, or the rate at which ammonia and nitrates are
formed from day to day may be ascertained. These methods
certainly discriminate between fertile and poor soils, but they
do not as yet throw any light on the causes of the differences
revealed, and they have to be applied to a large number of
known soils before their value in forming an opinion on an
unknown soil can be assessed.

There still remains the difficult cases of abnormal soils
which behave entirely differently from their neighbours,
generally worse in the cases submitted to the analyst. Some-
times the solution is simple, as for example in several cases in
my own experience, where the bad field is one that has never
been limed or has escaped the chalkings by which the sur-
rounding fields have been made fit for arable cultivation at
some date so remote that all remembrance of the treatment has
been forgotten. But more commonly the factor involved is
one that eludes our still imperfect methods of analysis. For
example, in Romney Marsh one may find fields side by side that
have both been in grass from time immemorial, but one will
fatten six to eight sheep to the acre during the summer, whereas
the other, however lightly stocked, will only keep its occupants
gi'owing. Dr. Russell and I spent much time over this problem,
dealing with three distinct pairs of such soils differing widely
from one another in type. But the good soil always resembled
the bad soil alongside, in both physical and chemical constitu-
tion. Continuous observations of the amount of water in the
soil, the distance to underground water, which w^as close to
the surface, the temperature, and other factors failed to reveal
any significant differences. The good soil certainly was more
active than the bad one, producing nitrates and ammonia
more rapidly, and there were certain small constant differences
between the two soils, but we were unable to detect the causal

Milk Records. 9

factor with certainty, or to lay down any course of treatment
which woukl bring the bad soil into the condition of the good
one. Greater knowledge and more delicate methods of analysis
are needed ; we must accumulate information as to the nature
and composition of known soils before we can hope to attack
the diflticulties presented by these abnormal soils (and they turn
up everywhere) with success.

In conclusion, we may summarise the present position of
soil analysis as follows : —

1. Mechanical analysis enables us to classify soils and assign
an unknown example to its type.

2. From the type, combined with knowledge of the situation
and climate, we may predict its suitability or otherwise for
particular crops.

3. Chemical analysis will tell us whether a soil is getting
acid or needs liming to make it work prop* rly and utilise the
manure supplied to it.

4. From chemical analysis we can settle what class of
manures ought to be used — whether sulphate of ammonia or
nitrate of soda, superphosphate or basic slag.

5. Chemical analysis will often reveal particular deficiencies
and the specific for phosphates or potash, but to do this with
any certainty the composition and behaviour of soils of that
type should be known from a previous soil survey.

A. D. Hall.

The Development Commission.

MILK RECORDS.

The keeping of milk records, the pecuniary and other advan-
tages derived therefrom, to say nothing of the knowledge both
in breeding and feeding acquired by breeders of dairy cattle
who have followed them up systematically, have been so much
discussed both in the press and elsewhere during the past few
years that it would almost appear to be a work of supererogation
to attempt to write anything new on the subject ; but as the
Board of Agriculture is now prepared to assist " milk recording "
with a grant from the Development Funds, provided that the
work is carried out on right lines and is approved by the
Department, it has been thought that an article on the subject
might not be out of place in the Society's Journal.

That milk recording has not been taken up generally by
the English dairy farmers is a matter of common knowledge,
and this may be accounted for, in the first place, by the

10 Milk Records.

reluctance usually shown by them to make any changes in
their ordinary roiitine of work.

Other and more definite objections have been given to me
from time to time by working farmers, of which the following
are the most cogent : —

(a) That the time lost daily in weighing and recording
the individual weight of milk is considerable, particularly in
those cases where an early delivery of such milk is necessary,
and to this must be added the time subsequently taken in
entering the returns into the permanent record book.

(h) That the ordinary cowman cannot be relied upon to
weigh and record the milk accurately, while it is impossible
for the owners always to be present in the cowsheds during
milking time.

(c) That in many cases, where an animal is inclined to put
on flesh, it would be useless to trouble about the milk she gives,
as she is milked until dry, and then sold to the butcher.

{d) That farmers do not want to have outsiders coming to
their farm to do work which can be done equally well by
themselves — an inspector of any sort being "an abomination "
to the farmer in England.

Over and above these reasons must be added a latent fear
that the milk records might show that the cows were not so
good as their owners believed them to be, and this, coupled
with the expenses which necessarily would be incurred if the
work was carried out by a society, is, in my opinion, the real
explanation for the apparent indifference shown by dairy
farmers to the keeping of milk records.

It is not necessary to describe the utensils wanted for weigh-
ing and testing milk, as full descriptions and instructions for
practical use are given in the catalogues of the various dairj-
implement makers. The milk of every cow in a herd should
be weighed both morning and evening, either daily or weekly,
the weight of milk being written down at the time on the card
or slate in the cowshed, and subsequently transferred into the
permanent record book. When samples are wanted for analysis
they should be taken directly after the milk has been weighed.
To get an accurate sample, the milk should be poured at least
twice backwards and forwards from one bucket into another,
before the quantity required is taken out. Milk for analysis
should be put into a specially numbered bottle, and before
being tested b^- the Gerber process should be heated up to
101'^ F., otherwise a correct reading may not be obtained.

Whether milk should be weighed daily or weekly is a
question on which there is a difference of opinion, some
insisting that daily weighing is necessary to gei at the
correct actual yield of milk ; others contend that weekly

Milh Records. 11

weighings are quite near enough for all practical purposes
to arrive at a fair average figure. Before discussing this, it will
be as well to review the practice and methods adopted in various
countries, as from them a solution of the question may be
arrived at.

England. — In England milk records, giving the quantity of
milk by measure, have been kept by a few breeders for over
half a century, but apparently the first published records were
those of the breeders of Channel Island cattle, who wished to
demonstrate the dairy qualities of their cows, such animals in
those days being regarded only as ornamental.

In the late Mr. George Simpson's herd, at Wray Park,
Reigate, records were kept as far back as 1876, the milk yield
of one cow, Luna, for the years 1876 and 1877 being specially
mentioned as remarkable in the introduction to the first
volume of the English Jersey Herd Book.

In 1880 milk records of the Jerseys in the herd of the then
Lord Braybrooke, at Audley End, were started, and elaborate
tables giving the result of the milk yield for three years were
published in the third volume of the Society's Herd Book.

Other breeders of Jerseys followed suit, and one in particular
— the late Mr. John Frederick Hall, of Sharcombe, Wells — was
so impressed with the good resulting from the keeping of milk
records that he instituted the butter-test trials, which are still
found in the schedules of the leading Shows both in this
country and in America.

By degrees the practice of weighing and recording milk
came into favour, and now breeders of pedigree cattle, notably
Shorthorns, Lincoln Red Shoi-thorns, Ayrshires, and Red Polls,
publish annually, either in their respective herd books or
elsewhere, the milk records of the animals in their herds.
These figures are always accepted as genuine, and when
printed in a sale catalogue have of late years materially
affected the results. As an illustration, reference may be
made to the prices obtained at the sale of the late Mr. George
Taylor's herd, where the milk records were printed under the
pedigree of each animal.

Friesland. — Professor Fleischmann, in Friesland, appears to
have been the first on the continent of Europe to carry out
complete tests with a view to ascertain the difEerences both
in the quantity and quality of the milks yielded by a herd of
cows. He began this work in 1889, and as a result of his
researches the " Friesland Agricultural Association commenced
in 1891 a systematic investigation of the milk and butter yield
of the cows of two herds on different sorts of soils, in order to
draw the attention of the dairy farmer to the great differences
in yielding power of cows of the same age and under equal

12 Milk Records.

circumstances of feeding and treatment.'" The milks in
these trials were weighed and sampled three times in the month,
morning and evening milk being taken separately, and so
much interest was raised by the publication of the figures
that "control societies" were started, and are now thoroughly
established. The cost of a society of fourteen or fifteen
members is estimated at 50Z. per annum, but apparently in
Friesland no subsidy is obtained from the Government.

" The percentage of fat in the milk " and " the influence of
the sii'e on the productiveness of his female offspring " are the
points specially brought into prominence by the figures shown
in the various societies' records.

Denmark. — Denmark seems to have been the first country
to obtain grants from the State for the keeping of milk records.
" Control unions " were started in 1895, whose object " was to
strike a balance sheet for each individual cow for guidance in
feeding, for weeding out cows, and for help in selecting cows
from which to breed."" To carry out the work, a paid assistant
once in every fourteen or twenty days measured and sampled
the milks of the various herds in the particular union or society,
weighed and kept an account of the food given to each animal,
made tests of the cows, their dates of calving, &c., &c., " for
the purpose of drawing up a family herd book at each farm ";^
whilst a Government grant up to l\l. per annum, given to each
union, reduced the cost to the members to a sum from one to
two shillings per cow per annum.

The Association of Cattle Breeders, which had been started
some years previously to improve the quality of the cattle by
the use of selected bulls, worked so well with the " control
unions " that the average yield of butter from the control union
cows in £t comparatively short time exceeded by 33^ per cent,
the yield of the ordinary cow of the country.

Get^many. — Milk control societies on the same lines as
those in Denmark have been in existence in Germany for
some few years. They have been worked with the dual
object of furthering the breed of cattle, and using the milk
yields '' as a basis on which an improved breed of cows can
be built up."-'

Ayrshire. — Breeders of Ayrshire cattle commenced keeping
milk records in 1903. Small societies were formed on the
Danish lines, and with grants from the Highland Agricultural
Society, the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society, and lately

* '• Milk Kecords," by J. Mesdag. Juumal of the British Dairy Farmers''
Association. Vol. XXVI., 1912.

■■^ '"The Danish Sysicra of Cattle Breeding." P. A. Morkeberg. Journal of
the Board of Ayriculttirp. March, 1910.

'"Milk Tests and Milk Control Societies in Germany." Journal of the
Board of Agriculture. October, ISHl'.l.

Milk Uecords. 13

with help from the Development Fund, the work accomplished
has more than justified its inception which was mainly due to
the efforts and hard work of the late Mr. John Speir.

Each small society consists of " twelve or any other number
of owners of herds,'" so that apparently the interval between
the visits of the inspector varies from seven to fourteen days,
dependent entirely on the number of herds under his control.
That official takes the weights of milk of two milkings,
morning and evening, obtains the percentage of fat by the
Gerber test, fills up the particulars of each cow on a special
sheet in duplicate, and at the end of each period of lactation
sends in a summary of the yield of each cow to the Secretary
of the Milk Record Committee. It should be noted that the
" farmer has to fill in the pedigree and particulars of
each cow, including the registered number when in herd
book" — which looks as if registration in the herd book is not
obligatory.

In order, however, to keep up the typical standard of the
breed, "the Ayrshire Agricultural Association, the Glasgow
Agricultural Society, and the Fenwick Farmers' Society give
prizes for cows which, according to the milk records, have
yielded from 600 to 1,200 gallons in one year."

Canada. — In the month of "December, 1905, a committee of
breeders representing several dairy cattle record associations "
appealed to the Minister of Agriculture " urging him to under-
take the supervision of yearly tests of cows of various breeds."^
This was granted, rules and regulations were drawn up, and
in 1908 some sixty cow testing associations had been formed.
In these societies the records are under Government super-
vision, and the names, pedigrees, and performances of those
cows who reach the necessary standard are published. The
rules governing the Record of Performance are in effect as
follows : —

All tests are for a period not exceeding 365 days.

Animals must be registered in their respective herd books.

Cows from two to three years old are classed as two years
old ; those from three to four as three years old ; four
to five as four years old ; five years and upwards as
mature cows.

In the four year old and mature classes " no cow will be
accepted for entry if the beginning of her previous
lactation period is more than fifteen months before the
commencement of the test."

' '-The Use of Milk Records and How to Keep them." Mr. John Speir.
Journal of the Brltisli Dairy Farmers' Associat'wn. Vol. XXIV. I'JIO.

* " The Canadian Record of Performance for pure bred Daiiy Cattle." —
Report No. 1. July, 1908.

14

Milk Records.

Every cow must drop a calf within fifteen months after the
beginning of her testing period, and "• no milk from a
second freshening within the 365 days is considered."

At the end of each month the owner has to make out
and report —

(a) " A record of the weights of each milking with the total
yields of each cow for the month."

(ft) " An approximate statement of the amomit and kinds of
feed given, and data concerning stabling and care given
to the animals."

At the close of the year the owner must send in " a
compiled report of the year's milk record taken from
the monthly reports, and sworn to before a Notary
Public or Justice of the Peace."

An Inspector visits the herd at least eight times during the
year at irregular intervals, and unannounced ; he remains at
least two full days on the farm, weighs and samples the milk,
records date of calving, &c., notes statement of feeding, and of
sickness or any other disturbing influence, and sends a report
to the Live Stock Commissioner at Ottawa.

The Standards for Registration are as below :

Age

Ayrshire

French
Canadian

Guernsey

Holstein
Friesian

Jersey

of Cows

Milk

Butter
fat

Milk

Butter
fat

Milk

Butter
fat

Milk

Butter
fat

Milk

Butter

fat

2 years old ...

3 „

4 „ „ ...
Mature

lb.
5500
«500
750O
8500

lb.
198
234
270
306

lb.
4400
5200
6000
6800

lb.
198
234
270
306

lb.
5000
6000
7000
8000

lb.
200
240
280
320

lb.

7500

8500

9500

10.500

lb.
255
289
323
357

lb.

5500
6500
7500
8500

lb.
218
257
297
337

" Applications for the test must be made to the Secretary of
the Canadian Association for the breed to which the animal
belongs and accepted by him as eligible."

Australia. — Milk recording in Australia is in its infancy,
but in Victoria conditions have been drawn up " to govern the
admission and the method of testing pure bred dairy cows by
the Veterinary Branch of the Department of Agriculture."

In many points the conditions are similar to those in
Canada ; the cattle must be registered in their herd book, or
pure stock register, and with few exceptions all animals in the
herd must be tested. The period of lactation generally begins
one week from dale of calving, while the testing and recording
is only to " occupy a period of nine calendar months." A
Government Dairy Supervisor has to visit the farm for the
purpose of checking records, and taking samples of milk for

Milk Records. 15

testing, nine times during the official lactation period, and "not
more than thirty days is to elapse between any two visits."
The milk is apparently to be weighed daily, and entered on
a sheet which is to remain the property of the Department.

The standard is fixed on the calculated weight of butter fat
as shown by analysis, standard cows being those whose yield
of butter is as below : —

(a) Cows commencing their first lactation period, being
under 3 years of age, 150 lb. butter fat.

(b) Cows commencing their first lactation period, being
over three years of age, 200 lb. butter fat.

(c) Cows of any age commencing any lactation period other
than the first, 200 lb. butter fat.

It is proposed to award Government certificates to standard
cows, such certificate giving full particulars of the animal,
her yield of milk, &c., and all standard cows will be marked
on the inside of an ear with the Government tattoo mark and
an identification number.

Ireland. — In Ireland the keeping of milk records and the
improvement of dairy cattle through the selection and registra-
tion of cows are so closely interwoven that I make no apology
for considering both schemes together. They are essentially
practical, and run on right lines, although at the present time
Scheme No. 20 for encouraging improvement in dairy cattle is
under revision. On the question of milk records the Depart-
ment suggest : —

(a) A time limit for lactation period of 45 weeks.

(b) The milk to be weighed once a week on a fixed day in
each week.

(c) The taking and testing of samples of each cow's milk at
regular intervals during the lactation period ; the testing to be
either done on the farm, or by the staff of the local creamery,
or by the inspector of a cow testing association where one is
in existence. The cow testing association when formed permits
any dairy farmer in the district served by such an association
to become a member ; but on the condition that he enters all
his cows.

The Department supplies the record sheets and monthly
summary books ; these have to be kept by the secretary of the
cow testing association, who certifies the records, and the other
particulars necessary. The record sheets, monthly summary
book and list of members, are open to inspection by the
Department at any time.

The Department in addition keeps a register of dairy cattle.
This up to the end of last year, 1912, was open to good cross-
bred Shorthorns and pure bred dairy stock upon application by
the owners, but " only good cows of a distinct and well defined

16 Milk Records.

type were eligible." Inspection was a condition precedent to
entry, and " general appearance " and " milk yield " had both
to be taken into consideration before the cow could be accepted.
At the present time, save in exceptional circumstances, applica-
tion for inspection of cross bred cows for entry in the
register of dairy cattle must be made through a cow testing
association.

The owner of each registered cow has to comply with
several conditions, the most important being that the cow must
be put to a registered dairy bull, or pure bred Ipull of her own
type, which bulls must be passed by the Department as eligible
for a premium.

The female progeny of registered cows bred to approved
bulls will be eligible for inspection when about two years old
at a nominal fee.

Young bulls, where the conditions have been fully complied
with, are also eligible for inspection with a view to provisional
selection for premium under the Department's cattle breeding
scheme, within the limits of age specified therein, and if
selected will be entered in the register of dairy bulls.

Other conditions are also enforced, but enough has been
quoted here to show the practical outcome of the excellent
milk record, combined as it is, with the scheme for improving
the dairy cattle in Ireland.'

Daily or weekly weighings. — Returning to the question
whether for the purpose of milk records the milks should be
weighed daily or only once a week, there can be no doubt that
to be absolutely accurate daily weighings should take place, but
unless the time of the milkers is unimportant, and there is
plenty of clerical assistance, weekly weighings will give all the
information required, and will not make such an inroad on the
hours of the working farmer.

The weighing of the milk and entering the weight on the
slate or card in the cowshed cannot be done, where there are a
large number of cows, under an average of two minutes per
cow. Allowing eight cows to each milker, sixteen minutes
would be taken from each man's time both morning and even-
ing, or roughly half-an-hour in the day per man, which during
haytime or harvest would be inconvenient, to say the least of it.

Experiments to get at the difference between daily and
weekly weighings have been carried out at several places in
England and abroad, and the results show that the amount
calculated from weekly returns is " more often under the actual

' "Milk Records." Leaflet No. 15 ; "Scheme for encouragin<j improvement
in the Dairy Cattle of Ireland through the Selection and Registration of Cows,
Scheme No. 20." Both published by the Department of Agriculture and
Technical Instruction for Ireland.

Milk Records. 17

quantity than above it, but it is so trifling that it is scarcely
worth taking into account.'"

My experience agrees with that of the late Mr. Speir, and
for all practical purposes I am satisfied that weighing and
recording the milk once a week on a fixed day is sufficiently
accurate to be reliable, while sampling for testing purposes if
done three or four times in the period of lactation, will give all
requisite information where the sale of milk only is carried
on. The practice and the elasticity of the rules of the various
control societies would appear to confirm this view.

There is another advantage in weighing milk once a week
which should not be lost sight of, and that is in the small number
of books which will be required, and the comparatively easy
way in which the record of a cow can be ascertained. A book
can be so spaced that it will record the weights of milk from
thirty cows for one month on a single page ; while columns,
for the actual weight of butter, where churned, or for the fat
percentage and the calculated weights of butter, can also be
arranged on the same page, room for other remarks being also
reserved. In such a book the cows are entered by name in
the first column, and when they calve they are placed at the
bottom of the list, gradually arriving at the top as their period
of lactation progresses. To get at the weight of milk given by
each animal is an easy matter. The weekly weights are added
together at the end of the lactation period and multiplied by
seven, the total being placed in the space provided for
"remarks" on the line alloted to the particular cow. The
weight of milk given by the herd in a day is readily obtained
by adding up the weekly column, but this is only mentioned
to demonstrate how useful such a return may be to the farmer.

Twelve pages of a book so ruled will take the record of a
herd of thirty cows for a year, twentj'-four pages a herd of
sixtj', thus making it possible to keep in one book the records
of ten to twelve years or more, while the performance of any
individual cow can be seen at a glance, as no index is necessary,
the names of the cows being given on every page.

A specimen page of such a book is given on pp. 18 and 19.

Fat percentage. — It will be noticed that in nearly every
control society mentioned above, where a "standard yield " is
fixed, the calculated pounds of butter fat rather than the actual
weight of milk are taken as the basis, apparently because the
manufacture of butter is the staple trade of the particular
country. In England the case is different, as, save in excep-
tional circumstances, no one would think of making butter from
the milk of our heavy milking breeds, so long as a market

i Mr. John Speir, op. cit.

18

Milk Records.

Name of Oow

Date

Milk

Date

Milk

Date

Milk

Morng.

Eveng.

Total

Morng.

Eveng.

Total

Morng.

Eveng.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz-

lb.

oz.

Milk Records.

19

Milk

Milk

Mng.
lb. oz.

Evg.

lb. oz.

Total

lb. oz.

Date

Mng.

Evg. I Total

lb IQZ.

lb. oz. lb. oz

Butter

Date lb. oz.

Butter
Ratio

lb.

Date

Per cent.
fat by
Gerber

Mng. Evg,

Calcu-
lated
Weight

of
Butter

Remarks

20 Milk Records.

is available for such milk. The quantity of milk, rather than
its qualitj', should therefore be the aim of milk recording
societies here. With the exception of Canada — where rather
too long a period of lactation is permitted — the quantity of
milk necessary to reach the standard in the other countries
does not appear to be excessive.

The tendency of the milk yield trials— and probably that
of every milk recording society — seems to be to encourage
large yields of milk to the possible detriment («) of the quality
of the milk, and (h) of the particular animal.

Taking the quality of the milk first, it would almost seem
necessary that in milk record societies a condition should be
insisted upon requiring occasional sampling and testing for
percentage of fat. To take samples and test milk correctly
presupposes the presence of an Inspector, as the value of
such test depends entirely on the way the sample is taken
and subsequently manipulated ; but, for the reason given
above, sampling of milk in England two or three times
during the period of lactation should be sufficient, as all that
is needed is that the milk should show not less than 3 per
cent. fat. Although for this purpose the testing of milk for
fat by the Gerber process is quite sufficient, the fat percen-
tage shown by this method should not be the basis from which
the pounds of butter fat are calculated. This appears to be the
practice in most countries, but in my opinion it is not reliable
unless the sampling and testing are carried out by the same
person, who ought to be an expert. Where it is desired to
ascertain the true value of a cow's milk for butter production
— even when the milk has been sampled by an expert — the
butter should be obtained by the ordinary process of separat-
ing and churning, as a check on the calculated weight, as the
milk of difi:erent breeds varies in many particulars. In some
the cream rises very rapidly, while in others it takes a longer
time, and for this reason alone, unless the greatest care is
taken in getting a correct sample, it is quite possible for a
mistake to be made. I have known three different readings
obtained from three samples of milk, all drawn at the same
time from the one bulk, immediately after the milk has been
weighed.

Again, it is a matter of common knowledge that some milks
do not churn as well as others, and that butter fat passes away
in the buttermilk, this being accounted for hy the dift'erence in
size of, and want of uniformity in, the fat globules. To assume,
therefore, in every case that the calculated nunil:)er of pounds
of butter fat — plus an allowance for water — represents the
butter that would be obtained from the same weight of milk
by churning, is wrong.

Milk Records. 21

Testing by the Gerber process, however, is useful in showing
the percentage of fat in milk, and so enabling a farmer to satisfy
himself that the milk he is sending out from his farm is up to
the so-called Government standard of 3 per cent, fat — a standard
which no one keeping a large herd of cows should be afraid of.

It is not necessary to refer here to the pecuniary benefits
that follow the keeping of milk records, as the high price now
being paid at sales and elsewhere for milking cows of any
breed, even without pedigrees, that have their milk records
published, is sufficient evidence of the fact; Ijut l^feel it
necessary to call attention to certain drawbacks which, in my
opinion, may attend the injudicious overdoing of this hobby.

To "make " or " break " a record seems nowadays to be a
ruling passion, and milk records form no exception. There is
a tendency amongst some breeders to sacrifice too much to
quantity of milk, disregarding those other essentials which
should be found in all dairy cattle.

Constitution. — A good constitution is an absolute necessity
in a dairy cow. The strain on an animal giving a large
quantity of milk is very great, and she is consequently much
more prone to colds and ailments of various kinds than one
which is only rearing her calf. Again, the young stock from
very heavy milking cows require exti-a care and feeding, as
they otherwise seem to thrive less well than do the offspring
of moderate milking cows.

While not wishing to deprecate the breeding or exhibition
of cows which give abnormal yields of milk, I am satisfied that
the most profitable dairy cow in the long run is one that will
give a fair quantity of milk, spread over a lactation period of
from nine to ten months, and produce a strong healthy calf
within the year. Such cows do not, as a rule, give more than
from 400 to 500 gallons with their first calves, but they
gradually increase as they get older until they reach from 800
to 1,000 gallons. A cow giving a moderate quantity of milk
spread over a period of lactation of nine months is a more
profitable animal in the long run than one giving an abnormal
quantity for three months.

Type. — Another drawback to the keeping of milk records is
that with some breeders the production of milk, and that alone,
seems to be their highest ambition, apparently ignoring the
question of type and the general appearance of their animals.

The continuous foreign demand for cattle from this country
is to be traced to the patience and care taken by the breeders of
pedigree stock for, in some cases, a hundred years or more, to
improve and fix the type of their particular breeds. To
sacrifice type to milk, therefore, must be wrong, and may
prejudice the demand for English stock abroad, but on the

•23 Milk Records.

other hand any plan which has for its object the improve-
ment of the milking qualities of our typical breeds should be
supported by all breeders of cattle. It will be noticed that the
Irish scheme for the improvement of dairy cattle coviples
"general appearance " with milk yields, and this combination
should be the aim of all breeders of dairy cattle.

At the present time almost every breed of cattle in Great
Britain has its herd book, into which every animal is eligible
for entr3% so long as its parents are both registered, no matter
what faults it may have. In this way many inferior animals
are entered in herd books, which ought to be left out. To
prevent this, inspection before admission should be a condition
precedent in all herd book societies, although few of them
would now entertain such a proposal.

With milk recording societies, when associated with cattle
registering societies, no such difficulty need occur. Registration
is only in its infancy with them, and if they are to do really
good work, " general appearance " equally with "milk yield"
should be taken into account.

This is the practice in the island of Jersey — no heifer is
admitted into the island herd book until she lias produced a
live calf, and been inspected by the herd book judges, who only
accept those animals which are typical of the breed, have good
dairy points, shapely udders, and well-placed teats. Bulls have
to be shown with their dams before a number is given to them,
and no niatter how good looking a bull may be, if his dam is
wanting he will not be accepted. The forward position that
island-bred Jerseys take in the inspection classes at the leading
shows ia this country, is mainly attributable to this excellent
system. It may be thought that too much is being made of
this question of type. If the cattle competing in the milk yield
and butter test classes at the shows here are compared with the
corresponding exhibits in the inspection classes, the reasonable-
ness of these remarks will, I feel sure, be admitted.

Inspection prizes such as are offered at the shows of the
Royal Dublin and Royal Ulstei- Societies, open to those cattle
whose milk records are sufficiently good to enable them to
compete, would do much towards improving the "general
appearance " of dairy cattle as they would demonstrate the
necessity of combining " type " witii " performance." There
is only one drawback to these classes, and that is where cattle
of different breeds have to compete against one another. As
a rule, however, the Dairy Shorthorn (which after all is the
cosmopolitan animal) is generally the most represented in such
a class, and therefore to confine the entry to cows of the
Shorthorn breed, or crosses with a Shorthorn, should not
be objected to.

Milk Records. 23

Milk record societies confined to pedigree stock of particular
breeds should not require any assistance from the Development
Fund, as the publication in their respective herd books of the
yields of the cows, should be accepted as a guarantee of their
being correct, just as the connection of the animal with the
pedigree allotted to it is never questioned : but societies formed
to register the yields of non-pedigree stock stand on a different
footing, and if they are to succeed, they must have pecuniary help.

Dealers in unregistered stock are not too particular to verify
the statements made to or by them, as to the cattle they sell,
consequently there should be identification of all cows that
have obtained milk record certificates, and this means an
expenditure of money.

A society, if well organised, should be able to look after the
milk records of from twenty to twenty-four herds with one
inspector — or, preferably, secretary — as the bulk of his work
would consist only in weighing and recording the weights of
milk, and checking the entries of those weeks when he was not
present. For the reasons given above, it would not be necessary
for him to take samples and test for fat percentage more than
three or four times in the year.

Such societies would require but few rules and conditions,
and the simpler the better. Omitting such clauses as are
necessary in all societies for regulating the duties of the
committee, secretary, &c., the following suggestions for the
carrying out of their practical work are given with diffidence.

Rules.

1. The milk of every cow in the herd to be recorded.

2. Milk to be weighed on one day in each week, and the weights of both
morning and evening milks to be entered in the record book.

3. The day in the week for weighing the milk to be fixed by the society,
and always adhered to.

4. The secretary to the society to make nine visits to each herd during the
period of lactation of any animal at intervals of not more than 35 days.

5. The lactation period of all cows to extend for nine complete months, and
no cow to be accepted for registration until she has milked during the whole of
that period.

6. Samples of milk for analysis to be taken by the secretary at his
discretion. Three or four sucli samples must be taken during the period of
a cow's lactation, the first between the third and sixth week after calving.

7. The time limit for calving not to exceed 13 months.

8. Cows giving over 600 gallons of milk in the nine months to be eligible
to compete for any inspection prize that may be offered for such cattle, the
milk yields to be certified by the society's secretary.

9. No freshening of milk following abortion to be entered in the record
book.

It is a comparatively easy matter to point out the good that
follows the keeping of milk records, but it is very difficult to
persuade a farrner to join or help in forming a society for the

24 Milk Records.

purpose. Those who already weigh the cow's milk do not see
the force of paying someone else to check their work, while, as
mentioned above, those who do not keep records are chary
of making a beginning.

The question of expense undoubtedly is a deterrent. The
cost of a society consisting of from twenty to twenty-five
members, including salary of secretary and all other outgoings,
cannot be much less than from 1001. to 125Z. per annum, or, in
other words, 5Z. per member. If a grant of two-fifths of this
amount were made from the Development Fund the cost to the
members would still be ?>l. per herd. This sum a farmer might
at fii'st hesitate to put down, although after a year or two he
would, I feel sure, be glad to do so. Where the herd consists
of a large number of cows the cost could not be said to be
excessive, but where there are only ten or a dozen cows on
the farm it undoubtedly appears heavy. The question of
charging ^:(e/* capita is difficult, because the expense of weighing
the milk of a large herd is no more than that of a small one,
as the secretary could in ordinary circumstances onlj^ under-
take one herd in the day. Even where sampling and testing
has to be done the only extra expense with a large herd
would be the cost of material for the tests.

I have called special attention to this difficulty, because the
question of cost is undoubtedly a stumbling block in the first
instance. If two or three neighbouring farmers in various parts
of the country could be persuaded to form small societies
amongst themselves, undertaking occasionally to check each
other's records, a beginning might be made. The milk need
only be weighed one day in the week, and no sampling or test-
ing should be attempted. If at the same time books to contain
these weekly records could be provided free by the Board of
Agriculture, as is done by the Irish Department, or at cost price,
the uniformity of such records would be assured. A condition
might be made in giving such books that they should be open
to an inspector of the Board of Agriculture, or an officer of the
County Council, at any time upon due notice, which would
accustom the farmer to that inspection which at the present
time he does not care for. Such voluntary societies as this
would cost little or nothing, and I am satisfied that the
resulting good would soon show itself, as my experience tells
me that no one who has once taken the trouble to keep milk
records will willingly abandon them.

I have said nothing as to the lessons and hints, both in
breeding and feeding, that can be obtained from a study of
milk records and a comparison of the individual performances
with the particular animals in a herd, because I should be
going beyond the scope of this article ; but I know that far

West Country Cheeses. 25

more is to be learnt on both these subjects than people have any
idea of. It seems certainly strange that while the farmers
abroad and in our colonies, who depend on batter-making — a
much less lucrative business than milk selling — appreciate the
enoi'mous benefits that have resulted from the establishment
of milk recording and milk control societies, our farmers
at home will not try a system which would certainly tend to
increase their profits and at the same time improve their cattle ;
but such is the way of the English farmer, and it will take
even more than the promise of assistance from the Development
Funds to make him see the importance of " waking up " and
profiting by the establishment of milk recording and other
kindred societies.

Ernest Mathews.

Little Shardeloes,

Amersham.

WEST COUNTRY CHEESES.

1.— SINGLE AND DOUBLE GLOUCESTER CHEESE.

Those who remember the old cheese-making days in Glouces-
tershire, or recall the stories of still earlier periods which have
come down to them, are apt to talk of it as a dying industry,
and it must be admitted that the output of this variety no
longer approaches, in any degree, that of former times.

Two causes are probably at work to account for this fact —
the first, and more important, being the constantly growing
demand for milk in all towns, and the comparative facilities
for sending it long distances by rail.

The second reason, though less direct, is, no doubt, a
contributing factor to a not inconsiderable extent. In these
modern daj^s we do not accept with the same amount of
calmness and patience, as did our grandmothers, the neces-
sity for close attention, which might almost ])e called drudgery,
required in the dairy where cheese is made, " Sundays and
Aveek-days," for six or eight months in the year. The women
of our farming households have fallen back upon milk-selling
as a convenient and ready means of escape from the more
exacting work at the cheese tub. But when we are told that
the quality has deteriorated, in conjunction with the falling oif
in quantity, we join issue with the detractors. Those who
declare that the cheese of to-day cannot compare in flavour and
richness with the Double Gloucester of fifty years ago are safe

2fr West Coimtry Cheeses.

in making their assertion, actual comparison being impossible j
but it may be supposed that there are makers of this variety
still to be found whose finished product would probably be
pronounced equally good, if not superior, by competent judges.

There are two distinct kinds of Gloucester cheese, the
Single and the Double, differing considerably in size, quality^
and method of manufacture.

The Single variety is a large, flat cheese, not more than
about two to three inches deep, and weighing either six or
eight cheeses to the cwt. that is some 14 lb. to 18 lb. each.

As regards quality, a very prevalent custom was to take off
at any rate part of the cream from the night's milk, this being
retained for butter-making, though some makers leave in all, or
nearly all, of the cream, so obtaining a better weight and
quality ; the two being termed respectively " best " and
" market " cheese.

The method of manufacture is simple, only slight acidity
being developed, and a comparatively low scald is employed of
about 88" F. to 90" F., though occasionally some dairies scald to
92" F. or even 94" F., and encourage more acidity.

The usual type of curd when fit to vat is, however, soft
and flaky, rather than tough or " leafy," and the acidity from
the press of many good cheeses does not exceed 0*35 per cent.,
and may often be less.

The vats are thick, heavy wooden ones, with a diameter of
about fifteen or sixteen inches, and a depth of some three
inches. No followers are used, the curd being piled high in
the centre of the vats, which are placed one upon the other in
the press, the top one being covered with a board.

When the cheeses are turned the next day a certain amount
of trimming the edges with a sharp knife will often be
necessary, the curd so trimmed off" being added to that of the
current day's make, when it is milled.

The old custom, under which the curd was vatted practically
sweet, was to salt the cheeses while in the press by thoroughly
rubbing them all over with salt when they were turned, but
the mixing of the salt with the curd before vatting is now more
generally practised, the develoi)ment of a certain amount of
acidity before milling rendering this method of salting possible,
and it is more convenient and less laborious. In the same way
and from the same cause another old and undesirable plan has
disappeared, namely, that of putting the wet curd from the tub
roughly into the vats, and expelling the whey by squeezing it
in the press, the curd being then returned to the tub again,
broken up and re-vatted.

Considerable skill is necessary both in filling the vats to the
right extent and also in turning and dry clothing the cheeses,

West Country Cheeses. 27

that they shall not be marked, or the edges damaged in the
press, the cheese being soft and readily lending itself to injury
at this stage.

"Where care is taken, however, they come out finished very
nicely, and after a few days in the cheese-room become firmer,
and are more easily handled.

Single Gloucester is eaten comparatively new ; for household
use they are often cut in about four or five weeks, while most
of them are ready at the end of about two months ; though well
made ones will keep for some time longer, but owing to the
large surface exposed in proportion to their size they lose
weight somewhat considerably.

The texture of the ripe cheese is open, rather than close,
and the flavour is also quite distinct from that of the
Double Gloucester. There is a general impression that Single
Gloucester is especially suitable for cooking, and it is sometimes
spoken of as "toasting" cheese. While some years ago the
wholesale price was often quoted at about 50s. per cwt., and
Avas occasionally even less, in these days, owing to the enhanced
value of cheese, and partly perhaps to improved quality, they
are worth considerably more.

The bulk of the output is made in the Berkeley district,
and at the auction sale folloAving the recent Berkeley Hunt
Agricultural Show some of the best exhibits touched 80.s.
per cwt., though this was no doubt a fancy price.

The demand for it is chiefly local, and it is probably not a
suitable cheese to find its way easily into a new market.

Double Gloucester had once a great reputation of its own,
until a dwindling output accompanied its displacement by the
ubiquitous Cheddar. Though still worthy of every consideration
from the cheese eater, it is to-day made in such small quantities
in the county of its origin that it has not its former opportunities
of getting far afield.

In type this variety comes between the Single Gloucester
and the Cheddar, approximating more in these days perhaps
towards the latter. Broadly speaking, the maker aims at
obtaining a curd which, though finer and drier in the whey
than that of a Single, is, on the other hand, not so dry or
" shotty " as a Cheddar at this stage. A.n acidity of about 0*16
when the whey is run off" generally prodiices satisfactory results,
and should ()-i8 be exceeded the cheese will, as a rule, be too
acid.

When fit for milling the curd should " draw " well on the
hot iron, and the acidity of the whey from the press is about
0'8 to 0*9, though many good cheeses have a somewhat lower
acidity. No caps or bandages are used, the cheese being

28 West Country Cheeses.

expected to coat very much as the Single does, and great
care is necessary in turning them for the first week or two, to
avoid damaging the edges, which are somewhat tender at first,
the cheese being softer and less easy to handle than a Oheddar.

Owing to this fact which is no doubt due to extra moisture
retained during the process of manufacture, the cheese does not
always keep an absolutely upright shape, but often shows a
slight bulging or roundness of the sides. For the same reason
the Aveight of ripe cheese per gallon of milk is usually most
satisfactory. The standard size for Double Gloucesters is a
diameter of some fourteen inches, with a weight of about
28 lb., or " four to the cwt." in local parlance. To ensure
this twenty-eight gallons of milk is put into each cheese, this
being sometimes increased to twenty-nine or even thirty gallons
at the beginning of the season when the milk is poor.

The finished cheese, ripe in from two to three months, is an
excellent article, which improves with keeping. Cheese made
in the autumn may be held over until the following spring or
even later.

Those who taste the exhibits at the Royal Agricultural
Society's Shows must form a somewhat erroneous idea of the
quality of the best Double Gloucester owing to the newness of
most of the cheese on the bench. It was suggested to me, not
long since, by an old and experienced exhibitor of the variety,
that as the Society's Show falls so early in the season it might
be advisable to give prizes for cheese of the previous year's
make, and, provided that sufficient notice of the proposed
alteration was given, the idea has much to recommend it.

Gloucestershire cheese-makers do not, as a rule, commence
operations until May, when the cows are out on the pastures.

The dairies are small, rarely exceeding about thirty cows, so
that the output is at no time large, and of late years, as alluded
to above, tends to decrease still further, with the growing
popularity of milk-selling.

Still, it only needs a visit to the cheese-tent at the Show of
the Berkeley Hunt Agricultural Society, where this year over
five tons of Gloucester cheese were exhibited, to convince one
that the cheese-making industry in the county is by no means
dead. Competition is keen and local interest equally so, and
there is no reason why, with a little more enterprise on the
part of our dairy farmers. Double Gloucester, at any rate, should
not regain and extend the position it once held with the
consuming public.

Flora M. Friday, N.D.D.

County Council Uiiiry School,
Gloucester.

West Coimtry Cheeses. 29

2.— CAERPHILLY CHEESE.

Caerphilly is a market town in the parish of Eglwysilan in
the county of Glamorgan, 160 miles west of London ; 7 north
from Cardiff ; 12 west of Newport, Monmouthshire ; 49 from
Bristol ; 59 from Swansea ; and G from Pontypridd. Seated
in a valley, with a station on the Rhymney Railway, and
surrounded with mountains, abounding in coal of good quality,
and noted from time immemorial for its market for the sale of
its most excellent cheese, it is a singular fact that so very
little should be known of its early history and its stupendous
fortress. The origin and name of the town and castle, and
by which the castle is now known, is very obscure. Many
attempts have been made to solve the question of the true
etymology of the present name. Some conjecture it to
proceed from one Filly, the son of a giant. Others say that it
derives its name from Ffilly, the son of Cenydd. Dr. Richards,
of Lyme Regis, in his dictionary says that Caerfeli has become
Caerphilly, and that it may have been built by Fell ab Dyfnwal
Moelmud ab Clydo, or by Fell Mawr ab Manogen, Avho died
B.C. 69, and left four sons — Lud (King Lud), Caswallon, Lefus
and Ninio. Caswallon was king when Julius Caesar landed in
Britain.

Origin of Caerphilly Cheese.

This cheese was originally sold weekly at Caerphilly, where
a market for it has been in existence from a period beyond
memory, and of which I can obtain no record. The cheese to
which the town gives its name was made chiefly between the
river Ebbw, in Monmouthshire, and the river Ely, in Glamor-
ganshire, in an area containing about thirty parishes, in which
would be found between five and six hundred small farms,
upon each of which are kept from six to twelve cows. The
cheeses weigh from five to ten pounds each, according to the
number of cattle kept and the quantity of milk available, and
are one of the principal products of these holdings.

It is still maintained — and I believe justly so — that, owing
to climatic influence, combined with a suitable herbage and
the formation of the soil, Caerphilly cheese — or cheese con-
taining that agreeable flavour, easy to digest, with a thin
wrinkled lind, moist, rich and palatable, but still retaining the
valuable property of keeping if required — can only be produced
in Monmouthshire, say west of the river Usk, and in that
portion of Glamorganshire already indicated. Caerphilly
cheese made in these districts is of the greatest value to con-
sumers, who are chiefly those employed as operatives, or miners,
in the great iron or coal industries of Monmouthshire and

30 West Country Cheeses.

South Wales, but more especially to the miner, to whom, and
when in the pit, it is a digestive food that he can always eat
and enjoy.

Since direct communication with Somersetshire from
Monmouthshire and the mining districts in South Wales was
accomplished by means of the Severn Tunnel, Cheddar cheese
makers in Gloucestershire and Somersetshire, especially so in
the latter county, have, during the last fifteen years, turned a
considerable amount of attention to the manufacture of this
cheese, so much so that during the last four or five years the
average sale of West of England Caerphilly cheese sold in
Newport market alone has been equal to 170 tons a year, five-
sixths of which was made in Somerset. It must, however,
be borne in mind that a proportion of this cheese is manu-
factured from the evening's milk skimmed, to which the
unskimmed morning's milk is added. Cheese of this type
commands the market at a remunerative price, from the fact
that the large Somerset dairy farms can place a much larger
number of cheeses from one day's make on the market than
can the smaller holdings in Wales. Nevertheless, the West
Country Caerphilly does not possess either the true flavour
or the keeping qualities of the cheese made in the original
home. A Caerphilly made in August or early in September,
if carefully managed, will keep and improve till the following
March or April, and in many instances turn out, both in colour
and flavour, a fine example of an excellent blue veined cheese.

Manufacture of the Cheese.

In the manufacture of Caerphilly cheese the milk of one
meal should be used. The rennet, of standard strength, is
added to the milk when the milk is at a temperature of 86° F.,
and this is maintained as nearly as possible until the curd is
taken out of the cheese tub. It takes one dram of rennet to
coagulate three gallons of milk in one hour. The rennet,
having been accurately measured, should be mixed with pure
cold water to the extent of at least four times its volume ; this
insures a more perfect mixture in the milk. Home-made
rennet is unsatisfactory ; its strength is variable, and it
frequently contains organic matter, which rapidly decom-
poses. Rennet of such excellent quality, both English and
foreign, is now produced that its manufacture by the cheese-
maker would be very unwise. The curd is ready to cut when
it is firm enough to break over the finger without adhering to
it. Cutting is accomplished usually with the American curd
knives. Great care must be taken in the cutting, which must
be done slowly and gently, so as not to bruise the curd, or

West Country Cheeses. 31

the result might be a white whey and loss of fat, which
will reduce the quality of the cheese. It should be cut as
evenly as possible into small cubes about the size of peas.
(When the curd is not cut evenly, swelling or puffing in the
cheese during the ripening process often results, for though
the smaller pieces of curd have lost their whey the larger
ones are still partially charged, which causes fermentation.)
The curd is then stirred until it is fairly firm, which will take
nearly one hour (the proper time the maker will soon
ascertain by experience). It is then allowed to settle for a
few minutes and the whey run off. The colour of the whey
is an index to the success of the first process of cheese-making.
It should be clear and of a greenish tint. If it is white, and
there is any curd in it, it is an indication that the cheese has
been robbed of a part of its most valuable constituent. The
curd is then taken out of the tub into cheese cloths, tied up,
and allowed to drain for an hour, when it is broken up with
the hand, put into the vats, and allowed to stand again for two
hours before being put into the press. Only a slight pressure
is put on for the first two hours, when the cheese is taken out
of vat, turned, and put back into the same wet cloth, carefully
arranged to avoid creases, and then pressed heavily to 15 cwt.
The next day the cheese is turned and salted on both sides
twice ; should the cheese be more than 10 lb. it will require
more salt. 4 oz. of salt will be found sufficient for a cheese
of 8 lb., or \ oz. to each pound of cheese. Half the quantity is
rubbed on morning and evening of second day. The cheeses are
pressed altogether for three days, using a clean dry cloth after
first time of turning. The cloths should be put on straight so
as not to mark the cheese and spoil its appearance for market.
When taken out of the press they are put in the cheese room
on a wooden table or shelf, and turned twice a day for the first
week, and the turning should continue once a day until the
cheese is disposed of. They are ready for sale from a fortnight
to three weeks, but with proper management they will keep
and improve for several months. The cheese room should be
kept at a temperature of 65*^ to 70*^ F. A little draught is good,
but not too much dry air, as this will certainly crack the cheese.
All. utensils and cloths used in the making of cheese ought to
be washed in cold water first, to get rid of all the curds, and
then with hot water. The production of good cheese depends
first and foremost upon clean utensils, upon pure water, abso-
lute freedom of the pastures from such strongly-flavoured
herbs as garlic, &c. Suitable dairy equipment is also essential.
However plain the dairy ])uilding may be, it should be <\vy and
well ventilated and provided with a hard-faced floor, absolutely
without drains or any kind of recess in wliich milk, whey, or

32 West Country Cheeses.

drainage water can lie (undisturbed). Pure milk will always
acquire taint in an impure dairy. The produce of tainted milk
is considerably less in quantity, as well as inferior in quality.

W. J. Grant.

Monmouthshire Agricultural Education Office,
Newport, Mon.

3.— DORSET BLUE CHEESE.

Dorset Blue, or Blue Vinny as it is sometimes called,
belongs to the group of hard pressed cheeses, and derives its
name in the first place from the name of the county where it
was first made, and secondly from the blue mould which
develops as the cheese ripens.

It was first manufactured in the western part of the county,
and still at the present time this is where it is principally pro-
duced, chiefly in the districts around Dorchester and Bridport.

Of its origin little seems to be known, but no doubt it has
been made in these districts for centuries. Personally I can
trace back its production in my own family for the past 150
years, and in all probability it was produced long before then.

Formerly the means adopted for its manufacture were of a
very primitive description. For instance, in my own experi-
ence, the milk would be heated in the kitchen boiler or in a
crock hung over a wood fire, pieces of the veils or calves
stomach used, being put into the milk to coagulate it. The
washing-tub had to serve the purpose of cheese-tub as well, and
temperatures were judged by the sense of feeling, thermometers
being little known. Heavy Aveights were placed on the cheeses
to press them in some cases, whilst in others the old stone
presses were used. Some of these are still to be found. I
came across some good specimens recently in the Isle of Wight
whilst lecturing there. A block of stone weighing some 5 or
6 cwt. is fitted into a frame ; to the top of the stone a stout
rope is fixed ; this is run through an overhead pulley and
connected to a small windlass, the raising and lowering process
being effected by means of hand-spikes. At the present time
up-to-date appliances are to be found in most dairies, whilst
scientific methods have taken the place of the old rule of
thumb practices.

Formerly Dorset Blue was made only from hand-skimmed
milk. After the milk had been set in shallow vessels and
allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, the cream was removed
with a skimmer, the process being known as hand-skimming.
In dairies where the best varieties of this cheese are made this
practice is being still maintained. The skim milk, containing

West Country Cheeses. S3

on an average about 1 per cent, of butter-fat, makes a very
suitable milk for the purpose.

Since the introduction of mechanical separators a great
many makers use a proportion of separated milk with the hand
skimmed, and in some cases the cheese is made from separated
milk alone. Whilst it is quite easy to make a blue cheese from
separated milk, it must be borne in mind that the quality is not
so good — the weight of green cheese is less, and there is a greater
shrinkage during the ripening of the cheese.

A gallon of skim milk containing 1 per cent, of butter-fat
will produce about three-quarters of a pound of ripe cheese,
as compared with about half a pound from an equal quantity of
separated milk.

The method of manufacture as employed by the best
makers of the present day is as follows : —

The evening's milk is hand-skimmed after having been set
for twenty-four hours, and then put into the cheese-tub. A little
cream will have risen on this by the following morning.
This should be skimmed off, and when the whole of the milk
has been raised to the required temperature the cream should be
heated to about 98" and strained back into the tub, well mixing
it with the milk.

The morning's milk is treated somewhat similarly, that is to
say, it is set for twenty-four houi'S, skimmed, and a sufficiency
of it is heated — usually about one-tifth part of the bulk
— to bring the whole up to the required temperature. The
temperatui-e for renneting varies considerably with the seasons
of the year, also with the soils from which the milk is pro-
duced. For instance, from ^^'' to 72" is the general temperature
for milk produced on a chalky soil in summer, and from
72° to 78° in spring and autumn ; whilst milks produced on a
heavy soil — clay for instance — require a higher temperature,
usually from 74" to 78" in summer, and from 78" to 84" in colder
weather.

After both milkings have been raised to the required tempera-
ture they should be allowed to ripen together. The length of
time this will take varies with the amount of acidity in the milk
— as a rule from twenty minutes to an hour. This ripening
process is most essential in the making of this variety of cheese,
as it is absolutely necessary to have a ripe milk to make a good
blue cheese.

When the milk is fit for renneting it should have a decided
acid taste and smell, and should show from '3 to ''6b per cent,
acidity by the acidimeter. Formerly home-made rennet was
the only agent used for curdling the milk, but this was often very
uncertain in its action, although its use is maintained in some
dairies at the present time, as some makers prefer it ; if the

VOL. 73. C

34 West Country Cheeses.

rennet is properly made from well-seasoned veils it answers
the purpose admirablj'. The quantity of rennet used — that is,
rennet of standard quality, such as Hansen's, Fullwood's, or
Bland's, or any other make of equal strength — is 1 drm. to 8 or
10 gallons of milk, which should be sufficient to get a firm
coagulation in from three-quarters to one hour. The rennet is
thoroughly stirred into the milk for two or three minutes, when
the tub should be covered and the milk left to coagulate. This
will take from forty-five to sixty minutes. When the curd is tit
for cutting it should split clean when the finger or a thermometer
is inserted into it, and a little greenish whey will collect in the
fracture. It should then be cut with knives or breaker, and
allowed to remain till the whey collects in the fractures and
covers the surface. Breaking should then be performed by
means of an ordinary shovel breaker. The curd should not be
broken too fine or stirred for more than a few minutes after it
is broken, as this tends to make the cheese dry and hard. Both
the cutting and breaking processes should be perfoi*med very
carefully to prevent loss of fat. After breaking, the curd is
allowed to settle in the tub and to develop acidity till the curd
sufficiently contracts and draws away from the sides of the tub,
so that the hand may be inserted between the curd and the tub.
A.t this stage it should show from "3 to '35 per cent, acidity. The
whey is then drawn off, the curd piled in the tub, and left to drain
for about an hour, or it may be removed to the curd cooler, and
piled and left to drain. In either case it is not often necessary
to turn it in less than an hour. Three turnings of the curd are
usually sufficient, when it should be fit for breaking up. It
should now show about 'Oo per cent, acidity.

The curd should be broken with the hands in preference to
a mill, so that it will not all be of the same fineness.
It should be salted at the rate of \ oz. of salt to each pound of
curd. When this is thoroughly mixed, fill into the moulds in
coarse cloths, using the small pieces of curd for the outside or
coat, and the coarser pieces in the centre. This facilitates
drainage and assists in the formation of mould in the middle of
the cheese.

After tilling into the moulds the curd shovild be put into
the press and allowed to drain and settle for an hour without
pressure, when the cheese should be turned, put in muslin and
returned to the press, and pressure gradually applied till about
4 cwt. pressure is reached. The following morning the cheese
should be turned and the same pressure again applied for about
three hours, to get the cheese in good appearance.

The length of time in press is about eighteen hours, when
the cheeses are taken to the loft or curing room, where they are
placed on shelves. The shelves should have a groove near the

West Country Cheeses. 35

edge to collect any drainage from the cheese, as is the case
with Stiltons. Some makers put them into a strong brine
when they are taken from the press, and keep them there for
four or five days. When this is done the amount of salt used
with the curd should be reduced to ^ oz. salt to each pound of
curd.

The curing-room should be kept dark, as mould forms more
quickly thus than in a strong light ; it should have a mild
humid atmosphere ; a dry or hot room causes the cheese to crack,
whilst the evaporation is too great, thereby retarding the forma-
tion of mould, and it also makes the cheese dry and hard. A
good cheese should be soft and buttery, covered with blue
mould and rich in flavour, which is the great characteristic of
its variety.

The usual weight of this kind of cheese is about 17 lb. each
when ripe. It commands a good and ready sale in any of the
"Western Counties, whilst the best auction markets are
Dorchester and Sturminster Newton. At the former market
my neighbour got 110s. per cwt. for some last season, made
precisely on the lines I have stated.

F. E. Dare.

Marriotts Farm, Lecturer and Instructor to the Dorset

Halstock, Yeovil. and Isle of Wight County Councils.

4.— NORTH WILTS CHEESE.

Cheese has been made in Wiltshire at a very early period. In
the Chartulary of Lacock Abbey, " according to the customs of
the Manor belonging thereto, a cheese was given to the men
who made the hay in the 15th century." And later on, in
Queen Elizabeth's reign, the people in South Wilts bought
cheese from North Wilts. Very little cheese was ever made
in South Wilts, as the Down Country was more suitable for
keeping sheep.

North Wilts cheese was at first sold in London as Gloucester
cheese, and was no doubt an imitation of the Gloucester article.
This continued for many years, but later on, owing to better
bred cows, and more expert dairymaids, Wiltshire produced
cheese of a superior quality. The fai-ms in North Wilts in the
end of the 18th century, and the beginning of the 19th century,
were large, and nearly all pasture. The breed of cows kept for
cheese making was the longhorn known as the " North Country
cow." They were bred in the district, but the bulls were
imported from the Midlands. The cows were kept out all the
winter, and if the land was very rich, one or two sheep were
run with the herd to impoverish the pasture, the idea being
that with very rich grass the old-fashioned dairymaids could

C2

36 West Country/ Cheeses.

not get the cheese to stand, as they did not know how to
develop the proper amount of acidity, or to vary it according
to the richness of the milk. The principal markets were
London and, locally, Chippenham and Marlborough. Cheese
was made nearly all the year round, the year's " make " being
sold to factors.

Three soi'ts of cheese were made — thin cheese, broad thick,
and loaf cheese.

The two first were generally sold in London as single and
double Gloucester respectively. The loaf, which sold for 15s.
or 20s. more per cwt., required more skill and labour, and was a
much better cheese. This was the product sold as North Wilts.

Every maker seems to have had her own recipe, and even at
the present day there is no recognised method of manufacture,
Wilts cheese still being made by the old-fashioned rule of
thuml), instead of by the modern and scientific methods
employed in Cheddar cheese-making.

The old process of manufacture of North Wilts cheese was
as follows : — The night's milk was strained into the cheese tub,
or was sometimes spread over leads. Li the morning the cream
was skimmed off and made into butter. The warm morning's
milk was added to the skimmed night's milk, and colouring
matter put in. Annatto was used even then, but instead of being
prepared ready for use in liquid form it was sold in a cake, and
had to be ground up, and mixed with a small quantity of milk
before being added to the whole.

The rennet was then put in, enough to coagulate all the
milk in one hour. Home-made rennet, made from veils soaked
in whey and flavoured with sweet herbs, Avas used. The curd
was cut or broken with the hand, or a flat dish, and stirred
until firm enough. The whey was then drawn off, the curd
broken up again with the hand, put into a vat lined with a
coarse cheese cloth, and put into a press. It was taken out
again in a few hours, turned and put back into the press in a
dry cloth. Some makers kept the cheese under the press for
eight days. After remaining in the press for about three days
to allow the acidity to develop, the cheese was salted by rubbing
salt on tlie outside at the times of turning. The cheeses were
generally put into press by eleven o'clock in the morning, and
the principal labour consisted in turning and changing after-
wards.

At the present day very little North Wilts cheese is made ;
its place has been taken by Cheddar, which is a more popular
cheese, and one which commands a readier sale.

The small quantity made sells best in Leicester and in the
Midlands, although in former days Chippenham was the

West Country Cheeses. 157

principal market. There are only two kinds made now, the
broad, about four to the cwt., and flat in shape, and the loaf,
which is made in truckles, not like the old loaf cheeses, which
were more the shape of large Cheddars.

The only difference besides that of shape, is that the loaf
needs a little more care in making, as if the acidity is not right
the cheese may not stand and is liable to crack.

The method of manufacture now is very much the same as
formerly, except that the makers work with more precision,
borrow various improvements from the Cheddar cheese-makers,
and use a thermometer. Some use a little sour whey to ripen
the curd. Extract of rennet is preferred to the home-made
article.

The milk is run at SI" F., enough rennet being used to
coagulate the whole in one hour, about 1^ drs. rennet to 8
gallons of milk. The curd is broken with a modern breaker
or "stirring stick," and is scalded twice in the whey, the
first time to about 90° F., and the second time to about
96" F. After the whey is removed the curd is left for some
time in the bottom of the cheese tub, until a certain amount of
acidity is developed. Makers vary as to the amount, and very
few of them use any test, probably "4 to "5 per cent. The curd
is then broken into pieces about two inches square and put
into press in a vat lined with a cloth for from twenty minutes
to half an hour, according to the acidity, the more acid the
curd the shorter the time. It is then taken ouf, ground, mixed
with salt, about 1 oz. to 4 lb. of curd, and put back into press.
It is pressed for four or five days, the last day without a cloth,
to make a smooth surface.

These cheeses can be sold at six weeks or two months old.
They are firm in texture, and have rather a strong flavour.

North Wilts cheese realises nearly as good a price as Cheddar,
and taking the butter into consideration also, it seems as if
it might be advisable to take steps to stimulate the manu-
facture of this local product. However, the demand is so small
that possibly if the output were increased the price would go
down,

Margaret Kirkb.

Twentylands,
Easterton,
Devizes.

38

MOORLAND PONIES.

I.— DARTMOOR PONIES.

Although the Dartmoor Pouy of to-day cannot boast a very
lengthy pedigree, it is certain that there has been a pony stock
on Dartmoor for many centuries, from which the inhabitants
of the district were supplied with the means of transport for
their farm produce, merchandise, &c. The more modern
history of the breed seems to begin about a hundred years ago,
and there is evidence that the old Devon Pack-horse con-
tributed largely to its foundation. Old inhabitants recall a
Mr. Watkins, who had ponies in the Brentor district which
were nothing other than dwarfed pack-horses, standing about
13.2. Another early breeder was Mr. Watts, of South Tawton,
near Okehampton, who bred a very similar type of pony. Mr.
Watts afterwards moved to Meldon, a farm having extensive
enclosures and also common rights on Dartmoor, where he
continued to run his ponies. They were, however, hardly
adapted for the task of getting their living on the poor herbage
of the bleak moor, and Mr. Watts sought to improve them in
this respect by introducing an Exmoor cross. He purchased
two Exmoor ponies — one a l)lack stallion, Punch, and the
other a grey mare, Judy, from a gipsy named Orchard ; and
by using the small sire on his larger mares he at once produced
a pony much more adapted to the cold climate and the poor
feed than bis original stock had been. Mr. Watts Speedily
established a reputation for his hardy, well-bred ponies, and
his stock was in great demand amongst his neighbours, whilst
at the same time pony-breeding on Dartmoor received a con-
siderable stimulvis from his success. The use of Exmoor sires
to improve the local pony stock spread to other parts of the
Moor. On the death of Mr. Watts, about forty years ago, at
a time when horses of all kinds were very dear, owing to the
Franco-German war, the whole of his stud was offered for sale
by auction, and such was the competition to secure the blood
that prices ran up to twenty pounds and more, and the average
for seventy head, including suckers and yearlings, was fifteen
pounds. Since then the history of the breed has been one of
steady progress, and there has been a united effort on the part
of breeders to get their studs true to type. The following is
the description of the Dartmoor pony in Volume V. of the
Polo Pony Society's Stud Book : —

Moorland Ponies.

39

The Dartmoor Division.

Height : Not exceeding 14 hands for stallions, 13 hands
2 inches for mates. Colour : Brown, black, or bay preferred;
grey allowed ; other colours objectionable. Head : Should be
small, ivell set on, and. blood-li/ce. Neck : Strong, but not too
heavy, and neither long nor short ; and, in case of a stallion,
with moderate crest. Back, loins, and hind quarters :
Strong and ivell covered ivith muscle.

At the present day most of the ponies are bred on the
Dartmoor hills, at an elevation of 1,200 ft. to 2,000 ft. above
sea-level. The moor is very extensive, there being 50,000 acres

in the parish of Lydford alone, and other moorland parishes
have a combined area nearly as extensive. The feed on these
hills is of the scantiest, heather and wiry grass being almost
the only vegetation, and the climate is so rigorous that only
the hardiest animals can survive it. Many of the ponies take
their chance upon the moor all the year round, but tht re is no
hard and fast rule about this. Some breeders muster their
mares at the end of May, and run them on poor, enclosed laud
with a stallion. They consider that in this way the mares
have a better chance of breeding, and of course the foals will

40 Moorland Ponies.

then be by the desired horse. From twenty to thirty mares
are considered sufficient for one horse, particularly where they
all run loose together, for unless the stallions are fairly plentiful
in these circumstances they will give some mares more service
than is necessary and will neglect others. Both mares and
stallions are used for breeding purposes from two years on,
and continue practically as long as they live. There is a
general interchange of stallions every three years, so that their
own progeny may not come back to them, and the surplus ones
are sold off to go out of the district.

The foals are not dropped before May and early in June,
but it is quite common for mares that miss service to get a foal
at a later date, and foals are known to fall even up to the end
of August. They run on the open moor until mid- winter,
when the ponies are usually taken off for two or three months,
and put on enclosed moors, but even then it is unusual for
them to get any hay, and rough grass-keep is ofien hired for
them at fourpence to sixpence per week, the owner taking all
risks. In mild \vinter many animals are left entirely on the
open moor to get their own living.

Dartmoor is for the most part unenclosed except on its
outskirts, but the ponies seldom wander, as, like human beings,
they have a great affection for their homes, however poor.
The herds are marked in a variety of ways. Each of the four
quarters of the moor is known by a tape of distinctive colour,
which is passed through a small hole pierced in the ear of all
ponies. In addition, many owniers brand their ponies, generally
with an initial inside a small circle, but sometimes with fancy
marks. Others, again, adopt a system of ear-marks, so that in
one waiy or another identification presents no difficulty.

As regards attempts at improvement, no success has
attended the introduction of Hackney or Arab blood, on
account of the loss of hardiness. At the same time Arab and
thoroughbred crosses, though ultimately assimilated in the
local type, may have done something to bring out some of the
finer qualities which these ponies undoubtedly possess, just in
the same way as their influence may be traced in other
mountain and moorland breeds.

In former times, the markets for these Dartmoor ponies
were almost entirely local. They were used by the farmers
and tradesmen of the district for every variety of purpose.
Nowadays they enjoy a much wider demand. About three
hundred go annually into the mining districts of Cornwall,
where they are emploj'ed by the miner in taking him to and
from his work, by hawkers, by tradesmen, and by the smaller
farmers. A few years ago a considerable demand sprung up
for them in Durham and Northumberland, as pit ponies, but

Moorland Ponies. 41

the restrictions which came into force this year prohibiting the
employment underground of ponies below the age of four
years, are likely seriously to interfere with the trade. Ireland
is becoming a customer, for the farmers of that country are
finding out the superiority of these ponies over their native
donkeys. America, too, is also a buyer of Dartmoor ponies,
and if more pains were taken to register them, so as to get
them in at a reduced duty, a very good market would be
opened up for them. They have much better riding shoulders
than many other pony breeds, and in a team race at Huckaby,
on Dartmoor, this year, four Dartmoor ponies ran right awaj'
from four New Forest ponies, though the latter were much
larger. One difficulty in the distribution of the ponies bred
on Dartmoor is the heavy railway rate usually payable. The
companies give a reasonable rate for ponies in crates, but pony
and crate may not exceed 3 cwt. ; anything over is charged as
a horse, and the cost of transit of a single pony will then soon
add up to more than its value. Unfortunately, the best market
for single ponies happens to be the North of England. Again,
ponies loaded in cattle trucks having, probably, a considerably
lower value than a truck load of cattle, are required to pay a
rate which exceeds that charged for cattle by about one third.

The principal fairs for the disposal of Dartmoor ponies are
Princetown, first Wednesday in September ; South Brent, last
Tuesday in September ; Chagford, Monday before the second
Wednesday in October ; Okehampton, Thursday before the
second Wednesday in October ; Tavistock Goose Fair, second
Wednesday in October. Some of the best-known breeders are
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales ; Mr. J. R. T. Kingwell, South
Brent ; Mr. R. Coaker, Sherbaton, Princetown ; Mr. Coaker,
Runnage, Princetown ; Mr. T. Palmer, Newingion, Tavistock ;
Mr. H. Redacliffe, Petertavy, Tavistock ; Mr. H. Reep,
Petertavy, Tavistock ; Mr. E. Powell, Lydford ; Mr. W.
Kennard, Lydford ; Mr. Mortimer, Fernworthy, Chagford.

The price of suckers has been low for some years, but the
demand showed considerable improvement at the last fairs.
Average prices would be : —

£

8. (1.

£ 8. d.

Suckers

2

0 0

to

2 10 0

Rising Two .

3

0 0

to

5 0 0

Mares and Foals .

6

0 0

to

10 0 0

Suckers that have been done exceptionally well may make
up to four pounds, whilst, on the other hand, the price may
rundown to thirty shillings, and even less.

The present outlook for this breed is distinctly good, and
much is hoped from the Government scheme under which
grants will be made for the ])rovi8ion of the best sires, and

42 Moorland Ponies.

it promises well for the success of the proposals that the
Government is being advised in the matter by Mr. E. P.
Northey, of Okehampton, who enjoys the fullest confidence
of all breeders of Dartmoor ponies.

Newington, T. PALMER.

Tavistock.

II.— EXMOOR PONIES.

There is no doubt that ponies have been running in the
Exmoor district in a practically wild state for many centuries,
in fact their history dates back to times of antiquity. The
claim has been advanced that they are originally descended
from stock introduced into Cornwall by Phcenician traders
over two thousand years ago, but of this, needless to say,
there is no confirmation. Exmoor ponies originally formed one
single race with Dartmoor ponies, and thus both breeds have
a common ancestry, but they became two distinct breeds a
great time ago. It may be, as is claimed by many authorities,
that all breeds of mountain and moorland ponies have a common
origin. Although descended from the same ancestors they
have been differentiated by the influence of their environ-
ment and by the treatment they have received from the
hands of man, into separate breeds, each of which has, at the
present day, its own characteristics of colour, type, and tem-
perament.

No one who has a knowledge of the respective breed types
of Exmoor and Dartmoor ponies would now confuse the two,
although the Dartmoor pony owes much of his improvement to
the introduction of a large number of Exmoor ponies some fifty
years ago. A few y- ars ago, too, Lord Arthur Cecil purchased
an Exmoor Stallion from Earl Fortescue which he mated with
his New Forest mares, and was greatly pleased with the cross.
It will be seen from this that the Exmoor pony plays an
important part in the breeding of other Moorland ponies.

The first person really to take an interest in the breeding
and improving of Exmoor ponies was Mr. John Knight, who in
1820 purchased 10,2G2 acres of Exmoor from the Crown, and
at a later date brought his total acreage up to 16,000 by
purchasing Sir Thomas Acland's portion. Sir Thomas Acland
having sold his Exmoor property moved his original and pure
herd to Winsford Hill, near Dulverton. These ponies preserve
the full charactei'istics of the old strain, and at the present day
all other breeders when trying to improve their strain like to do
so by the purchase of stallions of Sir Thomas Acland's breeding.

Mr. Knight purchased two Dongola Aral) stallions. One of
these wa,s njated wjtli a number of Exnjoor njares, the foal^

Moorland Ponies. 43

generally growing to 14.2, but they lost some of the Exnioor
characteristics and were not true to colour.

Pandarifs, a thoroughbred, succeeded the Dongola horse,
and foals of his get were true to colour and smaller, being from
13 hands to 13 hands 2 inches. Oanopus, another thoroughbred,
succeeded Pmidarus, the result being equally good in respect of
size and conformation, but these cross breds could not endure
the hardships of wintering on the moor, so Mr. Knight
eventually gave up the use of these horses and used his
own stallion ponies. To this day the ponies in the Simonsbath
district are somewhat larger than Sir Thomas Acland's ponies,
and many of them retain the thoroughbred look transmitted
by the Arab sires introduced by Mr. Knight.

At the present day it is the aim of all breeders to get their
ponies true to type, and for those interested in these ponies it
would be as well to give the following description furnished
to the Polo Pony Society for Volume V. of their Stud-book l)y
local committees.

The Exmoor Division.
The Exmoor potiy should average 12 hands and never he
above 13 hands ; moorland bred, gf^nef^ally dark bay or brown
with black points, ivide forehead and nostril, mealy 7wse, sharp
ears, good shoulders and back, short legs, with good bo7ie and
fair action.

There are a few grey ponies in Sir Thomas Acland's breed,
but no chestnuts.

Of late years more interest has been taken in these ponies
by the small breeder, one reason being the desire to win a
prize at Exford, South Molton, or Lynton Shows, another
reason being the chance of selling a pony or two at a good
price to one of the numerous visitors who come to Exmoor
during August and September to hunt with the Devon and
Somerset Staghounds.

The Lynton Pony Show has been instrumental in bringing
about much improvement in the ponies in the Lynton and
Brendon district, more improvement being noticed among
the ponies run by the farmers on the skirts of the moor than
among those who run their mares on the Common.

The majority of breeders give no especial care to their
ponies even in winter, and it is surprising how well they do
oil the poor keep. Other breeders dui-ing the roughest weather
bring their ponies in off the moor to I'ather better keep and
to more sheltered spots, but even then hay and corn are the
exception rather than the rule.

The herds remain more or less in their own localities, and
the enclosures of the moor assist materially in this. On
Brendon Common there is a certain amount of mixing, but

44

Moorland Ponies.

nevertheless the practice of branding the ponies is not followed
to any extent. Two brands are, however, well known to all
breeders and purchasers, and are much sought after, namely,
the anchor brand of Sir Thomas Acland and the broken spur
brand of Lord Foitescue. The former is applied to the ponies
at two years old, whilst Lord Fortescue's are branded as suckers.
Many of the best ponies are bred on the big enclosures or
allotments on the edge of Exmoor, which were once part of
the moor, but now are very rough pasture. On Withypool,
Brendon, and Porlock Commons the grazing rights are regulated

by the " Commons Act," under which the people of the locality
have the right to. graze so many head of stock without charge.

In Sir Thomas Acland's herds about eight to twelve mares
run with a s'allion, but this number is often exceeded in
other parts, and thirty mares are not too many. The stallions
are used for about eight years, and the mares are kept for
breeding up to twelve years. The foals are most!}' dropped in
the second and third weeks of May.

About three-quarters of a century ago ponies were largely
used in this district for carrying packs, corn in pots, farm
produce, peat, &c. Their use now is more varied, as they are
valuable for foundation stock for breeding polo ponies. They

Moorland Ponies. 45

make excellent boys' hunters, having plenty of courage and
being able to go all day ; indeed, it is no uncommon sight
during a run with hounds to see a man going with the best
on an Exmoor pony which has probablj' never had a feed of
corn in its life. Some ponies also make excellent trappers,
being very staunch and good movers.

Although bred only locally, Exmoor ponies enjoy much
more than local importance, as they are largely used all over the
south-west of England, and a considerable number find their
way every year to the Midland counties, too often it is feared
for a life underground. Each year a few ponies are bought
privately to go to America, and in 1911 one of Sir Thomas
Acland's ponies was sold to go to Australia.

In proof that the Exmoor pony in common with all the
other moorland bred ponies is valuable as a foundation stock, it
would be well here to mention that many of our present-day
racehorses have pony blood. Tagalie, winner of the Derby in
1912, has pony blood in her pedigree. The case applicable to
Exmoor is that of Zoedone, a winner of the Grand National,
and St. Galmier, another well-known cross country performer
who ran twenty-six times, won eighteen, was second four, and
unplaced four times. The sire of both these was Neiv Ostvestry,
and his thirteenth dam on the dam's side was an Exmoor pony.
It is possible that it would pay some of the Exmoor farmers
to keep a few pony mares and mate them with a developed
pony sire or stallion bred on polo pony lines. Of course it
must be realised that in the majority of cases the improved
stock would not thrive on the open moor, but then the best
and most shapely of them would be more easily sold, and
would pay for the extra care bestowed on them in winter,
but improved mares are always too delicate to winter on the
moor and rear foals afterwards.

The two largest breeders are Earl Fortescue and Sir Thomas
Acland. Earl Fortescue some years ago mated an Arab with
some picked pony mares, and this cross produced beautiful
ponies, but they were not hardy enough for Exmoor. They
made good prices, suckers sometimes realising 71. He used to
ride a pony so bred as a tufting pony with the staghounds,
and though only 13.2 and carrying eleven stone this pony could
gallop away from most good horses. Earl Fortescue has a
three- year-old pony which promises to be nearly 15 hands
high. She is by Blackmoor out of PPSB 1079, who was by
an Arab out of an Exmoor.

The present Sir Thomas Acland fully upholds the traditions
of his family in his pride in his ponies. His brood mares on
Winsford Hill usually number forty. Each November the
suckers go to Killerton, near Exetei-, where they stay until two

46 Devon Cattle.

years old, developing in a marked degree in the warmer climate
and with better keep. On their return to Winsford Hill the
best mares, if any are wanted, are kept, and the others go
to Bampton Fair. Other well-known breeders are Mr. Turner,
of Holland, Mr. Richard Westcott, of Hawkridge, Mr. Daniel
Evans, of Winsford, and Mr. Smith, of Natsleigh.

Large numbers of ponies are sold at Bampton annually, the
Fair being held on the last Thursday in October. Prices, of
course, vary. The following realised prices during the past five
years show the average :

Highest.

Lowest.

£ s. d.

£ s. d.

Suckers .

5 11 0

0 16 6

Eising Two

8 5 6

4 18 0

Mares and Foals

6 12 6

3 10 0

Two-year-olds on a few occasions have fetched 101. and
121. A pony from the Lynton Show was sold for 25Z., ten
others have fetched 20^ each, and several others have changed
hands at from 16/. to 18/. A stallion realised 25/., and two
mares 20/. each — to go to America, but these prices were the
result of private sale.

The Board of Agriculture fully realises the value of mountain
and nioorland ponies, and in 1912 appointed a committee to
advise as to the best means of improving these ponies and
helping the breeder. As a consequence premiums are being
allotted to each breed, which will, it is believed, much
encourage and stimulate the breeders of ponies. So far no
attempt has been made in the direction of the formation of
societies for the improvement of the breed, on the lines of
those to be met with amongst the Welsh pony breeders.

Ashwick, A. C. MaRDON.

Dulverton, Somerset.

DEVON CATTLE.

From earliest records Devons can be traced as the breed
peculiar to the county from which they take their name.

The cattle of England may be divided into three varieties —
Shorthorns, Middlehorns, and Longhorns. Many assert that
Middlehorns, of which the Devon is a variety, are the
descendants of the aboriginal cattle of England. There are,
however, several other theories as to the source from which
the present North Devon has been evolved : that it is sprung
from an offshoot of the red Salers cattle, a French breed ; that
they may possibly be the result of a cross between the Flanders
and those of the country ; or that they may be of Spanish

Devon Cattle. 47

extraction, introduced by the Phoenicians at the time when they
visited these islands to work for tin in Cornwall. Be their
origin what it may, the breed has here remained the same from
time immemorial ; or if not as perfect, yet without alteration
in any essential particular.

According to authorities writing during last century it
seems that the original seat of the Devons was in the district
bounded by the Taw on the west, extending from Barnstaple
to about South Molton, from thence to Bampton, Wiveliscombe,
Taunton ; then turning towards Williton and on to the Bristol
Channel, which forms its northern boundary ; many, how-
ever, confine it to a smaller district. Sprang from within
this limited area it has become widely distributed, not only
over England but over the world. The reason is easy to find.
Its adaptability to local conditions and its exceptional capabilities
as a beef breed has assured it new homes.

The breed varies considerably in type ; larger varieties are
to be found in a warm climate and on rich pasturage, whilst
smaller kinds are to be met with in the colder and poorer
districts. Yery^ good results have been obtained from these
types crossed with each other, and this interchange of blood
has been largely practised. It is essential for any^ breed that is
to be a beef breed to have length, depth, and breadth. If there
is one part of the frame the form of which makes an animal
valuable it is the chest. It is absolutely necessary that there
should be room for those two organs — the heart and the lungvS —
to carry on their all important functions. In the Devon the
chest, besides being deep and broad, is slightly^ circular. The
withers should be fine, and flat sloping shoulders, with a good
covering, are looked for. The ribs must be well sprung from
the backbone, with a well-hooped and deep barrel for the
capacious stomach. The animal must be well ribbed home,
with only a small space between the ribs and the hips. A
straight back, level fi'om the withers to the setting-on of the
tail, with broad and full loins — those prime parts — is what the
grazier likes to see.

The hips, of medium width and on a level with the back,
should, when handled, present plenty of muscle and fat. The
rumps should be full and level and of moderate length, which
allows of room for the putting on of flesh in the most valuable
part.

This fullness here and the swelling out of the thighs below
is of great importance. The flesh on the thighs should not
only be thick, V)ut should appear square and almost touching
when viewed from behind. The farther down the thigh the
flesh is carried the better it is. The setting-on of the tail
should be level with the back. The tail itself is thick at the

48

Devon Cattle.

root and tapering, reaching to the hocks with an ending of a
brush of strong hair.

The legs must be straight and squarely placed when viewed
from behind, and should not cross or sweep in any way when
moving.

The skin should be moderately thick and mellow, covered
with a mossy and curly coat. The favourite colour is a deep
blood-red, whicli has given them the name of the " Rubies of
the West." White is disliked, though a little in front of the
purse in the bull, or about the udder in the cow, is permissible.
It is considered a fault if it extends beyond the naval or the

Fia. 1— Devon Bull.

outside of the flank. It should never be seen on any other
part of the body.

The head of the bull should be masculine, with a broad
foi'ehead tapering to the nose. A broad muzzle with a flesh
coloured nose — a black or mottled nose is disliked — nostrils
high and open. Eyes clear, bright, and placid. An ear of
medium size and thickness, fringed with hair. The horns
should be neither too low nor too high, but placed on at right
angles to the head, or even a little elevated. They should be
stout, and of a yellow waxy colour at the roots and tipped with
a darker shade. In the cow a moderately long head with a

Devon Cattle.

49

broad indented forehead is desired, and it should taper con-
siderably to the nostrils, which should be high and open. The
nose a creamy white, thin ears, a clean cut throat, and a bright,
lively, and prominent eye are all points of importance. The
horns should match, and should be long and spreading, with
ends gracefully turning up. Their colour is similar to that of
the bull.

The deep broad and strong chest, the fineness of the
withers, the sloping shoulders, the large and pow^-rful forearm,
the extensive and swelling quarters, not only denote beef but
also strength and activity. During the beginning and middle

Fig. 2.— Devon Heifer.

of last century the Devon ox was well known as a draught
animal. " Where the ground is not too heavy, the Devonshire
oxen are unrivalled at the plough. They have a quickness of
action which no other breed can equal and which very few
horses exceed. They have also a degree of docility and
goodness of temper, and also stoutness and honesty of work,
to which many teams of horses cannot pretend." These are
the words of Youatt when writing on this breed. Vancouver,
in his survey of Devonshire, says that it is a common day's
work on fallow land foi- four steers to plough two acres with a
double furrow plough. They were usually put to work at two

50 Devon Cattle.

years old, worked till four, five, or six, and then fed for the
butcher. Lord Somerville, the great authority on this breed,
states that after being worked lightly on the hills for two years
they were bought at four years by the tillage farmer of the
vales, and worked hard for a further two years and then fed
oflP. The usual team for a plough was four oxen or six growing
steers.

The oxen when fat at this age reached great weights, and
some of the largest weights ever obtained for this breed were
for the large, full-grown working oxen of the old Somersetshire
variety. It is nowadays the practice to improve the quality
and to produce a greater return of weight per acre, rather than
of weight per head.

There was a period of great degeneration in this breed. It
started at the beginning of last century. This degeneration
was apparently due to the very high price of beef during the
wars, and farmers were tempted to sell even their best cows
and heifers to the butchers. At that time, as at the present,
their aptitude to fatten was such that milk cows in autumn
were fit for slaughter. Then again, the high qualities of the
breed were beginning to be realised by farmers in other
counties, with the result that herds were started in new districts,
and prices consequently rose to figures that in those days were
considered enormous. With this drain on the best that the
county could produce the high quality of the breed naturally
suffered, and a class of inferior stock sprang up in the very
strongholds which before had been held by a most superior
breed. It was also at this time that farmers were attracted by
the high price of corn, and turned their attention specially to
arable land farming.

Fortunately for the breed, there were still farmers in Devon
who were justly proud of their native cattle. Unlike their
shortsighted neighbours they held on to and did not sell their
best, even though they were offered excessive prices for them.
These men retained the animals whose excellence they had
spent such pains in producing, and handed them down to their
descendants. The name of Francis Quartly, of Holland, will
always be associated with the turn of the tide in the progi-ess
of the Devon cattle. It was in 171^4 that he turned his energy
to the improvement of the breed. Not only did he refuse to
sell his best, but he often outbid the butchers for the high class
stock of less far-seeing breeders. By breeding from and
intermingling their stock with his own he built up the famous
Champson herd. It is no exaggeration to say that the influence
of this herd reversed the current of events, and the tide in the
affairs of the Devon breed, which had long been on the ebb,
once again began to flow.

1

Devon Cattle. 51'

At this time cattle shows were not generally established,
and it was not, therefore, possible to test the merits of the
different herds. It was about 1831 that the Devon Agricultural
Society was established at Exeter. After this other shows were
started with the result that many began to take an interest in
the breed and to desire to obtain well-bred stock. This
naturally tended to increase the number of better class animals,
and to restore to Devonshire the prominent position she had
held in the cattle world.

In 1851 Colonel Davy brought out the first volume of the
" Devon Herd Book," which in 1885 was taken over by the
Devon Cattle Breeders' Society. This herd book, started on a
small scale by a single individual, has now grown to a large
size. The number of entries in the book has reached a total
of 286 for bulls, and 689 for cows.

The publication of the herd book tended to focus
attention to the different strains of blood, and, with the
development of railways and better facilities for shipping
cattle, has brought about their introduction into numerous
counties in the kingdom, whilst they are exported to America,
Australia, and to many foreign countries where now large
numbers of valuable herds have been established. They
are exceedingly popular in these countries, as they soon
accommodate themselves to, and will stand the change of,
soil and temperature.

The general practice in the management of Devons is for
the cows to drop their calves in the autumn. Calves are almost
always suckled by the cows, and the custom is to put two
calves on to one coav. These are suckled by the cow for three-
and-a-half or four njonths, when they are weaned. Another
calf is often then put on to the cow, so that during one milking
period she may suckle three calves. After calving, the cows
usually receive long hay and two pounds and upwards of some
concentrated food such as cotton cake, bean meal, &c., the kind
given varying according to the market price.

The cows are generally let out every day, when fine, for air
and exercise. The system of putting two calves on one cow is
at once seen to be an economical one, as it sets free one half
of the cows for dairy purposes. The Devon cow soon becomes
accustomed to having a second calf " mothered on to her," and
will make an excellent foster mother.

In the early spring, the calves are turned out to grass as soon
as the weather permits. In the autumn they are brought in as
yearlings and kept through the winter in a store condition,
chiefly on hay and mangolds. During the second summer at
grass, they are treated in very much the same way as the first,
but the following winter they receive a little concentrated food,

52 Devon Cattle.

and in their third summer they are fed off on grass without any
artificial food, unless in a bad season. They thus go out fat on
an average from two-and-a-half to three- and-a-half years old.

In some cases they are fed off earlier than this, and may be
killed at two years. The Devon bullock is almost always fed
in the summer, though occasionally stall-feeding is adopted.
Many are sold in a store condition to farmers in Dorset, Herts,
Wilts, Surrey, Sussex, Berkshire, Warwickshire, Hants, and
other counties.

A well-grazed Devon bullock, when well fed, should easily
attain to a live weight of 12 cwt ; of course, show cattle
weigh considerably more. To take an example, the weight of
the champion Devon at Smithfield show in December, 1912,
was 17 cwt. 0 qrs. 2 lbs., at two years nine months and three
weeks {Captain, bred by His Majesty the King). This, how-
ever, has been exceeded in old times when bullocks were
kept till five or six and then fed off. Most people unacquainted
with the breed think that it is a beef breed pure and simple,
and that its milking qualities are nil. The Devon breeder
claims that it is the best lieef breed, and he also claims that the
Devon cow can hold her own with a great many cows of a
milking breed, at the pail. Where the practice of suckling
calves on to a cow is followed it will be readily understood
that the milking qualities are not brought into such evidence
as when a cow is milked. By careful selection and by breeding
from the right cows, however, the Devons can be transformed
into very capable dairy cattle. A cow belonging to Mr. W.
Kidner, of Kingston, gave 1,100 gallons in eleven months.
The milk given is of the highest quality, and cases of cows
yielding two pounds of butter per day are recorded.

The Devon breed in their original strongholds have been
largely kept from time immemorial by " tenant farmers," thus
clearly proving that they are a good " rent paying " breed,
especially in cold and hilly districts, where more bulky animals
would fare badly ; but when kept on rich land they respond
very rapidly, and experience has proved that they will flourish
anywhere when properly treated. It is to be hoped that, with
the visit of the Royal Show to Bristol, the Devon breeder will
rise to the occasion and exhibit to the outside pul^lic the high
qualities of his favourite " Rubies."

S. Kidner,

Bickley.

Milverton, Somerset.

53

SOUTH DEVON CATTLE.

The Royal Show at Bristol next year should afford breeders of
South Devon cattle an opportunity which has not come their
way for many years of making a striking display comparatively
near home of their magnificent cattle, in which they have
solved the problem of how to produce the real dual puipose
beast, the animal which carries a wealth of flesh for the butcher,
of the finest quality, without superfluous fat, which matures
rapidly, and at the same time has all the attributes that the
dairy farmer requires. The breed has always been noted for
its extraordinary dairy properties, and breeders long ago recog-
nised that if they could combine beef and milk in the same
animal they would have magnificent rentpayers, and that they
could offer to the whole world what its agriculturists most
desire. Cows of the best type and character have been selected
and the use of bulls of good calibre and constitution from heavy
milking dams has enabled the ideal to be attained.

At no period of their history have the South Devons stood
higher in the public estimation than to-day. Their position
among established breeds has been won by strenuous effort.
The establishment of the Herd Book Society was the first
forward step, and the careful work done in the selection of
animals for I'egistration, the efforts to produce fixed type,
character, and general uniformity in the past twenty years
have tended to establish a breed which stands, if not unrivalled,
at least unexcelled, for dual purpose in the United Kingdom.
It has come slowly, but surely, to the front ; its recognition
has been tardy ; it has had no aristocratic backing ; its breeders
are chiefly — almost mainly — tenant farmers, and it has had to
overcome many prejudices and to compel attention by the
display in the show ring, and in the national trials, of its
consistent merit.

The South Dev^on is no "new" animal. The breed is of a
hardy type, the robust constitution being an invaluable legacy
from the past when this class of cattle drew the plough on their
native soil. They grow with rapidity to an enormous size, and
in spite of their rapid development it is not obtained by the
sacrifice in any degree of milk producing capabilities, in which

54

South Devon Cattle.

they take rank with the best. It has, however, been a constant
labour to secure the recognition that the breed deserves. The
Herd Book Society has co-operated with the breeders, bearing
a proportion of the cost of its representation at the Royal and
Bath and West exhibitions and at Smithfield, where the animals
exhibited have invariably attracted general attention, and com-
parisons have been all in their favour.

The animals are of a medium red in colour, with good coats,
and it is claimed for them that they are not so prone to tuber-
culosis as some other breeds. For many generations they have

Fig. 1.— South Devon BuU.

been kept in the South Hams ; in fact, they represent the
survival of the fittest, for other breeds have been tried with
little success on the pastures whereon they flourish to-day,
to the exclusion of all others, which is strong presumptive
evidence that they are the native breed. Such excellent graziers
are the South Devons, so rapidly do they mature, and they
produce such remunerative returns on the dairy side in milk,
rich cream, and butter, that in the last twenty years the area
within which they are kept has been constantly expanding,
until they now possess a world-wide reputation.

South Devon Cattle.

55

Being such a hardy race of cattle the South Devons require
no " coddling " or exceptional treatment to keep them in
condition. They can practically take care of themselves in
any district where fair pasturage is to be found. Young
stock in their native element frequently remain in the fields
the whole winter through and keep in capital store condition,
when what they can pick up there is supplemented by hay,
straw and roots.

Milking cattle do well in the pastures without extra
feeding from April to August, and, indeed, many farmers run

Fig. 2— South Devon Cow.

them the whole summer through without resort to artificial
foods. Those who send milk to the towns, however, find that
lactation is stimulated by the judicious use of bran, cotton
cake, and brewers' grains where they can be obtained. Where
the cows are exceptionally heavy milkers, a few pounds of
linseed cake morning and evening never comes amiss, though
it may not be essential, and maintains the physique and con-
dition.

With the approach of November, and perhaps a trifle earlier
jif the autumn prove unusually cold and rough, the milking

56 South Devon Cattle.

stock are taken indoors and remain there at night until April,
although the owners of the largest existing herd do not bring
their cows in at night unless the ground is snow covered.
The ship pens have been greatly improved of recent years, and
the value of spacious and well-ventilated sheds is generally
recognised. The cows benefit by being turned out into the
yard and by having a few hours in the pastures daily, unless
the climatic conditions are altogether too severe, and that is
seldom the case in this country. Cabbages, while they last, are
fed to them, together with hay, chaff and pulped roots, and
from four to six pounds of cake, linseed or cotton, crushed
oats or maize meal, morning and evening. Various feeding
compounds are also used. Much depends upon the com-
mon sense of the farmer, who must needs keep his eye on
the maintenance of the milking qualities and vary the diet to
suit it.

The steers fatten freel}^ on good pastures from May to
September, requiring very little in the shape of artificials in
that period, although it may be ne<>essary where the grass is
not particularly good to supplement it by the moderate use of
linseed cake. Two-year-old steers of the breed frequently bring
a return of 201. or more to their breeders, and those of two-
and-a-half years as much as 251., making them a remunerative
investment.

The indoor feeding of cattle in winter differs very little
from that of the milkers, except that they need more liberal
supplies of cake, linseed bringing them quickly into marketable
condition. No hard and fast rule for feeding can, however, be
laid down, for every breeder is a law unto himself, and of
necessity regulates his practise accord mg to the depth of his
pocket, combined with the peculiarities, to be overcome in
relation to his farm, whether the ground is poor or rich, and
whether it is on hilly exposed land, or situate in sheltered
valleys ; but anyone accustomed to the care of milking cattle,
or feeding them for the butcher, Avill find the South Devons
docile, kindly beasts, responding readily to good feeding and
needing no extraordinary care to make them remunerative both
for dairy and butchery purposes.

These qualities have been so thoroughly demonstrated by
long and practical experience that in South and West Devon
the South Devon is the dominant breed. In South, East and
West Cornwall they are also more numerous, particularly for
dairy purposes, and a number of Mid-Cornwall farmers are
going in for them. Throughout the West Country generally
there are herds here and there, and they do well on such a
variety of soils, and under such varying conditions, that it is
difficult to say which suits them best.

South Devon Cattle. 57

As far as the future is concerned, it is full of promise.
South Devons have l)een imported to South and East Africa,
Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Brazil, China,
Jamaica, Colombia, and by the Japanese Government, and
wherever they have gone they have maintained their reputation
excellently and held more than their own. In South Africa
they are a favourite breed. They acclimatise rapidly, prove
hardy and vigorous, live nearly always on the veldt, and greatly
improve the native stock. Among the first to recognise their
value there was Mr. Thomas Hall, the Mooi River breeder.

Mr. T. Bourke, of Pretoria, who has extensive stock interests
in the Orange River Colony, seven years ago purchased per-
sonally from Messrs. J. Sparrow Wroth (Aveion Gifford), J. D.
Ellis (Yealmpton), W. H. Pain (Kingsbridge), and W. H. B.
Ash (Ipplepen), bulls which proved to be the progenitors of a
magnificent herd of robust animals, reproducing the type and
gentle character as well as the early maturity and heavy milking
characteristics of their sires and dams at his Karookom Farm of
1-4,000 acres.

It was mainly due to the success attained by Mr. Bourke's
herd that over a score of South Devons were acquired and
sent out in 1909 to the Orange River Colony Government
Experimental Farms at Tweespruite and Grootole at high
figures.

In 1911, Mr. Hamilton Grepe, of Devon Farm, Reddesburg,
in the Bloemfontein district of the Orange River Colony, who
has imported over 100 beasts from Devon and Cornwall, swept
the boards with his South Devons at the Central Agricultural
Show, among other awards carrying off the Governor-General's
Cup in the dairy cattle competition. He has had ample ground
for satisfaction, and found that they stood the dry cold winters
of the country well, besides having other qualities to commend
them. In a letter from London, on September 27th, 1912,
Mr. Grepe wrote : "I may say that our experiment in importing
a pedigree herd fulfils expectations. They are proving to be
an excellent dual purpose type of cattle and increase in favour
with the South African farmers because the bulls improve in
size and milk the native cattle of the country. The richness of
the milk, and the abundant quantity, please those who sell
cream to the creameries. The South Devon forages well on
the South African veldt, is hardy, and the oxen are large, heavy,
active draught animals." In South Africa the Herd Book
Society has a number of members, and in 1910 Sir Hamilton
Goold Adams, K.C.M.G., made some purchases of the cattle
on behalf of the Land Settlers' League. For the last two
years South Devons have beaten all breeds in the milking
and butter trials at the Central Show at Bloemfontein.

5S South Devon Cattle.

Leaving South Africa, let us turn to South Australia. Mr:
A. S. Chirnside, of Colac, one of the chief stock owners in
Victoria, impressed with the high distinction gained by South
Devons in butter and milk tests, as well as by their massive
appearance, determined to acquire a herd for his Coragulac
Estate, and he personally secured Mr. N. Boon's (Malborough)
bull Reiv Style (3016), by Duke, and a grandson of Masher,
the progenitor of some of the best South Devons, for 70 guineas
at the 1908 spring sale of the Herd Book Societj', and also
purchased eleven cows from the late Mr. W. P. Vosper. Three
years later the herd had multiplied to forty, and they were in
the pink of condition after one of the most severe winters
experienced in Victoria, the herd thriving splendidly, so much
so that Mr. Chirnside, although possessing some high-class blood
in Shorthorns, had decided to devote himself entirely to South
Devons. The cows Janet, Alexa^idra, Carnation, and Gentle
calved to English sires. For three months — September to
November ir^clusive — Janet gave 5,017 lb. of milk and 217 lb.
of butter ; Ah-xandra 3,643 lb. of milk and 170 lb. of butter ;
and Carnation 3,912 lb. of milk and 161 lb. of butter. Not
only has Reiv Style, Avhich has wonderfully developed, left a fine
impression on the herd, but the South Devons received a fine
advertisement at Melbourne when he was awarded the Royal
Agricultural Show Championship, the reserve being awarded
to Alvie Ham, a son of the champion. The blue ribbon for
females went to Mr. A. E. T. Payne's imported South Devon
cow, Rosebud 2nd. The thirteen South Devons in the show
created a most favourable impression.

Mr. Grigg says of the consignment imported from Messrs.
Wood and Whitley's herds to Canterbury, New Zealand, that
" they arrived in excellent condition and have been much
"admired by thoroughly competent judges. Very probably as
" the breed becomes better known a strong demand will arise
" for them in the large and important dairying districts of the
" North Island as well as in the South."

Cyprus has received a foundation herd during the year
from Mr. John Wood, of Totnes, and the Director of Agri-
culture in that island expressed his satisfaction with them, and
stated that they speedily settled down to strange conditions.

Such experiences cannot fail to have their effect, and that
must eventually be to the benefit of South Devon breeders,
who must direct their energies as in the past to seeing that in
the development of a breed which invariably is well covered
with natui-al flesh, and turns its food to good nccount, the
milking propex'ties are maintained side by side with bulk and
quality.

South Devon Cattle. 59

In order to secure that similarity and uniformity should be
obtained in the breed, aa its quality became recognised and its
reputation extended beyond its native sphere, the Council of
the Herd Book Society, of which Mr. Alfred Michelmore, of
Totnes, has been the secretary since its formation, drew up
several years ago an official scale of points of excellence, which
should be an index to breeders of the class of animal at
which they should aim, and the efforts made to reach the
standard have been so general that to-day animals failing to
fulfil these characteristics are the exception in the herds of the
large number of cai'eful breeders.

The "points," which give a good idea of the class of beast
the South Devon is, are as follows : —

Generally. — Rich medium red in colour, hide of moderate
thickness, loose, and mellow, well covered with soft curly hair,
straight over the back and rump, deep and full in girth, and
full at the chest, shoulders covered at the points, and fiat on
the top, bone of moderate size, tail commencing from line of
back, and hanging below the hock with a good brush, pins
fairly wide, but not very prominent, flanks deep, forming
straight underline, full and deep in rounds, rump well filled
and straight from leg to pin, ribs wide, deep, and well back to
the pin, nose white and wide.

Bulls. — The head massive, and broad in the forehead,
but not coarse, wide from eyes to nose, and well covered
with curly hair, eyes wide apart, nose white and wide, horns
white or yellow, wide at base, and tapering with downward
tendency.

Females. — The head broad, and of medium length, eyes
full, horns white or yellow, wide at base, tapering, and fairly
straight, the udder well forward, and projecting behind, not too
fleshy, teats of fair size, regular and well distributed.

It may be mentioned also that the Herd Book Society have
prepared a pamphlet on the breed, which is printed in English,
Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese, and this should prove particu-
larly valuable in introducing the breed to prospective foreign
purchasers. The illustrations of a typical bull and heifer which
are printed on pages 54 and 55 are those which also appear in
the pamphlet.

The claim that the South Devons are the heaviest cattle
in the world, and that they excel both for beef and milk,
at first sight would appear to be hard to sustain, but it will
not be difficult to substantiate the assertion in both respects.
Dealing first with the prolific milk yields, one experiences
the difficulty that no regular system has yet been instituted
for keeping daily records, and it is consequently necessary
to quote performances in open competitions, and add to them

60 South Devon Cattle.

the assurance that the cattle taking part in them are but
good examples of the bulk, and that at home there are scores
and hundreds equally good.

The Societj" owes much to the late Mr. W. P. Vesper, of
Merafield, Mr. J. S. Wroth, of Aveton Gifford, Mr. T. Cundy, of
Devonport, and Messrs. Whitley, of Paignton, for keeping the
breed in the forefront at the chief milking trials.

In 1904, at the Dairy Show, Mr. Thomas Cundy's Primrose
attracted Avidespread attention to the South Devons by her big
triumph. Among 144 competitors she scored 139"8 points — or
17'3 above her nearest opponent — -won the Barham Challenge
Cup for milking trials, the Spencer Challenge Cup for the
greatest number of points in the Show by inspection, milking
trial and butter test ; and the Lord Mayor's Cup for the best
cow, other than shorthorns, in the milking trial and butter
test.

In 1905 the South Devon cow Alice won premier place for
dairy qualities against all breeds (excluding Channel Islands)
at the Royal and at the Dairy Show. Mr. Cundy's Sweet
Briar got within two points of securing the Lord Mayor's Cup.
At the 1908 and 1904 Bath and West Shows, Mr. Cundy's
cows won the milk and butter tests against all comers, while
Mr. Vosper's Honesty 3rd repeated the performance at that
Society's Nottingham Show in 1905. In the following year,
at the Dairy ShoAV, where, for the first time, South Devons had
a class to themselves, Mr. Cundy's Iris in 21 hours yielded
63"15 lb. of milk, producing 2 lb. 0^ oz. of butter in 24 hours,
was reserved for the Barham Cup, and took the champion trophy
for any other breed but Shorthorns and the prize for the most
and best butter. In the same year Mr. Vosper's Primula
carried off first in the milk test at the Royal, first for milk and
second for butter at the Bath and West, and first inspection
prize at the Dairy Show.

At the 1907 Newport Show of the Bath and West Society
Mr. Vosper's Honesty 3rd, 94 days in milk, yielded 61-2 lb. of
milk, from which 2 lb. 7| oz. of butter were made, in 24 hours
beating all In-eeds for both butter and milk. Mr. Wroth's
Nosegay 4t}t, in milk 123 days, stood second with 45 lb. of
milk and 1 lb. 10^ oz. of butter, and Mr. Vosper's Dairymaid
third.

Experiments made at the Royal Show at Lincoln (vide
official report) in 1907 proved that the milk of the South
Devon and Channel Island breeds of cattle produced the best
and most valuable cream. At the last five exhibitions of the
Royal Agricultural Society the performances of the South
Devons — and the weight of the cows should be considered in
conjunction with other factors — have been as follows : —

South Devon Cattle.

61

Live
weight

Days

in
milk

Milk

Yield,

24 hours

Butter
Yield

Ratio,

Butter to

Milk

1907. Lbicoln.

Lb. oz.

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

»Mr. VV. P. Vesper's Honesty 3rd .

1,498

113

57 0

2

oj

2806

Mr. J. 8. Wroth's Aosegay 4th

1.540

142

36 8

1

n

22-90

1908. NewcaMe.

Mr. W. P. Vesper's Cowslip 5th .

1.820

61

49 8

1

6|

34-81

Mes-^rs. Whitley's Fancy

1,491

58

53 10

2

H

24-34

„ JS^ospgay 4th

1,540

75

43 12

1

6|

30-76

1909. Gloucester.

Mr. W. P. Vesper's Cowslip 5th .

1,792

114

58 14

2

8^

23-25

„ „ Victoria

1.414

113

50 14

2

H

23-09

Messrs. Whitley's Beauty 2nd

l,fi94

96

55 0

2

3i

24-96

,, „ Peeper

1,59(J

143

50 8

1

12i

28-35

1910. Lirerpool.

Mr. S. Vosper's Victoria

1,410

95

53 14

1

8i

34-82

Mr. W. P. Vosper's Coivslip 5th .

1,785

97

67 10

2

3

30-91

' „ „ Daily .

1,500

108

52 14

1

Hi

27-96

Messrs. Whitley's Handsome

1,535

105

49 12

2

Oi

24-49

„ „ J'linsy

1,500

74

59 10

1

15^

30-28

1911. JVorwich.

Tj

Mr. T. Cundy's Red Rose .

100

48 0

1

H

37-01

Messrs. Whitley's Daisy

"^ 8

48

72 6

1

li

fi<5-19

„ ,, Lovely

(1

64

34 2

0

8i

64-23

1 Second in open milk test.

a Third in open butter test.

The average ratio of 27-07 lb. of milk to 1 lb. of butter for
five shows was raised to 31*37 lb. by the temporary faihire of
Messrs. "Whitley's cows at Norwich. Daisy, however, yielded
more milk (the fat percentage was 3*05), and obtained more
points than any other cow for it. At Tring in August, after
being 90 days in milk, she beat 82 cows of all breeds with
72 lb. 2 oz. of milk and 2 lb. 4^ oz. of butter in 24 hours, and
at the Dairy Show in October, when her lactation period had
been 146 days, she yielded 67*3 lb. of milk — a quantity
unexcelled hy any pedigree animal shown — and secured 144-8
points. From it 21b. 6| oz. of butter were made. Mr.
T. Cundy's Myrtle produced 48'9 lb. of milk and 2 lb. 3 oz.
of butter (taking third in the open butter test), and Mr. J.
Luscombe's Dina 8rd recorded 58-9 lb. of milk for the 24
hours' test.

It may be noted that at Newcastle (1908) Cowslip 5th gave
&^ lb. of milk and 3 lb. of butter on the day before the test,
but being in " kine " on that day, her yield fell, recovering,
however, before she left the yard ; and at Tring the three cows
sent up by Mr. Vosper obtained more points than any other
three of one breed.

There was a milk and butter test at the Bath and West
Show at Exeter in 1909 extending over three days, and in these

62 South Devon Cattle.

the two South Devon competitors (Mr. Vesper's) gained third
and fifth prizes, the milk yield being 167-4 and 167-14 lb., and
the butter production 6 lb. 10| oz. and 5 lb. 4 oz., the ratio of
butter being 25-()6 and 26-86 respectively, the South Devons
secuiing second and third in milking tests. They did better
in 1910 by securing both first and second in the milk and
butter tests at the Bath and West Show, one cow producing
over 7 gallons of milk and the other over 3 lb. of butter. At
Tring Cowslip 5th was third for butter and fourth for milk,
and at the Dairy Show Honesty 7th gave 125-7 lb., and Mr.
Cundy's Iris 122-8 lb., in the two days' milkings. The breed
also won distinction at the Dairy Show, where Messrs. Whitley's
Fancy (bred by Mr. T. Willing) captured the Spencer Cup with
12()9 points, with Mr. Vosper's Ladybird third, scoring 120-5
points, and both giving over 50 lb. of milk in the day's test.

Mr. J. S. Wroth reports that one of his cows was in milk
for 261 days, and gave 1,047 gallons, equivalent to 4 gallons
a day, and during one period of lactation six cows belonging
to Mr. R. E. Cocks, who possesses a large milking herd at
Ranelegh, Wembury, averaged 969 gallons.

As previously indicated, the animals mentioned are but
typical, but it would be no difficulty to find a vast number of
South Devons which could be guaranteed to produce from three
to four gallons daily during the period of lactation, and when
they have served their day in the dairy they can be rapidly
ripened for the butcher.

The South Devon is par excellence a dual purpose animal.
The breed has been known at Smithfield for twenty years or
more, and their bulky and symmetrical carcasses, with their
record of rapid flesh forming, has commended them to the
butcher, who looks for quality combined with substance, and
it has been found that the breed is exceedingly profitable,
producing heavy rounds and being very good in the loin, with
deep, thick ribs, while the proportion of lean meat to fat is
exceptionally high.

It is no unusual circumstance to find steers in the Christmas
markets with a live weight of a ton or more, and on many
occasions that weight has been greatly exceeded by the colossal
bulls which have figured so prominently in the Royal and
other showyards.

Probably the heaviest beast yet bred was Coleridge Hero,
a noted prize-winning bull, bred by Mr. W. J. Crossing. His
live weight was 30 cwt., and when killed at Plymouth in 1907
his flesh was found to be of a very rich colour and fine quality.
He was 6^ years old, and his dead weight 18 cwt. 7 lb. — fore-
quarters were 5 cwt. 10 lb. and 4 cwt. 3 qr. 6 lb. ; hind-quarters
4 cwt. 13 lb. and 4 cwt. 6 lb. He carried 19 score of loose fat.

South Devon Cattle. 6'3'

and his hide weighed 210 lb., but the bone was exceptionally
small.

In 1904 Mr. F. W. Rowe (Lostwithiel) won the West of
England Show Championship at Plymouth against 82 animals
of various breeds with Sweet Briar, a heifer which alive
weighed 17 cwt. 3 qr. 8 lb., and dead 11 1 cwt., with 164 lb. of
loose fat. The next year 74 competed for the honours, and
another Cornishman (Mr. W. M. Roberts) was placed first with
the ox Jumbo, but 1 lb. short of 22^ cwt. The Smithfield
winners were out of the championship record here. Of Mr.
F. W. Rowe's winner the butcher's report was that " the flesh
set beautifully firm, and there was no waste in cutting."

Mr. B. Luscombe's (Aveton Gilford) first prize steer at
Smithfield in 1907 at 23 months 26 days weighed 15 cwt. 1 qr.

5 lb., and showed an average daily gain of 2*37 lb. and per-
centage of carcass to live weight of 66*78, the hind-quarters
being 64 lb. heavier than the fore. The daily gain in weight
was unapproached by any breed there. In the block test
Mr. Wroth's heifer was first when alive, and her carcass scaled
1,179 lb., the percentage to live weight being 64*95, and each
hindquarter proved to be 12 stone in advance of the fore-
quarters. The butcher who purchased her reported that she
carried the most flesh on her back he ever saw, and was most
satisfactory, without an ounce of waste, full of good quality
lean, and of delicious flavour.

In 1908, at Smithfield, Mr. W. M. Roberts' Ernet/, which
took the breed prize at Smithfield, had a live weight of 2,114 lb.,
daily gain of 2*05 lb., and percentage of carcass to live weight
of 62*34. Mr. J. S. Wroth's South Devon under two years old
was fourth in the carcass competition.

In 1909 Messrs. Whitley won the chief breed prize at
Smithfield with Primley Manager II., weighing 16 cwt. 1 qr.

6 lb. Mr. F. W. Rowe, who was second with Jului PeeJ,
showed in various exhibitions in the West the 22 months old
steer Robin Hood, which weighed 15 cwt. 1 qr. ; and many
have been and are annually prepared for the Christmas sales
which reach that figure, and 18 cwt. when under three years
old.

Mr. T. Winser sold one under two years old in December,
1910, the live weight of which was 17| cwt., for 43Z. 5s., this
being a remarkable illustration of what the breed can do
in early maturity, and how remunerative it is to the feeder.
In the same year Messrs. Whitley obtained 47/. lO.s. for a fat
ox aged two years and eight months, while at Newton Abbot in
Deceml)er, 1911, a steer over two-and-a-half years, exhibited
by the Misses Carew (Haccombe), realised 511. 10s.

Five breeders were represented at Smithfield by leviathan

64 South Devcni Cattle.

oxen in December, 1911, Mr. F. W. Rowe Avinning the breed
prize with His Majesty, a steer scaling 19 cwt. 2 qr. 21 lb. at
2 years and 8^ months, and showing one of the largest gains
of recent years for an old steer. Second was placed Mr.
J. S. Wroth's Sir Reginald, a month older, and 2 cwt. 1 qr.
less, and Mr. Harris, " the Sausage King," who purchased him,
reported that his 12 cwt. of beef was "the best that he had
seen." Messrs. Whitley's reserved and commended oxen
showed daily gains of 2'3 lb. and 2'32 lb., and percentages
to live weight of 65"12 and 64'89 respectively.

Such records as these are convincing, but to them may be
added, with pride and satisfaction. Messrs. Copper & Son's
(Poplar) report to the breeder on a South Devon steer purchased
at Smithfield : " An extraordinary butcher's bullock. Not one
" ounce of superfluous fat on the whole carcass. Flesh beauti-
" fully engrained like marble. Speaking as a practical man with
" a lifetime experience of both live and dead markets, and a
" purchaser of cattle at every Club Show at Smithfield for over
" twenty years, I don't think I ever saw his equal. In my
" opinion, if you had entered him in the carcass competition
" he would have swept the board."

Among the principal breeders of South Devons in Devon
and Cornwall are Messrs. W. H. B. Ash (Ipplepen), N. Boon
(Malborough, Kingsbridge), H. Bradridge (Ashburton), J. Messer
Bennetts (Truro), Rutland Bros. (Plympton), D. Camp (Mod-
bury), J. Coaker (Paignton), W. Coaker (Charleton, Kingsbridge),
E. R. Cocks (Wembury), W. J. Crossing (Plympton), J. D. Ellis
(Yealmpton), G. H. Eustice (Hayle), H. Fairweather (Kings-
bridge), B. J. Fish (Totnes), J. S. Ford (Yealmpton), F.
Furneaux, L. Furneaux (Berry Pomeroy), J. S. Hallett (Brix-
ton), J. N. Harris (Modbary), W. S. Harris (Stoke Gabriel),
J. C. P. Harvey (Pamflete), S. S. Horton (Loddiswell), W. P.
Kellock (Totnes), J. Leach (Lanreath), B. Luscombe (Aveton
Gifford), J. Luscombe (Kingston, Kingsbridge), E. B. Lus-
combe (Loddiswell), T. W. Luscombe (Totnes), R. B.
Meathrell (Revelstoke), W. Merry (Plympton), F. B. Mildmay,
M.P. (Ivybridge), Sir Lewis Molesworth (Grampound Road),
W. H. Pain (Kingsbridge), W. Paige (St. Germans), J. M.
Peeke & Sons (Harberionford), F. W. Rowe (Lostwitliiel),
J. E. Shinner, R. Shinner (Staverton), E. Stooke, J. Stooke
(Brixton), R. B. Trant (Liskeard), B. J. Toms (St. Keyne),
Alfred Tucker (Harberton), W. H. A. Tucker (Fowey), J. J.
Tucker (Menheniot), W. Vosper (Mamhead, Exeter), Joshua
Wakeham (North Huish), T. S. Walters Symons (Chillington),
T. Willing (Ipplepen), W. & H. Whitley (Paignton), F. J.
Wintle (Kingsbridge), J. S. Wroth & Sons (Aveton Gifford),
John Wood (Totnes), and J. H. R. Wills (Stokenliam).

South Devon Cattle. 65

The last-named sold the bull Eclipse for 120 guineas — the
highest known price, apart from animals purchased for export —
to Lord Howard de Walden, in 1909. He was purchased as a
yearling for 55 guineas from Mr. N. Boon's herd, from which
maTiy high-priced and noted bulls have sprung. Eeiv Style,
for instance, the Victorian champion, and lieiv Forster, which
made 72 guineas at seventeen months old, a son of Minister
(bred by Mr. J, S. Wroth), which Mr. Grepe acquired of Mr.
Boon for three figures, and beat all breeds with him in South
Africa. Incidentally, Mr. Boon's record of highest prices at
spring bull sales at Totnes illustrates the advance in the value
of good specimens. These are 40 guineas, 50 guineas, 55^
guineas, 70 guineas, and 72 guineas, the latter, with two excep-
tions, the best obtained. At the autumn sale the highest
prices recorded were in October, 1912, when Leiglmm. Boy
(calved January 12, 1912) and Leigham Laddie (calved
November 25, 1911) were sold for 07 and iq^ guineas respec-
tively, both being bred by Messrs. Butland Bros.

The Herd Book Society holds sales of pedigree stock at
Totnes on the first Thursdays in April and October, and those
who desire to see a really representative collection of male
animals of the South Devon breed should attend the spring
sale and see the bulls then offered after they have been running
more or less rough the winter through. They are offered in
three classes : exceeding twenty months old, between twelve
and twenty months old, and from eight to twelve months old,
the bulk of the animals usually being from twelve to twenty
months old, and those exceeding that age fewest.

Last April at the sale about a score fetched 30 guineas and
over, most of those changing hands going at from 20 to 30
guineas, for which price sturdy, useful animals for home farms
are obtainable, but those who require the ver,y best must be
prepared to pay for milk and beef progeny. There are usually
at least 100 bulls at the spring sale and about half that number
at the autumn sale. At the local markets and fairs pedigree
stock is occasionally offered, but, speaking generally, owners of
herds are chary of parting with relialile females, which are
in demand at from 25 to 40 guineas. To obtain good pedigree
dams the most satisfactory method to pursue is to get into
direct touch with the breeders, or watch for the dispersal of
well-established herds. Over 10,000 pedigree bulls, cows and
heifers figure in the Herd Book.

ROBT. Drennan.

Totnes, Devon.

VOL. 73.

66

DORSET HORN SHEEP.

This breed of sheep, which is one of the ohlest mutton breeds
in the kingdom, and unrivalled for its fecundity, is widely
distributed, being found not only on the extensive sheep walks
of Dorsetshire, but extending into Somersetshire and the Isle
of Wight, whilst very choice flocks are found on the borders of
Devonshire, and in other more distant English counties, as, for
example, Hertfordshire and Yorkshire. It has also found its
way into America, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.

History and Ancestry.

The earliest records of the l)reed go back to 1G93, when
Edward Lisle, in Ohservations on Hushandry , published by

his son in 1757, describing his journeys into Dorsetshire,
remarked on the fecundity of the Dorset Horn Breed, saying
that his tenant had ewes which brought him lambs at Christ-
mas, which he sold fat to the butcher at Ladyday, and at the
beginning of June, thinking his ewes fat, went to sell them
to the butcher, who, when he handled them, found their
udders springing with milk and near lambing, and eventually
they did lamb early in June. Another early writer to mention

Dorset Horn Sheep.

67

the breed is William Ellis, who, in his Shepherds' Guide,
published in 1749, described the Dorsetshire sheep as having
white faces, white and short legs, broad loins, and fine curled
wool ; he also records that they were good mothers, being
especially careful of their young.

The first known coloured illustrations of Dorset Horn
Sheep appeared in a work on the Domestic Animals of the
British Islands, by Prof. David Lowe, F.R.S.E., published in
1841. These sheep belonged to Mr. Michael Miller, of Plush,
near Dorchester, who possessed the last pure flock of the original
Dorset Horn Sheep in tlie kingdom. These illustrations are
now in the possession of the present writer.

These sheep, which from time immemorial had been
naturalised in the county of Dorset, possessed small horns.

FiQ. L'.— Dorset Horn Ewes.

common to both male and female ; they had white faces and
legs, their wool being very fine, and weighing about four
pounds to the fleece. Their limbs were somewhat long, shoul-
ders low, loins broad and deep, whilst their lips and nostrils
were black with a tendency to assume a fleshy colour ; they
were very hardy, docile, suitable to the practice of folding, and
capable of subsisting on scanty pastures ; they were, too, vei-y
remarkable for their fecundity. Specimens of the breed

D 2

68 Dorset Horn Sheep.

exported to New Zealand in 1906 produced 200 per cent, of
lambs.

It is not too much to say that the Dorset Horn Sheep excels
all other breeds in fecundity and early maturity, as well as in
its capacity for adapting itself to all localities and varieties of
climate, from the chalk and limestone hill farms of the Isle of
Wight and Dorset, to the vales of Somerset and Devon.

The breed was first accorded a place in the prize lists of
leading British shows in 1862, and has since been very much
improved. It is a pure blooded breed in the strictest sense
of the word.

Description of the Breed at the Present Day.

During the last fifty years owing to the enterprise of many
eminent breeders, amongst whom we may mention the names
of Messrs. Henry Mayo, Cokers Frome ; W. Hull, of Druce ;
G. Pitfield, of Eype ; W. R. Flower, of West Stafford : W. A.
Johnson, of Piddletown ; Sir Everard Hambro, K.C V.O., of
Milton Abbey, W. J. Chick, of Stratton, A. Johnson, of
Symondsbury, W, Elworthy, of Monkton, C. Hawkins, of
Waddon, C. B. Stiby, of Bradford Peverell, C. Scott, of Preston,
Dorset ; John Kidner, of Dodhill ; S. Kidner, of Milverton ; F. J.
Merson, of Bridgwater, W. England, of Taverstock, Somerset ;
L. C. Attrill. James Attrill, and H. Cawley Way, of the Isle of
Wight, the breed has been much improved. Success has
attended their efforts to such an extent that the best Dorset
Horn lambs arrive at maturity quite as early as the Down
breeds. The improved breed may now be described as straight
and deep in the body, ribs well arched, loins broad, and the
neck well set on. They are full in the shoulder without
coarseness, and the hind limb well let down towards the
shank, forming a good leg of mutton with small bone. The
general features are pleasing, the head standing well up, the
horns thin, with a symmetrical curl, the eye quick and lively,
the face rather long and thin, the lips and nose pink, or flesh
coloured. They still deserve their reputation as excellent
mothers and good folding sheep, and the mutton is well
flavoured. Although thej' have lieen so much improved, they
have nevertheless retained their hardiness and fecundity.

In the year 1891 the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders' Asso-
ciation was incorporated with the object of encouraging the
breeding of Dorset Horn Sheep at home and abroad, and the
maintenance of the purity of the breed. The Association is
managed by a Council of twenty-four members, with a
President and Vice-Presidents who are ex-officio members
of the Council, the headquarters of the Association being at
Dorchester.

Dorset Horn Sheep. 60

The Association has established a standard of excellence for
the breed as follows : —

Hams. — Bold masculine appearance, and of robust character,
head of great beauty, with strong and long horns growing from
the head well apart on the crown in a straight line with each
other, and coming downwards and forwards in graceful curves
as close to the face as may be without necessitating cutting.

Ewes. — Appearance bright with feminine characteristics.
The horns much smaller and more delicate than in the ram.

General Characteristics.

Head broad, full and open at the nostril, well covered with
wool from brow to pole, face white, with pink nose and lips.

Ears. — Medium size and thin.

Teeth. — Flat, chisel-shaped.

Neck.— ^hort and round, well sprung from shoulders, with
no depression at the collar, strong and muscular, especially in
the ram.

Chest. — "Well forward, full and deep.

Eore Flank. — Full with no depression behind the shoulder.

Shoulders. — Well laid and compact.

Back and Loin. — Broad, long and straight, with well sprung
ribs.

Quarters. — Full, broad and deep, with flesh extending to
the hocks

Ribs. — Well sprung from the back and deep at the sides.

Tail. — Well set up in a line with the back, wide, firm and
fleshy.

Legs. — Well placed at the four corners, straight between
the joints, with plenty of bone, well woolled to or below the
knees and hocks.

Fleece. — Of good staple and qualitj^ compact and firm to
the touch.

Management.

The general management of the breed is as follows : —
About one to one and a half ewes are kept to the acre, and
the flocks vary from 150 to 1,000 according to the area and the
quality of the land, and the amount of water-meadow and
pasture attached to the farms. In summer they require plenty
of room, being allowed to roam the pastures, downs, or
" sheep walks," by day, and being folded on the arable land at
night. They take to the ram fully two months earlier than
any other breed, the rams being put with the main flocks
al)out June 20, and the general time for lambing is from the
middle of November to Christmas. In ram breeding flocks
the ram is put in somewhat earlier, so that the ewes start

70 Dorset Horn Sheep.

lambing as soon after November 1 as possible. The ages of
all sheep entered in the Flock Book and at the Shows date
from November 1.

In August the breeding flock clears up the after shear, and
runs on any pasture available. Dorset Horns generally lamb
down on grass, a few roots being carted out to them. Lambing
pens are not generally used, a few thatched hurdles only being
required at times for shelter, as it is customary to lamb them
in the open, and being very hardy they are kept much healthier
by so doing.

About a fortnight after the lambing the ewes are drafted
off on to roots, commencing with turnips and then on to
swedes ; creeps are provided so that the lambs can run forward
and get the most succulent mouthfuls of whatever crops they
are folded upon. As soon as the lambs can eat thej^ get linseed
cake and lamb food, the quantity being unlimited so long as
they clear the troughs. The ewes with singles get 1 lb. per
day of cotton cake and oats, whilst those with twins are
allowed from \\ to 2 lb. per day. The lambs are w^eaned in
March on swedes, if possible, or on rye with mangel and cake.
When water meadows are available they go into them about
the beginning of April. The offgoing ewes are drafted out in
May, whilst flock ewes run behind the lambs to clean up.
After weaning, the ewe lambs are put on to young seeds
vetches and rape until September, when the early turnips are
ready for folding. Those flock masters who fat their wether
lambs and sell them " off the teat," send them to the local
weekly markets, where they are purchased by dealers early in
the season to go to London, Birmingham and Cardiff. At
Dorchester Market in the spring can be seen weekly from
800 to 1,000 fat lambs oft' the teat, whilst large sales of store
lambs and offgoing ewes are held at Dorchester the third
Thursday in May, when from ] 0,000 to 15,000 store lambs and
ewes are generally penned. The offgoing ewes are purchased
for crossing with Southdown and other Down rams for the
production of early lamb. In this case the rams are put with
the ewes the first week in May, and drop their lambs in Sep-
tember and October. Large numbers of these ewes are taken
into Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Norfolk, and many Midland
Counties.

The sales of rams and ram lambs are held in May at
Dorchester, at Newport, Isle of Wight, and Taunton, Somerset.
The great annual breeders' sale of rams and ram lambs is held
at Dorchester the third Thursday in May, when from 150
to 200 rams are submitted to auction. At this sale prizes are
given, and the 25 guinea challenge cup given by the Dorset
Horn Sheep Breeders' Association for the best pen of i-am

Dorset Horn Sheep. 7l

lambs is competetl for, maiij' rams and ram lambs being sent
from the Isle of Wight and Somerset to compete.

Fairs, Sales and Prices.

The principal fairs for the sale of Dorset Horn Sheep are
held at Dorchester in May, July, August and September. The
September fair, known as Poundbury Fair, is principally for
in-lamb Dorset Horn ewes that have been put to Down rams,
and at this time of the year many can be seen with lambs
by their sides. About 10,000 of these sheep are penned at
this fair. Sales are also held in the spring and autumn at
Beaminster, Bridport, Crewkerne, Taunton, and at Newport
in the Isle of Wight.

At the ram sales at Dorchester ram lambs fetch from
5 guineas to 30 guineas each, shearling rams from 8 guineas
to 35 guineas each. The draft ewes at the fairs make from
■ils. to 60i\ each, according to quality, in a good season.

The best flocks when dispersed often average from 70s.
to 80s. each. Fat lambs off the teat make from 35s. to 44s.
each in an average season. Foreign buyers give long prices
for the best Dorset Horn Sheep for exportation, and the best
shearling ewes will make from 10 to 15 guineas each, and
shearling rams and ram lambs from 25 guineas to 40 guineas
each.

Weights and Early Maturity.

The special and peculiar feature of the breed is that the
ewes come in season as early as April or May, and can breed
lamb for the Christmas Markets weighing from 10 to 12 lb. per
quarter at from ten to twelve weeks old ; the ewes, when fatted
off with the lamb, will weigh from 22 to 28 lb. per quarter.
Wether sheep when ripe weigh from 20 to 23 lb. per quarter.
In 1907 a pen of Dorset Horn wether lambs bred by Mr.
Charles Scutt, of Wyke Oliver, Weymouth, and exhibited by
him at the Smithfield Club Show at the age of eleven months
and three days, gave the following weights : — Live weight,
5 cwt. 3 qrs. 18 lb. the pen of three ; average daily gain,
0'63 lb. ; average weight of dressed carcass, 136 lb. ; average
percentage of carcass to gross live weight, 62*38 lb. Again, in
1908, a pen of wether lambs bred by Mr. C. Hawkins, of
Waddon, Dorchester, aged eleven months and fourteen days,
gave these results : — Live weight, 5 cwt. 3 qrs. ; average weight
of dressed carcass, 132 lb. ; average percentage of carcass to
gross live weight, 61*68 lb. ; average weight of skins, 16 lb. ;
average weight of loose fat, 15 lb. ; average daily gain of live
weight, 0*62 lb. These sheep were purchased by Messrs.
Polgate & Son, who stated that they were full of lean flesh and
very fine meat. At the Smithfield Club Show this year

i

72 ])orset Horn Sheep.

(11H2) Messrs. G. A. & R. A. Kingswell's pen of Dorset Horn
lambs (cup winners), 310 days old, were 217 lb. in weight, and
made an average daily gain of 0*70 lb., a figure exceeded by
very few breeds.

Weight and Prices op Wool.

Dorset Horn wool is famous for its whiteness, its freedom
from kemp, and its superior quality. It is much sought after
by Welsh, Bradford, and Leicester buyers, and large sales by
auction are held at Dorchester in Juh', wdiich are attended by
purchasers from these and other centres. Most of the best wool
goes into Wales and Yorkshire, whilst Leicester buyers take the
bulk of the Horn lamb wool. At the sales in July last, Horn
fleeces made from 14|^. to l&\d. per lb., and Horn lamb from
l-i^d. to l&\d. Very little unwashed wool is shown, and the
breeders are very keen and careful about the get up of their
clips. Doubtless this accounts for the keen competition,
for it is generally remarked by the buyers that the get up of
the Dorset Horn w^ools is far in advance of those with w^hich
they deal in other counties. Shearing takes place about the
middle of June, and both the lambs and the ewes are shorn.
The lambs cut from 2| to 3 lb. at six months old ; the ewes
5 to 7 lb., and the shearling rams from 10 to l-l lb.

Crossing.

The Dorset Horn Sheep has been crossed with the South-
down and Hampshire Down. For early lamb rearing the best
cross is with a Southdown ram, as although the lambs may be
a little smaller they are of better quality, whilst they fatten
quicker, weigh better, and have shorter jackets than with other
Down crosses. Dorset Horn rams have also been used on
Hampshire Down and Devon Longwool ewes with great
success.

The number of sheep registered in the Dorset Horn Flock
Book for the year 1912, is ewes, 52,950 ; ewe tegs, 23,009 ;
rams, 941.

There are two Societies in America, viz. : The Dorset Horn
Sheep Breeders' Association of America, and the Continental
Dorset Club. The former was established in 1891, and the
latter in 1897, and there are upwards of 13,000 animals recorded
in their books. The breed was first imported into America in
1887 by Mr. A. Thayer of New York, and Mr. E. F. Buwditch
of Massachusetts ; and Mr. T. S. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, the
Secretary of the American Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders' Associa-
tion, made a large importation in 1889. Canada was, however,
in the field a little earlier than the United States, the breed
being imported into Ontario in 1885.

Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease. 73

The best known flocks in America at the present time, are
the Tranquility Flock of New Jersey, The Fillmore Farms,
Bennington, Vermont, U.S.A., Mr. Wing's of Ohio, Messrs.
Gifford and Nash's of Indiana, Mr. Henderson's of Pennsylvania,
Mr. Arbuckle's of Virginia, and Mr, Harding's of Ontario.
There are also other flocks in Virginia and Georgia.

Thomas H. Ensor, F.H.A.S., F.A.I.

Dorchester,

Dorset.

THE TREATMENT OF GRASS LAND WITH

A VIEW TO THE ELIMINATION OF

DISEASE.

The selection of this title for an article to appear in ' the
present issue of this Journal may, of itself, be taken as evi-
dence of the importance with which the subject is generally
regarded, and to some extent, suggestive of the difficulties
surrounding it. A keen perception of the magnitude of
the latter did not fail to arouse feelings of diffidence in
acceding to the request to make the contribution, for while
it was fully recognised that loss from disease amongst grazing
animals is a very serious deterrent to profitable agriculture,
which unfortunately the curative measures, now known,
cannot be depended on to materially mitigate, the writer was
fully conscious of the fact that elimination of disease by
treatment of grass land involves consideration of many other
matters than the application of material to the heritage or
surface of the soil, which the superscription might suggest.
Indeed, at the outset it must be confessed that our know-
ledge of the effects of such applications is so limited and
lacking in precision that necessarily attention must be mainly
directed to other aspects of the situation, as in the nature of
things the elimination of disease must largely depend on
prevention of its occurrence in animals, which provide the
seeds and seed beds on which its existence depends.

There appears to be a general and growing impression that,
apart from those scheduled under the Contagious Diseases
(Animals) Act, diseases among grazing animals are becoming
increasingly prevalent. For the foundation of precise opinion
on this point no statistics are available, though it cannot be
questioned that at the present time there is much more
than formerly heard of losses limited and extensive. With
falling })rices of wheat has come the expansion of the area
of more or less permanent pasture. Since 1882 the extent

74 Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease.

of land under corn-crop has decreased by 2,000,000 acres,
and that under roots by 400,000 acres, while that of
" permanent pasture " has increased by about 3,000,000
acres, the number of cattle by 1,300,000 head, and of sheep
by 2,000,000 head. Live stock has become the more impor-
tant element in the consideration of British agriculturists,
and this, in conjunction with increased facilities for dis-
semination of agricultural news, probably tends to bring
under notice more than formerly the occurrence of disease in
individual cases. The older literature of the subject is often
misleading and does not always afford safe ground for
comparison. For instance, Youatt, writing about seventy
years ago on '' The Sheep," refers to " consumption,"
" diarrhoea," and " dysentery " as responsible for serious losses
in his day. More recently acquired knowledge, admitting
of the study of diseases in relation to their causes, allows
UB to arrange them more precisely. To-day it is known
that, while sheep are susceptible to tuberculosis, to which
Youatt's description makes it clear he refers as " consump-
tion," they are extremely rarely affected with it under the
conditions in which they have always lived in this country.
Excepting the " mysterious worm in the foot," the fluke and
the gid-hydatid in the brain are the only worms to which
reference is found in the index of this work ; yet his
description of symptoms, post-mortem appearances, and cir-
cumstances under which the diseases occurred make it fairly
clear that all three conditions referred to under the foregoing
names are now very common and known to be due respectively
to worms in the lungs, stomach and intestines. There are,
however, cogent reasons for thinking that altered management
of our live stock consequent on change of circumstances has
conduced to the more frequent occurrence of disease in serious
form in animals on our grass lands, and, while to-day we may
possibly encounter some diseases of animals unknown in this
country a century ago, it is beyond doubt that the ploughing
and cultivation of land have, in a general way, a purifying
effect, and that the prolonged absence of animals must
materially lessen the risk of its becoming contaminated and
remaining so.

It is notorious that grazing animals are more liable to
disease in some situations than in others. Fields and farms
may acquire the reputation of being healthy or unhealthy to
animals of one or more species. Holdings are advertised as
"sound" or healthy for all or certain classes of stock and
valued accordingly. From time immemorial it has been
customary to associate certain diseases with certain grass
lands, often under the conviction that such diseases are

Treatment of Grass Laud for Elhiii nation oj Disease. 75

products of the soil or that the cause is inherent to the
situation. While, however, the stigma of being unhealthy or
unsound may have rightly been attached to some pastures for
generations, many instances could be cited in which the
disease has ceased to appear in animals grazing in such
situations, and there is ample evidence showing that some
situations, which have for equal periods enjoyed a high
character for freedom from disease of stock, have acquired
an ^^nenviable reputation in consequence of the appearance
and recurrence of disease in animals grazing on them. There
would appear to. be a general impression that disease is more
common in animals on old permanent than on new or
temporary pastures, but we know that serious fatalities may
and do occur on the latter. There is, however, reason for
supposing that one of the consequences of extending the life of
pasture may be increased liability of stock grazing on it to
contract disease. Rich soil, which is the basis of rich pasture,
and the ground on which much of it has become permanent,
supplies, at any rate, one of the conditions favourable to,
though not necessarily determining, the occurrence of disease,
inasmuch as its plentiful supply of herbage admits of keeping
large numbers of animals in relatively small areas, and so of
increasing the risk of contamination. Low-lying, as compared
with upland, pastures are often regarded as prone to disease
partly for the last named reason, but mainly because conditions
often obtaining in such situations are more congenial to the
life and development of some disease-producing agents and so
to recurrence of disease in serious form. It is highly important
to recognise that the incidence and effect of disease on grazing
animals mux be materially influenced by situation and soil, but
disease is limited to no kind of pasture, and is not a product
of the soil or herbage in any other sense than cattle or sheep
are. It is, of course, realised that the quality of pasture
depends on the nature of the soil, situation, and the treatment
applied to it, and that the highest degree of health in con-
junction with rapid progress is favoured by feeding on herbage
composed of plants known from experience to be best adapted
to the I'equirements of animals of various species. Diseases
to which attention will be directed are set up by living
organisms, and, important as the foregoing circumstance may
be, for our purpose it must be insisted on that they cannot
be regarded as the cause of disease farther than they may
provide conditions favoura])le to the contamination of grass
land and animals with the living organisms severally capable
of inducing the respective diseases. It is not proposed to
refer to those disorders of live stock, which may result from
the ingestion of herbage rendered harmful by inclusion of

76 Treatment of Grass f, and for KUmination of IHsease.

poisonous plants, or toxic matters, such as lead, arsenic, &c.,
which are occasionally met with on grass land, nor such as
depend on its abundance, succulence, dryness, or other such
characters.

Considerations suggested by the title of this article are
many and of wide range, and though there may exist some
general principles, consistent wdth good agriculture, which
should always be adopted and acted on, the primary and
essential condition to be obsei'ved in attempting to eliminate
diseases from grass land is the determination of the precise
nature of the maladies it is desired to deal with, and it would
prove a dangerous fallacy to regard disease as an entity, or
to assume the existence of any panacea for the extirpation
from grass land of all the diseases to which grazing animals
are liable.

The living organisms, which commonly, though not exclu-
sively, render gi-ass land dangerous for stock are parasitic
worms and bacteria. With the exception of a small number
of the latter, such as those responsible for the i)roduction of
black leg and tetanus, which are believed to live in the
soil — soil organisms — the disease-producing organisms which
contaminate our grass lands are derived from animals and are
incapable of maintaining their power to harm live stock or,
indeed, their existence for any great length of time apart from
animals susceptible to the diseases of which they are respec-
tively the causal agents. It is obligatory on the majority of
these organisms to spend some portion of their lives in such
anini'ils, and if these are not available they perish. The length
of the period during which disease germs are capable of
maintaining their existence in the outer world, and so of
continuing to contaminate pastures, can only be approximately
measured. The spores of anthrax under certain conditions
retain their vitality and efficiency for periods extending over
several years, but this may be taken as the exception rather
than the rule, and it will pi'obably be safe to assume that in
case of most of the specific diseases to which grazing animals
are commonly subject, withdrawal of all live stock for a whole
year would result in death of their causal germs and purification
of the pasture.

Further, it is well established that while certain organisms
induce disease in all live stock, others atfect only animals of
certain species. Advantage of this characteristic may be taken
for the elimination of some diseases of the worst form. For
instance, the small red bowel-worm, which pollutes many
grass lands, and in some does serious harm to horses, affects
animals of the equine species only, and residence in the horse
or kindred animal being essential to its life, their exclusion

Treatment of ijrass Land for EUnnnation of Disease. 77

from the contaminated pastures removes the immediate danger,
and prolonged absence leads to elimination of this form of con-
tamination, and as this worm does not infest animals of other
species, such may be grazed in the polluted situation without
fear. This removal of the seed-bed is often the only practicable
measure at our disposal for the elimination of diseases from
grass land.

It would probably be incorrect to assume that, apart from
their existence in animals, disease-producing organisms are
u])iquitous or permanent residents on grass land ; but it must
be recognised that its disease-producing quality depends on its
pollution with disease germs emanating from animals. These
may be deposited directly by animals on to pasture, or be brought
thither with food, manure, or other contaminated material.
The degree and extent of contamination and the danger to
animals grazing on them will materially depend on whether
the seeds of disease are sparsely or profusely discharged
during life by infested or infected animals — conditions applic-
able to the spread of disease generally. Take for contrasting
examples anthrax and foot-and-mouth disease ; in case of the
former there is practically no discharge of the causal bacilli
during life, or, at any rate, while the subject is moving about,
and the number of animals dying at each outbreak averages
less than two, the extensive fatalities which occasionally
result from improper disposal of carcasses, &c., being included
in the computation. In case of the latter, in which discharge
of virus is profuse, if unrestrained, perhaps GO to 80 per cent,
of animals grazing with the affected one would contract the
malady. These diseases may also be used to exemplify the
varying periods during which grass land may remain contamin-
ated. It has been stated that anthrax spores may retain their
vitality in the outer world for years ; it may be mentioned
that in dealing with the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease
which have occurred in Great Britain for many years, animals
have been allowed to go on to pastures in which the affected
had been grazing in about a month or six weeks after the
existence of the disease had ])een reported, as far as we can
discover, without recurrence in the same place.

The adoption of measures for the elimination of disease
from grass land must be considered with the view of preventing
its pollution, and destroying the organisms of which that
pollution consists. In seeking for the sources of pollution it
is essential to bear in mind that harmful parasites of various
kinds are much more frequently than is ordinarily supposed
resident, usually in small numbers, in apparently healthy
animals, and these or their germs are discharged on to many
pastures on which grazing animals remain unaffected by

78 Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease.

recognisable disease, a circumstance due tu the fact that the
seeds are not available in numbers sufficient to induce
appreciable symptoms, or that conditions in the outer world are
inimical to their existence. This, perhaps, more generally
applies to parasitic worms, for a striking difference between
these and bacteria as disease-producing agents is that
while the latter, after gaining the animal body, multiply so
enormously that a minute dose may set up disease in fatal
form, the development \vithin the animal, of ova or embryos
of worms produced there, to a stage at which they become
injurious to the host does not usually occur. In case of neither
is this rule absolute, for, small as the dose may appear, it is
known that the effects of some bacteria depend materially on
the number introduced into an animal in a given time ; while
in the case of certain parasitic disease the principal mischief is
produced in the animal by embryos expelled by mature worms
within it. Inasmuch, therefore, as many apparently healthy
animals are discharging germs, which in large numbers and
under certain conditions maj* prove the cause of disease, it
stands to reason that the thicker animals are on grass land the
greater will be the risk of serious contamination, and in this
lies the explanation of some of the ills of overstocking. Long
before the existence of these conditions was generallj^ realised,
common observation had told our forefathers that frequent
change and ample grazing space were essential to the health of
live stock, particularly of sheep ; and the value of acting on
their maxim is thoroughly supported by the revelations of
modern research and experience.

Important, however, as is recognition of the fact that these
diseases of grazing animals are caused by living organisms and
that if these were not accessible to our live stock our pastures
would, in this respect, be free from danger, it must be realised
that conditions in the outer world favourable to their develop-
ment are of extreme moment. Fortunately, only an
infinitesimal proportion of disease germs cast forth on to
grass land survive under conditions ordinarily obtaining in
nature, but it is too well known that abnormalities of season
and other circumstances, often beyond our control, may
provide conditions under which they flourish and pollut
grass land to a dangerous degree. Indeed, while it is impos-
sible to determine whether any given animals are or are
not discharging disease germs, it would appear that the
means at our disposal are insufficient to ensure complete
security against occasional dangerous contamination. It wall
be realised that the seeds of disease may be brought by animals
into situations in which the disease for which they are respon-
sible had not been previously known to exist, and, if favourable

Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease. 79

conditions obtain, may become a source of pollution of pastures
and stock. It is, therefore, in this relation advisable to
introduce only animals from uncontaminated sources ; but while
the attainment would be ideal, it is to be feared that no such
assurance is to be acquired, and that in the purchase of fresh
animals some degree of risk must be accepted.

As most of the diseases to which live stock are liable occur
in animals at grass, it will be evident that limitations of space
will admit of but cursory treatment of the subject, and all that
can he attempted is a glance at what we regard some of the
more salient features in certain of its aspects.

The contamination of grass land, which is frequently
referred to as " soiled," " tainted," or " sick," has, owing to
heavy losses of stock, particularly of sheep, at pasture, been
much under consideration for the past quarter of a century.
As the terms imply, the condition occurs where large numbers
of animals have been more or less continuously grazed for
prolonged periods in relatively small areas. It would appear
that the expressions are not infrequently employed to convey
the idea that the unhealthiness of the pastures and unthrifti-
ness and disease of animals grazed on it are directly due to the
nature and quality of the herbage produced under the foregoing
circumstances. Indeed, one has often heard expressed the
belief that the chemical constitution or physical state of the
grass is at fault, and that it lacks some of the elements
essential to the physiological requirements of animals of the
class for which a pasture is said to be " sick," and so is the
direct cause of " pining and sickness." The feeding qualities of
grass land, it must be allowed, may be rendered more or less
ap})ropriate by treatment depending on the habits of various
species of animals or by its management, but we know of no
solid reason for thinking that the composition of grass can be so
altered by any form of treatment as to render it, of itself, capable
of inducing disease. The "sickness" of pasture is usually,
if not exclusively, due to its pollution by some living germs of
disease emanating fx-om animals. In our experience the
" tainting " of grass land is most commonly met with under
circumstances known to be favourable to the existence of
parasitic worms on pastures, and in the investigation of
illnesses and fatalities among grazing animals on land said to
be "sheep sick," "horse sick," &c., such occurrences have
been most frequently found due to the attack of parasitic
worms. The adoption of measures for the elimination of such
diseases must be influenced by consideration of points in the
life histories, as far as they are known, of the parasites which
cause them. The contamination may consist solely or mainly
of parasites of one or more species or variety. It is a common

80 Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease.

occurrence to find worms of two distinct kinds infesting the
lungs, and even a greater variety in the stomach and intestines
of sheep, each inducing morbid changes in the situation in
which it is found and adding its quota to what is often a fatal
terrni nation.

Discovery of the source of contamination of our grass lands
with parasites' worms is a matter of importance. While it
may not be correct to assume that parasitic worms are
permanent residents on all pastures, it must be borne in mind
that a large proportion of apparently healthy sheep harl)our a
few worms of different species, and their natural habitat in the
mature form is within animals susceptible to their injurious
effects. Here reproduction takes place, and eggs or embryos
are produced, which, on being discharged by grazing animals,
constitute one of the forms of contamination most common
and serious in this country. Indeed, residence w^ithin the
susceptible animal is essential for maintaining the various
species of disease-producing worms. The impregnated female
or female portions of hermaphrodite worms produce immense
]iumbers of eggs or embryos, the great majority of which,
under conditions usually prevailing, perish soon after gaining
the pastures. Were this not the case, parasitic disease would
be far more prevalent than it is, if any live stock remained to
be attacked. It can be but occasionally that very favourable
conditions for the development of these seeds of disease in
harmful proportions ol^tain in the outer world.

In case of some of these parasites the development from
i^gg or embryo, in which form they are cast out by infested
animals, to that in which they are capable of living and doing
liarm to live stock takes place in a short time and under simple
conditions, and probably moisture and a temperature such as
usually olitains in summer months in this country are the
only essentials. Of other species it is known that, in order to
attain the harmful stage, the immature worm must spend some
period of residence in some small creature — its " intermediary
liost." If such is not available to the larval form, it dies.
In attempting to eliminate some disease from grass land it is
important to take this into our calculations, as it may be
]»ossible to avert dangerous contamination by providing con-
ditions unfavourable to the eKistence of the intermediary host,
when circumstances affecting the parasite in its other stages
jnay be beyond our control. Advice to keep live stock on
pastures on Avhich there was no surface water dui-ing the past
summer Avould not have been very highly appreciated. It
will, indeed, be realised that while apparently healthy animals
liarliour parasites, which cast off vast numl)ers of their progeny,
ihe occurrence of disease in grazing animals will often depend

Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease. 81

on conditions which cannot be wholly averted. Whether
these disease germs shall exist in numbers, sufficient to
seriously infest, may .possibly to some extent depend on
management, but while this may sometimes minimise the
contamination of the land and the risks of serious infestation,
it is to be feared that at present we are not in possession of
knowledge sufficient to ensure perfect purity of our pastures.
Unfortunately we are unable to determine that any given area
of grass land is polluted until its effects are manifested by
disease in animals grazing on it, and in case of most diseases
due to parasitic worms before there is any distinct manifestation
considerable numbers of animals have already become seriously
infested and further pollution is proceeding. It must be
remembered that such disease may not have been acquired
in the situation in which it is manifested.

It is much to be regretted that we possess so little precise
knowledge of the life history of many of the parasitic worms
harmful to live stock. The immense aggregate loss attributable
to their action, which might possibly be averted by discovery
of the conditions essential to their existence in animals and on
pastures by suggesting appropriate means for breaking their
life cycles and purifying pastures, calls loudly for further
research, and we venture to express the view that to few more
desirable objects could portions of the Development Fund,
allocated to improvement of the conditions on which agriculture
is carried on, be applied,

A forceful example of the value of scientific research in
this direction is supplied in the Report^ by Mr. A. P, Thomas
of his investigations resulting in discoveries which completed
our knowledge of the development of the fluke, the cause of
liver-rot, which thirty years ago decimated our flocks, but with
the ravages of which we are happily less familiar to-day. It
has been recogjiised that this parasite, after entering sheep,
cattle, and other animals in an immature form, gains the bile
ducts of the liver, setting up in this organ and elsewhere
disease, which baffles all attempts at cure, and emitting
innumerable eggs which are discharged with the faeces of
infested animals. It was demonstrated that, for the first stages
of development of the egg, moisture and some degree of heat are
essential. If these conditions exist on the spot in which an
egg is deposited, development may proceed to the stage at
which the immature parasite enters the body of a certain
fresh-water snail in which a period must be passed before it
becomes capable of infesting its ultimate hosts, the sheep, &c. If
this fresh-water snail is not availa1)le the fluke embryo perishes.

' R.A.S.F,. Journal, Vols. 4?, 48, 44.

S2 Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease.

The elimination of this disease from grass hind may with this
knowledge be attempted on precise lines directed to ])reaking
the life cycle of the parasite, which may under some circum-
stances be accomplished by not grazing sheep and other
susceptible animals on pastures on which surface water
accumulates or stagnant pools exist, or by the application of
salt to the surface with a view of establishing conditions
inimical to fresh-water snails. Our recent weather experiences
prove the futility of attempting the former during the past
season. Another instance in which a complete knowledge of
the life-history of a parasitic worm permits of the adoption of
precise measures for the prevention or elimination of disease
from grass land is the case of the affection familiarly known
as gid, sturdy, tiirnsick, &c. This disease, which affects
animals of various species, but, in particular, sheep and lambs,
is induced by the pressure of a bladder or " hydatid " in the
brain or spinal cord. Though usually met with in only a small
number of animals in a flock, our pastures may be so con-
taminated with the eggs of the tapeworm, of whose existence
this bladder represents one phase, that 25 per cent, or even a
larger proportion of the lambs grazing on it may succumb to
attack. The tapeworm, whose eggs are taken from the
contaminated pasture by sheep, is in its mature form an
inhabitant of the intestine of the dog by which its eggs are
deposited on pastures. The eggs ingested by sheep and other
stock pass to the brain and develop into the bladder, which
contains hundreds of heads, each of which on being eaten by
the dog may develop into a mature tapeworm. This form of
contamination may be averted by preventing dogs from eating
heads of affected animals unless they have been previously
boiled so as to kill the tapeworm heads within the bladder ; or
by Ijringing dogs, liable to go on to the grass land, within
an enclosed space, dosing them with medicine for the expulsion
of tapeworm, and destroying their excreta.

It may be remarked that in regard to elimination of disease
due to tapeworms and long round worms (Ascarides), we enjoy
a special advantage in possessing a reliable means of causing
expulsion of the injurious parasites from infested animals.
Occasionally animals on our grass lands become somewhat
severely infested with tapeworm or ascarides and our pastures
much polhited by their ova. Severe losses among lambs and
young horses from these causes have come within our observa-
tion. The treatment of pasture with the view of eliminating
these forms of disease is best effected by placing the animals
harbouring the worms on to land al)out to be ploughed and to
administei- appropriate drugs for the expulsion of the worms
and their eggs, which probably perish after l)eing ploughed in.

Treatment of Grass Land for Elimhiation of Disease. 83

When we come to consider the adoption of measures for
the elimination of disease due to parasitic worms from grass
land, which we have stated should, as far as practicable, be based
on a knowledge of the life history of the respective parasites, it
has to be admitted that concerning many of those which pollute
our pastures and cause extensive loss to stock owners, com-
paratively little is known as the result of experimental enquiry.
It is, however, recognised that, following certain conditions
in the outer world, it is common to find animals infested with
worms of various species, and for parasitic worm disease due
to different kinds of worms to appear in the same situations
and in certain seasons. From these observations it is inferred
that certain circumstances are favourable to the development
of some species of worms, whose life history has not been
completely determined by special investigation. Generally
speaking, stagnant surface water, dirty ponds and drinking
water, tufts of long coarse grass, and overstocking, which
necessitates continuous grazing of animals of the same species
in comparatively small areas, are regarded as favourable to the
occurrence of destructive parasitic worm disease, and should, as
far as possible, be avoided, more particularly in the spring and
summer months, when the temperature probably supplies one
of the essential conditions. It is realised that such advice is
often easier given than carried out, wet seasons placing its
adoption beyond our control.

When practicable, advantage should be taken of knowledge
as to the susceptibilities of species of animals to the ill effects
of the several parasitic worms, and, as before indicated, animals
of susceptible species should not graze on pastures suspected of
being contaminated with parasites special to the species. The
case of the small red bowel worm of the horse has been
instanced in relation to this point, which may be further
exemplified by reference to that of a very destructive worm,
Sh'ongylus i^ufescens, which infests the lungs of sheep and is
probably a common source of pollution of grass land, as in
some phases of its development it is found in a large proportion
of our apparently healthy sheep. This worm does not affect
other farm animals, and, as far as has been ascertained, does
not retain its vitality for long periods apart from sheep. The
exclusion of sheep from a pasture for a year would probably be
a means of purifying it, but, of course, after the return of
infested sheep it may soon become again polluted.

It is believed with some reason that while adult animals
may harbour considerable numbers of parasitic worms without
appreciable harm, young animals are much more readily
affected, and on this ground it is deemed advisable to graze
young before and not after older animals. A further explanation

8-4 Treatment of Grass hand for Kliinination of Disease.

lies in the fact thar tlie older anijiials contaminate pastures by
the deposition of ova or emljrjos of worms Avhich naturally
inhabit their internal organs.

It has to be admitted that in the majority of cases, when
our live stock are so heavily infested with parasitic woi*ms as
to show definite symptoms of disease, remedial measures are
not usually effectual. Experiments in the laboratory as to the
effect of medicines in general use for the death or expulsion of
worms do not favour the view that they are easily killed
by these agents at a strength compatible with the health
and life of animals in which worms exist. It would appear
that before the existence of the disease is manifested l)y
distinctive symptoms, the damage done is often beyond any
repair we can fairh' expect from the use of drugs, whose action
is now known to us. It is within the range of possibility that
in case of apparently healthy animals harbouring a few parasites
the administration of certain medicines may render conditions
within the animals uncongenial to worms and effect their
expulsion ; and in situations in which it is known that worm
disease is liable to prevail it may be advisable to administer
some worm medicine to animals in the spring and early
summer, after doing so placing them on land which is to be
ploughed. The use of rock-salt, and salt mixed with trough
food is possibly beneficial.

Mucli has been written and said as to the benefits likely to
accrue from the application of agents such as lime, salt, soot,
&c., to contaminated grass land with the object of purifying it
from disease, while it is claimed by some commercially
interested in artificial manures that some of these are effective.
Laboratory experiences do not indicate that lime, salt, or soot
applied in such amounts as are compatible with the life and
well doing of herbage and live stock are likely to desti'oy all
the disease-producing agents polluting grass land, but as
instanced in case of the effect of salt on the fresh- water snail,
which entertains the immature fluke, it is, perhaps, possible
that either or all of the materials named may provide circum-
stances unfavourable to parasites in some phase of their
development. The effect of lime on soil, we know, is
sometimes remarkable. Our knowledge of its deleterious effect
on soil bacteria is far from complete, but it has been seriously
suggested very recently that it is capal^le of effecting some
measure of soil-sterilisation. "While the addition of lime to
many soils is so often followed by growth of superior herbage,
its application to " tainted " pasture may be advisable, though
in our present state of knowledge we cannot suggest that it
should take the place of other measures named, but used in
conjunction with them at the rate of 2 or 3 ton of slaked lime

Treatment of (rrass L< did for Klint'inafion of l>'}sease. 85

to the aci-e. We have no knowledge of the special eflt'ect of
anj- chemical manure on the organisms which pollute pastiires,
but when it is realised .that gi-ass land may be contaminated by
organisms discharged in the excreta of infested animals, it will
1)6 evident that most of the chemically prepared manures are
far less likely to convey the seeds of disease than animal
manure. It will be realised that top-dressing of grass land
with farmyard manure made by animals discharging disease
germs may prove a facile means of rendering it dangerous to
grazing animals.

The treatment of grass lands most likely to prove eflFective
for the elimination of parasitic worm disease is ploughing ;
few, if any, of the eggs or embryos, we think, long survive
their burial in this way, while the absence of animals would
ensure it against fresh pollution. It is, however, questionable
whether the effects of ploughing are sufficiently enduring to
warrant its adoption in case of grass land which, except for the
existence of disease caused by parasitic worms, is more valuable
as pasture than as cultivated land. There must always be the
risk of pollution by deposit of ova or embryos as soon as such
land is again laid down to grass, and stocked.

Contamination of grass land is not, however, limited to
disease induced by parasitic worms. Grazing stock are liable
to acquire l^acterial and other maladies from polluted herbage,
water, &c., and these are so numerous that but very cursory
reference can be made to some more salient features of a
few, and this mainly with a view of indicating that attempts
at elimination must be governed by the special features
of each form of contamination. As in the case of parasitic
worms, the great majority of l)acteria must spend some
part of their existence in animals, and do not retain their
disease-producing powers long apart from them. They live
in the outer world for varying periods, but most of them
succumb to natural conditions soon after being discharged
from the affected animal, sunlight being a potent factor
in their destruction. The temperature usually obtaining
in our climate does not favour their multiplication outside
the animal body. It is within the infested animal that
their increase takes place after varying periods of incubation,
and though to some extent the effect will depend on the
number entering an animal, a very small dose is usually
sufficient to produce the full effect. Some are discharged
during illness of affected animals and scattered over pas-
tures ; others are mainly confined to the animal, and, for
pollution of grass land, derived from affected carcasses. The
effects of some bacteria are also limited to animals of certain
species.

8() Tredtmetit of (jrass Land for Elimination of Disease.

In the case of some of these organisms, residence in a
susceptil)le animal is not regarded as a condition essential to
life and increase. It is probable that under ordinary conditions
such soil-organisms rarely contaminate grass land in a highly
dangerous degree, but this may occur when carcasses of their
victims, which contain the germs of the disease, are allowed to
remain long on pastures or are otherwise improperly disposed
of. For example, it is well known that black quarter was
specially liable to occur among young cattle grazing in the
same situation year after year, sometimes causing serious loss,
and it was so lar recognised that there was little hope of
eliminating the risks of its occurrence by treatment of pastures
or of curing the affected that such supposed preventive measures
as setoning, rowelling, and inoculation were resorted to. While
we may possess no means for extirpating all such disease germs
from the soil, experience indicates that proper disposal of
diseased carcasses practically reduces to a minimum the risks
of I occurrence of diseases due to them, as during illness they
are not usually discharged on to the land.

Anthrax, which includes amongst its subjects farm animals
of all species, is usually regarded as a disease often due to
contamination of pasture and very liable to recur on certain
grass lands. In countries in which the temperature is nor-
mally high for considerable portions of the year and other
conditions in the outer world favourable, the germs of this
disease may multiply, but under conditions ordinarily obtaining
in these islands, this probably but rarely occurs outside the
bodies of affected animals. Though during the late stages
of illness of the animal some anthrax bacilli may be dis-
charged, such discharge is usually not profuse, and as the
course of the disease is very short, grass land is not likely
to be widely contaminated by the living animal. Indeed,
the recurrence of anthrax in the same situation as a result of
contamination of pasture would, from the investigation of a
large number of so-called " outbreaks " by the Board of
Agriculture, appear to be far less common than was formerly
believed, while the fact that on the average less than two
animals die at each outbreak gives strong support to the same
view. There are, however, some situations in which anthrax
recurs periodically. Such may depend on the fact that if the
long rode-like anthrax organisms or liacilli in which form the
germs exist in the affected animal are exposed to the air they
produce spores, w^hich are capable under some circumstances of
retaining their vitality and efficiency in the outer world for
periods which may extend over years. Some grass lands are
also more open to the risks of fresh contamination as a result
of proximity to or connection with woollen, alpaca, or hide

Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease. 87

factories, &c., while in the present day grazing animals are
believed to contract this malady from eating foreign-grown
artificial food, and from pastures treated with certain raw-bone
manures. In considering the treatment of grass land with the
view of elimination of anthrax the foregoing must be provided
for, but the recurrence of this disease on our pastures mainly
depends on improper disposal of carcasses and dejecta of its
victims, and if the conditions prescribed by law are observed,
there are few risks of pollution of pastures. As all kinds of
farm animals are susceptible to this disease it is not practical)le
to attempt its elimination by withdrawing those of any par-
ticular species, while ploughing might act deleteriously by
bringing buried spores to the surface. Its fatal nature and
communicability to man add a degree of seriousness to its
occurrence, but when it is realised that of nearly 40,000,000
grazing animals in this country the total annual number of
deaths attributed to anthrax is about 1,000, of which a con-
siderable proportion occur in stabled animals, it must be
concluded that it is not a common or widespread form of
contamination of pastures, and though under certain conditions
anthrax spores may retain their vitality for years, exposure
to the rays of the sun for a few hours kills them.

Johne's Disease, an old acquaintance, which under a new
name looms somewhat largely in the public mind as a disease
affecting cattle, sheep, and some other ruminants, affords an
example of an affection in which large numbers of the causal
germs are discharged with the faeces of affected animals and
with which grass land may therefore become polluted. It also
occurs in stall-fed cattle, and manure made by them must be
regarded as infective. Though the micro-organisms giving
rise to this malady have retained their vitality for considerable
periods in the laboratory, little of a precise nature is known as
to how long they may remain dangerous on pasture, or of the
effect of the application of any material to its surface. The
means of eliminating the risks of contamination must be
sought for in preventing affected animals from depositing
the causal bacilli on our grass land. Animals become infected
by ingesting these micro-organisms, but the progress of the
disease is slow, and for a considerable period after the germs
have been taken in with food or water no distinctive symptoms
are shown, and with ordinary observation it is not possible to
diagnose its existence in the early stages when perhaps but
few germs are being passed. To avert contamination of grass
land it is desirable under all circumstances to remove affected
animals, isolate them, and to prevent manure made by them
from being spread on grass land. It would be of supreme
advantage to be able to discover the infected animal before the

88 Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease.

disease has advanced to the stage at which its germs were being
discharged in profusion. Quite recently the preparation of a
specific diagnostic vaccine has been announced by Messrs.
Twort, M.R.C.S., and Ingram, M.R.C.V.S., of the Brown
Institution, London, for which is claimed the power to
diagnose the disease in its early stages. If this, or any like
means, should prove effectual and practicable in the field
there will be at our disposal a highly valuable form of
treatment for averting pollution of grass land, and so of
eliminating this serious malady to which our more numerous
grazing animals are liable.

Contagious abortion of cows is probably sometimes con-
tracted on pasture as a result of its contamination by the
abortion, discharges from the womb, &c. It is now known
that infection may take place by ingesting the germs of the
disease, and, while attention must be paid to disinfection of
the foetus and any discharge which may be discovered, the
elimination of this malady from grass land is surelj^ effected
by excluding female bovines, its only subjects, for lengthened
periods.

Recent reports as to the danger from discharge of tubercle
bacilli in the ffeces of tuberculous cattle would naturally
suggest tuberculosis as being another serious form of con-
tamination of grass land, but, though it may not be denied
that it is possible for healthy animals to contract the disease
on pasture, many circumstances indicate that such is not by
any means the ordinary situation in which the germs of this
affection are acquired. Sheep which so frequently graze with
and after cattle, though quite susceptible, are extremely rarely
affected, a remark which largely applies to grazing cattle,
which have never been housed.

As suggestive of the variety of the measures to be adopted
for the elimination of disease from grass land, reference
may be made to the affection of cattle known as Red-water,
which occurs pei'sistently on certain pastures, usually, though
by no means exclusively, of rather inferior quality. Until
recently this disease was attributed to defective nutritive
quality of herbage, but revelation of its ti'ue nature shows it
to be caused by micro-parasites (piroplasms) introduced through
the skin into the blood by ticks which contaminate the grass
land in which the disease is contracted. For our purpose it is
highly important to recognise the fact that the disease producing
piroplasms which the tick inoculates have been derived from
the blood of infected animals. It is taken that ticks are
essential to the ])roduction of this disease, and. that if no
ticks were available there would be no Red-water. To
purify the pasture it is desirable to adopt all i)racticable

Treatment of Grass Land for Elimination of Disease. 8!)

measures for the destruction of these creatures. Arsenic
applied to the skin of infested cattle, burning of tufts of
coarse grass, &e., which afford suitable breeding ground for
ticks are often suggested for this purpose, but, though con-
siderable reduction of their numbers may be effected, the
annihilation of the species by such means is not easily
accomplished. It is believed that residence on cattle or
equines is essential to the life of these ticks, so that keeping
grass land free from these animals for a year, or less, would
probably mean death to ticks from starvation and freedom
of the animals grazing on the pasture from Red-water.

Of other forms of pollution to which grass land is subject
foot-rot of sheep affords a very familiar example. The precise
nature of the agent which brings about the pathological
changes in the horn of the hoof is, perhaps, not determined,
indeed, it may be that organisms of more than one variety are
responsible for these changes, and the almost ubiquitous
appearance of the disease certainly suggests that the causal
factor is widely distributed on our grass lands. Experience
of the conditions under which large numbers of sheep in a
flock become affected with this troublesome complaint indicates
that these are such as tend to soften the horn and prevent that
wearing of the ground surface of the wall which keeps the
hoof in proper proportion. The vulnerability of the horn and
its over-growth thus established are probably more important
considerations than that of the micro-organisms which actually
invade and disorganise the horn and expose the underlying
sensitive structures of the foot to painful impressions. As
grass and grass land is wet and soft sheep grazing on it are
liable to become the subjects of this disease. In most cases
these circumstances cannot be altered, and the most that can
be done to cope with them is to select the driest situations
available, while this form of contamination is more likely to be
counteracted, if not eliminated, by attention to the sheep's feet
than to any treatment applied to grass or grass land.

It is, of course, possible that disease germs may be trans-
ported by many and various agencies other than directly by
diseased animals, and after gaining grass-land set up in animals
there diseases of a more or less enduring nature. An element
of risk must always be associated with foreign feeding stuffs,
mill sweepings, raw animal manures, road sweepings, &c.

Though but the fringe of this important subject has been
touched on, and that in a fragmentary manner, it is hoped
enough has been disclosed to indicate that disease of grazing
animals is not an entity which can be eradicated by one
universal measure ; that grass land is liable to contamination
with the seeds of many diseases for the extirpation of which

90 Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

there is no panacea yet discovered, and that after determination
of the nature of the contamination it is desired to eliminate,
such treatment should be adopted as is specially appropriate
and applicable. Each form of contamination must be treated
on its merits, and success of treatment will largely depend on
the information possessed as to the history and habits of, and
the circumstances affecting, the several organisms which
constitute the contamination and are respectively responsible
for the occurrence of various forms of disease in grazing
animals. Regretable incompleteness of our knowledge of the
conditions affecting the life and development of some of the
more dangerous organisms which pollute our pastures stands
in the way of the application of precise measures for their
destruction, while it is realised that some of the circumstances
under which contamination may occur are beyond our control.

John Penberthy.

Dean Hall,

Newnham, Glos.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

History of the Disease in Great Britain. — Although
there is good reason to believe that foot-and-mouth disease
was unknown in this country before the last century,
it probably has existed fi-om time immemorial in Asia,
and it appears to have prevailed at intervals in the epizootic
form in Eastern Europe before its introduction into Great
Britain. Thus, in the sixteenth century it was described by
Italian writers, and in 1686 and 1687 it spread over Germany
and France. In the following century it had a wide distri-
bution over the Continent of Europe, and numerous outbreaks
of it are recorded. In the early part of the last century it was
equally prevalent in Eastern and Middle Europe, but it was
not until 1839 that the disease obtained a footing in Great
Britain. The precise circumstai:ices of its introduction here
are not known, but during that year it speedily acquired
epizootic dimensions among British cattle. The earliest
reference to it in veterinary literature is found in the
Veterinarian for 1839, where, under the heading " The present
Epidemic among Cattle," Mr. Hill, a veterinary surgeon of
Islington Green, described an outbreak in a dairy of 700 cows.
Six of the cows were suddenly attacked " with a singular
disease, the symptoms of which were precisely the same in
each. The lining membrane of the whole of the mouth was in
a state of inflammation and vesication. The tongue was

Foot-and-Mouth Disease. 91

involved, but the most extensive and annoying vesication was
between the under lip and the gums. In two of the six it
extended over the muzzle to the nostrils . . . and peculiar
symptoms accompanied this — a continual catching up and
shaking of one or other of the hind legs." These symptoms
were at first attributed to some poisonous herbage ; but that
the disease was epizootic was soon made manifest, for in the
course of about ten days more than 500 of the cows had been
attacked.

Succeeding numbers of the Veterinarian contain other
reports regarding the " epidemic," the contagious character of
which was recognised, although the possibility of its originating
under " atmospheric agency " was entertained by many
veterinary sui-geons. Indeed, as late as 1857, Professor
Simonds denied that foot-and-mouth disease was imported ;
and for many years afterwards this opinion was used to
combat the efforts of those who held that the disease never
originated spontaneously and ought to be opposed by measures
calculated to stamp it out.

From the period of its introduction till 1866 foot-and-
mouth disease was never absent from Great Britain ; but by
the end of the latter year, apparently owing to the operation
of the measures directed against cattle plague, this country was
nearly free from the disease. The next few years, however,
saw an alarming recrudescence of the plague ; and in 1870
and 1871 over a million animals were reported to have been
attacked by it. The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act came
into force in 1878, and the repressive measures which it
introduced had almost eradicated foot-and-mouth disease by
the end of the following year. Unfortvmately, during 1880 it
again began to spread, and in 1883 it affected nearly half a
million animals. After that date it gradually declined, until
in 1886 only one outbreak was reported. For the following
six years the British Islands were free from foot-and-mouth
disease ; but in February, 1892, the disease was discovered
among some Danish oxen in the Metropolitan Cattle Market.
Notwithstanding the utmost vigilance of the Board of Agri-
culture, this proved the starting point of an epizootic during
which, in England and Scotland, 5,267 animals were attacked.
Rigorous isolation, supplemented in some cases by slaughter
of the affected animals and of those that had been exposed to
the contagion, had the effect of exterminating the disease by
June, 1892.

Since 1892 the importation of live cattle from countries
in which foot-and-mouth disease exists has been prohibited,
but nevertheless since that date the country has frequently
been invaded by the disease. On January 1, 1893, it

92 Foot-and-Mouth iJisease,

appeared in a London cowhouse, and six weeks later it was
detected on a farm near Hastings. The first of these outbreaks
was suppressed by prompt slaughter of all the cattle on the
premises, and in the second outbreak isolation was successfully-
employed to prevent the spread of the disease. The disease
re-appeared in 1894, but it was limited to three outbreaks.
During the following five years the country was free from the
disease, but it broke out again in January, 11)00, and between
that date and April, 190], thirty-three outbreaks, with 935
animals attacked, occurred. In the following year there was
only one outbreak, and as that occurred at a short distance
from the scene of an outbreak in the previous year it is possible
that the infection in this case may have persisted, and that the
outbreak did not originate from the fresh introduction of the
virus. During the period 1903 to 1907 no outbreak was
recorded in Great Britain, but in 1908 the disease re-appeared
in Scotland (Midlothian), in which country there had been no
outbreak for fifteen years previously. It was stamped out
after it had extended to three different premises, and the
country was again free until 1910, in which year two outbreaks
occurred in the West Riding of Yorkshire. The disease
re-appeared in 1911, breaking out in five different English
counties, and extending to nineteen different premises.

After six months of apparent freedom from the disease four
outbreaks were detected in the week ended June 29, 1912,
viz., two in Cumberland and two in Lancaster, Between that
date and December 7 seventy-nine outbreaks were discovered
in different parts of the country, the counties involved in
addition to the two mentioned being Chester, Durham,
Northumberland, Surrey, East and West Ridings of Yorkshire.
Leicester, Somerset, Salop, Sussex, Stafford, Kent, and Hants,
In these eighty-three outbreaks 645 animals were attacked.

In cannot be said that the exact source of the infection has
been determined in any of these numerous occasions on which
the disease has been introduced since the importation of live
cattle, except for slaughter at the port of landing, has been
prohibited, although in the case of the Midlothian outbreak in
1908 circumstances seemed to incriminate imported foreign
hay. It is obvious, however, that whenever the disease is very
prevalent in Continental countries which have extensive
traffic with Great Britain there is a possibility that the
virus of the disease, adhering to human beings or inanimate
objects, may be imported, and in this connection it is a
noteworthy fact that the disease has most frequently made its
appearance in Great Britain when it has been very prevalent
in Germany, Holland, France, or Belgium. Moreover, Denmark
although isolated from the Continent has had an experience

Foot -a ad- Mouth Disease.

93

very similar to tliat of Great Britain. Both in this country
and in Denmark the disease has on various occasions broken
out in places not far from the coast, and the fact has led to
the surmise that the ' virus may be introduced with birds
which have crossed the North Sea. Quite recently an opinion

Fig. 1.— a and B, two large vesicles on the tongue whicb were unruptured at the
time when the animal was killed.

held by some of the older writers on the subjecti has been
revived, viz., that the virus may actually be carried for imany
miles in the atmos])here. Although it may be unjustifiable to
deny this possibility, it must' be admitted that the numerous
occasions on which in this and other countries outbreaks have

94 Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

been successfully dealt with by isolation would appear to
warrant the conclusion that the disease is seldom air-borne for
long distances.

The Cause of the Disease. — At the present day every
intelligent educated person is ready to admit that all con-
tagious and infectious diseases are caused by living things
which possess the power of multiplying within the bodies
of the men or animals attacked. No other assumption than
that the cause is a living thing — belonging either to the
animal or the vegetable kingdom — would afford a reasonable
explanation of the fact that the cause increases in amount,
often enormously, in the body of an individual suffering
from a contagious disease.

In the case of many contagious diseases the actual thing
which is the cause of the mischief has been identified, and
the part which it plays proved beyond any doubt. That is true
of anthrax, glanders, and tuberculosis, to mention only a few
well-known diseases. In anthrax, for example, the cause is a
vegetable germ or bacterium which a good modern microscope
can make distinctly visible to the human eye in the blood or
other constituents of the body of a diseased animal. That
these so-called anthrax l)acilli are the actual cause of the
disease can be proved by growing successive crops of them in
test-tubes, and showing that when a few of these artificially
cultivated germs are inoculated or otherwise introduced into
the body of a susceptible animal, such as an ox or sheep, it
becomes infected with anthrax, and that the blood of the
animal thus experimentally infected when submitted to
microscopic examination contains inconceivable numbers of
bacilli identical with the few that were intentionally introduced
into its body.

The causal connection between the bacillus of anthrax and
the disease of the same name is easily proved, because this
particular organism is of comparatively large size, easily
cultivated outside the body, and generally A^ery abundant in
the blood of infected animals at the time of death.

In many other diseases of which the germ or bacterium is
now definitely known much greater difficulty was encountered
in providing the evidence necessary to prove the connection,
such difficulty generally depending on the verj* minute size of
the organism, or on the difficulty of growing it outside the
body. Pleuro-pneumonia of cattle is an example. In this case
the evidence necessary to secure a verdict against a particular
microbe has been obtained, and it is now generally accepted
that the disease is caused by an organism which the most
powerful modern microscope can only make visil)le to the
human eye as a mere point. This case is instructive, (1)

Foot-and-Moutli Disease. 95

because the germ in (luestion is difficult to grow outside the
body, and (2) 'oecause if it had been one half smaller than it
actually is its discovery, inUhe sense of being able to see it,
would have been impossible.

Fia. 2.— Showing near the tip of the tongue a circular sore left after bursting of
a vesicle. The sore is in process of healing.

A yrlori reasoning might thus have led to the conclusion
that in all probability some germs or bacteria are too small to
be made visible to the eye of man, and at the present time it is
actually assumed that the causes of some diseases, although
living things which grow and multiply, have escaped detection
because they lie beyond the limits of visibility. Foot-and-
mouth disease is one of these diseases, and the belief that its
cause is an invisible germ is founded on the following facts.
The thing which is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease is
present in the nearly clear watery liquid of the vesicles or
blister-like lesions which are formed in the mouth during the
course of an attack. That is proved by the fact that this
liquid can be successfully employed to infect an animal with
the disease. Furthermore, the cause is abundantly present in
the liquid, for it has been found (Loeffler) that ^tjcoo part of a
cubic centimetre of it will infect an ox when injected into
a vein.

96 Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

Liquid which can thus he proved to contain what is con-
veniently called the virus of the disease may show no bacteria
or other solid particles when examined under the highest
powers of a good microscope, and when it is taken from a
freshly formed vesicle with the precautions necessary to pre-
vent the admission of accidental bacteria from the mouth no
bacteria can be cultivated from it. Finally, when the diluted
liquid from a mouth vesicle is passed through a filter proved to
be quite efficient for arresting the smallest visible bacteria it is
still capable of infecting an ox or other animal susceptible to
foot-and-mouth disease — a result which can only be explained
by suppbsing that although the pores of the filter are small
enough to stop minute but visible bacteria they are large
enough to permit the microbes of foot-and-mouth disease to
pass through them.

Such is the evidence upon which it has been generally
accepted by bacteriologists that, just as in other contagious
diseases, the cause of foot-and-mouth disease is a living microbe,
but that it is too small to be recognisable with the eye. And
it ought to be observed that in all probability failure to detect
this microbe is not a mere temporary disability likely to be
overcome by improvements in miicroscopes, for there are
physical limitations to the minuteness of particles that can be
made visible to the human eye.

Although it is thus possible to account satisfactorily for the
fact that the individual foot-and-mouth disease microbes have
not been seen, it is not so easy to understand why all attempts
to grow these microbes outside the body have failed. It is
obvious that, however minute individual living things may be,
if they can be induced to multiply on the surface of some solid
substance outside the body they must eventually form a visible
growth. For example, a single anthrax bacillus in the course of
twelve hours will build up a mass of growth plainly visible to
the naked eye, and although a longer time is often required the
result is the same with nearly all the known visible bacteria.
It is a curious fact, however, that it has not yet proved possible
to induce any of the so-called invisible organisms to multiply
outside the body, a fact which has led some authorities to think
that these minute living things may not be bacteria (which
belong to the vegetable kingdom) but protozoa, or animal
parasites, similar to but smaller than those which are the cause
of human malaria and redwater in cattle, for these, although
visible, have resisted all attempts to cultivate them under
artificial conditions. There is, however, no disease known
to be caused by protozoa which is so intensely contagious as
foot-and-mouth disease, and upon the whole it appears to be
probable that the invisible microbe of the latter is a bacterium.

Foot-and-MoutJi Disease. 97

The bacteria which arc the cause of disease fall quite
naturally into two classes, the first including those which are
able to lead a double existence, multiplying either outside the
body, in soil or water, for example, or in the bodies of animals ;
and the second including those which in natural circumstances
multiply only in the bodies of animals. There can be no doubt
that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease belongs to the second
of these groups, for in view of the fact that it has resisted all
attempts to cultivate it artificially, that is to say outside the
body, one cannot believe that when voided from a diseased
animal it ever multiplies in soil, water, or excrement. The
point is important, because it carries with it the conclusion
that no animal ever becomes infected with foot-and-mouth
disease except when it takes into its system germs that have
been bred in the body of another previously infected animal.

It must be observed, however, that bacteria which are
denied the power of multiplying in the outer world may
nevertheless be able to survive for a time outside the body, and
some of the strictly parasitic organisms possess great powers of
resistance in this way. Fortunately there are good reasons for
believing that when the virus of foot-and-mouth disease escapes
from a diseased animal it nearly always succumbs within a
comparatively short period, sunlight and the drying effect of
the air being probably the most important agents in bringing
about its destruction.

There is a very large experience to show that in fields, and
even in houses as a rule, the virus dies out in a few weeks, but
it ought not to be forgotten that the virus has been kept alive
in hermetically sealed glass tubes for nine weeks (Loeffler &
Frosch). Moreover, certain observations that have been made
regarding the recurrence of outbreaks on the same farm suggest
that the virus may retain its vitality in hay or manure for
many months or even for a year.^

Susceptibility and Method of Infection. — Cattle, sheep, goats
and swine are the animals most frequently aflcected with foot-
and-mouth disease, and man is occasionally a victim of the
disease. Alleged cases of the disease in horses, dogs, and fowls,
have been recorded by veterinary authors, but in many of these
a possibility of error in diagnosis must be admitted. In this
connection it is noteworthy that no case of the disease in any
of these last-mentioned species has been observed in this
country.

The channel by which the virus usually enters the body in

natural cases of infection is not known with certainty. It

cannot be doubted that infection by the mouth is common, but

the readiness with which the disease is contracted during

.* Bang: Journal of Comp. Path, and Theraj)., Vol. xxv., page 8.

VOL. 73. E

98

Foot-and- Mouth Disease.

contact in markets, &c., even when neither, food nor water has
been ' taken, makes it very probal)le that the virus may be
effective when inhaled.

y.^^.;f.-*-
Fio. 3.— A A, two recent sores left by bursting of vesicles on the tongue.

The most certain method of experimental infection is the
injection of the virus into a vein. Rubbing saliva from a

Foot-and- Mouth Disease. 99

diseased animal into the lining membrane of the mouth is also
very effective, but injection of the virus into or under the skin
appears to be uncertain in its results.

Course of the Disease and Symptoms. — As in other acute
contagious diseases an interval elapses between the moment of
actual infection and the time at which the first distinct symptoms
are exhibited. This is the so-called period of incubation. It
may be less than twenty-four hours when a large dose of virus
is injected into a vein, but it is very improbable that it is ever
so short in cases of natural infection. In the great majority of
cases in cattle it is from three to seven days, and it seldom or
never exceeds a fortnight.

The first discoverable evidence of infection is a rise of
temperature, and this always precedes by some hours at least
any outward sign of illness. The thermometer will generally
show an elevation of 2 or 3 degrees Fall, at this stage, but soon
after the eruption appears in the mouth or on the feet the
temperature begins to fall.

The end of the period of incul)ation is generally fixed by
the appearance of distinct symptons of illness, and in uncom-
plicated cases in cattle the disease from this point usually runs
the following course.

The affected animal shows such general indications of
illness as dulness, shivering, loss of appetite, " staring of
the coat," and stiffness in movement. These premonitory
symptoms are followed by others which are characteristic of
the disease. The animal ceases to feed, and is reluctant to
move. From time to time it makes a peculiar smacking noise
with its lips, from which a more or less frothy saliva escapes.
If the mouth is opened, white blister-like elevations will now
be found on some part of the buccal mucous membrane
(Fig. 1) ; these soon burst and become converted into shallow
erosions (Figs. 3 and 4). When made to move the animal is
obviously lame or " tender on its feet " ; and while standing it
frequently shifts the weight from one leg to the other, and
shakes its feet as if to get rid of something adhering to them.
This tenderness of the feet is well-mai^ked even before the
formation of vesicles ; but these soon appear on the skin
between the claws, or on the posterior aspect of the hoof
immediately above the horn. When the vesicles in the
mouth have burst the animal suffers increased pain, rumina-
tion ceases entirely, and all food is for a time refused.
In consequence of reflex irritation there is a copious secretion
of saliva, much of which, from the pain of deglutition, is
allowed to trickle from the mouth. The general appearance
of the animal is now indicative of great depression — the eyes
are dull, the ears drooping, the back arched, and the hair erect

E 2

100

Foot-and~Mout.h Disease.

and lustreless. The bowels are generally more or less consti-
pated, and in milch cows the secretion of milk is greatly
diminished or almost arrested. Not infrequently vesicles
form on the teats and udder.

Fig. 4.— a and B, two sores on the tongue. The lower one is exceptionally large.

These symptoms in moderate cases last with little or no
amelioration for nearly a week, during which time the animal
rapidly loses condition. At the end of that time the fever has

Foot-and-Mouth Disease. 101

generally passed off, and the pangs of hunger compel the
animal to attempt mastication if grass or other soft food is to
be had. The tenderness of the feet gradually declines also,
and in uncomplicated cases of moderate severity all the visible
manifestations of the disease have disappeared within ten or
fourteen days after the onset. In young animals, liberally fed,
the former good condition is usually rapidly gained after an
attack of foot-and-mouth disease ; but complete recovery is
much slower in older animals, and particularly in milch cows.

The symptoms in sheep are generally somewhat different
from those just described, inasmuch as in them the mouth
lesions are frequently slight, while those of the feet are more
constant and severe. Thus, the chief symptom is great lame-
ness, associated at the outset with suspension of runiination,
refusal of food, and felirile disturbance. The pain in the feet
is often so great that the animal is unable to gather its food,
and lies persistently, with consequent rapid loss of condition.
The lesions in the feet are much aggravated if the sheep be
driven long distances on hard roads, and in such circumstances
" casting of the hoof " frequently results.

In pigs, as in sheep, the feet symptoms predominate. The
animals lie persistently in their litter, and when forced to move
they frequently squeal from the pain in their feet.

The inability to feed and the slavering which are the con-
stant symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle are caused
by the formation of vesicles or blister-like elevations in
connection with the lining membrane of the mouth, and the
lameness is due to the similar alterations occurring in the feet.
In the mouth the vesicles may form on any part of the lining
membrane, but they occur most frequently on the inside of the
lips, the pad of the upper jaw and the tongue. The vesicles
are produced by the escape from the blood vessels of a watery
liquid, which accumulates and forces upwards the superficial
horny layer of the membrane lining the mouth. The vesicles
vary in size from a five shilling piece downwards, and their
outline may be circular, oval or irregular. The membrane over
these blister-like elevations is soon ruptured under the move-
ments of the tongue and lips, the liquid escapes, and the vesicle
becomes converted into a shallow sore or ulcer. In uncom-
plicated cases the raw sore which is thus left very speedily
heals. That is generally true also of the lesions which form
about the feet, but in that position the healing process is apt to
be retarded by the presence of dirt which almost inevitably
gets into the sores.

Foot-and-mouth disease frequently exhil)its remarkable
departures from what may be called its ordinary course. These
variations may be in the direction of either increased or

102

Foot-a7id-Mouth Disease.

diminished severity of the attack. In nearly all extensive
epizootics the disease occasionally assumes a malignant and
quite exceptionally fatal character, the mortality reaching 20
per cent, among adult animals, and even 60 or 80 per cent,
among calves. In this malignant type the course of the disease
is rapid, and the animal may die before the formation of the
characteristic vesicles in the mouth or on the feet. Death in
these cases appears to be due to an exceptionally rapid multi-
plication of the virus in the system and to concentration of its
effects on the muscular tissue of the heart, which after death is
found in a condition of fatty degeneration or necrosis.

Fig. 5.— Part of the lower jaw showing (A) two sores or ulcers.

The opposite extreme is seen in cases which run an excep-
tionally mild course, and this type has often been observed
towards the conclusion of extensive epizootics in Europe.
Where the disease undergoes this modification the signs of
general illness may be slight, and the mouth and feet lesions
much less severe than usual, while a proportion of the animals
in the herd may appear to escape infection altogether.

The cause of these variations in the severity of the disease
are not known, but it is a fact of interest in this connection
that Loeffler and Frosch found it impossible to keep up the
disease by inoculation from ox to ox or from pig to pig. After
three or four transmissions in this way it became impossible to
carry on the disease from the animal last inoculated.

Foot- and- Mouth Disease. lOo

Although the actual mortality from foot-and-mouth disease
is low (probably on an average less than ^ per cent.) the intro-
duction of the disease into any country is greatly to be dreaded,
because of its intensely contagious character and the temporary
depreciation which it causes in the value of the animals
attacked. Even in store cattle this depreciation cannot be
estimated at less than 11. per head, and when the diminution
in the yield of milk is taken into account the loss may be
reckoned at nearly double that sum in cows.

Diagnosis. — Compared with most other diseases, foot-and-
mouth disease is not one in which the diagnosis presents much
difficulty. But this statement must immediately be qualified
by saying that even experienced persons may sometimes find it
difficult to say immediately whether a given animal is suffering
from foot-and-mouth disease or not. As a rule there is little
or no difficulty, and the points which are of most weight in
arriving at a decision are that in this disease :

(1) Vesicular or blister-like lesions are formed both in the

mouth and on the feet ; and

(2) There is evidence that the disease is spreading by con-

tagion.

Difficulty is most likely to be encountered in suspected
cases in sheep or swine, as in these animals mouth lesions are
more frequently absent or slight. Hesitation in giving a posi-
tive opinion may be justified when only one animal is affected,
or when the acute stage of the disease has passed off and the
lesions are in process of healing. But even in such cases it is
generally possible to distinguish between foot-and-mouth lesions
and those that develop from other causes about the mouth or
feet.

In an article which is not written for veterinary surgeons
it is not necessary to enter into refinements of diagnosis. On the
contrary, the stock owner or other layman should be solemnly
warned not to take upon himself the responsibility of deciding
whether any suspected case is one of foot-and-mouth disease or
not. His duty under the law is to report any justifiable
suspicion without delay to the police of the district ; and it is
all-important to remember that simultaneous lameness and
slavering at the mouth, even in a single animal, ought to raise
a suspicion of foot-and-mouth disease. ^

John McFadyban.

Royal Veterinary College,
London, N.W.

' The illustrations in this article are from photographs, by Mr. A. L.
Sheather, B.Sc, of specimens kindly supplied by Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief
Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

104

WARPING.

" The water of the tides that come up the Trent, Ouse, Dun
and other rivers which empt.v themselves into the great
Estuary of the Humber is muddy to an excess, insomuch that
in summer if a cylindrical glass, twelve or fifteen inches
long, be tilled with it, it will presently deposit one inch, and
sometimes more, of what is called ' warp.' Where warp
comes from is a dispute. The Humber at its mouth is clear
water ; and no floods in the countries washed by warp rivers
bring it, but on the contrary do much mischief by spoiling the
warp. In the very driest seasons and longest droughts it is
best and most plentiful. The improvement is perfectly simple
and consists in nothing more than letting in the tide at high
water, to deposit the warp and permitting it to run off again as
the tide falls ; this is the aim and effect."

Such is the theory of warping as given by Arthur Young
{General Vieiv of the Agriculture of the County of Lincoln,
1799, page 276). According to the best information (Marshall,
in R. Econ. of York, Day, West Riding Report) warping was
first practised on the banks of the Humber by a farmer at
Rawcliff named Barker between the years of 1730 and 1740.
He is believed to have arrived at this method of improving
waste land from seeing deposits of warp left in ancient times
by this river on its banks. These deposits formed exceedingly
fertile land upon a foundation of what had been a sandy or
peaty waste. Barker's work was afterwards extended by
Richard Jennings, of Howden, and the process of warping was
first brought under public notice by Marshall in 1788. As
will be seen from Arthur Young's remarks, warp is the local
name for the earthy particles held in suspension by the tidal
waters of the rivers he names. The composition of warp is
shown in the table on opposite page.

The districts where warping is carried on to the largest
extent are in North Lincolnshire and South-East Yorkshire,
though there are others where very limited areas of warp land
are to be found.

The district dealt with in this paper is that with which the
writer is most familiar. It is the country surrounding the
outfalls of the Trent and of the Yorkshire Ouse. Again
referring to the quotation from Arthur Young, a tidal river
is essential for the process of warping. For a period of two or
three hours, during every twelve hours, the flow of the tide is
up stream, and the water level of the river is raised several
feet until high water level is reached and the strength of the

Wa7'ping.

105

tide is exhausted. During the other nine or ten hours the tide
is on the ebb and the flow of the water is down stream, the
water level falling to its lowest point, or low water, when the
tide once more comes in.

In the Trent and Ouse during the equinoctial tides in April
and October this reversal of the direction of the flow of the
water is accompanied by a tidal wave or " oegre " varying in
different parts of the river (and influenced also by the wind)

War

p A

War

PB

Kir

on

Kirton

Soil

Sub-soil

Soil

Sub-soil

Fine Gravel, above 1 mm. .

•00

•00

•00

•00

Coarse Sand, 1 — 2 mm.

•23

•19

•11

■10

Fine Sand, '2 — '04 mm.

65-72

6613

53-58

53^04

Silt, -04— 01 mm.

9^89

8-82

12-32

iroo

Fine Silt, -01— -002 mm.

1031

9-42

10^32

10^53

Clay, below -002 mm. .

2-64

3-70

14^66

16^.58

Moisture ....

4-40

5-56

3^23

3^52

Loss on ignition .

6-95

6-16

6^35

535

Calcium Carbonate

•90

3-78

f under
I -10

under
-10

Moisture ......

1-85

172

2-06

2-23

Loss on ignition .

6-9.5

616

63.5

535

Nitrogen ....

•223

•116

•184

■134

Oxide of Iron Fe^O, .

3-10

3-10

3-60

4^15

„ „ Manganese MujO^

•10

?

•14

•15

Magnesia, MgO .

■74

—

—

—

Lime, CaO ....

M7.5

2-50

•62

—

Carbonates ....

•902

3-780

•08

f under
1 •lO

Potash K^O .

-.532

•494

•629

-645

„ ,, Available

•04

—

■017

—

Phosphoric Acid P^Oj .

•12.5

•103

•189

•136

„ ,, „ Available

•024

—

•034

—

Sulphuric Acid SO3 .

—

—

—

from a height of one foot to five feet or possibly more. The
writer remembers upon one occasion being in the middle of
the Trent in a boat watching the oegre as it advanced. When
twenty or thirty yards away he stood up with a view to
estimating the height of the wave, and it appeared to him to
be al)out on a level with his eyes.

After the wave has passed the tide rushes up the river at
high velocity, heavily charged with warp. The continuous
and apparently inexhaustible supply of warp is, we are
informed, due to coast erosion always taking place. The
warp comes up stream with the tide, and is not brought down
by the river, as is often thought to be the case, by persons

106 Warping.

tmacquainted with warping. A local explanation for the
existence of warp in the Trent is that the pressure of the
high hill close to the river npon its east side near the month
causes the bed of the river to rise, and this is scoured away
and carried up stream in the form of warp. They assert that
the top of the hill is perceptibly lower than at one time. I
have heard other theories put forward, but in my opinion they
are not worth quoting, and the first of those given here is the
one generally accepted.

There are two kinds of warp land, one known as " top
land," or " old going land," the other as " new warp land,"
or simply "warp land."

The " old going land " has been in existence for centuries ;
it consists of a strip varying in width from a quarter to half a
mile, along each side of the tidal rivers wherever they flow
through a low lying tract of country. In olden times, before
the rivers Avere banked in, the high tides charged with warp
would overflow this land and deposit the mud they held in
suspension, and then drain on to the low lands lying further
away, making them waterlogged and swampy.

Eventually these rivers were banked in, and these strips of
land were saved from the tide.

These tracts of " old going land " are extremely fertile
and are excellently well drained. They are consequently in
great demand, for no matter what the season — except an
abnormal one like the present — a good crop is always certain,
in a wet season the drainage is so good that the crops
do not suffer, whilst in a dry one they are excellent, the soil
retaining moisture to a marked degree.

The other class of warp land is more interesting and is less
understood.

As has been already stated there is behind the comparatively
high land, in this level country, a low lying peaty or sandy
tract. From the nature of the soil, and the fact that it is too
low to drain into the river, these districts are of very little
value ; but provided that they do not lie too high, and are
within a reasonable reach of the river, they can be covered
with a thick coating of warp, when they at once become very
valuable land.

The Method of Warping.

The method of wax-ping may best be described by giving
the following concrete example, which can be taken as typical
of what is being done in several places at the present moment.
The land in case consists of from three to four hundred acres
lying within four or five miles of the river Trent, or Ouse, and
forming part of a large tract of laad which it has been decided

Warping. 107

to warp. The soil is peat and the level of the land is between
high and low water in the river.

The first point to consider is the direction of the warping
drain which is to carry the water on to the land. When this has
been fixed, the right to make this drain must be obtained. After
these preliminaries the warping drain can be cut. It consists
of a large dyke from forty to fifty feet wide, but the width
necessarily -epends on the area of the land to be flooded. The
bottom of the drain must be at the same level as the low water
level of the river. The excavations from this drain are thrown
up on either side to form banks, and these must be two feet
above the level to be attained by the highest tide that will be
admitted. A sluice is built at the mouth of the drain, con-
structed of masonry and provided with one or two pairs of
large oak doors or flood gates. This sluice will consist of two
arched tunnels of heavy stone work, twelve or fifteen feet wide,
about the fame length, and ten feet high. These tunnels will
be side by side in the drain about thirty feet from the river.
The floor of this sluice must be of heavy timber, securely
fastened down, and level with the bottom of the river. The
floor is continued ten feet towards the river and also ten feet
back into the drain. Upon the outside of the river end of each
of these tunnels a pair of heavy oak doors are hung, hinged to
the sides of the tunnel, and meeting and pressing against each
other in such a manner that the heavier the pressure of the
river water upon them the closer will they fit ; and they should
be so accurately made and hung that when closed no matter
what height the river may be no water can pass through.

Whilst these operations at the head of the drain are being
carried out the land to be flooded is under pi-eparation. The
whole area is surrounded by a bank the same height as the
banks of the drain already made. The material for the bank
is obtained from a channel, dug inside, round the whole area to
be warped. The warping drain is continued right into the area
and connected with the outside channel, whilst numerous
minor cuts are also made across the land.

The Flooding.

When all is ready the flood gates are fastened open
at low water, and as the tide rises the water rushes into
the warping drain. The width of this drain being com-
paratively small and the tide rising rapidly in the river,
we find a large volume of muddy water rushing at high
velocity along the warping drain on to the land prepared
for it. As a result the water soon reaches the far side
of the area and then commences to distribute itself over
the whole surface l)y means of the small cross cuts. Tn

108 Warping.

two or three hours the whole surface of the area is covered,
provided, of course, that it is more or less level. The depth of
water varies from two to three feet, but in many cases it is even
more than this, depending on the original level of the land.
When the tide in the river has changed from flood to ebb, and
its level has fallen below that of the flood waters on the land,
these once more run back into the river as clear water, leaving
behind them a thick deposit of mud. The thickness of the
deposit after each tide varies, when dry, from the thickness of
a piece of lirown paper up to the eight of an inch. This process
is carried on twice every day during the spring, or highest tides
of the summer months, and after three years it will readily be
understood that a deposit two or three feet in depth has been
produced. This depth varies greatly according to circumstances ;
it depends on the position of the area warped and on the kind
of summer, whether wet or dry. It is interesting to note that
it is during the summer that the water is most highly charged
with warp, and a dry summer more so than a wet one. The
reason for this is that there is more fresh water in the river
during a wet season. No warping is done during the winter,
nor are the neap or smaller tides admitted during the summer
months, as they do not attain a sufficient height. The chief
object to be attained is the quick and even distribution of the
water over the surface of the area, so that the warp may be
deposited uniformly upon it. The sandy particles are the first
to be deposited and then the clay. We thus get a layer of clay
and then a layer of sand. If the cuts are not properly arranged
there is a risk of there being a bank of sand at the entrance to
the area, and a bed of clay at the further side of it.

After three years, or whenever it is considered that there is
a sufficient depth of warp, the land is " taken off," that is to say
the warping process is stopped and the flooding ceases.

The area will now consist of a smooth level surface of mud,
the cuts originally made being to a great extent warped up.
The function of the warping drain is now that of an ordinary
main arterial drain, and when the surface is dry the first thing
to do is to cut ditches emptying into the warping drain, which
discharges in its turn into the river.

The two great aims in warping are, first, that the whole area
shall be of uniform quality, the sand and clay being equally
mixed, and, secondly, that the level of the new land shall easily
admit of drainage. As the surface of the land is a dead level,
the drains have to be given an artificial fall, and if this is
carelessly done the land will soon become waterlogged and
comparatively valueless, whereas when properly carried out
a j)rolific area of new or virgin land is the result. It frequently
happens that the warping process has not been continued long

Warping. 109

enough, with the result that the land at the finish is left at too
low a level, or it may be that the subsoil has subsided to some
extent. In cases such as these there are two courses open,
either to repeat the whole process, or else, to erect a pump
and engine and to pump the drainage water from the low
lying land to the higher level of the river, as is commonly
done in fen and marsh districts.

The first crop to be grown on the new soil is white clover.
This crop is kept down for some time as the land is, at the
outset, cold and short of vegetable matter. White clover not
only grows on this land exceedingly well, but it also has been
found to be the best preparation for succeeding crops. It is
whilst the land is under this crop that ihe drainage works
described above can be carried out. After the land has been
properly drained it is divided up into farms varying in size
from about 150 to 200 acres, and buildings, &c., are erected.
Farms of about this size are found to be the most convenient
and the most readily let ; they will command a rent of 2/. per
acre or more.

Thorns Moors.

The account of the warping process in the foregoing pages
is descriptive of the general method in operation. There is,
however, a large district where warping, or rather the pre-
paration of land for warping, differs to some extent. The
district known as Thorne Moors consists of a waste tract of
country lying between the Trent and the Ouse and extending
about four miles each way. It is a comparatively high piece
of moorland, and till recently it was a dangerous swamp.
Deep ditches have been cut through it and the water drained
off, and it is now comparatively sound. The moor consists of
peat moss, and all kinds of vegetable matter of a light yellow
colour, for a depth of several feet, gradually merging lower
down into blacker peat in a further state of decomposition. It
is of exceptional interest to the botanist, consisting as it does
of so many forms of early plant life in an extraordinarily good
state of preservation. For some years a Peat Moss Litter Com-
pany has been established upon these moors, and a large
number of men (in the first instance Dutch) are employed
in " graving " the turfs, stacking them into huge piles to dry,
and then carrying them to the factory where they are torn into
tine fragments, pressed into bales and sent all over the country
for litter, for the sugar refining industry, and for other pur-
poses. In this manner the surface of the land is lowered
several feet, and becomes available for the warping process,
whilst, at the same time, the material removed is disposed of at
a profit.

110 Warping.

One or more farms in this district have ah-eady been warped
and " taken off," and others are undergoing the operation.
Another instance might he given of how land has profitably
been prepared for warping. In this case the level of the land
was lowered by clay being dug out for the manufacture of
bricks. The pits were near the river, and were connected to it
by a culvert at a very small cost. At the head of the culvert a
door was hung, and at suitable tides this door was opened to
admit the warpy water. At low tide the clear water was
allowed to flow back into the river. These pits are now
level with the surrounding land and form a very fertile soil.

Some land has occasionally been cart warped ; that is, warp
has been run in trucks on tram lines and spread on poor land.
This, however, can only be done on a small scale.

Cost.

It will at once be understood that the cost must vary within
wide limits, depending as it does on so many conditions. On
land near a river, and not lying too low, and therefore
necessitating high banks and a lengthened period under water,
the cost is low as compared with land under the reverse con-
ditions. Then again, if the warping drain, with its costly
sluice, can be made to serve for a very large tract of land, say
for instance, for two or three thousand acres, bit by bit, the
expense is obviously very greatly reduced.

In the case of the Thorne Moors one would expect the cost to
be almost the minimum, for not only is the originally valueless
land prepared for warping at a profit, but here also is one of
those cases where a drain and sluice can be made to serve a
very large area which is being warped in successive enclosures.
The average cost is usually quoted at 20^. per acre, which
includes the cost of the drain, sluice, flood gates, banking, and
all other expenses entailed in warping, together with the after
preparation for farming. It further includes the loss of rent
during the time the land is being warped, but it does not
include the cost of erection of houses and buildings. The
sluice at the warping drain head is a very costly item, and may
be as high as 2,500/, but this, of course, would serve for a large
tract of land. On the other hand, when warping is on a small
scale, the cost of the sluice need not be high, and in the case of
the brick pits just quoted it was almost negligible.

Cropping of Warp Land.

Warp land on the whole is usually very well farmed, and
first rate crops are obtained.

Forty or fifty years ago farmers of this land had almost the
entire monopoly of the potato trade, with consequent high

Warping. Ill

prices. Not only is the land especially well adapted for this
crop, but also the produce could be taken easily to market at a
low rate by water transit. With the development of railways,
however, other districts- were opened up for potato growing,
and were able to compete with this locality, and prices con-
sequently fell. The rotation of crops most generally followed
on warp land is a three course shift : —

(1) Potatoes.

(2) Wheat.

(3) Oats, or seeds, or turnips, or beans.

The potato crop is expected to give the greatest monetary
return ; it is very highly manured, and in good seasons pays
exceedingly well.

It is most important to grow only a suitable variety, some
kinds being comparatively valueless upon warp land. For
years the Up-to-date, the Reading Giant, and the British
Queen were most popular and profitable, but these are now
" grown out," for, like all other varieties, they could retain
their vitality only for a limited number of years. It is a well
known fact that no variety of potato can be grown for more
than eight or ten years, and then only by repeatedly changing
the climate and soil ; after that time lighter crops are produced
and susceptibility to disease is much greater.

During late years the Evergood and the King Edward VII.
have been most generally grown, but other new varieties are
now gaining ground and will no doubt eventually take their
place.

Warp farmers manure their potato crop very heavily, the
most up-to-date of them give about 15 tons per acre of farm-
yard manure, or cow-keepers', or horse manure from the
towns ; if they have ploughed in their second crop of clover,
as frequently happens, rather less farmyard manure will be
given. In addition to this about half a ton per acre of artificial
" potato maiiure " will be purchased from a farmers' company,
or from some firm of good repute. The better course, which
is pursued by some men, is to mix their own ingredients, and
experiments have proved tliat a mixture of 6 cwt. of super-
phosphate and 4 cwt. of nitrate of soda produces excellent
crops. Potash is of little value upon warp. We have known
a yield of 14 or 15 tons of potatoes to the acre under this
treatment, but 10 or 12 tons may be considered a good crop.
Of this there will be 1 or 2 tons of waste, and a similar quantity
of small or seed. The potato crop is followed by wheat, and
this, it may be said, is always good, the only fear being that
the crop may be too heavy and get laid. Only short-strawed,
stiff-growing varieties of wheat should therefore be grown, and

112 Warping.

if these remain standing until harvest the yield is usually very
heavy, say 8 or 9 quarters per acre.

The third crop in the rotation will be clover, oats, and
roots, or oats followed by clover may be taken. Oats almost
always get laid, and even then they may yield very heavily, 10
or 12 quarters being nothing uncommon. Clover grows very
luxuriantly. Red clover is sown for mowing, and this often
is a very profitable crop, up to 2^ tons of hay per acre being
got. As already said, the second crop is frequently ploughed
in, and is the very best preparation possible for the potatoes to
follow. Warp land grows very excellent mangold wurzel and
first-class turnips, both of which are, of course, pulled and
stored for cattle. At one time flax was very extensively grown,
but latterly the market for it has dwindled to nothing, and
oats have taken its place in the rotation.

Labour.

From the foregoing it may be anticipated that the labour
bill upon a warp farm would be a heavy one, and such is the
case. A pair of horses is required for each 30 acres of arable
land, first-class shire horses being in most general use and
usually in good condition. As to regular manual labour, a farm
of 100 acres of arable land, in addition to the grass, would
require four labourers permanently, and their wives also would
find work upon the farm the greater part of the year ; three
young horsemen would also be needed. Further, a gang of
eight Irishmen would be wanted for a fortnight or three weeks
to gather the potatoes. This is much above the average of the
number of hands engaged upon farm work throughout the
country, and it follows, therefore, that the process of warping
creates a considerable demand for labour, and causes an influx
of population into the neighbourhood.

Stock.

With regard to live stock, it is a rare thing to see sheep
upon a warp farm ; still, if a few are kept, but only a few,
they are most profitable. A few cull ewes, say forty of the
Lincoln breed (upon an average farm such as above), should be
bought in the autumn and put to a Hampshire Down ram.
These will pick up their living upon the young seeds, and later
upon the grass with a few swedes thrown to them. The lambs
should be timed to fall early, and they may all for some time
run upon the clover for mowing, afterwards upon the grass.
Probal)ly most, if not all, the lambs will be sold oft" fat, and the
ewes will also go off^ fat during the summer, making room for a
fresh lot.

Warping. 113

The cattle kept are usually of the Shorthorn breed, some
farmers going in for raising young stock, whilst others purchase
two-and-a-half or three-year-old bullocks, feeding some upon
the grass and others later in the yards or stalls.

A large number of pigs of the large Yorkshire or Lincoln-
shire breeds are usually reared and fed upon a warp farm, the
waste and diseased potatoes being the very best and cheapest
food for them.

As might be expected, the alteration in the physical
condition of this district, due to the presence of large tracts of
mud and water, is accompanied by a change in the bird life of
the neighbourhood. Thousands of wild fowl of various kinds
are to be met with, and it is an interesting fact that for many
years after land has been " taken off " wild geese regularly
visit the same localities during the winter.

Porpoises are occasionally to be seen making their way up
the rivers Ouse and Trent in pursuit of the salmon, upon which
they feed.

The warping process is not unknown in other countries,
and is to be found, for example, in Italy, in the Val di Chiana.
Few people, however, realise that in the small corner of
Lincolnshire to which the writer belongs thousands of acres
of waste have been, and are being, converted into land as
fertile as any in the kingdom. Reclamation of land is nothing
new ; it began in Romney Marsh, probably before the landing
of Julius Ca3sar, and we have only to go to the fens of Lincoln-
shire for more recent examples ; but nowhere in England,
except the districts named at the beginning of this article, is
agricultural land actually being made.

James Stephenson, M.R.A.C.

Lansdowne House,
Althorpe,
Doncaster.

114

ENGLISH TIMBER AND UNDERWOOD.

A GREAT deal has been written in favour of new methods of
producing timber. It seems to be at least equally important
to advocate new methods of utilising and marketing existing
supplies of English timber and underwood, and to remedy
what is universally admitted to be an unsatisfactory state of
affairs. Nothing has retarded forestry in England more than
the poor price obtained for the output. It is hopeless to
expect enthusiastic effort to improve our woodlands until
landowners are assured of remunerative prices for the produce
they are advised to grow. Therefore, the most pressing matter
to-day in regard to English timber and underwood is to show
how proper markets can be assured and proper prices obtained.
The policy of " practice with science " has done wonders for
agriculture, and the failure to adopt this policy in the pro-
duction and, especially, in the marketing of English timber
and underwood is responsible for many of our present troubles.

Since the larger issues of general policy are often obscured
by relatively unimportant details, it is advisable to treat the
matter broadly and to speak in general terms, which must not
be applied too strictly to individual districts. The important
connection between production and marketing being so often
overlooked, one may well deal first with the question of
marketing.

Few people realise the anomalies that exist in regard
to the marketing of English timber and underwood. It is
impossible to give here more than one or two illustrations, but
these could be multiplied indefinitely. Despite iron, wire and
other substitutes, the consumption of wood is ever increasing,
and our imports alone of wood and timber for 1912 reached
a total value of 28,351,315^. Yet, with so enormous a con-
sumption, we do not find proper markets for our native
supplies of timber, which are infinitesimal in comparison.
That our failure so to do is not solely a question of price must
be apparent to any one who analyses the prices of much of the
foreign timber, or who studies the quotations in the various
trade publications.

Take any given timber — oak, for instance. Although we
all know that iron has replaced wood for shipbuilding, few
apparently realise that the consumption of all classes of oak
timber in this country probably was never greater than it is at
the present moment. Furthermore, good as were the prices
obtained for oak timber in the days of wooden shipbuilding, it
is doubtful if the prices paid for good oak by the consumer

English Timber and Underwood. 115

were ever higher than they are to-day in some of the best
markets, such as those for constructional and interior work,
&c. Our native oak is proverbially the finest in the world,
and, given as much care and knowledge in its conversion and
seasoning (which is rare) as foreign oak receives, it should
be preferred for many high-class purposes. Yet the price
obtained for even good English oak is invariably very poor.

Again, take any of our native conifers — -our much-maligned
Scots pine, for example. It is common knowledge that, for
estate and other purposes, enterprising firms in the foreign
trade are sending foreign Scots pine all over the country (in
some cases at a high cost for railway transport), and the price
to the consumer must be, in many cases, very much greater than
that for which native supplies could be obtained. Yet we have
in our midst, even in many of the districts to which the foreign
timber is sent, supplies of native Scots pine (surely suitable for
creosoted boards and other purposes) for which there is scarcely
any demand.

Such anomalies are numerous, l)ut the examples given
suffice to emphasise the importance of considering the causes,
and pointing to the remedy.

Several general causes have contributed to the present
unsatisfactory position, the principal being: — (1) Failure to
appreciate the change of conditions and the need for methods
different from those which prevailed when English timber was
required for a single market (such as the dockyard), or for the
requirements of local builders and wheelwrights, and under-
wood by local bakers, hurdle-makers and others. (2) Failure to
keep in touch with other than local markets, and reliance on
purely local competition and demand. (3) The absence of
co-operation and proper methods in the marketing, essential to
successful competition with highly organised foreign supplies.

It must also be remembered that many unfortunate circum-
stances combined thirty years ago to bring about a complete
change in our rural conditions, and severe depression in all
branches of rural life. Our previous period of exceptional
prosperity also completely unfitted us to fight severe foreign
competition, or to meet the altered conditions.

The Marketinc op English Timber.

In early times, apart from the question of hunting and
sport in the forests, and the value of wood for fuel and other
primitive purposes, a woodland had considerable value for the
production of food for swine. The crop of acoi"ns, beechmast,
&c., was then very important. We know also that one of
the most esteemed trees, centuries ago, was the yew, which
furnished bow staves.

116 English, Timber and Underivood.

As the country became more civilised and conditions altered,
better uses were found for the timber and underwood, and the
Rating Act of 1601 proves that " saleable underwood " was of
importance at that date. During several centuries the most
important timber was oak, for shipbuilding. Length and
diameter of butt were important, but, owing to the shape of
ships, curved pieces of timber were also required, so that they
could be cut with the grain, and there followed a special demand
for curved pieces of oak. Again, a natural bracket being
better than a mortised or artificial one, brackets for supporting
decks, &c., were made from " knees " of oak timber. Special
lengths and sizes of oak timber were also in request, but
although a big demand for oak knees and bends undoubtedly
existed, its importance has been much exaggerated. The
special demand for a given size or variety of timber naturally
ensures a special price, which in turn, encourages methods of
so producing the timber that as many trees as possible may
realise it. John Evelyn, in Sylva — the first classic of English
forest literature, written in 1664 — explains how an oak should
be grown to produce the crooks, bends, knees and other special
requirements of the navy. There is still a small demand for
oak knees, but few people would now advocate growing oak
for this purpose. Long, straight and clean timber, free from
bends or side-branches, is in most request. Every limb on
the stem — meaning a knot in the plank — renders the timber
of less value for present-day purposes.

Through past centuries and up to comparatively recent times,
almost the only agitations for the proper production of timber
in this country aimed at improving the supply of oak for ship-
building. Such agitations were many, as timber for the navy
was naturally of sapreme importance. So much of our old
literature and tradition had to do with producing and marketing
oak for shipbuilding, that the method of marketing and growing
oak for this purpose has permeated our system so thoroughly
as to leave its mark on present-day marketing and on pro-
duction in the woods. The business methods of many timber
merchants are still founded on handling oak for the navy.
Many woodmen still advance the same arguments in regard
to the growing of timber to-day that have been handed
down to them for generations. These views, possibly, were
sound in the shipbuilding days, but it does not follow that
they are correct to-day, when the timber is required for other
purposes.

Many persons seem still to imagine that our oak, being no
longer in demand for shipbuikling, is unsuitable for other uses
and markets. As all our timbers are viewed thus pessimistically,
it is advisable to dispose of the fallacy by analysing the basis

English Timber and Underwood. 117

on which it is fouu'led. It is due to several causes, not the
least being our common failing of exaggerating our faults.
Because timber does not answer the stringent requirements of
Government inspectors, .it does not necessarily follow that there
are no other markets for it. Because our native Scots pine is
thought unsuitable for telegraph poles, one has no reason to
infer that it is unsuitable for many of the purposes for which
foreign timber is used. Because some of our oak is not so
long in the butt as the foreign oak, it is not therefore unsuit-
able for many purposes where diameter is more important than
length. In nearly every paper on forestry or discussion on
timber, we find the defects of our native timber dealt with
at length and scarcely a word in defence of its good qualities
or suggesting fresh markets for it. We are inclined to attach
too much weight to reasons advanced by merchants for not
offering a higher price for native timber, and to criticisms of
English timber advanced by those interested in foreign timber.
It is not customary in any industry for a purchaser to praise
the goods he is buying, or for a competitor to suggest that they
are better than his own.

Again, visits to continental countries, though invaluable for
illustrating the result of proper methods of sylviculture, have
served to emphasise defects in our native timber. If we are
adopting a general system of high forest, we can learn valuable
lessons from countries where this system has been in vogue for
generations ; but this should not prejudice us against making
the most of our existing native supplies. No one would advo-
cate a landowner growing oak on a 280 or 300 years' rotation,
as in the case of the famous Spessart oak in Germany. The
fact that we are often shown such exceptional timber when we
pay a short visit to continental forests makes us prone to
imagine that all foreign oak is of equal quality. The best of
the Spessart oak realises from 7s. do?, upwards per cubic foot
for special markets for veneers, &c. ; exceptional oak of this
chai'acter does not compete with our native supplies. There is
no question that foreign timber, on account of the manner in
which it is grown, is generally much cleaner and longer in the
butt than our native timber, but there are markets in which
diameter is more important than length. With our huge con-
sumption of all classes of timber there are plenty of good
markets, if we will only develop them by adopting as far as
possible the foreigner's up-to-date methods.

The principal reasons for the poor prices obtained for
English in comparison with foreign timber are :—

1. Lack of pi^oper methods in marketing, which causes the
consumer much more trouble with native supplies than with
foreign. This prejudices consumers, inspectors, and others

118 English Timher and Underwood.

against the native timber, and leads them to exaggerate faults
in it that would be overlooked in foreign.

2. "Want of knowledge and care in the conversion, seasoning
and marketing of our timber, which accounts for many of the
objections urged against it.

3. Lack of pushing and advertising our own timber, with
the result that the consumer does not appreciate its superior
qualities for many purposes.

With the object of pointing to the remedy, one may draw
attention to the several exceptional handicaps from which
English timber and forestry suffer. (a) Foremost come the
unfortunate facts that our native supplies are widely distributed
and of a very mixed character, and that the cost of inland
transport is so heavy. (&) So many of the most up-to-date
and enterprising timber and underwood produce merchants
have dropped the native in favour of the foreign trade.
This is due to the superior methods of the foreigner, and to
the greater ease with which his supplies can be handled. The
natural result of this is that many of our English timber
merchants are handicapped by want of capital and also of
knowledge of their business. They are also fearfully lacking
in enterprise, as has been illustrated in the case of the Scots
pine. (c) The various branches of agriculture are so much
more important in our rural districts that few people find time
to pay proper attention to the woodlands. The English timber
and underwood industry seems, therefore, to be the Cinderella
of all branches of rural economy.

In spite of all this, the position is not nearly so hopeless as
is generally assumed. Each and all of these handicaps point
to only one solution of the problem, namely, securing to the
English timber and underwood industry a benefit that agri-
culture has enjoyed so freely. It seems scarcely possible to
think of agricult^^re being left to take care of itself, without
the numerous agricultural bodies which protect all branches of
its interests. The absence of similar protection in the past is
largely responsible for the position of English timber and
underwood to-day. Owing to the nature of the problem,
individual action, as illustrated in the present unsatisfactory
state of things, will not solve it, and the remedy lies in the
direction of joint action, increased knowledge and information
as to markets, &c., and the institution generally of improved
methods. There is seldom a five minutes' solution of these
problems, and those who have studied the question fully are
agreed that by far the best policy is to support the English
Forestry Association, which has been formed to improve the
position and to protect the producer's interests in the marketing
of English timber and underwood.

English l^imber ayid Underwood. 119

Since the solution of the underwood problem is generally
even more urgent than that of English timber, and since it
affords a good illustration of the importance of proper methods
of marketing, it is well to refer at length to

The Marketing of Underwood.

It has been repeatedly emphasised by Departmental
Enquiries and forestry literature that our woods are of too
open a character, and the oak and other standards are far
too isolated. This has been brought about in several ways : —
(1) Agricultural depression and death duties, leading to the
general over-thinning of woods to raise money. (2) The
influence of growing oak for the navy, and also the effect of
the production of larch. (3) The most important, viz., the
large income obtainable in the past from underwood. The old
saying that " underwood buys the horse and timber buys the
saddle," showed the respective importance of these. Under-
wood, in the shape of hazel, ash, &c., required plenty of light,
and, therefore, if the standard trees were grown too close, the
valuable underwood was suppressed.

Apart from the natural standing trees, there were two
methods of producing poles and brushwood for fuel and other
purposes. These were : (Ij From "stools," under the process
of "coppicing"; (2) From "pollards," under the process of
" pollarding."

The underwood stool was in vogue in plantations and
woodlands hedged in to exclude deer, sheep, cattle, and other
animals. In the open forests, on the commons, wastes of the
manor, or in pastures, where animals were allowed, it was
difficult to produce poles grown from stools, on account of the
damage which the young shoots would sustain. Where poles
were required on land ranged by deer and cattle, it was there-
fore necessary to follow some method other than coppicing, and
this led to the introduction of the pollard. Trees treated in this
manner are still very common, and, whether willows growing
by streams, ash or elm in pastures, or beech or hornbeam in
forests, it will be noticed that the pollards are invariably about
eight feet high. This height has survived through centuries,
and was probably adopted originally as being the least at Avhich
the shoots were safe against the depredations of animals. The
fact that copyholders, commoners, and farm tenants were often
allowed the produce of pollard trees, but not of standards, also
led, in many cases, to the creation of pollards. Since the general
introduction of every description of foreign wood on a large and
well-organised scale, and also of coal for fuel, the importance of
both coppicing and pollarding has decreased.

120 English Timber and Underivood.

Although pollarding is now almost a lost art, there are
indications that this system may be revived, and it offers many
advantages for the production of poles and rods. As a short
digression, it is interesting to note that many of our oldest
picturesque trees are pollards, tlie relics of ancient systems of
sylviculture, and illustrations of the increase of life given to a
tree by pollarding.

The commonest method of growing coppice was in a mixture
with oak and other standard trees. This old system, usually
known as " coppice with standards," was certainly thefi the
most suitable system of sylviculture for this country, and by
far the most lucrative, owing to the good demand for the
produce. In districts where there was a big demand for a
special variety, certain species of coppice were grown pure and
without the standard trees, since the coppice alone offered
greater advantages. An instance of this to-day is chestnut
coppice in Kent and Sussex, which was in special demand for
hop poles and wooden hoops. Ash poles were valuable for
hurdles and other agricultural uses ; and for both chestnut and
ash poles, grown in a proper manner, there is probably still a
good future. Hazel was grown for wattles, withies, thatch
stakes, crates, and many other articles. Oak coppice is to be
found in various districts, especially in the West of England.
It was valuable for the production of oak bark, at one time
in great demand for tanning. Alder, birch, hornbeam, &c.,
also were produced to meet some special demand. The
most unfortunate feature of underwood to-day is that a large
proportion of it is of a mixed character and includes many
different species. As in the case of timber, the mixed nature
of the crop has a detrimental effect on both its production
and sale.

Although many of the old local markets for underwood
have disappeared, new ones in many cases might be cultivated,
but these will be princi] ally of a wider natui^e than formerly.
Thanks to the increase in price of much of the foreign produce,
we can compete successfully in many markets to-day that would
not have been profitable twenty years ago. It is a mistake to
assume that the foreign raw material or manufactured article is
always purchased because it is cheaper ; in many cases the
preference is due solely to proper methods of marketing. But
new markets and conditions require new methods. Methods
that suited the marketing of underwood for the old brick oven
are scarcely suitable for the large commercial industries of the
present day. In many cases, for tlie tool, bobbin, games, and
similar trades, native poles and underwood might be purchased
if markets were cultivated and organised so that a proper and
regular supply of the produce could be ensured.

English Timber and Underwood. 121

It is impossible to enumerate here all the markets which
might be cultivated for underwood, or to explain fully indus-
tries which might be encouraged or established. In addition
to the output of all our home industries, the imports of wood
ware, wood turnery, and other items of a like nature in
1912 totalled 2,285,-153/. Surely we could secure a part of
this sum. There might be now a considerable extension
of industries similar to the clog, helve, hoop, crate, tent-peg,
cleft-fencing and other local industries, provided they were
properly organised and up-to-date marketing methods insti-
tuted. On the one hand, we have the raw material, which can
be purchased so cheaply to-day; and on the other, markets in
our midst, in which, in many cases, quite fair prices are ruling.
Individual action on a small scale is useless, and the only
chance of success is to act on a complete and large scale, and
with a wide instead of a merely local knowledge of supplies,
markets, labour, &c. Organising new and reviving old wood-
land industries, and cultivating proper markets for underwood
and timber, will increase the prosperity of rural districts and
secure proper markets for coppice, and this is one of the objects
of the English Forestry Association.

The day has long passed when any rural industry should be
left to take care of itself, and it is impossible for land-owners,
land-agents and agriculturists, with their numerous and varied
interests, to keep, unaided, in proper touch with every branch
of rural economy.

Anything that adds to the contentment and prosperity of
rural districts deserves every encouragement, but the important
influence on agriculture of the coppice problem is often
overlooked. Tlie laljour problem is always an important one
to agriculture, but this is likely to be even more urgent in the
near future. The principal difficulty in any labour problem is
to ensure regular and constant employment. During severe
weather in the winter months, work connected with the woods
is practically the only regular employment that can be offered
to many classes of agricultural workei'S. Furthermoi-e, work
in the woods has a good effect on workmen, and woodmen are
often the best and most contented workers to be found in
rural districts. Increased prosperity of woodland produce is
therefore doubly important, accompanied by the revival of
industries which formed so interesting and delightful a feature
of rural life little more than a generation ago.

The Production of English Timber.

Since this branch of the subject has received more attention
than marketing, its anomalies are not quite so apparent ; but a
moment's thought will show that they exist.

122 English Timber and Underwood.

We are assured by all authorities that we cau produce in
this country as tine timber of many species as any country in
the world. This fact is largely confirmed by the fine timber
that has been produced in many districts in the past. Few-
countries have so small a percentage of woodland relatively to
the area of land that authorities maintain will produce good
timber, and which at the same time will give a better retura
from forestry conducted on proper economic liue.s, than from
its present use. Few, too, have larger and more important
markets for all classes of wood than the United Kingdom. Yet
in few countries has so little attention been given to forestry.

Since, as in marketing, larger issues of policy are often
obscured by less important details, it is advisable again to cover
the ground in a broad and general manner.

Advocating improved methods of forestry does not neces-
sarily imply enthusiastic support of large schemes for State
afforestation, or even for planting up new areas of land at
present devoted to other purposes. Opinions may differ on
some of these points, but surely not about the urgent need for
tackling existing woodlands. With such a number of our
woods returning next to nothing, with so large quantities of
trees past maturity or never likely to make good timber, it
must appear peculiar to any observer that the subject of forestry
should not only receive so little sympathetic consideration, but
even experience opposition in some quarters. That in estate
forestry the production of trees for purposes of sport, orna-
ment, &c., should often take precedence of raising timber for
profit is not sufficient reason for the existing apathy. The
preservation and succession of trees and timber is of even
greater importance on a residential estate than in State forests,
and the object of forestry is to apply the policy of " practice
with science" to all branches of arboriculture or sylviculture.

It seems of primary importance to enumerate some of the
factors which have resulted in the present unsatisfactory
position of forestry in this country, and at the same time to
illustrate the important influence of markets on production.

Some might suggest that the first cause of depression in
prices of timber and underwood was the final removal of the
duties on imported timber in 1866. This might have resulted
in lower prices after the foreign trade had developed, but lower
prices were inevitable, and were due to far more important
causes, the principal being increased facilities for transport,
the general development and opening up of new countries, and
the change in our general conditions at home. Fresh and
wonderful supplies of all classes of wood were suddenly avail-
able, and these could then be sold in this country at a price
that represented little more than expenses of marketing and

English limber and Underwood. 123

transport. The introduction of coal, iron, wire and other
substitutes for wood also helped to ruin our old local markets
for woodland produce, with the result that coppice and timber
depreciated until producers were inclined to give up the
unequal fight as hopeless. To institute new and up-to-date
methods of timber production was almost impossible in many
cases, owing to want of capital and other reasons. The old
system of " coppice with standards " was looked upon as out of
date and hopeless. Since good clean timber was in demand, a
general system of high forest was advocated, similar to that in
vogue in many districts on the Continent, in order to produce
timber of equal quality to the foreign imports.

In a country that for its size is unique in its variety of
geological formations, soils, aspects and local conditions, it was
inevitable that opinions should differ as to the trees to be
generally planted. Naturally, perhaps, we experimented with
all sorts of varieties and mixtures of trees without sufficient
consideration of their individual requirements and conflicting
peculiarities.

The same causes led to the planting of mixtures of many
varieties in the hope that some, at least, would flourish. In
many cases the mixture itself was not so much at fault as the
want of method afterwards. Conifers were planted as " nurses "
to the hardwoods, and, since the nurse was not cut out when
originally intended, the nurse killed the child. It is impossible
to enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of different
mixtures, but, to instance only one as an illustiation, take the
familiar mixture of larch and Scots pine. The natural require-
ments of these two trees as to soil and general treatment are
very different. To ensure proper suppression of side-branches
in the Scots pine (which are specially objectionable in this tree),
it should be planted very close, and for many years it is impor-
tant not to thin too heavily, so that height and also clean growth
may be secured. The larch is about the most useless of all trees
for suppressing the side branches of Scots pine. In direct
opposition to the requirements of Scots pine, few trees really
require more light and room than larch. A thinning must be
therefore good for one and bad for the other. If it is intended
to cut out the Scotch in the thinnings to ensure a crop of
mature larch, few trees are more valueless than Scots pine
thinnings. Furthermore, few thinnings are more dangerous,
either when felled or when used as fencing rails, &c., close to
other trees of Scots pine, owing to the fine breeding ground
for the pine beetle which the poles provide, if left utibarked.

Enough has been said to illustrate the importance of full
consideration before planting, even in the case of a mixture of
only two varieties. When, as is common, in addition to larch

124 English Timber and Underwood.

and Scotch, we find spruce, sycamore, Douglas fir, oak, or other
species together, the comjilications in management and the
disappointment on sale may be imagined.

Almost every district has its special trees or system of
forestry, and, provided the production is on proper lines and
there is a proper and satisfactory^ market for the produce, few-
persons would advocate a general change except for really good
reasons. The mistake more often lies in the methods of pro-
duction than in the varieties grown.

Whatever variety of trees and systems of forestry may be
suitable for large schemes of State aff:orestation of waste land,
different conditions rule in estate forestry. Proposals relating
to estate forestry should always, if possible, err on the side of
simplicity, early return and adaptability. Again, in existing
woodlands, proposals will usually apply to better or deeper soils
than those of the waste land used for State planting. As a
general rule, not to be applied too strictly to any given locality,
but taking all the conditions of estate forestry into considera-
tion, hardwoods are more suitable for estate planting than the
majority of conifers, larch excepted. Surely our much longer
experience with hardwoods, their general suitability for pur-
poses of sport, and for English as distinct from Scotch estates,
as well as their greater freedom fi*om fungi, insects, &c., &c.,
should give them general preference over conifers. Further-
more, many of the demands of our best markets are for hard-
woods, and while we remain a manufacturing country the
respective importance of hardwoods will probably increase
rather than diminish.

After the questions of soil and special local conditions have
been considered, one should select for general planting on an
estate a tree which possesses some of the following advantages : —

1. Early maturity, giving a short rotation.

2. Valuable thinnings, saleable at any age.

3. Timber of high intrinsic value, with a wide range of uses.

4. Valuable for game, ornament and other important estate
features.

5. Saleable in small lots, and, if possible, suitable for local
uses.

6. Easily produced and managed, thinnings, &c., included.

7. Indigenous, or of a kind of which we have had con-
siderable experience in this country.

8. Comparative freedom from liability to damage by insects,
fungi, frost, drought, gales, &c., &c.

Another advantage would be immunity from damage by
rabbits, but scarcely any tree is entirely rabbit-proof, and
precautions must be taken with all.

English Timher and Underwood. 125

The actual selection will deiDerid on the soil to be planted ;
and on very poor land proposals may be limited to Scots pine
or similar trees. As a general guide, the three most valuable
trees for planting in woods on the majority of English estates
are ash, Spanish chestnut and larch. Additional advantages
are that on some soils the three trees can be grown together,
and also that, if necessary, either or both ash and Spanish
chestnut can be coppiced. There appear few more promising
trees to grow than English ash, owing to the special qualities
of its timber. Its pi'oduction with Spanish chestnut and larch
should result in the finest quality of ash timber. There are
many situations and soils, especially on the slopes of glens and
valleys anil on greensand, where the Douglas fir will probably
give a better return than any other tree. Its great importance
for the rapid production of timber must certainly not be over-
looked, but we require further experience of it on some soils,
and must be cautious lief ore adopting it on too laige a scale.
A peculiarity of England is the importance of timber in spinneys,
pastures, hedgerows, &c. Without touching on the debatable
subject of the desirability or otherwise of hedgerow timber,
there are only a few trees that need be considered for general
planting in tli^se situations when the object is solely timber
for profit. The most important are, the black Italian poplar
{Poptdus serotina, sometimes called Populus momlifera), and
the Cricket-!)at willow {Salix alba ccerulea). The timber of
our common English elm should realise higher prices, but it is
unnecessary to discuss its production, since it seldom requires
assistance. Its extraordinary power of reproduction from
suckers has already ensured its survival through generations
and adverse conditions. Other varieties of elm, especially the
wych elm {Uimus montana), should receive increased attention
for planting in spinneys, &c., as the timber possesses special
value for many purposes. The most vigorous and quick grow-
ing variety is that known as the Huntingdon elm (called
by Dr. Henry, Ulmus vegeta), but it appears to produce a short
butt, and little is yet known of the inti'insic value of its timber.
It is not possible to enter into actual details of planting, but
a brief reference may be made to the timber of the five trees
advocated. Plantation ash is much more valuable for the best
markets than hedgerow trees, and the faster it is gi-own the
better. Spanish chestnut should realise higher prices in the
future, owing to its durability and large proportion of heart-
wood, and on some soils few hardwoods will produce a better
or quicker return. Its timber after a certain age becomes very
shakey on some soils and it much objects to those containing
lime. Larch is too well known to need special reference,
beyond stating that fresh markets must be cultivated to ensure

126 English Timber and Underwood.

a proper demand and price for our large supplies of this timber.
There are few rapid growing trees whose timber seems suitable
for so many purposes and which has such special qualities as
the timber of black Italian poplar. The small lots that have
been marketed in the past form little guide to its value with
proper supplies of the timber available. The Cricket-bat
willow has realised extraordinary prices during the past few
years, and it is too much to hope that these will continue.
It offers, however, other attractions for an early retuni in
selected situations, owing to its wonderful vigour of growth
and quality of its timber. A great advantage of both black
Italian poplar and Cricket-bat willow for growing in pastures,
or even in hedgerows, is that, thanks to their erect habits and
light canopy, little damage is done by their shade to either
crop or hedge underneath.

The delusion is so widespread that clear-felling a wood in
large squares is the only method of reproducing high forest,
that it seems important to refer briefly to the different systems
of production. There are three principal systems under which
high forest is reproduced — (1) The selection system, where
single trees distributed over an area are selected and felled
periodically. (2) The group system, which is an expansion of
the selection, inasmuch as, instead of one tree, several trees are
felled in the same spot, and the wood is reproduced in groups.
(3) The compartment system, where an area is either clear-
felled and re-planted, or a system of natural regeneration
instituted. Each system has its limitations, and is applicable
to different varieties of trees and conditions, and often in estate
forestry any system has to be adapted to meet special circum-
stances.

The advantages of natural reproduction are so generally
overlooked, especially with our oak, ash, and other indigenous
trees, and much greater attention should be given to this in
the future. The increase in the number of rabbits has had
a very detrimental effect on natural reproduction, and few
people realise the damage which these animals inflict on the
woods until an area has been surrounded by wire netting.

A common fallacy as to planting is that no return is secured
before sixty years. This may be true of oak and some trees,
but there are other trees and systems of forestry from which
an early return can be obtained. Omitting coppice and pioduce
of a like nature, the quickest return at present from any tree
is probably that from Cricket-bat willow ; but this, of course,
has its special limitations. Douglas fir also brings a large
return on a short rotation, as can be seen in many places. Ash,
larch and Spanish chestnut all have their advantages for an
early return. Several other trees, some of recent introduction,

English Timber and Underwood. 127

are capable of early return, but it is inadvisable to enumerate
them without the necessary reservations.

All trees have their individual requirements, not only as to
soil and conditions, but also as to the most suitable methods
of production and treatment. The best distance apart to plant
any variety is a detail that has not received sufficient attention.
We have been, up to the present, far too much inclined to
assume that all trees should be planted alike. Larch certainly
requires more open planting and treatment in its early years
than Scots pine, oak or beech, and the same may be said of
several other varieties. The principal factors are branch
suppression, complete canopy, height growth, and survival of
the fittest for mature crop. The persistency of side branches
and their decay when suppressed varies so much with different
trees that this fact alone points to the need for different
treatment. The well-developed tree on the margin of a wood
often pays better than the close-grown specimen further in, a
fact which calls for more discussion and investigation, but this
must not be construed as advocating too open planting.

Far greater care must be taken in future with the selection
and treatment of the seeds before sowing and selecting the
best of the crop of seedlings for planting. Heredity plays as
important a part in trees as in animals, and selection of the
fittest in the nursery would save considerable expense and
disappointment in later years.

The compound interest argument is often advanced against
planting, but, if the purely commercial aspect is to be con-
sidered, surely a better argument would be to apply compound
interest to the present loss of return from many existing woods.

It is scarcely fair to judge forestry by much that has been
done under that name in the past. Now that the outlook is
much brighter and we can learn valuable lessons from our
mistakes, is it too much to hope for far more attention and
sympathetic consideration of the subject in the future ? Only
in recent years have the importance and possibilities of forestry
been realised, and this accounts for its being the most neg-
lected of all branches of rural economy. Many people who
would otherwise take an interest in the subject are prevented
from doing so by the difficulty of knowing how to begin. In
the circumstances, one may be pardoned for suggesting that
they should join the Royal English Arboricultural Society, the
object of which is to encourage the subject and to apply the
policy of "practice with science" to the production of trees in
England.

The Future Price op Timber.

The glutting of our markets with cheap foreign timber
in the past had a fearful effect on the English timber and

128 English Timber and Underwood.

underwood industries. It is important to consider what
possibility there is of this recurring, since it must necessarily
influence planting, especially as the price of our native supplies
is largely governed by that of the imported timber. It is, of
course, impossible to speak with any degree of certainty, when
so many factors affect the question. Fluctuations are inevitable
in every branch of commerce, but we can at least consider what
the factors are and what is likely to be the trend of future prices.

It is here possible to deal with general principles only, and
to discuss the matter in its broader aspects. Sir William
Schlich and Professor Somerville have lectured on this subject,
so that people desiring figures should consult some of their
able reviews and articles.

We are continually reminded that it takes more than one
generation to produce timber of good quality. This further
emphasises the importance of considering the future price.
Those who foresaw the present demand for rubber and for
Cricket-bat willow and planted these trees may well congratu-
late themselves on their foresight. These are exceptional cases,
but surely the same argument holds good. The long rotation
necessary to produce a crop of timber must be borne in mind
as illustrating how timber difi'ers from other produce, such as
wheat. In other crops an increased demand leads at once to the
production of increased supplies, which on a short cycle quickly
decreases price. Increased prices of timber will certainly open
up ncAV supplies, but the latter invariably accompanies other
development to which reference is made later. From the long
rotation necessary, timber as compared with wheat, &c., enjoys
far greater freedom from glutted markets as a result of a rise
in price. Therefore, if the extent of the existing supplies is
known, it is easier to see in which direction future prices are
likely to trend.

Although we have not yet sufficient data for a reliable
estimate of the world's supplies of timber, we are to-day able
to obtain a rough guide to the supplies in most countries.
Scares of past years were dispelled by fresh supplies of foreign
timber appearing from little-known sources.

If the general consumption of timber does not decrease,
whenever we get within sight of the limit of existing supplies
there is a point which sooner or later must have its effect, viz.,
the general cost of production.

Again, timber differs from wheat or similar crops since, as
concerns the bulk of imported timber, the price has not been
influenced by the cost of production. If the cost of production
has not been taken into account, and we have not unlimited
future supplies, then the low prices of the past are founded
on an artificial and unsound economic basis.

English Timber and Underwood. 129

In spite of ii'on, &c., having taken the place of wood for
shipbuilding, as well as for constructional and other purposes,
nearly every new invention brings a fresh demand for wood.
Our imports of timber .in 1906 were double the figures of
twenty-five years before. It may be assumed that substitutes
for wood will be found in increasing quantities, and also
greater use mad© of preservatives to lengthen the life of timber.
Creosote, &c., will, of course, increase the value of inferior
and less durable timber. So far increased consumption in other
directions has far more than counterbalanced any decreased
consumption due to substitutes and preservatives. It seems
improbable that the demand for w^ood for our industrial
centres, and for all the general development at home and
abroad, is likely to decrease to any extent in the near future.
Our own consumption of timber has assumed tremendous
proportions in recent years, and during the last generation
w^e have consumed the timber production of centuries. In
spite of the tini1)er production in Germany, of which we
hear so much, that country imports huge quantities of foreign
timber.

As is common knowledge, development in new countries
and colonies not only largely increases the consumption of
wood, but also leads to the destruction of large timber supplies
by wasteful lumbering and forest fires. The larger proportion
of supplies in the west of America is now consumed on that
continent, the development of the prairie provinces and of
the pulp and other industries giving rise to a great demand for
wood. The whole effect of development of agriculture and
ranching is to consume the timber, to destroy the native supplies
of timber, and also to stop natural reproduction through the
exercise of grazing rights and other causes. Considering the
rapid development of Canada during the last ten years, one may
expect other countries to develop quickly in the near future.
It seems impossible to estimate the consumption and destruction
of timber likely to result therefrom.

It may be argued that steps now being taken to conserve
the forests in various countries will result in increased supplies.
The whole object of these measures is to prevent waste of
existing supplies, and to ensure production of future supplies.
Both Canada and the United States of America have now a
large forest service, and other countries will follow suit.
Norway and Sweden now impose restrictions as to a minimum
age at which the timber can be felled and the steps to be taken
for reproduction, and obviously these things must increase the
price of the timber.

All persons interested in timber know that what is first
quality to-day in nearly all foreign timber was third quality

VOL 73. F

130 English Timber and Underwood.

twenty-five years ago. Yet the price of foreign timber during
the past twenty-five years has increased enormously. Further-
more, authorities predict that third quality to-day will be first
quality twenty-five years hence. Reasons already given sub-
stantiate this prediction, but there are also other points. Much
of the foreign timber sent to our markets twenty-five years ago
grew close to the sea-board and the railway, on the better valley
soils, in accessible situations, and in many cases only the best
timber was felled. Supplies obtainable under such favourable
conditions are rapidly decreasing, as can be seen in the present
quality and price of foreign timber. Future supplies are
farther from the sea-board, in less accessible positions, necessi-
tating heavy expense for transport, and the lumberman is now
content to take the comparatively inferior timber. As against
this, improved methods of lumbering and transport, and more
organised mai^keting, have reduced expenses in some directions,
but adverse factors have probably more than balanced this.
Yet another indication of future higher prices is the tremendous
increase in the prices and rents of timber limits. A generation
ago, forest concessions could be obtained for the proverbial
song. The following is an extract from a Forestry Journal of
1878 : " Three hundred and sixty thousand acres of white
oak and mineral land in Western Virginia were sold in New
York the other day in large lots for about one cent, {^d.) per
acre." It seems almost impossible to think of land and
timber ever again being obtained at such a figure.

Owing to the huge appreciation in value of the forests, a
large sum has now to be paid for interest on capital, and on
this increased value there are now large and increasing rates,
taxes, and other impositions.

Although, higher prices will result in the increased use of
substitutes, in many cases a reasonable advance in the price of
timber makes little difference in the cost of the manufactured
article. Wood is used in nearly every industry, but the cost of
the finished product is influenced more often by labour and
other expenses of manufacture than the exact cost of the wood.
In other cases, by increasing the life of the timber by preserva-
tives and introducing more economical methods of manufacture,
a higher price for the timber can be easily afirorded.

Again, more economical and scientific methods often lead
to new uses for wood. A simple illustration of this is the
batten ends purchased by workhouses for conversion into
fire-lighters. The price of these has risen greatly owing to
other present demand for making wood wool, suction gas and
their products.

Although iron and cement may be used in place of wood,
the use of wood in some form as a substitute for so many other

The International Institute of Agriculture. 131

things increases tremendously with the march of science. Wood
for paper pulp in place of rags has alone meant an enormous
consumption of timber. The destructive distillation of wood
opens up wonderful possibilities of further demand for wood.
"Wood becomes more valuable every day, through the by-
products of its constituent elements, quite apart from its use
as timber.

Independently of the increased prices which undoubtedly
can be secured by better methods of marketing our timber, the
general prospects are surely promising. Unbiassed and inde-
pendent consideration of these points must be convincing as to
the need for encouraging forestry in this country.

Farnham Common, M. C. DUCHESNE, F.S.I.

Slough.

THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
AGRICULTURE.

The object of this article is to show what the International
Institute of Agriculture is doing and what it hopes to do for
agriculturists, and little space need be devoted to the story of
how it came into existence. This story has already been told in
" bluebooks," and can be read by any one interested. In
January, 1905, H.M. the King of Italy addressed a letter to his
Government giving a broad outline of a proposal to establish
an International Institute of Agriculture, which had been
suggested to him by Mr. David Lubin, a citizen of the United
States. As a result of this letter communications were sent by
the Italian Government to each of the Governments of the world,
in which it was suggested that a diplomatic Conference should
be held in Rome in May, 1905, to consider the matter. The
Conference met, and a Convention embod^ang the results of
its deliberations was signed on June 7, 1905, establishing the
Institute and defining its objects. At that time the number of
adhering States was forty, but the number has since been
increased to fifty. The Institute was established as an official
institution, and it is supported by grants from each of the
adhering States. It is thus on an entirely different footing
from other international associations and institutions which,
although recognised by Governments, are nevertheless private
institiitions. The building in which the Institute is housed
was the gift of the King of Italy, and is admirably suited for
its purpose. The final direction of, and responsibility for, the
work of the Institute, is vested in a General Assembly com-
posed of delegates appointed by the contributing Governments,

F 2

132 The International Institute of Agriculture.

but the executive body is the Permanent Committee which
meets in the Institute constantly. Great Britain is repre-
sented on the Permanent Committee by Mr. H. G. Dering,
Councillor at the British Embassy at Rome, who also acts as the
representative of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa,
India, and Mauritius. To Mr. Dering and to Sir Thomas Elliott,
the late Secretary of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries,
who was one of the British delegates at the Conference in May,
1905, and has since taken a deep interest in the work and
welfare of the Institute, agriculturists of the United Kingdom
are greatly indebted for their constant and successful efforts
to direct the work of the Institute into channels of the greatest
utility to this country and the Empire.

Objects.

The aim of the Institute is very different from that of any
national Agricultural Department, inasmuch as what is only
incidental to the work of the latter is the primary object of the
former. When an agricultural department is estalDlished its
main objects usually are (1) to administer laws relating
to animal and plant diseases, land tenure, adulteration of
agricultural produce, &c., and (2) to distribute grants for
the promotion of agricultural education, experiments and
research and other activities aiming at the development of
agriculture. The collection and dissemination of information
likely to prove of use to agriculturists is in most cases
of secondary importance. With one or two notable excep-
tions the existing agricultural departments devote almost
the whole of their energies to what may be described as
" administrative work " and the collection of statistics. The
demands of work of this type are so constant and so pressing
that staff can rarely be spared for work which, though of
immense importance, is of less immediate utility, viz., the
collection and distribution of general scientific intelligence.
It would surprise most agriculturists to know the small amount
out of the total budgets of the agricultural departments of
Europe which is expended on " intelligence " work, and even
of this small sum by far the greater portion is expended in
connection with the collection and publication of statistical
intelligence. With the International Institute of Agriculture
the position is entirely different. The Institute administers no
laws, distributes no grants, employs no staff of inspectors, and
expends no time on " Parliamentary Business." The staff is
engaged almost wholly in collecting, collating and publishing
information. So far as its work relates to agricultural statistics
the function of the Institute is to co-ordinate and publish inter-
nationally information collected by each State nationally. On

The International Institute of Agriculture. 133

the other hand, the systematic collection and dissemination of
scientific information is seldom attempted by existing agricul-
tural departments, and from every point of view there are
excellent reasons for such work being done on an international
basis, provided it is done well. The Institute is only in its
infancy, but no one who has had the opportunity of examining
and making use of its many publications is likely to deny that
the work which it undertook to do, ambitious as most people
thought it at the time, is being well done, and that there is
every reason to believe that it will be still better done in the
future.

The Convention of June 7, 1905, defined the principal duty
of the Institute in the following words : " To collect, elaborate,
and publish, with as little delay as possible, statistical, technical,
or economic information regarding the cultivation of the soil,
its production, whether animal or vegetable, the trade in
agricultural products, and the prices obtained on the various
markets." It is impossible to deal with each of its publications
separately, but by taking the three heads, statistical, technical,
and economic, it may be possible to indicate briefly the
Institute's field of work.

Agricultural Statistics.

When Mr. David Lubin proposed to the King of Italy the
foundation of the Institute, he had in his mind one main idea,
viz., an official "single numerical statement" of the world's
production of each important crop. He was familiar with the
" single numerical statement " for the United States which
had been published for some years by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture. This statement shows at a glance how the pro-
duction in each of the States of the Union and in the United
States as a whole, compared with an " average " year. Mr.
Lubin's idea was to arrange for the publication of a similar
statement for each of the countries of the world, and for the
world as a whole. As might have been expected in a project of
this magnitude, the difficulties encountered were enormous,
and, as a result of experience, the original scheme has been
modified. Already, however, the Institute can point to some
notable achievements. Several important producing countries
which at the time the Institute began work had never pub-
lished official crop reports, have now inaugurated systems which
enable them to send reports to the Institute in accordance
with a plan adopted by the General Assembly. A number
of other covmtries have modified their systems of crop reporting
so as to harmonise with the plan adopted by the Institute.
Such results could not have been achieved by any other means
than official international co-operation.

134 The International Institute of Agriculture.

The first work undertaken by the Institute's Bureau of
Statistics was to study the organisation of the agricultural
statistical services in different countries, and the volume in
which the results of these studies were published is a work
of great value to any one interested in statistical method. In
January, 1910, was published the first issue of the " Monthly
Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics." This periodical is now
published about the 20th of each month, in five languages,
including English, and it contains information which cannot be
obtained from any other source. The statements as to area,
production and condition of crops are based on reports sent
direct to the Institute from the Governments of the different
countries. Moreover, for the purposes of comparison, the
figures as to area and production are in each case expressed as
a percentage of the similar figure for the preceding year. The
work of organising such a service must have been very great,
and the success which has already been obtained is surprising.
The Canadian Ministry of Agriculture, in a circular letter
issued to the Press early in 1910, prophesied that " the
reliability of the statistical data supplied to the Institute
by the several Governments will increase, so that in a reason-
able time, the estimates of the crops from all the countries of
the world, published by this Clearance House of statistical
and agricultural information, will have much greater value
than any heretofore published." No one will doubt to-day that
the prophecy was a true one. Had the work of the Institute
been confined to agricultural statistics, its establishment would
have been justified, but it has other important duties to perform.

Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases.

In the words of the Marquis Capelli, its President, "the
Institute probably receives, and, what is more, examines, a
greater number of agricultural periodicals than any other
institution in the world ; and this monthly voyage, as it were,
round the earth, passing in review all forms of cultivation and
noticing all new ideas relating to agriculture, has an exceptional
interest to all those who are engaged in agriculture." The
results of the monthly review of agricultural periodicals are
published in The Bulletin of the Bureau of Agricultural
Intelligence and of Plant Diseases. When this Bulletin was
first contemplated it was thought by many people that its aim
would be very similar to that of the Experiment Station
Record, which has been published for many years by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture. As a matter of fact its aim is
quite different. The American publication is a most useful,
indeed an indispensable, index to the more important experi-
mental work conducted throughout the world, although,

I

The International Institute of Agriculture. 135

naturally, it deals principally with work done in the United
States ; but for the most part it is little more than an index.
The Institute's Bulletin, on the other hand, consists of lengthy
summaries of all important reports and articles, and the readei
will seldom feel the necessity of obtaining the original publica-
tion, and, as the summary is in English while the original
may be in any language, the value of this will be evident.
The Institute is enabled to publish such full summaries
only because it confines its attention to matters which
are absolutely new, important, and indicative of progress.
The value of the bulletin may, perhaps, best be illustrated
by giving the titles of three successive articles which
appeared in the issue for September, 1912, the latest I have
seen ; the articles are grouped according to subject, and the
following are those given under the head " Feeds and Feeding " :
(1) Methods for calculating the influence of the diminution in
milk yield due to advance of the lactation period during feeding
experiments — this being a summary of a report of an investiga-
tion published in a German periodical ; (2) A practical method
of increasing meat production and of decreasing its net cost —
from a French bulletin ; and (3) On the feeding value of
potato haulms and berries — from a German weekly. The
bulletin will be found a most valuable source of reference for
the agricultural scientist and investigator, and of great interest
to the practical farmer. The Bureau of Agricultural Intelli-
gence and of Plant Diseases has also issued separate publications
on the protection of birds and on dry farming. When it first
began to summarise articles and reports from agricultural
periodicals it was thought that the summaries could best be
published on a geographical basis. This plan was abandoned
and the monthly bulletin above described was started. One
volume, however, has been issued in accordance with the first
plan and it deals with Great Britain. This is a unique work
consisting of 640 pages, and it reviews the whole of the
important publications issued in 1910 dealing with the science
and practice of farming in Great Britain.

Agricultural Co-operation, Insurance, and Credit.

There are subjects in which agriculturists in Great Britain
have much to learn from other countries, and the publica-
tions of the Institute serve a useful purpose in bringing
together the scattered information of all countries. With
regard to co-operation and allied movements, even in this
country, its publications give in a readable form information
which is l)y no means easily accessilile. The principal publi-
cation on this subject is the Bulletin of the Bureau of
Economic and Social Intelligence. This bulletin is conducted

136 The International Institute of Agriculture.

on entirely different lines to that dealing with agricultural
intelligence. The first three issues, published in 1910, con-
tained comprehensive studies on agricultural co-operation and
credit in all the important adhering States. They became,
however, quicklj- out of print, and the information was re-
published in two volumes (one of which has not yet been
issued), entitled Monographs on Agricultural Co-operation m
various Countries. These monographs are absolutely indis-
pensable to any one studying agricultural co-operation. It is
true that most of the information given can be found elsewhere,
but the advantage of having all the facts, extracted from innu-
merable publications, official and otherwise, given for each
country on an uniform system and in the English language,
cannot be exaggerated. These early studies formed a firm basis
on which to build later numbers of the bulletin. The sub-
sequent monthly issues contain recent news, summarised from
current reports and periodicals, and in addition monographs on
different subjects based on the study of a number of
oMicial reports and other publications. The bulletin also gives
information regarding legislation proposed or passed in
different countries. The Bureau has also recently published in
French its first International Yearbook of Agricultural Legis-
lation, which supplies information with regard to the principal
laws relating to agriculture passed in 1911 throughout the
world.

The Library.

From the above account of the activities of the Institute,
it will be gathered that the centre of the whole organisation is
the Library. It is only because its Library has been conducted
from the first on a scientific and efficient system that the
Institute has been able to accomplish the work it has. In May,
1911, the President stated that at that time over seventeen
hundred reviews and periodicals were being received, and
that every day fresh ones were arriving. The weekly biblio-
graphical bulletin published by the Institute testifies to the
thoroughness with which these periodicals are examined and
their contents noted.

The above is a brief and imperfect account of the work of
the Institute, but it may be sufficient to show what an
important institution it is and what an influence it is likely to
exert on the agriculture of the world. Specimens of each of
the publications of the Institute may be seen at the offices of
the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and copies of most
of them may be purchased from there. Copies can also be
consulted by members of the Royal Agricultui-al Society of
England, at the Society's library.

H. L. French.

Streatham, London, S.W.

137

CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL LAW.

T, — Legislation.

At the time of writing this article the completed legislation
of 1912 was very small in quantity, and had very little bearing
on agriculture or agricultural interests. The only Act of
Parliament that it appears to be material to notice is the
Finance Act, 1912 (2 and 3 Geo. 5 c. 8). Section 4 of that
Act enables the Commissioners of Customs and Excise to
authorise responsible persons, duly licensed to grow tobacco
within the United Kingdom, to grow tobacco for the sole
purpose of obtaining an extract therefrom, to be used without
payment of duty, in the manufacture of insecticides or sheep-
wash, or for other purely agricultural or horticultural purposes.
The authority is to be granted subject to such security and
the observance of such regulations and conditions as the Com-
missioners may proscribe, and if any person so authorised acts
in contravention of or fails to comply with any of those
regulations or conditions, the article in respect of which the
offence is committed will be forfeited and a penalty of 501. is
imposed.

Section 9 of the same Act provides for estate duty on timber
or underwood payable on the death of a person dying after
April 30, 1909, in substitution for the first paragraph of Sub-
section 5 of Section 61 of the Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910.
The value of such timber or underwood is not to be taken into
account in estimating the principal value of the estate or the
rate of estate duty (as was required by Section 61, Sub-section
5, of the Act of 1910), and estate duty is not to be payable
thereon, but is, at the rate due to the principal value of
the estate, to be payable on the net moneys (if any)
after deducting all necessary outgoings since the death of the
deceased, which may from time to time be received from the
sale of timber trees or wood when felled or cut during the
period which may elapse vintil the land on the death of some
other person again becomes liable to estate duty. This is a
concession in favour of owners of woodland and will make it
unnecessary to include standing timber in the valuation of
land for the purposes of estate duty.

Section 10 of the same Act amends Section 2, Sub-section 3,
of the Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910, in respect of the ascertain-
ment of the original site value of land for the purposes of duties
under the Act. It provides that the substitution allowed by
Section 2, Sub-section 3, of the Act of 1910 for the original site
value as ascertained under the Act, of the site value at the

138 Contemporary Agricultural Law.

time of any transfer on sale of the fee simple or of any interest
in the land which took place at any time within twenty years
before April 30, 1909, shall apply to the case of any transfer
on sale of the fee simple or of any interest in the land which
took place between April 29, 1909, and the date of the com-
mencement of the Act (April 29, 1910), or took place after the
commencement of the Act in pursuance of any contract made
befoi'e the commencement of the Act,

Some important bills afTecting agriculture, such as the bill
for amending the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1908, in respect
of notice to quit, and the Milk and Dairies Bill, have been
introduced into Parliament, but it is uncertain at present if
they will be passed into law.

11. — Decisions op the Courts.

1. Labour. It must again be stated that decisions under
the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1906, have been very
numerous, but now, as in former years, employers of labour
in agriculture appear to have been fortunate in requiring the
assistance of the Courts in dealing with claims by their work-
men less frequently than employers of other classes of labour.
It will only be necessary to notice a few of these decisions
which may be applicable in cases of claims by agricultural
labourers for compensation under the Act. In the Irish case
of Greene v. Shaic (1912, W.C.C., 25), a herd was employed to
look after cattle upon two farms, and usually rode a bicycle in
going from one farm to the other. One evening when he had
mounted his bicycle for the purpose of visiting one of the
farms to see the cattle, a young sheep dog, his own property,
ran in his way, with the result that he was thrown from the
bicycle and fatally injured. It was held that the accident
occurred " in the course of," but did not arise " out of the
employment " of the workman, and therefore his representatives
were not entitled to compensation under the Act. In Parker
V. Hamhrook (1912, W.C.C, 369) the vexed question of the
liability for accident suffered hy a servant who has disregarded
his master's instructions, given for his own protection, was
considered. The workman was ordered to dig for flints on
certain land at Drellingore Farm for his master, who was a
farmer and traction engine proprietor, and agreed to pay in
proportion to the quantity of flints raised. The workman was
forl)idden to work in a particular part of the pit which was
known to be dangerous. Notwithstanding his orders he worked
on the day in question in this part as it was richer in flints than
other parts, and also more sheltered from rain. He was over-
whelmed by a fall of earth from the side of the pit and killed.
It was held that since his working in the forbidden part of the

Contemporary Agricultural Law. 139

pit had been entirely for his own purpose, he had pnt himself
out of the ambit of his employment and that his widow w^as
not entitled to compensation under the Act. Tombs v. Bom-
ford (1912, W.C.C, 229) illustrates the liability of a farmer in
respect of casual labour. There a labourer, whose garden
adjoined the land of a farmer, complained that the garden was
injured by a hedge on the farmer's land and asked him to have
it cut. The farmer, to oblige the labourer, agreed that the
labourer should cut the hedge and be paid 10s. for the work,
and that the farmer should have the long poles from the hedge
for use in his hop-ground. While cutting the hedge the
labourer met with an accident to his eye, which caused him
to lose the sight of that eye. It was held that the labourer's
employment, though of a casual nature, was " for the purpose
of the employer's trade or business," and that he was therefore
a " workman " and entitled to compensation under the Act
from the farmer for the accident. In White v. Wiseman
(1912, W.C.C, 403 ; 28 Times L.R., 542) it was held that in
calculating the average weekly earnings of a workman for the
purpose of awarding compensation under the Workmen's
Compensation Act, 1906, the Court must not disregard days, or
parts of days, during the twelve months preceding the accident
in which there was a shortage of work so that the employer
was unable to find the workman any work to do. Polled v.
Great Northern Railway (1912, W.C.C, 379) shows that
where a man meets with a fatal accident his wife and child
can only recover compensation for the loss as " dependants "
if it is proved that they were in fact wholly, or in part, depen-
dent on his earnings at the time of his death. A wife who has
been separated from her husband for three years before his
death and has wholly maintained herself and her child, is not,
nor is the child, a " dependant " of the deceased workman.

2. Stock. In Glover v. Robertson (10 L.G.R., 230 ; 106 L.T.,
135) a curious point arose under the Diseases of Animals Act,
1894. Under that Act the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
has made an Order prohibiting the entry into a port in Great
Britain, excepting under license of the Board, of cattle, sheep,
goats, or swine " brought from " a port in any of the countries
named in a schedule to the Order, which includes France but
not India. A steamship took on board at Calcutta a number of
live sheep to be used as food by the Lascar crew. She put into
various ports on her voyage home, the last being Marseilles.
On leaving Marseilles she had a live sheep from Calcutta on
board, which was still on board when she berthed in the Albert
Docks. It was held that the sheep in question had been
" brought from " Calcutta and not from Marseilles, and the
master of the ship had not been guilty of a breach of the

140 Contemporary Agricultural Law.

Order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries by bringing
the sheep to this country without a licence.

In the Scottish case of Williamson v. Steivart (1912, S.C,
235) the question arose as to the proper method of valuing
sheep stock left on the farm for the landlord or incoming
tenant according to the custom common on hill farms in the
North of England and Scotland. It appeared that generally
the valuations of sheep stock as between an outgoing tenant
and the proprietor or incoming tenant in Perthshire and many
other parts of Scotland have according to a recognised and
well-established custom been invariably conducted on the
principle termed " use and wont " of putting an acclimatised
or "hefting" value upon the regular sheep stock beyond the
value which they would have if removed and sold off the land
because they have a higher value to the proprietor or incoming
tenant who is to continue to hold them on the farm. The
reason for such higher value being placed on the stock was
said to be that sheep bred and retained on land are known to
settle, live, and thrive better than strange sheep brought on the
same ground, while at the same time they are less expensive to
herd as they seldom stray from their own ground. The Court
held that the valuation should proceed not on market value
alone, as contended by the landlord, nor on " use and wont " by
adding a percentage to market value to represent acclimatisation
value as contended by the tenant. The proper method of valua-
tion was held to be tlaat the arbiter should consider the farm as
he finds it, and fixing in his own mind a fair rent for the farm
as a fiist expense should then go on to consider what the in-
coming man can afford to pay for the stock as it exists in view
of what prices he will eventually get in the market for wool,
lambs and sheep, when the component parts of the stock, as a
going stock, will be sold from time to time. This view allowed
for a value in which had been included acclimatisation, the
crucial question being whether after he has paid a rent the
incoming man could at such prices make the farm pay as a
going concern.

In the Scottish case of Cranston v. Mallow (1912, S.C,
112) a horse was sold under a warranty that it was a good
worker and sound in wind, and the purchasers bargained that
they should have a week's trial. It was held that the contract
was one of sale under warranty and not one of sale on appro-
bation, and accordingly that the purchasers were entitled to
reject the horse within the week if it did not conform to the
warranty but not otherwise. They had no absolute right of
rejection within the week without assigning any ground.

3. Landloi^d and Tenant. There have been some notice-
able cases on the general law of landlord and tenant in 1912.

Contemporary Agricultural Laio. 141

In Re Searle, Brooke, and Searle (1912, 1 Ch., 610 ; 81 L.J.Ch.,
375) a tenancy " for two years certain and thereafter from year
to year until either party shall give to the other " notice to quit
was held not to be determinable at the end of the second year,
but only by giving notice at the end of the third or any sub-
sequent year. In Rudd v. Bowles (1912, 2 Ch., 60 ; 81 L.J.Ch.,
277) certain leases were executed in May, 1903, and bore
date at the time of execution *' 1903," the day and month being
left in blank. By arrangement between the landlord and
tenant the dates were subsequently inserted as of July, 1904,
the figure 3 in the lease being altered to 4 for that purpose.
Notwithstanding the rule of law that a deed will be avoided by
a material alteration it was held that the alteration having been
made with the consent of both parties did not make the lease
void. In Printing Machinery Co. v. Linotype & Machinery,
Lim. (1912, 1 Ch., 566; 81 L.J.Ch., 422) a claim for rectification
of a lease on the ground of mistake was held to be a matter
that did not come within the arbitration clause referring any
dispute, difference, or question between the lessors and lessee to
arbitration but should be decided by the Court. Cressivell v.
Jeffreys (28 Times L.R., 413) was a case of distress. The
tenant of a farm was in arrear with his rent. The plaintiff in
the action had cattle grazing thereon. The landlord instructed
a bailiff to distrain for the rent due, and the fact that a distress
was likely to be levied came to the knowledge of the plaintiff,
who had a conversation with the bailiff and said he would move
his cattle off the farm. The bailiff said, " Don't be such a
fool. I can't touch your cattle because you took the keep by
auction." Thereupon the plaintiff', believing his cattle to be
safe, took no steps to remove them, but when a distress was
levied four of them were seized. In an action for wrongful
distress the jury found that the bailiff or landlord led the
plaintiff to believe that he was not going and had no right
to le-vy distress on the plaintiff's cattle. It was held that the
bailiff's statement was either a mis-statement of law or a
declaration of intention to abandon a legal right to distrain,
and that in neither case could it create an estoppel so as to
make the distress unlawful.

In Re Derby {Earl) and Ferguson's Contract (1912, 1 Ch.,
479 ; 81 L.J.Ch., 567) a tenant had planted land with bush
fruit with the written consent of his landlord, thereby
acquiring a right to compensation under the Agricultviral Hold-
ings Act, 1908, Section 2. The landlord sold the land under
conditions which provided that the purchaser was to be deemed
to have notice of and to take subject to the terms of all the
existing tenancies, but no express notice was given as to the
tenant's right to compensation for the fruit bushes. It was

142 Contemporary Agricultural Law.

held that on the termination of the tenancy the obligation to
satisfy the tenant's claim to compensation fell on the purchaser,
and not on the vendor. The County Court case of Oshorn
V, Herdman (47 L.J., 466) deserves notice. In that case a
claim for compensation for disturbance by a tenant under
Section 11 of the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1908, was made,
and the question was whether the notice to quit had been given
" without good and sufficient cause, and for reasons inconsistent
with good estate management." It appeared that at the time
of giving notice the landlord intended to build bungalows on
the land, but he subsequently changed his mind and sold the
land. It was held that the landlord's reason for determining
the tenancy being to obtain a larger income out of the land
was a good and sufficient cause for giving notice and one not
inconsistent with good estate management, and that the tenant's
claim therefore failed.

4. Produce. There have again been several cases relating
to the sale of milk. In Williams v. Friend (1912, 2 K.B.,
388 ; 81 L.J.K.B., 756) a dairyman sold to a purchaser cream
mixed with a preservative. Nothing was said at the time of
sale, but opposite the entrance to the shop a notice was exhibited
that all cream sold at the establishment contained a small
portion of boron preservative to keep the cream " sweet and
wholesome." He was charged under Section 6 of the Sale of
Food and Drugs Act, 1875, with having sold " to the prejudice
of the purchaser " an article of food which was not of the
nature, substance, and quality of the article demanded by him.
It having been found that the purchaser had seen and read the
notice, it was held that the sale was not a sale " to the prejudice
of the purchaser," and that for the purposes of Section 6,
the fact that the added matter was found to be injurious to
health was immaterial. It was, however, pointed out that
proceedings may be taken under Section 3 of the same Act if
reliance is intended to be placed upon the unwholesome char-
acter of an ingredient added to food. In Preston v. Redfern
(10 L.G.R., 717 ; 76 J. P., 351) proceedings were also taken
under Section 6 of the same Act against a vendor of milk
where the public analyst had certified that a sample of milk
purchased from him contained 12 per cent, of added water cal-
culated on the standard prescribed by the Board of Agriculture
in the Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901 (viz. 8'5 per cent, of milk
solids other than milk fat). The vendor called no evidence in
contradiction of the certificate, but contended that the deficiency
in milk solids was due to causes other than the addition of
water. The Justices applied their own knowledge and were of
opinion that the deficiency in the standard prescribed might
be due to causes other than the abstraction of solids or the

Contemporary Agricultural Law. 143

addition of water and refused to convict. The Court held that
in the absence of evidence in contradiction of the analyst's
certificate the Justices should not have used their own know-
ledge but should have convicted.

Retail Dairy Co. yJ Clarke (1912, 2 K.B.,388 ; 81 L.J.K.B.,
815) was a case of warranty in which it was held that a war-
ranty of the purity of milk will be available as a defence under
Section 20, Sub-section 1 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act,
1899, if a copy of it with written notice of the intention to rely
on it is put into the post within the seven days after service of
the summons mentioned in the section, although not received by
the purchaser to whom it is sent until a later date. In Thomas,
Lim., V. Houghton (1911, 2 K.B., 959 ; 81 L.K.J.B., 21) where
there was a continuing warranty of the purity of milk, it was
decided that the six calendar months limited by Section 11 of
the Summary Jurisdiction Act, 1818, for laying an information
for giving a false warranty ran from the date of each delivery
and not from the date of the original warranty. In Jackling
V. Carter (10 L.G.R., 632) the warranty of purity was am-
biguous in its wording. It was as follows : " The said S. S. &
G. Dairies, Ltd., purchase all milk sold by them under a
warranty of its purity from the farmers, and agree to put the
same on rail thoroughly well cooled over a refrigerator, and
guarantee it as such up to the time of delivery at the above
address." This was held to be a warranty of purity of the
milk as delivered at the dealer's address, upon which he was
entitled to rely under Section 25 of the Sale of Food and Drugs
Act, 1875, and not merely a guarantee that the milk should
arrive " thoroughly well cooled over a refrigerator."

5. Small Holdings. A case under the Small Holdings and
Allotments Act, 1908, deserves notice having regard to the
activity now shown by County Councils in providing small
holdings under the Act. In Re Evans and Glamorganshire
County Council (10 L.G.R., 805) a County Council had pur-
chased land for the purposes of the Small Holdings and Allot-
ments Act, 1908, and the tenant of the land under his agreement
with the Council became entitled to " such compensation for
the loss or expense directly attributable to the quitting which
the tenant may unavoidably incur upon and in connection with
the sale or removal of his household goods and his implements
of husbandry, produce, and farm stock on or used in con-
nection with the land as he would have been entitled to under
the Small Holdings Act, 1910, if his tenancy of the said farm
had l)een terminated by a notice to quit as in the said Act
stated." Questions arose as to the items for which he could
obtain compensation under the above-mentioned Act, which it
may be noted is, as regards the subject matter of compensation,

144 Contemporary Agricultural Law.

identical in terms with that part of Section 11 of the Agri-
cultural Holdings Act, 1908, which deals with the compensation
for disturbance which may be obtained by a tenant whose
tenancy has been terminated " without good and sufficient
cause, and for reasons inconsistent with good estate manage-
ment." It was held that the compensation payable to the
tenant included compensation in respect of loss sustained by
him by selling the stock by public auction instead of upon a
valuation, and in respect of the cost of supplying refreshments to
those attending the auction, which the umpire had found was
customary and desirable at agricultural auction sales. A fee
paid by the tenant for settling an agreement between himself
and the County Council was disallowed, and also a fee paid by
him for valuing the stock before the sale, but it was suggested
that the last-mentioned fee might be allowed on the reference
to arbitration of the tenant's claim as part of the costs of
reference.

6. Miscellaneous. Under this head some cases should be
noted.

In Martin v. Gr^eat Eastern Railivay (1912, 2 K.B., 406 ;
81 L.J.K.B., 825) the plaintiff claimed to recover under the
Railway Fires Act, 1905, for damage caused to agricultural
land and crops belonging to him at Trumpington in the county
of Cambridge by fire arising from sparks or cinders emitted
from locomotive engines used on the defendants' railway
adjoining his land. His action failed because he did not
comply with the requirements of Section 3 of the Act by
giving notice and particulars of damage in writing to the
railway company within seven days of the occurrence as to
the notice of claim, and within fourteen days as to the par-
ticulars of damage. He had, in fact, sent notices of the
occurrence to the railway company, but had not stated the
amount of damage claimed in money within the prescribed
time. Mr. Justice Channell, before whom the case came, held
that the notice was a condition precedent to the Act applying,
and must contain a statement of the amoimt claimed in respect
of damage.

Rex V. Preston Rural Council (10 L.G.R., 238 ; 106 L.T.
37) was a case where bye-laws of a District Council provided
that any person erecting a new " domestic building " should
provide in the rear of it an open space. The Council refused
their approval of plans of a farmhouse and barn erected as one
building, because they considered the barn ought to be erected
separately from the dwelling-house so as to allow air space
between them. It was held that they were wrong in doing so
as the farmhouse and barn were one " domestic building " and
the plan showed the necessary air space on every side,

Contemporary Agricultural Law. 145

The case of Cope v. Shaipe (1912, 1 K.B., 496 ; 81 L.J.K.B.,
346), the decision of which by the Divisional Coui't was noted
at page 196 of Vol. 71, Journal R.A.S.E., has come before the
Court of Appeal. The question was whether a tenant of
sporting rights, in order to protect those rights when they were
threatened by a fire on land adjoining that over which his
rights extended, might legally set on fire patches of heather
to the leeward of the fire, so that when it spread to those
patches it should be checked for want of fuel. The Court of
Appeal held that to justify a trespass on the ground that
intervention was necessary in order to prevent destruction of
property it need not be shown that if the intervention had not
taken place the property would have been destroyed or injured.
It is sufficient to show that the intervention was, in the
circumstances at the time when it took place, in part reason-
able. This principle is applicable in the case of any acts done
by an occupier or owner of land to protect his land from
threatened injury. As the defendant in Cope v. Sharpe, in
setting fire to the heather, had done what, at the time when
he did it, was reasonably necessary in the circumstances, the
court gave judgment in his favour, although in the result his
act turned out to be unnecessary, as the fire was in fact
extinguished independently of what he did.

In the case of re Trevor-Battye'' s Settlement ; Bull v. Trevor-
Battije (1912, 2 Ch., 339 ; 81 L.J.Ch., 339) the proceeds of sale
of l)eech trees cut on an estate in Buckinghamshire, according
to the course of management usual in the neighbourhood, were
held payable to the tenant for life as " profits " of the estate
after paying thereout all costs of replanting and repairing
fences, no portion being liable to be invested as capital.

Kynoch, Lim., v. Roivlands (1912, 1 Ch., 527 ; 81 L.J.Ch.,
340) was a case in which the ownership of land was in dispute,
and the defendant claimed to have acquired a possessory title
under the Real Property Limitation Act, 1883. It appeared
that his cows, when grazing in his own field, used also to graze
on the land in question, between which and his own field there
was no boundary fence, but it was held that the mere straying
of cattle over a known boundary by reason of there being no
fence is not an act of such exclusive possession as will enable
the trespasser whose cattle have so strayed on to land of an
adjoining owner to acquire a statutory title as against the true
owner.

Aubrey J. Spencer.

15 01(1 Square,

Lincoln's Inn, W.C.

146

THE KENT COMMERCIAL FRUIT SHOW.

The Kent Commercial Fruit Show is a serious attempt to
standardise and improve the packing and marketing of British
grown fruit. The Show, which was first liekl at Ashford,
Kent, in 1911, is managed by a committee of twenty-seven
commercial fruit-growers, whose names are evidence of the
business character of the undertaking ; the chairman is the
Principal of Wye College, and one of the college horticultural
staff acted as a most successful secretary. The classes, number-
ing seventeen, ai'e open in some cases to the whole of the British
Isles and in others to only Kentish growers, and comprise
exhibits of apples packed in the Fruit Growers' Federation
standard boxes, of new varieties of apples, of bottled fruit, and
of fruit trees. At Ashford the number of exhibits was 230,
including boxes, whilst at Maidstone the exhibits totalled 227,
including 1,147 boxes (about 20 tons of fruit). The Show will
be held next year at a centre where considerably more accommo-
dation will be required, as it is proposed to include in the
schedule classes for cooking apples in barrels, a package which
is more suitable for such varieties than the box. The intention
of the promoters of the Show is not to advocate boxing of
apples for all varieties, but to emphasise the importance of
marketing British apples under conditions as favourable as
Colonial and Foreign fruit. Hitherto, British apples have been
sold in bushels or half-sieves in a more or less higgledy-
piggledy condition as to grading, and the salesman is some-
what inclined to advocate the continuance of this system (?),
and the opponents of the boxing system, who are rapidly
being reduced in number, claim that the box is not a suitable
package for British fruit on the score of the cost of the box,
the labour of packing, and the hesitation of buyers to accept
such a package ; others urge that the size of the box is unsuit-
able, the "bulge" is unnecessary, the fruit is seriously damaged
by the rough methods of railway servants in handling the
boxes, but some of these objections are details which can
be adjusted as the method becomes more generally adopted.
It is a somewhat trite saying that what this generation
ridicules, the next generation accepts and the third generation
considers indispensable, and any innovation is siibject to such
treatment. It is a fact, however, that the quality of British fruit
is not properly appreciated by the " man in the street " who
is accustomed to the orderly and tempting packages of Colonial
fruit ; but once the English consumer " gets his teeth " into ai;

The Kent Commercial Fruit Show. 147

English apple to which he has been attracted, possibly by the
method of packing and of display, it may be confidently asserted
that he will alwaj^s demand English grown fruit.

But if this system of boxing is to be successful, the Com-
mei'cial Fruit Shows already held have shown that there are
several cardinal points to be emphasised.
' First, as to the varieties of apples which are worth boxing.
First class, well-coloured fruit of the following varieties : —
Worcester Pearmain, Alington Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Bis-
marck, moderate sized Newton Wonder, Wellington, James
Grieve, Beauty of Bath, Winter Queening, Gascoynes Scarlet,
Cox's Orange Pippin, show best in boxes ; whilst Bramley's
Seedling, Lanes Prince Albert and similar types of apple are
unsuitable for this method of display.

, ^'Second, as to the method of packing. Should the fruit be
packed bare or with wood wool or some other packing material .''
The use of packing material obscures the appearance of the
fruit, and may render the package untidy, and if the apples are
properly packed they will travel well without such padding.
The great object is to secure the proper degree of tight packing
— if packed too tight, then the process of packing will cause
bruising ; if packed too loose the fruit will bruise by concussion
in transit. It is the custom to pack American and Colonial
apples with a " bulge " ; that is, the fruit is so packed that the
top and bottom of the box are somewhat convex, to ensure the
tightness of the fruit inside the box. Unless railway com-
panies will load and unload such boxes on their sides, bruising
is bound to result, but shipping and railway companies know
how to handle imported fruit, and they must be taught how to
handle home grown fruit. The packing of many of the
exhibits at the Kent Fruit Show was certainly not perfect, but
showed a very great advance on that of the preceding year —
— the number of badly packed boxes being considerably smaller
whilst the best packed boxes were of a much higher standard.

Thirdly, the boxes must be non-retui-nable. Every com-
mercial grower knows the difficulties of getting back empties,
and the complications of accounts which may be engendered
by the use of a returnable box are not worth the growers'
attention, and also in the case of a box which is nailed, it is
almost impossible to use it a second time with advantage.

It will undoubtedly be some time before the market is
accustomed to English boxed fruit, but the success of the
imported boxed fruit is an established fact, and there is no
reason why this should remain a monopoly.
01 The question of the best commercial package for apples is
certainly open to discussion ; it is not dogmatised that the box
will always be the best, but of the packages suggested up to the

148 The Kent Commercial Fruit Shoiv.

present the box presents the least nnmber of objections, whilst
for pears the half box is the most suitable package.

If the box method, or any method of packing is to be
successful, absolute honesty on the part of the packer is neces-
sary ; the apples must be uniform in size and quality through-
out the box, and there must be no " topping " or the putting
of the best fruit in the outside layers with inferior fruit below.

The cost of box and packing is calculated at Id. — Sd.

Cost of box 5d.

Packing (approximately) .... l^d. per box
Making up 2s. per 100

At the Show the exhibits were judged by men experienced in
the growing of apples and also by fruit salesmen. Marks were
awarded for the different characteristics of the exhibits, and the
" score card " used by the judges contains the following
allocation of 100 points : —

Fruit. Packing.

Size ..... 25 Uniformity of grading . . 10

Colour 15 Quality of pack . . .20

Condition .... 20 General appearance . . 10

The Kent Commercial Fruit Show has certainly made it
plain that the growers are willing to adapt their methods to
modern requirements ; the demonstration of packing was
attended by crowds of spectators, and the interest evolved was
such that the Committee have decided to institute a packing
competition at the next Show. The quality of the fruit
exhibited was admitted, even by the Colonial grower who
attended the Show, to be magnificent, in spite of such an un-
favourable summer as that of 1912. All the conditions, in fact,
seem favourable in the extreme for putting our British grown
fruit in the front rank as regards the home consumer, and even
of obtaining an export trade (during 1912 some 100 tons of
Kentish fruit in boxes were exported to South America), and it
is hoped that this is but the beginning of a movement of
immense value to the proper organisation and conduct of the
fruit growing industry of the United Kingdom.

M, J. R. DUNSTAN.

South Eastern Agricultural College,
Wye, Kent.

I

149

AN EXPERIMENT IN MUTUAL ASSURANCE.

Mutual assurance against fire and other losses is a frequent
subject for discussion, and so long as the expenses and the
dividends of the great Insurance Companies account for
anytliing from 30 to 50 per cent, of their premium income
it seems obvious that if a scheme for mutual assurance could
be devised upon lines financially sound, it would be very
much in the interests of the insured for them to adopt it.
The difficulties in the way of such a scheme are, however,
very great, and the various attempts which have been made
in this direction have for the most part ended in insolvency,
or, where successful, in the absorption of the enterprise in the
Tariff Ring. This latter fate recently overtook a company
doing a very considerable business on the principle of
returning to the insured a proportion of the premiums paid,
where no claims had been made. In another case, every
person insuring must also be a shareholder, but as the shares
taken up do not provide sufficient capital for adequately
financing the company, the greater portion of all risks are
re-insured on Lloyd's, and there is nothing mutual about
this. Again, an Agricultural Co-operative Trading Society-
doing considerable business in the Midlands has solved the
problem by constituting itself an agent for one of the large
Tariff Companies, but such an expedient is only recorded to
show that the difficulties in the way of mutual assurance for
farmers are very great, and that so far they do not appear
successfully to have been overcome in any single case. The
difficulty is, of course, one of finance, and as the attempts to
form capitalised mutual concerns to deal with agricultural
insurance business all over the country can be said to have
failed, it may be of interest to describe an experiment now
being carried on in North Lincolnshire by which it is hoped to
secure to the farmer all the profits of insuiance, whilst giving
him, at the same time, adequate security against loss. Though
the area covered by this scheme is necessarily limited, there
is no limit to the number of areas in which it could be put
into operation.

The association referred to started work about twenty-six
years ago as a Glanders Insurance Association, to insure its
members against losses from glanders. The outstanding
feature of the association was that it had no capital, neither
paid-up nor nominal, and that its members paid nothing in
the way of annual premiums. Where a loss was incurred, a
levy was made upon all members, according to the acreage of
their holdings, to compensate the member suffering the loss.

150 A7i Experiment in Mutual Assurance.

The full working of the association can readily be gathered
from its rules : —

The Binbrook and District
GLANDERS INSURANCE ASSOCIATION.

Rules.

1. — The Association shall be called "The Binbrook and District Farmers'
Insurance Association for protection against loss through Glanders."

2. — A Chairman, Two Vice-Chairmen, Secretary, and Treasurer, with Five
other Members, shall be chosen annually, and constitute the Committee, of
which Five shall be a Quorum.

3. — The objects of the Association shall be to compensate Members of the
Association against losses after the Local Authority has ordered the slaughter
of any horse or horses suffering from Glanders.

4. — After the Disease called Glanders has broken out in a farm stable or
other place, the owner (being a member) of the said horse or horses shall
immediately give notice in writing to the Secretary of the Association, who
shall at once communicate by writing to every Member of the Association, and
also call a General Meeting.

5. — The Association shall each year appoint two Valuers at their Annual
Meeting, one of whom shall act on behalf of the Association ; in case the
outbreak be on both Valuers' farms, the Secretary to act upon Rule 4.

6. — When the Local Authority has ordered the slaughter of a horse or
horses suffering from Glanders, the Association shall send their Valuer to
meet another Valuer appointed by the Owner of such horse or horses suffering
from the Disease of Glanders, and in case of their not agreeing they shall
appoint an Umi)ire, who with themselves shall be Members of the Association,
and their decision shall be final.

7. — Each Member shall pay an entrance Fee of 6d. for every 50 acres or
portion of 50 acres in his occupation. It is imperative that a Member must
enter the whole of his occupation both within and without the district.

8. — There shall be no annual subscription or payment, but when a case of
Glanders has broken out and the Local Authority has ordered the slaughter of
any horse or horses belonging to a Member of this Association, a call of a rate
per acre upon the whole of his occupation shall be made upon each Member,
as shall be deemed necessary, added to any sum paid as compensation by the
Local Authority, to cover Three-fourths of the value of such loss. The
maximum value of any horse shall not be put above £60.

9. — No person shall be considered eligible to become a member of this
Association who occupies, either as Owner or Tenant, less than 100 acres of
land, nor shall any person become a Member whose principal business is that
of a horse dealer, or has a place of business for the slaughter of diseased horses,
beasts, sheep, or pigs.

10. — The Committee reserve to themselves the right of accepting or
refusing any applicant for Membership of this Association.

Very few claims were made upon the Association ; in fact,
in recent years, it has only been kept alive with a view to the
extension of its operation by the inclusion of other risks,
should occasion arise. The opportunity for expansion pre-
sented itself last summer, consequent on the action of the
Tariff Offices in raising the rate for insurance against
employers' liability, and the Glanders Association was
reconstituted as follows : —

The Binbrook and District Glanders Insurance Association
at a General Meeting, held on June 21st, having agreed to change the name

An Experiment in Mutual Assurance. 151

to "FARMERS' ASSOCIATION." and to include Mutual Insurance against
Employers' Liability for Workmen's Compensation, and having appointed a
Committee to meet on June 26th, the following New Rules were adopted : —

Rules.

1. — That the Committee should approve of each person before becoming a
New Member, who should occupy not less than 400 acres of land.

2. — This Association's year commences April 6th, 1912. Any Member
wishing to resign must give at least six months' notice prior to the next
April 6th.

3. — All members will be themselves responsible for any accident occurring
to their employees to the sum of £3 ; any special cases must be brought
before the Committee to be dealt with.

4. — That each case as it arises shall be reported to one of the Secretaries,
who shall call a Committee Meeting if necessary.

5. — A rate per acre shall be levied at the end of each year on all land
unless a large claim has to be met within the year.

6. — This Association includes farm labourers, blacksmiths, carpenters,
machine-men, grooms, and domestic servants on any Member's Farm.

7.— The Annual Meeting to be called on Louth April Fair Day in each year.

The object of Rule 5 is to obviate the necessity for repeated

levies for small losses. If no loss be incurred by the members

throughout any year, no levy at all will be made in respect of

that year.

There are thirty-nine members, and they occupy between
them about 40,000 acres. This area has been adopted as the
limit of the Society's operations, anyhow for the present, and
it is expected that it will be sufficiently large to allow the laws
of average to apply, whilst not being so extensive as to necessi-
tate any professional clerical work.

Tt is not yet possible to estimate the measure of success, or
otherwise, which may attend the venture, but in spite of the
warnings of the local Tariff Offices, the members of the Associ-
ation are very sanguine. If their expectations are realised,
there is no reason why the system should not spread to other
districts, and expand to cover other risks. To fulfil this latter
object, however, it might be necessary to take in a far larger
area, and to employ clerical assistance, as fire risk, for example,
on these large farms, might involve the members in very serious
liabilities. Insurance against hail, too, could only be under-
taken by a much larger association of persons interested, for
hail storms are very local, and a small society might find itself
in the position of the members of the community wlix) subsisted
by taking in each other's washing. Still, there are great possi-
bilities about this venture, and not its least interesting feature
is the fact that it is an example of spontaneous combination
and co-operation by a body of farmers, a thing as rare as it is
desirable.

C. S. Orwin.
Institute for Research in Agricultural Economics,
School of Rural Economy, Oxford,

152

REPORT OF REFEREES ON THE ESSAYS

SENT IN FOR THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY'S RESEARCH MEDAL.

The following essays were submitted to the referees : —

Gavin, William, B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. The
Interpretation of Milk Records.

Hammond, John, B.A., Downing College, Cambridge. An
Invest! g at i 071 Concerning the Food of Certain Birds.

Robinson, Gilbert Wooding, B.A., Gonville & Caius College,
Cambridge. Survey of the Soils and Agriculture of Shropshire.

Shildrick, Lancelot R., B.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Alkali Soils of the Kharjeh Oasis.

Stokes, Edgar Edward, Midland Agricultural & Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby. Sofne Causes of Infertility in Peaty Soils.

The referees beg to report as follows : —

Three of the essays sent in represent serious and successful
pieces of work, viz., the essays of Messrs. Gavin, Hammond, and
Robinson. Their very diverse character makes it somewhat
difficult to judge their respective merits.

Mr. Gavin, who holds the position of Scientific Expert to
Lord Rayleigh's Dairy Farms, has described in his essay the
results he has obtained by a statistical study of the milk records
of 2,665 cows. The object of his research was to find a single
definite numerical value which should express the inherent
milking capacity of a cow. To this problem Mr. Gavin has
applied modern methods of statistical inquiry, and has arrived
at a figure which he calls the revised maximum, and defines as
the maximum daily yield maintained or exceeded for not less
than three weeks. He shows that this figure gives a reliable
measure of the total yield of the cow during her lactation period,
and gives a table for correcting it for variations due to age, time
of year, &c. Finally he shows how it may be used in examining
the inheritance of milk-yielding capacity.

Mr. Gavin's is an excellent piece of work, and is likely to
be of real value in following the inheritance of milking capacity.
It embodies an ot iginal idea well worked out, and the methods
and conclusions are both quite sound.

Mr. Hammond's essay describes a long and patient piece of
work, in the course of which he examined the contents of the
crops of 239 starlings, 171 larks, and smaller numbers of other
birds suspected of doing injury to the farmer. His work appears
to have been accurate and systematic. His conclusions are
drawn logically and clearly, and give evidence that he knows
the literature of the subject. The work, however, is of a more

Essay on the hiterpretation of Milk Records. 153

or less routine character, and does not show any definitely
original features.

Mr. Robinson's survey of the soils and agriculture of Shrop-
shire is embodied in a pamphlet of over 100 pages, illustrated by
sixteen maps. It includes mechanical and chemical analyses
of seventy soils and subsoils, representing all the important
geological formations in the county. The work seems to have
been done with care and discrimination, and the descriptions of
the history, agriculture, stock, geology and soils of the different
districts of the county are well written, and show that the
writer has made a careful study of the subject. It will be of
great use to any one who is concerned with local experimental
work, for which it will form a sound scientific basis. Mr.
Robinson has evidently based his method of working on
Messrs. Hall and Russell's survey of the South-Eastern
Counties, and cannot lay claim to any definite originality.

Mr. Shildrick's essay is an interesting account of the obser-
vations he made on the soils and agriculture of the Kharjeh
Oasis. It is quite promising, but obviously unfinished. His
observations would, no doubt, have been extended if time had
permitted.

Mr. Stokes describes a series of field experiments carried
out during the last seven years with the object of investigating
the infertility of the soil in the Cars of Nottinghamshire. It is
a careful piece of work, but up to the present does not appear
to have yielded any very definite conclusions.

"We had some difficulty in appraising the relative value of
the essays of the first three candidates, Messrs. Gavin, Hammond,
and Robinson. Our final conclusion is that all three are about
equally good as records of accurate work, but that Mr. Gavin's
essay has more claims to originality, and we therefore recom-
mend that the medal be awarded to him. The Society are to be
congratulated on the excellent competition that has marked their
offer of a medal, even in the first year. When the scheme
is better known, increased competition may be anticipated.

(Signed) W. SOMERVILLB.

T. B. Wood.

December 3, 1912.

THE INTERPRETATION OF MILK RECORDS. By
William Gavin, B.A. (Trinity College, Cambridge).
Lord Rayleiglis Dairy Farms, Terling, Essex.
The practice of keeping milk records seems at last to be
gaining ground throughout the country, and in a few years'
time a very considerable amount of material will have
accumulated for the study of the dairy cow. The present

154 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

writer, working on the records kept for the last twenty-four
years on Lord Rayleigh's dairy farms, has endeavoured to
deal with the preliminary questions that will arise in the
interpretation of these records.

The first difficulty in endeavoviring to trace the inheritance
of milk yield in cows is to assign a definite numerical value to
their inherent milking capability.

Breeders generally rely on such figures as total yield per
calf, total yield per calendar year, average per week, &c., but
the enormous fluctuations found in the same animal show
these to be subject to a variety of outside influences. To
make them of value it is necessary to enumerate in every
instance the particular circumstances in which the cow in
question has been placed during the period taken.

In any statistical study of the inheritance of milk yield, or
indeed in any systematised breeding where more than a few
cows are dealt with, such a procedure is of course impossible,
and it becomes necessary to define a cow's milking capability
as accurately as possible by a single and unqualified figure.
By milking capability is meant of course the cow's individual
somatic power of giving milk. No reference is intended to
her genetic qualifications in this respect.

The chief of these exterior circumstances that affect the
milk yield seem to be : —

1. Age of cow,

2. No. of weeks in milk.

3. „ „ ,, rest before calving (i.e., since the end of
the previous lactation period).

4. Interval between calving and subsequent service.

5. Time of year of calving.

6. Food, weather, and general treatment.

It is therefore necessary : —

(a) To select a figure affected by the minimum number

of these influences, and
(J) To estimate as accurately as is possible the effect of

those influences under which it does fall.

(a) Selection of a figure.
After a preliminary examination of the material it was
decided to see whether either of the two following figures
would give a satisfactory basis of comparison, namely : —

1. Average yield per day from the fifth to twelfth week

after calving.

2. Maximum yield on any one day.

It was subsequently thought that a single maximum, that
is, the highest daily yield that appeared once during a cow's

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 155

lactation, was perhaps unduly liable to error, as such variations
as those caused by late milking, early milking the previous
afternoon, extra food, and clerical mistakes, would have full
weight. The work was therefore repeated and a third figure
considered, namely : —

3. Maximum daily yield maintained or exceeded for not
less than three entries in record book.^

For the sake of brevity these three figures are called
hereafter — (1) Average, (2) Maximum, and (3) Revised Maxi-
mum, or R.M.

Now taking the disturbing factors in detail, these measures
will all presumably be fully influenced by (1) the age of cow ;
but (2) the number of weeks in milk will have no effect ; and
they should also be outside the influence of (4) interval
between calving and subsequent service.

This leaves factors (1) age, (2) length of " rest " before
calving, and (5) season of year of calving to be considered.
Food, weather, and general treatment have not been statistically
dealt with.

By using any of these figures, then, for describing a cow's
capabilities, we at once eliminate two of the most powerful
exterior causes of variation, and if this idea be pursued further
it seems probable that the most accurate indication of this
character of giving milk must be rendered by that function
of the yield which shows the least variability.

The variabilities of the three suggested figures have there-
fore been calculated and compared with one another and
with the variability of lactation totals, the latter having
been chosen as being the most reasonable of the ordinary
standards of measurement. Comparisons have been made by
means of the " coefficient of variability " (v)" which is simply

100 X standard deviation / 100 o-\ , / 2 d^ /

~~~ mean \ M /' '^ "■ — y — ^ -

i.e. the square root of the sum of the products of each frequency
and its squared deviation from the mean, divided by the total
number of variates. There is thus obtained a series of abstract
expressions of variability comparable with one another and
dependent neither on measurements adopted, as is the standard

1 In the records on which this work is based the yield of cows is recorded
weekly, but where it is the practice to record daily, the R.M. would be taken
from three daily entries.

The three highest daily yields (whether entered weekly or daily) «are first
noted. Four cows, for example, might give 16, 16, 16—16, 17, 17—16, 18, 16—
16, 17, 18 quarts. The R.M. is then taken as the highest yield common to the
three entries. Thus, in all the four cases quoted it would be 16 quarts.

■^ Karl Pearson : "Regression, Heredity and Panmixia," Phil. Trans. Roy.
Soc, clxxxvii., 1896, page 276.

156 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

deviation/ nor on system of grouping, as is the modal coefficient -
(percentage of total variates as to the mode).

Take first the case of normal lactation periods. Of 2,665
records examined for this point 1,233 were found to have been
those of cows in milk from thirtj'-five to forty-five weeks, and
successfully put to the bull not later than the sixteenth week
after calving.

The lactation totals, averages fifth to twelfth week, maxima,
and " revised maxima " of these 1,233 " normal cows " gave
the four following frequency curves : —

Fig. 1. — Frequency Cuevks : 1,233 Normal Lactations.

Lactation Totals -
Averages
Maxima
Revised Maxiraa-

TotalB (gallons) inO 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 800 1000 1100 IJOO 1300 1400 1500

Avenges (quarts) 2b 4-5 65 S'S lO'S 12 5 14-6 Ifl'S 185 205 22-5 24-5 26-5 28-5 30-5

Maxima „ \

R.M. „ f

4-5 6-5 85 10-5 125 14-5 165 185 20-5 22 5 245 28o 2S-5 SOS 325

Constants of variation-

-1.233 normal lactations

Mean

Median

Mode

Modal
coefficient

Totals .

656-41 ± 3-24

640-63 + 4 05

608-77

Per cent-
26

Averages

Revised Maxima .
Maxima

12-82 ± 0-06
13-87 ± 0-07
14-40 ± 0-07

12-55 ± 007
13-72 ± 0-08
14-11 ± 0-08

12-01
13-42
13-53

25
26
24

Standard deviation
0-

Skewness

Coeffli'ient of
variation (y)

Totals .

168-81

± 2-29

+ -282
+ •245

± 0-021
± 0-022

25-72

25-78

± 0-372

Averages

3-31

± 0-04

± 0-373

Revised Maxima .

3-43

± 0-05

+ •131

± 0-023

24-77

± 0-357

Maxima

3-55

± 0-05

+ -245

+ 0-022

2468

± 0-355

Totals in gallons ; remainder in quarts.

1 Karl Pearson : " On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves,"
Phil. Trans. Roy. tSoc, clxxxv., 1894, page 71.

' E. Davenport : Prineijdes of Breeding, page 422.

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records^. 157

Details of Method. — A class unit of 100 gallons was taken
for totals. In all other cases the unit was two quarts.

The mode was calculated from the formula —
Mode = mean— 3 (mean — median),
which gives a reasonably close value in most cases.^ ^

The modal coefficient is the percentage of variates falling

on the empirical mode. It thus gives a measure of conformity

, , _,, . mean — mode ^
to type. Skewness is •

The probable errors of the various constants have been
calculated from the following formulae : —

P.E.^ean == ± 0-6745-^.
V n

P.E.niedian=± 0-84535-^ H

= ± 1-25332 XP.E.naean. O

P.E.o- = ± 0-6745 -^ C)

P.E.^.„e.- ±0-6745 V'l, v^T+Wn "
P.E.r, = ±0-6745 V n_^2('— V]*

These formulie are only strictly correct in cases of normal distribution.

From the table of constants it is seen that the mean of the
revised maximum is about one quart above the mean of the
averages, while the mean maximum is about one pint higher
still.

Both median and mode are less than the mean in every
case, showing the curves to have positive skewness. It is least

> K. Pearson : Blometriha, Vol. I., page 260. 1902.

' C. V. L. Charlier : Meddelandenfran Lundi AttronomisTta Ohserratorium,
Series II., No. 4 Kongl. Fysiografiska Sallskapets Handlingar, Bd. 16, pp.
1-51. Lund, 1906.

' K. Pearson : " Skew Variation in Homogeneous Material," Pkil. Trant.
Roy. iSoc, clxxxvi., 1895, page 370.

" W. F. Sheppard : Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc, clxlii., 1898, page 101.

•'■ Raymond Pearl : " Biometric Study of Egg Production," U.S. Bureau
Animal InduKtry, Bull, 110, page 23.

" Raymond Pearl: Biometrika. Vol. VI., pp. 112-117, 1908. This author
shows that this formula can only be used when curves approximate to the
normal.

" L. N. G. Filon and K. Pearson : Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc, clxli., 1898,
page 229.

158 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

in the revised maximum, but this is not necessarily a point in
the latter's favour. The variation in skewness of physiological
characters is generally considerable, and at present seems more
or less mysterious.

The value of the modal coefficient for totals shows that
about 25 per cent., or 1 in 4, of individuals conformed to the
dominant yield-type.

When we come to compare the coeflBcients of variability
and the curves themselves, it is seen that, for normal lactation
periods, all the above figures, namely lactation totals, averages
fifth to twelfth week, revised maxima, and maxima show almost
identical variation, and may be taken to be of equal value as
indications of the capabilities of a cow.

But a figure is required that shall hold good for abnormal
lactations also.

In the following calculations all the 2,665 records pre-
viously examined were included, i.e., normal and abnormal,
and frequency curves plotted as before.

Fig. 2.— Frequency Curves : 2,665 Lactations, normal and
abnormal.

Lactation Totals -
Averages
Maxima
Eevised Maxima -

Totals (gallons) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Averages (quarts) 45 65 8-5 lOo 125 14-5 Wo ISS 205 225 24-5 265 28-5 30'5 32-5

Maxima „ 1 g.j g.j jq-j jj-s 14o 16o 185 205 225 24-5 265 285 SOo 325 345

Constants of variation, 2,665 lactations, normal and abnormal.

Mean.

Median.

Mode.

Modal
coefficient

Totals .

714-35

±

2-94

683-80

±

3-68

623-80

Per cent.
17

Averages

12-48

±

0-04

12-25

±

0-05

11-79

23

Revised Maxima .

13-.50

±

0-05

13-49

±

0-06

13-47

24

Maxima

14-07

Hh

005

13-94

±

0-06

13-68

23

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 159

Constants of variation, 2,665 lactations, normal and abnormal.

Standard of
deviation.

Skewness.

Coefficient of
variation.

Totals .

226-41 ± 2-08

+ -400 ± 0013
+ -201 ± 0-015

31-69
27-56

± 0-321

Averages

3-44 ± 0-03

± 0-273

Revised Maxima .

3-57 ± 0-03

+ -008 ± 0-016

26-44

± 0-254

Maxima

3-67 ± 0-03

+ -106 + 0-016

2608

± 0-2.50

Totals in gallons ; remainder in quarts.
[Compiled from everv complete available record (free from illness) of "Whitelnnds,"
"Taylors," and "Hatfield Wick" herds from 1888—1910.]

On comparing these constants with those obtained from
"normal" lactations only, it is found, as might have been
expected, that a very great increase in the variability of the
totals has occurred. The modal coefficient shows that only
about one in six cows now conform to the dominant yield-
type, when judged by this method. Both standard deviation
and skewness have increased, and the coeiEcient of variability
has risen from 25*72 to 31*G9, an advance of 5*97, or 23 per
cent, of its previous value.

According to these data, the least variable function of a,
coiv's milk-production is the maximuyn day yield, ivhich gives
a coefficient of 26-OS, falling to 24*68 when restricted to normal
lactations.

It is of some interest to compare this figure with those
obtained for other physiological characters. A few connected
with the primary sexual organs are given in the following
table.'

Subject

Character

Coefficient
of variation

Skewness

Nelumbium luteum ,

Number of seeds ^ .

17-445

+0-0164

Poland-China Swine .

Size of litter ^

27-411

+ -0701

Duroc- Jersey Swine .

do. " . .

25-997

+ -0539

Horse ....

Fecundity * .

24-771

— -1286

Man ....

Number of children *

48-41

+ -0802

Domestic fowl .

Annual egg production *

34-21

— -205

Cow ....

Milk yield* .

26-08

+ -106

* From Raymond Pearl. Study of Egg Production. U.S. Bureau Animal
Industry. Bull. 110.

" Raymond Pearl. American Naturalist. XL. page 756. 1906.
' Rommel. U.S. Bureau Animal Industry. Circular No, 95.

* K. Pearson. Biometrika. Vol. I. page 289. 1902.
» Powys. do. Vol. V. page 251. 1905.

* When measured by maximum day yiekl. Present paper.

160 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

Raymond Pearl says/ " It appears to be generally the case
that fecundity, fertility, and closely allied characters are highly
variable. There would seem to be a tendency for the
coefficients measuring variation in these characters to be above
a value of 20."

The amount of variation in milk yield of cows is therefore
in no way exceptional. According to the present data, it is
about equal to that found in swine with regard to the size of
litter and not much more than half that of man in respect to
size of family.

It was next required to find whether the average, maximum,
and revised maximum really were closely connected with the
total lactation yield which the owner might expect to obtain
from his cow under ordinary conditions. The similarity of the
variation curves does not, of course, of itself prove any
connection.

The correlation between totals and the three suggested
systems was therefore determined for the 1,233 normal lacta-
tions, with the following results :

Correlation — 1,233 "Normal Lactations."

Between

Correlation^
Coefficient (r)

Probable
Error*

" Averages " and totals

" Kevised Maxima " and totals

Maxima and totals

+ •858
+ •8-14
+ •839

±•005
±■005
±•006

Since the limiting restrictions of these so-called normal
lactations are by no means narrow (i.e. they include cows whose
lactations vary from thirty-five to forty-five weeks inclusive,
that were served any time up to sixteenth week after calving,
and that calved at all times of the year) these coefficients of
correlation seem very satisfactory, and high enough to justify
the use of any of the above figures as determinants of a " normal "
cow's yield.

^ From Raymond Pearl. Study of Egg Production. U.S. Bureau Animal
Industry, Bull. 110.

1 7- = 2 Dx D,, - 1 .

n (Tx <Ty

2 P.E,. = ± 0-6745 (l-r-Q

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 161

Correlation. Averages and Totals.
1,233 Normal Lactations.

1

Quarts o

!

o

o

T

o

T

o

5

i

■i

CO

o

S

g

OS

7

I

o

T
1

i

3

o

Totals

3-5— 5

5-5— 7

7-5— 9

9-5—11

11-5—13

13-5—15

15-5—17

17-6—19

19-5—21

21-5—23

23-5—25

25-5—27

27-5—29

6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

2

2

2
24
23

i

6

5

2
4

8

2

1

2
?3
17

B5
17
3

"i

9

54

136

101

17

1

"i

62

93

37

6

12
44
52
18
2

15

7

2
5
6
5
1
1

"i

2
3
4
1

"i
i
1

1

1

1

1

4

41

129

268

303

269

131

51

19

9

4

3

2

Totals

4

49

144

287

319

207

128

57

20

11

3

2

2

1233

r = + -858.

Correlation, Revised Maxima and Totals.
1,233 Normal Lactations.

Quarts C; §

% CO

1

1
o

S

8

1

o

1
1

T

1

S

7

!

O
O

115

T

o

1

Totals

3-5— 5-5 .

. 1

1

5-5— 7-5 :

5 12

6

...

• •>

•■•

• ■•

21

7-5- 9-5 ]

29

48

12

1

• ••

• ••

...

..•

• «•

91

9-5 — 11-5 .

. 7

57

103

22

• «•

...

• ••

• ••

••■

• ••

189

11.5—13-5 .

28

107

101

23

3

f*

.*.

262

13o— 15-5 .

5

57

135

101

27

1

326

15-5—17-6 .

7

49

62

55

16

1

190

17-5—19-5 .

,

1

10

18

31

23

5

1

• •*

89

19-5—215 .

3

11

14

4

4

1

38

215—23-5 .

,

1

3

8

2

14

23-5— 25-5 .

• •■

• ■•

• ••

3

1

• ••

*.*

4

25-5—27-5 .

• ••

• ••

• ••

• ••

1

1

1

3

27-5-29-5 .

...

...

2

1

1

1

5

Totals -

[ 49

144

287

319

207

128

57

20

11

3

2

2

1233

r = + -844.

VOL. 73.

162 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

Correlation. Maxima and Totals.
1,233 Normal Lactations.

S

^

Q

B

■si

;7^

o

§

S

o

M

M

^

lO

S:

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Totals

o

o

Quarts o

K

eo

■q<

in

to

^

00

05

O

S

S

■*

5-5— 75

2

7

4

13

7-5-9-6

2

30

33

8

1

74

9 5-11-5

12

64

71

12

159

11-5— 13-5

34

126

87

15

1

263

18-5— 15-5

7

63

132

80

19

1

302

15-5— 17-5

2

17

69

68

42

8

206

17-5— 19-6

...

2

15

37

50

26

2

1

133

19-5— 21-5

3

6

8

15

7

3

42

21-5— 23-5

1

7

7

7

3

1

26

23-5— 26o

1

2

3

...

6

25-5— 27-5

1

1

2

27-5— 29-5

1

1

2

1

5

29'5— 31-5

1

1

2

Totals

4

49

144

287

319

207

128

57

20

11

3

2

2

1233

r = + -839.

The regression coefficients obtained from the correlation
tables are as follows :

Regression of totals relative to averages 43'229' +0

,, averages „ totals '017 +

Regression of totals relative to revised max. 41 '542 +

,, revised max. ,, totals '017 +

Regression of totals relative to maxima 39'852 +

maxima ,, totals "017 -f-

5457^
0002

5179
0002

4968
0002

* Regression coefficient of x relative to y = r — •

ffy

^ P.E. regression coefficient =

0-6745 (Ta

I 1 - r^

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 163

Now if the regression is linear, i.e., if the means of arrays
fall on the line representing characteristic regression, we shall
be justified in using those coefficients for estimating totals from
any of the other three figures.

The following diagram taken from the correlation table
already given of totals and revised maxima for 1,233 normal
cows represents perhaps the most satisfactory of any of the
results obtained. It shows clearly that the regression is very
nearly linear.

Fig. 3. — Eeqeession of Totals relative to Revised Maxima.
1,233 Normal Lactations.

ab Line of Regression.
X Mean of Total and R.M.
0 Means of Arrays of
Totals.

Coef. of regression.

Totals relative to R.M.
■41-54 + 518.

R.M. relative to Totals
0017 -I- -0002.

With regard to its practical application, take for example
the case of a cow giving a revised maximum of ten quarts.

Since the mean revised maximum is 14 quarts, she differs
from that mean by —4 quarts. Her total will therefore differ
from the mean of totals, which is 656 gallons, by — (4 x 41*5)
gallons ; i.e., her probable normal yield will be 6r)6 — 166
gallons == say .500 gallons. Further, the chances are even that
this estimate of 500 gallons is correct within the limits of ± 60
gallons. ^

' P.E. of estimate = 0-6745 X <t \/ 1 - ?•'. The factor 0-6745 is not
strictly legitimate where distribution is not normal.

a\2

164 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

Lactation periods other than " normal " were dealt with in
a similar manner and gave results summarised in the following
table : —

"Abnormal"

(SHORT)

"Normal" Lactations.

' Abnornal"

(LONQI

Weeks in Milk

30-34

35-45

40-45

41 45

55—60

No. of Uows

167

1233

696

590

172

Totals

M

5194

656-4

693-5

700-68

817-44

(T

137-42

168-81

175-32

178-38

218-73

V

26-45

25-72

25-28

25 46

26-76

Averaget

M

12-34

12-82

12-90

12-97

13-00

<T

3-21

331

3-44

3-52

3-71

V

25-98

25-78

26-77

27-13

28-54

r

+ -885

+ -858

+ -879

+ •878

+ -873

Revised 3Iax.

M

13-61

13-87

—

13-98

—

•T

3-55

3-43

—

3-65

—

V

26-08

24-77

—

26-11

—

r

+ -831

+ -844

—

+ -876

—

Maxima

M

14-21

14-40

14-44

14-49

1342

<r

3-67

3-55

3-69

3-73

3-80

V

25-83

24-68

25-55

25-05

28-32

r

+-823

+ -839

+ •869

+ -876

+ ■832

M = Mean.

cf = Standard deviation. V = Variation coefficient, r = Correlation with totah.
Totals in gallons. Remainder in quarts.

Several points are brought out by this table : —

(i.) That whatever the length of lactation period, the
average, revised maximum and maximum are very little
influenced by it, and are all definitely coiTclated, in all cases,
with the total production of the cow.

(ii.) That as we pass from averages to revised maxima to
maxima, the variability shows a tendency to decrease ; that as
a rule the least variation is found in the maxima.

(iii.) That correlation with totals decreases in the same
direction. This at first sight appears somewhat conti'adictory
to (ii.), but since totals represent the estimate of yield given by

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 165

the whole length of lactation period, their correlation with
other estimates of yield based on shorter periods would naturally
tend to be in positive ratio to the duration of those periods.

(iv.) That the means even of the maxima seem to increase,
in normal cows, with the lactation period. The increase is
negligible for practical purposes, but nevertheless it does seem
to exist. The point needs further investigation, but without
committing oneself, it seems probable that the better cows
would tend on the whole to remain longer in milk, and so form
an undue proportion of the longer lactation groups. They
would often receive better food and attention, and the distance
between their maximum yield and zero would be greater.
These, however, are merely general suggestions. It is of course
possible that the connection is a physiological one.

How little the maximum is influenced by the number of
weeks in milk is shown in the following diagram, where total
and maximum frequencies are plotted for both short (30 — 34
weeks) and long (55 — 60 weeks) lactations.

The mean maximum of the long lactation group is in this
case less than that of the 30 — 34 weeks group. This does not
fall into line with the results just stated that were found within
the range of normal lactations. It would seem that the suggestion
there put forward does not hold good for cows remaining in
milk for more than about a year, but the present data are
insufficient on this point to justify definite conclusions.

In considering the foregoing results, it became a matter of
some difficulty to decide between the " average " and the
" maximum " for general use. On the one hand the maximum
showed the less variation, while on the other the average gave
better correlation with totals. But more important than totals
is the physiological capacity of the mammary gland, and the
point really at issue is, which of these two figures indicates
this with the less exposure to error.

When the possible sources of error come to be considered,
they maj' be classed into two groups :-^

1. Firstly, those influences which are general in character
and tend to act in the same direction for considerable periods,
such as temperature, time of year, food, method of feeding,
rainfall, housing, &c. These, it is suggested, would have more
influence oti averages than maxima. If they are generally
unfavourable during the two months, the average will be
reduced. But there seems a very good chance that on one day
during all this time the cow will have everything in her favour
(rise in temperature, new pasture, little extra cake, &c.), i.e.,
that in spite of generally adverse conditions, there would occur
one day on which the environment would approach the ideal,
and would enable the cow to show " what she was worth." If

166 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

■ '»«03 JO IQM

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 1G7

on the other hand these influences are generally favourable it
will merely mean that this ideal environment occurs more
frequently. The maximum will be as before, but the average
will be increased. One cannot help feeling that this is, in the
main, the explanation of the fact that in the present investiga-
tion the variation coefficient of the " maximum " has in every
case come out lower than that of the " average."

2. The second class of error is that to which any one
weighing, whether daily or weekly, is exposed, such as late
milking, early milking previous afternoon, extra food, wind,
clerical mistakes, &c.; in short, all the usual disadvantages of a
single sampling. These would have full effect on the maximum,
but might be considered negligible on an eight-weeks' average.

It was when faced with these two methods, each with its
concomitant error, that the writer endeavoured to avoid both
by the use of the revised maximum, the variation constants of
which have been inserted in most of the foregoing tables.^

Whether this use is justified remains for further work and
maturer opinion to decide. At the present time, in the absence
of both, it is being used for attacking the more practical
problems of selection and breeding.

(b). Circumstances affecting the Revised Maxhnum.

"With regard to this section of the subject, the number of
records so far extracted is perhaps not large enough to justify
any exact figures, but the results so far obtained will be given,
with the proviso that slight modifications may be found
necessary with further work.

Influence of Age. — The following diagram gives the mean
revised maxima of 110 cows with their first six calves.

Fio. 5. — Mean R.M. with successive Calves given by 110 Cows.

16 4-

^^^ cows on^)

1st calf. 2nd calf. 3rd calf. 4th calf. 5th calf. 6th calf. 7th calf.

* The revised maximum has further the very great practical advantage over
the average that it requires no calculation.

168 Essay on the Interpretation of Alilk Records.

l8t calf

.. Mean 9-8

quart s\

7th calf

Mean 15-8 qts.

45 cows

2nd „

12-8

8th „

,. 15-8 „

28 „

3rd .,

14-4

110

4th „

15-3

Cows

5tb „

15-8

6th ,,

16-0

., ^

The following diagram, obtained in the preliminary in-
vestigation, should perhaps also be given. It gives the increase
in lactation totals with age for the same 110 cows, also the
increase in calendar year totals for another 125 cows. (A few
cows appear in both curves.)

Fig. 6. — Increase in Yield with first 6 Calves, &c.

Lactation Totals.
[110 Cows.]

Calendar Year
Totals.
[125 Cows.]
N.B. — Calendar
years begin
from next 1st
October after
birth of first
calf.

The most regular curve is given by the R.M., the mode of
which does not appear to be reached until the sixth calf. The
increase is very slight however after the fourth calf, and for a
standard figure representing the mature inherent capability of
a cow the average of the fourth, fifth and sixth R.M. has been
taken. It has been termed the standard R.M. or R.M.g. The
mode of the curve has not been chosen because comparatively
few cows are kept after the sixth calf, and it was thought such
a figure would give a misleadingly large indication of the yield
the owner might expect to get in practice.

Constants given by the R. M. curve are as follows : —

Calves

M. (quarts).

a-

V.

R.M.i

9

8 ± 0-13

20 ± 009

20-5 ± 0-96

R.M.,

12

8 ± 013

21 ± 009

16-6 + 0-77

R.M. 3

14

4 -1- 016

2-5 ± Oil

17-7 ±0-82

R.M.^

15

3 -1- 016

2-5 ± Oil

16-6 ± 0-77

R.M.,

15

8 ± 0-17

2-7 ± 0 12

17-6 ± 0-82

R.M.,

16

0 ± 0-18

2-8 ± 013

180 ± 0-84

^■^■s'%Tl%'

15-6 ± 017

2-6 ± 012

16-4 ± 0-76

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 169

The most important calculation will be to estimate the
standard R. M. from first calf R. M. The lai'ge variation
coefficient of the latter shows this to be considerably leps
accurate than estimation from second calf R. M., but the great
saving in time effected by judging the cow after the first calf
would probably financially compensate for this loss of accuracy\
More extensive data are being employ^ed for the calculation of
correlation and regression coefficients between R.M.,, R.M.j,
R.M.3, and R.M.g, and the present number of cow^s does not
justify the use of an exact factor ; but it will be seen that the
following rough corrections bring the means within a quart of
the standard R.M. : —

Mean R.M.j + 50 per cent. = 14-7.

„ R.M. 2 + 20 per cent. = 15-4.

„ R.M., + 10 per cent. = 1.5 8.

„ R.M.9 = 156.

Now if suitable corrections are made for exterior circum-
stances affecting the R.M., the variation found in the latter
from year to year with the same cow should be diminished.
Frequency curves have therefore been plotted of the " range "
of R.M. for the 110 cows for six years. For example, an
individual cow giving successive R.M., 8 — 10 — 10 — 12 — 14 —
13 is entered as having a range of 6 quarts. When above
corrections for age are made, her R.M. become 12 — 12 — 11 — 12
— 14 — 13, and her range is 3 quarts.

The frequencies of the range of variation found in each of
these 110 individual cows during the fii'st six years of their
milking career yielded the following constants : —

Mean of

individual

" ranges "

761 quarts.

Median
Mode

11

"

7 40
6-98

After correction for age by the addition of 50 per cent, to
first calf R.M.i, 20 per cent, to R.M.j, and 10 per cent, to R.M.3,
these were reduced as follows : —

Mean of individual " ranges " corrected for age 502 quarts.
Median „ „ ,, „ 4-67 „

Mode „ „ „ „ 3-97 „

Influence of season of year of calving. — For this point the
extracted records of two farms were taken, which amounted to
1,418 lactations.

The mean R.M. for cows calving in each month of the year
was calculated. These are given, together with the number of
records from which they^ were obtained, in column 1 of the
following table. In column 2 is given the deviation of each
monthly mean from the mean of the whole ; and in column 3

170 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

the means obtained by correcting with a convenient number
approximating to this deviation. These rough corrections
again bring the means of uniformity within about a quart.

1

2

3

Month of Calving.

Mean R.M.

No. of
records

Deviation

of monthly

mean from

mean for

Correction.

year

January

H3

136

per cent.
+ 21

per cent.

14-3

February

U-6

175

+ 4-2

-5

13-9

March .

14-7

104

+50

-5

14-0

April .

15-5

73

+ 10-7

-10

140

May .

15-3

87

+ 9-3

-10

13-8

June .

13 2

139

-5-7

+ 5

13-9

July .

12-7

153

-9-3

+ 10

14-0

August .

11-5

112

-17-9

+ 20

13-8

September

14-8

67

+ 5-7

-5

141

October

14-4

125

-2-9

—

14-4

November

13-8

104

-1-4

—

13-8

December

13-8

143

-1-4

—

13-8

Mean 1401

Total 1418

It will be seen that the highest R.M. occur in April and
May at the natural calving season and at a time when there is
an abundance of natural succulent food. Throughout the
summer the monthly average falls, reaching its lowest in
August, at which time green food has also reached its mini-
mum, and exterior conditions generally are unfavourable. In
the autumn succulent food is again obtainable in the form of
roots, the weather is less trying, the cows come into the sheds,
more artificial and stimulating food is given, and the R.M.
show a sudden rise which is more or less maintained through-
out the winter months.

It is interesting to compare these figures with the mean
lactation totals of cows calving in the different months. Only
" normal " lactations could of course be taken, and out of these
1,418 records 731 were found to be available. They gave the
following results : —

Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 17l

Month of calving.

Mean lact.
total.

Deviation
from mean.

No. of records.

January ....

704

per cent.
+5-3

80

February

702

+4-8

109

March .

700

+ 4-5

57

April .

682

+ 1-8

37

May .

667

-0-5

49

June

607

-9-5

80

July .

580

-13-6

79

August.

551

-17-8

46

September

700

+4-6

25

October

705

+5-1

64

November

715

+ 6-8

45

December

728

+ 8-6

70

Mean 670

Total 731

—

These results are compared in the following diagram : —

Fig. 7. — Mean R.M. and Lactation Totals for Cows Calving at

differknt times of the tear.

R.M. 1,418 records. Totals 731 records.

R.M. Totals.

Qts. Galls.

15 720

14 670

13 620

12 570

11

520
470

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apl. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

The full corrections necessary to bring the monthly means
within a quart of one another were used on the 110 cows in
the same way as the corrections for age, but were found to
increase the range. Evidently normal variation or possibly
other factors are responsible for some of the differences in the
monthly means. Various modifications of these corrections
were tried however, and the following system was found to
reduce the range : —

Cows calving in April and May . Deduct 5 per cent, from R.M.
„ „ July . Add 5 „ to „

„ „ August . . ,, 10 ,, ,, „

172 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

With these alterations the frequency curve of range of
variation of individual cows gave the following results : —

Mean of range of individual variations, corrected for age and season, 480 quarts.
Median „ „ ,. ,, „ 4-36 „

Mode „ „ „ „ „ 3-48 „

The improvement in the mode so far effected is as
follows : —

Uncorrected Mode .... 6'98 quarts
Corrected for age .... 3-97 „
Corrected for age and season . . 3"48 ,,

and is shown in the following figures giving the three
frequency curves together.

Fig. 8.— Individual Variation (Range) in Quarts.
In 110 Cows during 6 years.

25

% 20

o

O 15 f

2-. P;

A

Uncorrected

r>.=, /! \

Corrected for age

\

„ „ and season

/'^ K^

V,

\

/,...-'' 3

i -si

— 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 —

. s

— .,

12 3 4 5

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2J

Iiifi'uence of period of " 7^est " hefore calving. The R.M, of
347 records were divided into groups according to the number of
weeks the cows were dry before calving. The means of these
groups were as follows : —

Previous dry period

Mean R.M.

No. of Cows

0 —5 vreeks

150

26-5

5—10 „

15-8

162-5

10—1.5 „

15-8

115-5

15—20 „

15-8

42-5

No correction is therefore made to the R.M. on this account.
It is by no means intended to imply that the period of rest
before calving is of no importance ; on the contrary most
dairy farmers will agree that it has a very considerable
influence on the subsequent performance, and more especially
condition of a cow. What is meant is that, in this method of
classing a cow b}" her R.M., variations due to this cause are
slight in comparison to the unaccountable irregularities always
present.

Note 1. On the practical use of the R.M. — Such a figure
is, it is thought, an obvious necessity for determining the

JEssai/ on the Interpretation of Milk Records. 173

correlation of milk yield with quality, or other characteristics.
It should also be of value in dealing with the question of
heredity.

It is not intended to discuss here the inheritance of yield,
but one example of the use of the R.M. may be given in this
connection. The following diagram shows the deviation of
forty-eight daughters of one bull from their mothers.
Daughters whose R.M. do not differ by more than three quarts
from that of their mother are entered on the zero line ; wider
divergencies are calculated in percentages and entered on the
right or left of the zero line according to whether daughters
are greater or less than their mothers. This bull from general
observation was thought to be a good one, but it is clear from
the diagram that it has tended to lower the average yield
capability.

Fig. 9.— Bull No. 9. 1st Calf R.M. Deviations F,.

50^ 40^ 30jgr

Less than mother.

20^ 30^ 40^ 50J

More than mother.

Note 2. Prof. James Wilson's figures. — In a paper on the
inheritance of milk jield' this writer gives a method for
estimating lactations totals. He says, " The calculation is to
multiply the average daily yield in pounds over two or three
weeks at the maximum by about twenty, and the result gives

1 Proc. Royal DuMin Society, June, 1911.

Average Total.

Factor as above.

702-3

19-5

583 9

18-7

174 Essay on the Interpretation of Milk Records.

an approximate indication of the yield for the normal lactation
in gallons. A lower figure, say eighteen or nineteen, has to be
used for cows calving in spring or summer."

The data given in the consideration of influence of season
of calving gave the following figures : —

Average R.M.
Cows calving September — May 14-4
,, ,. June — August 12'5

This quite confirms Professor Wilson's figures, which he gives
approximately as twenty and eighteen or nineteen.

Summary.

{a) It seems necessary both for practical breeding on a
large scale and for scientific enquiry on the inheritance of
milk yield and allied questions, to be able to describe the
milking capability of a cow by a single unqualified figure.

(6) In view of the large number of exterior influences that
afi'ect total yields over long periods (which are generally used in
milk records) it is advisable to adopt some additional descriptive
figure.

(c) The maximum daj'-yield three times reached or exceeded
(" revised maximum ") is a useful figure for such a purpose.
It bears a close relationship to the total yield of a normal
lactation, and shows rather less variation than that total. It is
outside two of the most active external influences, namely
length of lactation and time of service, and it is suggested that
general environment has a minimum effect on it. Further, a
cow can usually be judged wdthin a few weeks of calving, since
normal lactation totals can be estimated from the R.M. with
considerable accuracy.

{d) By making a few rough corrections to the R.M. (easily
embodied in a table) for age of cow and season of calving, the
most frequent range of variation found from year to year in
the same cow can be reduced from seven quarts to three and a
half quarts. It has not yet been found possible to bring it
below this figure.

In conclusion, the author must thank Mr. A. V. Hill and
Mr. G. Udny Yule for their valuable criticisms and suggestions.
He also wishes to express his thanks to Lord Rayleigh and Mr.
E. G. Strutt, firstly for appointing him to this study and
secondly for their consideration and advice throughout the
two years during which the work has been in progress.

Any useful results that may be obtained by the investigation
of their records is of course entirely owing to them, but for any
deficiencies in method, or treatment of the material, the author
is alone responsible.

175

THE DONCASTER SHOW, 1912.

Happily it is extremely rare that the Society has to cope with
difficulties of the magnitude of those which arose at Doncaster,
and it is a matter of satisfaction that under all the circum-
stances the Show was carried through with comparatively small
financial loss. The outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in
the country and the consequent absence of the cattle, sheep
and pigs was no light blow, and might have had most disastrous
effects on the success of the Exhibition.

Although foot-and-mouth disease was reported to have
broken out in the neighbourhood of Penrith on Sunday, June
23, it was not until the afternoon of the following Friday
(June 28) that an intimation was received by the Secretary of
the Society at Doncaster of the fact that the disease had been
confirmed in cattle in Stanley Market, Liverpool, on the
previous Monday. It was stated in the telegram from the
Board of Agriculture that the destination of certain of the
animals which had been exposed in the market was not
definitely known, but that there was strong probability that
some had been moved to Leeds and Wakefield.

A conference was immediately arranged by telegram that
evening in London between the Officials of the Board of Agri-
culture and Sir Gilbert Greenall, Sir John McFadyean, and the
Secretary, as the result of which it was decided to take special
precautions in examining the animals coming to the Show not
only at the Showyard entrance, but also at the Doncaster
Railway Stations. To carry out this arrangement the Society
had to obtain the services of additional veterinary inspectors,
and the greatest possible care was exercised in connection with
the exhibits.

At a late hour on the Sunday night (June 30) a telegram in
the following terms was received by Sir Gilbert Greenall from
the Board of Agriculture :

" Until we know that foot-and-mouth disease has not spread into the
districts into which Irish cattle were scattered last week, namely,
Gateshead, Malpas, Derby, Nottingham, Wakefield, and Leeds, there is the
risk of the Board having to issue a General Stand-Still Order for all
England and Wales at any time within the next few days.

" It might be possible for the Board to make special arrangements for
cattle, sheep, and pigs to be sent home from the Royal Show, but the
exhibitors should be made aware of the fact that at the best, even with

176 The Doncaster Show, 1912.

exhibition animals, freedom of movement may now be greatly restricted
at any moment.

" It is, moreover, possible, that infection may be conveyed to the Show,
although with show animals this seems to be unlikely. If any animal has
run any risk of contact with suspected animals it should certainly be sent
back from Doncaster without being allowed to be untrucked to-morrow
morning.

" Since these directions were received the disease has been found to
exist at Reid's, Lupset Pastures, VVakefield. Order will issue to-night."

On receipt of thii, the Honorary Director and the Secretary,
with such Members of Council as were at Doncaster and could
be got together at that late hour, held a hurried meeting to
discuss the situation. It was then decided to distribute copies
of this telegram to all those in charge of stock, with a note in
the following words :

Exhibitors or those in charge of cattle, sheep, or pigs, may make
arrangements for the immediate removal of their stock, should they think
it desirable.

Gilbert Gkeenall, Honorary Birector.

It was then midnight on the Sunday, but the message was
sent over the telephone to Shefiield, copies were printed and
brought to Doncaster by motor, and by daybreak on Monday,
had been distributed to all the men in charge of cattle, sheep
and pigs.

Up to this time, there was still the possibility of an ex-
hibition of stock. The final blow, however, came at 8.45 that
Monday morning, when the following telegram was received
from the Board of Agriculture :

" Board are making Order prohibiting exhibition cattle, shee[), swine,
Doncaster."

Arrangements were immediately made with the railway
companies for the removal of the stock, and an Inspector of
the Board arrived in the yard during the morning, for the
purpose of issuing permits for the animals to leave, a task
which was not finished until a late hour that evening. No
less than 2,249 entries were involved, and about fifteen hun-
dred of these had actually reached the Showyard, while the
others were in various stages of transit.

Such excellent arrangements were made by the railway
companies with the assistance of the Show officials that all
the animals in the prohibited sections had been despatched
from the Show before the doors were thrown open to the
public on the morning of Tuesday, July 2. As a mark of
their appreciation of the excellent services rendered by Mr.
George Bolt, Divisional Superintendent of the Great Northern
Railway, the Council requested Mr. Bolt to accept a piece of

The Doncaster Show, 1912.

177

plate, which was presented to him by Lord Middleton, the
President of the Society.

What might have been a serious complication of the
difficulties at Doncaster was the fact that there were present
in the Showyard eight Kerry and Dexter animals, the property
of Mr. R. Tait Robertson, which, it afterwards transpired, had
come over from Dublin in a boat with other cattle amongst
which a case of foot-and-mouth disease was detected. As a
measure of precaution, the Board of Agriculture ordered the
slaughter of these animals ; and, after valuation, they were
taken to the abattoirs in Doncaster and killed. No trace of
disease was, however, found in any of them.

It such trying circumstances, it is gratifying to record
that the Honorary Director was most loyally supported in
his arduous duties by the Stewards and Members of Council
present, and more particularly by the Steward of Veterinary
Arrangements (Mr. Cyril Greenali), the Chief Veterinary
Officer (Mr. John Malcolm, F.R.C.V.S.), the Veterinary
Inspector on duty (Mr. Lloyd Jones, M.R.C.V.S., of
Doncaster), and Professor Macqueen, F.R.C.V.S., who arrived
specially on Saturday, June 29, to assist the Chief Officer.
Mr. Percy Abson, M.R.C.V.S., and Mr. J. H. Gillespie,
M.R.C.V.S., of Doncaster, examined the live stock arriving
in Doncaster by train at the several landing docks during the
nights of Saturday and Sunday prior to the Show, and Mr. R.
"A. H. Tovey (Town Clerk) rendered service in connection with
the arrangements with the railway com] any for carrying out
the above-mentioned veterinary examinations.

The Society has now held its annual exhibition in the
county of York on seven occasions, but only once previously
has it been at Doncaster — and that twenty-one years ago. The
statement below contains details of all these Royal Shows in
Yorkshire, and not the least interesting of these details are the
financial results, which it will be seen have varied between a
profit of 5,190Z., at York in 1883, and a loss of 3,465Z. at the
same place in the year 1900.

Year

Place of Meeting

President

Imple-
ments

Entries
of live

Number ' j.— profit
of persons x „gs

entered

stock

admitted ; ^°^^

1848

York

Earl of Yartaorough

1,508

718

Norecord — 2,826

^m

Leeds

Earl of I'owis ....

5.488

1,027 i 14.5,728 + 4.470

187,^

Hull .

Earl Cathcart ....

5,634

1,145 : 104,722 — 414

188R

York

Duke of Richmond &, Gordon

6,058

1.653

12^,117 + 5,190

1891

Doncaster

Earl of Ravensworth

5.347

2 221

111,500 + 104

1900

York

H.R.H. Prince of Wales .

4,933

1,997^

87,511 - 3.465

1912

Doncaster

Lord Middleton

5,210

3.022=

90,139 - 1,233

^ No pigs exhibited. =■ Oattle, sheep and pig sections cancelled.

178 21ie Doncaster Show, 1912.

If the results of all the above Shows are taken together and
the total losses are subtracted from the total profits, it will be
found that the Society are no less than 1,82G/. to the good on
these seven exhibitions.

The large debit balance on the- Show of 1900 was to some
extent due to the fact that there was no mutual working
arrangement agreed upon that year between the County Society
and the Royal ; they both held their Shows, and both suffered
in consequence. In 1912, however, the relations between the
Royal Agricultural Society and the Yorkshire and Doncaster
Agricultural Societies were of the most cordial character. It
was, in fact, on the suggestion of the Yorkshire Society that
their county was visited by the Royal. In consideration of
their holding no Show of their own for the year, the members
of the Yorkshire and Doncaster Societies were granted Show
privileges at Doncaster, and this fusion of interests was doubt-
less responsible in a large measure for the Society being so
well supported in the county.

The Showyard was situated inside the race-course on the
Town Moor, where the historic " St. Leger " is run annually.
The area occupied by the Society was 103 acres, or 23 acres
more than was covered on the occasion of the last Doncaster
Show. The Society this time found it unnecessary to erect
the familiar black-and-white Entrance buildings, for the
Race Committee kindly placed at the Society's disposal their
permanent entrances and buildings, which were admirably
adapted to the requirements of the Show, providing accommo-
dation for all the usual offices " at the front." In this and many
other ways the Race Committee greatly assisted in carrying out
the necessary arrangements for the Show, under the able
guidance of their Chairman, Mr. Councillor Wightman.

Extensive alterations to the race-course and stands were
carried out in the spring prior to the Show, and on account of
the low-lying natvire of the ground in parts of the Showyard
considerable drainage operations were rendered necessary.
Difficulties were experienced in planning the whole of the
amount of shedding necessary owing to the formation of the
site, which was pear-shaped, but these difficulties were success-
fully overcome.

The Show opened at Doncaster on Tuesday, July 2, and
closed on Saturday, July 6. The excellent entry of horses
was, fortunately, unaffected by the Order of the Board of
Agriculture, but the Show officials had in the weather another
enemy to contend with on the opening day. The conditions,
indeed, were so bad that morning that the judging of the
horses had to be postponed until the afternoon. Although the
rain ceased for a short time when the Judges did eventually

The Doncaster Show, 1912. 179

commence their duties, it soon commenced again, and the
downpour continued for the rest of tlie day.

A special meeting of the Council was held in the afternoon
of Tuesday, when the Honorary Director reported the steps he
had taken in connection with the Order of the Board of Agri-
culture. The Council then unanimously approved the action
of Sir Gilbert Greenall,and they also requested Lord Middleton
to inform Mr. Runciman that they thoroughly supported his
action.

In addition to the horses, there were many thi)igs to be
seen in the Showyard by visitors, including the Implements
and Machinery, the Working Dairy, exhibits of Poultry
and Produce, and the Agricultural Education and Forestry
Exhibitions.

The number of persons who passed through the turnstiles
en the opening day was 1,377.

In the early morning of Wednesday there was more rain,
but although the sky was for the most part overcast, it was fine
for the rest of the day. The ground by this time was showing
the effects of the wet, but, with the aid of many loads of straw
and railway sleepers, which were put down in the worst places,
the " going " was greatly improved. At half-past one Prince
Arthur of Connaught arrivetl at the Show, where he was
received by Lord Middleton and other Members of the Council.
After luncheon in the Royal Pavilion as the guest of the
President, His Royal Highness commenced a tour of the Show-
yard, driving first of all to the Stand of the Commonwealth of
Australia. The Working Dairy, Forestry, Agricultural Educa-
tion and Horticultural Exhibitions were then visited in turn,
and having inspected the exhibits in each of these sections, the
Prince drove through the Implement Yard to the Grand Stand,
where from the Royal Box he was an interested onlooker
during the Jumping Competitions and other events in the
Horse Ring. Tea was taken by Prince Arthur in the Royal
Pavilion at 5 p.m., and His Royal Highness left the Showyard
in time to catch the G.20 train back to London.

The Horticultural Exhibition was opened to the public in
the afternoon, and as some compensation for the absence of
the cattle, sheep and pig exhibits, no charge for admission to
this department was made.

The number of persons paying for admission on this, the
first half-crown day, was 10,780.

On the evening of Wednesday the Council of the Society
were entertained at a banquet given by the Mayor of Doncaster
in the Guildhall, at which, amongst others, Lord Lucas,
Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, was
present.

180

7 he Doncaster Show, 1912.

On Thursday, the General Meeting of Governors and
Members of the Society was held in the large tent at noon.
In opening the proceedings, Lord Middleton remarked that
they met together that day under perhaps the most remarkable
circumstances that had occurred in the history of the Society —
he referred to the closing of sections of the Show owing to the
outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease. In these outbreaks, his
Lordship said, immediate and stringent steps had to be taken,
and it was the best and only course that could have been
taken under the circumstances. (A full report of the
proceedings at the General Meeting is given on pp. xxvii to
xxxii).

An entirely new departure in the Society's Showyard was
the exhibition of the National Terrier Club, which was opened
on Thursday, and continued on the following day.

The total attendance on Thui'sday was 18,91-4. On Friday,
the first shilling day, the numbers reached 39,254. On the
last day, Saturday, only 19,814 persons paid for admission.
The daily attendances at different hours with figures for
previous Shows are given in the tables below.

Comparative statements of entries will also be found on pp.
181 and 182.

(1) Admissions by Payment at Doncaster, 1912.

Day of Show

11 a.m.

1 p.m.

3 p.m.

5 p.m.

Day's total

Tuesday (5.?.) ....
Wednesday (2.?. 6^.) .
Thursday (2s. 6d.) .
Friday (Is.)
Saturday (Is.) .

664

3,281

6,142

15,780

5,954

1,111

7,651

13,339

30,606

12,691

1,338
10,265
18,153
37,735

17,788

1,373
10,753
18,853
39, 1 39
19,711

1,377

10,780
18,914
39,254
19,814

Total Admissions

90,139

(2) Total daily admissions at the 1912 Show, compared with
tlie 2)revious six Shows and the Doncaster Show o/1891.

Prices of
Admission

Don-
caster,
1912

Nor-
wich,
1911

Liver-
pool,
1910

Glouces-
ter,
1909

New-
castle,
1908

Lincoln,
1907

Derby,
1906

Don-
caster,
1891

Half-crown (Imple-
ment Yard only) .
Five Shillings .
Half-crown
Half-crown
One Shilling
One Shilling

1,377
10,780
18.914
39,254
19.814

878

7.140

20,442

75.266

17,739

2,492

19,646
30,193
44,327
41,154

1,492
20,019
15,452
30,281
21,152

2,397
32,142
28,880
98,489
51,959

1,680
22,835
22 725
.5i;888
33,878

2,752
25,660

46,0,55
44,670

344
2,681
12.331
18,530
57,580
20,034

Totals .

90,139

121,465

137,812

88,396

213,867

133,006

119,143^

111,5.0

1 Derby, 1906— Only one Half-crown day.

The Doncaster Shoiv, 1912.
Entries of Live Stock, Poultry, and Produce.

181

Don-
caster
IS) 12.

Norwich,

IBH

Liver-
pool,
1910

Glou-
cester,
li.Oa

New-

caitle,

1908

Lincoln,
1907

Derby,
1900

Park

Royal,

1905

Don-
caster,
1891

Horses .
Cattle .
Sheep
Pigs

1773

" 1.089

734

426

^716

^,065

746

416

^686
^938
772
361

^599

^1,146

^802

433

1664
^948
'695
312

15O6

' 1,030

'672

368

1563
'926
^564
266

"372
898
591
252

713

661
643
204

Total .

3,022

2,943

2,757

2,980

2,619

2,576

2,319

2,113

2,221

Poultry .

1,242

1,218

1,195

754

768

826

811

871

800

Produce .

559

670

701

765

416

572

52.T

493

425

' Exclusive of Double Entries.

' ExcluBiv* of Draught Horses and the Harness Classes.

Shedding in Im23lement Yard (in feet).

Description of
Shedding

Don- Norwich,
caster. 1 jni,
1912 1

Liver-
pool,
1910

Glou-
cester,
1909

New-
castle,
1908

Lincoln,
1907

Derby,
1906

Park
Royal,
1905

Don-
caster,
1891

Ordinary
Machinery .
Special .
(Seeds, Models,
&c.)

Feet Feet
7,050 6,690
3.125 3,095
3,363 3,907

Feet
7.590
2.555
3,420

Feet
7,575
2,420
2,891

Feet
6,490
2,585
2,960

Feet
7,651)
2,165
3,251

Feet
7,818
2,520
2,692

Feet
6,590
1,750
1,629

Feet
8,.343
2,106
2,024

Total .
[Exclusive of
open ground
space]

13,538 13,692

13,565

12,886

12,035

13,066

13,030

9,969

12,473

No. of Stands

442 457

454

437

389

417

424

289

421

Description op Exhibits.

The particulars which follow are in almost every case taken
from the reports sent in by the Judges of the different classes.
A complete list of the awards, with information as to exhibitors,
breeders, pedigrees, &c., of the animals gaining prizes is given
in the Appendix, prefaced by the names of the Stewards and
Judges in the various departments (see pp. xlvii to Ixxxix.).

Horses.

As in 1891, the exhibition of horses was well worthy of
the county in which the Show was held, and on only three
occasions has the number of horses entered (713) been exceeded,
viz., 981 at Manchester, in the Diamond Jubilee year, 1897 ;
972 at Windsor, in 1889 (the year of the Society's Jubilee) ;
and 815 at Kilburn, in 1879. Under a new regulation, stallions
with Government certificates of soundness for the year were
exempted from veterinary examination in the Showyard.
For the first time a class was included in the Hunter section
for thoroughbred brood mares, entered or eligible for entry in

182 The Don caster Shoiv, 1912.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ENTRIES, Etc.,
At the last two Shows held at Doncaster in 1891 and

1912.

Horses

AND

1891

1912

Sheep,

Pigs, Poultry,

Produce

1891

I9I2

Cattle

Classes

Entries

Classes

Entries

Classes

Entries

Classes

Entries

HORSES :-

Prizes
Shire.
Clydesdale
Suffolk .
Hunter
Polo Pony
Cleveland Bay or

Coach Horse
Hackney .
Hackney Pony
Shetland Pony
Welsh Pony .
Riding Classes
Harness Classes
Draught Horse
Jumping .
Pit Ponies.

7

7

5

11

7

10
4

2
2

£1,S05

164

57

41
191

73
127
28

18
14

10
8
8

13
5

5
9
4
2
2
11
12

4
2

£3,726

131

47
48
121

47

23
103

18

13

10
115
166

64
29

SHEEP :-

Prizes
Oxford Down .
Shropshire
Southdown
Hampshire Down .
Suffolk . . .
Dorset Down .
Dorset Horn .
Ryeland .
Kerry HiU (Wales).
Lincoln .
Leicester .
Border Leicester .
Wensleydale .
Lonk ....
DerbyshireGritstone
Kent or Romney

Marsh .
Cotswold .
Devon

South Devon .
Dartmoor.
Exmoor .
Cheviot .
Herd wick
Welsh
Black-faced

Mountain

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
3
4
3

4

3
3

3

£1,170
39
182
81
50
32

57
36
30
41

7

24

16
22

26

5
6
6
6
6
3
4
3
2
7
4
3
6
2
2

6
4
3
5
2

3
3
3
2

2

£1,825 10s.
42
72
68
71
25
12
25
13

7

69
23
40
39

6

7

95
16
11
15

7

9
12

Total for HORSES

55

713

95

9351

CATTLE :-

Prizes .

7

6

4

4
2
4
4
4

2

6
4
2
2
2

£1,500
135

62
24

32
10
30

27
24

7

190
51
•25
33
11

17

8
8
7
5
4
6
4
5
6
5
2
3
4
8
6
4
4
3
12
2

£2,770 10s.
386

49
113
36
14
18
24
11
56
71
39

12

37
120

49

30

38

24
120

47

12
15

23

Shorthorn
Lincolnshire Red

Total for SHEEP .

51

643

98

734

Hereford .

Devon

South Devon .

Longhorn .

Sussex

Welsh

RedPoU . . .

Aberdeen Angus .

Galloway .

Highland .

Ayrshire .

British Holstein

Jersey

PIGS :-

Prizes
Large White .
Middle White .
Small White .
Tam worth
Berkshire.
Black

Lincolnshire Curly-
coated .

4
4
4
4
4
4

£432
33
26
20
56
55
14

8
6

6
6
6

6

£762 5s.
147
67

41
52

68

51

Total for PIGS

24

204

38

426

Guernsey .

Kerry

Dexter

Dairy Cows .

Milk Yield

Butter Test .

TOTAL FOR STOCK

183

2 221

354

3,389

POULTRY :-

Prizes

98

£343
800

130

£400

1,245

Total for CATTLE .

53

661

123

1,2941

PRODUCE :-

Prizes

34

£376
425

58

£294 10s.
559

Note.— In 1912 the exhibition of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs was prohibited by order of Board of Agriculture.
Grand Totals for \

LIVE STOCK, POULTRY, [ 542 Classes . 5,193 Entries £10,900 = Prizes

and PRODUCE in I9I2. J

^ Animals exhibited in more than one class are here counted as separate entries.

" Including £485 for Farm Prizes, £350 for Horticultural Exhibition, £149 for Competitions.

The Doncaster SJiow, 1912. 183

the General Stud Book, up to weight, with foal at foot ; and
this brought out some useful animals. In addition to the
prizes for the brood mares, there were two prizes of 5Z. each
for the best colt foal and for the best filly foal exhibited with
their dams. Two classes were also included in the prize-list
for Pit Ponies.

Shires. — The classes devoted to this breed numbered ten in
all, and the quality throughout was exceptionally good. Class 1
(yearling colts) was headed by Champion's Goalkeeper, which
was an outstanding winner. Second came Moors Bridegrootn,
not quite so heavy as the leader, but full of quality, and fol-
lowed by a lot of very useful colte. In Class 2 (stallions foaled
in 1910) a good winner was found in Tandridge Coming King,
a colt very full of Shire character and an excellent mover,
which afterwards won the Championship of the male section
(see Fig. 1). Blacklands Kingmaker, bigger than the leader,
but not so full of character, was a good second. The rest of
the class was made up of a lot of very useful weighty colts.
Class 3 (three-year-old stallions) was not quite so strong as the
two preceding classes. King Premier, a useful weighty colt,
was first, being closely followed by Gaer Right Sort. The
yearling fillies (Class 4) made one of the strongest in the female
section, and an easy winner was found in Leek Dorothy. The
second, Tandridge Rosette, was closely followed by Biddulph
Blanche. The two-year-old fillies in Class .5 were a very good
lot, and were led by Marden Constance, closely followed by
Halstead Duchess 7th ; the rest of the class were useful fillies.
The three-year-old fillies were not quite so strong in number,
but the first four were of exceptional merit. Lorna Doone —
(see Fig. 2) — the Champion in the female section, was easily
first in this class, being followed by Halstead Royal Duchess,
a filly of less scale, but very full of character ; and Tandridge
Delight, a bigger filly, but not quite in same bloom. In Class 7
(mare, with foal at foot, foaled in or after 1908), the winner
was found in Siljield Belle. The second prize was won by
Yatesbury Sunlight, and the third by Caronia, three mares of
nice Shire character. Class 8 (mare with foal at foot, foaled
in or before 1907) was a strong one, and easily led by the
well-known Mollington Movement. The Royal Show being
rather early in the year for foals, most of the exhibits in Class
9 were rather young, but Mr. Edward Porter had an out-
standing winner in his Bahingley Nulli Secundus foal, Mr.
A. H. Clark being second with another by the same sire. The
filly foals (Class 10) was the weakest in this section, Mr. B. N.
Everard's Bardon Forest Premier foal taking first place,
followed by the Dowshy Forest King foal, exhibited l)y Mr.
Leopold Salomons.

184 The Doncaster Show, 1912.

Clydesdales. — The stallions made a good average show,
especially the two-year-old colts, from which was selected the
Champion, The Dunure (see Fig. 3), and the Reserve Champion,
both of which animals were typical Clydesdales. The females
were above the average, with a lot of first-class animals among
them, especially the first and second prize two-year-old fillies,
and the first prize brood mare, Boquhan Lady Peggy (see
Fig. 4), which also secured the Female Championship.

SufFolks. — The Suffolk horses made an excellent display
in spite of the fact that Doncaster is a long way from the home
of the breed. The two-year-old class was headed by a very
large weighty colt that looked like growing into a valuable sire.
The champion horse, Sudbourne Peter (see Fig. 5) was found
amongst the three-year-olds ; long, low, with plenty of bone,
this animal has had a most successful showyard career, and was
well worthy of his position. The mare and filly classes were
exceptionally good ; the animals in the first and second
positions were difficult to separate, and, on the whole, the
Judges were well pleased with the animals that were placed
before them.

Hunters. — With the exception of Class 68 (riding mares or
geldings, foaled in 1908, up to more than 14 stones) the animals
in this section were a very creditable lot. The thoroughbred
mares in Class 33 were very good and the Judges considered
that Lord Middleton's Fair Geraldine (see Fig. 7) was one
of the best brood mares they had ever seen. Class 67 was
another good class, Royal Mint being an exceptionally fine
mover. Alarm, the winner in Class 70, stood out by himself,
being such a fine galloper for a strong horse. The Champion
medal for the best filly was awarded to Red Squaw (see Fig. 6).

Polo and Riding Ponies. — The Judges considered that the
ponies which came before them in the various classes were
much superior in quality as a whole to any they have had the
pleasure of judging before at any Show. There was hardly a
weak class either in numbers or quality, and great quality was
shown in the classes for young ponies.

The winner in Class 40 (stallion, foaled in or before 1909,
not exceeding 15 hands) was a beautiful type of pony, full of
quality and a grand mover. He gained the Male Championship
(see Fig. 8). The second also had much quality, but was not
so good in the hocks. The third prize went to a typical pony
for getting weight carriers, but slightly lacking in quality.
There were several other ponies in this class of great quality.
Class 41 (colt, filly or gelding foaled in 1911) was a very
strong one and there was little to choose between the first
and second ; they both looked like making grand polo ponies.
The third prize winner was a sweet filly of true polo type.

Fig. 1.— Shire Stallion, " Tandridge Coming King."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Shire Stallion, Doncaster, 1912,

Exhibited by MESSRS. JAMES FORSHAW AND SONS.

riG. 2.— SHIRB FILLT, " LORNA UOONE."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Shire Mare or Filly, Doncaster, 1912.
Exhibited by MESSRS. VV. AND H. Whitlet.

Fig. 3.— Clydesdale Stallion, int. i*i s. i,r..

Winner of Champion Prize for best Clydesdale Stallion. Doncaster, 1912

Exhibited by MR. W. Punlop.

Fig. 4.— Clydesdale Mare, " Boquhan Lady Peggy."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Clydesdale Mare or Filly, Doncaster, 1012.

Exhibited by MR. STEPHEN MITCHELL.

KH,. ,,. SI riOl K SIMIinN, ■ SUDBOURNE PETER."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Suffolk Stallion, Doncaster, 1912

Exhibited by MR. Kenneth M. Clark.

ff<1itaiilllfrfiii|^

Img. <;. Ill Ml I I , ' 1, ■■ i;i:i) siM'AW."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Hunter Filly, 3 years and under, Doncaster, 1912.

Exhibited by MR. J. L. NICKISSON.

Fk;. 7.— 'rHORoriiiinRFD Mare, " Fair CiKRAi.DiNE."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Hunter Mare, 4 years and upwards, Doncaster, 1912.

Exhibited by Lord Middleton.

Fig. 8. — Polo and Riding I'ony stallion, " Naval Scare.'

Winner of Champion Prize for best Polo and Riding Pony Stallion or Colt, Doncaster. 1912.

Exhibited hy MR. JOHN BELL.

Fig. 9.— Polo .and Riding Pony Mare, " p.mkicia."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Polo and Riding Pony Marc or Filly, Doncaster, 1912.

Exhibited by MR. Tresham Gilbey.

I I'",. I'l iii\i;\Mi l;',\ >Miiiij\. ■ isiNf, 1,1 (]i;.,i, ;,Tii."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Cleveland Bay Stallion, Doncaster, 1912.

Exhibited by MR. George Scoby.

.,„._JI

I'll.. 11— CLEVELAND BAY FiLLY, " AIM \ia .-^ 1 ARLIGHT."

Winner of Oiampion Prize for best Cleveland Bay Mare or Fil't/. Doneaster, 1912.

Exhibited by MR. GEORGE ELDERS.

I'IG. 1::.— L'oAl.lll.N(. &1.U.I.IU-N, •■ I'L.NuU N."

Winner of Champion Prize for best Coaching Stallion, Doncasler. in2.
Exhibited by \lu. Frank H. Stericker.

^--^

hiG. 13.— LoAiHiNu Make, " Rillington Attraction."

^yiullCl^ of Champion Prize for best Coaching Mare or Filly, Doncaster, ItHll

Exhibited by MR. John Lett.

.i^-.

Flo. 11.— Uacknex Stallion. " Spaukli.ng Danegelt "

Winner of Champion Prize for best Hackney Stallion, Doncaster, 1912

Exhibited by SIR WaLIER ClLiiEY, Bart.

\'[i,. 1 ;,. ||\rKNKY Mare, " i;i ( kin^imm I, mm i.hmi.

Winner of Champion Prize for best Uackneij Mare or t'ithj, Doncastcr, 1912.

E.rhibitcd by MR. FRANK J. BATCHELOR.

Fig. 16.— Shetland I'o.ny Mare, " Thorau.nd."

Wi7incr of Champion Prize for best Shetland Pony, Doncaster, 1912.

Exhibited by Mr. Wii.LIAM Mungall.

Fig. 17. — Welsh Pony Stai.iio.n, " Blkdfa Shooting Star "

Winner of Champion Prize for best Welsh Pony Stallion, Doncaster, 1915

Exhibited by Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart.

Kl'.. 1- \S t:i..--H I'liNV MiiiK, ■■ Cii \ii:i,K I;i,A(K\
Winner of Champion Prize for beat Welsh Pony Mare, Doncaster, 1912
Exhibited by The Duchess of Newcastle.

The Doncaster Show, 1912. 185

Class 42 (colt, filly or gelding foaled in 1910) was particu-
larly strong and the Judges were much impressed by the size
and quality of the fillies. The first prize winner was a very
fine pony with great bone and substance, and the second was a
lovely fill}' of great quality, but of course had not the bone of
the winner. The third and fourth were also of great promise,
and there were several more in the class which looked like
making first rate ponies. Class 43 was the weakest that came
before the Judges, although the winner was a very nice pony
with quality and a fine riding shoulder. The second pi'ize
winner was full of quality but very big.

Class 44 (mare, with foal at foot, not exceeding 14*2 hands)
although not very strong in numbers was very good as regards
the quality of mares. The three prize-winners were all typical
mares for breeding polo ponies, and although the mare placed
reserve in the class was showing signs of age, she had a lovely
foal at foot to which was awarded the Bronze medal of the
Polo and Riding Pony Society. The first prize winner was
also made Champion (see Fig. 9).

Cleveland Bays and Coach Horses. — The classes as a whole
were a very creditable show, typical specimens of each breed
were exhibited, and the numbers were fairly good.

Though only four animals were exhibited in Class 45
(stallion foaled in or before 1908), difficulty arose as to the
respective merits, the general excellence being well maintained
throughout ; and Class 46 (young stallions) proved that great
pains are still taken in producing the best. The classes of
mares and fillies, though small, brought out some animals
of special merit.

The Champion prizes given by each Society were awarded
to the animals which are the subjects of illustration in Figs. 10
to 13.

Hackneys. — The Judges stated that the Hackneys were a
grand lot, in fact they did not remember seeing so many good
ones at any Show before. Mr. Batchelor's mare, Beckingham
Lady Grace (see Fig. 15), the Female Champion, is an extra-
ordinary animal, and the younger classes were especially good.
The Mai© Championship was awarded to Sir Walter Gilbey's
Sparkling Danegelt, first prize winner in Class 52 (see Fig. 14).

The Ponies were also very good, in fact all the best ponies
in the world could be seen that day.

Shetland Ponies. — The ponies of this breed at the Doncaster
Show were of a high order of merit; in fact there was not
a bad one in the lot. The stallion class contained eight
excellent ponies, and a very level bvmch they were. The
class for marts with foals at foot was weak in numbers, but
the first and second prize winners were outstanding mares.

186 The Doncaster Shoiv, 1912.

They also stood at the top for the Championship of the breed,
which was gained by Thoralind (see Fig. 16).

Wei ih Ponies. — These were not numerous, but representative
and good. Sir Walter Gilbey's famous Bleddfa Shooting Star
(see Fig. 17) won the first prize in the stallion class and
Championship, followed by Mrs. Greene's Grove Ballistite and
Grove Arclight. In the mare class two new representatives
came to the front, owned by the Duchess of Newcastle, which
were rather blood-like, but went so correctly and well as to
easily secure their position. The Silver Medal for the best
mare went to her Grace for Clumber Blacky (see Fig. 18).

Park Hacks and Riding Ponies. — Class 74 was a small one,
numbering five animals, the winner of the first prize standing
out by herself. Class 75 was moderate, but the winner a true
goer and up to weight. In Class 76 competition between the
first and second prize winners was close, the third prize animal
being also a valuable horse somewhat of the hunter rather than
hack type. In Class 77 there were only three exhibits, the
winner having no trouble in taking the red rosette. The
Challenge Cup was taken by the winner of Class 76, the winner
of Class 74 being reserve. Both these animals showed quality
and were excellent rides.

Though numerically the Hacks and Riding Ponies Classes
were small, the varied exhibits, with but vei^y few exceptions,
showed considerable quality, and possessed those points most
desirable in riding horses, especially manners and l)alance,
two most important points in a hack.

Pit Ponies. — The two classes for Pit Ponies were well filled
with fairly good specimens of the animals used in the Doncaster
coal district, but there were none of the smaller sizes (9 to 10
hands) shown. There was no exhibit of outstanding excellence
in either class.

Poultry.

The Poultry Section at the Doncaster Show exceeded any
previous exhibition in number of entries, and, as will be found
from the Judges' Reports, the general excellence of the exhibit
was quite exceptional, having regard to the season of year in
which the Show is held.

A most interesting novelty was provided by Mr. Charles
Thellusson, who exhibited (not for competition) a collection of
twenty White Plymouth Rocks from his well-known poultry
yards at Brodsworth Hall, near Doncaster. Mr. Thellusson
stated that these White Plymouth Rocks originated about 1880,
and were a small type of Barred Rock from which they are
" sports." They have now become by breeding one of the
largest fowls in England.

The Doncaster Show, 1912. 187

The task of awarding the prizes was divided amongst eight
Judges. Mr. Ainscougli judged the Game and Bantam classes ;
Mr. Ardron, the Blue Wyandottes ; Mr, Goode, the other
Wyandotte classes ; Dr. Jackson, Langnhans, Plymouth Rocks,
Minorcas, Leghorns and Anconas ; Mr. Laml^ert, the Dorkings,
Sussex, British Rhode Island Reds, Brahmas, Cochins, Malines,
Campines and French ; Mr. Wilkinson the Orpingtons ; Mr.
Turrell the Yokohama and Yokohama Bantam classes ; and
Mr. Kingwell the Ducks, Geese and Turkeys.

The Old English Game were a very nice collection as
regards the old birds, and the outstanding exhibits of merit
were Mr. Marsden's Spangled cock shown as hard as nails and
Mr. Heath's Black-red cock, a bird remarkable for his sound
black and beautiful top colour. The young birds were not
numerous and were mostly too long in back. Indian Game
made two very good classes, nearly every specimen being of
the true type, the winning pullet shown by Messrs. Heys being
especially good in marking and of the low set type. Modern
Game provided two nicely filled classes for this time of the
year, but some of these were shown rather rough in feathers.
The winning Black-red cock was a real gem, standing well on
his legs and being a very bright coloured bird. Mr. Taylor's
winning hen was a great shaped one, shown in fine fettle. The
Old English Game Banta^ns were not big classes but contained
the best birds in the country, Mr. Dawson showing two very
fine hens. The winner was a lovely shaped good coloured
wheaten. Modern Game Bantam.s were a very good lot, the
cock class being headed by Mr. Smith Lambert's Palace Cup
cockerel (Black-red), a bird reinarkable for his beautiful colour,
being very small and neat as well. In hens, Mr. Brennand
was first with a fine made one of good average colour.
Sebright Bantams were not very numerous, but the winners
shown by Miss Preston and Mr. Fish were good specimens of
their breed.

The Any other Variety Bantams were big classes, and
contained many real good birds, Mr. Smith Lambert winning
in the cock class with a most perfect white Pekin. Mr.
Entwisle's winning Polish hen is without doubt the best of
her breed.

Mr. Ardron reports that the Blue Wyandottes were very
disappointing in numbers, but the quality was good, particularly
the winning cock, shown by Mrs. Holdsworth.

The other classes of Wyandottes taken throughout, Mr.
Goode reports, were better in quality than in previous years.
The Laced varieties, however, though good in quality, were low
in numbers, partly accounted for by the difficulty that amateurs
find ii^ regard to the double mating required to produce typical

188 llie Doncaster Show, 1912.

cockerels and pullets. In order to produce perfection in
markings of plumage breeders of this variety of the Wyandotte
family have sacrificed type, which is much to be regretted, as
it involves a loss of the utility qualities of the breed. The
White Wyandotte classes were excellent, both in point of
numbers and the quality of the exhiliits. Black Wyandottes
were not high in quality. The quality of the Partridge and
Columbians shown was good, but there were very few entries
in the Spangled classes, and the variety superfluous. In the
Any other Variety classes the entries were good, Buffs pre-
dominating.

Dr. Jackson, in his report, expresses the opinion that the
Lcmgshans, Plymouth Rocks, Minorcas, LeyJiortis and Anconas
in the classes judged by him, taken as a whole, may be con-
sidered to be of exceptional merit, every variety being well
patronised.

The thirty classes over which Mr. Lambert adjudicated
contained just over 250 exhibits or a trifle over eight per class.
For the time of year this was very satisfactory, the quality
throughout being most remarkable. Most noteworthy in point
of numbers were the Sussex fowls, RJiode Island Beds, Malines,
Campines, Faverolles, and the competition for the prizes was
very keen. There were also some notable exhibits in the
remaining classes, including Dovking, Brahmas, Cochins,
French Houdans, and also in the A.O.V, classes.

Mr. Wilkinson, in his report, said he had never seen a
better lot of Orpingtons at the Royal Show than he had before
him on this occasion. The Buffs, Whites and Blacks were
especially grand in quality, and large in numbers. Several
Crystal Palace winners were showai, and in one or two classes
they were beaten, which speaks much for the quality of birds
penned. The White and Buff hens were also extra fine
specimens. The cockerels and pullets were exceptional in
size as well as qviality.

The Yokohama classes judged by Mr. Turrell consisted of
some very good specimens, especially in the Bantam section.
The first two wiimers in cocks and hens of this variety were
by far the best Yokohama Bantams ever exhibited in England,
of the black breasted red type and typical in every section.
The white cock which won the special and first prize in the
big class of Yokohamas was splendidly " put down," being of
pure white plumage throughout, which is seldom seen.

Mr. Kingwell reports that the exhibits of ducks were, on
the whole, the best seen at the " Royal " for many years. In
the adult Aylesbury class, the first and second birds were two
of the best possible for one exhibitor to show. They both had
great size, depth, and colour,- and were shown in faultless

TJie Doncaster Show, 1012. 189

condition. In the young Aylesbury class the winner stood
well away, being a fine for^vard drake with good size and type.
Adult Rouetis made a very strong class. The winner here
was a drake in full plumage, one of the finest ever penned, and
for size and soundness of colour throughout he should stand as
a model to all Ronen breeders. Young Rouens were a late
hatched lot, but the class contained the best of quality. Blue
Orpingtons were also good and came up well. The adult class
for birds of "any other breed" had no less than six varieties.
The winner is worthy of special note, being an Indian Runner
drake with excellent head, reach, style and carriage. The
young birds of " any other breed " made a nice class, and
contained some very good Buff Orpingtons and Runne7's.

Ganders were a good even lot. The winner, an Embden,
stood well away for type, freeness of gullet and size, and is
the best seen out this season. The first and second Geese were
both of the Touhnise breed, and there was little to choose
between them.

The Turkey classes contained many good birds, several of
which were in rough condition, and many had crooked breast.
The winners in both classes stood well out for size, colour,
bone and condition.

Produce.

Butter.— The entries in these classes numbered eighty-
eight, and as regards colour, texture, freedom from moisture,
apjDearance and finish, many of the exhibits were perfect. A
number, however, were " lacking " as regards flavour, the only
description possible for many of them being that they were
insipid and had not the true nutty flavour peculiar to butter
made from properly ripened cream ; indeed in a number of
samples it was difficult to realise from the taste that it was
butter. As the greatest number of marks are awarded for
flavour this is a most important point.

In Class 479, for boxes of twelve 2 lb. rolls, there was only
one exhibit, to which the first prize was awarded. For the
Channel Islands and Devon cattle classes the winner of the
premier honours was not the same in each class. From
inquiries since, the Judge has ascertained that in Class 482 the
first prize winner made the butter from difi"e:ent cream to that
from which was made the exhiV)it in Class 480, wljich did not
win. For the two classes 481 and 483 for butter from other
than Jersey or Devon cattle the fii-st prize was won in each
by the same exhibitor. It is a notable fact that one exhibit
will often only gain a commendation in an unsalted class and
will rise to a prize winner in a salted class, siiowing the effect
that salt has in bringing out the flavour of butter. For Class

190 The Doncaster Show, 1912.

484, in which an extra twenty marks were given for packing,
the entries were not numerous, but some of them were excel-
lent. The first and second prize butter gained full marks for
packing, and left little to be desired.

Cheese. — The quality in the Cheddar and Cheddar truckle
classes was maintained, the cheese being well made, rich, and
of good flavour, which will develop with a little age. The
Double Gloucesters showed every indication of a good make
this season. Nearly all the Stiltons were well made, of good
quality, and only required time to mature into rich, ripe,
and blue cheese. The classes for Wensleydales (Stilton
and flat shape) were well filled, and the quality above the
average, with all the points necessary to the making of the
cheese perfection. The Cleveland cheese exhibits were charac-
teristic of the finest make, and only want maturing. The
Judge's opinion of the section as a whole was that it was above
the standard.

The entries in Classes 487 and 488, for coloured and un-
coloured Cheshire cheese, were very good, both as regards
number of entries in each class and also the quality of the
exhibits. Very few cheese were found in these classes that
were not up to the mark. In fact they surpassed by far any
cheese that Mr. Welsby, the Judge, had seen this season,
either on the show bench or in the makers' rooms. One great
feature was that the weather previous to the Show had been
very suitable for cheese-making. In the Lancashire cheese
class the entries were small, but quality made up for it. As
all the leading makers were represented at Doncaster, this class
was found most difficult to judge.

Bread. — Numerically the entries, compared with those of
last year, were distinctly disappointing, there being only forty-
nine entries against 120 at Norwich. In quality also the
exhibits were disappointing. To produce a loaf of good
appearance using stone-ground flour containing 85 per cent, of
the wheat berry, the wheat being English grown, needs a
process of manufactiire which few bakers care to trouble about
following ; moreover such bread, on account of there being a
limited demand, does not justify the baker in spending the
time and trouble necessary to turn out bread that will give
satisfaction. Only those bakers, therefore, who make special
efforts to obtain good results, to secure prizes, make bread
worth staging for exhibition purposes. It follows — and need not
be a matter of surprise — that not more than a dozen of the
loaves exhibited were found worthy of being called exhibition
bread, the i-emainder in most cases being poor stuff. Many of
the loaves sent in contained more than 85 per cent, of wheaten
flour, and seven entries could be classed as wholemeal bread.

The Doncaster Show, 1912.

191

One of the entries waa disqualified, the tiour used in tlie
making of the bread being without a doubt an English country-
patent.

In justice to the prize winners in the professional classes
it should be stated that great pains and much care must have
been expended to get their bread so near perfection ; some of
this bread would have taken prizes at any show.

Cider and Perry. — The competition as a whole was somewhat
disappointing both as regards quality and number of entries.
The Cider classes, however, were appreciably stronger than
those for Perry, which were decidedly weak and much below
the average. Undoubtedly the 1911 vintage has not fulfilled
expectations, many ciders of first-rate quality otherwise being
marred by excessive bitterness. Of individual classes the most
uniform degree of merit was met with in Class 503, for sweet
bottled Cider made in 1911, there being several very good
Ciders entered. The first prize awarded was given to a typical
Devonshire Cider, which afforded an excellent example of the
best qualities typical of that county's produce. This was also
awarded the Champion Cup for the best Cider in the Show.
Class 504 for old bottled Ciders contained a few good exhibits,
but the classes for new and old draught Ciders were not
distinguished. The Perry classes contained no really good
exhibits.

Some disappointment to exhibitors would be avoided if
some of them displayed more care as to their entries in the
Dry and Sweet Ciders classes. Some very good exhibits had
to be passed over unnoticed on account of entry in an unsuitable
class.

The following are the chemical analyses of the prize-winning
samples : —

Class 499. — Casks of Dry Cider, of not less than 18 and
not fnore than 30 gallons, made in 1911.

No.

Specific
gravity

Alcohol

Solids

Acidity

Awards

290
289

1^013
1015

per cent.
5-7
6-2

per cent.
5-24

5-66

per cent.
•36
•33

1st Prize
2nd Prize

Class 500. — Casks of Sweet Cider, of not less than 18 and
not more than 30 gallons, made in 1911.

300
297
301

r029
1-029
1-034

4-2 1 8-60
4-3 8-59
3-8 9-54

•48
•37

•58

Ist Prize
2nd Prize
3rd Prize

192

The Doncaster Show, 1912.

Class 501. — Casks of Cider, of not less than 18 and not more
than 30 gallons, made previous to 1911.

No.

Specific
gravity

Alcohol

Solids

Acidity

Awards

305

1-024

per cent.
2-4

per cent.
6-56

per cent.
•36

2nd Prize

Class 502. — One Dozen Bottles of Dry Cider, made in 1911.

311

1-014

6-2

5-55

-35

Ist Prize

316

1-013

5-8

5-01

•58

2nd Prize

313

1-013

6-4

5-42

•43

3rd Prize

Class 503. — One Dozen Bottles of Sweet Cider, made in 1911.

319

1030

3-3

8-60

-60

1st Prize

330

1-031

4-0

9-10

-48

2nd Prize

329

1031

3-9

9-07

-42

3rd Prize

Class 504. — One Dozen Bottles of Cider, made previous

to 1911.

844

1034

4-1

9-67

-40

Ist Prize

343

1024

3-4

6-76

-38

2nd Prize

346

1031

3-6

7-50

•36

3rd Prize

Class 505. — One Dozen Bottles of Dry Perry.
[No Award.]

Class 506. — One Dozen Bottles of Sweet Perry.

353
354

1-022
1-050

5-2
23

7-51
13-50

-47
-90

2nd Prize
3rd Prize

Wool. — Taken as a -whole the exhibit of wool was very good,
but not so representative as might have been expected. Two
of the exhibits, one in the Long Wool class and one in the
Short Wool class were disqualified on account of being tied up
with string in various places. Several samples were tender.
In the Long Wool classes the Lincoln and Leicester were very
good samples of that class of wool, and the same may be
said of the Romney Marsh and Wensleydale which were well
represented. In the Short Wool classes there was only one
exhibit of Shropshire Wool, but it was very good. The
Ryeland Wool was also well represented, all the entries being
of good quality and sound usalde wool. The Down Wools
also were very good, sound and lofty. The Mountain and
Moorland Wool was well represented, some of the exhibits
being characteristic samples of high-class wool.

The Doncaster Show, 1912. 193

Hives and Honey. — The exhibits in tliis section suffered on
account of the bad bee weather, which was responsible for a
number of entries being cancelled. Under the circumstances
the display was a very creditable one, and, with the exception
of the opening day, this department was crowded with interested
■visitors.

Butter-making. — The competitors were fewer in number
this year than on previous occasions, there being only twenty-
eight competitors all told, which were divided into four
sections, on the Tuesday and Wednesday, the greatest number
competing at one time being seven. On the whole the
candidates did very satisfactory work, though somewhat inex-
perienced, and all seemed to possess an average knowledge of
modern methods of butter-making. The different competitions
were keenly contested, the work was neatly and smartly done,
and the competitors showed evidence of having received con-
siderable training. The competition of the prize winners in
the previous classes for the Championship numbered ten, and
took place on Thursday. On the whole, the work was gone
about in a tidy, methodical manner, and might be described as
being up to an average degree of merit, with very few marks
separating the highest and lowest. The work generally was
neatly done, every attention being given to detail. The finished
product was of good quality and attractively finished.

Horse-shoeing. — The work in these competitions was uni-
formly very good, the Roadster and Heavy classes especially
so, the competitors being very keen, and giving the Judges a
difficult task, in many cases, in their ultimate decision.

Horticulture. — The Horticultural section at Doncaster was
one of the very best that the Society has held since Horticulture
has been included in its annual shows. The exhibits as a
whole, both in the plant and fruit classes, trade and com-
petitive, were very good indeed and of good quality. In
the Group classes the exhibits of Messrs. Cypher, Messrs.
Blackmore & Langdon, Messrs. Harkness & Sons, and Messrs.
Artindale & Son were very effective and beautifully arranged.
The nurserymen and trade exhibits are worthy of special
mention, as they were of exceptional merit ; the roses were
magnificent and of the finest individual blooms. The collection
of herbaceous and hardy plants made a grand display, and
included some novelties and others of recent introduction that
attracted the notice of collectors of these popular plants.
Vegetables were excellent in all classes, being clean and
well grown. An improvement was noticeable on last year's
exhibits, doubtless owing to a more favourable season of
growth, and the staging and grouping quite satisfactory. The
competitive class for Sweet Peas was not well filled, there
VOL. 73. H

194

T'he Doncaster Show, 1912.

being only one exhibit, but this was excellent and well
merited the 1st prize which was awarded. The non-competitive
exhibits were in every way excellent and numerovis, and were
as good or even better than anything that had been seen this
season. The Show, clashing as it did with the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's Exhibition at Holland House, no doubt had
much to do with the lack of entries in some of the competitive
classes.

In concluding this report on the Doncaster Show, acknow-
ledgment should be made of the services rendered in
connection with the arrangements by the Local Honorary
Secretary, Mr. R. A. H. Tovey (Town Clerk), and the Local
Secretary, Mr. F. H. Chafer, whose father, the late Mr.
George Chafer, occupied the same official position in connection
with the previous Show in 1891.

It is a matter for general satisfaction that, notwithstanding
the great difficulties the Society had to contend with at
Doncaster, the result of the Show was not so bad as originally
anticipated. This was, in some measure, due to the generosity
of a number of exhibitors in the cattle, sheep and pig classes,
who either gave the whole of their fees or made contributions
towards meeting the Show expenses. The special fund so con-
tributed amounted to 290^. ,
given below : —
Marquess of Crewe, K.G.,
Earl of Coventry,
Earl of Derby,
Earl of EUesmere,
Earl of Feversham,
Earl of Rosebery, K.G.,
Lord Harlech,
Lord Middleton,
Lord Rothscbild,
Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes,

K.C.V.O.
Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart.,
Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O.,
Lady Greenall,
Sir Herbert Leon, Bart.,
Sir Oswald Moslev. Bart.,
Sir Peter C. Walker, Bart.,
C. R. W. Adeane,
Captain Clive Behrens,
Frank Bibby,
Alfred E. Blackwell,
Albert Brassey,
H. L. C. Brassey, M.P.,
J. H. Bridges,

IC Bedford Square,

Loudon, W.C.

2s., and a list of the donors is

Alexander Cross,

Lieut. -Col. Fergusson-Buchanan,

John C. Forster,

Kenneth Goscheu,

R. M. Greaves,

Arthur Green,

James Groves,

Fred Hardy,

R. Millington Knowles,

C. Venables Llewelyn,

W. Parkin Moore,

Charles Morris,

J. and R. Purvis,

J. McClymont Reid,

W. A. Sandeman,

C. ToUemache Scott,

Ernst Sehnier,

R. Silcock k Sons,

G. Murray Smith,

Lady Smyth,

R. J. Streatfeild,

Mrs. Townshend,

R. C. de Grey Vyner.

Thos. McRow.

195

MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS
EXHIBITED AT DONCASTER, 1912.

The entries this year for competition for the Society's Silver
Medal show a falling off from last year both in number and
interest, there being only forty-seven entries by thirty-one
firms, as against fifty-four in 1911 and fifty-eight in 1910, and
the Judges were only able to award two medals. This would
point to a lull in the inventive activities of our agricultural
implement manufacturers.

The following are the two awards that the Judges were able
to make : —

Catalogue No. Exhibitor. Nature of Implement.

830 Messrs. Trewhella Bros., Winch Grubber for pulling

6 Alma Street, Soho, Birmiughain. out trees and stumps.

3461 Mr. Alfred Hoyle, Don Foundry, Dry Sprayer or Fungicide

Doncaster. Distributor for Potatoes.

No. 830, Stand Ul.—The Winch Grubber exhibited by
Messrs. Trewhella Bros., G Alma Street, Soho, Birmingham,
is described as for pulling out trees and stumps, hauling logs,
and general use by contractors. Price 261. 10s. — This consists of
a strong miniature winch worked by means of a long lever with
a ratchet and pawl movement instead of the ordinary handle.
There are a pair of small wheels fitted to the front part to
enable it to be easily dragged about from tree to tree. There
are two speeds, the quicker worked by a ratchet and pawl on
the inside of the winding drum — this is used for hauling in
the slack of the rope and so saving time. The slower speed
is for the actual pulling up of the tree or stump, and is also
actuated by a ratchet and pawl, but at a very low speed, the
long handle being worked backwards and forwards, taking one
tooth for the movement of the handle in either direction.

The ropes used are of wii*e and capable of withstanding
a strain of from 20 to 30 tons. One end of the rope being fixed
to the winch the other is passed round a standing tree or under
the root of another stump in the ground. The anchorage must
naturally be more solid than the tree to be uprooted. The rope
is then passed round the pulley of a snatch block, the side of
which opens in a very simple manner to avoid having to thread
the rope through. The rope is then brought back to the winch
and fastened to the drum. A wire rope is now fastened to the
tree to be uprooted, either direct or to a sling that has already
been passed round it, and the end is brought back to the snatch
block where there is an ingenious clip round which the rope

H 2

196 Miscellaneous Implements ExJiihited at Doncaster, 1912.

is passed in a grooved channel, of sufficient diameter to avoid
too sharp a bend, and then under a cam-shaped clip ; the
heavier the pull the tighter the grip. The hooks that ai*e
necessary for the rope-ends are attached thereto by unravelling
the strands, passing them through a socket, and then inserting
a wedge between them at the back side and driving home.
This arrangement and the cam clip are of course not new, but
daring the trial the rope broke just at the wedge, and the joint
was re-made in about five minutes, showing this to be a quite
simple and practical fastening.

In case a stump is to be uprooted where there is no up-
standing part of the tree, a triangle is used to lift the rope high
enough to make the pull more in a vertical direction.

An oak stump of a tree some 15 in. diameter was operated
upon, and in thirty-five minutes, including the stoppage on

Fig. 1.— Winch Tree Grubber.

account of the breaking of the rope, it was pulled up and com-
])letely turned upside down, bringing with it a boll of earth
aliout 9 ft. diameter.

Four men operated the whole thing ; three of them working
hard at the lever, but only at the time of heaviest pull when
the roots were beginning to come out.

It is possible that the implement will be of most use in the
C'Olonies where large tracts have to be cleared of timber.

No. 3461, Stand 286. — Dr// Sprayer or Fungicide Distri-
h I (tor for Potatoes. Price 211. 10s.— Exhibited by Mr. Alfred
lloyle, Don Foundry, Doncaster. This seems to be a successful
attempt to produce a machine for distributing fungicide in a
dry state, it having been found that in some cases this method
of application is preferable to the wet process.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Doncaster, 1912. 197

The machine is easily drawn hy one horse, the driver being
seated on a hopper containing the fungicide. One wheel of the
machine drives a centrifugal fan or blower by means of a pitch
chain counter-shaft and belt ; the other wheel driving the
feeding arrangement which is simply a pitch chain passing
along the l^ottom of the hopper and out of a hole at the back,
which hole has a movable plate to increase or diminish the
opening. The speed of travel of the chain can also be varied
by changing the sprocket on which it works. The fungicide
is carried forward through the opening and di'ops into a scoop
at the intake of the fan which delivers the air charged with

.'. ,, sprayer or Fungicide Distributor.

fungicide into flexible tubes at the back, the ends of which are
easily adjusted to blow the dust under or over the leaves of the
plants as the machine is drawn along. On coming to the end
of a row the feed is cut off by a foot lever worked by the driver.
The capacity of the machine is three rows at a time, that is,
each side of the two central rows and one side of each of the
outside rows. It is evident that the spraying should be done
when the plants are damp. Fungicide being poisonous, the
machine was tried with lime which, although it was rather
damp, having been freshly slaked, seemed to be distributed
evenly and with ease.

108 Miscellaneous Implements Exliihited at JJoncaster, 1912.

With reference to the other entries which were not awarded
a medal, the following merit some notice : —

No. 1686. Stand 184. — Combination Horse Collar and
Hames. Price 21. complete. — Exhibited by Messrs. J. and H.
Keyworth and Co., 35 Tarleton Street, Liverpool. This seems
to be a successful attempt to enable a horse to pull his load
with greater freedom to himself. The collar has the hames
incorporated in it, this being hinged at the throat and clipped
at the top, and opening enough to slip on. There is also an
ingenious hook worked by a lever for instantly detaching the
trace in case of the horse falling, and yet it is not at all likely
to detach itself.

No. 1915, Stand 198. — Expanding Horse Hoe. Price '61. 15s.
— Exhibited by Messrs. George Brown & Son, Victoria Works,
Leighton Buzzard. The carriers of the tines of this hoe are
moved outward by pinions worked from the rear, each carrier
having a rack engaging with a pinion on the top of one side
and the bottom of the other, so that revolving the pinions
one way extends the tines and the other way contracts them,
their motion being parallel to each other. One set screw locks
them all. The ends of the carriers are divided and renewable
and changeable blades being slipped in between them are
secured with a single bolt. The boxes in which the racks slide
being bolted to each side of the frame of the tool make a very
rigid job.

Potato Diggers. — There are the two following Potato
Diggers working on different lines but which really have the
same object in view, viz., to deliver the potatoes immediately
behind the machine and as much as possible in a line, to enable
the pickers to gather them up easily. It will l)e manifest that a
good way to accomplish this is to screen the earth from the
potatoes and then deposit them on the top of the ground,
thus ensuring that there are none of them buried.

No. 3016, Stand 263. — Exhibited by the Agricultural Imple-
ment Company (Dundee), Ltd., 10 Reform Street, Dundee.
Price 111. — This machine does this by fitting just behind a
horizontal share a revolving screen furnished with internal
worms which take the earth containing the tubers from the
share, and while conveying the same backwards and upwards,
riddles the earth from the potatoes and delivers them in a
good position for gathering (see Fig. 3).

No. 35G8, Stand 290.— Exhibited by Messrs. H. Bushell
& Sons, Railway Street, York, Price 16/. 10s. — This machine
does the same thing by fitting three cages revolving one behind
the other with their axes across the drills, thus riddling the
soil and carrying the potatoes to the rear where they are
deposited on the top of the already riddled soil.

Miscellaneous Implements Exliihited at Doncaster, 1912. 199

The Judges regret that it was not possible to try these
machines, as a comparison of the draught required by each, as
well as a test of their actual capacity for doing the work
claimed for them, would have been very instructive.

No. 3719, Stand 293.— Conical Turnip Cutter. Exhibited
by Messrs. Blackstoue.& Co., Stamford. Price 4/. 10s. — The
usual barrel, instead of being horizontal, works in a vertical
position and is conical, it being driven by bevel gear. There
are three sets of knives and three hoppers, which, however,
cannot contain any large quantity of turnips. The last piece
of the turnip is cut into strips by a knife fixed in the casing
of the machine so that no fiat pieces are delivered in the feed.

Fig. 3— Potato Digger.

No. 3832, stand 297. — Chaffcuiter Knife Sharijerier. Ex-
hibited by Messrs. E. H. Bentall & Co., Heybridge, Maldon,
Essex. — It will be known that the sharpening of chaff cutter
knives is not a rapid nor easy operation. In this firm's chaff-
cutter, as shown, the fly-wheel carrying the knives can be cast
loose by undoing a couple of nuts at the hub, the shaft then
revolving without a wheel. To each of the arms carrying
the knives a small lug with a hole bored in it is cast, into
which is inserted the pivot of an arm carrying a small emery
wheel which is driven by a round leather belt from the now
freely revolving shaft. The emery wheel is tilted to the proper

^00 Miscellaneous Implements JExhilnted at Doneaster, 1912.

angle for grinding the knife, the cutting-edge of which is struck
"witli the radius of the arm from the pivot mentioned above.
As soon as one knife is sharpened the arm is shifted to the
next one.

The engines exhibited on this stand are fitted with a spark
intensifier of an ingenious description. The magnetos are
rotary instead of the ordinary ones that flick back to generate
the spark. Instead of the connection between the 2 to 1 shaft
and the magneto being solid the two are connected by a coiled
spring, the action being as follows : — If at a point in the revo-
lution of the shaft the magnet be stopped by a catch it will
compress the spring, and on the release of the catch the spring
causes the magneto to revolve quickly to make up for lost time
and motion. This release is timed by a cam so as to produce
the spark at the correct moment. As the engine gathers speed
this cam causes the catch to dance about till by an extra high
jump which is bound to occur sooner or later it hooks itself
out of action. The resistance of the magneto is of itself not
sufficient to have any effect upon the spring, and the whole
now revolves as if it was a solid connection.

No. 4401, Stand 347. Steaming mid Molasses Mixer.
Price 47?. 15.s.— Exhibited by Mr. Chas. L. De Wilde Reader,
Hursley, near Winchester. This machine possibly owes its
inception to the shortness of the root crop in some districts
last year when the mixtiire of molasses with chaff proved so
useful. The chaff is fed into a hopper in which are two spiked
rollers which distribute it evenly so as to pass it down in a fiat
vertical stream past the mouths of two steam molasses injectors,
one on each side. These injectors are fed with molasses and
steam under control by valves, the one pipe inside the other,
so that the molasses is kept up to boiling point, till they arrive
together at the mouths of the injectors where they are sprayed
in a fan shape on to the stream of falling chaff. The treated
material then falls on to a band conveyor which delivers it on
to the floor ready for use.

No. 4570, Stand 365. — " Compact um " Roller Mill Plant.
Price 425?. — Exhibited by Messrs. Samuelson & Co., Banbury.
This is a very compact plant of complete roller mill, with
wheat separator, suitable for the Colonies. Special attention
has been given to making it quite independent of the buildings
containing it so that it may be erected and covered with a
corrugated ii'on building. The capacity is naturally small.

This exhausts the notice your Judges think should be pub-
lished in the Journal of the Implements entered for the Silver
Medal.

It is interesting to note the continuance of the tendency, as
mentioned in last year's Journal, of makers to turn their

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Doncaster, 1912. 201

attention to small power engines usin^ either petrol or paraffin.
A noticeable feature of these engines this year is the placing of
the cylinder inside a water box as it were, instead of using the

usvral water jacket and separate tank for cooling. This is a
system to be commended. Nothing could be simpler both to

202 Miscellaneous Tmj^lements Exhibited at Doncaster, 1912.

manufacture and to maintain in use. The temperature of the
cylinder quickly attains that of boiling water, and it is a well
known fact that this class of engine works to most advantage
when fairly hot. There is also less chance of freezing of pipes
in winter. A good example of these engines was seen at
Stand 339, The Eagle Engineering Company, Warwick.

Some other engines were noticed with a water cooling
arrangement consisting of a cone of wire gauze on to the apex
of which the water was pumped after passing through the
jacket ; the gauze exposing a large surface to the air while the
water trickled over it. This arrangement is not nearly so
simple as the one mentioned above, nor in any degree more
efficient. It is possible that the "American Invasion," so
prominent on Stand 346 of the Associated Manufacturers' Co.,
London, N.W., is responsible for this innovation. The engines
displayed on this Stand are remarkably clieaj^, ranging from
161. is. 6d. for 2^ H.P. to 3Sl. for 6 H.P., but as regard finish
and design our makers have no need to fear comparison.

One looks in vain for a great extension of the Diesel or
Semi-Diesel system from the engines shown last year. There
are a few such engines which claim to work with heavy crude
oil. It is well to bear in mind that Semi-Diesel is somewhat
of a misnomer. Dr. Diesel's system works with a very high
compression necessitating extremely accurate and sound work-
manship, the cost of which militates against its employment
for purely agricultural work. An air compressor also is
necessary for compressing the air to start the engine and inject
the oil in the form of a spray. The cycle of the Diesel engine
is as follows : — The shaft having been turned till the piston
is just commencing its working stroke, air, previously com-
pressed by a compressor attached to the engine itself, to some
500 lb. a square inch, is admitted, giving an impulse and start-
ing the engine. On the compression stroke the air enclosed in
the cylinder i^ heated to a high temperature, and at the top of
the stroke the oil is sprayed into the cylinder by means of
compressed air, and burns, being ignited by the hot air itself.
In the so-called Semi-Diesel the compression does not usually
go above 120 to 150 lb., and the oil alone is squirted into a
bulb at the head of the cylinder previously heated by a lamp
but which afterwards is kept hot by the subsequent explosions.

It will thus be seen that it is unlikely the Diesel proper
will come into general use for agricultural purposes owing
to higher cost and greater complication. The Semi-Diesel
must always suffer from the necessity of having to heat the
bulb with a lamp or of starting on petrol with electric ignition.

A good example of a simple engine is seen on Stand 304,
Messrs. Robey & Co., driving a dynamo. It is of a vertical two

AfisceU'ineous Implements ]^d'hiJnted at Doneaster, 1912. 20?)

stroke type without any valves in the cylinder, the piston
forming its own valve by uncovering exhausts and inlet ports,
the incoming scavenging charge of air having been compressed
in the crank chamber. The oil injection pump is worked by
an eccentric with a variable throw controlled by a shaft governor.

FIG.

-Crude Oil Engine.

As regards tractors for ploughs and purely agricultural use,
as apart from light road tractors, it would appear as if the
evolution of this machine is not yet sufficiently advanced to be
able to say the type and form the tractor will eventually take.
It is possible that when it is more standardised the Society may
see their way to have competitive trials.

In the Ideal Agricultural Motor, Stand 311, there is fitted
an arrangement whereby either driving wheel may be locked
while the opposite one revolves, thus turning the machine on
its own axis, which should be useful in ploughing. Both
wheels can also be locked so as to revolve together when they
tend to slip. The spuds on the wheels extend through the rim
to the hub where their ends work against a roller path which
can be raised or lowered from the footplate, thus forcing them
into the ground when required.

204 Miseelhineovs Implements J^o'hihited at T)onraster, 1912.

Messrs. John Fowler & Co., Leeds, exhibit an Internal
Combustion Tractor which closely resembles an ordinary
steamer. The engine is horizontal, placed on the top of the
boiler, and the gear for driving the road wheels and also the
winding drum is placed in what corresponds to the fire box.
It is possible that the attempt to make a machine driven by an
internal combustion engine exactly on the same lines as the
well-tried steam engine type is correct, but there is no doubt a
too slavish copy would not be advantageous.

A parallel instance may be cited as regards the Diesel
engine for marine work, that the main outline of the well-tried
ordinary steam marine engine with its side levers, &c., &c.,
should be retained. The truth probably lies as usual between
the two extremes, and one may look for development of an
individual type of motor tractor.

Several makers are attempting to effect economy by using
superheated steam. Messrs. Richard Garrett & Sons, Stand
2.52, show a traction engine with super heater. The smoke box,
looked at from the front, is TJ shaped. The bed of the super
heater forms the base of the chimney and the tubes project into
the smoke box, the whole closing in the top of the U would
appear to be fairly accessible.

It will be interesting to see whether in practical use the
gain is sufficient to warrant the extra cost and complication of
this and other superheaters in view of the fact that tube clean-
ing must of necessity be rendered more difficult.

The Daimler Stand 253 is rendered conspicuous by an
enormous tractor of 105 H.P., suitable it is stated for drawing
a 21 furrow plough. The engine is 6-cylinder of the usual
sleeve type and has to have a small single cylinder engine to
start it.

An agricultural tractor and chassis with a well-designed
back axle are also shown.

Messrs. Barford and Perkins, Stand 280, show a number of
road rollei's. No. 3217 would seem to be a somewhat new
departure on the principle of " a stitch in time " for road-
mending. It carries its own supply of water for sprinkling
and a certain amount of road material so that it can be taken
along a road and a few stones put down, watered, and rolled in
wherever an incipient pot hole is found — the same process of
mending as is so largely carried out on the best French roads
where a hole is filled in at once with a handful of stones which
are consolidated with a hand rammer.

Several Suction Gas Plants are shown. No. 3192, Messrs.
Ruston, Proctor, & Co., is a producer which is fed with refuse
pieces of wood and sawdust from a sawmill. The fuel hopper has
not the usual slide at the bottom, which obviously could not be

Miseellaneoxis Implements EivIiibUed at Doncaster, 1912. 205

forced through a pile of wood and sawdust, but is made much
longer and kept continuously full, there being no chance of
weakening the gas by drawing in air while filling up with fuel.
The gas is drawn off by two pipes instead of one ; these have
movable scrapers nearly fitting the inside of the pipe, so that
while one is being used to scrape the pipe free from dust and
tar the gas flows down the other. These pipes deliver into the
usual water scrubber which opens at the bottom into a water-
sealed hopper with a large mouth to enable a shovel to enter in
order to remove dust and ash. The gas is afterwards passed
through a centrifugal tar extractor, driven in this case by an
electric motor ; in practice, no doubt, it would be driven by the
engine direct. It is interesting to note that no water is required
under the grate, the moisture in the wood and sawdust being
sufficient.

The tendency of governing suction gas engines seems to be
towards the use of the throttle instead of the " hit and miss "
arrangement, as being more calculated to keep the fire nicely
burning so that a sudden demand for gas may more readily be
met by the producer.

At Stand 38G, the Associated Portland Cement Co. have an
attractive exhibit showing the use of concrete as adapted to
farm and estate use. This Company's stand was very fully
noticed in last year's report, but new uses of concrete are
continually being found. The writer now makes his cottage
windows, two muUions and three lights, the centre one to open,
cast in one piece with sill and head. The glass is set in a
rebate formed in the casement without any other frame, and
the casement which opens is itself made of cement, the hinges
being cast in place, so that there is no fitting, no painting, and
no w^oodwork to rot ; the whole being cheaper than when
made of oak.

I have to thank my fellow judge, Mr. J. B. Ellis ; the
Stewards of Implements, Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis and the
Hon. J. E. Cross ; and the Society's engineer, Mr, F. S.
Courtney, for the great help given by them in getting through
the business of the judging of the new implements.

Harry W. Buddicom.

Penbedw,
Mold.

206

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION EXHIBITION,
DONCASTER, 1912.

The Education Exhibition was once more under the direction
of Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., and was for the most part
housed in one buikling adjoining the Forestry exhibits as in
previous years. A departure was, however, made at Doncaster,
in that the exhibits of the University of Leeds and the York-
shii'e Council for Agricultural Education were to be found in a
special pavilion separated from the main building. As in 1911,
the Agricultural Colleges were less numerously represented
than in some previous years, Init this would be explained by
the fact that the locality of the Show chanced to be somewhat
remote from many of the teaching and experimental institutions.
The general public, however, manifested a very keen interest
in this section of the Show, and apart from the passing curiosity
aroused by the various exhibits in the minds of the holiday-
makers, it was gratifying to note that the exhibition is regarded
not merely as an occasion for " window-dressing " but as an
opportunity by wdiich the teacher of agricultural science and
the investigat(n- of agricultural problems can get closely into
touch with the rank and file of practical farmers. The advantage
to both parties from these informal meetings and discussions
will be obvious to all.

Of late years it has been increasingly noticeable that the
visitors to the Education Exhibition include an entirely new
class in the persons of the elementary school teachers, and their
scholars. In proportion as the College exhibits have become
fewer, so have those from the elementary schools increased, and
at Doncaster a large part of the building was given up to the
Nature Study and Rural Education Exhibition organised by the
County Councils Association. The various exhibits took an
extraordinary range and need not be particularised here, but
although the problem of the retention of the labourer on the
land is much more than a mere question of education, it is
obvious that the introduction of hand and eye training into the
school curriculum marks a distinct advance in educational
methods.

The Royal Agricultural Society of England. Woburn Experi-
mental Station. The closing of the Cattle Classes at the
Doncaster Show drew more attention to the other departments
of the exhibition, and caused a larger number of visitors to come
to the Agi'icultural Education tent. Mr. H. M. Freear was, as
usual, in attendance throughout.

The new matter shown consisted principally of exhibits
illustrating (1) the effect of heating soil, (2) the influence of
lime on natural and heated soils, (3) the heating of acid soil,

Agricultural Education Exhibition, Doncaster, 1912. 207

(4) the use of inoculating material for leguminous plants, (5)
the effect of growing deep-rooting plants and grasses for the
eradication of wild onion.

1. Heatiyig of soil. — The soil used was the light sandy loam
of the Woburn farm, one pot containing the natural soil and
another the same soil after heating it to 100*^C. Sweet peas
were grown in each pot, but there was no evidence, in the
relative growth, of any lieneficial result from the heatiug.
Former experiments with wheat on this same soil, however,
have shown benefit to accrue from the heating, and it may be,
therefore, that the nature of the crop constitutes an important
factor in the case.

2. Influence of lime on natural and heated soils. — The
soil here used was black land from the Cambridgeshire fens.
On this a barley crop will not grow well, and, even when lime
is added, little benefit is seen. But it was found (and here
shown) that if the soil be heated to 80''C. and then lime applied,
there is a most marked benefit.

3. Heating of acid soil. — The soil of plot 2b of the con-
tinuous barley experiments (which had been rendered acid
through the long use of sulphate of ammonia) was subjected to
heating, to see if this benefited the soil. But the result was
shown not to be satisfactory, the barley crop not being even as
good as on the acid soil without heating, and affording a great
contrast to the marked benefit produced by the use of lime.
The weed growth (mainly spurry) was, however, quite checked
by the heating.

4. Inoculation of leguminous crojjs. — The crop tried was
beans. In one pot beans were sown in the ordinary way, and
in another the beans were steeped in a new American prepara-
tion for inoculation purposes before being planted. As the
plants grew, there seemed to be some slight benefit from the
inoculation. Subsequent weighing of the crop confirmed this,
there being more pods and also beans from the treated seed,
though the total weight was only slightly increased. There
was, however, considerably more straw where inoculation
took place.

5. Eradication of Wild Onion. — This exhibit, perhaps
more than any other, attracted attention. It consisted of soil
from two plots on a field at Chelsing, Ware, on which wheat
was growing. In one case the soil had been left cultivated in
the ordinary way, and here wild onion was very prominent and
the plants growing vigorously. In the other the land had been
laid down four years previously with a mixtui-e of deep-rooting
grasses and plants (Elliot's mixture), then ploughed up and
wheat sown. Here there were only one or two wild onion
plants left and these very attenuated in growth. The soil too

208 Agricultural Education Exhibition, Doncaster, 1912.

was quite altered in texture, being rendered much more open
and porous.

The exhibit embraced the continuation of previous work,
including illustration of the effect of magnesia on the wheat
plant, and o£ the effect on root growth of (a) heating soil, (b)
acidity, (c) the addition of lime and of magnesia.

In addition there were the usnal exhibits of plans and
photographs of the farm and of special plots, and of the
collected results set out in tabular form.

The Botanical Department of the Society was responsible
for a valuable exhibit which included cultures showing the
effect of artificial manures on the extent to which wheat suffers
from rust and mildew. Specimens of Professor Biffen's new
varieties of wheat and barley were also exhibited.

The Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston, Derby.
—The exhibits from this institution included a fine collection
of cheeses of all sorts, made at the College — Cheddar, Derbj^,
Leicester, Cheshire, Caerphilly, and some of the continental
soft cheeses. Perhaps the most interesting feature of the stall
was that dealing with the manuring of grass-land for milk.
These experiments have been carried on now for some years,
and although the dressing of lime, superphosphate, and sulphate
of potash recommended is very expensive, the effect on the
milk-yield is little short of extraordinary. Other exhibits
included cultures of various organisms, both useful and injurious
in the dairy ; the composition of milling offals and their
adulterants ; and diagrams and photographs illustrative of
experimental work in several other directions.

The College of Agriculture and Horticulture, Holmes Chapel,
Cheshire. — An interesting series of specimens showing wart
disease (black scab) in potatoes Avas shown by this College, with
trays showing the distribution of varieties of potatoes said to
be immune. An insect pest which has been the cause of
serious losses in the oat crop, the frit fly, was exhibited, with
examples of damaged plants. This pest has been very prevalent
in many districts during the past year or two, and the damage
d(me by it is not infrequently confused with that due to
eelworm. Plots of turf, showing the effect of different
manures, were exhibited, and also a series of veterinary
specimens illustrative of the diseases of farm stock.

The University of Leeds and the Yorkshire Council for Agri-
cultural Education. — This exhibit, which occupied a separate
pavilion at some little distance from the other Agricviltural Edu-
cation exhibits, may not unfairly be described as the most im-
portant both in point of view of size and also of scope. Specimens
were shown covering the whole range of the agricultural work
of the University, and they aroused very considerable interest

AgriculUiral Education Exhibition, Doncaster, 1912. 209

amongst the visitors. A noticeable feature was the case con-
taining materials taken from the crops of many species of
birds, and the quantity and the variety of the food of the
wood-pigeon was particularly striking. The zoological section
also included exhibits illustrative of the life histories of insects
injurious to farm and garden crops. The recent discoveries as
to the effect on the growth of crops produced by first heating
the soil, were well illusti-ated, and many diagrams showing the
results of field experiments throughout Yorkshire, the manurial
value of foods, the composition and value of hay made from
grass cut at different times, &c., were exhibited. A large series
of turf samples illustrated the effect of various manures. In
the dairying section were shown examples of dairy produce
made by the students, including cheeses, butter, and clotted
cream, and amongst the more popular exhibits were bottled
fruits, home-made wines, examples of blacksmiths' work, and
so on. Daily demonstrations were given of poultry trussing
and fruit bottling.

The Agricultural Education Association was represented, as
in previous years, by a stand containing copies of prospectuses
and reports from the various Agricultural Colleges throughout
the kingdom.

Exhibit of Home-grown Tobacco. — A new feature in this
section of the Show was Major G. F. Whitmore's exhibit of
tobacco grown by him at Methwold, in Norfolk. Every stage
of growth and production was shown, from the seed of the
tobacco plant to the finished article. In view of the proposals
for the growth of tobacco in this country, it might be of
interest to record here the existing relaxations of restrictions
upon tobacco-growing in England and Wales under the
Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910. This Act makes provision to
permit the growth of tobacco subject to licence from H.M.
Commissioners of Customs and Excise. Further, under the
provisions of this Act, rebate of one-third of the existing
duty of 3s. 6d. per lb. is allowable to growers upon a total of
100 acres for the years 1911, 1912, and 1913, subject to the
approval of the Board of Agriculture and H.M. Commissioners
of Customs and Excise. To growers under this allowance of
rebate, a further concession has been made by H.M. Com-
missioners in waiving the licence fee, and also the bond
which the grower is required to enter into according to the
letter of the regulations framed to meet the provisions of the
Act.

The Britisli Tobacco Growers Society has made an appli-
cation to H.M. Treasury for a grant in aid of its work from
the Development Fund, and their application is now under
consideration.

210

FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT DONCASTER,

1912,

The Forestry Exhibition at Doncaster consisted of 113 entries,
and although not containing, perhaps, as many entries as were
shown at Norwich, by the interesting character of the exhibi-
tions and the improved and excellent staging, it quite maintained
the high-class character for which these shows are now attaining
a well-deserved reputation. In fact, a very great improvement
was noticed in that the exhibits were better shown and more
readily seen than last year, and the whole effect was distinctly
good. The new arrangement of the buildings, which were so
placed that they connected directly with the space set aside
for Agricultural Instruction by a covered verandah, in which
planks and other heavy exhibits could be shown without undue
crowding, was an improvement which the stewards obtained
from the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, and the
alteration entailed was fully justified, as it gave the exhibits
of rare trees and shrubs a most welcome shelter in the form
of an enclosure on three sides, helping very largely to show
them off and to give a finishing touch to the whole Forestry
exhibit. Mr. George Marshall and Mr. C. Coltraan Rogers,
the two stewards, are to be congratulated upon the marked
improvement in the structural arrangement and staging
generally.

One noticed especially the outside exhibits by Messrs.
Dickson, Fisher Son & Sibray, and Kent & Brydon, which did
much to beautify the Forestry section. The exhibition of
trees, including a great many of considerable rarity, was of
the greatest educational interest. These three exhibits attracted
a good deal of attention, and it was noticed that there were
always several visitors specially interested in identifying the
specimens, which were all fully and clearly named. Messrs.
Dickson's exhibit was entered in Class 13, and awarded a
silver medal for the best exhibit of specimen and ornamental
trees.

The planks exhibited in the first four competitive classes
were not so numerous as last year. Amongst these, however,
special notice may be made of a good specimen of oak, which
was shown by Sir John W. Ramsden, Bart., and one fine larch
plank by the Earl of Feversham. An exceptionally' fine exhibit
by P. T. Davies Cooke, Esq., in Class 20 was awarded a silver
medal, in which the unusual planks of mulberry, catalpa,
apricot, and almond were found, with a very fine plank of

Forestry Exhihition at Doncaster^ 1912. 211

Quercus Coccinea. It should be mentioned here that, although
the planks for competition were not numeroiis, those shown
in the exhibition classes were in great variety and numbers.

The gates were good all through, and difficult to place, but
it was noticed that in some instances the exhibitors had failed
to take into consideration that one of the chief points was
economy. The wood used was of good quality generally, but
in some cases knotty and showing more sap wood than should
be seen. Also it would be advisable to point out here that
where bolts are used care should be taken to cut off the ends
to prevent them standing out foul. The prices given were a
great help. In Class 5, for an Oak Field Gate for Farm Use, the
first prize was won by Mr. Charles Thellusson, and the second
by Lord Fitzwilliam. It should always be borne in mind by
exhibitors that a gate for farm use is for general field use, and
cannot include a gate which is more suitable for an entrance
gate to the farmhouse than for general purposes. In Class tJ,
for a Field Gate of any other Home-grown Wood, Sir Tatton
Sykes and Lord Carnarvon won first and second prizes
respectively. In this class the quality of the wood used very
largely influenced the award. In Class 7, for a Wicket or
Hunting Gate, the first prize went to Sir Tatton Sykes for a
very cheap strong gate of good wood and well put together.
In judging these three classes the points of special interest
appeared to be the cost, the quality of the wood, degree of
excellence in the ironwork, and most of all the workmanship,
such as carefulness and pains showai in the mortising and
general construction, indicating that thought had been expended
in the endeavour to avoid weakness at any point, general
rigidity, and avoidance as far as possible of places where wet
might enter and cause decay.

Mr. Charles Thellusson's Tree Guard fully deserved its silver
medal, conforming so well to the requirements of the class by
being made to open. It was at the same time the most prac-
tical exhibit in the class. The rails, also, are fitted close
enough to prevent stock putting their heads through the bars,
which is an important consideration.

In Class 9, for Fencing of Home-grown Wood, Lord Yar-
borough's creosoted fencing won the first prize, but one might
here emphasise the difficulty of judging such very different
descriptions of fencing in one class as chestnut, pale, and
creosoted fencing. Perhaps some method can be devised to
divide the classes better another year.

The fencing shown by Messrs. Armstrong, xVddison & Co.
and Messrs. English Bros, was a most useful exhibit, especially
as the cost was clearly stated, so that all the different classes
of fencing could be compared.

212 Forestry Exhibition at Doncn.tter, 1912.

In Class 12, for Specimens of Stems and Boards, sliowing
the effect of dense and tbin crops, Lord Yarborough's exhibit
won the silver medal. It afforded the best education possible,
and showed most clearly the enormous advantage of dense
planting. The whole object of the Forestry Exhibition is
educational, and such exhibits as that mentioned above cannot
be too highly praised, as it was evident to any one glancing at
it that the old and bad order of forestry, when trees Avere
planted 6, 7, and 8 ft. apart, and then thinned out constantly,
could result only in ruination of the timber for commercial
purposes, and as to the financial result could lead but direct
to bankruptcy. In perhaps a lesser degree, but just as forcibly,
the same point is repeated over and over again thi'oughout the
Show, both as to branch suppression and the effects of good
and bad pruning. So many of the woods on the smaller
estates are in the immediate control of woodmen, who, although
they cai-ry out their duties conscientiously and well, cannot
be expected to know how important pruning and close planting
are. Their want of knowledge can be most easily and quickly
remedied by their attendance at the Forestry Exhibitions of
the Royal Agricultural Society, and it is to be hoped that all
owners of woodlands will endeavour to arrange for their
woodmen to visit whenever possible these Shows, as it is
certain that the benefit derived will very soon make itself
apparent in the improved methods of sylviculture on their
estates.

The Duke of Northumberland's exhibit of the life history
of Scots fir wood proved to be so realistic that one could
hardly believe that the trees had not always grown on the
Showground, and very great credit is due to Mr. Gillanders
for this marvellously lifelike representation. Especially inter-
esting were the specimens showing the effects of good and
bad methods of pruning, object lessons which all should take
to heart.

Messrs. Flatter & Co.'s exhibition of microscopical structure
of forest trees and plants must also be mentioned. The hand-
painted slides were exquisitely worked.

Lord Yarborough's large exhibition was so full of interest
that it would require many hours to explore. The time and
patient hard work which Mr. Havelock must have given to it
alone deserved a medal, and the extraordinary diversity of the
different groups fully justified the award of the gold medal.

The collection of burrs and witches brooms was unique.
It was difficult to realise how a collection of 178 hand specimens
could be accumulated from one estate.

The planks and round wood ripped, showing the effect of
creosoting, and also the fencing, treated and untreated, made

Forestry Kd'hihition at Jhrncaster, 1912. 213

one realise the great iniportauce to landowners of using creosote
to save the cost of upkeep on estates where wood fences are
a constant source of expenditure. Shown side by side were
larch posts untreated after eleven years' use, rotten where
they entered the soil from the action of air and water, and
evidently requiring immediate renewal, as against creosoted
spruce and other woods which had been in the ground for
from fifteen to seventeen j^ears, and were as good as when
they were put down. The latter showed no sign of decay,
with their edges as sharp as when they came from the saw,
and all the saw marks on them still. The extra cost of
creosoting was thus repaid over and ovei- again.

Mention must also be made of the Duke of Wellington's
exhibit, "svhich was very extensive and of great interest. The
specimen seedling trees were most carefully staged, and the
effect of close planting in young coverts, shown by specimen^
of small trees taken from plantations where the plants stood
3 ft., 3 ft. 6 in., and 4 ft. apart, was most clearly demonstrated
to be that of the complete suppression of branches.

A very extensive collection of seeds and cones, with hand
specimens of various Avoods, made up a most attractive staging,
and showed that great care and trouble had been taken.

In conclusion, the Judges wish to thank the two stewards
for their courteous assistance, and also to congratulate them
on the excellence of the Show, as they feel convinced that a
more interesting and instructive exhibition it would be difficult
to get together. When one realises the time and trouble that
stich collections mean to those who have made them, and the
still greater trouble, to say nothing of the cost, that is required
to pack and stage them, one really wonders how it is that the
Royal Agricultural Society contrived to get them together at
all, and not only to get them together, but to vary this
interesting entertainment every year. So far, however, it
has been accomplished, and those interested in Forestry can
but feel very grateful to all concerned for their assistance
on such occasions, and the Judges wish to express that
gratitude here most cordially.

J. C. Blofeld.

Hoveton House,
Norfolk.

214

REPORT OF JUDGES ON PLANTATIONS
AND HOME NURSERIES COMPETITION,

1912.

In order that competitors and others should, while interest
was still keen, be placed in possession of detailed information
with regard to the points that led the Judges to arrive at their
decisions, permission was given to publish a Report in the July
issue of the Quarterly Journal of Forestry. In that Report the
various classes were taken up seriatim, and the character of the
exhibits was discussed in detail. It would seem undesirable
that the same formal treatment should be adopted for the
present purpose, it being considered more useful to call atten-
tion to the outstanding features of Yorkshire forestry as brought
to the Judges' notice on the occasion of their inspection in the
month of June. In another part of this issue (pages Ixxxvi
and Ixxxvii) a record of the awards will be found.

During our examination of the woods presented for our
inspection we were occasionally impressed with the compara-
tively successful results that were being obtained under
unfavourable conditions, such as high altitude, severe exposure,
or unfavourable soil. At first we were inclined to think that in
making the awards we should take these considerations into
account, that is to say, it at first sight appeared to be not un-
reasonable to put an intrinsically inferior exhibit before another
in the prize list, when the former was comparatively successful
in the face of serious obstacles, even if the latter was showing a
greater volume and value of timber attained in a given time. A
man might be deserving of much more credit in attaining mode-
rate success in the face of unusual difiiculties than another man
who had obtained a larger measure of success with everything
in his favour. But if we ever seriously contemplated giving
effect to this idea we abandoned it at an early stage, having in
mind the method followed in awarding the prizes of the Society
for live stock. When a number of animals are placed before
the Judges the latter take no account of the ownership or origin
of the animals. It may be that some of the animals belong to
small tenant farmers who have obtained creditable results in
face of insufiBcient capital, unsatisfactory buildings, an inclement
climate, or poor land ; whereas other animals may be owned by
men who have been able to command every factor making for
success. But the Judges take account only of the merit of the
individual animals submitted, and pay no attention to the
circumstances under which they have been produced. Following
this line also we have judged the plantations without regard to
extraneous circumstances.

Plantatioyis and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912. 215

Seeds and Nursery Work. — In recent years a considerable
amount of scientific work has been done in various parts of the
world, with the view of proving what has long been suspected,
that within the limits of any particular species of tree there
may be many varieties of strains. Such varieties may be
distinguished from each other by morphological characters,
such as the shape and length of the leaves, the arrangement
of the branches, and the straightness of the stem ; or the
distinction may be physiological, taking the form of more
rapid growth, greater resistance to disease, and greater vigour.
No sharp line exists between these two types of varieties, but
it is convenient to class them in this way. In illustration one
may take the Scots pine {Pinifs silvefitris), a species widely
distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Seed of this species
has l^een collected at different altitudes and in different latitudes,
and from trees of robust growth with fine stems, as well as from
comparatively dwarfed individuals with twisted and knotty
boles : and it has been found that when such seed is sowed in
contiguous beds at any particular centre the resultant seedlings
differ greatly in character. At the end of, say, ten years certain
batches of seedlings may show perfectly satisfactory growth and
have attained to a height of perhaps 15 to 20 feet, while other
lots of seedlings may have remained stunted and misshapen,
and be no more than a few feet in height, holding out no
promise of ever forming satisfactory stems. In some cases it
may even be found that the seedlings have been unable to
survive at all, all having been cleared off by disease, or some
other influence, in their earliest years. Enough work has not
been done to enable British landowners and foresters to come
to a decision with regard to the best place from which to
obtain supplies of seed, whether of the Scots pine or of any
other species ; but the more the matter is looked into the
more does its importance impress intelligent planters. We
had an excellent example of this condition of things in the
case of six-year-old larches, growing on the estate of Ainsty.
These larches had l)een obtained from two different sources,
and whereas the one lot were gi'owing vigorously and proving
in every respect perfectly satisfactory, the other lot, of the
same age and growing alongside, consisted of comparatively
dwarfed individuals which gave little promise of yielding
satisfactory results.

Another consideration that should receive careful attention
in connection with nursery work is the selection of a site that
is not specially liable to spring frosts. The month of May
preceding our inspection contained several nights when the
thermometer fell l)elow the freezing point, and the results were
only too obvious, not only in nurseries but throughout young

216 Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912.

plantations generally. The situation most liable to spring frosts
is a damp hollow, and in selecting a site for a nursery an open
breezy situation should be selected. Of course, something can
be done to protect nursery stock against frost, apart altogether
from the influence of the situation. The seed beds are often
sheltered by boughs, matting, or screens, while plant beds can
receive considerable protection from rows of hardwood standards,
4 to 8 feet in height, that are being specially reared for avenue,
park, and hedgerow purposes.

If a nursery is too large to have its seed beds protected in
the foregoing manner, or standard trees are not required in
such abundance, a good plan is to plant rows of Lombardy
poplar at intervals on the north and west sides of the seed
flats, and after these poplars have grown to the desired height
for secure protection of the seedlings against frost, they can be
"topped " every two years to keep them in check. The sides
also can be readily trimmed, and as they are of conical growth
they do not spread their branches unduly over the adjoining
ground.

Another point that requires emphasising in regard to
nursery treatment is the desirability of fully utilising the
ground, and this is secured by seeing that the plants stand
sufficiently close together in the beds. In one nursery that
we visited the rows, and the interspacing between the plants
in the rows, were so wide that the young trees hardly touched
each other, and although strong, bushy plants were being pro-
duced in this way, the output was probably well under
one-half of what the nursery was capal)le of furnishing. We
are well aware that an equally serious mistake can be made
by overcrowding the nursery beds, but those in charge of a
nursei-y should attempt to strike the happy mean between the
two extremes.

It is unnecessary to dwell upon the importance of keeping
down weeds and, by frequent hoeing, preserving a fine tilth or
" crumb " on the surface, as these matters are generally well
understood and given effect to.

In connection with the planting of outlying areas, it is well
worth the attention of foresters to give consideration to the
establishment of a temporary nursery for the supply of the
requisite plants. If the area contains a piece of ground which
can be ploughed, or, in some other way, easily brought into a
condition to serve for the lining out of one-year-old seedlings,
considerable expense will later be saved in the matter of carriage
and carting. Moreover, greater success will attend the trans-
ference of plants from a niirsery close to the area to l)e planted
than will be the case where the trees have to be brought by
rail or even carted for some miles. When the trees are lifted

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912. 217

from such a temporary iiursery a sufficient number should be
left properly interspaced to grow up to form, part of the
permanent crop.

Nursing and Management of Hardwoods. — In all cases
brought to our notice where the intention was to produce a
final crop of hardwoods, these had been introduced at com-
paratively wide intervals, the rest of the ground having been
filled up with conifer nurses. The object of so doing is mainly
a dual one, namely to save expense in the first instance, and at
an early date to obtain some return in the form of useful
thinnings. An idea also prevails that if the nurses are more
quick growing than the permanent crop, the latter will be
forced up by the nursing species, but it is doubtful whether
there is much in this contention. Admitting that it is in many
cases desirable to introduce conifers as nurses for hardwoods,
it was evident that the nurses frequently consisted of too many
species. In the majority of cases such nurses consisted of
larch, Scots pine, and spruce, and of these the larch would
appear to be much the most suitable, for not only are the
plants obtainable at a reasonable price, but no species gives a
higher return in the form of thinnings. Moreover, the larch
is a tree, producing as it does comparatively small branches,
which is not unduly aggressive, while its rapid growth in youth
secures the advantage of shelter for the species with which it
is mixed. The Scots pine, on the other hand, produces wide-
spreading branches, which are apt to do much damage to less
vigorous hardwoods with which it may be associated. The
earlier thinnings, too, of Scots pine are of comparatively little
value. Spruce makes a better nurse in some respects than
Scots pine, partly because it is not so assertive in youth, and
consequently does not, to the same extent, encroach on neigh-
bouring species, and paitly because in can grow fairly well
under the shade of other trees. But Si-ruce thinnings, though
perhaps more serviceable than those of the Scots pine, are of
much less value than larch poles. It would appear, therefore,
that where hardwoods are to be nursed with conifers the
larch, alone or mixed with a thin sprinkling of spruce, should
be depended on to secure the objects in vieAV. We have, at a
later point, something to say on the comparative merits of the
European and Japanese larches.

The general method of establishing hardwood plantations
in Yorkshire would appear to be to set out oaks, beeches,
ashes, or whatever the species selected, at about 12 ft. intervals ;
that is to say, with lines 4 ft. apart, the hardwoods would
form every third plant in every third row, the rest of the
ground being occupied by the nursing conifers. The intention
of such an arrangement is that, when the conifers have all been

218 Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912.

removed in the thinnings, the liaixhvoods shall completely
occupy the gromid at 12 ft. intervals. In our opinion, however,
this system of management leaves much to be desired. If one
looks over an area of ground planted entirely with one species,
one will have no difficulty in seeing that within a few years
a certain proportion of the trees have grown much more
vigorously than the others, and it is these vigorous individuals
which, in a pure wood, one would retain to form the later
thinnings and final crop. In other words, in a pure wood one
has abundant opportunity for selecting strong plants which can
be retained, and of rejecting — that is to say, of clearing out in
the earlier thinnings — feeble and badly formed specimens
which can hold out no prospect of giving final satisfaction.
But if hardwoods are planted at 12 ft. intervals, say 300 to 350
per acre, they must all be retained, no matter whether they are
vigorous or feeble, dwarfed or unhealthy. Many cases were
brought to our notice where a large proportion of the hard-
woods were in such an unsatisfactory condition that, although
a pure wood of hardwoods would finally be left on the ground,
the volume and quality of the resultant timber could not fail
to be thoroughly unsatisfactory. If in place of planting the
hardwoods at 12 ft. intervals the whole stocking had been done
with hardwoods, the individuals left to occupy the ground, say
at thirty or forty years, would undoubtedly be much more
promising than under the present system. But by planting pure
hardwoods one loses the advantage of useful and remunerative
larch thinnings, and the attention of foresters should, therefore,
be given to attempting to secure both objects, namely, consider-
able latitude for selection, and a fair return about the twentieth
year from the thinnings. These objects can perhaps best be
combined either by planting nothing but hardwoods in every
third or fourth row, with the rest of the ground filled up with
larch, or by planting the hardwoods in groups of G to 10,
at 12 to 20 ft. intervals, and filling up with larch. In this
way a much freer hand would be given to selection of the
hardwoods to be finally retained ; and if the yield of larch
thinnings was somewhat reduced, we believe that the final
result would be more satisfactory. If the present system is
persisted in, it would at least be an improvement if the
hardwood plants to be used in sheltered situations were;allowed
to grow in the nursery lines until they are six years old, by
which time the individuals possessing strong constitutional
vigour could be easily picked out, and only these would be used
for planting at 12 ft. intervals, the plants rejected in- the
nursery being burned, or, in the case of beech at least, used for
forming hedges. Although this suggestion is put forward as
an improvement upon the present method, it cannot be said to

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competitioii, 1912. 210

offer so much prospect of final satisfaction as planting the
hardwoods in pare lines or in definite groups.

In all the young hardwood plantations that were brought
to our notice we found tliat a considerable amount of pruning
had been done. That pruning is unnecessary is proved by the
fact that it is an operation practically unknown in the fine
hardwood forests of the continent, but there the initial
stocking is much more dense, and the system of nursing is
practically unknown. Under our present system, however, it
must be recognised that a certain amount of attention must be
given to the removal of strong side branches and double
leaders ; but as this work is necessarily costly, it would seem
to be desirable to restrict it to the strong individuals that are
destined to stand at least to the middle life of the wood. If
pruning is done the separation of the branches should be
effected close to the bole, and nothing of the nature of a stump
or snag should be left. The latter system of pruning was much
in vogue about the middle of last century, but has long since
been aljandoned as thoroughly irrational by all intelligent
foresters, and yet it is necessary to call attention to the matter,
because in our tour of inspection we found that the practice is
hj no means obsolete in Yorkshire.

With regard to the time and manner of thinning, it may be
said that a great improvement has taken place during the last
few years. Formerly thinning began much too early, the result
being that the trees that were left were given room to produce
strong rough branches, with consequent knotty and inferior
timber in the bole. Now it is recognised that woods should be
kept sufficiently dense to secure the suppression of the lower
branches at a fairly early age, and as a rule we found that the
suliject of thinning was well understood and was being rationally
practised. Now and again, where game rather than timber was
the object in view, the woods had been over-thinned at an early
age ; and, on the other hand, we also found that the operation of
thinning was sometimes being unduly delayed, with the result
that there was excessive curtailment of the crowns. But
except for an occasional instance of error in the direction of one
or other of these extremes, we are glad to be able to say that
the thinning of woods is now conducted in an intelligent
manner.

Conifers. — When on the subject of pruning we may mention
that we seldom found any pruning of live branches of conifers
had been done, and in woods of reasonable density such
pruning is al^solutely unnecessary. We did, however, find that
frequently the dead branches of larches had been knocked
off by the use of a ])ole ; audi as such artificial cleaning of the
stems allows air to circulate more freely, ^and must also i-esult

220 Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912.

in the production of cleaner timber, we think that, on the
whole, it is an operation to be commended, although when the
cost is compared with the advantages gained it may be a little
doubtful whether it is a profitable operation.

We had several opportunities of comparing the relative
growth of Scots and Corsican pines, and on several occasions —
notably at Owston and Ronscliffe — the latter variety at the age
of twenty or thirty years was by far the stronger and more
hopeful species. We are, of course, aware of the higher death-
rate that attends the planting of Corsican pines, but on strong
land and at higher altitudes it would appear to be desirable to
give more attention to this species.

Three plantations of Japanese larch were brought to our
notice situated at altitudes between 700 and 900 feet, and in
the case of these Avoods the common larch of the same age was
growing alongside under similar conditions. We had thus an
excellent opportunity of revising our opinion of the respective
merits of these two species of larch, and we are bound to say
that the high estimation in which we have hitherto held the
Japanese species has been thoroughly confirmed. The Japanese
larch seems to get established more quickly after planting and
to take the lead of the other from the first, so that at the age of
ten years it is usually about two feet higher than the common
larch, the respective heights at that age l)eing about 18 and
16 ft. The death-rate, too, amongst recently set-out plants is
somewhat lower for the Japanese larch. While we saw many
instances of disease on the common larch we did not find a
single example on the Japanese larch growing under precisely
similar conditions. That the fungus causing the disease lives
on the dead branches of the Japanese larch is a matter of
common observation, but it is extraordinarily rare to find the
fungus growing parasitically on a living part of this species.
Mixed plantations of the two species are knoAvn to the writers
where practically everj^ stem of the common larch shows a
blister, whereas not a single canker spot is to be found upon
the stems of Japanese larch equally intermixed over the area
with the other species. There is no doubt that the Japanese
larch produces stronger and longer branches than the other,
and consequently it encroaches more upon other trees with
which it may be associated, and unless the plantation is kept
somewhat denser the stems on the whole are somewhat coarser.
But just because the Japanese larch produces a greater mass of
branches it more completely shades the ground, and in a shorter
period produces a dense covering of humus over the surface of
the soil. In the woods of Japanese larch ten years of age
ground vegetation had been so completely suppressed by the
dense shade, and the surface of the ground was so closely

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912. 221

covered with a thick carpet of humus, that not a blade of grass
or any other weed could be found over the area. It is also to
be noted that the stem of the Japanese larch is not quite so
straight as that of the other species, and for this reason, and
also on account of the stronger branches, it will probably be
found that the timber of the Japanese larch is not quite so
easy or "kindly" to work. But for such purposes as fencing
posts, or rough estate work, a lack of fineness of grain is a
matter of little consequence. The fact that the Japanese larch
produces a stem scarcely so straight as the other is an additional
reason for securing somewdiat greater density in the stocking of
Japanese woods. There is no doubt that in the younger stages
of growth the Japanese larch is much more decorative than
the other species, and few finer effects can be produced on a
winter landscape than a pure wood of Japanese larch ten to
twenty years of age, the pale rose-coloured branches giving a
warm glow to the mass. This efi'ect is specially emphasised when
the ground is covered with snow, and anyone who has seen
this effect is not likely soon to forget it. In the case of the
Japanese plantation at Bewerley we had an excellent example
of the great power of recovery possessed by the Japanese larch
when badly broken by snow. A few years ago this plantation,
which reaches to an altitude of 920 ft., was deeply buried
under snow-drifts, and when the thaw came it was found
that many of the trees had been badly broken by the weight
of snow. On the occasion of our visit, however, three years
after the damage was done, the effects were practically
unobservable.

It is worthy of note that nearly all plantations of Japanese
larch inspected by us in Yorkshire were situated at high
elevations, and this fact, no doubt, accounts, in a great measure,
for the success of the plantations. It is also to be borne in
mind that the long and severe drought of 1911 did not affect
the North of England nearly so badly as the South.

It may be here mentioned that althotigh the Japanese larch
has been so favourably commented upon in Yorkshire, there
are many plantations which are situated on low, flat elevations
in other parts of the country where this variety of larch died
off by thousands, especially where the land was poor and sandy.
The cause, no doubt, was lack of moisture ; some of these
trees now dead were planted five or six years ago and were 5
to 7 ft. high in 1910.

No doubt this variety of larch is an excellent tree for the
hillsides, but a warning note may not be altogether out of
place to future planters when it is urged that very careful
thought and attention should be given to situation before
forming a plantation on very dry ground.

£ s.
■^ 7

d.
6

0 5
0 3

8 per thnusand
0

0 8

-''

Acre.

1 3

2 14

0

£3 17

6

222 Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912.

Some interesting figures relating to cost of plants of Japanese
larch have been furnished by Mr. Maughan, agent on Jervaulx
Abbey estate, from the nursery there.

Cost of Plants.

The seed, 3 kilos (about 6^ lbs.), cost .

which yielded at least 12,00o (dants
Lining out in nursery ....

Cost of plants

Plants and jylanting per Acre

2,700 plants @ 8/8

Planting @ 2/- per 100

Total cost per acre .

These figures showing cost of raising the plants compare
very favourable" with the cost of purchasing, besides the saving
of carriage and the exposure of a journey. They are also
acclimatised from their infancy, and in consequence are much
more likely to succeed.

Insects, Diseases, and other Injuries. — On our inspection we
encountered examples of the work of the commoner forest
insects, but nowhere was the damage excessive. The oak leaf
roller caterpillar had frequently devoured a large part of the
foliage of mature trees, and at Aldby this insect was so abundant
in an oak wood that the fall of the droppings on the dead
leaves seemed like the pattering of a light shower of rain. At
Byram this insect was comparatively little in evidence, possibly
owing to the fact that the atmosphere there is considerably
contaminated by factories in the neighbourhood, and it is
possible that the foliage is thus rendered distasteful to the
insect. The caterpillar of the pine-shoot tortrix moth had,
as usual, done a certain amount of damage to young pines —
Scots, Corsican, and Black Austrian— and, at Newby, Scots
pines four or five years old standing in the nursery were very
severely ci-ippled. By removing shoots which are manifestly
attacked by this caterpillar sufficiently early, a large number
of insects will be, destroyed, but it is doubtfiil whether the
permanent effect upon the pest will be appreciable. Here and
there one found the end shoots of the leader or branches of
the Scots pine excavated by the pine beetle, but foresters now
know that by removing fallen pines and their branches in
good time the insect has fewer opportunities to breed, and, as a
whole, it is probable that this destructive insect is now less
abundant than formerly. Larch aphis was in evidence in most

Plantations and Home JYurseries Competition, 1912. 223

larch woods, but nowhere did we see foliage covei-ed with the
white, downy material that indicates a really bad attack of this
insect. The beech coccus, of which so much was heard two
or three years ago in connection with damage to trees on the
Chiltern hills, appears to be very scarce in Yorkshire, in fact
we did not notice it until the last wood that we examined,
namely, that near the town of Penistone, and there no
appreciable damage was being done. At Sledmere, in the Kirby
Hill Plantation, most of the Scots pines about five feet in
height were being badly defoliated by a pine saw fly
caterpillar, which we have since identified as Lophyrus rufus,
a near relative of the common L. pint. L. rufus in the
caterpillar stage is very like the common pine saw fly but
it does not throw itself so markedly into the characteristic
S-shaped attitude that the latter assumes on being disturbed.
Although L. ?-u/hs has not been vei'y often recorded in Britain,
it is probably not so rare as is imagined, and since our visit to
Yorkshire we have had specimens sent from the Crown Woods
of Delamere in Cheshire. If taken in time before they have
spread all over the tree, the caterpillars are not difficult to get
rid of by crushing with the hand, preferably protected by a
glove. Perhaps the most serious insect attack that we met
with was that due to the larch-shoot moth {Argyrestliia
laevigatella), whose caterpillar works between the bark and
the wood at the base of the previous year's shoots. In conse-
quence of its action the shoot generally dies, and it is not
infrequent to find that most of the lateral branches of larch
trees up to twenty years of age have been killed for 12
or 15 in. from the end, and are projecting bare and dead
from amongst the green foliage. Fortunately the insect
generally appears to avoid the leading shoot, but now and
again it also is attacked, when, of course, the damage done is
much more serious. The caterpillar of this insect is much
hunted for by tomtits, and possibly other birds, during winter,
and it will often be found that these have raised the bark and
extracted the insect beneath. It would probably pay well to
erect nesting boxes for tits in considerable numbers where
larch woods abound.

As regards diseases, we found the common larch canker in
considerable abundance, and the fact that we did not see more
of it is probably due to the action of intelligent foresters in
making a point of clearing out diseased stems in the process
of thinning. As previously mentioned, the reputation of the
Japanese larch for immunity against this disease was fully
confirmed on our tour of inspection. Where a young wood
of pines had succeeded an old plantation, a tree here and
there had sometimes succumbed to the attack of Trametes

224 Plantations and Home Nurseries Convpetition, 1912.

radiciperda, which lives as a saprophyte on the okl roots
and stools, and is apt to spread on to living plants as a
parasite. _ That most destructive root parasite, Agaricics
melleus, was not much in evidence, partly, no doubt, because
it is not till autumn that it produces its characteristic
fructifications. The nursery seed beds at Jervaulx Abbey
had suffered during previous years from " damping off "
due to the fungus Phytophthora omnivora, and so much
was this the case that the seed beds had to be removed to
fresh ground, a proceeding that seems to have had the desired
result, as the trouble appears to have been overcome.'

While it is not to be denied that we saw rabbits in con-
siderable quantity at certain places, there is no doubt that this
pest is not so much in evidence now as was the case ten or
twenty years ago, and on some estates, notably Byram, a
rabbit is quite a rare object. Planters have recognised that
rabbit shooting is one of the most costly forms of sport that can
be indulged in, and if keepers were made to realise that they
hold their positions only so long as rabbits are practically non-
existent, the desirable condition of things noted at Byram would
be still more prevalent throughout the country generally.

At Byram an unusual form of injury was brought to our
notice in the case of an avenue of lime trees. Some years ago
the trees were deprived, by pruning, of all their lower branches,
with the result that the sun's rays, falling uninterruptedly on
the stems, killed the cells of the bark and cortex as far in as the
wood. It is well known that when the cortical covering of a
thin-barked tree, notably the beech, has been shaded for some
years, it becomes very tender, and appears to be unable to
withstand the scorching influence of the sun when the rays of
the latter are allowed freely to impinge upon it. Beech trees
which have hitherto stood in a crowded wood often lose their
bark on the south side of the stem in consequence of heavy
thinning. The case at Byram, however, is especially interesting
in so far as it is probably the first recorded instance of limes
suffering in this way ; and it is also unique in so far as the
removal of the shading had been effected not by thinning but
by pruning. At present the trees are disfigured by scars some
feet in length on the side facing the sun, and these scars are
now in process of healing, but, of course, the stems are much
disfigured and reduced in value in consequence of the damage.

^Writing under date August 10, 1912, Mr. Maughan, Agent on the Jervaulx
Abbey Estate, states that ''damping off" had again set in, but, acting on
advice, the beds were pricked over with a pocket knife, and all dead plants
removed. The admission of air to the soil as a consequence of breaking the
" brat " on the surface, and the removal of dead and badly infected plants,
has done more good than anything previously tried.

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1912. 225

General. — The woods that we inspected varied greatly in
altitude, one at Rawcliffe being actually within the limits
of the tide, while another at Witton Fell, on the Jervaulx
Abbey Estate, attained an altitude of 1,150 ft., at which
elevation, and fully exposed to the prevailing winds, Scots
pine and larch were making very satisfactory growth and had
attained an age considerably in excess of 100 years. While
most of the woods were below 700 ft., many that were growing
in a perfectly satisfactory manner were above this elevation.
This applies not only to Witton Fell, but also to other woods
on the same estate ; while spruce, Douglas fir, beech, and
Japanese larch were making excellent growth at Bewerley at
an altitude of 800 to 920 ft.

A special word may be said about the woodlands on the
estate of Owston. These are managed upon the Shelter Wood
Selection system, which means that all age-classes are repre-
sented on the same area, and that consequently there is no
clear-felling. Most of the reproduction is by natural seeding,
trees being removed as they reach the period of maturity. The
system has many advantages, notably protection of the young
seedlings against frost and strong sun, saving of expense in
restocking the ground, permanence of the woodlands, and a
comparatively non-fluctuating annual revenue, which 'in the
case of the Owston woods aggregates fully 11. per acre gross.
This compares very favourably with the average of the whole
country, as recently disclosed in the Census of Production
Report issued by the Board of Agriculture, where the average
for the whole of Great Britain and Ireland is less than &s. per
acre. It is a system, however, which can only be practised
successfully in the absence of ground game, and, moreover, it
makes a greater call upon the care and intelligence of the
manager.

The market for timber on the Owston Estate is very good,
and we were told prices ranged as follows : —

s. d.

Ash .

@

1

6 per cubic ft.

Birch poles

@

0

5 „

Birch timber

@

0

7 „ „

Oak ...

@

1

6 „

Larch (medium)

@

0

9 ,,

Poplar

@

0

5 „

Turkey oak

@

c

8 „

The average price for all classes obtained for annual fellings
is given as Is. per cubic foot.

In conclusion, we have pleasure in recording our thanks for
the excellent arrangements that had been made for our tour of
inspection, notably by Mr. John Maughan, who was responsible
for the details of the various visits. We are also indebted to

VOL. 78. I

226 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

Mr. C. Howard Taylor for accompanying ns during a long day
through a rather complicated country, in which, in his capacity
as Honorary Secretary of a local Hunt, he appeared to have
made himself familiar with every field and wood. While the
number of entries of plantations and nurseiies, namely twenty-
six, was perhaps hardly as many as miglit have been expected
from the County of York, we are sure that this was no fault
of Mr. Coltman Rogers, who takes so much interest in these
Competitions, and who had put himself to much trouble to let
the Competitions be widely known.

Charles Hankins,
w. somerville.

FARM PRIZE COMPETITION, 1912.

The "Royal" Farm Prize Competition for the year 1912
was open to the whole of the county of Yorkshire. The
classification and conditions of entry were as follows: —

The following prizes are offered for the best managed farms
in Yorkshire : —

Class I. — Farm, chiefly Arable, of 200 acres or over, exclusive of Fell or

Tidal Marsh Land. First Prize. lOOl. Second Prize, 50Z.
Class II. — Farm, chiefly Arable, of not less than 50 acres and under 200
acres, exclusive of Fell or Tidal Marsh Land. First Prize, 50Z. Second
Prize 2:>l.
Class 111. — Stock or Dairy Farm, of 200 acres or over, exclusive of Fell or

Tidal Marsh Land. First Prize, lOOZ. Second Piize, 50/.
Class IV. — Stock or Dairy Farm, of not less than 50 acres and under 200
acres, exclusive of Fell or Tidal Marsh Land. First Prize, 50Z. Second
Prize, 25Z.
Class V. — Farm, chiefly Arable, of not less than 10 acres and under 50
acres. First Prize, "2OL Second Prize, lOZ. Third Prize, 5L

ENTRY FEES:—
Members of the R.A.S.E., Classes I. and IIL, 21.; Classes II. and IV., IZ. ;
Class v., lO.y.

Non-Members, Classes I. and III., 4/. ; Classes II. and IV., 2/. ; Class V., IZ.

CONDITIONS OF ENTRY :—

1. — The competition is limited to Tenant Farmers paying a hona-fide rent
for at least three-fourths of the land in their occupation in the area of the
Competitions, the whole of which must be entered for competition.

2. — Competitors must give full particulars of any land in their occupation
outside the area of the competitions.

3. — In the case of a Border Farm being partly in Yorkshire and partly in
an adjoining County, such Farm will be eligible, provided the Homestead and
at least one quarter of the land is situated in Yorkshire.

4. — In assessing the proportion of Ai'able and Grass Land on the occupation,
Rotation Grass must be reckoned as Arable Land.

5. — Competitors must have had the land in their occupation for not less
than two years. Farms in occupation from Michaelmas Day, 1909, will be
eligible under this Regulation.

6. — In the absence of sufficient merit the Prizes may be withheld.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 227

The Judges were instructed especially to consider : —

General Management with a view to profit.

System of cropping ; cleanliness and management of both Arable and

Grass Land.
Quality and suitability of Live-stock, especially that bred upon the Farm.
State of Gates, Fences, Roads, General Neatness, and state ot Cottage or

Cottages, so far as Tenant is liable.
Management of the Dairy and Dairy Produce, where Dairying is pursued.
The duration of the tenancy.
Mode of Book-keeping followed (if any).

The gentlemen appointed to judge the farms were : —

For Classes I. and II. — Mr. Henry Giles, Norwich ; Mr.
Henry Hawking, Avondale, Easingwold, Yorks.

For Classes III., IV. and V. — Mr. George Harrison,
Gainford Hall, Darlington ; Mr. George G. Rea,
Middleton, Wooler, Northumberland.

The number of entries received was as follows : — Class I.,
17 entries ; Class II., 9 entries ; Class III., 10 entries ; Class
IV., 10 entries ; Class V., 3 entries.

The awards will be found on p. Ixxxv.

The farms entered were good representatives of their respec-
tive classes and produced keen competition. This report deals
with some only of the best of the farms seen, and is not in any
sense a report upon the farming of the county, which is of a
varied and extensive character. A report upon the general
farming of the County of Yorkshire, possessing as it does more
acres (3,882,851) than there are letters in the Bible (3,566,480),
would require a volume to itself.

Taking the farming as seen, it may be summarised as being
good and sound, while not presenting any very marked charac-
teristics. There was, so to speak, nothing new, the guiding
principle being a whole-hearted faith in old and well tried
methods.

The warp land farm of Mr. Coleman, at Eastoft, presented
features of peculiar interest and exceptional character which
have to be seen to be appreciated. This was a curious farm
to judge along with others, and this fact must be considered
rather as a misfortune than as a fault, in connection with Mr.
Coleman's place in the awards. An interesting feature was
the general appreciation of the truly helpful work amongst
farmers that is being done by the Yorkshire College at Leeds,
both by way of demonstration and by classes for farmers' sons,
arranged for convenient periods.

It is always refreshing to see the great interest which the
north-connti-y horse keeper takes in his horses and their gears,
and the resultant well-groomed, well-cared-for appearance.

12

228 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

REPORT OF JUDGES IN CLASSES I. AND II.

First Prize Farm in Class I.

Occupied by Mr. RicluD'd Machin, Gattal Orange, Whixley,

Yorkshire.

This farm consists of 252 acres arable and 145 acres grass,
and has been held on yearly tenancy by Mr. Machin under
Major Dent for thirty years. The soil is of a mixed character,
varying from a strong loam to a sandy nature, but it is " two-
horse " land and suitable for folding by sheep. The course of
cropping pursued is a six course — roots, barley, barley, seeds,
wheat, oats. The strong land has seeds followed by oats,
followed by wheat, and the light land has seeds followed by
wheat followed by oats. The oats following seeds on the strong
land receive 6 cwt. of rape dust and are top dressed. The
cropping for 1912 was : seeds, 39 acres ; wheat, 18 acres ; oats,
63 acres ; roots, 51 acres ; and barley, 80 acres ; total, 251 acres.
Roots receive 15 to 20 tons of farmyard manure and 5 cwt. best
fish meal per acre. Barley after roots is manui^ed for by the
sheep folded on the roots on which they receive cake. Of the
swede crop twenty-seven rows are fed on the land for every
eighteen drawn off. Barley after barley receives eight loads
farmyard manure per acre. The seeds mixture consists of 7 lb.
red clover, 2 lb. alsike, 6 lb. white clover, and 1 lb. Italian
rye-grass. The seeds are partly mown and partly pastured, the
latter having cake eaten on by sheep. Every sixth year 1 ton
of lime is applied per acre for the seeds crop to keep the land
sweet and free from moulds. Wheat or oats coming after seeds
receives nothing but the manure left by the pasturing sheep.
The grass land, of which 177 acres are grazed and 28 acres mown,
receives seven loads farmyard manure and special grass manure
in alternate years for the mowing land, and the pasture is
grazed by liul locks which are heavily fed with cake.

The stock seen consisted of fourteen non-pedigree Shire horses
from three to five years old, two diiving horses, ninety-five
Irish bullocks, six home-bred cows, three home-bred heifers,
five home-bred yearlings, 350 cross-bred hoggets, forty pure
Berkshire-bred pigs, and nine large black pigs.

Too much cannot be said of the quality of the stock on this
farm. The Horses are all under six years old, it being the
custom of this tenant to buy in young horses to work the land,
and sell them out as soon as they are suitable for town work,
and by so doing making a profit on his farm horses.

Cattle. — About 160 prime three-year-old bullocks of splendid
quality. Over 200 are made fit for the butcher during the
year. These are all bought in to graze, and consume large
quantities of cake and meals on the holding.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 229

Sheep consisted of 350 lioggs bred out of Lincolnshire ewes
and sired by Hampshire and Oxford rams. These get a liberal
allowance of cake and clover or hay in racks when feeding on
the roots.

Pigs. — A very fine lot of Berkshires, bred on farm with the
exception of the sire. These are sold out when fat, a certain
quantity l^eing killed and used on the farm.

Implements. — These were all of modern type. Steam power
used for threshing, grinding, cake crushing and other purposes,
all being erected by the tenant.

The horses are a very good lot indeed. They receive
chopped oat straw and about 12 lb. each of a mixture of ground
oats, beans, and bran, in the proportion of seven, three, and
two per day. The cattle in yards are turned out to grass for
a short time every day, and have from November to January
about G lb. each of cotton cake and 3 lb. of decorticated cotton
meal mixed with straw chop. They are foddered up with straw
at night. After January 1, they are given pulped roots, which
ai"e continued until the animals go off fat. Fifty of the bullocks
seen in December, fattened off on swedes, cake, and meal, would
go off fat shortly after Christmas. Four hundred sheep are
bought during August, and go on the maiden seeds and •■' after
grass," to be subsequently folded on the turnips during winter.

Labour runs to about GOO/, per annum. Purchased manure
160^., and purchased foods about 1,100/. Labour in this district
runs at about 17s. to 18s. per week with house and garden and
milk free.

The only piece-work at this farm is setting out and singling
turnips and looking over the second time, which is paid for at
9s. per acre. Turnip pulling and cleaning 8s. 6d. There are
two sets of good buildings well placed and suitable to the
holding, which are kept in excellent order. A great deal of
improvement has been effected by the tenant himself, con-
sisting of fencing, replanting and guarding hedges, making
new and permanent watering places and making and main-
taining new roads, all of which have been well done. This
is a corn-growing farm, well adapted for grazing sheep and
cattle. It is in an excellent state of cultivation, condition,
and cleanliness. It is very well managed and could not be in
better hands, and whilst the tenant is proud of his landlord,
the landlord has every reason to be proud of his tenant.

The ordinary cultivation of this farm, which showed no
preparation for competition, makes it an ideal place to exhibit,
and would do credit to any county. The fences, gates, roads,
and farm generally show that they have been watched and
skilfully guided for years. The fences are all well trimmed,
wide at the bottom, making both a strong fence and shelter for

230 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

stock and incidentally for partridges. Both arable and grass
land very clean and well cropped. This is a well-managed
farm which impressed one as being occupied by a clever and
well-guided business man.

Second Peize Farm in Class I.

Occupied hy M?\ Chf^stopher Danby Wright, The G^^ange,

Naffer ton, Driffield.

This farm consists of 379 acres arable and 40 acres grass land,
and is held under yearly tenancy from Mr. A. J. Wyse, Wold
House, Nafferton. It has been occupied by Mr. Wright for seven
years. It is all wold land with a chalk sub-soil, and is farmed
on a five-course system — turnips, oats, seeds, wheat, barley.
The cropping for 1912 was as follows : — 82 acres wheat,
81 acres barley, 70 acres oats, 70 acres roots, 73 acres
seeds ; total 376 acres. All the grass land is grazed,
and receives a dressing of about ten tons of farmyard
manure per acre every five years, and meantime a dressing
of 5 cwt. superphosphate and 2 cwt. sulphate of potash
per acre. The root crops are manured with 15 tons farm-
yard manure, 3 cwt. superphosphate, and 1^ cwt. dissolved
bones, the mangold crop receiving in addition a top dressing
of \ cwt. of nitrate of soda mixed with \ cwt. common salt
per acre. Oats follow roots fed on the land by sheep and
receive no special manuring. The seeds mixture consists of
red clover, 6 lb. ; white clover, 6 lb. ; trefoil, 6 lb. ; alsike,
6 lb. ; rib grass, 3 lb., or 27 lb. per acre ; and is left down for
one or two years. Wheat receives 15 tons per acre of farm-
yard manure, which is spread on to the seeds and ploughed in
duiing autumn. Barley receives 84 lb. superphosphate and
28 lb. nitrate of soda per acre.

The stock consists of 160 ewes, all home-bred, of the
Lincoln and Leicester cross-breed, 240 home-bred lambs, 200
cross-bred lambs (purchased), nineteen strong bullocks (bought
in to feed), seventeen strong bullocks and heifers (eleven
bought and six bred), seventeen two-year-olds (eight bought and
nine bred), ten home-bred yearlings, six milk cows (pur-
chased), three young home-bred calves, twelve cart-horses
(four of which wei*e bred at home), six young horses (two of
them home-bred), one trap-horse, one hunting mare, and
seventy-four pigs. No cake is used in the summer time
except for the milk cows, which receive 6 lb. per day per cow.
One cake is given to the score sheep when feeding on the roots
in winter, with an addition of \ lb. maize per sheep w^hen
February comes in. Bullocks are given 2 bushels of turnips
per day, and 11 lb. to 12 lb. of maize germ and grain meal,
Young beasts have 1 bushel of turnips and about 4 lb. of maize

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 231

germ and grain meal each. Milk cov/s have turnips, ground
oats, and about 5 lb. of cotton cake each.

Labour costs about 466/. per annum, manures 111., pur-
chased foods about 2307., and the value of home-grown produce
annually consumed on the farm is about 200Z. Tuinip-hoeing
here costs about 5s. per acre once over, and stooking corn
Is. per acre all round.

All the hedges on the farm, except three, have been cut to
the ground and cleaned by the tenant. Four stalls in the cart-
horse stable, a new cart-shed, four loose boxes, and the engine-
house have all been erected, and several concrete floors laid,
all at the tenant's expense. The cart-horses are mostly young
ones bred on the farm, and very suitable for their work. This
tenant tries to breed some Shire foals yearly, and by so doing
has horses to spare for sale that have been bred on the farm.
Of the cattle, some are bred, the others purchased. About six
cows of the Shorthorn type are kept for milk, butter-making,
and calf-rearing. Bullocks are purchased to consume the
roots and straw, and thus make manure in the open yards,
which have excellent shed accommodation. There are 160
sheep of the Lincoln and Leicester type, which are crossed
with the Oxford and Lincoln rams. The tenant also buys moi'e
sheep in the autumn to consume the roots on the land, thus
manuring it for the following crops. The sheep are kept on
the land until early spring, when they are clipped and sent off
to the markets. Three-quarters of the roots are fed on the
land, and one-quarter drawn to the homestead to be consumed
by the bullocks.

There is a herd of large white pigs, nearly all bred on the
farm. They are sold for pork and bacon. About 200 cross-
bred poultry are kept, the produce of which is sold in the local
market.

The implements are all modern. There is an oil-engine
for grinding, chaff-cutting, and other purposes. The corn
crops all look promising. Splendid stacks of wheat of 1911
produce were seen. Seeds and grass fields all well stocked
with sheep and cattle, and all around the house and homestead
well stocked with poultry. Altogether the management and
stocking of this farm reflect great credit upon Mr. and Mrs.
Wright.

First Prize Farm in Class II. , ,

Occupied hy Mr. George Wass, Womhleton Gra?ige, Rawton,

Yorkshire.

This farm consists of 193 acres, 30 of which are old grass
and 163 arable. It is held on a yearly tenancy under the Earl
of Feversham and has been occupied by Mr. Wass for eighteen

232 Farm Prize Competition^ 1912.

years. The soil consists of a medium loam and some clay.
Perfect freedom of cropping is enjoyed and the general acreage
under crops was as follows : — Barley, 45 acres ; wheat, 31 acres ;
oats, 24 acres ; swedes and turnips, 2.") acres ; maiden seeds for
mowing, 9 acres ; while other 9 acres maiden seeds had been
ploughed out and sowed with corn, having i^roved too weak,
owing to the excessively hot summer, to be allowed to stand.
Mr. Wass always aims at a full crop and never allows weak
ones to stand if this can be avoided. This may cause temporary
disproportion of roots, seeds or corn. Thus, this year the
sowing of 30 acres of permanent grass caused a slight disturb-
ance of acreage under various crops.

Cropping and Rotation. — The usual system of cropping
followed is turnips, barley, oats or barley, clover, wheat.
Seeds are sown only once in seven or eight years and the
cropping rotation is sometimes varied by taking a third white
crop of wheat or barley in order to ensure a period of rest
from clover for the land intended to be sown with seeds.
Twenty acres of land were this year in the third white crop
and looked well and clean.

Three acres of old grass were reserved for mowing, the
remainder being grazed. Of the 30 acres newly-laid grass for
permanent pasture, 23 acres have been allowed for by the
landlord who returns to his tenant the amount of his seeds bill
which generally runs about 25s. per acre. He allows also basic
slag for one or two dressings subsequently. The mixture
used for laying down land to permanent pasture contains
small quantities of all the best grasses and herbage, experience
having demonstrated the fact that generally those grasses
survive which are best siiited to the soil.

Manures and Manuring. — The manures used on this farm
are practically confined to farmyard manure and proportionate
allowances of basic slag, superphosphate, kainit, sulphate of
ammonia, and nitrate of soda. Variations of the nitrogenous
manures are made according to the crop to be manured. For the
pasture land, basic slag at the rate of 8 cwt. per acre is used,
while that for hay is given 6 tons of farmyard manure one year,
and the next, 3 cwt. of superphosphate and 1 cwt. nitrate of
soda. This alternate manuring costs about 17s. 6^. per acre.
The basic slag is not applied every year. One year is allowed
to pass then the slag is repeated ; another year passes then
superphosphate at the i-ate of 3 cwt. per acre is applied. After
another year the basic slag treatment comes on again and the
pix)cess is repeated. The system of manuring for corn crops
may be briefly stated as follows : — For wheat, 8 tons of farm-
yard manure spread over the land in the autumn, 2 cwt. of
superphosphate, 2 cwt. kainit applied at sowing, 1 cwt. nitrate

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 233

of soda applied in the spring. For harleij, 2 cwt. superphos-
phates, 2 cwt kainit, and 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia per acre
put on with the seed. For oats, 2 cwt. superphosphate, 2 cwt.
kainit and 1 cwt. nitrate, the last named being applied soon
after the oats have got into blade.

Stock-breeding' and Feeding. — The stock consists of eleven
horses, fifty-three cattle, 170 sheep and about forty pigs.

Horses. — All the horses are of the Shire breed and are all
young and very fit for their work. This is accounted for by
the generous rations which are allowed during the winter and
spring seasons. The working horses are allowed 1 stone of
rolled oats, and ^ stone of bran per day, with a small quantity
of hay to regulate the other foods.

Cattle. — These consist of six cows and six calves, all bred on
the farm. Other fourteen calves and twenty-one blue-polled
cattle for feeding during winter were purchased.

The calves are all reared by Mr. Wass, who gives special
attention to this department, and has been very successful.
They are allowed new milk until they are one month old.
They are then given a special meal mixture consisting of 4 stones
wheat, 2 stones linseed, and 2 stones Scotch oatmeal, all ground
together and served as " skilly."

The feeding cattle are a fine lot of blue-polled bullocks,
bought, and fed in covered folds, growing into splendid beef.
The summer cattle have nothing but grass ; in winter, they are
fed with ^ bushel (about 21 lb.) of roots, three times per da.j.
They are started with about 6 lb. of cake per day and the
allowance is gradually increased up to 12 lb. per day. The
cake given consists of linseed cake, cotton cake, and Silcox cake.
The cake allowance does not interfere with a meal allowance of
2 lb. per day which is given. The general practice is to watch
closely the feeding of the bullocks and to make slight variations
in the cake and other allowances as judgment suggests.

Sheep. — The sheep flock consists of sixty-five ewes and their
followers, 105 lambs. The ewes are of the Lincoln and Leices-
ter cross and the lambs by a Lincoln tup. Other sixty lambs
are brought in to eat the roots on the land. The system of
feeding these is as follows: — They are started on ^ lb. of linseed
cake and cotton cake per day with as many roots as they will
eat. The cake allowance is increased up to 1 lb. per head per
day, and ^ lb., increased to ^ lb., ivhole maize is added.

Pigs. — These are mostly of the Yorkshire breed, and are
kept in the covered folds and fed on sharps and barley meal.

Poultry. — All kinds of poultry are kept of which there are
about 35(3 head. Great care and attention is bestowed on
these, and while cross breeds are kept because most profitable,
pure bred male birds are always procured. From the receipts

234 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

which were shown to us it was evident that with the great care
and attention bestowed upon them both as to housing and
feeding, they are a very profitable item on the farm. They
are fed generally on maize and a little offal corn. Turkeys,
geese, and ducks are fattened on maize meal and barley meal,
and are also given as much whole maize and barley as they
will eat.

This farm is an extremely well-conducted holding. Ever
since Mr. Wass started farming he has made a practice of
selling all his corn off the farm, and purchasing meals, cakes,
and maize. The large quantity of stock kept accounts for the
large cake and corn bills for some years back. Labour,
including board and lodging for five men who live in, runs
up to 220/. per annum. Manures purchased cost 110?., while
purchased foods amount to about 700?. per annum. A tidy
and well-conducted holding, it reflects great credit on both
master and mistress. The buildings, gates, fences, and ditches
are all clean and very tidy, and the great secret of success is
the thoroughness of the administration and the good cultivation
of the land. Mr. Wass does not hesitate to adopt any new
idea though he holds to a proved system until the worth of
new methods has been established. This applies to cropping,
manuring, stock-breeding, and feeding.

The cleanliness of the land is the natural sequence of
regular good ci'ops and good cultivation of land, which responds
well to generous treatment. When a field shows the slightest
exhaustion a liberal manuring with both farmyard and artificial
manures is immediately given, and this treatment has been
uniformly profitable. Ground lime has proved to be extremely
valuable, \ ton per acre being used where land is found suffering
from lack of lime.

Second Prize Farm in Class II.

Occupied by Mr. Charles Beech, Old Forest, Walshford,
Wetherhy.

This farm consists of 50 acres arable and 34 acres of grass
land. It is held on a yearly tenancy under Major Dent, and
has been occupied by Mr. Beech for seven years. The soil is
a medium loam, 30 acres of which can be ploughed with two
horses, the remainder (20 acres) requiring three. The sub-soil
is gravel.

The system of cropping followed is : — Turnips, barley,
seeds, oats, wheat, mangolds, and potatoes, followed by two
white crops. The turnips are manured with 15 to 20 loads
of farmyard manure, 4 cwt. superphosphate, 2 cwt. kainit, and
1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia. Every year 15 cwt. to 1 ton of
lime per acre is worked into the land before the root crop.

Farm Pnze Competition, 1912. 235

Barley follows the turnips, and is not specially manured. The
seeds mixture consists of 5 lb. red clover, 3 lb. cow-grass, 2 lb.
alsike, 1 lb. trefoil, 5 lb. white clover, and 4 lb. Italian
rye-grass. The seeds are left down for one year only, and all
pastured. Oats after seeds do not receive any special manure.
Mangolds and potatoes receive 20 loads farmyard manure,
4 cwt. superphosphate, 2 cwt. kainit, and 1 cvvt. sulphate of
ammonia. Mangold ridges are made after harvest, about 16
tons of manure per acre put in the ridges, and well ploughed
in, with three horses in digger, about Christmas ; harrowed
down in the spring, and \ ton of ground lime, 4 cwt. super-
phosphate, 2 cwt. kainit, and 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia
per acre applied. After singling out, 1 cwt. nitrate of lime is
given.

Swedes receive about 14 tons of manure, 15 cwt. ground
lime, 4 cwt. superphosphate, 3 cwt. kainit, and, in the spring,
1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda per acre.

The wheat or oats following mangolds or potatoes is not
specially manured. Wheat after oats receives about 8 tons of
manure per acre when available. If not available, it receives
3 cwt. superphosphate applied in Febi'uary as a top-dressing, and
1 cwt. nitrate of soda or nitrate of lime in April. The second
white crop, generally oats, receives 1 ton of guano spread over
6 or 7 acres. One-third of the turnips is fed on the land, and
two-thirds are drawn off for the cattle.

About one-third of the mowing land receives 8 loads
farmyard manure per acre each year, and in the month of
April 1 cwt. nitrate of lime. The remainder receives 3 cwt.
superphosphates, 2 cwt. kainit, and 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda.

In 1909 the pasture land (24 acres) received a light dressing
of salt ; in 1910 about ^ ton of lime ; and receives a few loads
of manure every year where required. The same land is
hayed each year, and the pasture is kept as such.

The cropping this year consisted of 10 acres of wheat,
1 acre of tares for horses, 5 acres pastured seeds, 8 acres
turnips, 5 acres mangolds, 3 acres potatoes, 8 acres barley, and
10 acres oats.

The horses are kept in good working order, and receive
daily, in winter, hay, crushed oats, molassine meal, chopped
oat straw, and two swede turnips ; in summer they have grass
and tares. There are eight horses on the farm, six of them
being home-bred.

There are thirty-four cattle, seven milk cows (three of
them purchased), young stock of all ages (fourteen purchased
as calves, and thirteen bred). Three-fourths of them are a
cross-breed of Shorthorn type, and the remainder Black Angus
and Shorthorn cross.

236 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

Cows each i-eceive daily 3 to 4 bushels turnips, 4 lb. cotton-
cake, about 2 lb. compound meal, 1 lb. wheat-meal, and chopped
oat-straw. Cows are kept for butter and milk, which depart-
ment is managed by Mrs. Beech and her daughter. Spare
milk is used in bringing up calves. About 30 lb. of butter are
made per week. In summer cows receive grass and 4 to 5 lb.
cotton-cake. The calves have new milk till a month old, then
are gradually put on to separated milk and Bibby's cream
equivalent, with a little hay and compound cake.

Feeding bullocks receive 7 to 10 lb. turnips, cotton-cake,
maize-meal, compound meal, and wheat-meal all mixed
together ; also chopped oat-straw. Bullocks are agisted in
summer.

There are seventy sheep (49 bred and 21 purchased),
composed of 42 hoggs and 2 cast-ewes on turnips, and twenty-
four ewes and one ram on the grass. The ewes and lambs are
on seeds in summer, and have a little cake. The lambs that
get fat are immediately sold, and the remainder are put on the
turnips and receive about \ lb. of cotton-cake and ^ lb.
Thorley's cake each per day, along with chopped hay.

Thei'e are twelve pigs — large White and large Essex cross.
The fat pigs receive wheat-maize and Bibby's pig meal in such
quantities as they can consume without waste, the store pigs
receiving potatoes and a little meal. The pigs are all bred on
the farm, and sold at a profit as early as possible.

There are about 200 head of poultry of mixed breeds, the
produce from which forms a considerable item b}' sales of
chickens and eggs, for both of which they have good markets
at hand.

Manures cost 50Z. per annum and purchased foods average
180Z. All the straw, hay, turnips, and mangolds are consumed
on the farm and a considerable portion of the corn. The whole
of the work is done by Mr. Beech and his three sons. The
only out-going expenditure on labour is for threshing, and such
work amounts to about 10^. per annum.

The tenant has effected several improvements on the farm,
including the planting of young fruit trees, fixitig a horse-
wheel with shafting, &c., a chopper and mills, and has been to
the expense of erecting a Dutch barn 80 ft. long by 20 ft. wide.
A considerable length of rough high hedge has been cut
down and other hedges on the farm have been well layered.
The roads, fences, gates, and buildings are well maintained
and the farm is well cultivated and excellently worked.

The interesting tables which follow have been kindly
provided by Mr. R. H. Rew, of the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

237

Acreage under C7'ops and Grass and Number of Live Stock iti Yorkshire
in the Years 1912 and 1891.

East Riding

North Riding

West Riding

Total Yorkshire

1912

'■ 1891

1912

1891

1912

1891

1912

1 1891

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Total Area (excluding water)

751,890

1,357,433

1,763,304

3,872,627

Total Acreage under Crops

and Grass 1 . . . •

675,336

669,393

865,421

864,755

1,176,105

1,221,170

2,716,862

2,755,318

Arable Land

450,046

466,392

328,607

,362,663

356,305

386,159

1,134,958

1,215,214

Permanent Grass

225,290

203.001

536,814

502,092

819,800

835,011

1,581,904

1,540.104

Wheat .

70,164

72,892

28,663

36.913

50,182

58.614

149,009

168,419

Barley or Bere .

74.899

66.951

74,374

72.564

51,367

59.721

200,640

199,236

Oais

84.6113

95,954

66,223

73.477

77,805

75,081

228 631

244,512

Eve

3.309

1.633

2,330

1,147

2,829

1,698

8,408

4,478

Beuns .

6 223

7,424

2,092

4,721

1,135

5,073

9.450

17,218

Peas

5.995

7.511

1.8.o8

3,318

4,692

5,236

12,545

16,065

Potatoes

12.306

12.216

12,753

10.470

27,786

22,483

52,845

45,169

Turnips and Swedes

73.931

74,878

49.245

56,726

47,597

59,098

170,773

190,702

Mangold

10,253

4,865

8.303

2,360

9,316

2,827

27,872

10,052

Cabbage

376

)

247

)

1,437

)

2,060

Ko)il-Rabi .

171

[ 7,683^

97

)■ 3,506='

79

y 2,047=-

347

i 13,236^

Rape .

4,095

J

2.021

J

726

J

6,842

)

Vetches or Tares

2,952

4,163

1,370

2233

2,657

3,245

6,979

9,641

Lucerne
Other Crops

143
2,374

1 3,683='

100
723

\ 516='

194

5,286

j- 3,650='

437
8,383

} 7,849^

Small Fruit

561

841

429

578

813

1,474

1.803

2,893

Clover, Sainfoin, anc

Grasses

under Rotation

87,150

90,423

67.543

73,914

66,6,31

74,430

221,324

238,767 •

Bare Fallow

10,541

15,275

10.236

20,220

5,773

11,482

26,550

46,977

Mountain and Heath Land

used for Grazing .

2,344

837*

243.838

287,594*

233,983

188,974*

480,165

477,405*

Orchards^

837

868

1.178

979

1,529

1,608

3,544

3,455

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

Horses used for Agriculture''.

25,394

26,065

28,401

28,259

39,819

40,042

93,614

94,366

Stallions

260

)

198

1

365

)

823

Others :— One year and over .

8,227

^16.600^

8.473

I 15,543='

9,657

■ 18,701='

26,357

y 48,844^

„ Under one year

3,946

J

4.207

J

3,972

i

12,125

}

Total

37,827

42,665

41.279

43,802

53,813

56,743

132,919

143,210

Otlier Horses ....

3,220

6

3.754

— ®

9.451

— ^

16,425

Total of Horses .

41,047

-

45,033

-

63,264

-

149,344
157,249

—

''Ee'S''{ESS|*«< =<.■<»

20,626

X

43,081

93,542

)

^

[27,191^

I 58,290^

^32,316='

[ 217,797^

7,550

J

13,593

33,338

J

54,481

J

Other Cattle :—

Two years and above .

22,644

25,149

42,175

45,342

53,292

55,945

118,111

126,436

One year and under two .
Under one year

25.452
20,841

1 36,807='

42,469
41,578

} 75,840^

45,325
43,564

} 92,851='

113,246
105,983

1 205,498='

Total of Cattle .

97,113

89,147

182,896

179,472

269,061

281,112

549,070

549,731

Ewes kept for breeding .

159,736

286.629

265,119

)

711.484

•)

Other Sheep :-

293,057='

[459,058='

U42,753='

[ 1,194.868^

One year and above .

93,748

128,226

)

114,111

J

336,085

I

Under one year

209,812

201,421

320.071

310,951

284.878

310,535

814,761

822,907

Total of Sheep .

463,:^96

494,478

734.926

770,009

664,108

753,288

1,862,330

2,017,775

Sows kept for breeding .
Other Pigs

7,387
52,633

} 64,998='

8.215
48,016

1 65,613='

13,351
99,020

} 94,69P

28.953
199,669

1 225,302^

Total of Pigs.

60,020

64,998

56,231

65,613

112,371

94,691

228,622

225.302

1 Not including Mountain and Heath Land.

2 Including Mares kept for breeding.

» Not separately distinguished in 1891.

* Returns of Mountain and Heath Land were not collected in 1891. The figures given relate to 1892.

« Also included under the particular crop or grass grown under the trees. s Not collected in 1891.

238 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

The Judges and the writei' desire to return thanks to the
competitors for the kindness with which they were received.

William H. Hogg.

Board of Agriculture for Scotland,

St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh.

We subscribe to the foregoing Report : —

Henry Giles.
Henry Hawking.

REPORT OF JUDGES IN CLASSES III.. IV. AND V.

First Prize Farm in Class III.
Occupied by Mr. H. Atkinson, Yafforth Lodge, Northallerton.

This farm is situated about two miles from Northallerton.
It is held on a yearly tenancy under the Executors of
the late Colonel Trafford Rawson, of Roche Court, Salisbury,
and consists of 221 acres arable and 283 acres grass. The
holding is carried on principally as a stock farm.

The soil diifers from a good loam to a stiff clay, the subsoil
being of various kinds.

The holding is divided into two farms, one called Yafforth
Lodge at which Mr. Atkinson lives, which consists of 171 acres
arable and 181 grass, and the other called Yafforth Moor Farm,
which consists of 50 acres arable and 102 acres grass. The
arable land at Yafforth Lodge is cropped on a five-course
system, namely, seeds, potatoes, oats or wheat, swedes, mangolds
or cabbage, barley, and the arable land at Yafforth Moor Farm
on the ordinary four-course system. There is practically no
catch cropping in the district. In 1912 the cropping on the
two farms taken as a whole was as follows : — Potatoes, 40 acres ;
barley, 42 acres ; wheat, 15 acres ; oats, 30 acres ; clover, 34
acres ; swedes, 37 acres ; mangolds, 12 acres ; cabbage, 2 acres ;
beans, 7 acres ; and tares, 2 acres. The following quantities
of artificial manures and farmyard manure are used for the
different crops : Potatoes — 8 tons farmyard manure, 1 cwt.
sulphate of ammonia, 1 cwt. sulphate of potash, 2 cwt. super-
phosphate. i?ar/e?/— ^turnips and cake eaten on average yield
about 5^ quarters. Wheat — 8 tons farmyard manure per
acre. Square-head Master is chiefly grown and yields about
5 quarters. Mangolds — 8 tons farmyard manure, 4 cwt. salt,
5 cwt. superphosphate, 2 cwt. kainit, 1^ cwt. nitrate of soda
per acre. Cabbage — 12 tons farmyard manure, 2 cwt. nitrate
of soda, 4 cwt. superphosphate per acre. Sivedes — 6 tons

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 239

farmyard manure, 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 5 cwt. super-
phosphate, 2 cwt. kainit, 1 cwt. nitrate of soda (if a dry
season) per acre. Beatis — 8 tons farmyard manure per acre.
Clover — 4 cwt. superphosphate per acre. Oals — 1 cwt. sul-
phate of ammonia, 3 cwt. superphosphate, 1 cwt. kainit per
acre. The oat yield is about 9 quarters. These quantities
are about an average, they are governed of course by the
quality of the land. Seeds are never left down more than
one year. The grass land intended for hay has hay, cake and
roots fed on, and also receives farmyard manure, basic slag and
superphosphate. The pastures have cake fed on and those
pastures that are on strong land receive basic slag every third
year. The pastures are excellent, as proved by the fact that
the stock which are home-bred are fit for the butcher as yearlincs.
The seeds mixture for temporary pasture is 6 lb. white clover,
6 lb. red clover, 2 lb. hybrid cowgrass, 2 lb. alsike, l lb. trefoil,
4 11). Italian rye-grass, 2 lb. rib grass per acre, which makes a
heavy seeding. The mixture for hay consists of 7 lb. red clover,
3 lb. cow-grass, 2 lb. alsike, 1^ pecks Italian rye-grass.
The stock on the farm consisted of : —

22 Cart horses (19 home bred) 1 hunter, 2 ponies.

10 Aberdeen Angus cattle (all home bied), 2 cows (1 home bred).

About 180 Irish bullocks are grazed in the summer, bought in chiefly

at York.
220 < xford Down ewes (all home bred).
.500 Feeding hoggs.
22 Berkshire pigs (20 home bred).
170 White Orpington poultry (home bred).
22 Indian runner ducks (home bred).

The horses taken as a whole were one of the finest lots we
had the pleasure of seeing in the competition. In winter they
receive old hay, crushed oats and chopped oat straw ; in summer
grass, and oats when working.

The bullocks were as good Irish as could be bought, which
is saying a lot, and were consistent in type, all looking like good
feeders. Mr. Atkinson feeds all the year round, selling off as
the cattle get fit. The bullocks receive in winter pulped roots,
chopped oat straw and hay, 8 lb. cake and 2 lb. meal ; in summer
.the forward bullocks get 8 lb. mixed cake and grass, and the
stores 4 lb. cake which is gradually increased to 8 lb. The two
cows are kept to supply the house and look good dual-purpose
cattle.

As regards the Oxford Down Sheep, the ewe flock is pure
and all are entered in the herd book. The flock was founded
in 1907 with blood from Mr. Heslop, Mr. John White and Mr.
Elliott. Lambing takes place in February and March, and this
year resulted in a crop of 175 per cent, of lambs. Most of the
ram lambs are sold about home, averaging from 4Z. to 51. Some

240 Farm Prize Competition^ 1912.

few go to York, Kelso, &c. The best of the ewe lambs are
drafted into the flock. The feeding hoggs are purchased in
September and sold out from January to March, receiving | lb.
mixed cake, turnips, hay and as much oat straw as they can
eat. The ewes run on the grass land and Mr. Atkinson starts
to hand feed them at the beginning of January, The ewes and
lambs are on the seeds in summer, and the lambs have a creep
to cake troughs and receive about \ lb. daily.

The Berkshire pigs looked good sorts.

The poultry are all pure bred and bring in quite a lot of
money each year, eggs making up to 2d. each in winter and
very seldom less than \d. in summer.

The standing wage for labourers is 17s. a week, and labour is
good and plentiful in the district. The following are the piece-
work prices on the farm : — Spreading manure and planting
potatoes, 5s. ^d. per acre ; hoeing turnips twice, 9s. per acre ; and
pulling swedes, '^s. per acre. The harvesters receive 20s. extra
for the season. Twelve men are regularly employed and extra
hands are taken on as occasion requires. There are seven
cottages on the farms and these the men inhabit rent free.
Labour here costs between 24s. and 25s. per acre, purchased
foods nearly 830^. per annum, (besides which the following
amounts of home-grown produce are consumed on the farm —
Oats, 250/. : beans, 40/. ; barley, 20/. ; wheat, 50/. and potatoes,
20/.) and artificial manures just over 210/. The farm was
occupied by Mr. Atkinson's grandfather, then by his father,
and Mr. Atkinson has held possession for the last seventeen
years.

The buildings are very compact, in good condition and well
adapted for the purpose for which they are used. The stables
have plenty of light and air, and the outside yards are good.
Implements are good and well looked after and the general
appearance everywhere is neat and tidy. The cottages also are
well kept. Mr. Atkinson has made many improvements on the
farm including the following — Covered fold yards, erected
Dutch Barn, erected windmill for pumping water, piping and
connecting to troughs at Moor House Farm. Mr. Atkinson is
responsible for the upkeep of all buildings, &c., except for
damage done by storm.

He is a keen farmer, a clever buyer, and makes full use
of his large knowledge of farming in general and stock in
particular.

First Prize Farm in Class TV.

Occupied by Mr. Ai^thur Green, Loiv House Farm, Sihden.

This farm is situated about half a mile from Steeton and
Silsden station, and is held on a yearly tenancy under Lord

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 241

Hothfield, of Skipton Castle, Yorkshire. The farm consists of
Hi acres arable, and l.^.^^ acres grass. The soil is of a good
loam, with a subsoil of clay in most parts, and gravel in the
remainder.

Mr. Green has only two arable fields, and generally grows
a crop of oate, and a crop of turnips and mangolds alternately.
In 1912 the cropping was as follows : — Oats, 5 acres ; turnips
and mangolds, 4 acres ; potatoes, 2^ acres. The turnip and
mangold crop received 12 to 14 tons farmyard manure per
acre. The grass land intended for hay receives 5 or 6 tons
farmyard manure per acre. The pasture land has had no
dressing for fifteen years, but Mr. Green feeds a lot of cattle
in the summer, and uses a good deal of cake and meal.

The stock on the farm on our first visit consisted of
two Shorthorn bulls (one pedigree, which won 3rd at Otley
Show) ; four Shorthorn cows and heifers (all in calf) ; one
Shorthorn bull calf (six months old) ; one Shorthorn heifer
calf (eight months old) ; one yeai'ling Shorthorn heifer ; six
milk cows ; four cows feeding (almost beef) ; eight store cattle
to feed summer 1912 ; six cows due to calve in January,
February and May, 1912 ; two fat bullocks ; two cows suckling
calves, and two young calves to rear. Only three of the above
cattle were bred on the farm.

In the summer Mr. Green has a stock of at least 100 feeding
cattle, and in-calf cows, and usually, if an average summer,
grazes two crops.

There were also on the farm on our first visit, 144 ewes
in lamb (to commence lambing on January 9), and three
rams. The ewes, with carriage, cost 265/. Os. 10c?., and on our
last visit had all been sold with their lambs for 5971. 12s. 8^.,
leaving a profit of 332Z. lis. 8rf., less keep.

We also saw three heavy horses and one foal, and two light
horses. Also sixteen pigs.

The cattle seen were of excellent quality ; the cows looking
like great milkers, and Mr. Green wins many prizes himself
for milk cows. The sheep looked as if they had been well
bought, and the return after lambing is a guarantee as to their
quality and suitability for the district. The horses and pigs
were all good sorts.

In winter, any cattle Mr. Green has, except milk-cows and
feeding cattle, live on hay and turnips. The milk-cows get
a mixture of chopped hay, oats, cotton cake, dried grains and
bran, and a little bean or pea meal, about 7 lb. a day each, and
hay. In summer, the feeding cattle get 6 lb. each of cotton-
cake and dried grains, and the in-calf cows live on grass alone.
The ewes live on grass until a few weeks before they
commence to lamb, and then Mr. Green gives them a mixture

242 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

of pulped turnips, split peas, and dried grains. The lambs are
sold for fat, also the ewes, and a new flock is purchased each year.

Labour here costs about 30s. per acre, and purchased foods
just over 450Z. per annum, besides home-grown produce of an
approximate value of ISO?., made up as follows : — 40 tons of
hay at 31., 1201. ; and 120 tons of mangolds and turnips at 10s.,
60^. No artificial manures are bought.

Mr. Green has been a tenant of the farm for twelve years,
and his father had it before him for thirty years. He has
built a new hall to his farm-house at his own expense, and
done a lot of draining on the side of the river which borders
several of his fields.

This farm is run in a very business-like manner indeed.
The stock are all well bought, carefully attended to, and sold
to good advantage. The farm-buildings are in excellent order,
and well looked after. Hedges well trimmed. Pastures full
of grand herbage, showing what an amount of cake has been
given to the stock, as they have not had a dressing, as before
stated, for fifteen years.

First Prize Farm in Class V.
Occupied hy Mr. John Bell, Hagg Lane, Dunning ton, York.

This farm is held on a yearly tenancy under Mr. J. H.
Richardson, of Westfield, Acomb, York, and consists of 39 acres
arable, and 10 acres grass.

The soil is very light, having a subsoil of sand.

The arable land is cropped on the following five course
system : — turnips, barley or oats, seeds, potatoes, wheat, and the
1912 cropping was as follows : — Turnips, 4 acres ; potatoes,
9 acres ; seeds, 9^ acres (8 acres being clover, and 1^ acres
rye-grass) ; wheat, 1^ acres ; mangolds, 2 acres ; carrots, 1 acre ;
oats, 8 acres ; barley, 4 acres.

Mr. Bell does not do any catch-cropping, and as he is short
of grass land, he buys what hay he requires at an average cost
of bl. per annum.

His pasture land receives what farmyard manure he can
spare. The following quantities of artificial manure and farm-
yard manure are used for the different crops : — Turnips, 10 tons
farmyard maniire, and 6 cwt. artificial manure per acre ;
potatoes, 23 tons farmyard manure, and 7 cwt. artificial manure
per acre ; clover, 4 cwt. kainit, and 4 stone nitrate of soda per
acre : ryegrass, none ; wheat, 3 cwt. artificial manure per acre ;
mangolds, 15 tons farmyard manure, and 8 cwt. artificial
manure per acre ; carrots, 10 tons farmyard manure, and
5 cwt. artificial manure per acre ; oats, small quantity artificial
manure ; barley, none.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 243

The stock on the farm consisted of : —

4 milk cows (purchased).
10 young beasts for feeding (bred on the farm).

4 horses (3 purchased, 1 home bred).
12 pigs (bred on the farm).
46 feeding hoggs (purchased as lambs, at 21a'. each).

In winter, the cattle receive roots, meal, cake, and straw,
and in siimmer, cake. In winter, the horses receive rolled oats
and clover hay.

Carrots are dug and cleaned, piece-work, at a cost of 11. 6s.
per acre. Labom" costs 60^. a year, independent of Mr. Bell's
personal labour. Meal and cake amount to nearly 70/. a year,
besides which about 40 quarters of oats and other corn grown
on the farm are consumed.

Mr. Bell purchases over 100 tons of horse and cow manure
each year, as well as nearly 50?. worth of artificial manures.

This is as well-managed a small farm as could possibly be
found. Stock of good quality, farm-house and buildings tidy,
land in good heart, and not a bit of dirt to be found anywhere.
The judges had no hesitation in awarding the first prize to
Mr. Bell.

Second Peize Farm in Class III.
Occupied hy Messrs. T. & W. Hunter, Coivside, Settle.

This holding is divided into three farms, one at Darnbrook,
Malham Moor, which consists of 1,100 acres pasture, and 1,880
acres fell : one at Cowside, which consists of 300 acres, half of
which is owned by Messrs. T. & W. Hunter, and the other half
by the Exors. of W. Hunter ; and one at Winskill, which
consists of 458 acres of rough enclosures and fell.

The farm at Darnbrook is held on a yearly tenancy under
Mr. W. Morrison, of Malham Tarn, Longcliffe, Settle, and the
one at Winskill on a yearly tenancy under Colonel Dawson, of
Harlington Hall, Skipton. There is no arable land on the
holding, and none of the ground has been ploughed for the
last fifty years. The farms are from two to nine miles from
Settle station, and are at an altitude of from 800 to 2,000 feet
above the sea-level.

In 1912, hay was taken from 180 acres, and the remainder
is permanent pasture and fell land.

The grass land for hay receives farmyard manure twice
in three years. Half of the land for hay, which does not
receive farmyard manure, is covered with basic slag, and where
the ground is very dry, the slag is mixed with an equal weight
of kainit ; the other half is covered with lime, which the
competitors find answers best.

244 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

About 1.000 tons of lime, and about 50 tons of basic slag,
some of it mixed with kainit, have been put on the Cowside
farm. The lime is burnt on the farm.

About 5 tons per acre of farmyard manure is put on the
grass land intended for hay, and about 7 cwt. where slag is
used.

The following cattle were seen at the different farms : —

Coivside and Winshill. Fifteen calves ; ten two-year-old
heifers ; five off -lying heifers ; fourteen off-lying cows ; ten
milk cows (all first calf) ; two yearling bulls ; twenty-five
Galloway bullocks ; four Highland bullocks. These cattle
were all Shorthorn or Shorthorn crosses, except the Galloway
and Highland bullocks, and were all bred on the farms except
nine. Darnhrooli:. — Twelve calves ; sixteen yearling heifers ;
nine calving heifers ; fifteen off -lying cows ; twelve milk
cows (eight first calf) ; one yearling bull ; twenty-five Highland
heifers. These were all Shorthorn and Shorthorn crosses,
except the Highland heifers, and all, except eight, were bred
on the farms.

We also saw the following sheep : — 550 Black-faced lambs ;
630 half-bred lambs ; five Wensleydale lambs ; 240 Black-faced
gimmer hoggs ; 100 half-bred gimmer hoggs ; 130 Yelt sheep ;
550 Black-faced ewes (shearlings and two shears), with Black-
faced lambs; 580 Black-faced ewes (three and four shears), with
half-bred lambs : eighteen Wensleydale rams, three Wensley-
dale ewes, two Wensleydale shearling gimmers ; twenty Scotch
rams ; and forty Scotch Black-faced gimmer hoggs. All these
sheep, except sixty, were bred on the farms, the forty last-
named being bought to make up the full number of that
age. There were also twelve horses (eight of them bred on
the farms).

The milk cows get Driffield Union Cake once a day in
summer, and in winter the same cake one end of the day, and
linseed and cotton cake, mixed, at the other end. The calves
get meals and milk until they are about nine months old, then
a little cake for the next six months, if it is winter. The heifers
calving in spring get cake for two or three months before
calving, according to the quality of the hay. The other cattle
get nothing but hay. The out-liers get nothing, except when
there is snow on the ground, when they have hay. The sheep
get nothing, unless it is one that has not stood the severe
winter. The cattle were of remarkably good quality, more
especially considering the altitude of the land, and the horses
very suitable.

The sheep were a great credit to the competitors, who have
evidently spent considerable time and thought on their breeding
and management.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 245

The following are the piece-work prices on the farm : —
Stone-walling, Is. 3d per yard, 5 ft. 6 in. high ; tile draining,
10c?. to Is. per rood ; stone draining, Is. 6d per rood.

Labour here amounts to 300^. per year. All the servants
live in, and have board and lodging in addition. Purchased
foods cost about 340?., and artificial manures about 60/.

The Hunter family have been at Cowside for seventy-six
years, Darnbrook seventeen years, and Winskill twelve years.

The homesteads are all very tidy and in good repair, and
many improvements have been made by the competitors during
their tenancy.

Second Prize Farm in Class IV.

Occupied by Mr. Thomas G. Green, Court Green Farm,

Cloughton.

This farm lies a few miles from Scarborough, and about a
quarter of a mile fi'om Cloughton station. It is held on
a yearly tenancy under Mr. H. E. Donne, of Court Green,
Cloughton, and consists of 36 acres arable, and 86 acres grass.
The soil is a good, rich loam, with a clay subsoil.

The arable land is cropped on the following four course
system : turnips, barley, clover, oats, and in 1912 the cropping
was as follows: — Roots, 10 acres ; barley, 7^ acres; oats, 10 acres ;
wheat, 1 acre ; clover, 7^ acres.

The tenant is responsible for the upkeep of fences, gates,
and roads, but not for the buildings or drainage.

The grass land intended for hay receives farmyard manure
and basic slag in alternate years. The graps land intended for
pasture receives liquid manure, basic slag, lime, and farmyard
manure. The pastures here were some of the best we saw in
the competition, and highly suitable for the production of milk,
which is Mr. Green's chief source of income. He retails milk
in Scarborough at Is. -id. per gallon, besides which, he has
several contracts.

The different crops receive the following quantities of
artificial and farmyard manures per acre : — Swedes, 12 tons
farmyard manure, and 5 cwt. nitrophosphate ; mangolds, 20
tons farmyard manure, and 6 cwt. mangold manure ; cabbage,
20 tons farmyard manure, and 2 cwt. nitrate of soda ; barley
receives no manure. The clover receives no manure ; the
first crop is made into hay, and the second crop is eaten on
with lambs, which are trough fed. The clover ley receives
10 tons of farmyard manure per acre, and is drilled with oats.

The stock on the farm consisted of : —

Three farm horses (all mares), two bred on the farm ; two
yearling heavy horses and a foal (all bred on the farm) and

24:6 Farm Prize Competition, 1912.

two milk horses ; thirty milk cows (two bred on the farm) ;
one Shorthorn bull (bought) ; seven in-calf heifers (all home
bred) ; and nine calves (bred on the farm).

Ninety-six pigs (all bred on the farm but three).

Seventy-one pure-bred Leicester sheep, and two Leicester
rams (all home bred, except the rams) ; 150 head of home bred
poultry.

The milk cows when in full milk receive 1 cwt. cut swedes
with oat-chaff, and .3 lb. pea-meal mixed up together, and fed
twice a day, together with 7 lb. V)est Egyptian cotton cake, and
as much meadow hay as they will eat. In summer, the cows
go out to grass, and have 4 lb. Bombay cotton cake with
meadow hay at milking times.

The yearlings receive 4 lb. cotton cake, turnips, and straw.

The calves get all the milk that can be spared, until they
are a month or six weeks old, then they receive calf meals,
linseed cake, hay, and swedes.

The working horses have a stone of oats, and all the clover
hay they will eat.

The milking cows looked very nice deep-milking sorts, and
the shippons and dairy were kept in a very clean and airy
condition. The pigs and sheep were all in good condition,
and looked like going on well.

There is no piece-work done on the farm. Labour here
costs between 34s. and 35s. per acre, purchased foods just over
480^. per annum (besides home-grown oats, barley, and wheat,
to the approximate value of just over 180^.), and artificial
manures nearly 40Z.

The farm buildings are compact, and in a good state of
repair. The land is in very good heart, and the w^alls are all
in excellent order. The farm is very well suited for the
purpose of milk producing, and is carefully managed by
Mr. Green.

Second Prize Farm in Class V.

Occupied hy Mr. W. Asquith, Womersley Grove, near

Pontefract.

This holding consists of 24| acres arable and 23 acres grass
and is held on a yearly tenancy under the Rev. L. H. Blakeston,
of Womersley, Pontefract. It is situated about a mile from
Womersley station.

The soil and subsoil vary considerably, especially for such a
small holding, the subsoil being sand in some fields and blue
clay in others.

The arable land is cropped on the West Riding four-course
system as follows : — Turnips or mangolds, barley, clover, wheat
or oats.

Farm Prize Competition, 1912. 247

The following was the acreage of the various crops : —
Turnips, 4 acres ; mangolds, 2 acres ; barley, 6 acres ; red clover
and rye-grass, 6 acres ; wheat, 6^ acres.

The grass land intended for hay receives farmyard manure
and basic slag, and the pasture land basic slag.

Turnips and mangolds receive 15 tons farmyard manure and
5 cwt. hen and pigeon manure per acre.

r' The clover ley receives 20 tons farmyard manvire for wheat.
"• The summer fallow after red clover receives 5 tons farmyard
manure per acre for wheat.

The stock consisted of : —

Sixteen cattle, made up as follows : — four milk cows (home
bred), six heifers and one steer, one year old and above (five
bred and two purchased), five heifer calves (three bred and two
purchased).

Twenty pigs — three sows (two bred and one purchased),
two gilts (bred), one boar (purchased), and fourteen small pigs
(bred).

Two work horses (one bred and one purchased) and one
cart filly rising two year old (bred).

The horses in winter receive chopped straw, meal and
clover ; and chopped straw, meal and grass in summer. The
milk cows have chop meal and turnips twice a day, and cake
at noon with as much hay as they can eat. The young cattle
get turnips and straw, and the calves milk with a few turnips,
and a little meal, hay and cake.

Labour here amounts to between 12s. and 13s. per acre,
Mr. Asquith doing most of the work himself. There is no
piece work done on the farm. Purchased foods cost nearly
70^.. per annum.

^This is a very creditable small holding and Mr. Asquith
works very hard on it and makes the most of a not very
favourable farm. Everything is clean and tidy and the land is
in good heart.

Jambs Bainbridgb.

Walton House,

Warrington.

We subscribe to the foregoing Report-

George Harrison.
G. G. Rea.

248

REPORT OF IHE COUNCIL TO THE

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF GOVERNORS

AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY,

Held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, N.,
On WEDNESDAY, December 11, ll»12, at 3 p.m.

Lord Middlbton (President) in tlie Chair.

The Council have to report that the list of Governors and
Members has undergone the following changes during the year
which has elapsed since the Annual Genera! Meeting on
December 6th, 1911 : 5 new Governors and 589 new Members
have joined the Society, and 4 Members have been re-instated
under By-law 14; whilst the deaths of 3 Life Governors, 3
Governors, 2 Honorary Members, 91 Life Members, and 186
Annual Members have been reported. A total of 22 Members
have been struck off the books under By-law 12, owing to absence
of addresses; 67 Members under By-law 13, for arrears of sub-
scription ; and 2 Governors and 221 Annual Members have
resigned.

2. During the past year, the losses by death sustained by
the Society include one Member of the Council (Mr. George
Taylor) and three ex-Councillors (Mr. William Scoby, Mr. Alfred
J. Smith, and Lord 'Wenlock, G.C.S.L). Mr. George Taylor,
who died on the 26th August after a long illness, had repre-
sented the Division of Middlesex on the Council since the year
1905. He was a past president of the Shorthorn Society, and as
a breeder of Dairy Shorthorns he had made for himself a reputa-
tion not only at home but also in many other parts of the world.
Mr. William Scoby, a prominent Yorkshire agriculturist, and
breeder of horses and Shorthorn cattle, who passed away in
October last, had represented the North Eiding of Yorkshire. He
joined the Council in 1901, and continued a member of that
body until the end of last year, when, on account of failing
health, he decided not to seek re-election. Mr. Alfred J. Smith,
who died in October, at the age of 77, was another well-known
personage in the agricultural world. Mr. Smith had been on the
Council for upwards of 20 years, when, in 1907, owing to ad-
vancing years, he decided to retire, and his place was taken by
his son. Mr. Alfred Smith farmed on the Rendlesham Estate
for half-a-century, and achieved fame as a breeder of Suffolk
horses. Red Poll cattle, and Suffolk sheep. The late Lord
Wenlock, whose decease took place early in the year, became a
Member of the Society in 1881, and served on the Council from
1902 to 1905.
3. Amongst other Governors and Members whose loss by
death, since the last Annual Meeting, the Society has to deplore,
are the Marquis of Hertford (Gov.), the Earl 'of Euston, Earl
Ferrers, Viscount Gage, Viscount Peel, Lord Calthorpe, K.C.B.,
Lord Furness (Gov.), Lord Llangattock (Gov.), Lord St. John,
Lord Stalbridge, Lord Wandsworth, Lord Waterpark (1865), The

Wednesday/, December 11, 1912. 249

Right Hon. Sir A. Otway, Bart., The Right Hon. J. Lloyd
Wharton, Captain the Hon, R. Allsopp, the Hon. J. Ashburnham,
the Hon. Charles Brand, Hon William Lowther, Sir Reginald
P. Beauchamp, Bart., Sir John Whittaker Ellis, Bart., Sir
W. H. B. Ffolkes, Bart., K.C.V.O., Sir W. M. Honyman, Bart.,
Sir H. D. Ingilby, Bart., Sir F. S. Powell, Bart., Sir Julius C.
Wernher, Bart. (Gov.), Sir Bosdin T. Leech, Sir Horace Regnart,
Sir Thomas Skewes-Cox, Sir George White, M.P., Major-Gen.
Sir Mildmay Willson Willson, K.C.B., Count Arnim-Schlagenthin,
Baron William Von Schroder, Dr. Giovanni Carlo Siemoni (Hon.
Member), Mr. A. H. Ashdown, Mr. W. Thorney Ayre, Mr. T. H.
Bainbridge, Mr. Francis P. Baker, Mr. A. C. Bamlett, Mr. T.
Bannister, Mr. C. A. Barnes (1860), Mr. William Beckett,
Mr. R. B. Brockbank, Mr. Isaac A. Brown, Mr. C. J. Bruce
(Auchenzeoch), Mr. J. Burdon Sanderson, Mr. E. C. Atherton
Byrom, Mr. C. C. Calverley (1845), the Rev. L. Capel Cure, Mr.
Archibald Coats, Mr. Frank G. Debenham, Mr. Carl Eder, Mr. C.
A. Egerton, Major W. H. Fife-Cookson, Mr. E. France-Hayhurst,
Mr. F. B. Frank (1865), Mr. Thomas Fry (1857), Mr. William
Garnett (1858), Mr. H. J. Garrod, the Very Rev. Dr. Gillespie,
Colonel T. L. Hampton Lewis, Mr. R. Donne Hancock, Captain
W. B. Harrison, Mr. W. D. James, C.V.O. (Gov.), Major W. J.
Joicey, Mr. George Lewthwaite (1865), Mr. J. Knox Lyal, Mr.
Andrew Montgomery, Mr. George Nevile (1855), Mr. William E.
Oakeley, Mr. H. C. Okeover, Mr. W. Fillingham Parr, Mr. Percy
Percival, Mr. C. D. Phillips, Mr. H. M. Proctor, Mr. Robert
Ratcliff, Mr. J. Maunsell Richardson, Mr. F. Riley-Smith, Mr.
George F. Roumieu, Mr. P. Saltmarshe (1885), Mr. William
Sherborn, Mr. W. Barrow Simonds (1839, Foundation Life Gov-
ernor), Mr. R. S. Wilmot Sitwell, Mr. Henry Straker (1868), Mr.
E. S. Trafford, Lieut.-Col. C. A. M. Warde, Professor Thomas
Winter, Mr. Horace Wolton, and Mr. Rowland Wood.

4. The above, and other changes, bring the total number of
Governors and Members now on the Register to 10,307, divided as
follows : —

170 Annual Governors;
86 Life Governors ;
7,274 Annual Members ;
2,748 Life Members ;

29 Honorary Members ;

10,307 Total number of Governors and Members, as against a
total of 10,306 Members on the Register at the time of the last
Annual Report.

5. Mr. Kenneth J. J. Mackenzie having, owing to ill-health,
felt it necessary to resign, the Council, in April last, appointed
Mr. C. S. Orvvin, School of Rural Economy, Oxford, as Editor
of the Journal.

6. The Members of Council who retire by rotation at the next
General Meeting are those representing the Electoral Districts
of Group "C." The necessary steps are being taken for the
election or re-election of Representatives for the various Divi-
sions concerned. As the number of Governors and Members

250 Report to the Annual General Meeting,

resident in the Electoral District of the West Riding of York-
shire on the 1st August last was 367 that Division is now entitled,
under By-law 83, to elect another Representative in addition to
Mr. Stanyforth. Owing to the recent death of Mr. George
Taylor, a vacancy has occurred in the representation of
Middlesex, and all the electors in this Division have been
notified with a view to the vacancy being filled up.

7. The Earl of Northbrook having intimated that he would
be prepared to accept nomination as President of the Society
for the year 1913, the Council have unanimously decided to recom-
mend the election of his Lox'dship to that othce at the Annual
Meeting.

8. In accordance with the By-laws, the balance-sheet has to
bo presented for consideration at the Annual General Meeting.
The Council therefore beg to submit the balance-sheet for the
year 1911, with the Statement of Ordinary Income and Expen-
diture. These accounts were published in Volume 72 of the
Journal issued to Members early this year, having been duly
examined and certified as correct by the Auditors appointed by
the Members, and by the professional Accountants employed by
the Society.

9. The Annual Exhibition at Doncaster this year — which it
was generally agreed would have been one of the best ever
held — was to a very large extent marred by the compulsory
abandonment, at the last moment, of the Cattle, Sheep and
Swine sections. Though the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease
reported during the week preceding the Show had caused the
Officials much anxiety and had led to extraordinary precautions
being taken in the veterinary examination of animals before
admission to the Showyard, it was not until the morning of
Monday, July 1st (the day preceding the opening of the Show),
that an intimation was received by telegram from the Board of
Agriculture to the effect that an Order was being made
prohibiting the exhibition of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs. This
prohibition involved no less than 2,249 entries, nearly 1,500 of
which were actually in the Showyard, and many others were in
transit. Arrangements were made immediately with the railway
companies to get the banned exhibits away at the earliest
possible moment ; and so well was the work carried out that by
the time the gates were opened at 8 o'clock on the Tuesday
morning, almost every entry in the prohibited sections had been
despatched from the Show.

10. Fortunately for the Society there were still left in the
Showground many things to attract and interest the visitor,
including the fine display of Implements and Machinery, the
Working Dairy, the Horticultural, Forestry and Agricultural
Education Exhibitions, the excellent entries of Horses, Poultry,
and Produce, and the Championship Show of the National
Terrier Club.

11. With the Cattle, Sheep and Pigs all sent away, the
troubles of the Show Officials were, however, by no means at
an end, for the first day's proceedings took place in the midst
of a perfect deluge. So bad, indeed, was the rain in the morning

Wednesday, December 11, 1912. 251

that the Honorary Director felt it necessary to postpone the
judging of the Horse classes until the afternoon. At this period
the outlook for the Show was as gloomy as it could possibly be,
and the "black Tuesday " in the history of the Royal will not
easily be forgotten by those who were present that day in the
Doncaster Showyard.

12. Notwithstanding the combination of adverse circum-
stances at the beginning, brighter conditions prevailed later,
and, everything considered, the attendance of 90,139 persons
during the week must be regarded as satisfactory.

13. At a specially convened meeting on the Tuesday, the
Council expressed their concurrence, under the circumstances,
with the action taken by the Board of Agriculture in prohibiting
the Cattle, Sheep and Pig portions of the Show, and decided
to refund the fees paid for the entries of the animals concerned.

14. On the Wednesday the Show was visited by H.R.H.
Prince Arthur of Connaught, who travelled down from London,
arriving at the Showyard about 1.30 p.m., where he was received
by the President and Council. Having lunched in the Royal
Pavilion as the guest of the President, His Royal Highness made
a detailed inspection of the various exhibits and spent some time
in the Royal Box at the Grand Stand watching the horse jumping
competitions and other events in the Large Ring.

15. During the preliminary preparations and also at the Show
itself the Society received the most cordial support from the
Local Committee and from both the Yorkshire and the Doncaster
Agricultural Societies. The greatest assistance also was ren-
dered throughout by the Mayor (Mr. Councillor Clark) and the
Corporation of Doncaster, wliose courtesy and hospitality were
recognised at the General Meeting of Governors and Members in
the Large Tent on the Thursday. On that occasion thanks were
also tendered to the railway companies, whose help under the
most exceptional difficulties v?as acknowledged on all hands.

16. In view of the inevitable loss which would be sustained,
many exhibitors in the Cattle, Sheep and Pig sections
generously expressed their intention not to receive back the
entry fees which the Council had decided to return, and these,
in addition to contributions, amounted in all to £290 2s. Od.

17. The Accounts of the Show have now been prepared, and,
subject to audit, these disclose a deficit of £l,232 lis., to meet
which, however, there is the £2,500 set apart from the ordinary
account as a contribution to the Show Fund.

18. A Trial of Corn and Seed Drills was carried out by the
Society in April last at the farm of Mr. C. D. Nicholson, of
Stainton Manor, Rotherham. For the purpose of the trials the
machines were divided into two classes : —

Class 1. Drills for Corn and Pulse; First Prize, £10; Second

Prize, £5 (8 entries).
Class 2. Drills for Grass and Clover, coulter and broadcast ;

First Prize, £10 ; Second Prize, £5 (one entry).
The First and Second Prizes in Class I. and the First Prize hi
Class IT. were awarded to Messrs. Francis Walker and Sons, of

252 Report to the Annual General Meeting,

Tithby, Bingham, Notts, Messrs. Kell and Company, Limited,
Gloucester, being Highly Commended in Class I.

19. The Society's Seventy-fourth Annual Exhibition will be
held from Tuesday, the 1st, to Saturday, the 5th July, 1913, on the
Clifton and Durdham Downs at Bristol. A special attraction of
this Show will be a section, comprising a space of about two
acres, devoted exclusively to exhibits of the natural produce of
the British Dominions Oversea.

20. The Schedule of Prizes for Live Stock, Poultry, Produce,
etc., at the Bristol Show, which will be issued early in the new
year, will be on a very liberal and comprehensive scale. The Bristol
Local Committee have promised a handsome contribution
towards the prizes, and offers of Champion and other prizes have
been received from the following Breed Societies : — Shire Horse
Socie'-y, Clydesdale Horse Society, Suffolk Horse Society,
Hunters' Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding
Society. Hackney Horse Society, Polo and Riding Pony Society,
Shetland Pony Stud Book Society, Shorthorn Society, Dairy
Shorthorn (Coates' Herd Book) Association, Lincolnshire Red
Shorthorn Association, Hereford Herd Book Society, Devon Cattle
Breeders' Society, Longhorn Cattle Society, Sussex Herd Book
Society, Welsh Black Cattle Society, Aberdeen Angus Cattle
Society, English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association, British
Holstein Cattle Society, English Jersey Cattle Society, English
Guernsey Cattle Society, Southdown Sheep Society, Hampshire
Down Sheep Breeders' Association, Suffolk Sheep Society, Dorset
Down Sheep Breeders' Association, Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders'
Association. Lincoln Long Wool Sheep Breeders' Association,
Leicester Sheep Breeders Association, Society of Border
Leicester Sheep Breeders, Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep
Breeders' Association, Cotswold Sheep Society, Devon Long
Woolled Sheep Breeders' Society, Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders'
Association, Breeders of Cheviot Sheep, Lincolnshire Curly
Coated Pig Breeders' Association.

The following Challenge Cups are also offered : —

£50 Silver Cup for the best Suffolk Stallion.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Hunter Riding Mare or Gelding.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Hack or Riding Pony.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Single Harness Horse in the

Novice Classes
Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Single Harness Horse.
Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Pair of Harness Horses.
Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Tandem.
Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Four-in-Hand.
Fifty Guinea Cup for the best group of Dairy Shorthorns.
£20 Silver Cup for the best animal in the South Devon Cattle Classes.
£15 Silver Cup for the best Longhorn Bull or Cow.
£15 Silver Cup for the best Longhorn yearling Bull or Heifer.
Twenty-five Guinea Silver Cup for the best animal in the Kerry

Classes.
Twenty five Guinea Silver Cup for the best animal in the Dexter

Classes.
Fifty Guinea Silver Bowl for the best group of Lincoln Sheep.
Sixty Guinea Silver Cup for the best Border Leicester Ram or Ewe.
Twenty Guinea Silver Cup for the best Large Black Sow.

Wednesdai/, December 11, 1912. 253

In the Poultry section Prizes amounting to £416 are offered
in 136 classes, and the following are providing special Prizes :
The White Plymouth Rock Club, the Croad Langshan Club, the
Sussex Poultry Club, the Malines Poultry Club, the Campine
Club, and the Orpington Duck Club.

The Horticultural Exhibition m the Showyard at Bristol will
be opened on Tuesday, July 1st, and will close on Friday,
July 4th. Money Prizes and Gold, Silver and Silver Gilt Medals
will be offered in 19 classes.

The National Terrier Club will hold their Show in the Show
yard on the Thursday and Friday, July 3rd and 4th.

An Agricultural Education and Forestry Exhibition will be
held in the Bristol Showyard on the same general lines of those
of previous years.

The Plantations and Nurseries Competition — to be organised
in conjunction with the Royal English Arboricultural Society —
will next year be restricted to the counties of Somerset, Devon,
Cornwall, and Monmouth.

21. The following Prizes for Farms, amounting in all to £500.
are offered by the Bristol Local Committee : —

For the best managed Farms in Gloucestershire.

Class I. — Farm of 250 acres or over, exclusive of Down. First Prize,
£80; Second Prize, £40. (5 entries.)

Class II. — Farm of not less than 50 acres and under 250 acres, ex-
clusive of Down. First Prize, £50 ; Second Prize, £30. (3 entries.)

For the best managed Farms in Somersetshire and Dorsetshire.

Class III. — Farm of 300 acres or over, exclusive of Down First
Prize, £80; Second Prize, £40. (7 entries.)

Class IV. — Farm of not less than 150 acres and under 300 acres, exclu-
sive of Down. First Prize, £80; Second Prize, £40. (11 entries.)

Class V. — Farm of not less than 50 acres and under 150 acres, exclu
sive of Down. First Prize, £40; Second Prize. £20. (6 entries.)

Entries in these Classes closed on Friday, November 1st.

22. The following Prizes are offered for Milking Machines : —
Firtt Prize, £25 and gold medal ; Second Prize, £lO and silver
medal. Entries must be sent in on or before 1st February next,
and the trials will take place in the County of Durham in April
cr May, 1913.

23. Prizes of £10 and £5 will also be offered in connection
with the Bristol Show next year, for Hand-power Machines for
applying Dry Insecticides or Fungicides in powder form to
bushes and trees.

24. Invitations have been received and accepted by the
Society for the holding of future Shows as follows: — In 1914, at
Shrewsbury; in 1915, at Nottingham; in 1916, at Manchester;
in 1917, at Cardiff.

25. At midsummer. Dr. Voelrker transferred his laboratory
from No. 22 to No. 1, Tudor Street, E.C., which latter will,
in future, be the address of the Society's Laboratory, and to
which samples and communications should be sent. About
the same number of samples were submitted for analysis

254 Report to the Annual General Meeting,

as during the preceding twelve months, this being 426. Special
reference has been made, in the reports of the Chemical
Committee, to Bombay cotton cake containing excessive sand,
rice meal composed mamly of rice " shudes " (husks), barley meal
adulterated with pea husks, and sharps adulterated with pea
husks and containing an excessive amount of sand. In con-
nection with the Society's Show at Doncaster, 36 samples of
Cider were analysed, but, in consequence of the cancelling of the
Cattle classes, there were no samples of Milk taken.

26. If 1911 was an exceptional season for the Society's
Experimenta,l Farm at Woburn, 1912 was equally so, though in
a different direction. The wheat and barley crops, after looking
well at first, failed to ripen properly, through the absence of sun
and warmth and the influence of the persistent downpour
experienced in August. At the Woburn Farm there were no less
than 26 out of the 31 days of August on which rain fell. The
wheat, which was cut early in the month, began to sprout in the
shocks, and had to be threshed out at once , the barley, which
was later and was left standing until September, fared, on the
whole, rather better, but the quality was, as in many other
districts, very inferior. Fortunately, the hay crop had been got
in well and was a very fair yield. Root-crops also were excellent,
these including experimental plots of sugar-beet. An interesting
series of experiments on varieties of lucerne and on methods of
sowing this crop was carried forward, the best results coming
from Russian (Europe) lucerne, and then from Canadian and
Provence seed. The plots sown on bare ground were uniformly
better than those laid down in a barley crop. There were also
trials with different varieties of wheat — including French wheats
— and of barley. k.n experiment in the rearing of calves gave
rise to much interest and, so far as it has gone, has shown the
best results, as regards the animals, from the giving, in the early
stages, of whole milk, or of crushed oats along with separated
milk.

27. At the Pot-culture Station, the Hills' experiments have
been carried further, lithium, zinc, and lead salts being the
special subjects of enquiry. More work has been done on the
influence of magnesia in soils, and on the heating and sterilising
of soils.

28. During the season the Farm has been visited by parties from
the Glamorganshire County Council, the Leicestershire Chamber
of Agriculture, and the Tunbridge Weils Farmers' Club, as well
as by many private individuals. On July 23rd, the annual visit
of Members of the Society took place, about 50 Members joining
in it, while on August 1st the Council made its official inspection
of the Farm and Experimental Station.

29. On May 8th an influential deputation from the Council
waited upon the President of the Board of Agriculture to urge
upon him the claims of the Woburn Experimental Station for
recognition under the Development Fund scheme. So far, how-
ever, no definite action has been announced

30. Mr. W. H. Hogg, who has been the Manager of the
Experimental Farm for the last eleven years, has resigned his
post in consequence of his having obtained an appointment as

Wednesday/, December 11, 1912. 255

Inspector under the Scottish Board of Agriculture. Mr. Frank
C. Atkinson, B.Sc, of Durham University, and now of the North-
Eastern County School, Barnard Castle, has been appointed as
the new Managei* of the Farm.

31. The work of the Botanical Department during the past
year has been of a very varied character. The earlier months
of the year were, as usual, occupied with seed-testing and deal-
ing with enquiries as to the best kinds of seeds for various pur-
poses. In the early part of the summer many problems con-
cerned with the management of meadow land were dealt with.
The majority of these were traceable directly to the effects of the
long continued drought of 1911. As a result of this, bare patches
were found chiefly through the death of the clovers, which
became invaded by colonies of annual grasses such as soft
brome and various weeds. In some few cases pastures had
suffered in the same manner though not to so marked an extent.
Such patches should "heal" in a season or so if the annuals are
prevented from seeding, but in one exceptionally bad case re-
seeding had to be recommended. Weeds for identification were
received in larger numbers than usual. Many of these were
sent under the impression that they might be responsible
for the death of sheep, but none of the species examined were
known to be poisonous. Others were common perennial weeds
which had obtained a hold in pastures chiefly through bad
management in former years. The increasing recognition of
the losses caused by fungoid parasites has led to numerous
enquiries in this subject. The majority were concerned with
the diseases of fruit trees, and in most cases simple curative
or preventive measures could be suggested directly. In some
few cases special investigations have had to be started with the
aid, in most cases, of the Members sending the enquiries.

32. The work of this Department during the past year has,
as usual, fallen under three heads : — The identification of a
large number of insects and arachnids, interesting for one reason
or another, the giving of advice in the case of insect attack, and
the investigation of obscure points in the life history of pests.
An unusual number of insects and arachnids have been sent
for investigation, including many external parasites of animals.
The insect attacks advised upon have included a few of an
abnormal character, and have covered a wide field, comprising
pests of farm crops, fruit, forest trees, and domestic animals.
An enquiry was carried out into the utility of the " Ortel fer-
ment," and into the life-history of several injurious insects. Re-
newed investigation of the raspberry beetle has brought new facts
to light, and further discoveries have been made in connection
with the pea thrips. As usual the peculiar weather conditions
had a marked effect on the work of the season.

33. The outbreaks of anthrax confirmed by the Board of
Agriculture during the year show a slight decline as compared
with the previous year. The returns with regard to glanders
continue to be satisfactory, but the progress towards complete
extermination of the disease has been less rapid than during
1911. In the case of sheep scab there has been since the be-
ginni^-or of the year a most gratifying diminution in the number

25 G Leport to the Amiual General Meeting,

of outbreaks. Unfortunately, judged by the number of reported
outbreaks, swine fever has been even more prevalent during the
current year than in 1911, which was in this respect the worst
for many years past. The most serious feature of the year in
connection with the occurrence of contagious disease has been
the re-appearance of foot-and-mouth disease. After six months
of apparent freedom from the disease four outbreaks were de-
tected in the week ended 29th June, viz., two in Cumberland and
two in Lancaster. Between that date and the 8th of October
78 outbreaks were discovered in different parts of the country,
the counties involved in addition to the two mentioned being
Chester, Durham, Northumberland, Surrey, East and West
Riding of Yorkshire, Leicester, Somerset, Salop, Sussex,
Stafford, and Hants. In these 82 outbreaks 636 animals were
attacked. In view of the number and scattered character of
the outbreaks the country may be regarded as having narrowly
escaped a very great danger. The fact that the disease did not
spread to a greater extent testifies to the efficiency of the
measures adopted by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and
to the wisdom of the stamping out policy as applied to outbreaks
of this scourge.

34. At a Special Meeting of the Council held on the 8th
October last, the following Resolutions were unanimously passed,
and copies were ordered to be sent to the various Agricultural
and Breed Societies and kindred bodies in Great Britain :

" That while desiring to express their approval of the
action taken by the Board of Agriculture whereby the impor-
tation into Great Britain of Irish cattle was prohibited, the
Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England desire
to place on record their regret at the action of the President
of the Board of Agriculture in admitting Irish Store Cattle
into this country at a time when cases of Foot-and-Mouth
disease are reported from different districts in Ireland, thus
opening the door to the re-introduction of disease from
Ireland into Great Britain. They would urge upon him most
strongly in the interests not only of the breeders and stock
owners of this country, but of consumers, that the regulations
lately existing should be re-imposed until such a time as
Ireland is free from the disease."

" That the Society join in the Deputation to be received
by the President of the Board of Agriculture on Wednesday
next, to present the Resolution passed at this meeting."

On the 9th October the President of the Board of Agriculture
received a very large and influential Deputation representing the
Royal Agricultural Society of England, the Central and Asso-
ciated Chambers of Agriculture, the National Farmers' Union,
the Shorthorn and several other Breed Societies. The Deputa-
tion was introduced by the Right Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P.,
and the views contained in the first resolution were put forward
by the Duke of Devonshire, on behalf of the Society, and by
speakers representing the other organisations. The Council
regret that Mr. Runciman was unable to give effect to the views
put before him by the Deputation.

Wednesday, December 11, 1912. 257

35. Progress has been made during the year with the experi-
ments which are being carried out at Woburn for the purpose of
demonstrating that by means of isolation it is possible to rear
healthy stock from tuberculous parents. It is hoped that the
final report on the experiments will be ready some time next year.

36. As the result of the examination at the Royal Veterinary
College for the Society's Medals for proficiency in Cattle Path-
ology, including the diseases of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs, the
Silver Medal has been awarded to Mr. S. J. Gilbert, Royal
Veterinary College, Camden Town, N.W., and the Bronze Medal
to Mr. R. H. Knowles, of Strawberry Hill, Haulgh, Bolton.

37. As announced in the last report, the Council decided last
year to offer the Society's Gold Medal annually for original
research in Agriculture. Five Essays have been submitted by
qualified candidates.

38. The Trustees of the " Queen Victoria Gifts " Fund have
made a grant to the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution
of £l40 for the year 1912, to be distributed in grants of £lO each
to the five male candidates, five married couples, and four female
candidates, who polled the largest number of votes in their class,
and who would not this year receive grants from any other fund
in connection with the Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution.

39. The Thirteenth Annual Examination for the National
Diploma in Agriculture was held at the Leeds University from the
20th to the 26th April last, when thirty-two candidates were
successful in obtaining the Diploma, the first four gaining
Honours. For list see pp. "259 and 260.

40. The Examination for the National Diploma in Dairying
was held this year for English students from September 14th to
20th, at the British Dairy Institute and University College, Read-
ing; and for Scottish students from September 20th to 28th, at
the Dairy School for Scotland, Kilmarnock. Forty-one candi-
dates were examined at Reading, of whom twenty-three passed,
and fifty candidates at Kilmarnock, of whom thirty-two passed.
The names of the successful candidates will be found on pp.
264 and 265.

By Order of the Council,

THOMAS McROW,

Secrefari/.
16 Bedford Square,
London, W.C,

November 6, 1912.

VOL. 73.

258

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXAMINATION

BOARD.

I.— REPORT ON THE RESULTS

OF THE THIRTEENTH EXAMINATION FOR THE

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE,

Held at Leeds, April 20 to 26, 1912.

1. The Thirteenth Examination for the NATIONAL DIPLOMA
IN Agriculture which, by the courtesy of the authorities,
was hekl at the University of Leeds from the 20th to the 26th
April hist, marked a change in the principle of this Examination
which has now been conducted annually since the year 1900.

2. New Regulations and a revised Syllabus came into force
for the first time, under which a candidate was required to
present a certificate from a recognised agricultural college that
his attainments in the subjects of General Botany, Geology,
General Chernistry , Physics and Mechanics, as attested by class
and other examinations were, in the opinion of the authorities
of his college, such as to justify his admission to the Examina-
tion ; or to produce other evidence of equivalent attainment.
The subjects of Examination were Practical Agriculture (two
papers), Farm and Estate Etigijieering (including (a) Survey-
ing, (5) Farm Buildings, (c) Machinery and Implements),
Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Botany, Agricultural
Book-keeping, Agricultural Zoology, and Veterinary Science.

3. Candidates were given the option of taking the whole
eight papers at one time, or of sitting for a group of any four
this year, it being understood that if these were passed the
remaining group of four were to be taken next year. Candi-
dates failing in a single subject of a group will be permitted to
take this again in conjunction with the second group.

4. After the issue of these new Regulations, however, it
came to the knowledge of the Board that a substantial number
of students would be unable to comply with the new require-
ments. To meet such cases, it was found necessary, therefore,
to hold an Examination in both Part I. and Part II. under the
conditions which had been in force hitherto.

5. In all 102 candidates presented themselves, 21 in Part I.
{old Regulations), 43 in Part II. (old Regulations), and 38 under
the neiv Regulations.

6. Of these last-mentioned 38, four took the whole Examina-
tion, three being successful in obtaining the Diploma. Of the
34 sitting for a group of four subjects, 23 were successful.

National Agricultural Examination Board. 25 '.1

7. Of the 43 candidates who entered this year for Part
II. (old Regulations) — whicli comprised the subjects of Prac-
tical Agriculture, Agricultural Book-keeping {or Mensuration
and Land-Survey ing). Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural
Engineering, and Veterinary Science — four, who had previously
failed in one subject of Part I., were allowed to take that
subject in conjunction with the Second Part ; and seven who
had on a former occasion failed in only one subject of Part II.,
came up for that siibject alone.

8. The result of the Examination in Part II. was that 29
candidates (including two of the four who were also taking a
Part I. subject, and the whole seven who came up for one
subject only) were successful, and, having passed both Parts
of the Examination, were awarded the National Diploma in
Agriculture, the first four candidates obtaining Honours.

9. In the list which follows the names of the candidates
gaining Honours are given in order of merit, and the other
Diploma winners in alphabetical order, the three who were
successful under the new Regulations being marked with an
asterisk.

Diploma ivitli Honours.

1. John Malcolm, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

2. James Fitzgerald Malcolm, West of Scotland Agricultural College,

Glasgow.

3. Arthur Richard Westrop, Harper- Adams Agricultural College, New-

port, Salop.

4. Edward Percival, Harris Institute, Preston.

Diploma.

Wilfred Pease Barker, University of Leeds

Douglas Jackson Boyle, University of Leeds.

Harold Bradshaw, Harris Institute, Preston.

Benjamin Browne, Jun., The Boot, Windermere.
*WiLLiAM Thomas Clarke, University College, Reading.

George Hampden Crabtree, Harris Institute, Preston.

Alex G. G. Ellis, North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Aberdeen.

Victor C. Fishwick, Beds. Agricultural Institute, Ridgmont.

Gilbert Alexander Goody, Agricultural College, Uckfield, Sussex.

John Angus Gunn, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Guy Rhodes Haigh, University of Leeds.

Reginald Watt Hunter, University of Leeds.

James Kirkwood, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

John Kirkwood, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Andrew Corrie McCandlish, West of Scotland Agricultural College,
Glasgow.

Maurice Malcolm, West of Scotland Agi-icultural College, Glasgow.
*Alexander Murray, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Cyril Herbert Page, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport,
Salop.

Ernest Pennington, Harris Institute, Preston.

Joseph Henry Prater, Halwyn Farm, Crantock, Newquay, Cornwall.

A. EwiNa Reid, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

K2

2 BO National Agricultural Examination Board.

William Robb, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.
Arnold Roebuck, Fixby, Brighouse.
Alexander Francis Smith, University of Aberdeen.
Geoffrey Belasyse Smith, University of Leeds.
H. WiLBEBFORCE THOMPSON, University of Leeds.
Alec D. R. Walbank, University of Leeds.
*B. Lionel Wolf, Agricultural College, Uckfield, Sussex.

Part I.

Of the 21 candidates who sat for Part I. {old Regulations)

the following eight were successful and are entitled to present

themselves foi- Part II. in 1913 : —

Gilbert Henry Brooke. University of Leeds.

George T. Findlay, North of Scotland College of Agriculture. Aberdeen.

Charles William Goode, University of Leeds.

.\RTHUR King. University of Leeds.

Harold Marshall, University of Leeds.

Henry Roebuck, University of Leeds.

albert Watson. University of Leeds.

George Whittaker, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop.

New Regulations.

10. The following 23 candidates were successful in passing
in the four sulijects for which they sat at the recent examina-
tion, and will therefore be permitted to take the remaining
four subjects next year : —

ALFRED C. CAMPBELL, West of Scotland Asjricultural College, Glasgow.

STEPHEN M. Cherrie, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

James Cochrane, West of Scotland Agricultural College. Glasgow.

r.ICHARD B. Comely. Koyal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Finl.W Ross Corrie, West of Scotland .\yri;-ultural College. Glasgow.

Thomas Gilliland, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

.Tames Butler Goddard, Harris Institute, Preston.

Thomas B. Hewitt, Roval College of Science, Dublin.

Harold Edwin Hippisley, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

albert Bentley Hyde Harris Institute, Preston.

Richard Ibison, Harris Institute, Preston.

Wn.LlAM KIRKPATRIGK, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Wilfrid McLean, Royal College of Science, Dublin.

Thomas B. Manson, VVest of Scotland Agricultural College. Glasgow.

Thomas L. Masheter, Harris Institute, Preston.

William D. Montgomerie, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Jose Peden, West of Scotland Agricultural College. Glasgow.

John Dare Powell, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop.

Percival John Powell, Midland Agricultural & Dairy College, Kingston. Derby.

LINDSAY' Robb, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

John Hepburn Russell, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Sirdar Darshan Singh of Vahali. Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Joseph Shepherd Towers, Harris Institute, Preston.

11. The Reports of the Examiners in the various subjects
are as follows : —

Agricultural Botany. Professor John Percival, M.A., F.L.S.
Old Regulations (Part I.), 200 Marks. New Regulations, TOO Marks.

A great many of the candidates sent up for the e.'iamination under the old regu-
lations had very little knowledge of their subject, and should not have entered.

On the other hand those entering under the new regulations (which ought to, and
apparently do, secure a better training before sitting for the examination) were of
superior rnerit, their work reaching a considerably higher average standard than in
any previous examination.

In regard to particular questions the only points worth noting were the tendency of
several candidates to confuse the problem of "nitrogen fixation" with the totally
different question of "nitrification," and a certain weakness iu describing the botanical
characters of farm plants.

National Agricultural Examination Board. 261

Mensuration and Land Surveying. Mr. R. E. C. Burder, P.A.S.I.

Old Regulations. 200 Marks.
The papers submitted in this subject maintained a fair average standard, but I do
not consider that any of them could be described as being in any way exceptionally
good. The style of the plans ^.nd sections was very much the same as last year, and
greater neatness and definition is still very desirable.

F.\RM AND Estate Engineering. Mr. R. E. C. Burder, P.A.S.T.

(Surveying and Farm Buildings) ; Mr. Arnokl G. Hansard, B.A., M.Inst.E.E.

(Machinery and Implements).

New Regulations, 300 Marks.

The remarks made with reference to the papers in Mensuration and Land Surveying
apply equaVly to the Surveying portion of this examination. In the Building section
the candidates showed that they had been carefully instructed in the subject of land
drainage, but in many cases tlieir answers indicated that they had failed to consider
sufficiently the exact conditions laid down in the question. The candidates appeared
to possess "a very fair knowledge of plan drawing and of the dimensions required for
the different descriptions of buildings, l)ut they were ill prepared on the subject of cost
and values, the answers given to the second portion of question 6 being very poor
indeed

The Machinery and Implements portion of the paper was only fairly well done
by about half the candidates, the remainder would not have passed on this portion
alone ; there were only three or four really good sets of answers. Both the written
and oral examinations showed that in many cases students taking this paper had
had hardly any opportunity of obtaining practical acquaintance with the vi'orking
and construction of simple engines and the commoner agricultural implements.

General Chemistry. Dr. H. B. Baker, F.R.S.

Old Regulations, 200 Marks.

The percentage of failures was rather higher this year than last. This is probably
to be accounted for by many candidates who were not quite ready for the examination
going in for the last examination of its kind. Some of the work was excellent and
quite up to the standard of last year. I was more than ever convinced of the great
value of the oral examination.

Geology. Dr. J. E. Marr, M.A., F.R.S., P.G.S.

Old Regulations, 100 Marks.

The answers of the candidates for the National Diploma in Agriculture who took
Geology were moderate. There were few who had not at least a fair acquaintance
with the principles of the subject, but no one shewed marked ability.

Agricultural Zoology. Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, M.A.

Old Regulations (Part I.), 100 Marks. New Regulations. 200 Marks.

The candidates who entered under the neir regulations showed a higher average
than on any occasion during the past twelve years. In most cases there was clear
evidence of familiarity with actual specimens and their practical importance. Some of
the candidates who entered under the old regulations did equally good work. In
almost every case the insect supplied was correctly classified and the specimen
supplied rightly identified. Very few candidates attempted to deal with the micro-
scopic preparations. The question which was most frequently answered in an unsatis-
factory way was the very conventional one, asking a statement of the general characters
of Dipterous Insects.

Practical Agriculture. Mr. T. A. Dickson, Mr. John Gilchrist, F.S.I. ,

and ProfesEor W. McCracken.

Old Regulations (Part II.), 500 Marks.

xr^„. w^.,.,i,+;^„ / First Paper, 300 Marks.
New Regulations | Second Paper, 300 Marks.

The work of those who attained or approached the Honours s-tandard was excel-
lent. The standard of the rank and file was, however, susceptible of improvement,
and we look forward with confidence to greater proficiency as the result of the
alterations in the regulations under which future examinations will be held.

A number of candidates were not well informed as to the principles ui)on which
rotations of crops are based, nor were the reasons for particular rotations generally
understood.

Questions relating to farm drainage were not very well answered, owing, appar-
ently, to the fact that many candidates had never seen drainage operations actually
carried out.

262 National Agricult^iral Examination Board.

Nearly all possessed a very practical acquaintance with the farming of their own
parishes: we believe it would be an advantage if students were taught to take a
wider interest in the more representative systems of British Agriculture.

We have again occasion to recommend candidates to read the questions carefully
before beginning to answer them, as they may thus save time and earn better marks.

Agricultural Book-keeping. Mr. W. Home Cook, C.A.

Old Regulations, 200 Marks. New Regulations, 200 Marks.

As formerly the maximum number of marks obtainable was 200— the pass marks
necessary for the Diploma being 120 under the old Regulations and 100 under the ruw
Regulations. Forty-three presented themselves under the old Regulations, and of
these twenty-six obtained the necessary pass marks. Twenty-three candidates
presented themselves for examination under the vew regulations and of these
nineteen obtained the necessary pass marks.

While a number of the candidates showed a good knowledge of their subject, the
average standard of efficiency was rather below that of recent years, and a few of
the papers submitted manifested a failure to grasj) the principles of book-keeping.
More attention should be given to neatness and style.

Agricultural Chemistry. Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, Ph.D., M.A., F.I.C.,
and Dr. Bernard Dyer, D.Sc, F.I.C.

Old Regulations (Part II.), 200 Marks. New Regulations, 300 Marks.

The work presented in this part of the Examination was of a most satisfactory
kind. The candidates, alike under the old Regulations and the new, acquitted them-
selves exceedingly well, the general average attained being distinctly higher than on
any previous occasion within our experience. This was more particularly the case
with those who presented themselves under the iiciv Regulations. As a matter of fact,
all the candidates without exception fulfilled the requirements of the examination,
and what is more satisfactory is that not only did they do this, but the majority
scored high marks, and there were only three or four out of the whole number who
were at all near the " border line."

Agricultural Engineering. Mr. Arnold G. Hansard, B.A., M.Inst.E.E.

Old Regulations, 200 Marks.

A really good standard was reached by about one-quarter of the candidates who
entered for this paper ; and, with the exception of a few of the remainder, all obtained
marks well above the minimum required for the Diploma, only one actually failing to
reach this standard On the whole the paper was better done than last year's, though
again a good many answers to questions involving simple numerical calculations were
spoilt by carelessness.

Veterinary Science. Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B.

Old Regulations (Part II.), 100 Marks. New Regulations, 200 Marks.

With a few exceptions the candidates exhibited a satisfactory knowledge of the
subject, both in the written and the viva voce part of the examination. Several of
the papers were disfigured by gross mis-spelling of both ordinary and technical words.
The average percentage of marks obtained under the new and old Regulations was
practically the same.

12. The thanks of the Board are again due to the authorities
of the Leeds University, for their liberality and courtesy in
placing the Large Hall and other rooms of the University
at the Board's disposal for the Examination ; and to the
Examiners, for the care and attention they bestowed upon
the written answers to the papers set, and upon the viva voce
examination.

Alexander Cross, Chairman.
Thomas McRow, Secretary.

16 Bedford Square, liondon, W.C.
July, l'.)12.

National Agricultural Examination Board. 263

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE.

DIPLOMA-WINNERS, liH)7-191L

The Summary given below shows, at a glance, the pro-
fessions or occupations followed by the winners of the National
Diploma in Agriculture at the Annual Examinations held in
the five years, 1907 to 1911 inclusive.

The total number of successful candidates in the five
Examin^vtions referred to was 141, and these received their
preparation at fifteen teaching institutions, to the Principals of
which the National Agricultural Examination Board are
debted for the information contained in the summary.

Farming at home .....

Farm Managers . ...

' Farming in Colonies and Foreign Countries
* Colonial and foreign Agricultural posts .

Engaged in Estate Office work

Dairy Factory Manager .

Cheese Maker in Dairy Factory

Land Valuers under Finance Act

Dairy Chemist

Engaged in special research work

Milk Testers in Scotland

Lecturers, &c., at British Agricultural Colleges or under County
Council ..........

Assistant to Secretary, Scottish Agricultural Organization Society

Contractor for delivery of Milk by Motor from Ayrshire Creameries
to Glasgow

Wesleyan Minister .

Continuing their studies, in several cases for University Degrei

Deceased

No information obtainable concernin

in-

Total

27
3
15
19
7
1
1
4
1
4
4

26
1

1
1

12
2

12

141

1 Places abroad to which N.D.A. winners of the years mentioned have gone include
— Austraha, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, British East Africa, Nigeria, Egypt,
India, Malay States, China, Asia Minor, Germany, Argentina, and the United States of
America.

The particulars on which the above list is based were
obtained in April and May, 1912.

'26i

II.— REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE

SEVENTEENTH EXAMINATION FOR THE NATIONAL

DIPLOMA IN DAIRYING, 1912.

1. The Seventeenth Annual Examination for the National
Diploma in the Science and Practice of Dairying took place in
September, 1912. The Examination for English candidates
was held at the Univei-sity College and British Dairy Institute,
Reading, from September 14 to 20 ; and for Scottish Candi-
dates at the Dairy School for Scotland, Kilmarnock, from
September 20 to 28. At both centi-es the entries were larger
than on any previous occasion.

2. Forty-one candidates were examined at the English centre.
Of these, the following twenty-three satisfied the Examiners,
and have therefore been awarded the National Diploma in the
Science and Practice of Dairying : —

English Centre.

James Henry Artbe, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston,

Derby.
Leonard Ashworth, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston,

Derby.
Arthur Seymour Deewe, University College and British Dairy Insti-
tute, Reading.
Joseph Melville Druce, University College and British Dairy Institute,

Reading.
Miss Teifiona Evans, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Guy Rhodes Haigh, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston,

Derby.
Miss Dokothy Mary Hall, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.
Miss Ruth Hendry, Dairy School, Kilmarnock, and University College

and British Dairy Institute, Reading.
John Hodge, East Anglian Institute of Agriculture, Chelmsford.
Miss Nellie James, University College and British Dairy Institute,

Reading.
Roderick Edward Louch, University College and British Dairy

Institute, Reading.
Miss Catherine Oswald, Lancashire County Council Dairy School,

Hutton, Preston.
Miss Florence Patrick, East Anglian Institute of Agriculture,

Chelmsford.
Miss Mary Peers, Horticultural and Agricultural College, Studley,

Warwickshire.

National Agricultural Examination Board. 2(55

Percival JoHis" Powell, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.
Frank Rayxs, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston, Derby.
Jonathan Alan Robotham, Harper-Adams Agricultural College,

Newport, Salop.
William Pittock Smith, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.
Duncan Joseph Stephen, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.
Miss Margaret Gemmell Dickie Taylor, Midland Agricultural and

Dairy College, Kingston, Derby.
Miss Edith Thomas, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Miss Margaret Weatherell, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.
Miss Helena M. Williams, University College and British Dairy

Institute. Reading.

3. Fifty candidates presented themselves for examination
at the Scottish centre, the thirty-two whose names are given
below" being successful in gaining the Diploma : —

Scottish Centre.

James Allison, 77, Henry Street, Bloemfontein, Orange Free State.

Miss Isabella H. D. Burns, Market Place, Selkirk.

Duncan Davidson, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent.

Alexander G. G. Ellis, Kinclune, Glenkindie, Aberdeenshire.

Dudley V. Findlay, fi, Ellis Street, Kilmarnock.

Miss Marion Fleming, Struan, Busby Road, Gitfnock.

Miss Margaret Gray, Colaboll, Lairg.

Archibald Hamilton, 1»), Dean Terrace, Kilmarnock.

Edgar Hewetson. Soulby, Kirkby Stephen, Westmorland.

Reginald W. Hunter. Cardean, Cardigan Road, Bridlington.

Fred R. Hutton, 3, Manse Street, Kilmarnock.

John Kirkwood, Scorrieholm, Lesmahagow.

Robert Lamberton, Kirkcudbright Farm, Moniaive.

Alexander McWilliam, Dhuloch, Kirkcolm, Stranraer.

James F. Malcolm, Dunmore Farm, by Larbert.

John F. Milligan, Easterton, Milngavie, Stirlingshire.

Miss Annie Muirhead, Caddens Farm, Lenzie.

Alexander Murray^, S, Rosslea Drive, Giffnock.

Joseph Murray', Balruddery Farm, Dundee.

Miss Jessie G. Paterson, f>, St. Vincent Street, Edinburgh.

Ernest Pennington, Stoneleigh, Orrell, Wigan.

Miss Alison Ransford, (i. Queen Square, Bath.

Miss Isabel Reid, Balgreen, King Edward.

Miss Jean D. Scott, Hall Hill Farm, Crossford, Carluke.

David Simpson, Gladstone Place, Dyce, Aberdeenshire.

Miss Bessie Stevenson, Old Mill Farm, Beith.

James A. Symon, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire.

Geoffrey Talbot, Moorside, Tonge Moor, Bolton.

John P. Thompson, Clifton House, Clifton, Manchester.

Harry R. Taylor, Wellsdale, Gathurst, Wigan.

Gwilym Williams, Tanycoed, Llanwrda, S. Wales.

Hugh Alexander Wyllie, Newmains, Caerlaverock, Dumfries.

4. Mr. John Gilchrist, the Examiner in General Dairying,
in his report, states that the work done by the candidates at

266 National Agricultural Examination Board.

Reading, with a few exceptions, showed a decided improvement
as compared with past years. In general dairying the answers
to the written paper were clearly stated. The Examiner would
advise the candidates, however, to acquire a more thorough
and practical knowledge of the keeping of dairy and farm
accounts. The work of butter-making was, with the exception
of a few cases, carried through efficiently.

At Kilmarnock, as at Reading, there was a record number
of candidates, and the examination lasted over the entire week.
There is now a great improvement in the average intelligence
shown in the written answers and also in the oral examination.
At this centre there was also a weakness in the general know-
ledge of dairy and farm accounts, and the Examiner recommends
that candidates in future should give this branch of the subject
more attention.

At neither centre, with a few exceptions, did the candidates
obtain very high marks for their capacity to impart instruction
to others.

5. The Examiner in Cheese-making (Mr. John Benson)
reports that this year a good proportion of the candidates were
found to 1)6 skilled cheese makers, the proportion of candidates
who were really qualified being much higher than in recent
years. On the other hand, a certain number of candidates who
passed were rather near the border line, and another year's
training and experience would have been to their advantage.
In the written and oral portions of the examination the results
were, on the whole, satisfactory, and in advance of those of last
year, many of the candidates at the Scottish centre doing
extremely well.

6. Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, who this year acted as Examiner
in Chemistry and Bacteriology at both Reading and Kilmarnock,
reports that the forty candidates who presented papers in this
subject at Reading, divided themselves roughly into two classes
— the one, those who had a thoroughly satisfactory knowledge,
the other, those who failed altogether or who just managed to
meet minimum requirements. Of the former, no less than
sixteen gained just about two-thirds total marks or over (which
must be called distinctly good), three or four of these indeed,
showing special knowledge. Of the latter class, there were
eleven outright failures. As a rule, the written answers were
better given than those in the viva voce examination. The
bacteriological side of the subject was, speaking generally,
treated more satisfactorily than that of general chemistry, thus
showing that more attention requires to be given to the
acquiring of a good ground-work of the science.

National Agricultural Examination Board. 267

Of the forty-eight candidates who presented themselves
for this subject at Kilmarnock, twenty, Dr. Voelcker states,
obtained two-thirds total marks or over, three of these showing
special excellence. There were only five absolute failures and
seven others of doubtful qualification. On the whole, the viva
voce part of the examination was even better done than the
written part, several candidates distinguishing themselves by
their ready and clear replies. While, in a few cases, there was
a manifest weakness in knowlege of the principles of general
chemistry, the examination as a whole brought out the fact that
the teaching imparted had been of good and sound character.
Especially was this the case as regards the subject of Bacteriology
in its relation to Dairying, and this side of the examination left
little to be desired.

Alexander Cross,

Chairman.

16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.
October, 1912.

DAIRY DIPLOMA WINNERS, 1907-1911.

During the five years, 1907 to 1911, 189 Diplomas were
awarded (88 at the English centre ; 101 at the Scottish centre),
and the information given below, showing the positions or
occupations of the majority of these successful candidates, is
taken from particulars kindly supplied in the early part of
the present year by the heads of the various dairy training
institutions.

Fifty-eight of these Diploma-winners are teaching agri-
culture, dairying or poultry-keeping at home and abroad ; 24
are engaged in farming (18 in Great Britain, 1 in Canada, 2 in
Australia) ; 22 are stated to be engaged in dairy work at home;
18 are managing or assisting in factories or creameries at home
and abroad ; 9 are employed in milk testing ; 5 hold positions
as dairy experts (1 in Cheshire, 2 in Cape Colony, 1 in Western
Australia, 1 in South America).

Several of the remainder hold responsible positions, of
which may be mentioned the following :— Agricultural Adviser
to Government of Sierra Leone, Inspector of Farms for Con-
densed Milk Company, Inspector of Dairy Work in Ireland,
Assistant Valuer under Finance Act, &c., &c.

268

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1912 OF

THE PRINCIPAL OF

THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Anthrax.

The following Table shows the number of outbreaks of
this disease and the number of animals attacked during each of
the last six years : —

Year

Outbreaks

Animals attacked

1907

1,084

1,456

1908

1,105

1,429

1909

1,317

1,698

1910

1,496

1,776

1911

907

1,120

1912

743

840

These figures appear to suggest that there has been a marked
reduction in the number of ovitbreaks during the last two years,
but, as was pointed out in the previous Annual Report, the
statistics relating to this disease since January 1, 1911, are not
strictly comparable with those for previous years. Prior to the
date mentioned every case reported to the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries by a veterinary inspector to a local authority as
a case of anthrax figured as such in the annual returns, but
since the beginning of 1911 the diagnosis in all suspected cases
has been in the hands of the Board, with the result that the
total number of cases for the twelve months is considerably
reduced l^y the elimination of errors in diagnosis. The figures
for the last two years, therefore, give a much truer measure of
th^ncidence of the disease in Great Britain tlia)i those collected
under the old system.

The figures for the last two years are comparable, and it is
satisfactory to note that fewer outbreaks have been verified last
year than in the immediately preceding one. No doubt the
newer statistics are not yet quite accurate, for there is reason
to fear that even now some cases of the disease are not
reported, but the diffusion of knowledge regarding the circum-
stances which ought to create a suspicion of anthrax must year
by year reduce the number of unreported cases.

It is also satisfactory that the number of animals attacked
in proportion to the number of outbreaks was low, but that has
always been a feature of the returns relating to anthrax in this
country, and the fact proves that when proper precautions are
taken in dealing with the first case an outbreak is, as a rule,
easily brought to an end.

Annual Report for 1912 of Royal Veteinnary College. 2G'J

When one considers the large number of cattle, sheep,
horses, and swine — all animals susceptible to anthrax — in this
country, a total of 840 cases in the year appears to be small.
In reality the losses from the disease would probably be insig-
nificant were it not that the seeds of it are frequently introduced
from abroad in imported feeding stuffs, and especially in linseed
and cotton cake.

Glanders.

The following Table shows the varying incidence of glanders
in Great Britain during the last eight years : —

Year Outbreaks Animals attacked

1905 ... 1,214 ... 2,068

1906 ... 1,06G ... 2,012

1907 ... 854 ... 1,921

1908 ... 789 ... 2,433

1909 ... 533 ... 1,753

1910 ... 351 ... 1,014

1911 ... 208 ... 501

1912 ... 173 ... 314

It is very satisfactory to note that during the past year
there were fewer outbreaks and fewer cases of glanders than
during the preceding one, although that was in this respect the
best since the disease was first dealt with under the Contagious
Diseases of Animals Act. Between 1874 and 1905 the number
of reported outbreaks per annum fluctuated considerably, but
in 1904 they reached a total of 1,529. The decline which then
began must be set down to the voluntary effort which the
owners of many of the large London studs made to ei-adicate
the disease by carrying out systematic tests with mallein, but
the excellent results obtained during the last four years must
be placed to the credit of the Glanders Order which came into
force on January 1, 1908. The most important provision of
this Order is the one which places restrictions on the movement
of every horse known to have been in an infected stable, and
which enables the local authority to maintain these rest;-ictions
until a mallein test has removed the suspicion attaching to the
animal. Indirectly, therefore, the Order compels the owner of
horses among which glanders has broken out to allow the
whole of the animals that have been exposed to the risk of
infection to be tested with mallein. The horses that react to
the test are then slaughtered, full value being paid to the
owner when the post-mortem examination shows that it was
not affected with glanders, and half value in the contrary case.

It is obvious that this method of tlealing with the disease is
bound to succeed provided (1) that there is honest notification
of suspected cases, and (2) that the mallein test is a reliable
means of diagnosis. With regard to the latter point it is a

'270 Annual Report for 1912 of Royal Veterinary College.

remarkable fact (mentioned in the Report of the Chief
Veterinary Officer of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries)
that among the animals slaughtered under the Order in conse-
quence of a reaction to mallein, in 1911 there was only one in
which the post-mortem examination failed to reveal the lesions
of glanders.

The results obtained during the past year are in one respect
disappointing, for there has been only a slight falling off in the
number of outbreaks as compared with the previous year,
although there has been a marked reduction in the number of
horses attacked. It was, however, foreseen that the reduction
in the number of outbreaks which the Glanders Order brought
about between 1908 and 1911 was not certain to be continued
at the same rate until the end. The measures now in force
have been proved absolutely efficient for stamping out glanders
in any stud of horses, but these measures can only be enforced
where the existence of the disease is known or suspected, and
it is here that prompt notification by owners becomes important.
The intentional concealment of a case of glanders, and especially
the sale of a suspected horse, may sow the seeds of the disease
widely before the danger comes to the knowledge of the local
authority, and thus considerably delay the final extermination.
There is, how^ever, no reason to fear any serious recrudescence
of glanders or to doubt that it will before long be stamped out.

Swine Fever.

The following Table shows the number of reported out-
breaks of this disease during each of the last six years : —

Year Outbreaks

1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

2,336
2,067
1,650
1.598
2,466
2,920

These figures show that swine fever was more prevalent
last year than it was six years ago, and, indeed, the past year
was in this respect the worst since the beginning of the
century. The fact is the more to be regretted because since
October, 1911, the methods of dealing with the disease have
been strengthened in several particulars, in conformity with
recommendations made in the Interim Report of the Depart-
mental Committee which was appointed in 1910 to inquire
into the cause of the continued prevalence of the disease. The
present position is also entirely unsatisfactory inasmuch as it
would appear that since the disease has been dealt with directly
by the Central authority no reduction in its prevalence has
taken place. The last complete year in which swine fever

Annual Report for 1912 of Royal Veterinary College. 271

was dealt with by the local authorities was 1892, and in that
year the reported outbreaks numbered 2,748 and the swine
attacked 13,957. As will be seen from the Table, the past
year was worse than 1892 in respect of the number of outbreaks,
and it probably was also worse as regards the number of
animals attacked.'

It has sometimes been maintained that the returns with
regard to the prevalence of this disease are untrustworthy,
being vitiated by the inclusion of many cases wrongly diagnosed
as swine fever, and that it is therefore not certain that the disease
has actually increased within recent years. A perusal of the
evidence given by witnesses who appeared before the Depai-t-
mental Committee shows that this contention absolutely broke
down, and there is therefore no reason to suppose that the
proportion of errors in diagnosis is serious, or to doubt the
general trustworthiness of the published statistics as a measure
of the prevalence of disease from year to year.

The fact appears to be that the difficulties in the way of
stamping out swine fever were not fully appreciated when the
Board of Agriculture was urged to take the disease in hand
with that object. The greatest obstacle to stamping out is the
difficulty of diagnosing the disease during life, and this arises
from the fact that its existence is by no means always mani-
fested by visible signs of ill-health. Concealment of disease is
therefore often easy, and suspected animals may often be sold
with but little risk of detection. When this is true of any
disease that is highly contagious, its eradication can only be
effected by drastic measures involving the prompt slaughter
of both diseased and suspected animals, severe restrictions
on movement in affected areas, and serious penalties for
concealment of disease.

Sheep Scab.
The number of reported outbreaks of this disease during
the last six years were : —

Tear Outbreaks

1907 751

1908 849

1909 685

1910 556

1911 434

1912 302

It is apparent from these figures that the methods of
dealing with the disease which have been in operation for the
last few years, and especially the compulsory dipping of sheep,
have had a marked effect. In respect of the small number of

' The official returns do not show the exact number of animals attacked,
but during 1912 39,653 swine were slaughtered as diseased or exposed to
infection.

272 Annual Report for 1912 of Royal Veterinary College.

outbreaks 1911 was the best year on record, and the past year
is still better. It is very satisfactory also that the number of
counties affected is being gradually reduced.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

During the year 1912, 83 outbreaks, with 645 animals
attacked, were reported. The outbreaks during the previous
year numbered 19, with 487 animals attacked.'

Parasitic Mange.

The parasitic mange order which is now in force came
into operation on .January 1, 1912, and during the course of
the year 2,871 outbreaks, with 6,074 animals attacked, were
reported.

The term " mange " covers cases of skin disease which are
caused by minute animal parasites — the so-called acari, which
are nearly related to the common mites. Three different
species of acari are the cause of skin disease in horses, but
only two of them are brought under the new order, viz.,
sarcoptic and psoroptic.

The third, or symbiotic mange, has not been considered
suflBciently serious to merit its being scheduled as a contagious
disease. This last form of mange affects principally the skin
of the legs in horses, and although it causes considerable
itchiness it does not usually impair the working usefulness
or the general condition of the horse.

The sarcoptic form of mange affects the skin of the head,
neck, and trunk, and the principal symptoms are persistent
scratching and rubbing, falling out of hair, and thickening of
the skin. Psoroptic mange may also affect the skin of the
body, but it is principally the mane and the tail which it
attacks. Both forms of the disease are highly contagious
when once introduced into a stable, but the sarcoptic form
is the more serious of the two because the acarus which is the
cause of it burrows into the substance of the skin, rendering
its destruction by skin dressings more difficult.

Although the forms of mange scheduled under the order
are seldom or never fatal, their effects ai'e by no means
negligible, (1) because there is practically no such thing as
spontaneous recovery, and (2) because when the skin becomes
extensively affected, the worry to which the animal is subjected
by the itchiness interferes with its rest and generally leads to
a serious loss of condition.

The order requires owners who suspect the existence of the
disease to give notice to a police officer, and when the diagnosis

^ For further particulars see the ppecial article on Foot-aiid-Mouth Disease
in this Volume, page 90.

Annual Report for 1912 of Royal Veterinary College. 273

is confirmed the local authority have the power to require the
detention and treatment of diseased animals and of animals
that have been exposed to risk of contagion.

Contagious Abortion.

The Departmental Committee which was appointed by the
President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries in 1905 to
en(juire into epizootic abortion in cattle found that the common,
if not the exclusive, cause of multiple cases of aboi'tion occur-
ring in the same herd in Great Britain was a very minute
bacillus, identical with the one which Professor Bang had
previousl}' proved to be the cause of epizootic abortion in cattle
in Denmark. This fact having been determined, the Committee
devoted a good deal of attention to the question of diagnosis,
for it was obvious that in the absence of some reliable method
of distinguishing between cases of contagious and non-
contagious abortion there was little prospect of being able to
grapple successfully with the disease. The Committee found
that what is termed the agglutination method of diagnosis
promised to be of great service in this connection, Init the
observations and experiments made by the Committee were not
sufficiently numerous to justify a hard and fast conclusion as
to the absolute reliability of the method in actual practice.
01)servations which have since been made by the writer, in
conjunction with Sir Stewart Stockman, Principal Veterinary
Ofiicer to the Board of Agriculture, have proved that the test is
one of very great value.

Briefly stated, the nature of the test is as follows : In the
case of some bacterial diseases certain substances appear in
the blood of the affected animal, which have a remarkable
affinity for the bacteria under whose agency they have been
produced, that is to say, the substances which appear in the
animal have a marked tendency to combine with or to act iipon
the bacteria which are the cause of the disease in question.
Among these substance are the so-called " agglutinins," the
presence of which can be detected in the animal's blood in
the following manner. A small quantity of blood is withdrawn
from a vein of the diseased or suspected animal, and this blood
is allowed to coagulate and express the clear watery liquid
which is termed serum. A quantity of artificial culture of the
particular bacterium is rubbed up or shaken up with water so
as to make the latter uniformly and only slightly hazy or
turbid, the turbidity being due to the bacteria suspended in the
mixture. When a small quantity of such a bacterial mixture
is set aside in a test tube it will often retain its haziness for
several days or even longer. To such a tube of bacterial mix-
ture one adds some of the above-mentioned blood serum from

274 Annual Report for 1912 of Royal Veterinary College.

a suspected animal, and if agglutinin has been present in this
serum the effect of the addition is to cause the hazy liquid to
become clear. This clearing up of the liquid is ascribable to the
fact that the agglutinin acts on the suspended bacilli and
causes them to collect together in clumps, which then tend to
fall to the bottom of the tube.

The quickness with which this effect is produced depends
on a number of different factors, including the amount of serum
added and the temperature at which the experiment is carried
out. It may be said, however, that when any considerable
amount of agglutinin is present in the animal's blood the effect
of the test is very striking when one compares the appearance of
a control tube of bacterial mixture without serum with that
of a tube of the same mixture to which serum has been added.
In the former tube the mixture preserves all its original
haziness, while in the latter it may have become as clear as
pure water.

In order to appreciate the actual value of the agglutination
test for the diagnosis of any disease one must know (1) whether
the test generally or always has a positive result when serum
from a diseased animal is used, and (2) whether a similar
positive result is ever or frequently obtainable with serum from
a healthy animal, or from one not affected with that particular
disease. It is obvious that a test which frequently failed to
give positive results with serum from a diseased animal would
not be of great value, and that a test which frequently gave
positive results with serum from healthy animals would be
quite useless.

It was therefore resolved to make a large num1)er of com-
parative observations, using blood both from presumably
healthy animals and from others which had actually aborted
or which belonged to herds in which one or more cases of
abortion had recently occurred. The first class of animals
included 535 bulls, steers, non-pregnant heifers, and young
calves, and it was found that in only one of these animals was
the result of the agglutination test markedly positive. Among
127 animals which had recentl^^ aborted or which came from
herds in which cases of abortion had recently occurred the test
had a positive result in sixty-two cases. Up to the present time
there has not been encountered any case certainly known to be
one of contagious abortion in which the animal's blood has not
reacted positively to this test. It ought to be stated, however,
that in one instance the blood of a cow which had recently
aborted failed to give a positive result with the agglutination
test, although the circumstances rather strongly indicated that
the abortion had been of the contagious kind. However, even
allowing that this was a case of actual failure of the test, and

Annual Report for l'^12 of Royal Veterinary College. 275

also allowing that the one case out of 535 presumably healthy
animals in which the test had a positive result was also a
failure or error of the test, it is perfectly clear that this means
of diagnosis is calculated to render very great service in dealing
with contagious abortion.

It must be observed, however, that it is not at all certain
that the test was at fault in the one case in which serum from
a presumably healthy animal gave a positive result, because it
must not be assumed without strong evidence that infection
with the abortion bacillus is confined to cows or to pregnant
animals. With a view to clearing up this point a considerable
number of experiments (of which details will subsequently be
published) have already been made, and the results have been
rather surprising, inasmuch as it has been found easy to infect
bovine animals of both sexes and of various ages with the
abortion bacillus. Infection has been obtained in both sexes by
giving a small quantity of artificial culture by the mouth, and
it has been produced in bulls and steers by injecting the bacilli
into the sheath. In these experiments the blood was tested at
intervals after the attempt to infect, and it was assumed that
infection had actually taken place when the agglutination test
gave a positive result.

The experiments and observations which have already been
made appear to justify the statement that in dealing with
outbreaks of abortion the agglutination test will enable one
to say with almost absolute certainty whether the disease is of
the contagious kind or not. The value of the test is greatly
enhanced by the fact that it is not merely a reliable means of
diagnosis after abortion has actually occurred, but can be
successfully employed for diagnosis in animals that are still
carrying their calves.

When the first case of abortion occurs in a herd the proper
procedure therefore now is to have the animal's blood tested
immediately, and in the event of the result of the test being
positive this should be followed up by testing the blood of all
the other animals in the herd, so as to detect those in which
infection has ali*eady taken place.

During the past year this system has already been adopted
in a number of herds, and so far the method promises to have
very successful results. The experiments are being continued,
and members of the Society who have, or who suspect that they
have, contagious abortion in their herds are invited to apply for
assistance in diagnosis to the Royal Veterinary College.

John McFadyean.

Royal Veterinary College,

London, N.W.

27(5

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1912 OF THE
CONSULTING CHEMIST.

The number of samples analysed during the year was much
about the same as in 1911, being 437 as against 439 then. To
this must be added 36 samples of cider and perry analysed in
connection with the Society's Country Show at Doncaster. In
consequence of the cancelling of the cattle classes at Doncaster
there were, however, no samples of milk taken for analysis.

There have not been any striking features marking the
year. The general rise in the price of feeding materials, noted
in 1911, has continued, and both linseed cake and cotton cake
have been very dear indeed. This, along with a very uncertain
trade in stock, has caused many to reduce the extent to which
they have been accustomed to use these staple foods, and to
simultaneously increase the trade in compound feeding cakes.
Of these latter there are many different " makes " on the
market, and very variable in character — some distinctly good,
some medium, and many far from satisfactory. I have
frequently pointed out that the figures of an analysis alone do
not indicate whether a compound cake be made from good and
suitable materials, or even if it be in good condition. It is
much more important, indeed, to know what a cake is made of,
and microscopical examination alone can reveal this.

An instance of the great rise in price of feeding materials
is afforded by the case of rice meal, which, a few years ago,
cost only 4Z. 10s. or 4/. 15s. a ton, but now has risen to (')?. 10s.
or GZ. 15s. a ton.

Only a few new materials have come to the front lately —
one of these, and which, I find, is now much used in the
manufacture of compound cakes, is Kapok seed, the seed of
a tree sometimes known as the " White Silk-cotton Tree "
{Eriodendron anfractuosum), and which growls in Java and
throughout India. From the fruit a fibre, or, rather, " floss,"
is obtained, and the seeds yield an oil somewhat resembling
cotton-seed oil, the residual matter, after expression of the oil,
being utilised as cattle-food. I cannot say that I know any-
thing definite against the use of this material, and yet I must
add that I have come across not- a few cases where harm is
stated to have been produced in stock, and in which I have
found Kapok seed to be present in compound cakes in con-
siderable amount.

Another material which continues to be largely used in
compound cakes is rape-seed, or, more commonly, rape-refuse.
I have frequently stated my objections to the use of this
material, and I had again this year occasion to investigate a
case where rape-seed had been used in a compound cake, and

Annual Report jor l^M'i^o/ the Consultlny Chemht. 211

harm had resulted to stock feeding on the cake. I found, both
by chemical and microscopical tests, a marked amount of
mustard seed to be present, and to this, I have no doubt, the
trouble was due.

The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act continues to be
administered in much the same way as heretofore. In some
counties and boroughs it is energetically worked, and the need
of watchfulness as regards the purchase of feed-stuffs and
manures for the farm is frequently well illustrated. In other
places the Act remains almost a " dead letter." Up to the
present, the oft-talked-of amendment of the Act has gone no
further, and the progress of the " Sales for Agricultural
Purposes " Bill seems to be indefinitely arrested.

The adulteration of " oft'als " still continues, and, in addition
to the employment of oat " shudes " and rice " shudes " (which
have been frequently mentioned before in the case of middlings,
sharps, and other wheat offals, as also of barley meal), a new
adulterant — pea-husk — has come to the fore, and several cases
dealing with this have been reported to the Chemical Committee.

In connection with the use of linseed cake, it will be
remembered that considerable agitation was caused by the
discovery that linseed, under certain conditions of growth
and state of ripening, could be shown to contain bodies known,
in chemical phraseology, as " cyanogenetic glucosides," bodies
which, on the seed being macerated and stirred up with warm
water, give rise to hydrocyanic (prussic) acid, and which hence
were believed to be likely to do injury to stock. Of late,
fm-ther work of research on this subject has been carried out,
with the general result of showing that even when these bodies
are present in what are, as yet, the highest quantities known in
the case of linseed cake, they do not produce any ill effects,
so long as the cake is fed in the dry state. The pi-ocess of
digestion would not seem to have any influence in setting free
hydrocyanic acid from the glucosides. But, if linseed cake
containing these bodies is soaked, then hydrocyanic acid may
1)6 set free and the cake thus become poisonous.

Two matters which were referred to in some detail in my
last annual report have been again very prominent, and it may
be well therefore to revert to them. I allude to (1) the use
nf sawdust — in its raw or its prepared condition — in feeding
rakes and meals, and (2) the so-called " solubility " of basic
slag.

In regard to sawdust, it is well known that — under the
name " bastol " or " bastol cake " — sawdust that has been
treated by chemical means is employed as a constituent of
feeding cakes and meals, and that these foods have obtained a
cei'tain amount of sale, even at prices as high as 8/. a ton.

27S Ayimml Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist.

Recently there have been published the results of further
experiments on feeding stock with raw and prepared sawdust,
and the general outcome of these has been to show that crude
sawdust remains practically undigested in the animal economy,
and that the admixture of molasses with it in no way improves
its power of being utilised. As regards the " treated " sawdust,
while it must, in fairness, be allowed that a certain proportion
of sugar-like liodies is produced from the sawdust, and the
woody fibre rendered somewhat more digestible, yet, when the
material was fed to animals it had a reverse action on the other
constituents of the diet and made them less assimilable.
Further, that this depreciating effect was in no way remedied
by the incorporation of molasses with the treated sawdust.
The general conclusion was accordingly come to that sawdust,
whether in the raw or the treated condition, and whether
mixed with molasses or not, is not at all a proper material
to iise for stock.

The second matter, that of the "solubility" of basic slag,
has been recently much discussed. It cannot be said, however,
that much light has been shed upon the real point at issue, viz.,
whether the value of basic slag rests in the amount of total
phosphates, or in that of phosphates soluble in an arbitrary
(2 per cent.) solution of citric acid, used under certain definite
conditions. This only goes to show the need of further and
careful enquiry, and, with this view, experiments are now being
conducted at the Woburn Pot-culture Station.

The following are details of some of the matters brought to
my notice during the year : —

A. Feeding Stuffs.
1. Rice Meal.
This material has of late gone up greatly in price. It is
not very long ago since rice meal was quoted at 4:1. 10s. per
ton or thereabouts, but now the price has risen to as much
as 6^. 15s. per ton ex. quay. The following is the analysis
of a sample which was sold as " genuine rice meal," guaranteed
to contain 11 per cent, of oil, and 12 per cent, of albuminoids,
the price being 11. per ton.

Moisture 10-01

Oil ...

'Albuminoids

Starch, woody fibre, &c.
^Mineral matter (ash)

13-41

11-94

55-83

8-81

100-00

' Containing nitrogen . . . . . . 1-91

'^ Including silica ...... 1-79

Annual Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist. 279

This came well above the guarantee in oil, and was practi-
cally up to it in respect of albuminoids. Moreover, it was
genuine and in good condition. The price, however, seems
to me considerably in excess of the real feeding value of this
material.

2. Oat Feed.
A material sold under the above name was sent to me, and
gave the following analysis : —

Moisture . . . . . . . . 7"43

Oil .
1 Albuminoids

Starch and digestible fibre

Woody fibre
^Mineral matter (ash)

2-66

5-50

52-97

25-51

5-93

100-00

' Containing nitrogen ...... -88

* Including sand and silica ..... 439

The price of this was 51. 3s. 9d. per ton delivered. My
examination of ii showed it to contain no less than 65 per cent,
of husk, and, as the above analysis shows, there is over 4 per
cent, of siliceous matter. The material was one of very inferior
quality, and the price is, of course, an extravagant one.

3. Boiled Locust Beans.

A Member of the Society sent me a sample under this
name. The price of it was 3Z. per ton. The material was very
wet, and, on analysing it, I found it to contain 87*83 per cent,
of water, and, accordingly, only 12"17 per cent, of total dry
matter. This would give only about 2 J cwt. of feeding material
in one ton of a delivery.

In view of the wet condition and the fact that a considerable
proportion of the sugar must have been extracted in the boiling,
it is clear that the feeding value of the material can be l)ut
small, and that the price was altogether beyond reason.

4. Chocolate Sweepings.

A sample was sent me of waste material from a chocolate
factory. It was sweet and pleasant to the taste, and, on
analysis, gave the following results : —

Moisture 314

Oil

'Albuminoids

Sugar and other Carbohydrates
-Mineral matter (ash) .

'Containing nitrogen
'^Including sand

100-00

■70
•44

280 Annual Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist.

The material was clean and in good condition, and I can
well understand that it would be a useful food, more particularly
for pig-feeding. The price was 3/. a ton, Avhicli was not by
any means too dear,

B. Fektilisers.
1. Basic Slag.

Reference has been made in the earlier part of this Report
to the matter of the " solubility " of basic slag. In this
connection the following case may be mentioned, in which a
Mend)er sent a sample of basic slag requesting that the
" solubility " might be determined, not merely with one
single extraction with citric acid, but with a second and a
third as well.

The following figures were obtained : —

1st treatment

2nd treatment

3rd treatuient

for lialf-an-hour

(Extraction

(Extraction

witli2percent. Oitric for m further

for a furtlier

Acid Solution

half-liour)

half-liour)

Percentage of : — (a)

(b)

(c)

Phosphoric acid . . 1549

2-18

•19

Equal to tribasic phos-

phate of lime . 33-85

4-76

•42

2. "■Grass Producer''' {Guarantee ivrongly stated).
A Member of the Society drew my attention to a manure
sold under the name of " grass producer," the guaranteed
analysis of which was given as follows : —

Nitrogen, equal to ammonia .... 2'3

Phosphates, equal to tri-calcium phosphate . 4^5

Potassium oxide, equal to sulphate of potash . 1*2

Lime 1020

My analysis of the sample showed the guarantee to be
practically satisfied, but I should point out that in two respects
this guarantee was put out in a form which is contrary to the
requirements of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuff's Act. The
latter requires the amount of nitrogen to be specifically stated,
and not merely its equivalent in ammonia ; similarly, the
amount of potash (potassium oxide) must be given, and not
this translated into terms of sulphate of potash. To do other-
wise is misleading to the purchaser.

3. ''Fertiliser:'

There was brought to my notice a circular with letter

referring to a material otiered under the above name, and
manufactured at Liverpool. The guarantee was given in the
following terms : —

Nitrogen, equal to ammonia .... 1"50

Soluble phosphates ...... 9'0

Insoluble phosphates , , , l-Q

Annual Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist. 281

The price paid was 'M. lO.s-. per ton, carriage paid in 2 ton
lots, 5 per cent, discount being allowed if payment was made
within one month after delivei-y. To this was added the
significant remark that "a commission of 12.s. tirf. will be
paid for every ton delivered."

In the first place, I would remark that the guarantee was
not in accordance with the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act,
inasmuch as the pei'centage of nitrogen was not stated, but its
equivalent in ammonia ; secondlj% that the price was largely in
excess of the real value of such a material. One can therefore
well understand the existence of a mai-gin for a " commission
of 12s. 6f/. a ton."

4. Bone Ash.

Under this name was sent me a material which was stated
to have come from some works, and which was sold under
the name " Bone Ash," the price being 41s. per ton. The
analysis of the material was as follows : —

Moisture ........ 15"57

Soluble phosphates ...... 12'56

Insoluble phosphates ..... 35"05

Sulphate of lime, alkaline saltp, &c. . . 34-24

Insoluble siliceous matters .... 2'58

100-00

It will be seen that this was not simply bone ash, but
probably this material partly dissolved with oil of vitriol. The
price, however, could by no means be called high, although
the material was in lumpy condition and difficult of application
to the land.

5. Sud-Cake.

A sample of this was sent me, the price being 14s. per ton,
carriage, lis. additional, thus making, in all, 25s. per ton.
The analysis was as follows : —

Moisture 3-89

' Organic matter .
Oxide of iron and alumina
Lime . . . .

Sand . . . .

' Containing nitrogen
equal to ammonia

43-86

8-29

-28

43-68

100-00

2-31
2-81

The material was in bad condition, and would require a
good deal of breaking up befoi^e it could be used on the land.
The price, considering the condition and the carriage which

282 Annual Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist.

would have to be paid, was distinctly above the real value
of the manure.

6. Suot.

A good sample of this was the following : —

Moisture

Organic matter and salts of ammonia

Oxide of iron, &c

Sand

13-01
51-19
14-72
21-08

100-00

Containing nitrogen .....
equal to ammonia .....

3-67
4-46

This cost 21. per ton on rail, and w^as quite good value at
the price.

C. Miscellaneous.

3 . " Extermerite.'"

A sample of this material was sent me for examination. It
cost 21. per ton on rail, and was stated to prevent the ravages of
wire worm, turnip fly and other insects pests, to prevent " finger
and toe " in turnips, and to increase crops generally.

The analysis of it is appended, and my examination went to
show that it consisted, practically, of lime refuse together with
a little naphthalene. The actual manurial value, as will be seen
from the analysis, would be but small.

Moisture .....
' Organic matter ....
Phosphate of lime
Carbonate and sulphate of lime, <!kc.
Insoluble siliceous matter

5-58

24-50

-76

33-66

35-60

100-00

* Containing nitrogen ..... -56

equal to ammonia ...... '68

2. Hop Bine.

A question having arisen as to what manurial value would be
lost to the land through the carrying of the hop-bine away,
instead of following the usual practice of burning it and
spreading the ashes on the land, I went into this matter, and
came to the conclusion that, in view of the amounts of
phosphoric acid and of potash which might be expected
to be removed, a compensation value of 6s. Gd. per acre
would fairly meet the circumstances.

Annual Report for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist. 283

The following is a list of the samples submitted to me
during the year : —

Linseed cakes .

Undecorticated cotton cakes

Decorticated cotton cakes

Compound feeding cakes and

Cereals

Rice meal

Bean and pea meals .

Dried grains .

Castor meal

Superphosphates

Dissolved bones

Compound manures .

Raw and steamed bones

Peruvian guanos

Fish, meat, and bone guanos

Basic slag

Nitrate of soda

Sulphate of ammonia

Potash salts

Shoddy

Refuse manures

Lime

Soot

Waters .

Soils

Milk, cream, and butter

Sewage sludge .

Rape cake manure .

Hay chaff

Hops

Miscellaneous .

Stuart House,

1 Tudor Street,

London, E.G.

ealf

16

10

63

17

3

2

1

1

15

8

11

10

4

11

31

8

6

6

50

1

19
16
1
3
1
1
15

Total . .437

J. Augustus Voelckbr.

2^4

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1912 OF THE
BOTANIST.

The results of the season's seed-testing showed, on the whole,
a very satisfactory state of affairs both with regard to the
purity of the samples and their germinating capacity.

The various clovers proved to be the worst seeds examined,
though it is possible nowadays to purchase some, such as the
varieties of red clover, in a practically pure condition. In fact
several samples have been tested in which no impurities could
be detected. A purity of at least 98 per cent, should be
insisted upon by the purchaser, and even with this guarantee
it is worth while to scrutinise the sample carefully with a view
to determining what the waste of 2 per cent, really consists of.
Possibly a portion may be grit, fragments of stone, &c., but
the greater part usually consists of weed seeds. In red clover
the commonest of these seeds are those of the relatively
harmless plantain and campion, or the noxious clover dodder
and dock. If the seeds of clover dodder, whether of the
European or the Chilian species, occur the sample should be
rejected without further consideration. There is no valid
excuse for the presence of either of these seeds, for they are
readily removed by modern screening machinery. Samples
containing dock seeds should be viewed with suspicion. If
only 1 per cent, by weight is present this means that each
pound of clover seed contains about 3,200 dock seeds. Clover
seed containing this quantity if sown at the rate of, say 16 lb.
to the acre, provides every square yard with some ten or
eleven potential dock plants. In the report of the previous
year attention was called to the fact that red clover seed
bought in a more or less uncleaned state direct from the
gi'ower was a fruitful source of docks in subsequent crops.
One such sample was received this season. Amongst other
impurities it contained 6 per cent, of dock seeds of excellent
vitality. The seed was offered at 2d. per pound below the
market price of good clover seed, so that its use would show a
saving of about 2s. 6^. per acre. It would be interesting if one
could compare the cost of eradicating the crop of docks
resulting from a sowing of 6 x 3200 x l(j seeds per acre with the
amount saved initially on the seed.

A rather striking example of false economy in seed pur-
chasing was afforded by a mixture described as being " suitable
for the formation of permanent grass." A rough analysis
showed that the composition was as follows : —

Annual Report for 1912 of the Botanist.

285

30 per cent.

30 — 35 per cent.

y 1.5 — 20 per cent.

Perennial rye-grass

Italian rye-f^rass .

Black medick or trefoil

Red clover

Alsike .

Cocksfoot

Foxtail ..."

Meadow fescue

Smooth stalked meadow grass

Wood meadow grass

Hard fescue .

Timothy grass

Anthox(Hithum /lufllii

Yorkshire fog.

Soft brome

Alra fleivuoxa

Festuca mywun . . . . . )■ 20 per cent.

Dock . ' .

Buttercup

Geranium

Plantain

The first twelve species in the list may all be used for the
purpose. Further they can all be purchased in a reasonably
pure condition. The remaining nine species represent common
impurities and adulterants, and they constitute some 20 per
cent, of the whole bulk. Anthoxanthum iruelii is a worthless
annual grass which is frankly described in a continental list as
being "useful for mixing with A^ithoxanthum odo^-atmn'"
(sweet vernal grass). Aira flexuosa also was formerly much
used for adulterating the seeds of the expensive yellow oat grass.

Another, possibly accidental, case of adulteration is of some
interest. In this case som.e 12 per cent, of red clover had
found its way into a sample of foxtail grass. The seed of this
grass is very light and bulky, and this quantity of red clover
seed is hardly noticeable at fii'st sight ; and, even if the presence
of a few seeds is detected, the fact that they are not noxious
weed seeds would lead the observer to pay little or no attention
to them. It is only when they are picked out and their weight
compared with that of the rest of the sample that one realizes
that two ounces otit of every pound of Foxtail consist of red
clover seeds.

Fortunately, the examples quoted are far from typical of the
purity of the l)ulk of the seeds purchased by members, though
investigations recently made in the Botanical department show
that they are not altogether misrepresentative of much of the
seed which small farmers are driven to purchase.

The average percentage of germination of the seeds most fre-
quently received for testing during the season was as follows : —

Red clover 91, White clover 89, Alsike 9i)-^), Lucerne 92,
Sainfoin 84, Perennial rye-grass 92, Italian rye-grass 91,
Cocksfoot 85.

286

Annual Report for 1912 of the Botanist.

A word or two of explanation regarding the interpretation
of seed analyses may be of value. The tests carried out in the
department are usually stopped as soon as they have shown that
the germinating capacity is equal to that demanded on the
Society's order forms. Where detailed analyses, for comparison
with seedsman's guarantees, are required, the fact should be
mentioned at the time of sending the samples. Such a course
may save re-testing and a considerable delay, for in the case of
some grass seeds, tests have to be kept running for forty-two
days before there is any certainty that no more seeds will
germinate. In the event of the analyses showing a lower ger-
minating capacity than the guaranteed figures, some allowance
must be made to cover possible errors of observation. It must
be remembered that it is practically impossible to draw an
absolutely representative sample from bulk and wdien the sample
has to be further reduced to four hundred or six hundred
seeds for a germination test, a second and probably larger
sampling error creeps in. To cover this the following " latitudes "
are generally recognised as allowable : —

Percentage of germination
between
99-9 —95 per cent.
94-99—90
89-99—85
84-99—90
79-99—75
74-99—70
69-99—65
64-99—60
59-99—55
54-99—50

"Latitude"
percentage

4-2

5-7

6-8

7-7

8-S

8-8

9-1

9-4

9-4

9-6

that it will show a
sis shows that it is

If then seed is bought under a guarantee
germination of 75 per cent., and the analy
1 per cent, lower, it may well be assumed that the sample is
substantially what it was represented to be.

During the season 1911-1912 very few objections had to be
raised with regard to the germinating capacity of members'
seed samples. A few analyses have been made of the seed
available for the coming season, and so far as there have been
opportunities of forecasting its quality it seems probable that
some of it will prove unsatisfactory. The samples of wheat and
barley tested up to the present show a considerably impaired
germinating capacity, and oats, which have had to contend
with a severe frit-fly epidemic, as well as bad harvest conditions,
may well prove strikingly deficient in this respect.

The enquiries with regard to the management of grass land
during the past season have been of more than ordinary
interest, as they show very clearly the after effects of the
prolonged drought of 1911. On many types of soils, but more

Annual Report for 1912 of the Botanist. 287

particularly on those lying on gravel, chalk and limestone,
large patches of the herbage were " burnt out." In most cases
the clovers, especially white clover, were completely killed.
The better grasses failed to spread over these areas, with the
result that the bare ground was occupied by seedlings of
various kinds. The correspondence on the subject indicates
that the commonest of these colonisers was soft brome grass — a
species few care to see in any quantity amongst herbage — and
the less harmful annual meadow grass. The soft brome grass
sheds its seeds at about the time the more useful grasses
are sufficiently mature for cutting, and if this is allowed to
occur a good meadow may easily be much depreciated. As it
generally dies after being cut whilst in flower members were
recommended to mow the fields as early as possible. In two
of the worst cases it was considered advisable to sow the bare
patches with a suitable grass mixture, as the area was so great
that gradual colonisation by the better grasses might have taken
several years.

As in former years a number of enquiries have been dealt
with on the formation of permanent and temporary pastures
and also of lawns.

Suitable seed mixtures have been recommended for these
various purposes.

Fungoid Diseases of Crops.

Potatoes. — The first specimen of the potato disease
(Phytophfhora infestans) was sent in at an unusually early
date, namely, mid-June. Later on, at more normal times,
numbers of specimens were received with enquiries as to
whether it was too late to spray the crops in the hopes of
checking the spread of the disease. Unfortunately the weather
conditions in most parts of the country were very unsuitable
for this purpose, and practically nothing could be done to
check the spread of the epidemic. One disastrous spraying
operation was reported on by a member who in his anxiety to
check potato disease had sprayed the crop with a mixture
made up of eight pounds of copper sulphate and ten of washing
soda in forty gallons of water. The result was a yellowing and
partial defoliation of all the plants so treated. On hearing this
a trial of the mixture was made in order to watch its effects.
Similar results were obtained, but a fresh crop of leaves was
produced after the fall of the injured ones. These were at
once attacked by the fungus.

" Curl " was reported by several members, and a change of
seed, preferably from Scotland, recommended for the following
season. No cases of "black scab" or "wart disease" have
been received.

288 Annual Report for 1912 of the Botanist.

Since the lifting of the cro}) tubers attacked by Bacillus
solaniperda and also by Nedria solani have been reported on.

Glovers. — Sclerotia similar to those of the fungus almost
invariably found in cases of clover-sickness {Sclerotinia
trifoliorum) occurred on specimens of lucerne and sainfoin
taken from " plants " which had begun to die off in patches.
On lucerne especially much damage appears to have been
caused both on young and well estaljlished leys. The disease
is known to extend rapidly during the late autumn and winter
months. As a possible method of checking the progress of the
disease the application of fresh lime is being tried on a large
scale, and the use of one or two fungicides on a smaller scale.
Pseudopeziza tnfolii, a fungus responsible for the formation
of dark brown spots on the leaves of clover, has also been
received on specimens of lucerne. The attack according to
the accompanying report was sufficiently severe to cause the
leaves to fall before the end of July.

Wheat and other Cereals. — If the number of enquiries is
any index the wheat crop must have suffered from the attacks
of parasitic fungi more than is usually the case during the past
season. In addition to such common diseases as rust, mildew,
smut and bunt cases of loss through the attacks of Septoria
graminis and Gladosporiuni herbarn?7i have been investigated.
Information was asked for with regard to a disease which had
caused the almost complete destruction of the crop, but the
enquiry came too late in the season for satisfactory investigations
to be carried out,

Helminthosporium gramineum, the fungus responsible for
" blindness " in barley, was again reported on. The disease,
though usually overlooked, is undoubtedly extremely common.
It can be prevented with certainty by steeping the seed in a
dilute solution of formalin ( one part iu 160 of water) for five
or ten minutes. If the grain has to be drilled before drying
some allowance should be made for the fact that the grain
swells under this treatment.

Roots. — In addition to the common swede mildew and
finger and toe, Pseudomonas destructans and Botrytis, both
causing a rapid decay of the root, were received for examination.

Fruit trees. — Several enquiries with regard to silver-leaf
were answered. In the majority of cases the disease had
attacked Victoria plums, whilst in one case apple trees were
afirected, and in another a laurel. As curative measures appear
to be far from satisfactory, the destruction of the trees was
recommended with the view of stopping the further spread of
the disease. Peach curl, apple and pear scab and the grey rot
(Monilia), were reported on on several occasions. An obscure
malady popularly known as leaf -scorch of the apple, which has

Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist. 289

been sent in from the Worcestershire and Wisbech fruit
gi'owing districts is now under investigation. So far all
attempts to find a fungus capable of causing the disease, or,
again, attempts to transmit it to healthy foliage have failed. It
is hoped to continue the investigations next season.

Two cases of the American gooseberry mildew have been
reported on. In one of these the disease had spread to red
currants.

Miscellaneous Fungi.

Dry rot in floors and lath and plaster partitions formed the
subject of an enquiry, and a specimen of the fungus causing it
(Merulms lacrymans) was sent from Scotland, where it had
been found in the open — a somewhat unusual occurrence.

R. H. BiFFEN.

School of Agriculture,
Cambridge.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1912 OF THE
ZOOLOGIST.

As usual the variable weather conditions of the year were
strikingly reflected from month to month in the applications
for advice received by the Zoological department. This was,
perhaps, most noticeable in the early summer, when dry-
weather pests, and especially aphis of all kinds, began to be
generally complained of, and seemed likely to do great harm.
The succeeding wet weather introduced a new set of pests, but
at least had the advantage of much mitigating the damage
which had been anticipated. The subjoined notes give an idea
of the scope of the work of the department during the year,
call attention to the appearance of certain rather unusual
injurious insects, and indicate the principal investigations which
are being carried out, and the results so far obtained.

Forest Tree Pests.

Among forest insects the following have been the subject
of enquiry : — Willow beetle, larch bug, elm and ash bark-
beetles, larch tineid {Argyresthia laevigatella), large poplar
longicorn, pine sawfly, pine shoot tortrix, pine beetle, cock-
chafer, garden chafer, and beech coccus. The list contains
nothing new, but a few notes are appended on some of the
insects. The absence of some pests is, moreover, noteworthy.
There was no recurrence of the mysterious attack on Douglas
firs by a geometer caterpillar, notified last year by Mr. Percy
Rogers, and its identity remains unknown. Again no complaints
have reached me from Members of the Society of the great

VOL. 78. L

290 Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist.

larch sawfly, though it would appear that this insect is
increasingly troublesome in the north of England.

The wide distribution and common occurrence of Argy-
resthia laevigatella on larches is very remarkable in view of
the fact that it was first recorded in England only five years
ago, by Dr. Somerville and Mr. Bennett. There may be
something in the suggestion that its work, when previously
noticed, had been attributed to the familiar pine weevil. At
all events it appears to be only too common now. Several
instances in which poplar trees had been killed by the large
poplar longicoi'n, Saperda carcharias, were reported. It is
very likely that the work of this insect is often confused wuth
that of the goat moth, which it roughly resembles. When a
poplar tree is perforated by large borings without any goat-like
smell, the presence of the beetle should be suspected. In its
case the entrance holes will be all low down on the trunk, and
the examination of a dead trunk shows that the burrows
converge as they mount, all being near the middle of the wood
at a few feet from the ground. The consequence of this
method of working is that the tree is greatly weakened at its
base, and it is not rare for one or more of a row of poplars to
be blown down in a gale before the presence of a serious pest
has been suspected.

This localisation of the entrance holes makes it much easier
to combat the beetle attack than that of the goat moth, whether
by the injection of insecticides in the case of infested trees, or
by the protection of sound trunks. Protective applications
need not extend to a greater height than five feet from the
ground, and trees of which the lower part of the trunk has
been daubed in June with a mixture of clay and cow dung are
fairly safe. Such protective measures are particularly desir-
able in the case of poplar nurseries if any old poplar trees are
near at hand.

Of course it is possible that the goat moth and the beetle
may both be at work on the same tree, but a more frequent
associate of the beetle in the poplar is the large " clear-wing "
moth, TrochiJium apiforme. It also works at the base of the
trunk ; indeed it often attacks and hollows out the larger roots
which protrude from the ground. When the joint attack has
proceeded at all far no extraordinary gale is required to snap
the tree off short near the ground.

Animal Parasites.

In this section the dividing line between the veterinary
and zoological departments is indefinite, and some of the
applications received have been referred to the Royal
Veterinary College. Advice has been given in the case of

Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologid. 291

such parasitic diseases as " gapes," warble-fly, sheep nose-flj',
and sheep maggot-fly, and a considerable number of external
parasites of fowls and farm animals have been sent for
identification. One specimen received was a dead mouse,
obviously affected by some disease of which the sender
wished to know the nature. This was favus (a disease allied
to ringworm), due to a fungus named Achorion schoetisteinii,
and the case was not without importance, because human
beings are liable to attack, and sometimes contract the disease
from cats wdiich have been playing with infected mice.

Farm and Garden Pests.

Among the corn pests the frit-fly in oats was the most
prevalent. It was not only very destructive to the young
plant in June, but recurred, as a second brood, in the ear.
This second brood attack is well known on the Continent,
and, indeed, according to Miss Ormerod, gave rise to the name
"frit-fly," from the frits, or worthless grains of corn resulting
from it, but in England oats seldom suffer from the fly except
in the early stages of growth.

Gout-fly, common enough in barley in any year, was during
the past season rather frequent in wheat. It is known, of
course, that wheat is liable to attack, but I seldom receive
complaints of it in that crop. The general prevalence of aphis
in the dry weather of early summer extended to corn crops,
and a case of barley failure occurred which seemed to be
attributable to no other cause.

In July some sainfoin and clover crops attracted attention
from the fact that the heads were infested with incredible
numbers of yellow maggots. Examination showed these to
be the larvae of a midge (Cecidomyid fly), and they were
doubtless those of the clover seed-midge, Cecidomyia
leguminicola. This insect was recorded by Miss Ormerod
in 1890, but I am not aware that it has ever done serious
harm in this country. In the United States it is a well-known
and dreaded pest to leguminous crops grown for seed, and
from the cases brought to my notice last summer it was not
difficult to realise its potentiality for injury. In America the
treatment consists chiefly in cutting or feeding off infested
clover early, before the grubs leave the heads and enter the
ground to pupate.

The root and garden crop pests inquired about included
celery-fly, mangold-fly, onion-fly, root maggots and various
species of aphis. Cases of root-knot eelworm attack in
cucumbers were also reported. Attention was again directed
to pea-thrips, though this pest did not appear to be quite so
prevalent as in some recent years. The history of the pea-thrips

L2

292 Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist.

in this country is rather curious. The few references to it
to be found in works on economic entomology allude to it as
Thrips pisivora, a name to which it has no claim. It is true
that Professor Westwood so called it in an article in the
Gardeners' Chronicle in 1880 {?), but he did not formally
describe it, and the species is, therefore, merely nominal.
Indeed such description as he does give seems to be founded
chiefly on the larva. Until recently it has remained doubtful
whether there is any pea-thrips par excellence, or whether peas
are subject to the attacks of various members of the group,
but that matter has been set at rest by our investigations at
Cambridge. There is certainly one species which especially
infests peas, and that species has been identified for us by
Mr. C. B. Williams, of Rothamsted (who has paid particular
attention to this group of insects) as Frankiniella 7'ohusta. In
the Report of the Zoologist for 1908 the results of a partial
investigation into its life history were given. The eggs
were found, not loosely in the flower as previously stated, but
embedded in the substance of the stamen-sheath, and there the
larvae were found in different stages of development till they
emerged to feed upon the growing pod. Moreover the injury
was shown to be caused by the insects sucking the sap of the
pod— not by gnawing away its substance.

With the aid of Mr. Maulik, an advanced student at Cam-
bridge, further investigations have been carried on during the
past season. These have for the most part confirmed previous
observations, but the eggs have been found elsewhere in the
flower — especially in the substance of the petals.

Thrips are very fond of flowers, and almost any flower in
the garden yielded specimens of pea-thrips (together with
other species) during the period of attack. They seemed,
however, to be mere visitors, and no injury appeared to be
done except in the case of peas. There are still obscure points
in the life history of this pest, especially with regard to its
winter quarters. So frail an insect seems ill adapted to
withstand the rigours of winter, and though a few examples
have been proved to shelter under the loose bark of old pea
sticks, these would hardly seem to account for the severity of
the summer attack, and as yet we do not know the main
source from which the pea attack is derived. The appearance
of the injury due to this insect must now be familiar to
everyone who grows garden peas, for it is rare to find a
crop entirely free. In slight cases the pod is disfigured by
whitish patches, for the most part situated near its two ends,
but when the attack is severe the pod is much discoloured
and distorted, presenting generally a leprous appearance, and
sometimes entirely arrested in its development.

Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist. 293

Fruit Pests.
Advice has been given with regard to numerous fruit pests,
and some of the cases reported have presented points of interest,
and may be briefly commented upon.

In a case of apple-sucker attack reported by one correspon-
dent, the disease was confined to the Ecklinville seedling variety,
while Warner's King and Lane's Prince Albert, with which
the Ecklinvilles were alternated, apparently escaped. There
seemed to be no unsaitability in the soil, for a few years ago
the trees bore well and even now their leaf-growth and general
health seemed quite satisfactory, but the blossom was annually
destroyed, while the other varieties thrive as well as ever.

A bad attack of the plum fruit saw-fly was reported in June
from the Windermere district. This insect must not be con-
founded with the " slug-worm " which devours the leaves, nor
with the red moth caterpillar which often infests the fruit.
The grub of the saw-fly, whose scientific name is Hoplocampa
fulvicornis, is creamy white, and has seven pairs of sucker-
feet, while the moth caterpillar has only five. The grub bores
into the fruit, the same grub attacking and destroying several
plums in succession, till the ground is littered with abortive
fruit. When full fed, the grab enters the soil and surrounds
itself with a finely woven cocoon. In its treatment, two
measures are very clearly indicated. The fruit should be
swept up and destroyed as fast as it falls, so that as many of
the grubs as possible may be prevented from attaining their
winter quarters ; and, where practicable, the ground beneath
the trees should be dressed in the winter with some substance
calculated to kill the pupa? in the soil. From the same district
came a notice of the presence of Thrijjs jnjri attacking apple
leaves. This pest has only been observed in England of recent
years.

Currant gall-mite, i-ed-spider and codlin moth have, as
usual, figured among the fruit pests reported, and winter-moth
was again troublesome. In some cases where trees had been
banded to keep off the winter-moth it was clear that the
preparation employed had been ineff^ectual. In one case this
fact was demonstrated by placing Imnds of a more satisfactory
material above those originally used, when numbers of winter-
moths which had negotiated the first obstacle were caught by
the second. Of the sticky substances experimented with, by
far the most eff:ectual was the American preparation, " Tangle-
foot." The greater cost of this preparation deters many fruit
growers from using it, but after all it should be considered
whether anything is gained by using a cheaper substance
which is very much less efficient. Banding which does not
eflEect its object is clearly a waste of time and money.

294 Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist.

Four of the fruit pests inquired about have been enemies
of the raspberry plant : — the gall-midge, the raspberry weevil,
the bud-moth and the raspberry-beetle. The work of the gall-
midge, Lasioptera riiM, is peculiar, and perhaps more dis-
figuring than seriously injurious, though it is capable, on
occasion, of doing considerable harm. The diseased canes
show brown irregular swellings, which, on being opened, are
found to contain orange-coloured maggots. The midges lay
their eggs in June and the resultant grubs bore into the bark,
where in the course of a few weeks the swellings or galls
begin to appear. The winter is passed in the grub stage, but
in spi'ing pupation takes place — still in the galls — and the flies
come out at the end of May or the beginning of June. It is
advisable to cut off and burn these galls as soon as ever they
are observed.

The raspberry weevils (various species of Otiorrhynchus,
but especially O. picipes) do harm in a variety of ways. Their
grubs injure the roots of the plant, while the adult weevils
gnaw the young bark, perforate the leaves, and, worst of all,
attack the blossoms and injure or destroy the developing fruit.
And the cause of injury may well escape observation, for all
the work above ground is performed at night. The pest is best
combated by clearing the soil of dead leaves and hoeing in soot
and quick lime, and by shaking down the beetles at night on
to tarred boards or into vessels containing paraffin. This
operation must be performed carefully, for the weevils drop
when a light is flashed upon them, and many will escape before
the tarred boards are in position unless the lamp is properly
managed.

The raspberry bud-moth is annually responsible for a large
amount of damage, and many buds killed by it and containing
the characteristic small red caterpillar may often be noticed on
raspberry canes. The ground should be treated as in the case
of weevil attack, and it is particularly important to remember
that many of the insects hibernate in the supporting stakes,
which should be dispensed with, if possible, where the pest
occurs, or at all events removed and burned and replaced by
new stakes in the winter.

It was stated in last year's report that the attempts to throw
further light on the life history of the raspberry beetle,
Byturus tomentosus, had practically failed. All endeavours to
rear the insects from infested fruit in the laboratory were
unsuccessful, and the results ol)tained from the experimental
sheds erected over infested plants in the open were scanty.
This summer the problem was attacked in another way, and it
seems now likely to be solved. Six raspberry plants were
grown in six large flower pots under natural conditions and

Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist. 205

allowed to blossom. Then fifty raspberry beetles were admitted
to each, and the plant and flower pot entirely enclosed in a
muslin bag. The idea was to remove one plant at a time to the
laboratory, at intervals of about a month, and, by thorough
examination of ever^^ thing within the muslin bag, to deter-
mine precisely where and in what condition the insect was at
the time of examination. The investigation still continues, but
even as far as it has gone, it has entirely disproved some of the
statements to be found in all the text-books. For instance, it
is asserted that the larvae, on leaving the fruit, shelter, among
other places, under loose bark, spin a cocoon, within which
they turn to pupte, and remain in this condition until the
following spring. As a matter of fact they shelter in the soil
and nowhere else ; they spin no cocoon, but the pupa is naked
and white ; and they very soon begin to turn to beetles.

In the soil of a pot examined on August 21 numerous
larvae and a few pupse were found at an average depth of about
1^ inches. In the next pot, examined on September 25, no
larvte were found, but numerous pup^e and two beetles,
evidently recently emerged. A month later the beetles — pale
coloured but active — were numerous. It remains to be dis-
covered whether they simply stay beneath the soil as beetles
till next May, or whether they have any special object in
attaining the active mature form so many months before the
raspberries are ready to be attacked.

One point of practical importance is at least clear : the
proper time to treat the soil with the view of eradicating the
pest is immediately after the fruit has been gathered, and not
in the winter, as is generally suggested. Various insecticides
for this purpose were experimented with this summer, and
will, I hope, be reported on next year.

Miscellaneous Notes.

From time to time various preparations are launched upon
the market wa: ranted to do remarkable things in the way of
preventing or arresting the attacks of injurious insects, and
recently the Ferments Ortel have been widely advertised.
There are four brands of the ferments, and it is claimed for
them that they attract to their destruction special types of
injurious insects — fi'uit pests, vine pests, vegetable and flower
pests and biting flies respectively. One is instructed to place
some of the ferment (in the form of a paste) in a kind of wasp-
bottle, add a little water, and hang it up in the appropriate
milieu, and straightway the objectionable insects will flock to
it, and the useful insects leave it severely alone. The instruc-
tions include details of the number of bottles to be used to the
acre ! Such a claim seemed hardly deserving of serious

296 Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoologist.

consideration, but, nevertheless, it was determined to give the
ferments a fair trial, and the fruit-tree brand was tested in an
apple tree and the vegetable brand in the midst of peas
surrounded by various garden vegetables. Certainly insects
were attracted — though not greatly more than to the control
bottles of sugar and water — but there was absolutely no connec-
tion between the captured insects and the plant desired to be
protected, except that a good many wasps were trapped. Not
a single codlin moth was taken, though the apples proved later
to be rather badly attacked by this pest, nor were any of the
recognised pea pests caught, though several asserted their
presence during the summer. Besides wasps the insects
captured were chiefly flies of no particular importance, with a
good sprinkling of useful carnivorous beetles.

Spiders are essentially carnivorous, and in some cases of
insect attack they have been proved to be distinctly useful in
reducing the pest. It was a surprise to me, therefore, when
I heard from Mr. F. V. Theobald that a spider had been
observed deliberately tearing up the blossoms of the cucumber
plant. The matter had been reported to him, and the fact
had been verified by him in his own study. The spider,
which he kindly sent for identification, proved to be Marpessa
tnuscosa, the largest of our British jumping spiders, fairly
common in the south of England. Its object in performing
this extraordinary act appears to be to gain access to the nectar,
which it sucks greedily.

During the summer and autumn of 1911 and the spring of
1912 an important investigation of the food of certain birds
was carried out under mj direction at the Cambridge School
of Agriculture, though the credit for nearly all the laborious
work entailed belongs to Mr, John Hammond, to whom the
investigation was entrusted. The idea was to obtain a uniform
supply of the birds in question from a given district during
every month of the year, with a view to estimating their
bearing on agriculture the year through. The programme was
very completely carried out with regard to the feeding habits
in East Anglia of the starling and the lark — two birds about
which there is often a difi'erence of opinion, and the feeding
habits of which are believed by some to have lately undergone
considerable modification.

The detailed results of the investigation are to be found in
the Joutmal of Agricultural Science for 1912.

Cecil Warbukton.

School of Agriculture,
Oambridge.

297

THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL

STATION OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1912. page

CONTINUOUS WHKAT ..... . . 298

CONTINUOUS BARLEY .... ... 302

ROTATION EXPERIMENTS THE UNEXHAUSTED MANURIAL

VALUE OF CAKE AND CORN 303

GREEN-MANURING EXPERIMENTS 304

VARIETIES OF BARLEY ........ 306

VARIETIES OF WHEAT 308

VARIETIES OF LUCERNE ....... 310

VARIETIES OF RYE-GRASS . . . . . . .311

SOYA BEAN . . . . . . . . . .311

LINSEED .311

INOCULATION OF LEGUMINOUS CROPS 312

SUGAR-BEET . . . . . . . . . . 312

RAINFALL AT WOBURN, 1912 314

POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. 1910, 1911, 1912 . . 314

I. Hills' Experiments : —

(a) The influence of Lithium Salts on Wheat . . . 314

(i) TJie influence of Zinc Salts 0)1 Wheat . . .321

(c) The influence of Lead Salts on Wheat . . . 324

II. The Relation of Lime to Magnesia in Soils : — 325

FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1912.

If the season 1911 was rightly described, in my last annual
Report, as one of vei'y exceptional natui*e, the ^-ame may with
equal truth be said of that of 1912. In place, however, of a
prolonged drought, as in 1911, the season was characterised by
continuous rain through summer and early autumn, and almost
entire al)sence of sun and warmth. As a consequence, grain
crops were long in coming to maturity, and, when harvest
approached, in some parts of the country — and notably the
Midlands (in which the Woburn farm is situated) — rain was
so continuous as to make the in-gathering of the corn crops a
matter of great difficulty and anxiety. As a single instance, by
way of proof, it may be pointed out that out of the thirty-one
days of August there were no less than twenty-six on which
rain fell at the Wol)urn farm. It is unnecessary — for it is too
well known — to refer to the great losses which farmers in the
Midland counties, in particular, suffered, and we suffered in
common with them. For the first time, I think, in the history
of the farm, the experimental wheat and barley crops had to

298 The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

be cut and threshed out forthwith, without allowing them to
remain in the stack. Wheat, which was ready earliest, began
to sprout in the sheaves, and would have been entirely spoilt
if it had been put into the stack. It was therefore considered
advisable to thresh out the grain at once ; barley, which was
not ripe early in August, was allowed to stand during the
heavy rain of that month, and was not cut until September,
when it, too, was threshed out at once, like the wheat.

Under such circumstances, not only were the yields poor,
but the quality of the grain was very inferior, and, though
valuations of the corn from the different plots of continuous
corn-growing were made as usual, little importance can be
attached to these, for the grain, with a few exceptions, was
bad throughout.

On the other hand, both root crops and grass stood the
adverse conditions better, and, fortunately, an a])undant hay
crop was gathered in in good condition, while root crops
were unusually satisfactory for this light land farm.

Continuous Growing of Wheat {Stackyard Field)
1912 (36th Season).

No alteration in the general plan pursued during the last
few years was made, except for the addition of 5 cwt. per acre
of lime to plot 2aa, which had been given a similar amount in
each of the years 1905, 1909, 1910. Accordingly, the total
application to this plot has been 1 ton per acre, but given in
four different dressings of 5 cwt. each.

The usual cultivation operations were carried out after the
harvest of 1911, and on October 13 farmyard manure (giving
100 lb. ammonia per acre) was spread and ploughed in on
plot lib.

On November 2, " Square Head's Master " wheat was drilled
in at the rate of 9 pecks per acre, and on the same day mineral
manures (superphosphate and sulphate of potash) were given to
plots 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10a.

The wheat appeared by December 2, and, on the whole,
stood well through the winter, the farmyard manure plot look-
ing, as usual, much the best.

On April 9, 1912, rape dust (giving 25 lb. ammonia per acre)
was applied to plot 10b, and sulphate of potash to plot 1 la.

Nitrogenous top-dressings of sulphate of ammonia and
nitrate of soda were given on May 1 and May 28, the heavier
dressings (to plots 3a, 8a, 8aa, and 9a) in two separate applica-
tions on the dates named, the lighter (to plots 2a, 2aa, 2b, 2bb,
3b, 5a, 5b, 6, 10a and 11a) only on the earlier date.

Throughout June the plots looked well, though already
it seemed as if nitrate of soda was not going to give as good

The Wohurn Field Experimetits, 1912. 21>1)

crops as sulphate of ammonia. Also the rape dust on plot lOb,
which up to then had been distinctly behind the farmyard
maniire (plot lib), now began to be quite equal to the latter ;
this improvement lasted up to the end.

Continued absence of sun, together with rain, delayed the
proper ripening of the grain, and it was not until August 13
that the plots could be cut. Even then, as already stated, the
sheaves never got reallj^ dry, and the result was that the corn
began to sprout in the shocks. The wet condition of the crop
prevented any hope of it drying in the stack, and, to save it,
the wheat was carted on September 3 and threshed out at once.

The harvest results are given in Table I. (page 300).

The harvest results were, on the whole, slightly above those
of the dry season, 1911, the highest produce obtained being
23"9 bushels as against 21'8 bushels per acre in 1911. The
average of the two unmanured plots was 8*2 bushels, the same
as in 1911, mineral manures alone giving 7*8 bushels. The
most remarkable feature was the superiority of the plots
dressed with sulphate of ammonia to those to which nitrate of
soda had been given. This was the case whether the salts were
used alone or in combination with minerals ; all along, the
sulphate of ammonia plots had a far more healthy appearance
and were far less subject to rust. Thus, while sulphate of
ammonia with lime produced up to 17*5 bushels, and with
minerals as well 23"9 bushels, nitrate of soda alone gave only
8 bushels, and the heavier dressings less than the lighter appli-
cations. Once again, the use of lime told markedly, the plot
2b, where 2 tons per acre of lime were used — and that once
onlj", in 1897 — continuing to give a good return and more than
plot 21)b, where a second dressing of 2 tons was given in 1905.
The plot 2aa, to which 1 ton of lime per acre had altogether
been given, but in four separate applications, produced only
1 bushel short of 2b and considerably more than plot 2bb,
which had had 4 tons of lime per acre. The return from the
heavy dressing of nitrate of soda along with minerals Avas very
disappointing. As usual, a low weight of corn per bushel, with
much tail corn, characterised the nitrate of soda plots. Farm-
yard manure gave a very small crop, inferior to that with rape
dust (plot 10b), and the comparison of plots 10a and 11a led to
the conclusion of last year, that phosphate was required rather
than potash.

The figures are given for the corn valuation, but it must be
pointed out that the wheats were all extremely bad, and much
below the average of the district. Hardly any of them would
be of use for milling, and it was only the existing high price of
feeding stuffs that gave any value to them. All the samples
contained grown corns, and they " handled " very badly.

300

The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

Table I. — Continuous Growing of Wheat, 1912
(36^/i Season).

(Wheat grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied

every year.)
Stackyard Field— Produce per acre.

Plot

1

2a

2aa

2b

2bb

3a
3b

4

5a

5b

6

7
8a

8aa
8b

8bb
9a

9b

lOa

10b
11a

lib

Manures per acre

Head corn

Unmanured ....

Sulphate of ammonia (:=25 lb.
ammonia) ....

As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905, repeated 1909, 1910and
1911

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897

As 2b, with 2 tons lime (re-
peated), Jan., 1905

Nitrate of soda(=50 Ib.ammonia)

Nitrate of soda(^25 Ib.ammonia)

Mineral manures (superphos-
phate, 3 cwt. ; sulphate of
potash, ^ cwt.)

Mineral manures and sulphate
of ammonia (=25 lb. ammonia)

As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Jan.,
1905

Mineral manures and nitrate
of soda (=:25 lb. ammonia) .

Unmanured ....

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) sulphate of
ammonia (^50 lb. ammonia)

As 8a, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905

Mineral manures, sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years).

As 8b, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) nitrate of soda
(=50 lb. ammonia)

Mineral manures, nitrate of
soda (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

Rape dust (=25 lb. ammonia).

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., ni-
trate of soda (=25 lb. am-
monia) .....

Farmyard manure (=100 lb.
ammonia) ....

' Applied.

No. of
bush.

9-1

16-6

17-5

11-2
6-4
8-0

7-8

22-5

23-9

8-2
7-3

9-fi'
22-3'

4-8^
20-4^

6-6'

4-82

13-2
16-2

9-8
12-5

Weight

per
bushel

Tail
corn

Lb.
54-0

53-7

54-5

56-0
520
52-0

53-2

56-7

56-2

.520
540

54-0
56-0

520
56-7

52-0

53-4

53-7

57-2

527
54-5

Lb.
29

92

160
160
128

50
64
62

126

29

80
140

104
76

118

150
96

98
116

Straw,

chaff,

&c.

C. q. lb.
8 2 7

4 3 16

16 2 2

Value

per
quarter
on basis

of

34s.

15 0 16
11 1 1

14 3 6

12 2 26

6 0 23

18 0 23

18 2 0

12 3 19

7 2 22

10 2 12

21 0 20

6 0 13

17 1 22

16 2 2

5 3 21

14 2 24

14 0 11

14 2 13

14 1 24

«. d.

29 0

28 0

28 0

29 0

28 0

28 0

28 0

29 0
32 0
32 0

28 0

29 0

29 0

29 0

28 0

32 0

28 0

29 0

29 0

32 0

29 0

29 0

" Omitted.

The Wobum Field Experiments, 1912.

301

Table II. — Continuous Growing of Barley, 1912
(36th Season).

(Barley grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied

every year.)
Stackyard Field— Produce per acre.

Manures per acre

Unmanured ....

Sulphate of ammonia (=25 lb.
ammonia) ....

As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Mar.,
1905, repeated 1909, 1910 and
1912

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec,
1897, repeated 1912 .

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec,
1897, repeated Mar., 1905 .

Nitrate of soda(=. 50 Ib.ammonia)

Nitrate of soda(=25 Ib.ammonia)

Mineral manures (superphos-
phate 3 cwt., sulphate of
potash 1 cwt.)

Mineral manures and sulphate
of ammonia (=25 Ib.ammonia)

As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Mar., 1905

As 5a, with 2 tons lime, Dec,
1897, repeated 1912 .

Mineral manures and nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

Unmanured . . . .

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) sulphate of am-
monia (=50 lb. ammonia) .

As 8a, with 2 tons lime, Dec,
1897, repeated 1912 .

Mineral manures, sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

As 8b, with 2 tons lime, Dec,
1897, repeated 1912 .

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) nitrate of soda
(=50 lb. ammonia)

Mineral manures, nitrate of
soda (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years).

Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

Rape dust (=25 lb. ammonia) .

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., ni-
trate of soda (=25 lb. am-
monia) .....

Farmyard manure (=100 lb.
ammonia) . . . .

* Applied.

Head com

No. of
bush.

9-6
3 6

7-7
151

140

7-7
11-U

20-9

6-6
22-7

27-2

21-1
9-5

5-3 «
32-8'

3-9^
221"

20-9>

19-8'»

17-0
18-3

23-5
251

Weight

per

bush.

Lb.
■19-5

48 0

.500

500

52-0
50-0
48-0

49-9

520
500

51-0

49-6

48-8

50-0
49-9

50-0

50-0

49-7

49-7

50-6

49-8

49-6
5 10

Tail
corn

Lb.

24

24

36

88

60
32

50

39

20
64

72

53
36

20

80

16
60

96

46

82
60

50
38

Straw,

cliaff,

&c.

C. q. lb.
7 3 25

2 1 18

10 1 20

10 0 8

9 1 4

11 1 20
9 2 6

13 2 13

9 1 24

16 3 26

19 1 18

17 2 4
7 1 9

3 1 6
22 1 6

4 3 16
17 2 18

21

1

2

17

0

10

14

2

19

14

2

25

17

1

3

21

1

2

Value

per

quarter

on basis

of

35s.

32 6
27 6

27 6

27 6

27 6

27 6

27 6

34 0

33 0

34 0

33 6

31 0

30 0

31 0

32 6

30 0
32 6

31 0

31 0

31 0

31 0

31 0

35 0

» Omitted.

302 The IVohurn Field Expenments, 1912.

Continuous Gkowing of Barley {Stackyard Field)
1912 (36th Season).

During the winter, and subsequent to the first ploughing in
October, a quantity of spurry showed itself on the plots 2, 5,
and 8, but not on the limed plot 5aa. As, however, on the
previously limed plots 2aa, 2b, 5b, 8aa, and 8bb the influence
of lime appeared to be exhausted, further applications of lime,
in the same respective quantities as before, were given to these
plots on March 26, 1912. The land was ploughed a second
time April 5-8, and farmyard manure (giving 100 lb. of
ammonia per acre) spread and ploughed in on plot lib.
*■' Goldthorpe " barley, at the rate of 9 pecks per acre, was
drilled on April 9, mineral manures being applied on the same
day to plots 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10a, and 11a, and rape dust (25 lb.
ammonia per acre) to plot 10b. The barley came up well, and
April continued dry and warm. On May 2 the first halves of
the heavier nitrogenous top-di*essingb were put on plots 3a, 8a,
8aa, 9a, and the second halves on May 29. The other plots to
receive nitrogenous top-dressings (plots 2a, 2aa, 2b, 2bb, 3b,
5a, 5aa, 5b, 6, 10a and 11a) had these given in a single applica-
tion on May 29. The barley w^as slow in growth, and so con-
tinued throughout the month, the straw being very short. The
farmyard manure plot looked much the best (in contradistinc-
tion to the wheat), and so continued till harvest. The nitrate
of soda plots, as in the case of the wheat, were very ragged, and
it was remarkable that now, for the first time, spurry began to
show here. The re-limed plots 8aa and 8bb were quite good,
and so had entirely recovered. A gi'eat deal of "smut"
appeared in July. As already stated, the barley was allowed
to stand through the wet weather of August, and it was not
cut and harvested until September 10, the corn being threshed
out direct on September 14. The harvest results are given in
Table II. (page 301).

The average of the unmanured plots was 9*6 bushels per acre,
a considerable advance on the very poor produce of 1911 (3'5
bushels). Mineral manures (plot 4), in spite of the prevalence
of the weed Equisetuni arvense, gave the unusually high return
of 20"9 bushels, and the highest produce of all was 32*8 bushels
from plot 8aa (sulphate of ammonia with minerals, after lime).
The superiority of sulphate of ammonia generally, as a top-
dressing, to nitrate of soda, which was so apparent this year
with the wheat, was also shown with barley, though not to
nearly the same extent. The heavier application of nitrate of
soda (plot 3a) was not as good as the lighter (plot 3b), and the
crops treated with this manure alone show distinct signs of
failing both in the wheat and in the barley. The additions of
minerals gave (plot 6) 10 bushels more. The influence of lime

The Wohurn Field Expenments, 1912. 303

was again very marked, the further application of 2 tons per
acre to plot 2b restoring the plot to a considerable extent, as
was also the case with 5b, 8aa, and 8bb.

The comparison of 10a and 11a confirmed the indication of
last year that potash is more needed for barley than phosphate.
Farmyard manure (plot lib) gave a better return than rape
dust (plot 10b), and the crop was the second highest of the
series, though it did not produce the exceptional crop of 1911,
when the season was so very dry. It is remarkal)le, however,
that in 1912 the results of the application of farmyard manure
on wheat and barley respectively were so very different, wheat
being a comparatively poor crop and barley a good one.

The corn was valued as usual, and the figures are appended.
They are, however, of little use, for all the samples were
inferior barleys for an ordinary season, and most of them
were very " smutty " as well.

Rotation Experiments. — The Unexhausted Manurial
Value of Cake and Corn (Stackyabd Field).

(a) Series C. 1910, Sivedes, fed on by Sheep with Cahe and
Corn respectively ; 1911, Barley ; 1912, Green Crops.

The barley of 1911 was, as mentioned in last year's Report,
better by 5 bushels of corn and 3^ cwt. of straw per acre after
the corn-feeding (oats and barley) than after the cake-feeding
(linseed and cotton). After the barley was cut, early red
trifolium seed was drilled on August 23, 1911. It came up
nicely, looked well through the winter, and was cut for hay
on June 6, 1912. Rnin then came, and the hay could not be
carted until June 19-20, when it was weighed, giving the
results set out in Talile III.

Table III. — Series C. Rotation Experiments — the Unex-
hausted Manurial Value of Cake and Corn. {Stackyard
Field.) 1912, Trifolium — after Barley, following Swedes,
fed on : —

Plot

Produce of Trifolium Hay per acre

Cake-fed plot
Corn-fed Plot

T.

c.

q-

11).

1

16

•2,

21

1

19

1

21

Thus, the corn-feeding continued to show, in 1912, a slight
superiority over cake-feeding. It was intended to grow a
second green crop — rape — and to feed it on before putting
in wheat. The land was ploughed after the trifolium —

304 The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

July 2-10 — and rape was drilled, but it grew very slowly,
and did not give enough crop to feed on ; so it was ploughed
in in October, and wheat was sown.

{h) Series D. 1912, Swedes.

This was the first crop of the new series on this land. The
general plan of the experiment was set out in the Report for
1911 (Journal R.A.S.E., Vol. 72, 1911, pp. 394-5). From May 20
to June 8 dung was carted out and applied to the land, at the
rate of 12 tons per acre. Three hundredweight of superphos-
phate and 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash per acre were then given
as artificial manure for the swedes, and on June 8 swede seed
(" Invicta ") was drilled. The plant came up well, and the
crop was singled and set out on July 6. On July 25 a top-
dressing of 1 cwt. per acre of sulphate of ammonia was given.
Through the wet autumn the crop maintained itself well, there
being a very even plant throughout. The swedes were pulled
November 26-27 and weighed, the results being : —

Weight of roots
per acre

T c. q. lb.
Half plot, swedes to be subsequently fed on with cake 14 0 2 24
Half plot, ,, „ „ „ „ corn 16 15 0 0

These amounts were reduced so as to leave 12 tons per acre
to be fed on each plot, the surplus swedes being carted off.

Green-manuring Experiments.

(a) Stackyard Field. Series A.

The two acres on which the green crops (mustard, rape, and
tares) had been grown in 1911 and fed on the land by sheep
(in contradistinction to Lansome Field, where the green crops
are ploughed in) were ploughed up October 23-25, 1911, and, as
the land still needed liming, 1 ton per acre of ground lime
(Buxton) was given on November 25 to the upper part, and
2 tons of lump lime (Buxton) to the lower half. On
December 4, 9 pecks of-" Square Head's Master" wheat per
acre were sown over the whole area, and on December 8,
4 cwt. of superphosphate and 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash
per acre were given. The wheat came up well and was quite
a fair crop for the year, though there was little difference
noticeable between the different portions. The wheat was cut
on August 13, 1912, carted and threshed on September 3. The
results are given in Table IV. As the upper and lower halves
of the field were kept separate, the individual weights are given,
the a plots (la, 2a, 3a) being at the lower end of the field and
the others at the upper end.

The Wohurn Field Experiments^ 1912.

305

Table IV. — Green-Manuring Experiiyient {Stackyard Field).
Produce of Wheat per acre, 1912— after Green-crops.

Plot

Manuring

Head corn

Tail
corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per
quarter

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per
bushel

Weight

on

basis of

35.?.

1

Tares fed on

Lb.
1.106

20-1

Lb

54-9

Lb.
11

C. q. lb.
13 3 27

s. d.
29 0

la

,, .. . .

980

17-6

55-8

11

11 3 23

31 0

2

Rape fed on

1,181

21-1

56-0

16

14 3 1

31 0

2a

11 •• • •

1,173

20-8

56-8

22

14 1 13

31 0

3

Mustard fed on .

877

15-6

56-1

11

11 0 27

31 0

3a

" • •

1,168

20-9

559

21

13 3 23

31 0

Taking the mean of the duplicate plots we find the following
general result : —

Produce per Acre
Head Corn Straw, Ac.
Bushels c q. lb.

After Tares fed on . . . . 188 12 3 25

„ Rape , 20-9 14 2 7

„ Mustard fed on . . . 18-2 12 2 11

In this, the first wheat crop of the new series, accordingly,
the best crop has been obtained from the growing of rape and
feeding it on the land, the tares giving the next best return,
and the mustard slightly less, a result diff'erent from that
experienced in Lansome Field, where the green crops are
ploughed in and not fed on the land. The experiment will
be continued and green crops again grown in 1913, as it is of
great importance to clearly ascertain in what the diff'erence
between the two fields lies, whether in the green crops
themselves or in the respective operations of ploughing in
or feeding on the land.

(6) Lansome Field.

The green crops having been grown in 1911 and ploughed
in, " Square Head's Master " wheat — 9 pecks per acre — was
drilled November 2, 1911. As usual, at first the wheat looked
better after the tares, but, as the season of 1912 went on,
there was little doubt as to the wheat being best after mustard,
and then after rape, the tares plot, as in previous years, clearly
showing the smallest crop. These appearances were borne out
at harvest time. The wheat crop was cut August 9, carted and
threshed September 2. The lesults are given in Table V.,
page 306.

The average of the two " tares " plots was 10*2 bushels, of
the " rape " 13 bushels, and of the " mustard " plots 16*8

306

The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

Table V. — Green-manuring Experiment {Lansome Field).

Produce of Wheat per acre, 1912.

Head corn

Tail
corn

Value of

Manuring

Straw,
chaff.

corn per

Plot

quarter

Weight

' &c.

on basis

Weight

Bush.

per
bush.

Weight

of 35s.

Lb.

Lb.

Lb.

C. q. lb.

s. d.

1

Tares ploughed in, with

mineral manures.

540

9-9

54-5

13

8 0 5

31 0

2

Tares ploughed in, with

lime ....

577

10-4

55-2

13

7 3 18

31 0

3

Rape ploughed in, with

mineral manures .

754

13-5

55-7

7

9 0 21

32 6

4

Rape ploughed in, with

lime ....

714

12-6

56-7

7

8 3 17

32 6

5

Mustard ploughed in,

with mineral manures .

1,017

18-0

56-5

9

11 3 11

32 0

6

Mustard ploughed in.

with lime

900

15-5

57-9

12

10 1 14

32 0

bushels of corn per acre. The limed plots did not, as in 1910,
exceed the mineral manured ones.

Little can be said as to the quality of the corn, for it was
all bad and much below average. On the whole, the wheat on
Lansome Field was better than on Stackyard Field.

It is now proposed to take a second corn crop (in 1913) on
Lansome Field after the wheat, instead of growing the green
crops again and ploughing them in. The continuation of this
experiment in conjunction with the series in Stackyard Field,
where the green crops are fed on the land, will be watched
with interest.

Varieties of Barley.

Series B. Stackyard Field.

It was decided to compare, under the same conditions, two
typical varieties of barley, Archer's " Stiff-straw " and Hallett's
" Chevalier," and this not merely hj growing the two kinds on
adjoining large plots, but also by growing them on alternate
small strips.

The " Archer " l)arley was kindly supplied by Mr. E. S.
Beaven, of Warminster, Wilts, and the " Chevalier " was
obtained direct from Major Hallett. Sugar-beet (manured
with dung and artificials) had been grown on the land in
1911. On April 2, 1912, the barleys were drilled at the rate
of 8 pecks per acre. There were sixteen strips, each about
t't acre in size and having twelve rows of corn. The series
commenced with a strip of "• Archer," then one of " Chevalier "

The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

307

followed, then another of "Archer," and so on for all the
sixteen strips. After this there came one large area — \ acre —
of "Archer," and then a \ acre block of "Chevalier." On
May 23, clover and grass seed mixtures (to form the experiment
of 1913) were drilled in the barley. The "Chevalier" was
the more forward, and came into ear on June 22, being fully
in ear by June 27, when the " Archer " began to " ear." The
crops were cut on September 10, threshed and weighed on
September 14, and the results are given in Table VI.

Table YI.— V(nveti(s of Barley, 1912.

Stackyanl Fiel<l Produce per acre.

Head corn

Tail
corn

Value of

Straw,
chaff, &c.

corn per
quarter

on
basis of

35s.

Weight

Bush.

Weighi
per
bush.

Bush.

Archer's " Stiff-straw."

Small Strips—

1

Lb.
2.113

41-0

Lb.
51-5

5-3

C.
22

q. lb.
1 4

s. d.
36 0

3

2,246

43-4

51-7

4-9

23

0 15

36 0

5

1,732

33-6

51-5

5-2

23

0 15

36 0

7

2,183

42-6

51-2

5-3

25

0 8

37 6

9

1,523

29-4

51-7

5-3

28

0 0

37 6

11

1,813

35 2

51-5

5-7

25

3 1

36 0

13

2,025

39-3

51-5

5-7

24

1 7

37 6

15

2,361

45-8

51-5

6-2

25

3 1

37 6

Large Plot—

17

2,113

41-0

51-5

4-6

26

0 4

36 0

Halletfs " Cheralierr

Small Strips—

2

1.642

31-9

51-5

3-9

24

0 5

38 0

4

1,855

360

51-5

3-4

23

2 27

38 0

6

1,536

29-5

52-0

31

23

2 19

38 0

8

1,617

31-2

51-7

2-8

30

3 7

37 0

10

1,357

26-5

51-2

3-8

27

1 20

36 0

12

1,910

36-9

51-7

41

28

2 25

35 0

14

1,702

329

51-7

4-3

27

3 2

36 0

16

2,01^3

40-5

51-5

3-9

26

1 17

36 0

Large Plot —

18

1,668

32-3

51-5

3-3

22

3 7

36 0

Taking the results as a whole, it will be seen that the
Archer's " Stiff-straw " gave from 8 bushels (small plots) to 10
bushels (large plots) of total corn more per acre than did the
"Chevalier." There was more tail corn, however, from the
"Archer" variety. The quality of the grain of these lots was

308 The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

much better than that of any other corn grown on this land,
the valuer's (Mr. T. Smith, junr., of Bedford) remarks being
that the samples were well threshed and well above the average
for the district. They were, indeed, some of the nicest barleys
he had seen this season, being vmiform in colour and size. As
between the two varieties, he thought that, while the bolder
grain of the " Hallett's " would tell with some buyers, the
beautiful skin and "curl" on most of the "Archer's" would
be more to valuers' liking.

Comparing next the produce of each variety on the large
plots with that on the small strips, it may at once be said that
the season was certainly not a favourable one for making a
close comparison of this kind. A review of the returns for
individual plots, as set out in Table VI., will show that there
was in some cases a wide divergence between the yields of
different strips of one and the same variety. Yet, if the whole
yields be added up and averaged, it will be found that the
" Archer " barley when grown on strips gave an average of
38"8 bushels of head corn and 5*5 bushels of tail corn per acre,
or a total of 44-3 bushels of corn — as against a total of 45"6
bushels per acre of corn on the large plot ; while the
" Chevalier " gave, on the strips, an average of 33*2 bushels
of head corn, and 3*6 bushels of tail corn per acre, or a total
of 36*8 bushels of corn, as against a total of 35"G bushels of
corn on the corresponding large plot. Hence the divergence
in any one variety between the produce of strips and that of
large plots was only about 1 bushel of corn per acre in either
case. In the one case (" Archer ") the large plot gave the
higher return, and in the other (" Chevalier ") the strips.
Accordingly, the difference between the returns for either
variety, as between the large plots and the small strips, may
be put at ±2*7 per cent. only. The general result as between
the two varieties which it was the object of the experiment
to compare, shows the yield of the " Archer " barley to have
been quite 8i bushels of corn per acre more than that of the
" Chevalier," and that the grain was not inferior in value.

Varieties of Wheat.

(a) Lansome Field.
(ft) Road Piece Field.

Further trials were given in 1912 to French wheats, as also
to Prof. Biffen's " Little Joss," and to the Dutch wheat
" Wilhelmina," as compared with the English wheat " Square
Head's Master," generally grown on the farm. Of the two
fields, Lansome Field is distinctly the lighter and poorer soil,
being entirely on the Lower-Greensand, whereas Road Piece

The Wohirn Field Experiments^ 1912.

309

Field is just at the junction of this latter with the Oxford
Clay formation.

In Lansome Field the wheats followed potatoes manured
with dung, and were drilled on Noveni>ber 2, 1911 ; on Road
Piece Field they came after mangolds, also manured with dung,
and were drilled on November 23, 1911. No further manuring
was done in either case. The wheat was cut August 9-10,
1912, and carted and threshed September 2. Of the different
varieties grown, the seed of the two French varieties, " Hatif
Inversable " and "Jolly Farmer," had been obtained direct
from M. Vilmorin, Paris ; the former, it appeared, is the same
wheat as that known as " Sensation," and the latter is the same
as the " Bon Fermier." Prof. Biffen supplied the " Little
Joss," and the " Sensation " wheat was some which had been
grown the year before by Mr. Luddington in the Cambridge-
shire fens, so that it was French wheat acclimatised by growth
in England. The harvest results are set out in Table VII.

Table Nil.— Varieties of Wheat, 1912.

Lansome Field and Boad Piece Field — Produce per acre.

Head corn

Tail
corn

Value of

Straw,
chaff.

corn per

Varieties

quarter

Weight

&c.

ou basii

Weight

Bush.

per
bush.

Weight

of 35s.

Lansome Field.

" Square Head's Master "

Lb.

Lb.

Lb.

C. q. lb.

s. d.

(English) ....

1,388

222

58-0

12-2

14 1 0

" Hatif Invereable " (French) .

801

141

56-8

8-7

8 1 8

" Jolly Farmer " (French)

1,250

214

58-4

35-8

14 2 17

" Little Joss" (Biffen's) .

1,584

271

58-4

12-5

18 2 3

" Sensation " (French-acclima-

tised) ...

1,372

23-3

58-7

96

14 3 5

Road Piece Field.

" Wilhelmina " (Dutch) .

1,523

27-5

55-2

25-6

18 3 8

29 6

" Sensation " (French-acclima-

tised)

1.475

260

56-7

10-6

18 3 15

32 0

"Little Joss" (Biffen's) .

1.891

32-9

57-4

150

24 0 6

32 6

" Jolly Farmer " (French)

1,580

27-3

57-8

14-4

19 2 2

32 6

" Hatif Inversable '' (French) .

1,977

33-8

58-4

250

22 0 9

31 6

"Square Head's Master"

(English) ....

2,182

36-2

6014

300

27 1 18

33 0

The yields in Road Piece were distinctly higher than those
in Lansome P^ield, the soil being richer. Taking the results of
the two fields together, it will be seen that " Square Head's
Master" and "Little Joss" came out well above the others,
" Little Joss " giving an average of 30 bushels of corn per

310

The Wohum Field Experiments, 1912.

acre, " Square Head's Master " 29*5 bushels, and the other
three 24-25 bushels, while the single plot of " Wilhelmina "
yielded 27*5 bushels per acre. There was no striking feature
about the straw, but, on the valuing of the grain, " Square
Head's Master " came out rather the best, the grain being fairly
well matured, while the " Little Joss " was described as " a
useful wheat, but lacking the ' bloom ' and condition of the
' Square Head's Master.' " The " Wilhelmina " corn was the
poorest, and useless for milling.

On the whole, these experiments speak very well for "Little
Joss," although its superiority to the local variety " Square
Head's Master," either in regard to yield of corn or straw, or
quality of grain, has not been made out. Nor would the
acclimatisation of the French wheat ("Sensation") seem to
have materially improved it.

Vaeieties of Lucerne. — Stackyard Field.

The details of the sowing of these are given in last year's
Report (Journal R.A.S.E., Vol. 72, 1911, page 398), the diflPerent
varieties having been sown in the spring of 1911, one half of
each in a barley crop, the other half without a covering crop.
As then mentioned, the plots sown without crop looked, after
harvest, distinctly better than those put in under barley,
though the plots were not so clean. Of the different varieties
the two American ones seemed the best, and then the Canadian.
The plots were hoed January 3-17, 1912, but frost, coming
then, pinched the lucerne a good deal. On i\.pril 10, a dressing
of 4 cwt. per acre of superphosphate and 5 cwt. per acre of
rape dust was given. The lucerne grew fairly, and on August
7 it was cut and made into hay, being carted and weighed
August 15-16. The weights are given in Table VIII.

Table VIII. — Varieties of Lucerne (Stackyard Field).

Produce of Hay per acre, 1912.

Variety

Sown undei
crop

a corn

Sown bare

Cwt

q-

lb

Cwt.

q. lb.

American (Arizona) ....

8

2

0

15

2 0

Canadian ......

y

2

0

20

2 0

Turkestan

6

0

0

11

0 0

Provence

9

2

0

19

0 0

Russian (Europe) ....

24

2

0

37

2 0

Russian (Asia) .....

9

0

0

16

2 0

North American ....

9

2

0

17

2 0

The first point that comes out prominently is that the
produce all round was nearly doublet! by sowing the lucerne
" bare." Next, as between the diti'erent varieties, the Russian
(Europe) lucerne gave far and away the largest crop, the

The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

311

average being 31 cwt. of hay per acre as against 15 cwt. from
tlie Canadian seed, this coming next in order. Provence
(ll'l cwt.) and North American (13*5 cwt.) were but little
behind, and the poorest of all was the Turkestan (8"2 cwt.).
This experiment will be carried on further.

Varieties of Rye-grass {Stackyard Field, 1912).

In the spring of 1911 three small plots were sown (May 12)
in Stackyard Field with different varieties of rye-grass, viz.,
Italian rye-grass, Pacey's rye-grass, and a new Dutch variety.
The grasses came up, but, owing largely to the very dry
season, there was practically no crop to cut the first year, and
the plots were carried on to 1912. The only noticeable point
in the first year was that the Dutch variety was distinctly earlier
than the others. In 1912 the plots were cut for hay, the first
crop on June 14 and the second on October 4. The results are
set out in Table IX.

Table IX. — Varieties of Rye-grass {Stackyard Field).

I'roduce of Hay pei' acre, 1912.

Variety

First crop

Second crop

Total

Pacey rye-grass

Dutch ,, ...

Italian ., ...

T. c. q. lb
1 0 1 27
13 16
1 18 3 25

C. q. lb,

6 1 20

12 1 23

12 3 12

T. c. q. lb.
1 6 3 19

1 15 3 1

2 11 3 9

Again, the Dutch variety came the earliest, but it will be
seen that the yield of ha}^ though higher than that of the
Pacey rye-grass, was not nearly equal to that of the Italian
variety.

Soya Bean.

A small plot in Stackyard Field was utilised with the object
of seeing whether soya bean would, as a crop, come to maturity
in this country.

The seed was sown on May 22, 1912, and the plant grew
quite well up to a point, but it never produced pods, and the
first early frost (September 21) entirely destroyed the plant.
This will be tried again in 1913 with earlier sowing of the
seed.

Linseed.

On another small plot in the same field linseed was similarly
sown on May 22, 1912. The plant came up well, and formed
seed duly. This was harvested on October 4 ; the yield of
clean linseed was, however, small, being only 4^ cwt. per acre
with 17 cwt. of straw per acre. Analysis of the seed showed
it to contain 34*8 per cent, of oil.

312 The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

Inoculation of Leguminous Crops.

The last series of small plots in Stackyard Field comprised
the trial of a new inoculating material emanating from America.
It would be more rightly described, perhaps, as the outcome of
a new method of preparation of inoculating materials, i-ather
than as a new material itself. The method — as distinct from
those hitherto adopted, of keeping the culture obtained from
the nodules of leguminous plants in air-tight receptacles, or of
absorbing it in cotton wool, earth, &c.— consists in allowing air
to enter after being filtered through cotton wool. This method
seems to me to possess possible advantages, as there is little
doubt in my mind that the practical failure of inoculating
cultures hitherto has been associated with some faulty step
in their preparation whereby their vitality has been impaired.
It was with the object of seeing whether the new method of
preparation got over some of the difficulties experienced in the
past, that I undertook to give it a trial. The plan of applying
the material — by steeping the seed in it before sowing — is just
the same as that generally adopted. In Stackyard Field I set
out six small plots, sowing, on two of them, lucerne seed, on
two, red clover seed, and on other two, white clover seed. In
one case the seed was sown direct, in the other the seed before
being sown was allowed to soak in the culture preparation, was
then air-dried and sown. This was on May 25, 1912. The
several lots came up quite well, and throughout the time of
growth did not exhibit any marked difference except possibly
in the case of the white clover, where the inoculated seed
certainly seemed to give the better crop. The crops were
allowed to grow until October 4, when they were cut and
weighed green. The results are given in Table X.

Table X. — Inoculation of Leguminous Crops.

Stackjard Field — Green Produce per acre, 1912.

Seed not inoculated

Seed inoculated

Lucerne .....
Ked clover. ....
White clover ....

T. c. q. lb.
1 3 0 24
3 17 2 20
1 4 (1 12

T. c. q. lb.
1 5 3 16
4 5 2 24

18 2 8

The differences are not great, but such as they are they tell
in favour of the inoculation, the crop being in each case slightly
increased as the result of inoculating the seed before sowing it.

Sugar-beet.

In 1911 there was an extensive series of experiments con-
ducted at the Woburn Farm on the growing of sugar-beet,

The Wohurn Field Experiments, 1912.

313

details of which are given in last year's report (see Journal
R.A.S.E., Vol. 72, 1911, pp. 399-403). Though these were not
now repeated in extenso, sugar-beet was grown again, the field
being Warren Field, the soil of which is a fairly heavy loam.
Questions having arisen, too, as to the loss of weight found in
washing the beet free of dirt, particular attention was paid
to this point. The field was manured with 10 tons per acre of
London dung, and on May 8, 16 lb. per acre of " Klein
Wanzleben " seed were drilled. The drills were 18 inches
apart. The plants were singled and set out June 21-25, hoed
July 10-12, and top-dressed on July 29 with 1 cwt. per acre of
sulphate of ammonia. On October 2-10 the beets were pulled,
they were then topped and cleaned in the ordinary way, and
weighed. The roots subsequently were washed free of dirt
and weighed again. Table XI. gives the produce, both as
weighed in the field and after washing, and also, by way of
comparison, the produce of mangolds (" Yellow Globe ") on an
adjoining plot.

Table XI. — Sugar-heet ( Warren Field).

Weight of roots per acre, 1912.

Cleaned in
field

Washed roots

Loss in
washing

Sugar-beet (" Klein Wanzleben ")
Mangolds ("Yellow Globe")

T. c. q. lb.
18 11 1 20
28 13 2 7

T. c. q. lb.
13 0 0 0
24 19 0 0

Per cent.
30
13

From these figures it will be seen that the mangolds gave
fully 10 tons more yield per acre than the sugar-beet. The
yields with both crops, however, fall considerably below
those of 1911, when 21 tons of sugar-beet and 44 tons of
mangolds per acre were grown. The loss on washing the
sugar-beet came out at 30 per cent, as against the 35 per cent,
recorded in 1911, the coi-responding loss with mangolds being
13 per cent, only, the same figure as given in 1911. There is
little doubt that the season of 1912, though there was plenty
of rain, was not nearly so good a one for the healthy growth
and development of the root- crops as was the dry one of 1911.
The roots were subsequently analysed, and gave the following
results : —

Water
Juice

Crude fibre
Total sugar in juice
,, ,, roots.

Purity of juice .

Sugar-beet
per cent.
74-53
95-50
4-50
18-40
17-57
82-5

Mangolds
per cent.

•78
•90
-10
•45
•27
•0

14 The

Wohurn Pot- Cn Iture

flJ.Tperiments,

1910-11-12.

Rainfall at

WoBURN Experimental

Station

, 1912.

(292 ft. above

sea level.)

No. of days

No. of days

with 01 in.

with -01 in.

Total or more

Total

or more

Inches recorded

Inciies

recorded

January

3-55 20

July .

1-93

16

February

1-56 18

August

5-33

25

March

2-69 21

September

1-42

7

April .

0-06 2

October

2-43

15

May .

1-77 13

November

1-38

13

June .

2-81 21

December

2 89

21

Total

27-82

192

POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 1910-11-12.

I. Hills' Experiments : —

(a) The influence of Lithium Salts on Wheat.
(h) The influence of Zinc Salts on Wheat,
(c) The influence of Lead Salts on Wheat.

II. The relation of Lime to Magnesia in Soils.

(a) The addition of Magnesia.
(6) The addition of Lime.

I. The Hills'' Experiments — (a) The infiuence of salts of
Lithium on Wheat.

For several years past the Woburn Pot-culture Station has
been concerned in the investigation of the influence on plant
life of some of those constituents which are onlj' occasionally,
or only in minute quantities, found in the soil. These investi-
gations are the outcome of a Bequest made in 1896 by the late
Mr. E. H. Hills, who freely stated his belief that these " rarer
constituents" exercised a greater influence than was generally
supposed. On the Society undertaking the work in accordance
with the terms of the Bequest, consideral)le doubt was expressed
as to whether any results of value were likely to be obtained.
The work has, however, been diligently pursued, and the
following account will, no doubt, show whether the pessimistic
forecast, or, on the contrary, that of Mr. Hills, was the more
correct. Suffice it to say, meantime, that, as the work has
proceeded, points both novel and unexpected, and conveying
interesting and valuable information have been brought out.

While many different substances coming under the heading
" rare constituents " have been examined, there are some in
particular which have been more closely followed than others,
and amongst these come the salts of lithium. The information

The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 315

which has been collected concerning these being now in a
condition to set forth consecutively, it is the aim of the present
note io do this.

The first experiment was made in 18'.*8 with lithium
chloride ; this was repeated in 1900 ; in 1901 the oxide,
carbonate and siilphate were also tried ; in 1903 the oxide
and the iodide. In tlie first three of these cases the salts were
dissolved and pour.^d on the surface of the soil ; in 1903 they
were mixed with the top layer of soil. The quantities, beginning
at the rate of 5 cwt. per acre of the salts, were reduced in the
successive experiments to 2 cwt., 1 cwt., and h cwt. per acre ;
they were tried principally on wheat and barley, but also on
mustard, peas, and clover. Further work was done in water-
culture and in seed-soaking experiments. The general result
of these trials (for the details of which see Journals R.A.S.E.,
1900, 1901, 1902, 1904) was to show that all lithium salts
applied in the above quantities either killed the crops outright,
or else prolonged the period of incubation and ultimately
produced a decreased crop.

In 1906 more systematic experiments v\ere begun, and were
confined to wheat and barley, the lithium salts being no longer
given in solution, or mixed merely with the surface soil, but
they were given so as to supply to the soil definite amounts of
the metal lithium. For this pm-pose the salts were incorpor-
ated, by intimate mixing, with the whole of the soil used, so
that the soil could be fairly represented as one containing a
definite proportion of the metal. This method has, l)y experi-
ence, been found to be much more satisfactory than that of
dissolving the salts and pouring them on the surface, or even
that of mixing them with the top soil, inasmuch as there can
be no doubt that the germinating seed or the young plant
comes at times into contact with the salts in stronger concen-
tration than intended, whereas when the salts are intimately
m.ixed with the soil their distribution is more equal throughout.
It is unnecessary to deal in detail with the earlier work of this
new series. Suffice it to say that the endeavour was made to
reach the point at which the metal, as represented by its
different salts, might cease to produce a toxic effect. In 1906,
lithium salts (chloride, sulphate, carbonate, and nitrate) were
used supplying "Oo per cent, of the metal to the soil used ; in
1907, -007.5 per cent., and in 1908, -00375 per cent, only (see
Journal R.A.S.E., 1909, page 388). In all these cases lithium
showed a marked prolonging of the period of incubation, the
plants as they grew became more or less sickly, and ultimately
a lessened crop was produced. Up to this point one could
therefore say that lithium when present in the soil to the
extent of -00375 per cent, exercised a distinctly toxic effect.

316 The Wohum Pot- Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12.

In 1909 the experiments were continued on wheat with the
same salts but in lesser quantity, they supplying lithium at the
rate of '0018 per cent. only. Now for the first time the lithium
salts appeared to lose their toxic effect and to exercise in all
cases a slightly stimulating effect. This, indeed, reached, in
the case of the nitrate, a very high figure. Reference to tlie
published details (Journal R.A.S.E., 1910, pp. 344-5) will show
that the yields of corn were, with the chloride 119, the sulphate
115, the carbonate 115, and with the nitrate as much as 198, as
compared with 100 for the untreated crop, and those of straw
101*6, 101*1, 101, and 163, respectively, against 100 for the
untreated. Up to this point, accordingly, the general conclusion
was reached that lithium salts, if used to an extent not supplying
more than "002 parts of the metal lithium in 100 parts of the
soil, would exert a stimulating influence upon the wheat plant,
but that if the quantity of lithium went up to "003 per cent,
a toxic effect was produced.

The striking increase recorded in 1909 from the use of
lithium nitrate pointed to the desirability of repeating this
experiment, and, as lithium phosphate had not been yet tried,
it was decided to employ it also in future work.

From this date began an interesting series of experiments
which, commencing with the use of lithium salts in 1910,
gradually' extended to that of zinc salt and of lead salts, and
was continued throughout the three seasons 1910, 1911, 1912.

To enable the reader to follow better the course of the
enquiry, it has been thought well to abandon the usual plan
of giving each season's work in detail, and to deal consecutively
with the story of experiment with each of the metals forming
the subject of enquiry. Accordingly, a summary having been
already given of the work with lithium salts up to 1909
(inclusive), the account is now continued for the years 1910,
1911 and 1912.

1. Lithium phosphate. 1910.

In 1910 a start was made with lithiuui phosphate on the
wheat plant, the first question calling for answer being whether
the metal lithium in this form would show the same toxic
influence as it did in other salts. The proportions of the salts
used were such as to provide respectively {a) '002 per cent.,
(6) "005 per cent., (c) "01 per cent, of metallic lithium in the
soil. The lithium phosphate was intimately mixed with the
whole of the soil (40 lb.) filling a pot, and each experiment was
in duplicate. The salts were mixed with the soil on Decem-
ber 1, 1909, and the seed was sown on December 3. As com-
pared with the control experiment, there was no apparent
injury to germination, but the retardation in appearance of the
shoots amounted to three or four days where the heavier

The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 317

dressings of lithium had been used. Towards the end of
February, 1910, there was a decided change visible, for whereas
the plants receiving the small amounts of lithium remained
green and seemed to show more chlorophyll activity than did
the control plots, the plants to which, on the other hand, the
heaviest applications of lithium phosphate had been given,
were turned quite yellow. On thinning out the plants in
March, 1910, there was also a clear difference between the
roots of the several sets, for, while the smaller application of
lithium ('002 per cent.) showed rather more development and
stronger growth, the higher amounts produced a stunted root
growth, with absence of fine root hairs, the leaf development
also being poor. The plants were carried on until harvest, the
usual measurements, weights, &c., being recorded. The chief
points of interest are : (1) That the small addition of lithium
(•002 per cent.) gave a slight increase in grain and straw as
compared with the untreated lots, this being represented by
the figures 115 and 113 respectively as against 100 for the
untreated ; the results as regards the intermediate amount
(•005 per cent.) were not altogether conclusive or satisfactory.
(2) That the heavy dressing ('01) reduced the yield of corn
and straw by fully one-half.

Hence, lithium phosphate would seem to differ but little
from the other lithium salts tried, in regard to its stimulating
or its toxic influence. That is to say, up to -002 per cent, in
the soil lithium would seem to be stimulating ; above this it is
more or less toxic.

2. Lithium Phosphate and Lithium Nitrate. 1911.

In 1911 the experiment of 1910 with lithium phosphate
was repeated, and, as there had been uncertainty last time as
to the effect of ^005 per cent, lithium applied as phosphate,
this quantity was again given, as also ^0075 per cent., the
smallest application being slightly increased, too, viz., from
•002 per cent, to ^0025 per cent. Thus the several applications
were : — (a) ^0025 per cent., (h) '005 per cent., (c) ^0075 per
cent., (d) •Ol per cent. At the same time lithium nitrate
supplying lithium in the several proportions just stated was
also tried.

The general arrangements were as usual, each experiment
being in duplicate and the lithium salts being intimately
mixed with the whole of the soil in a single pot. The wheat
was sown on December 3, 1910, twelve seeds being put in each
pot, and then subsequently reduced to six growing plants per
pot. At once it was seen that the lithium salts, one and all,
exercised a marked influence on the germination of the grain.
With the lithium phosphate or lithium nitrate in small amount

318 The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12.

(•0025 per cent, lithium) the effect seemed to be one merely of
retarding germination, for whereas by January 28 the control
plots had ten or eleven of the twelve grains up, with lithium
phosphate there were only six, and with lithium nitrate only
five plants, though more appeared later on. But with all the
higher amounts of lithium — whether as phosphate or nitrate —
the germination was more and more affected as the salts were
in more concentrated form, and the plants never reached their
full number. More especially was this the case with lithium
nitrate, no plants coming up at all where the heavier appli-
cations were given.

The appearances of the growing crops are shown in Plate 1
and Plate 4. It wall be seen, in Plate 1, that the only lithium
phosphate application equal to the "no treatment" (a) is that
of '0025 per cent. (&), and that (c) is almost an entire failure,
and (d) and (e) complete failures. Similarly, with Plate 4,
(rt) alone shows any increase over the untreated lot ((a) of
Plate 1), while (c) and (d) are quite blanks.

On coming to thresh out and weigh the corn and straw the
following comparative results were obtained : —

No treatment ......

Lithium phosphate — "0025 per cent, lithium

„ -, '005 „

Lithium nitrate — "002.5 per cent, lithium

„ ,• "005

On comparing these results Avith those of 1910 it will be
seen that the two are closely alike as regards lithium phosphate
when used up to '002 or '0025 per cent, lithium, and show that
there is a slight stimulus up to this point. If, however, this
quantity be materially exceeded then there is injury to the
germinating seed, this being the more marked with the greater
concentration.

As regards lithium nitrate, the results go to confirm to some
extent the results found in 1909 as to a marked stimulative
effect if •0025 per cent, of lithium be not exceeded ; also that
this action is more marked with the nitrate than with other
salts of lithium. If, however, this quantity be exceeded, the
effect is a toxic one, and more marked with the niti-ate than
with the phosphate.

3. Lithium Phosphate, Lithium Nitrate^ and Lithium
Carbonate. 1912.

On obtaining the results just set out, it was determined to
see whether quantities of lithium markedly below '003 per
cent, produced a stimulating effect. In addition to the phos-
phate and nitrate as before, lithium carbonate was now brought
in. The quantities used were the same in the case of each salt
and were fixed at supplying respectively ^003 per cent., ^002

Corn

Straw

100

100

113

111

(!

31

142

178

3-4

31-5

The Wohurn Pof-CAilture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 319

per cent., and '001 per cent, lithium. As befoi'e, the experi-
ments were in duplicate, the salts mixed with the whole soil
in a pot, and twelve seeds per pot sown November 21, 1911,
subsequently reduced to six growing plants per pot. There
were, accordingly, two pots with lithium phosphate containing
•003 per cent, lithium, two with '002 per cent., and two with
•001 per cent., and corresponding pots with lithium nitrate,
and with lithium carbonate. The first observations, as regards
the action of the respective salts on the incubation of the plant,
were very interesting, and woukl seem to go far in the direction
of showing that tlie influences which determine the ultimate
yield are mainly those which are exercised at the time of
germination rather than those that are active at a later stage
in the plant's history.

It was noticed, first, that, as regards lithium phosphate, the
higher amount ('003 per cent.), though it did not injure the
germination, prolonged the period of incubation of the seed by
quite three days ; with lithium nitrate ("003 per cent.) there
was an even greater retardation, but with lithium carbonate
there was practically no change as compared with the control
plants (untreated). With the lower amounts, however, of
lithium — whether used as phosphate or as nitrate — there was
no increase in the incubation period of the plant, and the shoots
appeared quite as readily as with the control plants.

As the plants grew on, it was next observed that where the
heavier applications ("003 per cent.) had been given the plants
began to show a yellowishness of the leaf, and to fall away.
On the other hand the smallest addition of lithium (-001 per
cent.) seemed to give the most satisfactory looking crops,
together with a darkening of the foliage, as if chlorophyll
activity and starch assimilation had gone on more favourably.

The relative appearances are shown : (1) In Plate 3, where
{a), (i), (c), {d), represent respectively no treatment and lithium
phosphate in increasing quantities ; (2) In Plate 5, where the
action of lithium nitrate is shown ; (3) Plate 7, where that of
lithium carbonate is exemplified. The respective appearances
presented are very fairly brought out in the weights obtained
at harvest, the comparative results being as follows : —

Com

Straw

No treatment

100

100

Lithium phosphate

■003

per cent.

lithium

80

«7

,, ,,

•002

,j

117

100

11 !1

•001

I)

116

110

Lithium nitrate

•003

14

<;i

1) 11

■002

J,

143

141

•1 -J

•001

J,

192

166

Lithium carbonate

•003

ij

77

78

■002

113

101

,, ,,

•!»01

„

108

109

320 The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12.

These results have a most marked significance, and the more
so because of the confirmation they have received in the earlier
experiments. At the same time they cannot but be called very
striking, for, to take a single instance, who would have for
a moment imagined that the mere presence of •001 per cent, of
lithium in a soil would cause the produce of the untreated soil
to be raised from 100 to 192, or again, that tbe increasing of
the amount of lithium present by "001 per cent, would cause
a drop from 143 to 14 in the produce. It is clearly brought
out that lithium, in whatever form, must not be present to the
extent of "003 per cent., or the influence will be a toxic one,
this being more marked with the nitrate than the phosphate or
the carbonate.

Again, it would seem that the stimulating effect is greater
with lithium nitrate than with any other lithium salts, and,
further, that, on the whole, the stimulation is greater the smaller
be the amount of lithium used. The results with lithium
phosphate and lithium carbonate show only sinall increases
orer the control (no treatment) lots ; the case is, however,
very different with lithium nitrate.

It is also worthy of note that the plants grown with lithium
nitrate in small quantity showed the largest amount of tillering
and better root growth, also that, to judge from the greener
appearance of the foliage, chlorophyll activity and starch
formation were going on more freely. Lastly, it was found
that the grain produced w^as, as a rule, of more glutinous
nature where lithium nitrate exercised its stimulating effect
On the crop.

The following general conclusions may, as the outcome of
these several years' investigations, be drawn as regards the
influence of lithium salts.

1. That lithium, in the form of any of its salts, produces
a toxic effect if it is present in the soil to the extent of "003 per
cent., or above that amount.

2. That the toxic effect is greater the more lithium there be
present, and that as between different salts of lithium, the
nitrate is the most toxic.

3. That when present in the soil to an amount not exceeding
"002 per cent., lithium possesses a stimulating influence and is
no longer toxic in nature.

4. That, while this applies to all salts of lithium, the nitrate
would seem to be the most stimulating salt, and to produce
the best results when present not in excess of "001 per cent,
lithium.

5. That the action of lithium salts on vegetation is exerted
mainly in the early stage of the germination of the seed.

(■''

u

tilift

kuS

\^0imvi»- it4mA'a^*^ ■' iqIMwi ^

Plate ].— Lithium Phosphate on Wheat, Season 1911.

((/) No treatment ; (/)) -0025 per cent. ; (_c) '005 per cent. ; (rf) -0075 per cent. ; (e) -Ql per cent.

of Lithium respectively in soil.

PLATE 2.— Zinc I'hosphate on Wheat. Season 1911.

(a) "025 percent.; (';i '05 percent.; ('■; '07.5 per cent.; ((/)"10 per cent, of Zinc respectively

in soil.

^

V

Ij -

^^-N

1

f <'

(

\

'^ ^

/

' / , / '

i

"^

A

-^v ■

^

\

1

'. ^ - /

Plate 3.— Lithium Phosphate and Zinc Phosphate on Wheat. Season 1912.

(a) No treatment : (&) '003 per cent. ; ic) "002 per cent. : (rf) "ODl per cent, of Lithium respec-
tively in soil ; {e) '03 per cent. ; (/; "02 per cent. : ig) "01 per cent, of Zinc respectively
in soil.

/,

Plate 4.— Lithium Nitrate and Zinc Nitrate on Wheat. Season 1911.
(a) -0025 per cent ; (/;) -005 per cent. ; (c) -(1075 per cent. ; (d) -01 per cent, of Lithium respec-
tively in soil ; (e) '025 per lent. ; (/) 05 per cent. ; i<j) -075 per cent. ; (h) 10 per cent,
of Zinc respectively in soil.

a h c d

Plate 5.— Lithium Nitrate on Wheat. Season 1912.
(a) No treatment ; (6) '003 per cent. ; (c) 'OO^i per cent. : (d) -001 per cent, of Lithium
respectively in soil.

" h c d e f

Plate 6.— Zinc Nitrate nnd Lead Nitrate on Wlieat. Season 1912.
(a) -03 per 'cent. ; (6) -02 per cent.: (c)'Ol per cent, of Zinc respectively in soil: (rf) '03 per
cent. : (e) '02 7>er cent. ; (/) "01 per cent, of Lead respectively in soil.

a h c ■ d '

Plate 7.— Litliimn Carbonate on Wheat. Season 1912.

(rt) No treatment ; (//) '003 per cent. ; (c) '002 per cent. ; (<?) '001 per cent, of Lithium
respectively in soil.

/ '/

\

Plate 8.— Zinc Carhonate and Lead Carbonate on Wheat. Season 1912.

iiO '03 per cent. : (6) "02 per cent. : fe) '01 per- cent, of Zinc respectively in soil :i((7) 'O.'i per
cent. : (t) "02 per cent. ; ( /) '01 per cent, of, Lead respectively in soil.

Plate 9.— The influence ol' increasing the ratio of Magnesia to Lime in soil. Season 1907.

((I) Natural soil containing Lime '-lO per cent.. Magnesia "20 per cent. ; (h) soil contains Lime
"80 per cent . Magaesia '40 per cent. ; (c) soil contains Lime '80 per cent., Magnesia
'56 per cent.: (d) soil contains Lime '80 per cent., Magnesia '80 percent.; (e) soil
contains Lime '80 per cent ., Magnesia 1 per cent.

Plate 10.— Roots from Wheat plants similar to those of a, h, c. and d of Plate 9.
Season 1906.

(a) Magnesia "20 per cent. ; (h) Magnesia "i8 per cent. : (c) Majjnesia 35 per cent. :
(rf) Magnesia "50 per cent.

O 50

2^

0) *j

t^ '^

r

The Wohurn Pot-Culture E.vperiments, 1910-11-12. 321

(b) The influence of Zinc Salts on Wheat.

Already in 1909 experiments were begun with salts of zinc,
the oxide, chloiide, sulphate, and carljonate being tried, and
each in quantity supplying •()A per cent, of the metal zinc in
the soil used. Used at this rate it was found that the zinc salts
were, one and all, detrimental to the crop, the injury being the
more marked with the soluble salts (chloride and sulphate).
This work is recorded in Journal R.A.S.E., Vol. 71, 1910,
page 345.

1. Zmc Salts, 1910.

In 1910 the experiments with zinc were continued, the
same salts (oxide, chloride, sulphate, and carbonate) being used,
with the addition of the phosphate and nitrate. Also the
amount of zinc supplied was in each case only "02 per cent, in
place of the '04 per cent, used in 1909.

The general details of the arrangements were quite similar
to those just recorded in the case of the lithium experiments,
so that they need not be repeated.

There was practically no influence on the period of incu-
bation of the seed, thus forming a contrast to the lithium salts
which were then also being tried, and this, although the zinc
salts were being used in much greater concentration than the
lithium salts, tip to the end of April no clear differences could
be seen between any of the crops, and none then showed any
signs of toxic effect. On the whole, the oxide and carbonate
plants looked about the best, and with the more soluble salts —
chloride, sulphate and nitrate — the straw seemed to be affected
as regards length. Some while later, the nitrate plants began
to develop more growth and to show a broad dark-coloured flag ;
this was accompanied l)y a marked increase in the tillering, so
that when, eventually, measurements, &c., of the crops were
taken, though the zinc nitrate was found to have reduced the
length of the straw, it yet gave more stalks and a greater length
of ear than any other lot. There was nothing particular to
remark at harvest-time between the applications as regards
length of straw and ear, except in respect of the nitrate, which
gave only 77 per cent, of the length of straw of the " control "
set, though the length of ear was 106-9 as against 100. When
the corn came to l)e threshed and weighed, the comparative
results were : —

No. of
Ears
No treatment . l(((i

Zinc oxiile
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulphate
Zinc nitrate
Zinc phosphate

112
132
13(3
152
184
9«

Weight of
Corn
1 ( »()

Weight of

Straw

100

98-4

116

96-4

126

104

134

113

134

i(;8

147

71-2

109

VOL. 73. u

.^22 The Wohiirn Pot-Cvlture Ex})€rimenfs, \^10-\\A'L

A review of these figures shows that one may divide the
lots roughly into two sets, first, the more soluble salts (chloride,
sulphate and nitrate) which all show a certain stimulating
action, this ;' being far the most marked with the nitrate,
secondly, the more insoluble salts, where the influence is
neutral or nearly so. Setting aside the one case of the phos-
phate (which will be dealt with later), there would appear to
1)6 no instance of any toxic effect from the use of zinc salts
when used so as to give not more that '02 per cent, of zinc in
the soil. Further, that, when so used, the influence is a
slightly stimulating one, more especially with the more soluble
salts, and, in particular, the nitrate. The increased tillering
from the use of nitrate has been already noted, and, though the
straw was shortened, its total weight was, as set out in the table,
increased. Moreover, it was noticed that the grain from this
lot was essentially of glutinous nature.

2. Zinc Phosphate and Zinc Nitrate, 1911.

The above led to a repetition of the experiments in 11) 11
with special reference to the phosphate and nitrate of zinc. At
the same time, as the results of the 1910 work were not then
available, it was not possible to devise the new experiment in
accordance with these, and the quantities used followed the
lines of the corresponding experiment with lithium phosphate
and lithium nitrate. 8o the quantities used were respectively
•025 per cent, zinc, '05 per cent., '075 per cent., and "10 per
cent. On this experiment it is unnecessary to dwell long, for
it resulted in showing that practically all the applications
exercised a toxic influence, the higher amounts, more especially
with the nitrate, entirely destroying the germination of the
seed and so preventing any crop resulting. The zinc phosphate
applications did not seem to affect the germination of the seed,
Irut the nitrate undoubtedly .did. While the smallest dressing
(•025 per cent, zinc) prolonged the period of incubation, and
the next one ("05 per cent.) still more so, the higher quantities
nearly or quite killed the seed. Plate 2 shows the action of the
phosphate and Plate 4 that of the nitrate on the wheat crop of
1911. The untreated set to compare with these is (a) of Plate 1.
On weighing the produce the lowest dressing ("025 per cent.)
of zinc phosphate gave 70 per cent, of the corn of the untreated
soil, but all the other dressings showed much heavier losses.
Even the ^025 per cent, application of zinc nitrate showed
marked toxic action, although the previous year's experiment
had shown that "02 per cent, exerted a stimulating action. It
is hard to think that this could have been purelj' the result of
season. It might be pointed out, however, when comparing the
two seasons 1910 and 1911, that these were of very different

The Wohurn Pot- Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 323

nature, the drought of 1911 no doubt making conditions more
adverse. But still, on the whole, the general conclusions of
former years were borne out, viz., that up to "02 per cent, zinc
may be present in a soil and exert a stimulating influence, but
that beyond this amount it is distinctly toxic.

3. Zinc Phosphate, Zinc Nif7-ate, and Zinc Carbonate, 1912.

It having been established that •02 per cent, of zinc in a
soil was about as much as could be safely used, it was decided,
in conjunction with the similar experiment with lithium salts,
to see if quantities well below this would show any beneficial
action. The salts determined upon were the phosphate, nitrate,
and carbonate, and the respective dressings were "03 per cent.,
•02 per cent., and •Ol per cent, of metallic zinc. As regards
the appearing of the shoots the heavier dressings ('03 per cent,
zinc) of both the phosphate and the nitrate retarded the
germination of the seed, but eventually all the plants came up.
Throughout the period of growth the heavier applications ("03
per cent.) in no case looked so well as did the others, but the
smaller applications, as a rule, showed an improvement on the
control lots. The nitrate sets in particular had a deep green
colour and showed vigorous growth. It was in May, however,
that all the zinc-treated crops, and, in particular, the nitrate
ones, became attacked by a species of torula, which weakened
the plant very greatly. This was followed by an attack of red
rust, w^hich spread so much as, in the case of the nitrate lots,
to practically ruin the crop, for, when the excessive wet of
August set in, the stalks were Ijeaten down, reduced to a
black, rotting mass, and what corn was ultimately obtainable
was of little or no value for purposes of comparison. The
phosphate and carl)onate lots were also affected, but not nearly
to the same extent. At harvest they showed results in corn
and straw but little different from the untreated lots, so that
no clear evidence could be drawn froin them. The nitrate lots
in all cases showed great deterioration. A very interesting
question here arises — whether the attack on the wheat plant,
first by the torula and then by rust, w^as in any way connected
with any weakening of the plant through the action of the
zinc salts. This is a matter for inquiry, but it is well to state
here that the zinc-treated plants were alongside the lithium
and the lead-treated ones, and the external conditions were
precisely the same in all cases ; yet it Avas only on the zinc-
treated plants that the attack came, and this extended alike to
the phosphate and carbonate as well as the nitrate lots, though
the damage was by far the most marked in the case of the
last named. Plate 3 shows in {e) (/) and {g) the treatment
with zinc phosphate, (a) on the same plate supplying the control.

M 2

324 The Wohurn Pot-Cnlture Experiments, 1910-11-12.

Plate 6 shows in {a) (h) and (c) the action of zinc nitrate (the
control being (a); of Plate 5), and Plate 8 shows in (a) (h) and
(c)'the action of zinc carbonate, the control being given in
(a) of Plate 7.

It is clear from this experiment of 1912 that a fresh factor
— that cf the existence of fungoid disease — comes in, and calls
for investigation in the futnre. Whether there be any con-
nection between the occurrence of this and the presence of the
zinc salts requires to be ascertained. Meantime, however, one
cannot go beyond -the general conclusions so far found, viz.,
that zinc salts if containing above '02 per cent, of that metal
will exercise a toxic influence, but below that figure will have
a slightly stimulating effect, this being the most marked with
the more soluble salts, and, in pai-ticular, the nitrate.

It is worthy of note that these figures found for zinc are no
less than ten times as much as those found for lithium. In
other words, lithium exercises quite ten times the toxic or the
stimulating influence that zinc does.

(c) T?ie infiuence of Lead Salts on Wheat, 1912.

In 1912, when experiments were being conducted with
lithium and zinc, it was decided to try lead in similar forms of
combination. Accordingly an experiment was arranged, in
which lead phosphate, lead nitrate, and lead carbonate were
respectively used, the amounts of lead (metal) contained being
•03 per cent, "02 per cent, and '01 per cent. Used in these
amounts lead was found to be a particularly inert material, so
far as the phosphate and the carbonate were concerned, for
these salts seemed to exercise no influence on the incubatiiui of
the seed, nor to possess either toxic or stimulating properties.
The harvest results were practically tlie same as with the
control (untreated) set. The lead nitrate, however, showed
distinct stimulating influence, and at harvest the comparative
results were : —

Corn Straw

Untreated 100 100

Lead nitrate, "U;^ per cent, lead . . 162 15S

„ -02 153 134

„ 01 13n 127

Plate 6 shows, in {d), (e) and (/) the action of lead nitrate, the
"control" being given in {a) of Plate 5 ; and Plate <S gives, in
(d), (e) and (./') the action of lead carbonate, the "control"
being («) of Plate 7. It will be noticed that lead nitrate and
lead carbonate did not exert the injurious influence that the
corresponding zinc salts did. Nor was there any failure with
the lead phosphate such as occurred with the heavier dressing
(•003) of lithium phosphate.

The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 11)10-11-12. 325

The general conclusion can be drawn that lead, when
present to the extent of *03 per cent., does not possess any toxic
influence upon vegetation, and that the nitrate, with that
amount present, would seem to possess stimulative properties.
Further experiments are needed to determine the amounts that
can be safely or advantageously used.

General Conclusions.

The foregoing account cannot be read without the conclu-
sion being come to that the experiments have established
clearly that the presence in the soil of qviite small quantities of
what are termed the " rarer constituents '' has a far greater
influence on vegetation than has hitherto been supposed. We
need only take the single case of lithium salts to show that
Mr. Hills' suppositions have been more than justified, and that
useful knowledge has been obtained through pursuing the
enquiries which he proposed.

Further, it has been shown how very differently such
metals as lithium, zinc and lead behave in respect of their
action on vegetation, for, while lithium cannot be used to an
extent above •002 per cent, in a soil without producing harm,
zinc may be employed in ten. times this amount with impunity,
and lead probably to an even greater extent. Hence a large
field has been opened up for further enquiry, and it is necessary
that the enquiry be now extended to other crops than wheat,
for it does not, by any means, follow that all crops respond
similarly to stimulus. Considerable advance has, however,
now been made in showing that certain metallic salts have
either a toxic or a stimulating effect upon vegetation, the
particular effect depending upon the quantity of the metal
present.

Next, there come important considerations of another kind
— at what stage of the plant's life are these influences exerted .''
The evidence so far adduced leads strongly to the belief that
it is during the germination of the seed rather than at the
later stages of the plant's growth, that these influences are
exercised.

In conclusion, these experiments have witliout doubt shown
that minute quantities of certain metallic compounds exercise
upon the wheat plant an action which is capable of altering its
entire character and bringing al)out changes in its development,
root formation, and even in the nature of the grain produced.

II. The Belation of Lime to Magnesia in Soils,
(a) The addition of Magnesia.

Frequent references have been made in past accounts of the
Wob.urn Pot-culture Station to work done in regard to lime and

326 The Wohurii Pot-Culture Expei'iments^ 1910-11-12.

magnesia in soils, and the beai-ing of one on the other. There
has, however, been no detailed account published as yet in this
Journal, though the work has been made familiar to visitors at
the country Shows of the Society. It was at Lincoln in 1907
that the first exhil)it on this subject was made, this comprising
the produce of wheat grown in 190G, with illustrations of the
growing crop and the roots of the several wheat plants.

As, however, these have not as yet been published, they are
now set out in Plates 9 and 10. The soil used in these experi-
ments was the ordinary Wol)urn soil containing lime '-lO per
cent., magnesia "20 per cent.

In 1906, while the amount of lime was kept at the same
figure (40 per cent.), magnesia was gradually added so as to
give respectively (J) •2(S per cent. ; {c) "SS per cent. : {d) '50
per cent.

The harvest results were : —

Weig

ht of

Percentage

Percent-
age of

Corn

straw

Corn

Straw

nitrogen
in grain

a Natural Soil (lime '40, magnesia
•20)

Grammes

20-98

Grammes
35-04

100

100

1-14

i Magnesia added (lime -40, mag-

nesia -28) ....

24-57

40-62

117

116

1-29

c Magnesia added (lime '40, mag-

nesia '35) ....

24 05

43-62

114

124

1-71

d Magnesia added (lime ■40, mag-
nesia -60) ....

12-51

32-11

59

91

3-13

These figures show that there was an increase of yield as
magnesia was added, so long as the magnesia did not exceed
the lime present, but that as soon as the ratio 1 : 1 (lime to
magnesia) was exceeded, a falling oft" took place.

In Plate 10 are given the appearances of the roots of plants
taken from the respective sets. The diff"erences in these, as
well as the increase of nitrogen in the grain, as more magnesia
was added, will be referred to later.

In 1907 the experiment was repeated with some modifi-
cation, for, while one " untreated " set was kept to, in the other
cases the quantity of lime was doubled, with the object of
seeing whether similar conclusions to those of 1906 could be
drawn when lime was present in greater amount. Accordingly,
while (a) remained the natural or " untreated " soil with lime
in excess of magnesia (ratio 2 : 1), in the other sets lime was
added to bring the amount of lime up to '80 per cent. Mag-
nesia was then added so as to bring up the amounts of magnesia

The Wohurn Pot-Cidture Experiments, 11)10-11-12. 327

respectively to •■40 per cent, in {h), •;")(> ])er cent, in (c), '80 per
cent, in {d). and I'O per cent, in {e).

The first oiiservation made was that the presence of magnesia
prolonged the incubation period of the seed. Tlie plant, how-
ever, seemed to show a darker colour and stronger growth where
magnesia was present. As the crop ripened, the straw from the
magnesia treatment became distinctly shorter, though of stouter
character. The ripening of the crop was, further, retarded by
the presence of magnesia.

The general results as regards the wheat crop of 1907 are
well shown in Plate 9, and the harvest results briefly set out
were : —

No. of
ears

No. of
grains

Weight c f

Percentage

Percent-
age of
nitrogen
ingrain

Corn

Straw

Corn

Straw

a. Natural soil (lime
■40, magnesia '20)

16-66

625

Grammes
28-39

Grammes
5005

100

100

1-20

h. Magnesia added
(lime '80, mag-
nesia '40) .

2400

819

39-01

61-20

139

122

1-88

c. Magnesia added
(lime '80, mag-
nesia "£6)

2 roe

696

S2-18

6000

113

120

2-19

d. Magnesia added
(lime 80, mag-
nesia '80) .

12-66

155

6-01

15-73

21

31

2-47

<'. Magnesia added
(lime "80, mag-
nesia 1"0) .

20

24

0-65

1-49

23

2-9

These results differ somewhat from those of 1906, which
showed a regular gain until the ratio of 1 : 1 was exceeded.
This may possibly be due to the decision to increase, in 1907,
the quantity of lime. Bat, patting together the several years'
experiments on this subject, it was found generally that as the
ratio of 1 : 1 was approached, there was some increase in the
crop, but as soon as the magnesia came into excess, a lowering
of the produce took place, and with increasing amounts of
magnesia the influence l)ecame a toxic one.

But this was not the only result obtained, for, on taking out
the roots after harvest they were found to have undergone very
remarkable alterations, the tj'pe of root formed where magnesia
was in excess of lime being quite dift'erent to the ordinary, and
being specially marked by its tine and feathery nature and the
abundance of root development. These appearances are well
brought out in Phite 10, in which are shown the roots of the

328 The Wolmrn Pot-Culture E.rperiments, 1910-11-12.

I'JOG crop, and which are similar to those obtained in 1907
from the respective pots (a), (6), (c), and {d) of Plate 9.

Yet another feature was prominently brought forward, viz.,
that the grain altered its character accordii g as more and more
magnesia was present in the soil, and starting with the ordinary
" Square Head's Master " wheat (a " starchy " wheat, as it would
be termed), the grain obtained when magnesia had been added
was found to have become what would be called a " hard "
wheat, and the grains, on being cut across, exhibited a distinctly
glutinous appearance, whereas the produce of the natural soil
when cut across was quite " starchy." This change was even
more emphasised in the succeeding lots where more magnesia
had been used, though the grain itself was much more shrivelled.
Analyses made subsequently showed that the grain grown with
magnesia gave increasingly higher nitrogen contents as magneeia
was added.

These observations were repeated with the same general
results, and they were then extended to barley. Also different
forms of magnesia were tried in 1908 (see Journal R.A.S.E.,
Vol. 70, 1909, pp. 391-3). In 1909 ground limestone was tried
in comparison with burnt lime, as also magnesian limestone.
The addition of magnesia to the soil was tried with red clover
and beans, but without showing any benefit. Lastly, in this
year there was begun a new series of experiments which
formed a complement to the earlier ones. Instead of a soil
poor in magnesia, one naturally richer in magnesia than in lime
was taken, and this was treated with increasing quantities of
lime. The account of these experiments of 1909 is given in
Journal R.A.S.E., Vol. 71, 1910, pp. 346-9.

Up to this point all the work done had been on the small, or
" pot-culture " scale, and it had not been possible to obtain
sufficient grain to test the question of " strength " as understood
by the miller and baker. The most that could be done was to
determine the nitrogen contents of the grain.

Later on — as will be recorded — the experiment was carried
out on a larger scale. The general conclusions to be drawn at
this stage were : —

1. That the addition of magnesia to a soil poor in this
constituent will, as regards a corn crop, be attended with benefit
so long as the amount of magnesia does not exceed that of lime,
but that if the magnesia be in excess of the lime there will be
diminution of produce.

2. That the influence of magnesia shows itself in a prolong-
ing of the period of incubation and in later ripening of the
crop, in greater leaf development and greener foliage, and also
in a shortening of the straw.

The Wohurn Pot-Culture E.rperiments, 1010-11-12. 329

3. That great changes are produced in the nature of the root
growth and the character of the grain, the former becoming
very fibrous and largely developed, and the latter changing
from " starchy " to " glutinous " as magnesia is added.

At this time (1901^) great interest continued to be shown in
the question of "strength'' of wheat, and the work of Prof.
Biffen had resulted in his being able to place on the market
certain " types " of wheat which he had obtained by selection
and " breeding," and which were believed — in accordance
with the Mendelian principles on which the selection had
gone — to have the desirable quality of " sti-ength " impressed
upon them as a " fixed " character."

Inasmuch as the assertion of this " permanence " of character
was based entirely upon biological considerations and claimed
to be quite independent of considerations of the plant's
environment, it seemed to me desirable — after the remark-
able results which I had observed in the use of magnesia —
to see Avhether the soil or its different constituents might not
play a part in the matter, or whether the question was purely
a biological one.

Accordingly I determined to take some of the wheats of
"fixed" type, produced by Prof. Biffen, and by growing them
in soils containing magnesia in varied proportions to see how
far the wheats retained their characteristics, or if these became
in any way modified.

This work was begun in December, 1909, when, having
obtained from Prof. Biffen wheat of "Little Joss" (cross
between "Square Head's Master" and "Ghirka") and of
"8 B" (cross between "Rough Chaff" and "Red Fife"),
also some of a French wheat (" Dreadnought "), I started each
kind growing in pots filled with the ordinary soil of the
Woburn Farm. This soil contained lime '334 per cent.,
magnesia "184 per cent. Magnesia in the following respective
quantities "05 per cent., "10 per cent., "20 per cent, was added to
other pots. Thus the second addition of magnesia raised the
ratio of lime to magnesia to nearly 1:1, and the third addition
of magnesia threw magnesia into slight excess. The magnesia
was intimately mixed with the whole of the soil in each pot ;
the pots were filled on December 2, 1909, and the wheat sown
December 3.

Nothing particular was noticed during growth, but by the
end of May, 1910, the darker foliage of the heavier dressed
pots (with magnesia) was apparent. About the first week in
July it was seen that the lesser applications of magnesia had
produced the longer straw. The crops were ready to cut about
August 1.5, and on weighing the produce the following resnlts
were obtained : — ■

330 The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experhnents, 11)10-11-12.

No.

No. of.
grains

Weight of

Percent-

of

ears

Corn

Straw

nitrogen
in grain

" Little Joss " — ,
N(j treatment . . . .14
-05 per cent. Magnesia added .17
•10 „ ,, .. . 19
•20 ,. „ „ . 19

"8 B"—

No treatment . . . .20
•05 per cent. Magnesia added . 24
■10 „ „ „ . 23
■20 „ ., „ . 25

"Dreadnought" —

No treatment . . . -115
•05 per cent. Magnesia added .'17
■10 .,, .. „ . 18

■20 ,. „ „ . ; 20

344
■426
543

587

373
485
563
641

290
509
612
572

Grammes
1557
19-70
27-15
27-92

14-29
17-85
21-62
23-45

15-37

25-65
28-55
28-55

Grammes
30-72
35-30
40-82
42-65

31-69
3700
36-17
37-52

34-87
40-05
42-40
39-51

1-27
1-57
1-41
1-62

1-28
1-57
1-80
1-85

1-32
1-46
1-65
1-92

Examining these results it will l)e seen that they are
extremelj' consistent, and tell one and the same story for all
the three varieties. As the amount of magnesia is increased
so is the produce, alike of corn and straw, increased, and there
would seem to be a clear advantage froui adding magnesia, so
long as this does not exceed the lime in amount. The grain
when examined was also found to be more glutinous as more
magnesia w^as used, and the determinations of nitrogen in the
grain, given in the table, show this to be the case. It is not
maintained, it should be said, that this is the same as what the
miller or the baker calls " strength." There was, as explained,
not sufficient of the produce to make a l)aker'8 test, and the
nitrogen figures as recorded must only be taken as an indication
of the direction in which the results tend. An examination of
the grain of the various lots clearly showed that this had
undergone considerable modification, the corn from the soil
with the higher magnesia in it being harder and more
translucent than that from the natural soil. This was not
confined to one variety, but was common to all three. One
cannot, therefore, but come to the conclusion from these
experiments that the presence of magnesia in the soil has
had a marked influence in modifying the character of the
grain.

In 1911 the question was further examined, the plan
resolved on being to take the produce of 1910 affected, as
it had already been, by the magnesia added to the soil, and
to sow it again under similar influences for a secoml year.
Only one variety, the "8 B " (of Prof. Biffen), was available
but this was sown in December, lit 10, in fresh soil of similar

The Wohurn Pot- Culture Ea-perlments, 1910-11-12. 331

character to that used in 191(1, and made up with similar
additions of magnesia.

The harvest results were : —

1

Weight of

Percent-

j No. of
1 ears

No. of
grams

age of

nitrogen

1

Corn

Straw

m gram

-8 B."

1

Grammes

GrammeB

No treatment

. 11

S73

13-34

21-32

1-50

•05 per cent. Magnesia added

• 1 1*

313

10-74

1982

1-97

•10

' 12

248

6-32

15-25

2-76

•20

11

67

1-70

10-25

3-08

These results are most significant, showing as they do,
unmistakably, that the grain once affected by the action of
magnesia, if again subjected to it in a second year shows a
marked decline of crop, the more marked the more be the
magnesia present. In other words, the grain has become
subject to the toxic influence of magnesia used in excess. It
will be noted that the untreated produce is not widely different
in the two years 1910 and 1911, so that the falling off in 1911
cannot be put down to season. It will be observed also how
the nitrogen percentage rises in the grain with the increase of
magnesia.

Having now shown how the wheat crop could be influenced
by the magnesia treatment, it was determined to try in 1912
whether by planting again the seed obtained in 1911, in soil
of normal character, its cropping power could be restored, or
if once affected it would remain so. Accordingly the seed of
" 8 B " as grown in 1911 was resown in November, 1911 in the
same sort of soil as had been used in 1911 for the " no
treatment" set. There was nothing particular noticed as
regards the germination, and the general appearance of the
plants was good throughout, they being strong and healthy
and showing good tillering. The results obtained at harvest
were : —

No.

of

ears

No. of
grains

Weight of

Percent-
age of

nitrogen
in grain

Com

Straw

"8 B"-

-Treatment in 1910 and 1911.

Grms.

Grms.

1912

No treatment ....

14

285

11-87

2415

1-67

All sown

•0,") per cent, magnesia added .

13

304

12-29

24-79

1-64

in f
ordinary

•I" . ., „ .

15

326

1309

26-88

1-56

soil.

i-SU „ „ „ .

14

342

13-93

24-59

1-48

a32 The W()J>urn Pot-Culture E.vperime7its, 1910-11-12.

These fignres again are very striking and show that the
toxic effects produced by the repetition of magnesia treatment
in 1911 are removed by growing the seed again in normal
soil. Not only is this so, but the grain previously treated with
magnesia would seem to have retained some of its early
advantage, as the crop is somewhat above the "no treatment."
Moreover it is noticeable that the grain that gave in 1911 the
highest nitrogen when treated with magnesia, now gave the
lowest nitrogen when planted in ordinary soil.

Whatever n:ay be said in respect of the "fixing" of type by
biological considerations, I cannot help feeling that the present
work has shown that there is another side to the question also,
and that when such changes as those described above have
been seen iu the case of the Cambridge wheats, alike as regards
yield, character and composition of grain, as the result of
increasing or decreasing the proportions of magnesia to lime in
the soil, it cannot be urged that the nature or composition of
the soil is without influence as a determining factor.

(b) The addition of Lime.
Having tried the addition of magnesia to a soil poor in this
constituent, it was thought well to reverse the nature of the
enquiry, and to see whether a soil in which the magnesia
naturally dominated over the lime would be improved by the
addition of lime. That this is not without practical importance
is seen by references which I have made of recent years in my
Annual Reports (Annual Report of Consulting Chemist, 1908,
page 306 ; 1909, page 8.50) in this Journal, and in which I have
dealt with certain soils which have shown inability to carry
satisfactory corn crops. In the analyses of these I have found
no evidence of actual deficiency of necessary plant food, the
one unusual feature being the great predominance of magnesia
over lime. The institution of the experiments just recorded
led me to think whether possibly the excess of magnesia
present had to do with the want of fertility, and I accordingly
set the new experiment on foot. For this purpose 1 took a soil
from the red clay loam land of Herefordshire, about which
complaint was made that it would not grow corn well. This
soil, on analysis, showed lime "83 per cent., magnesia 2*29 per
cent. In one case the natural soil was used, in a second case
lime was added to bring the percentage of lime up to 1*25, in a
third to 1*5() per cent., a fourth to 1"75 per cent., a fifth to 2*0
•per cent., and in a sixth to 2"25 per cent., or practically equal
quantities of lime and magnesia.

1. Experiment of 1909.
The first year's experiments (1909) are given in Journal
R.A.S.E., Vol."?], 1910, pp. 317-8, but the results will l)e set out

The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 383

again later for comparison with those of 1910 and 1911. Suffice
it ni'^antinie to repeat that the results of the first year were not
marked by any increase of corn from the addition of lime,
though there was a slight increase in straw.

2. Experiment of 1910.

It was decided to continue the experiment in 1910, the soil
being turned out of the pots and aerated, but no further lime
being added. An artificial dressing of superphosphate, sulphate
of potash and sulphate of ammonia was, however, given in
order to make up for the corn crop already removed. Wheat
(" Square Head's Master ") was sown November 15, 1909. It
was noticed that the period of incubation was increased with
the heavier applications of lime, but eventually all the plants
came iip, though there were 17 days' difference between the
coming up of the full number of the " untreated " plants and
the full number of those that had the heaviest lime dressing.
At first the "untreated" plants came on much the quickest,
and they were soonest in ear, but then gradually the limed lots
gained, and were, moreover, distinguislied by a deeper colour
and increased size of flag. They also had much increased water
requirements, showing that more rapid growth and trarspira-
tion were going on. The water requirements for the six sets
were relatively represented by the following figures : — 100
(untreated), 112 (lime 1*25 per cent.), 131 (lime 1*50 per cent.),
168 (lime 1-75 per cent.), 187 (lime 2 per cent.), 212 (lime 2-25
per cent.).

It was found (in contrast to 1909) that the straw was longer
where lime had been applied, also the length of the ears was
increased. At harvesting, the produce both of corn and of
straw w^as shown to have been increased very materially with
the addition of lime. The grain from the limed lots was also
more glutinous than that from the untreated.

3. Experiment of 1911.
In 1911 the experiment was repeated, no further additions
of lime being made, but the artificial manuring being given
again as in 1910. Wheat ("Square Head's Master") was sown
on November 9, 1910. It is important to bear in mind that the
soil now used was the very same that had been employed for
the crops Ijotli of 1909 and 1910, only the one addition of lime
(at starting) being made. As in 1910, the " untreated " plants
appeared considerably before the lime-treated ones, and until
the end of April they were well ahead of the others. The
" limed " lots, however, showed the characteristic broad and
green flag that had been noticed before, and by the end of May
they had practically caught up the " untreated." The " un-
treated," as before, showed at first the greatest length of straw.

334 The Wohiirn Pot-C^dhtre E.vperiyneiits, 1910-11-12.

and ripened off first, but vigorous growth continued with the
more heavily limed lots to a later period. The relative demands
for water were much as in 1910, the requirements being more
as more lime Avas present.

The following table gives the collected harvest results for
the 3 years 1909, 1910 and 1911 :—

1909

1910

1911

Percent-

P(>rcent-

Percent^

Corn

Straw

age of
nitrogen
in grain

Corn

Straw

atre of
nitrogen
in grain

Corn

Straw

a.i,'e of
nitrogen
in grain

Grms.

Onus.

Grnis.

Unus.

Grins.

Grms.

1. No treatment

32-63

40-78

1-64

2440

27-02

1-40

23-62

34-00

1-44

2. Lime added tol'25percent.

34-20

42-60

2-31

33-07

41-67

1-49

38-20' 56-15

1-47

3 150

32-77

45-67

2-81

3511

47-86

1-55

30-39 i 43-87

1-53

4 1-75

20 03

46-52

2-89

48-15

58-34

1-83

32-45 45-45

1-62

5. „ ., 2-0

25-20

48-40

3-06

'44-65

152-22

1-91

51-5U

75-35

1-81

6. .. ., 2-25 „

23-24

4700

3-00

51-20

59-10

2-12

37-42

48-97

1-69

' Crop injured by birds.

Considering these results, it will be noticed in the first
place that in 1909 — the first year — while there was an all-
round increase in straw, that in grain was only marked in one
case, there being a diminution generally where lime was added.
This may have arisen from the alkalinity imparted to the soil
by the addition of caustic lime, for, on taking the results of
1910, by which time the lime had become thoroughly carbon-
ated and had had time to come into action, it will be seen that
there was a steady increase throughout, both corn and straw
going up as the amount of lime was increased. The same
increase, though not of so regular a character as in 1910, was
shown in 1911, the limed crops being, one and all, well above
the untreated ones. The irregularity in set o, in 1910, was
caused by a bird managing to get inside the wire enclosure
and picking off two of the ears of this set. For the marked
decrease in set 6, in 1911, there was no clear explanation,
though it has to be remembered that this had produced the
heaviest crop in 1910. Taking the average of the three years
we have the following as the relative produce : —

Corn

Straw

Grammes

Grammes

1

No ti-eatment

26-88

33-93

2

Lime addetl to 1-25 per cent.

35-15

46-80

3

i-r,o

32-75

45-80

i

1-75

3(5-54

50-10

5

2-0

4U 35

53-24

6

2-25 „ . .

37-29

51-69

The Wolnirn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 335

As regards the grain, it was noticed each year that as more
lime was added the tendency was to produce a more glutinous
wheat, for, while the grain of the untreated set was each year
quite " starchy," the other sets were distinctly glutinous. This
is further borne out by the nitrogen determinations as given in
the tal>le.

The remaining feature of note is with regard to the root
development. Between the roots of the untreated sets and
those to which lime had been added there was a distinct
difference, the latter showing the same fine hairy and increased
development that was exhibited when magnesia had been
added, and this, it has now been clearly established, is
associated with greater nitrogen contents of tlie grain and the
formation of a more glutinous wheat.

The general conclusion to be drawn from this three years'
experiment is directly confirmatory of that found in the
previous series where magnesia was added, viz., that when
magnesia is in excess of lime in a soil then there is likely to be
an impairing of the soil's productiveness, and that as the ratio
of lime to magnesia more nearly approaches that of 1 : 1, so
benefit will accrue. The important practical outcome of the
work is to show that soils in which magnesia is in excess of
lime will be greatly remedied by the addition of lime, until the
proportions of lime and magnesia be equal in amount.

•4. Experiment of 1912.

The soil (Hereford) had, up to the close of the 1911
experiment, received additions of lime, bringing the percentage
from 1*50 per cent, up to 2*25 per cent., at which latter point
the lime present equalled the magnesia. Having seen earlier
the effect of throwing the magnesia into excess of the lime, it
was decided to ascertain, in 1912, whether throwing the lime
into excess would produce equally disastrous results ; whether,
in effect — to give a practical turn to the enquiry — excess of
lime in a soil was as harmful as excess of magnesia. To do
this, the same soil was again used, turned out and well aerated,
the artificial manure added, and then additional lime given so
as to make the soil contain respectively 2'5 per cent, lime,
3 per cent., 3'5 per cent., 4 per cent., and 4*5 per cent. This
final addition represented the ratio of lime to magnesia 2 : 1 —
the original soil, it will be remembered, containing lime "83
per cent., magnesia 2*29 per cent.

Wheat (" Square Head's Master ") was sown in the pots on
November 21, 1911. The appearance of the shoots was very
irregular, for while with the " untreated " set OO per cent, had
appeared in 25 days after sowing, in some cases of the " lime
treated " lots 80 per cent, had appeared by then. It was hard,

336 The Wolmrn Pot-Culturp. Experiments^ 1910-11-12.

therefore, in view of earlier observations, to attribute the
incubation period directly to the influence of lime, and it is
quite possible that temperature was a more determining factor.
By May, 1912, it was noticeable that the "untreated" sets
were the most forward, and this continued until June, when
the first two sets with addition of lime were quickly making
up to them, the other three sets, however, being behind. By
July 13, the first two " limed " sets were well ahead of the
"untreated," and the next two also l>etter. As the plants
matured, it was seen that the applications of lime had length-
ened the straw and also shown a tendency to lengthen the ear.
This is in direct contrast to what had been noticed as the result
of adding magnesia, for this latter caused shortening of both
straw and ear. At harvest the following results were
obtained : —

Corn

Straw

Grammes

Grammes

1

No treatment .....

10-60

20-40

2

Lime added to 2*5 per cent. .

] 2-80

23-80

3

3-0 „ . .

18-W2

30-79

4

3-5 „ . . .

16-77

25-82

.5

40 ,. . . .

16 65

23-30

6

4o „ . . .

10-60

15-20

These results are directly in confirmation of previous ones.
Whether the full effects of the new additions of lime have had
time yet to tell is open to question — as was the case with the
first applications of lime in 1909. And this may, possibly,
account for the somewhat anomalous results of set 6. At all
events, it is brought out that lime added up to 4 per cent,
(the magnesia remaining at 2*29 per cent.) has given an increase
both of corn and straw over the " untreated " set. And, what
is most important, it has been shown that the addition of lime
after the ratio 1:1 has been exceeded is not attended with the
same toxic results that followed the similar addition of
magnesia, and it may be concluded, accordingly, that the
proportion of lime in a soil may quite well exceed that of
magnesia without any detrimental effects following, whereas
if the magnesia exceeds the lime the cropping propei'ties are
likely to suffer.

5. Plot Experiment. 1911 and 1912.

After obtaining in 1910 the results set out, it was considered
desirable to try the experiment with magnesia on a larger scale,
for it might well be asked whether the striking results obtained
in pot-culture might not be di;e to the particular conditions of

The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12. 337

growth. Accordingly, it was decided to grow in 1911 wheat
on a plot of land just outside the pot-culture enclosure, in one
case using the natural soil and in the other adding magnesia
to the soil. A strip of land 36 square feet in extent was taken ;
the soil was analysed and gave lime •77 per cent., magnesia •20
per cent. The soil was dug up to the depth of 5 in. in
November, 1910, and spread out on a cement floor and
thoroughly mixed. One half was passed through a \ in.
sieve, and then replaced where it had come from. To the
other half, after similar sieving, magnesia was, by careful
mixing, added in such amount as to raise the percentage of
magnesia in the soil to •40 per cent., and the soil was then
replaced. Thus there were two plots, side by side, the one
having lime "77 per cent, and magnesia •20 per cent., the other
lime ^77 per cent, and magnesia "lO per cent.

Wheat (" Scjuare Head's Master") was sown on December
23, 1910. There was no difference between the two plots as
to the time of the plant appearing, but soon it was noticed that
the plot with magnesia was stronger and darker in colour. So
things went on until quite near harvest time, the magnesia
plot having markedly the finer crop. Then the whole
experiment was ruined for the year, for in a single night
the birds came and cleared the lot off !

Nothing daunted, we determined to repeat the trial, dug-
over the ground, and re-sowed wheat in November, 1911, no
more magnesia being added. The same differences as in 1911
were again clearly visible ; both plots were excellent, but the
magnesia one was decidedly the better. This afforded an
object of much interest to the many visiiors to the farm
during the summer of 1912, and who could not fail to be
impressed by it. A photograph of the two plots was taken,
and is reproduced in Plate 11. This photograph, taken shortly
before harvest, shows very clearly the superiority of (h), the
plot to which magnesia had been added.

The precaution had been taken, this year, to wire in the
crop, and so the harvest results were fortunately obtained
without los-". They were : —

Corn

Straw-

Percentage

of nitrogen

in grain

No treatment ....
Magnesia added ....

Lb.
2
3

Lb.
6f

1-77
217

The grain was examined by our valuer. He reported both
lots to l)e excellent, but the magnesia lot was the more regular,
translucent, and had a beautiful "bloom" on it. He put its

338 The Wohurn Pot-Culture Experiments, 1910-11-12.

value at Is. (ic?. per quarter more than the untreated. The
analysis made of the grain showed that the magnesia treated
lot was distinctly more nitrogenous than the " mitreated."

In this experiment we thus obtained, on a more practical
scale, and by growing wheat, not in pots, but on open ground,
complete confirmation of the results obtained in pot-culture,
and these showed clearly that the addition of magnesia to a
soil poor in it, so long as the soil retains excess of lime, will
increase the yield of wheat.

It is now intended to extend this work by carrying it out
on a field scale.

General Conclusions.

The work done up to the present has led to the following
general conclusions : —

(1) That magnesia may, with advantage to the wheat plant,
be added to a soil poor in magnesia, so long as the amount of
magnesia in the soil does not exceed that of lime.

(2) That, as the ratio of lime to magnesia approaches 1 : 1
a benefit will continue to accrue, but that if magnesia be in
excess, a toxic influence will be exercised and the crop be
diminished.

(3) That soils in which magnesia is in excess of lime will
not give fully satisfactory results as regards corn-growing, l)ut
will be benefited by the addition of lime.

(4) That lime used in excess does not possess the toxic
influence which magnesia, similarly used, has.

(5) That magnesia and lime alike are capable of modifying
the growth of the wheat plant, altering the nature and extent
of the root development and the character of the grain. These
modifications are mainly shown in the stronger and greener
appearance of the flag, the production of a much developed and
very fibrous root growth, and the greater assimilation of
nitrogen resulting in the obtaining of a more glutinous grain.

CALF-REARING EXPERIMENT, 1912.

An experiment was begun at the Woburn Farm in the
spring of 1912 on the best way of rearing calves from birth.
A general summary of this and the results till then obtained
was published in the Proceedings of the Council for November
6, 1912, and found its way into most of the agricultural papers.
This experiment is, however, not yet concluded, and the report
on it will be issued at a later date.

J. Augustus Yoblckbr.

1. Titdov Street, K.C.

339

STATISTICS AFFECTING BRITISH
AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS.

We have once again to thank the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries for their kindness in supplying us with early copies
of the Tables for the Journal in the actual form required. For
further information we must refer our readers to the various
Agricultural Statistics published by the Board.

Acreage of Crops.

The first Tal)le, "Acreage under Crops and Grass and Num-
ber of Live Stock," gives the numbers for England, Wales,
Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, for the
beginning of June in 1911 and 1912. There was last year a
decrease in the area under Crops and Grass amounting to 98,634
acres (^ per cent.) in Great Britain, and to 63,933 acres (over ^
per cent.) in England. In the last five years there has been a
decrease under this heading of 247,453 acres (nearly "8 per
cent.) in Great Britain, and of 170,962 acres (nearly "7 per
cent.) in England.

Last year the total area of Corn Crops in Great Britain
increased by 111,494 acres. In individual crops there were
increases of 50,271 acres in Barley ; 34,416 in Peas : 18,383 in
Oats ; 19,699 in Wheat ; and 14,569 in Rye, while there was a
decrease of 25,844 or 8'2 per cent, in Beans. In the rest of the
United Kingdom there were slight increases in the areas under
corn crops.

Considering England only, there was a total loss of acreage
under Crops and Grass of 63,933 compared with the previous
year. This was owing to a decrease of 85,844 in Permanent
Grass, the Arable Land having increased by 21,911 acres.
Wheat increased by 17,907 acres. Barley by 27,531, Oats by
24,433, Rye by 13,047 and Peas by 34,180, while Beans
decreased by 24,117 acres.

Taking Crops other than Corn we find in England an increase
of 34,443 acres or 8'5 per cent, in Potatoes, one of 34,334 acres
or 7'8 per cent, in Mangold, one of 26,955 acres or 26*3 per
cent, in Vetches or Tares, while there was a decrease of 50,667
acres or 4*7 per cent, in Turnips and Swedes, and one of
90,194 acres or 3'8 per cent, in " Clover, Sainfoin, and Grasses
under Rotation."

Bare Fallow in England decreased by 49,800 acres or 15*6
per cent.

340 Statistics affecting British Agriculturcd Interests.

Live Stock Returns.

Compared with the previous year the Horses used for Agri-
cultural purposes in England decreased by 26,898 or 3*2 per
cent., which is not so bad as the decrease of 4| per cent, in the
previous year. The unbroken horses also decreased by l),558
or over 2-3 per cent. The numbers of both these classes are
lower than in any year since at least 1900. Last year the num-
ber of Agricultural Horses in England was 81G,734, and in the
United Kingdom 1,443,269, not including stallions or unbroken
horses.

Once more Cattle decreased in England, the total decrease
being 86,521 or over 1*6 per cent. The numbers were lower
than in the previous three years. Cows and heifers in milk
decreased by 19,297 or neai'ly 1*2 per cent., and Cows and
Heifers in Calf by 26,996 or 5*6 per cent. The total of Cattle
in England stood at 5,087,455, and in the United Kingdom at
11,914,635. This last figure shows an increase in the year of
48,524 — about '4 per cent.

Sheep also decreased once again in England, the decrease
last year being 1,235,040 or 7-8 per cent., while Ewes kept for
breeding decreased by nearly 5'2 per cent. The totals are
lower, in the case of Sheep in general, than since 1898 at least,
and in the case of Ewes kept for breeding, since 1905.

The total of Pigs decreased last year in England by just a
shade under 6 per cent., and in the United Kingdom by just
over 6 per cent., the decrease in Ireland being over 6*4 per cent.
The number of Sow^s kept for breeding decreased in England
by 12-7 per cent., and in the United Kingdom by 11*1 percent.
Taking the average of the preceding five years there was a
decrease of 35,000 or 1*5 per cent, in Pigs generally, and of 4*2
per cent, in Sows kept for breeding.

Produce Returns.

There was last year in England a drop of 11 per cent, from
the heavy Wheat crop of 1911, and the produce stood at nearly
4 per cent, below the average of the preceding five years.
The yield per acre fell by nearly 12 per cent, in England and
by very nearly as much in Scotland.

Barley again decreased in England last year, the fall being
of 1 per cent. In the rest of the United Kingdom there were
increases in yield, that in Scotland being of 9'6, that in Wales
42, and that in Ireland over 2 per cent. In England last year
the fall in produce per acre was 8*8 per cent, from the previous
year, and 15*8 per cent, from the average of the preceding five
years.

Oats also continued to decrease in England, the fall last
year was of 7'6 per cent, in the yield, which was 17 per cent.

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 341

below the average of the preceding five years. There was last
year a slight fall in Wales, but an increase of 2'3 per cent, in
Scotland, and of 12*i' per cent, in Ireland.

The crop of Beans in England (which is 95 per cent, of that
of the United Kingdom) increased last year by | per cent., the
yield pei- acre increasing by nearly 10 per cent. Peas, which
are practically confined to this country, increased in total yield
by nearly 6 per cent., although the yield per acre fell by nearly
11 per cent.

The produce of Potatoes fell throughout the United King-
dom, both in total and in yield per acre. The fall in produce
was nearly 21 per cent, in England, nearly 14 per cent, in
Wales, 4 per cent, in Scotland, and 31 per cent, in Ireland. The
produce in England was It) per cent, below the average of the
preceding five years, and the yield per acre fell by over 27 per
cent, from that of 1911.

In England Turnips and Swedes gave a produce 29 per cent.
higher than that of the previous year, but 18 per cent, below
the average of the preceding five years. In Wales there was a
decrease from the previous year, but in Scotland a large inci'ease
(over 18 per cent.). Last year the percentage of increase of
yield per acre in England was over 36.

The produce of Mangold increased last year in England
by over 18 per cent., but was about ^ per cent, below the
average of the preceding five years.

Hops also gave a greater yield last year, the increase being
of over 14 per cent, in the total, and 8 per cent, in the yield per
acre. In Hereford alone the yield per acre diminished. The
total produce was nearly '.t,000 cwt. — about 2'4 per cent. — above
the average of the preceding ten years.

Hay from Clover, Sainfoin, &c., was not quite so scarce as
the year before, but produced nearly 22 per cent, less than the
average of the preceding five years in England, and over 16 per
cent, less in Great Britain. Hay from Permanent Grass improved
throughout the United Kingdom, the percentage of increase
over the previous year being nearly 42 in England, nearly 39
in Great Britain, and over 13 in Ireland. The yield per acre in
England was 8'7, and in Great Britain 8*6 above the average of
the preceding five years.

Exports and Imports.

Last year the Imports of Wheat into the United Kingdom
showed an advance in quantity of 11*7 per cent, over those of
the previous year, and of 11*2 per cent, over the average of the
preceding five years. From the United States of America the
imports increased 54"4 per cent, in quantity, from the Argentine
27'3 per cent., and from the British East Indies 20*9 per cent.

[Cuiilinui'il (ill iiivrelMSj.

;>42 Statistics afecting British Agricultural Interests.

Table I. — Acreage under Crops and Grass ; and Number of Live Stock,
and Scotland, Great, Britain, Ireland, and the United

Total Area (excluding water)

England

1912

1911

Acres
32,394,210

Total Acreage under Crops
and Grass i

Arable Land .
Permanent Grass i

Wheat .
Barley or Bere
Oats .
Rye .
Beans
Peas .

Total Corn Crops

Potatoes ....

Turnips and Swedes .

Mangold ....

Cabbage ....

Kohl-Rabi

Rape ....

Vetches or Tares .

Lucerne ....

Hops ....

Small Fruit .

Clover, Sainfoin, and Grasses

under Rotation
Other Crops .
Bare Fallow .

24,414,493 24,478,426

10,596,843 10,574,932
13,817,650 13,903,494

1,821,952

1,365.044

1,865,569 ;

53,009 i

275,729 1

200,362 I

5.581,665

436,948
1,015,958

473.250
60,545
20,241 i
74,294 !

129,159 i
56,073
34.829
7(i,887 1

2,237,071 i
1.^0,724 i
269,199

1,804,045

1,337,513

l,841,i:i6

39,962

299,846

166,182

5,488,684

402,505
1,066,625

438,916
58,092
13,192 I
68,229

102,204
.52,757
33.056
76.287

Wales

1912 1911

Acres
4,749.651

2,760,197

738,433
1,021,764

41,412

91,484

206,910

1,124

1,272

773

2,770,397

724,288
2,046,109

38.487

86,800

206,037

366

1,608

712

Scotland

1912

1911

Acres
19,070,466

4,821,334

3,325,027
1,496,307

342,975 334,010

25,955

56,985

12.414

877

111

5,0X1

646

302

1,110

2,327,265 ji 285,942
128,121 : 1,509
318,999 I 4,526

Horses used for Agricultural
purposes'^

Stallions »

Unbroken ) One year and above
Horses J Under one year .

No.

816,734

6,765

190,688

85,380

No.

843,632

6,323

195,573

87,053

Total
Other Horses-*

1 099.567 ■ 1.132.581
145.684 125,741

Total of Horses .\ 1.245 251 , 1.258,322

Cows and (1°'^'"^'' • • . 1,610,742 i 1.630,039
w^^fit^ i In caK but not in
Heifeis I ,,^jjj^, _ .,451,465! 178,461

Other Cattle:— Two years and:

above . .| 1,017,904 1.038,708
„ „ One year and i

under two .i l,053,(i21 i 1.037,107
Under one year i 955.223 , 989^6J^

TOTAL OF Cattle .1 5,087.455 I 5,17.3,976

Ewes kept for Breeding
Other Sheep:— One year and
above
„ „ Under one year

Total of Sheep

Sows kept for Breeding

Other Pigs

No.

89,489

1,689

35,756

21,502

26,667
57,947 ;
1L154
785
86
4,515 :
532 I
366 ;

902 I

281.512
1,048
4,764

62,373

191,673

956,575

6,810

8,988

1.184

4,845,835

3,348,568
1,497,267

5,652,966 | 5,960,099

2 881,980 I 3,359,815
.5,969,.543 | 6,419,615

14,504,489 1 15.739,529

291,184 I 3.33,786
1,978.970 i 2,080,942

Total of Pigs .12,270.154 ' 2,414,728

148,436
12,323

160,7r.9

238,194

47.518

95,191

186,496
188,866

754,265

No.

93,117

1.495

36,443

20,36/

151,422
11,175

162,597

237,355

47,025

89,607

174,470
191,814

740,271

1,495,143 1,509,976

702,731 I 795,578
1,291.002 11.285,567

3,548,876

3,591,121

42,897
183,619

41,797
194,514

226,516 236,311

1,227,603

149,768

439,592

2 822

5',369

48

6,972

7,615

33

7,144

1,468,016
3,024
7,021

63,506

173,617

963,498

6,046

10,379

1,009

No.

147,917

1,202

30,823

13,078

193,020
12,247

205,267

361,851

74,619

232,375

279,063
236,468

1,184,376

2,963,189 2,973,413

1,218,055

142,629

438,818

2.250

6,302

52

5,829

7,807

17

7,119

1,511,031
3,020
5,639

No.

150,305
1,057
31,783
13,427

196.572
9,902

200,474

361,721

70,448

265,730

274,382
227,736

1.200,017

1.270,167
2,760.661

1,345.481
2,845,448

6,994,017

7,164,342

19,668

22.206

139,459 I 148,909

159,127 171,115

1 Not including Mountain and Heath Land.

* Including Mares kept for Breeding.

» Above two years old used, or intended to be used, for service.

* Not collected prior to 1911.

' Not separately distinguiaihed before 1907.

Statistics affecting British Agricnltural Interests.

843

as returned on June 4, 1912, and June 5, 1911, in England, Wales,
Kingdom {including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands).

Great Britain I

Ireland^

United Kingdom.

1912 1 1911

1912 ■"! 1911

1912 ">| 1911

Total Ar. a (excluding water)

Acres
56,214,327

Acres

20,247,197

Acres
76,646.9779

Total Acreage under Crops 1
and Grass i /

Arable Land

Permanent Grass i . . .

31,996,024

32,094,658

14,674,895

14,707,808

46,794,864

46,926,500

14,60(1,303
17.335,721

14,647,788
17,446,870

4.988.759
9,686,136

4,943,809
9,763,999

9.747,084
27.047,780

19.686,722
27,239,778

1

Wheat

Barley or Bere ....

Oats

Eye

Beans

Peas ......

Total Corn Chops .

Potatoes

Turnips and Swedes

Mangold

Cabbage. Kohl-Rabi and liape .
Vetches or Tares ...

Hops

Small Fruif

Clover, Sainfoin, and Qi-asses
under Rotation

Other Crops

Bare Fallow

1.925,737

1.648,201

3.029,054

60,943

285,989

202,319

1,906,038

1,597,930

3,010,671

46.374

311,833

167,903

44,845 '

165,366

1,045,921

7,765

1.421

279

45,056

158,180

1.040.185

9,026

1,683

3(»1

1.971,791
1.816.425

4,096 032
68.779
287,511
202.742

1,952,422

1.758.842

4,071.027

55,474

313.667

168,311

7,152,243

612,671
1,512,535
488.486
173,538
137,420
34,829
85,141

3,991,029
191.665
280,74«

7,040,749

571,801

1,.563,390

452,320 1

1,57.082

110,543

33,056

84,308

4,119,808
185,329
329,402

1,265,597

595,218

271,761

81.690

41,089

2,008

■^ 15,327

2,630,790
85.279

1,254,431

591,259

270.805

77.857

40.222

2317

« 14,045

2,594,988
97,885

8,443,280

1,219,617

1,792,513

571,441

215,375

139,748

34 829

s 100,856

6,668,996
279,198
281.231

8,320,643

1,175.158
1,842,226
530.927
198,077
113,194
33,057
8 98,745

6,759.582
285,299
329,814

'

Horses used for Agricultural
purposes 2 . . . .
I'nbroken f One year and above
Horses t Under one year

TOTAL . . . .

Cows and Heifers in milk or in
calf's

Other Cattle:—
Two years and above
One year and under two.
Under one year . . . .

Total of Cattle

Ewes kept for Breeding
Other .Sheep :—

One year and above .

Under one year . . . .

TOTAL OF SHEEP

1 Sows kept for Breeding
Other Pigs

TOTAl OF PIGS .

No.

1,0.54,140
266.923
119,960

No.

1,087,0.54
272,674
120,847

No.

382.163

101.502

1 0.607

No.

.381.966
100,536
60,604

No.

1,443.269
.■(69,9.38
181.-100

No.

1 476,287
374761
182,168

1,441,023

1,480.575

544.332

543,136

1.994.607

2,033,216

2,784,389

1,344.570
1,518.58(1
1,378,557

2,82,5,049

1,394.045
1,485,959
1,409,211

1,598,986

1,027,373
1.071.485
1,150,654

1.565,418

1.015,127
1,020,280
1,110,895

4,400,816

i 2,376.328
2,599,017
2.538,474

4 407,800

2.413501
2 515,449
2,529,361

7.026.096

7,114,264

4,848,498

4,711,720

11,914,635

11,866,111

10,111.298

4,914 878
10,021.206

25,047,382

10,443,488

5,500.874
10,550,630

1,515,024

7.59.158
1,554,647

1,523.107

794,466
1,589,863

11,661.755

' 5,679.646
,11,61,5,744

1

11 999,644

6,301.041
12,179,122

26,494,992

3,828.829

3,907,436

28,957,145

30,479.807

353,749

2,302,048

397,789
2,424,365

130.842
1,19.3,115

149.315
1.265,804

486.296
■ 3,506.253

549,079
3,700,934

2,655,797

2,822,154

1,323,957

1,415,119

3,992,549

4.250,013

6 Furnished by the Board oi Agriculture for Scotland.

" Furnished bv the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.
« Figures for Ireland include Orchards.
'■' Figures for Jersey include Water.
'" Subject to revision.

344 Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests.

Table II. — Total Produce, Acreage, and Yield per Acre of

1912 and 1911, ivith Uie Average

Crops

Total Produce

Acreage

Yield
per Acre

Average

of the
Ten Years

1912

1911

1912

1911

1912

1911

1902-1911

WHEAT.

England ....
Wales ....
Scotland ....

Qrs.

6,i544,234
136,113

299,756

Qrs.

7,359,142
1.35,430
337,599

Acres

1,821,931
41,.383
62,309

Acres

1,804,045
38,487
63,506

Bush.

28-74
26-31
38-43

Bush.

32-63
28-15
42-53

Bush.

31-83
27-17
39-64

Great Britain .
Ireland ....

6,979,91'3
195,493

7,832,171
207,011

1,925,683 1 1,906,038
44,855 45,056

29-00
34-87

32-87
36-76

31-94
3605

United Kingdom.

7,175,416

8,039.182

1,970,538 !l,P51,094

2913

30-47
30-09
3600

32-96

32-16

BARLEY (6).

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

5,198,356
344,049
862,299

5,-^56,54fi
330,678
786,351

!

1,365,038 1,3,37,431
91,484 86,800
191,632 173,617

31-44
30-48
36-23

33-43
31-24
35-65

Great Britain
Ireland ....

6,404,704
8;i,059

6.373,575

851,8:i7

1,648,1.54 1 1,597,848
165,367 1 158,180

3109
4214

31-91
4308

33-56
41-60

United Kingdom

7,275.763

7.225,412

1,813,521 1,756,028

32-10

32-92

34-24

OATS.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

8,292,549

853,141

4,556,866

8,981,803

858,792

4,453,512

14,294,107
6,072,560

1,865.569 1,841,136
206,910 206,037
956,561 , 963,498

35-56
32-99
,38-11

3903
33-35
36-98

42-27
35-27
37-31

Great Britain .
Ireland

13,702.556
6,858,196

3,029,040 ,3,010,671
1,046.000 1,040.185

3619
53-45

37-98
46-70

40-26
4797

United Kingdom.

20,560,752

20,366,(67

917,.'"i91
3,456
39,089

4,075,040

269,988
1,121
8,421

4,050,856

40-36

40-22

42-25

BEANS.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

925,062

3.479

37,039

294,0.59
1,134
9,463

27-41
24-83
35-19

24-96
24-38
33-05

30-18
27-12
35-61

Great Britain .
Ireland ....

965.580
7,426

960.136
7,556

279,530
1,421

304,656
1.683

27-63
41-81

25-21
35-92

30-36
42-30

United Kingdom .

973,006

967,692

280,951

306,339

27-71

25-27

30-45

PEAS.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

485,608
1.772
2,203

458,976
1,641
1,532

172,441
623
613

139.150
561
472

22-53
22-75
28-75

26-39
23-40
25-97

27-31
2218
27-54

Great Britain .
Ireland ....

489,583

977

462,149
l,04h

173,677
279

140,183
301

22-55
2801

26-37
27.85

27-28
28-04

United Kingdom .

490,560

463,197

173,956

140,484

22-56

26-38

27-25

U\) The particulars for Ireland have been turni-ibedby the Department of Agriculture
and Technical Instruction for Ireland, and those for Scotland, in 1912. by the Board of
Agriculture for Scotland. Xo Produce Statistics are collected for the Uiiannel Islands
and tlie Isle of Man

Statistics affecting British Agricultural Interests. 345

eacJi of the Principal Crops in the United Kingdom (a) in
of the Ten Years 1902-1911.

Cto]^s— CO lift lived

Total Produce

Acreage

Yield
per Acre

Average

of the
Ten Years

1912

1911

1912

1911

1912

1911

1902-1911

POTATOES.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

Tons

2,11.').0H3
126,006
936,375

Tons

2,674,756
175,374
975,182

Acres

436,948
25,9.55
149,767

Acres

402,505
26,667
142,629

Tons

4-84
4-85
6'25

Tons

6-65
6-58
6-84

Tons

6-09
5-15
6-41

Great Britain .
Ireland ....

3,177,414
2,546,710

3,825,312
3,694,856

612,670
595,184

571,801
591.259

5-19

4-28

6-69
6-25

612
4-80

United Kingdom.

5,724,124

7,520,168

1,207,854

1,163,060

474

6-47

5-44

TURNIPS
AND SWEDES.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

12,075,734

802,791

7,390,633

9,316.505

828,874

6,251,569

1,015,958
56,985
439.587

1,066,625

57,947
438,81s

11-89
1409
16-81

8-73
14-30

14-25

13-.3I
15-50
16-27

Great Britain .
Ireland ....

20,269,158

16,396,948

5,273,183

1,512,530

1,563,390
270,805

13-40

10-49
19-47

14-23
17-00

United Kingdom.

21,(70,131

1,834,195

11-81

14-64

MANGOLD.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

8,572,407
214,938
49,540

7,245,902
191,322
43,209

473,250

12,414

2,830

438,916
11,154
2,250

18-11
17-31
17-51

16-51
17-15
19-20

19-81

17-88
17-81

Great Britain .
Ireland ....

8.836,885

7,480,433
1.734,548

488,494

452,320

77,857

18-09

16-54
22-28

19-75
18-85

United Kingdom.

9,214,981

530,177

17-38

19-63

HAY frum CLOVER,
S.mnfoin, Ac.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

1.804,895
226,157
643,200

1,774.464
185,658
652,410

1,378,985
175,924
423,588

1,465,383
172,049
437,333

Cwt.

26-18
2,5-71
30-37

Cwt.

24-22
21-58
29-84

Cwt.

30-12
25-20
3204

Great Britain
Ireland ....

2,674,2.-12
1,710.027

2,612,5.32
1,57,3,746

1,978,497
916,976

2,074,765
939,223

27-03
37-30

25-18
33-51

30-O.t
40-63

United Kingdom.

4,384,279

4,186,278

2,895,473

3,013,988

30-28

27-78

32-83

HAY from
Permanent Grass.

England ....

Wales

Scotland ....

5,530,564
563.868
248.977

3,898,205
444,891
226,276

4,394,906
546,628
166,732

4,283,629
547,194
171,434

25-17
20-63
29-87

18-20
16-26
26-40

24-32
19-86
29-11

Ireland ....

6,343,409
3,295,564

4,569,372
2,900,821

5,108,266
1.570,373

5,002,257
1,573,180

24-84
4197

18-27
36-88

24-00
46-02

United Kingdom.

9,638,973

7,470,193

6,678,639

0,575,437

28-87

22-72

29-33

HOPS.

England (c) . . .

Cwt.
373,438

Cwt.
328,023

34,829

33,056

10-72

992

8-68

(b) Including Bere.

(<•) No Hops are grown in any other part of the United Kingdom.

346 Statistics ajfecting British Agricultural Interests.

Table III.— Estimated Total Production o/Hops in the Years
19V2and 1911, with the Acreage and Estimated Average Yield
per Statute Acre, in each County of England in which Hops
were grown.

EBtiiiiated total
produce \

Acreage returned on
4tli June

Estimated average
yield per acre

COUNTIBB.

1912

1911

1912

1911

1912

1911

Cwt.

Cwt.

Acres

Acres

Cwt.

Cwt.

.East .

74,415

61,606

5,993

5,718

12-42

10-77

Mid. . . .

85,718

79,101

7,330 ;

6,966

1169

1136

Kent J Weald .

100,277

86,032

8,077

7,507

12-42

11-46

^ Total, Kent

260,410

226,739

21,400

20,191

1217

11-23

Hants ....

18,473

14,627

1,516

1,444

12-19

1013

Hereford

29,450

29,256

5.236

5,034

5-62

5-81

Surrey ....

5,264

4,269

513

500

10-26

8-54

Sussex ....

34,098

29,847

2,845

2.698

11-99

11-06

Worcester .

24,880

22,630

3,186

3,061

7-81

7-39

Other Counties ' .

863

655

133 !

128

6-49

5-12

Total

373,438

328,023

34,829

33,056

10-72

9-92

1 Gloucester and Salop.

Note.— The estimated average yield per acre, nearly lOJ cwt., is four-flfths of a
cwt. above that of 1911, and 2 cwt. above the ten years' mean. The acreage being also
1.773 acres above that of 1911, the total production is thus 45,000 cwt. more, and it is
also nearlv 9,000 cwt. more than the average of the last ten years.

Table IV. — Quantities and Values of Corn Imported into the
United Kingdom in the undernoted Years.

l^From the Decfinber Arcoiints relatbuj to Trade and Aarigafiun of
the United Kingdom.^

Quantities

Values

Description

1

1910

1911

1912

1910

1911 1912

1 -

1

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

£

£ £

Wheat ....

105,222,638

98,067,787

109,582,539

44,160,884

38,909,816 46,449,605

Wheat meal and flour

9,960,491

10,065,132

10,189,476

5,510,905

5,277,043 5,518,484

Barley ....

18,281,500

24,545,420

20,126,294

5,396,452

8,266,1 15 7,877,961

Oats

17,495,014

18,273,037

18,300,700

4,823,869

5,390,970 6,338,565

Peas ....

1,591,111

2,196,094

2,574,707

718,740

1,012,862 1,291,602

Beans ....

849,082

1.029,101

1,256,741

311.670

375,333 470,847

Maize ....

37,021,192

38,602,330

43,877,338

10,294.340

10,713,183 13,593,216

Oatmeal, groats, and 1
rolled oats . J

775,033

835,985

832,218

582,225

598,405 602,604

Maize meal .

461,624

643,810

610,310

158,953

224,415 240,827

Other kinds of corn )
and meal . 1

1,740,362

1,829,263

1,684,394

645,415

748.723 802,089

Statistics afl'ecting British Agjncultural Interests. 347

Table V. — Average Prices of British Corn per Imperial
Quarter in England and Wales, as ascertained under the
Corn Returns Act, 1882, in each V/eek of the Year 1912.

Week ended

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Week ended

Wheat

Barley

Oats

s. d.

s. d:

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

». d.

January 6 .

33 2

33 3

20 7

July 6 .

38 2

31 7

23 11

January 13

33 1

33 0

20 8

July 13 . . .

38 3

30 2

24 1

January 20

33 4

33 3

20 11

July 20 . . .

38 10

30 9

24 8

January 27

.^3 7

33 1

21 1

July 27 . . .

38 9

30 9

23 4

February 3

33 8

32 10

21 3

August 3

38 4

28 6

February bi

34 0

33 2

21 4

August 10

39 2

30 7

22 4

February IT

34 4

32 10

21 7

August 17 .

38 2

28 3

21 8

February 24

34 6

32 8

21 9

August 24 .

35 6

28 1

20 10

March 2

34 1

32 0

21 6

August 31 .

34 10

28 6

20 8

March 9

34 1

31 7

21 8

September 7

35 1

29 9

21 8

March 16

34 0

31 2

21 8

September 14

33 5

29 0

20 5

March 23

34 1

31 10

21 9

September 21

32 7

29 6

19 10

March 30

34 4

30 3

21 8

September 28

31 7

29 9

19 5

April 6.
April 13.
April 20.
April 27 .
May 4 .
May 11 .
May 18 .
May 25.
June 1 .

34 10

30 9

21 11

October 5 .

31 8

29 7

19 8

35 4

30 2

92 1

October 12 .

31 10

30 4

19 5

36 7

29 11

22 4

October 19 .

32 2

30 11

19 9

37 10

30 4

22 9

October 26 .

33 1

31 6

19 10

38 1

30 2

23 1

November 1^

33 4

31 10

20 1

37 11

31 1

23 7

November i)

33 1

31 11

19 11

37 8

31 2

2.^ 7

November 16

32 10

31 2

19 9

37 2

31 1

2;i 7

November 23

32 1

30 11

19 11

36 10

30 0

23 9

, November 30

31 9

30 -s

19 8

June 8 .

; 36 11

29 11

24 0

December 7

31 0

29 11

19 6

June 15 .

! 37 0

30 8

23 10

December 14

30 8

29 2

19 3

June 22 .

37 5

30 8

24 0

• December 21

30 7

28 11

19 1

June 29 .

37 10

30 2

23 11

December 28

29 10

28 6

19 2

Average of year .

34 9

30^ 8

21 6

Table VI. — Annual Average Prices per Quarter and Total
Quantities of British Corn sold in the Totvns in England
and Wales making Returns under the Corn Returns
Act, 1882, in the Year 1912.

Year

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Wheat

Barley

OatB

1912

s. d.
34 9

«. d.

3(1 8

g. d.
21 6

Qrs.

2,365,596

Qrs.
2,165,572

Qrs.

630,755

Table VII. — Annual and Septennial Average Prices per
Bushel of British Corn in the Year 1912, with the Value
of lOOZ. of Tithe Rent-charge.

Annual
average price

Septennial
average price

Value of
tithe rent-charge of lOOi.

Year

Wheat

Barley

Oati

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Calculated on
annual
average

Calculated on

septennial

average

1912

«. d.
4 4

(. d.
3 10

s. d.
2 8i

«. d.
4 Oi

s. d.
3 3

s. d.
2 4

£ «. d.

85 8 7

£ «. d.
74 14 9f

348 The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

[Continued from page 341 ]

over the year 1911. There was a decrease of 64'2 per cent, in
the case of Ronmania and of 14*4 per cent, in the case of
Australia. Considering the money value, we spent on Wheat
last year 7,539,789Z. more than the year before — a rise of 19"3
per cent.

The quantitj' of Barley imported was over 18 per cent, above
that returned in 1911, while the increase in value was nearly
4*7 per cent.

In Oats there was but a slight increase in quantity, but one
of 17*6 per cent, in value.

With Peas, on the other hand, there was an increase of 17*2
per cent, in quantity and of 27*5 per cent, in value. Beans also
showed a great rise — 22*1 per cent, in quantity and 256 per
cent, in cost.

The imports of Maize, which last year took over thirteen
and a half millions sterling of British money, showed an
advance of 13*6 per cent, in quantity and over 26^9 per cent, in
value. In Maize Meal there was an increase of over 7 per cent.

" Other kinds of corn and meal " were imported in less
quantity last year by 7*9 per cent., while we spent on this class
of food over 7 per cent, more than in the previous year.

THE WEATHER OF THE PAST
AGRICULTURAL YEAR.

The past agricultural season opened with a fairly dry autumn,
a legacy from the splendid summer of 1911. The winter
proved, however, unusually wet, and in places which were
not quite sul)merged the land fell into a thoroughly soddened
and water-logged state. Only one frost of any real severity
was experienced (at the close of January and the beginning
of February), and in that case the cold scarcely lasted long
enough to have any very beneficial effect upon the soil. The
spring was much drier, but with a predominance of harsh winds
the progress of vegetation was slow, the hay crop being as a
rule poor, and the in-gathering seriously interrupted by the
broken weather of June. The summer witnessed a steady
deterioration in the atmospherical conditions, and proved in
the end one of the worst on record. In June and July
there were two or three spells of warmth, but the longest of
them barely lasted a week. August was irremediably bad
from beginning to end, a total deficiency of summer heat
being accompanied by frequent heavy storms of rain, culmi-
nating on the 2Gth and 27th in an unprecedented downpour
in East Anglia, where floods of unparalleled severity were

The Weather of the Past Ayricultural Year. 349

experienced. From nearly all parts of the country doleful
reports arrived of crops beaten down and acres of land under
water, any attempt at harvesting work being in many localities
absolutely impossible. In September a welcome change set
in. all too late for the <lisappointed holiday maker, but of
inestimable benefit to the farmer, who was enabled in many
cases to secure his crops in a far better condition than could
ever at one time have been expected. A fair amount of dry
weather was experienced also in the autumn, so that the
aaricultural season of 1912-13 started favourably. With the
experiences of the earlier twelvemonths in view it was,
however, difficult for the farmer to frame any very sanguine
estimates with regard to the future. The opinion may,
however, be safely hazarded that whatever the present season
may bring forth it is scarcely likely to witness a repetition
of so distressful a summer as that of 1912.

The Winter of 1911-12.

The winter opened with a long spell of mild winds from
Itetween south and west, and extremely changeable weather,
December l^eing upon the whole one of the mildest, and
certainly one of the wettest, on record. At a number of
places in the w^est and south the total i-ainfall amounted
to considerably over 10 in., and in some of the hilly
districts to more than 20 in., the repeated heavy falls in
the earlier halt of the month resulting in seiious floods
in the Thames valley, in South Wales, and in the Shannon
watershed. The only frost of aiiy importance occurred
between the 6th and 8th of the month, when the sheltered
thermometer fell slightly between 25" in several isolated
places. On the grass the minimum readings were naturally
a few degrees lower, the thermometer falling to 17" at
Wisley, in Surrey, and to 12" at Llangammarch Wells.

The fii'st three weeks of January witnessed a further
predominance of mild weather, but wintry spells occurred
about the 7th or 8th, and again between the 17th and 20th.
On the latter occasion the sheltered thermometer fell at least
10" below the freezing point in many localities, and between the
1.5th and 17th heavy falls of snow occurred in the north, the
depth, in level places, amounting here and there to between eight
inches and a foot. After the 20th the mild equatorial winds,
which had hitherto prevailed with little intermission, were re-
placed by cold breezes from the northward and north-eastward.
Towards the close of the month a frost, which proved to be the
sharpest of the whole winter, set in and continued throughout
the early days of February, the temperatures recorded being in
some localities the lowest since the severe winter of 1894-95.

350 Ihe Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

The greatest cold occurred at various times between February
2 and 5, when the thermometer in the screen fell to 10" or less
in many parts of England, and slightly below zero in central
Scotland. On the surface of the ground readings below zero
were reported also in scattered parts of inland England. On
the 6th a rapid thaw took place, and for the remainder of the
month mild southerly and south-westerly winds prevailed
very commonly, the thermometer being, as a rule, considerably
al)Ove its average level. The highest temperatures of the winter
occurred on the two closing days, when the thermometer
touched 60° in many parts of the country and reached 61" at
Minehead.

For the season, as a whole, the mean temperature was
everywhere above the average, and in the eastern and south-
eastern parts of England the excess was considerable. Rainfall
was unusually frequent, and in most English districts the total
for the winter amounted to at least half as much again as the
average. In the midland counties the excess was as much as
68 per cent., and in the south-east it was no less than 78 per
cent. Bright sunshine was fairly abundant in December, but
very deficient in January and February. The amount for the
whole winter was therefore below the normal. Over the
eastern and south-eastern parts of England the loss amounted
on an average to about half an hour per day.

The Spring of 1912.

The spring season opened with a continuance of the mild
unsettled weather which had prevailed, with little interruption,
throughout the winter months.

In March there was a large predominance of winds from
the south-westward, and in many parts of central and southern
England the month was the mildest on record. Owing, how-
ever, to the general cloudiness of the weather the day tempera-
tures were seldom very high, the only shade readings exceeding
60" lieing observed between the 25th and 27tb, when the
thermometer rose to t)2" or 61V' in many parts of the country,
and touched 64" at Chelmsford. The cloud canopy which shut
off the heating effect of the sun's rays served also as an effectual
check on nocturnal radiation, and, in comparison with the
average, the nights were much warmer than the days. The
only frosts of any consequence occurred between the 20th and
2ord, when the sheltered thermometer fell to between 27" and
29" in many parts of the country, the readings on the grass
being slightly below 20" in some parts of the midland and
northern counties. Rain was frequent, and in the west and
south often very heavy, the total for the month amounting to
three times as much as the average at Swarraton (Hants), to

Tlie Weather of the Past Agricxiltural Year. 351

more than three times as much at Cullompton, and to nearly
three and a half times as much at Woolacombe,- in North
Devon. On the 4th, and again on the 21st, an exceedingly
heavy squall of wind, accompanied by sharp thunderstorms,
passed rapidly from west to east across the south of England.
At Falmouth the wind on the evening of the 4th reached a
velocity of 98 miles an hour, and at Dover a velocity of 71
miles was recorded the same niglit.

April opened with strong northerly winds and showers of
snow, hail or sleet, and on the night of the Ist a sharp ground
frost occurred in most districts. Further sharp frosts were
experienced on the 10th and 11th and on the 17th and 18th,
but at the close of the first week the thermometer rose to a
high level, readings of 'od'" and 69" being observed in several
parts of the eastern counties. The warmest April weather
occurred, however, between the 19th and 21st, when the
thermometer rose above 70" in many localities, and touched
73° in London (at Camden Square). A period of dry weather
which set in over southern England in the closing week of
March afterwards Ijecame general, and in many parts of the
country there were not more than two or three days in April
with a measurable quantity of rain, some places in the south
having only one rainy day, and Dungeness none at all. Bright
sunshine was unusually prevalent, especially along the south
and east coasts, where the mean daily duration amounted in
many instances to more than nine hours.

May was mostly cloudy and changeable, but, as a rale, dry.
The thermometer rose to a fairly high level on the 2nd, but the
warmest spring weather occurred on the 11th, when shade
readings of SO" and upw^ards were recorded in several parts of
eastern and southern England, the thermometer at Greenwich
touching 83". Sharp ground frosts occurred in the midlands
on the nights of the 4th and 5th, and destructive frosts were
experienced in the west and north on the 13th or 14th, 'and
very generally between the 24th and 2t)th. On the night of
the 25th the thermometer on the grass fell 8" below the freezing
point as far south even as Greenwich. Heavy falls of rain
were experienced in many districts between the 20th and 22nd,
more especially over the northern half of England. On the
22nd as much as 1*5 in. was recorded at Scarborough, Garforth,
and Ross (Hereford).

For the spring as a whole the mean temperature was above
the average, the excess of warmth being greatest in the eastern
and north-eastern counties. Rainfall was in excess of the
normal in the midlands and the south-west of England, but
very deficient in the eastern counties ; in other parts of the
country it was in fair agreement with the average. Bright

352 The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

sunshine was more abundant than usual in the south-east, and
less so in the south-west ; elsewhere there was no great diver-
gence from the normal.

The Summer of 1912.

The earlier part of the summer was marked l)y two or three
short spells of warmth, and in this respect the season compared
favourably with those of 187t) and 188H, when there was
practically no summer weather at all. With the advance of
time, however, the weather steadily deteriorated, a complete
break in the latter part of July leading up to one of the coldest
and wettest Augusts on record.

The first fortnight in June was extremely cool and unsettled
with frequent thunderstorms, accompanied in many places
by exceedingly heavy rain. Some of the worst thunder-
storms occurred between the 9th and the 11th when hail and
sleet fell in the west and north, but heavy downpours of
rain were experienced on the 17th and 19th, the falls of the
17th covering a very wide area and reaching their maximum
severity in North Wales. At Lincoln an exceptionally violent
storm was accompanied by a fall of rain amounting to nearly
an inch in twenty minutes, and at Claypole on the same day
a fall of nearly three quarters of an inch was recorded in
seventeen minutes. Towards the close of the third week in
June a brief spell of summer warmth was experienced over
the south-eastern quarter of England, the thermometer on the
19th or 22nd rising to 80" and upwards in many localities,
and touching 84" at Greenwich and 85" at Isleworth. The
lowest June temperatures were recorded between the 3rd and
5tb, when slight ground frosts occurred in many parts of the
country, and as far south as Greenwich.

Two brief spells of summer warmth were experienced in
the first half of July, one between the 4th and 6th, the other
between the 12th and 17th. In the earlier instance the
thermometer on the 6ih rose above 70" in nearly all districts,
and touched 77" in London (at Camden Square). The later spell
lasted somewhat longer, and produced the highest temperatures
of the whole summer. On the 12th the thermometer in the
shade rose above 85° in many parts of eastern, central, and
southern England, and touched 90" at Greenwich and 91" at
Tottenham, Camden Square, and Isleworth. On the 14th and
15th the heat was more general, shade readings of 85" and
upwards being observed over a large portion of Great Britain ;
at Camden Square the thermometer reached 90", and at Ports-
mouth it touched 95". After the 17th a rapid fall of tem-
perature occurred, and on the 19th the maximum readings of
the thermometer were in many places below 60° or nearly

The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year. 353

30" lower than those of the preceding three or four days.
Between the 24th and 26th another slight touch of warmth
occurred, the thermometer rising a trifle above 80*^ in the
London district. The closing days of July were, however,
for the most part cool and unsettled, with frequent thunder-
storms and heavy falls" of rain in nearly all districts. At
many places in the north and east of England the total
rainfall for the month was more than twice as much as the
normal. In the north the weather was also extremely cloudy,
the duration of sunshine at York and Durham being con-
siderably less than one half of the average.

In August the absence of summer warmth was remarkable,
the mean temperature of the month being the lowest observed
for at least forty years past. Only at a few scattered places in
the south did the thermometer ever pass beyond 70", and at a
large number of places in the west and north it never reached
65", the daily maxima over the country generally being often
below 60". Thunderstorms were less common than in June or
Jul}', but heavy falls of rain were experienced in all districts,
most frequently', perhaps, in the west and south-west of
England, where the total for the month amounted to between
two and two and a half times as much as the average. The
worst rainstorm occurred, however, in what is usually regarded
as one of the driest parts of the country. Commencing quite
early on the 26th a torrential downpour in East Anglia lasted
for some twenty-six or thirty hours, and in an oval area
covering about 180 square miles, and extending from the Norfolk
Broads to Wymondham, the total for the forty-eight hours
ended with the morning of the 27th was considerably over
7 in. At stations in Norwich the fall in the twenty-four hours
ended with 9 a.m. on the 27th amounted to between 6*5 in.
and 6' 7 in., while at Brundall, about six miles to the south-
eastward of the city, it was no less than 7*3 in. Since the year
1860 there were very few instances of so wet a day in any part
of the United Kingdom, and it may therefore readily be
concluded that for one of the driest portions of the country
the East Anglian fall of August 26 was easily, and by a long
way, a record. The excessive downpour resulted in disastrous
floods, covering a wide area, and causing immense damage to
crops and to structures of various kinds, with some loss of life.
For the summer, as a whole, the mean temperature was
considerably below the average, but in most districts it was
higher than in the inclement summers of 1879 and 1888.
In the midland counties the season was warmer than in
1888 but cooler than in 1879. Rainfall was greatly in
excess of the normal. In the midland and south-western
districts nearly twice as much as the average quantity was

[Continued on page 356.
VOL. 73. N

354

Rainfall, Temperature, and Bright Sunshine experienced over
England and Wales during the whole of 1912, ivith Average
and Extreme Values for Previous Years.

EAINFALL

TOTAL FALL

No. OF

DATS WITH RAIN

Districts

In
1912

For 46 years, 1866-1911

In
1912

For 31 years, 1881-1911

Aver-
age

Extremes

Aver-
age

Extremes

Driest

Wettest

Driest

Wettest

North-eastern .

In.
31-1

In.

25-5

In.

19-9 (1884)

In.

37-2 (1872)

207

186

162 (1884)

208 (1894)

Eastern
Midland .

29-7
34-6

24-9
27-5

19-1 (1874
and 1887)
19-2 (1887)

33-1 (1872)
39-8 (1872)

199
189

181
180

156 (1898)
148 (1887)

205 (1894)
210 (1882)

South-eastern .

North-western,"!
■with North >•
Wales . J

South-western,")
with South >
Wales . )

32-5
39-6

48-2

28-9
37-7

41-7

21-5 (1887)
24-9 (1887)

28-3 (1887)

41-7 (1872)
59-2 (1872)

686 (1872)

186
214

218

173
200

197

137 (1899)
163 (1887)

159 (1887)

197 (1882
and 1903)
226 (1903)

235(1882)

Ohannellslands'

41-4

321

26-2 (1887)

39-5 (1882)

226

209

169 (1899)

251 (1886)

Mean Temperatueb

Hours of bright Sunshine

Districts

Fo

r 46 years, 1{

J66-1911

For 31 years, 1881-1911

In
1912

Aver-
age

Extr

ernes

In

1912

Aver-
age

Extr

3mes

Coldest

Warmest

Cloudiest

Sunniest

North-eastern .

0

47-6

o

47-6

44-8 (1879)

49-0 (1898)

1134

1335

1006(1885)

1601(1906)

Eastern
Midland .

49-5
48-3

48-7
48-5

45-6 (1879)
45-6 (1879)

49-8 (1868
and 1898)
51-1 (1868)

1400
1156

1586
1409

1267(1888)
1173(1888)

1864(1899)
1715(1893)

South-eastern

500

49-8

46-7 (1879)

51-4 (1898)

1470

1617

1245(1888)

1983(1899)

North-western,'
with North ■
Wales . j

South-western,'
■with South ■
Wales

48-4
49-7

48-6
50-0

45-7 (1879)
48-1 (1888)

50-3 (1868)
52-8 (1868)

1227
1294

1401
1647

1198(1888)
1459(1888)

1683(1901)
1964(1893)

Ohannellslandsi

52-4

52-2

50-5 (188s)

54-1 (1899)

1647

1903

1710(1888)

2300(1893)

Note.— The above Table is compiled from information given in the Weekly Weather
Report of the Meteorological OiBce.

iFor the Channel Islands the "Averages" and "Extremes" of Rainfall and Mean
Temperature are for the thirty-one years, 1881-1911.

355

The Rainfall of 1912 and of the previous Ten Years, ivith the
Average Annual Fall for a long period, as observed at thirty-
eight stations situated in various parts of the United Kingdom.

1912

Rainfall of Previous Years

i

Dif-

I Ave-
rage

stations

fer-

rain-

rain-
fall

ence
from
ave-
rage

1911

1910

1909

1908

1907

1906

1905

1904

1903

1902

fall

England and w

ALES: In.

Per

cent.

In.

Tn.

Tn.

Tn.

In.

In.

In.

In.

Tn.

Tn.

Tn,

Durham

. 29-2

+ 7

23-0

24-9

24-8

19-4

24-8

23-8

19-2

19-0

30-8

18-5

?7-2

York .

. ' 33-0

4-30

25-1

24-ti

24-8

21-8

2.5-6

22-8

20-7

20-8

30-3

18-7

2.5-3

Norwich

. 35-0

+28

26-7

31-8

27-8

25-2

26-3

28-5

23-0

21-5

29-4

22 3

27-3

Yarmouth

. 33-6

+ 33

20-4

28-5

242

22-5

21-9

28-0

22-6

21-0

25-1

21-4

2.5-3

Cambridge

. 27-3

+ 20

19-0

22-8

231

17-6

2r2

22-4

19-0

17 -6

30-5

15-8

22-7

Rothamsted

. 33-6

+20

27-0

29-7

2H-8

23-4

2.5-3

26-8

24-8

23-2

363

19-6

27-9

Nottingham

. . 30-1

+21

19-4

24-7

25-2

21-3

23-5

21-8

18-6

20-(l

32-2

21-5

24-8

Cheadle.

. 38-9

+ !9

23-8

3(V,5

37-7

.33-3

31-9

34-3

26-7

26-3

39-2

26-4

32-8

Hereford

. 329

+22

2.')-4

3()-4

24-0

23-9

29-7

23-6

24-0

25-()

37-8

24-3

27-0

Cirencester

. 39-2

+28

24-3

33-2

32-1

24-5

28-9

26-2

25-1

28-8

411

25-1

30-7

Oxford .

. 32-5

+30

20-9

28-9

27-5

23-9

26-9

24-0

21 -U

22-7

35-9

16-7

25-0

London (Kew)

. 28-0

+ 17

23-1

25-5

23-7

22-2

23-8

23-6

22-6

2i-2

38-2

2 1-5

24-0

Hastings

. 32-0

+ 10

29-H

28-9

31-4

22-0

23-3 ! 28-7

26-9

24-6

32-3

23-0

29-1

Southampton

. ! 37-3

+21

.30-4

33-6

,36-1

27-8

30-8 i 33-1

26-2

31-0

432

27-4

30-9

Stonyhurst

. 541

+ 16

44-2

,53-3

48-8

48-3

50-0 ! 49-7

38-8

39-6

58-9

36-8

46-8

Manchester (Citv

) . '40-6

+ 17

31-1

37T)

37-0

32-5

339 ! 37-0

29-8

26-;i

3.S-7

26-5

.34-7

Liverpool

. ; 30-2

+ 5

2.5-3

28-6

28-4

28-9

26-6 1 28-1

24-0

25-1

34-4

25-6

28-8

Llandudno

. 33-0

+ 7

30-5

3(V7

32-0

30-8

26-3 31-6

26-1

26-0

38-5

25-0

308

Pembroke

. , 41-0

+17

38-H

38-9

.331

38-5

37-2 1 42-5

28-2

31-8

45-8

30-9

35-1

Clifton .

. 1 44-7 :

+29

29-0

42-4

36-8

26-6

34-3 301

2b-()

30-9

42-8

26-5

34-fl

Cullompton

. : 47-8

+.34

.35-0

4(5-8

34-4

27-5

33-4 i 33-9

28-1

34-9

42-7

.30-8

3,5-7

Plymouth

. 47-0

+31

37-H

44-3

35-2

3 10

36-3 1 33-4

3()-b

41-4

45-8

30-9

35-9

SciUy (St. Mary's

. 36-5

+ 9

34-2

30-6

27-0

24-7

29-3 29-8

2Vd

34-4

39-9

25-3

33-6

Jersey (St. Aubin

8) . 43-3

+27
+ 18

317

44-4

31-7

25-2

28-6 29-2

30-3

37-3

38-2

30-4

34-2

■^ Mean for the whol
England and Ws

del} 36-7

28-8

34-5

31-8

26-6

29-9

29-9

25-6

28-0

37-5

26-7

310

Scotland :

Stornoway
Wick .
Aberdeen
Balmoral ^
Leith

Marchmont
Fort Augustus
Glasgow

2 Mean for the whole
of Scotland

54-7
32-5
29-3
38-3
25-3
31-9
50-3
41-0

+13

+11!

— 5
+ 6
+ 6

— 7
+13
+ 6

45-4 +

48-3
27-4
27-5
29-9
19-9
31-7
44-8
36-3

41-7

53-0
32-5
27-7
.37-5
25-8
28-9
42-2
39-2

43-2

46-2
33-6
HO-4
30-8
27-1
84-2
37-4
39-3

41-8

52-6 43-8 42-2 ' 50-7 ' 55-7 62-1
32-0 29-6 ! 33-2 32-3 25-3 i 359

28-0 28-7
26-2 i 31-8
22-1 , 30-7
30-7 : 33-3 i 38-9
43-9 i 420 I 51-6
35-8 42-6 40-1

31-5
,39-1
30-2

28-5 237 ; 36-3

35-6 24-9 I 44-1
30-9
38-6

43-6 I 44-4

30-7 i 33-7

19-2 23-4
27-4 26-1

•0
53-3

43-1

44-5

46-3 41-4

42-1

57-1

46-3 48-6

26-4 I 29-3

27-3! 30-7

31-8 I 36-0

16-4 , 23-8

24-4 34-4

35-6 i 44-6

29-1 38-7

43-0

41-8

Ireland :

[

Belfast ....

44-7

+33

.36-3

40-6

3,5-7

38-7

38-1

36-2 31-8

31-8

42-3

.35-8

33-6

Markreo Castle .

49-1

+ 17

42-3

53-5

40-7

47-3

45-2

44-6 1 39-0

44-9

54-1

38-4

42-0

Armagh.

35-8

+ 12

27-6

32-5

28-9

33-1

31-6

30-1 : 29-9

30-9

36-3

31-7

31-9

Dublin ....

27-7

- 1

23-5

35-4

26-9

23-8

27-0

22-8 ' 25-3

22-2

31-6

29-4

28-0

Birr Castle (Parsons-

j

town) ....

34-5

+ 5

31-0

34-2

29-6

33-4

33-9

32-6 ' 25-7

32-9

40-8

28-2

33-0

Kilkenny

36-4

+ 9

(36-3

37-4

30-1

33-5

32-4

28-7

25-0

31-5

42-0

33-1

33-3

2 Mean for the whole 1
of Ireland. . J

40-7

+ 3

36-5

41-0

35-3

39-2

39-7

36-7

34-6

38-9

47-9

37-2

39-5

1 The Average Fall is in nearly all cases deduced from observations extending over the
thirty-flve years 1871-1905.

^ The Mean Rainfall for each country is based upon observations made at a large number
of stations in addition to those given above.

' The figures for the years prior to 1906 are for Braemar, which ceased reporting after 1905.

N 2

356 The Weather of the Past Agricidtural Year.

[Coutiuued f loiii page 35S.]

collected, and in the Scilly and Chaimel Islands considerably
more than twice as much. The duration of bright sunshine
was unusually small, most districts receiving on an average at
least a couple of hours per day less than their due share. In
the north-east of England, where cloud was most prevalent,
the mean amount per day was less than 3^ hours as against an
average of nearly 6 hours, a loss of 2| hours per day.

The Autumn op 1912.

The absence of seasonable warmth which was so noticeable
during the latter part of the summer continued throughout
the earlier half of the autumn, no temperatures appreciably in
excess of the average being reported until November. The
season was also cloudy, but happily for the farmer it was
mostly dry, the fine weather of September proving an
invaluable boon in the numerous localities in which the
cereals, though cut, were still standing in the fields.

In the south the improvement in the weather set in quite
early in September, when an anticyclone began to spread over
the country from the south-westward. After the first week
the improvement became general, and at many places in the
western and southern parts of the countrj^ an entii-e alisence
of rain lasted over twenty-six or twenty-seven days. The wind
was, however, mostly from some cool quarter, and, as the sky
was usually more or less cloudy, the thermometer failed to
rise to any high level. In the south-eastern quarter of England,
usually the warmest part of the kingdom, no shade reading as
high as 70° was recorded, but on the IGtli the thermometer
exceeded that level at several places in the west and north,
and touched 73 " at Whitby. Up to the 28th of the month it
seemed quite likely that the absence of rain would constitute
a record for September. On the two last days, however, a
very heavy fall occurred in the south and east of England, the
total amounting in many places to between 3 in. and 4 in. As
a result of this downpour, and in spite of the previous long
drought, the aggregate rainfall for the month over the eastern
half of the country was in several localities well in excess of
the average.

The plumping rains experienced at the end of September
were followed by a fairly long spell of dry weather, and
between October 9 and 11 and on the 13th and 11th the
thermometer rose to between 60" and 65° in most districts.
Night frosts were, however, very common, the thermometer
on the grass falling on the 4th or 5th to 20" or less in manj^
places and to 16° at Birmingham. After the 20th of the month
the weather became far less settled, and on the 26th and 27th
a heavy fall of rain occurred in all the more western districts.

The Weather of the Past A(jricultural Year. 357

ThroughDUt the whole of October there was an unusual
tendency for the formation of fog and mist. In the London
district fog occurred on as many as fourteen days, just double
the average number for the month, and greater than in any
October since 1888.

November was extremely changeable throughout. In the
opening days sharp night frosts occurred, but on the 7th and
8th, when a mild southerly breeze sprang up, the thermometer
rose above the normal, shade readings of 60" and upwards
being recorded in several isolated parts of the country. Strong
gales from the westward and heavy falls of rain occurred very
generally on the 10th and 11th, a subsequent veering of the
wind to north-west and north being accompanied by thunder-
storms in many districts and hj showers of sleet or snow in the
north. Ground frost occurred on the 15th and 16th and again
on the 18th, the exposed thermometer falling on the latter
occasion to a minimum of 17 ' at Newton Rigg, in Cumberland.
Violent south-westerly to westerly gales occurred on the 26th
and 27th, and later on, when the wind subsided, a frost of great
severity set in over the entire northern half of the country,
and continued until about the 3rd of December. On November
29 and 30 the thermometer fell below 10" at many places in
North Britain, the lowest English readings reported being
3" at Scaleby and Allan's Green (Northumberland) and 6" at
Newton Rigg. Heavy falls of snow occurred at the same time
in many northern districts, and slight falls locally in the south.

For the season, as a whole, the mean temperature was
below the average, the deficit being considerable in the south-
east. Kainfall was equal to the normal in the eastern counties
l)ut deficient elsewhere, the driest weather occurring in the
midlands. In the eastern and central parts of the country the
total duration of In-ight sunshine was small, but in other
districts it was in fair agreement with the average.

Fredk. J. Brodie.

12 Patten Road,

Wandsworth Common, S.W.

358

THE TRIALS OF CORN AND SEED DRILLS,

1912.

The last trials of Corn and Seed Drills organised by the Royal
Agricultural Society of England took place near Bedford in 1874
— thirty-eight years ago. It was therefore with considerable
interest and some curiosity that agriculturists and implement
makers looked forward to the trials of 1912, in the hope that
as marked a development might be demonsti-ated between the
prize drills of 1874 and 1912 as was the case between the first
recorded drill invented by Jethro Tull on his farm near
Wallingford, about the year 1700, and the prize implements
of 1874. Anything like such a development was not, laowever,
forthcoming. Indeed, the trials of the machines disclosed
that very little alteration or improvement of real importance
had been made, and that the prize drill of 1874 verj^ closely
resembles the prize drill of 1912.

It is a matter for regret that so few entries were received,
and that many of the largest makers in this country did not
compete, in consequence of which the competition suffered
considerably in interest.

The trials of 1912 were carried out on the Stainton Manor
Farm (about eight miles from Doncaster), the property of the
Earl of Scarborough, by kind permission of the tenant, Mr.
C, D. Nicholson. The trials were originally fixed to take
place on March 26 and following days, but owing to the unfit
condition of the land through bad weather at that time they
had to be postponed until April 18 and 19.

The land selected for the first opei'ations was a fairly light
loam overlying limestone rock — typical " turnip and barley
land." It was very clean and very level. Turnips had been
fed off by sheep, the land ploughed in February, rolled in
March, and since harrowed three times. There was a good
tilth, and it was in first rate order for drilling the intended
barley crop. The weather was dry and fine throughout the
trials.

There were two classes, and four prizes were offered by
the Society, viz. : —

1st Prize 2nd Prize
£ £

Class I. Drills for Corn and Pulse 10 .">

Class II. Drills for Grass and Clover, coulter and broadcast. 10 ."

The special attention of the Judges was called to the
following points : —

(1) Ease and accuracy of adjustment.

(2) Even distribution of seed.

The Trials of Cojm and Seed Drills, 1912.

359

(3) Adaptability to various seeds.

(4) Weight.

(5) Simplicity of construction combined with strength.
(Jo) Number of attendants.

(7) (jtiiorqi efificiency.

(8) Price.

There were eight entries in uiaoo i and one entry in
Class II., all of which were presented for trial. Ao aoveral
of the competitors showed two or more machines, the trials
were arranged in the following order, so that no competitor
should have to run his drills consecutively. This order of
running was maintained throughout the trials : —

■ British Economical."

First Kell & Co., Ltd.

Second Thomas Baker & Sons.

Third Teasdale Brothers, Ltd.

Fourth Francis Walker & Sons.

Fifth Kell & Co., Ltd.

Sixth JLirtins Cultivator Co., Ltd.

Seventh Teasdale Brothers, Ltd.

Eighth Francis Walker &: Sons.

" Superior."

John Bull."

"Anglo-Colonial."

The judging was conducted on the principle of giving
marks for the various points of merit. These were divided
into ten headings, and each dealt with separately. The
following table gives a general statement of the conditions of
ti'ial.

Class I. — Corn and Pulse Drills.

.,

t->

,

,

Name of Exhibitor ....

=^5

pqn

10

o
u

pq .

1-

d

O .

2-S

'So

xn
a

« .

1

00 CQ

"^

d.y

^

S^

is"

s-y

Ul

g

M

03

Order of trial ....

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Weight (cwts.) ....

8i

8J

8^

H

n

H

8i

7f

Number of rows ....

13

12

11

12

13

13

13

13

Number of attendants

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Number of horses

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

£

£

£

£ 8.

£

£

£

£ 8.

Price

28

24

24

23 10

25

24

22

21 10

The trials began at 9 a.m. on April 18. The competitors
were directed to sow barley at the rate of 3 bushels per acre.
The ground had been marked out in equal plots containing
1,490 square yards. The length. of "run" averaged 298 yards
Five stones of an exceptionally good sample of barley was

360

The Trials of Corn and Seed /drills, 1U12.

St.

Lb.

8

2i

8

U

4

6|

3

9i

3

7

3

7

4

2!

4

0

weighed out and placed in the seed boxes of all the competing
drills. After each machine finished drilling its allotted area
it awaited the completion of this part of the trial, and then the
barley remaining in the seed boxes was carefully weighed «»-J
the amount sown in the plots of equal areas by ttc respective
drills was found to be as follows : —

Trial No. 1. ^°'^ * '^°-' ^^^^- . . • ■

,,' „ ' 2. Thomas Baker & Sons

,, „ 3. J'easdale Bros., Ltd.

,, ,, 4. Francis Walker & Sons .

„ ,, 5. Kell & Co

„ „ <!. Martins Cultivator Co., Ltd. .

„ ,. 7. Teasdale Bros., Ltd.

„ ., 8. Francis Walker & Sons .

It should be noted that to sow the area of 1,490 square
yards (roughly one-third of an acre) at the required rate of
8 bushels per acre, about 4 stones of seed is required (allowing
the barley to weigh 56 lb. per bushel).

The efficiency of the pressure arrangements was the next
test. The drills were run empty over unopened land in a
field adjoining the barley plots. This land had been ploughed
after wheat and was intended for a turnip crop. It had been
fallowed down by digger ploughs somewhat, but the surface
was rather rough and hard and slightly caked, and provided a
suitable test ground for this purpose.

Pressure was obtained in practically all the exhibits by
means of spiral springs operated on the coulter bars by means

Fig. l.-F. Walker & Sons' First Prize "Anglo-Colonial" 13-ro\v Corn and Seid Drill, Class I.

The Trials of Corn and Seed Drills^ 1912.

361

of adjustable levers. Messrs. Walker's "Anglo-Colonial" was
fitted with this form of press, as well as the old-fashioned
weights. This second string has a distinct advantage in dealing
with very hard ground. The pattern of coulters used also
makes a great difference in cutting into hard ground, and
materially assist any pressure arrangement in proportion to
their adaptability for this purpose. The pattern of coulters
adopted by Messrs. Walker & Sons and also by Messrs.
Kell & Co. on their " John Bull " seems hard to beat, and
undoubtedly greatly increased the effectiveness of their pres-
sure arrangements.

Fig. 2— F. Walker & Sons' Second Prize 12-ro\v Corn and Seed Drill, Class I.

The Judges were unable to recognise any particular
advantage in the American disc type of coulter exhibited by
Messrs. Thomas Baker & Sons on the conditions under which
these trials were held, though no doubt they may have their
merits under certain conditions.

It was next arranged to test the " adaptability " of the
drills, and with this object the competitors were asked to alter
their di-ills and sow seven rows of beans.

Three and a half stones of beans were placed in each
machine, and instructions were given to sow the beans at the
rate of one sack per acre, over a " run " of 2,50 yards.

362 The 7 rials of Corn and Seed Drills, 1912.

The seed was rather indifferent, in that it was not as clean
as it mio-ht lia\p been. Imt it wns tlie same for all.

FIG. 3— Kell & Co.'s H.C. "John Bull" 13-row Corn and Seed Drill, Class I.

This test proved rather severe on some of the competitors.
Messrs. Martin's exhil)it. provided with a new worm forced
feed, slipped its gearing several times, and the beans jammed
in the worm feed wheels, and ultimately the machine retired
from this run. The "Superior" also showed some difficulty
in adjusting the coulters to even distances, and also in getting
the seed in at uniform depths. It clearly showed the supe-
riority of the old " cup feed " over any other form of feed
exhibited.

Regularity of distribution by individual coulters was next
tested. For this purpose a small canvas bag was attached to
each coulter, and with a supply of peas the machines were
driven over a length of 200 yards, sowing into the l)ags at the
rate of 3 bushels per acre. On weighing the bags it was found
that :—

No. 1. The " British Economical."

(13 coulters).
No. 2. The " Superior " (12 coulters).
No. 3. Teasdale's Cup Feed (11 coulters).
No. 4. Walker & Sons' Corn Drill.

(12 coulters).
No. 5. Kell & Company's "John Bull."

(13 coulters).
No. (i. Martin & Company's Forced Feed.

(13 oonlter.s).

Varied from 1^ to H lb. per bag.

Varied from 1^ to 1 lb. per bag.
Varied from 2j to IJ lb. per bag.
Varied from 1 f to 1 1 lb. per bag.

Varied from If to 1 J lb. per bag.

Varied from 1^ to 1 J lb. per bag.

I'he Trials of Corn and Seed Ihilh, 1912. :]6:\

No. 7. Teasdale's Forced Feed. Choked.

(13 coulters).
No. 8. Walker's "Anglo-Colonial." Varied from 1-| to l^ lb. per bag.

(13 coulters).

The draught of the machines was taken on a dynamometer
supplied by the Society. The coulters of each were set to
a depth of 5 in., and tlae figures were read whilst the machines
worked over a 200 yard "run " on unopened land.

The following mean results are given in the first column,
and the weights of the machines, weighed in the presence of
the Judges immediately after the trials, in the second column : —

No. 1. Kell, " British Economical" .

No. 2. Baker, " Superior " . . * .

No. 3. Teasdale (Cup Feed)

No. 4. Walker (Corn Drill)

No. 5. Kell, "John Bull"

No. 6. Martin

No. 7. Teasdale

No. 8. Walker, " Anglo-Colonial " .

As a result of the trials of the machines in Class I., the
First Prize was awarded to Messrs. Francis Walker & Sons,
Tithby, Bingham, Notts., for their 13-row Corn and Seed Drill
" Anglo-Colonial," and the Second Prize was also awarded to
Messrs. Francis Walker & Sons for their 12-row Corn and Seed
Drill. Messrs. Kell & Co., Ltd., of Gloucester, were Highly
Commended for their 13-row, or Lever Drill, " Johti Bull."

Average

Weight of

Draught.

Machine.

cwt.

cwt.

5

8i

6i

8i

5

8i

61

H

7

n

5i

8f

5|

8i

. 5i

7f

Class II. — Drills for Grass and Clover, Coulter
AND Broadcast.

There was only one entry in this class, viz., that of
Messrs. F. Walker & Sons, of Tithby, Nottinghamshire.

This implement is adapted for sowing clover seed and also
the lighter grass seeds, either mixed together or separately.
The seeds can be drilled in " rows " or scattered broadcast.

It is somewhat of the Suffolk type of drill, 8 ft. in width to
centre of wheel track, and sows twenty-six rows and is cup
fed. The weight is 7^ cwt. and the price 25/. lOs.

It was set to work upon the plots sown with barley by the
machines entered in Class I., first drilling mixed clover, rye-
grass, and other usual " layer and grass seeds." The drilling
was performed quite satisfactorily, the coulters worked evenly
and deposited the seeds in due proportion at the depth
required.

" Broadcasting" was effected by raising the coulters by one
lever about 3 in. above the ground, when the seeds travelled
down the seed conductors and fell upon the surface of the land

3(14 llie Irials of Corn and Seed Drills, 1912.

from tlie lowest possible height, and is thereby less affected by
side winds tlian when " broadcasted " by hand or with seed
barrows and similar appliances.

To examine the distribution of the seed more closely, it was
set to work over a piece of ground which had been levelled to
a smooth surface and the seeds broadcasted over it. A careful
inspection showed that the drill was accomplishing what was
claimed for it, viz., that the light and heavy seeds were being
distributed in proper proportions, and also that the mixed seeds
were spread evenly over the entire surface. It is claimed that
twenty-five acres can be drilled in one day.

The Judges were of opinion that the machine was fully
worthy of the First Prize, notwithstanding that it unfor-
tunately had no competition to face, and they accordingly
awarded Messrs. Walker & Sons the First Prize of 10^.

Fig. 4.— F. Walker & Sous' First Prize Coulter and Broadcast Drill for Grass and Clover, Class II.

It is a noteworthy fact that Messrs. Walker carried oft' prizes
at the trials in 1874, and they are to be congratulated in hold-
ing their own in the present trials by winning three out of the
four prizes offered.

The Judges do not think it necessary to laden this report
with a detailed description of the various drills. These are
obtainable in the descriptive catalogues, which the makers
would no doulit gladly send to any enquirers.

But they cannot conclude without again expressing their
regret that many other well-known makers did not enter
their machines. It would have added much to the interest and
value of the competition. Those entered were much of the
same type, and it rather looked as though makers had devoted
their energies towards cutting down the labour of man and

The Trials of Corn and Seed Drills, 1912. 365

horse — a very laudable object. A.11 the machines were drawn
hj two horses and one man only was employed. It is true
that the work done was, in most instances, highly satisfactory,
and left little to be desired, but the conditions under which
the trials were conducted were ideal — land clean and level — soil
in fine order and easily, worked — weather perfect !

It is not always that such conditions i^revail, and it is a
question whether the economy in horses and men now
demonstrated could be successfully practised under less
favourable surroundings. After all, the prime cost of drilling
is not the only consideration. Corn drilled straight and spaced
regularly is less costly in the after operations of weeding than
when the reveise is the case, and it is still a question whether
some form of steerage (which of course adds to the cost of the
machine and also labour somewhat) can with advantage and
economy in the long run be always dispensed with. Another
point which the trials brought out is that for drilling seeds of
various weights and sizes, the old-fashioned " cup feed " still
easily holds its own.

The Judges wish to express their thanks to the Stewards,
Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis and the Hon. John E. Cross, for
the admirable way in which all the necessary arrangements
for the conduct of the trials were made ; to Mr. F. S.
Courtney, C.E., the Consulting Engineer of the Society, for
his valual)le assistance and advice on important technical
matters ; to Mr. McRow, the courteous Secretary of the
Society, whose tact and forethought contributed much to the
smoothness and success of the trials ; and lastly to Mr. C. D.
Nicholson, the occupier of the land, who so generously placed
his farm at the disposal of the Society, and also lent a willing,
helping hand l)y freely loaning horses, men, and providing the
seed. Mr. Nicholson extended a hearty Yorkshire hospitality
to officials, competitors and visitors alike, and his cordial
co-operation throughout the trials was invaluable.

Chas. p. Hall.

Park Farm Office,

Woburii. Beds.

U6

NOTES, COMMUNICATIONS, AND REVIEWS.

The Report of the Departmental Committee on Buildings for
Small Holdings. — In the early part of the year, the President
of the Board of Agriculture appointed a Committee to inquire
into the equipment of Small Holdings, and the Committee's
Report affords much interesting and valuable reading, alike
for landlord and tenant. In many places the question of the
success or failure of the Small Holdings created under the
Act of 1907 is almost entirely one of the cost of the necessary
buildings. Given land let in large farms at a certain rental
per acre, will it carry the additional burden of interest on the
outlay on houses and buildings when split up into small
holdings ? "Whilst, however, the Report of the Committee
deals with the most economical methods of planning and
construction for this special purpose, its application will be
found to be much more general than its title suggests,
particularly in those sections which deal with dwelling-houses.

In pursuing their investigations the Committee visited
many places in England and Wales, whilst a Sub-Committee
also spent a few days in Sweden. The Report is divided into
the following sections : —

1. The Small Holder's House.

2. Farm Buildings.

3. Unusual Materials and Methods of Construction.

4. Building By-laws.

5. Rural Labourers' Cottages.

Dealing with the Small Holder's House, the Committee
give a list of minimum tlimensions for every room and all
the usual offices. As these houses are really nothing more than
labourers' cottages, with certain necessary adjuncts, such as
dairies, &c., the conclusions contained in the Report will repay
careful study by all those interested in the rural housing
<|uestion. Each room, or oflice, is dealt with separately, and
its aspect, position of doors, windows, fireplaces and other
fittings are discussed in the greatest detail. For example,
reference is made to the discomfort and the unhealthiness
of a house filled with steam on washing days, owing to the
presence of the copper in the scullery or the back-kitchen, and
attention is drawn to the fact that nowadays steam-consuming
coppers are to be bought. At the same time, the Committee
urge the advantage of a washhouse completely separated from
the house, which can be made large enough to accommodate the
l)erambulator, the garden tools, and such like things for which
there is no place in the average cottage.

Notes, Communications and Reviews. 367

The vexed question of the parlour once more comes in for
discussion, and the Committee arrive, apparently with some
reluctance, at the conclusion that for labourers' cottages, and
for farms not exceeding twenty-five acres, the extra expense
in construction which the provision of this room entails, is
not justifiable, although the desire for it on the part of the
occupants is recognised. Many people will find it difficult to
accept this conclusion. The parlour is not merely the useless
depository for wax flowers and stuffed animals that many
allege it to be. The desire for it is the outward evidence of an
unexpressed longing for more refinement of life and better
conditions generally, and surely this should be encouraged at
all costs and not stifled. Moreover, the parlour is useful for
many practical purposes ; it is available for the reception of
visitors ; it can serve, on occasion, as an extra bedroom ; and
when death has laid his hand upon some member of the family,
the parlour will afford a temporary resting-place for the remains
— a very real boon where families are large and houses small.
The writer has noticed constantly that where one living-room is
the only accommodation which the house affords, the family
will convert it into the parlour, whilst they crowd themselves
uncomfortably into the scullery, or back-kitchen, for meals,
&c., and many of those whose work brings them daily in
contact with the labouring classes must have noticed a growing
tendency in this direction. A room of the smallest possible
dimensions is all that is wanted, and whenever possible it
should most certainly be provided.

Coming to the question of construction, the Committee
deal with every point with the same attention to detail already
noted. It is pointed out that 9 in. solid walls are rarely
weather-proof in the country unless coated with rough-cast ;
better still, 11 in. cavity walls should be specified. Attention
is drawn to the advantage of overhanging eaves, both in
appearance and in the protection afforded to the walls. Roof
coverings, floors, window details, all are fully discussed, and
the Committee point to the desirability of adhering as far as
possible to local building materials, so that, for example, the
eye may not be offended by a roof of thin blue Welsh slates
arising in the midst of houses covered with pantiles. All will
agree, too, with the remark that there is no justification for
cramped, narrow, villa-fronts in country districts where
economy of space is by no means the first consideration.

As to the use of special materials to efirect economies,
attention is drawn to the difficulty of generalising, owing to
the wide fluctuations in the cost of various materials, and
the recent advances in the prices of timber and of cement are
instanced. The Committee also point out that there are certain

368 Notes, Communications and Reviews.

local methods of construction which, though interesting and
valuable, are not capable of much extension, sometimes because
the material utilised is more or less local, but more often
because the necessary manipulative skill required is even more
local than the material. As an instance, the chalk-walled
cottages of Winterslow, near Salisbury, are mentioned, and the
Essex clay-lump cottages, though not mentioned in the Report,
furnish another example. The Committee are inclined to
advocate concrete construction, either re-inforced or in blocks,
but in either case it must be remembered that unless several
houses are to be built, the outlay on machines, moulds, or
forms makes concrete anything but a cheap construction.
Special reference is made to the saving to be effected by
building flat roofs of re-inforced concrete. The writer recently
witnessed the construction of such a roof on a three-bedroomed
cottage. It was composed of 4 in. of concrete, re-inforced
with ordinary barbed wire at 6 in. intervals. The cost
represented an advantage of 25 per cent, over an ordinary
tiled roof, and an actual saving in money of 10?.

Building by-laws come, of course, under consideration,
but the Committee recognise the fact that they are framed not
to harass the landlord anxious to execute improvements, but to
defeat the machinations of the jerry-builder. They express a
desire, however, for greater elasticity in the interpretation of
them, so that special cases might more easily be met.

As regards farm buildings, this section of the Committee's
Report is of less general interest, and need not be examined
here in great detail. The Committee advocate very strongly a
timber construction, and in several directions they advise a
breaking away from conventional design, in order to effect
economies. It is not an uncommon thing on County Council
holdings to see a cow-shed for four or six cows constructed in
9 in. brickwork, with feeding passage, &c., and the Committee
rightly maintain that however good the theorj" may be, the
practice of such construction cannot be justified.

The evidence of certain witnesses examined by the Com-
mittee is printed, and that of Mr. Swaine, of York, is of
especial interest, as he has made a study of re-inforced concrete
construction as applied to cottages, and his mention of a house
built l)y himself at a total cost of 80/. leads one to hope much
from this material. A series of model plans of houses and
buildings of various sizes, designed to suit varying require-
ments are appended, and the whole Report will well repay the
most careful study by those concerned in the provision of
houses and buildings for small farmers and rural labourers.

C. S. O.

Notes, Communications and Revieios. 369

"English Farming, Past and Present." — By Rowland E.
Prothero. — This book is based on Mr. Prothero's earlier history
of English Agriculture, The Pioneers and Progress of English
Farming, published in 1888. Like its predecessor, but in
much greater detail, the present work traces the development
of agriculture from the old English manor, the communal
village-farm of the thirteenth century, which may be con-
sidered the beginning of agriculture proper, as distinguished
from a mere nomadic existence, through the alternations of
progress and decay, prosperity and distress, to the present time
— a time when, as many people think, w'e are thi-eatened with
far-reaching changes in the whole relation of the people to the
land. Thus a wide and broad-minded view of the past, which
has produced the present conditions, is now especially opportune.
There is probably no other living writer who could combine
so happily the qualities of historian and practical agriculturist.
Mr. Prothero has the imagination and knowledge to recon-
struct for us pictures of a long-forgotten countryside, of
manorial village and open field-farm, and at the same time the
closing pages show that he is entirely in touch with all the
modern developments of scientific farming. He refutes his
own motto from Jethro Tull, "Writing and Ploughing are two
different talents."

It is impossible in a short notice to do justice to the enor-
mous amount of hard work which has been put into this book.
Naturally the tale of the great rise in agriculture from 1700 to
1874 occupies relatively most space, and the headings of some
of the chapters show in what detail this period is treated —
Jethro Tull and Lord Townsend, 1700-1760— The Stock-
breeders' Art and Robert Bakewell, 1725-1795— The English
Corn Laws — Highways — Tithes, are only some of them. In
such a mass of detail a few slips are bound to crop up, but
surely both the old Wiltshire and the old Herefordshire herds
of sheep are wrongly described as black-faced ! The old Wilt-
shire still used largely in the Midlands for crossing, and now
known as "Westerns," is a white-faced horned breed, and is not
the modern Ryeland, white-faced and hornless, the ancestor of
the old Herefordshire breed which made "Lemster Ore" famous.

These are, however, merely details. Perhaps the most
useful lesson the book teaches is how entirely inter-dependent
manufacture and agriculture, the town and the country, have
always been. Till the middle of the eighteenth century a great
part of England was still farmed on the " open-field " system,
a development of the old " village manor " farms, when the
ara])le land was tilled in separate strips by a number of occu-
piers, and the pasture-land was common *' stinted " in propor-
tion to the acreage of arable land held by each tenant. The

370 Notes, Communications and Reviews.

system had survived, in spite of the large enclosures of Tudor
times, during which tillage gave place to pasture to supply the
large export trade in wool, because it was sufficient for the
needs of the country. But with the growth of a large industrial
population, the old methods could no longer cope with the
growing demand for food from a people still wholly dependent
on a home-grown supply. Thus the pioneers of improved
methods were greatly aided by the pressure of economic condi-
tions. The one object was to make the land produce more,
and to that end all obstacles had to be swept away — tithes
were commuted, commons and open fields enclosed to allow of
the growth of winter stock-food, long leases and every other
incitement to improved methods allowed.

We are apt to think only of the distress that high prices
entailed, but to them we owe the supremacy of English agri-
culture. The system of large farms occupied by men of large
capital was forced upon the country by sheer necessity, and if
ever England must feed herself again she will not get her corn
and meat from small holdings. But now conditions are en-
tirely changed, the problem is to keep the people on the land,
not to make the land keep the people. Mr. Prothero suggests
an increase of small ownerships, and with that a return to the
old system of commons, as a means to making village life more
attractive to the labourer. There is much to be said for it
socially, but from the point of view of " Practice with Science,"
this must be a retrograde step. Small holdings must be only
steps to large farms if we are to maintain the supremacy of
our flocks and herds.

W. E. G. A.

Farming Results during the last Two Decades. — The
opening address of the President of the Surveyors' Institution,
the Hon. Edward Strutt, delivered in November last, is of
more than ordinary interest to the agriculturist, dealing as it
does with the results of farming operations on a considerable
scale during the past eighteen years. Mr. Strutt is a firm
believer in English farming, though not unnaturally he would
like to vary the conditions under which agriculture is carried
on, in certain directions. Especially does he regret the laying
down of land to grass, with the consequent depopulation of
rural districts, and some figures which he gives seem to indicate
that the well-known preference which prevails amongst farmers
for farms with a large proportion of grass rests on no very sure
foundation. The farms to which Mr. Strutt's figures relate are
situated in Essex, and extend to about 2,000 acres. Careful
field accounts have been kept since the year 1894, and whilst
the net annual profit on the arable land has l>een no less than

yote.^, Communications and Reviewa. 371

21. Is. Id. per acre, the grass land during the same period has
shown a profit of 7s. lie?, per acre only. The prejudice that
exists to-day in favour of grass-land arose, of course, during
the agricultural depression, when everything which tended to
minimise expense was welcomed, and owing to the complete
lack of anything approaching accurate accountancy in farming,
the effect of the altered conditions of to-day are not fully
appreciated.

Mr. Strutt's accounts call for very close study, and they are
stated w4tli great detail and completeness, so that it is possible
to arrive at the profits for any given period. Thus, whilst the
results for the past eighteen years are as just stated, the profits
during the last six years are even more strikingly in favour of
plough land, for the accounts show an average credit balance of
21. 14s. ^d. per acre on arable land, and only 6.9. M. per acre on
grass land.

The profits, or losses, on every individual crop and on all
classes of live stock appear, and with regard to the latter, it is
interesting to note that only the cows and the poultry have
shown a profit throughout the whole period of eighteen years.
Cattle, sheep, and pigs all show a loss, though the cattle and
pigs have been profitable during the past six years.

Mr. Strutt's paper, which can be obtained from the Secre-
tary of the Surveyors' Institution, is deserving of the closest
examination, and it is to be hoped that the example set by him
in careful accountancy may find many imitators, so that
more data may be available in the future as to the condition of
the agricultural industry.

C. S. 0.

The effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease on the Milk Trade of
Lancashire. — A great deal has been written on the hardships
incurred by feeders through the prevalence of foot-and-mouth
disease in Ireland, but little has been said of the consternation
among the milk producers of this county, caused l^y the
embargo on Irish cattle.

Lancashire, as probably all the readers of this note are
aware, is one of the largest milk producing counties in the
kingdom. This is due to the densely populated districts of
south and south-east Lancashire that have to be catered for.
The dairy farming of the county may be divided into three
classes. The first is to be found close to any town. Here the
farmer produces milk and sells it in the town. He seldom
sells it to a dealer but "kits" milk, which is the local term for
retailing it. This class of farm is worked purely to produce
milk, and nothing is kept except cows in milk. No calves
are reared and the cows, as soon as dry, are sold as " lying

372 Notes, Communications and Reviews.

off" to go to outlying farms. They are seldom milked for
more than one " note " as one period of milking is called.

The second class is very similar, comprising as it does those
farms not near a town but within easy reach of a railway. The
farmer sells his milk wholesale to dealers in the towns.
The method of working such farms is generally very much the
same as those in the first class, though in some instances calves
are reared.

The third class is confined to districts not within easy reach
of the railway. This class consists of cheese making, butter
making, and stock rearing. In many of these outlying districts
farmers buy the "lying-off" cows from the milk-sellers and
keep them till they calve, when they are sold back to the milk-
sellers. It is the two first classes that have sufl:"ered from the
closing of the ports against Irish cattle. It is apparent that
from its geographical position Lancashire is the natural outlet
for Ireland's large consignments of cattle, and every week
numbers of new-calved and springing Irish cows are sold in
the Lancashire markets. It is from these that the milk-seller
largely draws his supplies. When the restrictions were first
put on, prices for milk-cows naturally rose, but not to a very
great extent, as there were a considerable number of new-
calved cows (English) on the market. Then came an outbreak
in South-East Lancashire which affected a large district ; prices
remained normal, or even dropped, as no cows could be moved
into this area. But when the restrictions were taken off there
was a rush for milk. Prices ruled high till fresh outbreaks
were reported near Blackburn and Preston, and these outbreaks
again lowered prices, for the reason just stated. As soon as
these districts w^ere no longer scheduled the markets were
crowded out with buyers, with the result that cows which had
any milk about them at all have reached a figure that is the
highest on record.

The prospects before the milk-seller are not encouraging.
He has to choose between two evils ; either to buy cows at
a price which, by a large amount, they will never fetch again,
or else to lose customers. The latter course cannot be followed
by the second class of farmer, as he has to keep up his contract
which he very likely entered into before foot-and-mouth
disease appeared.

The outsider would naturally say that the price of milk
should rise. In so}ne towns it has risen, but there are still
some populous centres where it remains at the same rate at
which it has been for years. This is, of course, to a large
extent in the hands of the farmers, but when so many indi-
viduals are selling in one town the diSiculty of bringing about
any sort of combination or understanding among them is very

Notes, Communications and Revieics. ))73

great, particularly as so many of them are working under yearly
contracts.

The third class of farmer has in the meanwhile had an
exceptionally good year. He has no milk-round or contract to
keep up, whilst his new-calved cows, when sold, have fetched
enormous prices.

The farmer, too, who goes in for " lying-off " cows has come
out \evy much better than he ever appeared likely to do, as this
class of cow was fetching a high price in the early part of the
summer. The Lancashire milk-seller is hoping for the removal
of the restrictions against Irish cattle, but he is the last man to
want Irish cattle brought into England without proper precau-
tions being taken to ensure that fresh infection in his county
should be impossible.

W. R. P.

The Agricultural Organisation Society. — In order to qualify
for grants from the Development Fund, the Agricultural
Organisation Society has now l)een reconstituted to meet certain
conditions laid down by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
and the Development Commission with the approval of the
Treasury.

Under the said conditions the work of agricultural organisa-
tion on co-opei*ative lines is to be continued, but on a more
comprehensive scale. The first Governors, who hold office
until April, 1914, have been appointed by the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries and the Development Commission
jointly, and in addition to representatives of the old Society's
governing body, include representatives of important agi'icvil-
tural interests and other public V)odies, e.g. the Board of Agricul-
ture, the County Councils Association, the Co-operative Union,
Railway Companies, the County Land Agents Association, &c.
Mr. R. A. Yerburgh, M.P., whose work on behalf of the
old Society is so well known and recognised, has been
appointed the first President, and the Earl of Shaftesbury,
K.P., K.C.V.O., the Chairman of the Governors. The re-
maining Governors are the Lord Strachie, Mr. F. D. Acland,
M.P., Mr. Charles Bathurst, M.P., Mr. S. Bostock, Mr. W.
Fitzherbert-Brockholes, D.L., Mr. Philip Burt, Mr. E. J. Cheney,
Mr. H. C. Fairfax-Cholmeley, Mr. J. S. Corbett, Mr. Rupert
Ellis, Mr. H. Jones-Davies, J.P., Mr. Cyprian Knollys, Mr.
Duncan Mclnnes, J.P., Mr. G. L. Pain, Mr. Abel H. Smith,
Mr. Clement Smith, The Hon. Edward Strutt, Mr. A. White-
head, Colonel Robert Williams, M.P., Mrs. Roland Wilkins,
and Sir James Wilson, K.C.S.I.

The first meeting of the Governors took place on October
9 last at the Westminster Palace Hotel, Westminster, S.W.

374

SIR CHARLES WHITEHEAD.

During the year the Society has suffered the loss of three
Members who served it on its Council, and in many other
ways.

Sir Charles Whitehead, who was born in 1834, was a native
of Kent, and was educated at Tonbridge School. Considera-
tions of health decided his parents to have him trained in
agriculture, and he spent some time with the late Mr. Elias
Squarey, in Wiltshire. Subsequently he farmed in Kent for
many years, and at the same time he devoted himself to
administrative work of all kinds ; but in 1880, owing to the
pressure of county and other public engagements, he finally
gave up farming.

Sir Charles contributed many articles, principally on hop
and fruit-growing, and on insect pests, to the Journal of the
Royal Agricultural Society and to the agricultural press
generally. He was a member of the Royal Commission on
Agricultural Depression, and he conducted many investigations
of plant diseases for the Committee of Council for Agriculture,
being ultimately appointed Agricultural Adviser to that body.
On the appointment of the Board of Agriculture, he continued
in this office with the title of Technical Adviser. Sir Charles
joined the Royal Agricultural Society in the year 1857, and in
1866 he was elected a Member of Council, representing his
native county. He served on the Council for thirty-seven
years, during which he acted upon the Journal, Chemical,
Botanical and Zoological Committees, and officiated both as
Steward and Judge at the aimual shows on many occasions.
In the year 1889 he was elected a Governor of the Society.

Sir Charles Whitehead married, in 1865, Catherine Letitia,
daughter of the late Mr. R. C. P. Balston, of Thornhills,
Maidstone. His wife predeceased him in 1896, and Sir
Charles himself died suddenly on the 29th November last.

Henry Dudding. 375

HENRY DUDDING.

Mr. Henry Dudding was the last representative of a family
noted as agriculturists in Lincolnshire, for upwards of two
hundred years. He was boi'n at Panton, in Lincolnshire,
in April, 18.'U, and was the son of Richard Dudding, w^ho
occupied a very considerable holding on the Turnor estate, as
his father had done before him. In the early eighties, after
the death of his father, Mr. Dudding moved to Riby, and
occupied farms there under Capt. Pretyman, and Lord Yar-
borough, up to the time of his death. His forebears had
always been noted breeders of pedigree stock, but at Riby,
Mr. Dudding greatly enhanced the family reputation by his
phenomenal success with Lincolnshire Long-wool sheep, and
with Shorthorn cattle. Buyers would come from all parts of
the world to his annual sales, and in the capacity of Judge, he
himself travelled far and wide. He was an exhibitor on a large
scale, and in the year 1906 his shearling ram, champion at the
Derby Royal Show, was sold for the record price of 1,450
guineas. Mr. Dudding was a man of wide interests, and was
actively concerned in the management of many Agricultural
and Breed Societies. In politics he was a Conservative, but he
took no active part in political work. He joined the Royal
Agricultural Society in the year 1870, and was elected a Member
of Council, representing his native county, in 1906. Mr. Dudding
w^as never married, and his death, a few days after an operation,
occurred on the 8th December last.

GEORGE TAYLOR.

Another noted Shorthorn breeder has been removed by the
death of Mr. George Taylor, who passed away, after a painful
and protracted illness, on August '2^^ 1912. Mr. Taylor was
born on January 15, 1852, at Stanton Prior, Somersetshire —
the home of his father and grandfather. Here he established
his celebrated herd of Bates Shorthorns in the year 1878 by
purchasing three of the best cows at the sale of Mr. Thomas
Harris, of Bromsgrove. The herd was removed to Cranford
Park in the year 1891. From its foundation careful records
wvre kept, and these show that the production of animals

376 George Taylor.

combining heavy yields with high breeding was the result
of Mr. Taylor's efforts.

He joined the Royal Agricultural Society in 1879, and in
the year 1905 was elected to a seat on the Council as the
representative of the division of Middlesex. He served on
two of the Society's important Committees — the StocE: Prizes
and the Showyard Works, at the monthly meetings of which
he displayed his keen knowledge of business. Mr. Taylor was
also associated with many other Ijodies connected with agri-
culture, and in 1911 was President of the Shorthorn Society.

He always took an active part in public affairs, and for
many years was Chairman of the Keynsham Highway Board,
being invited to become their first representative on the
County Council — an honour he had to decline on account of
his leaving the district for Cranford. In 1910 he was elected a
county councillor for the Middlesex division.

Mr. Taylor was a public spirited man and a sportsman,
with the reputation of being as good a judge of a horse and
hound as of a Shorthorn.

Illajial |igricu[tural Sccictg ai (^nglaiitr.

{Estahlislied Mmj 9th, 181^8, as the ENGLISH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, and
incorj)()rtited bij Roijal Charter on March 2(yth, 1840).

Year when

elected on

Council.

1889

1895

1871

1893

1885

1898

1881

1883

1899

1880

1899

1881

1905
1905
1887
1908
1891
1903
1876
1900
190-1
1908
1881
1907

1910
1905
1911
1911
1906
1909

1910
1906
1905

Patron.

HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING.

President for 1913.

THE EARL OF NORTHBEOOK.

Trustees.

H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G., Cumbei-latid Lodge, Windsor.
Bedford, Duke of, K.G., Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire.
BowEN-JoNES, Sir J. B., Bart., Council House Court, Shrewsbury.
Cornwallis, F. S. W., Linton Park, Maidstone, Kent.
Coventry, Earl of, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcestershire.
Devonshire, Duke of, G.C.V.O., Chatsworth, Chesterfield.
GlLBEY, Sir Walter, Bart., Elsenham, Hall, Msenhavi, Essex.
Jersey, Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Middleton Park, Bicester, 0.con.
Middleton, Lord, Birdsall House, Malton, Yorks.
Moreton, Lord, Sarsden House, Chipping Nortoii, Oxon.
NoRTHBROOK, Earl of, Stratton, Michelderer, Hampshire.
Thorold, Sir John H., Bart., Old Hall, Syston, Grantham.

Vice= Presidents.

Adeane, C. R. W., Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

Cooper, Sir Richard P., Bart., Shenstone Court, Lichfield,

Crutchley, Percy, Sunninghill Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.

Derby, Earl of, G.C.V.O., C.B., Knoiosley, Prescot, Lancashire.

Dugdale, J. Marshall, Llwyn, Llanfyllin S.O., Mont.

Fellowes, Rt. Hon. Sir Ailwyn E., K.C.V.O., Honingham., Norwich.

Feversham, Earl of. Buncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire.

Greaves, R. M., Wem, Portmadoc, lYorth Wales.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart., C.V.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.

Northumberland, Duke of, K.G., Ahiwick Castle, Northumberland.

Parker, Hon. Cecil T., The Grove, Corsham, Wiltshire.

Yarborough, Earl of, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

Ordinary Members of tlie Council.

Alexander, D. T., Bryneitlien, Dinas Poivis (^Glamorganshire').

Aveling, Thomas L., Boley Hill House, Rochester (Kent).

Behrens, Capt. Clive, Sivinton Grange, Malton (Yorks., .N Biding).

Betts, E. W., Bahinglcy, King's Lynn {Norfolk).

Brocklehurst, Henry Dent, Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe (Glos.).

Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. J. F., C.V.O., C.B., Ranksborough, Oak-
ham (Rutland).

Brown, Davis, Marham Hall, Doionham Market (^Norfolk).

BuTTAR, Thomas A., Corston, Coupar Angus (Scotland).

Carden, Richard George, Fishmoyne, Templemore, Co. Tipperary
(Ireland).

List of Council of the Society.

Year when
first elected
on Council

1905
1909
1905

1911
1913
1905
1907
1909
1906
1907
1910
1905
1903
1911
1909
1910
1905
1905
1903
1908
1900
1905
1905
1912
1909
1909
1904
1905
1904
1910
1884
1911
1907
1910
1909
1912
1905
1906
1909
1905
1897
1905
1908
1897
1905
1907
1905
1891
1912
1907
1904
1889
1889

1908

Ordinary Members of the Council {continued).

Cakr, Richardson, Estate Office, Tring Park (Hertfurdshire).

Cross, Hou. John E., Iliffh Legh, Knutsfurd (Cheshire).

Eadie, John T. C, The EocJt, Newton Sulney, Burto)i-on-Trent

{Derbyshh-e^.
Evans, Arthur E., Bronwylfa, Wrewhain (North Wales}.
Evens, John, Burton, Lincoln (Lincolnshire).

Falconer, James, Northbrook Farm, Micheldever Station (Ilamj).th ire) .
Frank, Howard, 20 Hanover Square, W. (London).
Garne, W. T., Aldsworth, Xorthleach ((rlouceste)'shire).
Glover, James W., Beechioood, Warwick (Warwickshire).
Hamlyn, Ernest A., Oakdale, Ockley (Surrey).
Harlech, Lord, Brogyntyn, Oswestry (Shropshire).
Harris, Joseph, Brackenbro^igh Tower, Carlisle (Cumberland).
Harrison, William, Hall House, Leigh (Lancashire).
Hastings, Lord, Melton Constable Park (Xorfolk).
Hazlerigq, Sir Arthur G., Bart., Xoseley Hall (Leicestershire).
Henderson, Major H. G., M.P., Kitemore, Faringdon (Berkshire).
Hine, John Henry, Pomphlett Farm, Plymstock, Plymouth (Devon).
HisCOCK, Arthur, Manor Farm, Motcombe, Sliaftesbury (Bor-^et).
HOBBS, Robert W., lielmscott, Lechlade (Oxfordshire).
Hosken, W. J., Pulsack, Hayle (Cornwall).

Howard, John Howard, Clapham Park, near Bedford (Bedfordshire).
Ingram, Walter F., 2 St. Andrew's Place, Lewes (Su,isex).
Knightley, Sir Charles V., Bart., Faw.<dey, Daventry (Nortliants).
Lane-Fox, George R., M. P., Bnimham Park, Boston Spa ( Yorks, W.B.).
LUDDINGTON, J. L., Littleport, Fly (Cambridgeshire).
Mansell, Alfred, College Hill, Shrewsbury [Shropshire).
Mathews, Ernest, Little Shardeloes, Amersham (Buckinghamshire).
May, William A., 3 Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. (London).
Middleton, Christopher, Vane Terrace, Darlington (Durhani).
MiDWOOD, G. NORRIS, The Grange, North Rode, Congleton (Cheshire).
Miller, T. Horrocks, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde (Lancashire).
Myatt, John, Lynn House, Lichfield (Staffordshire).
NocTON, William, Langham Hall, Colchester (Essex).
Overman, Henry, Weasenham, Swaffham (Norfolk).
Patterson, R. G., Acto7i Hill, Stafford (Staffordshire).
Perkin, a. W., Greenford Green, Harrow (Middlese.r).
PiLKlNGTON, Claude M. S., Wollaton, Nottingham (Notti nghamsh i re).
Plumptre, H. Fitzw alter, Goodnestone, near Canterbury (Kent).
Prout, W. a., Sawbridgeivorth, Herts. (London).
Rea, George Grey, Middleton, Wooler (Northumberland).
Reynard, Frederick, Sunderlandwick, Driffield (Yorks., E. Riding).
Richmond and Gordon, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester (Sussex).
Ridley, Viscount, Blagdon, Cramlingtoii (Northumberland).
Rogers, C. Coltman, Statmge Park, Brampton Bryan (South Wales).
RowELL, John, Bury, Huntingdon (Hunti7igdonshire).
Smith, Fred, Deben Haugh, Woodbridge (Suffolk).
Smith, Henry Herbert, Bowood, Calne (Wiltshire).
St anyforth, E. Wilfrid, Kirk Hammerton Hall, York ( Yorks. , W.R.).
StbACHIE, Lord, Sutton Court, Pensford (Somerset).
Tindall, C. W., Wainffeet, S.O. (Lincolnshire).
Turner, Arthur P., The Leen, Pembridge (Herefordshire).
Wheeler, E. Vincent v., Newnham Court, Tenbury (Worcestershire).
Wilson, Christopher W., Rigmaden Park, Kirkby Lonsdale (West-
morland).
Wrigley, Louis C, Trelleck Grange, Chepstow (Monmouthshire),

Ill

STANDING COMMITTEES.

*^* Uuder By-law 39, the President is a Member e^- u^lficio of all Cum-
luittees, and the Trustees and Vice-Presidents are Members ex otfioUa of
all Standing Committees except the Committee of Selection.

The Honorary Director is a Member ex officio of all Comviittees.

Finance Committee.

AdeaNE, C. R. W. {('/uiinn'n/i). AvELING, T. L.

Devonshire, Duke of. Carr, Richardson.

North BROOK, Earl of. Cornwallis, F. S. W.

P'ellowes, Ri. Hon. Sir A. E. Crutchley, Percy.

Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart. Harrison, W.

Greenall, Sir G., Bart. Mathews, Ernest.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Wheeler, E. V. V.

Journal and Education Committee.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Brocklehorst, H. D. Mathews, Ernest.

Cornwallis, F. S. W. May, W. A.

Dugdale, J. Marshall. Plumptre, H. F.

LUDDINGTON, J. L. SMITH, H. H.

Wheeler, E. V. V.

(Chairiiian).
Hastings, Lord.
Moreton, Lord.

BowEN-JoNES, Sir J.B., Bart. Mansell, Alfred.
Adeane, C. R. W.

Chemica

BoWEN-JONES, Sir J. B.. Bart

(^Chairman).
Harlech, Lord.
Hastings, Lord
Knightley, Sir C. V., Bart.
Brocklehurst, H. D.
Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen.
Falconer, J.

Botanical
Rogers, C. C. {Chairunoi).
Moreton, Lord.
Strachie, Lord.
BowEN- Jones, Sir J. B., Bart.
Hazlerigg, Sir A. G., Bart.

1 and Woburn Committee.

Greaves, R. M. Patterson, R. G.

HosKEN, \\. J. Perkin, a. W.

Howard, John Howard. Pilkington, C. M.

Ingram, W. F

Luddington, J. L.

May, W. a.

Middleton, C.

Midwood, G. Norris

and Zoological Committee.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Middleton, C.

Brown, Davis

Cornwallis, F. S. W.

Lane-Fox, G. R.

Luddington, J. L.

Prout, W. a.
Reynard, F.
Tindall, C. W.
Turner, A. P.

Plumptre, H. F.
Prout, W. A.
Wheeler, E. V. V.

Veterinary Committee.

Nohthbrook, Earl of Carr, Richardson.

{Chair mcDt). Crutchley, Percy.
Strachie, Lord. Eadie, J. T. C.

Fellowes, Rt.Hon.SirA.E. Garne, W. T.
Parker, Hon. C. T. Harris, Joseph.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Mansell, Alfred
*McFadyean, Prof. Sir J.
Adeane. C. R. W.
Behrens, Capt. Clive.
Brown, Davis.

Presidentof Royal
College op Vety.
Surgeons.

Rowell, John.

Smith, Fred.

Smith, H. H.

Stanyforth, E. W.

swithinbank, h.

Wilson, C. W.

*Master of Farriers

Company.
Mathews, Ernest.
Miller, T. H.

* Professional Members of Veterinarij Coiiimiftee not Members of Council
Stock Prizes Committee.
Reynard, F. {Chuiruian'). Crutchley, Percy.

Coventry, Earl of.
Northbrook, Earl of.
Harlech, Lord.
Middleton, Lord.

Eadie, J. T. C.
Evans, Arthur E.
(Jarne, W. T.
Greaves, R. M.

BowEN- Jones, Sir J. B.. Bart. Henderson, Major H. G.

Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart.
Greenall, Sir G., Bart.
Behrens. Capt. Clive.
Brown, Davis.
BuTTAR, T. a.
Carr, Richardson.

HiNE, J. H.
PIOBBs, Robert W.
.Mansell, Alfred.
Mathews, Ernest.
Midwood, G. Norris.

Miller, T. H.
Myatt, John.
Overman, Henry.
Rea, G. G.
Rogers, C. C.
Rowell, John.
Smith, Fred.
Tindall, C. W.
Turner, A. P.
Wilson, C. W.
The Stewards of
Live Stock.

IV

Standinq Committees.

Implement Committee.

Greaves, K.M.(6%rtivw;(^(«)- Glover, J. W. Patterson, R. G.

Cross, Hon. J. E. Harrison, W. Pilkington, C. M. S.

BowEN-JoNES, Sir J.B., Bart. Howard, JoHx Howard. Prout, W. A.

Alexander, D. T. Luddington, J. L. Stantporth, E. W.

AVELiNG, T. L. Middleton, C. Wheeler, E. V. V.

Crutchley, Percy. Myatt, John. The Stewards of

Falconer, J.

Greenall, Sir G.,

(Chairman).
Cross, Hon. J. E.
Cooper, Sir R. P.,
Alexander, D. T.

Showyard Works Committee.

Implements.

Bart.

Bart.

Overman, Henry.
Pilkington, C. M. S.
Rea, G. G.
Reynard, F.
Stanyforth, E. W.

Aveling, T. L.
Carr, Richardson.
Crutchley, Percy.
Harrison, W.
Howard, J. H.
Lane-Fox. G. R.
Committee of Selection.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Fellowes, Rt. Hon.Sir A.E. Cornwallis,F.S.W

(C/iairman). Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart
The President. Aveling, T. L.

And the Chairman of each of the Standing Committees
Dairy and Produce Committee

Harris, J.
Wheeler, E. V. V.

Mathews, Ernest

{Chair mail).
Hastings, Lord
Parker, Hon. C. T.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart.
Behrens, Capt. Clive.

Dev^onshire, Duke of

{Chairman.)
Northbrook, Earl of.
Fellowes, Rt. Hon.Sir A E.
BowEN-JoNES, Sir J. B., Bart.
Cooper, Sir R. P., Bart.
Greenall, Sir G , Bart.
Thorold, Sir J. H.. Bart.
*McFadyean. Prof. Sir J.

HiNE, J. H.
Overman, Henry.
Plumptre, H. F.
Smith, Fred.
Wheeler, E. V. V.

Carr, Richardson
Crutchley, Percy.
Dugdale, J. Marshall
Evens, .John.
Greaves, R. M.
Henderson, Major H. G

Special Committee.

Adeane, C. R. W.
Aveling, T. L.
*BiFFEN, Prof. R. H.
Carr. Richardson.
*Cooper. W. F.
Cornwallis, F. S. W.
Crutchley, Percy.
Greaves, R. M.
Harrison, W.
* Scieidijic Memtter.^ of Sjiecial Committee not Memliers of Council.
General Bristol Committee.
The Council, with the following representatives of the Local Committee:
The Lord Mayor of Bristol. Humphries, Sidney.
Wills, Sir Frank. Kidner, Samuel.

Addie, Peter. Peter, James.

Bridgman, Henry. Riseley, H. L.

Cave, C. H. Taylor, E. J., Town Clerk.

Harle, J. J. Walker, Eldred G. F.

Hayes, Alderman C. A. Wills, H. W. Seccombe.

George Nichols, Local Hon. Seorctarij.
Honorary Director. — Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart.
Secretary.— Thomas McRow, 16 Bedford Square, W.C.

Mathews, Ernest.
'Nuttall, Prof.
Reynard, F.
Rogers. C. C.
Tindall, C. W.

VOELCKER, Dr. J. A.

Warburton, C.
Wheeler, E. V. V.
Wood, Prof. T. B,

Editor of Journal. — C. S. Orwin, School of Rural Economy. Crford.
Consulting Chemist. ^Br. J. AUGUSTUS Voelcker, M.A., F.LC., 1 Tudor

Street, London, E. C.
Consulting Veterinary Surgeon. — Prof. Sir John McFadyean, Royal

Veterinary College, Camden Town, X.W.
Bota7ilst. — Professor R. H. Biffen, M.A., School of Agriculture, Camhridge.
Zoologist. — Cecil Warburton, M.A., School of Agriculture, Cambridge.
Consulting Engineer. — F. S. Courtney, 25 Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.
Surveyor— J. R. Naylor, F.R.I. B. A., Smith's Bank Chamhers, Derby.
Consulting Surveyor. — George Hunt, Eresham, Worcestershire.
Publislier.—Jows Murray, 50a Albemarle Street. W.
Solicitors. — GARRARD, Wolfe, Gaze <k Clarke, 13 Suffolk Street, S.W.
Bankers. — The London County and Westminster Bank, St. James's Square.

Distribution of Governors and Af embers of the Society.

DISTRIBUTION OF GO\^ERNORS AND MEMBERS OF THE
SOCIETY, AND OF ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.

NtJMBKE OP

Ndmbkr

Electoral
District

Division

GOVKRNOaS
AND

Mrmbers

OP

Ordinary
Members
OP Council

Ordinary Members op Council

r

Bedfordshire

94

1

J. H. Howard.

Cheshire.

329

2

Hon. J. E. Cross ; G. Norris Mid-
wood.

Cornwall

87

1

W. J. Hosken.

Derbyshire .

144

I

J. T. C. Eadie.

Dorset ....

85

1

A. Hiscock.

Hampshire and
Channel Islands .

1 235

1

J. Falconer.

Heutfordsuire .

227

1

Richardson Carr.

A.

Lancashire and Isle
of Man ....

} 403

2

W. Harrison ; T. H. Miller.

Middlesex

105

1

A. W Parkin

Monmouthshire .

54

1

L. C. Wrigley.

Norfolk ....

057

4

f E.W.Betts; Davis Brown; Lord
\ Hasting-i ; Henry Overman.

Northamptonshire .

193

1

Sir C. V. Knightley.

Northumberland

269

2

G. G. Rea ; Viscount Ridley.

Staffordshire .

284

2

John Myatt ; R. G. Patterson.

Worcestershire .

190

1

E. V. V. Wheeler.

Yorkshire, N.R. .

202

1

Capt. Olive Behrens.

*-

Scotland ....

226
• 3,784

1
—24

T. A. Buttar.

'■

Buckinghamshire

150

I

E. Mathews.

Devon ....

161

1

J. H. Hine.

Durham ....

136

1

C. Middleton.

Essex

211

1

W. Nocton.

Herefordshire .

142

1

A. P. Turner.

Leicestershire .

193

1

Sir A G. Hazlerigg.

London ....

576

3

f Howard Frank ; W. A. May ;
\ W. A. Prout.

B.

Nottinghamshire

165

1

C. M. S. Pilkington.

Rutland ....

28

1

Maj.-Gen. J. F. Brocklehurst.

Shropshire .

328

2

Lord Harlech ; Alfred Mansell.

Suffolk ....

254

1

Fred Smith.

Surrey ....

225

I

E. A. Hamlyn.

Wiltshire

143

1

H. H. Smith.

Yorkshire, w.r. .

368

2

G. R. Lane-Fox, M.P. ; E. W.
Stanyforth.

•■

South wales.

101
3,181

1
—19

C. 0. Rogers.

f

Berkshire

184

1

Major H. G. Henderson, M.P.

Cambridgeshire .

182

1

J. L. Luddington.

Cumberland .

114

1

Joseph Harris.

Glamorgan .

84

1

D. T. Alexander.

Gloucestershire

338

2

H. D. Brocklehurst ; W. T. Game.

Huntingdonshire

47

i

John Rowell.

Kent

365

2

T. L. Aveling ; H. F. Plumptre.

Lincolnshire

353

2

C. W. Tindall

C- .

Oxfordshire .

168

1

R. W. Hohbs.

Somerset ....

123

1

Lord Straehie.

Sussex ....

291

2

\ W. F. Ingram ; Duke of
t Richmond and Gordon.

Warwickshire .

241

1

J. W. Glover.

Westmorland

58

1

C. W. Wilson.

Yorkshire, e.R. .

164

1

F. Reynard.

Ireland ....

123

1

R. G. Garden.

North Wales

181

1

3,016

-20

Foreign Countries ....

313

Members with no Addresses .

15

Grand Totals ....

10,309

63

VI

Table snowiNG tfie Number of GOVERNORS and MEMBERS

IN EACH YEAR FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOCIETY.

Year

ending

with

Governors

Members 1

President of the Year

Total.

Show of

Life

Annual

Life

Annual

Honor-
ary

1839

3rd Earl Spencer

1,100

1840

5th Duke of Richmond

86

189

146

2,434

5

2,860

1841

Mr. Philip Pusey . . . .

91

219

231

i047

7

4,595

.- 1842

Mr. Henry Handley . ' . .

101

211

328

5,194

15

5,849

1843

4th Earl of Hardwicke

94

209

429

6,155

15

6,902

1844

3rd Earl Spencer . . ' . .

95

214

442

6,161

15

6,927

1845

5th Duke of Richmond

94

198

527

5,899

15

6,733

• 1846

1st Viscount Portman . ' . .

92

201

554

6,105

19

6,971

1847

6th Earl of Egmont . " . .

91

195

607

5,478

20

6,391

1848

2nd Earl of Yarhorough

93

186

648

5,387

21

6,335

1849

3rd Earl of Cliichester . • . .

89

178

582

4,643

20

5,512

1850

4th Marquis of Downshire •

90

169

627

4,356

19

5,261

1851

5th Duke of Richmond

91

162

674

4,175

19

5,121

1852

2Dd Earl of Ducie . . • . .

93

156

711

4,002

19

4,981

1853

2nd Lord Ashburton . • . .

90

147

739

3,928

19

4,923

1854

Mr. Philip Pusev . . • . .

88

146

771

4,152

20

5,177

1855

Mr. WiUiam Miies, M.P. •

89

141

795

3.838

19

4,882

1856

iRt Viscount Portman ....

85

139

839

3,896

20

4,979

1857

Viscount Ossington ....

83

137

896

3,933

19

5,068

1858

6th Lord Borners

81

133

904

4,010

18

5,146

1859

7th Duke of Marlborough .

78

130

927

4,008

18

5,161

1860

5th Lord Wolsingham ....

72

119

927

4,047

18

5,183

1861

4th Earl of Powis

84

90

1,113

3,328

18

i633

1862

f H.R.H. The Prince Consort . 1
1 1st Viscount Portman . . j

83

97

1,151

3,475

17

i823

1863

Viscount Eversley

80

88

1,263

.3,735

17

5,183

1864

2nd Lord Feversham ....

78

45

1,343

4,013

17

5,496

1865

Sir E. C. Kerrison, Bart., M.P. .

79

81

1,386

4,190

16

5,7.52

1866

1st Lord Tredegar

79

84

1,395

4,049

15

5,622

1867

Mr. H. S. Thompson ....

77

82

1,388

3,903

15

5,465

1868

6th Duke of Richmond.

75

74

1.409

3,888

15

5,461

1869

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G. .

75

73

1,417

3,864

17

5,446

1870

7th Duke of Devonshire

74

74

1,511

3,764

15

5,436

1871

6th Lord Vernon

72

74

1,589

3,896

17

5.648

1872

Sir W. W. Wvnn, Bart., M.P. .

71

73

1,655

3,953

14

5,768

1873

Earl Cathcart

74

62

1,832

3,936

12

5.916

1874

Mr. Edward Holland ....

76

58

1,944

3,756

12

5,846

1875

Viscount Bridport

79

79

2,058

3,918

11

6,145

1876

2nd Lord Chesham ....

83

78

2,164

i013

11

6,349

1877

Lord Skelmersdale ....

81

76

2,239

4,073

17

6,486

1878

Col. Kingscote, C.B., M.P. .

81

72

2.328

4.130

26

6,637

1879

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G. .

81

72

2,453

4,700

26

7.332

1880

9th Duke of Bedford ....

83

70

2,673

5,083

20

7,929

1881

Mr. William Wells

85

69

2,765

5,041

19

7,979

1882

Mr. John Dent Dent ....

82

71

2,849

5.059

19

8,080

1883

6th Duke of Richmond and Gordon .

78

71

2,979

4,952

19

8099

1884

Sir Brandreth Gibbs ....

72

72

3,203

5,408

21

8.776

1885

Sir M. Lopes. Bart., M.P. .

71

69

3,356

5,619

20

9,135

1886

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G. .

70

61

3.414

5,569

20

9,134

1887

Lord Egerton of Tatton

71

64

3,440

5,387

20

8.982

1888

Sir M. W. Ridley. Bart., M.P. .

66

56

3,521

5,225

16

8,884

1889

Her Majesty Queen Victoria .

73

58

3,567

7,153

15

10,866

1890

Lord Moreton

192

58

.3,846

6,941

17

10.984

1891

2nd Earl of Ravensworth .

117

60

3,811

6,921

19

10,928

1892

Earl of Feversham ....

111

69

3,784

7,066

20

11,050

1893

1st Duke of Westminster, K.G. .

107

74

3,786

7,138

21

11,126

1894

8th Duke of Devonshire, K.G. .

113

73

3,798

7,212

22

11,218

1895

Sir J. H. Thorold, Bart.

120

80

3,747

7,179

23

11,149

1896

Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart. .

126

83

3,695

7,253

23

11,180

1897

H.R.H, The Duke of York, K.G. .

126

83

3,705

7,285

24

11,223

1898

Earl Spencer, K.G

121

79

3,687

7,182

25

11,094

1899

Earl of Coventry

116

75

3,656

7,009

23

10,879

1900

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G. .

111

71

3,628

6,832

24

10,666

1901

Earl Cawdor

102

70

3,564

6,338

27

10,033

1902

H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G. .

100

69

3.500

5,955

26

9,650

1903

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G. .

99

62

3,439

5,771

27

9,398

1904

16th Earl of Derby, K.G. .

96

68

3,375

5,906

32

9.477

1905

Lord Middleton

95

72

3,270

.5,808

31

9,276

1906

Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis

94

155

3,132

6,189

30

9,600

1907

Earl of Yarborough ....

91

174

3,076

6,299

29

9,669

1908

Duke of Devonshire ....

89

178

3.019

6,442

30

9,758

1909

Earl of Jersey, G.C.B

91

177

2,951

6,696

31

9,946

1910

Sir Gilbert Greenall. Bart. .

86

166

2,878

6,934

31

10.095

1911

His Majesty King George v.

85

168

2,805

7,191

■iO

10,279

1912

Lord Middleton

85

170

2,741

7,283

30

10,309

Vll

STATEMENT made to the Council by the Chairman
of the Finance Committee, on presenting the
Accounts for the year 1912.

Mr. Adeane, in presenting, on behalf of the Finance Committee, the
accounts of the Society for the year 1912, said that as these were similar to
those presented for the year 1911, he would only have to detain the Council
a short time.

The income for last year was just 36/. less than it was in the preceding
year. The expenditure was less in 1912 than in 1911 by 366?., and this was
partly due to the payment in the year 1911 of the first instalment, amounting
to 259?., for the insurance scheme of the officials of the Society. The total
income for 1912 was 9,755?., and the total expenditure 9,402?., leaving a credit
balance at the end of the year of 353?.

With regard to the balance-sheet, at the end of 1912 the capital of the
Society stood at 51,478?., against 49,484?. in the preceding year. On the
credit side of that account it would be noticed that the invested Reserve Fund
stood at the same figure as in 1911, but there was a further sum of 2,143?.
under the heading of cash at bankers, which belonged to the account of the
Reserve Fund, and which, together with the credit balance on the ordinary
account of 353?., the Council would be asked to invest. This would bring the
Reserve Fund to 45,928?., valued at cost price. It was very much to be
regi'etted that their investments in Consols showed a further depreciation on
last year of something like 900?., and, taking that depreciation into considera-
tion, they recommended that the 2,500?. which they had to invest should be
put into 3 per cent. Metropolitan Consolidated Stock, which was terminable at
par in 1941, and was therefore likely to appreciate as it approached the period
of its extinction, and which, at the present price of 88, would pay about Sj
per cent.

FORBCAST OF ORDINARY RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR 1913.

(Other than in respect of the Show.)
Prepared by direction of the Finance Committee on the basis of the recommenda-
tions of September 21, 1905, made by the Special Committee.
Actual
Figures

for 1912. Receipts.

£ £

8,158 From Subscriptions for 1913 of Governors and Members 8,160

105 From Interest on Daily Balances 100

1,214 From Interest on Investments 1,270

278 From Sales of Text Book, Pamphlets, &c. (This does not include the sales

of Journals which are deducted from the cost of production) . . . 270

9,755 9,8C0

Expenditure.

£ £

1,565 Salaries of Secretary and Official Staff . 1,586

140 Pensions to Officials 140

725 Rent, Lighting, Cleaning, Wages, &c. (say) 720

582 Printing and Stationery 550

21(3 Postage and Telegrams 200

292 Miscellaneous 400

847 Journal 880

766 Chemical Department 750

255 Botanical Department 250

200 Zoological Department 200

402 "Veterinary Department 400

185 Examinations for National Diplomas (R.A.S.E. Share) 200

2,500 Contribution from Subscriptions to Show Fund 3,500

8,675 8,776

VI 11

Exceptional Expenditure.

& £

286 Tuberculosis Experiment 150

1I(J Trials of Drills —

— Trials of Milking Machines. &c. 400

22 Hills' Bequest : Excess Expenditure —

— Library Catalogue and Binding Books 25

241 Elements of Aqriculture — Xinv Edition (balance of cost) —

31 New Die for Medal —

31 Agricultural Research Essaii —

— Contribution to British Overseas Section 100

— Painting and Cleaning Interior of 16 Bedford Square 200

9,402 Total Estimated Expenditure 9,651

£

Estimated Eeceipts 9,800

Estimated Expenditure 9,651

353 Estimated Receipts over Expenditure 149

He then dealt with the estimate of receipts and expenditure for the year
1913. They estimated that they would receive from Subscriptions for 1913 of
Governors and Members 8,1()0/., from Interest on Daily Balances 100/., from
Interest on Investments 1,270/., and from Sales of Text Book, Pamphlets, &c.,
270Z., making a total of 9,800/. The expenditure they estimated as follows : —
Salary of Secretary and Official Staff, 1,586/. ; Pensions to Officials. 140/. ;
Rent, Lighting, Cleaning, Wages, \c. (say) 720/. ; Printing and Stationery,
550/. ; Postage and Telegrams, 200/. ; Miscellaneous, 400/. ; Journal, 880/. ;
Chemical Department, 750/. ; Botanical Department, 250/. ; Zoological Depart-
ment, 200/. ; Veterinary Department, 400/. ; Examinations for National
Diplomas, 200/. ; Contributions from Subscriptions to Show Fund, 2,500/. ;
giving a total estimated ordinary expenditure of 8,776/.

Under the head of exceptional expenditure they thought that the Tubercu-
losis Experiment at Woburn, which would terminate this year, would cost
150/., and if it did not exceed that figure they would be within the limit of
80()/. which the Council voted three years ago for the purpose of the experi-
ment. He had been told by the Chairman of the Implement Committee that
the Trials of Milking Machines would cost 400/., the entries having been more
numerous than was first expected. For the Library Catalogue and Binding
Books 25/. had been allowed. Under the heading of contribution to the
British Overseas Section he a«ked them to vote 100/. He then read a few lines
of a letter received by Mr. McKow from the Bristol Committee, in which they
said they would like to bring before the Council the question of their making
a grant towards the overseas programme. As it would be advertising the
Bristol Show in Cana<la and other Dominions, he thought it advisable that the
Society should do as they had been asked. Then the time was approaching
when the Society must thoroughly clean the house, and they estimated that
this would cost 2ii0/. The total estimated expenditure was, therefore, 9,651/.,
and they estimated that the credit balance of receipts over expenditure would
be 149/. at the end of the year.

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VOL. 7S.

Dr.

noYAL AGRICULTURA]
Balance-sheei

Uonespond-

ing flgmes

for 1911.

2,693
99

3.241

47,204

1,968
553

57

23
49,805

49,484

£ «. d. £ s. d.

To SUNDKY CREDITOKS—

Sundry Creditors

Subscriptions received in 1912 in advance .
Show Receipts received in 1912 and belonging to
1913

To CAPITAL-

As at December 31, 1911

Balance from Show Fund—

Contribution from Ordinary Account . . 2,500 0 0
Less Loss on Doncaster Show . . • . 1,232 11 0

Life Compositions received in 1912 ....
Donations towards the Society's Funds
Credit Balance on Ordinary Income and Expen-
diture Account

DEPRECIATIONS written off, viz. :-

Fixtures 30 18 1

Furniture 128 13 4

Machinery 7 5/

Show Plant 164 16 5

Buildings at Woburn 50 0 0

2,838 1
151 6

2,014 17

4
6

4

49,484 6

9

;£52,725

1,267 9 0

687 0 0

68 0 0

353 0 6

51,859 16 3

381 13 5

£56,48

THOMAS McROW, Secretary.
WELTON, JONES »& CO., Accountants.

SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
Decembek 31, 1912.

Cr.

43.428

1,287
1,500

1,648

400

By Reserve Fund 52.3331. 5.9. Gd. Con.'<ols, at cost
(average cost 831)

(Value on December 31, 1912, at 7.^i=39,511^. 12s. 5rf.)

By LEASE OF 16 BEDFORD SQUARE .

Less Amount written off

By FIXTURES-

Value at December 30, 1911

Less Depreciation at 7i per cent

By FURNITURE—

Value at December 30, 1911

Less Depreciation at 10 per cent

By PICTURES (500Z.) and BOOKS (1,000/.) .

By MACHINERY—

Value at December 30, 1911 ....
Less Depreciation at 10 per cent.

By SHOW PLANT—

Value at December 30, 1911 ....
Less Depreciation at 10 per cent.

Added during 1912

By BUILDINGS FOR POT EXPERIMENTS AT
WOBURN—

As per Account at December 30, 1911

Less Depreciation

1,170

By SUNDRY DEBTORS

By CASH AT BANKERS AND IN HAND—

133

Ordinary Account

121

Reserve Fund Account

53

In Hand

307

£52.725

£ s.

if.

£ s.

(/.

43,428 IS

0

2,500 0

0

100 0

0

2,400 0

0

412 1

0

30 18

1

381 2

11

1,286 14
128 13

1

4

1,158 0

9

1,500 0

0

72 16

1

7 5

7

65 10

6

1,648 4

8

164 16

5

3
0

1,490 1

1,483 8
6 13

3

400 0 0
50 0 0
350 0 0

2.129 18 5

2,143 1 5

33 4 2

1,402 13 7

4,306 4 0

£56,482 8 0

Examined, audited, and found correct, this SOth day of January, 1913.
JONAS M. WEBB, )

HUBERT J. GREENWOOD, [ Auditors on behalf of the Societij.
NEWELL P. SQUAREY, j

Xll

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1911.

£

911

175

6,703

176

56

8,151

no

1,221

50

242

17

1,640

STATEMENT OF ORDINARY INCOME

The Expenditure in this account includes not only cash payments,

income.

Annual Subscriptions:— £ s. rf. £ ». d.

Governors : Subscriptions for 1912 922 5 0

il/ewb<Ts: Received in 1911, hut belonging to 1912 . . 02 1 0

Subscriptions for 1912 6.802 ?, 0

Subscriptions for 1912 (additional) . ... 157 7 0

Subscriptions for previous years . . . . 70 3 0

Life Governors and Members:—

Annual Contributions 108 4 0

8,158 3 0

Miscellaneous:—

Interest on Daily Balances 105 9 0

Income on Investments 1,213 14 5

Sales of Pamphlets, Diagrams, &c 26 16 4

Sales of Text Book 226 0 4

Miscellaneous 25 4 0

1,597 4 1

Rent of 12 Hanover Square 310 15 0

Less Rent paid 310 15 0

£9,791

«9,75S 7 1

THOMAS MCEOW, Secretary.
WELTON, JONES & CO., Accountants

AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE YEAR 1912.

but all liabilities in connection with the year's transactions.

Correspond-

inB figures

for 1911.

£

1,543

259

140

97
877

30
528
179

71

3.«24

572
205
280
30

1,087

357

278
30

300
200
400

170
26
30

24

16

50

316

228

"4
114

41
40

25
II

117

36

693

2,500

23

;£9.79I

£, s. d. £ s. d.

General Administration :-

Salaries of Oflacial Staff 1,565 10 8

Pensions to Officials 140 0 0

Professional Charges:— Auditors' Fees, &c .'iS 16 0

Rent.Rates, Taxes, Insurance, and House Expenses . . 72") 7 5

Binding and Purchase of Books 20 8 0

Printing and Stationery .581 IS 9

Po.stage .and Telegrams 215 19 11

Carriage of Parcels and Travelling Expenses

(including annual visit to Woburn) 87 15 9

Advertising and Miscellaneous Office Expenses . . . 124 18 9

■ 3,320 15 3

Journal of the Society, Vol. 73:—

Printing, Binding, &c 625 0 0

Postage, Packing, and Delivery 205 0 0

Editing and Literary Contributions 270 0 0

Illustrations 70 0 0

1,170 0 0
£ s. d.
Less Sales (Vol. 72 and earher) . . . . 70 13 1
Advertisements (Vol. 73) . . . . 270 0 U

340 13 1

829 6 11

Add :— Debit Balance from Vol. 72 17 10 10

846 17 9

Elements of Agriculture:—

Printing New Edition (Two-thirds cost) .

Laboratory:—

Salaries, Wages, &c.

Other Scientific Departments:—

Botanist's Salary and Expenses .

Zoologist's Salary

Grant to Royal Veterinary College .
Medals for Proficiency in Cattle Pathology

National Diploma in Agriculture:—

Honoraria and Expenses of Examiners ..... 173 12

Travelling Expenses of Officials 43 1

Hotel Expenses of Examiners and Officials .... 43 19

Printing. Stationery, and Postage 40 11

Writing Diplomas

Salaries for Assistants

240 17 1

763 19 10

2.55
200
400

2
0
0

9
0
0

(i

ti

837 9 3

15 2
49 10

0

0

365 16 10
106 15 1

259 1 9
129 10 10

Less Entry Fees and Sales of Examination Papers
Less Highland and Agi'icultural Society's Moiety

National Diploma in Dairying:—

Hire of Premises, &c 24 1

Fees to Examiners 41 1

Hotel and Travelling Expenses 24 6

Printing and Postage 4 18

129 10 11

Less Entry Fees and Sales of Examination Papers

94 7
40 1

54 5 10

Extra Expenditure:—

Calf Exi:)eriments at Woburn 285 11 2

Trials of Drills 116 2 7

Hills' Bequest :— Excess expenditure for 1911 . . . . 22 16 11

New Die for Medal 30 10 0

Agricultural Research Es.say 31 10 0

Contribution to Show Fund

Credit balance carried to Balance-sheet .

486 10 8

2,500 0 0

333 0 6

£9,755 7 1

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 30th day of January, 1913.

JONAS M. WEBB. )

HUBERT J. GREKXWO )D, )■ Auditors on behalf of the Societu.

NEWELL P. SQUAREY. J

xiv STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPEN-

JULY 2 TO

Correspoud-

ing flgures

for 1911.

£
z,ooo

4,i66

6,489
168

52

6,716

assS

344

3,88z

34
166

63
49
10
64

151
29

366

436

21

"937

36

901

451

75
97
60
30
6

17

736

"Receipts.

£ s. d.
Subscription from Doncaster Local Committee ....
Prizes given by Agricultural and Breed Societies . . . 50111 0
Do. do. Doncaster Local Committee 1,891 0 0

Contributions from Stock Esbibitors

Fees for Entry of Implements:—

Implement Exbibitors' Payments for Shedding
Non-Members' Fees for Entry of Implements .
Fees for Entry of "New Implements"

Fees for Entry of Live Stock:—

By 2,249 Members' Entries @ 11. .
616 Members' Entries ® 21. .
19 Substituted Entries @ 5s.
By 7(» Entries @ 10s..

6,366
179

£ s. d.
. 2,249 0 0
. 1,232 0 0
4 15 0
35 0 0
215 Entries @ 5s 53 15 0

£
2,000

2,392 11
290 2

6,597 6

Less Fees Returned .

By 136 Non-Members' Entries @ 21.

59 Non-Members' Entries @ 4/.
2 Substituted Entries ® 10s. .

Less Fees Returned

3,574 10
2,137 15

0

0

272 0

236 0

1 0

0

0
0

509 0
271 0

0
0

1,436 15 0

238 0 0

Fees for Entry of Poultry:—

By Members :— 256 Entries @ 2s. Gd. .
By Non-Members :— 987 Entries @ 3s. 6d.

Other Entry Fees:—

Produce . . ....

Horse-shoeing Competitions .
Butter-making Competitions
Horse-jumping Competitions
Farm Prize Competitions
Plantations Competitions

1,674 15

32 0 0
172 14 6

63 2 0

53 10 0

3 10 0

57 0 0

114 10 0

16 13 0

Catalogue:—

Extra Lines for Particulars of Implement £ s. d.

Exhibits 21 12 0

Woodcuts of "New Implements" ... 650

Advertising in Catalogue 405 16 11

Sales of Implement Section of Catalogue 19 14 6

Sales of Combined Catalogue .... 438 9 10

Sales of Jumping Programme .... 17 0 0

Less Commission on Sales

Miscellaneous Receipts:—

Admission to Horticultural Exhibition

Admission to Garage . , . .

Admission to Dog Show (25 % of net takings)

Premium for Supply of Refreshments

Rent for Railway Offices

Premium for Cloak Room

Rent for Board of Agriculture Pavilion

Nai'se Coifs

Miscellaneous

Carried forward .

308 S

908 18 3
32 18 0

97 6 9

13 5 0

75 0 0

103 10 0

60 0 0

30 0 0

30 8 5

876 0

£14,783 3 11

DITURE OF THE SHOW AT DOKCASTER,

6, 1912.

XV

Correspond-
ing flgures
for 1911.

^a:pen6thtre.

1,231 11 0

Cost of Erection of Showyard :—

Transferring Society's Permanent Buildings from Nor-
wich to Donc;ister (including taking down and re-
erecting)

Fencing round Showyard 536 17 0

Implement Shedding l,:-i95 19 11

Stock Shedding .• 2,987 19 3

Poultry and Produce Sheds 365 2 6

Dairy 299 10 9

Fodder Shed and Office 63 14 0

Grand Stand and Large Ring 351 4 4

Horse-shoeing Shed and Stahling 131 19

Various Offices and Stands

Printing Signs and fixing do., Fencing and Judging Rings .

Education and Forestry Exhihition

Insurance

Ironmongery

Hire of Canvas and Felt

General Labour and Horse Hire (including Society's)
Clerk of Works) j

579 10

346 5

175 10

13 4

9 10

1,158 3

783 2

Less 80 Flag Poles at 10s.

Surveyor:—

Plans of Showyard
Printing of Catalogues ....
Binding of Catalogues ....
Carriage of Catalogues ....

Printing Awards

Programmes of Jumping Competitions

Advertising :—

Advertising Closing of Entries in Newspapers
Advertising Show in Newspapers

Bill Posting

Printing of Posters

Press Visit before Show

170 14
2e3 9
631 16
322 II
l::6 6

Postage, Carriage, &c. :—

General Postage

Postage of Badges to Members

Carriage of Luggage

116
36
15

Amount OF Money Prizes Awarded, inciuding2,392/. lis.

given by various Societies and Doncaster Local (Committee
(see receipt per contra)

Cost of Forage for Live Stock •—

Hay, 224/. 3s. 2d. ; Straw, 350L 9s. 6rf. ; Green Food. 95/. 6s. 2(f.;
■Wages. 36/. 9s. Id. ; Commission on Sules, 13/. 13s. Od
Miscellaneous, 10/. 16s. 6(f

Lest Sales of Litter

Judges' Fees and Expenses:—

Judges of Miscellaneous Implements, 21/. 15s. 6(/. ; Horses,'

:}

9

Cattle, 51/. 4s. M. ; Sheep, 57/. 10s. 3d. ; Pigs,
Poultry, 29/. 6s. 5d.; Butter, 3/. 13s. ; Butter-
7s. 2rf. : Cheese, 14/. Os. 7</.: Cider and Perry,
Bread, 4/. 7s 6</. ; Wool, 3/. 13s. 6d. ; Horse-shoe-
Luncheons, 14/. 5s

109/,

8/. 14s. 2d. ■

making, 8/,

24/. 10s. Id.

ing, 29/. 3s.
Badges for Judges and other Officials
Rosettes

£ ». (/,

10,429 4 7
40 0 0

-10.389 4 7

Salary, 300/.; Travelling Expenses to London, 25/. 16s.;)
Petty Cash, 2/ J

Printing :—

Printing of Prize Sheets, Entry Forms, Admission "j
Orders, Circulars to Exhibitors, Prize Cards, &c.. Tickets, [■ 615 15 11

and Miscellaneous )

Programmes for Members 143 15

~ " .... 28 3

846 2

60 17

25 14

45 14

. . 10 17

327 16 0

7 10

8 0
2 0

730 17 6

Carried forward

1,777 0 i

1,814 17 11

4,687 0 0

721 12 6

380 S 7

43 10 3
41 2 10

£20,052 7 10

XVI

Correspond-
iuK Bfe'ures
for 1911.
£•
18,967

2ig

868
2,450
3,183

789
53

611
8,173

114
157
112
46
695

157
262

532

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure

"^ecetpfs {contd.).

Brought forward

d. £ s. d.
14,7S3 3 11

:'.42 10 0

Admissions to Showyard;

Tuesday, July 2, @ 5«. .
Wednesday, July 8, @ 2*. 6rf.
Thursday, July 4, @ 2s. 6d.
Friday, July 5, @ Is.
Saturday, July 6, @ \s. .
Season Tickets
Day Tickets

Entrances to Horse Ring:-

Wednesday, July 3 108 4

Thursday, July 4 171 U

Friday, July 5 131 8

Saturday, July 6 52 18

Tickets sold for Reserved Enclosure 274 19

Sales :—

Sales of Produce at Dairy

Auction Sales . —

6,862 17 1

739 3 6

62 12 4

Debit Balance

1,232 11 0

£23,680 7 10

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 28th day of November, 1912.
THOMAS 'M.C'RO\Y, Secretary. JONAS M. WEBB, ^ Juditors on

WELTON, JONES & Co. Accountants.

H. J. GREENWOOD,
NEWELL P. SQUAREY.

behalf ol
the Society.

OF THE Show at Doncaster {continued).

xvu

Correspond-

—

—

iug figures
for 1911.

^xpen6ifure (contd.).

£ s

r/

£

d

2S,437

Brought forward

General Administration :—

20,052

7

10

142

Stewards :— Personal and Railway Expenses

114 0

9

149

Asuista/it Stf'wards : — Personal and Railway Expenses
Official Staff -.-Extra Clerks, 74/. 17s. 7(Z'; Lodgings, fiT/.X

130 1

0

264 •<

is. y(?.; Maintenance of Clerks, 45/. 5s. Id. ; Travelling Ex-

250 13

,^

penses, 9/. 13.S. 4rf. ; Secretary's Hotel and Travelling

^

\

Expenses, 63/. 13s. fid )

Fimmce 0.^ff:— Superintendent of Turnstiles, 10/.;)

102-

Grand Stand Men, 23/. 14.s. Irf. ; Turnstile Men, 34/. 10s. : )■

88 0

1

A

^(/vmfsOj^c'c:— Clerks, 22/. 13s. ; Awards Boys, 0/. 10s. ; Re- \

32 2

0

freshments, 2/. 19s. . J

699

614

17

0

General Manaaement :—

94

Foreman and Assistant Foremen

107 0 11

Yardmen and Foddermen

46 16

11

39

Door and Gate Keepers

62 11

0

95
136 1

Veterinary Department :— Veterinary Inspectors .

94 IS

8

Engineering 1 k'partment -.—CoufiuM'wg Engineer and Assis- \

117 1

,.

tants, 99/. 7s. Hd. ; House and Maintenance, 17/. 13s. lid. . J

610 1

Police, *(".:— Metropolitan Police, 610/. 16s. 9(/. ; Commis- [

637 6

11

sionaires, 26/. 10s. 2d J

1,065

16

n

/

Gfr?M(7e.—-Superintendent. Foreman and Assistants .
Dairy :— Staff, 99/. 17s. 2d.; Milk, 31/. 16s.;Cream, 19/. 4s. 3d. ;\
Ice, 11/. 14s. 8(/.: Utensils, ,'i2/.0s.9rf.; Salt, 3/. 12.?.; Carriage,

37 17

1

414.

3/. 12s. 3d ; Engine, 6/. 7s. M. ; Fuel, 21. 5s. 8d. ; Cheese [

259 1

5

1

and Butter Boxe.s, 4/. 3.s. 6(f. ; Lodgings. 13/. 2s. 6d. ;

Refreshments, 3/. 7s. id. ; Labour, 21. is. 2d.\ Miscellaneous

V

Payments, 5/. 13s. 8d. . /

3.j

roultry :— Superintendent, 12/.5s.6rf.: Penning and Feeding, 1
14/. 10s. 6d.; Carriage, 9/. 7s. 3(/ J

36 3

3

40 1

Horse-shoeing:— 'Rire of Forges, 23/. 14s. M. ; Gratuities, [

40 9

q

11. 10s. ; Wages, 11. 10s. 3d. ; Fuel, 1/. 15s. . . .J

24

Pro(f «<;«:— Analyses of Cider

18 0

0

S16

427

391
437

\\

6
0

Farm Prize Competition .-—Expenses of Judging Farms, &c.

19

f

fl^ort;ci<//M?-«;— Hireof Tents, 211/. 10s. 8d.; Judges, 20/. 6s.6d.;)

495-^

Wages, 67/. 2s. 8rf. : Carriage, 23/. 4s. 1</, ; Medals. \

386 10

'/

I

36/. 3s. M. ; Printing. 12/. ; Advertising, 16/. 3s. . .J

General Showyard Expenses:—

84

Band

105 0

0

67

OfBclal Luncheons

46 0

0

41

Ambulance

42 18

8

49

Telephone Extension

45 10

0

41

Telegraph P^xtension

42 I

9

54

Hire of Chairs ...

51 14

6

15

Plans of Showvard

18 11

b

51

Hire of Furniture

75 0

0

95

Education and Forestry

61 3

6

—

Hire of Horse Boxes outside Showyard

35 17

0

7

Billposting in Showyard

4 7

6

9

Gas

2 8 10

17

Medals

9 18

3

2

Carriage

4 1

10

—

Hire of Safes

10 2

6

10

Fire Station

Hire of Sleepers

12 0
8 8

0
0

—

Bathchainnen

Ifi 9

6

10

Hire of Weighbridge

6 10

—

Class Plates

12 10

0

46

Tan

4 10

0

—

Storage of Plant

8 0

0

2

Fodder for Stewards' Horses

7 8

0

Floral Decorations

Stable Lamps

5 0
5 14

0
0

—

Gratuities. Pit Pony Clasfes, and Caretakers.

17 15

0

30

Miscellaneous

42 5

6

630

£29,813

£

23,650

7 10

Contribution from Ordinary Funds of the Society to the Show [

Fund '. . . .1 £2,500 0 i'

Less :— Actual loss'on the Doncaster Show 1,2.32 11 0

Balaricelcarried to Reserve Fund

£1,267 9r(i

DONCASTER SHOW, 1912.

Statement showing the distribution of the
Prizes awarded in the several sections of
the Doncaster Show, with comparative figures of
the Norwich Show, 1911.

C3rresponding

figures for

1911.

£

8,0U8

2,65(;

1,816

096

392

92

49

.57

3

47

46

480

232

40

9,614
2,131

2,035
4,166

5,448

STATEMENT OF PRIZES AWARDED:—

£ s. d.

Horses 3,240 0 0

Cattle —

Sheep —

Pigs —

Poultry 385 10 0

Cheese and Butter llo 0 0

Cider and Perry 39 0 0

Wool 30 0 0

Bread 24

florse-slioeing . . . . . . 46 10 0

Butter-making ...... 35 0 0

Farms 485 0 0

Horticulture 247 0 0

Contribution to Bee Department . . 40 0 0

Less: — Prizes given by various i .,, , ., „
Societies, &c. . . )

Prizes given by Doncasier 1, „„. a a
Local Committee* . i '^

4,687 0 0

2,392 11 0

£2,294 9 0

Note.— In consequence of the Order of the Board of Agriculture, the Exhibition
of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs was prohibited.

* In addition to this sum. the Doncaster Local Committee contributed £100
towards tlie Plantations and Home Nurseries Competitions.

XlX

[Copies of the full Report of any of the Council Meetings held during the yeat
1912 may be obtained on application to the Secretary, at 16 Bedford Square,
London, W.C]

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

niMnutce of tbe dounciL

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 31, 1912.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C, Lord Middleton
(President) iu the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W, Corn-
wallis, the Earl of Coventry, Lord Moreton, the Earl of Northbrook, Sir John
H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. B^ellowes,
K.C.V.O., Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Grcenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Hon.
Cecil T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis Brown, Mr. Richardson Carr, Mr.
J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. Arthur E. Evans, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank,
Mr. W. T. Game, Mr. J. W. Glover, Lord Harlech, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W.
Harrison, Lord Hastings, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Major H. G. Henderson,
M.P., Mr. Bayntun Hippisley, Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr.
W. F. Ingram, Sir Charles V. Knightley, Bart., Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr.
Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Miildleton, Mr. G. Norris Mid wood,
Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. John Mvatt, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. Henry Overman, Mr.
R. G. Patterson, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr.
C. Coltman Rogers, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanvforth,
Mr. George Taylor, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler, and Mr. L. C. Wrigley.

Governor — Mr. Harold Swithinbank.

The following Members of the Doncaster Local Committee were also
present :— Mr. C. Thellusson, Mr. W. Warde-Aldam, and Mr. F. H. Chafer
(Local Secretary).

On taking his seat for the first time as President of the Society for the
present year, Lord Middleton thanked the Council for the honour they had
done him in nominating liim for that office a second time. He was sure that
he would receive the same kind support and assistance as he did on the former
occasion.

The President said he regretted to have to inform the Council that a
message had been received from his Royal Highness Prince Christian ex-
pressing his inability to be present that day, owing to the death of the Duke of
Fife. Members of the Council and of the Society as a whole would all regret
the sad event, and he was sure that their deepest sympathy would be with the
Princess Royal in her bereavement.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday,
December t!. 1911, were taken as read and confirmed.

The Earl of Guilford and Mr. H. C. Jeddere-Fisher, Apsleytown, East
Grinstead. were elected as Governors, and thirty-four duly nominated candi-
dates were admitted into the Society as Members.

The Report of the Finance Committee, together with the Accounts and
Balance Sheet for H)ll, and the Estimates for 1912, were received and adopted.
A suggestion by Mr. May that a note should appear in the balance sheet
explaining the market value of the Consols standing in the Society's name at
the end of the year 1911 was also adopted by the Council.

XX Monthly Council, February 2S, 1912.

On the motion of Mr. Adeane, seconded by Sir Gilbert Greenall, the
Eight Hon. Sir Ailwyn Fellowes was added to the Finance Committee.

Lord JIORETON introduced a deputation from Bristol in connection with
the invitation to the Society to hold the Show in that city in 1913. This
deputation consisted of the following : — The Lord Mayor (Mr. Frank W.
Wills), Alderman Hayes (Ex-Lord Mayor), Mr. C. H. Cave (Chairman of the
Local Finance Committee), Mr. C. C. Savile (Master of the Society of Merchant
Venturers, who own a portion of the site on which the Show will be held),
Mr. James Kennedy (one of the Durdham Down Commoners), Mr. J. Green
(representing the Town Clerk), Mr. Peter Addie (City Valuer), and Mr.
George Nichols (Local Honorary Secretary). The President, in thanking the
deputation — on behalf of the Council — for their presence that day, and for
the cordial invitation extended to the Society, said the Council would be most
glad to hold the Show in Bristol in 1913.

A deputation from the Borough of Shrewsbury and County of Salop in
support of an invitation to the Society to hold the Show in Shrewsbury in
1914 was introduced by Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones. The members of the
deputation were Major C. B. WingtieLl (Mayor of Shrewsbury), Alderman
Blower, Mr. E. B. Feilden (High Sheriff of Shropshire), and Mr. Beville Stanier.
M.P. (Hon. Treasurer of the Local Committee). Lord Harlech and Mr. Alfred
Mansell (members of the Coiincil) also attended as members of the deputation.
Speeches in sui)port of the invitation having been made by the Mayor
OP Shrewsbury, Mr. Blower. Mr. Feilden. Lord Harlech, and Mr.
Stanier, it was unanimously resolved on the motion of Sir J. B. Bowen-
JONES, seconded by Mr. Wheeler, " That the invitation accorded by the
Mayor of Shrewsbury on behalf of the Borough of Shrewsbury and the
County of Salop for the Society to hold its Show at Shrewsbury in 1914
be accepted, with the best thanks of the Society, and that the usual agreement
with the Corporation be entered into in due course."

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
W^ednesday, February 28, 1912.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1912.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C. Lord Middleton
(President) in the Chair : —

Vr&s&ni:— Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
the Earl of Coventry, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes,
K.C.V.O., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Hon. Cecil T. Parker.

Other Memhers of the Council.— Mr. D. T. Alexander, l\Ir. T. L. Aveling,
Capt. Clive Behrens, Mr. E. W. Betts. Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst. the Hon. J. E.
Cross, Mr. H. Dudding, Mr. Howard Frank, Lord Harlech, Mr. W. Harrison,
Lord Hastings, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. R. W. Hobbs. Mr. W.J. Hosken,
Mr. W. F. Ingram, Sir Charles V. Knightley, Bart., Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr.
Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. MidtUeton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood,
Mr. John Myatt, Mr. VV. Nocton, Mr. R. G. Patterson. Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington,
Mr. W. A. Prout. Mr. F. Reynard. Mr. C. Coltman Rogers. Mr. George Taylor,
Mr. A. P. Turner, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

The following Members of the Doncaster Local Committee were also
present :— Mr. C. A. Chaiterton, Mr. T. Harrison, Mr. John Law, Mr. C. D.
Nicholson, Alderman G. Smith, Mr. G. B. C. Yarborough, Mr. R. A. H. Tovey
(Town Clerk), and Mr. F. H. Chafer (Local Secretary).

The President, before proceeding with the ordinary business of the day,
said it was with regret that he had to announce the death of the Very Rev. Dr.
Gillespie, who had been a well-known figure in the agricultural world. Li
addition to holding high ofHce in the Church of Scotlaml, Dr. Gillespie occupied

Monthly Council, February 28, 1912. xxi

a prominent position on the Board of Directors of the Highland Society, and
was a practical farmer of no mean attainments. He was, as they knew,
Secretary of the Galloway Cattle Society, in the interests of which breed he
had visited America some years ago, and on many occasions he had represented
Scotland on Departmental Committees respecting agricultural matters.
Alternately with Lord Moreton, he had been Chairman of the National Agri-
cultural Examination Board, from its inauguration until I'.tK), and he had
regularly attended at Leeds in connection with the Diploma Examination held
thei'e annually. Members of the Council would, his Lordship was sure, recall
the Doctor's genial presence at the shows year after year, on which occasions
they frequently had the opportunity of hearing him speak at the general
meetings of members, when they were always sure of hearing something worth
listening to, and also, in times of depression, something to raise their spirits.
He felt sure it would Vje the wish of them all that they should send an
expression of the Council's deep sympathy to the members of Dr. Gillespie's
family in the irreparable loss they had sustained.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on January 31,
1912, were taken as read and approved.

The Right Hon. Walter Runciman, M.P., and Mr. Beville Stanier, M.F., were
elected as Governors, and sixty duly nominated candidates were admitted into
the Society as Members.

In the Report of the Committee of Selection it was stated that Sir Gilbert
Greenall had received a letter from the Lord Mayor of Manchester, enclosing
the following resolution passed at a meeting of the Manchester City Council on
the 21st inst. : —

Resolved unanimously :

■■ That the Lord Mayor be requested, on behalf of the Council, to invite the Eoyal
Agricultural Society of England to hold their meeting for 1916 in Manchester, and
to convey the assurance to the Society that, so far as may be within the province
and power of the Corporation, the Council will be glad to co-operate with any
committee which maybe appointed to secure the complete success of the meeting. '

The Lord Mayor regretted that circumstances prevented his attending the
Council Meeting of the Society to present the City's invitation personally, and
had expressed the hope that Sir Gilbert Greenall would kindly act on his
behalf. Sir Gilbert had explained to the Committee that for some time past
suggestions had been made that Manchester would be pleased to invite the
Society to pay them a visit, and, mainly owing to the good offices of Mr. G.
Norris Midwood, these suggestions had been carried into efiect. The Honorary
Director further explained that Lord Egerton of Tatton had kindly placed at
the disposal of the Manchester Corporation a most eligible site, which he had
inspectetl, and which, having regard to its general excellence, he had no
hesitation in accepting on behalf of the Society. In this connection Mr. John
T. Smith, as Agent for Lord Egerton, had greatly interested himself in the
arrangements which it is necessary to make with the tenants for the preparation
of the land in anticipation of the Show of 1916. The Secretary had reported
to the Committee that he had received from the Federation of Lancashire and
Cheshire Agricultural Societies a Resolution in the following terms : —

"That the Federation of Lancashire and Cheshire Agricultural Societies hears
with pleasure that the Lord Mayor and Corporation of Manchester have invited
the Royal Agricultural Society of England to hold its annual Show at Manchester-
in 1916, and desires to support such invitation, and will assist in every way possible
to secure the success of the Show, and that a copy of this Resolution be sent to
((() the Lord Mayor of Manchester, (6) the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural
.-ociety."

Sir Gilbert Greenall, on behalf of the Lord Mayor of Manchester, then
formally handed in the Resolution passed by the City Council, and begged to
move : —

"That the invitation accorded by the City Councilof Manchester, and forwarded
by the Lord Mayor, for the Society to hold its Show in Manchester in 1916. be
accepted, with the best thanks of the Society, and that the usual agreement with
the Corporation be entered into in due course."

xxii Monthly Council^ April 3, 1912.

This motion was seconded by Mr. WiLLiAM Harrison, and unanimously
agreed to.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until Wed-
nesday, April 3. 11»]2.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 3, 1912.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedfonl Square, W.C., Lord MiDDLETON
(President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — H.E.H. Prince Christian, K.G., Sir J. B. Bowen-
Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis, the Earl of Coventry, Sir John H.
Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Mr. Percv Crutchley, the Right Hon. Sir
Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O.. Sir Gilbert Greenall. Bart.. C.V.O., the Hon.
Cecil T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis Brown, Mr. Richardson Carr, the Hon. J.
E. Cross, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. W. T. Game. Mr. J. W. Glover, Lord
Harlech, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr.
Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. J. L.
Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr.
H. Overman, Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr. F. Reynard, the Duke of Richmond and
Gordon, K.G., Mr. C. Coltman Rogers, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Mr. C. W. Tindall,
and Mr. L. C. Wrigley.

The following Members of the Doncaster Local Committee were also
present : — Viscount Chetwynd, Mr. C. Thellusson, and Mr. F. H. Chafer (Local
Secretary).

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on February 28,
1912, were taken as read and approved.

Mr. C. S. Peirse-Duncombe, of Highlands, Minchiuhampton, Stroud, and Sir
Robert J. M. Walker, Bart., of Sand Hutton, York, were elected as Governors,
and ninety-six duly nominated candidates were admitted into the Society as
Members.

Sir John Thorold, on behalf of the Journal Committee, expressed regret
that, through ill-health, Mr. Mackenzie had had to resign hio [yosition as Editor.
Mr. C. S. Orwin had been very strongly recommended, and. after seeing him
yesterday, the Committee had unanimously decided to recommend that his
name be suggested to the Council for acceptance. He therefore begged to move
'• That Mr. Orwin be appointed as Editor of the Society's Journal." Mr.
Adeane having seconded the motion, it was unanimously adopted.

The Report of the Chemical and Woburn Committee was received and
adopted. Sir J. B. BowEN-JoNES, in presenting this report, said that he ought
perhaps to inform the Council that there was a probability of the Society
receiving a grant of 60UZ. for their work at Woburn during the past year. A
statement of the experiments that had been carried on there, and of the work
generally, had been submitted to the Board of Agriculture, and the Committee
were hoping that they woukl have a retrospective grant in this matter. The
Council would have noticed from the report that, in accordance with the desire
of the Board of Agriculture, the Committee had appointed a small deputation
to meet the Board after the May Council meeting, to submit to them their
proposals for the future. These had already been laid before the Development
Commissioners, and probably the Board of Agriculture knew what they were ;
but still, the Board wanted a communication to be made direct to them. The
Committee therefore proposed to meet the officials of the Board of Agriculture
on the day named, and to submit their proposals again. After hearing what
they had to say, the Committee would again report to the Council.

The Secretary reported the death, since the last meeting of the Council,
of Mr. W. Barrow Simonds, of Abbots Barton, Winchester, who joined the

Monthly Council, May 8, 1912. xxiii

Society in June, 1839, and was the sole surviving Foundation Life Governor.
The Society had been represented at the funeral by Mr. James Falconer.

The Seal of the Society was ordereil to be affixed to an agreement with the
Refreshment Contractors in connection with the Show.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday. May 8 next.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 8, 1912.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square. W.C., Lord Middleton
(President) in the chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Moreton, the Earl of Northbrook. Sir John H.
Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, the Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O., Sir Gilbert
Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Earl of Yarborough.

Other Members of the Cui/}icil—Mv. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Capt. Clive Behrens. Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis Brown, Mr.
Richardson Carr, the Hon. J. E. Cross, Mr. Joseph Harris, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg,
Bart., Major H. G. Henderson, M.P., Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs,
Sir C. V. Knightley. Bart., Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A.
May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. C. M. S.
Pilkington, Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. Coltman
Rogers, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. E. W. Stauyforth, Mr. A. P.
Turner, an<l Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler.

Governor. — Mr. W. F. Holt Beever.

The following Members of the Doncaster Local Committee were also
present :— The Mayor of Doncaster, Viscount Chetwynd, Alderman G. Smith,
Mr. R. A. H. Tovey, and Mr. F. H. Chafer (Local Secretary).

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on April 3, 1912,
were taken as read and approved.

Fifty-six duly nominated candidates were admitted into the Society as
Members.

In presenting the Report of the Implement Committee — which contained a
recommendation that the best thanks of the Society be accorded to Mr. C. D.
Nicholson for the arrangements made by him for carrying out the Trials on his
land at Stainton Manor — Mr. Cornwallis expressed on behalf of the Stewards
of the Drill Trials their indebtedness to Mr. Nicholson for all the trouble he
had taken to make things go smoothly. He entered willingly and heartily into
all the arrangements, and he (Mr. Cornwallis) hoped that in accordance with the
paragraph in the report, a suitable letter might he sent to Mr. Nicholson.

Sir John Thorold, in presenting the Report of the Committee of
Selection, said he would like to move that the name of the Earl of Northbrook
be submitted to the Members at the General Meeting in December for election
as President for the year 1913. The Committee, he said, were unaiumous in
their choice, and he thought the Council would agree that they could n<it bring
before them a better name. (Hear, hear.) It. was a recommendation which
he was sure would commend itself not oidy to all in that room, but also to the
Members of the Society generally throughout the country.

Mr. Adeane had great pleasure in seconding the proposal of Sir John
Thorold. Lord Northbrook had very great ([ualifications for the post, as a
breeder of Shorthorns, as a friend of Agriculture in all its aspects, and as a
great supporter of the Society and a hard worker on the Council. He was
sure they would be very glad to have him as their chief in 1913.

The President said he could only add that the suggestion of Lord
Northbrook's name would be a most popular one, both there and throughout
the country.

The resolution was thereupon unanimously adopted.

xxiv Monthly Council, Jxine 5, 1912.

T.ord NoRTHBROOK begged to thank the CiAincil must sincerely for the
great honour they had done him in approving that his name should be
submitted to the meeting in December for election as President of the Society
for next year. The presidency of their Society was a position which anyone
who took an interest in the agriculture of the country must be proud to occupy,
and he need hardly say that he gladh' accepted nomination for that position.
If elected, he could assure them that it would be his earnest endeavour to
prove himself worthy of the confidence tliey had reposed in him, and to carry
out the duties of the year to the satisfaction of Members of the Society. He
was well aware that he could not hope to succeed without the co-operation and
assistance of the Council, and he therefore begged them to continue to him that
loyal support which they had invariably given to the occupant of the pre-
sidential chair.

The Secretary announced that the Trustees of the " Queen Victoria
Gifts" Fund had decided to make a grant to the Royal Agricultural Benevo-
lent Institution of 140/. for the year 1912, to be distributed as fourteen grants
of 10/. each to the five male candidates, five married couples, and four female
candidates who polled the largest number of votes in their class, and who
would not this year receive grants from any other fund in connection with the
Royal Agi-icultural Benevolent Institution.

After transacting other business, the Council adjourned until Wednesday,
June T), 1912.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 5, 1912.

At a Monthly Council held at 1(5 Bedford S(iuare, W.C., the Right Hon.
Sir AlLWYN E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O. (Vice-President) in the Chair: —

Present : — TncMees — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
the Earl of Coventry, Lord Moreton, the Earl of Northbrook, Sir John
H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-PresUlenfs. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Hon. C. T. Parker, the Earl
of Yarborough.

Other j\Jemhers of the Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Capt. Clive Behrens,
Mr. E. W. Betts, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. J. F. Brocklehurst,
C.V.O., C.B., Mr. Davis Brown, Mr. Richardson Carr, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr.
Howard Frank, Mr. W. T. Game, Lord Harlech, Mr. Joseph Harris, Lord
Hastings, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr.
R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. J. L Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell,
Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. W. Nocton. Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr.
W. A. Prout, Mr. F. Reynard, the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., Mr. C.
Coltman Rogers, Mr. George T.aylor, and Mr. L. C. Wrigley.

The following Members of the Doncas'ter Local Committee were also
present : — The Mayor of iJoncaster, Viscount Chetwynd, Mr. C A. Cbatterton,
Mr, T. Harrison, Mr. John Law, Alderman G. Smith, Mr. C. Thellusson, Mr.
R. A. H. Tovey, Mr. G. B. C. Yarborough, and Mr. F. H. Chafer (Local
Secretary).

In the unavoidable absence oi the President (Lord Middleton), the Right
Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O. (Vice-President) was called to the Chair.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday,
May 8, 1912, were taken as read and approved.

Capt. Clive P>ehrens, Mr. Hugh Morrison, and Mr. Frederick Reynard were
elected as Governors, and 130 duh' nominated candidates were admitted into
the Society as Members.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted ; and, on
the motion of Mr. ADEANE, it was resolved : '-That the Secretary be empowered
to issue to any duly nominated candidate for membership of the Society, on
receipt of the annual subscription, a badge admitting the candidate to the same

Month! 1/ Council, July 2, 1912. xxv

privileges as a Member during the forthcoming Show, the formal election of
such candidate to be considered by the Council at their next ordinary meeting."

The Report of the General Doncaster Committee having beeu received and
adopted, the Chairman announced that a telegram had been received from
Lord Middleton intimating that H.R.H. Prince Arthur of Connaught vrould
visit the Doncaster Show on Wednesdaj', July 3.

Mr. Adeank called attention to the increase in the number of outbreaks of
anthrax and swine fever for the present year, in comparison with the corres-
ponding period of 1911, which he thought they would all agree was very
unsatisfactory. He had not had an opportunity of reading the whole of the
report of the Departmental Committee which had sat on Foot-and-Mouth
Disease — of which Sir Ailwyn Fellowes was Chairman, and on which there
were two other Members of the Council, but he had seen some of the conclusions
arrived at. and they seemed to him exceedingly practical. He was sure that
Committee ought to be congratulated on having done their work so expeditiously
and reported so quickly. He would like to move that the report of this Depart-
mental Committee be issued to Members of the Council, together with copies of
the interim report of the Departmental Committee which had inquired into
Swine Fever. The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Committee had not only gone into
that disease, but had also considered the question of anthrax, for the reason that
the same measures which would be preventive in the one case would be pre-
ventive in the other. With these reports before them, the Council might, at a
subsequent meeting, have a discussion concerning them. He thought it would
not tend to make their proceedings less lively if occasionally they had discussions
on questions of this kind, which were of such great interest to the agriculturists
of the country. This suggestion was adopted. Sir Ailwyn Fellowes
remarked that he thought he might say, on behalf of the Foot-and-Mouth
Disease Committee, that they had felt the absolute importance of getting
through their work as speedily as possible, consistent with efficiency, for the
purpose of allaying the uneasiness felt in the country as regards the outbreaks
of the disease. He hoped and trusted that, when considered by the agricultural
world, that report would be received with satisfaction. He felt that the Council
should take some steps on reports of this kind, because they could consider
them very carefully, and he was sure that any consideration given to these
reports would be acceptable to the Boai'd of Agriculture.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Thursday, July 4, in the Doncaster Showyard.

TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1912.

At a Special Council held in the Showyard at Doncaster, Lord Middleton
(President) in the Chair :—
Present : — Tnixtees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
the Earl of Coventry, Lord Moreton, the Earl of Northbrook, Sir John H.
Thorold, Bart.

Vici'-Prexidentx. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, the Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn Fellowes, K.C.V.O., Mr. R. M. Greaves,
Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Hon. C. T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. R. G. Carden, Mr.
Joseph Harris, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. J. L. Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell,
Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. G. G.
Rca, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, and Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler.

The President opened the proceedings by explaining that in view of
recent events connected with the outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, he had
decided to call the Council together at the earliest possible moment to consider
the position of affairs. He then called upon Sir Gilbert Greenall (the
Honorary Director) to explain what had been done,

XX vi Monthly Council, July 4, 1912.

Sir Gilbert Geeenall mentioned in detail all that had occurred in
connection with the Order of the Board of Agriculture prohibiting the holding
of. the show of cattle, sheep, and pigs. On Sunday night a long telegram had
been received which necessitated prompt action, and as a I'esult he had
thought it necessary to advise the men in charge of the stock to ascertain from
their employers whether they desired to have their exhibits returned home or
to leave them in the Showyard. On Monday morning, however, a further
telegram was received stating that circumstances had arisen which made it
necessary for the Board of Agriculture to prohibit the holding of the show of
cattle, sheep, and pigs. He thereupon arranged with the Railway Companies
for the immediate removal of the exhibits in these sections. The result was
that the Railway Companies at once made preparations for the removal of the
stock, working day and night, so that when the public reached the Showyard that
morning there were only a very few of the animals, other than horses, left in
the yard.

On the motion of Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., the action of the Honorary
Director was nnanimously approved.

The President said he had received a telegram from Mr. Runciman
expressing regret that circumstances had compelled him to issue the Order
prohibiting the exhibition of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and stating that the
position as regards Foot-and-Mouth Disease was so serious that he felt it
incumbent upon him to act as he had done. He felt, however, that the Society
would support him in the action he had taken.

The Council unanimously requested Lord Middleton to communicate
with the President of the Board of Agriculture, explaining that they fully
realised the seriousness of the situation, and thoroughly supported his action.

Mr. Adeane reported that at a meeting of the Finance Committee held
earlier that day, it had been decided to recommend that the Council should
return the entry fees to the Exhibitors of the stock that had been excluded,
and also refund to the Breed Societies the grants made by them to the prize-
list. He stated that it was a matter for congi-atulation to the Society that
they were in a sufficiently sound tinancial position to be able to take this course.

The recommendation of the Finance Committee having been adopted, the
meeting terminated.

THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1912.

At a Monthly Council held in the Showyard, at Doncaster, Lord Middleton.
( President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
Lord Moreton. the Earl of Northbrook, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy Crutchley. Mr.
R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Hon. C. T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council.- Capt. Clive Behrens. Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr.
R. G. Garden, the Hon. J. E. Cross. Mr. J. Falconer, Mr, W. T. Game, Mr. Joseph
Harris, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest
Mathews, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood. Mr. J. Myatt, Mr. W.
Nocton, Mr. Henry Overman. Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington. Mr. W. A. Prout. Mr. 6.
G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. F.' Smith, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

The following Members of the Doncaster Local Committee were also
present : — Mr. C. A. Chatterton, Mr. John Law, and Mr. F. H. Chafer (Local
Secretary).

The minutes of the last monthly meeting of the Council held on June 5,
and of the Special Council held in the Doncaster Showyard on Tuesday, July 2,
were taken as read and approved.

On the recommendation of the Finance Committee accounts amounting in
8,11 to 1,55!)/. 11.?. 'kI. were passed for payment,

General Meeting, July 4, 1912. xxvii

A Report from the Implement Cummittee with regard to the Trials of Milk-
ing Machines which are to be carried out by the Society iu 1913 was received
and adopted.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Kenneth Goschen, of Eastcote, an'
exhibitor, stating that as the Order of the Board of Agriculture prohibiting the
holding of the live stock portion of the Show was bound to cause great loss to
the Society, he had much pleasure in enclosing a cheque for ol. as a contribu-
tion towards that loss. He further asked that the entry fees he had paid
shoukl be placed to the credit of the general fund.

On the motion of the President it was unanimously decided that a letter
should be sent to Mr. Goschen conveying to him the Society's best thanks for
his liberality.

Lord MiDDLETON intimated that he would return his fees to the Society ;
he believed Sir Gilbert Greenall would do the same, and he hoped that
others would follow suit.

It was resolved, on the motion of Sir John Thorold, Bart., seconded by
the Hon. Cecil T. Parker, "That the best thanks of the Society are due and
are hereby tendered to : —

(a) The Officials of the General Post Office for the efficient postal and

telegraphic arrangements.

(b) The Chief Commissioner of Police for the efficient service rendered by

the detachment of Metropolitan Police on duty in the Showyard.

(c) The Chief Constable of Doncaster for the efficient police arrangements

in connection with the Show,
(rf) The Denaby Main (Rotherhami Brigade of the St. John Ambulance

Association for the efficient Ambulance arrangements,
(e) Messrs. Beckett & Co., Bankei-s, for the efficient services rendered

by their officials.
(/) Messrs. Shand, Mason & Co., for the provision of Fire Engines and for

the efficient arrangements in connection with the Fire Station in the

Showyard.
(g) Messrs. Postlethwaite & Stacey, for decorating and furnishing the

Royal Pavilion.
(h) Messrs. Peunell & Co., for providing the Floral Decorations near the

Pavilions, &c.
(i) Messrs. Marshall, Sons & Co., Gainsborough, for the loan of a Steam

Engine for supplying Motive Power to the Dairy."

Letters of thanks were ordered to be addressed to all the exhibitors in the
Agricultural, Education and Forestry Exhibitions, and to various firms and
individuals who had rendered assistance iu connection with the Show.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, July 31, 1912, at 16 Bedford Square, W.C.

procceMuas at
(Beneral fIDcetina of (Bovcrnors an^ fIDcinbcrs,

HELD IN THE
LARGE TENT IN THE SHOWYARD AT DONCASTER,

THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1912.

LORD MIDDLETON (PRESIDENT) IN THE CHAIR.

Amcmgst those present were the Earl of Northbrook, the Hon. J. E. Cross,
the Hon. C. T. Parker, Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones. Bart.. Sir Richard P. Cooper,
Bart., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., Sir John Thorold, Bart., Mr. D. T.
Alexander, Capt. Clive Behrens^ Mr. Richardson Carr, Mr. W. W. Chapman, Mr.
F. S. W. Cornwallis, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. L. A. Dashwood, Mr. Henry
Dudding, Mr. .lames Falconer. Mr. '\^. T. Game, Mr. A. K. Gibson, Mr. R. M.
Greaves. Mr. Edward Owen Greening, Mr. Henry Hawking. Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr.

xxviii General Meeting, July 4, 1912.

J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. George Marshal),
Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. John Maughan, Mr. Christopher Middleton, Mr. G.
Norris Millwood, Mr. Charles Morris, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. William Nocton,
Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. Claude M. S. Pilkington, Mr. W. A. Front. Mr. G. G.
Rea, Mr. Frederick Reynard, Mr. Charles Coltman Rogers, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr.
H. Smith, jiin., Mr. L. C. Tipper, Mr. James Watt, Mr. C. W. Wilson, <kc., &c.

The following representatives of the Doncaster Local Committee also
attended : Mr. C. A. Chatterton, Mr. John Law, and Mr. F. H. Chafer (Local
Secretary).

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.

The President, in opening the meeting, said they met together that day
under, perhaps, the most remarkable circumstances that had occurred in the
history of the Society — he referred to the closing of that section of the Show
comprising cattle, sheep, and pigs in consequence of the outbreaks of Foot-and-
Mouth Disease. In these outbreaks immediate and stringent steps had to be
taken, and the Council, at a special meeting which they held on the opening
day of the Show, unanimously approved of the course taken by the Board of
Agriculture. It was the best and the only course that could have been taken
under the circumstances.

He felt, too, that they ought to take some notice of the prompt manner in
which Sir Gilbert Greenall and those who assisted him had dealt with the
situation. They had done everything they could to help forward the removal of
the stock from the Showyard. It had been a difficult matter to get so large a
number of animals out of the Showyard in so short a time, and he thought the
railway companies, backed up by the efforts of Sir Gilbert, had done every-
thing they could do for the Society and exhibitors. (Hear, hear.)

Entry Fees to be Returned.

The Council met on Tuesday as soon as possible, and at that meeting it had
been decided to return the entry fees of exhibitors whose stock could not be
shown. He thought this would meet with the approval of the Members, and in
this connection he read the following letter : —

Sigers,
Eastcote. Middlesex.
Dear Sir.— As the order prohibiting the holding of the Jive stoek portion of the
Doncaster Show is bound to cause a great loss to tlie Society. I have much pleasure
in enclosing a cheque for 5Z. as a small contrii)Ution towards that loss.

Please also place my entry of stock fees and auction fees to the credit of the
general fund. (This in case such fees are returnable )

I remain.

Yours truly,
The Secretary, R.A.S.E. (Signed) KENNETH GOSCHEN.

The President, continuing, said he would not think of asking to have
returned the fees he had paid for his stock, neither, he believed, would Sir
Gilbert Greenall, and he had no doubt that other exhiViitors woiild help in that
way. (Hear, hear.)

Co-operation of Local Societies.

There was another thing he would like to allude to, and that was the help
the Yorkshire Agricultural Society and the Doncaster Agricultural Society had
given them. Some of those present would remember that many years ago
when the Royal Agricultural Society's Show was last in Yorkshire there was a
great boom in agricultural shows, and it was thought that the "Royal" couUl
be held as well as the County Show. They had, however, found that the
experiment was not expedient. On the present occasion the Yorkshire Society
determined to forego their Show, and the Doncaster Society did the same.
While on this subject he would like to mention that Mr. John Maugban, the
Secretary, and Mr. Henry Hawking, the.Director of the Yorkshire Agricultural
Society, with Mr. Yarborough, had been chiefly instrumental in bringing about
this result.

General Meeting, July 4, 1912. xxix

Considering all the circumstances, he thought that they had a very excellent
Show, and perhaps, as Yorkshiremen should, they had kept in the Showyard the
chief exhibits — the horses. Every Yorkshireman liked a horse, and he believed
that every man who could would come to see the show of horses. And he had
no doubt that there would be a good attendance fiom that day until Saturday.

Then, this year, tbey had a novelty in the shape of a show of Terriers,
which he was sure would also appeal to Yorkshiremen.

The misfortune they had suffered should, he thought, be a warning to
them. Fault was sometimes found by people who asked why the Society did
not spend some of their reserve fund. He thought that all that had happened
only showed that the policy they were pursuing was right, and that, dependent
as they were so largely on the weather and other conditions, it was essential
that they should keep a substantial reserve fund at their backs. (Applause.)

Just another word. Although cattle, slicep and pigs were missing, of late
years they had added to the exhibition many what might be called " side
shows," and the present occasion afforded an excellent opportunity for visitors
to improve their minds by inspecting the educational sections. Going round
on the previous day with Prince Arthur of Connaught they both found these
most interesting, more especially the Forestry, Horticultural and Educational
exhibitions, and the display of Australian products. He was sure they were
all delighted to have Prince Arthur in their midst. His Royal Highness had
been so much in Yorksliire that he was known to many, and he knew many of
them also. He was most appreciative of everything he saw, and had made
the remark that "the Royal Agricultural Show was the greatest show in the
world." (Applause.)

Prizes for Yorkshire Farms.

The Secretary then read the awards of the Judges in the competition for
the best managed farms in Yorkshire. (See page Ixxxv.)

Plantation and Nurseries.

Mr. McRow also read out the awards of the Judges of Plantations and
Home Nurseries in Yorkshire. (See ijp. Ixxxvi and Ixxxvii.)

Thanks to Mayor and Corporation.

The Earl of Northbrook moved "That the best thanks of the Society
are due and are hereby tendered to the Mayor and (Corporation of Doncaster
for their cordial reception of the Society." From the inception of the Show
until its opening that week the Society had received the greatest assistance
from the Mayor and Corporation. They had worked in the most cordial
co-operation with the Honorary Director in all matters connected with the
Show, and the Society were more than grateful for the help they had received.
Especially did they desire to thank the Mayor (Councillor Clark), for he had
never spared himself in doing everything in his power to promote the success
of their undertaking, and they desired to acknowledge the constant courtesy
and hoBpitality which he and the Corporation had extended to them during
their visit.

Sir John Thorold begged to second the vote of thanks proposed by
Lord Northbrook. As one who had been present on the occasion of the Show
at Doncaster in 1891 he could testify to the great improvement that had taken
place both in the town and in the show ground. He could also bear testimony
to the great help the Society had received from the members of the Corporation
with the Mayor at its head.

The resolution was then put to the meeting, and unanimottsly agreed to.

Thanks to Local Committee.

Sir Gilbert Greenall said that once again it was his very pleasant
privilege to propose a resolution thanking the Local Committee for the

XXX General Meeting, July 4, 191^.

tremeudous amount of work, timo, and trouble they had given in their
endeavour to make the show the success they knew it would have been, but
for the unforeseen and unavoidable circumstances, of which they were all
aware. He was sure that every member of the Council and of the Society
felt that they owed a deep debt of gratitude to the Doncaster Local Com-
mittee, for all they had done, and it was therefore with very great pleasure that
he proposed : " That the best thanks of the Society are due, and are hereby
tendered, to the Doncaster Local Committee, for their exertions to promote the
success of the Show." While mentioning the Local Committee, he did not
think he ought to leave out the Town Clerk (Mr. Tovey), and Mr. F. H. Chafer
(the Local Secretary) whose father had acted in a similar capacity when the
Show was held there twenty-one years ago. They had given of their best to
the work of the Society, and they all felt greatly indebted to them for what
they had done.

Mr. Frederick Reynard cordially endorsed all that had been said by
Sir Gilbert Greenall, and had great pleasure in seconding the resolution, which
was then passed unanimously.

Railway Companies thanked.

Mr. F. S. W. CORNWALLIS, in proposing a resolution of thanks to the rail-
way companies, said the President had already testified to the exceptional
difficulties which the companies had had to contend with this year. That
meeting, he was certain, would heartily endorse what had been said in that
respect. The railway people had successfully dealt with the new problems
that had arisen, and he was sure the thanks of them all were due to the
companies concerned.

Mr. J. Howard Howard said that if ever the railways deserved a vote
of thanks it was on that occasion. He thought the way in which they handled,
within twenty-four hours, that enormous traffic of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and
despatched them within the day was perfectly prodigious, and a marvel of
organisation. If those present went beyond that, and could realize that
within the next ten days there would scarcely be a ton of machinery left in
the showground, he thought they would agree with him that it was marvellous.
He had great pleasure iu seconding the resolution, which was carried
unanimously.

Suggestions of Members.

The President then inquired if any Governor or Member had any remarks
to make, or suggestions to offer for the consideration of the C^ouncil

Mr. Edward Owen Greening, as one of the oldest Members of the
Society, expressed " from the ranks" a word of sympathy with the Council in
a complication of difficulties that he had not known during the half-century he
had followed the interests of the Society. They ought to be grateful to the
Council, he said, for the wisdom that had built up a great reserve fund ready
for an emergency of this kind. If there should, unhappily, be a deficit on the
Show, they would meet it with certainty and courage. The Society was able to
stand an occasional loss of this kind, for it was never better equipped for its
great work, and there never was a time when greater opportunities for work
lay before it. Mr. Greening suggested that, following the example of the
International Horse Show at Olympia, the Society should introtluce Bending
and other competitions for Polo ponies as a feature that would interest the
public.

The President said he had no doubt the Council would take Mr. Greening's
suggestion into consideration.

Mr. Lawrence C. Tipper (Birmingham), referring to the action taken by
the Board of Agriculture and the Council of the Society in connection with the
outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, said that he and, he tliought, most of
them were entirely in accord with that action. Unfortunately, he had had to
do with the last outbreak of "Cattle Plague ' under the Privy Council, and

General Meeting, JiiUf 4, 1912. xxxi

knew whai that was. He asked the Press, however, t<j make it «lear that the
recent outbreaks of Foot-and-Moiith Disease were not " Cattle Plague " at all.
The statements which appeared in some of the newspapers created a false
impression. Those who had had to return their animals home at considerable
expense had done so for the good of the nation, and that being so the nation
should refund them out-of-pocket expenses. He knew of exhibitors who had
looked to this Show almost to pay their rents. (Hear, hear.) He had seen the
statement of the President of the Board of Agriculture in Parliament on
the previous night ; but he still thought that if some pressure were brought he
might agree to this suggestion. It would not be a large sum, because many of
the exhibitors would not ask to be recouped ; but there were a considerable
number to whom it would be a great boon to have, not only their entry fees
returned, but their out-of-pocket expenses refunded.

The President replied that this suggestion could be referred to the
Council ; that was all he could say at present.

A Member drew attention to what he termed the inefficient catering, and
asked why, when the Society went to Yorkshire, they did not employ a
Yorkshire caterer.

Mr. Charles Morris, of St. Albans, asked the Council to consider
whether it would be practicable to have in this country a Quarantine Station
in which, in the event of such an oittbreak as the present one, animals could
be kept for a reasonable time. Many owners of cattle, he remarked, brought
their animals to the Show in the hope of meeting foreign buyers.

The President answered that other societies had considered this question,
but the Council would bear it in mind at the proper time.

Mr. Henry Smith, juu. (Cropwell Butler), asked the Council to reconsider
the wool classification. Years ago each breed had a separate class, but now
the longwools and shortwools were massed together. He suggested that the
old classification be reverted to.

The President replied that this suggestion would be considered by the
Committee that had charge of the matter.

Thanks to President.

Mr. James Watt, Carlisle, proposed a vote of thanks to Lord Middleton
for his services in the chair. Most agriculturists, he thought, and, in fact, all
right-thinking people in the Empire, would regret the statement Mr. Runciman
had made in the House of Commons on the previous night with regard to
recouping the Royal A^jricultural Society and the intending exhibitors. With
such resources behind him — the Development Act to begin with, and his friend
and colleague, the Chancellor of the Exchequer — (laughter) — who would draw
at least three millions in one year from that most valuable and estimable class
of people, the poor maid servant — (renewed laughter) — he thought the least he
could do was to recognise the great value this Society had been to agriculture,
and to say they should not be liable for — should he call it an act of God or the
act of the Irishmen ? (Loud laughter.) At any rate, this question ought to
be taken up by the Government.

Mr. Henry Hawking (Easingwold), in seconding the vote of thanks,
referred to Lord Middleton's efforts for the benefit of agriculture, adding that
if Great Britain were sought over no abler President could be found.

The Secretary then submitted the motion, which was enthusiastically
carried.

Lord Middleton. in acknowledging the vote, thanked Mr. Watt and Mr.
Hawking for their kind words. When he had been asked to accept the Presidency
for this year, he had felt rather doubtful about accepting, as he thought they
might have got somebody else in Yorkshire, but on reflection he had decided to
accept and do his best. He could tell those present that it was a great honour
to be asked to act a second time, and he had done all he could to make the
Show this year a success. As to what he had done for the agriculture qf

xxxii Monthly Council, July 31, 1912.

the country he thought it his dut}-, and that of every man who farmed,
to make it as good as he could. He thanked them again for their kind
expressions, and hoped that the Show— although there had been a certain
amount of failure to start with — might in the end prove as good or even better
than was expected.

The proceedings then terminated.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 1912.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C, Lord MiDDLETON
(President) in the Chair : —

Present: — Trustpps. — Sir J. B. Bo wen- Jones, Bart., Lord Moreton, the Earl
of Northbrook, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane. Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Sir A.E.Fellowes, K.C.V.O.,
Mr. R. M. Greave-s, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Earl of Yarborough.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. H. Dent Brockle-
hurst, Mr. H. Budding, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank,
Mr. W. T. Game, Mr. W. Harrison, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. R. W. Hobbs,
Mr. Alfred Mansell. Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton,
Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. Fred Smith,
Mr. H. Herbert Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyfortb. and Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler.

The minutes of the last monthly meeting of the Council, held in the
Doncaster Showyard, on July 4, 1912, were taken as read and approved.

The Hon. James Dunsmuir, of Victoria, British Columbia, was elected a
Governor, and seventy-six duly nominated candidates were admitted into the
Society as Members.

Mr. Adeane, in presenting the Report of the Finance Committee, which
was received and adopted, announced that the financial results of the Doncaster
Show, though he did not know them exactly, would not show such a loss as
some of them anticipated. The Council had been met on this occasion, as
they were on all occasions, with the greatest generosity on all sides, and on the
previous day the Finance Committee had had before them a list of donations
from exhibitors amounting to 119/. He was quite sure that the Council, and
the whole Society, would be very grateful to those exhibitors who were meeting
them in this way.

On the motion of Mr. Adeane, seconded by Sir John Thobold, Bart., it
was resolved : " That in order to facilitate the winding up of the accounts for
the Doncaster Show as early as possible, authority be given for the issue, during
the recess, of orders on the Society's bankers for the payment of accounts
connected with the Show."

A deputation from Nottingham in support of an invitation to hold the
Show in that city, in the year 1915, was introduced by Mr. Pilkington. The
deputation consisted of The Mayor (Mr. Councillor E. Mellor), Mr. Alderman
Ball, the Town Clerk (Mr. W. J. Board), Mr. Bertram Smith (President of the
Nottinghamshire Agricultural Society), Mr. Councillor C. J. Mee (honorary
secretary of the Nottinghamshire Horticultural Society), and Mr. Alderman
Heath, representing the Farmers" Union. The invitation having been formally
tendered by the Mayor, and speeches having been made by various other
members of the deputation, the Council unanimously resolved, on the motion
of the President, that the invitation be accepted.

Lord Northbrook, in presenting the report of the Veterinary Committee,
said he would like to refer very briefly to the paragraph as to the appointment
of the Sub-Committee. The Veterinary Committee thought that it was
desirable that fuller consideration shi.uld be given to matters relating to the
prevalence of certain diseases of animals in the country, the best method of
dealing with and controlling them, and other matters which affected the
interests of st<ick owners. The Committee believed that such a course would

Monthly Council, Octoher 8, 1912. xxxiii

be advantageous to the Society, and they also hoped that it might be helpful to
the Board of Agriculture. The Council by this means would be in a position to
make representations to the Board on these subjects, and to support the Board
in any action they might think necessary in dealing with these questions. The
Veterinary Committee, at their regular monthly meetings, had not sufficient time
to go into questions like this, and that Committee was such a large one that it
was too much to ask the members to come together more often than they did now.
The Committee therefore suggested the appointment of a Sub- Committee for
this purpose. The gentlemen whose names had been read out had agreed to
serve on the Sub-Conmiittee, and were, he believed, willing to give a good deal
of time and consideration to these matters, to consulting and obtaining informa-
tion from experienced and practical persons, and making investigations with a
view to reporting to that Committee. The President expressed the opinion
that the proposed Sub-Committee would be most useful. He thought the Board
of Agi'iculture would be willing to take the Society's opinion on several things
and that members of the Society in the country looked to the Council to take
a forward part in looking after the diseases of animals.

The Report of the Stock Prizes Committee having been received and adopted,
Mr. Reynard said he was sure the Council had been very gratified to hear the
statement made by the Chairman of the Finance Committee that the loss on
the Doucaster Show would not be as much as was anticipated. Speaking for
the Stock Prizes Committee, he might say that they very much appreciated the
action of those exhibitors who had foregone their entry fees and sent contribu-
tions, and he ventured to hope that others would be willing to follow their
generous example.

The Reports of the Implement, Showyard Works, Selection. Dairy and
Produce, Farm Prizes and Horticultural Committees were received and adopted.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Edward Brown, President of the
International Association of Poultry Instructors and Investigators, conveying a
resolution passed at the final session of the Association's meeting, tendering
their profound gratitude to the Society for granting them the privilege of using
for their meetings the rooms at the Society's house, 1(J Bedford Square.

After the transaction of other business, the Council adjourned over the
autumn recess, until Wednesday, November 6, 1912.

TUESDAY, OCTOBER 8, 1912.

A Special Meeting of the Council was held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C, to
discuss the situation in connection with the recent Orders of the Board of
Agriculture, respecting the admission of Live Stock into Great Britain. In
the unavoidal)le absence of Lord Middleton (President), the Right Hon. Sir
AiLWYN E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O. (Vice-President), was called to the Chair.

Present: — 7>-M«^;es. — The Earl of Coventry, the Earl of Northbrook.

Vice- Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Sir Richard Cooper, Bart., the Hon.
Cecil T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Capt. Clive Behrens, Mr. Richardson Carr,
Mr. Howar.l Frank, Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. F. Ingram,
Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. F. Reynard.

Governor. — The Rt. Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P.

The Chairman, in his opening remarks, explained that the President — who
was unable to be present that day — had suggested in the previous week that a
special meeting of the C'ouncil should be convened for the purpose of looking
into the question of the regulations of Foot-and- Mouth Disease between
England and Ireland. ^ resolution had been drawn up, which would be
moved and seconded, and he thought it would be carried unanimously. Many
Members of the Council who were unable to be present had written saying that
they heartily approved of the action taken by the Royal, and what was
especially pleasing to him was that the four Members of Council from his own

xxxiv Monthh/ CounciL November 6. 11)12.

County of Norfolk were absolutely in favour of the prohibition of Irish store
cattle.

Mr. Adeane felt sure they all regretted that they could not that day carry
out their original intention, which was that they should meet to give their
hearty support to the President of the Board oi Agricultui'e in the firm attitude
he had taken up with regard to the admission of Irish cattle into Great
Britain. The whole position had been changed, and he feared they must all of
them express their very strong disapproval of the action of Mr. Rxinciman.
What they really met for that day was to do what they could to resist the
demands which were constantly being urged on the Board of Agriculture from
Ireland. As the premier Society of England, their duty was to do all they
could to avert the danger to the cattle of the country. The disease should
receive drastic treatment, and no loopholes should be left for the re-introduc-
tion of the disease into Great Britain. He begged to move the following
I'esolution : —

"That while desiring to express their approval of the action taken by the Board
of Agriculture, whereby the importation into Great Britain of Irish cattle was
prohibited, the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England desire to place
on record their regret at the action of the President of the Board of Agriculture in
admitting Irish store cattle into this country at a time when cases of Foot-and-
Mouth Disease are reported from different districts in Ireland, thus opening the
door to the re-introduction of disease from Ireland into Great Britain. They would
urge upon him most strongly in the interests, not only of the breeders and stock
owners of this country, but of consumers, that the regulations lately existing
should be re-imposed until such a time as Ireland is free from the disease."

The Earl of Nokthbrook, as Chairman of the Veterinary Committee,
seconded the resolution.

Speeches in support of the motion having also been made by Mr. Richard-
son Carr, Mr. Frederick Reynard, Mr. Christopher Middleton, Mr.
Robert W. Hobbs, and Captain Clive Behrens, the resolution was put to
the meeting and carried unanimously.

Copies of the resolution were ordered to be sent to the various AgricuKural
and Breed Societies.

On the motion of the Hon. Cecil Parker, seconded by Mr. Christopher
Middleton, it was resolved : —

"That the Society join in the deputation to be received by the President of the
Board of Agriculture on Wednesday next, to present the resolution passed at this
meeting."

The Eight Hon. Henry Chaplin, M.P. (Governor), said he was unfeignedly
glad that the Council had passed the resolution in the sense they had done,
because he came there that day for the sole purpose of asking their permission
to say at the deputation on the following day that he had the high authority
of the Council's sanction and support for the statement he proposed to make to
Mr. Runciman in the hope, and for the purpose laid down in their resolution,
that it might be possible, even yet, to secure some modification of the Order,
and some postponement of its action — at all events for a certain time.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1912.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, W.C, Lord Middleton
(President) in the Chair : —

Present: — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., the Earl of Coventry,
the Earl of Northbrook.

Vice-Presidents.— Mr. Percy Crutchley, the Right Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes.
K.C.V.O., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O.

Other Members of tlie Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Mr. E. W. Betts, Mr". H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis Brown, Mr. T. A. Buttar,

Monthly Council, Novemher 6, 1912. xxxv

Mr. Richardson CaiT. the Hon. J. E. Cross. Mr. H. Dudding, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie,
Mr. A. E. Evans. Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. W. T. Game, Mr. J.
W. Glover, Lord Harlech. Mr. VV. Harrison. Mr. J. H. Hine. Mr. Arthur
Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs. Mr. W. F. Ingram, Sir C. V. Knightley, Bart., Mr.
Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews. Mr. W. A. May. Mr. C. Middleton,
Mr. G. Norris Midwood. Mr. John Myatt, Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. R. G.
Patterson. Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington. Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr.
F. Reynard. Mr. C. C. Rogers. Mr. John Rowell, Mr. H. Herbert Smith. Mr. E.
W. Stanyforth. Mr. C. W. Tindall. Mr. A. P. Turner. Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler,
and Mr. L. C. Wrigley.

Governor. — Mr. Harold Swithinbank.

The following Members of the Bristol Local Committee attended the
meeting of the General Bristol Committee on the previous afternoon : — Mr.
Peter Addie (City Valuer), Mr. Henry Bridgman. Mr. R. E. Bush (Sheriff of
Bristol), Mr. J. J. Harle, Alderman C. A. Hayes, Mr. Sidney Humphries,
Mr. Samuel Kidner. Mr. James Peter, Mr. H. L. Riseley, Mr. Edmund
J. Taylor (Town Clerk), Mr. Eldred G. F. Walker, Mr. H. W. Seccombe Wills,
and Mr. George Nichols (Hon. I.iocal Secretary).

The minutes of the last ordinary meeting of the Council, held on Wednes-
day, July .SI, and of the special Council held on Tuesday, October 8, were
taken as read and confirmed.

Mr. Frederick E. Muntz, of Umberslade, Hockley Heath, was elected
a Governor, and ninety-two duly nominated candidates were admitted into the
Society as Members.

The President announced with sincere regret the deaths, since the Council
last met, of Mr. George Taylor, Mr. William Scoby, and Mr. Alfred J. Smith.
Mr. George Taylor was the Member of Council for the County of Middlesex,
which division he had represented since 1905, and he was known to most of
those present as being connected with the breeding of Shorthorns and especially
Dairy Shorthorns. His presence amongst them would be greatly missed. Mr.
William Scoby had also been well known, particularly in his Lordship's own
part of the country. Everybody looked up to him, and he was greatly
honoured there. Mr. Alfred Smith, who died recently at the age of seventy-
seven, had been a Member of that Council for over twenty years. He would
be remembered for his kindly manner to everybody, and as a breeder of Suffolk
Cart-horses. His Lordship said it would doubtless be the wish of the meeting
that an expression of the Council's regret should be sent to each of the
bereaved families.

Sir Gilbert Greenall said the Council would remember that at the
meeting in February last, he had had the honour to hand to his Lordship a
letter from the Lord Mayor of Manchester containing an invitation for the
Society to hold its annual Show in the city of Manchester in the year 1916.
On that occasion the Council unanimously accepted the written invitation, and
he now had the pleasure to state that he had been in communication with the
Lord Mayor of Manchester, with a result that a deputation from the city and
county were present personally to offer the Society a most hearty welcome to
Lancashire. Mr. HARRISON then introduced the deputation, which was
composed of : — The Lord Mayor of Manchester (Mr. Councillor S. W. Royse),
Sir George W. Agnew, Bart., M P., Sir William Bailey, Sir Charles Behrens.
Alderman Edward Holt, Mr. Harold Agnew, Mr. J. T. Smith, Mr. Thomas
Hudson (Town Clerk), Mr. M. Birtwistle, Mr. J. Herbert Hall, and Mr. J. H.
Thewlis.

The Lord Mayor of Manchester, Sir Charles Behrens, Alder-
man Edward Holt, and Sir William Bailey having spoken in support
of the invitation, the President thanked the deputation for their attendance.
He was sure Sir Gilbert Greenall would do everything he could to make the
Show at Manchester a great success ; all they wanted was the weather and
the attendance would be as good as they could expect.

xxxvi Monthly Council, November 6, 1912.

Mr. D. T. Alexander introduced a deputation from CardiflE to tender
to the Society a cordial invitation to visit that City in the year 1917. The
deputation consisted of the Lord Mayor of Cardiff (Sir J. W. Courtis), the Town
Clerk of Cardiff (Mr. J. L. Wheatleyl, Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart, M.P.,
Lord Aberdare, Mr. E. W. M. Corbett (Lord Bute's Agent), Alderman C. H.
Bird, Mr. G. P. Mitchell Innes, Mr. llltyd Thoma's, Mr. Edward Akers
(Chairman of the Agricultural Council for the district), Mr. R. Templeton (the
tenant of the land), and Mr. Hubert Alexander (Secretary of the Glamorgan
Chamber of Agriculture). Speeches in support of the invitation were made by
The Lord Mayor of Cardiff, Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart, Lord
Aberdare, Mr. Mitchell Innes, Mr. Corbett, and Mr. D. T. Alexander.

On the motion of the President, seconded by Sir Gilbert Greenall, it
was unanimously resolved :

" That the Royal Agricultural Society accept the invitation of Cardiff, to hold the
Show in that City in the year J917, subject to the customary agreement being
entered into with the Society by the Corporation."

Sir J. B. BOWEN-JONES, in presenting the report of the Chemical and
Woburn Committee, announced officially the resignation of Mr. Hogg, the
Manager of the Woburn Experimental Station. Mr. Hogg had been in the
service of the Society for eleven years, and, while they were sorry to lose
his services, he thought the Council would all congratulate him on his new
appointment, and wish him every success in his future life. Mr. Frank C.
Atkinson, B.Sc, had been appointed in place of Mr. Hogg. There had been 199
applications received in time and one had come in yesterday morning, making
200. The half-dozen selected candidates had been asked to attend the meeting
of the Chemical and Woburn Committee and the choice of that Committee, as
stated in the Eeport, fell upon Mr. Atkinson, who had had the very highest
recommendations from practical as well as scientific people.

Mr. Mathews, in presenting the Keport of the Dairy and Produce
Committee, which was adopted, drew attention to the offer made by the
Glamorgan County Council of prizes for butter-making, in the hope that
the other County Councils included in the area of the Competition might
see their way to follow this example and offer special prizes. In calling
attention to the paragraph with regard to wool, and the offer of the
Southdown Sheep Society to provide prizes for a class for Southdown wool at
the Bristol Show, he stated that a letter had been received that morning from
the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheej) Breeders' Association offering to provide
prizes for a class for Kent wool.

The Secretary read the following letter, which had been received from
the Secretary of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, dated October 8, 1912 : —

My Dear McEow,

I am directed hy the Council to express on their behalf all due thanks to the
Council of the Royal Agricultural Society for the manner in which member.s of this
Society were treated at the Doncaster Show.

It is very gratifying that the connection between the two Societies has been
most satisfactory.

Tours sincerely,

(Signed) J. MAUGHAN.
The Secretary,

The Royal Agricultural Society.

On the motion of the President, the Seal of the Society was affixed to the
agreement between the Society and the Corporation of Bristol in connection
with the holding of the Show of 1913.

The Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting of Governors and
Members, to be held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, at 3 p.m. on
Wednesday, December 11, was prepared and ordered to be issued.

Other iDusiness having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, December 11, at 11 a.m.

Monthly Council, December 11, 1912. xxxvii

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1912.

At a Monthly Council held at \G Bedford Square, W.C., Lord Middleton
(President) in the Chair : —

Present: — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S.W. Cornwallis,
the Earl of Coventry, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Moreton, the Earl of North-
brook, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Sir Richard P, Cooper, Bart., Mr.
Percy Crutchlev, Mr. J. Marshall Dusjdale, the Right Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes,
K.C.V.O.. Mr. R. M. Greaves. Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the Hon. C. T.
Parker, the Earl of Yarborough.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Captain Clive Behrens, Mr. E. W. Betts, Mr. Henry Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis
Brown, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. Arthur E. Evans, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. W. T.
Game, Mr. Joseph Harris, Lord Hastings, Major H. G. Henderson, M.P., Mr. J.
H. Hine, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. G. R.
Lane-Fox, M.P., Mr. J. L. Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest
Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. T.
H. Miller, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr.
H. F. Plumptre, Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, the Duke of
Richmond and Gordon, K.G.. Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. E. W.
Stanyforth, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler, and
Mr. Louis C. Wrigley.

The following Members of the Bristol Local Committee attended the meet-
ing of the General Bristol Committee : — Mr. Peter Addie, Mr. H. Bridgman,
Mr. J. J. Harle, Mr. H. L. Riseley, Mr. H. VV. Seccombe Wills, and Mr. George
Nichols (Hon. Local Secretary).

The minutes of the last Meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday, Novem-
ber fith, 1912, were taken as read and approved.

The President said it was his melancholy duty to report the death, a few
days ago, of one of their colleagues, Mr. Henry Dudding, a representative on
the Council for the Division of Lincolnshire. Mr. Dudding became a Member
of the Society in 1870, and joined the Council in 1906. He was a very noted
and successful breeder and exhibitor of Shorthorn cattle and Lincoln sheep, and
animals from his herds and flocks had in the past been much sought after by
foreign buyers. His Lordship had also to announce the death of Sir Charles
Whitehead, who joined the Society so far back as 1857, and served on that
Council for no less than thirty-eight years, retiring in 1907 through failing
health. Sir Charles was frequently a steward at the Royal Shows, and for
many years carried out the duties of Chairman of the Botanical Committee.
He also contributed many valuable articles to the Journal.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted ; and Mr.
Adeane, Chairman, presented the accounts for the Show at Doncaster. These
showed a loss of 1,232/., which was amply covered by the contribution of 2, ,500/.
from the ordinary account to the Show account. If from that sum of 2,500Z.
they deducted the loss of 1,232/., it gave a balance to their credit of 1,268Z.

In presenting the Report of the Chemical Committee, Sir J. B. Bowen-
Jones said that, although they might have had to wait a long time for it, a
reply had now been received to the application made by the Society for a grant
to enable them to conduct their experimental work at the Woburn Farm. This
question had given the Chemical Committee a good deal of anxiety, and
although the hope had been deferred for a long while, they felt that they had
had some compensation in the fact that an interim grant had been made for
the purposes of their work, with a promise of something more. The Com-
mittee wanted more definite information as to what the position would be in
future, and until a reply to the Society's inquiry had been received, the Com-
mittee were unable to announce what the final decision would be.

Lord NORTHBROOK referred to two questions mentioned in the Report of
the Veterinary Committee, dealing with Swine Fever and with Foot-and-Mouth

xxxviii MonMy Council, December 11, 1912.

Disease. Resolutions, he said, would presently be submitted to the Council,
and Members who might wish to make any remarks on these subjects would
have an opportunity of doing so. The Council would notice that the Com-
mittee recommended that the report of the Principal of the Royal Veterinary
College should be published in the next volume of the Journal. That was the
usual course. As, however, this report contained much valuable information
as to recent experiments with regard to the treatment of contagious abortion
of cattle, and particularly as to a method of testing animals for this disease,
which had been employed with very successful results in a number of herds, he
suggested that the report be circulated amongst Members of the Council forth-
with, as well as being included in the Journal, which would not be published
until March next.

On the motion of Mr. Alfred Mansell, seconded by Mr. E. W. Stany-
FORTH, the following resolution was passed : —

"That a copy of the Report for 1912 of the Principal of the Royal Veterinary
College in reference to Swine Fever be sent to the Board of Agriculture with a com-
munication stating that the Council are strongly of opinion that the drastic
measures that Sir John McFadyean recommends should be carried out in every
case."

Sir AlLWYN Fellowes then moved. Mr. Dent Brocklehuest seconded,
and it was resolved : —

"That a letter be sent to the Board of Agriculture, urging them to give effect to
the recommendations of their own Departmental Committee on Foot-and-Mouth
Disease with the least possible delay.''

In presenting the Stock Prizes Committee's Report, Mr. Retnard said that
the amount voted for prizes by the Finance Committee was 6,000Z., and this
had been all allocated. It was pleasing to note that the Society continued to
receive the generous support of the Breed Societies, and it was gratifying to
find that their contributions for the Bristol Show were in excess of those offered
at the late Doncaster Show. He thought it was a matter for congratulation
that they continued to receive this cordial co-operation, which was so much to
the benefit of both the Royal and the Breed Societies. Several private
individtials had again contributed most generously to the prize sheet, and,
although they preferred to remain anonymous, yet the Society's thanks were,
nevertheless, due to them.

A suggestion made by the Hon. Cecil Parker and Mr. Stanyforth,
that the Annual General Meeting should in future be held at a more con-
venient hour, was referred for consideration to the Committee of Selection.

The Duke of Devonshire (Chairman of the Special Committee)
presented the report of the Referees (Dr. William Somerville and Professor
Wood) appointed in connection with the Society's offer of its gold medal for
original research in agriculture. Five essays had been submitted to the
Referees, and they recommended that the gold medal be awarded to Mr.
William Gavin, B.A., for his paper on the " Interpretation of Milk Records."

In accordance with the regulations governing the award of the medal, Mr.
Gavin was elected a Life Member of the Society.

The Duke of Devonshire, in moving the adoption of this report, said he
hoped the Council would be of opinion that the experiment of presenting the
gold medal had been justified by the results. The report which they had
received from Dr. Somerville and Professor Wood gave the fullest possible
information on the subject, and he thought that the Council were fully justified
in carrying the experiment still further. He would like to express his con-
gratulations to Mr. Gavin on being the first winner of this medal, and he would
also like to take the opportunity of thanking Dr. Somerville and Professor
Wood for their trouble in going through the papers and making the award.

The Secretary read the following resolution, which had been passed at
the General Meeting of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society : —

"The members of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society wish to express to the
Council of the Royal .Agricultural Society of England their appreciation of the

Attmiat General Meeting, JDecemhei' 11, 1912. xxxix

manner in which the conditions upon which this Society voluntarily offered not to
hold a Show in the year 1012 were carried out.

"They much regret that the unfortunate outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in
Ireland, and the restrictions on the movement of stock, except horses, which were
necessarily enforced resulted in the Doncaster Show not being the success there is
every reason to suppose it otherwise would have been."

A letter was also read from the Secretary of the Doucaster Agricultural
Society stating that at the Annual Meeting of that Society he had been
desired to express, on their behalf, their appreciation of the generous manner
in which the members of the local Society had been treated by the Royal
Agricultural Society on the occasion of the Dimcaster Show.

The following Standing Committees were appointed for 1913 : — Finance.
Journal and Education. Chemical and Woburn, Botanical and Zoological,
Veterinary. Stock Prizes, Implement, Showyard Works, Selection, Dairy and
Produce, and Special. The present members of the various Standing Com-
mittees were, with one or two exceptions, reappointed to those Committees.
Lord Strachie was added to the Botanical and Zoological and Veterinary
Comnnttees, Mr. G. R. Lane-Fox, M.P., to the Botanical and Zoological and
Showyard Works Committees, Mr. A. W. Perkin to the Chemical and Woburn
Committee, Mr. Davis Brown to the Stock Prizes Committee, Mr. E. V. V.
Wheeler, Mr. T. L. Aveling, and Mr. Joseph Harris to the Committee of
Selection.

On a motion from the Chair, the Seal of the Society was affixed to the
Agreement in connection with the Society's tenancy of the Charity Farm at
Woburn.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, February 5, 1913.

procccMngs at tbe Bnmml
(Beneral riDcctina of (Bovcrnors anb riDenibere,

HELD AT THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1912.

LORD MIDDLETON (PRESIDENT) IN THE CHAIR.

Present : — Trustees. — Mr. P\ S. W. Cornwallis, the Earl of Northbrook, Sir
John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, the Right Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes,
K.C.V.O.. Mr. R. M. Greaves.

Other Members of Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr.
E. W. Betts, Mr. Davis Brown, Mr. James Falconer, Mr. J. W. Glover, Lord
Hastings, Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr. W. F.
Ingram, Mr. J. L. Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr.
Claude M. S. Pilkington, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. Frederick Reynard, Mr. C. W.
Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, and Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler.

Honorary Member.— Sir Thomas H. Elliott, K.C.B.

Governors.— Lieut.-Co\. J. F. Curtis-Hay ward, Mr. Frederick Ernest Muntz,
Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P., Mr. Martin J. Sutton.

Members.~:Slv. John Alexander. Mr. W. W. Baylis, Mr. J. L. Beck, Mr. John
J. Bell, Mr. Thomas Blackwell, Mr. F. J. Casserley, Mr. J. Chalcraft, Mr. W. S.
Cleverley, Mr. J. E. Cooke, Mr. Thomas Corbett, Mr. William Cory, Mr. G. Loyd
Courthope, M.P., Major P. G. Craigie, C.B., Mr. H. S. Daine, Mr. J. L. Daniell,
Mr. A. W. Dean, Mr. L. de Wyttenbach, Mr. John Evens, Mr. William Fortune,
Mr. Henry Walter Gilbey, Mr. F. L. Gooch, Mr. Edward Grasett, Mr. J. E. Grove,
Mr. C. Y. Hewitt, Mr. T. A. Huband, Mr. Clement Keevil, Mr. Dunbar Kelly,
Mr. W. G. Lane, Mr. William Langridge, the Rev. Cecil H. Legard, Mr. C. W.

xl Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912.

Le May, Mr. Llewellyn T. E. Llewellyn, Professor W. McCracken, ]\Ir. Kenneth
J. J. Mackenzie, Mr. Archibald McNeilagc, ]\Ir. Joseph Martin, ilr. Hem-y
Matthews, Mr. C. Morris, Mr. Thomas Nesbitt. ]\Ir. T. G. Owen, Mr. Benjamin
Painter, Mr. P. J. Parmiter, Professor John Penberthy, Mr. Edward C.
Rausome, Mr. R. Henry Rew, C.B., Mr. J. A. Robinson, Mr. 8t. John B. Roscoe,
the Rev. H. M. Rowdon, Mr. Aubrey Rumball, Mr. C. Franklin Simmons, Mr.
E. C. Simon, Mr. James Slatter, Mr. Richard Stratton, Mr. Daniel Swaffer, Mr.
Alfred Tanner, Mr. J. Herbert Taylor, Mr. George D. Thody, Mr. C. D. Thompson,
Mr. E. Trimen, Col. F. A. Walker-Jones, Mr. E. Watson, Mr. J. W. Watt, Mr.
Jonas M. Webb, Mr. W. F. Wood, Mr. N. W. Wortley, &c.

Officers. — Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, Consulting Chemist ; Mr. Thomas
McRow, Secretary.

President's Opening Remarks.

The President, in opening the proceedings, said that, in the first place, he
should like, on behalf of the Society, to acknowledge the courtesy of the Royal
Agricultural Hall Company and the Smithfield Club in allowing them to hold
the meeting in that room, and thus giving an opportunity for so many Members
to be present. The past year had been a somewhat eventful one in the agricul-
tural world, and especially for the Society.

Doncaster Show.

The outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, commencing at the end of last
June, had the very serious effect of causing the Society to abandon the cattle,
sheep and pig portions of the Show, and this caused great disappointment to a
large number of exhibitors and others. However, in spite of this, the Show
was loyally supported by the people of Yorkshire, and the result was much
more satisfactory than could have been anticipated. In this connection he
would like to say how much they were indebted to the Mayor and Corporation
of Doncaster, the Race Committee, and the Local Executive Committee. Then,
again, they had the great advantage of the very cordial co-operation of both the
Yorkshire Agricultural Society and the Doncaster Agi-icultiu-al Society, which
bodies both gave up their shows in favour of the Royal. Once more they had
to acknowledge the great services rendered to the Society by their Honorary
Director, Sir Gilbert Greenall. (Hear, hear.) During the time of stress at
Doncaster, he left no stone unturned in his efforts to do everything possible for
the convenience, not only of exhibitors, but also of the herdsmen and attendants,
who naturally were most anxious as to what was really going to happen. Most
unfortunately. Sir Gilbert was unable to be with them that day, having been
called away on important business.

The first item on the agenda was the presentation of the balance-sheet, and
those present all had in their hands the accounts for this year's Show, which,
as he had said, could but be regarded as satisfactory, bearing in mind all the
circumstances.

Report.

It would be noticed from the Report of the Council, which the Members also
had before them, that during the past year the Society had lost by death a good
many of its supparters, and he mtich regretted that there had now to be added
to the list given in the report, the names of Mr. Henry Dudding and Sir Charles
Whitehead. Mr. Henry Dudding joined the Society as a Member in 1870, and
in 1906 was elected to the Council as a representative of the Division of
Lincolnshire. Mr. Dudding was, he thought, known to almost all of them as a
most successful breeder and exhibitor of Shorthorns and Lincoln sheep. The
late Sir Charles Whitehead, who resigned his position as a Vice-President in
1907, was elected a Member in 1857, and he had served on the Council for no
less than thirty-eight years. Sir Charles acted on several occasions as a steward
at the Show, and for a number of years filled the position of Chairman of the
Botanical and Zoological Committee. He had also written some valuable
papers for the Society's Journal.

Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912. xli

Frizes at Bristol.

Turning again to the Report, the President said there was every indication
of a successful exhibition next year at Bristol. (Hear, hear.) The Breed
Societies had again been very generous in their support, and the prizes for all
classes of stock, i&c, would be on a liberal scale. He might say that the total
amount oflEered in prizes would be nearly 11,000/. The Lord Mayor and Cor-
poration and the Local Committee of Bristol were most enthusiastic with
regard to next year's Show, aird were doing everything they could to assist the
Society, so that if the weather was favourable success seemed to be assured.

Future Shows.

Another matter he desired to refer to was the fact that the Council, in
response to very cordial invitations from the respective localities, had accepted
invitations for the holding of the Shows for the next five years, namely, next
year at Bristol, in 191-1 at Shrewsbury, 1915 at Nottingham, 1916 at Manchester,
and 1917 at Cardiff. (Applause.)

Gold Medal for Research.
There was just one other matter before he sat down. As was stated in the
Report last year, it had been decided to offer the Society's gold meilal for
original research in agriculture. The entries for the first year closed last
Michaelmas, and of the five papers submitted, that sent in by Mr. William
Gavin, B.A., on " The Interpretation of Milk Records," had been selected by
the referees as the most meritorious work. and. consequently, he had to
announce that Mr. Gavin had been awarded the Society's gold medal.

Adoption of Report.

Mr. Martin J. Sutton (Reading) said he was only informed as he came
into the room that he was to have the honour to move the adoption of the
Report. He had very hastily glanced through it — he had previoirsly read it —
and marked certain clauses, all but two of which had been referred to by the
Chairman, so that there was very little for him to say. He did not think they
could pass Clause 7, however, without congratulating themselves that when
they did lose the eminently useful services of their present Chairman, they
were to be favoured with the help of the Earl of Northbrook. Nothing could
be more satisfactory. With regard to what had been said about the annual
Exhibition at Doncaster, of course that Show was in their minds, and they
could not forget the calamity that seemed to be before them on the Monday of
the week of the Show. He could not help remembering, on arriving at the
station, seeing cattle going back from the Showground. He had never seen it
before. The pouring rain in which they were travelling back, and the terrible
depression of everyone connected with the Show, made that first day one to be
remembered. None of them had seen such a thing before, or would wish to
again. Certainly he would never forget it. And then to think that they
pulled through notwithstanding that. Yorkshiremen and others came to their
help, and though they could not see the cattle, they could see the horses, in
which the Yorkshiremen are so interested. Everybody determined that, so far
as in them lay, the Show should be a success, notwithstanding the calamity which
befell them in consequence of the outbreak of Fo(3t-and-Mouth Disease. They
were very grateful to Prince Arthur of Connaught for coming under such cir-
cumstances, and there was no doubt at all that the Royal Show owed a very great
debt to the Royal Family, for wherever the Society went, some member of the
Royal Family was sure to be with them. The President had already referred
to the satisfaction they all felt, not only in having such a splendid site and
such a splendid centre for the Show next year at Bristol, but in having had
promises from Shrewsbury, Nottingham, Manehester and Cardiff to follow. His
experience of the Society during the twenty-two years he had been a Member of
the Council was that never before had they had such a succession of great places

VOL. 78. P

xlii Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912.

willing to receive them. That implied that the Royal Society's peregrinating
Shows were not played out by any means. He thought they should congratu-
late themselves on the action taken by the Council in connection with Foot-
and-Mouth Disease. On page 12 of the Report they were reminded that the
Council had taken a very prominent part in urging upon the Government the
necessity of restrictions being still enforced and not relaxed, and bearing in
mind the great temptation there was to the Government to relax those
restrictions, he thought they ought to be more grateful, not only to the Council,
for the action they had taken, but to Mr. Runciman for making such a decided
answer to the Irishmen when they needed to be reminded that we were the
controlling party.

He (the speaker) had the honour still to represent the Society on their
National Diploma Examination Board, and he thought they would all agree
with him that when they saw such a large number of successful candidates,
not only for the Diploma in Agriculture, but also for the Diploma in Dairying,
they must consider that they were as a Society doing good work, and that the
Report therefore merited the approval of the meeting. He had the very
greatest pleasure in proposing its adoption.

Major P. G. Ceaigie, C.B. (Lympstone, Devon), seconded with pleasure the
resolution which Mr. Sutton had proposed. On many occasions he had met
his fellow Members of that great Society at that meeting, and looking back
over nearly half a century of membership of the Society, he did not remember
that they had had within the terms of that Report a more vivid picture of the
activities of the old Society than they had that day. Not only was the Society
identified with that great function of the year, the Show, to which Mr. Sutton
had referred, but they might congratulate themselves that, in spite of all their
difficulties, they still held aloft the good standard of work in the Chemical,
Experimental, Botanical, Zoological, and Veterinary Departments of the
Society. To all of those who believed that the great agricultural societies were
first of all really educational bodies, striving to promote the agriculture of the
country, it must be a source of the greatest gratification that, under such
chairmanship as they had, and under the guidance of their able officials, the
Royal Agricultui'al Society, in good times and bad, had done so well as the
Report testified. No further words from him were necessary to second the
motion, which he did very cordially.

The Report was then adopted.

Election of President.

Professor John Penberthy (Newnham, Glos.) esteemed it a great honour
to be invited to propose the resolution, and it was a particular privilege that he
had in the resolution to bring before their notice a name which he was sure
would commend itself to their most favourable consideration and hearty support.
It was his privilege to propose that the Earl of Northbrook be elected President
of the Society to hold office until the next ensuing annual general meeting.
Good wine needed no bush, and it was not necessary to use words in commend-
ing the resolution. Lord Northbrook's name was too well known to need
commendation. His Lordship's interest in agriculture was second to none, and,
having had the honour of being associated with him in many agricultural
projects, he could with great assurance refer to the success attending those
operations, which success had been largely due to the personality of the noble-
man, who he was quite sure they would honour themselves by electing their
President. He begged to propose the resolution.

Mr. Llewellyn T. E. Llewellyn (Basingstoke) begged to second the
resolution, and had very great pieasm'e in doing so. He had to do with a
Committee of which, he believed, his Lordship was Chairman, and a more
delightful Committee to work with he did not know, and the reason was largely
that his Lordship was Chairman of it.

The resolution was carried by acclamation.

Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912. xliii

The Eaii of Northbrook. whose rising was gi'eeted with great applause,
thanked the Members very sincerely for the honour they had done him in
electing him their President for the ensuing year, and he also thanked his
friends, Professor Penberthy and Mr. Llewellyn, for their kind words in pro-
posing and seconding his election. Since he had been a Member of the Council
he had taken a great interest, in the work of the Society, and the pc)sition as
President was one which he highlj-^ valued as the greatest honour that could be;
conferred upon a ilember of the Society. He could assure them that il would
be his endeavour to carry out to the best of his ability the responsible dutjes
connected with the office to which they had so kindly elected him that day,
and as he knew that he would have the assistance of an able staff and could
rely on having the loyal support of the Council, he hoped that he would
succeed in doing so to their satisfaction, and in a manner worthy of the Society.
He thanked them very much for the confidence they had been so good as to
express in him that day.

Election of Trustees.

. The President stated that the following twelve Trustees had been
nominated by the Council in accordance with the by-laws, and on a show of
hands they were duly elected : —

H.R.H. Prince Christian, E.G., Cumberland Lodge, Windsor.
Bedford, Duke of, K.G., Woburn Abbey. Bedfordsbire.
Bowen-Jones, Sir J. B., Bart., Council House Court, Shrewsbury.
Cornwallis, F. S. W., Linton Park, Maidstone, Kent.
Coventry, Earl of, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcestershire.
Devonshire, Duke of, G.C.V.O., Chatsworth. Chesterfield.
Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart., Elsenham Hall, Elsenham, Esses.
Jersey. Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Middleton Park, Bicester.
Middleton, Lord, Birdsall House, Malton, Torks.
Moreton, Lord, Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, Oson.
Northbrook, Earl of, Stratton, Micheldever, Hampshire.
Thorold, Sir John H., Bart., Old Hall, Syston, Grantham.

Election of Vice-Presidents.

The Vice-Presidents were elected in a similar manner, their names being as
follows : —

Adeane, C. R. W., Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

Cooper, Sir Richard P., Bart., Sbenstone Court, Lichfield.

Crutchley, Percy, Sunninghill Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.

Derby, Earl of, G.C.V.O., C.B., Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire.

Dugdale, J. Marshall, Llwyn, Llanfyllin, S.O., Mont.

Fellowes, Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E., K.C.V.O., Honingham, Norwich.

Feversham, Earl of. Duncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire.

Greaves, P.. M., Wern, Portmadoc, North Wiiles.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart, C.V.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.

Northumberland, Duke of, K.G, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.

Parker, Hon. Cecil T., The Grove, Corsham, Wilt>hire.

Yarborough, Earl of, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

Elections to the Council.

The President then announced, in accordance with By-law 87, the names
of the following Ordinary Members of Council who had been elected to represent
the several Divisions of the Society included in Group " C," in order that the
meeting might " take cognizance of their election" : —

Alexander, D. T., Bryneithen. Dinas Powis. Glamorganshire.

Avehng, Thomas L., Holey Hill House, Rochester, Kent.

Brocklehurst, Henry Dent, Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire.

Garden, Richard George, I'lshmoyne, Templemore, eo. Tipperary, Ireland.

Evans, Arthur K.. Bronwylfa, Wrexham, North Wales.

Game, W. T., Aldsworth, Northleach, (Gloucestershire.

Glover, James W., Beechwood, Warwick, Warwickshire.

Harris, Joseph, Brackenbrough Tower. Carlisle, Cumberland.

Henderson, Major H. G., MP., Kitemore, Farinudon, Berkshire.

Hobbs, Robert W., Kelmscott, Lechlade, Oxfordshire.

Ingram, Walter F.. 2 St. .Andrew's Place, Lewes, Sussex.

P2

xliv Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912.

*Lane-Fox, George U., M.P.. Bramham Park, Boston Spa. York?, W. Riding.

Luddington, J. L., Littleport, Ely, Cambridgeshire.
tPerkin, A. W., Greenford Green, Harrow, Middlesex.

Plumptre. H. Fitzwalter, Goodnestone, near Canterbury, Kent.

Keynard, Frederick, Sunderlandwick Driffield, Yorkshire, East Ptiding.

Eichmond and Gordon, Duke of, KG., Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex.

Eowell, John, Bury. Huntingdim. Huntingdonshire.

Strachie. Lord, Sutton Court, Pensford, Somerset.

Tindall, C. VV., Wainfleet, S.O., Lincolnshire.

Wilson, Christopher W., Rigmaden Park, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland.

'Additional Member elected under By-law 83.
• tMember elected under By-law 89.

Election of Auditors.

Mr. Henry Walter Gilbey proposed that the best thanks of the Society
be tendered to Mr. Jonas M. Webb, Mr. Hubert J. Greenwood, and Mr. Xewell
P. Squarey for their services as auditors during the past year, and that they be
re-elected. It required no words from him to get those present to re-elect the
gentlemen named for the ensuing year.

Mr. A. Tanner having seconded the motion, it was unanimously carried.

Suggestions of Members.

In response to the customary inquiry from the Chair as to "whether any
Governor or Member of the Society had any remarks to make or suggestions to
offer for the consideration of the Council,"

Mr. J. E. Cooke (Acton Beauchamp) suggested for the consideration of the
Council that it would be better if the Journal could be published earlier than
at the present time. The Show was held in the summer, and they did not get
the Journal until some time in the year following, and he thought it would be
much better to have at an earlier date the reports of the various competitions.

Mr. Thomas A. Huband referred to the question of Swine Fever in the
country. They knew that a great deal had been done, but he thought that a
great deal more might be done, particularly through the Council of the Society,
in urging the Minister of Agriculture to take such steps as would be more
satisfactoiy to the community. They once had a Minister of Agriculture who
was brave enough to tackle the question of rabies, and he received — and would
always deserve — the gratitude of the whole country. They were all aware, lie
had no doubt, that the position of things with regai'd to Swine Fever was very
much worse in the present year than it had been for a very long time past.
There was a passage in the report saying that Foot-and-Mouth Disease was the
most serious consideration there was throughout the year in regard to contagious
diseases, but he thought they would all agree that the position with regard to
swine plague was very much worse, and very much more important to the
community than that of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (Cries of " No.") He hoped
that the Council would give a little more attention to it, and take steps to
induce the Board of Agriculture to take such measures as were recommended by
their best advisers, so that they might be as successful with swine plague as
they had been with regard to other diseases.

The President asked Lord Northbrook, the Chairman of the Veterinary
Committee, to reply to Mr. Huband.

Lord Northbrook thought he might say, in the first place, they all agreed
with Mr. Huband as to the exceedingly unsatisfactory condition of the country
witli regard to Swine Fever. He could assure him that the matter had the
constant attention of the Council, and also of its Veterinary Committee. The
Council had only that morning passed a resolution, which was to be forwarded
to the Board of Agriculture, pointing out what they considered might be
more effective steps in dealing with the matter, and urging the Board to take
them into consideration with a view of giving effect to them. The Veterinarj'^
Sub-Connnittee had appointed a Sub-Committee, who were inquiring very fully
into the matter, and receiving evidence from gentlemen in various y)arts of the
country, and that Sub-Committee (of which he had the honour to be Chairman)

Annual General Meeting, December 11, 1912. xlv

hoped, and it was ouly a hope, that they might be able to throw some light on
these difficulties, and give some assistance to the Board in the matter. He
assured Mr. Huband that the matter had not been lost sight of by the Society.

The President, in answer to Mr. Cooke, said that the next Volume would
be issued in March, but that the suggestion that had been made would be
referred to the Journal Committee.

Mr. C. W. Le May (Croydon) begged to call attention to the fact that
England was the only civilised country in the world that had not a Seed Testing
Station. The seed trade of the United Kingdom had taken steps to try to get
one in this country, but the President of the Board of Agriculture had not
done anything. They had approached the Council, and asked them if they
would use their influence, and at a meeting held on Monday night he understood
that the Seed Trade Association thought that the Council of the Royal
Agricultural Society gave it their favourable consideration, but they wanted the
seed trade to contribute towards it. The Association maintained that it should
be started by the Government, and would soon be self-supporting. It would
be a great advantage to traders, seed merchants and all farmers to be able to
send samples of seeds, have them tested, get value for their money, and get good
seeds. He really thought the Society might take some steps in the matter to
bring pressure to bear on the Board of Agriculture.

The Chaikman said that this question would be referred to the Council.

Thanks to the retiring: President.

Sir Thomas Elliott, K.C.B., was sure that it would be the unanimous
desire of every Member present to exjjress to Lord Middleton their grateful
thanks for his services as Presiiient of the Society during the past year. (Hear,
hear.) They all knew that during his year of office he had displayed and
exemplified in his own person some of the very best qualities which distinguished
true agriculturists — loyalty, good sense, tolerance, and public spirit had all been
shown by Lord Middleton during his term of office in a most conspicuous fashion.
From some points of view they could wish that Lord Middleton's term of office
had been more prosperous, happy and successful than it had been. They also
remembered that in the time of trouble and difficulty a Society like theirs
needed to be well led, and it was fortunate for the Society that during the time
they had great difficulties to contend with Lord Middleton should have been
President. Both at the Board of Agriculture and the Royal Agricultural Society
they had had many bitter experiences in the past year. There had been a
bright side, for it had brought out the loyalty, hard work, and devotion of his
colleagues on the Board of Agriculture in a marked fashion. There was not a
man there who had not devoted himself, when necessary, day and night,
Sundays and weekdays, to get rid of the scourge. The bright side showed them
the loyalty and goodwill of all the agriculturists of the country, small and large,
in the troubles they had had to contend with. He remembered very well the
outbreaks in 18it2, his first year at the Board of Agriculture, when hardly an
hour passed witliout the arrival of deputations of farmers asking that the
restrictions might be withdrawn, and saying that the remedy was worse than
the disease. They had had nothing of the kind this year. There had been the
general support of agi-iculturists, and the measures taken to get rid of the
disease had been supported by the Council of the Society, and not the least by
its President, Lord Middleton. He asked them cordially to express their thanks
to Lord Middleton for his conduct in the chair.

Mr. G. L. COUETHOPE, M.P., had very great pleasure in seconding the vote
of thanks moved by Sir Thomas Elliott. The steering of great organisations like
"the Royal" through all the difficulties that must necessarily arise even in a
year when all was smooth and easy, was a considerable task, and one t hat deserved
the gratitude of every one concerned. To do so as Lord Middleton had done
that year in a time of difficulties and disappointments, not only without disa.ster,
but with conspicuous success, deserved, he thought, the tenfold gratitude of the

xlvi Annual General Meeting, JJecemher 11, 1912.

agricultural community. No words were necessary to commend the proposal
to the Members, and as his Lordship, with his well-known modesty, could not
very well put the resolution to them himself, he, Mr. Courthope, asked them to
express their approval.

The resolution was passed by acclamation.

Lord MiDDLETON, in reply, thanked the meeting for their vote. He
considered it last year, when he was elected, a great honour to have been
appointed to represent that great Society a second time. They would remem-
ber that the first time he occupied the Presidential Chair he had not had a very
successful time of it. That was in the year 1904-5, and they would remember
the troubles tliey were in, and the difficulties they had to get over. Time had
put things right, and now lie thought the Society was in a very prosperous state.
He could not say that it was owing to him, but others who came after him at
that time did an enormous amount for the Society then, and year by year the
state of the Society had improved. He could assure them that he had enjoyed
his year of Presidency. At that time last year he hoped, and he had every
reason to expect, that the Show at Doncaster would have been one of record
years. They all knew what happened, but they could not prevent that.
They could not prevent the weather, but he had been glad during the past year
to add his small endeavours to keep the Society in the state in which it had
been going on for some years. There was one thing he would have liked to see,
and that was a larger acce-sion of Members to the Society. He noticed they
had an increase by one since that time last year, and he could have hoped they
could have taken a lesson from their friends in Norfolk and added considerably
more to the membership for the year. He trusted that next year, when they
were going into a different part of the country, that still more Members might
be induced to join.

The meeting then terminated.

xlvii

DONCASTER SHOW,

JULY 2 TO (3, 1912.

PRESIDENT :
LORD MIDDLETON.

Honorary Director.
Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.
Stewards of Live Stock.
Horses.
Cybil E. Greenall, The Manor, Carlton Scroop, Grantham.
John Rowell, Bury, Huntingdon.
Cattle.
Joseph Harris, Brackenbrough Tower, Carlisle.
Sheep and Pigs.
C. W. TiNDALL, Wainfleet, S.O., Lincolnshire.
Steward of Dairying and Poultry.
Ernest Mathews, Little Shardeloes, Amersham, Bucks.
Steward of Forage.
C. D. Nicholson, Stainton Manor, Rotherham.
Steward of Veterinary Examination.
Cyril E. Greenall, The Manor, Carlton Scroop, Grantham.
Stewards of Implements.
F. S. W. CoRNWALLis, Linton Park, Maidstone.
The Hon. J. E. Cross, High Legh, Knutsford.

Stewards of Refreshments.

Howard Frank, 2U Hanover Square, London, W.

William Harrison, Hall House, Leigh, Lancashire.

Steward of Education Exhibition.

Sir J. B. BOWEN-JONES, Bart., Council House Court, Shrewsbury.

Stewards of Horticultural Exhibition.
The Hon. John R. de C. Boscawen, Tregye, Perranwell, Cornwall.
A. A. Paton, Oneida, Sefton Park, Liverpool.
Stewards of Forestry.
George Marshall, Broadwater, Godalming.
C. COLTMAN Rogers, Stanage Park, Brampton Bryan.
Stewards of Finance.
Charles R. W. Adeanb, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.
Thomas L. Aveling, Boley Hill House, Rochester.
Richardson Carr, Estate Office, Tring Park, Herts.
Sir Richard Cooper, Bart., Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

Surveyor,

.J. R. Naylor, F.R.I.B.A., Smith's Bank Chambers, Derby.

Secretary.

Thomas McRow, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.

JUDGES OF IMPLEMENTS.

Trials of Corn and Seed Drills.

Charles P. Hall, Park Farm Office, Wobuin, Beds.

Heber G. Martin, Littleport, Isle of Ely, Cambs.

Miscellaneous Implements entered for Silver Medals.

Harry W. Buddicom, Penbedw, Xannerch, Mold.

J. B. Ellis, Stanley House, St. Ives, Hunts.

List of Judges at JJoncaster, 1912.

JUDGES OF

HORSES.
Shires. — Classes 1-10.

George Cowing, Manor Farm,Yates-

burj, Calne, Wilts.
James Gould, Crouchley, Lymm,

Cheshire.

Clydesdales. — Classes 11-18.

Alexander Clark, Newton Farm,

Markinch, Fife.
John Cocker, Hill of Petty, Fyvie,

N.B.

Suffolka — Classes 19-26.

Fred C. Paine, Crockfords, New-
market.

CoRDY S. WoLTON, The Hall, Laven-
ham, Suffolk.

Hunters. — Classes 27-39 ; Riding
Hunters. — Classes ()7-73.

Alfred Ashton, Forest Hill, Tar-

porley, Cheshire.
J. C. Wilmot-Smith, The Hall,

Boroughbridge.

Polo Ponies. — Classes 40-44.

A M. Tree, The New Lodge, Ashorne

Hill, Leamington.
A. J. Walmsley, The Priory, Tet-

bury, Glos.

Cleveland Bay and Coach Horse. —
Classes 45-49.

Thomas Curry, Field House, Marton,

S.O., Yorks.
Thomas Leefe, Fryton, Slingsby,

Yorks.

Hackneys. — Classes 50-58 ; and Hackney
Ponies. — Classes 59-62.

Alfred Beldam, River View, Earith,

St. Ives, Hunts.
James McMeeken, Mertonhall,

Wigtownshire.

Shetland Ponies. — Classes 63 and 64.

Francis N. M. Gourlay, Milnton,
Tynron, Dumfriesshire.

Welsh Ponies. — Classes 65 and Gd.

W. Forrester Addie, Estate Office,
Powis Castle, Welshpool.

LIVE STOCK, &c.

POULTRY.

Classes 349-478.

H. AiNSCOUGH, Hillside, Parbold,

Southport.
Harry C. Ardron, The Fosse, Syston,

Leicester.
C. N. Goode, Peckfield Lodge, South

Milford, R.S.O., Yorkshire.
Dr. E. S. Jackson, Robin Hill, Carn-

forth.
W. G. Kingwell, Dartmoor Poultry

Farm, South Brent, South Devon.
Thomas Lambert, Bourne Hill,

Hadlow, Kent.
E. H. Turrell, Ide Cottage, Ide Hill,

Sevenoaks.
John Wilkinson, Burrow House,

Scotforth, Lancaster.

PRODUCE.

BvLtter.— Classes 479-484.

Miss A. D. McKerrow, Manor Farm,
Garforth, nr. Leeds.

Cheese.— Classes 485-494.

A. N. Shorto, Army and Navy Co-
operative Society, Ltd., 105 Victoria
Street, Westminster, S.W.

Thomas Welsby, 9, Wellington
Road, Rhyl.

Breadi.— Classes 495-498.

A. L. Johnston, 3 Bank Buildings,
Wimbledon, Surrey.

Cider and Perry. — Classes 499-506.

B. T P. Barker, M.A., Long Ashton,
Bristol.

John H. Wootton, By ford, Hereford.

Vfo6\.— Classes o07 -509.

Dr. F. H. Bowman, 4 Albert Square,
Manchester.

Hives and Honey. — Classes 510-536.

F. J. Cribb, Sand Rock House, Ret-
ford.

J. H. Hadfield, Hamilton Place,
Alford, Lines.

G. Hayes, Melhurst, Mona Street,
Beestoii, Notts.

W. F. Reid, Field Side, Addlestone,
Surrev.

List of Judges at Doiu^.,>tar 1912

xlix

COMPETITIONS.
Jumping.

Michael G. Lloyd Baker, The
Cottage, Hardwicke, Gloucester.

F. L. GoocH, F.R.C.V.S., St. Martin's,
Stamford.

F. H. SCHWIND, Badminton Club,
Piccadilly, W.

Horse-shoeing,

Lloyd Jones, M.R.C.V.S., 27 High

Street, Doncaster.
Robert Vigar, A.F.C.L., Towns End,

Caterham, Surrey.

Butter-making.

Professor R J. Drummond, Dairy
School, Kilmarnock.

FARMS.
Classes 1 and 2.

Henry Giles, 27 Prince of Wales

Road, Norwich.
Henry Hawking, Avondale, Easing-

wold, Yorkshire.

Classes 3-o.

George Harrison, Gainford Hall,
Darlington.

G. G. Rea, Middleton Hall, Wooler
R.S.O., Northumberland.

PLANTATIONS AND HOME
NURSERIES.

Charles Hankins, Wordwell, Cul-

ford, Bury St. Edmund's.
William Soiierville, M.A., 121

Banbury Road, Oxford.

FORESTRY.

J. C. Blofeld, 13 Upper King

Street, Norwich.
J. P. Robertson, Edensor, Bake well.

HORTICULTURE.

N. F. Barnes, Eaton Gardens, Chester.
A. MacKellar, Royal Gardens,

Windsor.
Thomas Stevenson, Woburn Place

Gardens, Addlestone, Surrey.
James Vert, Audley End Gardens,

Saffron Walden.

CHIEF VETERINARY OFFICER.

John Malcolm, F.R.C.V.S., Holliday
Street Wharf, Birmingham.

VETERINARY INSPECTORS.

Lloyd Jones, M.R.C.V.S., 27 High

Street, Doncaster.
Professor J. Macqueen, F.R.C.V.8.,

Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town, London, N.W.
Joseph Arson, F.R.C.V.S., Norfolk

Street, Sheffield.
Percy Abson, M.R.C.V.S., 33 Hall

Gate, Doncaster.
F. L. GooCH, F.R.C.V.S., St. Martin's,

Stamford.
Charles Hartley, F.R.C.V.S., 43

Friars Lane, Lincoln.
J. S. Lloyd, F.R.C.V.S., Veterinary

Department, Town Hall, Sheffield.
George R. Simpson, M.R.C.V.S.,

3 George Street, Driffield.

ASSISTANT VETERINARY OFFICER.

William Trigger, F.R.C.V.S.,
Newcastle, Staffs.

AWARDS OF PRIZES AT DONCASTER,

1912.

ABBREVIATIONS.

I., First Prize. II.. Second Prize. III., Third Prize. IV., Fourth Prize.
v.. Fifth Prize. E. N., Reserve Number. H. C, Highly Commended.

N.B. —The responsibility for the accuracy of the description or pedigree, and for
the eligibility to compete of the animals entered in the following classes, rests
solely with the Exhibitors.

Unless otherwise stated, each Prize Animal in the Classes for Horses was "bred by

Exhibitor."

HORSES.
Shires.

No.in Class 1. — Shire Stallions, foaled in 1911.

ifip'fg [14 entries, .5 absent.]

0 1. (jC20/ &R. N. for Champion.-) -Lord Rothschild. Tring Park, Herts,, for Cham-
pion's Goalkeeper, brown, bred by the Earl of Powis, Powis Castle, Welshpool ; «.
Childwick Champion 22215. d. Tliemls of Welshpool (52107 hii Oak Apple .'ith 2H570.

4 II. (^lO.M— F. W. Gkiffin. Boro' Fen. Peterborough, for Moors Bridegroom, bay.
bred by Edward Green, The Moors. Welshpool ; s. Moors Kitchener 25448, d. Evenall
Baroness ,51020 hii Rocks Golden Bar 1!I070.
14 III. (,£5.M— W. & H. WHITLEY. Priniley Farm, Paignton, for Primley Draughts-
man, black : s. Tatton Dray King 23777. d. Quality 46013 hii Dunsmore .Tameson.

8 IV. (^4.)-SlE ARTHUR NICHOLSON, Highfield Hall, Leek," for Leek Challenger,
bav. bred by John Cotton, The Grange, Weston-on-Trent : «. Redlynch Forest King
23626, d. EckiDgton Chance 44816 Inj Lockinge Emperor 2nd 18157.
13 R. N. & H. C— Sir Berkeley Q. D. Sheffield, Bt., Normanby Park, Don-
caster, for Bamford Kingmaker.

Class 2. — Sliire Stallions, foaled in 1910. [14 entries, (i absent.]
19 I. (^'20, & Champion.'^)— James Forshaw & Sons, Carlton-on-Trent, Newark, for
Tandridge Coming King 29926, biy, bred by Max Michaelis, Tandridge Court,
Oxted : s. King of Tandridge 24351, d. Alexandra of Tandridge 46852 iy Victor of
Wareslev 19212.

25 II. (jCIO.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Blacklands Kingmaker 29102,

hay, bred by W. G. Amos, Manor Farm, Drayton Parslow, Bletchley : s. Blvthwood

Kingmaker 18534. d. Blacklands June Rose 38085 Ini Roval Guardian 18330.
21 III. (X5.)-F. W. Griffin. Boro' Fen, Peterborough, for Rowington Dray King

29795, dark brown, bred by T. Horn. Rowington, Warwick; .v Friar John 24266, </.

Darwen Dray Queen 53586 hy Drayman 23rd 19551.
23 IV. (i:4.~)-JOHN C. Jackson, The Grange. Askern, Doncaster, for Blacklands

Prince Harold 2910.3, brown, bred by W. G. Amos, Manor Farm, Drayton Parslow,

Bletchley : x. Blythwood Kingmaker 18534, d. Blacklands Lady Harold 44146 hy

Puekrup Prince Harold 18294.

26 R. N. & H. C— LORD ROTH.scHiLD, for Farmer Duke.

Class 3. — Sliire Stallions, foaled in 1909. [12 entries, 4 absent.]
29 I. (^20.)— J. E. Attbrbury, Welford, Rugby, for King Premier, bay. bred by Exors.

of the late Sir P. A. Muntz. Bt., Dunsmore, Rugby ; .s. Dunsmore Premier 25160, d.

Dunsmore Flirty 47820 bi/ Dunsmore Jameson 17972.
35 II. (jCIO-A. Grandage, Stud Farm, Bramhope, Leeds, for Gaer Right Sort 28324.

bay, bred by the late C. D. Phillips, The Gaer, Newport, Mon. ; s Gaer Conqueror

25218, d. Danetree Peggy 31603 6?/ Hendre Swell 15631.

1 Prizes given by the Shire Hor.se Society.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Shire Horse Society for the best Stallion in
Classes 1-3.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Doncafter, 19 J 2. li

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

34 III (£5.)~James Forshaw & Sons, Carlton-on-Trent, Newark, for Leonardo
28462, brown, bred by C. P. Yates. Catterall Hall, Garstang ; s. Leo 2Dd 23432. d.
Catterall Beauty 38425 by Sir George of Willington 16975.

.S9 E. N. & H. C— W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for Primley Bellivor.

Class 4. — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1911. [17 entries, 7 absent.]

49 I. (i;20.M— Sir Arthur Nicholson, Highfleld Hall, Leek, for Leek Dorothy, bay;

.<. Redlvnch Forest King 23626, d. Leek Dainty 51487 bi/ Girton Meteor 19649,
53 II. (i'lO. ' )— Mrs. Sauber, Preston Hall, Aylesford, for Tandridge Rosette, bay, bred

by Mas Michaelis, Tandridge Court, Oxted : s. King of Tandridge 24351, rf. Sweldon

Charm 46446 bij Calwich Captain 16041.
47 III. (X'5.1)— KOBERT Heath, Biddulph Grange, Biddulph, Staffs., for Biddulph

Blanche, bay, bred bv R. Whitehead Hargate Hall, Buxton ; s. New Cut Harokl 2nd

25486, d. Babinglev Gladys 50110 bi/ Calwich Blend 17226.

43 IV. (je4.)— The Duke of Devonshire, Chatswortb, Chesterfield, for Chatsworth

Bonny, bav, l.red by Charks Wood, Pilsley, Bakewell ; s. Holker Mars 26309, d.
Bonny .39479 by Quick March 3rd 14232.

44 E. N. & H. C— The Duke of Devonshire, for Chatsworth Stella.

Class 5, — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1910. [11 entries, 3 absent.]

61 I. (je20.)-SiR Walpole Greenwell, Bt., Marden Park, Woldingham, for Marden
Constance 67777, bay : s. Norbury Menestrel 23543, d. Marden Pouch 54607 by Lockinge
Forest King 18867.

65 II. (£10.) Lord Rothschild. Tring Park, Herts., for Halstead Duchess 7th 67223,
bay. bred by John Bradley. Halstead, Tilton, Leicester; s. Redlynch Forest King
2.3626, d. Halstead Duchess iuh ,54035 by Menestrel 14180.

64 III. (jCS.)— W. Edward Porter, Tiie Hollies, Deeping St Nicholas, Spalding, for
Stantonhouse Lucy Eedlynch, chestnut, bred by Edward Holland, Mill Hill, Sand-
bach, Cheshire : .v. Redlynch Forest King 23626, d. Willaston Baroness 43833 by
Hendre Baronet 16714.

67 IV. (jC4.)— Sir Berkeley G. D. Sheffield, Bt.. Normanby Park, Doncaster, for
Norraanby Royal Girl 68037, bay ; s. Halstead Royal Duke 25255, d. Country Girl 53509
by iSlythwood Kingmaker 18534.

60 R. N. & H. C— W. F. Glasier, Central House, Winterton, Doncaster, for Roxby
Queen Mary.

Class 6.— Shire Fillies, foaled in 1909. [8 entries, 2 aVjsent.]

75 I. {£20. & Champion. 2 )—W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for Lorna
Doone 64248, brown, bred by T, Green, The Bank. Pool Quay, Welslipool ; s Child-
wick Cliampinn 22215. d. Bank Roseleaf 52901 bij Bank Nil Desperandum 21096.

70 II. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.'^)— John Bradley, Halstead, Tilton, Leicester, for

Halstead Royal Duchess 63853, bay ; s. Lockinge Forest King 18867, d. Halstead
DuclK-s lir.l 42121 hi/ Menestrel 14180.
73 III. (X5.)- Mrs. Sauler, Preston Hall, Aylesford, for Tandridge Delight 65127, bay,
bred by Max Michaelis, Tandridge Court, Oxted ; -t. Shamrock of Tandridge 25620,
d. Puilton Sorais 45919 by Lockinge Forest King 18867.

71 R. N. & H. C— F. W. Griffen, Boro' Fen, Peterborough, for Boro' Forest Lady.

Class 7. — Shire lUa res, foaled in or after 1908, with Foals at foot.
[13 entries, 3 absent.]

81 I. (i:20.)— James Forshaw & Sons, Carlton-on-Trent, Newark, for Silfield Belle
64881. brown, foaled in 1908, bred by Arthur Parkinson, Silfleld Lodge, Wymondham ;
.S-. Rickford Friar 21799. d. Sowerby Belle 46318 by Drayman 23rd lt'o51. [Foal by
Ffraw Forest Chief 27326.]

83 II. (£10.)— Timothy Lowe, Stanton House. Burton-on-Trent, for Yatesbury Sunlight
65530, bay, foaled in 1909. bred by George Cowing, Yatesbury. Calne, Wilts ; s. King
of the Eoses 24352, d. Creslow "Sunlighi, 56623 by Beachendon Eoyal Harold 19325.
[Foal btj Sterling Jameson 23728.]

87 III. (£5.)— The Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall, Chester, for Caronia 59740. bay,
foaled in 1908, bred by H. Watson, Hargrave, Chester ; s. Lymm Champion 22562,
d. Carona 41469 hn Codnor Harold 17266. [Foal by Phenomenon 3rd 18272]

85 IV. (£4.)— Leopold Salomons, Norbury Park, Dorking, for Abingworth Gipsy
59031, grey, foaled in 1908, bred bv S. C. Peach, Abingworth, Thakeham. Pulborough :
A-. Sussex Menestrel 23770, d. Foundation 38992 by Ivy Jubilee Harold 17418. [Foal by
Dowsby Forest King 27253.]

89 E. N. & H. C— J. G. WILLIAMS, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley May Queen.

1 Prizes given by the Shire Horse Society.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Shire Horse Society for the best Mare or
Filly in C)a«sses 4-8.

lii Aivard of Live Stock Prizes at J)on<xtster, 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Class 8, — Shire Mares, foaled in or before 1907, ivith Foals at foot.
[16 entries, 8 absent.]
105 I. (jC20.)— W. Sc H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Piisgnton, for Mollington Movement
48793, bay, foaled in 1904, bred by C. E. Bruce Fry, Mollingtou, Banbury ; s. Lockioge
Forest King 18807. d. Catthoipe Malmaison 16389 bij Cronton Magna Charta 9165.
[Foal bu Primlev Bellivor 28679.]
98 II. UiQ.)—F. E". MUNTZ, Umberslade, Hockley Heath, for Kathleen 60841, dark
brown, foaled in 1905. bred by E. Jackson, SugnypwU, Trevor, Ruabon : s. Erddig
Baronet 20469, d. Darby by Moors Zealot 15731. [Foal hu King Forest 24347.]
103 III. (jCS.)— Sir Berkeley G. D. Sheffield. Bt., Normanbv Park, Doncaster, for
Lawford Diamond 48506, brown, foaled in 1904, bred by E. T. Banks, Weedon ;
s. Lockinge Forest King 18867, d. Black Bess 34852 by Nailstone Roval Herald 15746.
[Foal bi/ Forage President 27342.]
95 IV. (jC4.)— James Forshaav & Sons. Carlton on-Treuc Newark, for Frodingham
Bertha 63744, brown, foaled in 1907, bred by John Coward, Cowran, Pennington,
Ulverston ; s. Holker Essential 22447, d. Blossom by Whitstone Glad Tidings 19245.
[Foal by Frodingham Peer 27352.]
1C4 R. N. & H. 0.— SiE EDWARD STERN, Fan Court, Chertsey, for Lockinge Forest
Daisy.

Class 9. — Shire Colt Foals, the irroduce of Mares entered in Classes 7 or 8.
[19 entries, 7 absent.]
116 I. (jCIO.)— W. Edward Porter, The Hollies, Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding, for
brown, foaled Feb. 2ii ; «. Babingley Nulli Secundus 26993, d. Iron Starlight 64009 by
Chipping Squire 2nd 24136.

108 II. (.£5.) -A H. Clark, Moulton Eaugate, Spalding, for bay, foaled April 1;
s. Babinglev Nulli Secundus 26993, d. Tatton Duchess 62082 bv Tatton Dray King 23777.

109 III. (.£3.)-JAMES crook, Shuttleworth Hall, Hapton, Burnley, for bay, foaled
March 18 ; s. Charterhouse Forester 27171, d. Directoire 60114 by Ringway Harold
2(1847.

124 R. N. & H. C.-J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring.

Class 10. — Shire Filly Foals, the 2)rod'i(ce of Mares entered in Classes 7 or 8.
[7 entries, i absent.]

126 I. (.£10.)— B. N. Everard, Bardon Hall, Leicester, for brown, foaled April 13;
s. Bardon Forest Premier 2,5890, d. Needwood Belle 61307 by Codnor Harold 17266.

131 II. (£5.)— Leopold .Salomons, Norbury Park, Dorking, for bay, foaled April 3;
s. Dowsby Forest King 27253, d. Abingworth Girisy .■)9031 by Sussex Menestrel 2TuO.

127 III. (jCS.)— James Forshaw & Sons, Carlton-on-Trent, Newark, for Carlton
Marion, brown, foaled April 12 ; s. Frodingham Peer 27352, d. Frodingham Bertha
63744 by Holker Essential 22447.

Clydesdales.'

Class 11. — Clydesdale Stalliom, foaled in 1911. [10 entries, 4 absent.]

140 I. (i:20.)— A. & W. Montgomery, Netherhall and Banks, Kirkcudbright, for bay,

bred by J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar ; s. Baron's Pride 9122, d. Nellie

16782 by Royal Favourite 10630.
134 II. (^10.)— W. Dunlop, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for Dunure Stephen, bay, bred by

Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station ; s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263, d. Minnie-

wawa 21620 by Hiawatha 10067.
138 III. (je5.)~STEPiiEN Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for Boquhan Magnet,

brown ; s. Apukwa 14567, d. Boquhan Blossom 23986 hy Balmedie Queen's Guard.
136 R. N. & H. C. -JAMES KILPATRICK, Craigie Mains, Kilmarnock, for Ciaigie Elect.

Class 12. — Clydesdale Stallions, foaled in 1910. [9 entries, 2 absent.]
145 I. (jC20. & Champion.2 )— W. Dunlop, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for The Dunure, brown,
bred by J. & T. Robertson, Clendrie, Kirkcolm ; s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263,
d. Carina 2nd 16323 by Hiawatha 10067.

148 II. (^10, & R. N. for Champion.^)— A. & W. Montgomery, Netherhall and Bankn,
Kirkcudbright, for Baron Derby 16458, bay, bi ed by J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun
Castle, Dollar ; s. Baron's Pride 9122. d. Gitana 14717 bu Hiawatha 100d7.

149 III. {£b.)-A. & W. Montgomery, for Baron's Guard 16460, bay, bred by W. G.
Campbell, High Borgue, Kirkcudbright; s. Baron's Pride 9122, d. Maude 15980 by
Montrave Mac 9958.

147 R. N. & H. C— James Kilpatrick, Craigie Mains, Kilmarnock.

1 £50 towards these Prizes were given by the Clydesdale Horse Society.

2 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Clydesdale Horse Society for the best Stallion
in Classes 11-13.

Aicard of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. liii

[Quless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Class 13. — Clijdesdale St/ilUon-s, foaled in I90y. [6 entries, none absent.]

15") 'l.{£2Q.)~A.&, W.Montgomery, Netherliall and Banks, Kirkcudbright, for Earl

of Westfield, brown, bred by James Smitii, Westlleld Farm, Winchbui'gh ; s. Earl

of Clav 13458, d. Sallv Hood 14043 bii Flash woods Best 9211.
154 II. (jCIO.) -James Kilp.^trick, CraiKie Mains, Kilmarnock, for Revolution, bay,

bred by Robert Forrest, Knockenlaw, Kilmarnock ; s. Revelenta 11876, d. Lily of

Knockenlaw 16081 hi/ Prince Alexander 8899.

151 III. (jCS.)— Egbert Brydon, The Dene. Seaham Harbour, for Robin Adair 16013,
brown, bred by T. Lean, Wester Deans, Leadburn : s. Royal Water 13717, (/. Rossie
19808 by Elexender F.verard 11242.

152 R. N. & H. C— W. DUNLOP. Dunure Mains, Ayr, for Dunure Vintage.

Class 14, — Clydesdale Fillies, foaled in 1911. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

158 I. (jt20.)— James Gray, Birkenwood. Gargunnock. Stirling, for Esmer, bay ; s.
Apukwa 14567, </. Lady Jane 19569 by Balmedie Queen's Guard 10960.

157 II. U'lO.)— Robert Brydon, The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for Silver Bangle, brown;
s. Bonnie Buclilvvie 14032, rf. Svringa 26129 bii Silver Cup 1184.

159 III. (£b.)—J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for Harviestoun Aline,
bay, bred by W. Hood, Kirkcudbright ; s. Baron's Pride 9122, d- Balmac Mattie 29750
by Sylvander 10933.

Class 15. — Clijdesdale Fillies, foaled i/i 1910. [(J entries, none absent.]

163 I. (£20, & R.N. for Champion.')— J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for
Phyllis, bay : s. Roval Favourite 10630, d. Chester Princess 16371 hi/ Baron's Pride 9122.

166 II. (XIO.)— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan. Kippen Station, for Nannie, bay, bred
l)y James Gray. Birkenwood, Gargunnock ; s. Apukwa 14.567, d. Lady Jane 19569 by
Balmedie Queen's Guard 10966.

164 III. (£5.)— J. & W. Meiklem, Begg Farm, Kirkcaldy, for brown; s. Royal
Favourite 10630, </. Begg Baroness 20014 by Baron's Pride 9122.

165 R. N. & H. C— Stephen Mitchell, for Boquhan Diamond.

Class 16. — Clydesdale Fillies, foaled in 190!). [5 entries, none absent.]

169 I. (£20.)— J. & W. Meiklem, Begg Farm, Kirkcaldy, for Dunure Myrene, bay,
bred bv R. Waldie, Muircleugh. Lauder; s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263, d. Muircleugh
Belle 18447 by Mont rave Mac 9958.

168 II. (£10.)— J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for Doris, bay, bred by J.
Armstrong, Whithill, Huntly ; .^. Everlasting 11331, d. Mary of WhitehiU 19047 by
Gay Montrose 9916.

171 III. (£5.)— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for Margaret Love, bay,
bred bv Ales. Morton, Stepps Farm, Stepps ; s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263, d. Miss
Hiawatha 24007 by Hiawatha 10067.

170 R. N. & H. C— Stephen Mitchell, for Boquhan Ruby.

Class 17. — Clydesdale Mares with Foals at foot. [4 entries, 2 absent.]
173 I. (£20, & Champion. 1)— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for
Boquhan Lady Peggy, brown, foaled in 1906, bred by D. &, J. Carr, Red House,
Carlisle : s Hiawatha 10067, d. Lady Peggy 154.53 by Baron's Pride 9122. [Foal by
Dunure Footprint 15203.]

172 II. (£10.)— Robert Brydon, The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for Mimosa, bay. foaled
in 1907. bred bv George H.Procter. Flass House, Durham; s. Silver Cup 11184, d.
Muriel 15784 fey "Gallant Prince 10552. [Foal by Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032.]

Class IS. — Clydesdale Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Class 17.

[3 entries, 1 absent.]

177 I. (£10.) -Stephen Mitchpxl, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for Boquhan Lady

Margaret, black fillv. foaled March 21 ; s. Dunure Footprint 15203, d. Boquhan Lady

Peggie (vol. 29, p. 44) by Hiawatha 10067.
176 II. (£5.)— Robert Brydon. The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for bay filly, foaled June

6; s. Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032, d. Mimosa by Silver Cup 11184.

Suffolksr'

Class 19. — Sujfolh StaUiom, foaled in 1911. [6 entries, 1 absent.]
183 I. (£20.)— ARTHUR T PRATT, Morston Hall, Trimley, Ipswich, for Morston Honesty

39*)5. bred bv E. H. Williams. Alderton Hall, Woodbridge ; s. Bawdsey Harvester

3076. d. Belladonna 5076 /;(/ Valiant 2359.
181 II. (£10.)-Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk, for Sudbourne

Eclipse 3966 ; .s. Sudbourne Arabi ,3287, d. Sudbourne Massie 5869 by Eclipse 2627.

' Champion Prize of £10 given by the Clydesdale Horse Society for the best Mare or
Filly in Classes 14-17.
2 £50 towards these Prizes were given by the Suffolk Horse Society.

liv Award of Lire Stock Prizes at Jjoncasier, 19 12.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was " bred by exhibitor."]

179 III. (£5.)—Fj. Scott CATCHPOle, Dodnash Priory, Bentley, Ipswich, for Bentley
Cupbearer 4044, bred by G. P. Watkins, Culpho, Ipswich ; s. Saturn 2653, d. Bonnie
5110 bi/ Cordys Homocea 2643.

184 E. N. & H. b.-W. E. S. & P. H. WILSON, Hadleigh, Suffolk, for Hadleigh Friar.

Class 20. — Suffolk Stallioni^, foaled in 1910. [12 entries, .5 absent.]
189 I. (^£20, & R. N. for Champion, i)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., Methersgate
Hall, Wood bridge, for Bawdsey Harvest King 3879, bred by the late Sir Cuthbert
Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor ; s. Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d. Bawdsey Marguerite
3733 hii Eclipse 2010.

185 II. (£10.)— KENNETH M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Aerolite
3902 ; s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Daylight 5924 hij Bennington Cup-
Bearer 3086.

186 III. (£5.)— ARTHUR T. PRATT, Morston Hall, Trimley. Ipswich, for Morston George
3853, bred by Mr. Hart, Ipswich ; s. Neptune 3005, d. Gipsy hy Windsor Chieftain.

188 R. N. & H. C— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., for Bawdsey Boaz.

Class 21. — Suffolk Stallions, foaled in 1909. [8 entries, nune absent.]

198 I. (jf20, & Champion. ')— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for
Sudbourne Peter 3955, bred by E. H. Williams, Alderton. Suffolk ; a. Bawdsey
Harvester 3076. d. Magpie 3628 by Hereward 2253.

199 II. (£10.)— JAiXES Forrest, Tattingstone Hall, Ipswich, for Alpha 3894 ; g. Bawdsey
Harvester 307tJ, d. Sudbourne Sally 5428 by Verger 1550.

204 III. (£5.)— E. Eato^ White, Boulge Hall, Woodbridge, for Boulge Bombardier
36b'5 ; «. Boulge Monarch 3054, d. Brandy 4169 by Eclipse 2r27.

197 R. N. & H. C.—E. Scott CATCHPOLE, Bentley, Ipswich, for Bentley Honor.
Class 22, — Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1911. [3 entries.]

205 I. (£20.)— Kenneth M. Clark. Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Peach 7124;
s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Peace 5784 bi/ Border Minstrel L'287.

207 II. (£10 )— Sir Cuthbert Quilter. Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall, Woodbridge, for
Bawdsey China Doll 2nd 7252. bred bv the late Sir Cuthburt Quilter, Bt., M.P.,
Bawdsey Manor ; s. Bawdsey War Cry 3028, d. Bawdsey Wax Doll 6493 by Bawdsey
Harvester 3070

206 III. (£5.)— Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Sweet-bell 7228 ; s. Sudbourne
Counter 3478, d. Sudborue Harebell 517 by Verger 1550.

Class 23. — Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1910. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

210 I. (£20.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall, Woodbridge, for
Bawdsey Bloom 7034, bred by the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor ;
s. Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d. Ramsholt Blossom 3716 6?/ Prince Arthur 2268.

208 II. (£10.)— Kenneth M. Clark. Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Abbess
6766 ; s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Bessie 5501 by Dimple Dick 2497.

211 III. (£5.)— Sir cuthbert Quilter, Bt., for Bawdsey Statuette 7033. bred by the
late Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor ; *-. Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d.
Bawdsey China Doll 42ii9 by Prince Wedgewood 2,364.

209 R. N. & H. C— KENNETH M. CLARK, for Sudboume Connie.

Class 2i.— Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1909. [4 entries.]

214 I. (£20.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Belladonna
6711 : .s. Sudbourne Arabi ,3287, d. Siidhourne Beauty 5511, by Prince Albert 2,525.

213 II. (£10.)— Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Arcadia (3697; .<. Sudbourne Sun-
shine 3S74, d. Sudbourne Arabelle 5472 by Wedgewood 1749.

215 III. (£5.)— ARTHUR T. Pratt. Morston Hall Trimley. Ipswich, for Teasel 6,572, bred
by E. A. Cook. Dennington, Framlingham ; s. Oliver 3227, d. Parham Duchess 5041
by Wedgewood 2nd 2045.

2bi R. N. & H. C— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., for Bawdsey Hebe.

Class 25. — Suffolk Mares, luith Foals at foot. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

218 I. (£20)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter. Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall. Woodbridge, for
Bawdsey Jewel 6485, foaled in 1906, bred by the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt.,
Bawdsey Manor ; *'. Sudbourne Count 3257, d. Stitton Kuby 5689 by Warrior 19.38.
[Foal bi/ Bawdsey Laddie 3637.]

220 II. (£10.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt.. M.P., for Bawdsey Wax Doll 6493, foaled
in 1907, bred bv the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey Manor : s. Bawdsey
Harvester 3076, d. Bawdsey China Doll 4299 !))/ Prince Wedgewood 2,364. [Foal bj/
Bawdsey Marshal Xey 3385.]

217 III. (£5.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Diamond
()604, foaled in 1907, bred by the Rev. A. Maude, Badwell Ash, Bury St. Edmunds ;
,s. War Cry 3028, d. Badwell"Depper 5724 by Tattler. IFoalby Sudbourne Arabi 3287.]

219 R. N. & H. C— Sir Cuthbert (Quilter, Bt., M.P.. for Bawdsey Minerva.

1 "Coronation" Challenge Cup given by the Suffolk Horse Society for the best
Stallion in Classes 19-21.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Iv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Class 26. — S'uff'ulk Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Class 25.
[6 entries, 1 absent.]

223 I. (i^lO.)— Sir CUTHBERT QUILTER. BT., M.P.. Methersgate Hall, Woodbridge, for
Ally, foaled April 2 ; s. Bawdsey Laddie 3637, d. Bawdsey Jewel 6485 by Sudboume
Count 3257.

225 II. (jCS.)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter. Bt., M.P., for eolt. foaled March 9 ; s. Bawdsey
]V[arshal Nev 3385. d. Kawdsev Wax Doll 6493 hij Bawdsey Harvester 3076.

222 III. (je3.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, tor flllv, foaled January
29 ; s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Diamond 6604 hij War Cry 3028.

224 E. N. & H. C— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., for filly.

Hunters.^

Class 27. — Hunter Colts or Geldings, foaled in 1911. [14 entries, 1 absent.]

228 I. (jC20.)— E. W. GOLDSWORTHY, Taldham Manor, Kemsing, Sevenoaks, for

Jasper, che^itnut colt, bred by the late Ma.ior-General Goldsworthy, Yaldham

Manor ; s. Red Heart, d. Diamond 3365 bi/ Eglamore.
230 II. (£10.)-Harold Grainger, Clifford, Boston Spa, for Eclipse, grey gelding ; s.

Grand Medal, d Ladv Grevlock bt/ Blackloek.
240 III. (X5.)— FRANK B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for

Travelling Lad, chestnut colt, bred by Mr. Drewery, Rafnall, Newark ; s.

Travelling Lad.
236 IV. (X'4.)— Francis Sajiuelson, Breckenbrough Hal). Thirsk, for Rathdrum, bay

gelding ; s. Drummer Kelly, d. Mullingar Junior 3954 h// Trundle Hill.
227 R. N. & H. C— !?• L. FEXWICK. Little Belvoir, Melton Mowbray.

Class 28. — Hunter Geldings, foaled in 1910. [10 entries, none absent.]

248 I. (je20.)— William H. Shiers. The Red House, Hartford, Cheshire, for Walnut
2nd (Supp. No. 113). bav, bred by F. B. Wilkinson. Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe
Newark ; s. Blankney (vol. I6i, d. Beechnut 2nd 3284.

250 II. (£10.)— FRANK B. Wilkinson. Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for
Splendour, grey, bred by F. Ward, Quarrington, Lines. ; s. Splendour.

246 III. (X5.)— EDWARD Hodgson. The Hollows. Bridlington, for J.P., bay, bred by
T. Brenen, Brannockstown, Ireland ; .s. Eminent, d. hi/ Uelamont.

243 IV. (je4.)— Harold Grainger, Clifford, Boston Spa. for Statesman, grey ; «. Wales
(vol. 18, p. 854 G.S.B.), d. Lady Grey lock 6;/ Blackloek.

Class 29. — Hunter Geldings, foaled in 1909. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

256 I. (£20.)— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Mince Pie (Supp.
141), ciiestnut, bred by T. Hutchinson, Birtown, Irehmd; .s. F'avonian d. by Sir
Reginald.

251 II. (£10.)— C.4.PTAIN Clwe Behrens, Swiuton Grange, Malton, for Thistledown
(Supp. 140). brown ; s. Scotch Sign. d. Whintlower 3801 hy The Hero.

254 III. (£5.)— Robert J. Foster, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, for Nimble Ninepence,
brown, bred by E. C. Morgan, Stud Farm. North Grimston ; s. Scotch Sign, d. Betty
by King Caradoc.

260 R, N. & H. 0.— Frank B. Wilkinson, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Royal Acomb.
Class 30. — Hunter Fillies, foaled in 1911. [13 entries, none absent.]

268 I. (£20, & Champion. =)— J. L. Nickisson, Hinton Manor, Swindon, for Red Squaw
4313. chestnut : a. Red Sahib 75. d. Sister Anne 3723 by Pantomime.

262 II. (£10.)— Sir Merrik R. BURRELL. Bt., Knepp Castle, Horsham, for Coquette,
brown ; s. Hanover Square, d. Casual 4080 by Castlenock

263 III. (£5.)— Sir Merrik R. Burrell. Bt., for Coronation Lass 4336, bay, bred by
W. F. Sheddon. Cropstone. Leicester ; s. Hanover Square, d. Mab 2nd 4335.

273 IV. (£4.)— Frank B. Wilkinson. Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for
Princess, brown, bred by Mr. Parker, llufforth, York ; s. Selby Roval.

264 R. N. & H. C— DAVID DAVIES. M.P., Broneirion, Llandinam, for Florodoro 2nd.

Class 31. — Hunter Fillies, foaled in 1910. [7 entries, 3 absent.]

275 I. (£20.)— Sir Merrik R. Burrell, Bt.. Kneppi Castle, Horsham, for Sunray 4046,
chestnut ; s. Red Heart, d. Surrenden 3751 by Decider.

279 II. (£10.)— Mary, Duchess of Hamilton, Easton Park, Wickham Market, for
Cherry Brandy 2nd 4123. chestnut ; s. St. Jacques, d. Mama 4191 by Munchausen.

278 III. (£5.)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Bouncey Bella
4306, brown ; .s. Flambeau 67, d. Falmouth Belle.

280 R. N. & H. C— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Trilby 2nd.

1 £100 and £80 towards these Prizes were given by two Members of the R.A.S.E.
interested in the breeding of Hunters.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters' Improvement Society for the best
Filly not exceeding three years old, in Classes 30-32, which is registered with a number
in the Hunter Stud Book.

Ivi Axvard of Live Stock Prizes at Doneaster, 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was " bred by exhibitor."]
Class 32. — Hunter Fillies, foaled in 190!t. [5 entries, none absent.]

281 I. (X20, & E. N. for Champion.' )— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington,
for Barmaid 2nd 38.'4. bay, bred by Peter Rourke ; s. Sir Hugo, d. b)i Tynan.

282 II. (jClO.)— George Farrinqton, BillhamGrange.Doncaster, for Freedom, brown,
bred bv Mr. Smith, Almholme. Doncaster ; s. Dromonbv. d. hii Doneaster.

281 III. (X'5.)— ARTHURS. BOWLBY, Gilston Park, Harlow, for War Lady 3798, bay, bred
by Gilbert Eobinson, Hinwick HaU, Wellingborough ; s. Red Sahib 75, d. Bellona
hi/ Thurles.

285 R. N. & H. C— William SE\t;rs, Wilstrop Hall, Green Hammerton, York, for
Actress 7th.

Class 33. — Thoroughhred Mares, entered or eligible for entry in the General

Stud Book, with Foals at foot, up to weight. [10 entries, 3 absent.]
291 I. (£20, & Champion. 2)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall, Malton, for Fair Geraldine

(vol. 19, p. 744 G.S.B.), bay or brown, foaled in 1901, bred by Mrs. Ryan, Ireland :

s. Desmond. </. De Estella hi/ Lord Gough. [Foal hi/ Stiekup. ]
294 II. (£10, & S. P.3)— William H. Shieus, Tlis Red House, Hartford. Cheshire, for

Nuptial 3611. bay. foaled in 190i bred by S. Nevins Bankart, Hallaton Hall,

Uppingham ; s. ><'unthorpe, rf. Katberg hy Donovan. [Filly foal hi/ Billidere

(vol.21, p 209 ».]
293 III. (jC5, & S. P.3)— Ernest W.Robinson. Liscombe. Leighton Buzzard, for

Vademecum (vol. 21, p. 848 G.S.B.), brown, fonled in 1903, bred by R. Downes;

.s. Hackler (vol. 17, p. 251 G.S.B ), d. Verily (vol. 21, p. 848 G.S.B.) by Stylites. [Colt

foal hi/ Common.]
289 E. N. & H. C— George Godson, Asgarby, Sleaford, for Eventual.

Class 34. — Hunter Mares (Xovice), foaled in or after 1904, witlt Foals at foot,

up to from 12 to 14 stone. [3 entries, 2 absent.]
296 I, (^20.)— Lord Hawke. Wighill Park, Tadcaster, for Venes, grey, foaled in 1905:
d. Starliglit by Not Out. [Foal H/ Berrill.]

Class 35. — Hunter Mares [N'ovice], foaled in or after 1904, with Foals at foot,
lip to more than 14 stone. [4 entries, none absent.]

302 I. (jC20.) -Thomas & Henry ward. Pinchinthorpe. Great Ay ton, for Vixen 2nd
4047, bay, foaled in 1906, bred by James Hammond, Moira, Ireland ; s. Jerkin, d. Vixen
hy Bull's Eve. [Foal by Red Hall 2nd.]

300 II. (jt'lO.)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Flash Lady, brown,
foaled in 1906, bred by Charles Brereton, Weasenham, Norfolk ; s. Master Lovat.
[Foal hi/ Sea Bath.]

301 III. (£5.)— Thomas Mason. Misterton, Gainsborough, for Polly, bay, foaled in
1906 ; i'. Beckenham Squire, rf. Fanny hy Silver King. [Foal hy Abbot's Abode.]

Class 36. — Hunter Mares with Foals at foot, up to from. 12 to 14 stone.
[1.") entries, 4 absent.]
314 I. (jC20.)— Ernest W. Robinson. Liscombe, Leighton Buzzard, for Partridge 2nd
.3618, chestnut, aged, bred by Edward Dempsey, Ballytaisneg, Mullinevat, Co.
Kilkenny : .«. Young Marden (vol. 17, p. 941, G.S.B.), d. Poll hi/ Lord Raglan. [Foal hi/
Wales (vol. 18, p. 8.i4, G.S.B.).]

317 II. (£10.)— Frank B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe. Newark, for
Redbreast 3676. chestnut, foaled in 1889, bred by Mr. Kindrew. Ehn House Farm,
Northallerton ; s. Red Eagle. [Foal hy Billidere.]

306 III. (£5.)— Frederick Hardy, Staunton Hall. Nottingham, for Melrose 2nd 4023,

bay, foaled in 1902. breeder unknown. [Foal hi/ Wales (vol. 18. p. 8.54 G.S.B.).]
309 IV. (£4.)— Lord Middleton. Birdsall, Malton, for Griffenrath 2703, dark bay,
foaled in 1895, bred by Thomas Shaw, Barberstown, Stratt'an, Co. Kildare ; s. Hackler
(vol. 15, p. 251), rf. hy Durham. [Foal hy Wales (vol. 18, p. 8.54 G.S.B. ).]
308 E. N. & H. C— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Black Princess.
Class 37. — Hunter Mares with Foals at foot, up to more than 14 stone.
[(5 entries, 2 absent.]

318 I. (£20, & E.N. for Champion. ■')— Sir Merrik R. Burrell, Bt., Knepp Castle,
Horsham, for Casual 4080. bay, foaled in 1901, bred by the Earl of Lonsdale, Barley-
thorpe, Oakham ; s. Castlenock, d. Sister Mary hy Brown Prince. [Foal by Hanover
Sfjuare.]

' Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters' Improvement Society for the best
Filly not exceeding three years old, in Classes 30-32, which is registered with a number
in the Hunter Stud Book.

■i Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters' Improvement Society for the best
Mare, four years and upwards, in Classes 33 and 37, which is registered with a number
in the Hunter Stud Book.

' Two Special Prizes of £5 were given for the be.st Colt and the best Fillv Foals.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster^ 1912. Ivii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

322 II. (£10.)— Mrs. Sofer-Whitburn, Addington Park, West Mailing, Kent, for Erin
3390, bay, foaled in 1897. [Foal h,/ Hanover Square.]

320 III. (£5.)— Mrs. H. D. Greene. Grove, Craven Arms, for Stormy Petrol 2nd 4186,
brown, foaled in 1905. bred by R, G. Cardan, Fishmovne. Co. Tipperary ; s. Faute-de-
Mieux (vol. 18. p. 537 G.S.B.), d. Wild Duck 3031 by King Otto (vol. 16, p. 760 G.S.B.).
[Foal by The Baker.]

321 R. N. & H. C— MISS A. W. HiGNETT, Offley Ley, Crewe, for Diana.

Class 38. — Hunter Colt Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Classes 3-t to 37.
[6 entries, 1 absent.]

327 I. (£10.)— LORD HAWKE, Wighill Park, Tadcaster, for White Socks, chestnut,
foaled April 16 : ■«. Berrill, d. Venes.

328 II. (£5.)— THOMAS MASON, Misterton, Gainsborough, for bay, foaled April 21;
s. Abbot's Abode, d. Polly hij Beckingham Squire.

329 III. (£3.)— LORD MiDDLETON, Birdsall, Malton, for brown, foaled March 26;
s. Stickup. d. Maggie by Gordon.

325 R. N. & H. C— Frederick Hardy, Staunton Hall. Nottingham.
Class 39. — Hunter F'dly Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Classes 34 to 37.
[18 entries, 5 absent.]

342 I. (jCIO.)— FR.ANCIS S.\MUELS0N. Breckenbrough Hall, Thirsk, for chestnut, foaled
March 9 : s. Drummer Kelly, d. Mullingar Junior 3594 bii Trundle Hill.

333 II. (£5.)— R. L. Fenwick, Little Belvoir, Melton Mowbray, for bay, foaled April 5 ;
s. Easthorpe. rf. May Queen 2nd 3.554 bij May Boy.

330 III. (£3.)— Captain Clive Behrens, Swinton Grange, Malton, for chestnut,
foaled April 23 ; s. Berrill, d. Selby 3714 by Selby (vol. 15, p. 357).

339 R. N. & H. C— Lord Middleton, Birdsall. Malton.

Polo and Riding* Ponies/

Class 40. — Polo and, Riding Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1909, not

exceeding 1.5 hands. [11 entries, 1 absent.]

349 I. (£15, & Champion.-)— John Bell, Middleton Cottage, Newmarket, for Naval

Scare 595, chestnut, foaled in 1908, bred by Lady de Bathe ; s. Merman, d. Petty

Cash by Aurum 2nd.
348 II. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.-)— SIR John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop's

Stortford, for Arthur D 593, bay, foaled in 1908, bred by R. Botterill ; s. Pride,

(/. Maquav hii Florentine.
3.52 III. (£5.)— The Keynsham Stud Comp.\ny, Ltd., Keynsham, near Bristol, for

White Wings 464. dark chestnut, foaled in 1906, bred by the Radnorshire Polo and

Riding Pony Co., Ltd., Bleddfa, Llangunllo ; s. White Mask 190, d. First Flight 615 by

Balquibidar.
354 R. N. & H. C— Stephen Mumford, Stud Farm, Moreton Morrell, Warwick, for

Spanish Hero.

Class 41. — Polo and Riding Pony Colts, Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1911.
[9 entries, none absent.]

359 I. (£15.)— Sir John Barker. Bt., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford, for Sunray,
(Supp. 1912). chestnut colt ; s. Othrae 447, d. Sunshade 1637.

367 II. (£10.)— H. Whitworth. Scorborough Hall, Beverlev, for dark brown gelding ;
s. Field Marshall 512, d. Trilbv.

362 III. (£5.) -Edward Hurtley. Elmtrees, Sutton-on-Hull, for Freda (Supp. 1911),

chestnut fllly ; s. Field Marshal 572, d. Belinda.
364 R. N. & H. C— Richard Payne, Newhill Hall, West Melton, for Marchioness.
Class 42. — Polo and Riding Pony Colts, Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1910.
[13 entries, none absent.]

368 I. (£15.)— Sir John Barker. Bt., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford, for Sandileto
(Supp. 1911). bay colt ; s. Sandiwav 121. d. Leto 17.59 by Best Man.

374 II. (£10.)— Treshaji Gilbey, Whitehall. Bishop's Stortford, for Forward Trixie,

(Supp. 1911 ). bay tillv ; s. Right For'ard 368, d. Patricia 1774.
373 III. (£5.) J. E. Willis Fleming. Chil worth Manor Stud, Roni.sey. Hants, for

Romance 2nd (Supp. 1910), chestnut fllly ; «. Rajah 417, d. Wonder by Isosceles.
379 IV. (£4.)— Harry Waspe, Manor Farm Stud, West Wickham, Cambs., for Merry

Amazon, bay fllly. bred by Sir John Barker. Bt., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford ;

s. Merry Matchmaker, d. Amazon.
372 R. N. & H. C— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for The Little

White Knight.

1 £30 towards these Prizes were given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best
Stallion or Colt in Classes 40-43.

Iviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Class 43. — Polo and Biding Pony Fillies or Geldings, foaled in 1909.
[8 entries, 1 absent.]

381 I. (^15.)— Sir John Barker. Bt., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford, for Redown,
dark chestnut gelding ; s. Othrae 447, d. Redoute 302.

388 II. (^10.)— Harry Waspe, Mancsr Farm Stud, West Wickham. Cambs., for Pix,
chestnut gelding, bred by Sir John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop's Stortford ; s.
Sandiway 121, d. Pixie 1615 bij Marmiton.

384 III. (jC5.)— H. FAUDEL-PHILLIP.S, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for Best Gown
(1909-11). chestnut Ally, bred bv The Keynsham Stud Co., Ltd., Keynshani.
Bristol : «. Gown Boy 114, d. Oh My 2nd 1000 'by Mootrub 32.

387 E. N. & H. C— C. Howard Taylor, Ham pole Priory, Doncaster, for Middlewood.

Class 44. — Polo and Riding Pony Mares, with Foals at foot, not exceeding
14-2 Itands. [(i entries, 1 absent.]

393 I. i£\h, & Champion. i)—Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall, Bishop's Stortford, for
Patricia 1774, chestnut, aged. [Foal hy Bold Marco 352.]

389 II. (£IQ, & E. N. for Champion.' )— SIR John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop's
Stortford, tor Killarney 2nd 2068, chestnut, aged, breeder unknown. [Foal hy
Othrae 447.]

392 III. (£5.)-H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, Kent, for
Ashorne 1563, black, foaled in 1899. [Foal /;// Spanish Hero 372.]

390 E. N. & H. C. & B. M.2— Sir John Barker, Bt., for Silver Star.

Cleveland Bays or Coacli Horses.

Class 45. — Cleveland Bay or Coachiitg Stallions, foaled in or before 1908.
\p entries, 1 absent.]

398 I. ( jflS, & Chamnion. ^ )— George Scoby, Beadlam Grange, Nawton, for King George
5lh (Cleveland Bay), foaled in 1906, bred by the Earl of Feversham, Buncombe
Park, Helmslev ; s. Sparrow Hall Favourite 1561, d. Sweet Violet 1234 hy Sultan 667.

399 II. {£IQ, & E. N. for Champion.* )— FRANK H. Stericker, Westgate House, Picker-
ing, for Breaston Prince 2451 (Coaching), foaled in 1900, bred by W. Watson,
Breaston, Derbyshire ; s. Beacon Prince 2227, d. Zuleika 555 hy Sultan 1565.

396 III. (^5.) GEORGE Burton, Thorpe Willoughby, Selby, for Knight of the Garter
2460 (Coaching), foaled in 1904; s. Royal Knight 2155, d. Duchess of York by
Willoughby Prince 1523.

395 E. N. & H. C— William BRISBY, Comborough Grange, Sherriflf Hutton, York, for
Lord Dalby.

Class 46. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Stallion.^, foaled in 1909 or 1910.
[9 entries, none absent.]
407 I. {£15, & Champion.-*)— Frank H. Stericker, Westgate House, Pickering, for
Eenown 2.527 (Coaching), foaled in 1909. bred by M. Duck, Fairhead, Grosmont ;
s. Brea'^ton Prince 2451, d. Dai.sy 1184 by Pitch and Toss 2336.

404 II. (£10.)— George Scoby, Beadlam Grange, Nawton. for Beadlam Saxon (Coach-
ing), foaled in 1909, bred bv the Earl of Feversham, Duncombe Park, Helmslev ;
s. Rosedale 16,)2, d. Beadlam Violet bi/ Sultan 667.

405 III. (jCS.)- Frank H. Stericker, for Kingsclere 2529 (Coaching), foaled in 1910,
bred by G. Purdon, Spaldington, Howden ; s. Radium 2436, d. Graceful 1133 hy
Beacon Prince 2227.

402 R. N. & H. C— John Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington, York, for Eillington
Victor 2536 (Coaching).

Class 47. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Fillies or Geldingx, foaled i>i 1910.

[2 entries.]
410 I. i£lb, &E. N. for Champion. "i)— John Webster, Cross House, Harome. Nawton.
for Harome Beauty 1182 (Coaching Ally) ; .s. Breaston Prince 2451, d. Belle of Harome
2nd 1105 by Lord Mischief 2288.

1 Champion Gold Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best
Mare or Fillv in Classes 41-44.

■i Bronze Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best foal in
Class 44. entered or eligible for entry- in the Polo and Riding Pony Supplement.

» Champion Prize of £5 given by the Cleveland Bay Horse Society for the best Cleve-
land Bay Stallion in Classes 45 and 46.

4 Champion Prize of £5 given by the Yorkshire Coach Horse Society for the best
Coach Horse Stallion in Classes 45 and 46.

'■• Champion Prize of £5 given by the Yorkshire Coach Horse Society for the best
Coach Horse Mare or Filly in Classes 47-49,

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Jjoncaster, 1912. lix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was " bred by exhibitor."]

409 II. U'lO.)— Christopher Foxton, Stilliugfleet Hill, York, for Queen Mary 1187
(Coaching filly) ; s. Brenston Prince 2451, d. Fairy Queen 1151 bij Royal Knight 2155.

Class 48. — Cleveland Buij or Coaching Fillies or Geldings, foaled in 1909.

[4 entries.]
tl4 I. (^15.)— Sylvester Leaf & Sons, Glade Farm, Escrick. for Royal Fashion

(Coaching geldint?). bred bv G. Purdon, Johnston's Farm, Spaldington, Howden ;

s. Radium 2436, (/. Gracefuril83 by Beacon Prince 2227.
Ul II. (jflO.)— R. Button, Bilton Grange, Tockwith, York, for Bilton Prince (Coaching

gelding) ; v. Breaston Prince 2451, d. Georgeina bii May Day.
112 III. (£5, & Champion. 1 )— George Elders. Toft House "Farm, Aislaby, Sleight.s,

Yorks, for Aislaby Starlight 1338 (Cleveland Bay Ally) ; s. Aislaby Pride 1697,

(/. Hawthorn Darling 1294 by King Fred 1523.
413 R. N, & H. C— Bert Kitcuing, Hungate House, Pickering, for Peerless.

Class 49. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Mares, ivifh Foals at foot.
[3 entries.]

417 I. (jel5, & Champion.-^)— John Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington, York, for
Rillinerton Attraction (Coaching), foaled in 1906 ; s. Special Delight 2390, d. Heroine
971 bv Luckv Hero. [Foal bi/ Cholderton Luck 2517.]

416 II. (i-lO-J-GEORGE Klders, Toft House Farm, Aislaby, Sleights, Yorks, for Wood-
land Starlight 1153 (Coaching), foaled in 1908, bred by G. Grandage, Moor Croft,
Yeadon, Leeds ; s. Woodland Pride 1659, d. Woodland Briar 1318 by King of the East
1525. [Foal by Breaston Prince 2451.]

415 III. (i-5.)— F. H. Carr, Hexby House, Hexby Bridge, Y'ork, for Lady Carlisle 1057
(Coaching), foaled in 1903 ; s. Primrose Carlisle 2325, d. Princess May ,582 by Surprise
1497. [Foal by Breaston Prince 2451 or Markham.]

Hackneys.''

Class 50. — Hackney Stallions, foaled in 1911. [9 entries, 2 absent.]

423 I. (je20.)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Romping Tony,
chestnut roan ; s. Antonius 10559, d. Gallant Girl 15092 by Revival 7236.

418 II. (i:iO.)— John Beal, Blanch, North Dalton, Driffield, for Blanch King George,
chestnut ; s. King of the East 10725, d. Blanch Gay Girl 18029 bn Hunmanljy Duke 7877.

425 III. (jfs.)— F. J. Stephenson, Wandale Farm, Bridlington, for Wandale Premier,
chestnut : .s. King of the East 10725, d Lady Wandale 21496 by Polonius 4931.

426 E. N. & H. C— Robert Whitworth, Londesborough Stud, Market Weighton,
for Jeweller.

Class 51. — Hackney Stallions, foaled in 1910. [22 entries, 1 absent.]
442 I. (.C20, & R. N. for Champion. i) -Walter W. Rycroft, Drake Hill Hackney Stud,

Bingley, for Admiral Cliquot 11667, chestnut, bred by W. R. Lysaght, Castleford,

Chepstow ; .s. Leopard 9783, d. Hopwood Clematis 15870 by Rosador4964.
429 II. (£10.) Frank J. Batchelor, Hopwood, AlvechurciT. for Hopwood King 11804,

chestnut, bred by vSir Lees Knowles, Bart., C.V.O., Pendlebury, Manchester ; s.

Admiral Crichton 9578, d. Rvburn Lucinda 17696 bij Ganvmede 2076.
445 III. f£5.)— W. J. Ten'NANT, Carleton. Pontefract, tor Beauty's Sensation llf.91, dark

chestnut ; p. Rosador 4964, d. Special Beauty 18608 bi/ Royal Danegelt 5785.

433 IV. i£i.)—Py. A. DE MANCHA, Waterside, Frogmore, St. Albans, for Ver
Matador 11903, chestnut ; s. Kirkburn Toreador 8534, d. Modest Kate 5882 by Rufus.

444 V. (£4.i-RobePvT SuRFLEET. The Limes. Beckingham, Gainsborough, for
Beckingham Royal 11694, chestnut roan ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Miss Helmsley 129.53 by
Danebury 4724.

434 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. Fletcher & Sons, The Grange, Angram, Yorks, for Angram
Flash Admiral.

Class 52. — Hackney Stallions, foaled in 1909. [10 entries, none absent.]
4,52 I. (£20, 8c Champion.'')— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for

Sparkling Danegelt 11.576, chestnut ; s. Royal Danegelt 5785, d. Polly Olga 18499 by

Posad. If 4'.iC!.
449 II. (.ilO.)-T. Blazier, Fern House, Edinburgh Street, Hull, for B. B. Sure 11689,

chestnut ; s. Rosador 4964, d. Watercress 8568 by Lord Derby Junior 3742.

1 Champion Prize of £5 given by the Cleveland Bay Horse Society for the best
Cleveland Bay Mare or Filly in Classes 47-49.

2 Cbampion Prize of £5 given bv the Yorkshire Coach Horse Society for the best
Coach Horse Mare or Filly in Classes 47-49.

3 £75 towards the Prizes for Hackneys and Hackney Ponies were given by the
Hackney Horse Society.

■» Champion Gold Medal given by the Hackney Horse Society for the best Stallion in
Classes 50-52.

Ix Aicai'd of Lh'e Stock Prizes at lJoncastei\ 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was " bred by exhibitor."]

457 III. (jCS.)— Robert SURFLEET, The Limes, Beckingham, Gainsborough, for Beck-

ingham Viceroy 11345, dark chestnut; s.Hopwood Viceroy 9280, d. Miss Helmsley

I2il53 bii Dancburv 4724.
455 IV. (£4.)— WALTER W. Rycroft, Drake Hill Hackney Stud. Bingley, for Salford

Commander 115.58, dark chestnut, bred by A. D. Gates, Kyburn Stud, Halifax;

s. Hopwcod Viceroy 9280. d. Ryburn Lueinda 17696 bi/ Ganymede 2076.

Class 53. — Hackney Fillies, foaled i>i 1911. [9 entries, 1 absent.]
466 I. (^20.)— Robert Surfleet, The Limes, Beckingham, Gainsborough, for Becking-

ingham Lady Gracious, chestnut ; s. Beckingham Squire 8070, (7. Miss Helmsley

12953 bu Danebury 4724.
460 II. (jCIO.)— C. Edward E. Cooke, Bygrave, near Baldoek, for Bygrave St. Agatha,

chestnut ; s. Kirkburn Toreador 8534, d. St. Agatha 1.5400 bi/ Garton Duke of

Connaught 3009.
463 III. (^5.)— John S. Hignett, Stud Farm, Kenton, Middlesex, for Lonely Lass,

chestnut ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Princess Danilo ft?/ Dan Leno 8436.
465 R. N. & H. C— H. V. Sheringham, South Creake, Fakenh.im, for Creake Royal

Princess.

Class 54. — Hackney Fillies, foaled in 1910. [11 entries, 2 absent.]
468 I. (X'20.)— Ernest Bewley, Danum, l!athgar,co. Dublin, for Woodhatch Sunflower

22307, chestnut, bred by R. P. F'.vans, Woouhatch House, Reigate ; s. Polonius 4931,

d. Woodhatch Iris 178.59 bii Garton Duke of Connaught .'1009.
475 II. (^'10.) -CHARLES Robinson, Arthington Stud Farm, Arthinyton, near Leeds,

for Arthington Princess, chestnut ; s. Brave Danegelt 7717, d. Gatton Princess 17331

hij Rosador 4964.

477 III. f/'5.)— Robert SURFLEET, The Limes, Beckingham, Gainsborough, for Becking-
ham Lady Crichton 21860, chestnut ; s. Admiral Crichton 9578, d. Beckingham Polly
Helmsley 17121 bv Polonius 4931.

473 IV. (jC4.)— Sir Walter Gilbey. BT., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Bouncey Girl 21883,
chestnut roan ; s. Antonius 10559, d. Gallant Girl 15093 by Revival 7:;36.

478 R. N. & H. C— David S. Taylor, Nether Elms, Naffertou, for Nether Coro-
nation.

Class 55. — Hackney Fillies, foaled in 1908. [14 entries, 5 absent.]
489 I. (^20, & R. N. for Champion. • )— W. Burnell Tubes, The Paddocks, Mill Hill,

London, N.W.. for The Whip 21707. chestnut ; s. Leopard 9783, d. Terrington Leah

18665 by Goldflnder 6th 1791.
488 II. (jCIO.)-W. J. Tennant, Carleton, Pontefract, for Carleton Beauty 21919, dark

chestnut ; s. Rosador 4964. rf. Special Beauty 18008 bt/ Royal Danegelt 5785.
483 III. (X5.)— H. HINRICHSEN, Booth's Hall, Knutsford. for Pavlova 22180, chestnut,

bred by G. & W. Stephenson, Catwick, Hull; s. Polonius 4931, rf. May Burton

13752 by Chocolate Junior 4185.
480 IV. (i'4)- John Conchar, Wylde Green. Birmingham, for Warwick Ophelia 21736,

chestnut ; s. Polonius 4931, rf. Ewell Belinda 16602 ft;/ Goldtinder 6th 17sil.

479 R. N. & H. C.~-Henry B. BRANDT. Capenor, Nutfleld, for Belle Mere.

Class 56. — Hackney Mares, loith Foals at foot, over 14, and not exceeding

15-2 hands. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

496 I. (£20.)— H. Hinrichsen, Booth's Hall, Knutsford, for Hopwood Clematis 15876,

dark chestnut, foaled in 1902, bred by F. J. Batchelor. Hopwood, Alvechurch ;

.■i. Rosador 4964, rf. Muriel 2340 by Cadet 1251. [Foal by Kirkburn Toreador 8a34.]

493 II. (irlO.)— Dr. Alex. Bowie, The Bowie Pedigree Stud, Colubrook, Burks, for
Memento 12930. chestnut, foaled in 1S98, bred bv A. W. Jackson, Market Weighton ;
s. Polonius 4931. rf. Katie 3981 by Merry Heart 1521. [Foal by Mathias Al lit75l.]

494 III. (£5.)— John E. Buckley, The Sycamores, Greenfield, Yorks, for Gay Duchess
9975 chestnut, foaled in 1895. bred by Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex ;
s. D:megelt 174, rf. Duchess 1083 by Norfolk Gentleman 492. [Foal by Mooredale
Wildflre 10326.]

499 R. N. & H. C— T. R. STORK. Westfleld, Foston-on-the-Wolds, Driffield, for Brigham
Ruby.

Class 57.— Hackney Mares, ivith Foals at font, over lo-2 hands.
[7 entries, 1 absent.]

500 I. (je20, & Champion.!) -Frank j. batchelor, Hopwood, Alvechurch, for Beck-
ingham Lady Grace 18902, dark chestnut, foaled in 1906. bred by Robert Surfleet,
The Limes Beckinaham. Gainsborough ; .f. Beckingham Squire 8070. rf. Beckingbaiii
Lady Helmsley 14919 by Garton Duke of Connaught 3009. [Foal by Evanthius 8463.]

1 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hackney Horse Society for the best Mare
or Filly in Classes 53-57.

Award of Lice Stock Prizes at I)oncaster, 1912. Ixi

[Unless otherwise stated, each pi'ize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor. "]

50') II. (jCIO.)— R. A. DE Mancha, Waterside, Frogmore, St. Albans, for Bashful Kate
14914, chestnut, foaled in 1901, bred by John Harrison. Garton-on-tht>-Wolds ;
i\ Rosador 19(>4, d. Modest Kate 5X82 by Rufus 1343. [Foal bij Polonius 4931.]
502 III. (jCS.)— James Colby, Thorn thorpe Manor, Malton. for Thorn thorpe Rosemary
19595, ehestnut roan, foaled in 1906; s. St. Thomas 7261, d. Thornthorpe Sweet
Lavender 15477 by Qarton Duke of Connaught 3009. [Foal by King of the East 10725.]
504 R. N. & H. C— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Spring Day.
Class 58. — Hackney Fnals, the produce of Mares in Classes 5() or 57.
[14 entries, 2 absent,]

514 I. (i:lO.)-JOHN S. HlQNETT. Stud Farm, Kenton, Middlesex, for chestnut colt,
foaled Feb. 16 ; s. Mathias Al 10751, d. Dagmar's Pride 15024 bi/ Connaught 14,53.

513 II. (jC5.)-Sir Walter Gilbey. Bt., Elsenham ILill, Essex, for chestnut Ally, foaled
April 7 : s. Royal Danegelt 5785, d. Spring Day 20252 / y His Majesty 2513.

508 III. (jC3.)— Dr. ALEX. Bowie, The Bowie I'tdinree Stud, Colnbrook, Bucks, for
che.*tnut colt, foaled April 18; s. Mathias Al 10751, (^. Memento 12930 by Polonius4931.

515 R. N. & H. C— H. HINRICHSBN, Booth's Hall, KnutsforJ.

Hackney Ponies.'

Class 59. — Hackney Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1909,
not e.rceeding 14 hands. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

521 I. (£15.)— Joshua Ball, Southworth Hall, Warrington, for Southworth Swell
11219, bav foaled in 1907, bred by E. W. Sankey, Croft, Lanes. ; s. Pinderflelds
Horace 7952. d. Tilslon Maid 1(3278 by Berkeley Model 3663.

522 II. (£10.)— A. R. Fish, Holme Mead, Button, Preston, for Penwortham Pippin,
brown, foaled in 1908, bred by H. Stacey, Appleby, Doncaster ; s. Sir Horace 5402,
d. Mel-Vallev Birthday 14570 by Sir Horace 5402.

526 III. (£5. )— D. R. THOMAS, Tanyrallt Pony Stud, Talybont for Tanyrallt Fireboy 11229,
bay, foaled in 1908, bred by O. T. Price. Brokenhurst ; s. Fire Boy 7440, d.
Lyndhurst Paula 16780 by Tissington Horace 7(553.

524 R.N. & H. C— Miss Langworthy, Hendens Manor, Holyport, Berks, for Holyport
Pinfire.

Class 60. — Hackney Pony Colts, Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1910,
not exceeding 13'2 hands. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

.528 I. (£15.)— ALBERT Humphrey, Morton. Gainsborough, for Shinfield Antelope, bay
miv, bred by Frank Batcmau, The Lodge. Shintield. Reading ; s. Lyndhurst Phos-
phorus 8942, 'rf. Tis>i'igton Sleet 178(il btj Hail Storm 8178.

529 II. (£10.)— John Jones & Sons, Dinarth Hall Pony Stud, Colwyn Bay. for
Trillo Swell, bay colt; s. JuHus Caesar 2nd 5666, rf. Berry Hill Sniff 12453 fcy Pros-
pector 6516.

532 III. (£5.)— ALBERT H. ROBERTS, Gainsborough, for Gainsboro Fire Boy, bay colt,
bred by Thomas Needham, Walkerith ; s. Little Fire 1073.5, d. Berkeley Geiwhy Mel-
Valley Wonder.

5.30 R. N. & H. C— William Mason, Huntington Hall, Chester, for Glenavon Torrid.

Class 61. — Hackney Pony Fillies or Geldings, foaled in 1909,
not exceeding 13-3 hands. [5 entries, n(jne absent.]

534 I. (£15.)— W. Foster, Mel-Vallev, Moseley, Worcs., for Mel- Valleys Fame, bay
gelding, bred Ijy Walter Cliff, Melbourne Hall, York ; s- Royal Success 8905, d. Wort-
lev Belle 14873 by Sir Horace 5402.

5.33 II. (£10.)— JAMES E. AGATE, The Links, Chapel-en-le- Frith, for Talks Princess 21695,
bav llUy. bred by W. Wainwright & Sons. Talke Pony Stud, Stoke-on-Trent;
.«. Talke Fire King, 9932. rf. Royal Magic 13893 by Dane Royal 5575.

535 III. (£5.)— Miss Eurgain Lort, Castlemai, Carnarvon, for Bright Idea 21896, bay
flilv. bred by John Jones and Sons, Colwyn Bay ; s. Magpie's Danegelt 7183, rf. Merry
Hope 13762 by Sir Horace 5402.

537 R. N. & H. C— D. R. THOMAS, Tanyrallt Pony Stud, Talybont, for Tanyrallt Little
Firegirl.

Class 62. — Hackney Pony Mares, ivith Foals at foot, not
e.rceeding 14 hands. [3 entries, none absent.]
539 I. (£15.)— D. R. THOMAS, Tanyrallt Pony Stud, Talybont, for Lyndhurst Paula
16780. bay, foaled 1903, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt.. Walton Hall,
Warrington ; s. Tissington Horace 7653, rf. Merry Polly 8250 by Merry Sunshine
1523. [Foal hi/ Tanyrallt Fireboy 11229.]
.540 II. (£10.)— William Wainwright, The Pony Stud, Talke, Stoke-on-Trent, for
Talke Fire Queen 20273. bav. foaled in 1907 ; a- Fireboy 7440, rf. Royal Magic 13893 by
D..ne Royal 5575. [Foal by Talke Fire King 9932.]

' £75 towards the Prizes for Hackneys and Hackney Ponies were given by the
Hackney Horse Society.

Ixii Aivard of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Shetland Ponies.

Class 63. — Shetland Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 190U, nut exceeding

10| hands. [9 entries, 1 absent.]
548 I. (^10.)— K. W. R. Mackenzie, Earlshall, Leuchars, Fife, for Radnor Donaldo,

black foaled in 1908, bred by D. Maclennan, Radnor Hall, Elstree ; s. Bismarck of

Watford 441, d. Radnor Sparrow 248tj hi/ Home Rvile 184.
'A9 II. (jC5.)— William Mungall, Transy. Dunfermliue, for Silverton of Transy 519,

black, foaled in 190t3 ; s. Seaweed 333. d. Silver Queen 1197 bi/ Oman 33.
545 III. (jC3.)— The Earl of Lonsdale, Whiteliaven Castle, for Minotaur, black,

foaled in 1908, bred by Miss Nichol, Roscobie, Banchory : s. Tip Top 432, d. Topsy

1768 by Odin 32.
547 E. N. &. H. C.-R. W. R. MACKENZIE, for Bellrope of Earlshall.
Class 64. — Shetland Pony Mares, ivith Foals at foot, not exceediny 10^ hands.
[4 entries, 1 absent.]

553 I. (jCIO, & Champion.' )~WiLLiAJi Mungall, Transy, Dunfermline, for Thoralind
2240, black, foaled in 1902, bred by the Dowager Marchioness of Linlithgow, Hopetoun,
Fife : s. Multum in Parvo 28, rf.'Theo 1515 hii Douglas 145. [Foal hij Seaweed 333.]

551 II. (jCS, & R.N. for Champion.!)— MRS. Etta Doffus, Penniwells, Elstree, for
Floreat 2447, dark brown, foaled in 1906, bred by the Hon. W. R. D. Forbes, Blythe
House, Turriff ; s. Rattler 210, d. Floss 1675 by Bonaparte 168. [Foal by Dragon of
Earlshall.]

550 III. (^3.)— Lady Gertrude Crawford, Coxhill, Lymington, Hants, for Buness,
brown, aged, bred by Mr. Edmonston, Unst, Shetland. [Foal by King Harold 8.]

Welsh Ponies.

Class 65. — Welsh Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1909, not exceeding
12 hands. [4 entries.]

554 I. (£IQ,&, Champion. 2)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for
Bleddfa Shooting Star 73, dark iron grey, foaled in 1901, bred by S. M. Wilmot,
The Chalet, Alveston, R.S.O. : s. Dyoll Starlight 4. d. Alveston Belle .572 by Cymro.

556 II. (jC5.)— Mrs. H. D. Greene, Grove, Craven Arms, for Grove Ballistite 200, grey,
foaled in 1903, bred by H. Meuric Lloyd, Delfryn, Llanwrda : s. Dyoll Starlight 4,
d. Dyoll Bala Gal 65.

555 III. (jC3.)— Mrs. H. D. Greene, for Grove Arclight 443, grey, foaled in 1908, bred
by Evan Jones, Caerwedros, South Wales ; s. Greylight 80, d. Wedros Gem 3418 by
E'iddwen Flyer 3rd 5.

557 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. Philip Hunloke, Bucknell Manor, Bicester, for Coronation
Starlight.

Class 66. — Welsh Pony Mares, with Foals at foot, not e.veeediny 12 hands.
[6 entries, 1 absent.]

561 I. (jCIO, & Champion. 3)— The Duchess of Newcastle. Hard wick Grange,
Clumber Park, Worktop, for Clumber Blacky, black, foaled in 1907 : s. Linnel
Don, (7. Lady Jones 2nd by Linnel Don. [Foal by Hard wick Sensation.]

562 II. (i;5.)— The Duchess of Newcastle, for Clumber Janet, grey, foaled in 1908 ;
«. Hardwick Sensation, d. Janet. [Foal by Linnel Don.]

559 III. (jCS.)— Mrs. H. D. Greene, Grove, Craven Arms, for Grove Dazzle 14f'0.
chestnut, foaled in 1903, bred by H. Meuric Lloyd, Delfryn, Llanwrda; s. Dyoll
Starlight 4, d. Dyoll Dainty 9.55. [Foal by Grove Rainbow 345 ]

560 R, N. & H. C— MISS EURGAIN LORT, Castlemai, Carnarvon, for Blue Rock.

Hunter Riding Classes/

Class 67. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in 1908, np to from
12 to li stone. [18 entries.]
578 I. (jel5.)— John H. Stokes, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for Royal Mint,
brown gelding, bred by M. Kendall, Ness Hall. Nunnington, York: s. Solby Hoyal
hi/ Red Eagle.
.568 li. (jCIO.)— John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Golden Drop, chest-
nut gelding.

1 Champion Silver Medal given by the Shetland Pony Stud Book Society for the best
Animal in Classes 63 and 64.

••i Silver Medal given by the Welsh Pony and Cob Society for the best Stallion
in Class 65.

3 Silver Medal given by the Welsh Pony and Cob Society for the best Mare in
Class 66.

■• Prizes given by the Doncaster Local Committee.

Award of Live Storl- Prices at Doncaster, 1912. Ixiii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

576 III. (/5.)— James Montagu, Burrough, Melton Mowbray, for Silverwings, grey

gelding, bred by Carlo Haines. Mallow : ,<. Heston bij Crackenthorpe.
5Li5 IV. (iC5.)— .John Brown, The Common. Kirby Moorside, for Brown Prince, brown

gelding, bred bv E. Warters, Dugglebv, Malton ; s. Oxus.
.i81 v. (jCS.)— FRANK B. WILKINSON, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for

Tallyho, bay gelding, bred by T. Cross, Marnham Hall. Newark ; .s'. Mark For'ard.
5ii7 R. N. & H. C— F. G. COLMAN, Little Burgh, Burgh Heath. Epsom, for Rivulet.
Class 68. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in 1908, up to more titan 14 stone.

[6 entries.]

.5B5 I. (jC15.)— Sylvester Leaf Jt Sons, Glade Farm. Escriek. for Bayleaf, dark bay

gelding.
587 II. (^lO.")— T. L. WiCKHAM-BOYNTON, Burton Agnes HaU. Driffield, for Roy O'Neill,

brown gelding, bred by Mr. Turner, Lund, Beverley ; s. Roe O'Neill, d. by Knight

Templar.

582 III. (jC5.)— Lt.-Col. J. C. BIRDWOOD, Eversholt, Woburn, for Ben, brown gelding,
bred hv Miss E. Morgan, co. Cork ; s. Panier, d. Black Bess bti Speculation.

584 IV. U'5».— EDWARD Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Norah 5th, chestnut
mare, bred by F. Parker. Howsham, Yorks ; i«. Wales (vol. 18, p. 854 G.S.B,), d. by
Walmsgate.

583 R. N. & H. C— Col. J. H. Burstall, Braffords, Cottingham, Hull.

Class 69. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, Novice, foaled in orhefore 1907,
np to from 12 to 14 stone. [14 entries.]

590 I. (jC15.)— John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Bloodstone, chestnut

gelding, foaled in 1906.
.591 II. (jCIO.)— John Drage, for John, bav gelding, foaled in 1906.
594 III. (i:5.)— William Gale, Waltbam, Melton Mowbrav, for bay gelding, foaled in

1906.
598 IV. (jC5.)— John H. Stokes, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for dark bay

gelding, foaled in 1907.

593 V. (jC5.)— WILLIAM Frank, Swansea House, Pickering, for Aaron, bay gelding,
foaled in 1907.

589 R. N. & H. C— J. Eric Clegg, The Starkies, Bury, for Shannon.

Class 70. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, Novice, foaled in or hefore 1907, up to
more than 14 stone. [8 entries.]

603 I. (jflS, & Champion.i)— John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Alarm,
brown geldinL'. foaled in 1906.

604 II. (iClO.)— John Drage. for Cork, hay gelding, foaled in 1907.

606 III. (jCS.)— John H. Stokes, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for Nutmeg, grey
gelding, foaled in 1907.

605 IV. (jC5.)— William Gale. Waltbam, Melton Mowbrav, for chestnut gelding, foaled
in 1905.

602 V. (jfS.)— John Brown, The Common, Kirby Moorside, for Avelon, bay gelding,
foaled in 1907 ; s. Isle of Avelon.

607 R. N. & H. C— Joseph Verity, Holywell, Swinton, Rotherham, for Lottery.
Class 71. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in or hefore 1908, up to

from 12 to 137 stone. [l(i entries.]
578 I, (X20.)— JOHN H. Stokes, for Royal Mint. (See Class 67.)
.591 II. (jCIB.)— John Drage. for John. (See Cla.ss 69.)
610 III. (jCIO.)— JOHN' Drage. for Woodpigeon, grey gelding, foaled in 1904.

594 IV. (/.-S.j-WILLIAM Gale. (See Clas;. 69.)

.565 V. (jC5.)— John Brown, for Brown Prince. (See Class 67.)
598 R. N. & H. C— John H. Stokes. (See Class 69.)

Class 12.— Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in or hefore 1908, up to more tlian
from 137 and not more tlian l.'j stone. [17 entries.]

618 I. rx20, & R. N. for Champion. i)—W. A. Simpson-Hinchliffe, 9 Park Parade
Stables, Harrogate, for Broadwood, brown gelding, foaled in 1903, bred by the late
J. Ricliardson, Saltown Manor, York ; ,s. Red Eagle, d. by Selby.

590 II. (^15.)— John Dhaok, for Bloodstone. (See Class 69.)

613 III. (jCIO.)— Sir Mekrik R. Burrell, BT., Knepp Castle, Horsham, for Kismet,
chestnut gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by the Duke of Grafton, K.G., Wakefield
Lodge. Slonv Stratford ; s. Caedmon.

576 IV. (jCS.)— James Mont.\gu, for Silverwings. (See Class 67.)

606 V. (^5.1— John H. Stokes, for Nutmeg. (See Class 70.)

614 R. N. & H. C— E. Lycett Green. Ashfleld, York, for Paleface.

I Gold Challenge Cup given by gentlemen interested in Hunters for the best Mare or
Gelding in Clitsses 67-73.

Ixiv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster, 1D12.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Class 73. — Hunter Mares or GeldDUfit, foaled in or hefore 1908, up to
more than 15 stone. [10 entries.]
(i03 I. f^20.) -John Drage, for Alarm. (See Class 70.)

625 II. (jC15.)— John H. Stokes, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for chestnut
geklintj. foaled in 190.5.

604 III. {jeiO.)-Jo.'iN Drage. for Cork. (See Olass 70 >

626 IV. (jCS.)— ARTHUR SOWLER, Tlie Warren, Finmere, Buckingham, for Guardsman,
bay gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by W. Brown, Sliiigsby, York ; s. Knockabout.

621 V. (£h.)~¥. G. COLMAN, Little Burgh, Burah Heath, Epsom, for Cairo, bay gelding,
foaled in 1907 ; s. Kiverstown, d- Homely Lass by Homely.

Hacks or Riding" Ponies.^

Class 74. — Mares or Geldings., Hunter or Polo Type (li/jht iveiffkt), foaled in
or hefore 1908, not exceeding 15 hands. [5 entries.]

627 I. (^15, & R.N. for Champion. 2)— Miss Mona Dunn, Coombe Cottage, Kingston
Hill, for Septre, bay mare, foaled in 19(J6.

630 II. (jCIO.) -Gerald Lousada, Warwick Lodge, Melton Mowbray, for Bridget,
chestnut mare, foaled in 1905. breeder unknown.

631 III. (£h.)—¥. A. KICKABY, St. Nicholas Villa, Hull Road, York, for King's Comfort,
chestnut mare, foaled in 1907.

Class 75. — Mares or Geldings, Hunter or Polo Type (heavy weight), foaled in

or before 1908, nut exceeding 15 hands. [7 entries.]
634 I. (.£15.)— H. Fau del-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge.for Moleskin, chestnut

mare, foaled in 1907.
637 II. (.£10.)— J. NORBURY. Heathside. Knutsford. for Peacock, grey gelding, foaled in

1906, bred by J. Acton. Knutsford : s. Gentleman Joe.
636 III. (;£5.)— FRED Money, Silk Willoughby, Sleaford, for Silkby Mischief, bay

gelding, foaled in 1906. bred by Dr. Stanton, Folkingham ; s. Undecided.

632 E. N. & H. C— SIR John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop' .9 Stortford, for
Turtle.

Class 76. — Mares or Geldings, Park Hachs (liglit weight], foaled in or hefore

1908, exceeding 15 hands. [9 entries.]

642 I. (£lb, & Champion.-^)— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud. Edenbridge, for

The Chocolate Soldier, chestnut gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by Sir John Barker. Bt.,

The Grange. Bishop's Stortford ; s. Jew Boy, d. Lightning.

641 II. (£10.)— Miss Mona Dunn, Coombe Cot'tage, Kingston Hill, for Striker, chestnut

gelding, foaled in 1906.
610 III. (£5.) John Drage. for 'Woodpigeon. (See Class 71.)
644 E. N. & H. C— Edward Hodgson, The Hollows, Bridlington, for Penelope 2nd.

Class 77. — Marcs or Geldings, Park Hacks (heavy weighty, foaled in or hefore
1908, exceeding 15 hands. [3 entries.]

649 I. (jC15.)— Miss Mona Dunn, Coombe Cottage, Kingston Hill, for Sunrise, chestnut

gelding, foaled in 1906.
659 II. (.£10.j— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for Luck Number,

bay gelding, foaled in 1908.
648 III. (£5.)— Miss Mona Dunn, for Grey Mist, grey gelding, foaled in 1907.

Driving Classes/

Class 78. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Nocices, not exceeding H hands.
[18 entries.]
534 I. (^15, & Champion.:')— 'W. Foster, for Mel-'Valley's Fame. (See Class 61.)
533 II. (£10, & R. N. for Medal.'' )— James E. agate, for Talke Princess. (See Class 61.)
656 III. (£5.) -Frederick Hardwick. The Holhes Farm, Over Peover, Knutsford,

for Lady Hardwick 2(i«o3, bay mare, foaled in 1908 : s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Burlington

Jewel 14200 hi/ f:deniynag .5989.
655 I'V. (^5.)-Enoch Glen. Fallside Hackney and Pony Stud, Bathgate, N.B., for

Glenavon Firebrand, brown gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by J. Ernest Kerr, Harvies-

toun Castle, Dollar ; s. Fireboy 7440 d. Tissington Regina by Golden Rule.
652^ E. N. & H. C— A. H. Cooke, Manor House, Marr, Doncaster, for Marr Squire.

1 Prizes given by the Doncaster Local Committee.

- Gold Challenge Cup given by gentlemen interested in Hacks and Riding Ponies for
the best Animal in Classes 74-77.

5 Gold Challenge Cup, given by gentlemen interested in Harness Horses, for the best
Animal in the Novice Classes 78-SO.

■* Gold Medal, given by the Hackney Horse Society for the best Mare or Gelding
in Classes 78-84, the produce of a registered Hackney Stallion.

Atvard of Live Stock Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

Class 79. — Harness Marex or Geldings, Avvices, over 14 and not exceeding
15 hands. [25 entries.]
670 I. (jClS.^— Mrs. a. T. Gordon, Freefleld, Insch, for Queen of Scots, brown filly,
foaled in 1909, bred by W. J. Tennant, Carleton, Pontefract ; s. Mathias 6473, d. Ter-
rington Contra 13907 by Contest 1746.
681 II. (jflO.)— PHILIP SiiiTH, Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey, for Haddon Victor,
che-<tnut gelding, foaled in 191)6, bred by W. J. Davey, Maesmyuan Hall, Afonwen ;
s His Majesty 2ol3, d. Terrington Wimble 16261 />;/ Goldflnder 6tb 1791.

675 III (jC5.)— THE ExoRS. OF Frank Riley-Smith, Barton Hall, Bury St. Edmunds,
for Barton Mystery, chestnut mare, foaled in 19(W, bred by the late Frank Riley-
Smith ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Inholms Mystery 8996 hij Lord Hamlet 3750.

676 IV (jCS )— Miss Ella S. Ross, Beechtield, Sale, Cheshire, for Grand Vim 10319,
black gelding, foaled 190i), bred bv R. C Marshall, Burntshields, Kilbarchan ;
s. Mathias 6473, d. Rosetta 8420 hy Lord Derby 2ud 417.

664 E. N. & H. C— J. Sumner Draper, Milton, Mass., U.S.A., for Baronet.
Class 80. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, over 15 hands.
[25 entries.]
690 I. (^"15, & R. N. for Champion.')— M. A. Martinez de Hoz, 12, Hobart Street,
London, S.W., for Gay Boy, chestnut gelding, foaled in 1908 ; i\ Marvellous 6124, d.
Katherina 12767 hii 'J'he Marquis 6122. .

694 II. (i;lO.)— ALEXANDER Gemmell, WeUington Hackney Stud, Ayr, for Princess of
Ayr 22190, bay mare, foaled in 1907, bred by J. Makeague, Golborne Park, Newton-
le-Willows ; s. Mathias 6473, d. Luvima 17531 hij Rosador 4964

704 III. (jCS.)— HENRY WATSON, Newton Kyme, Tadcaster, for Miss Lofty 20870,
chestnut mare, foaled in 1907, bred by Thomas Watson, Ellerton, York ; s. Lord
Lofty 9794, d. Veleta 18718 hii Sensationalist 5399.

685 IV. is.)— Miss a. Sylvia Brocklebank, Alexton Hall, Uppingham, for Optimistic,
grey gelding, foaled in 1905.

705 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. C. E. Way, Bradpole, Chester, for Huntington Topsy.

Class 81. — Harness Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 14 hands.
[10 entries.]
709 I. (jflS.)— W. Foster, Mel- Valley, Moseley, Worcs., for Mel-Valley's Flame 10673,

bay gelding, foaled in 1906, bred by Walter Cliff, Melbourne Hall, York : s. Royal

Success 8995, d. Wortlev Bell 14873 bu Sir Horace 5402.
534 II. (^10.)— W Foster, for Mel- Valley's Fame. (See Class 61.)
656 III. (jCS.)— Frederick Hardwick, for Lady Hardwick. (See Class 78.)
655 IV. (X"5.)-Enoch Glen, for Glenavon Firebrand. (See Class 78.)
708 E. N. & H. C— J. W. Atter, Little Wonder Stud, Morton, Gainsborough, for

Caesar's Little Wonder.

Class 82. — Harness Mares or Geldijigs, over 14 and not exceeding

15 hands. [21 entries.]

718 I. (jC15.)— Philip Smith, Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey, for Queen of Ayr 20178,

bav mare, foaled in 1903, bred by Mrs. Walker, Limefield. West Calder, N.B. ;

«. Mathias 0473, d. Dearest 2nd 10827 hy Lord Rickell 5288.
715 II. (i:lO.)— W. Foster. Mel-Valley, Moseley, Worcs., for Mel-Valley's King George,

brown gelding, foaled in 1906, bred by J. Miller, Hessle Road, Hull ; «. Matchless

King 8236, d. Lady Christina 17465 by Forest King 5621.
717 III. (jC5.)— Philip Smith, for Melbourne Princess 19347, bay mare, foaled in 1906,

bred by Walter Cliff, Melbourne Hall, York ; s. Merry WildUre 9342, d. Melbourne

Duchess 14571 by Garton Duke of Connaught 3009.
675 IV.(i:'5.)— The Exors. of Frank Riley-Smith, for Barton Mystery. (See Class 79.)
714 E. N. & H. C— J. Sumner Draper, Milton, Mass., U.S.A., for Satire.

Class 83. — Harness Mares or Geldings, over 15 and not exceeding
\o-2 hands. [17 entries.]
723 I. (.£15, & E. N. for Champion.-^)— Mrs. A. T. Gordon, Freefleld, Insch, for King of
the Air, brown gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by Dr. McGill, Hollinbrook ; s. Mathias
6473, d. bi/ Norbury Lightning.
690 II. (£10.)— M. a. Martinez de Hoz, for Gay Boy. (See Class 80).
727 III. (£5.)— Philip Smith, Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey, for Haddon Marphil,
chestnut gelding, foaled in 1904, bredby J.J. Kempley, Market Weighton ; «. Polonius
4931. d. Lady Whinmoor 18350 by Edemynag 5989.

1 Gold Challenge Cup, given by gentlemen interested in Harness Horses, for the best
Animal in the Novice Classes 78-80.

' Gold Challenge Cup, given by gentlemen interested in Harness Horses, for the best
Animal in Classes 81-84.

Ixvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Doneaster, 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor."]

725 IV. (i^5.)— MISS Ella S. Ross, Beechflekl. Sale, Cheshire, for Grand Vulcan, black

gelding, foaled in 190'J, bred by R, C. Marshall, Burntshields, Kilbarchan ; «. Mathias

6473, d. Rosetta 8426 by Lord Derby 2nd 417.
722 R. N. & H. C— J. SUMNER Draper, Milton. Mass., U.S.A., for Rillington Nimble.
Class 84. — HarneHii Mares or Geldings, over 1.5'2 hands.
[12 entries.]
728 I. (£\b. Champion/ & Medal. ■^)—H.Le Mahchant, Elmwood, East Croydon, for

Gaythorn, chestnut gelding, foaled in 190.5, bred by James Prentice, Uddingston,

N.B. ; s. Mathias 6743, d. Sweetlips hij Star of the East.
732 II. (jflO.)— T W. SiMtSON, Greenfield House, Lalehani-on-Thames, for Argo 10564,

chestnut gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by W. Burdett Coutts, M.P., Brookfleld Stud,

Highgate ; .v.Polonius 4931, d. Fragility 10940 bij Agihty 2799.

731 III. (jCS.)— Miss Dora Scuintz, Childwall Hall, Liverpool, for Morocco, chestnut
gelding, foaled in 1900, bred by G. N. Stephenson, Goodmanham, Market Weighton ;
s. Revival 7263, d. Mavflower /65 bii Lord Derby 2nd 417.

704 IV. (X5.)— HENRY Watson, for Miss Lofty. (See Class 80).
730 R. N. & H. C— MISS Dora Schintz, for Catalina.

Class 85. — Pairs of Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 hands, to be dricen in
Double Harness. [7 entries.]

717 & 7ia I. i£lh, & Champion. 3)— PHILIP Smith, for Melbourne Princess (see Class 82)
and Queen of Ayr (see Class 82).

534 & 709 11. (jCIO.)— W.Foster, for Mel- Valley's Fame (see Class 61); and Mel- Valley's
Flame (see Class 81).

716 & 676 III. (jCS.)— Miss Ella S. Ross, for Grand Valleru, black gelding, foaled in
1906, bred by W. J. Tatem, The Court, St. Fagans ; s. Ruby 1342, d. Mel- Valley's
Princess 12928 by Recruit 1884 ; and Grand Vim (see Class 79).

661 & 714 IV. (£5.)— J. SUMNER DRAPER, Milton, Mass., U.S.A.. for Baronet, brown
gelding, foaled in 1906, bred by John Makeague, Golborne Park, Newton-le-Willows ;
s. Mathias 6473, d. Flame 7867 by Goldtinder 6th 1791 ; and Satire 19494, brown mare,
foaled in 1906, bred by John Makeague ; s. Mathias 6473, d. Juliet 10065 by Candi-
date 920.

660 & 708 R. N. & H. C.-J. W, Atter, for Morton Sensation and Caesar's Little Wonder.

Class 86. — Pairs of Mares or Geldings, exceeding 15 ha?ids, to be driven
in Double Harness. [12 entries.]

740 & 729 I. {£\h, & R. N. for Champion. ")— Miss Ella S. Ross, Beechfleld, Sale,
Cheshire, for Grand Vizier, black gelding, foaled in 1902, bred by Henry Whittick,
Xewland, Hull ; i-. Gentleman John 3624, rf. Fairy Queen 6643 by Curfew 1755 ; and
Grand Viscount, black, foaled in 1906, bred by Gavin Ross, Dykehead, Chapeltown ;
s. Mathias 6-173, d. Maid of Honour 1245 by Confldenre 163.

701 k 727 II. (jClO.)— Philip .^mith, for Haddon Proctor, chestnut gelding, foaled in
1906, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall. Bart., Walton Hall, Warrington ; .s. Copper King
7764i d. Terrington Psaltery 13978 by Goldfinder 6th 1791 ; and Haddon Marphil.
(See Class 83.)

684 & 685 III. (X5.)— Miss a. Sylvia Brocklebank, for Illumination, bay gelding,
foaled in 1906, bred by the Rt. Hon. F. Wrench, Killacoona, Bally brack, co. Dublin ;
s Blaze 2nd 2376 d. Bay Clara 14120 by Chocolate Junior 4185 ; aiid Optimistic. (See
Class 80.) „ ,.

730 lS: 741 IV. (jC5.)— Miss Dora Schintz, Childwall Hall, Liverpool, for Catalina
17,320, chestnut mare, foaled in 1902, bred by W, Burdett Coutts, M.P., Brookfleld Stud,
London : s. Polonius 4931, d. Cuckoo Bright 10803 by Last Fashion 4343 ; and Wood-
hatch Ruth, cliestnut mare, foaled in 1907, bred by R. P. Evans, Woodhatch House,
Reigate ; a'. Evanthius 3463, d. Terrington Ruth 16988 by Lord Drewton 2nd 6817.

732 & 699 R. N. & H- C— T. W. Simpson, Laleham, for Argo and Coronet.

Class 87. — Pairs of Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 hands, to be driven
Tandem,. [6 entries.]

718 & 717 I. (£15.)— Philip Smith, for Queen of Ayr (see Class 82); and Melbourne
Princess (see Class 82).

664 & 714 II. (jCIO.)— J. Sumner Draper, for Baronet (see Class 85) ; and Satire (see

716 & 676 Ili. (i^S.)— Miss Ella S. Ross, for Grand Valleru (see Class 85) ; and Grand
Vim (see Class 79) ______^____

1 Gold Challenge Cup, given by gentlemen interested in Harness Horses, for the
best Animal in Classes 81-84.

2 CJold Medal, given by the Hackney Horse Society for the best Mare or Qeldmg m
Classes 78-84. the produce of a registered Hackney StaUion.

3 The "Viking Gold Challenge Cup, given by a Member of the R.A.S.E. for the best
pair in Classes 85 and 86.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Jjoncaster, 1912. Ixvii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor. ']

660 & 708 IV. (.£5.)— J. W. ATTER, Little Wonder Stud, Morton, Gainsborough, for
Morton Sensation 2088n, chestnut mare, foaled in 1906 : s. Julius Caosar 2nd 5666,
d. Little Wonder 12877 by Don Juan 3rd 6725; and Caesar's Little Wonder 18972,
chestnut mare, foaled in 1905 ; s. Julius Caesar 2nd 5066, d. Little Wonder 12077 hy
Don Juan 3rd 6725.

Class 88. — Prt/z-.s' of JMure-t .or Geldinya, over 15 hands, to he driven Tandem.

[8 entries.]
732 & 699 L (.£15, & Champion.' )— T. W. Simpson, for Argo (see Clas.s 84) : and Coronet

10091, chestnut fielding, foaled in 1906, bred by Henry Moore, Burn Butts, Cranswick.

Hull ; s. Garton Duke of Connaught 3009, d. Burn Butts Snowdrift 12435 hy Field

Marshal 2986.
684 &, 685 n. (£10, & R. N- for Champion.i ) — Mis.s A. Sylvia Brocklebank, for

Illumination (see Class S6) : nnd Optimistic (see Class 80.)
730.^741111. (£5.)— Miss Dora Schintz, for Catalina (see Class 8(5) : and Woodhatch

Ruth (see Class 86.)
740 & 725 IV. (je5.)-MlSS ELLA S. Ross, for Grand Vizier (see Class 86); and Grand

Vulcan (see Class 83).

Four-in-hand Teams.

Class 89. — Mares or Geldings. [4 entries.]

C I. (.i:20, & Champion.^)— Miss Ella S. Ross, Beechfleld, Sale, Cheshire.
A II. (X'15.)— Miss A. Sylvia Brocklebank, Alexton Hall. Uppingham.
D III. (XIO.)— STEADMAN & Sons, Boro' Garage, Doncaster.

Pit Ponies.'

Class 90. — Tioo Pit Ponies, not exceeding 13 hands. [16 entries.]

750 I. (X'lO.)— The Hickleton Main Colliery Co., Ltd.. Thurnscoe, near Rother-
ham, for Tyke, red roan gelding, foaled in 1902 ; and Imp, dark chestnut gelding,
foaled in 1902.

7o3 II. (£5.)— F. K. Robinson, Tackley Colliery. South Elmsall, for Don, cream gelding,
foaled about 1906 ; and Short, cream gelding, foaled about 1905.

745 III. (jCS, & R. N for Special. ->)— The ackton Hall Colliery Co., Featherstone,
near Pontefnict, for Dick, bay, foaled in 1905 ; and Dobbin, chestnut gelding, foaled
in 1S94.

746 R. N. & H. C, & R. N. for Special. -t)— The Ackton Hall Colliery Co., for
Dobbin and Robin.

Class 91. — Two Pit Ponies, over 13 and not exceedincj 14 hands. [13 entries.]

761 I. (^10, & Special. J)— Barber, Walker & Co.. Scawthorpe, Doncaster. for Count,
roan gelding, foaled in 1906 ; and Duke, roan gelding, foaled in 1905.

760 II. (jC5, & R. N. for Special.*)— THE ackton Hall Colliery Co., Featherstone,
near Pontefract. for Cronje, chestnut gelding, foaled in 1904 ; and Spot, bay gelding,
foaled in 1900.

762 III. (jCS, & Special.-*)— BARBER, WALKER & Co., for Sultan, brown gelding, foaled
in 1906 : and Emperor, bay gelding, foaled in 1906.

763 R. N. & H. C— Brodsworth Main Colliery Co., Ltd., Doncaster, for Gas and
Chick.

JUMPING COMPETITIONS.^

Class A. — Mares or Geldings. [23 entries.]
5 I. (£25.)— E. IT. Johnson, Moscow Farm, t.ittle Dalby, Melton Mowbray, for Darkie.
s II. U'lO.)— J. H. Dunn, Coombe Cottage, Kingston Hill, for Sailor.

11 III. (jCB.)- J. & T. Glencross, Garth Stables. Weston-super-Mare, for Nomination.

10 IV. (£i.)—F. Voller Grange, Alvaston, Nantwich, for Rufus.
3 V. (i;5.)— Harry Beeby, Manor House Stables, Melton Mowbray, for Mr. Porter.

1 The" Venture "Gold Challenge Cup, given by a Member of the R.A.S.E. for the best
Tandem in Classes 87 and y8.

■' Gold Challenge Cup, given by a Member of the R.A.S.E. interested in Coaching, for
the best leam in C!lass 89.

3 Prizes given by the Doncaster Local Committee.

■* Special Pri^^e of £5 given for the best four Ponies in Classes 90 and 91, the property
of one Exhibitor.

Ixviii Atvard of Poultry Prizes at Ihiicaster, 1912.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was "bred by exhibitor.' ]

Class B. — Marps or Geldlngn. [IS entries.]

10 I. (£20.)— J. & T. Glencross, Garth Stables. Weston-super-Mare, for Nomination.

5 II. (.£10.)— E. G. Easterby, Mount Pleasant, Escrick, York, for BuUer.

2 III. (£5.)— Thomas & Henry Ward, Pinchinthorpe. Great Avton, for Fisherman.

6 IV. (£5.)— James & Thomas Glencross, for Kitty.

11 v. (£5.)-J. H. Dunn, Coombe Cottage, Kingston Hill, for Comet.

Class C. — Mares or Geldings. [13 entries.]

6 I. (£15.)-F. W. Foster, Marsh Farm, Etwall, Derby, for Paddy.

31 Equal Prize f Wellborn Brothers, Fryston. Ferrybridge for Topper.

5 J of £5. I F. Voller Grange, Alvastou, Nantwich, for Rufus.
9 IV. (£5.)— J. H. Dunn, Coombe Cottage, Kingston Hill, for Comet.

10 V. (£5.)— T. & H. Ward, Pinchinthorpe, Great Ay ton, for Fisherman.

Class D. — Champion Class. Mares or Geldings. [12 entries.]

7 I. (£25.)— J. H. Dunn. Coombe Cottage. Kingston Hill, for Comet.

2 II. (£15.)— T. E. Whittingham, Byrkley Street, Burton-on-Trent, for Ormond Boy.

6 III. (£10.)— J. & T. Glencross, Gartli stables, Weston-super-Mare, for Kitty.

8 IV. (£5.)— F. W. Foster, Marsh Farm, Etwall. Derby, for Paddy.

9 V. (£5.)— JAMES & Thomas Glencross, for Nomination.

POULTRY.

By "Cock," "Hen," "Drake," "Duck," "Gander," and "Goose," are meant birds hatched
previous to January 1, 1912; and by "Cockerel," "Pullet," "Young Drake," and
"Duckling," are meant birds hatched in 1912, previous to June 1.

Class 349. — Old E-nglish Game Spangled Cocks. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

2 I. (30s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Rimington, Clitheroe.
4 II (20s.)— F. Norton. Sowdell Terrace, Ossett.

3 III. (10s.)— Walter Myers, Ossett, Yorks.

1 E. N. & H. C— W. & J. H. Heys, Mount Henley, Rochdale.

Class 350. — Old English Game Spangled Hens. [4 entries.]
9 I. (30s.)— John Oliver, Threepwood Farm, Haydon Bridge, Northumberland.
8 II. (20s.)— F.Norton, Sowdell Terrace, Ossett.

6 III. (10s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Rimington, Clitheroe.

7 E. N. & H. C— Walter Myers, Ossett, Yorks.

Class 351. — Old iJiK/lish Game Blach-Bed Cocks. [8 entries, none absent.]
l(i I. (30s.), & 13 III. (10s.)— T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.
14 II. (20s.)— W. & J. H. HEYS, Mount Henley, Rochdale.
11 R. N. & H. C— R. W. L. Fernandes, The Red House, Redbourn, Herts.
Class 352. — Old Englixli Game Clay or Wlieaten Hens.
[8 entries, none absent.]

18 I. ms.), & 22 E. N. & H. C— T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.
21 II. (20s.)— R. S. Marsden, Rimington, Clitheroe.

19 III. (10s.)— W. & J. H. HEYS, Mount Henley, Rochdale.

Class 353. — Old English Game Cocks, any other colour
[8 entries, none absent.]

27 I. (30s.)— R. W. L. Fernandes, The Red House. Redbourn, Herts.

29 II. (20s.)— W. & J. H. HEYS, Mount HenKy, Rochdale.

30 III. (10s.)— R. S. Marsde.v, Rimington, Clitheroe.

28 E. N. & H. C— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

Glass 354. — Old English Game Hens, any other colour.
[7 entries, none absent.]

37 I. (30s.)— R. S. Marsden, Rimington, Clitheroe.

40 II. (20s.), & 36 E. N. & H. C— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

34 III. (.10s.)— Thomas Blair, The Grange, Hayton, Bullgill, Cumberland.

Class 355. — Old English Game Cockerels, any colour. [4 entries.]

41 I. (30.<.)— W.J. Fairclouoh, Kennels, Waddington. Clitheroe.

43 II. (20s.)— T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

42 III. (10s.)— C. HARKER, Blennerhasset, Carhsle.

44 E. N. & H. C— R. S. Marsden, Rimington, Clitheroe.

Awa7'd of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixix

Class 356. — Old English Game Pullets, atuj cjlmir. [6 entries, none absent.]

47 I. (30«.)— C. HARKER, Bleiinerhasset, Carlisle.

45 II. (20.«.)— W. J. FAiKCLonoH. ICennels, Waddington. Clitheroe.
49 III. (lOsM— R. S. Maksden, Rimington, Clitheroe.

48 E. N. & H. C— T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

Class 357. — Indian Gamp Cocks or Coi-kerels. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

54 I. (30s.)— George Croft. Gavton-le-Marsh,Alford.

56 II. ^20s.)— W. & J. H. Heys, Mount Henley, Rochdale.

51 III. (lOs.)— J. Brennaxd, Baldersby Park, Thirsk.

53 E. N. & H. C.-W. H. Crane, Roseholme, Hollyfleld Road, Sutton Coldfleld.

Class 358. — Indian Game Hens or Pallets. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

6.1 I. (30s.)-W. & J. H. Heys. Mount Henlev, Rochdale.

68 II. (20O-S. K. PHILLIPS, Glani. Golf Club. Lower Penarth, S. Wales.

61 III. (10«.)— B. Bowles, Carleton. Forehoe, Wymondham.

63 E. N. & H. C— F. W. Gentle, Avenue Poultry Farm, Brandon.

Class 359. — Modern Game Cocks or Cockerels, any colour.
[8 entries, none absent.]

73 I. (30s.)- W. B. Fowler, Great Gransden, Sandy.

77 II. (20s.)— Toii Taylor. Darley Bank, Worsbro' Dale, Barnsley.

74 III. (10s.) -F. Norton. Sowdell Terrace, Ossett. " .
72 R. N. & H. C— J. BRENNAND, Baldersby Park, Thirsk.

Class 360. — Modern Game Henx or Pullets^ any colour.
[7 entries, 1 absent.]
85 I. (30s.)— Tom Taylor, Darley Bank, Worsbro' Dale, Barnsley.

81 II. (20s.)— W. B. Fowler, Great Gransden, Sandy.

82 III. (10s.)— F. Norton, So wdell Terrace. Ossett.

80 E. N. & H. C— J. Brexnand, Baldersby Park, Thirsk.

Class 361. — Black Sumatra Game Cocks or Cockerels.
[9 entries, 1 absent.]

90 I. (30.S.)— W. Humphrey. Black Park, Horsford, Norwich.

91 II. (20s.)— F. 1!. Eaton. Cleveland House. Eaton, Norwich.

87 III. (10s )-John Harrison, 19 Park View, Cefn Road, Blackwood, Mon.

92 E. N. & H. C— J. W. Herbert, Trevidna, Silchester, Reading.

Class 362. — Black Sumatra Game Hens or Pullets.
[8 entries, 1 absent.]

99 I. (30s.)— W. Humphrey, Black Park, Horsford, Norwicli.
97 II. (20s.) -MRS. F. Herbert. Tv-Gwgan. Raglan, Mon.

95 III. (10s.)— David B. Chesterfield, Rock House, Glynneath, Glam.

100 E. N. & H. C— F. R. Eaton. Cleveland House, Eaton, Norwich.

Class Z63.—Lanyshan Cocks or Cockerels. [12 entries, 1 absent.]
106 I. (30s.)— R.S. Marsden, Rimington, Cbtheroe.
108 II. (20s.), & lOo III. (10s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

113 E. N. & H. C— Harry Wallis, Warley, Brentwood.

Class Z<o\.—Langshan Hens or Pullets. [14 entries, 2 absent.]

114 I. (30s.), & 118 II. (20s".)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.
124 III. (lOs)— Harry Waxlis, Warley, Brentwood.

llfl E. N. & H. C— R. S. Marsden, Rimington, Clitheroe.

Class 365. — Plymouth Rock Barred Cocks. [11 entries, 1 absent.]

136 I. (30s.)— Walter Wright, Burton. Westmoreland.

137 II. (20s.)— Mrs. F:. J. Wroughton, Hutton Bonville, Northallerton.
127 III. (10-<.)— C. N. Alexander, Stockwell House. Knaresborough.
129 E. N. & H. C.-J. Brennand, Baldersby Park, Thirsk.

Class 366.— Plymouth Rock Barred Hens. [12 entries, 1 absent.]

144 I. (30s.)— R. Makinson, Tlie Square, Burton, Oarnforth.

142 II. (20s.), & 146 E. N. & H. C— J. MARSDEN CHANDLER, Fairfield, Brampton.

148 III. (10s.)— E. Marshall, Lenton, Nottingham.

Class 367.— Plymouth Rock Barred Cockerels. [!t entries, 2 absent.]

l.')4 I. (30s.) T. W. Gibson. Market House, Kirkby Lonsdale.

157 II. (20s.)-NElL PAUL, Model Poultry Farm, Beith.

158 III. (10s.)— J. S. WALKER, Hardriggs, Crosthwaite, Kendal.
152 R. N. & H. C— .1. MARSDEN CHANDLER, Fairfield, Brampton.

Ixx Award of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

Class ^QS.— Plymouth Rock Barred PiiUeti. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

159 I. (30s-.)— James W. AIREY, 5, Dalton Square, Lancaster.
167 II. (20s.)— T. W. GIBSOX. Market House. Kirkby Lonsdale.

169 III. (10<.),— John Pennington, Heswall-in-Dee, vki Chester.

170 R. N. & H. C— J. S. Walker, Hardriggs, Crosthwaite, Kendal.

Class 369. —Ply mouth Rock Cocks, any other colour. [12 entries, 1 absent.]
176 I. ( 306'. )— Neil Paul, Model Poultry Farm, Beitb.

180 II. (20.'>'.), 183 III. (IDs.), & 182 E. N. & H. 0.— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth
HaU, Doncaster.

Class 370. — Plym.oufh Roch Hens, any other colour [6 entries, none absent.]
188 I, (30s.), & 187 R. N. & H. C— CHARLES Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
186 II. (20s,)— Herbert Spensley, Oats Farm, Menston, via Leeds.
184 III. (lOs.)— Bolton Model Poultry Farm, We.sthoughton, Lanes.

Class 371. — Plymouf/i. Bock Cockerels, any of her colour. [12 entries, 1 absent.]

194 I. (30s.)— L. H. NUTTEB, Burton, via Carnforth.

200 II. (20s.), & 201 III. (10s.)— CHARLES Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
196 E. N. & H. C. -Robert H. Slater, Loud Bridge, Chipping, Longridge, Preston.
Class 372. — Plymouth Rock Pullets, any other colour. [19 entries, 3 absent.]

207 I. (30s.)— J. E. Harper, Brooklands. Wevbridge.
211 IL (20s.)— J. E. D. Moysey, Ventou, Totnes.
213 III. (10s.)— XeiL Paul, Model Poultry Farm, Beith.
202 R. N. & H. C— JAMES Bateman, Milnthorpe.

Class 373. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Cocks. [3 entries.]
222 I. (30s.), & 223 II. (20.«.)— W. SMITH L.\MBERT, Drabble House Farm, Silsden.
221 III. (10s-)— TOM H. FURNESS, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

Class 374. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Hens. [5 entries, 1 absent.]
228 I. (30s.), & 226 II. (20s.)— W. SMITH LAMBERT, Drabble House Farm, Silsden.
225 III. (lOs)— TOM H. FURNESS, Carlton House, Chesterfield.
227 R. N. & H. C— Herbert Spensley, Oaks Farm, Menston, via Leeds.
Class 375. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Cockerels.
[4 entries, 2 absent.]
230 I. (30s.), & 232 II. (20s.)— W. SMITH LAMBERT, Drabble House Farm, Silsden.
Class 376. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Pullets. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

233 I. (30s.)— W. Smith Lambert, Drabble House Farm, Silsden, Keighley.
235 II. (20s\)— Lt.-Col. F. D. Robinson, Cbtheroe Castle, Cbtheroe.

234 III. (10s.), & 237 R. N. & H. C— J. M. Philipson, Wyandotte Farm, Haydon Bridge.

Class 368. — MHiite Wyandotte Cocks. [S entries, 2 absent.]

241 I. (30s.)— E. R. CRIPPEN, Merrilocks Poultry Farm, Blundellsands. Liverpool

242 II. (20s.)— Tom H. FURNESS, Carlton House, Chesterfield.
239 III. (10s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

243 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. Goodchild, Hepworth Hall, Halstead.

Class 378. — White Wyandotte Hens. [11 entries, 3 absent.]

252 I. (30s. I. cS: 248 R. N. & H. C— E. R. CRIPPEN. Merrilocks Poultry Farm Blundell-
sands, Liverpool.
247 II. (20s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.
255 III. (10s.)— Mrs. E. a. LYCBTT Green, Darrington Hall, Pontefract.

Class 379. — White Wyandotte Cockerels. [25 entries, 2 absent.]
282 I. (30s.)— JOHN TOWNEND & SON, Lodge Poultry Farm, Pontefract.
263 II. (20s.) -G. H. DALRYMPLE. Wynhol, Clevedon, Somerset.

266 III. (10-s.)— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

267 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. Goodchild, Hepworth Hall, Halstead.

Class 380. — White Wyandotte Pullets. [32 entries, (i absent.]

292 I. (30s.)— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House. Chesterfield.

293 II. (20s.)— Mrs. Goodchild, Hepworth Hall, Halstead.

310 III. (10s.)— John Townend & Son, Lodge Potiltry Farm, Pontefract,
303 R. N. & H. C— H. T. MUSGRAVE, Moorlands, Burley-in-Wharfedale.

Class 381. — Black Wyandotte Cocks. [11 entries, 1 absent.]
32j! I. (30.s\)— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.
318 II. (20s,)— W. W. DUGDALE, Waddington, Torks.
317 III. (lOs.)— ALBERT CHELL, Poultry Farm, Biddulph, Congleton.
.■!20 R. N. & H. C— Tom H. Furness, (Jarlton House, Chesterfield.

Award of Pozdtri/ Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxi

Class Z82.~Black Wtjandotte Hens. [11 entries, 2 absent.]
326 I. (30s.)— Bolton Model Poultry Farm. Westhoughton, Lanes.
335 II. (,20s.')— George wood, Westfleld, Greetland, Halifax.

328 III. (lO.s)— T. W. Gibson, Market House, Kirkby Lonsdale.

329 E. N. & H. C.-T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

Class 383. — Black Wyandotte Cockerels. [6 entries, 2 absent.]
337 I. (30s.)— ALFRED Birch. Edge Farm, Sefton, Liverpool.

339 II. (20s.)— DR. WALTER E. COOPER, East Harling, Norfolk.

342 III. (10s.)— S. C. ROBERTSHAW, Backsbottom Farm, Wray, Lancaster.

340 R. N. & H. C— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

Class 384. — Black Wyandotte Pullets. [10 entries, 2 absent.]

352 I. (30s.)— GEORGE Wood, Westfleld, Greetland, Halifax.

345 II. (20s.)-FAWCETT Brothers, Irebv Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale.

347 III. (10s.), & 343 E. N. & H. C— ALFRED Birch. Edge Fai-m, Sefton, Liverpool.

Class 385. — Partridge Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels.
[6 entries, none absent.]

3.56 I. (30s.). 358 II. (20s.), & 357 III. (10s.)— RICHARD WATSON, Thorngarth, Thackley,
Bradford.

353 E. N. & H. C— J. R. ALLEN, Giles Lane, St. Thomas Hill, Canterbury.

Class 386. — Partridge Wyandotte liens or Pullets. [6 entries, none absent.]

360 I. (30s.)— HUGH GUNN, Castle ViUa Poultry Farm, Gloucester.
359 II. (20s.)— Walter Foulds. Clydesdale, Kirbv Muxloe, Leicester.
363 III. (10s.)— Richakd Watson, Thorngarth, Thackley, Bradford.

Class 387. — Columbian Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels. [12 entries, 3 absent.]

368 I. (30s.)— Willi A3I Hodges, Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.
373 II. (20s.)— R. S. THORP, Daisymere, Buxton.

370 III. (10s.)— John T. Kitchen, Forest View Poultry Farm, Barrow-on-Soar.

371 E. N. & H. C— James T. Hincks, The Charn, Sileby, Loughborough.

Class 388. — Columbian Wyandotte Hens or Pullets. [14 entries, 3 absent.]

384 I. (30s.)— William Hodges, Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.

382 II. (20s.). & 378 III. (10s.) -James T. Hincks, The Cham, Sileby, Loughborough.

385 E. N. & H. C— F. Onslow Piercy, The Limes, Burston, Diss.

Class 389. — Sjjangled Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels. [3 entries.]

393 I. (30.S.), & 391 II. (20-s.)— W. L. ARCHER, Ashwell's Farm, Chalfont St. Giles.
392 III. (10s.)— Miss a. N. Harland, Chalfont St. Giles.

Class 390. — Spangled Wyandotte Hens or Pullets. [2 entries.]

394 I. (30s.)— W. L. ARCHER, Ashwell's Farm, Chalfont St. Giles.

395 II. (20s.)— Miss A. N. Harland. Chalfont St. Giles.

Class 391. — Blue Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels. [7 entries, none absent.]

400 I. (30s.)— Mrs. W. HOLDSWORTH, Fordhouses, Wolverhampton.
399 II. (20s.)— Tom H. Furness. Carlton House, Chesterfield.

396 III. (10s.)— James Bateman, Milnthorpe.

401 E. N. & H. 0.— Matthew Slater, Greenlot, Caton, Lancaster.

Class 392. — Blue Wyatidotte Hens or Pullets. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

408 I. (30s.)— J. M. Blackwood, Cranhill Poultry Farm. Street.
406 II. (20s.) -Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

404 III. (,10s.)— Bolton Model Poultry farm, Westhoughton, Lanes.

409 E. N. & H. C— James Wallbank, Belmont, Longridge, Preston.

Class 39S.— Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels, any other variety.
[10 entries, 2 absent.]
418 I. (30s.)— Richard Watson, Thorn Garth. Thackley, Bradford.

410 II. (20.S'.)— R. ANTHONY. Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

413 III. (10s.)— M. Harrison, Shaw House, Edmond Castle, Carlisle.
415 E. N. & H. C— James MELLOR, Wormhill Meadows, Buxton.

Class 394. — Wyandotte Hens or Pullets, any other variety.
[6 entries, none absent.]

421 I. (30s.)— T. Charlton, Kepier Poultry Farm, Crawcrook, Ryton-on-Tyne.

422 II. (20s.)— HUGH GUNN, Castle Villa Poultry Farm, Gloucester.

424 III. (10s.)— RICHARD WATSON, Thom Garth, Thackley, Bradford.

425 E. N. & H. C— J. T. Wheatley, Prospect House, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

Ixxii Aivard of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

Class 395. — Buff Orpington C'ockii. [19 entries, none absent.]

430 I. (30.S.)— Frank Bloomer. Foxcote, Stourbridge.

436 II. (20s.)-P. B. GOVETT, Tideford. St. Germans.

432 III. (10s.)— William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.

426 R. N. & H. C— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley,

Class 396. — Buff Orpington Hem. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

445 I. (30.S' )— R. ANTHONY. Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

450 II. (20s.) -Charles Thbllu-SSON Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

447 III. (10s )-William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.

448 E. N. & H. C— Miss Le Patoubel, Edenstead, Crosby-on-Eden.

Class 397. — Bxuff Orpington Cockerels. [24 entries, 7 absent.]
466 I. (30s., & E. N. for Champion.^— Miss Le Patourel. Edenstead, Crosbv-on-Eden.
457 II. (20>.-)— J. W. p. CUSSONS. Buff Orpington Poultry Farm, S. Kilvington, Thirsk.
461 III. (lOs.)-W J. GOLDING, NVestwood Farm, Weald, Kent.
464 E. N. & H. C- Charles KEETLEY, Easthorpe Cottage. Lowdham.

Class 398. — Buff Orpington Pullets. [2(1 entries, 7 absent.]
479 I. (30s., & Champion.^)— Miss S. Carey, Drabble Honse Farm, Silsden, Keighley.
488 II. (20s.), & 492 III. (10s.)— W. J. GOLDING, Westwood Farm, Weald.
483 E. N. & H. C— J. W. P. CUSSONS, South Kilvington, Thirsk.

Class 399. — White Orjflngton Cocks. [14 entries, 3 absent.]

506 I. (30s.), & 511 II. (20s.)— Murray Lindner, Ham Court Poultry Farm, Charlton

Kings. Cheltenham.
503 III. (10s.)— William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.
502 E. N. & H. C— Miss S. Carey, Drabble House Farm, Silsden, Keighley.
Class 400. — White Orpington Hens. [19 entries, 2 absent.]

528 I. (30s.)— Alan T. Storey, Brock House Poultry Farm. Freshfleld, Liverpool.

521 II. (20s.), & .517 R. N. & H. C— MiSS S. CAREY, Drabble House Farm, Silsden.

529 III. (10s.) -Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Class 401. — Wliite Orpington Cockerels. [31 entries, 8 absent.]

559 I. (30v.)— Whitaker & TOOTILL, Quarry Farm, Pool, Leeds.
542 II. (20s.)— Miss CHEETHAM, The Hawthorns, Brighouse.
546 III. (10s.)— J. E. Harper, Brooklands, W eybridge.
544 E. N. & H. C— W. J. GOLDING, Westwood Farm, Weald.

Class 402.— TTV^Ye Orpington Pullets. [34 entries, 4 absent.]

573 I. (30s.)— Miss CHEETHAM. The Havthorns, Brighouse.
569 II. (20s.)— Miss S. Carey, Drabble House Farm, Silsden, Keighley.
598 III. dOs.)— Chables Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
577 E. N. & H. C. — R. GWYNNB-FURLEY, Prestbury. Cheltenham.

Class 403. — Black Orpington Cocks. [15 entries, none absent.]

603 I. (30s.)— W. BURCH. Bleangate Poultry Farm, Heme, Kent.

612 II. (.20s.)— J. E. Shanks, Stetchworth, Newmarket.

607 III. (10s.)— Tennyson Fawkes, Royal Stock Farm, Leonard Stanley. Stonehouse.

609 R. N. & H. C— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

Class 404, — Black Orpington Hens. [16 entries, none absent.]

626 I. (30s.) -T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

620 II. (20s.)— William Cook & Sons, Orpington House, St. Mary Cray.

625 III. (10s.)— George E. Gush, Thackham, Winchfield.

629 R. N. & H. C— T. HoYLE, Savile Royd, Hahfax.

Class 405. — Black Orpington Cockerels. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

633 I. (30s.)— William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm. St. Paul's Cray.
632 II. (20s.)— William Cook & sons. Orpington House, St. Mary Cray.

630 III. (10s.)— W. M. Bell. St. Leonard s Poultry Farm, Ringwood.

634 R. N. & H. C— A. H. DRYSDALE. Woodknoll, Lindfield, Haywards Heath.

Class 406. — Black Orpbigton Pullets. [10 entries, 1 absent.]
645 I. (30s.)— T. J, STABLES. Burton, Westmorland.
641 II. (20s.>— W. J. GOLDING, Westwood Farm, Weald, Kent.
638 III. (10s.)— William Cook & Sons, Orpington House, St. Mary Cray.
6.39 R. N. & H. C— A. H. DRYSDALE, WoodknoU, Lindfleld, Haywards Heath.

1 A Piece of Plate given by the Buff Orpington Club for the best Buff Orpington in
Classes 395 to .398.

Award of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxiii

Class 407. — Spangled Orpington Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, none absent.]
647 I. (30s.)— Walter Buxton, Trinity Poultry Farm. Bentworth, Alton.

651 II. (20i.X & 648 III. (10s.)— WiLLlAM CooK & SONS. Orpington House, St. Mary Cray.
650 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. Irene Osgood, Guilsborouyh Hall, Northampton.

Class 408. — Spangled Orpington Hens or Pullets. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

656 I. (30s.), & 653 II. (20s. )— WALTER BuXTON.Trinity Poultry Farm, Bentwortli, Alton.

652 III. (l()s.)— Lawrence Booth, Dingle Bank, Chester.

655 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. Irene Osgood, Quilsborough Hall, Northampton.
Class 409. — Orpington Cocks or Cockerels, any other colour.
[9 entries, none absent]

660 I. (30s.)-WiLLIAM H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.

661 II. (20s.)— Brown & Heath. Poultry Farm, Staplehur.st.

662 III. (10s.)— C.\PT. Max DE Bathe, Hartley Court, Reading.
665 E. N. & H. C- J. Russel, Halstead Place, Sevenoaks.

Class 410. — Orpington Hens or Pullets, any other colour.
[8 entries, none absent.]
669 I. (30s.)-WiLLiAM H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm. St. Paul's Cray.
667 II. (20s.)— J. Marsden Chandler. Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.
671 III. (10s.), & 668 E. N. & H. C— William Cook & Sons, St. Mary Cray.

Class 411. — Minorca Cocks or Cockerels. [7 entries, none absent.]

679 I. (30s.). & 677 E. N. & H. C— A. G. PITTS, Highbridge, Somerset.
674 II. (20s.)— William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm, St. Paul's Cray.

680 III. (10s.)— Whitaker and Tootill, Quarry Farm, Pool, Leeds.

Class 412. — Minorca Hens or Pullets. [12 entries, none absent.]
688 I. (30s.),— A. G. Pitts. Highbridge, Somer.set.
690 II. (20s.), & 692 III. (IDs.)- Whitaker & Tootill, Quarry Farm, Pool, Leeds.

681 E. N. & H. C— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

Class 413. — White Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels. [5 entries, 1 absent.]
693 I. (30s.)— R. Anthony, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

696 II. (20s.),e& 697 III. (10s.)— Whitaker & Tootill, Quarry Farm, Pool, Leeds.
695 E. N. & H. C— Victoria Memorial Poultry Farm, Beckermet, Cumberland.

Class 414. — White Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [9 entries, none absent.]
702 I. (30.S'.)— ALAN T. Storey, Brock House Poultry Farm, Freshfleld, Liverpool

698 II. (20s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

699 III. (10s.)— DOBSON Brothers, k9 Church Street, Kirkham.

704 E. N. & H. C- Whitaker & Tootill, Quarry Farm, Pool, Leeds.

Class 415. — Brown Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, none absent.]

707 I. (30s.), & 712 II. (20s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

709 III. (10s.)— ERNEST Ll. SIMON, Pembroke.

711 E. N. & H. C— Whitaker & Tootill, Quarry Farm, Pool. Leeds.

Class 416. — Brown Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

713 I. (30s.), & 718 III. (10s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

714 II. (20s.)— JOSEPH Cliffe, Magdale, Honley, Huddersfleld.

715 E.N. & H. C— Denyer & IVE, Walton Road, East Molesey.

Class 417. — Black Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels. [(5 entries, 1 absent.]

721 I. (30s)— CH.\RLES Bilsborough, Hepgreave Farm, Barton, Preston.
723 II. (20s.)— Joseph Eadson, Park Villa. Ightenhill, Burnley.

726 III. (10s )— HARRY HARTLEY, The Poplars, Cottontice Lane, Colne.

722 E. N. & H. C— W. Bradbury, Cliff Grange, Constable Road, Ipswich.

Class tlS.— Black Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [10 entries, 2 absent.]
n\ I. (30.s.)-T. C. Heath, BLeele, Newcastle, Staffs.

735 II. (20s.),— SMITH BROTHERS, 196 Every Street, Nelson.

727 III. (lOs)— CHARLES Bilsborough, Hepgreave Farm, Barton, Preston.

736 E. N. & H. C— Smith Harrison, Rings Cottage, Colne.

Class 419. — Leghorn Cocks or Cockerels, any other colour.
[8 entries, 1 absent.]
738 I. (30s.)— A. R. FISH, Holme Mead, Button, Preston.
7,39 II. (20s.)— A. J. Giles, Bury, Pulborough.
742 III. (lOs.)— G. NURSK, 22, Wellington Street, Canton, Cardiff.
744 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. Verrey, The Warren, Oxshott.

VOL. 7:^. Q

Ixxiv Award of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912,

Class 420. — Leghorn Hens or Pullets, any other colour.
[7 entries, 2 absent.]

750 I. (30.s\)— G. & E. Henley. Grandborough, Winslovv.
745 II. (206-.)— J. BATTERSBY & Son. Morecambe.

751 III. (lOs.)-G. NURSE, 22 Wellington Street, Canton, Cardiff.
747 E. N. & H. C— DENYER & Ive, Walton Road, East ATSlesey.

Class 421. — Dorking Cocks or Cockerels. [5 entries, 1 absent.]
753 I. (30s.), & 755 II. (20s.)— J BRENNAND. Baldersby Park. Thirsk.
756 III. (10.5.), & 754 R. N. & H. C— ARTHUR C. MAJOR, Ditton. Langley, Bucks.

Class 422. — Dorking Hens or Pullets. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

761 I. (30.S.), & 764 III. (lOs.)— ARTHUR C. MAJOR. Ditton, Langley, Bucks.

762 II. (20«.)-Rev. Isaac Walton, Newbiggin Rectory, Carlisle.
759 R. N. & H. C.— THOMAS Briden, Cononley, Keighley.

Class 423. — Red Sussex Cocks. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

766 I. (30.S., & Champion.^— J. Baily & Son, Heatliflekl, Sussex.

767 II. (20s-. & R. N. for Champion. M-E. T, B. Coppard, The Glen, Mayfleld, Sussex.
769 III. ( 10s. ) -Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts,

774 R. N. & H. C— Frank H. Wheeler, Bridge House, Marden, Kent.

Class 424. — Red Sussex Hens. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

776 I. (30s.)— E, T. B. COPPARD, The Glen, Mayfleld, Sussex.

777 II. (20s.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

775 III. (10s.)— J. Baily & Son, Heathfleld, Sussex.

Class 425. — Red Sussex Cockerels. [4 entries.]

781 I. (30s.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

780 II. (20s.)— E. T. B. CoPPARD, The Glen, Mavtield, Sussex.

783 III. (10 •■■.)— Frank H. Wheeler, Bridge House, Marden, Kent.

782 R. N. & H. C— A. SPARK, Maynard Green, Horeham Road.

Class 426. — Red Sussex Pulletx. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

784 II. (20s.)— E. T. B. COPPARD, The Glen, Mayfleld Susses.

785 III. (10s.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

787 E. N. & H. C— Frank H. Wheeler, Bridge Hou.se, Marden, Kent.

Class 427. — Light Sussex Cocks. [4 entries.]

790 I. (30s.)— William Hodges. Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.

788 li. (20s.) -J. Baily & Son, Heathfleld, Sussex.

789 III. (10s.) -James S. Hepburn, Home Farm, Horham, Eye.

791 R. N. & H. C— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

Class 428. — Light Sussex Hens. [9 entries, 2 absent.]
795 I (30s.)— William Hodges, Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.

792 li. (20s.)— J. Baily & Son, Heathfleld, Sussex,

794 III. (10s.)— James S. Hepburn, Home Farm, Horham, Eye.
797 R. N. & H. C— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

Class 429. — Light Sussex Cockerels. [7 entries, 1 absent.]
806 I (30s., & R. N. for Champion^), & 801 III. (10s.)— J. Baily & Son, Heathfleld.
802 li. (20s.) -William Hodges, Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.
804 R. N. & H. C— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

Class 430. — Light Sussex Pullets. [10 entries, 2 absent.]
814 I. (30s., & Championr), & 810 R. N. & H. C— William Hodges, Oatlands Farm,

Weybridge.
813 II (20s.)— J. Baily A Son, Heathfleld, Sussex.
812 III. (10s.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

Class 431. — Speckled Su.^S''x Cocks. [7 entries, 1 absent.]
818 I. (30s., & R.N.forChampion.3), &8L'3III. (lOs.)— J. Baily & Son, Heathfleld. Sussex.
824 II. (20s.)— S.^nderson Brothers, Lower Lodge Poultry Farm, Billingshurst.
822 E. N. & H. C— Frank H. Wheeler, Bridge House, Marden, Kent.

^ Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for the best Red Sussex in
Classes 423-426.

' Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for thebe.st Light Sussex in
Classes 427-430.

^ Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for the best Speckled
Sussex in Classes 431-434.

Aioard of Poultry Prizes at Donca^^er, 1912. Ixxv

Class 432. — Speclded Sussex Hens. [!) entries, none absent.]
827 I. (30s., & Champion.')— W. H. Edwards, Brookfleld, Pinhoe, Exeter.

825 II. (20.S'.)— J. Baily & Son, Heathfleld, Sussex.

826 III. (10.<.)— F. W. Buckingham, 8 The Terrace, Tonbridge.

830 E. N. & H. C— Sanderson Brothers, Lower Lodge Poultry Farm, Billingshurst.

Class 433. — Sj?rc/ded' Sussex Cockerels. [12 entries, 3 absent.]

839 I. (30.s\), & 834 R. N. & H. C— J. BAILY & SON, Heathfleld, Sussex.

841 II. (20.S".)— Capt. & Mrs. Spencer, Dean Lodge, Iron Acton, Bristol.

835 III. (10s.)— E. G. GRANT, Fisher Hill Poultry Farm, Chiddingfold, Qodalming.

Class 434. — Speckled Sussex Pullets. [12 entries, none absent.]

859 I. (30s.)— Capt. & Mrs. Spencer, Dean Lodge, Iron Acton, Bristol.
84ti II. (20s.)— J. BAILY & Son, Heathfleld. Sussex.

849 III. (10s.), & 857 E. N. & H. C— E. Q. Grant, Fisher Hill Poultry Farm, Chiddlng-
fold, Godalming.

Class 435. — Britisli Rhode Island Red Cocks or Cockerels.
[21 entries, .5 absent.]

871 I. (30s.)— J. RUSSEL, Halstead Place, Sevenoaks.

8ti3 II. (20s.), & 85'J III. (10s.)— HAROLD BENNETT, The Fields, Alsagar. Stoke-on-Trent

870 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. G. W. Rackham, Hill House, Hethel, Norwich.

Class 436. — British Rhode Island Red Hens or Pullets.
[20 entries, 5 absent.]

879 I.K30s.), & 883 II. (20x.)-Harold Bennett, The Fields, Alsagar, Stoke-on-Trent.
891 III. (lOs.)— Mrs. M. niGQlNBOTTOM, Gwastadd Hall, Wrexham.
893 E. N. & H. C— ROBERT Vair, Rhodelands, Dunblane, N.B.

Class 437. — Ancona Cocks or Cockerels. [5 entries, none absent.]

899 I. (30s.)— JOSEPH EADSON, Park Villa, Ightenhill, Burnley.
902 II. (20s.)— Thomas Whittaker. The Laund, Acerington:
901 III. (10s.)— Mrs. Sutcliffe, 82 Montrose Street, Burnley.

900 E. N. & H. C— William Nelson, Jumble Hall Bar, Baxenden, Acerington.

Class 438. — Ancnna Hens or Pullets. [9 entries, none absent.]

907 I. (30s.)— Mrs. G. H. Shortt. Southwick P.ectory, Sunderland.

910 II. (20s.)— Thom.\s Whittaker, The Laund. Acerington.

906 III. (10s.), & 911 R. N. & H. C— William Nelson, Jumble Hall Bar, Baxenden.

Class 439. — Yokohama Cocks or Cockerels. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

913 I. (30s., & Champion'^ ), & 918 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. L. H. Barnard, The Red House,

Wellington College, Berks.
915 II. (20s., & E. N. for Champion^), & 919 III. (10s.)— Mrs. L. C. Prideaux, Spring

Cottage, Lindfleid, Haywards Heath.

Class 440. — Yokohama Hens or Pullets. [5 entries, none absent.]

922 I. (30.S'.). & 925 II. (20s.)— Mrs. L. C. Prideaux, Spring Cottage, Lindfleid, Hay-
wards Heath.

923 III. (10s.)— MRS. G. H. Shortt, Southwick Rectory, Sunderland.

921 E. N. & H. C— R. Scott Miller, Greenoakhill, Broomhouse, Glasgow.

Class 441. — Brahma Cocks or Cockerels. [8 entries, none absent.]
9.32 I. (30s.)— J. C. TOZER. Stoke House, Devoniiort.

926 II. (20s.)— E. R. Crippen, Merrilocks Poultry Farm, Bluiidellsands, Liverpool.
928 III. (10.?.)— J.AMES Lord. Underbank, Thornton, Poulton-le-Fylde.

927 E. N. & H. C— M. Ewbank, Cawton, Hovingham, Malton.

Class 442. — Brahma Hens or Pullets. [() entries, none absent.]

934 I. (30-s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

938 II. (20.?.) -S. W. THOMAS. Glasfryn. Forest Each, Swansea.

939 III. (10.?.)— ARTHUR E. Ward, Great Warford, Mobberley, Cheshire.

935 E. N. & H. C— E R. CRIPPEN, Merrilocks Poultry Farm, Blundellsands, Liverpool.

Class 443. — Cochin Cocks or Cockerels. [4 entries, 1 absent.]
941 I. (30s.). & 943 III. (lOs.)-GEORQE H. PROCTER, Flass House, Durham.

940 II. (20s.) -William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm. Sr. Paul's Cray.

1 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for the best Speckled
Sussex in Classes 431 434.

2 Silver Medal given by the Yokohama Club for the best Yokohama in Classes 439
and 440.

Q2

Ixxvi Award of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

Class 444. — Cochin Hens or Pullets. [4 entries.]

944 I. (30.S.), & 947 II. (20s.) -GEORGE H. PROCTER, Flass House, Durham.

945 III. (10s.)— ALAN T. Storey, Brock House Poultry Farm, Freshfleld. Liverpool.

946 E. N. & H. C— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Class 445. — Malnie Coclts or Cockerels. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

950 I. (30s., Champion,! & R. N. for Champion.^)— Mrs. Terrot, Wispington House.

Cookham.
953 II. (20s.) & 955 E. N. & H. C— MRS. F. HERBERT, Tv-Gwgan, Raglan, Mon.
952 III. (IDs.)— S. W. THOMAS, Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea.

Class 446. — Maline Hens or Pullets. [12 entries, none absent.]
968 I. (30s., & Champion. 2)— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

963 II. (20s., & E. N. for Champion.'), & 965 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. Terrot, Wispington
House, Cookham.

964 III. (10s.) -Mrs. F. Herbert, Ty-Gwgan, Raglan, Mon.

Class 447. — Campine Cocks or Cockerels. [11 entries, 2 absent.]

976 I. (30s., & E. N. for Champion. s), & 979 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. J. J. Winsloe, Duns-
dale, Frodsham.
971 II. (20s.)— Richard Edw.^rds. Staunton Old Court. Staunton-on-Arrow.
978 III. (10s.)— A. M. Jameson, Oak Lodge Poultry Farm, Takeley.

Class 448. — Campine Hens or Pullets. [15 entries, 1 absent.]
985 I. (30s., & Champion. 3)— A. M. Jameson, Oak Lodge Poultry Farm, Takeley.
981 II. (20s. (—MRS. R. Isabel bastard, Lyneham, Yealmpton, Plymouth.
994 III. (IDs.)— Mrs. J. J. Winsloe, Dunsdale, Frodsham.
993 E. N. & H. C— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth HaU, Doncaster.

Class 449. — Farerolle Cucks or Cockerels. [11 entries, 3 absent.]
1006 I. (30s.)— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
996 II. (20s.) -George Bktts, Goostrey, Cheshire.
1002 III. (10s.)— J. Q. Phillips, 93 St. Sepulchre Gate, Doncaster.
999 E. N. & H. C— F. W. Gentle, Avenue Poultry Farm, Brandon.

Class 450. — Faverolle Hens or Pullets. [12 entries, 2 absent.]
1018 I. (30s.), 1015 III. (IDs.), & 1017 E. N. & H. C— CHARLES THELLUSSON, Brodsworth

Hall, Doncaster.
1009 II. (20s.)— C. H. BRADLEY, Drivers Farm, Tibberton, Glos.

Class 451. — Houdan Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries, none absent.]
1023 I. (30s.), & 1020 III. (10s.)— HENRY EDYE, South Binns, Heathfield.
1022 II. (20s.)— S. W. Thomas, Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea.
1021 E. N. & H. C— J. W. Moore, Oakerlands Farm, Hexham.

Class 452. — Houdan Hens or Pullets. [6 entries, none absent.]
1028 I. (30s.), & 1030 II. (20s.)— S. W.Thomas, Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea.
1027 III. (10s.)— J. W. Moore. Oakerlands Farm, Hexham.
1026 E. N. & H. C— Henry Edyb, South Binns, Heathfield, Sussex.

Class 453. — Cocks or Cockerels, any other hreed except Bantams.
[9 entries, none absent.]
1034 I. (30s.)— C. E. Pickles, Kayfleld House, Earby, Torks. (Black Hamburg.)
1031 II. (20s.)— Miss ASHWELL, Finmere, Buckingham. (Hamburg.)
1036 III. (10s.)— S. W. Thomas, Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea. (Creve.)
1033 R. N. & H. C.-W. Pickering, Pickering. (White Malay.)

Class 454. — Hens or Pullets, any other hreed, except Bantams.

[11 entries, none absent.]

1048 I. (30s.), & 1050 E. N. & H. C— TURTON & SON, Nesfleld and Rutland Buildings,

Ilkeston. (Hamburgli.)
1040 II. (20s.)— Thomas ABBOT, Wymondham. [Andalusian.)
1047 III. (10s.)— S. W. Thomas, Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea. (Cr6ve.)

Class 455. — Old F/iz/lish Game Bantam Cocks. [7 entries, 1 absent.]
1052 I. (30s.)— J. F. Entwisle. The Firs. Calder Grove. Wakefield.
1051 II. (20s.)— J. Dawson, Billington. Wliallev, Blackburn.
10.56 III. (10s.)— R. S. Maksden. Rimington, Clithero.
1057 E. N. & H. C— William Thomas, 150 Caerau Road, Caerau, Bridgend.

1 Silver Medal given by the Malines Poultry Club for the best Maline Cock or Hen
other than Coucou in Classes 445 and 446.

2 Silver Medal given by the Malines Poultry Club for the best Coucou de Mnline
Cock or Hen in Classes 445 and 446.

3 Silver Medal given through the Campine Club for the best Campine in Classes
447 and 448.

Aivard of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxvii

Class 456. — Old English Game Bantam Hens. [7 entries, 1 abseat.]
1064 I. (30(.'.), & 1059 II. (20s.)— J- DAWSON, BilliiiL'ton, Whalley, Blackburn.
1002 III. (10s.)— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staff.s.
1060 R. N. & H. C— J. F. ENTWISLE, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.
Class 457. — Moilprn Game Bantam Cocks, any colour.
[10 entries, none absent.]

1070 I. (30.-.'.), & 1073 III. (10s.)— W. SMITH LAMBERT, Drabble House Farm, Silsden.
lOti.i II. (20s.)— J Bbennand, Baldersby Park, Thirsk.

107 1 R. N. & H. C— Henry V. Machin, Gateford Hill, Worksop.

Class 458. — Modern Game Bantam Hens, any colour.
[9 entries, none absent.]
1075 I. (30s.)— J. Brennand. Baldersby Park, Thirsk.

1080 II. (20.s\)— Henry V. Machin, Gateford Hill, Worktop.

1081 III. (10s.)— Tom Taylor. Darley Bank. Worsboro' Dale, Barnsley.
1078 R. N. & H. C. -Robert Hirst, Fieldhead, Cleckheaton.

Class 459. — Sebriyht Bantam. Cooks. [(i entries, none absent ]
1088 I. (30s. >, & 1089 II. (20s.)— Miss K. D. Preston, Bay House, Ellel, Lancaster.
lObli III. (10s.)— A, K. Fish, Holme Mead, Hutton, Preston.
1085 R. N. & H. 0.— J. F. Entwisle, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield,

Class 460. — Sebright Bantam Hens. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

1092 I. (30s.)— A. R. Fish, Holme Mead, Hutton, Preston.
1094 II. (20s.)— R. S. Marsden. Rimin?ton, Clitheroe.

1098 III. (10.5.)— Miss K. D. Preston, Bay House, Ellel, Lancaster.

1093 R. N. & H. C— W. & J. H. HEYS, Mount Henley, Rochdale.

Class ^Q\. — Wgandofte Bantam Corks. [5 entries, none absent.]

1099 I. (30s.), & 1102 R. N. & H. C— W. & J. H. HEYS. Mount Henley, Rochdale.

1100 II. (20-s'.)— R. S. Mar:sdex. Rimington, 01 theroe.

1103 III. (10s.)— Mrs. Irene Osgood, Guilsborough HaU, Northampton.

Class 462. — Wyandotte Bantam Hens. [1 entry.]

1104 I. (30s.)— R. S. Marsden, Rimington, Chtheroe.

Class 463. — Yokohama Bantam Corks or Cockerels. [9 entries, none absent.]
not) I. (30s., & Championi), & 1110 II. (20s.)— F. J. S. Chatterton, 34 Elm Park Road,

Finchlev.
1111 III. (lO's.)— Mrs SHARRER, Little Combe Bank, Sundridge, Sevenoaks.

1105 R. N. & H. C. -Ernest Brown, Langborough, WokiuKham.

Class 464. — Yokohama Bantam Hem or Pullets. [9 entries, none absent.]
lilt? I. (30s . & R. N. for Champion i), & 1120 II. (20s.)— F. J. S. Chatterton, 34 Elm Park

Road, Finchley.
1124 III. (10<.)— Mrs. SHARRER, Little Combe Bank, Sun 1 ridge, Sevenoaks.
111.5 R. N. & H. C— Krnest Brown, Langborough, Wokingham.

Class 465 — Bantam Cocks, any other variety. [12 entries, none absent.]
1129 I. (30s), & 1131 II. (20s. —W. Smith Lambert. Drabble House Farm, Silsden.
1134 III. (10s. I— Robert Williamson, The Grange, Hedne-ford.
1133 R. N. & H. C— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Class 466. — Bantam Hens, any other variety. [11 entries, 1 absent.]
1138 I. (30s.)— J. F. Entwisle. The Firs, Calder Grove. Wakefield.
1146 II. (20s.)— Charles thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
1141 III. (10s.)— W. Smith Lambert, Drabble House Farm, Silsden, Keighley.
1140 R. N. & H. C— W. & J. H. HEYS, Mount Henley. Rochdale.

Class 467. — Aylesbury Drakes or Ducks, bred prior to 1912.

[6 entries, none absent.]

11.52 I. (30.S.), & 1150 II. (20s)— Mrs. Sutcliffe, 82 Montrose Street, Burnley.

1151 III. (10s.)— J. Y. WiiEATLEY, Prospect House, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

1149 R. N. & H. C— .TAMES HUNTLY & SON, Hirsel Poultry Farm, Coldstream, N.B.
Class 468. — Aylesbury Drakes or Ducks, bred in 1912. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

1150 I. (30s.)— J. LONQSON & SON, Buxted Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith.

1157 II. (20s.), & 1159 III. (10s.)— J. Y. Wheatley, Prospect House, Appleton Roebuck.
1154 R. N. & H. C— William Bygott. Ryehill, Wing, Oakham.

1 Silver Medal; given by the Yokohama Club for the best Yokohama Bantam in
Classes 463 and 464.

Ixxviii Aioayxl of Poultry Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

Glass 469. — Rouen Brakes or Ducks, bred jjrinr to 1912.
[11 entries, 1 absent.]

1170 I. (30s.)— Mrs. Sutcliffe, 82 Montrose Street, Burnlev.
1169 II. (20s.)— William Bygott, Hyehill, Wing, Oakham.
1160 III. (10s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.
1166 E. N. & H. C— J. E. D. MOYSEY, Venton. i otnes.

Class 470. — Rouen Drakes or Ducks, bred «« 1912. [2 entries.]
1172 I. (30s.), & 1171 II. (20s.)— WILLIAM Byqott, Kyehill, Wing, Oakham.

Class 471. — Blue Orpington Drakes or Ducks, bred jjrior to 1912.
[(i entries, none absent.]

1178 I. (30s."), & 1176 II. (20s.)— J. E. D. MOYSEY, Venton, Totnes.

1177 III. (10s.) -J. Y. Whe.\TLEY, Prospect House. Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.
1175 E. N. & H. C— William H. Cook, Model Poultry Farm. St. Paul's Cray.

Class 472. — Blue Orpington Drakes or Ducks, bred in 1912.
[6 entries none absent.]

1181 I. (30s.)— J. E. f. MOYSEY, Venton, Totnes.

1179 II. (20s.)— Mrs. R. Isabel Bastard, Lyneham, Tealmpton, Plymouth.

1180 III. (10s.)— William Bygott, Ryehill, Wing, Oakham.

1182 E. N. & H. C— J.T. Wheatley, Prospect House, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

Class 473. — -Drakes or Ducks, any other breed, bred prior to 1912.
[11 entries, 1 absent.]
1186 I. (305.)— Tom H. Furness. Carlton House, Chesterfield.
1194 II. (20-.)— Mrs. Sutcliffe, 82 Montrose Street. Burnley.
1188 III. (10s.)— James Huntly & Son, Hirsel Poultry Farm, Coldstream, N.B.
1100 R. N. & H. C— James Keay, JUN.,Strone Cottage, Bridge of Cally, Blairgowrie, N.B.

Class 474. — Drakes or Ducks, any other breed, bred in 1912.
[8 entries, 1 absent.]
1198 I. (30s.)— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

1202 II. (20s.)— J. T. Wheatley. Prospect House, Appleton Roebuck, Bolton Percy.

1203 III. (10s.) -Stanley Sireet, The Manor. Coveney, Isle of Ely.

1200 E. N. & H. C— James Huntly & Son, Hirsel Poultry Farm, Coldstream, N.B.

Class 475. — Ganders, any variety. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

1206 I. (30s.) -Alfred Birch, Edge Farm, Sefton, Liverpool. (Embden.)

1204 II. (20-.J— Abbot Brothers, Thuxton, Norfolk.

1207 III. (10s.)— William Bygott, Ryehill, Wing, Oakham. (Toulouse.)
1209 E. N. & H. C— W. F. SNELL, Marsh Farm, Yeovil. (Toulouse.)

Class 476. — Geese, any variety. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

1215 I. (30s.)— William Bygott. Ryehill, Wing, Oakham. (Toulouse.)

1217 II. (20s.)— Stuart Smith. Manor House, Wilford. Nottingham. (Toulouse.)

1216 III. (10s.) -J. E. D. MOYSEY, Venton, Totnes. (Embdea.)
1213 E. N. & H. C— ABBOT Brothers, Thuxton, Norfolk.

Class 477. — Turkey Cocks. [ 1 1 entries, 2 absent.]

1226 I. (30s.)— ABBOT Brothers. Thuxton. Norfolk.
1225 II. (20.'-'.)— Mrs. E. A. Lycett Green, Darrington Hall. Pontefract.
1230 III. (iOs.)— John W. Newsam, Town Farm, Langton, Malton.
1222 E. N. & H. C— Thomas Abbot, Wymondham, Norfolk.

Class 478. — Turkey Hens. [11 entries, none absent.]

1232 I. (30s.)— ABBOT Brothers, Thuxton, Norfolk.

1235 II. (20s.)-J. H. Fowler, RignaU Farm, Great Missenden.

1233 III. (10s.)— Thomas ABBOT, Wymondham, Norfolk.

1239 E. N. & H. C.-L. F. Maycock, Potcote Lodge, Towcester.

FARM AND DAIRY PRODUCE OF THE

UNITED KINGDOM.

Butter.

Class 479. — Boxes of Twelve 2-lb. Rolls or Squares of Butter, made with
not more than 1 jier cent, of salt. [1 entry.]
1 I. (i:3.)— MRS. W. E. MUDD, Slade House, Thornthwaite, Darley, Leeds.

Award of Prizes at I)o)icaster, 1912. Ixxix

Class 480. — Two Puu/ids of Fresh Butter, without any salt, made up in
plain pounds from the milk of Channel Island, JDeron, or South Devon
Cattle and their crosses. [1(5 entries, 2 absent.]
17 I. (jC3.)— Mrs. John Way, West Bridge, Bishopsnympton, South Molton.
9 II. (X2.)— Colonel Laycock, Wiseton. Bavvtry.

12 III. (jCI.)— MRS. William Ramsiiaw, Low Farm, Kirkleatham, Redcar.

13 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. G. B. Robinson, Poole House Farm, Nantwich.

Class 481. — Two Pounds of Fresh Butter, without any salt, made uj> in plain

pounds from the milk of Cattle of any breed or cross other than those

mentioned in Class 480. [19 entries, none absent.]
35 I. (jCS.)— Miss URWIN, Dunekins, Wolsingham.

33 II. (JC2.)— Mrs H. Thomas. Neve House Farm, Llanbleithan, Cowbridge.
19 III. (jCI.)— Miss Sarah Ann CLIFFE, Egmanton, Newark.
28 E. N. & H. Ci— Mrs. W. Milner, Clifton, Maltby, Rotherham.
Class 482. — Tivo Pounds of Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made up in plain

pounds from the milk of Channel Island, Be con, or South Deron Cattle and

their crosses. [10 entries, 2 absent.]
46 I. (jC3.)-MRS. H. Pendlebury, Brook Fold Farm, Harwood, Bolton.

48 II. (je2.)— Mrs. G. B. Robinson, Poole House Farm, Nantwich.
41 III. (jCI.)— Mrs. Faudel-PHILLIPS, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge.

49 E. N. & H. C— R. J. Streatfeild, Ros-ington Hall, Bawtry.

Class 483. — Two Pounds of Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made xup in plain
pounds from the milk of Cattle of any breed or cross other than those
mentioned in Class 482. [25 entries, 1 absent.]

76 I. (jC3.)— Miss Urwin, Dun.skins, Wolsingham.

71 II. (jC2.)— Miss Dorothy M. Sha\y, Kitchen Grounds Farm, Ellel, Lancaster.

73 III. (jCI.)— Mrs. M. Stokes, Heddon House Dairy, Wylam-on-Tyne.

63 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. LECKENBY, South Farm, Letwell, Rotherham.

Class 484. — Three Pouiuls of Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made up in
pounds in the most attractive marketable designs, and packed in non-
returnable boxes for transmission by rail or parcel post.
[11 entries, none absent.]

83 I. (jCS.)— Mrs. L. R. Mildon, Higher Mead Down, Rackenford, Devon.

87 II. (^£"2.)— MRS. G. B. ROBINSON. Poole House Farm, Nantwich.

88 III. (jCI.)— GEORGE VENNING, Langunnet Barton, Lerryn, Lostwithiel.
78 E. N. & H. C— MRS. A. A. Bere, Stoodleigh Barton, Tiverton.

Cheese.

Made in 1912.
Class 485. — Three Cheddar Cheeses, of not less than 50 lb. each.
[14 entries, 3 absent.]
94 I. (jC5.)— P. H. FRANCIS, Folly Farm, Upton Noble, Bruton.
92 II. (jCS.)— ALEXANDER CROSS, Knockdon Farm, Maybole.

90 III. (jC2.)— E. Brake, Discove Dairy, Bruton.

91 E. N. & H. C— John Campbell, Dromore Dairy, Kirkcudbright.

Class 486. — Three Cheddar Truckles. [15 entries, 4 absent.]
115 I. (je4.)— Robert Stevenson, Boghead, Galston, Ayrshire.

105 II. (i:2.)— John Campbell, Dromore Dairy, Kirkcudbright.

10 i III. (jCD-Robert Board, The Poplars, Edingworth, Weston-super-Mare.

106 E. N. & H. C— Joseph Candy, Temple House Farm, Shepton Mallet.

Glass 487. — -Three Coloured Cheshire Cheeses, of not less than 40 lb. each.

[37 entries, 14 absent. ]

138 I. (jC5.;— The Representatives of W. R. Jones, Moat Farm, Wrexham Road,

Chester.
123 II. (X'3.)— EDWIN COOKSON, Poulton, Pulford, Chester.
145 III. (i;2.)— George Platt, Eaton, Tarporley.
125 E. N. & H. C— R. H. DICKIN, Affcot Manor, Church Stretton.
Class 488. — Three Uncoloured Cheshire Cheeses, of not less than 40 lb. each.

[24 entries, 8 absent.]
178 I. (jCS. I— George Watson, Knightley, Eccleshall, Staffs.
157 II. (jCS.)— PERCY V. Cooke, Tattenhall Hall. Chester.
168 III. (iC2.)— The Representatives of W. R. Jones, Moat Farm, Wrexham Road,

Chester.
177 E. N. & H. C— H. S. Walley, Bickerton Hall, Malpas.

Ixxx Award of Frizes at Doncaster, 1912.

Class 489. — Three Double Gloucester Cheeses, of not less than 22 lb. each.
[11 entries, 3 absent.]
182 I. (jCS.)— Robert J. Haine, Tower Farm, Little Wolford, 8hipston-on-Stour.
186 II. (£Z.)—'S<1. J. SIMS, Pitcombe. Bruton.

179 III. (je2.)— Robert Board, The Poplars, Edingworth, Weston-huper-Mare.
181 E. N. & H. C.-C. E. Gilbert, Eocester, Staffs.

Class 490. — Three Lancashire CIteeses, not ocer 12 lb. each.
[6 entries, none absent.]

193 I. (jC4.)— William Knowles, Higher Park Farm, Myerscough, Preston.
191 II. (je2.)— James COWPE, Fir Trees Farm, Goosnargh, Preston.

194 III. (^1.)— Joseph Shepherd, Lower House, Ingle white. Preston.

195 E. N. & H. C— George Whitaker & Son, Gibsons Farm, Kirklands, Garstang.

Class 491. — lliree Stilton Cheese.i. [H entries, none absent.]
203 I. (jC4.)-HENRy Morris. Manor Farm, Saselbye, Melton Mowbray.
201 II. (je2.)— William Jackson, Frisbv House, Billesdon, Leicester.
197 III. (£1.)— Mrs. C. Fairbrother, Beeby, Leicester.
208 E. N. & H. C— W. F. Walpole, South Croxton, Leicester.

Class 492. — Three Wen,sleydale or Cotlierstone Cheeses, Stilton Shape.
[11 entries, none absent.]

216 I. (jC4j— Alfred ROWNTREE, Coverham, Middleham, Yorks.

219 II. (;f2.)— E. G. WHITELOCK, The Bryn, Attow, Ashbourne.

215 III. (£1.)— JOSEPH & Harriet Jane Park, I'rent Side Dairy, South Leverton,

Lincoln.
218 E. N. & H. C— Wensleydale Pure Milk Society, Ltd., Northallerton.

Class 493. — Three Wensleydale or Cotherstone Cheeses, Flat Shape.
[9 entries, none absent.]

225 I. (jC4.)— Alfred ROWNTREE. Coverham, Middleham, Yorks.

228 II. (£2.)—'E. G. Whitelock, The Bryn, Attow, Ashbourne.

220 III. (jCl.)— The Wensleydale Farmers' Association, Ltd., Redmire, Yorks.

229 E. N. & H. C— Mrs. Willis, Manor House, Carperby, Yorks.

Class i9i. — 7'hree Cleceland Cheeses. [9 entries, none absent.]

234 I. (£4.)— MRS. Robert Hicks, Little Frvup, Danby, Grosmont.
232 II. (^2.)-J. T. Garbutt, Street Farm, Easington, Yorks.

230 III. (jCI.)— Joseph Clement, Park Head Farm, Fryup, Lealholm, Gro-mont.

235 E. N. & H. C— William Lister, London House, Glaisdale, Grosmont

Bread.

Made of Stone-ground Flour from. Wheat grown in the British Isles oily.
Class 495. — 7'ivo Loaves of Bread, iveighing 2 lb. each or thereabouts, bahed in

tins. Open to Prifes.nonal Baherx only. [19 entries, 2 absent.]
241 I. (£3., & Champion.')— William Collier, 2 High Street, Leigh, Lanes. '
240 II. (£2.)—Y. O. Brock, 20 Church Street, Kingston-on Thames.
250 III. ( jCD— Laurence Witt, 34 Heath Road, Twickenham.
250 E. N. & H. C— J. R. Irons, Garfield Street, Watford.
Class 496. — Tioo Loaves of Bread, iveighing 2 lb. each or thereabouts, of any

shapp. Open to Professional Bakers only. [11 entries, none absent.]
259 I. (£3, & E. N. for Champion.' )— William Collier, 2 High Street, Leigh, Lanes.

267 II. (jC2.) -Laurence Witt, 34 Heath Road. Twickenham.

258 III. {£!.)—¥. O. BROCK, 20 Church Srreet. Kingston-on-Thames.

268 E. N. & H. C— TOM WOOD, Aylburton, Lydney, Glos.

Class 497. — Two Loares of Bread, iveighing 2 lb. each or thereabouts, baked in

tinji. Professional Bakers not eligibie. [12 entries, none absent.]
275 I. (jC3.)— Mrs. A. L Punter, 8 Lordship Terrace. Stoke Xewington, N.
274 II. (i:2.)— Mrs. L. O. Powell, Hampstead House, 80 Southtown, Great Yarmouth.
277 III. (jCI.)— Miss R. E. Stevens, Great Aish, South Brent, Devon.

Class ^9S.— Two Loaves of Bread, weighing 2 lb. each or thereabouts, of any

shape. Prolessional Bakers not eligible. [7 entries, none absent.]
283 I. (jC3.)— Mrs. A. L. Punter. 8. Lordship Terrace, Stoke Newington, N.
286 II. (i:2.)-MlSS R. E. STEVENS, Great Aish. South Brent, I'evon.
285 III. (jCI.)— Edward Stephens, Langley Farm, Fifleld, Oxford.

1 Champion Silver Cup given by a Member of the R.A.S.E. interested in the improve-
ment of Bread for the best exhibit in Classes 495 to 498.

Award of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxxi

Older and Perry.

N.B.— Tlie names of the Fruits from which the Cider or Perry is stated by the Exhibitor to
have been made are added after the address of the Exhibitor. In Classes 501, 504, 505,
and ')06 the date of making is also given.

Class i99.— Casks of Dry Cider, of not less than 18, and not more than 30

gallons, madp, in 1911. [5 entries, none absent.]
290 I. (i;4.)— QuANTOCK Vale Cider Company, Ltd., North Petherton, Bridgwater.

(Mixed Fruit.)
289 II. I jC2.)— Herbert J. Davis, Sutton Montis, Sparkford, Somerset. (Royal and

Wliite Jersey, and Cap of Liberty.)

Class 500. — Ca.^hs of Sweet Cider, of not less than 18, and not more than 30
gallons, made in 1911. [11 entries, none absent.]

300 I. (^4), & 301 III. (^1.)— Thomas Stone, Axe Vale Cider Works. Axminster.

(Mixed Fruit.)
297 II. (je2.)— Herbert J. Davis, Sutton Montis, Sparkford. Somerset. (Royal and

White Jersey, and Cap of Liberty.)
294 E. N. & H. C— D. J. Crofts & Son, Sutton Montis, Sparkford, Somerset. (Royal

and Wliite Jersey, White Close Pippin, Redstreak, and Cap of Liberty.)

Class 501. — Casks of Cider, <f not le.ts than 18, and 7iot more than 30 gallons,

made previous to 1911. [5 entries, none absent.]
305 II. (£2.}—'R. H. RIDLER & SON, Clehonger Manor, Hereford. (Kingston Black, 1910.)

Class 502.— C«fl Dozen Bottles of Dry Cider, made in 1911.
[10 entries, none absent.]

311 I. (je4.)— Herbert J. Davis, Sutton Montis, Sparkford, Somerset. (Royal and

White Jersey, and Cap of Liberty.)
316 II. (X2.)— Thomas Stone, Axe Vale Cider Works, Axmin.ster. <Mixed Fruit.)
313 III. (jCD— (JUANTOCK Vale Cider Company, Ltd., North Petherton, Bridgwater.

(Mixed Fruit.)

Class 503. — One Dozen Bottles of Sweet Cider, made in 1911.
[20 entries, none absent.]

319 I. (jC4, & Champion.'))— SIR John Heathcoat Amory, Bt., Knightshayes Court,

Tiverton. (Mixed bruit.)
330 II. (£2, & R. N. for Champion.') -Herbert J. Davis, Sutton Montis, Sparkford,

Somerset. (Roval and White Jersey, and Cap of Liberty.)
329 III. (£1.)— HERBERT J. Davis. (Harry Masters, White Jersey, Tarlington Mil',

and Kingston Black.)
335 E. N. & H. C— Thomas Stone, Axe Vale Cider Works, Axminster. (Mixed Fruit.)
Class 504. — One Dozen Bottles of Cider, made previous to 1911.
[10 entries, none absent.]

344 I. (jC4.)— Thomas Stone, Axe Vale Cider Works, Axmin.ster. (Mixed Fruit, 1910.)
343 II. (£2. )— R. H. RIDLER & Son, Clehonger Manor, Hereford. (Kingston Black, 1910.)
346 III. (£1.) -Thomas stone. (Mixed Fruit, 1909.)

3^8 R. N. & H. C— TiLLEY Bros., Shepton Mallet. (Red and White Jersey, Kingston
Black, and Doves, 1910)

Class 505. — One Dozen Bottles of Dry Perry. [4 entries, 1 absent.]
[No Award.]
Class 506. — One Dozen Bottles of Sweet Perry. [5 entries, none absent.]

353 II. (^2.) -Davis & Shingler. Marden, Hereford. (Red and Oldfleld, 1911.)

354 III. (^l.)-R. H. RiDLER & SON, Clehonger Manor, Hereford. (Mixed Fruit, 1910.)

Wool.

0/1912 Clip.

Class 507. — -Three Fleeces of any Long Wool. [15 entries, 4 absent.]

371 I. (£5.)— William B. Swallow, Wootton Lawn, Ulceby. (Lincoln Yearling Hogs.)
367 II. (jCS.)— John W. Harrison, Underpark, Lealholm, Grosmont. (Leicester

Gimmer Hogs.)
362 III. (£2.)-ARTHUR Finn, Westbroke House, Lydd, Kent. (Romney Marsh two-
year- dd Hogs).

372 E. N. & H. C— The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis, Manor House,
Carperby, Torks. (Wensleydale Yearling Hogs.)

1 Challenge Cup given by the Cider Growers of the West of England for the best
exhibit in Classes 499-504.

Ixxxii Award of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

Class 508. — Tkree Fleeces of any Short Wool. [10 entries, none absent.]
380 I. (£5.)— Sale & Son. Atherstone (Shropshire Yearling Hogs.)
375 II. (jCS.)— Hugh A.Christy, Llangoed Castle, Llyswen, Brecon. (Ryland Shearling

Hogs.)
379 III. (jC2.)— Sir Everard HAMBRO. K.C.V.O., Milton Abbey, Bland ''ord. (Dorset

Horn Shearling Ewes.)
382 E. N. & H. C— Colonel Thomas Wood, Gwernyfed. Three Cocks. (Kerry Hill

Yearling Theaves.)

Class 509. — Three Fleeces of Monnfam or Moorland Wool, comprising Dartmoor
£.v)noor, Herdwick, Welsh and Blacli-faced Mountain. [7 entries, 2 absent.]

386 I. (jC5.)— William Leathes, Agricultural Hall, Ruthin. (Welsh Yearlings.)

387 II. (jC3.)— William George Roberts, Dyserth Hall, Flints. (Welsh Mountain
Ewes.)

385 III. (£2,.) -Tom Leathes, Wem Fawr, Ruthin. (Welsh Yearling Wethers.)
389 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. M. E. Wynne-Finch Voelas, Bettws-y-coed. (Welsh Moun-
tain Wethers).

HIVES, HOKEY, AND BEE APPLIANCES.^

Class 510. — Collections of Hives and Appliances. [4 entries.]
392 I. (i:4.)— W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester.
391 II. (.£2.)— Lee & Son, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.
.393 III. (.£1.)— E. H. TAYLOR, Welwyn, Herts.
390 E. N. & H. C— W. DIXON, 24 Central Road, Kirkgate, Leeds.

Class 511. — Frame Hives, for general use, unpainted. [fi entries, none absent.]

398 I. (20.t.)— E. H. TAYLOR, Welwvn, Herts.

395 II. (15s.)— Lee & Son, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.
394 III. (10s.)— W. DIXON, 24 Central Road, Kirkgate, Leeds.

399 E. N. & H. C— H. G. Tunstall, Ashfleld, Rainhill.

Class 512. — Frame Hives, for Cottager's use, unpainted. [.3 entries.]
402 I. (20s.)— E. H. TAYLOR, Welwyn, Herts.

400 II. (15s.)— LEE & Son, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.

401 III. (10s.)— W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester.

Class 513. — Honey Extractors."^ [5 entries. 1 absent.]

407 I. (15s.)— E. H. TAYLOR, Welwyn. Herts.

406 II. (10s.)— W. P. MEADOWS, Syston, Leicester.

Class 514. — Observatory Hives, loith not less than three Brood Frames, with Bees
and Queen. [4 entries. 1 absent.]

409 I. (20s.) - LEE & Son, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.
411 II. (15s.)— T. W. SWABEY, Bracebridge Heith. Lincoln.

408 III. (lOs.)- W. Dixon, 24 Central Road, Kirkgate, Leeds.

Class 515. — -Any appliances connected with Bee-keeping, to lohich no prize has

been awarded at a Show of the R.A.S.E. [7 entries. 1 absent.]
415 I. (lOs.)— Lee & Son, 4 Martineau Road, Highbury, N.
418 Certificate of Merit.— W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester.

Class 516. — Comb Honey. ^ [6 entries, 1 absent.]

422 I. (10s.)— P. M. Ralph, Jessamine Apiary, Settle.

Class 517. — Run or Extracted Light-coloured Honey. [Gentries, 4 absent.]

428 I. (10s.)— P. M. Ralph, Jessamine Apiary, Settle.
425 II. (7s. 6d.)—F. A. BEAN, Snaith, Yorks.

Class 518, — Collective Exhibits of Comb Honey, Bun or Extracted Light

Coloured Honey, and Bees Wax. [1 entry.]

[No Award.]

1 Prizes given by the British Bee Keepers' Association.

2 Prizes given by Mr. T. W. Cowan.

3 Entries in Classes 516-518 can only be made by members of the Yorkshire Bee
Keepers' Association.

Award of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxxiii

Class 519. — Comb Honey. ^ [10 entries, 6 absent.]

438 I. (2Qs.)—J. Q. Nicholson, The Apiary, Langwathby.

439 II. (15s.)-J. PEARiiAN, Penny LongL;ine, Derby.
436 III. (10s.>-G. Marshall, Worwell, Newark.

Class 520. — Bun or Extracted Light -coloureil Honey. [21 entries, (> absent.]

459 I. (20s.)— J. PEARMAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

443 II. (15s.)-W. BARLOW, High Legh, Knutsford.

456 III. (I0«.)— R. Morgan, The Apiary, Cowbridge.

447 E. N. & H. C— A. S. Dell, County Apiaries, Leigh, Lanes.

Class 521. — Run or E.vtracted Medium or Dark-coloured Honey.
[10 entries, 1 absent.]

470 I. (20s.")— T. MANFIELD, Hillside Lodge, Newark.

466 II. (15*.)— F. HARRIS, High Ferry. Sibsey, Boston.

464 III. (10s.)— T. A. DENNISON, The Laurels, Stockton, Rugby.

469 E. N. & H. C— G. Marshall, Worwell, Newark.

Class 522. — Granulated, Honey. [6 entries, none absent.]

478 I. (20s.)— J. Woods. lO Church Warsop, Macclesfield.
476 II. (15s.)— J. Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby.
473 III. (10s.)— E. Church, Masonic Temple, Cardiff.

Class 523. — Comb Honey. '^ [8 entries. 3 absent.]

485 I. (20s.)— A. HISCOCK. Loddington, Kettering.
48:i II. (15s.)— Brown & Son, Flora Apiary, Soniersham, Hunts.
481 III. (10s.)— E. E. Brown, Holmcroft Apiary, Melbourn, Cambs.
483 E. N. & H. C. G. Bryden, 46 Starr Hill, Rochester.

Class 524. — Run or K.vtracted Light-coloured Honey.
[S entries, 2 absent.]

487 I. (20.S.)— R. Allen, Tusmore. Bicester.

491 II. (15.?.)— Brown & Son. Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.
490 III. (,10s.)— E. E. Brown, Holmcroft Apiary, Melbourn. Cambs.
493 E. N. & H. C— G. W. KIRBY, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

Class 525. — Run or E.ctracted Medium or Dark-coloured Lloney.
[6 entries, 1 absent.]
496 I. (20s.)-C. E. Billson, Cranford. Kettering.
49.S II. (15s.) -BROWN & Son, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.
5(H) III. (10s.) -G. W. KiRBY, 17 Priory Road, Kno^vle, Bristol.

C\d.ssb2Q. — Granulated Honey. [7 entries, none absent.]

505 I. (20s.)— Browx & Son, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.
504 II. (15s.) -E. E. Brown, Holmcroft Apiary, Melbourn, Cambs.
.501 III. (10s.)— R. ALLEN, Tusmore, Bicester.

506 E. N. & H. C— REV. F. E. Crate, Salcott Virley, Witham.

Class 527. — Shallow Frames of Coinh Honey, for extracting.
[S entries, o absent.]

511 I. (20s.)— G. BRYDEN. 4() Star Hill, Rochester.

510 II. (15s.)— BROWN & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class b2%.—HeatIter Honey. [12 entries, 1 absent.]
520 I. (20~-.)—T. HOOD, Marine Parade, Whitby.
522 II. (15s.)— M. J. Lamboll. Liddinghurst, Chiddingfold, Surrey.
520 III. (10s.)— E. W. SPINK, Green Tree, Easingwold.
517 E. N. & H. C— J. BERRY, The Apiary, Llanrwst.
Class 529. — Heather Mixture Extracted Honey. [6 entries, none absent.]

530 I. (20.«.)-G. H. & T. S. ELLIOT, Southwell, Notts.
52!t II. (15s.)— W. DiXON, 27 Central Road, Kirkgate, Leeds.
532 III. (10s.)— J. Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby.
528 E. N. & H. C— J. BERRY, The Apiary, Llanrwst.

> Entries in Classes 519-522 can only be made by residents in Cheshire, Cumberland,
Derbyshire, Durham, Herefordshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Mon-
mouthshire. Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire,
Warwickshire, Westmorland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man, Ireland,
Scotland, or Wales.

a Entries in Classes .523-526 can only be made by residents in Bedfordshire, Berkshire,
Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Essex, Gloucestershire,
Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Middlesex, Norfolk,
Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, or Wiltshire.

Ixxxiv Aivard of Prizes at Doncaster^ 1912

Class 530. — Best and Most Attractive Disjdays of Honey.
[6 entries, none absent.]
536 I. (30«.), ct 537 R. N. & H. C— W. DiXON, 27 Central Road, Kirkgate, Leeds.
534 II. (20s.)— Brown .t son. Flora Apiary, Somer^ham, Hunt-.
538 III. (10s.) -J. Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

Class 531. — Exhibits of not less than 2 Ih. of Wax, the Produce of the
Mvhihitor's Apiary. [10 entries, 3 absent.]

547 I. (10s.)— J. Pearman. Penny Long Lane, Derby.

542 II. (7s. 6d.)— Brown & Son, Flora Apiarv, Somersham, Hunts.

545 III. (5s-.)— A. HISCOCK, Loddington, Kettering.

540 E. N. & H. C— 11. H. BAYNES. 51 Bridge Street, Cambridge.

Class 532. — Krhibits of not less than 8 lb. of Wax, the Produce of the
Bxhibifor's Apiary. [2 entries, 1 absent.]

551 I. (10s.)— J. Pearman, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

Class 533. — Honey Vinegar. [2 entries.]

553 I. (7s. e<f.)-G. W. KiRBY, 17 Priory Road. Knowle, Bristol.

552 II. (5s.) -BROWN & Son, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class bSi.—Mead. [1 entry.]

[No. Award.]

Olass 535. — Exhibit of a practical or interesting nature connected inith

Bee-culture, not i?ientioned in the foregoing Classes. [4 entries. 1 absent.]
555 I. (lOs.)-W. Dixon. 27 Central Road, Kirkgate, Leeds.

Class 536. — Exhibit of a scientific nature, not mentioned in the foregoing
Classes, to which no prize has beeii awarded at a Show of the R.A.S.E.

[1 entry.]
5.59 I. (10s.)— Miss A. Betts, Hill House, Camberley.

BUTTER-MAKING COMPETITIONS.

Tuesday, July 2nd. [14 competitors.]

12 I. (.£5.)— Miss S. T. Slinger, Oxton FaUows, Southwell.
10 II. (jC3.J— Miss Kathleen Surr, Clayton, Doucaster.

5 III. (jt'2.)— Miss Eva M. B.aggulev, Moreton, Rolleston, Notts.

9 IV. (jCI.)— Miss Phebe a. Pope, Blue Bell Farm. Blaxton, Doneaster.

7 V. (10s.)— Miss Eliza Brown, Welham Villa, Retford.

Wednesday, July Srd. [14 competitors.]

15 I. (^5.)— Miss Lilian S. Turner, Rockley Old Hall, Worsboro' Bridge, Barnsley.

19 II. (£3.)— Miss May Barker, Manor Farm, Bret ton We.st, Wakefield.
24 III. (je2.)— Miss Dora Pybus, Picton Manor, Yarm.

16 IV. (^1.)— Miss Winifred G. Wither, Coldhill. Abertord. Leeds.

20 V. (10s.)— Miss Elizabeth A. Rolling, Primrose Hill Farm, P.ufford, OUerton.

Champion Class. — Thursday, July i/h. [10 competitors.]

5 I. (jC5.)— Miss Eva M. Bagguley, Moreton, Rolleston, Notts.
24 II. (je3.)-MlSS Dora Pybus, I'icton Manor, Yarm.
12 III. (i.'2.)— Miss S. T. Slinger, oxton Fallows, Southwell.

9 IV. (i'l.)— MISS Phep.E a. Pope, Blue Bell Farm. Blaxton, Doncaster.
15 ( Equal Fifth 1 Miss Lilian S. IU'rner, RockleyOld Hall.VVorsboro' Bridge. Barnsley.
19 ( Prize of 10s. /Miss May Barker, Manor Farm, Bretton West, Wakefield.

HORSE-SHOEING COMPETITIONS.

Class 1. — Hunters. [25 competitors.]

18 I. Uh, & G. M.i)-J. Charles Morris, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., Ledsam Street Shoeing

Forge, Ladvwood, Birmingham

19 II. (£3 10s., & S. M.2)— Thomas Northwood, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., High Street Shoeing

Forge, Cleoburv Mortimer.
5 III. (£2 lOsy & B. M. 2)— George Deighton, R S.S., 81 East Parade, Harrogate.
12 IV. (j£'2.)— HARRY Jones, R.S.S., The Forge, Hendre, near Monmouth.

1 Gold Medal given by the Worshipful Company of Farriers to the First Prize
Winner in each Class.

a Silver and Bronze Medals given by the National Master Farriers' Association, in
each Class, for Members of that Association only.

Award of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxxv

16 V. (XI 10«.) Herbert Morgan, A.F.CL., R.S.S., Cwmper, Llauarthney,

Carmarthen.

17 VI. (£\.) -Thomas Morgan, R.S.S., Cambrian Forge, Gowerton, Glam.
24 E. N. &H. C.-ISAAC W. Vale, R.S.S., 212 Emscote Road, Warwick.

Class 2, — Boadsters. ['43 competitors.]

.55 I. (£h. & 6. M.>)— Thomas Northwood, A.F.CL, R.S.S., High Street Shoeing

Forge, Cleobury Mortimer.
45 II. ( jC3 10s., & S. M.-^)— Harry Jones, R.S.S., The Forge, Hendre. near Monmouth.
53 III. (£2 10*'., & B. M.'^)— Herbert Morgan, A,F C.L., R.S.S., Cwmper, Llauarthney,

Carmarthen.
32 IV. (je2.)— George Deighton, R.S.S., 81 East Parade. Harrogate.
37 V. y£l 10s.)— Charles S. Double, A.F.CL., R.S.S., Holmleigh, Spencer's Wood,

Reading.
43 VI. (jel.)-ALLEN HOLLINGWORTH, R.S.S., 31 Eastgate, Honley, near Huddersfleld.
30 E N. & H. C— James CreASER, A.F.CL., R.S.S., Shoeing Forge, Eeclesfield, near

Sheffield.

Class 3. — Cart Horses. [40 competitors.]

84 I. (jCS, & G. M. 1 )— Evan Evans, R.S.S., Rhyd-y-polon, Gorseinon, Glam.
82 II. (i'3 10s.)— Tom DRING, R.S.S, 180 Albemarle Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
88 III. (£2 10s., & S. M.'-! )- Harry Jones, R.S.S., The Forge, Hendre, near Monmouth.
105 IV. {je2.)— E. J. Whitehorn, R.S.S., Globe Shoeing Forge, Tredegar, Mon.

95 V. {£l 10s., & B. M. 2)— Herbert Morgan, A.F.CL., R.S.S., Cwmper, Llanarthney,
Carmarthen.

96 VI. (£1.)— Thomas Morgan, R.S.S., Cambrian Forge, Gowerton, Glam.

81 E. N. & H. C— Edward Ernest Drino, A.F.CL., R.S.S., Long Bennington
Grantham.

FARM PRIZE COMPETITIONS.^

(Open to bond fide Tenant Farmers.)

For the best managed Farms in Yorkshire.

Glass 1. — Farms, chiefly Arable, of 200 acres or over, exclusive of Fell or

Tidal Marsh Land [17 entries.]

11 I. (jCIOO.)— Richard Machin, Cattal Grange, Whixlev, York.

17 II. (jCSO.)— Christopher D. Wright, Natferton Grange, Driffield.
8 E. N.— Teasdale H. Hutchinson, Manor House, Catterick.

Class 2. — Farms, chiefly Arable, of not less than 50 and under 200 acres,
exclusive of Fell or Tidal Marsh Land. [9 entries.]

26 I. (jC50.)— George WASS, Wombleton Grange, Nawton, R.S.O.

18 II. (X25.)— Charles Beech, Old Forest, Walshford, near Wetherby.
23 E. N.— J. W. Merryweather, Woodfoot Farm, Whiston, Rotherham.

Class 3. — Stock or Dairy Farms, of 200 ac7'es or over, exclusive <f Fell or
Tidal Marsh Land. [10 entries.]

27 I. (jCIOO.)— H. Atkinson, Yafforth Lodge, Northallerton.

31 II. (jC50.)— Thomas & William Hunter, Cowside, Langcliffe, Settle.

29 E. N. & H. C— William Hinchcliff, Belvedere, Thorne Road, Doncaster.

Class 4. — Stock or Dairy Farms, of not less than :iO acres and undet 200
acres, exclusive of Fell or Tidal Marsh Land. [10 entries.]

38 I. (jC50.)— Arthur Green, Low House Farm, Silsden, Keighley.

39 II. (£25.)— THOMAS G. Green, Court Green Farm, Cloughton, R.S.O.

Class 5. — Farms, chiefly Arable, of not less than 10 acres and under 50 acres.

[3 entries.]

48 I. (jC20.)-JOHN Bell, Hagg Lane, Dunnington, York.

47 II. (£10.)— W. H. ASQUITH, Wormseley Grove, Pontefract.

49 III. (jC5.)— ALFRED B. Smith, Romanby House Farm, Northallerton.

1 Gold Medal given by the Worshipful Company of Farriers to the First Prize Winner
in each Class.

2 Silver and Bronze Medals given by the National Master Farriers' Association, in
each Class, for Members of that Association only.

3 Prizes given by the Doncaster Local Committee.

Ixxxvi Aivard of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

FORESTRY SECTION.

Class \.— Specimens of Oak, Elm, Ash, and Beech T'unher. [Sentries.]

3 I. (Silver Medal.)— Charles Thellusson, Bi-odsworth Hall. Doncaster.
2 II. (Bronze Medal.)— Rev. T. T. Taylor, Dodworth Grange, Barnsley.

Class 2.—Sj)rcuiiens of Larch, Spruce, and Scotch Pine Timber. [4 entries.]
5 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Earl of Feversh.\m, Duncombe Park. Helmsley.

4 II. (Bronze Medal.)— The Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury.

Class 3. — Specimens of any other sort of Hard Wood or Broad-leaved Timber.

[1 entry.]
8 II. (Bronze Medal.) -Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
Class 4. — Sjjecimens of any other sort of Coniferous Timber.
[No entry.]

Class 5.— Oak Field Gates for Farm use. [o entries.]
12 I. (Silver Medal.)- Charles Thellusson, Brodswortb Hall, Doncaster.
10 II. (Bronze Medal.)— Earl Fitzwilliam, Wentworth Woodhouse, llotberham.

Class 6.— Field Gates for Farm use, of any other Thnne-grown Wood. [Gentries.]

18 I. (Silver Medal.)— Sir Tatton Sykes, Bart, Sledmere. Malton.

14 II. (Bronze Medal.)-THE Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere Castle, Newbury.

Class 7. — Wichet or Hunting Gates. [7 entries. ]
25 (Silver Medal.)— Sir Tatton Sykes, Bart., Sledmere.

Class 8. — Tree Guards. [3 entries.]
29 (Silver Medal.)— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Class 9. — Fencing, of home-grown wood. [7 entries.]
36-41 I. (Silver Medal.)— The Earl of Yar'borouqh, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.
31-35 II. (Bronze Medal.)— Earl Fitzwilliam, Wentworth Woodhouse, Rotherham.

Class 10. — Fencing, of Foreign limber. [2 entries.]
42-51 (Silver Medal.)— ARii.STRONG," Addison & Co., Sunderland.
52-56 (Bronze Medal. )— English Brothers, Ltd., Wisbech, Cambs.

Class 11. — Specimens shoioing comparative quality of any Timber grown on
different soils and situations, and the respective ages at which it reaches
marlieiahle size and maturitii.

[No Entry.]

Class 12. — Specimens of Stems, and Boards cut from them, illustrating the effects

of dense and thin crops in branch suppression and quality of timber.

[1 entry.]

57 (Silver Medal,)— The Earl of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.
Class 13. — NurserymeiCs Competition for the best exhibit of Specimen and

Ornamental Trees. [1 entry.]

58 (Silver Medal.)— Dicksons, Ltd., Chester.

Classes 14 to 21. — Articles not for competitioji.
Silver Medal.— Philip Tatton Davies Cooke, Owston, near Doncaster.
Silver Medal.— The Duke of Wellington, K.G., Strathtieldsave, Mortimer.
Silver Medal.— The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., Alnwick Castle.
Silver Medal.— Fisher, Son & Sibray, Ltd., lioyal Nurseries, Handsworth, Sheffield.
Bronze Medal.— Gilbert R. Keen, 14 Asbton Street, Harehills, Leeds.
Bronze Medal.— Kent & Brydon, Darlington.

Gold Medal given by the R.A.S.E. for the best general collection of exhibits in Classes
1-21 to the EARL of Yarborough, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

PLANTATIONS COMPETITION.

Restricted to Yorkshire.
SECTION I.
Hardwoods as final crop. To be not less than 4 acres in extent. Restricted
to estates of which more than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 1, Stage A. — Previous to the commencevient of the first thinning, exclusive
of the removal of dead, and diseased trees.

I. (Silver Medal.)— Sir Tatton Sykes, Bart., Sledmere, Malton,

II. ( Bronze Medal).— F. J O.Montagu, Ainsty, Wetherby.

Award of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxxvii

Class 2, Stage B. — From the end of Stage A up to the completion of the second

thinnings.

I. (Silver Medal, and Gold Medal i.)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall, Malton.

II. (.Bronze Medal.)— The Earl of Fevbrsham, Duncombe Park, Helmsley.

Conifers. — To be not less than 4 acres in extent. Restricted to estates of
which more than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 3, Stage A. — [As above.)

I. (Silver Medal.)-THE Earl of Fea'ERSHAM, Duncombe Park, Helmsley.

II. (Bronze Medal.) -Hector Christie, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham.

Class 4, Stage B. — (^.? above.)

I. (Silver Medal.)— Hector Christie, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham.

II. (Bronze Medal.) -Sir Tatton Stkes, Bart., Sledmere, Malton.

SECTION II.

Hardwoods as final crop. To be not less than 2 acres in extent. Restricted
to estates of which less than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 5, Stage A. — {As above.)

[No entry,]

Class 6, Stage B. — {As above.)

I. (Silver Medal.)— RiR Alexander W. M. Bosville Macdonald of the Isles,

Bart., Thorpe Hall, Bridhngton.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Ralph Creyk, Eawcliffe Hall, TorkB.

Conifers. — Classes 7 and 8.
[No entry.]

Class 9. — Best examjile showing systematic management of existing ivoodland
area, including the renovation and conversion of an unprofitable ivood into a
2)rofitahle condition.

I. (Silver Medal.) - Philip Tatton Davies Cooke, Owston, near Doncaster.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Hecior Christie, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham.

Class 10, — Plantations of not less than 2 acres, consisting of Douglas Fir,
Sitka Spruce, Japanese Larch, Corsican Pine, or any other rarer Conifer, of
not less than fire or more than thirty yeai:i' growth.

I. (Silver Medal.)— Hector Christie. Jervaulx Abbey. Middleham.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— The Earl of Feversham, Duncombe Park, Helmsley.

Class 11. — Best managed woodland estates, not less than 1,000 acres in area.

[No award.]

HOME NURSERIES COMPETITION.

Restricted to Yorkshire.
Class 1. — Best Managed General Home Nurseries, not less than 1 acre
in extent.

I. (Silver Medal.)— Hector Christie, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— R. C. DE Grey Vyner, NewbyHall, Ripon.

Class 2. — Best Managed General Home Nurseries, less than 1 acre
in extent.

I. (Silver Medal.)—TuETRUSTEESOFTHEDARLEY Settled ESTATES,Aldby Park, York.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— F. J. O. Montagu, Ainsty, Wetherby.

Class 3. — Best Managed Temporary Fore.tt Nurseries.
[No entry.]

» Gold Medal given by the Eoyal English Arboricultural Society for the bes
Plantation in Classes 1-11.

Ixxxviii Award of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912.

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION.

Class 1. — Gnn/pa of Mis('.ella7ieous Plants^ in and out of bloom. [4 entries.]

1 I. (Largre Gold Medal & ;C30.)— James Cypher & Sons, Queen's Eoad Nurseries

Cheltenham.

2 II. (.£25.)— W. A. Holmes, West End Nurseries, Chesterfield.

4 III. (.£20.)— Joe S. Sharp, Valley Nurseries. Bankfoot, Aldmondbury.

3 IV. (£15.)— William Vause, Nurseryman, Leamington.

Class 2. — Collections of Orchids. [1 entry.]

5 I. (Gold Medal & jCIO.)— James Cypher & Sons, Queen's Road Nurseries, Cheltenham.

Class 3. — Groups of Carnations. Flowers, and Plants combined.
[No entry.]

Class 4. — Groups of Tuberous Begoyiias in pots. [3 entries.]

6 I. (Gold Medal & £10.)— Blackmore & LANGDON, Twerton Hill Nursery, Bath.

7 III. (£2.)— B. H. Brooksbank, Sandrock, Tickhill, Eotherham.

Class 5. — Piitjylays of Herbaceous Flowers, Bamboos. Liliums, and Foliage.

[6 entries.]

10 I. (^20.)— James Backhouse & Sons, The Nurseries. York.

9 II. (£15.)— Wm. ARTINQDALE & Son, Nether Green Nursery, ShefiSeld.

11 III. (£10.)— W. A J. Brown, 29 Narrow Street, Peterborough.

12 IV. (£5.)— Gibson & Co., Nurserymen, Leeming Bar, Bedale.

Class 6. — Collections of Stove and Greenhouse Plants in bloom. [1 entry.]

15 I. (Gold Medal & £10.)— James Cypher & Sons, Queen's Eoad Nurseries, Chelten-

ham.

Class 7. — Collect io}hs of Out Sprays of Carnations. [1 entry.]

16 I. (Gold Medal & jCS.)— C. Engelmann, Saffron Walden. Essex.

Class 8. —Collectiom of Cut Hardy Perennials, Roses excluded. [5 entries.]
20 I. (£10.)— HARKNESS & SONS, Bedale.

17 II. (£6.)— Wm. ARTINGDALE & Son, Nether Green Nursery. Sheffield.

Class 9. — Collections of Cut Roses. [.5 entries.]
26 I. (Gold Medal & £5.)— F. M. Bradley, Rose Grower, Peterborough.
24 II. (£3.) -W. & J. BROWN, Narrow Street, Peterborough.
23 III. (£2.)— R. W. Proctor & Sons, Ashgate Road, Chesterfield.

Class 10.. — Collections of Sweet Peas. [6 entries.]

32 I. (Gold Medal & £5.)— E. W. King & Co., Coggeshall, Essex.

Class 11. — Collectionji of Eight Kinds of Vegetables. [1 entry.]

33 I. (£5.)— The Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop.

Class 12. — Decorative Dis2)lays of Rijje Fruit. [1 entry.]

34 I. (£15.)— The Duke of Portland, K.G , Welbeck, Worksop.

Class 13. — Four bunches of Grapes, of distinct varieties. [2 entries.]

36 I. (£3.)— The Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop.

35 II. (£2.)-CHARLESTHELLUSS0N, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Class 14. — Two bunches of Muscat Grapes. [1 entry.]

37 I. (30s.)— The Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop.

Class 15. — Two bunches of Blach Hambro Grapes. [2 entries.]

38 I. (30s.)— THE Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop,

Class 16. — Two bunches of Madresfield Court Grapes. [2 entries,]
40 I. (30s.)— The Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop.

Class 17. — Two dishes of peaches of distinct varieties. [1 entry.]

42 I. (30s.) -The Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop.

Class 18. — Two dishes of Nectarines of distinct varieties. [1 entry.]

43 I. (30s. I— The Duke of Portland, E.G., Welbeck, Worksop.

Class 19. — Fonr dishes of Strawberries of distinct varieties. [2 entries.]

44 I. (30s.)— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Aivard of Prizes at Doncaster, 1912. Ixxxix

Horticultural Exhibits not for Competition.

Large Gold Medals to : —

76 Messrs. Bakers, Nurserymen, Codsall, Staffordshire.

73 Robert Bolton, Warton, Camforth.

66 The Hon. Vicart Gibbs, Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts.

71 TODNG it Co., Nursery men, Hatherley, Cheltenham.

Gold Medals to : —

72 Alex. Dickson & Sons, Hawlmark. Newtownards.

60 A. F. Button. The Nurseries, Iver, Bucks.
63 STUART Low & Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield.

55 H. B. Mat & Sons, Nurserymen, Upper Edmonton, London, N.

50 Pennell & Sons, Lincoln.

57 Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Hall. Doncaster.

70 John Waterer & Sons, American Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey.

Silver Gilt Medals to : —

51 R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wishech.

54 Dickson & Robinson, Cathedral Street, Manchester.

52 Kino's acre Nurseries, Ltd., Hereford.
59 Sutton & Sons, Reading.

65 Kent & Brydon, Nurserymen. Darlington. «

79 TOOQOOD & Sons, Seedsmen, Southampton.

Silver Medals to : —

81 E. J. Batchelor & Sons, Nurserymen, Harrogate.

77 BROADHEAD & Sons, Nurserymen, Thongsbridge, Huddersfleld.

78 J. Burrell .& Co., Howe HilfNurseries, Cambridge.

58 Benjamin R. Cant & Sons. Old Rose Gardens, Colchester.

82 Messrs CLIBRANS. Nurserymen. Altrincham.

49 H. N. Ellison, 5 & 7 Bull street. West Bromwich.

47 Godfrey & Son, Nurserymen, Exmouth, Devon.
69 F. A. Haage, Erfurt, Germany.

67 Miss Hemus. Holdfast Hall, Upton-on-Severn.

53 Jarman & CO., Chard, Somerset.

5fi George Massey & Sons, Seedsmen, Spalding.

48 Henhy Morse. W«stfleld Nurseries, Eaton, Norwich.

61 SEAGRAVE & Co.. Lime End Nurseries, Gleadless, Sheffield.

80 Wm. Sydenham, Nurseryman, Melbourne, Derbyshire.
75 Charles Warner, Abbey Nurseries, Leicester.

84 C. Waters, Deanland Nursery, Balcombe, Sussex.

Certificates of Merit to: —

85 W. Edwards, Florist, Daybrook, Nottingham.

74 Whitelegge & Page, Nurseries, Chislehurst, Kent.

New Plants and Flowers for Certificates : —

A. F. DUTTON, The Nurseries, Iver, Bucks.

Miss hemus. Holdfast Hall, Upton-on-Severn.

KENT & Brydon, Nurserymen, Darlington.

ALEX. Dickson & Sons, Ltd., Nurserymen, Hawlmark, Newtownards.

Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton Hill Nursery, Bath.

IMPLEMENTS.

Trials of Corn and Seed Drills.

Class 1. — Drills for Corn and Pulse. [8 entries.]

8 I. (^eiO.) & 7 II. (£5.)— Francis Walker & Sons, Tithby, Bingham, Notts.
3 H.C.-Kell & Co., Ltd., Gloucester.

Class 2. — Drills for Grass and Clover. [1 entry.]

9 I. (/:10.)- Francis Walker & Sons, Tithby, Bingham, Notts.

Miscellaneous Implements.

Silver Medal for articles entered as " New Implements for Agricultural or
Estate Purjwses.'"

830 Trewhella Bros.. 6, Alma Street, Soho, Smethwick, Birmingham, for Winch
Grubber ior pulling out Trees or Stumps.

3461 ALFRED Hoyle, Don Foundry, Doncaster, for Dry Sprayer or Fungicide Dis-
tributor for Potatoes.

xc

I>RIZE LIST

For BRISTOL SHOW, JULY 1 to 5, 1913.

Total value of Prizes offered (inclusive of Champion Prizes, Special Prizes, Cups,
Medals, and Class Prizes), 11,000?., of which amount 1,985/. are contributions from
the Bristol Local Committee, 2,449L 15.'). from various Breed Societies, and 712/. 10s.
from other sources.

The following Champion Prizes are offered by Breed Societies and others :—

HORSES.

Shire Horse Society :— Two Gold Medals, value 10/. each (or 10/. in money),
for the best Shire Stallion, and for the best Mare or FiUy, and 5/. each to the Breeders
of the Champion Shire StaUion, and Mare or Filly.

Clydesdale Horse Society:— Two Prizes of 10/. each for the best Clydesdale
Stallion, and for the best Mare or FiUy.

Suffolk Horse Society :— Challenge Cup, value 50/-, for the best Suffolk
StaUion.

Hunters' Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding Society :—
Two Gold Medals for the best Hunter Mare 4 years and upwards, and for the best
Filly not exceeding 3 years old.

POLO AND Biding Pony society:— Two Gold Medals for the best Polo and
Riding Pony StaUion or Colt, and for the best Mare or Filly ; also a Bronze Medal for
the best Foal.

Hackney Horse Society :— Two Gold Medals, value 10/. each (or 10/. in money),
for the best Hackney StaUion, and for the best Mare or Filly.

Shetland Pony Stud Book Society:— Silver Medal for the best Shetland Pony

WELSH Pony and Cob Society :— Two Silver Medals and Certificates for the
best Welsh Pony StaUion, and for the best Mare or FiUy.

Hunter Riding Classes :— a Gold Challenge Cup, value 52/. IQs., for the best
Hunter Mare or Gelding in the Riding Glasses.

Hack and riding Ponies :— A Gold ChaUenge Cup, value 52/. 10s.. for the best
Hack or Riding Pony.

Harness Classes:— a Gold Challenge Cup, value 52/. 10s., for the best Single
Harness Mare or Gelding in novice classes.

A Gold ChaUenge Cup, value 52/. lO.v., for the best Single Harness Mare or Gelding.

Two Gold Challenge Cups, value 52/. 10s. each, (i.) for the best Pair, (ii.) for the
best Tandem.

Four-i.v-Hands :— a Gold Challenge Cup, value 52/. 10s., for the best Team.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORN SOCIETY :— Two Prizes of 20/. each for the best Shorthorn Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

Dairy Shorthorn (Coates's Herd Book) association:— Prize of 10/. for the
best Pedigree Shorthorn Dairy Cow or Heifer ; and a Challenge Cup, value 52/. 10s., for
the best Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn Group of one Bull and two Cows or Heifers.

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association :— Two Prizes of 10/. each for the
best Shorthorn Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

Hereford Herd Book Society:— Two Prizes of 10/. 10s. each for the best Here-
ford Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913. xci

Devon Cattle Breeders' Society :— Two Prizes of 101. 10». each for the bes
Devon Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

South Devons :— a Challenge Cup, value 20/., for the best South Devon animal.

LONGHORN Cattle Society :— Two Challenge Cups, value 15/. each, for the
best Longhorn animals.

Sussex Herd Book Society :— Two Silver Medals for the best Sussex Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

Bed Poll Society :— Two Prizes of 5/. each for the best Red Poll Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

ABERDEEN ANGUS CATTLE SOCIETY :— A Gold Medal, value 10/., for the best
animal of the Aberdeen Angus breed.

Enolish Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association :— A Gold Medal for the best
animal of the opposite sex to that of the animal awarded the Gold Medal of the Aber-
deen Angus Cattle Society.

British Holstein Cattle Society :— Silver Medals to the First Prize
winners in the Classes for British Holstein Cattle.

English Jersey Cattle society :— Two Prizes of 5/. each for the best Jersey
Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society :— Two Challenge Cups, value
26/. 5s. each, lor the best Kerry BuU, Cow, or Heifer, and for the best Dexter Bull,
Cow, or Heifer.

English Jersey Cattle Society :— Gold Medal (or 10/. in money), Silver Medal
and Bronze Medal for the three best Jersey Animals in the Butter-test Classes.

SHEEP.

Southdown Sheep Society :— A Gold Medal (or 10/. Ws. in money) for the best
Southdown Ram ; and Silver Medal (or 1/. in money) for the best Pen of Ewes or
Ewe Lambs.

Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders' association :— Prize of lO/. for the best
Hampshire Down Ram Lamb, Pen of Ram L imbs, or Ewe Lambs.

Canadian Industrial Exhibition :— Silver Medal for the best exhibit of
Dorset Horn Sheep.

Lincoln Long-wool Shebp Breeders' Association :— Prize of 5/., for the best
Lincoln Ram ; a Challenge Cup, value 52/. Ws., for the best Group of one Lincoln Ram

and three Ewes.

Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders:— A Challenge Cup, value
50/., for the best Border Leicester Sheep.

KENT OR ROMNEY MARSH SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION :— Prize Of 10/. lOs.
for the best Kent or Romney Marsh Ram.

PIGS.

National Pig Breeders' association : — Six Gold Medals (or 5/. 5s. in
money) for the best Large White Boar and Sow, Middle White Boar and Sow, and
Tumworth Boar and Sow.

British Berkshire Society :— Prize of 5/. 5s. for the best Berkshire Boar or Sow.

Large Black Pig Society :— Prize of 10/. for the best Large Black Boar ; and a
Challenge Cup, value twenty guineas, for the best Large Black Sow.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders' Association:— Two Prizes of
5/. 5s. each, for the best Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boar and the best Sow.

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913.

HORSES (£3,591).

SHIRE. ist 2nd3rd

£ £ £

STALLION, foaled in 19121 . . 20 10 5

Stallion, foaled in 1911 . . 20 10 5

Stallion, foaled in 1910 . . 20 10 5

Filly, foaled in 19121 . . . 20 10 5

Filly, foaled in 1911 . . . 20 10 5

FnxY. foaled in 1910 . . . 20 10 5
Mare, foaled in or after 1909

(with foal at foot) . . . 20 10 5
Mare, foaled in or before 1908

(with foal at foot) . . . 20 10 5
Colt Foal, produce of mare

in above classes. . . .10 5 3
Filly Foal, produce of mare

in above classes. . . .10 5 3

CLYDESDALE.^

Stallion, foaled in 1912 . . 20
Stallion, foaled in 1911 . .20
Stallion, foaled in 1910 . .20
Filly, foaled in 1912 . . .20
Filly, foaled in 1911 . . .20
Filly, foaled in 1910 . . .20
MARE (with foal at foot) . .20
Foal, produce of mare in above
class 10 5 3

SUFFOLK. 3

Same as for Clydesdales.

HUNTERS.*

Thoroughbred Colt, foaled
in 1912, entered or eligible for
entry in the G.S.B. (likely to
make a Hunter Stallion). .20 10 5

Colt or Gelding, foaled in
1912

Gelding, foaled in 1911

Gelding, foaled in 1910 .

Filly, foaled in 1912 .

Filly, foaled in 1911 .

Filly, foaled in 1910 .

Thoroughbred Mare, en-
tered or eligible for entry in
the G.S.B. (with foal at foot),
up to weight . . . . 20 10 5
Two Prizes of £5 each are also
offered i7i this class : (J.) for
the best Colt Foal, and (il.)
for the best Filly Foal.

Mare (Novice), foaled in or
after 1905 (with foal at foot),
up to from 12 to 14 st. . . 20 10 5

Mare (Novice), foaled in or
after 1905 (with foal at foot),
up to more than 14 st. . . 20 10 5

Mare (with foal at foot), up to
from 12 to 14 st 20 10 5

Mare (with foal at foot), up to
more than 14 st. ... 20 10 5

Colt Foal, produce of Mare in
above classes . . . .10 5 3

Filly Foal, produce of Mare
in above classes . . . .10 5 3

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

.0

20

10

5

20

10

5

POLO AND RIDING

PONIES.'

Stallion, foaled in or before

1910, not over 15 h. .
Colt, Filly, or Gelding,

foaled in 1912 ....
Colt, Filly, or Gelding,

foaled in 1911 .
Filly ORQELDlNQ,foaledinl910 15
Mare (with foal at foot), not

over 14.2 h 15

10 5

CLEVELAND BAY OR

COACH HORSE.

Stallion, foaled in 1910 or 1911 15 10 5
Mare (with foal at foot) . . 15 10 5

HACKNEYS."

Stallion, foaled in 1912 . . 15 10 5

Stallion, foaled in 1911 . .15 10 5

Stallion, foaled in 1910 . . 15 10 5

Filly, foaled in 1912 . . . 15 10 5

Filly, foaled in 1911 . . . 15 10 5

Filly, foaled in 1910 . . . 15 10 5
Mare (with foal at foot), over

14. and not over 15.2 h. . . 15 10 5
Mare (with foal at foot), over

15.2 h 15 10 5

Foal, produce of Mare in above

classes 10 5 3

HACKNEY PONY.

Stallion, foaled in or before

1910, not over 14 h. . . .10 5 3
Colt, Fills:, or Gelding,

foaled in 1911, not over 13.2 h. . 10 5 3
Filly or Gelding, foaled in

1910, not over 13.3 h. . .10 5 3

Mare (with foal at foot), not

over 14 h 10 5 3

SHETLAND PONY.

Stallion, foaled in or before
1910, not over lOi h. . . .10 5 3

MARE (with foal at foot), not
over lOJ h 10 5 3

WELSH PONY.^

(Mountain or Moorland Class).

Stallion, foaled in or before
1909, not exceeding 12 h. . .10 5 3

Stallion, foaled in 1910, not
exceeding 11.3 h , or 1911, not
exceeding 11.2 h. . . .10 5 3

MARE, foaled in or before 1909
(with foal at foot), not ex-
ceeding 12 h 10 5 3

Filly, foaled in 1910, not ex-
ceeding 11.3 h , or 1911, not
exceeding 11.2 h. . . .10 5 3

Brood Mare, or Mare likely
to make a brood mare, of the
old Welsh Cob type, foaled in
or before 1910( with or without
foal at foot), not exceeding
14.2 h 10 5 3

1 Offered by the Shire Horse Society.

2 £50 provided by the Clydesdale Horse Society.

3 £50 provided by the Suffolk Horse Society.

^ £100 and £80 provided by two members of the R.A.S.E. interested in the breed.
s £30 provided by the Polo and Hiding Pony Society.
6 £.30 provided through the Hackney Horse Society.
' £42 provided by the Welsh Pony and Cob Society.

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913.

xcui

HUNTER RIDING ^"^r

CLASSES ' 1st 2nd 3rd 4tli 5tli

^ ^ £ £ £ £ £

Mare or Gelding,

foaled in 1909, up to

from 12 to 14 st. . . l.'i 10 5 5 5
Mare or Gelding,

foaled in 1909, up to

more than 14 st. . . 15 10 5 5 5
Mare or Gelding

(Novice), foaled in or

iaefore 1908, up to from

12 to 14 St. . . . 15 10 5 5 5
Mare or Gelding

(Novice), foaled in or

before 1908, up to more

than 14 .st. . . . 15 10 5 5 5
Mare or Gelding,

foaled in or before

1909. up to from 12 to

13.7 st 20 15 10 5 5

Mare or Gelding.

foaled in or before

1909, up to more than

1.S.7 and not over 15 st. 20 15 10 5 5
Mare or Gelding.

foaled in or before

1909, up to more than

15 st 20 15 10 5 5

Prizes
HACK AND RIDING . ' ^

PONY CLASSES.^ '^ 'f'^

Mare or Gelding, Hunter
or Polo Type (light-weiKht),
foaled in or before 1909, not
exceeding 15 h 15 10 5

Mare or Gelding, Hunter
or Polo Type (heavy-weight),
foaled in or before 1909, not
exceeding 15 h 15 10 5

Mare or Gelding, Park Hack
(light-weight), foaled in or
betore 1909. exceeding 15 h. .15 10 5

Mare or Gelding, Park Hack
(heavy-we ght). foaled in or
before 1909, exceeding 15 h. . 15 10 5

DRIVING CLASSES. 1 i-"^^-^

To be driven in S'ragle Harness, isfnd 3i-d Jtii
Mare or Gelding £ £ £ £

(Novice), not over 14 h. . 15 10 5 5
Mare or Gelding

(Novice), over 14 and not

over 15 h 15 10 5 5

Mare or Gelding

(Novice), over 15 h. . . 15 10 5 5
Mare or Gelding, not

over 14 h 15 10 5 5

Mare or Gelding, over

14 and not over 15 h. . . 15 10 5 5
Mare or Gelding, over

15 and not over 15.2 h. . 15 10 5 5
Mare or Gelding

over 15.2 h 15 10 5 5

To be driven in Double Harness.
Mares or Geldings, not

over 15 h 15 10 5 5

Mares or Geldings, over

15 h 15 10 5 5

DRIVING CLASSES'-

continued.

To he driven Tandem.

1st 2nd 3rd -itli
£ £ £ £

Mares or Geldings, not

over 15 h 15 10 5 5

Mares or Geldings, over

15 h 15 10 5 5

Four-in-hand Teams.
Mares or Geldings, to be
shown before a Coach . 20 15 10 5

DRAUGHT HORSE.' ,-^^^

Ist2ud3rd
£ £ £

Mare or Gelding, foaled in or
after 1907 . . . • . 10 6 4

JUMPING
COMPETITIONS.

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd 4tli 5tb

A mare or Gelding 25 10 5 5 5
B Mare or Gelding

(First Prize Winners in

Class A notelitrible) . 20 10 5 5 5
C Mare or Gelding,

(First Prize Winners in

Cla.sses A and B not

eligible) . . . . 15 10 5 5 5
D Champion Class,

Mare or Gelding . . 25 15 10 5 5

CATTLE (£2,854 lOs.)-

Prizes

SHORTHORN. fTT^rn

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

Cow. in-milk, calved in or be-
fore 1909 10 6 4

HEiFER,in-milk.calvedinl9102 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1911, and March 31, 1911 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
Aprill, 1911, and Dec. 31, 19112 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1912, and March 31, 1912 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or between
April 1, 1912, and Dee. 31, 1912 . 10 6 4

Group Class, for the best col-
lection of either three or four
Cows or Heifers, bred by
Exhibitor 15 10 -

Bull, calved in 1908, 1909.or 1910 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1911, and March 31, 1911 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
Aprill,1911,andDec.31,19ir-i 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1912, and March 31, 1912 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
Aprill, 1912, and Dec. 31, 19122 10 6 4

Two Special Prizes of IQI. and
5/. for the two best Bulls
calved in 1911, the property
of an Exhibitor residing in
Gloucestershire 3

Group Class, for the best col-
lection of either three or four
Bulls, bred by Exhibitor'^ . 15 10 -

1 Provided by the Bristol Local Committee.

2 Offered by the Shorthorn Society.

3 £5 offered by the Gloucestershire Agricultural Society,

XCIV

Prize List for Bristol Shoic, 1913.

DAIRY SHORTHORN. •mTndsrd

DAIRY Cow, in-milk, calved
in or before 1908 1 . . . 10 6

Dairy Cow, in-miUs, calved in
190!) 10 6

Dairy Heifer, in-milk, calved
in or after 1910 . . . . 10 6

Boll, calved in 19112 . . . 10 6

Bull, calved in 19122 . . . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes

. 10 6

LINCOLNSHIRE RED

SHORTHORN. =>

Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1909 10 6

Heifer, in-milk, calved in

1910 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10 6
Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6
Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,
calved in or before 1910, sliow-
injz' the best milking properties lH 6
B0LL, calved in 1907, 1908, 1909,

or 1910 10 6

BULL, calved in 1911 . . . 10 6

BULL, calved in 1912 . . . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6

HEREFORD.*
Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1909 10 6

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1910 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6

BULL, calved in 1908, 1909, or 1910 10 6

BULL, calved in 1911 . . . 10 6
BULL, calved in Jan. or Feb.,

1912 10 6

Bull, calved on or after March

1, 1912 10 6

DEVON. 5

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved in or before 1910 . . 10 6 4

Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10 6 4

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6 4
Dairy Cow, in-milk, calved in

or before 1910 . . . 10 6 4

Bull, calved in or before 1910 . 10 6 4

Bull, calved in 1911 . . . 10 6 4

Bull, calved in 1912 . . . 10 6 4

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

SOUTH DEVON. «
Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved in or before 1910 . . 10 6 -

Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10 6 -

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6 -

Bull, calved in or before 1911 . 10 6

BULL, calved in 1912 . . . 10 6 -

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

LONGHORN.' {stTm.

£ £

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved in or before 1910 . . 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1911 or 1912 . 10 6

BULL, calved in 1908, 1909, 1910,

or 1911 10 6

Bull, calved in 1911 . . . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6

SUSSEX.

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved in or before 1910 . . 10
Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10
Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10
BULL, calved in 1908,1909, or 1910 10
Bull, calved in 19118 . . . lo
Bull, calved in 1912 . . .10

WELSH. «

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,
calved before Dec. 1, 1910. . 10 6

Heifer, calved on or after
Dec. 1, 1910, and before Dec. 1,
1911 10 6

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.
1st, 1911, and before Dec.l, 1912 10 6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,
1907, and before Dec. 1. 1910 . 10 6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1910, and before Dec. 1, 1911 . 10 6
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1911, and before Dec 1st, 1912 . 10 6

RED POLL.>«

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved in or before 1910 • . 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10 6

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6
Bull, calved in 1908, 1909, 1910,

or 1911 10 6

Bull, calved in 1912 . . 10 6

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6

ABERDEEN ANGUS. ^^

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved before Dec. 1, 1910 . . 10 6
Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1. 1910, and before Dec. 1, 1911 . 10 6
Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1, 1911, and before Dec. 1. 1912 . 10 6
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1907. and before Dec. 1, 1910 . 10 6
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1910, and before Dec. 1, 1911 . 10 6
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1.

1911, and before Dec. 1, 1912 . 10 6

1 Offered by the Shorthorn Society.

2 Offered by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates's Herd Book) Association.
» £80 provided by the" Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association.

4 £50 provided by the Hereford Herd Book Society.
6 £50 provided by the Devon Cattle Breeders' Society.
6 £20 provided by the South Devon Herd Book Society.
" £20 provided by the Longhorn Cattle .Society.

8 Offered by the Sussex Herd Book Society.

9 £30 provided by the Welsh Black CattleSociety.

10 £20 provided by the Red Poll Society.

1 1 £20 provided by the Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913.

xcv

GALLOWAY.^ ^l' ^\
Cow OR HEIFER, in-milk,

calved before Dec. 1, 1910 . 10
Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1,1910, and before Dec. 1.1911. 10
HBIFER, calved on or after Dec.

1. 1911, and before Dec. 1. 1912. 10
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1907, and before Dec. 1, 1911 . 10
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1911, and before Dec. 1. 1912 . 10

HIGHLAND.

Oow OR Heifer, in-milk . 10
Bull, calved in or before 1912 . 10

AYRSHIRE. 2
Oow OR Heifer, in-milk . . 10
Cow OR Heifer, in-calf . . 10
Bull, calved in or before 1912 . 10
Milk Yield Prizes . . .10
BRITISH HOLSTEIN.s
Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1909 . . . .10

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1910

or 1911 10

Heifer, calved in 1912 . .10

Bull, calved in or before 1910 . 10

Bull, calved in 1911 or 1912 . 10

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

JERSEY.^
Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1909 10

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1910 10
Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1911 10
Heifer, calved in 1912. . . 10
Cow OR Heifer, in-milk, bred

by Exhibitor, sired in Great

Britain or Ireland . . .10
Bull, calved 1908, 1909, or 1910 10
Bull, calved in 1911 . . .10
Bull, calved in 1912 . . .10
Milk Yield Prizes . . .10
GUERNSEY. =
Cow, in-milk, calved in or

before 1908 10

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk,

calved in 1909or IIUO. . . 10
Heifer, calved in 1911 . . 10
Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10
Bull, calved in 1908, 1909, 1910,

or 1911 10

BULL, calved in 1912 . . .10
Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

KERRY. «
Cow, in-milk, calved in or be-
fore 1909 10

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1910 10
Heifer, calved in 1911 or 1912 . 10
Bull, calved in 1908, 1909, 1910, or

1911 10

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

DEXTER. 6

Same as for Kerries.

Prizes

DAIRY CATTLE.' ,'T7"rn

Ist 2nd .3rd
(Ani/ Age, Breed, or Cross.) £ £ £
Dairy Cow, in-milk, calved in

or before 1909 . . . . 10 6 4
Dairy Cow, in-milk, calved in
or after I'JIO . . . . 10 6 4

BUTTER TESTS/

Cow, exceeding 900 lb. live
vsreight 15 10 5

Cow, not exceeding 900 lb. live
weight 15 10 5

SHEEP (£1,836 10s.).

OXFORD DOWN.

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5 3

RAM Lamb* 10 5 3

three Ram lambs . . . 10 5 3

Three shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

Three ewe Lambs . . . 10 5 3

SHROPSHIRE. 10

Two-Sheae Ram . . .10

Shearling Ram . . . .10

Five Shearling Rams . . 15

Three Ram Lambs . . .10

Three Shearling Ewes . 10

three ewe lambs . . .10

SOUTHDOWN.

Two-Shear RAM' 1 . . .10
Shearling Ram. . . .10

THREE shearling RAMS i i . 10

Three Ram Lambs . . .10
Three Shearling Ewes . 10
Three ewe Lambs . . .10

1st 2rid Hrd 4tll
£ £ £ £

HAMPSHIRE DOWN.

Two-Shear Ram i ^ . . 10 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 3

RAM Lamb » 2 . . . . 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs . . 10 5 3

Three Ham LAMBS.Novice^^lO 5 .S

Three shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

Three Ewe Lambs . . 10 5 3

ThreeEwe LAMBS,Novice'=10 5 3

SUFFOLK. >«j^"^ ■

Two-Shear RAM'S . . . 10 5

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5

RAM LAMB 1 •■' 10 5

Three Ram Lambs . . . 10 5

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5

Three Ewe Lambs . . 10 5

1 £20 provided by the Galloway Cattle Society.

2 £20 provided by the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society.
» £30 provided by the British Holstein Cattle Society.

* £30 provided by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

» £40 provided by the English Guernsey Cattle Society.

6 £.30 provided by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society.

'' Offered by the Bristol Local Committee.

8 Offered by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

9 Offered by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders' Association,
'o £45 provided by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Association.
1 1 Offered by the .Southdown Sheep Society.

1 2 Offered by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders' Association,
1 3 Offered by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

XCVl

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913.

DORSET DOWN.'

Shearling Ram
Three Ram Lambs .
Three Shearling Ewes

DORSET HORN. 2

Shearling Ram, dropped after

Nov. 1, 1910 10 5 3

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

afterNov. 1,1911 . . . 10 5 3
Three Shearling Ewes,

dropped after Nov. 1, 1910 . 10 5 3
Three Ewe Lambs, dropped

after Nov. 1, 1911 . . . 10 5 3

RYELAND.s
RAM, Two-Shear and up-
wards 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5 3

Three R.^m Lambs . . . 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . lO 5 3

KERRY HILL (WALES).

Ram, Shearling and upwards 10 - -
Three Shearling Ewes . 10 - -

LINCOLN.^
Two-Shear Ram
Shearling Ram .
Five Shearling Rams .
Three Ram Lambs .
Three Shearling Ewes
Three Ewe Lambs

Three Yearling
shown in their wool

Ewes,

10 5

LEICESTER.

Shearling Ram .
Three Ram Lambs .
Three Shearling Ewes
Three Ewe Lambs .

BORDER LEICESTER. «

Ram, Two Shear and upwards 10 5

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5

Shearling Ewe . . . 10 5

WENSLEYDALE.7
Ram. Two-Shear and up-
wards, entered or eli>.'ible for
entrvin the Wensleydale Blue-
faced Flock Book . . . 10 5
Shearling Ram . . .10 5
Three Shearling Rams, en-
tered or eligible for entry in
the Wensleydale Blue-faced

Flock Book 10 .5

Three shearling Ewes . lo 5

. 10

5

3

. HI

.0

3

. 1.5

10

.5

. 10

5

3

. 10

5

3

. 10

n

3

,5

3

5

3

5

3

5

3

LONK." l9t 2nd 3rd

f £ t

Ram, Shearling and upwards 10 5-
Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 -

DERBYSHIRE GRITSTONE.

Same as for Kerry Hill.

KENT OR ROMNEY MARSH. ^

Saiue as for Shropshire.

COTSWOLD.i"

Shearling Ram . . . .10

Three Ham Lambs . . .10

Three Shearling Ewes. .10

THiiEE KWE Lambs . . .10

DEVON LONG-WOOL. '•
Ram, Two-Shear and up-
wards 10 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . lo 5 -
Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 -

SOUTH DEVON. 1^

Two-Shear Ram . . . . 10 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 -

Three Ram Lambs . . . 10 5 -

Three shearling Ewes .10 5 -

Three Ewe Lambs . . . 10 5 -

DARTMOOR. i»

Same as for Devon Long Wool.

EXMOOR.i-^

Ram, Two Shear and upwards 10 5 3

Shearling Ram. . . . 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

CHEVIOT.!'

Same as for Border Leicesters.

HERDWICK.

Same as for Kerry Hi

WELSH MOUNTAIN.
Same as for Kerry Hill.

BLACK-FACED MOUNTAIN.

RAM. Shearling and upwards 10 - -
Shearling Ewe . . . 10 - -

' £15 provided by the Dorset Down Sheep Breeders' Association.

2 £18 provided by the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders' Association.

3 £24 provided by the Ryeland Flock Book Society.

4 £66 provided by the Lincoln Long-Wool Sheep Breeders' Association.
« £15 provided by the Leicester Sheep Breeders' Association.

6 £18 provided by the Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders.

T £18 provided by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders' Association.

« £5 provided by the Lonk Sheep Breeders' Association.

9 £48 provided by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders' Association,
i " £18 provided by the Cotswold Sheep Society.

1 1 £15 provided by the Devon Long-WooUed Sheep Breeders' Society.
1 2 £30 provided by the South Devon Flock Book Association.
1 3 £15 provided by tlie Dartmo ir Sheep Breeders' Association.
1 ■* £18 provided by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders' Society.
1 ■'"> £18 provided by Breeders of Cheviot Sheep.

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913.

PIGS (£762 5s.).

Large ^A^hite • ^ «" ^

Middle Whitei ||

Tarn worth 1 L£»

Berkshire- [ '- n

Large Blacks I ig «

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated+ . .. /

In each of the above Breeds the follow-
ing prizes will be given : —

1st 2nd 3rd

BOAK, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or ■£ £ ■£

1911 10 5 3

Boar, farrowed in 1912 . . 10 5 3

Boar, farrowed in 1913 . . 10 5 3
Breeding Sow, farrowed in

1909, 1910, or 1911. . . . 10 5 3

Sow, farrowed in 1912 . . . 10 5 3
Three Sow Pigs, farrowed in

1913 10 5 3

POULTRY (£432).

Prizes of 30j>., 20»'., and lOs. are offered
in each class for the best CocK, HEN,
Cockerel, and Pullet of the follow-
ing Breeds:—

Game, Old English.
Game, Indian.
Game, Modern.
Game, Black Sumatra.
Langshan.
Croad Langshan.

A Special Prize of 1/. for the
best Croad Langshan ^

Plymouth Hock, White.

A SILVER SSIRVIETTE RING for
the best White Plvmouth Rock.e

Plymouth Rock, Barred.

A Silver serviette Ring for
the Best Barred Plymouth Rock. 7

Plymouth Rock. Buff.

A Silver Serviette Ring for
the best Buff Plymouth Rock.s

Plymouth Rock, Blue.
Plymouth Rock, any other colour.
Wyandotte, Gold or Silver Laced.
Wyandotte, White.

A Special Prize of 10«. for the
best White Wyandotte. »

Wyandotte, Black.
Wyandotte, Partridge.
Wyandotte, Columbian.
Wyandotte, Blue.
Wyandotte, any other variety.
Orpington, Buff.
Orpington, White.
Orpington, Black.

' £7:' provided by the National Pig Breeders' Association.

'•i £18 provided by the British Berkshire Society.

' £18 provided by the Large Black Pig Society.

•» £18 provided by the Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig Breeders' Association

■i Offered by the Croat Langshan Club.

6 Offered bv the White Plvmouth Rock Club.

" Offered bv th.' Barred Plymouth Rock Club.

<* Offered bv the BulY Plvmouth Rock Club.

'-> Offered by the Wliife \Vyan<lotto Club.
I'J Offered by the Susses Poultry Club.
1 1 Offered by the Malints Poultry Club.
1 5 Offered by the Campine Club.
' 3 Offered by the (Jri)ington Duck Club.

POU LTRY—conttmted.

Orpington, Spangled

Orpinyton. Blue.

Orpington, any other colour.

Minorca.

Leghorn, White.

Leghorn, Brown.

Leghorn, Black.

Leghorn, any other colour.

Dorking.

Sussex, Red.

Sussex, Light.

Sussex, Speckled.

Three Serviette Rings : (1) for

best Red, (2) for best Light, (3) for

best Speckled Sussex, i o

British Rhode Island Red.

Aucona.

Tokohajna.

Brahma.

Cochin.

Maline.

Two Silver Medals : (D for best

Coucou de Maline, (2) for any other

variety of Maline. 1 1

Campine.

Silver Medal for best Campine i 2

Faverolle.

Houdan.

Any other Breed.

Bantams, Old English Game.

Bantams, Modern Game.

Bantams, Sebright.

Bantams, Wyandotte

Bantams, Japanese.

Bantams, any other variety.

DUCKS.

Drake or Young Drake,
Duck or Duckling.

Aylesbury.

Rouen.

Blue Orpington.

Buff Orijington.

A Special Prize of 11, Is. for the
best Buff Orpington.! 3

Any other breed.

GEESE.

Gander and Goose.

Any variety.

TURKEYS.

Cock.
Hen.

XCVlll

Prize List for Bristol Show, 1913.

PRODUCE (£316).

BUTTER.

Box of Twelve 2 lb. Rolls or Squares of
Butter, not more than 1 per cent. salt.
1st 4/., 2nd 2Z., 3rd 11. Prizes

Two Pounds of Fresh£ £ £
Butter, without any salt,
made up in plain pounds,
from the milk of Channel
Island, Devon, or South Devon
Cattle and their crosses . .421

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, without any salt,
made up in plain pounds,
from the milk of Cattle of any
breed or cross other than
those mentioned . . .421

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up iu plain pounds, from the
milk of Channellsland, Devon,
or South Devon Cattle and
their crosses . . . .421

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in plain pounds, from the
milk of Cattle of any breed or
cross other than those men-
tioned 4 2 1

Two POUNDS OF Butter.
made from scalded cream .421

Three Pounds of fresh
Butter, slightly salted,
made up in pounds in the
most attractive marketable
designs. The designs as well
as the quality will be taken
into account Ijy the Judge .421

Three Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in pounds and packed in
non-returnable boxes for
transmission by rail or parcel
post. The packing, the box,
and the quality wiU be taken
into account by the Judge who
will open the exhibits . .421

CHEESE (made in 1913).
Three Cheddar, not less than £ £ £

50 lb. each 5 .S 2

Three Cheddar Truckles .421
Three Cheshire ( coloured ), of

not less than 40 lb. each . .532
Three Cheshire t uncoloured;,

of not less than 40 lb. each .
Three Double Gloucester,

not less than 22 lb. each .
Three single Gloucester,

not less than 13 lb. each . . 4
Three North Wiltshire

Truckles 4

Three Stilton .... 4
Three Wensleyd ale (Stilton

shape) 3

Three Caerphilly ... 4

1 Offered by thi

2 Offered by th

CIDER AND PERRY. 'ut2nd3rd

£. £ £.

Cask of Dry Cider, made in
1912 4 2

Cask of Sweet Cider, made
in 1912 4 2

Cask of Cider, made previous
to 1912 4 2

One Doz. Dry Cider, made
in 1912 4 2

One Doz. Sweet Cider, made
in 1912 4 2

One Doz. Cider, made pre-
vious to 1912 . . . .42

One Doz. Dry Perry . .42

One Doz. sweet Perry. 4 2
A Challenge Cup for the best exhibi

of Cider. I

WOOL (0/1913 Clip).

Three Fleeces, SOUTHDOWN2 3 2

Three Fleeces, Oxford
Downs 3 2

Three Fleeces. Suffolk ■* . 3 2

Three Fleeces, any Short
Wool 5 3

Three Fleeces. Kent or
RoiiNEY Marsh* . . .32

Three Fleeces, Wensley-
DALE Blue-faced" . .32

Three Fleeces, any Long
Wool 5 3

Three Fleeces. Exmoor" . 3 2

Three Fleeces, Mountain
or Moorland (comprising
Dartmoor,Exmoor,Herdwick, '
Welsh and Black -faced Moun-
tain) 5 3 2

HIVES, HONEY, AND

BEE APPLIANCES, s. s. s.

Collection of HiVES . . . 80 40 20

FRAME Hive 20 15 10

Do. for Cottagers' use . . 20 15 10

Honey Extractor . . . 15 10 -
Observatory Hive (not less

than 3 frames) . . . . 20 15 10

Useful appliances. . . 10 - -

HON E Y-(Local Classes).

Open to members of Somersetshire Bee
Keepers' Association only.

4 Sections of COMB
3 2 Honey, about 4 lb. . 10 7/6

extracted. Light-
5 3 2 COLOURED Honey

about 4 lb. ... 10 7/6
Collective Exhibit of
Comb Honey;
Extracted, Light-
coloured, Medium
OB dark-Coloured
Honey ; and 1 lb. of
WAX . . . . 20 10
Cider Growers of the West of England.
Southdown Sheep Society.

Cert, of
Merit.

Cert, of
Merit.

Cert, of
Merit.

Offered bv the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders' Association.

Offered by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

Offered by the Kent or Roinney Marsh Sheep Breeders' Association.

Offered by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders' Association and Flock

Book Society.
Offered by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders' Association.

Prize List for Bristol Shoiv, 1913.

xcix

HON EY— (Open Competition).

For the purposes of Classes for Honey
the United Kingdom has been divided into
Two Districts: —

1. Counties of Cheshire, Cumberland.
Derby, Durham, Hereford, Lancashire,
Leicester, Lincoln. Monmouth, North-
umberland.Nottingham, Rutland, Salop,
Stafford, Warwick, Westmorland. Wor-
cester. Yorkshire, the Isle of Man,
Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.

2. Counties of Bedford, Berks., Bucks.,
Cambridge, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset,
Essex, Gloucester, Hampshire, Herts.,
Hunts., Isle of Wight, Kent, Middle-
sex, Norfolk, Northampton, Oxford,
Somerset, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, or
Wiltshire.

For each of the above Districts the
following four Classes and Prizes, for
Honey of any year, have been provided :—

Prizes

Ist 2nd 3rd

12 Sections of COMB HONEY, s. s. s.

about 12 lb 20 15 10

Extracted, Light-coloured

Honey, about 12 lb. . . . 20 15 10
Extractbd.Medium orDark-

COLOUREDHoNEY,aboutl21b. 20 15 10
Granulated Honey, about

12 lb 20 15 10

MISCELLANEOUS.
Shallow frames of COMB

Honey, for extracting . . 20 15 10
Jars of Heather Honey,

about 6 lb 20 15 10

Jars of HEATHER Mixture

Extracted Honey, about

6 lb 20 15 10

Display of Honey . . . 30 20 10

21b. of WAX 10 7/6 5

3 lb. of Wax, in marketable form,

suitable for retail trade . . 10 7/6 5
Honey Vinegar, 1 quart . . 7/6 5 -
Mead, 1 quart .... 7/6 5 -
Other Practical Exhibits. 10 - -
Other Scientific Exhibits .10 - -

HORSE-SHOEING COMPETITIONS (£81).

(^Ojjen to the United Kingdom.')

Class I. Hunters. Class n. Roadsters. Class in. Cart Horses.

Prizes in each Class as follows :— 1st, U. ; 2nd, U. Ids. ; 3rd, 21. 10s. ; 4th, 21. ; 5th, 1/. 10s.:

6th, II.
A Gold Medal will be presented to the First Prize Winner in each Class, i
A Silver Medal and a Bronze Medal in each Class to be competed for by Members of

the National Master Farriers' Association. ^

BUTTER-MAKING COMPETITIONS (£84 10s.).

The Competitions on Tue.sday, Wednesday and Thursday will be open only to those
resident in the Counties of Somerset, Dorset, Devon, Gloucester, Wiltshire, Cornwall,
Worcester, Hereford. Monmouth. Glamorgan, who have been pupils or received
instruction in Dairying at their respective County Council Institutes or Dairy Schools
since the 1st day of January, 1910, and who have not previous to the 31st of May,
1913, won a Prize in an open class at the Shows of the R.A.S.E., Bath and West and
Southern Counties Society, Royal Counties Society, or at the London Dairy Show.

The Competition on Saturday wil
Kingdom.

1)6 open to competitors resident in the United

The following Prizes are offered on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday :— 1st Prize,
5/. ; 2nd Prize, 3/. ; 3rd Prize, 21. ; 4th Prize, II. ; 5th Prize, 10«. Certificates of
Merit will be given to those candidates obtaining 86 points out of a possible 100.
On Saturday a Champion Prize of 10/- will be offered.

Special Prizes of 4/., 3/., 21., and 1/. for candidates resident in the County of Devon. :>
Special Prizes of 4/., 3/., 21.. and 1/. for candidates resident in the County of Gloucester. +
Special Prizes of 4i., 3/ , 2L and 1^ for candidates resident in the County of Somerset. ">
Special Prizes of 4/., SL, 2/.and U. for candidates resident in the County of Worcester. «

J Offered by the Worshipful Company of Farriers.
2 Offered by the National Master Farriers' Association.
» Offered by the Devon County Agricultural Committee.
* Offered by the Gloucestershire Agricultural Committee.
■■5 Offered by the Somerset County Agricultural Committee.
8 Offered by the Worcestershire Agricultural Committee.

Prize List for Bristol Shoic, 1913.
FARM PRIZES (£500)/

{Ojjfn to bona-fide Tenant Farmers.')

The following Prizes are offered by the Bristol Local Committee for the best-managed
Farms in Gloucestershire.

Class l.— Farm of 250 acres or over, exclusive of Down. 1st Prize, 80Z. ; 2nd Prize, 40L

(Five entries I.
Class IL— Farm of not less than 50 acres and under 250 acres exclusive of Down. Ist

Prize, 50/. ; 2nd Prize, 30L (Three entries).

For the best-managed Farms in Somersetshire and Dorsetshire.

Class III.— Farm of 300 acres or over, exclusive of Down. Ist Prize, 80.'. ; 2nd Prize,

40L (Seven entries).
Class IV.— Farm of not less than 15") acres and under 300 acres, exclusive of Down.

1st Prize, 80Z. ; 2nd Prize, 40(. (.Eleven entries).
Class v.— Farm of not less than 50 acres and under 150 acres exclusive of Down.

1st prize, 40^ ; 2nd Prize, 2U/. (Six entries).

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION.'

Prizes amounting to 350/.

DOG SHOW.

The National Terrier Club's Show will be held on July 3 and 4.

i

1 Offered by the Bristol Local Committee.

CI

INDEX TO VOLUME 73.

1912.

The titlea of Articles are printed in Italics. The Ro/ntin numerals

the Appendix.

refer ti>

ABO

ABORTION in Cows, 88, 273
Acreage imder Crops in York-
shire, 1S91 and 1912, 237

— in United Kingdom, 33t», 342
Admissions by Payment at Doncaster

Show, 180 "
Agricultural Education Association's

Exhibit at Doncaster Show, 209
Aqricultural Education Exhibition,

'1912, 206-209
Agricultural Organisation Society. 'M'i
Ag'ricultural Research, Medal for,

xxxviii. xli
Analyses, Value of Soil, 1-9
Animal Parasites, 290
Anmial Rejmrt for 1^)12 of the Botanist,

284-289

— for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist,
276-283

— for 1912 of the Principal of the
Royal Veterinary College, 268-275

—for 1912 of the Zoologist, 289-296

Anthrax, 86, 268

Apple-sucker, 293

Asquith, Second Prize Farm of Mr.

W., 246
Assurance, Experiment in Mutual, 149
Atkinson, First Prize Farm of Mr.

H., 238
Auditors, Election of, xliv
Australia. Milk Records in, 14
Autumn of 1912, The, 356
Awards of Prizes at Doncaster Show, 1
Ayrshire Cattle Milk Records, 12

BAINBRIDGE (James), Farm Prize
Competition, 1912, Classes III.,
IV. and v., 238-247
Balance Sheet, 1912, Ordinary, x

— Doncaster Show, xiv

Barley, Continuous Growing- of, 302

— Varieties of, 306
Basic Slair, 280

— Solubility of, 278
Bastol, 277

Beech, Second Prize Farm of Mr.
Charles, 234

Bell, First Prize Farm of Mr. John,
242

Biflfen (Prof. R. H.), Annual Report
for 1912 of the B<>fanist.-2Hi-2S9

Binbrook and District (Jlanders In-
surance Association. l.">0

Blindness in Barley. 288

Blofeld (J.C.). Fore.^try Exhibition at
Doncaster, 210, 213

CRU
Blue Vinny Cheese, 32
Bone Ash, 281

Botanist, Annual Report of, 284-289
Bread at Doncaster Show, 190
Bristol, Deputation from, xx
Bristol Show, Prize List for, xc
Brodie (F. J.), The Weather of the

Past Agricultural Year, 348-357
Buddicom (Harry W.), Mi.tcellaneojis
IiiijiJniieiits e.vhibited at Doncaster,
1912, 19."i-20r,
Butter at Doncaster Show, 189
Butter Making- Competitions at Don-
caster Show, 193

fAERPHILLY Chee.sr, 29-32
^ Caerphilly, Orig-in of town of, 29
Calf Rearing- Experiment at VVoburn

Farm, 338
Canada, Milk Records in, 13
Cardiff, Dejnitation from, xxxvi
ChafE -cutter Knife Sharpener. 199
Cheese at Doncaster Show, 190
Chemist, Annual Report of Consult-

ingr, 276
Chocolate Sweepings, 279
Cider at Doncaster Show, 191
Clover Seed-midge, 291
— Sickness, 288
College of Agriculture's Exhibit at

Doncaster Show, 208
Committees, List and Members of

Standing, iii
"Compactum" Roller Mill Plant, 200
Comparative Statement of Entries at

last two Doncaster Shows, 182
Concrete for Farm Use, 205
Conical Turnip Cutter, 199
Contagious Abortion in Cows, 88 273
Contemporary Agricultural Law.

137-145
Corn Crops. Imports, Quantities, and

Values of, 346

— Prices of British, 347
Corn Drills, Trials of, 358
Council, Elections to, xliii

— List of, i.

— Meetings in 1912, Minutes of, xix
Cropping of Warp Land, IK)
Crops, Acreage of, 339

— Fung-oid Diseases of, 287

— Inoculation of Leguminous, 312
Crops and Grass. Acreage under, 342

— in Yorkshire, 1891 and 1912 237

— Produce of, and Yield per Acre, 344
Crude Oil Engine, 203

Cll

Index to Volume 73.

DAR

DARE (F. E.), Dor><et Bine Cheene,
32-35
Dartmoor Ponies, 38-42
Deaths of Governors and Members

during- j'ear, 248, 249
Denmark. Milk Records in, 12
iJrroa Cattle, 46-52
Doiicaster Show, The, 175-194

— Attendance at. 180

— Awards of Prizes at, 1

— Officials and Judges at, xlvii

— Entries for. 181

— Receipts and Expenditure at, xiv
Dorset Blue Cheese, 32-35

Dorset Horn Sheej), C6-73
Double Gloucester Cheese. 27
Drennan CRohert), South Devon Cattle,

53-65
Drills, Trials of Corn and Seed, 358
Dry Sprayer or Fungicide Distributor

for Potatoes, 196
Duchesne (M. C.), English Timber a7id

Underwood, 114-131 '
Budding, The late Henry, 375
Dunstaii (M. J. R.), The Kent Com-
mercial Fruit Show, 146-148

EDITOR of Journal, Appointment
of, 249. xxii
Effect of Foot and Mouth Disease on

the Milk Trade of Lancashire, 371
" English Faruring Past and Present,"

by'R. E. Prothero, 369
English Timber and Undencood,

114-131
Ensor (Thomas H.), Dorset Horn

Sheej), 66-73
Entries for Doncaster Show, 181
Essay. Prize, for Research Medal,

153-174
Examinations for N.D.A. and N.D.D.,

Results of, 258, 264
Ermoor Ponies, 42-46
Expanding Horse Hoe, 198
Expenditure and Receipts at Don-
caster Show, xiv
E.rperiment in Mutiial Assurance, An,

149-151
Experiments at Woburn Farm, 297
Extermerite, 282

FARM and Garden Pests, 291
Farm Prize Competitum, 1912, 226-

247
Farming Results during the last Two

Decades. 370
Favus, 291
Feeding- Stuffs, 278
Fencing- at Doncaster Show, 211
Fertilisers, 280

Field Experiments at Woburn, 297
Finance Act, 1912, 137
Financial Statement by Chairman of

Finance Committee, vii

HOG

Foot-and- Mouth Disease, 90-103

Foot-aud-Mouth Disease, 272

— Effect of on Lancashire Milk

Trade, 371
Foot Rot in Sheep, 89
Forest Tree Pests, 289
Forestry Exhibition at Doncaster,

1912, 210-213
French (H. L.), The International

iTistitute of Agriculture, 131-136
Friesland, Milk Records in, 11
Frit-fly in Oats, 291
Fruit Pests, 293

Funds in Trust held by Society, ix
Fung-oid Diseases of Cx-ops, 287

GALL-MIDGE, 294
Garden Pests, 291
Gastritis in Sheep, Parasitic, 353
Gates at Doncaster Show, 211
Gavin (William), The Interpretation

of Milk Records, 153-174
General Meeting, Report of Council
to, December 11, 1912, 248-257 ; Pro-
ceeding-s at, xxxis

— in Showyard, ISO ; Proceedings at,
xxvii

Germany, Milk Records in, 12

Gillespie, Death of Very Rev, Dr.. xx

Glanders, 269

Gloucester Cheese, 25-29

Gold Medal for Agricultural Re-
search, xxxviii, xli

Gout-fly, 291

Governors of the Society, Distribution
of, V

— Deaths during- year, 248, 249

^ Number of, since Establishment of

Society, vi
Grant (W. J.), Caerphilly Cheese, 29-

Grass, Acreas-e under in Yorkshire in
1891 and 1912, 237

— in United Kingdom, 342

— Producer, 280

Grass Land, Treatment of, 73-90
Green, First Prize Farm of Mr.

Arthur, 240
Green. Second Prize Farm of Mr.

Thomas G., 245
Green - manuring Experiments at

Woburn, 304

HALL (A. D.), The Value of Soil
Analyses to the Farmer, 1-9

Hall (Chas. P.), The 'Irials of Corn
and Seed Drills, 1912, 358-365

Hill's Experiments at Woburn Farm,
314

Hives, Honey, &c., at Doncaster
Show. 193

Hogg (W. H.), Farm Prize Com-
petition, 1912, Classes I. and II., 226-
247

Index to Volume 73.

cm

HOM

Home Nurseries Competition, 214-226

Hop Bine. 282

Hops, Estimated Total Production of,
346

Horse Collar and Hames, Combina-
tion, 198

Horse Hoe, Expandino-. 198

Horse-shoeing" Competitions at Don-
caster Show, 193

Horses at Doncaster Show, 181

Horticultural Exhibition at Don-
caster Show, 193

Hunter. Second Prize Farm of Messrs.
T. & W.. 213

IMPORTS of Wood and Timber, 114
1 Inoculation of Leg-uminous Crops,

312
International Institute of Agriculture,

The, 131-136
Interpretation of Milk Records, The,

153-174
Ireland, Milk Records in, 15

JOHNE'S Disease, 87
Judges at Doncaster Show, xlvii

KAPOK Seed, 276
Kent Coniniercial Fruit Slnnc,
The, 146-148
Kidner (Samuel), Devon Cattle, 40-52
Kirke (Margaret), iVi'r^/( Wilts Cheese,
35-37

T ANCASHIRE Milk Trade, Effect
L/ of Foot-aud-Mouth Disease on, 371
Law Cases, Agricultural, 138
Lead Salts on Wheat, Influence of,

324
Leeds University Exhibition at

Doncaster Show, 208
Leguminous Crops, Inoculation of.

312
Lime to Magnesia, Relation of. 325
Linseed 311
List of Council, i
Lithium Salts on Wheat, Influence of,

314
Live Stock in Great Britain, &c..

Number of, 342, 343

— in Yorkshire in 1891 and 1912, 237

— Returns, 340

Local Committee, Thanks to, xxix
Locust Beans, Boiled, 279
Lucerne, Varieties of, 310

MACHIN, First Prize Farm of Mr.
Richard, 228
McFadyean (Sir John), Annual
Report for 1912 of the Principal of
the Royal Veterinar>/ fo/Zi?^/*?, 268-275

— Foot and Mmith Bi'sea.-<e. 9i)-l03
McRow (Thomas), The Doncaster

Show, 1912, 175-194

Magnesia, Relation of Lime to, 325
Manchester, Deputation from, xxxv

— Invitation from, for Show, xxi
Mardon (A. C), E.rnuwr Ponies, 42-46
Marketing of English Timber, 115

— Underwood, 119

Mathews (Ernest), Milk Records, 9-25
Members of Society, Distribution of,

V

— Deaths of, during Year, 248, 249

— Numbers of, since Establishment of
Society, vi

Midland Agricultural College's Ex-
hibit at Doncaster Show, 208

Milk Records, 9-25

Milk Records, Interpretation of, 153-
174

Minutes of Council Meetings in 1912,
xix

Miscellaneous Implements exhibited at
Doncaster, 1912, 195-205

Molasses Mixer, 200

3Ioorland Ponies, 38-46

Mutual Assurance, Experiment in, 149

NATIONAL Diploma, Results of
Examinations for, in Agricul-
ture, 258 ; in Dairying, 264
New Implements, 195-205
North Wilts Cheese, 35-37
JVotes, Oimmunieations and Reriews,

366-373
Nottingham, Deputation from, xxxii

OAK, 114
Oat Feed, 279
Offals, 277
Officials and Judges at Doncaster

Show, xlvii
Officials of the Society, iv
Orwin (C. S.), An Exj)eri)nent in
Mutual Assurance, 149-151

PALMER (T.), Dartmoor Ponies,
38-42

Parasitic Mange, 272

Pea-tbrips, 291, 292

Penberthy (Prof. John), The Treat-
ment of Grass Land ivith a view to
the Elimination (f Disease, 73-90

Perry at Doncaster Show, 191

Petrol Engines, 201, 202

Planks at Doncaster Show, 210

Plantations and Home Nurseries Com-
petitio7i, 1912, 214-226

Pollards, 119

Poplar Longicorn, 290

Potato Diggers, 198

— Disease, 287

Pot Culture Experiments at Woburn

Farm, 314
Poultry at Doncaster Show, 186
President for 1913, 250, xxiii, xlii

— Thanks to, at General Meeting,
xxxi, xlv

CIV

Index to Volume 73.

PKI
Friday (Flora M.), Single and Douhle

Gloucester Chre.se, 25-21)
Frize Essay for Research Medal, 153-

174
Frize List for Bristol Show, 1913, xc
Froceeding-s at General Meeting's in

1912: July 4, xxvii ; December 11,

xxxix
Froduce at Doncaster Show, 189
Froduce of Crops, 344
Froduce Returns for 1912, 340
Frothero (R. E.), '' Engligli, Farming,

Past and Present,'' 369

QUEEN Victoria Gifts Fund, Grant
made by, 257, xxiv

RAINFALL of 1912, The, 354, 355
Rainfall at Woburn, 1912, 314
Rape Seed, 276
Raspberry Beetle, 294

— Bud-moth, 294

— Weevil. 294

Receipts and Expenditure at Don-
caster Show, xiv

Red Water in Cattle, 88

Report of Council to General Meeting-,
December 11, 1912, 248-257

Eejiort of Judges on Plantations and
Home ' Xurseries Cout petition, 1912,
214-226

Report of Referees on Essays for
Research Medal, 152

Report of tlte Departmental Committee
on Buildings tor Small Holdings, 366

Report on the Results of the Examin-
ations in 1912, National Diploma
in Ag-riculture, 258 ; National
Diploma in Dairying-, 264

Research, Medal for Ag-ricultural,
xxxviii, xli

Rice Meal. 278

Road Rollers, 204

Roller Mill Flant, 200

Rotation Experiments at Woburn, 303

Royal Agricultural Society's Exhibit
at Doncaster Show. 206

Royal Veterinary College, Annual
Report for 1912 of the Principal of
the, 268

Rye-g-rass, Varieties of, 311

Silver Medals f orlmplements awarded
at Doncaster Show, 195

Single and Douhle Gloucester Cheeses,
25-28

Soil Analyses, Value of, 1-9

Soot, 282

South Devon Cattle, 53-65

Soya Bean, 311

Spencer (Aubrey J.), Contemporary
Agricultural Law, 137-145

Spiders. 296

Spring- of 1912, The, 350

Standing- Committees, List and Mem-
bers of, iii

Statistics affectinci British Agricultural
Interests, 339-348

Steaming- and Molasses Mixer, 200

Stephenson (James), Warping,\{)^-\\^

'■Stools." 119

Suction Gas Flants, 204, 205

Sud-cake, 281

Sug-ar Beet, 312

Summer of 1912. The, 352

Sunshine of 1912, The, 354

Swine Fever, 270

TAYLOR, The late George, 375
^ Temperature of 1912, The, 354
Thrips, 292
Timber, Imports of, 114

— Future Frice of, 127

— Marketing- of, 115

— Froduction of, 121

Tobacco exhibited at Doncaster Show,

209
Tractors. Daimler, 204

— for Floughs, 203

Treatment of Grass Land with a view
to the J^liniifMtion of Disease, The,
73-90

Tree Guard, 211

Trials of Corn and Seed Drills, 1912,
358-365

Trust Funds held by the Society, ix

Trustees, Election of, xliii

— List of. i
Tuberculosis, 88

Turnip Cutter, Conical, 199

TTNDERWOOD, Marketing of, 119

SAMFLES analysed by Consulting
Chemist, List of, 283
Sawdust, 277
Saw-fly, 293
Scots Fine. 115
Seed Drills. Trials of, 3.58
Seeds, Analyses of, 286
Sheep Scab, 271

Shrewsbury, Deputation from,xx
Silver Leaf, 288

]7'ALUB of Soil Analyses to the

Partner, 1-9
Veterinary Inspectors at Doncaster

Show, xlix
Veterinary Report, Annual, 268-275
Vice-Fresidents, Election of, xliii
— List of, i
Voelcker (Dr. J. A.), Annual Report

for 1912 of the Consulting Chemist,

276-283

Index to Volume 73.

cv

VOE
Voelcker (Dr. J. A.), 'J7ie Wohurn
Ux'jM'rimental Station of the Royal
Aqricultural Society of Enqland.
297-338 •'

WARBURTON (Cecil), Annual
Be port for\'i\2 of the Zoologist,
289-296'
Warping, 104-113
WaBS, First Prize Farm of Mr. Georj-e,

231
Weather of the Past Agricultural

Year, The, 348-357
^Vest Conutrij Cheeses, 25-31
Wheat, Continuous Growingf of, 298
— Varieties of. 'SOU
Whitehead, the late Sir Charles. 374
Winch Grubber. I'.tj
Winter Moth, 293

zoo
Winter of 1911-12. The, 349
Woburn Experimental Station oj the

Boyal Agricultural Society of

England, The, 297-338
Woburn Farm, Rainfall at, 314
VVood, Imports of, 114
Wool at Doncaster Show, 192
Workmen's Compensation Act, Law

Cases under, 138
Wrig-ht, Second Prize Farm of Mr.

CD., 230

YORKSHIRE Council for Ag-ricul-
tural Education Exhibit at Don-
caster Show, 208

ZINC Salts on Wheat, Influence of,
321
Zoologist, Annual Report of. 289-296

*JAS. TmiSCOTT & SOiN, 1/11)., LOMJON.

VOL. 73,

^exxevat "^rir>tfec5c^ of gjoDcrnors a\xb ^ilemBers

FREE ADMISSION TO SHOWS.
The Society holds every year an Exhibition of Live Stock, Farm Produce,
and Implements, to virhich, and to the unreserved portions of the Grand Stands
at the Horse Ring-, Dairy, and elsevphere, Members are entitled to free admission.

REDUCED RATES FOR ENTRIES AT THE ANNUAL SHOW.
Entries of Horses, Cattle, Sheep. Pigs, Poultry, Produce, kc, can be made
by Members at reduced rates. For Implement exhibits the entry-fee of £ 1
payable in addition to the charg-es for space is not charued when a partner of
the firm is a Member of the Society. Firms and Companies may secure these
privileges by the Membership of one or more of their partners.

SOCIETY'S JOURNAL AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS.

Every Member is entitled to receive, without charge, a copy of the Journal
of the Society, each Volume of which contains articles and communications
by leading- authorities on the most important agricultural questions of the day,
together with official reports by the Society's Scientific Advisers and on the
various departments of the Annual Shows, and other interesting features.

Copies of the Journal may be obtained by Non-Members of the Publisher,
Mr. John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, W., at the price of ten shillings
per copy.

Copies of the Society's pamphlets, sold at not less than One Shilling each,
are obtainable by Members at half j) rice on direct application to the Secretary.

LIBRARY AND READING ROOM.
The Society has a large and well-stocked library of standard books on agri-
cultural subjects. A Reading Room is provided, at which the principal
agricultural newspapers and other periodicals can be consulted by Members
during office hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; Saturdays, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.).

CHEMICAL PRIVILEGES.

The Society makes annually a considerable grant from its general funds in
order that Members may obtain at low rates analyses of feeding stufifs^ferti Users,
soils, &c., by the Society's Consulting Chemist (Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker,
Analytical Laboratory, 1 Tudor Street, London, E.G.). Members may also
consult Dr. Voelcker either personally or by letter at a small fee.

VETERINARY PRIVILEGES.
Members can consult the Professors of the Royal Veterinary College,
Camden Town, N.W., at fixed rates of charge, and they have the privilege of
sending Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs to the College Infirmary on the same terms as
subscribers to the College.

BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES.
Reports can be obtained by Members from the Society's Botanist (Professor
R. H. BiPFEN, M.A., School of Agriculture, Cambridge), on the purity and
germinating power of seeds, and on diseases or weeds affecting farm crops,
at a fee of one shilling in each case.

ZOOLOGICAL PRIVILEGES.

Information respecting any animal (quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.)
which, in any stage of its life, affects the farm or rural economy generally,
with suggestions as to methods of prevention and remedy in respect to any
such animal that may be injurious, can be obtained by Members from the
Society's Zoologist (Mr. Cecil Warburton, M.A., School of Agriculture,
Cambridge) at a fee of one shilling in each case.

GENERAL MEETINGS OF GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS.
The Annual General Meeting of Governors and Members is held in London
during the week of the Smithfield Club Show. A General Meeting is usually
also held in the Showyard during the week of the Show.

SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OF GOVERNORS

In addition to the privileges of Members, as described above. Governors are
entitled to an extra copy of each Volume of the Journal, to attend and speak
at all meetings of the Council, and are alone eligible for election as President,
Trustee, and Vice-President. The minimum Annual Subscription of a Governor is jC5,
with a Life Composition of ^£"50.

|^0jjal Agricultural ^orbtg 0f ^nglauti.

STATEMENT

OF

PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP.

CHEMICAL.— Advice to Buyers of Fertilisers and

Feeding" Stuffs ; Analyses ; Sample of Order Form,

&C. (page ii.).
BOTANICAL.— Information on purchase and value

of Seeds and other matters ; Sug-g-estions and

Samples of Order Form (page vii.).
ZOOLOGICAL.— Information on Pests of Farm Crops,

Fruit and Forest Trees, and Domesticated Animals,

&C. (page xi.).

VETERINARY.— Privilegres and Information (pagexii.)

GENERAL PRIVILEGES.

TREE ADMISSION to Show, Grand Stand, &c., and use of Members'

Pavilion in Show Yard.
SOCIETY'S JOURNAL and other Publications.
LIBRARY AND READING ROOM, 16 Bedford Square.

(Open to Members from 10 a.m. to i p.m. ; Saturdays, 10 a.m. to 2 [i.in.)

REDUCED RATES for entry of Live Stock, Implements, Produce,
&c., at Show.

TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION— Governor - - Minimum. £5.

Member - - Minlmuin £1.

LIFE COMPOSITIONS— Governor £50.

Member - - - - . £15

THOMAS McROW,
16 Bedford Square, W.C. Secretary.

Jiinnary, 1913.
Telegraphic Address : " PEACTICE, LONDON." Telephone Number : " GERHARD 307.').'

£2

MEMBERS' PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

(Applicable only to the case of persons who are not commercially
engaged in the manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis.)

THE COUNCIL HAVE FIXED THE FOLLOWING

RATES OF CHARGES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

TO MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

These privileges are applicable only when the Analyses are for bund fide
agi'icultural purposes, and are required by Members of the Society for their
own use and guidance in respect of farms or land in their own occupation and
within the United Kingdom.

The Analyses are given on the understanding that they are required for the
individual and sole benefit of the Member applying for them, and must not be
used for other persons, or for commercial purposes.

The Analyses and reports may not be communicated to either vendor or
manufacturer, except in cases of dispute.

Land or estate agents, bailiffs, and others, when forwarding samples, are
required to state the names of those Members on whose behalf they apply.

£ s. d.
1. — An opinion on the purity of any Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff

(so far as this can be given without detailed analysis) . . 10
2.— Determination of any one ordinary constituent in a Fertiliser

or Feeding Stuff 2 6

3.— Determination of Potash 5 0

4. — Commercial Analysis of any ordinary Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff 5 0

5.— Full Analysis of any compound Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff . 10 0
6.— Analysis of any other material in ordinary use for agricultural

purposes 10 0

7.— Analysis of Milk, Cream, Butter, or other Dairy produce from

Members' own farms 2 6

(N.B. — Samples in any way connected with the Sale of Food and
Drugs Acts are not undertaken for analysis.)

8.— Analysis of Water 1 10 0

9.— Analysis of Soil —determination of Lime only . ... 10 0

10.— Analysis of Soil— partial 10 0

11.— Analysis of Soil— complete 3 0 0

12.— Consultation by letter or personal appointment ... 50

OPINION OF VALUE.

With the analysis ivill be giren, as far us jxissible, an opinion as to
ivhether an article analysed is worth the price asked for it, or iwt,
provided the cost of the same, together with guarantee Qif any) and
other particulars relatiiig to the purchase, be given at the time.

ALL SAMPLES AND COMMUNICATIONS, TOGETHER WITH FEES
FOR ANALYSIS, TO BE ADDRESSED TO—

DR. VOELCKER, Analytical Laboratory,
1, Tudor Street, London, E.C.

Instructions for Selecting and Sending Samples for Analysis.

GENERAL RULES.— (1.) A sample taken for analysis should be fairly representative
of the bulk from which it has been drawn.— (2.) The sample should reach the Analyst
in the same condition that it was in at the time when drawn.

When Fertilisers are delivered in bags, select four or five of these from the bulk,
and either turn them out on a floor and rapidly mis their contents, or else drive a
shovel into each bag and draw out from as near the centre as possible a couple of
shovelfuls of the manure, and mis these quickly on a floor.

Halve the heap obtained in either of these ways, take one half ("rejecting th e other)
and mis again rapidly, flattening down with the shovel any lumps that appear.
Repeat this operation until at last only some three or four pounds are left.

From this fill three tins, holding from Jib. to lib. each, mark, fasten up and seal
each of these. Send one for analysis, and retain the others for reference.

Or, — the manure may bo put into glass bottles provided with well-fitting corks ;
the bottles should be labelled and the corks sealed down. The sample sent for
analysis can be packed in a wooden bos and sent by post or rail.

When manures are delivered in bulk, portions should be successively drawn from
different jiarts of the bulk, the heap being turned over now and again. The portions
drawn should be thoroughly mised, subdivided, and, finally, samples should be taken
as before, escept that when the manure is coarse and bulky It is advisable to send
larger samples than when it is in a finely divided condition.

Linseed, Cotton, and other Feeding Cakes.— If a single cake betaken, three strips
should be broken oft' right across the cake, and from the middle portion of it, one piece
to be sent for analysis, and the other two retained for reference. Each of the three
pieces should be marked, wrapped in paper, fastened up, and sealed. The piece
forwarded for analysis can be sent by post or rail.

A more satisfactory plan is to select four to sis cakes from different parts of the
delivery, then break oft' a piece about four inches wide from the middle of each cake,
and pass these pieces through a cake-breaker. The broken cake should then be well
mixed and three samples of about 1 lb. each should be taken and kept in tins or bags,
duly marked, fastened, and sealed as before. One of these lots should be sent for
analysis, the remaining two being kept for reference. It is advisable also with the
broken pieces to send a small strip from an unbroken cake.

Feeding Meals, Grain, &c.— Handfuls should be drawn from the centre of half a
dozen difl'erent bags of the delivery ; these lots should then be well mixed, and three
i-lb.tins or bags filled from the heap, each being marked, fastened up, and sealed. One
sample is to be forwarded for analysis and the others retained for reference.

Soils.— Have a wooden box made 6 inches in length and width, and from 9 to 12
inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field
a space of al^out 12 inches square ; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, so as to
leave undisturbed a block of soil and its subsoil 9 to 12 inches deep ; trim this block to
make it to fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then
pass a spade under the box and hft it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid,
and send by rail. The soil will then be received in the position in which it is found in
the field.

In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at once
inverted over the soil, forced dowrn by pressure, and then dug out.

Waters.— Samples of water are best sent in glass-stoppered Winchester bottles,
holding half a gallon. One such bottle is sufficient for a single sample. Care should
be taken to have these scrupulously clean. In taking a sample of water for analysis
it is advisable to reject the first portion drawn or pumped, so as to obtain a sample of
the water when in ordinary fiow. The bottle should be rinsed out with the water that
is to be analysed, and it should be flUed nearly to the top. The stopper should be
secured with string, or be tied over with linen or soft leather. The sample can then be
sent carefully packed either in a wooden box with sawdust, &c., or in a hamper with
straw.

Milk.— A pint Ijottle should be sent in a wooden bos.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Time for Taking Samples. -All samples, both of
fertilisers and feeding stuffs, should be taken as soon after their delivery as possible,
and should reach the Analyst within ten dai/s after delivery of tlie article. In every
case it is advisable that the Analyst's certificate be received before a fertiliser is sown
or a feeding stuff is given to stock.

Procedure in the Event of the Vendor wishing Fresh Samples to be Drawn.—

Should a purcliaser find that the Analyst's certificate shows a fertiliser or feeding stuff
not to come up to the guarantee given him, he may inform the vendor of the result
and complain accordingly. He should then send to the vendor one of the two samples
which he has kept for reference. If, however, the vendor should demand that a fresh
sample be drawn, the purchaser must allow this, and also give the vendor an oppor-
tunity of being present, either in person or through a representative whom he may
appoint. In that case three samples should be taken in the presence of both parties
with the same precautions as before described, each of which should be duly packed
up, labelled and sealed by both parties. One of these is to be given to th<' vendor, one
is to be sent to the Analyst, and the third is to be kept by the purchaser for reference
or future analysis if necessary.

Suggestions to Purchasers of Fertilisers aod Feeding Stuffs.

Purchasers are recommended in all cases to insist on havins an INVOICE, and to see that
such invoice contains the following particulars : —
In the case ot Fertilisers :—

(1) The name of the Fertiliser.

(2) Whether the Fertiliser is artificially compounded or not.

(3) The minimum analysis of the Fertiliser in respect of its principal fertHJsing
ingredients.

In the case of artificially prepared Feeding Stuffs for Cattle :—

(1) The name of the article.

(2) The description of the article— whether it has been prepared (a) from one substance
or seed, or (b) from more than one substance or seed.

(li) The percentages of oil and albuminoids guaranteed.

For example :
(a) An invoice describing an article a-s "Linseed Cake" implies a warranty that the
article is pure, i.e., is prepared from linseed only ; "Cotton Cake" (whether
decorticated or undecorticated), and "Rape Cake" (for feeding purposes),
would come under a similar category.
Purchasers are reminded that the use of such terms as "9f< per cejit.," " Oil Gike." ifcc,
affords no security againxt adulteration. The adoption of the ORDER FORM issued
by the Society is therefore strotigly reeom mended.
(fe) In the case of a Compound Cake or Feeding Stuff, a Vendor is compelled by the
FertiUsers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1906 to state the percentages of oil
and albuminoids guaranteed, and that it is prepared from more than one
substance, but he is not required to specify the particular materials used
in its preparation. Purchasers are recommended, therefore, to buy Mixed
Feeding Cakes, Meals, &e., with a guaranteed analysis. Any statements in
the invoice as to the component parts of such Mixed Cake or Meal will
take effect as a warranty, as also will any statements in an invoice, circular,
or advertisement as to the percentages of nutritive and other ingredients in
any article sold for use as food for cattle.
Members of the Society are strongly recommended not only to see that the invoices
given to them accurately describe the goods they have ordered, but to make aU their orders
subject to the Atialpsis and Report of the Consulting Chemist of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England. Copies of a Form of Order (see page v, ) for this purpose may be obtained on
application to the Secretary.

Attention is particularly directed to the recommendations below as to the qualities of
Fertilisers and Feeding StuJEfs which purchasers should demand.

Conditions of Purchase and Sale.

FERTILISERS.

Raw Bones, Bone-meal, or Bone-dust to be guaranteed "PORE," and to contain not less
than 4.5 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 4 per cent, of Ammonia.

Steamed or " Oegelatinized " Bones to be guaranteed "PURE." and to contain not less than
55 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 1 per cent, of Ammonia.

(Mineral Superphosphate of Lime to be guaranteed to contain a certain percentage of
" Soluble Phosphate." [From 25 to 28 per cent, of Soluble Phosphate is an ordinarily good
quality]

Dissolved Bones to be guaranteed to be "made from raw bone and acid only," and to be
sold as containing stated minimum percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates,
and Ammonia.

Compound Artificial Manures, Bone Manures, Bone Compounds, So., to be sold by analysis
stating the minimum percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates, and.
Ammonia contained.

Basic Slag to be guaranteed to be sufQciently finely ground that 80 to 90 per cent,
passes through a sieve having 10,000 meshes to the square inch, and to contain a certain
percentage of Phosphoric Acid or its equivalent in Phosphate of Lime. [The highest grades
range from 17 to 20 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid ; medium grades 14 to 16 per cent. ; and
low grades from 10 to 12 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid.]

Peruvian Guano to be described by that name, and to be sold by analysis stating the
minimum percentages of Phosphates and Ammonia.

Sulphate of Ammonia to be guaranteed " PUKE," and to contain not less than 24 per cent,
of .\miuonia.

Nitrate of Soda to be guaranteed " PURE," and to contain 95 per cent, of Nitrate of Soda.
Kainit to be guaranteed to contain 23 per cent, of Sulphate of Potash.
All Fertilisers to be delivered in good and suitable condition for sowing.

FEEDING STUFFS.

Linseed Cake, Cotton Cake (Decorticated and Undecorticated), and Rape'Cake (lor feeding
purposes) to be pure, i.e., prepared only from the one kind of seed from which their name
is derived ; and to be in sound condition. The percentages of oil and albuminoids
guaranteed must also be stated. The Report of the Consulting Chemist of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England to be conclusive as to the "purity" or otherwise of any
feeding stuffs.

Mixed Feeding Cakes, Meals, &o., to be sold on a guaranteed analysis, giving the per-
centages of oil and albuminoids, to be sound in condition, and to contain nothing of an
injurious nature, or ingredients that are worthless for feeding purposes.

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CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE AND SALE.

FERTILISERS.

Raw Bones, Bone-meal, or Bone-dust to be guaranteed "pure," and
to contain not less than 45 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not
less than 4 per cent, of Ammonia.

Steamed or " Degelatinized " Bones to be guaranteed " pure," and
to coiitain not less than 55 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not
less than 1 per cent, of Ammonia.

Mineral Superphosphate of Lime to be guaranteed to contain a
certain percentage of " Soluble Phosphate." [Fi'om 25 to 28 per cent,
of Soluble Phosphate is an ordinarily good quality.]

Dissolved Bones to be guaranteed to be "made from raw bone
and acid only," and to be sold as containing stated minimum per-
centages of Soluble Phosphate, Lisoluble Phosphates, and Ammonia.

Compound Artificial Manures, Bone Manures, Bone Compounds, &c.,
to be sold by analysis stating the minimum jjercentages of Soluble
Phosphate, L:isoluble Phosphates, and Ammonia contained.

Basic Slag to be guaranteed to be suflQciently finely ground that 80
to 90 per cent, passes through a sieve having 10,000 meshes to the
square inch, and to contain a certain percentage of Phosphoric Acid
or its equivalent in Phosphate of Lime. [The highest grades range
from 17 to 20 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid ; medium grades 14 to 16
per cent.; and low grades from 10 to 12 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid.]

Peruvian Guano to be described by that name, and to be sold by
analysis stating the ininimum percentages of Phosphates and Ammonia.

Sulphate of Ammonia to be guaranteed " pure," and to contain not
less than 24 per cent, of Ammonia.

Nitrate of Soda to be guaranteed " pure," and to contain 95 per
cent. Nitrate of Soda.

Kainit to be guaranteed to contain 23 per cent, of Sulphate of Potash.

All Fertilisers to be delivered in good and suitable condition for
sowing.

FEEDING STUFFS.

Linseed cake. Cotton cake (Decorticated and Undecorticated), and
Rape cake (for feeding purposes) to be pure, i.e., prepared only from
the one kind of seed from which their name is derived ; and to be
in sound condition. The percentages of oil and albuminoids guaran-
teed must also be stated. The Report of the Consulting Chemist of
the Royal Agricultural Society of England to be conclusive as to
the "purity" or otherwise of any feeding stuffs.

Mixed Feeding-cakes, Meals, &c., to be sold on a guaranteed
analysis, giving the percentages of oil and albuminoids, to be in
sound condition, and to contain nothing of an injurious nature,
or ingredients that are worthless for feeding purposes.

MEMBERS' BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES.

THE COUNCIL HAVK FIXED THE FOLLOWING

RATES OF CHARGES FOR THE EXAMINATION
OF PLANTS AND SEEDS

BY THE SOCIETY'S BOTANIST.

The charge for examination must be paid at the time of apjilication, anil the

carriage- of all parcels must be prepaid. When, however, bond fide inquiries

require no special investigation the fees will be returned with the reply.

I. — Report on the purity and germinating capacity of samples
of agricultural seeds, with a statement as to the nature
and amount of the impurities or adulterants present . 1^.

2. — Report on the constitution of mixtures of grass seeds and
an opinion as to their suitability for temporary leys,
permanent pastures, &c. ...... I5.

3. — Identification of weeds and poisonous plants with sug=

gestions for their eradication . . . . . \s.

4. — Report on the fungoid diseases affecting farm crops, with
an account of the methods suitable for their treatment,
where known ........ Is.

5. — Report on the natural herbage of a district as a guide to

the formation of permanent pastures . . . . \s.

6. — Report on the suitability or otherwise of the different
varieties of the chief farm crops for local conditions
(where the information is available), stating their average
cropping capacity as compared with other varieties, their
quality, power of resistance to various diseases, and
general purity to type ...... Is.

7. — Reports on any other matters of a botanical nature of

interest to agriculturists . . . . . .Is.

PURCHASE OF SEEDS.

The purchaser should obtain from the vendor, by invoice or other writing-,
the proper designation of the seeds he buys, with a guarantee of the percentage
of purity and germination, and of its freedom from ergot, and, in the case of
clover, from the seeds of dodder and broom-rape.

Copies of the "Order Form and Conditions of Purchase and Sale of Seeds"
(see page ix) may be obtained by Members on application to the Secretary, at
16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.

VT?

MEMBERS' BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES (continued).

THE SAMPLING OF SEEDS.

The utmost care should be taken to secure a fair and honest sample. This
should be drawn from the bulk delivered to the purchaser, and not from the
sample sent by the vendor.

When le^ral evidence is required, the sample should be taken from the bulk,
and placed in a sealed bag' in the presence of a witness. Care should be taken
that the sample and bulk be not tampered with after delivery, or mixed or
brought in contact with any other sample or bulk.

At least one ounce of grass and other small seeds should be sent, and two
ounces of cereals and the larger seeds. WTien the bulk is obviously impure,
the sample should be at least double the amount specified. Grass seeds should
be sent at least four weeks, and seeds of clover and cereals two weeks before
they are to be used.

The exact name under which the sample has been sold and analysed
should accompany it.

REPORTING THE RESULTS.

The Report will be made on a schedule in which the nature and amount of
impurities will be stated, and the number of days each sample has been under
test, with the percentage of the seeds which have germinated.

" Hard " clover seeds, though not germinating within the time stated, will
be considered good seeds, and their percentage separately stated.

The impurities in the sample, including the chaff of the species tested, will
be specified in the schedule, and only the percentage of the pure seed of that
species will be reported upon ; but the REAL VALUE of the sample will be
stated. The Real Value is the combined percentages of purity and germina-
tion, and is obtained by multiplying these percentages and dividing by 100 ;
thus in a sample of Meadow Fescue having 88 per cent, purity and 9.5 per cent,
germination, 88 multiplied by 95 gives 8,.%0, and this divided by 100 gives 83"6,
the Real Value.

SELECTING SPECIMENS OF PLANTS.

When a specimen is sent for determination, the whole plant should be
taken up and the earth shaken from the roots. If possible, the plants must be
in flower or fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm
paper parcel.

Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as
possible. They should be placed in a bottle, or packed in tinfoil or oil-silk.

All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of
the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation,
&c.) which, in the opinio i of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the
inquiry.

PARCELS OR LETTERS CONTAINING SEEDS OR PLANTS FOR

EXAMINATION MUST BE ADDRESSED (CARRIAGE OR POSTAGE

PREPAID) TO-

PROFESSOR R. H. BIFFEN, M.A.,
School of Agriculture, Cambridge.

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., 90 per cent.
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98 per cent.
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per cent, of fruits, each
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Timothy

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MEMBERS' ZOOLOGICAL PRIVILEGES.

The Council have fixed the charge of Is. for information to be
supplied, by the Society's Zoologist, respecting any injurious (animal,
quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.) pests.

(1) FARM CROPS.

All the ordinary farm crops are siibject to numerous pests, some attacking'
the roots, some the leaves, others the stem or the blossom. The first necessity
is the accurate identification of the pest in any case, for a knowledjfe of its
life-history often suggests a method of dealing' with it.

(2) FRUIT TREES.

There are a g-reat number of orchard and bush-fruit pests. Some (codlin
moth, pear-midg-e, &c.) attack the fruit; others (red-spider, aphis, caterijillars,
&;c.) the leaves ; others (woolly aphis, boring- beetles. &c.) the stem. Informa-
tion will be g-iven as to the identity of any pest and the best way of combating'
it.

(3) FOREST TREES.

Advice will be given with, regard to the treatment of forest-tree pests, in
plantations, nursery gardens, or ornamental grounds. Such pests may attack
the trunks (beech-scale, boring insects, &c.), the leaves (caterpillars aphis, &c.),
or the roots (cockchafer, grubs, &c., in young plantations).

(4) DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Animal parasites, whether external or internal, may be sent for identification
and advice. They include worms, fly-maggots, ticks, lice, &c., and many well-
known diseases (warbles, gapes, &c.) are due to them.

Diseases of animals due to other causes should be referred to the Veterinary
Department.

N.B. — It is very important that specimens should reach the Zoologist
fresh and in good condition. It is often impossible to determine the
cause of injury in the case of crushed and shrivelled material. Tin boxes
should be used, and some damp blotting-paper inserted to prevent undue
drying. In the case of root-pests, the root should be sent with its
surrounding soil.

PARCELS OR LETTERS CONTAINING SPECIMENS (CARRIAGE OR
POSTAGE PAID) MUST BE ADDRESSED TO—

Mr. CECIL WARBURTON, M.A.,
School of Agriculture, Cambridge.

MEMBERS' VETERINARY PRIVILEGES.

In order to enable Members to obtain the highest possible Veterinary advice
when the necessity arises, the Society has entered into an agreement with the
Royal Veterinary College, under which diseased animals may be admitted to the
College infirmary for treatment, and the Professors of the College may be con-
sulted or called upon to investigate outbreaks of disease at greatly reduced fees.

1.— ADMISSION OF SICK OR DISEASED ANIMALS TO THE ROYAL

VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Members of the Society have all the privilegres of subscribers to the Royal
Veterinary CoUeg-e, Camden Town, N.W., so far as the admission for treatment
of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine is concerned, without beino- called upon to pay the
annual subscription to the Colleg-e of two g'uineas. The charges made by the
Colleg-e for keep and treatment are as follows :— Cattle, lOs. Sd., and Sheep and
Pigs, 3.S-. 6d. per week for each animal.

The full privilegres of subscribers, including- the examination of horses,
and the admission of horses and dogs into the College Infirmary for surgical or
medical treatment, on payment of the cost of keep, will be accorded to
Members of the Society on payment of a subscription to the Colleg-e of one
guinea instead of two g-uineas per annum.

II.— FEES FOR CONSULTATIONS, ANALYSES, AND EXAMINATIONS
AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The following fees are payable by Members of the Society for services
performed at the Royal Veterinary College on their behalf in cases where a
visit to the locality is not involved : —

£ s. d.
Personal consultation with a Veterinary Professor . . . 10 G

Consultation by letter 10 6

Post-mortem examination of an animal and report thereon .110
Chemical Examination of viscera for any specified metallic

poison 10 6

Chemical Examination of viscera for metallic poisons .10 0

Chemical Examination of viscera for vegetable poisons .10 0

Chemical Examination of viscera complete, for metals and

alkaloids 200

(The above fees do not apply to cases which involve a visit to the locality.)

III.— INVESTIGATION OF OUTBREAKS OF DISEASE AMONG

FARM STOCK.

In the event of any obscure outbreak of disease among Cattle, Sheep,
or Swine occurring on the farm of any Member of the Society, application
should at once be made to the Principal of the Royal Veterinary
College, Camden Town, London, N.W.

The Principal will then instruct an oflBcer of the College to inquire into
the outbreak and report to him. He will also fix the amount of remuneration
to be paid to the Inspector, whose professional fee will in no case exceed two
guineas per day, exclusive of the actual cost of travelling and maintenance.

When it appears, on the report of the Inspector selected, that the outbreak
was of an important character or of general interest, the cost of the investiga-
tion will be defrayed by the Royal Veterinary College.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY.

Now published annually as an Annual Volume in paper covers of about 500 pages. Free
to Members ; Price to Non-Members, Ten Shillings.

TEXT-BOOK ON AGRICULTURE.

ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE: a Text-book prepared under the authority of the Boyal
Agricultural Society of England by the late W. FREAM, LL.D. Eighth (Revised and
Enlarged) Edition (44th Thousand), edited by J. R. AINSWORTH-DAVIS M.A. 692 pp.
■with 3H3 Illustrations. 1911. Price 5s. nott, bound in cloth,
FARM ACCOUNT BOOKS.

No. I, A DIARY, combining Cash Account with daily record of Farm Transactions, Price 4s.

No. Z, A FARM ACCOUNT BOOK, showing payments and receipts, and supplying a form of
Annual Balance Sheet, Price 5s, 6rf. Published for the Society and sold by Messrs.
FORSTER, Groom & Co., Ltd., 15 Charing Cross, London, S,W.

PAMPHLETS.

Veterinary Pamphlets by Professor Sir George Brown, C,B.:
DENTITION AS INDICATIVE OF THE AGE OF FARM ANIMALS. Sixth Edition (1913). 64 pp.

With 60 Illustrations, Price Is.
ANIMALS OF THE FARM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 72 pp. With 52 lUustrations. Fourth

Edition (1909). Price Is.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE HORSE'S FOOT AND THE PRINCIPLES OF SHOEING. 23 pp.

Fourth and Enlarged Edition (1902). With 12 Illustrations. Price 6d.
CONTAGIOUS FOOT ROT OF SHEEP. Second and Enlarged Edition (1905). 24 pp. With

8 Illustrations. Price Is.

OTHER Veterinary Pamphlets :
THE MARE AND FOAL. By Professor J. WORTLEY AXE, M,R,C.V.S. 58 pp. With 20

Illustrations. Second Edition (1909). Price Is.
THE LAMBING PEN. By HAROLD LEENEY. 2nd Ed. (1907). 37pp. With 9 Illustrations. Price6rf.
TUBERCULOSIS AS REGARDS HEREDITY IN CAUSATION AND ELIMINATION FROM INFECTED

HERDS. BvPROFESSORSirJohnMcFadyean.M.B.. B.Sc, CM. (1911). 19 pp. Price Is.
Pamphlets by Mr. Charles Whitehead, F,L,S., F.Q,S,:
PRACTICAL HINTS ON FRUIT FARMING. (1904). With 10 Dlustrations. 43 pp. Price Is.
HOP CULTIVATION. With 13 Illustrations (1893). 46 pp. Price Is,

Dairy Pamphlets :

(Issued under the authority of the Dairy Committee of the Societi/.)

THE PRACTICE OF (a) CHEDDAR, (b) CHESHIRE, AND (c) STILTON CHEESE-MAKING.

Price 2d. each,
SIMPLE RULES FOR BUTTER-MAKING. Revised, 1907. (Sheet.) Price W. each, or 5s. per 100.

Mounted on card and varnished, to hang up in the Dairy, 6d. each.
RECIPES FOR MAKING CREAM AND SOFT CHEESES. Price Id.

OTHT^'TI T*ATVfPT-TT T"TS *

THE VALUATION OF UNEXHAUSTED MANURES OBTAINED BY THE CONSUMPTION OF FOODS
BY STOCK. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D., and A. D. HALL, M.A.

With 3 Diagrams (1903). 41pp. Price Is.

PRACTICAL HINTS ON VEGETABLE FARMING. By JAMES UDALE (1904). With 15 lUustra-
tions, 41 pp. Price Is,

TABLES FOR ESTIMATING DEAD WEIGHT AND VALUE OF CATTLE FROM LIVE WEIGHT.

Bv Sir JOHN B, Lawes, Bart, F,R,S, Price Is,
THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A,, B,Sc., Ph,D, Annual Reports on Field, Feeding,

and Pot-culture Experiments (1899-1910). Price Is, each,
REPORT ON THE WOBURN POT-CULTURE STATION. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M,A.,

B.Sc, Ph.D. With 17 Illustrations (1900). 52 pp. Price 2s. 6(i.
THE MAKING OF THE LAND IN ENGLAND. By ALBERT PELL. (1899). 27 pp. Price 6(i.
THE MANAGEMENT AND PLANTING OF BRITISH WOODLANDS. By Professor CHARLES E.

CURTIS, F.S.L( 1904 ». With 6 Illustrations, .36 pp. Price Is,
THE CONVERSION OF HOME-GROWN TIMBER. By ROBERT ANDERSON, F,S.L (1904). With

4 Illustrations. 28 pp. Price Is.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. By CECIL WARBURTON, M.A., F.Z.S. (1904).

With 7 Illustrations. 16 pp. Price Is.
ORCHARD AND BUSH-FRUIT PESTS AND HOW TO COMBAT THEM. By CECIL WARBURTON,

M.A., F.Z.S. With 12 Illustrations. Second Edition (1910). 20 pp. Price 6rf.
THE DRYING OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., B.Sc, Ph.D.

With 4 Illustrations (1897). 23 pp. Price 3(1
COTTAGE SANITATION IN RURAL DISTRICTS. By H. MACLEAN WILSON, M.D., B.Sc With

a Preface by T. Pridgin TEALE, F.R.S. Second and Enlarged Edition. 32 pp. 12

Illustrations (1896). Price 3cf. per copy ; 2s. per doz.: 12.s. 6rf. per 100.
TTie above can he obtained at the Society s House, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., through any
bookseller, or of Mr. JOHN MURRAY, 50a Albemarle Street, W.

Copies of pamphlets sold at not less than One Shilling each are obtainable by Members of the
Society at half-price on direct application to the Secretary.

COLOURED DIAGRAMS.

(Obtainable from Messrs.W. & A.K.Johnston, Ltd..& Paternoster Buildings. E.C., and Edinburgh.)

TWENTY-SIX DIAGRAMS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS. Drawn from Nature by the late Miss
GEORGIANA E. ORMEROD, in conjunction with the late Miss ELEANOR A, ORMEROD,
F.R,Met,Soc, Arranged in Five Sets, comprising (1) Common Insect Attacks; (2)
Insects affecting Corn Crops and Grass ; (3) Insects affecting Fruit Crops ; (4) Insects
affecting Roots and Gardens ; (5) Insects affecting Trees. Price 6s. per set for Nos, 1,
2, and 4, and 7s, per set for Nos. 3 and 5. Varnished and mounted on canvas, with
rollers, price 10s. and 12s. per set. Single diagrams, price Is. Od. each, or 2s. 6(i. mounted,

EIGHT DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE WHEAT PLANT (after FRANCIS
BAUER). With Explanatory Pamphlet by W. CARRUTHERS, F,R,S. Price (in-
cluding Pamphlet) lOs, per Set of Eight Diagrams.

THE POTATO DISEASE. By W. CABRUTHEKS; F.R.S. Price Is.

XIII

EIGHTH EDITION
(FORTY=FOURTH THOUSAND)

OF

Elements of Agriculture

JL x EXT- book:

PREPAKED CN'DER THE AUTHORITY OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

By W. FREAM, LL.D.

REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION,

EDITED BY

J. R. AINSWORTH-DAVIS, M.A. (Trin. Coll., Camb.),

Principal of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and Professor of Natural
History in the University of Bristol.

CONTENTS.

PART I.— THE SOIL.

1. Formation of Soil.

2. Composition and Classification of Soils.

3. Physical Properties of Soils.

4. Sources of Loss and Gain to Soils.

5. Improvement of Soils.

6. Agricultural Implements.

7. Tillage.

8. Manures and Manuring.

PART IL— THE PLANT.

9. Seeds and their Germination.

10 & 11. Structure and Functions of Plants.

12. Cultivated Plants.

13. Weeds.

14. Selection of Seeds.

15. Grass Land and its Management.

16. Farm Crops.

17. Hardy Fruit Culture.

18. Fungus Pests.

PART III.— THE ANIMAL.

19. Structure and Functions of Farm Animals.

20. Composition of the Animal Body.

21. Foods and Feeding.

22. Principles of Breeding.

23. Horses: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.
•• 24. Cattle: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.

25. Sheep: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.

26. Pigs: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.

27. The Fattening of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs.

28. Dairying.

29. Poultry and Poultry Keeping.

30. Harmful and Beneficial Animals.
Index.

Ot all Booksellers.

692 PAGES, WITH 333 ILLUSTRATIONS.

Price FIVE SHILLINGS NETT, bound in cloth.

LONDON : .JOHN MURRAY, 50a ALBEMARLE STREET, W.

[This Form, when filled up, should be forwarded to the Secretary of the Society at
16, Bedford Square, London, W.C.]

Royal JIgriculturai Society of eitdlanl

FORM OF A-PPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP.

of

County in which l
Residence is Situated/

•or
Governor f,„, desirous of hecom'mg a Member'-^ of the "^O^aC JlgrtCUCfUVaf

^OCtctt> of ^ngCcttt6, and engage, when elected^ to pay the Amiual

Subscription of £-\

ami to conform to the Rules and Regulations of the Society until the
termimition of the year i>i which I shall withdraio from it by notice, in
writing, to the Secretary.

(^Signature)

Date

Nominated by ,

Elected at the. Council Meeting held on.

Secretary.

t The Council trust that all Members who are disposed to give a larger annual
Subscription than the minimum of £1 prescribed by the By-laws will be kind enough
to do so, in order that the Society's operations may be maintained.

THE SECRETARY,
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND,
16 BEDFORD SQUARE,

LONDON, W.C.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

1031 MILES

IN ONE HOUR

at Brooklands, on February 15th.

This historic feat was accomplished
by a 25 h,p.

^iyInvincibi^^

TaebqT

A car that can survive this phenomenal
ordeal will take you up the stiffest hills
without faltering, and reveal an enduring
disregard for arduous service.

We have published a Souvenir Album, illustrating the 50
miles World's Record Run of the 25 h.p. Talbot at
Brooklands on February 8th. Write for a Free Copy.

CLEMENT TALBOT, Limited,

AUTOMOBII.K MANUFAC-TL'RERS &, ENGINrKRS,

RARLBY ROAD, LONDON, >V.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

IBI^SICZZZI]

^E

3F==1E1I

OOPERS DIP

HAS AGAIN BEATEN ALL
PREVIOUS RECORDS

In all climates and in all countries it has been for 70 YEARS

THE LEADr

P

THE TEST OF TIME

"We have used your Dip for over
50 YEARS, and shall continue to do
so until we find something better."

T. & S. J. SIMON,

Tern HIM, Market Drayton.

Sales sufficient to Dip over 260,000,000 Sheep Annually

Coopers Fluid

A splendid remedy for MANGE
and RINGWORM,

An effective CATTLE WASH for improving

the COAT, and a

Valuable DISINFECTANT for general use on

the Farm.

OF AGENTS EVERYWHERE

Sole Manufacturers,

WILLIAM COOPER & NEPHEWS, BERKHAMSTED.
r=^r=i;r==ii ir==ini

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Now awarded

30 GOLD & SILVER MEDALS.

Every Geimiue "FOUR OAKS"

Machine bears our Kegistered

Triide Mark.

Be\v;ir6 of inferior imitations

which, though possibly cheaper,

are wortliless and costly in the

end.

Tli^

' FOUR OAKS " machines

are relinble.

The "FOUR OAKS"

RELIABLE GOLD MEDAL

Spraying & Limewashing Machines.

Awarded PREMIER Honours at ail the
leading Sliows.

Latest Successes ! Two Qoid and Two Silver
Medals, Hexham Great Fruit Congress, Oct. 1910.

Between two and three hundred
square feet of surface can be
— Hmewashed in five minutes. —

These Machines are suitable for

Spraying and Limewashing

of every description

Invaluable not
only lor
Limewashing
Buildings, but
for Spraying
Cattle and Sheep
for Fly, Fruit
Trees forlnseet
Pests
&c.

Save

their

coat in

one

week,

and do

the

work

better.

The " ROYAL" Pattern. £3 18 6.

No Farmer, Cowkeeper, Dairy-
man. &c.. can afford to be without
one of these machines.

The " FOUR OAKS " machines
have powerful pumps giving: plenty
of force behind the Spray, which
ensures penetration of the fluid
into all the minute cracks and
crevices where disease and pests
breed, and which cannot be
reached by a brush. The " DAIRYMAN " Pattein. £2 17 6.

The "FARMER," a cheaper Pattern. £1 19 6.
(•" A customer writes :—" With one of your machines I have completed my whitewashing,
which usually t;ikes 3 davs. in li hours, and the work is done better."

Sole Patentees and Manufacturers :

The "FOUR OAKS" Spraying Machine Co.,

Spraying Specialists, No. 44, SUTTON COLDFIELD, BIRMINGHAM.

Complete Catalogues free on application.

ADVEHTISEMENTS.

BUFFALO BRAND BINDER TWINE

Holds the Field!'

FOR LENGTH.

FOR STRENGTH.

FOR SMOOTHNESS.

FOR MODERATE PRICE.

T^HIS is not merely the opinion of the Manufacturers, but it is
the actual experience of thousands of farmers at Home and
Abroad who have used it regularly every season for many years past,
and who will not have any other.

Q It is packed in flat i cwt. bales with
a single band running up the centre.

Q It is always on view at the Royal
and other principal Shows.

Q It is stocked by the leading
Implement Agents and Wholesale
Dealers, and it is always there
when you want it.

If you cannot procure it from your local Dealer write us, and we
shall tell you where to get it.

Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers :

Dixon & Corbittand R. S. Newall & Co.,

Ltd.,

Teams Rope & Twine Works, QATESHEAD=ON=TYNE.

We are also old established Manufacturers of —

HEMP AND WIRE ROPES

of every description and for all purposes.

AD VERTISEMENTS.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CIRENCESTER.

Founded 1845. - - Reorganised i9o8.
Associated with the University of Bristol, i9io.

patron :-H.M. KING GEORGE V.

tfftauman:— LORD MORETON.

Firf=Cf)airman : -EARL BATHURST, C.M.G.

I^niirtpal:— PROF. J. R. AINSWORTH-DAVIS, M.A.

FOR LAND OWNERS, LAND AGENTS, SURVEYORS,
AGRICULTURISTS, INTENDING COLONISTS, &c.

CHIEF SUBJECTS Agriculture (College Holding 50 acres, College
Farm 500 acres, Dairy, Poultry) ; Forestry (Earl Bathurst's Woods of
3,000 acres, Forest Garden of 10 acres) ; Estate Management. Degree and
Diploma Courses ; Special Colonial Course of one year ; Special Year's
Course for older students (Retired Army and Navy Officers and members
of Civil Service, &c.)

The College is the officially recognised Advisory Centre in
Forestry for the Counties of Comwall, Devon, Somerset, Glos.,
Wilts., Glamorgan. Monmouth. Hereford and Worcestershire.

CIRENCESTER IS 2 TO 2] HOURS FROM PADDINGTON.

The COLLEGE YEAR begins in October.

For details apply to the PRINCIPAL.

AD VERTISEMENTS.

MANN'S PATENT

STEAM CART & WAGON Co.,

LTD.
Pepper Road Works,

HUNSLET, LEEDS.

London Office : 9, FENCHURCH AVENUE, E.G.

AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR for Ploughing, Threshing,
Reaping. Road Haulage, &c.

ALSO

FOR CARRYING 2, 3, & 5 TONS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Shear Your Sheep
by Machinery

and get
IVTORC ^WOOL, in better condition,
]VIOI^£: IMLONEY, with less labour.

The BEST Sheep-Shearing Machine yet
invented is the

STEWART No. 9

SHEARING MACHINE.

It clips closely, evenly and safely. It ia ma'^e entirely of metal, runs on
ball-bearings throughout and is light and portable, strong and durable.

The gears being protected from dust and dirt, and working in an oil bath,
there is practically no friction or wear. A man and boy of little experience
can shear over 100 sheep per day.

PPIP** ^71 fi Complete with four sets of combs and
I IL/C '*tj\J cutters, packed free and carriage paid.

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.

HEAVY OP LIGHT WORK— You will always
get the best out of a well-clipped horse

And you couldn't have a
better Clipper than the

STEWART No. 1

HORSE CLIPPER.

There is no machine in the world which clips so well, so
easily, or so simply, as the "Stewart No. 1." Over 38,000
useris in the United Kingdom iilone can testify to this.

Whole of the gearing enclosed in dust-proof
box, all gears cut from solid metal (not cast)
and wearing parts made file hard. Driving
mechanism guaranteed for twenty years.
Mechanism runs (jh Ball Bearings.

WRITE FOR DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
326

Price
complett

delivered by your
dealer, or direct.

THE COOPER-STEWART ENGINEERING Co., Ltd.,
11, Broad Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

8

ADVERTISEMENTS.

■
■

u

8 «. 2 S

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0

FERENC
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IN
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FOR STEAM CULTIV

COMOTIVES, TRACTION ENGII

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(0
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OVER HALF

A
CENTURY'S
PRACTICAL

EXPERIENCE.

ADVERTISEMENT'S.

ARNOLD & SONS.

ENEMA SYRINGES, for Horses, Cattle, &c.

1 pint. i pint. 1 pint. 1 quart

5 6 7/6 9/- and 10/6 13/6 and 15/-

Best quality, with pipe to fit into piston rod

Ipint. ipint. ipint 'l quart.

7/6 9/6 11/6 19/6

COPPER BULL RINGS.

Thin ... eat'h 9d. Stout ... ench 1/-
percloz. 8'6 ,. per doz. 11/-

COPPER BULL RINGS.

Self Piercing each 1 9

per doz. 20, -

Stout, Self Piercing

ALUMINIUM BULL RINGS.

each 1/6

per do/.. 1 7/

PIG SHEtF

■iii"'i'"'i 'n'"4'-M-B^'^^f^^^^^J^^

D

«RNOI.n a SONS PATIENT. LONDON

The Animals Thermometer (Patented), suggested by Professor Hobday, in Nickel-pl.ated Case 2 6
The Animals Thermometer (Patented), suggested by Professor Hobday, in Nickel-plated Case

with Magnifying Index ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 a

K^ol6""]>" ^6>is Loribof*'

MILKING^TUBE, with Rings tor Cow's Teats,

each 1- ; per doz. 10/6

MILKING TUBE. Self Retahiing, each 1/3 ; per doz. 13/6

MILKING TUBE, with Side Branch, each 1/6 : per doz. 16'6

VRPSOT.D & SOIVS,"

Glltspur Street, LONDON, E.G.

ETERINARY INSTRUMENT
. . MANUFACTURERS,

Teharaphic Address: "INSTRUMENTS," London.

ESTABLISHED 1819.

10 ADVERTISEMENTS.

The quickest, most humane, and satis=
factory way of slaughtering your
farm stock, large or small, is by
using the —

HUMANE KILLER

OR

CAPTIVE BOLT PISTOL.

Over 1,000 now in daily use in public and private
slaughter houses and knacker's yards.

©

Write for illustrated Booklet, containing description,

directions and testimonials, which will be sent gratis

on application to —

The Secretary, R.S.P.C.A.,

105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.

ADVKRTISEMENTS. U

The BEST BOOK fof every Agricultofalist.

ENCYCLOP>EDIA
OF THE FARM

By the Most Eminent Authorities

AND CONTAINING OVER 5(K» ILLUSTRATIONS.

2 Large Volumes, Handsomely Bound.
Price 15\' each. Carriage Paid.

The most complete and reliable work in existence on the
subject of Agriculture, prefaced by a valuable Calendar of
Operations from January to December.

PRESS NOTICES.

'•There is not a farmer in the country who might not gather valuable hints
which ought to be convertible into actual monetary gain. The volumes are a
welcome addition to any library in the land." — Farm Life.

" Everything will appear to the practical man in search of knowledge." —
The North British Agriculturali.st.

"In two massive volumes there is bmught together a great amount of in-
formation. The articles are by recognised authorities on the subjects, and all
of them may be consulted with assurance." — Banffshire Journal.

" These volumes are a mine of information ; the contributors include pro-
fessors and men of practice, whose knowledge is honoured and profound.
An excellent investment." — The Bnral World.

"Containing, in a readily accessible form, all the information likely to be of
service to all interested in land." — The Publisher.^' Circular.

" A vast amount of highly authoritative information ; factors, farmers, land-
lords, and others would be well advised to get possession of these volumes." —
The Aberdeen Duilij Journal.

" Is one of the most complete works of its kind now on the market. The
two volumes are fountains of knowledge." — Iri.sh Farming World.

"A valuable addition to the farm book shelves, and of great service to
students and to young men who are embarking in farming." — 2'he Dundee
Advertiser.

" Herein we have the ripened experience of the best experimenters, scien-
tists, chemists, agi'iculturists, professors, demonstrators, principals, lawyers,
horticulturists, each dealing lucidly and definitely with the subjects for
which they are pre-eminent in the schools of farming.'' — The Dairy.

"Packed with useful ani; up-to-date information — a guide that cannot fail
to serve." — The Extatex Gazette.

WILLIAM GREEN & SONS,

PUBLISHERS.
EDINBURGH : 2 and 4, St. Giles Street.
LONDON : Temple Bar House, 23, Fleet Street, E.G.

And all Booksellers,

12

ADVERTISEMENTS.

NEW^

ZEALAND

Wants Farmers.

This Fine Country, situated in the Southern
Hemisphere, is as large as Great Britain, but
has a population of only one million persons.

NEW ZEALAND has a good temperate climate, no extremes

of heat or cold, no scorching droughts, but plenty of water.

Its soil is fertile and of great productiveness.

A SPLENDID COUNTRY for* Sheegt, Cattle, Dairying,
Grain and Fruitm

NEW ZEALAND is very prosperous and there is a special demand

for FARMERS and WOMEN DOMESTIC SERVANTS, to whom passages

are granted at specially reduced fares.

All information supj^lied on application to the

HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR NEW ZEALAND (Emigration Department),

13, Victoria Street, LONDON, S.W.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 13

PERUVIAN GUANO.

" Guano, though no saint, works miracles." — Old Penivian Proverb.

Dissolved soluble) Peruvian Guano

most effective and economical.

Equaiised guaranteed) Poruvian Guano

reliable and convenient.

Raw (as imported) PoruvJan Guano

high qualities.

OHLENDORFF'S

SPECIAL (coKTE) MANURES

supply Ammonia, Phosphate, Potash in proper proportions,
reliable, cheap, good condition, sealed bags.-

CORN & OAT MANURE
BARLEY MANURE
MANGOLD MANURE
TURNIP & SWEDE MANURE
POTATO MANURE
GRASS MANURE

Pure Vitriolized Bones, Bone Compounds, Superphosphates

(various grades), Potassic-Superphosphate, Nitrate of Soda,

Potash Salts, Bone Meal, &c.

BASIC SLAG (Anchor Brand) our own grinding.

Anglo-Continental Guano Works

(Late OHLENDORFF'S;,

London Agency — Dock House, Billiter Street, LONDON

14 ADVERTISEMENTS.

NATIONAL

LIVE STOCK INSURANCE CO.,

LTD.

Head Office : 10, ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
West End Office : 59, ST. JAMES'S STREET, S.W.

Directors :

LORD MARCUS BERESFORD. C.V.O.

CLAUDE G. BRYAN. ESQ.

G. MURE RITCHIE. ESQ.

Manager and Secretary :

HUGH CLIFFORD.

Photo fc>] Willonyx IRoiich.

Some
Horses
Insured.

Photo M'] Craganour [Roiuh.

Photo by-\ Thrush iPoiich.

Flat Racers, Hurdlers and Steeplechasers, Stallions, Brood Mares and
Foals, Hunters, Polo Ponies.
Private Carriage, Saddle, Farm and Trade Horses, Cattle, &c., 4

INSURED AT LOWEST RATES.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

15

STEPHEN PETTIFER&MS

^^iS2!^ "SAFE & SURE

CAUTION Z?^7/7//57/:^e/ "STEPHEN"

VETERINARYSPEGillS

^"^^ jJ'.^^ GENERAL ^.Veterinary INSTRUMENTS [^

SANTOVIN.

Awarded World's Fain Gold Medal and Diploma.

The workl-fanied Remedy for Sheep and Lambs. A Sure Cure and Preventive for Parasitic Diseases,
Tapewoptns, Husk op Hoose, and Round Worms, Fevers. Scour, and Debility in Sheep
and Lambs. Should always be given at weaning time or in summer as a preventive of disease in
autumn and winter. Exhibitors and Breeders find it an invaluable help for "bringing on" their
sale and show sheep and rams. For autumn and winter use SANTOVIN, strong. (Green label.)
Guaranteed to contain purely vegetable ingredients, and free from arsenic and all mineral

poisons.

5/- pep Can (30 to 40 Doses) ; i Gallon Cans (90-120 Doses), 13/6 ; and 1
Gallon (180-240 Doses for Lambs), 25/- each, carriage or postage free.

SHEEP BOOK.

' Health for Sheep." 32 pages. Illustrated, with useful information,
free on application.

SANTOFORM

Unequalled as a general antiseptic powder for wounds, sores and injuries in all animals. As a navel
dressing for newly-born foals, calves, and lambs, it prevents navel ill, joint evil, and infantile scour
or diarrhoea. Is cheaper than anything else on the market ; is non-poisonous and odourless in use, and
a " little goes a long way."

In sprinkler tins, 1/- and 1/9 each.

SAMPLE TUBE FREE ON APPLICATION.

Of all Chemists or Direct.

Adopted by Colonial Government Farms and in use all over the world.

•CLINCHER* STUD EAR
MARKING TABLETS.

For ALL Animals. Samples Free.

CLINCHED.

The best on the market. Made of pure aluminium, featherweight. Do not catch, sag, disfigure, or pull
out of the ear, are easily put on, and look neat and pleasant to the eye. Price 10/6 per 100, marked
with initials, numbers and date of year on washer (ordinary size for cattle, sheep, and pigs). Larger
size for cattle, 15/- per 100, for abroad add 1/- extra for each £i worth for postage. Put up in convenient
numbered and partitioned box. Samples free. Punches for ear, 3/6 each. (Orders of ;^i and upwards
postage paid). Ribbon Ear Tags, for sheep, &c., 10/- per 100, for cattle, 12/- per 100.

BT EOYAL WARRANT

Factors and Patentees of Veterinary Instruments of
all kinds for general use.

lUustrated and General Price Lists Free.

Sole Proprietors (always remember "STEPHEN")—

Stephen Pettifer & Sons,

:>r APPOINTMK.N 1 .

MALME5BURY, WILTS.

Veterinary Chemists to H.M. the King.

(Box R.J.)

VOL. 73.

ADVERTISEMENTS

^ot/jiOf^. e fni/l_

r

=\

BUNGALOW-RESIDENCES
AND ESTATE COTTAGES.

IF YOU WANT to build a comfortable, picturesque, well-
planned Bungalow or Estate Cottages this year, entrust
the Contract to us, you cannot do better. We will carry
the job out from start to finish, including lighting (Electric or
Petrol Gas), heating, plumbing, drainage, and water supply
complete. Our designs are unique, our construction and finish
perfect, our resources unlimited, and our methods up-to-date
and business-like.

If you would like a copy of our
interesting book, " Bungalows
and Cottage Residences " (priced
at 1/-), fill in and post attached
coupon. It is worth reading,
and gives many valuable hints on
the choice of a suitable site, &c.

Please send

me

free your 1

'- book.

" Bungalows

and

CottEige Residences," |

as advertised

in

the R.A.S.E.

Journal.

Name

Address

Date.

Architect's Designs carefully
carried out.

BOULTON & PAUL, L"' Norwich.

ADYERTISEMENTS.

17

BLACKSTONE'S HAY HARVESTING III1IPLEMENT8

The "Taunton" Haymaker. New Patent Swath Turner. Tiie '' Stamford" Kake.

Patent Side-delivery Rakes. Turnover Rakes. Hand Drag Rakes.

At the R.A.S.E. TRIALS, LINCOLN, 1907,

Blackstone & Co. won FIRST and SECOND PRIZES

with their New Patent

SWATH TURNER AND COLLECTOR,

and FIRST PRIZE with their

New Patent SIDE DELIVERY RAKE.

THE BLACKSTOI^E OIL ENGINES.

For Refined Petroleum. :: Also specially designed Engines for use with Crude and Fuel Oils.

THE BEST AND
MOST ECONOMICAL

Stationary Type 2\ to 120 H P
Portable Type 2h to 35 H P.

Catalogue, witti full particulars, post free.

BLACKSTONE & CO., LTD., STAMFORD.

Telegrams : " Blackstones, Stamford." Telephone : 307 and 308 National.

VOL. 7:i

S2

18

ADVERTISEMENTS.

■iifflw

V.

Utility Sprayer.

QTRONGLY and simply constructed — all working parts easily
accessible and all vital parts made of brass to withstand the
action of copper salts, Bordeaux mixtures and other corrosive fluids.
The machine has great power — a large air chamber fitted with
metal ball valves, in conjunction with direct plunger and ball valve
suction tube, ensures not only this but also perfect ease in working.
The " Liversidge" New Adjustable Brush Agitator is fitted, ensuring
the proper agitation and mixing of the spray fluid. As the pump
discharge is fitted with a new regulating cock, the right or left outflow
can be turned on or off separately. The pump has sufficient pressure
to supply easily one to four jets and can raise a column of fluid
to a considerable height.

Write to-day for full particulars of this and other " Enots ''
Horticultural Requisites — the trade mark "Enots" stands
for all that is best in utility, construction and material.

BENTON & STONE, Ltd.,

Established 1825.

BRACEBRIDGE STREET, BIRMINGHAM.

J

ADVERTISEMENTS.

19

"IDEAL" &
" SAMSON "

WINDMILLS

(OF GALVANIZED STEEL)

FOR

PUMPING,
'^^ WATER SUPPLY

To House, Farm, or Estate, and

FOR

DRAINAGE

Of Marsh, Quarry, or Cesspool.

Hot Air, Gas, and Oil Engine, Turbine and Water-
wheel Pumps.

Tubes, Tanks, and Fittings.

Hydraulic Rams.

Well Boring (Tubular & Artesian Weils).

Water Softening Apparatus.

(•~ Surveys made and Esthnates I /% U Kl O HA IIIAD A OA\l^l

given for Water Supplies and %3\jnvi O. IVIILE.AK Ot 9 VJ IV ,

Fire Protection by Gravitation or

Pumping. Water Engineers, &c., ANNAN.

THE AVORLD'S I3EST

Raised, Perpetuated and Grown on the
GREAT ESSEX SEED FARMS of

JOHN K. KING & SONS

Seed Experts and Growers,

COOGESIIALL, ESSEX.

LISTS FREE.

20

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE ENGLISH GRAINS COMPANY,

Limited.

"PALE ALE" DRIED GRAINS,

Made from BREWERS' ALE GRAINS only.

Strongly Recommended and largely used WITH BEST RESULTS for CATTLE.
SHEEP and HORSES.

Invaluable for Ewes in Lamb and Young Stock and Lambs on Grass in the Autumn
to prevent Scouring, and for milking Cows at all times ; very good for Horses.

Analytical Laboratory, 22, Tudor Stred, New Bridge Street, London. E.C.. June 5th, 1905.

Composition of a sample of Dried Grains sent by the Englisli Grains Co., Ltd.

Moisture 10'2r)

Oil ... 7-25

•Albuminous Compounds (flesh-forming matters) ... 19'25

Digestible Carbohydrates, &c 4272

Woody Fibre (Cellulose) ... IG'SO

tMineral Matter (Ash) ... 423

• Containing Nitrogen— 3 (

t Including Silica— 1-69. 10000

AUGUSTUS VOELCKER & SONS.

Current prices and further pai'ticulars, tvith samples, from THE ENGLISH GRAINS
COMPANY, Ltd., 30, Union Street, Burton-on-Trent, or Age/its.

C. W. TINDALL, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire.
George Lathbury. Hunter's Lodge, Burton-on-Trent.
Thomas Morton, Holbrook, Chislehurst, Kent.
Robert a. Murray, 17.5 West George Street, Glasgow.
William Hollins, Berrv Hill, Mansfield, Notts.
. H. G. Few, Berrv Croft, Cambridge.

Secretary— ALFHILD COXON.

Directors-

PURVEYORS TO

1bi0 flDaJeet^ tbe Iking.

By Appointment.

^nmill. WATERLOO

ROUND FEEDING CAKES,

AS SUPPLIED TO

JBCXS iviJi.jESTY^ the: i^iktg.

By Appointment.

The most perfect MIXED FOOD in the Market.

WATERLOO 97 /» PURE COTTON CAKES. IWliiitiliiiililiiFilutllT

GUARANTEED FROM EGYPTIAN SEED ONLY.

Guaranteed 97 per cent, of Purity.

MMilllMIiMflll

WATERLOO ROUND 97 /,, PURE UNSEED CAKES.

THESE CAKES ARE MADE FROM THE

BEST LINSEED PROCURABLE. ^"'='' "o^'^puT liL^Ij'' oil. ^ "'"*

GUARANTEED 97 PER CENT. OF PURITY.

To contain about 13 per cent. Pure Linseed Oil. Under about ^ per cent. Sand.
This is the Purest and Best Linseed Cake Manufactured.

WATERLOO 97/0 PURE LINSEED CAKES.

ANGLO SHAPE.

Guaranteed 97 per cent, of Purity.

o cdiitain about 12 per cent. Pure Linseed Oil. Under abunt | per cent. Sand.
MADE FROM FINEST QUALITY LINSEED. THOROUGHLY SCREENED.

■llNHiiiiiitiiiti

mm

WATi;RL00 97%|f

ftHiif^l:..!';;':

^ijniii

Sold on the contract warranty of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, viz:—" Guaranteed pure
and to be delivered In good oondltlon."

Manufactured by the WATERLOO MILLS CO., Ltd., HULL.

For Price and Particulars apply to AYRE BROS., THE AVENUE, HULL.

(Selling Brokers for the Company.)

ADVERTISEMENTS.

21

MAKE YOUR OWN FENCING by using up either Underwood or Larcli Thinnings with the
"THRIFT" FENCE -IVIAIilNrG IVIACHIN^E

Fencing of any

height or

closeness can be

turned out rapidl

and cheaply

by this machine

either for Sale o

for Home Use.

No Skilled

Labour necessary

two ordinary

labourers being a,]

that is required.

Price £15-15-0
or with the tw

winders and
table, as shown

on illustration
£17-10-0

F.O.E.
LETCHWORTH,

G. N. Ry.

FUKTHER PARTICULARS FROM SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

[HE

COUNTRY GENTLEMEN'S ASSOCIATION, Ltd., LetGhworth (GARDEN CITY), HERTi

NATURAL ORGANIC MANURE

Because it is inexpensive but gives
:: :: :: best results. :: :: ::

At the Bedfordshire Agricultural Society's Show on
October 12th, users of this Manure obtained .3 first
l^rizes, and one reserve in tlie Root Competition.

The Mangold crop was 42 tons per acre.

Equally good results obtained on Wheat,
Barley, Oats, Potatoes, and Grass Land.

FOR PRICES AND PARTICULARS WRITE TO-

Natural Fertilizer Corporation, Ltd.,

7, WORMWOOD STREET, LONDON, E.G.

22

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

BARTON

Horse Clipping & Slieep

GILLETTE

Shearing Company.

Makers by Appointment to H.M. King: George V.

OUR NEW PATTERN TRIPLE-TOOTH SHEAR

Is guaranteed to cut any wool grown. All machines fitted

with this shear and sharpening ftpi>aratus ; can be used for

both horse clipping and sheep shearing. Write for Catalogue

and full particulars of machines sent on approval.

Fitted for Horse Clipping,
Price 37/6.

PORTABLE AND STATIONARY POWER-DRIVEN
SHEARING INSTALLATIONS FOR LARGE FLOCKS

IN ANY COUNTRY have Special Attention.

Estimates to Fix FREE OF CHARGE.

PLEASE ENQUIRE.

Fitted for SHEEP SHEARING with a Cutter Sharpener, also our Triple-Tooth
PATENT SHEARING HEAD and 4 extra Combs and Cutters . . . PRICE, 80'-

103, NEW OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.

Nitrogen is Necessary for ail Crops

AND

NITRATE OF SODA

IS THE BEST FORM OF NITROGEN.

It can l)e used as a top-dressing as it is immediately available.
It gives a large increase in yield and improves the quality.

Nitrate can be bought from all leading dealers in manures.

Pamphlets entitled " How TO UsE NITRATE OF SODA " and
" Catch Crops," and others of general interest can be obtained
gratis and post free from —

THE CHILEAN NITRATE COMMITTEE,

Friars House, New Broad Street,
LONDON, E.G.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 23

NATIONAL PROVIDENT

INSTITUTION

FOR MUTUAL M^Sr ML ASSURANCE.

FOUNDED 1835. INCORPORATED 1910.

FUNDS— £7,000,000.
DIRECTORS.

Chairman— The Hon. ViCARY GiEBS.

C. R. W. ADE.\NE, Esq.

Sir J0NATH.\N E. Backhouse. Bart.

Cosmo Bevan, Esq.

J. U. Lewis Coward, Esq., K.C.

The Ut. Hon. Sir AlLWYN E. FELLOWES.

P.O. K.C.V.O.
Arthur smither. Esq.
George Crispe Whitelby, Esq.

Robert E. Dickinson, Esq. Alderman Sir Walter H. Wilkin, KC.M.G.

Hugh E. Hoare, Esq. Vincent W. Yorke. Esq.

A. B. Leslie-Melyille, Esq.

L. F. HOVIL, Actuary and Secretary.

WRITE FOR PARTICULARS OF

Endowment Assurances
Investment Policies
Pension Policies

TO —

48 Gracechurch Street, LONDON.

Estate Duty Policies
Educational Endowments
Partnership Policies

Celel3VE«:t;ed

MANURE

Super XXX 35 Soluble and

Potassic Superphosphate for Grass Lands.

Bone Manures and Special Manures for all Crops.

Importers of Guano.

Also Agents in the Home Counties for the New Fertilizer—
NITRATE OF LEME.

Lawes' Chemical Manure Co., Ltd

Head Office : 59, Mark Lane, LONDON.

Branch Offices :-DUBLIN, 22, Eden Quay; GLASGOW, 118, Queen Street;

SHREWSBURY, Theatre Buildings.

24

ADYERTISEMENTS.

Chestnut Pale Fencing,

MANUFACTURED BY

CARDON & CRESNO.

•t,*"!

CHEAPEST & MOST EFFECTIVE WOOD FENCING KNOWN.

Prices according to Style and Height, from 6d. per yard.

For Catalo.uues and further particulars, apply to —

61 & 62, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON, W.C.

Telephone: 1278 Holborii. =^" Telegrams: " Chespale," London.

Works : PENSHURST STATION, KENT.

BILSTO
SIC PH08P

The Crop Producer.

OUTCLASSES ALL RIVALS IN RICHNESS OF PHOSPHATES
AND FINE MEAL ! !

■12 per cent. Phosphate of Lime, all available for Plant Food.
80 per cent, soluble in 2 per cent. Citric Acid Solution.
85 per cent. Fineness through sieve having 10,000 holes to the
square inch.

IVI ^ Ki m;a f Et, c t; «:& >? e X* s

ALFRED HICKMAN, limited.

For all particulars apply to LONDON OFFICE,

60, MARK LANE, E.C. - W. HYDE BARNETT.

Telegrams and Cables-" TETRABASIC, LONDON," ABC Cede.

BUYING AGENTS WANTED WHERE UNREPRESENTED.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE SEVEN STOREYS of

CANADA

YOU CAN BUILD UP THERE :

ACCUMULATION

1

COMPENSATION |

CULTIVATION

ADAPTATION

EMIGRATION

CONSIDERATION

1 N VITATION

For further particulars, Free Maps and Pamphlets, apply to—

THE ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF EMIGRATION,

"The IDEAL Summer Drinks."

SYMONS'
D

ENGLAND'S
FINEST VINTAGE,

PRIZE MEDAL

SYDRINA " for Temperance Hotels, (Sec.

'' S YMONIA ' ' Brand for Export specially prepared.

To be obtained of all leading Wine Merchants, Bottlers, &c.,
or direct from —

JNO. SYSVIONS & CO., LTD.,

Fruit Mills, Totnes, Devon; 89, Aston Street,
Birmingham; and Ratcliff, London, £.

Atjents waiitt'fl in unrepresented Districts. 'Plmne liivlf) R;isf.

26

A DTERTI8EMENTS.

A FEW FACTS ABOUT

VIC

The Garden State of the Australian Commonwealth.

Productive, Progressive, and Prosperous

Victoria extends a Hearty Welcome to the Agricultural Settler.
The Leading Dairying Country in tlie Southern Hemisphere.

Irrigated Lands £8 to £15 per acre.
31t, years to pay for it.

State Railways within a few miles of all Settlements.

GOOD RAINFALL.

IntendiD^- Settlers may obtain full i)articulars respectinrr the
State on application to —

THE AGENT-GENERAL FOR VICTORIA,
MELBOURNE PLACE, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.

M«D0UGALL'8 SHEEP DIP

AND CATTLE DRESSING.

The FIRST

Non-Poisonous

Dip

ever offered

to the World.

60 YEARS

SUCCESSFUL

USE
THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD.

McDOUGALL'S DIP is Unrivalled as a Sheep Dip for tlie cure of Scab, to destroy

Keds, liice, &c., and to improve the Wool.
It is Invaluable as a Dressing or Wash for Cattle and Horses to destroy Itch, Mange,

Lice, Fleas, and to promote a Healthy Growth of Hair.
McDOUGALL'S DIP should be in the hands of every Stock-Owner.

PASTE AMD CAKE DIP

FUR .4UTUMN, WI.NTKR AND SPRING

Kills all parasites cures scab, &c. Waterproofs

the fleece and increases wool.

" BLOOM " DIP

Gives a beautiful fhiish fur sliow. Slieep feteli
top prices at sales.

LIQUID DIP

'J he most economical liquid dip obtainable.
The "old original" and best

POWDER DIP

Free from the dnnixerg of arsenic.
For Scah, Lice, Keds and l''l.v.

McDOUGALL'S "HZALTH LICKS" keep all stock in good health.

McDOUGALL BROS., 68. Port Street, IVIANCHESTER.

The Original Inventors & Makers of Non-Poisonous Sheep Dips.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

27

OREAT COMPETITION at the Royal

AErlcultural Society of England's

Birmiogham Show, I89S.

Sixteen different Appliances
were Tested at the Trials. The
Judges awarded the PRIZE of
£10 to RICHIV.OND & CHANDLER,
Limited, for their " Multiplex "
Patent Safety Feeder.

Since iinproxcd, and nuinerom other
Prize* have been awarded.

CORN CRUSHERS.
ROOT PULPERS.
OIL CAKE MILLS,

RIGHWIOND & CHANDLER, Ltd., MANCHESTER,

POTATOES.

SCOTCH SEED A SPECIALITY.

All the Leading Varieties Supplied.

PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

ISAAC ROAD & SONS,

Merchants and Growers,

YORK.

28

ADVERTISEMENTS.

FERTILISERS and

FEEDING IViATERIALS.

ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS.— H. R. A Co. will be glad to forward to intending
purchasers their Catalogue of Artificial Fertilisers— of various kinds— Feeding Materials
and Agricultural Seeds, with price lists, etc., on application.

Contents —Superphosphates, various qualities, and Pure Vitriolized Bones; Bones
and Bone Meals, raw and steamed; Basic Slag Pnosphates ; Peruvian Guanos, various
qualities; Rape Dust and Rape Meals ; Fish Manures ; Sulphate of Ammonia ; Nitrate of
Soda ; Nitrate of Lime ; Potash Salts :— Kainit, Muriate. Sulphate, etc. ; Specially prepared
manures for Grass, Corn, Potatoes, Turnips, Mangolds, also for Topdressing, etc.. with
guaranteed analyses ; also Manures specially prepared for Gardens, Fruit Trees, Lawns,
Tennis Courts, Cricket Pitches, etc.

BASIC SLAG.— For Autumn and Winter application, specially recommended for
Poor Grass Land, Autumn Wheat, Seeds, Beans, Peas, Turnips, etc. Highest qualities
supplied on favourable terms. Quotations on application.

LINSEED CAKES.— Finest quality, own brand. Guaranteed to be made entirely from
well-screened seed of 9.") per cent, purity, with allowance if below 12 per cent, oil, L'O per cent,
albuminoids, or exceeding 1 per cent. sand. Also foreign Linseed Cakes of selected brands-
Russian, American, etc. COTTON CAKE, own brand {HRCc, PURE), entirely from Jinest
new Egyptian seed, with guaranteed analysis ; also other approved brands. Decorticated
Co ton Cakes and Meals, the Bibby Cakes. Cakettes and Meals, the new Soya Cake
and Meals, Rice Meal, Maize, Locust Beans, and Meal.

ECONOMY IN CARRIAGE.— H. R. & Co. make a specialty of forwarding articles of
English make, both Feeds and Fertilisers, to their clients' stations, direct from the nearest
point of manufacture ; and goods of foreign import direct from the nearest port of arrival,
thus minimising carriage.

HY. RICHARDSON & COMPY.,

Agricultural Merchants and Manufacturers of Fertilisers,

WATER

ARTESIAN
TUBE WELLS
AND PUMPS.

Norton's Patent
ABYSSINIAN' TUBE WELLS.

LE GRAND
& SUTCLIFF

ARTESIAN WELL AND
WATERWORKS ENGINEERS.

I Mil \iluin ilt\ ^\ 11 1)( 1' irtmcnt, India Office, Crown Agents for the

( liinl\ ll( us. .1. ADVISERS ON WATER SUPPLIES.

125, Bunhlll Row, LONDON, E.G.

Telegrams: "Abyssinian, London." Telephone: Central 1619.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

29

Yearling Bulls & Bull Calves

Descended from 1,000 GALLON COWS on both sides.
Foi* Sale at Moderate Prices,

Sire, KELMSCOTONIAN 39th 95608 (out of Lovely 37th,
av. 2 years 1,02G gals.) by Red Waterloo VI. (dam, Lady
Somerset Waterloo, av. 0 years 1,009 gals.).

Dams, deep-milking, non-pedigree cows, by DARN LEY 80847

(out of Darlington Cranford 5th), av. 4 years 1,018 gals.; by
Magna Charta, whose dam gave 995 gals. 3 years) ;

And RATTLER 89755 (sire, Magna Charta : dam, Lady Rose-
dale, av. C) years, 921 gals.).

GOODWIN PREECE, gSSISTs'i

LL, NR.
EWSBURY.

ENGLISH'S CREOSOTED WOOD.

LASTS A LIFETIME and is the most durable and
economical material for Farm Buildings, Fencing and Gates, &c.

The cheapest and best Fencing for all kinds of Stock is our Creosoted
Wood Fencing. It is far safer than wire or iron fencing.

Write for Gate and Fence List with Designs and Prices —

ENGLISH BROS., Ltd., WISBECH

English and Foreign Timber Merchants. ALSO AT PETERBORO'.

30

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ELEY

CARTRIDGES

Give the most complete satisfaction
wherever used, and are, for that reason,
the most popular.

ALWAYS RELIABLE.

The following four Eley Brands are confidently
recommended —

ELEY '-ACME."

A bright Orange
deep-shell Cartridge,
Eley (42 gr.) Smoke-
less Powder and ]J
oz. of shot.

ELEY "ELOID."

A light Maroon
Waterproof Cart-
ridge. Eley (153 gr.)
Smokeless and No. 5
or smaller shot.

ELEY "PLUTO."

A Buff Cartridge
loaded with Eley (33
gr.) Smokeless Pow-
der and ItV oz. of
shot.

"ELEY SMOKELESS."

A Cerise Cartridge,
loaded with Eley (42
gr.) Smokeless Pow-
der, and 1| oz. of
shot.

To be obtained from Gunmakers and Dealers throughout the world.

J

BAM LETT'S MOWERS, REAPERS,

THIRSK,

YORKSHIRE.

AND

HORSE RAKES.

Telegrams :

" Bamlett,
Thirsk."

50 Years" reputation

and unequalled as

regards Material &

Workmanship.

^"^--^

\o. jB. .MuwiiK wiin I'KO.Ni .S\\i\hi. Wheel.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

31

m

> VICTORIA WORKS j

WOLVERHAMPTON]

LOAiDOAl OFFICES » SHOWROOMS.
1 139 & 141 CANNON ST E.C.

CATALOGUE FREE.

Please mention this Journal.

jEIMBlMSinBSia

is 3K0 "nature's own way." and the milk can be regulated
perfectly as regards quality and quantity. Calves do jUst as
well as whensuckingt heir mother, and the feeder absoluttly pre-
ventstheirsucking the cows when weaned. Only feeder jJopted
by Experiment Stations. Durable, simple.economical, practical
nd scientific. PRICE : Single Feeder 6/6, double 9'-. post
free for remittance. ^ Our "Cows
Relief" to Cure Caked BaR in 12 to 24
hours, sample box. 2/- for remittance.
B. C. TIPPER & SON.

(Successor, to Kinc.innons.

Tbc Veteria&rr Chemical VAorki. BirmiDgliaBi.

COWS RELIEF

Caked Baff, the
annoyance of
Sore Teats —
and the dread
of Hard
Milkers. Used
exdusiTely at
Model Dairiea
Will Cure
Caked Ba? io
12 to 24 hours
if taken at the
•tart. Invest 2/-
aod save a Cow.
Stops Dairy
Losses.

Cures Garget
Caked Bag.

Spiders
in the Teats.s
^flard MilkersMMakes I
■^ and ^ ^Milkingl
i^oreTi^tsM Easy
f iforMan^
% wndCowAa.^

ST O PS D A I R Y . L 0 S S E S

Prices : J lb. tin, «/- ; \\ lbs.. S/- : larger
size. IS/-. Post paid for remittance.
"As essenlicl in Stall cs Hay in the Barn"

B. C. TIPPER & SON—

(Successors to Kincannons )
Tbc Veterioarr CbemJcal Works, Birmiosban.

SALES BY AUCTION FOR THE YEAR 1913.

MESSRS. DEBENHAM, TEWSON,
RICHARDSON & CO.

Beg to announce that their SALES for 1913
of ESTATES, Investments, Town, Suburban
and Country Houses, Business Premises,
Building Land, Ground Rents. Advowsons,
Reversions, Stocks, Shares and other Prop-
erties will be held at the Auction Mart,
Tokenhouse Yard, near the Bank of
England, in the City of London, as follows :

Tuesday, January 21

Tuesday, June 10

Tuesday^ February 11

Tuesday, June 17

'I'uesdav, February 25

Tuesday. June 24

Tuesday. Marcli 4

Tuesday, July 1

Tuesday. JIarcli U

'1 uesday, July 8

Tue-day, March 18

Tuesday, July 15

Tuesday. April 1

Tuesday, July 22

Tuesday, Api'il «

Tuesday, July 2'J

Tuesday, April 15

Tuesday, Ociober 14

Tuesday, April 22

Tuesday, October 21

Tuesday, April 29

Tuesday, October 28

Tuesday, May 6

Tuesdiiy, NoTember:4

Tuesday. May 20

Tuesday, November 11

Tuesday. May 27

Tuesday, November 18

Tuesday, June 3

Tuesday, December 2

By arrangement, Auctions in Town or
Country can also be held on other days.
Messrs. Debenham, Tewson, Richardson &
Co. undertake Sales and Valuations for
Probate and other Purposes of Furniture,
Pictures, Farming Stock, Timber, etc.

Detailed Lists of Investments. Estates,
Sporting Quarters. Residences, Shops, and
Business Premises to be Let or vSold by
Private Contract c;in be obt.ainedoi Messrs.
DEBENHAM, TEWSON, RICHARDSON &
Co., No. 80, Cheapside.

Tilcl'h.ine, .vi.'iiiiul :,()1 Bank.

32 ADVERTISEMENTS.

TENTS! TENTS!

Suitable tor Gardeni, Cricket, or Camping-out purposes. 40 ft. in circumference, Pegs,

Poles. Mallet, and Lines complete (.with Tent Bag included), comijlete tor 37/6.

List of Marquees sent post free, Garden Tents a speciality.

Il/ATCD TAWI/0 ^^'^ storin.g water, will hold 400 gallons ; wrought-iron, with man-
W A I t n I All l\U ''o'6 at top : weight 476 lbs., size 4 ft. 3 in. square ; carriage paid

for £4. each. All sizes in stock.
DflQ C TD A I M I M P Special rope for training roses, quite new, rot proof, though it
nlluL I nAININUi ^o\as the moisture and is warmer than iron chain, l^d. and

2id. per yard, 3 in. round.
u r TT I up FOR TENNIS COURT BORDERING. So useful for the Lawn or Garden, specially
1 1 1 I I I llU IJrepared with a line attached to the net top and bottom throughout, easv
to erect or take away ; 25 yds. long, 2 yds. wide, 6s. 6d.; by 3 yds., 7s. 6d.;
by 4 yds.. 8s. 6d., carriage paid. Standards for same, 10 ft. high, 1 s. each ; i2 ft., 1 s. 6d.
Any length or wicltli supplied. Price in proportion.

GOOD STRONG GARDEN NETTING. Oiled and Dressed.

100 yards long, 1 yard wide 4s. Od. I 100 v:irds long. 3 yards wide 12s. Od.

100 „ „ 2 yards ., 8s. Od. | 100 „ ..4' ,. „ 168. Od.

And so on to any length or width.

I do not require payment till you bave received and approved of tbe Netting. Cheaper kinds kept.

Price Lists on application. Carriage Paid on Orders over -5s.

H. J. GASSON, Government Contractor, R.YE.

£:s'r>A.iBi:.isi»E:r> i804.

TRADE
E K

MARK

ONE

QUALITY

THE

BEST.

EARLES & KING, Ltd.,

LIVERPOOL.

MANUFACTURERS OF PURE

LINSEED CAKE,

COTTONSEED CAKES,

COMPOUND FEEDING CAKE,

SOYA CAKE,

"E K" CAKE CUBES,

AND ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF MEALS.

A. A. SH0RTH0U5E, Ltd

fIDcat anb Cattle Salesmen,

City Meat Market, BIRMINGHAM.

ALL KINDS OF STOCK SOLD ON COMMISSION.
Salesmen to BIngley Hall Show for upwards of Thirty Years.

Telegrams: "MEAT, BIRMINGHAM."

\\If^^4-ir^A ^-i^^*^A^/\c7l Shelter and Fence in the cheapest form.—

WSttiCQ nUrOICS. Raynbird&Co., Ltd.. Basingstoke.

C • e • C 1 Cleaned and Tested. Supphedbv RAYXBIKD A Co.. Ltd.,

N/lintnin NPPA The seed MiUs, Basingstoke.

A^CAllIlVflll 4^WVI rpj^j, ,,^,j^j Forage Plant. Leaflets free.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

33

VERMOREL'S Knapsack Sprayers.

The BEST and MOST RELIABLE in the Market.
iW- HAVE WON OVER 500 FIRST PRIZES AND MEDALS

Have never been beaten in competition.

Recommended . by . all • Authorities.

The " ECLAIR."

{For Liquids.)

Gives a coarse, a medium
or a very flue spray. Has a
powertulatritalor aud great
force behind the spray.

The "TORPILLE."

{For Pinodcrs.)

For dusting powders of
every description.

Prices 18/6 & 25/-.
Double Action 34/-.

Price 37/6.
VERMORITE," a Spraying Mixture for instantaneous use.

COOPER, PEGLER & CO., 24/26, Christopher St., Finsbury Square, London, E.C.

DANIEL GILES, BROMSGROVE,

Maker of Prize Medal Road
Vehicles of all descriptions.

ILLUSTRATED LIST AND BOOK OF rkivini fii cc a i' a. j. d —

TESTIMONIALS ON APPLICATION TO DAMEL GILES, Station street, Bromsgrove.

Ur to his London Agents— G. Itobinson & Co, Agricultural Mercliants, 137, Fenchurch St., K.C. Tel. 11940. Ceo.

JOHN UNITE, LIMITED,

291 & 293, EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W,

(By Appointment to H.M. King- G-eor<>-e the Fifth).

Canvas, Tent, and Flag Contractors to R.A.S.E., Highland and Yorkshire Agricultural

Societies, &c. Horse Clothing and everything for the Stable. 500 Tarpaulins In

Stock for Machines, Wagons, Engines, &c.

STALLION OUTFITS. MACKINTOSH COATS, CAPES AND APRONS.
TENTS. RICK CLOTHS. BLINDS. CORDAGE.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings, Balls, Weddings,
Bazaars, Flower Shows, Fetes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LIIVIITED, 291 & 293, EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON.

tRicMWade, -:$g^
Sons & Co..Ltd ^^^ '

///j wooden poles for pow€r,
\T€Le:craph.and telephone

BY THE RUPJNC
BETH ELL

PPOCCSSES .
CA TA L OCUC FREE
COyEPA/MEAJT

CREOSOTE yVORKS

AT HULL AND STADDLETHOFfPE, '^1

THE LATTER COI/ERINC 36 ACRES.

HSAD orriCE . CAftRISOl^ SI DC , MULL.

CONTRACTORS.

TCL AOD.
__ IVAOC. HULL
" T£LEPHO>^C I&6S.
THffE£ LISIES.

34

ADVERTISEMENTS.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS, Cheltenham.

ORCHIDS

A SPECIALITY.

Wedding, Ball, & Presentation
Bouquets made to order.

Hardy Plants and Roses in great variety. Experienced Gardeners recommended.

Large Palms and other Plants for Conservatories.

CHOICE CUT FLOWERS supplied on the shortest notice,

securely packed and sent to any part of the Kingdom.

FLORAL WREATHS 6c CROSSES of the Choicest description, and

other Floral Designs.

7(\ Greenhouses filled with Choice Plants in endless variety. The Orchids alone occupy

' ^ 20 large houses, and are always worth a visit. Many Medals awarded London, Manchester, etc.

3 Large Cups and H Gold Medals at Great International Exhibition, London, 1912 ; and

3 Gold Medals Royal Agricultural. 1912.

BLACKQUARTER OR BLACKLEG.

This fatal disease in Cattle and Sheep
is absolutely preventable by Vaccination
with " Blacklegine." Consult your Veteri-
nary Surgeon who will supply pamphlets
concerning this most important matter to
the Stock raiser. The mark ^ and the
name "Blacklegine" are the guarantee
that this Vaccine is prepared by the Inven-
tor himself.

RAT-VIRUS.

An absolute clearance is effected by the
use of the Pasteur Vaccine Co.'s original
Rat-Virus, which infects them with a fatal

cTHh. HUISH & COY.,

Surgical lastrument Makers, and Sole Agents for the Pasteur Vaccine Co., Ltd.

12, RED LION SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.

microbic disease. Perfectly harmless to all
other animals and human beings. Tubes at
2/6 or 3 tubes for 5/-. Special Virus for
Mice ltd. per tube, postage Id. extra.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.

Sterility in Mares, Cows, Ewes, Pigs,
Dogs, and other animals elfectually obviated
and the vitality of the Sire husbanded by
the use of The " Certes " (Huish Patent)
Inseminator. Price 42 -.

Brochure on "The Causes and Eemedy
for Sterility of Animals," Revised and
largely added to. 112 pp. Fully illustrated ;
post free Is.

■Driffield';

DRIFFIELD'S "PIONEER" DISEASE-RESISTING SWEDE
AND "VICTOR" HYBRID TURNIP.

Most Reliable Kinds for withstanding "Finger and Toe,"

Hardy, Nutritious, Heavy Croppers.

EVIDENCE.— " Pioneer Swede certainly resists disease. Sown in

alternate drills, on ground where I have always had disease. They are

good. There are none of the other kind, all having vanished."— Mr.

G. Petrie. Elgin.

■' Of the Pioneer Swede. I cannot find one diseased. TTie turnips soivn

h;i tlir wf/c of them are n complete failure "—Mr. J. H.^WKIXS. Middle Rasen.

" Yours alone ore free from disease."— Mr. J. SiiirH.Corballis, Dublin.

" The Victor Turnips resist disease in a remarkable degree."' — Mr.

J. Ross, Carnoustie, Turriff.

Pioneer, also Victor, were good crops, and stood out like an oasis in a

desert of diseased roots."— From N.B. AGIilCULTURIST, Xov. 1909.

SUPPLIED ONLY IN SEALED BAGS UNDER THE ABOVE TRADE MARK.
Convincing Crop Reports and Particulars on Application.

THOS. N. DRIFFIELD & SONSr^rafferton Seed Farms, YORK.

VICTORIA

AUSTRALiA'S
GARDEN STATE.

FREEHOLD IRRIGATED FARMS:

3H Years to pay for them.

Fop dairying, FRUIT GROWING, MARKET GARDENING
OP MIXED FARMING.

For particulars apply to :

THE LAND SETTLEMENT

Victorian Govt. Offices, Strand, London, W.C.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

35

Weeds, Moss, Lichen on
Carriage Drives, etc.

RidoweeD

(fractically Noii-Poisonoiis.)

No. I. The Safest and iVlost
Powerful WEED KILLER.

The Foresters' and Fruit
Growers' Friend.

SmearoleuM

No. I. Aati-Rodent Smear,

for protect iiitr Yoiiim' Plantations,
Forests, Fruit and Ornamental
'I'rees, etc., from Uabbits and other
Gronnd t-lame, Horses, Cattle,
Deer, etc.

No. 2. Insecticide Smear,

for protection of Frnit Trees, etc.

THOMAS & CO.'s Preparations are nsed on the largest Estates in the

Majesty's Government and the Ivin,!,''s Nnrseries, and also by the Fiv

Fnll ParticHlar.s, irilh Dinctioisfur Use, and Users' ilpininiis, on uppUea

THOMAS & CO., Ltd., Ceres Works, LIVERPOOL.

Telegraphic Address : " Arborists, Liverpool." Teleplione : 307 Royal.

We shall be glad to quote prices of all grades of Basic Slag on application.

THOMAS & CO.'S

LAWN SAND

AND DAISY DESTROYER

las siiii]ili,(l hii us/or use on
tli lawns of il.M. the King).

A combined Fertiliser and

Weed Destroyer in Fine

Powder.

Unsurpassed for the Lawn. Tennis

Courts, Bowling Greens, Croquet

Lawns, Cricket Grounds, Golf

Putting Greens, etc.

Kingdom, and in the Pai'ks of His

nch and .\uierican Governments.

■ion to tlte Sole Muhis :—

On all subjects, including Agri =
cultural. Farming, Economics,
Political Science, Literary,
Educational, Scientific, Com-
mercial, &c., and for all
examinations.

BOOKS

SECOND-HAND AT HALF-PRICES.

New, at 25 per cent, discount. Catalogue No. 661 Free. State wants. Books sent
on approval. Books bouylit : Best prices given.

W. & G. FOYLE, 121-123, Charing Cross Rd., LONDON, W.C.

Lund's SeSf-acting Rams.

Work uiiiht and day from a small runnino-

stream. They will force any distance and to

great heig'hts, supplying- water to Farms and

Country Houses.

Edward Luxd will be pleased to quote for

new or yood secondhand Pumps, for Milk

Refrigeration, etc.

Telegrams .—LUND, ENGINEER,

Established 1873.

STOCKPORT.

RAM.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF WALES,

ABERYSTWYTH.

(One of the Constituent Colleges of the
University of 'Wales.)

President— The Right Hon. LORD RENDEL.

Principal T. F. ROBERTS, JW.A., LL.D.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
Professor— C. BRYNER JONES, M.Sc.

Stiidiuts are prep.Tred for the degree of B.Sc. iu
Agriculture at the Welsh University, the National
Diploma in Agriculture and National Diploma in
Daiiyintf, and the Examination of the SuiA-eyors
Institution. The ColU!ge aUo grants Diplomas and
Certificates in Agriculture, Dairying, and Horti-
culture.

The College has a well-equipped Dairy, and
Agricultural Laboratory.

Alarge mixed Farm is also managed by theCollege
in conjunction with tho neighbouring County
Councils.

J. H. DAVIE8, Jl.A., Ret'istrar

BRYAN CORCORAN Ltd.,

Engineers and Contractors, Millwrights
and Water Power Specialists.

Makers of Coleman's Patent

ADJUSTABLE

Works, Warehou'ii s — WMI I 1 ( HAI'EL.
S or. s —BASEMENT 01 OOUN LXCHANGB.

OFFICE :— 31, MARK LANE, E.C.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
Show at IBRISTOr^, July 15, 1913,

Fur Terms tin- tlir- rrisc-rtion ot Ad\eiliseMients in the Catfilo(-'iie aii|ily to—
Messrs. WALTER ItlLL <S Co., Ltd., 67 & 69, Southampton Row, London, W.C.

36

ADVERTISEMENTS.

fiilNaniAl ft forin vpry interesting features

f(ir Gardens. LawiiB. Buildings,

•■^^^^-—^^—- etc.

Interesting Booklet with Mottoes

and Price Lists Post Free.

Francis BARKER,

Dialist

Sun-Dlal House,

12, Clerkeawell Road,

London, B.C.

MAKER AND RESTOREE OF

SUN-DIALS.
(Established 1R4S.)

SSS****^ A few old Pedestals and Dial
-iyvnrfi Plates for Sale.

All Dialx ninth- Matlwrnaticallii Cnrfct.

BAROMETERS, THERMOMETERS, RAIN
GAUGES, Etc., for Agricultural Purposes.

POTASH

MANURES.

KAINIT, SULPHATE of POTASH,
MURIATE of POTASH, &c.

These Manures afford the cheapest means
of supplying Potash, which is

ESSENTIAL FOR ALL CROPS.

The heavier and better the crop required
the more Potash must be suppHed. May
be obtained of

ALL MANURE DEALERS.

The Chief Commercial Agents are :—
S. ENGLAND & IKELAND-Messrs. BERK Sc

Co., 1, Fenchureh Avenue. London, E.C.
N. ENQLAND-Messrs. CAMERON, SWAN &

Co.. 4, St. Nicholas Buildings, Newcastle-

on-Tyne.

Particulars may be obtained from the above,

and Pamphlets and advice on Manuring

from the

AGRICULTURAL OFFICES OF THE
POTASH SYNDICATE,

117, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

WATER SUPPLIES

TO MANSIONS,

Country Houses, Towns, Villatfcs, Favnis,
Small Holdings, etc. Thousands of Springs
discovered bv W. STONE, the most success-
ful Water Finder living, and WATER
SUPPLY ENGINEER OF OVER 30 YEARS'
STANDING. Artesian and otlier wells bored
and sunk, giving abundant supplies ol pure
water. Under the distinguished Patronage
of ROYALTY, all the leading nobility,
county, district. Urban and Parish Councils,
Railway Companies, Brewers, Colliery
Owners, Paper Mills, etc., throughout the
United Kingdom and Abroad.

ADDRF.S.S —

W. STONE, Consulting Water & Sanitary

Engineer &, General Contractor,Bolingbrolse

Hall, SPILSBY.

COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE

HOLMES CHAPEL,

CHESHIRE.

(AND UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER.)

A residential College, recently en-
larged, standing on its own Farm,
and in the centre of one of the finest
districts for Dairying, Stock-raising,
Potato Growing, and General Mixed
Farming ; Staff of Seven Lecturers
and Demonstrators. Fully equipped
for thorough Training in Practical
and Scientific Agriculture combined ;
Estate Management and Forestry ;
Degree Course for B.Sc. (Agr.) of Man=
Chester University ; College Diploma
and other Examinations.

Prospectus and PartictUarson appUcaticn to

T. J. YOUNG, F.S.I., Principal.

Edinburgh & East of Scotland
College of Agriculture.

The Classes arranged in conjunction with
the University of Edinburgh qualify for the
College Diploma, the College Certificate in
Horticulture, for the degrees of B.Sc. in
Agriculture and in Forestry, and for all the
Higher Agricultural Examinations. Calen-
dar sent on application to the Secretary,

ALEXANDER McCALLUM, M.A., LL.B.,

13, George Square, Edinburgh.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS.

DEPARTMENT OF AQRIOULTURE.

Complete Courses in Agriculture, suitable for

Farmers, Land Owners, Land Agents, Valuers,

•r Teachers of Agricultural Science.

The Winter Courses prepare for the

NATIONAL DIPLOMA.

INCLUSIVE FEES: Ooniplote Winter Course, £10.

SpeciHl Summer Course, £5.

FACILITIES FOR RESEARCH.

Special Branches of Agriculture dealt with in Summer

Session. The FARM WUIiK and EXrHIlt-

MENTS at GA RFORTH form an integral part of

the ijiitruction.

Students may take Agriculture In the Final

Examination for the Degree of B.Sc.

FroipectUM fr:

ADVERTISEMENTS.

37

The RELIANCE LUBRICATING
OIL COMPANY,

19 & 20, Water Lane, Great Tower St.,
LONDON, B.C.,

Specially pivpartHl ANlI-COKROfilVE

LUBRU'ANTS for Motor Car Owners

and Eni--iiie Owners

Heavy Non-Gumming Engine Oil,
Steam Refined Black Cylinder Oil,
" A " Motor Car Oil,
"AJAX" Motor Car Grease,
" RELIANCE " Black Varnish,
"ASTRAL" Disinfectant.
I'arreU free and carnii-'e iKiid to any Station in tlie
United K.ini-'dom at very low prices.

"RELOC," the Sportsman's Friend, tor pre-
serving and keeping clean Firearms, GraniophDnes
Furniture, etc., 1/- bottle, post free 13 on receipt
of ^tamps. AGE.'^'l'S WANTED.

LAXTONS
BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES
ROSES

CATALOCUe I. CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

Docking Expenses.

£2 PER ACRE is a low estimate of
cleaning land that has been sown with
"Seeds" containing docks and other
impurities. It will pay you much
better to sow clovers Guaranteed free
from such "expensive" weeds as docks.
At a cost of little, if any, more. From

HARRISONS'

SEEDSMEN,

LEICESTER.

Royal (Dick) Veterinary College,

EDINBURGH.

Prhiciiml:
O. Ohakxock Bradley, m.d., u.so., m.k.c.v.s.

After attendance on complete courses of instruc-
tion in this College, Students may proceed to the
Examinations for the Diploma of Meml)ership of
tlie Uoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons
(M.KO.V.S.),

Students of the College may also present them-
selves for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
(B.Sc.) in Veterinary Science conferred by the
University of Edinburgli.

The College being recognised nsaCentral Institu-
tion under the Education (Scotland) Act, 190P,
Students are eligible for Bursaries granted by
Committees on Secondary Education of Coimties
and certain Burghs of Scotland.

A copy of the College Calendar may be obtained
on apjitication.

ROBERT ANDERSON, S.S.C, Secretary.

The Wilts United Dairies, Ltd.,

93, Albert Embankment, London, S.E.,

are always open to purchase Reliable Dairies of Well-Cooled Milk,

•BRITISH COLUMBIA

THE ORCHARD OF THE EMPIRE. A LAND OF FRUIT AND FLOWERS.

the

.'Stent

Iii,(_n>i,(KHJ acres of land have been set aside for settlers, anil these may be pre-empted

of 160 acres fur each adult.

Laud and climate tminently suitable for Fruit Growing, Mixed Farming, Dairying and Poultry

Farming. Markets near at hand and wood prices obtainable

PfOduction (estimated) from Agriculture in 1911, $20,837,893.

A 10 iici-c orchard at PentirUm ii i. hi, ,1 20 tmix '■( j" ■idn- m lull;
The country for the farmer with sonic capital niiil all classes of au'riciittural workers.
Full iiifonnation free of charge on application to ,T. 11. rUUNEll, Ay,'id-G,:niral fur B.C., Salisbury
House, Finsbiit-y Circus, Loudon.

HARPER ADAMS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

NEWPORT (SALOP).

This Endowed Residential College (con-
siderably enlarged) provides Courses of
Instruction in Theoretical and Practical
Agriculture suitaVjle for Farmers, Land
Agents and Colonists.

The Farm surrounds the College, and
together with the Dairy, Caiijenters' and
Blacksmiths' Shops, otl'ers every facility for
gaining a knowledtre of the practical work
on a Farm or Estate.

Poultry Department.

Terms commence January, May and October

For I'roippctus and lull particulars

iipiili/ to the Principal,

P. HEDWORTH FOULKES, B.Sc, F.E.S.

POTATO SPROUTING BOXES

For Early and Late Planting.

Delivered at Small Cost to SOUTH and WEST
COASTS of ENGLAND, WALKS & SCOTLAND.

GEO. PERRY & CO., Limited,

Camden Row. DUBLIN.

Shrewsbury, Wellington, Wem, and Oswestry.
Messrs. HALL, WATERIDOE & OWEN,
Auctioneers, Valuers, Surveyors & Estate Agents.
Offices— High St., Shrewsbury Mnrk,\. M.,\YrUiiw-
ii'ii : i:< lliijhSt.,Wem; Bnnl; Chii iiibiTs ItKVist nj
Stiles of Landed Kstates. ItesiUnil lal anil liiisiner-s
Prii|periies, Standing Timber. Macliiiin-y, Agricul-
ttinil and Pedigree Stock, and Kiiniitiire Agrii-iil-
tiiral Valuers and Arbitrators. Monthly Horse Sales
at the litiven Horse Keposilory tind Trial Grounds,
Shrewsbury.

38

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE ELFORDLEIGH GUERNSEY HERD,

The property of Mrs, R. C. BAINBRIDGE,

tLFORDLEIGH. PLYMPTON, S. DEVON.

Guernsey Bull Raymond's Joe.

First Prize at the Devon County Show at Plymouth, Second at the Bath and West, and
H.C. at the Royal Counties this year, and hrst at tlie Norwich Royal Show, 1911. Calved
in 1910, sire Raymond of the Preel IV., dam Bon Espoir IX. ; bred by Mr. J. L. Page, Cast el,
Guernsey ; tiie property of Mrs. I!. C. Bainbridge, Ell'ordleigh, Plympton.

SAM DARLING,

Beckhampton House, MARLBOROUGH.

Breeder and Exporter of pure bred Hamp-
shire Downs. Annual Ram Sales at Wey-
hill. Hungerford. and Marlborough Fairs.
Selections for Sale. Apply—

H. A. BROWN, Galteemore Farm, BeckbamptoD,
MARLBOROUGH.

W. J. CAMPBELL,

SIBSTER, DALKEITH, MIDLOTHIAN.

Offers carefully selected

Seed WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, and
POTATOES.

Royal Agricultural Society
OF England.

Seventy-fourth ANNUAL SHOW

BRISTOL,

JULY 1st to 5th, 1913.

For particulars apply to —
THOMAS McROW, Secretary,

ICi, Bkufokd Square, London, W.C.

Hartforth Grange

HERD OF .

SHORTHORNS

THE PROPERTY OF

HERBERT STRAKER.

This herd is composed

of many of the best

milking families in the

Herd Book.

No Short Pedigree Cows kept.
Youngr Bulls always on Sale.

APPLY TO FARM B.VILIFF :

Hartforth Grange
Farm,

RICHMOND, YORKS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

39

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

HOESES.

Hackneys, Roadsters, Hunters, &c.

Capenor, Nutfield. Surrey. Stiid
of hig-h-class Pedigree Hackneys.
Brood mares : Fragility, Medelias,
Beckint;ham, Lady H e 1 m s 1 e y ,
Leopardess, Shelbourue; Portia,
]\Luiam Pompadour, Ryburn Lucinda,
Shirlfv Violet. &c. Stallions: Cape-
nor IMatador, by Mathias AL out of
Madam Pompadour; ForthriLrbt 1 H38,
by Polonius, out of Fortuna. Mares,
yountif stock and show horses, by
Polonius, Mathias, and Royal Dane-
jrelt. etc., for sale. Apply to Thos.
Heron, at above address.

CoNCHAR, John, Wylde-Green, Bir-
mingham. Breeder of hijih-class
Shires and Hackneys. Several have
been successful in the show-ring-.
Colts and Fillies by the leading-
stallions of the day.

McAllister. Wm., The Inverness
Hackney Stud, Inverness. Breeder
and Exhibitor of high-class Hack-
neys. Winners principal shows, Eny--
laiid and Scotland. Young- stock
for sale, by leading Sires.

Robinson, Ernest W., Brooklbigh
Stud, Liscombe, Leighton Buz-
zard. Hackenschraidt, Family 6,
G.S.B.. Vol. 20, p. 892. The Tower,
Family 8, G.S.B., Vol. 21, p. (!2fi. Irish-
bred one, two, three, and four-year-
olds. Brood Mares, Made and Un-
made Hunters for sale. For par-
ticulars apply to Stud Groom, as
above.

Shires.

Blaisdon Shire Stud. Colin
MacIver, Owner. Stallions for hire
or service. Young stock for sale.
J. S. Bate, Agent, Blaisdon, Glos.

Jackson, J. C. Breeder of Shires (Stud
established 1898). Stallions and Colts
for sale and hire (also Fillies for sale)
by Knottingley Regent, Blythwood
King Maker, Tatton Friar, Childwick
Champion, Hendre Baronet, Exton
Conqueror, &c. Apply, Faulkner,
Smallages, Skyehouse, Snaith, R.S.O.,
Yorks. Station : Askern.

MuNTZ, Frederick Ernest, Umber-
slade, Hockley Heath, Warwick-
shire. Shire Horse Stud Stallions,
Mares, Fillies ; prize winners. Par-
ticulars from Mr. John T. B. Hartley,
Estate Office, Umberslade, Hockley
Heath, Warwickshire.

L'l.AiisoN. E. E., Esq., Brickendon
Shike Stud. A number of Stallions
kept for service, or to let on reason-
able terms, and Stallions, Mares, and
Fillies of the best blood, and in grow-
ing condition, always on sale. Prize-
winners. The Stud Farm can be seen
by ai)pointment. For terms, nomina-
tions, and full particulars, apply.

KORSES—ccmtinupd.
Shires.
Estate Office, Brickendonbury, Hert-
ford, Herts. Teleu'raras: Stud. Avenue,
Hertford.

Polo, Riding and Harness Ponies.

Miller, W.S.,FoREST Lodge, Brecon.
Most extensive breeder and exporter
of best class of Welsh Mountain
Ponies, Cobs, and Entires in Wales.

Taylor, C. Howard, Hajipole
Priory, near Doncaster. Good
young Polo Ponies always for sale,
bred from mares which have been
good Polo Ponies and i)rize-winners.
Also a few undersized Ponies suitable
tor racing- in India. Stallions : Field
Marshal (.512) and Don Patricio (.592),
both prize winners and good stock
getters.

Suffolks.

Smith, A. Carlyle, Ashmoor Stud,
Sutton Hall, Woodbridge. Suf-
folk. Suffolk Punches. Stallions,
Mares, and Fillies always on sale.
Export trade a speciality. Station :
Melton, G.E.R., 3i miles.

Clydesdales.

Bry'don, Robert, Seaham Harbour,
County" Durham. Breeder of Pedi-
gree Clydesdale Horses. Chief Stud
Horses : Silver Cup 11184, and Bonnie
Buchlyvie 14032, both of which have
been first-prize winners at the Royal
and Highland Shows. Bonnie Buch-
lyvie was also Cawdor Cup winner
in 1909. Colts and Fillies on sale.
Foreign orders carefully attended to.
Inspection invited. Telegrams and
Station : Seaham Harbour.

Various.

Dickinson Bros., Cark Mills, Cark-
in-Cahtmel. Thoroughbreds, Hun-
ters, Harness Horses, Shires, and
Clydesdales, all ages, thoroughly
trained and unbroken. Best York-
shire, Cumberland, Westmorland, and
Lancashire blood. Nearly all prize-
winning stock, 420 ]irizes won. includ-
ing London, Royal Lancashire cham-
pionships, North Lonsdale, Cartmel,
Warrington, Ramsbottom, South})ort,
Windermere, Ormskirk, and West-
morland County. Prices reasonable.
Communications invited.

Fleming, Willis J., Chilworth
Manor Stud. Romsey. Hants.
Thoroughbred Stallions : Liao. Vol.
20, G.S.B., bv Ladas out of St. la by
St. Serf ; Vectis, Vol. 22, G.S.B., Vol.
12. P. & R.P.S.B.. bv Vernham out of
Fruit Girl bv Meddler : Polo Pony
Stallion Rajah. Vol. 12, P. & R.P.S.B.
Particulars, F. E. Seymour. Esc).

40

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

EO'RS'ES—c0)itinned.
Various.
Sheldon, John Prince, Sheen, Bux-
ton. Season 1913. Kingston Menes-
trel 21574. Combined blood of
Menestrel, Ben 120. Big- Ben. Lincoln,
Honest Tom, and Honest Tom 10(50
foaled in 1800.

OATTLB.
Aberdeen Angus.

Balliol College Herd, founded in
1880. The herd from which so many
champions have been sent. Great
attention given to purity of blood
and milking properties. For cata-
logue apply to Clement Stephenson,
Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Coopek, Sir George, Hursley Park,
Winchester. All fashionable strains:
Prides, Ericas, Miss Burgess. Stock
Bulls : Bvolsurus, sire of many
winners ; Black for Ever of Ballin-
dalloch. For catalogue, apply Estate
Office, Hursley, Winchester.

Cran, George, Morligh, Aberdeen-
shire. Breeder of many noted
Aberdeen Angus Cattle. Winner of
Champion Prizes at National and
County Shows. Draft Sale at Mor-
lich, Sejjtember, 1913.

Curragh Grange, Curragh Camp.
Herd of Aberdeen-Angus Cattle, the
property of Captain J. H. Greer.
Select families : Ericas, Prides,
Jipseys. Nightingales, Heather Blos-
soms," Miss Burgess, Lady Idas, Rubys,
and Marys. Bulls and Cows for sale
at all times. Apply R. Weller,
Curragh Grange Farm, Curragh
Camp. Co. Kildare.

DooNHOLM Herd of Aberdeen
Angus Cattle, the property of
James Kennedy, of Doonholm, Ayr,
consists of carefully bred high-class
animals of the most fashionable
families. Representatives of this
herd, all bred at Doonholm, won 9
firsts, 2 championships, and 1 reserve
championship at the Royal and
Highland Shows of 1908. Catalogues
on ai)plication.

McIntyre,John,Theakston,Bedale,
Yorkshire. Aberdeen Angus Herd.
Established 1883. 1.50 head Registered
Cattle. Fashionable families. 30
grand, thick-fleshed yearling Bulls
for sale, also Cows and Heifers in calf
to Ballindalloch Erica sires. Good
milkers and breeders.

Red Polled.
Cranworth, Right Hon. Lord, offers
grand dual-purpose Red Polls, milk
average 12 best cows during last four
years 8,3(H) lbs. per cow per annum.
Thirty-six champion and special
prizes, and 22 champion and special

GAITLE— continued.
Red Polled,
reserves won at the Royal and other
Shows. Applv C. F. Stebbing, Letton,
Thetford, England.

Jerseys and Guernseys.

Cadogan, Right Hon. Earl, K.G.
Jersey Cattle. Pedigree stock. This
herd has won a very large number
of prizes and Blythwood Bowls. For
particulars apply M. Mortimer, Estate
Office, Culford, Bury St. Edmunds.

Endbkby, Miss. Beckington. Bath.
Pedigree Jersey Herd ; many prizes
won ; Heifers and Cows always
on sale ; prices reasonable. Also
Guernseys.

Fowler and de la Perrelle, Por-
ter's Lane, Southampton, the
largest importers of Jerseys and
Guernseys. Cows and heifers calving
all the year round. Bulls of the best
strains. Moderate prices. Shipping
attended to. Horn Trainers and
Self-piercing Bull Rings. Telegrams :
■' Importers, Southampton."

Guernsey Cattle. The Clytha Herd
of Pedigree and prize-winning Guern-
seys. Cows, Heifers, and young stock
on sale. Inspection invited. Apply,
C. L. Herbert. Clytha Park, Aberga-
venny.

Hill. Captain M., West Bergholt,
Essex. Pedigree Jerseys for Sale.
This herd contains the best strains of
blood in England ; absolutely free
from tuberculosis. Milk records of
each cow strictly kept. Numerous
prizes won at leading shows. — Tele-
grams: Hill. Westbergholt. Station:
Colchester.
Plumptre, H. Fitzwalter. Goodnes-
tone Park. Herd of Guernseys ;
milking and prize-winning strains.
Milk records kept of every cow. In-
sjjection invited. Apply, E. W. Amos,
Goodnestoiie. Canterburv. Station :
Adisham (S.E. and C. Ry.)
Sturgis, Henry Parkman, Givons,
Leatherhead. Surrey. Pedigree
Jerseys, Cows, Heifers, and Bulls, bred
from prize-winners and good milkers.
Station : Leatherhead (L. & S.W.R.
and L.B. & S.C.R.). Particulars from
W. Peters, Bailiff.
TiCHBORNE Park Guernseys. Bulls
from selected heavy-milking Cows for
sale. Apply, D. Michie, Tichborne
Park Office, Alresford, Hants.

Shorthorns.
College of Agriculture. Holmes
Chapel, Cheshire. Pure-bred Dairy
Shorthorns. Milking records kept.
Bull Calves and Heifers for sale.
Station, Holmes Chajiel, L. & N.W.,
i mile. For particulars apply to the
Principal.

I

ADVERTISEMENTS.

41

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

CATTLE— contiHiied.
Shorthorns.

HoBBS, R. W., & Sons, Kelmscott,
Lechlade, Glos. Herd of 600
Dairy Shorthorns. Milk records kept.
Fifty-two first, second, and third
prizes, won for inspection and in
milking" trials, at the leadins:!" shows
in 1911-12, including championship,
group challenge cup, three firsts,
one second and one third at the Royal
Show, Norwich ; championship, one
first and two seconds at Tring -,
and first and second at the London
Dairy Show. Bulls and Bull Calves
always on sale. Cows in milk and
Stock Bulls have passed the Tuber-
culin Test.

Lewis, The Hon. Herbert C, Hkan
Castle, Saundersfoot, Pembroke-
shire. Pedigree Shorthorns of the
Augusta, Beauty, Brawith Bud, Broad-
hooks Clipper, Lavender, Lady Clara,
Missie, and Blanche families. Stock
Bulls : Proud Champion 100096, roan ;
Morning Star lOO-KiS, roan.

Lydney Park Herd of Pedigree
Shorthorns, the property of Charles
Bathurst, Esq., M.P. Young Bulls
and Heifers from good milking
strains (all dark Reds). Apply, J.
Lauder, Estate Office, Lydney Park,
Glos.

Marden Park Shorthorn Herd, the
property of Sir Waljjole Greenwell,
Bart, Station : Woldingham (with-
in 17 miles of London on the London,
Brighton, and South Coast Railway).
This splendid Herd of Shorthorns,
with great adaptability for pro-
ducing flesh, can be viewed any time
by ajipointiuent. The Stock Bulls
are Ascott Constellation 8.0184, who
has jiroved himself one of the most
successful sires of the day. and Pride
of Sittyton KiO(K).5. The Herd has
been very successful intheshowyard.
For further particulars apply, L. G.
Wrigley, Estate Office, Marden Park,
Surrey.

Robinson, J. & H., Iford, Lewes,
SussK.x, and Lowfield Heath,
HoRLEY, Surrey. Select Herd of
Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns. Milk
records kept. Best Bates blood,
including Acombs, Barringtons,
Blanches, Darlingtoiis, Fogg'athorpes,
Camljridge Roses, Oxfords, Waterloos
and Wil'l Eyes Families. Young Bulls
for sale, whose cows and also sire's
dams are heavy-milking dams with
well-shaped udders and sound consti-
tutions. Insi)ection invited. Tele-
grams: Robinson, Iford, Lewes. Tele-
phone : 1 14 Lewes.

Sanders, J. W., Gilmorton, Luttee-
worth. Dairy Shorthorns, com-
bining milk with flesh. Winners at

CATTLE— cwitmued.
Shorthorns.
London Dairy Show, 1908, and Short-
horn Society's Prizes, Royal Dublin,
1909 and 1910, Oxford, Royal Counties,
and Royal, 1910. Oxford and North-
ampton, 1912. Average milk yield
of herd for last six years 7,302 lbs.
Young bulls for sale.
Sivewright, The Hon. Sir James,

TULLIALLAN, FiFESHIRE. Herd of

High-class Shorthorns of fashionable
breeding. Young Bulls and Heifers
for sale. Inspection of the herd is
invited. Apply, J. C. Wilson, Tulli-
allan Estate Ofiice, Kincardine-on-
Forth.

The Wrest Park Herd op Pedi-
gree Dairy Shorthorns, the pro-
perty of the Right Honourable Lord
Lucas. Winners of numerous awards
at the leading Agricultural Shows,
including two firsts, a second, and
silver medal at the London Dairy
Show. Daily milk records kept ;
average yield from 30 cows for 1912,
817 gallons. Young Bulls of fashion-
able strains and good colour from
heavy milking parents always on
sale. Apply to Cecil G. Argles, Esq.,
Estate Office, Wrest Park, Ampthill,
Beds.

WooDHousE, Charles, Woolmers,
Hertford. Breeder of typical dual
purpose Shorthorns of long pedigree.
First R.A.S.E. Two gold medals and
first milking trials, London Dairy
Show. Inspection invited. Visitors
met by appointment.

Kerries and Dexters.

Geeenall, Lady, Walton Hall,
Warrington. Pedigree Herd of
Kerry Cattle. Winners of numerous
prizes, including First Milk Yield,
Royal Show, First Butter Test, Dairy
Show, Bertodano Challenge Cup,
Bath and West, and Challeng'e
Shield, Royal Counties. Bulls, Cows,
and Heifers on sale. Apply. W.
Bainbridge, Walton Estate Office,
Warrington.

HiLLiARD, John, Lake Hotel, Kil-
larney. Famous Castle Lough Herd.
The Champion at the Royal Show,
Norwich, 1911. was from this herd,
and many other prize-winners. Pedi-
gree Heifers and Bulls generally on
sale. Useful choice non-pedigree
Heifers always on sale at moderate
prices.

Palmer, R. E. Pedigree Kerries and
Jerseys. Bulls and Heifers, all ages.
Address, The Foreman, Oaklands
Park, Newdigate, Surrej'. Stations:
Holmwood, Horley, or Faygate, L.B.
and S.C. Telegrams : Newdigate.
Telephone: 5 Rusper.

42

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

CATTLE— coHtlnued.
Kerries and Dexters.

Rattray, David M., aoBTNASKKHY,
Ballybunion, Co. Kbrky. Largest
exporter of Dexters and Kerries in
the King-dom. Over 800 prizes won by
Cattle from this herd, iucludmK
Phojnix Cup and Blythwood Bowl.
Bulls, Cows, and Heifers for sale.

Waite, T., Highlands, Redhill,
Surrey. Breeder of Kerry Cattle.
Prizes won at all the principal shows.
Cows, Heifers, and Young Bulls
generally for sale.

Ayrshires.
Fergusson-Buchanan, Lieut.-Col.,

AUCHBNTORLIB, BOWLING, SCOT-
LAND. Ayrshire Cattle, Winner of
prizes at all the principal shows in
Scotland, also of the Royal Agricul-
tural Milk-Yield Test. Bulla and
Heifers for sale. Inspection invited.
Wallace, James, Atjchenbainzie,
Thornhill, N.B. Breeder of Pedi-
gree prize-winning Ayrshire Cattle.
This herd of old standing is bred for
dairy purposes; beauty and style.
Young Stock by Milk-record Sires.

Sussex.
Lord, J. Winser, Northiam, Sussex.
Pure Sussex herd ; established 1844.
Young Bulls for sale. Steyning,
Ruby, Golddust 11th, Gondolier,
Geotfrey, Prince Confidence 2nd, and
Derby Maybud strains blood used.
Purchasers invited.

Lincolnshire Eed Shorthorn.

Robinson & Son, Anderby, Alford,
Lings. Lincoln Red Shorthorn Bulls
for sale, descended from the best herds.
Beef and Milking qualities combined.
Inspection invited. Station : Mumby
Road. G.N. Railway.

Herefords.

Cooke-Hill, John George, Shelsley
Bank, Stanford Bridge, Worces-
ter. Herd of Rd^al prize-winning
Hereford Cattle. Stations: Worces-
ter, 13 miles ; Stourport, 8 miles ;
Newnham Bridge, 6 miles.

Evans, J. D. D., Ffrwdgrech,
Brecon. Pedigree Hereford Cattle,
prize-winning herd, of fashionable
strains. Established 1880. Stock
Bull : Royal Prince, by Sailor Prince
26465. All Cattle eligible for export.

South Devons.
Pedigree South Devon Bulls a.nd
Heifers, for sale, of noted prize-
winning strains. Bull in service :
Fireman 2887, whose dam won first
and cup in milking class, giving
65 lbs. per day. John Wood, Bourton,
Totnes.

CATTLE— continued.
Various.

Cridlan, J. J., Maisemore Park.
Gloucester. Stock Bull "Everwise."
Champion R.A.S.E., the Highlands.
&c., &c. Awarded Chauipioiisliips
1907, Smithfield, and Birmingham
1910 and 1911, Norwich, 1912. 16 gold
medals, 31 silver medals, 140 first
prizes.

Stratton, Richard, The Duffryn,
Newport. Large Herd. Milk and
flesh combined. Champion Dairy
Cow" Model Maid," sired by a Duffryn
Bull.

Stratton, Richard, The Duffryn,
Newport, Mon. Old-established
herd combining milk with flesh. Bulls
and Heifers for sale. Good colours.
Also Ry eland Sheep.

Thomas, D. A., Llanwbrn, New-
port, Mon. Prize- winning herd
from Stocktonbury, Hampton Court,
Court House, and other leading
strains. Young Bulls and Heifers by
Perfection 22450 and Pandorus 236.58
for sale. All eligible for the A.H.R.
Also pedigree Shropshire Sheep.
Inspection invited. One hour from
Hereford, two and a half from
London.

Thornycroft, Sir John, Steyne,
Bembridge, Isle op Wight. Best
milking and exhibition strains. Now
in herd immediate descendants of
Lady Viola, Vanilla 2nd, and Tiber
2nd, Bulls only used from first
prize-winning cows, with records of
700 to 1,000 gallons per annum.
Average milk yield for all cows in
herd whole of 1909, 718 gallons;
butter ratio of whole nerd 1800.

SHEEP.

Southdowns.

Cadogan, Right Hon. Earl, K.G.
Southdown Sheep. Pedigree stock.
This flock has won very many prizes
and silver medals. For particulars
apply M. Mortimer, Estate Office,
Culford, Bury St. Edmunds.

Oxford Downs.

Hicks-Beach, Honble. Michael,
M.P., CoLN St. Aldwyn, Faiuford,
Gloucestershire. Pedigree Flock
Oxford Down Sheep. Prize-winners.
Rams and Ewes for sale. Particulars
on application to bailiff'.

Hobbs, R. W., & Sons, Kelmscott,
Lechlade. Largest flock in Oxford
Down Flock Book. Numerous prizes
at principal shows. Rams,Ram Lambs
and Ewes always on sale. Drafts of
Rams sold annually, Oxford, Ciren-
cester, Edinburgh, Kelso, Northamp-
ton, and other fairs.

ADYERTISEMENTS.

43

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

SKEEP—conthmed.

Oxford Downs.

The Royal Prize Farm Flock.
Pure Oxford Down Sheep, Shearling-
Rams, Ram Lambs, Ewes, and Ewe
Lambs for sale. Special arrang-ements
with foreig^n buyers. Many prizes at
R.A.S.E. and other Shows during
past 40 years, including 2 firsts, 2
seconds, and 4 other prizes, World's
Fair, Chicago ; and 23 firsts, and 3
champions at Royal, Bath and West,
and Royal Counties, &c., the last three
years. Apply, George Adams & Sons.
Faringdon, Berks.

Lincoln Long- wools.

Brocklebank, Joseph, Carlton-le-
MooRLAND, Newark. Pure-bred
Lincoln Long-wool Sheep, Flock 10.
Large numbers are sold for export
every year. Given satisfaction both
at home and abroad. Inspection
invited. Telegrams : Bassingham.
Station : Navenby.

Dorset Horn.

Hambro, Sir Everard, K.C.V.O.,
MiLTOX Abbev, Blandeord. Dor-
set. Registered Flock Dorset Horns.
Prize-winners Royal, Royal Counties,
Bath and West, Somerset, and other
shows, and a yearling Ewe and Ram
of this flock took 1st prize and grand
champion at the World's Fair, St.
Louis. Telegrams : Yates, Estate
Office, Milton Abbas.

Hampshire Downs.

Coles. Cart, Winterbourne Stoke,
Salisbury. — Prize-winners leading
shows. Salisbury Fair, 1900-1-2-4-6.
Challenge Cup ; Chicago, 1901, all
champions and Ists, rams, ram lambs;
St. Louis, 1904, 10 prizes, besides grand
champions; American shows, 1911, 14
Ists, 8 champions ; Sale, 1906, extra-
ordinary records. Twin ram lambs
let for 20.5 and 120 guineas, 90 aver-
aged £21 10s. each. Selections for
Sale.

Darling. Sam, Beckhampton House,
Marlborough. Registered Hamp-
shire Downs ; prize-winners at home
and abroad ; selections alwaj^s for
sale. Annual Ram Sale in August.
Apply, H. A. Brown, Galtee More
Farm, Beckhampton, Marlborough.
Telegrams : Galtee More, Avebury.
Station : Marlborough.

JuDD, Edward Thomas, Cocum,
Barton Stagey, Hants. Pedigree
Hampshire Downs. Noted for great
size, quality, and hardiness of con-
stitution. Selections always for sale.

SKEEV— coil fin NP(t
Kent or Romney Marsh.

Dunster, E. B., Monypenny House,
East Guldeford, Rye. Established
over sixty years. Breeder of pure
Romney Marsh Sheep, Flock No. 161.
Noted for good flesh and wool, com-
bined with sound constitution.
Annual sale of Ram Tegs at Rye
since 1873.

Finn, Arthur, Westbroke, Lydd,
Kent. Flock established 1770. In-
spection invited of 2,000 registered
Ewes and Rams grazed only on
Romney Marsh. Highest references
to purchasers in South America,
New Zealand, and at home. Selec-
tions always for sale.

Ryeland.

Ryeland Sheep. Pedigree and prize-
winners at various shows, Royal
Worcester, Abergavenny, and others.
Rams and young stock always on
sale. Inspection invited. Apply,
C. L. Herbert, Clytha Park, Aber-
gavenny.

Various.

Goldsmith. James, Blendworth,
Horndean, Hants. Registered Flock
of 870 Ewes. 260 Ewe Tegs, bred for
55 years without dispersal sale. Ex-
hibitor at Smithfield and Royal
Counties Shows. Annual Ram Lamb
Sale at Alresford Fair last Tlaurday
in July.

PIGS.
Berkshires.

Corporation of Reading, Whitley.
Select Herd Pedigree Berkshires. 250
head. Best prize-winning strains
only. Size, type, quality, and hardy
constitutions unsurpassed. Not forced
for sale or show. Young Boars and
Sows, suitable for export or home
breeders, reasonable prices. T. Chettle,
Whitley, Reading, Berkshire.

Corporation of Reading, Whitley.
Select Herd Pedigree Bei'kshires.
351) head. Best prize- winning strains
only. Size, type, quality, and laardy
constitutions unsurpassed. Not forced
for sale or show. Young Boars and
Sows, suitable for export or home
breeders. Reasonable prices. T.
Chettle, Whitley, Reading, Berk-
shire.

HiGHAM, D. E. Choice Herd of pure-
bred Berkshire Pigs, descended from
fashionable strains, of good size, sound
quality, and hardy constitutions.
Young stock always for sale at rea-
sonable prices. Apjtly to Mr. Jas.
McMonies^ Coombelands, Addlestone,
Surrey. Station : Addlestone. Tele-
graphic address : Addlestone, Surrey.

44

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

PIGS — coutinued.
Large Blacks.

Brent Champion Herd Pedigree
Large Black Pigs. WinHers of
numerous first and cham])ion prizes.
K.A.S.E., Bath and West, Royal Coun-
ties, Smithfield, &c. Superb heads,
very typical, with great substance
and le'nsi-th. Inspection cordially
invited. '^King-well, Great Aish, Brent,
Devon.

Cornwood Herd. Hig-h class Large
Black Pedigree Pigs, unsurpassed for
true character, size, and quality.
Breeder and exhibitor of Royal Cup ;
Bath and West and County Show
winners; unbeaten record "year
1912"; nine First Prizes, Champion
and Reserve Champion. John H.
Glover, Cornwood, South Devon.

Hasketon Premier Herd op Large
Black Pigs.— Over 172 first, second,
and third prizes won, in addition to
i champion and only silver cup
won outright ; undoubtedly the best
herd to buy from ; no fancy prices
asked ; Boars and Gilts always on
sale from own bred stock.— Apply,
C F Marriner, J.P., Hasketon, Wood-
bridge, Suffolk.

Tamworths.

De Hambl, Egbert, Middlhton
Hall, Tamwokth. Pedigree Red
Tamworth Pigs, Boars, Gilts, and
In-pig Sows, bred from prize winners
at Royal and County Shows. Prices
moderate. Full particulars on appli-
cation.

OsM ASTON Manor Herd of Iam-
woRTH (Pedigree Red) Pigs.
Young Boars and Gilts from this
herd for sale ; out of prize winners.
Apply, Estate OSice, Osmaston
Manor, Derby.

Yorkshires.
HOLLINGWORTH, JOHN FrOST, WeS-

ton-on-Trent, Derby.— Breeder of
Large White Pigs. Young Boars and
Gilts on Sale. Large winners traced
to this herd. Station: Weston-on-
Trent, Midland Railway.

HosKiNG, Edwin, Rosevidney, Ludg-
VAN, Cornwall. Large White Pigs.
Size and quality, from prize winners.
For sale also Shropshire Sheep from
First Prize and Champion Ram at
Royal Cornwall Show, beating Royal
winner.

Hughes. Alfred. Packwood
Grange, Knowle, near Birming-
ham. Select herd of Pedigree Large
White Yorkshires, bred from prize-
winners. Pigs of various ages for
sale at moderate prices.

TIGS— continued.
Yorkshires.
Hydehall Herd Pedigree Large
White Pigs. Young Boars and Gilts
of the best strains for sale at moderate
prices. Apply, R. W. Dannatt, Hyde
Hall, Great Waltham, Chelmsford,

Kirby Bedon Herd of Pedigree
Large White Pigs of prize-winning
strain. Grand young Boars and Gilts
for sale at moderate prices. Hardy
constitution, size, and bone a special-
ity. W. Mitchell, The Vale, Kirby
Bedon, near Norwich.
Mitcheson, Harry, Bentley, Nr.
Atherstone, Pedigree Large White
Yorkshire Pigs, Boars and Gilts
always on sale at farmers' prices.
Station: Atherstone, L. and N.W.R.
Telegrams : Mitcheson, Baxterley.
Salvation Army Land Colony.
Young Pedigree Middle White Boars
for sale at reasonable prices. Inspec-
tion invited. Apply, The Governor,
Land and Industrial Colony,Hadleigh,
Essex.
Stapleford Park Herd op Middle
White Pigs. A few Gilts and
Boars for sale. Apply C. S. Harvey,
Wymondham, Oakham.
Walton Herd of Pedigree Pigs,
owned by Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart.,
Walton Hall, Warrington. Large and
Middle White Yorkshire, unsurpassed
for purity of breed and general
excellence, as proved by the numer-
ous Championship and Class Prizes
won at all the leading Shows. A choice
selection of Boars and Sows for sale ;
stock carefully shipped. Apnly to
Mr. W. Bainbridge, Walton Estate
Office, Warrington.
The Wrest Park Herd of Pedigree
Large White Pigs, the property of
the Right Honourable Lord Lucas.
A large selection of Pedigree Large
White Boars and Gilts always on sale.
Winners of numerous prizes. Apply
to Cecil G. Argles. Estate Office, Wrest
Park, Ampthill, Beds.
Various.
Barnes, William Augustus, Has-
luck's Green Farm, Shirley,
Birmingham. Breeder and exhibitor
of Royal and other winners. Boars
and Sows of all ages for sale. In-
spection invited. Purchasers met by
appointment.
Dalmeny Herd of Pure Bred Pigs,
the property of the Earl of Rosebery,
K G., K.T. Large White Yorkshires,
Middle Breed of Yorkshires, and
Berkshires. Young Boars and Sows,
of the most fashionable breeding
alwavs for sale at moderate prices.
Apply, Manager, Dalmeny Home
Farms, Eilinburgh.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

45

BREEDERS' DIRECTORY.

POULTRY.
Various.

Entwistle. J. F., The Firs, Calder
Gkove, near Wakefield. Twenty
years judg-e at all principal shows,
and exporter to all parts of the world,
has always highest quality Bantams
in all varieties for sale. All classes
of live stock purchased and exported
on commission. Breeding' stock
reasonable. Eg-gs in season. Bantams
for children's pets supplied from oj-
each.

Major. Arthur C, Ditton. Langley,
Bucks. Breeder and Exhibitor of
Dark, Silver-G-rey, and Cuckoo Dork-
ing's :^0 years. Winner 30/. Poultry
Club Trophy, also seven 30/. Champion
Cups at Crystal Palace, Birming--
ham. Dairy, Liverpool, and over 1,000
other cujjs. trophies, and prizes.
N.B.— Birds supplied to His Majesty
King- Edward VII., and exported to all
parts of the world. Prices moderate.
Eg-g-s, Is. each.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Ardenode Stock Farm. "Dexter-
Shorthorns,"' Dairy Cattle, Hunters,
Chasers, Thoroughbreds. Apply
Major Honner, Brannockstown, Co.
Kildare. Railway : Harristown.

Bradwell & Sons, John H., Auc-
tioneers, Estate Agents, Land
Surveyors, and Tenant Right
Valuers, Thurland Street, Not-
tingham, Southw^ell, and Mans-
field. Weekly cattle markets at
Nottingham and Mansfield. Fort-
nightly Horse Sales at the Midland
Counties Horse Repository, Notting-
ham. Commissions executed. Tele-
graphic address : Agricola, Notting-
ham.

Buckley, Wilfred. Moundsmere
Manor. Basingstoke. Winners of
1912 Championships, Bath and West,
Royal Counties, &c. Apply, Arthur
Roberts.

CoBBALD. A. H., Eldo House, Bury
St. Edmunds. Breeder of Suffolk
Horses, Siiffolk Sheejj, Large Black
Pigs. Useful animals for sale at
moderjite prices.

George, Isaac, J.P., Manor House,
Llanvihangel, Gobion, Aber-
gavenny. Shire bred Stallions,

ULISCELLATXEOUS— continued.

Mares, Fillies, Hereford Bulls, and
Cows ; all entered in Stud and Herd
Book : several prize winners from
best strains. Penpergwm Station.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart.,
Walton Hall, Warrington. Herd
of Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns at
Mount Coote, Kilmallock, Co. Lime-
rick. Herd of Pedigree Kerrys (owned
by Lady Greenall), at Walton Hall.
Flock of Pedigree Border-Leicesters
at Tissington, Derbyshire. Herd of
Pedigree Large and Middle White
Yorkshire Pigs at Walton Hall. Apply
to Mr. W. Baiubridge, Walton Estate
Office, Warrington.

Kerr, John, Redhall, Wigton,
Cumberland. Breeder and exporter
of Clydesdale Stallions, Mares and
Fillies. Colours, size, quality, and
pedigrees right for any country.
Also Shorthorns, Good Milkers, Long-
Pedigrees, &c. Wigton Station two
miles.

Lincolnshire Stock Auctioneers
and Agents. Dickinson, Riggall
and Davy, Agricultural Auctioneers,
Valuers, and Land Agents. Speciality,
Lincoln Red Shorthorns, and Long-
Wool Sheep, markets, and sales.
Offices : Louth, Grimsby, and Brigg-.

ROSEHAUGH, ROSS-SHIRE. FamouB

herds of Aberdeen Angus and Short-
horn Cattle ; select studs of Clydesdale
Horses and Shetland Ponies. All of
first-class breeding. Particulars from
Gilbert R. McGarva, Rosehaugh,
Avoch, Ross-shire.

Sykes, Lieut. -Col., Longford Hall
Farms, Newport, Shropshire.—
Shropshires for export, sired Royal
winners ; choicest breeding and merit.
Also milking Shorthorns, Middle
White Pigs.

Wallet, William, Live Stock
Agent, Castle-Douglas, N.B., sup-
plies on moderate commission all
classes of Scotch Cattle and Sheep.
Large consignments of pure-bred
Galloway Cattle sent to England last
year for establishing herds, and also
for crossing with white bulls.

WooDGATE, W.. Fairfield, Fram-
LiNGHAM, Suffolk. One of the
largest breeders of Pedigree Suffolk
Horses. Red Poll Cattle, and regis-
tered Flock of Suffolk Ewes.

PIGS FOR BACON.

CHAS. 6t THOS. HARRIS & CO., Ltd., Bacon Curers, Calne, Wilts,

Are always open to buy prime quality ^\%% from 6 8C. 10 lbs. to 10 sc. 10 lbs.
Prices and Terms on Application. Killings every Day. Cheques posted on Day of Killing.

Kindly mention thu Journal.

46

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HLAIVLIVIOND'S MERO of
BERKSHIRE LARGE & MIDDLE WHITE PIGS

(The property of II. H P..c!on.)

Reared ui.Jci nu. uiia o..,id,, .w.i,-. i;..:ii'~ ciu.i i.. Its of the best breeding and quality at most

moderate prices. Trains met at Reading or Goring. The herd has w6n prizes at ROYAL,

ROTAL COUNTIES, and principal Shows whenever represented.

S. H. HART, Hammond's Checkendon, Reading.
POLLED ANGUS COWS, BULLS & HEIFERS.

FINEST STRAINS.

■ Proud Monarch 3rd of Skidby."'

Winner of several prizes, Yorkshire and Royal Shows.
Bred by George Hoyles, Skidby Manor.

Full pafticuln?:'! on applirtifiou to —

MR. GEORGE HOYLES, SKIDBY MANOR, NEAR HULL

ADYER TISEMENTS.

47

THE STOWELL PARK JERSEY HERD

The Property of J. H, SMITH-BARRY, Esq., Stowell Park, Pewsey, Wilts.
GOLD MEDAL COWS IN THE HERD.

POST OBIT, born 1904, by Gay Boy 7510,

dam Post Stamp 6th, by Distinction's

Crown -1818.

Bred at Stowell, winner of 3 gold medal-,

1st milking prizes (inc. E.A.S.E., 1911), silver

medals and many inspection prizes.

MARIGOLD, bv Sportive (7037), rt. Magenta
5th, by Dr. Jim (,5261), born 1901.

Bred at Stowell, winner of 3 gold medals.
1st milking prizes, silver medals and C.
inspection E.A.S.E,

CAPRICE, by Oxford Sunbeam (8650); d.

Captious, by Geonnais Lad (6562), born

1905.
Bred at Stowell, winner of 4 gold medals.
1st milking prizes (inc. R.A.S.E.. 1910), and
silver medals, C. inspection R.A.S.E.

MALVOISIE, by Gay Boy (7510); d Madeira
7th. by Pveminders Invention (7643), born
190.1.
Bred at Stowell, winner of 2 gold medals,

milking prizes, and 2 silver medals, V.H.C.

inspection, Tring.

PROMISE, by Oxford
Sunbeam (8650j ; d.
Post Obit by Gay
Boy (7510), born
1906.

Bred at Stowell,
winner of gold medal

butter, „.„ -

calving, C. inspection,
E.A.S.E.

OFTEN YOUNG BULLS AND HEIFERS FOR SALE.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

^ HAYES GUERNSEY HERD.

THE PROPERTY OF

Sir EVERARD HAMBRO, K.C.V.O., Hayes Place, Kent,
and Milton Abbey, Dorset.

Guernsey Cow " HAYES OLIVE."

First Prize at the Bath and West, Royal Counties, London Dairy and Tunbridge

Wells Shows. 1911, Champion at the Royal Counties Show, 1909 and 1910.

AH the Animals of Both Herds have passed the Tuberculin Test.

Various Cows, Heifers and Bulls have been sold f(jr export to the United States of
America, Australia, New Zealand and the Argentine.

HEIFERS, COWS, AND BULLS NEARLY ALWAYS ON SALE.

The Herds can ulwaijs be aeen by appuintment—

Mr. JONES, Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent, or Mr. WHITE, Milton Abbey, Blandford.

MILTON ABBEY,

DORSET
HORNED FLOCK.

Registered Flock Dorset Horns.

Prize Winners, Royal, Royal
Counties, Bath and West, Somerset
and other Shows, and a yearling ewe
and ram of this flock took 1st prize
and Grand Champion at World's Fair,
St. Louis.

Telegrams: -YATES, Estate Office. Milton Abbas.

ADYERTISEMENTS.

49

PEDIGREE DAIRY SHORTHORNS

Property of J. and H. ROBINSON,
IFORD, LEWES, SUSSEX, and LOWFIELD HEATH, HORLEY, SURREY.

JESSICA ELMSHURST, WATERLOO ASTER,

Vol. 51., page 80u. Vol. 51.. page 972. Gave 3,122J gallons in three years,

MILK RECORDS KEPT.

Those Herds include the favourite old Bates families, so noted for their dairy qualities—
OXFORDS. WATERLOGS, WILD EYES, CAMBRIDGE ROSES. BLANCHES, ACOMBS,
FOGGATHORPES, BARRINGTONS. KIRKLEVINGTONS. DARLINGTONS. and others.

From the commencement these Herds have been bred on Dairy lines to fulfil several large milk

contracts, at the same time great care has been taken to maintain constitution.

THE BULLS IN SERVICE include:

Ursula's Priceless Prince 107353, red. Sire, Babraham Proud Prirfte 97899, red. Dam.Amport
Ur.sulina, red. who gave 9,836 lb. of milk from April 23rd, 1910, to February 25th, 1911, and won, in
dairy classes, 1st Oxfordshire and 1st Royal Show. Lincoln, 1907; 1st Oxfordshire and 2nd Pioyal
Show, Newcastle, 1908 : 1st Somersetshire and 3rd Royal Sliow, Gloucester, 1909 ; 2nd Royal Show,
Liverpool, and 1st Open and 1st Milking Trials at Somersetshire Show, 1910. Babraham Proud
Prince's dam. Priceless Princess, gave 9,8H6 lb. of milk from June 30th, 1906, to March 6th, 1907, with
her second calf, and won 1st Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn and 3rcl Open Shorthorn Cow Class at
Tring 1906, where she gave 59 lb. 14 oz. milk in twenty-four hours; also 3rd both Milking Trials
and Butter Test at London Dairy Show, 1906, and 1st and Champion Dairy Shorthorn at Royal
Show. 1907. Babraham Proud Prince's sire's dam. Prudish 9th. gave 9.050 lb. of milk in nine months.

Ifopd Waterloo Duke l02.^81. red. Sire Wild Prince 16th 93910. red. Dam, Waterloo Aster, red,
who gave an average of 1,041 gallons of milk for three consecutive years. Her dam. Waterloo Rose,
gave 1,034 gallons milk in 1903, and her granddam. Lady Somerset Waterloo, gave 1,002 gallons milk
in 1902 and 1,074 gallons milk in 1903. Waterloo Aster is granddam of Waterloo Baroness, sold at the
Cranford Sale, 1912, for 500 guineas. Wild Prince 16th, whose dam. Wild Erin, gave 9«7 gallons milk
from September 13th, 1902, to July 30th, 1903, and won 1st Milking Trials London Dairy Show, 1902.
was sire of six cows sold in the Cranford Sale. 1912, for an average of 140J guineas, and who had
given an average of 957^ gallons of milk each for the previous year ; he was also sire of six cows
sold in the Cranford Sale. 1911. who had given an average of 1,030 gallons of milk each per year.

Rupert 100506. red. Sire, Conjurer 91310. Dam, Red Rose 3rd, red, who gave 11,744 lb. of milk
year ending September 30th, 1908, and who won 1st Yorkshire and 3rd Inspection and reserve Milk-
ing Trials, London Dairy Show, 1906 ; 1st Inspection and v.h.c. Milking Trials. London Dairy Show.
1907, and Ist Yorkshire and 3rd Inspection and h.c. Milking Trials. London Dairy Show, 1908 ; two
Ists Peterborough, 1909. Conjurer's dam. Darlington Cranford 5th, holds by far the best milking
records of any Pedigree Shorthorn, having given 12,567 lb. of milk year ending September 30th, 1908,
.and an average of 1,000 gallons for ten consecutive years ; she is winner of alargenumber of prizes,
including many 3Iilking Trials and Butter Tests. Conjurer's sire's dam. Lady York Bates 20th,
gave over 1,200 gallons of milk within the year.

Wild Eyes Duke 107516, roan. Sire. Rowburv .5491. Dam, Wild Eyebright, roan, who gave
11.923 lb. of milk year ending September 30th, 1910, and an average of 983 gallons for seven con-
secutive years, and is own sister to Wild Erin, winner of 1st Milking Trials, London Dairy Sliow,
1902. Rowbury was reserve in a strong class at Birmingham, 1898, and 1st Sussex County Show,
1901 ; his dam. Datura 8th, red, was an exceedingly fine Dairy Cow who gave over six gallons of
milk per day after calving. Rowbury was sire of Melody 12th, winner of Isr Inspection Heifer
Class London Dairy Show, 1911, and 1st Inspection Class London Dairy Show, 1912.

Baron Oxford 107796, red, little white. Sire, Waterloo King 97628. Dam, Oxford Belle, who
gave 1,027 gallons of milk in year ending September 30th, 1908 ; she was dam of Oxford Record,
sold as yearling for 400 guineas, and Oxford Belle 6th, sold at 4i months for 200 guineas. Waterloo
King's dam, Waterloo Rose 2nd, gave 1,184 gallons of milk in 1905, and won 2nd Inspection Class at
Tring, 1906.

BULL CALVES FOR SALE whose Sires and Dams have both been carefully bred from heavy
milking cows with good udders.

All Calves reared are numbered with earmarks at birth, and all Cows are numbered on horn.
IFORD HERD OF PEDIGREE LARGE BLACK PIGS.
Numbers have been sent to Colonies and other countries, where they have given greatest satisfaction-
Pigs not exhibited, but many winners have been bred from this Herd, including Champi.ons at
the Royal.

A Registered Flock of 1,000 SOUTHDOWN SHEEP is kept at Iford in natural breeding con-
dition on the Downs.

Inspection invited. Telephone: lU Lewes. Trains met by appointment. Lcives 50 miles .from London,
Horley 25 miles from London, both on main line.

50

ADVERTISEMENTS.

J.& F.HOWARD,

BEDFORD.

CHAMPION PLOUGHS.

£ s. d.

S B, a very light pair-horse

plough, weight 229 Ihs. 4 17 6

J A, the famous Champion,

weight 266 lbs. . .560

B. a pair-horse general pur-
pose plough, weight
2^3 lbs 6 2 6

Skim Coulter. 5s. 6rf. extra.

Steel instead of iron breast, 3s. extra.

DIGGING PLOUGHS.

D I) X.with two wheel8,and
skim coulter, weight
iOeibs 4 10 0

L BX, withtwo wheels, and
skim coulter, weight
236 lbs 5 5 0

LBFN, with twowheels.and
skim coulter, weight
236 lbs 5 5 0

LBT, with steel chisel bar

share, weight 236 lbs. 5 5 0

ORIGINAL HARROWS.

No. 14, for one or two horses.
Si ft. wide, weight
^45 lbs. . . .376

No. 12, for two horses, 9i ft.

wide, weight 190 lbs. 3 15 0

No. 11, for two or three
horses 10 ft. wide,
weight 245 Ib.a. . .450

FAMOUS
CULTIVATORS.

No. 5, with seven tines,
working width 4 J
ft., weight 336 lbs. i

Seed-box attached for
broadcast sowing,
Four Guineas.

No. 7, with nine tines, work-
ing width 5 J ft.,
weight 366 lbs.

Seed-box attached for
broadcast sowing,
Five Guineas.

9 5 0

FIFTY SEVEN FIRST PRIZES
AS WELL AS GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS
HAVE BEEN AWARDED TO J. & F. HOWARD
BY THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

NEW BRUNSWICK

(CANADA).

THE PROVINCE which you should NOT fail to
INVESTIGATE.

If you are thinking of selling your Estate or Farm, or have surplus
capital to invest, there are no more promising investments
than New Brunswick offers. Farms can be purchased at prices
varying from £ 1 to £ 1 0 per acre at which an increase in Capital
Value is positive. All farms we offer have good Residences
and necessary Outbuildings. Produce prices are

AS GOOD IN NEW BRUNSWICK AS AT HOME,

and the soil is quite as productive ; with markets that are never fully
supplied.

Lands are rapidly increasing in value, owing to the
great developments that are taking place throughout the
Province. £20,000,000 are being spent on Public Works and
Private Enterprises.

New Bridges and Railroads are being constructed; huge
Docks building at St. John, N.B. (the Liverpool of Canada) ; large
Foundries, Factories, and Warehouses erected, and
gigantic Water-Powers harnessed, all tending to the rapid increase
in land values in New Brunswick.

We have some of the best
Fstpnn lLtst.T\€Ls,

Fx>uit; Xjsi.ndls,

Citiy Px*ope]?ties,

and other

Sou.nd In-vestnnexi.ts.

On receipt of enquiry, we shall be pleased to send (uU
particulars of Properties, and Literature on the Province.

The CANADIAN IMPROVED FARMS Co.,
82, Victoria Street, LONDON, S,W.

Telcgruinx :—' Canim.farms, London." Telephone :— Victoria Slit.

Pupils trained in ENGLAND and on our Farms in NEW BRUNSWICK.

ADVERTISEMENTS,

PROTECT CORIMFIELDS

BARLEY, WHEAT, PEAS,
OATS, BEANS, MAIZE, TARES

from

PREMATURE GROUND ROT and SMUT

By Using

Corvusine D.G.

The wonderful non-poisonous liquid seed dressing.

NO TROUBLE FROM

ROOKS, WOODPIGEONS, PHEASANTS,

and other birds.

CAREFUL MEN READ THIS^

Thousands of Farmers, including the Principal Estates in the Country
and the Royal Farms, annually use and recognise the incomparahle value
of Corvusine. Ask for and be sure you get CORVUSINE B.G., the original
liquid Seed Dressing, ivhich is prepared hy an exclusive jjrocess to produce
the highest percentage of gervdnation and will nut injure the Seed. Reftise
ivorthless imitations if you value your crops.

, Size.

Con-
taining

Wheat, Peas,

Beans, Vetches,

Maize, Buckwheat.

Barley,
Eye, &c.

Oats, &c.

Net Price.

Carriage extra

from
Manufacturer.

No. 1

No. 2
No. 3
No. 4

Galls.

i

-"2

m Bushels.

oj 16
C 40
o 80
H 2U0

Bushels.
14
35
70

175

Bushels.
12
30
60
150

£ s. d.
O 4 6

0 10 6

1 O 0

2 5 O

8d.
Free.

Stocked by Corn-Seedsmen, Chemists and Ironmongers everywhere,
or in case of difficulty, write direct to the Sole Manufacturer.

Manufactured only hy

ARTHUR E. HAWKER, 59, Mark Lane, LONDON, E.G.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

APPOINTED BY ROYAL WARI

New York Botanical Garden Llbrar

3 5185 00257 6344

Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies

(LIMITED)

MANUFACTURE THE BEST

ROAD LOCOMOTIVES,
TRACTION ENGINES,
PORTABLE ENGINES,
STATIONARY ENGINES,
and BOILERS.

STEAM

THRASHING MACHINES,

STRAW ELEVATORS,

AND

STACKERS.

PLOUGHS

FOR ALL PURPOSES
AND SOILS.

STEEL CULTIVATORS,

IN ALL SIZES

^^^^^fe?5f -j-^i^' ' v^ _,^ To suit every requirement.

POTATO DIGGERS,

Guaranteed to give a Clean Delivery
without Bruising the Potatoes.

"Manual " and
"Self=acting"
Horse Rakes
and Hay Makers.

Illustrated Catalogues Free on application to

OR^iRTELiLi irtroRK:s, ii>s^in^icn:.