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- Te, ™ > a a a TE Rp ie a Er 1 ia Fe a ee SOR ee

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Won. Xe

PEARS.

Report of the Committee of the National Pear Conference, held in the Socety’s Gardens, Chiswick, October; 1885...

ry] EA Gy —\ Brat GH ot Gangs N Ot | | MEU! ooh) DD | iy eo ee ld UY a) | a Gini eo [oink 4 Makau fe OS / ip, “me Ny,

SH OT an rs Oy Ba H\= SA

a COMPILED AND PREPARED BY

A. F. BARRON,

SUPERINTENDENT OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S GARDENS, SECRETARY TO THE FRUIT COMMITTEE, &C.

Hondo : W. S: Jounson, “Nassau Stream Press,” 60, Sr. Martin’s Lane,

1887.

London :

W. S. Jounson—‘‘ Nassau Steam Press,” 60, Sr. Marrin’s Lane, CHaRiInGc Cross, W.C.

iN TRO DL CTO N,

As Tue Nationan Appte Coneress of 1883 proved so eminently successful, and excited so much interest amongst fruit-growers, it was generally considered desirable that a similar Conference on Pears should be held when the opportunity occurred. The season 1885 seeming to present this opportunity, a resolution to this effect was adopted at a meeting of the Fruit Committee on July 14th, 1885, and submitted to the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society, when the following circular (greatly abridged), which explains pretty clearly the nature of the Con- ference, was issued :—

“NATIONAL PEAR CONFERENCE, 1885. “* Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick.

“The crop of Pears this present season being generally abundant and good, an extremely favourable opportunity is presented for the examination of the numerous varieties culti- vated throughout the country. The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society has therefore decided to hold a Conference on Pears (of a similar character to that so successfully adopted in regard to Apples in 1883), in the great Conservatory at Chiswick, commencing on the 21st October next.

“This Conference will not assume the form of an ordinary Exhibition—there will be no competition and no prizes—the objects being the dissemination of useful knowledge on the varieties most suitable for cultivation, to compare their merits, and to correct their nomenclature, and generally to render the meeting instructive to fruit-growers. The collection of Pears grown in the Gardens, which contains many typical varieties, will be available for comparison.

‘* Growers of fruit will have in this Exhibition an opportunity of correcting or verifying the nomenclature of their own fruits, by bringing specimens with them and making a_ personal examination. Every possible assistance will be given by mem- bers of the Committee to such enquirers.

‘* All fruit-erowers are invited to contribute, and the more widely the collections are procured, the greater will be the interest created. No limit will be placed on the number of varieties anyone may see fit to send, and it is not necessary that they should be the products of his own grounds. The Council

A2

4. INTRODUCTION.

desire that an effort be made to procure representatives of all the varieties that are grown in the various districts, and that all should be distinctly labelled with the name or names under which they may be grown in their respective localities.

“Tt is very desirable that every collection should be accom- panied with as much information as can be furnished, with regard to soil, stock, exposure, and physical conditions of the districts from which they are gathered, &c., &c., to aid the Committee, if necessary, in drawing up their report. Cards and forms for this purpose will be supplied by the Secretary to all exhibitors on application.

“The specimens being strictly for examination, they must necessarily be at the disposal of the Committee where required.”’

In order to secure as much direct and reliable information as possible for adoption in the Report, the Committee resolved to issue forms and cards (see examples), to be filled up by exhibitors and staged with their fruit.

Example of Form, filled up. ‘NATIONAL PEAR CONFERENCE, 1885.

“ Hxhibitor’s Name and Address.—Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.

Number of varieties exhibited.—One hundred.

Situation where grown, sheltered, or otherwise, aspect, &c.—In walled garden, sheltered but low; very subject to spring frosts.

Character of soil, subsoil, dc.—Heavy loam; subsoil, gravel.

Selection of varieties most suited to District, arranged for the following seasons, viz. :—

July and August, 8 varieties—Doyenné dEté, Beurre Giffard, Williams’s Bon Chrétien.

September, 3 varieties—Beurré d’Amanlis, Madame Treyve, Souvenir du Conereés.

October, 6 varieties—Alexandre Lambré, Beurre Hardy, Fondante d’ Automne, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Maréchal de la Cour, Thompson’s.

November, 6 varieties—Belle Julie, Beurre Supertfin, Doyenné du Comice, Emile d’Héyst, Marie Louise, Van Mons Léon Leclere.

December, 6 varieties—Beurré Diel, Glou Morcgeau, Josephine de Malines, Passe Colmar, Winter Nelis, Zeéphirin Grégoire,

INTRODUCTION. 5

January to March, 6 varieties—Bergamote d’Espéren, Beurré Sterckmans, Beurré de Jonghe, Doyenné d’Alengon, Easter Beurré, Olivier des Serres.

Selection of varieties suited for Orchard cultivation, not exceeding —Alexandre Lambré, Beacon, Belle Jule, Beurré d’Amanlis, Beurré Bose, Beurré Diel, Jersey Gratioli, Louise

Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Nec

Plus Meuris, Williams’s Bon Chrétien.

Selection of Stewing Pears, 4. varieties. —Bellissime d’Hiver,

Catillac, Gilogil, Uvedale’s St. Germain.

“< General Remarks, as to Modes of Cultivation, Pruning, Stocks, dc.

“The collection of Pears in the Society's Garden are cultivated mostly as Pyramids on the Quince stock. The young growing shoots are regularly pinched during the summer, so that little pruning is required in winter. Very little root-pruning is practised or found necessary.”

Example of Carp, filled up. «< NamE. ** DoyENNE Du ComIce.

“« Season . aa x November. Average ies tility “ae a. Moderate. Stock.. : ode re. Quince. Descr ee of Tree ae Pyramid.”

The responses to the invitation ee issued proved of the most satisfactory character, the number of Pears sent in for exhibition being far greater than anticipated, the Exhibition being not only great in extent, but in all respects a truly repre- sentative collection of nearly every variety of Pear known and cultivated in this country, the earlier varieties, long past in the southern districts, being received from the north in excellent condition. The arrangement followed was that of grouping the various collections of each county and district together, thus facilitating means of comparison, and illustrating at a glance the general character of the produce of different parts of the country.

The following table shows the number of Exhibitors in the United Kingdom to have been 167, and the number of dishes or separate lots of Pears to have amounted to 6,269, exclusive of those from France, which proved of great interest for purposes of comparison.

6 INTRODUCTION.

No. of

Counties. Fiehchetors: | No. of Dishes.

Bedfordshire i 64 Berkshire ... i 3 53 Buckinghamshire ... 4 202 Cambridgeshire 1 13 Cheshire 3 120 Cumberland 2 2, Derbyshire 2 26 Devonshire 4 187 Dorsetshire 1 112 Essex 5 282 Gloucestershire 3 124 Hampshire 2 104 Herefordshire 7 3511 Hertfordshire 5 447 Huntingdonshire . 1 | 39 Kent ii 486 Lancashire 2 74 Leicestershire 2 103 Lincolnshire 1 30 Middlesex ... 20 699 Monmouth 1 | 58 Norfolk 4 | 88 Northamptonshire 2 | 70 Nottinghamshire ... 4 173 Oxfordshire oe a is 2, 60 Rutland... ix ce tia 2 48 Shropshire ass ete 1 25 Somersetshire ... ae ae 1 | 69 Staffordshire a oa na | 1 | 24 Suffolk ae re an i 2, 49 Surrey 16 582 Sussex 8 338 Warwickshire 2 49, Wiltshire ... 5 153 Worcestershire 5 223 Yorkshire ... 2 69 Scotland 16 416 Wales 8 166 Ireland 2. 30 Guernsey ... 2 36 Jersey 1 (2

Total acc ae war 167 | 6,269

France ae: we 0:8 be 9. 262

INTRODUCTION. |

In regard to nomenclature, each of the collections exhibited was carefully examined by the Committee, and corrections made where considered requisite. Errors of judgment may in some cases have occurred, due to the altered appearance which the same fruits assume under different conditions, &e. Some examples may also have been overlooked, or their labels have become misplaced. Every endeavour was, however, made to secure the most correct nomenclature possible. The corrections made by the Committee have in all cases been since sent direct to the exhibitors. A pleasing feature noted by the Committee was the general correctness of the nomenclature.

The number of synonyms noted was strikingly few; these will be found in the descriptive Catalogue.

The total number of reputedly distinct varieties of Pears exhibited subsequent to the corrections made by the Committee amounts to 615.

Modern Pears recommended by Committee.

Of modern Pears, which although not new, are not in general cultivation, the Committee made the following selection, which are highly recommended, both for good quality and bearing properties, viz. :—

SEASON. Beurré Giffard... ne ae ... August. Madame Treyve ... ae ... September. Summer Beurré d’ remore 2, oy ., Clapp’s Favourite - a <i, sé Pitmaston Duchess 1 os ... October, November. Beurré d’Anjou ... ee nak ... November. Beurré Baltet, pére vie eet ee 55 Emile d’Héyst _... ie << oe cP Marie Benéist... bas sib ... January. Nouvelle Fulvie ... i Li ee is Beurré de Jonghe ai = ae L’Inconnue (Van Mons.)... oes va a4 Duchesse de Bordeaux ... ae ...--Hebruary. Olivier des Serres... 6 te ae ie Passe Crassane ... ee ae Be os March.

Pears recommended by Committee to be grown for Market Purposes.

SEASON. Beacon ... ie Re Sas ... August. Fertility ... “lee ee a ... September.

8 INTRODUCTION.

SEASON. Souvenir du Congres September. Marie Louise d’Uccle October, November. Durondeau or de Tongres es ro i Ea

New Pear.

Of new varieties, the Conference Pear, exhibited by Messrs. Rivers and Son (season, October), was awarded a First Class Certificate as a market variety.

New French Pears.

In the collection of varieties exhibited from France, and not yet proved in this country, the Committee recommended the

following as worthy of introduction :—

Beurré Dumont Madame Andre Leroy President Mas President d’Osmonville

SEASON.

October. November.

9)

39

Sixty of the most prominent Pears exhibited.

On a general examination of the whole of the collections exhibited, and noting the more prominent varieties in each, the following list was prepared, viz. :—

Alexandre Lambre. Bergamote Espéren. Beurré Alexander Lucas. Ge Anant. HG Anjou. ,, de l’Assomption. » Bachelier. », Daltet, pere.

* “boss: », Clairgeau. Diels

Ss ELEGY:

» Rance.

>» spaé.

», dterckmans.

», superfin. Chaumontel. Comte de Lamy. Conseiller de la Cour. Doyenné Boussoch.

» du Comice.

Duchesse d’Angouléme.

Durondeau. Haster Beurré. Emile d’Héyst. Ilemish Beauty. Fondante d’Autémne. Gansel’s Bergamot. General Tottleben. Glou Morceau. Huyshe’s Bergamot. Joséphine de Malines. Jersey Gratiol. Louise Bonne of Jersey. Madame André Léroy.

a Treyve. Marie Bendist.

0 aoulse:

ed », -a& Ueele: Nouvelle Fulvie. Olivier de Serres. Passe Colmar.

> . Crassane.- Pitmaston Duchess,

INTRODUCTION. 9

Princess.

Souvenir du Congrés. STEWING Pears. Suffolk Thorn. Bellissime d’Hiver. Thompson's. Catillac.

Urbaniste. Gilles 6 Gilles.

Van Mons Léon Leclerc. Grosse Calebasse. Williams’s Bon Chrétien. Uvedale’s St. Germain. Winter Nelis. Verulam.

Zéphirin Grégoire. Vicar of Winkfield.

No list of the worthless varieties has been prepared, it being deemed sufficient in this Report to notify those that are worthy of cultivation.

Without entering into minute comparison of the merits of the different collections exhibited, it is important to notify this fact—that the cultivation of good Pears does not seem to be confined to any particular climate or district of the country. If we take the magnificent examples from M. Joshua Le Cornu, of Jersey, as the result of good and careful cultivation, we have their equals produced by Mr. Haycock and by Mr. Thomas in Kent, and closely followed by Mr. Wildsmith in Hampshire, and Mr. Breese in Sussex. Many other individual examples throughout the Exhibition were equally meritorious. No one failed to remark on the excellence of the examples from Lord Chesterfield, Herefordshire, or those still further north from Mr. Dalrymple, St. Boswells, Scotland, which were probably as meritorious as any at the Conference. Nothing contributed so much to these successful results as good and careful cultivation. Jt may be taken as a general rule, that the best fruits are produced where the greatest care is bestowed. An important factor in the successful cultivation of the Pear, as gathered from the returns, is in the use of the Quince stock, which, from its close surface-rooting character, is more directly amenable to the attentions of the cultivator.

Committee, Pear Conference.

Those marked (*) forming the Executive. Those marked (t+) comprise the Fruit Commiitee of the Royal Horticultural Society. BasHFoRD, GEORGE, Bagot, St. Saviour’s, Jersey. *+BuackmoreE, R. D., Teddington. Breese, G. M., Petworth Park, Petworth. Brittan, JoHN, Strabane. Brotuerston, R. P., Tynninghame, Prestonkirk. Browne, Coivitue, The Paddocks, Swaffham, Norfolk.

10 PEAR CONFERENCE COMMITTEE.

Butz, Dr.. Hereford. Burmer, Rev. C. H., Credenhill Rectory, Hereford. ¥+BuNvARD, GEORGE, Nurseries, Maidstone. +Burnett, J., The Gardens, The Deepdene, Dorking. Carre, Rey, F., Inver Glebe, Donegal. Carucart, Ropert, Pitcairlie, Auchtermuchty, Fife. Cura, J., The Nurseries, Crawley, Sussex. CHESTERFIELD, The Earl of, Holme Lacy, Hereford. Cozteman, W., The Gardens, Kastnor Castle, Ledbury. Cummins, G. W., The Gardens, The Grange, Wallington. Cranston, Joun, The Nurseries, Hereford. Datrymeue, Hon. G., Elliston House, St. Boswells, N.B. *Dran, A., Bedfont, Hounslow. +Denninc, W., The Gardens, Londesborough Lodge, Norbiton, Surrey. Dickson, F. Anruur, 106, Eastgate Street, Chester. Dickson, W. ALFRED, 108, Eastgate Street, Chester. Draper, J. W., Covent Garden. Dunn, M., The Gardens, Dalkeith Palace, N.B. +FiituaM, JosEpH, The Gardens, Clveden, Maidenhead. +Forp, S., The Gardens, Leonardslee, Horsham. GARLAND, J., The Gardens, Killerton, Exeter. GinBerT, R., The Gardens, Burghley, Stamford. +Gopman, F. Du Canz, 10, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W. +GotpsmirH, G., The Gardens, Floore House, Weedon, Northampton. Grauam, J., Cranford, Hounslow. Harrison, J., The Nurseries, Leicester. Haruaway, J., The Gardens, Lathom House, Ormskirk. Haycocx, C., The Gardens, Barham Court, Maidstone. +Haywoopn, T. B., Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate. *HibBERD, 8., 1, Priory Road, Kew Green, Kew. *+Hoae, Dr. R., 171, Fleet Street. Housion, JouN ArcHER, Hallingbury Place, Bishops Stortford. +Howcrorr, AntHoNY, 14, Tavistock Row, W.C. Inaram, W., The Gardens, Belvoir Castle, Grantham. Jerreries, W. J., The Nurseries, Cirencester. Jerrertes, J. K., The Nurseries, Oxford. Jenkins, W., The Willows, Abergavenny. Jonus, T., Royal Gardens, Frogmore. KinasLtrey, Rey. W., South Kilvington Rectory, Thirsk. +Lannu, J. i., The Nurseries, Great Berkhamstead. Laxton, T., Bedford. Lev, W., The Nurseries, Hammersmith. *+Len, J., 78, Warwick Gardens, W. Marsprn, Rey. C. J., Gargrave Vicarage, Leeds. |Mason, Major F., The Firs, Warwick. Mastrens, Dr., 41, Wellington Street, W.C. *+Minns, CG. T., The Gardens, Wycombe Abbey, High Wycombe. Minier, Dr., Pump Street, Londonderry. Miniter, W., Combe Abbey, Coventry. : Muir, J., The Gardens, Margam Castle, Taibach, S. Wales.

PEAR CONFERENCE COMMITTEE. 11

Mounvetu, J. C., Moor Park Gardens, Rickmansworth. *+Pauu, G., The Nurseries, Cheshunt. +Paut, W., The Nurseries, Waltham Cross. Pearson, J. R., The Nurseries, Chilwell, Notts. Penny, C., The Gardens, Sandringham, King’s Lynn. Prriz, A. G., Leckmelm by Garve, Ross-shire. Povrart, W., Twickenham. Poynter, R., ‘The Nurseries, Taunton. PrRAGNELL, W. G.. The Gardens, Sherborne Castle, Dorset. Renwick, J., The Nurseries, Melrose, N.B. *+Rivers, T. F., The Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth. Rircuie, H., Eardiston Gardens, Worcester *+ROBERTS, J., The Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, Acton. Rosertson, Dr., Errol, N.B. Rogryson, W., 37, Southampton Street, Strand. +Ross, C., The Gardens, Welford Park, Newbury. Rovpetu, G. W., Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.E. Rust, J., The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells. +Rurpanp, F., The Gardens, Goodwood, Chichester. SautmarsH, T. J., The Nurseries, Chelmsford. SaunpeErs, C. B., The Nurseries, St. Heliers, Jersey. }Suepparp, J., The Gardens, Wolverston Park, Ipswich. Suincxes, T., The Gardens, Tortworth Court, Gloucester. +SILVERLOCK, CHARLES, 412, Strand, W.C. *+Swmitu, J., The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard. Smiru, R., The Nurseries, Worcester. Srevens, Z., The Gardens, Trentham Hall, Stoke-on-Trent. SrRIcKLAND, Sir C., Bart., Hildenley, Malton. +Surron, AxrHur W., Reading. Tuomas, O., The Gardens, Chatsworth, Chesterfield. TxHomson, D., The Gardens, Drumlanrig Castle, N.B. Tuomson, W., The Vineyard, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B. TuHurRsTan, Rev. Canon, Mount Row, Guernsey. TuRBERVILLE, Colonel T. Picron, Ewenny Priory, Bridgend, Glamorgan. *TurneER, A., Royal Nurseries, Slough. Untuank, Esq., G. F., Tempeville, Limerick. *+VuitcH, H. J., The Nurseries, Chelsea, S.W. Veitcu, P., The Nurseries, Exeter. Warren, W., Worton Gardens, Isleworth. WEBBER, J., Covent Garden, W.C. +Wess, Henry, Redstone Manor House, Redhill. Wesster, J., The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, N.B. +Werr, Harrison, Henwick Lodge, Lansdowne Road, Tunbridge Wells. Wuecter, A. C., The Nurseries, Gloucester. WiupsmirH, W., The Gardens, Heckfield Place, Winchfield. + WILLARD, JESSE, Holly Lodge Gardens, Highgate, N. *+WooDBRIDGE, J., The Gardens, Syon House, Brentford. Wynne, B., 17, Catherine Street, Strand.

Secretary, A. F. Barron, Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick.

INDEX OF CONDENS

Introduction .. ei re Committee, Pear Conference Exhibitors ne a Pears, Descriptive Catalogue of , Audit of (Great Britain) », selection of— Bedfordshire Berkshire ee Buckinghamshire .. Cheshire Derbyshire .. Devonshire .. Dorsetshire. . ae Eastern Counties .. Essex : Gloucestershire Guernsey Hampshire .. Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire .. Jersey Kent Laneashire.. Leicestershire Lincolnshire Middlesex

Midland CoumticsaNonth . South

Monmouthshire Norfolk fos Northamptonshire. . Northern Counties Nottinghamshire .. Oxfordshire Rutlandshire Scotland Shropshire .. 5 Somersetshire Ss Staffordshire Southern Counties Suffolk

Surrey

Sussex

Wales Warwickshire Western Counties .. Wiltshire

Pears, Selection of—continued —

29

Perry Pears, List of .. o> Synonyms 5 Se

Remarks on, exhibited from—

Worcestershire Yorkshire

Bedfordshire Berkshire aN Buckinghamshire .. Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cumberland Derbyshire .. Devonshire .. Dorsetshire...

Essex RG Gloucestershire Guernsey Hampshire .. Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire .. Ireland

Jersey

Kent

Lancashire .. Leicestershire Lincolnshire Middlesex Monmouthshire Norfolk As Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire .. Oxfordshire Rutlandshire Scotland Shropshire .. Somersetshire Staffordshire Suffolk

Surrey

Sussex

Wales Warwickshire Wiltshire ee ae Worcestershire .. ae Yorkshire

LIST OF, AND INDEX TO, EXHIBITORS

AT THE

NATIONAL PEAR CONGRESS,

1885.

No. SEE PAGE ieacind, he Richt Hon., fir T. D.,, Bart., M.P., Killerton, Exeter (John Garland, Gardener) eee al BI! 2. Allen, G., Ramsbury Manor Gardens, Hungerford ... 60 3. Anderson, J., Rowfant, Crawley... ee mM: sat) ek 4, Armfield, J., Croham Court, Croydon ... sh sae y: 42 5. Bannister, W. H., Gardener to H. St. Vincent Ames, EKsq., Cote House, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol eae 6. Barker, F. C., Heatherdale, Woodford Green ... ee el 7 f 7. Bolland, J., Imberhorne Gardens, East Grinstead ... 54 8. Breese, G. M., Petworth Park Gardens, Petworth, Sussex 55 9. Browne, Colville, The Paddocks, Swaffham ... ere ae >: 10. Bull, Dr., Hereford us Aes ne ao pelts 11. Bunyard, Geo., and Co., Nurserymen, Maidstone 04° 26 12. Bunyard, Thomas, Nurseryman, Ashford ae ah 25 13. Burbury, K., Castle Gardens, Arundel ... oe ee ee 14. Burbidge, F. W., Trinity College Gardens, Dublin, ... 168 15. Burnett, J.. The Gardens, The Deepdene, Dorking ... 43 16. Burrell, E., Gardener, Claremont, Esher ia ee A ive Cam ichael, W., Bognor ... Wet 5 18. Carrick, Rev. J. L., Spring Ea; onthonup tat: ia 20 19. Chadwick, E., Berens: to HK. M. Nelson, ae ioe Hill, Baling Apes a B4 20. Cheal and Sons, J. “Wargecaes, Seems a ee o0 21. Cheere, Miss F., Papwerth Hall, near St. Ives Bh. Oil 22. Chesterfield, The Karl of, Holme Lacy, Hereford als 23. Clarke, Colonel, Welton Place, Daventry ee ne OS

24, Clayton, H. J., Grimston Gardens, Tadcaster ... Pee, UBS

PEAR CONFERENCE REPORT.

SEE PAGE

95. Cochrane, B., Seend Manor House, Seend ae es “60

26. Cole, E., The Gardens, Althorp Park, Northampton ... 98

27. Coleman, W., Eastnor Castle Gardens, Ledbury =. 158 28..Coombs, J., Gardener to Sir A. Meux, Bart., Sheen

House, WMorblake Sake ofS

29. Coomber, Thos., The Hendre Ganigie. Aton oT REA

30: Cosh; 8.45 Rapest House, Chiswick ... 34

1. Crump, W., The Gardens, Madresfield caine Malvern 127

32, Cummins, G. W., Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esq., The Goece avalkacite nh me as ae gr aes 33. Dalrymple, The Hon. G. G., Elliston, St. Boswell’s, N.B. (D. Melville, Gardener) .. 141 34. Dance, W., Gardener to Colonel Tae Gostela Hall, : aistend ue a ihe CGF 35. Daniel, T. D., Coed Pare! Gail Avou age adidas ete 86. Davies, W., Rothford House, Tenbury, Worcester ee, 3. Davis, C., Gardener’ The Mote, Maidstone... Seiden se 33. Davis, W.. Grove Park Gardens, Warwick ths eee LO 39. Day, James, Galloway House, Garlieston = scree Ge 40. Dean, J., Gardener to G. W. Leveson-Gower, Esq., Titsey Place, Limpsfield es a es ww. 44 41. Dean, R., Seed Grower, Bedfont ae: 34 42. Dickson oad Sons, I’. and A., Upton } Vanes! Ghesee 93 43. Dickson and Sons, James, Newton Nurseries, Chester.. 3 ‘44, Divers, W., The Gardens, Wierton House, ifaidseoHeY: 27 45. Divers, W. H., Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford e105 46. Doig, James, Priory Gardens, Inchture, N.B. ... ee as 47. Draper, H. G., Acton Green .... ae . 80 48. Drummond, J. M., Megginch Castle, bara a 14S 49. Dunn, M., The Gi dens, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothines 141

. East, D., Gardener to F. Wigan, Esq., Clare Tawi

Kast hae ae 46 . Ebury, Lord, Moor Pur cmielenanee seth (J. C. MEARE Gardener) i! 84 . Evans, A., Gardener ie hg Stewart Hodecunt mage Lythe Hill, Haslemere 46 . Eversley, Viscount, Heckfield Place, W auhaeld (w. Wildsmith, Gardener). 7 2S . Everson, F., Upper Gee mibaces Rbehapeens eee, AY, . Fletcher, James, The Coppins Gardens, Iver ... ee SU

. Forbes, J., Dover House Gardens, Roehampton

EXHIBITORS. 15

SEE PAGE : a R., Pitfour, Perth oe Fg 2 > Merd, S., Soe to W. E. Hubbard, Bisa Tierra lee, Ee tar Eve Ag coG . Froggatt, W., Wiiaerworth Hall, MGhaeierield:. ee . Gaiger, W.G., Gardener to 8. Taylor Whitehead, ot Burton Closes, Bakewell a ; 95 . Gibbon, W. Forbes, Seaford Grange, Beehiee: em “LOS . Gilman, E., Ingestre Hall Gardens, Stafford ... ‘cf 06 3. Gleeson, M., Clumber Gardens, Wea cit i<.. £00 . Goodall, W., Errol sk . 2h Lhe = 445 . Graham, J. Gevitord: aa Ee A VSO . Greaves, B., Gardener and Bailiff to F. Pasainhtan! Esq., M. P., Broome Hall, Holmwood 3 fe 48 . Grey, John, Normanton Gardens, Stamford ... +. 104. . Griffin, Geo., Gardener to Baron de Rutzen, Slebeck Park, Beriieekeshive ae 151 . Hall, E., Gardener to Lord Bolan: Bolten Hall, Bedale Work... sue a st . Harding, A., Gardener ca Abe Bawand: ee ee of Huntly, Orton Hall, Peterborough ... ve i. 88 . Harrison and Sons, The Nurseries, Leicester ... f.. 86

. Hartland, J., Canon Frome Court Gardens, By icieas tg . Haycock, C., The Gardens, Barham Court, Maidstone 27 . Henry, W.C., Esq., Haffield, Ledbury (John Henderson,

Gardener) ge x tS . Herrington, W., The Gardens, Seepichatibee Rectory,

Sandwich A : Ha, 28 . Hewitt, C., Sarsden eee Ghippits, eeeort bi, 189

. Hewlett, Av. Hsq., Hazeley Manor, Warwick (George

Glements. Gardener) ... 2 FOH

78. Horne, P. G., The Grange, Tene tebe: Bianrasth RA ibbsl 79. Howe, C., Berkian Park Gardens, Newbury ... 21 80. Hudson, i. Gardener to H. J. Atkinson, Esq., MP., “in SES House, Acton ... ; tae) too 81. Ingram, W., Belvoir Castle Gardens, Gear ae OF 82. Jamin, F., The Nurseries, 4 Bourg-la-Reine, France ... 83. Jefferies and Son, John, Nurserymen, Cirencester mea Es 84. Jenkins, W., The Willows, Abergavenny : ec 152. 85. Johnston, Miss, The Beeches, Redlerby, Gpakele <6 IGS 86. Jones, —, Arundel Hotel, Victoria Embankment Ab ROO 87. Lacaille, iS Gourdie Hill, Errol — aie Rae i 145 88. Ladds, J., 4, Craven Terrace, Ealing ... Oy ay too

PEAR CONFERENCE REPORT.

No. SEE PAGE 89. Laird, —, Glencarse, Perth <. ‘3 . 145 90. Lathom, The Right Hon. the Earl ol Gian Hoare: Ormskirk (J. Hathaway, Gardener) . je 13} 91. Lawrence, J., Gardener to Mrs. Owen Kee Acdunillaah Caversham, Oxon te SUS a a5 tS) 2 axons. Grito: Bedford Ly ae) 93. Le Cornu aa Son, Joshua, Heh View Nuronies St. Helier’s, Jersey... be ir ee Jeo, ST 94. Lee and Son, C., imarameen, Taline, Side 560 ke 95. Leroy, André, The Nurseries, Angers, France - 96. Lessels, J., Aqualate Hall Gardens, Newport... ... 124 97. Lloyd, R., The Gardens, Brookwood Asylum, ohne 48 98. McHattie, J. W., Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith... ... 148 99. MacInnes, Miles, Lintoch Castle, Carlisle ... soo dle 100. MacKellar, R., Abney Hall Gardens, Cheadle oF 08 101. McKelvie, J., Gardener to Colonel Reeve, Leadenham House, Grantham eu 71 102. Mansell, J.L.,3, Somerset lemnce. St. Revers = Guemsey 157 103. Mason, R. H., Hecton Hall, Norfolk “.. ~~ pee ee 104. Matthews, HL. Brockham Green, Betchworth... Pe 49 105. Middleton, P., Wynnstay Gardens, Ruabon ... ae Le 106. Miles, G. T., Wycombe Abbey Gardens, High Wycombe a 80 107. Miller, A., Gardener to W. H. Tone: Weg - MP. Rend ; Ashton Court Trowbridge ... sie re -00 108. Mitchell, J. L., 36, Pembury Road, Clanton oth 36 109. Muir, J., Canons to C. R. M. Talbot, ae MP., Marear Park, Taibach ile eels? 110. Newton, W., Hillside, Newark ... be a. AOD iis Oded. W., Gardener to W. Barber, Eisq., Pimner 36 112. Ormiston and Renwick, Nurserymen, Melrose ... 148 113. Palmer, G., Gardener to T. H. Powell, ae Drinkstone Park, Bay St. Edmunds ae eet ee 114. Parsons, J. S., Woodland, Maidenhead. sae “ale pall 115. Paul and Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt ... at S85 116. Paul and Son, William, The Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N. M7 Bek aa ‘4 pens SO) 117. Pearson and ae dhe Re The Nurseries, Chilwell, Beeston.. : Asch ae ne Sse 118. Plowright, 16 dls Sarafiann a : Sh Ce he 119. Powell, W. S., Ee olwysannyd, Ti acne hes oa 152

. Poynter, R. H., Nurseryman, Matton: foomenc! 2. Pragnell, W. G., Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset ... . Reid, J., Ballindean Gardens, Inchture

. Ritchie, H., Eardiston Gardens, Worcester . Rivers and Son, T., The Nurseries, Sierindeewodth 3. Roberts, J., Gardener to Messrs. Rothschild, Gunners-

. Robertson, Dr., Fern Bank, rel a , . Rogers, W., Gardener to Robert Elhott eae EKsq.,

. Smith & Co., R., Nurserymen, onesie

. Smith, Thana Perth ... :

. Smith, W., Oxenford Castle G@urdene: Ai alothian . Spivey, K., Gardener to J. A. Houblon, Ksq., eae S

. Symon, P., Flatfield Onna Hierol ae ae » Laylor, T., Gardener to James McIntosh, Ksq.,

EXHIBITORS.

17

SEE PAGE

. Pownall, N. H., Gardener to F. Wright, Ksq., Lenton eA TOL let

Fall: Nesametian

bury Park, Acton

The Cedars, Ashford ...

. Ross, C., Gardener to C. fee Hisq., W atonal Deals

Newbir y

. Roupell, W., fares Tego, Boupell Park

. Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick

. Rust, J., Eridge Castle Gardens, Tunbridge W alle

: Saebury, Marquis of, Hatfield (G. Norman, Gardener) . Saltmarsh and Sons, Nurserymen, Chelmsford “2 . panders, TI. W., Gardener to J. W. Larking, Esq.,

Ghemtirs ee ...

. Selway, J.. Updown Patek, Saadvieh a) . Sheppard, J., Gardener to J. Berners, lsq., srirolver,

stone Park, Ipswich

. Shepherd, W., Gardener to W. C. Chvalet. Bagh

Greenhurst Capel, Dorking

. Shingles, T., Gardener to The Hae a Dutie,

Tortworth

more, eeioiton Buzzard

. Smith, R., Gardener to Lady F. Blethen, Comngendl

Yalding, Maidstone

Stortfor a

Duneey an Weybridge...

Manomas, A. J., olbtimgbourne ..:

_B

114

. 145

. 128 86

37

. 144

28

21 49 37 o7 84 68

28 27

75

50

ae La see a eG . Smith, J., Gardener to ie Karl of Rosebery, Ment-

81

30

so ye) ... 146 . 146

68

. 145

50 ol

PEAR CONFERENCE REPORT—EXHIBITORS.

No. SEE PAGE 149. Thompson, G., Gardener to Messrs. W. and E. Wells, Croxby House, Hounslow _... vee Testo. 150. Thurstan, Rev. Canon, 44, Mount Row, Guernsey ... 157 151. Tilly, J. H., Kenilworth House, Grosvenor Road, Chiswick AG ee a ie a8 a 208 152. Turberville, Colonel T. Picton, Ewenny Priory, Bridgend ae #3 Pee ralioy: 153. Turner, Charles, Royal Ameena! Siocon ae aGtag Kol 154. Unthank, G. F., Tempeville, Limerick mie p63 155. Veitch and Sone J., Nurserymen, Chelsea... gag aS) 156. Veitch and Son, R., Nurserymen, Exeter... ee I, UST A\Weweel: ob} WWatennelas Chiswick ... i 4 88 158. Ward, A., Stoke Edith Park Gardens, Hereford 20 159. Ward, H. W., Longford Castle Gardens, Salsbury ... 61 160. Warden, C., Gardener to Sir F. H. Bathurst, Bart., Clarendon Park, Salisbury ... at = “GA 161. Warner, R., Broomfield, Chelmsford ... a 23268 162. Watkins, J.. Pomona Farm, Withington, Hereford ... 120 163. Willis, J., Hollowmead, Bishop’s Teignton, Teignmouth 112 164. Wane W. G..Swatiham-~ ...5 7 Sk eS 165. Winkworth, T., Childwall Hall Gardens Thr ceoalle . 184 N662 Woods Je Caras to Mrs. Sanderson, The Assets Chicwiclt ey ee Oo 167. Woodbridge, J., Som lone Garden ‘Broniford San. 09 168. Wright, A., Gardener to E. H. Watts, mee Devon-

hurst, Chisel ies cae : = og

Gio GP E.

SOUTHERN

. BERKSHIRE . HAMPSHIRE . KENT

. MIDDLESEX . SURREY

. SUSSEX

. WILTSHIRE

BY

CORN IB Se qctantin, || | aeGtee 3 53 2 104 11 486 20 699 | ats 582 8 338 5 153

SAN as Se Ps rs mba rts “Fee ae! i Fata bis lay Seon Te ,

Aa aad

1 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

BERKSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—C. Howe, Benham Park Gardens, Newbury Number of Varieties Exhibited os aa a Ws eng a

Observations. —Examples in general small. Beurzé Rance. stated to be a stewing Pear, was large and fine; also Léon Leclere de Laval and Doyenné Boussoch.

EHehibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on walls, east and west aspect. Soil, sandy loam on gravel, not many feet from the chalk. The trees are trained in all sorts of forms, but all grown on the spur system. Many of the trees are old; the younger ones have been planted within the last twelve years, and are trained on the horizontal and fan systems.

2.—Joun Stevens Parsons, Woodlands, Cookham Dean, Maidenhead.

Number of Varieties Exhibited _... 2h 8 mse 1 Observations.—F air examples of Beurré Clairgeau.

8.—C. Ross, Gardener to C. Eyre, Esq., Welford Park, , Newbury.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Mee cas eas sh 28

Observations.—Examples small but clear-skinned. The following were noted: Pitmaston Duchess, Napoléon, British Queen, Doyenné du Comice, and Bergamote Reinette, a large, pale-skinned, handsome fruit, but inferior in point of quality.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gyrown on walls, south-east, south-west, and north-west aspects. Garden over 200 years in cultivation ; subsoil, gravel. Many of the trees here are over 50 years old; they have been grafted from time to time with other varieties. Being exposed to the north-east very few sorts will do any good in the open, so we have to depend on the walls for a crop; but Pears, as a rule, do not do so well here as Apples. Owing tothe dry season most of the sorts are smaller than usual.

22

Varieties of Pears suited to Berkshire,

SELECTED BY

C. Hows, Benham Park Gardens, Newbury. C. Ross, Welford Park wee Newbury.

No. of Times

| No. of Times

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—-HAMPSHIRE. 23

| No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected.

| }

| Stewing Pears. For Orchard Culture.

HAMPSHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.—The Rev. J. L. Carricx, Spring Hill, Southampton. Number of Varieties Exhibited ar as bie se cere) V2:

Observations. —Examples small. Beurré Clairgeau was noted for its high colouring, Grosse Calebasse was very fine and large, Dana's Hovey small, but of fine quality.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation moderately sheltered, open to south and south-east, much sloping to east. Soil, partly gravel, partly clayey. The finer fruits are from the heavier soil. I find Pears succeed very poorly on the Quince stock compared with those on the Pear. Many ofthe kinds grown here do not bear well till they are about 12 or 15 years old.

2.—Viscount Everstey, Heckfield Place, Winchfield. (W. Wildsmith, Gardener. )

Number of Varieties Exhibited ane hit bog Bad 90

Observations—One of the most meritorious collections ex- hibited, the specimens in nearly every instance being large, handsome, and well grown, of excellent quality, and correctly named. It was extremely interesting to note the different and altered appearances of the fruits in this collection as grown on the Quince or Pear stocks—the superiority of the Quince being very manifest. The following were noted as specially fine, viz. : Urbaniste, Beurré Clairgeau, Beurré de Capiaumont, Durondeau,

24 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—HAMPSHIRE.

Louise Bonne of Jersey, Maréchal dela Cour, Colmar D’Arem- berg, Beurré Hardy, Flemish Beauty, very highly coloured, Doyenné du Comice, Pitmaston Duchess, very fine, Olivier des Serres, Seckle, Winter Nelis.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation sheltered, open to south and east. Soil, ight sandy loam, resting on gravel and sand. Our soil being light, it is trenched deeply before planting, a few $-inch bones being all the manure that is mixed directly with the soil, preference being given to manuring by surface mulchings of farm or stable-yard manure. As a rule, the trees are lifted and replanted the second year after being first planted, a plan that, as regards trees on the Quince stock, renders any further root-pruning to promote fertility unnecessary. Trees on Pear stock are treated exactly the same when first planted, but they grow so luxuriantly that we have to partially root-prune them once in three years. As regards pruning, the young growths being closely pinched back twice during the summer, very little winter pruning is needed other than the removal of a shoot that may be crowding another, or a long spur that has be- ~ come budless at its base. Trees on walls we protect, when in flower, with Serim canvas, and bushes and cordons, as far as practicable, with Spruce Fir boughs and Birch spray. I have a decided preference for the Quince stock, but it should be under- stood that high feeding is a necessity to keep the trees growing ; fruiting goes without saying—those who don’t mean to feed, and don’t like hard work, and yet. want a few Pears, should stick to the natural stock.

Varieties of Pears suited to Hampshire, SELECTED BY The Rev. J. L. Carrick, Southampton.

W. Wicvsmitn, Heckfield Gardens, Winchfield. No. of Times . | No. of Times Selected. | Selected.

July and August. | September. | se | ea a4

Beurré Giffard 1 Beurré d’Amanlis | if Souvenir du Congres if Fondante |

Williams’s Bon | d’Automne | 1

Chretien 1 Hessel 1

Williams’s Seedling | 1 Madame Treyye | 1

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO HAMPSHIRE.

bh Or

Summer Bon Chrétien

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Louise Bonne of Jersey Autumn Bergamot Beurré d’Amanlis 5, Bachelier oy Hardy » supertin Brown Beurré Seckle Urbaniste

November. Marie Louise

Beurré Clairgeau Doyenné du Comice

Duchesse d Angou-

léme

Gansel’s Bergamot |

Pitmaston Duchess

Thompson's

Van Mons Léon Leclere

Winter Crassane

December:

Glou Morceau Beurré Bachelier Chaumontel Dana’s Hovey General Tottleben Huyshe’s Victoria Napoléon

Seckle

Winter Nelis

No. of Times Selected.

2 1 1 1 1 i ie 1 1 1

ee No

foe fare fk feed

a

a ee UN)

January to March.

Easter Beurré Bergamote Esperen Beurre Rance Chaumontel Joséphine de

Malhnes Knight’s Monarch Nec Plus Meuris Olivier de Serres St. Germain

For Orchard Culture.

Louise Bonne of Jersey Althorp Crassane Autumn Bon Chrétien Beurré d Amanlis ,, Caplaumont on Piel Chaumontel Comte de Lamy Dunmore Kyewood Jersey Gratioli Marie Louise Swan’s Egg Williams’s Bon Chrétien

William’s Seedling.

Winter Nelis

Stewing Pears.

Catillac Verulam

Beurré Rance Biack Worcester Grosse Calebasse

No. of Times - Selected.

i ee re re _

ht EL ee DO bO

26

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES. KENT. Exhibitors. 1.—Gezo. Bunyarp & Co., Nurserymen, Maidstone. Number of Varieties Exhibited £5 Vee a soo. ONG

Observations—A yYremarkably interesting collection, the ex- amples, chiefly from pyramids, of fine size and excellent quality, and all correctly named. ‘The following varieties were specially noted, viz.: Emile d@Heyst, B. Hardy, Glou Morgeau, Marie Louise d’Uccle (from standard), Beurré Bachelier, Durondeau (from Quince), Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Louise, Fondante d’Automne, Beurré Clairgeau, Excellente de Coloma, and the new Japanese variety, named Daimio.

Hehibitors Remarks.—Fruit chiefly grown on pyramid and standard trees ; moderately sheltered ; soil, sandy loam overlying sandstone rocks. Except for very ight sandy soils, all garden Pears should be on the Quince stock, and we prefer palmette or candelabra trees to cordons. Pyramids require root-pruning every two or three years, and should not be so closely pruned as they are generally. All orchard Pears should be on the Pear stock, and be freely thinned of spare wood.

2.—T’. Bunyarp, Nurseryman, Ashford. Number of Varieties Exhibited a, nae <a ee h 52

Observations.—Examples of fair average size and of good appearance. The following varieties, grown on walls, were remarkable for their extremely elongated form and long stalks, viz.,. Grosse Calebasse, Beurré Bosc, Louise Bonne of Jersey. Of others, the examples of Maréchal de la Cour, from a Pyramid on the Quince, Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Louise d’Ucecle, Durondeau, Forelle, and Huyshe’s Prince of Wales, were very good.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gyrown on walls having various aspects ; soil, chiefly clay loam. Pears for market are grown in planta- tions chiefly, the inter-spaces being devoted to bush fruits. Raspberries, and Strawberries.

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—KENT. 27

3.—C. Davis, Gardener, The Mote, Maidstone. Number of Varieties Exhibited ee ass AEE ee ae SS

Observations.—_Eixamples all large and good, mostly grown on cordons on walls. ‘The following were specially noted as being excellent examples, viz.: Gansel’s Bergamot, Beurre Diel (on Pear), Glou Morceau (on Quince), Beurre Bachelier, Conseiller de la Cour (on Quince), Pitmaston Duchess, Beurre d’Aremberg (from Pyramid on Quince), Fondante de Cuérne (from Pyramid on Quince), Beurré Baltet Pére, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Emile d’Heyst, Beurré Superfin.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Grown in enclosed garden, on oblique and perpendicular cordons and pyramid trees; soil, a strong loam, overlying Kentish ragstone.

4.—W. Divers, The Gardens, Wierton House, Maidstone. Number of Varieties Exhibited a ae Ni ae 20

Observations. Examples of moderate size; quality excellent. The following were noted as specially fine: Seckle, very large and good, Doyenne du Comice, Beurré Superfin, Marie Louise (from wall), Comte de Flandres.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation much sheltered by timber trees, open to the south. Soil, light sharp loam ; stony substra- tum, Kentish rag; very dry, not suitable for Pear culture. The Pear stock is better suited for this soil than the Quince, but some early kinds canker badly, and soon get unhealthy, the fruit cracking very much.

5.—C. Haycocx, The Gardens, Barham Court, Maidstone. Number of Varieties Exhibited ant ae: Le bere Oh]

Observations.—This collection was of the highest merit throughout, a splendid example of what good and careful culti- vation can produce in a soil that is not naturally favourable for fruit growing. Of the more prominent the following were noted as grown on cordons on the Quince, viz.: Marie Louise, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Diel, Durondeau, Louise Bonne of Jersey, General Tottleben, Winter Nelis, Emile d’Héyst, Doyenné du Comice, Grosse Calebasse, Triomphe de Jodoigne; and the following on the Pear stock: Marie Benoist, Souvenir du Congrés, Olivier des Serres, Madame

28 GROUP I.-—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—KENT.

Treyve, Doyenné du Comice; Beurré Sterckmans, from pyramid, and Bergamote d’Esperen specially good. The examples of Doyenné du Comice, from wall, were extremely large and fine, also those of Beurré Bachelier.

6.—W. Herrineron, The Gardens, Betteshanger Rectory, Sandwich.

Number of Varieties Exhibited sine ne eh Scull A 0)

Observations.—Examples mostly small. The following were the most noteworthy : Beurré Hardy, Marie Louise, and Beurré Clairgeau.

7.—W. Roeers, Gardener to Rosr. Exniorr Wyn, Esq., The Cedars, Ashford.

Number of Varieties Exhibited 5 ste ihe ence:

Observations.—Examples mostly small, grown on old trees. Doyenné du Comice and Pitmaston Duchess, from young trees, of very fair merit.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered from the north and east. Soil, light, stony; subsoil, sandy clay. Fruit grown on pyramid trees, on the Pear stock, which are close pruned summer and winter. ‘Trees canker and the fruit is spoiled when the roots reach the subsoil.

8.—T. W. Sanpers, Gardener to J. W. Larxine, Esq., The Firs, Lee.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ns oes ie fn 24

Observations. — Examples small, those of Josephine de Malines, Bergamote de Millepieds, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Marie Louise were the most noteworthy.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Altitude of garden about 40 feet above sea-level. Fruit partly grown on south-west wall in kitchen garden, well sheltered on all sides, but situation low and damp. Soil, very light, rich in humus, and shallow ; subsoil, gravel and sand. From the lowness of the situation, we suffer much from late spring frosts, and as this place is only six miles from London, and in a district rapidly being built over, we have the additional evil and obstacle to fruit-growing in the constant preseiuve of volumes of London smoke and frequent fogs. Pear trees on the

GROUP I.—-SOUTHERN COUNTIES— -KENT. 29

Pear stock are very short lived, but those worked on the Quince grow and bear well. ‘The majority of our pyramids produce fruit buds too freely, so much so that in order to ensure the perfect setting and swelling of the young fruit we are obliged to disbud the fruiting spurs freely previous to their blossoming. We also thin the young fruit out with the scissors as soon as it commences to swell, and find this to be an excellent plan. The later varieties, such as Joséphine de Malines and Winter Nélis, do not as a rule ripen satisfactorily here on the pyramid form of training, probably owing to the low situation. This has induced us to grow the finest flavoured and later varieties on the cordon system on a south-west wall. In order to ensure a good crop every season, we have had a three-feet glass coping erected along the top of the wall, the glass being placed in grooves and moveable at will. In order to further aid the trees when in blossom we have a framework of wood extending seven feet from the wall, built similarly to the roof of a lean-to house and covered with fine mesh wire netting. This has been tried for three years and found highly beneficial, having had good crops each year. We find the coping not only of great value in protecting the blossom, but also in greatly assisting the ripening of the fruit and improving its flavour. Beurré Hardy and Gansel’s Bergamot grown under these conditions were ripe 15 days before the same varieties on pyramids in the open garden.

We have a number of Belgian varieties, which were sent by M. de Jonghe to my employer 25 years ago, samples of the fruit of which are exhibited by me, but these are for the most part worthless. Rousselet Vandervecken is a very prolific variety and is of fairly good flavour, coming in about the middle of December. Bezi Louvain is very showy, but rather coarse. Iris Grégoire and Fransman are poor varieties and scarcely worth growing. Docteur Nelis is a very prolific and good- flavoured variety. Zéphirin Louis bears abundantly, but is coarse in quality.

9.—Joun Setway, Updown Park, Sandwich. Number of Varieties Exhibited ae eh ule SH

Observations. Examples generally small, those of Beurré Diel, Beurré Hardy, and Beurré d’ Anjou being the more prominent.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation high, four miles from the sea, facing east, sheltered by trees. Soil, very heavy loam, a high

30 GROUP 1.—SOUTHERN COUNTIFS—KENT.

track of heavy land resting on the top of a hill, with seams of chalk on each side; subsoil, almost like clay, overlying chalk. All the Pears here are grown on espaliers ; this year they are rather small, but the crop is heavy and fairly good notwith- standing we had scarcely any rain from the 12th May to September.

10.—R. Suir, Gardener to Lady Frances Fletcher, Kenward, Yalding.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Sik an: ree ie 18

Observations.—Examples of large size and extremely hand- some, mostly from trees on walls. The following were noted as the more prominent: Beurré Rance, Winter Nelis, Pitmaston Duchess, Gansel’s Bergamot, Eyewood, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, Emile d’Héyst, Glou Morgeau.

Evhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered ; aspect, south- east. Soil, dark loam; subsoil, clay. There is no doubt our old trained trees on walls are on the Pear stock; many of them bear very well now, having been root-pruned a few years ago, and the spurs thinned out. They are summer-pruned and top- dressed with good rotten manure within three feet of the wall. Our younger trees are chiefly on the Quince stock, the weaker erowing on the Pear. For the last few years we have, in planting Pears, placed the roots on clay tiles, such as are used for building purposes, from 8 to 20, according to the size of the tree, being placed at the bottom of the hole, in order to prevent the roots going down to the clay subsoil.

Strong-growing sorts of Pears require to be lifted, unless planted on a prepared bottom, such as concrete or tiles ; I prefer the latter, being warmer and drier for wet soils. I prefer the summer for the operation of pruning, and again in the autumn, to reduce the winter work. ‘Training on walls—I like the horizontal for large trees, when they grow freely; but for filling up walls quickly, the cordons are the most useful, although expensive. I like the cordons budded, not grafted ; the growth from tne budded trees is much stronger and freer, and comes into bearing sooner; better fruit is got from budded trees, I believe, than from grafted ones. I have gathered some fine fruit from trees planted last November, both from pyramids and cordons, the trees beine well watered during the long dry weather— three months’ drought here, with scarcely a shower during the

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES— KENT. 31

whole time ; very trying for fruit trees not watered thoroughly. The soil in this neighbourhood is adapted for Pear growing, provided the roots are prevented from going down to the subsoil, and the trees are judiciously pruned.

11.—A. J. Tuomas, Sittingbourne. Number of Varieties Exhibited te ie bs eT ha Oe

Observations.—A most meritorious exhibition, the examples of nearly every variety being of remarkable excellence, large and highly coloured, that of Louise Bonne of Jersey, grown on a bush tree on the Quince, being very large and extremely hand- some. These were mostly grown on pyramid and bush trees on the Quince stock. The following were specially noteworthy, viz.: Louise Bonne of Jersey; Beurré Clairgeau, very bright ; Duchesse d’Angouléme, bright scarlet on the exposed side ; Pitmaston Duchess, very large; Beurré Superfin ; Conseiller de la Cour; Laure de Glymes; Beurré Diel, very large; Jeisey Gratioli; Doyenné du Comice; Joséphine de Malines; Beurré Sterckmans; Madame Treyve.

Varieties of Pears suited to Kent, SELECTED BY GEoRGE Bunyarp & Co., Maidstone. T. Bunyarp, Ashford. C. Davis, Mote Park Gardens, Maidstone. W. Divers, Wierton House Gardens, Maidstone. W. Rocers, Ashford. T. W. Sanpers, The Firs, Lee. R. Smita, Kenward Gardens, Maidstone.

No. of Times | No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. Williams’s. Bon Chrétien 1

Jargonelle 6 Beurré Giffard 3 September. Doyenné d’Kté 3 Citron des Carmes 2 Williams’s Bon Lammas 1 Chrétien 6 St. Swithin 1 Beurré d’Amanlis 3 Souvenir du Con- Madame Treyve 2

eres 1 Beurre Giffard 1

32 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO KENT.

Beurré Goubault ,, Ssuperfin Doyenné Boussoch

Seckle

Souvenir du Con- |

eres Triomphe de Vienne

October.

Louise Bonne of Jersey Marie Louise Beurrée Hardy Durondeau Beurre Superfin Fondante d’Autéomne Gansel’s Bergamot Pitmaston Duchess Althorp Crassane © Autumn Nelis Beurré d’Amanlis ,, Capiaumont 5, IDE! British Queen

Duchesse d’Angou-

léme Emile d’ Héyst Grosse Calebasse Jersey Gratioli Seckle

November.

Thompson’s Beurrée Bacheher Wane rel » superfin

Doyenné du Comice

Duchesse d’Angou-. léme

Emile d’Héyst

Marie Louise

Pitmaston Duchess

No. of Times Selected.

Pe ee

bD 02 0) OD > Pe ee en Ree Se ee bd bd bo bO He Ot OO eS

bo bo bt

i)

No. of Times Selected.

Winter Nelis Conseiller de la Cour Beurré Bose », Clairgeau Délices d’Harden- pont Fondante de Cuerne Gansel’s Seckle Glou Morgeau Huyshe’s Prince of Wales Knight’s Monarch Napoléon Passe Colmar Van Mons Léon Leclere

December.

Chaumontel General Tottleben Glou Morcgeau Knight’s Monarch Winter Nelis Beurré Bachelier » Berckmans

an JD)

5 bllardyy,

melivatace Doyenné du Comice

os Defais

Huyshe’s Berga- mot

Marie Bendist

Mathew’s Eliza

Nouvelle Fulvie

Prince of Wales

Thompson’s

Vicar of Winkfield

Vineuse

Winter Bon Chré- tien

Zéphirin Louis

fat pet pet et

ft

bet tt 0D OD OO WH OD

a

et

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO KENT.

33

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. January to March. Beurre Giftard 1 5, Goubault 1 Joséphine de Catillac 1 Malines 6 Chalk or Sweet Bergamote Ksperen) 5 Water 1 Easter Beurré 5 Chaumontel 1 Beurre Rance 3 Emile d’Héyst 1 Olivier de Serres | 3 Hyewood i Duchesse de Bor- | Fertility 1 deaux | 2 Hessel 1 Beurré @’Aremberg if Joséphine de » sterckmans 1 Malines 1 Broom Park 1 Knight's Monarch 1 Doyenné d’Alengon 1 Lammas 1 Madame Millet 1 Marie Louise 1 Marie Benoist 1 Marie Louise Nouvelle Fulvie if d’Uccle i | Napoléon 1 forOrchard Culture. Nec Plus Meuris 1 Pitmaston Duchess 1 Beurre Capiatumont| 4 Spring Beurre 1 Hessel 3 Summer Thorn 1 Louise Bonne of Windsor 1 Jersey 3 Jargonelle 3 Stewing Pears. Williams’s Bon Chrétien 3 Catillae 5 Bishop’s Thumb 2 Uvedale’s St. Ger- Broom Park 2 main 4. Crassane d’EKté 2 Bellissime d’ Hiver 3 Green Chisel 2 Verulam | 2 Seckle 2 Vicar of Winkfield 2 Swan’s Keg 2 Bezi d’Heéry 1 Althorp Crassane 1 Black Worcester 1 Aston Town if Grosse Calebasse 1 Beurré d’Amanlis 1 Léon Leclere de 1 Laval 1

,» Clairgeau

34

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

MIDDLESEX. Hahibitors. 1.—KH. Cuapwicx, Gardener to E. M. Netson, Esq., Hanger Hill, Kaling. Number of Varieties Exhibited oN one oe Ne eer is)

Observations. —Kixamples mostly small, those of Marie Louise d’Uccle and Duchesse d’Angouléme being the more noteworthy.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—The Pears exhibited by me were grown in the kitchen garden here, which is walled in, and sheltered on the north and north-east by large trees, which afford protection, in the spring. . The soil is heavy loam, about 15 inches deep ; subsoil, heavy clay. Although very elevated, it retains the moisture in the autumn and winter so much that we are unable to work it in any way after the autumn rains until spring. ‘The espalier trees are trained on wires ; they are mostly young. Our pyramids are very old, but bear well, especially Louise Bonne of Jersey.

2.—h. L. Cosu, Rupert House, Chiswick. Number of Varieties Exhibited sg 330 io ae 6

Observations.—Hixamples moderately good, Colmar d’Aremberg being of good size.

Ehibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, sandy loam, on gravel.

3.—R. Dean, Seed-grower, Bedfont. Number of Varieties Exhibited ot gc) cin hee 1,

Observations.—ixamples of moderate size, the following being noted as worthy: Knight’s Monarch, Beurré Diel, Marie Louise, Huyshe’s Victoria.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—-Situation open, exposed to east and west winds. Soil, stiff loam, with clay subsoil. Wilhams’s and Hessel are by far the chief kinds grown, and invariably upon free or Pear stocks, usually as standards, getting little pruning beyond an occasional thinning. My own trees, of various kinds, are all on Pear stocks, the best fruiters being

——

GROUP 1.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—MIDDLESEX. 35

Alexandre Lambré, which is really a splendid cropper, aud Swan’s Ege. Other kinds seem to fruit too irregularly to render their culture on Pear stocks profitable. Marie Louise alone is double worked, on the Quince, as cordons on west wall and as bushes. In both cases the double working seems to have provoked needless strong growth, and whilst blooming freely do not fruit freely. The trees in this case are about 8 years planted, and all those on free-growing stocks about 15 years planted.

4,—H. G. Drarer, Acton Green. Number of Varieties Exhibited ie ee Hee ee 6

Observations.—Kixamples small.

5.—Joun Granam, Cranford, Hounslow. Number of Varieties Exhibited... it ee i 2

Observations.—The examples of Autumn Nelis, a variety raised by the late Mr. Graham, were especially fine. This is a very finely-flavoured Pear, well worthy of culture by amateurs, but too small for general use. The examples of Seckle were very large and fine.

6.—James Hunpson, Gardener to H. J. Arxinson, Esq., M.P., Gunnersbury House, Acton.

Number of Varieties Exhibited se ry ae ey 34

Observations. —Examples moderately good, those of Flemish Beauty, Napoléon, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Catillac, and Beurré Gris d’Hiver being noted as the more prominent.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation exposed, and that chiefly to the east. Soil, heht loam; subsoil, gravel.

These exhibits are chiefly from unpruned or moderately pruned trees of considerable size, the greater portion of which are treated as orchard trees, the ground between them being: annually cropped with vegetables. We suffer much from injury by considerable exposure to easterly winds, also from drought during dry seasons, such as this and the preceding year. Our water supply being very much limited, no assistance in way of watering has been possible. No thinning of the fruit has been practised. The Pear stock in nearly every case hag been employed. ‘The greater portion of the fruit exhibited has been gathered from trees planted about 35 years.

OH,

36 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—MIDDLESEX.

7.—Jones, Arunde! Hotel, Victoria Embankment. Number of Varieties Exhibited (Beurré Clairgeau) a 1

Observations —Examples very large.

8.—J. Lapps, 4, Craven Terrace, Ealing. Number of Varieties Exhibited a. th as aL 4

Observations. —Fruit small.

9.—C. Leet & Son, Nurserymen, Ealing, W. Number of Varieties Exhibited _.... pee ro ee LO

Observations.—All the examples in this collection were of fair size, typical of the various sorts, and true toname. The following were noted as the more prominent, mostly from pyramids on Pear stock: Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Sterckmans, Easter Beurré, Doyenné du Comice, Duchess d’Angouléme, Beurre Clairgeau, Grosse Calebasse, Winter Nelis, Seckle, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré Bosc. 3

10.—James L. Mircuett, 36, Pembury Road, Clapton, E. Number of Varieties Exhibited ie ies a ae 3

Observations.—Very fair examples, those of Bellissime d’ Hiver very fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks. —Grown in ordinary garden soil, mulched with stable manure, leaf mould, and a little soot; shoots pinched in May and June; stock, Quince. The special feature to which I would draw attention is that of having been grown so near to the centre of London.

11.—-John W. Opry, Gardener to W. Barger, Esq., Pinner. Number of Varieties Exhibited He Pe: ms a 24 Observations.—Fruit small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation sheltered ; enclosed garden ; soil, heavy loam, on London clay subsoil. The majority are srown on the Pear stock, some on the Quince; the former appears to be the best for our soil, The pyramid trees give the largest crops.

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—MIDDLESEX. od

12.—J. Roperts, Gardener to Messrs. Roruscuttp, Gunnersbury Park, Acton. Number of Varieties Exhibited _... + Ae tet AS Observations.—Examples of fair average size and quality. The following were noted as the more remarkable: Pitmaston Duchess (from a cordon on the Pear), Marie Louise (from pyramid), Beurré Clairgeau, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Beurré Bose, Thompson’s, British Queen, Beurré Diel, and Van Mons Léon Leclerc.

13.—Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick. Number of Varieties Exhibited ss Pe an a5 AD)

Observations. —Examples of moderate size, but in general clear skinned and good in quality. The following were the most noteworthy: Beurré Superfin, Gansel’s Bergamot, Urbaniste, Maréchal de la Cour, Beurré Hardy, Beurré Sterckmans, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré d’Amanlis, Beurré Defais.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation sheltered, but low-lying ; consequently frequently subject to late spring frosts. Soil, rather a heavy loam, approaching to clay; subsoil, gravel. The greater portion of the fruit shown was grown on pyramid trees about 20 feet in height, chiefly on the Quince stock, which is found much more fruitful and suitable than the Pear, being more directly amenable to cultural skill. The trees are carefully pinched in summer, and spur-pruned during the winter. The practice followed is to stop the shoots during the month of July at about the fifth bud from the base, taking care to stop only those on the upper part of the tree, or such as may be evrowing strong, the weaker shoots and those on the lower part being allowed to grow for a week longer or more before stopping. Thus checking the stronger first and permitting the weaker to grow tends to regulate the flow of sap, and equalize the strength throughout. Another very important matter is to keep the branches thin and clear of each other, so that every part of the tree may be freely exposed to the direct influence of the sun and air. More pyramid trees, are rendered unfruitful through this crowding of the shoots than from any other cause.

Root-pruning is only resorted to occasionally (and generally with those on the Pear stock), when the trees grow very luxuriantly, and cannot otherwise be checked. During dry weather the ground is mulched and well watered.

38 GROUP I.

14.--G. TxHompson, Gardener to Messrs. W. & E. WE tts, Croxby House, Hounslow. Number of Varieties Exhibited es ae sie ae 5

Observations —Fruit in general small, but clear and good. The following were noted: Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Diel, Doyenné du Comice (from pyramid on Quince), Durondeau, Marie Louise (standard), Louise Bonne of Jersey (standard), Maréchal de la Cour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, partly sheltered ; soil, light ; subsoil, gravel. The Pears grown here are on pyramids and standards, from 8 to 10 years old. Louise Bonne of Jersey and Beurre Diel are the heaviest croppers, the former domg much better on the Quince than on the Pear stock. Doyenne du Comice and Durondeau do well on the Quince, Souvenir du Congres does well as a standard. The market gardeners in this district depend chiefly on the Hessel—with the Hessel Pear and the Keswick Codlin Apple they are always sure of a crop to take to market.

15.—Joun H. Titty, Kenilworth House, Grosvenor Road, Chiswick. Number of Varieties Exhibited Ait wee oe sth 1 Exhibitor's Remarks.—Soil, good loam; subsoil, gravel.

16.—Verrcu & Sons, Nurserymen, Chelsea.

Number of Varieties Exhibited i; ard oe: Kaan dally

Observations. —A large and very complete collection, contain- ing the greater number of varieties worthy of cultivation, and several novelties; many of the examples of large size and fine appearance. The following were specially noted: Pitmaston Duchess, Maréchal de la Cour, Beurre Clairgeau, Huyshe’s Victoria (from espaliers), Durondeau, Beurre dAmanlis, Chancellor, Grosse Calebasse, Beurre Hardy, Beurre Diel (from pyramids, chiefly on the Pear), Duchesse d’Angouleme (very fine), Beurré Bosc, Princess of Wales, and Van Mons Léon Leclere (from walls). Some very fine examples of British Queen from a standard tree were noted.

17.—A. B. Warp, Watchfield, Chiswick.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ee es ee - 5 Observations. —Ordinary examples of ae fruit,

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—MIDDLESEX. 39 18. Number of Varieties Exhibited soos es ee EMO rs)

Joun WoopsrinGr, Syon House Gardens, Brentford.

Observations.—KExaimples good. Those of Pitmaston Duchess, from a pyramid on the Pear, especially fine; Beurré Superfin and Beurré Bachelier, from pyramids, were also very excellent, and Duchesse d’Angouléme and Beurré Diel from wall trees.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown in walled garden, facing south. Soil, light garden, on sand and gravel. The Pear is cultivated, perhaps, in more ways than any other kind of hardy fruit. It is grown as standards in orchards; as bushes, pyramids, horizontals, and cordons on borders; as horizontals, fans, and cordons on walls; and as pot planis in orchard houses ; and under each of these systems very satisfactory results may be obtained by a judicious selection of kinds most suitable to the locality and situation, and of stocks best adapted to the different modes of culture. Speaking generally as to stocks, I am of opinion that for all trees that are wanted to grow large and to cover a considerable space, whether as standards in orchards, bushes or pyramids in gardens, or trained trees on walls, the Pear or free stock ig best. But, when the trees are required to be kept within bounds, and it is desired to grow a number of kinds in a limited space, then I think the Quince stock is the best, and the cordon and bush form of growth the most suitable. It is a very good plan, where cordons are grown on walls and extra interest taken in their culture, to make a thin gravel walk, about four feet wide, and about two feet from the wall, as by this arrangement it is convenient and pleasant to get at the trees to do whatever may be required at any season of the year, and the radiated heat from the gravel helps to ripen the fruit and wood.

19.—J. Woop, Gardener to Mrs. Sanperson, The Avenue, Chiswick.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ne wi ies AEG Observations. —Examples small, chiefly of the more ordinary orchard varieties. 20.—A. Wricut, Gardener to E. H. Warts, Esq., Devonhurst, Chiswick. Number of Varieties Exhibited Son 8 eee ele pen Od:

40 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—MIDDLESEX.

Observations. —Exxamples of moderate character. The following were noted as being very good: Doyenné du Comice and Madame Treyve from walis, also Glou Morcgeau, Beurré Diel, Deux Seurs, Joséphine de Malines, Easter Beurré, Knight's Monarch, from pyramids.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, good loam on gravel. Chiefly on the Pear stock. The trees are closely spurred in, and bear freely.

Varieties of Pears suited to Middlesex, SELECTED BY

J. Hupson, Gunnersbury House Gardens, Acton. James L. Mircuexy, Clapton, EH.

JW Oprnn,, Pinner:

Rovat HorticutturaL Society, Chiswick.

G. Tuomeson, Hounslow.

J. Woopsrince, Brentford.

A. Wricut, Chiswick.

No. of Times No. of Times

VARIETIES OF PEARS

| No. of Times

SUITED TO

|

MIDDLESEX.

41

No. of Times

42

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO

MIDDLESEX.

| | |

No. of Times

Exhibitors.

Selected. Selected. | Hessel 4 Jargonelle 1 Marie Louise 3 Josephine de Autumn Bergamot 2 Malines 1 Beurré d Amaulis 3 Marie Louise ., Capiaumont 3 d’Uccle 2 an rel 2 Pitmaston Catillac 2 Duchess 1 Durondeau 2 Nec Plus Meuris if Jersey Gratioli 2 Seckle 1 Souvenir du Con- Souvenir du eres 2 Congres 1 Alexandre Lambre 1 Swan’s Hee 1 Althorp Crassane | 1 Verulam 1 Beurré Bose | 2 Belle Jule it Stewing Pears. Beurré Clairgeau 1 | “ Bacheher if Catillac | 7“ Se Hardy 1 Uvedale’s St. | " Rance i Germain | 5 i Superfin it Bellissime d’Hiver | 3 Calebasse if Verulam | 2 Citron des Carmes | 1 Bishop’s Thumb 1 Doyenne du Black Pear of Comice 1 Worcester 1 “Flemish Beauty 1 Easter Beurré 1 Fondante d’Au- | Gilogil | 1 tomne | it Vicar of Winkfield - 1 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES. SURREY.

1.—Josepn ArmrieLp, Croham Court, Croydon.

Number of Varieties Exhibited

Observations,—Fruit small and inferior.

9,—K. Burrety, Gardener, Claremont, Esher.

Number of Varieties Exhibited

20

25

Observations. —Hxamples of moderate size, very clear skinned.

The following were specially noted, viz. :

Duchesse d’Angou-

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SURREY. 438

léme, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, and Beurré Diel, from walls. Examples of William’s Bon Chrétien, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Marie Louise, submitted during September, were extremely fine.

Evhibitor’s Remarks.—The fruit sent has been grown on very old wall trees, which have been almost entirely renovated within the past few years by cutting away old spurs and laying in young shoots. The stem of a Marie Louise Pear tree girths 2: feet 6 inches at 1 foot from the ground. The soil is a hght, shallow loam; subsoil, sandy, rather moist.

3.—J. Burnerr, The Gardens, The Deepdene, Dorking.

Number of Varieties Exhibited we “68 hes A cea Si) Observations—Examples moderately good, the following being noted, viz.: Beurre Superfin, from a pyramid on the

Quince; Louise Bonne of Jersey, from a standard ; Marie Louise, and Pitmaston Duchess.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered from north-east. . Soil, sandy loam, of good depth, resting on green sand. The most of the Pears here are grown on very old pyramid trees. the branches tramed downwards. They are mostly on the Quince, and usually bear very freely. They are dressed freely with stable manure every winter, and are never root-pruned, excepting those on the Pear stocks occasionally. When the trees get to the size that is required, they are kept continually pruned, so that to-day they are much the same size as they were 30 years ago. A large number of cordons have been recently planted, which have cropped well this year, the second after planting.

een Coomss, Gardener to Sir H. Mevux, Bart., Sheen House, Mortlake. Number of Varieties Exhibited ipo Ms ae. a OO)

Observations. —Kixamples of fair average merit.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit grown on pyramids, bush, and espalier trees on the Quince stock. Soil, light; subsoil, gravel. Garden faces north.

5.—G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Surz, Esq., The Grange, Wallington. Number of Varieties Exhibited CNT ee pur ee

44 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES

SURREY.

Observations.—Examples of fair average size, moderately good. The following were noted: Eyewood, from a pyramid on the Quince, also Beurre Clairgeau, Maréchal de la Cour, Suffolk Thorn, and Doyenné du Comice.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, low and damp, sheltered on the east by tall forest trees; open to south and west. Soil, light peaty, on wet gravelly subsoil.

‘«My Garden.—At Wallington our Pearsare almost exclusively grown on the Quince stock, and are worked close to the ground. Some few varieties, such as Gansel’s Bergamot and Marie Louise, are worked upon a Pear, which has itself been grafted upon the Quince ; and a very few, such as Jargonelle and Nec Plus Meuris, are grown on the Pear stock, because they do not succeed well when they are grafted on the Quince. The Quince-rooted Pear trees are grown as pyramids, all eut to one height, nine feet. The rule is to pinch the top shoots in June, when the first shoots appear, and it is a good plan to pinch back the young shoots to about three leaves at the upper half of the tree a few days before the shoots of the lower half of the tree are touched, because the upper shoots have a tendency to grow much more strongly than those on the lower half. In winter, when the exuberant shoots of the tree are cut back, care is taken not to cut off the bearing spurs. In the poor exhausted humus of the ground at Wallington, old brick rubbish is very desirable, the pieces of broken bricks, the sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, sand, and burnt garden refuse, mixed together, being favourable to growth.”

When the trees are allowed to remain several years without lifting, the roots find their way down to the wet subsoil, and then seldom bear satisfactorily. A number are lifted each year and replanted in good maiden loam, brick rubbish, &.; the following season the surface of the ground is a mass of fibrous roots, and the trees are furnished with short healthy shoots. The Pears here this year are generally under- sized, on account of lifting and the excessive drought during summer. All the trees are supposed to be under 30 years of age.

6.—James Dray, Gardener to G. W. Lerveson-Gower, Esq., Titsey Place, Limpsfield.

Number of Varieties Exhibited nm a Rs eke Pg 2!

——=— ~ .

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SURREY. 45

Observations. —Examples generally of good size, very pale in colour. Duchesse d’Angouléme and Easter Beurré, from walls, were specially fine, also Pitmaston Duchess and Matthew’s Elisa.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered ; south-west aspect. Soil, artificial ; subsoil, chalk, which is very detrimental to the roots, so that they often require lfting—I generally make it a triennial practice of doing so. This I have found to be judicious, as it checks the too rapid flow of the sap, and this enables the tree to ripen its wood and also seems to arrest canker ; in regard to this, however, I question if an insect is not in the secret. About midwinter last year I made an inspection of an infected part with the aid of a microscope, and under the bark I discovered several formidable insects, something in shape of the woodlouse, but much smaller, with stripes running horizontally across the body. Do you think these insects had anything to do with the injury caused to the tree, as this year I have watched the affected parts in which they had taken up their winter quarters last year, and after carefully cutting and removing the bark in which they were concealed, and applying a little paraffin in a diluted form, I have the satisfaction to say that not only the insects have disappeared but the wound is healing, and no trace of canker this year up to the present has shown itself? Would this be worthy of the notice of your Committee ?

Our orchard trees here are planted in a slovenly manner in order to save expense. In the first place, no preparation was made for the roots; these were spread out upon the bare turf, the chalk underlying this, and then merely adding occasionally what soil they seemed to require; and still the young trees are doing well under this treatment, and very free from canker, so that, whether it be a wet soil or an insect which is the cause of canker, I should like to be enlightened upon it; if proved to be the Jatter, it would save a deal of labour.

The old trees here are grafted on the Free stock. On this stock trees srow stronger, but the roots soon get down to the chalk, and the trees become unhealthy, showing a yellow tint duving summer. Of course these trees could not easily be root-pruned, as it would take along time for them to recover. I am gradually replacing them with young trees. The soil here is the worst I ever had to contend with for fruit growing, as not only the Pear, but even the Currant and Gooseberry bushes, show the

46 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES —SURREY.

same yellow foliage. After being planted about six years they gradually die away; it is not strange to find the strongest Pears affected in the same manner after being planted 50 years or more.

Pruning.—My method is to well thin the buds in June, where they are too thick, and about the end of July I stop the young shoots at proper lengths, so as to prevent the buds breaking at the base ; then, as soon as the fruit is gathered from the tree, I go over them a second time to thin all superfluous branches, so as to admit as much sun and light as possible, in order to ripen the wood ; wherever this attention is given not much pruning is required in winter. <A very good plan is to plant the Pear on the opposite side of the wall, say on the east, train it up to the top as quickly as possible, and then train it down on the other side, either fan-shaped, or in a pendulous form; both methods add to the fertility of the tree and do away in a great measure with the use of the knife.

7.—Davip Hast, Gardener to F. Wiaan, Esq., Clare Lawn, East Sheen.

Number of Varieties Exhibited hice ae we elias by. Observations. —Examples good, well grown, and highly coloured.

Kahibitor’s Remarks. —Situation exposed to north-east. Soil, light sandy; subsoil, gravel.

8.—A. vans, Gardener to J. Stewart Hopeson, Esq., Haslemere. Number of Varicties Exhibited ie oa hae i OU

Observations. —Hixamples very well grown, the following especially so: Beurré Clairgeau (from a wall cordon on the Quince), Marie Louise, Maréchal de la Cour (espalier), and Madame Thérése Appert.

Mahibitor’s Remarks. —Garden exposed to north and west. Soul, sand, mixed with flint stones; subsoil, sand. Elevation, 700 feet above sea-level. The soil for our trees has to be made artificially by trenching deep, and adding what loam we can get. I grow Pears here in all kinds of forms; a great many on walls grafted on the Quince, and some double grafted. I find

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SURREY. 4

the espaliers give a percentage of 25 per cent. over the pyramids, although the varieties are the same, also the stock. I adopt the summer pinching on all forms in the gardens, with root-pruning every second year, according to the variety. In the orchards we plant standards chiefly, and allow them to grow at will all through the summer, and in winter prune them simply into shape, &c., and seldom root-prune.

9.—F. Everson, Upper Grove House, Roehampton. Number of Varieties Exhibited ane is sa Scud

Observations.—Fruit of ordinary merit. The examples of Pitmaston Duchess and Grosse Calebasse from walls, very good ; also Beurré Diel and Gansel’s Bergamot.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gardens exposed, sloping to the north. Soil, light, mixed, on gravel subsoil. The better class of Pears are grown on walls on east and west aspects. Some of the trees are old and almost worn out. Those grown on Pyramids on the Quince do fairly well, but are much im- proved in vigour by adding to our light soil a liberal quantity of good yellow loam, and rich surface dressings in the summer months. The large pyramid trees here have been planted upwards of 30 years, and have, until recently, been hard pruned on the spur system. These are now allowed to retain much of the young wood of the current year’s growth at pruning time, and are thereby much improved in health, and bear larger and better crops of fruit. When a tree is fairly vigorous, we find it advantageous to general health and fruitfulness to retain a fair quantity of the young wood as branch leaders, only removing the side or lateral shoots at pruning time.

10.—Joun Forsers, Dover House Gardens, Roehampton. Number of Varieties Exhibited oe re Pe ele oO) Observations.—Examples moderately good, very well grown,

those of Glou Morceau, Pitmaston Duchess, Duchesse d’An- gouléme, and Catillac specially noted.

48 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SURBEY.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on pyramids, and on east and west walls, much exposed. Soil, light loam on gravel.

11.—Bengamin Greaves, Gardener and Bailiff to F. Pennineron, Esq., M.P., Broome Hall, Holmwood.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ee ant? ee Pee AG

Observations.—The examples in general very good. ‘The fol- lowing were noted: Beurré d’Anjou, from a pyramid ; Duchesse d’Angouléme and Easter Beurré, from cordons; Louise Bonne of Jersey and Marie Louise, from walls.

Exhibitor's Remarks. —Situation on south slope of Leith, 500 feet above sea-level, and much exposed to east and west winds. The best fruit here is produced on vertical cordons, and horizontal trained trees, on east and west walls, which are pinched and lifted bi- or triennially, and are on Quince stocks. Pears on Pear stocks are too luxuriant on this retentive soil, and frequently fail to produce fruit. An early spring sometimes excites the trees on walls into flower, which a succeeding frost destroys, whilst the same kind as a bush or pyramid escapes. Duchesse d’Angouléme is invariably better flavoured from pyramids than from wall trees. Double grafting is found to be beneficial where a strong growing kind is confined to a small space. Summer pruning, or pinching, is preferred to winter pruning; the latter operation is limited to thinning the spurs. A mulching of fresh horse droppings is found to be of great benefit, it has the effect of preventing this stiff ground from cracking and thereby breaking many fibrous roots; this is applied in July, when the temperature of the ground is highest, after which clear and sewage water is apphed copiously.

Of all modes of training; vertical cordon is the best, on account of its simplicity and the facility with which old branches can be replaced with young ones.

12.—Rosert Luoyp, The Gardens, Brookwood Asylum, Woking. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... ee oe 40

Observations.—F ruit very small.

5 :- .

GROUP i.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SURREY. 49

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation on south-east slope, no shelter. Soil, «‘ heathy,” yellow, clayey loam, and very poor sand; varies greatly. The Orchard here is planted thickly in order to provide shelter, and is mulched annually with decayed garden refuse, and soaked with liquid manure ; it is also dressed occasionally with soot and ashes. The only pruning is a little thinning out of the branches to prevent crowding.

13.—H. Martuews, Brookham Green, Betchworth. Number of Varieties Exhibited fax ae xe eo Observations.—Fruit very small,

Evhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, open. Soil, light loam, on gravel and sand. The Quince stock suits this district best; the Pear stock is hable to canker, some varieties do so a great deal more than others. The standards are grown in orchards on grass, not much pruned, only branches thinned when necessary; pyramid and wall trees are summer pruned. Spring frosts are very troublesome, doing much damage tothe fruit trees. All our Pears are small this season owing to the dry summer.

14.—W. Rovupsit, Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park. Number of Varieties Exhibited ot ai ee ee ta

Observations. Examples of fairaverage merit. Some fruit of British Queen, double grafted, were very fine, also Doyenné du Comice and Marie Louise.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—-Situation, rather exposed. Soil, average garden, onclayand gravel occasionally. Theold trees are generally standards on the Pear stock, and in good years bear very heavy crops. Pruning consists of thinningand trimming in winter. In some instances the branches are encouraged to become pendent, -and where this is done the fruit is finer, more easily gathered, and suffersless from storms. ‘The trees planted near garden paths are undisturbed in root on one side, and on the other they derive benefit from dressings for the crops. Young trees on the Quince, trained as pyramids or bushes, have of late years come into fayour. ‘These are partly pruned in summer and bear moderate

D

50 GROUP 1.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SURREY.

but regular crops of fine fruit. An important point in Pear culture is mulching the surface, as moisture is kept in, and the roots are encouraged to rise. Watering with the hose is very beneficial in dry seasons, as the district is hilly and the drainage very good.

15.—W. SuepHerp, Gardener to W. C. Cazatet, Esq., Green- hurst Capel, Dorking.

Number of Varieties Exhibited nas Lge oe Pe G4

Observations.—Examples very good, well grown. ‘The following were noted: Marie Louise d’Uccle, Souvenir du Congres, Beurré d’ Anjou, Beurré Sterckmans, and Belle d’Ecully.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, facing north ; high aspect. Soil, marl of Sussex clay, very poor and heavy; subsoil, clay. All our Pears here are grown on the Cordon system on the Quince stock, and are kept closely pruned.

16.—T. Taytor, Gardener to James McIntosu, Esq., Duneevan, Weybridge.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Bee ar thes 5: at

Observations.—F ruit in general, moderately good, the examples of Beurré Hardy, from pyramid on Quince, very fine, and those of Forelle, on Quince, remarkably highly coloured. Some very fine fruit of Doyenné du Comice and Beurré Sterckmans, from the Quince, were also shown.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, slightly sheltered; aspect north-west. Soil, ight; subsoil, cold wet sand. Every second year the trees upon the Quince stock are partly root-pruned by opening a trench 2 feet 6 inches from the stem, the roots are lifted, and heavy loam added, which is made firm and then well mulched on surface. Pruning is generally donein summer. The most of the trees are always very full of blossom, yet owing to the cold subsoil and late spring frost the blossom very frequently gets alldestroyed. Stocks, mostly Quince.

51

Varieties of Pears suited to Surrey, SELECTED BY

. Burnett, The Deepdene Gardens, Dorking.

W. Cummins, Grange Gardens, Wallington.

Dean, Titsey Gardens, Limpsfield.

Evans, Lythe Hill, Haslemere.

Everson, Upper Grove House Gardens, Roehampton.

. Forses, Dover House Gardens, Roehampton.

. Greaves, Broome Hall Gardens, Holmwood.

. Lioyp, Brookwood Gardens, Woking.

. Marruews, Brockham Green, Betchworth.

W. Roveert, Roupell Park.

W. SuepHerp, Gardener to W. C. Cazalet, Esq., Green- hurst, Capel, Dorking.

T. Taytor, Duneevan Gardens, Weybridge.

Hd a

No. of Times No. of Times

Selected. Selected.

July and August. Beurré del’ Assomp-

tion 1 Jargonelle 10 Beurré Goubault 1 Doyenné d’ Ete 7 Clapp’s Favourite 1 Beurré Giffard | 3 Colmar d’Eté 1 Citron des Carmes | 3 Louise Bonne of Clapp’s Favourite | 3 Jersey if Bon Présent | Madame Treyve 1

d’ Artois 1 White Doyenné 1 Fondante du

Bihorel 1 October.

St. Swithin if Wiliiams’s Bon Louise Bonne of Chrétien if! Jersey 9 Marie Louise i September. Gansel’s Bergamot 5 Beurré Superfin 4 Williams’s Bon | Fondante d’Au-

Chretien 10 tomne 4 Beurré d’Amanlis 5 Pitmaston Duchess 4 Souvenir du Con- Beurré Bose 3

ores 4 , d’Amanlis 2 Beurré Superfin 3 » Hardy 2 Tyson 2 Brockworth Park 2

D. 2

52

VARIETIES

OF PEARS SUITED TO SURREY.

No. of Times

Selected. Brown Beurré 2 Marie Louise Thompson's | 2 d’Uccle Autumn Bergamot il Passe Colmar Baronne de Mello ih Winter Nelis Beurré d Anjou | 1 Beurré d’ Aremberg

», od Aremberg i »,. Capiau-

», Capiau- | mont

sel mont | 1 ee Ueleicdy,

» Clairgeau il , st. Nicolas Comte de Lamy if », superfin Doyenne Boussoch | 1 Délices d’Harden- Duchesse d’Angou- | pont

léme i General Tottleben HKyewood 1 Hacon’s Incompar- | Fertility 1 able Gansel’s Seckle 1 Hessel Green Chisel 1 Napoléon Hessel 1 Nec Plus’ Meuris Jersey Gratioli 1 Nouveau Poiteau Marie Louise Queen Victoria d’Uccle i Urbaniste Scotch Bergamot 1 Van Mons Léon Seckle I Leclere Seedling Bergamot 1 December. November. Beurré Bachelier Doyenné duComice 6 ,, d Aremberg Duchesse d’Angou- 7 Direl léme 5 Glou Morceau Beurré Diel 4 Passe Colmar Marie Louise 4 Huyshe’s Victoria Beurré Bose 3 Beurré Clairgeau Conseiller de la Chaumontel Cour 3 Forelle Pitmaston Duchess 3 Huyshe’s Prince of | Thompson’s 3 Wales | Baronne de Mello 2 Marie Louise Beurre Clairgeau 2 d’Uccle Durondeau 2 Winter Nelis Forelle 2 Alexandre Bivort Glou Morceau | 2 Baronne de Mello | Louise Bonne of | Beurré Rance Jersey | 2 Beurré Sterckmans

No.of Times Selected.

2 2 2 if

ar

ponMmpwrr ang ee oe Oo oo

bo

meee po bp

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO SURREY.

53

Brown Beurré Docteur Trousseau Doyenné du Comice i Menier Duchesse Grousset General Tottleben Grand Soleil Hacon’s Incom- parable Huyshe’s Prince Consort Joséphine de — Malines Knight’s Monarch Napoleon Nec Plus Meuris Roi Christian Soldat Espéren Triomphe de Jodoigne

January to March.

Kaster Beurré Beurré Rance Josephine de Malines Winter Nelis Bergamote Esperen Chaumontel Zephirin Gregoire Beurré Sterckmans Nec Plus Meuris Glou Morceau Knight’s Monarch Olivier de Serres Passe Crassane Van de Weyer Bates Doyenné d’Alencon Duchesse-de Bor- deaux Huyshe’s Victoria

No. of Times Selected.

fh fk eek ek ee ee

DNNHNPWWERARRAO® YS

ke bo

fend Joma

Tris Grégoire Moccas Napoléon Fasse Colmar

For Orchard Culture.

Williams’s Bon Chretien

| Beurré Capiau- mont

Catillac |

| Louise Bonne of |

Jersey Seckle Beurré d’Amanlis » Clairgeau

Hessel

Jargonelle

Marie Louise

| Swan’s Egg

| Aston Town

| Autumn Bergamot

| Bergamot

| Beurre Diel

eee Ebardiy

| Chaumontel

| Doyenné d’Eté

| Duchesse d’Angou-

léme

| Kyewood

| Fertility

| Verulam

| Belle Ange

| Beurré Bachelier i ee BOSC

| ane) eu devEn

| Churchyard

| Clapp’s Favourite | Colmar d’Hté

| Croft Castle

| Doyenne du Comice

No. of Timez Selected.

1 1 1 1

he He

WMMMMPMNMBwWwW WD WR

feet ek ed pe Red et et DD DO NO DO

=

54 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO SURREY.

No. of Times No. of Times

Selected. Selected.

Fondante d’Au- | Stewing Pears. |

tomne 1 | Forelle il Catillac | 11

Glou Morceau 1 Uvedale’s St. Ger- | Jean de Witte 1 main | il Jersey Gratioli 1 Bellissime d’Hiver | 5 Knight’s Monarch 1 Vicar of Winkfield 4 Passe Colmar 1 Verulam | 3 Pitmaston Duchess 1 Bishop’s Thumb 2 Suffolk Thorn 1 Churchyard 2 White Doyenne 1 Besi de Mai 1 Winter Nelis 1 Chockley 1 Ramuilies 1

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

SUSSEX. Bahibitors. 1.—James Anperson, Rowfant, Crawley. Number of Varieties Hixhibited® 32 9 9.2) 44>" eee 24

Observations.—Examples fine, clear skinned. The follow- ing were specially noted: Doyenné du Comice, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, Beurré Diel, Pitmaston Duchess, from wall trees, and Duchesse d’Angouléme from a pyramid on the Quince.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—South aspect, exposed to east and west winds. Soil, sandy loam; subsoil, sandy gravel and sand-rock, impregnated with iron. Situation very subject to spring frosts. When the roots get down to the subsoil, the fruit becomes spotted and the flavour is not so good. We lift the trees the second year after receiving them from the nursery, and again in three years; after that time the roots spread more to the surface by keeping them well mulched. This brings the trees to fruit early, checks rank growth, and when the wood is well ripened the blossom withstands more frost.

2.—J. Botuanp, Imberhorne Gardens, East Grinstead.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Bek ee = Capek Ti

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES—SUSSEX. 5d

Observations.—Examples small and rough.

Techibitor's Remarks.—Fully exposed to south and east. Soil, cold heavy clay.

3.—Gro. M. Breese, Petworth Park Gardens, Petworth. PomaincnomWarieiies Exhibited ~..-.-... os... ..«-. ..-. 68

Observations. —A remarkably fine lot of fruit. Examples large and well grown, of exceptionally high colour and richly flavoured. The following were specially noted: Beurré Clairgeau, from pyramid; Catillac, from wall, highly coloured; Bellissime d’Hiver, from cordon on the Quince, extremely beautiful; Emile d’Héyst, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Durondeau, Marie Bendist, from cordons on the Quince ; Hacon’s Incomparable, Fondante d’AutOmne, Beurré Diel, from walls; Pitmaston Duchess, Bergamote d’Esperen, Joséphine de Malines.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Soil, maiden loam, mixed with black garden mould; originally light, rich loam, from 3 to 4 feet deep; resting on sandstone rock.

I get the finest fruit from cordons on Quince, but it takes seven years to establish a good wall of cordons. I find many sorts refuse to grow, for years remain stunted and miserable ; some sorts are not improved in flavour when grown large on the Quince stock. I often get excellent Pears from pyramids—not pruned too hard—also from wall trees on Pear stocks, which, although not such fine-looking fruit, are of excellent flavour.

4,—Epwin Bursury, Castle Gardens, Arundel. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... ... ... .. .. B0

Observations.—Examples of average merit, those of Beurré Clairgeau, Beurrée Bosc, Easter Beurré, and Pitmaston Duchess being the most meritorious.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, warm and sheltered. Soil, light; subsoil, chalk. 5.—Wmn. CarmicHaEL, Bognor. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... ... aS whe ae 5

Observations—Examples of good ‘average merit, those of Louise Bonne of Jersey especially good,.

56 GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES——-SUSSEX.

6.—J. Conan & Sons, Nurserymen, Crawley. Number of Varieties Exhibited .. at 3 avs a 55

Observations.—Fruit of fair average merit throughout, clear skinned and well grown. ‘The following, grown on cordons on the Quince, specially noteworthy: Durondeau, Doyenné du Comice, Doyennée Boussoch, Beurre Superfin, Beurré Rance, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, Grosse Calebasse, Pitmaston Duchess.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Situation, sheltered; aspect, southern. Soil, moderately heavy ; subsoil, clay. All the largest and best fruits sent to the Conference were grown on cordon trees, trained obliquely on wire fences, on the Quince stock. Our soil here is well adapted for the growth of fruit trees.

We find the majority of Pears do well here on the Quince stock, but some varieties we have to double work. Our method of pruning the cordons is very simple. We go over them the first time about the end of June, or beginning of July, according to the season; then, if the tree has a fair crop of fruit, it enables it to swell and ripen. We find with most sorts the fruit prevents much further wood growth ; but, whatever there is, we go over again about the middle of September and prune back. In dry seasons we give a slight mulching of manure, which is very beneficial to the trees. The pyramid trees we prune in spring, after the frosts are over, taking out all superfluous shoots, to admit as much sun and air as possible. During the summer we only pinch back the strongest shoots. Pears are not largely grown as orchard trees n this district, but those which are, do well. Apples are grown much more extensively in orchards.

7.—Sipney Forp, Gardener to W. E. Huspparp, Egq., Leonardslee, Horsham.

Number of Varieties Exhibited... aS ee ah see 73

Observations.—-Fruit of fair average merit, clear skinned, and well grown, the following being specially noted: Beurré d’Anjou, Marie Louise d’Uccle, General Tottleben, Pitmaston Duchess, Durondeau, Josephine de Malines.

Eehibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered from north-east ; aspect, south, 273 feet above sea-level. Soil varies from a sandy loam to stiff clay ; subsoil, consisting of sandy gravel and sand-

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN -COUNTIES—SUSSEX. 537)

rock. Our Pears are small this season, many having been root- pruned last year. As a rule they do well here as pyramids on

ge Pear stock.

8.—JosnupH Rust, Eridge Castle Gardens, Tunbridge Wells. Mamalaewwor Varieties Exhibited :...: 00... Gee oo ate eae 92 BG

Observations. —Examples fairly good. Those of Doyenné du Comice, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, Doyenné d’Alencgon, Beurré Clairgeau, Marie Louise, Beurrée Diel, and Beurré Hardy very fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, 400 feet above sea-level, and but little sheltered. Soil, stiff loam ; subsoil, gravel. Our Pears are mostly grown on the Quince stock. Very little pruring is required, simply thinning out the branches where crowded. The trees are mulched in summer, and the ground is never dug in winter, surface rooting being encouraged.

Varieties of Pears suited to Sussex, SELECTED BY

J. Annerson, Rowfant, Crawley.

G. M. Breese, Petworth Park.

E. Bursury, Castle Gardens, Arundel.

J. Cueat & Sons, Crawley.

S. Forp, Leonardslee Gardens, Horsham. J. Rust, Eridge Gardens, Tunbridge Wells.

SS TS

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. September. Jargonelle 5 Beurré dAmanlis . 6 Beurre Giffard 3 Williams’s Bon Citron des Carmes | 3 Chretien 4 Clapp’s Favourite Si Souvenir du Con- Doyenné d’Eté 2 eres 3 Willams’s Bon | Beurré Superfin il Chrétien | 2 Brockworth Park Souvenir du Con-. (Bonne d’Ezée) 1 grés 1 Flemish Beauty 1

58 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO SUSSEX.

| No. of Times

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. | | Fondante d’Au- | Passe Colmar 2 tomne 1 Pitmaston Duchess 2 Jargonelle if Besi de St. Waast L Madame Treyve 1 Beurre d’ Anjou 1 » Bachelier 1 October. in Ose 1 | Conseiller de la Louise Bonne of. Cour 1 Jersey | 5 Durondeau 1 Marie Louise 4 Forelle 1 Comte de Lamy | 3 General Tottleben 1 Gansel’s Bergamot | 3 Napoléon 1 Pitmaston Duchess | 3 Nouveau Poiteau il Beurré Bose | 2 Thompson's 1 au Elardy, | 2 Autumn Bergamot | il December. Belle Julie | 1 Beurré d’Amanlis 1 Beurre Bachelier 4 » Capiau Glou Morgeau +: mont 1 Beurre d’ Aremberg 3 Brown Beurreé 1 Winter Nelis 3 Doyenné Boussoch 1 Chaumontel 2 Emile d’Héyst 1 Beurré d’ Anjou 1 Kyewood 1 ,, Clairgeau 1 Fondante d’Au- | sw, ue rel | 1 tomne | 1 Doyenne d’Alengon ib Jersey Gratioli | 1 Doyenné du Comice 1 Marie Louise Duchesse de d’Uccle | 1 Bordeaux 1 Seckle | 1 Inconnue (Van | Thompson's 1 Mons.) | 1 Joséphine de November. Malines 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Doyenné du Napoléon 1 Comice 4 Nec Plus Meuris 1 Beurré Diel | 3 Nouvelle Fulvie 1 Duchesse d’Angou- | Olivier de Serres 1 léme 3 Passe Colmar | 1 Van Mons Léon | Président Mas | 1 Leclere 3 Triomphe de | Chaumontel 2 Jodoigne 1 Glou Morcgeau 2 Zéphirin Grégoire 1 Marie Louise 2

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO SUSSEX.

| | January to March.

Bergamote Es- peren Beurré Rance Josephine de Malines Nec Plus Meuris Passe Crassane Easter Beurré Olivier de Serres Beurré Berckmans Chaumontel Directeur Alphand Doyenné d’ Alencon Ineconnue Jean de Witte Knight’s Monarch Madame Millet Marie Bendist Napoléon Zéphirin Gregoire |

For Orchard Culture.

Marie Louise Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurré Bose ,, Capiaumont ,, Clairgeau a Diel Williams’s Bon Chrétien | Autumn Bergamot Beurré d’Amanlis » superfin Comte de Lamy

No. of Times Selected.

Hs He

feeb fame fee peek feed fk fk fet Feet Pe eet KD BD OD OD CD

Or

oo op GO OD

bo bd bw bd} &

| No. of Times

|

Sélected.

Eyewood

Jersey Gratioli

Belle Julie

Bergamote Es- peren

Beurré Bachelier aon blardy

Bishop’s Thumb

Chaumontel

Conseiller de la Cour

Doyenné d'Eté

Durondeau

Hacon’s Incom- parable

Hessel

Emile d’ Héyst

Joséphine de Malines

Knight’s Monarch

Lammas

Rouse Lench

Seckle

Suffolk Thorn

Thompson’s

Winter Nelis

Stewing Pears.

Catillac

Bellissime d’Hiver

Uvedale’s St. Germain Verulam

Vicar of Winkfield

Beurre Clairgeau Black Pear of Worcester

H~ OD Ph ph eh ek be ek Pd LL bet eh ft

mA hS He

—

60

GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES. WILTSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—G. Attey, Ramsbury Manor Gardens, Hungerford. Number of Varieties Hixhibited-92.4, 54 =o aoe ee

Observations.—Fruit small, those of Pitmaston Duchess and Doyenné du Comice very good.

Erhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, low. Soil, strong loam ; chalk subsoil. Pyramids and standards produce but little fruit, as owing to the low situation we suffer much from spring frost. Single cordons on wall produce good crops. Brockworth Park (Bonne d’Ezée) is very good here this season.

2.—Buarr Cocurane, Seend Manor House, Seend. Number of Varieties Exhibited .. ies Me ¥ a 8

Observations.—F rut mostly small, those of Beurre Clairgeau large and good.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—F rom walled garden on high hill, not much sheltered. Soil, sandy, 1 foot deep, rich; subsoil, iron- rock. Trees mostly old. Fruit fine in wet seasons, but this is not a good Pear soil. They are pruned in summer by thinning shoots ; and also receive a slight winter pruning, except wall trees, which are pruned more in winter than pyramids. I prefer pyramids and standards to wall trees, the fruit is usually finer.

3.—A. Mituer, Gardener to W. H. Lone, Esq., M.P., Rood Ashton Court, Trowbridge.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ... a bolle _ ia 59

Observations.—Fruit in general small, the examples of Beurré Superfin, Beurré de Capiaumont, Comte de Flandres, Nec Plus Meuris, and Doyenné Boussoch being noteworthy.

Eahihitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, deep, heavy loam, on sandy subsoil. Fruits sent grown mostly on pyramids 10 years planted, grafted on the Pear stock.

GROUP I.— SOUTHERN COUNTIES—WILTSHIRE. 61

4.—H. W. Warp, Longford Castle Gardens, Salisbury. Mimnberon Warieties Exhibited ...c.... 0 .. eae er | 4G

Observations. —Examples of moderate quality, those of Beurré Clairgeau. Doyenné du Comice, and Beurré Diel being noted ag very good.

5.—C. Warpen, Gardener to Sir F. H. Baruurst, Bart., Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ... aah Ae eh tis 25

Observations.—Fruit of fair average size and merit, those of Duchesse d'Angouléme, from an espalier, very fine, also Doyenné Boussoch and Beurré Clairgeau.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The garden from which the fruits sub- mitted were gathered is about 310 feet above the level of the sea, and slopes gradually to the south. The soil is a strong loam, now black from the length of time it has been worked, and is resting on a bed of strong clay. Many of the trees are rather old, and doubtless have penetrated to the clayey subsoil ; some are known to be in such a position, as the fruit produced on them is scabby, and cracks in autumn before being gathered, and will not keep sufficiently long to ripen; the only use of such fruit is for stewing. We have lifted the roots of some of the trees and have found the fruit much cleaner after such an operation.

We have neither standard nor pyramid trees in the garden, and the whole of our supplies are from espalier and wall trees. Many of the trees have several kinds on them, a plan which I have nothing to say against when it is not carried to the extreme, as it gives a greater variety, and extends the season of some kinds by having them variously situated.

In winter pruning, we prefer to cut the growth close back to the main stem where there are no fruit spurs, and thinning the latter where they are too numerous, and find that we get plenty of spurs formed on most kinds under this treatment. But itis not prac- ticable with all kinds, among which may be named Marie Louise and Van Mons Léon Leclerc. When the spurs are once allowed to get straggling and growing away from the main © branches, it is no easy matter to get them close again. The plan we adopt is to saw them off a few at a time, when they break out close and eventually form neat fruiting spurs.

62

Varieties of Pears suited to Wiltshire,

G. Auten, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford. Buatr Cocurane, Seend House, Seend.

A. Mitter, Jun., Rood Ashton Court, Trowbridge. C. Warpen, Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

SELECTED BY

Sea and August.

Bou Giffard ° Doyenné d’ Kté Jargonelle Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Citron des Carmes Clapp’s Favourite

September.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien Beurré d’Amanlis Brockworth Park Ambrosia Beurré Goubault Clapp’s Favourite Flemish Beauty Jargonelle Madame 'Treyve Souvenir du Con- oTes

October.

Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurre Superfin » Hardy Comte de Lamy Doyenné Boussoch Duchesse d’Angou- léme |

No. of Times Selected.

ram Bee eee po pw ee po oo co

Dot wow fe

bo

Jersey Gratioli Beurré Capiaumont ee abel Brockworth Park Chaumontel Dunmore Emile d’ Héyst Marie Louise Marie Louise d’Uccle

Pitmaston Duchess)

Seckle November.

Beurré Diel Marie Louise Beurré Clairgeau Conseiller de la Cour Thompson’s Alexandre Lambré Althorp Crassane Autumn Bergamot Bergamot Beurre Bose Comte de Flandres Doyenné du Comice

Duchesse d’ Andou

léme Gansel’s Bergamot Marie Louise d’Uccle

No. of Times Selected.

ee el OO NO a) CO Ox ao ee Oe ee Or a)

he

a

VARIETIES

| No. of Times Selected.

December. |

Beurré d’ Aremberg ,, Baehelier Passe Colmar Glou Morgeau Hacon’s Incom- parable Knight’s Monarch Winter Nelis | Alexandre Lambré | Chaumontel Comte de Flandres General Tottleben Maréchal Vaillant | Vicar of Winkfield | Zéphirin Grégoire |

January to March.

Bergamote Esperen Beurré Rance | Easter Beurré Glou Morceau Nec Plus Meuris Josephine de Malines Winter Nelis Beurre d’Aremberg Chaumontel | Huyshe’s Victoria | Knight’s Monarch | |

bo co WH wD

Pea ae ee NO NO A)

co co tw GW WD

peek Ft et bet KD DO

OF PEARS SUITED TO WILTSHIRE.

No. of Times Selected.

if! 1

Madame Millet | Passe Crassane |

Stewiny Pears.

Catillac

Uvedale’s St. Ger- main

Vicar of Winkfield

Beurré Clairgeau

Gilles 6 Gilles

ee ee oe et No

rn

a

me CD OD

{ = Cz ; ae! i ; ; j : . i aR t y ; . - : So . } k i | = \ j eeu ‘ : = 7 : : , t : t 7 Y 3 3 ~ Me 5 t ‘ r F i ; E ‘ j 3 ‘ i = i is Aa — “ L r rs 2 } ‘ : CER ent e 5 : \ | = . iN = X i , z : ; Je ; . ' ) i) : 1 Ze S Z I : = : roe ; ‘ } t | ce pa or { BAT ene ¥ Been sy i “

GROUP ITI.

1. CAMBRIDGESHIRE _.... 1 13 245 JUSS) a a rire oe 5 282 3. LINCOLNSHIRE pee if 30 4. NORFOLK see bas 4 88 5. SUFFOLK sit nae 2 49

67 GROUP II.—EASTERN COUNTIES.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Kahibitor. 1.—Miss Frances Cuerere, Papworth Hall, near St. Ives. Nunboerion Varieties Mxhibited: .,. ~~... ... ws. ee) «(18 Observations.—Specimens very large, extremely well grown and clear skinned, those of Doyenné du Comice, Beurré Hardy, Beurré Bachelier, from pyramids on the Quince, and Glou

Morceau, Marie Louise, and Conseiller de la Cour, from walls, being specially fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, very strong loam on blue galt, but made better by burnt earth and manure.

GROUP II1.—EASTERN COUNTIES. ESSEX.

Exhibitors. 1.—F. C. Barker, Heatherdale, Woodford Green. (For the Epping Forest District Committee.) Nimveromevareties| ixhibited ... -.2... ©o cea aa 62

Observations.—Hixamples very good, clear skinned. The fol- lowing were specially noted: Doyenné Boussoch, from Espalier on the Quince, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Doyenné du Comice, Duchesse d’Angouléme, General Tottleben, and Easter Beurré.

Kahibitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly on pyramids on the Quince. Soil, stiff loam, on clay subsoil.

2.—W. Dance, Gardener to Colonel Lowe, Gosfield Ha!! Halstead.

Number of Varieties ixhibitedia eis tee et Fa ok GO

Observations.—Examples small, mostly gathered from Pyra- mids on the Quince. ‘The following were noted: Huyshe’s Bergamot, Flemish Beauty, and Louise Bonne of Jersey.

EHehibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered from north and east ;

aspect, south. Soil, a hght sandy loam, resting on clay. E 2

‘68 GROUP fI1.—EHASTERN COUNTIES—ESSEX.

3.—SaLtmarsH & Son, Nurserymen, Chelmsford. Number of Varieties Exhibited... ms ate BP inh tf eee (C)

Observations. —Kixamples exlibited mostly gathered from pyramids and espaliers. The following varieties were noted in this collection: Doyenné du Comice, from pyramid on Quince ; Huyshe’s Victoria, from standard on Pear; Marie Bendist, from espalier on Quince ; Huyshe’s Bergamot, from pyramid on Pear ; Durondeau, from espalier on Quince; Beurré Superfin, from espalier on Pear; Marie Louise d’Uccle, from pyramid on Quince, &e.

_ Hyhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, slightly sheltered. Soil, loam of various medium textures, free from sand; subsoil, varying from loamy gravel to friable yellow loam.

4,—E. Spivey, Gardener to J. A. Houston, Esq., Bishop’s Stortford.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ... sare = Pin ab ee

Observations. —A very fine, well-grown lot of fruit. The fol- lowing were noted: Marie Louise and Joséphine de Malines, from wall trees; Pitmaston Duchess and Doyenné du Comice, from pyramids on the Quince; Conseiller de la Cour and - Duchesse d’Angouléme, from espaliers on the Quince; Madame Treyve, from wall.

5.—Rosert Warner, Broomfield, Chelmsford. Numbertor Warreties iE xianbitede ss) a enn ee eee

Observations.—Examples rather small in size, but highly coloured. The following varieties, grown on the Quince, were very good: Beurré Sanspareil, Beurré Clairgeau, Doyenné du Comice. Examples of the latter, grown on the Pear stock, were very pale in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, partly sheltered by buildings and belts of trees. Soil, garden, one foot deep ; subsoil, clay with chalk stones, sort of marl. No particular mode of cultivation, only the cross shoots cut out. Weuse both the Quince and Pear stocks, but Quince stocks on this soil will not last good more than twelve years.

Varieties, of Pears suited to Essex,

SELECTED BY

F. C. Barxer, Woodford. W. Dancer, Gosfield Hall Gardens, Halstead. Sanrmarsy & Sons, Chelmsford. R. Warner, Chelmsford,

69

pe

July and August.

Doyenné d’Eté

Citron des Carmes

Jargonelle

Beacon

Beurré Giffard

Fondante deBihorel

Souvenir du Con- gres

September.

Madame Treyve

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Beurré de |’ As- somption

Fertility

Hessel —

Jersey Gratioli

Souvenir du Con- eres

October.

Beurré Superfin

Fondante d’Au- tomne

Louise Bonne of Jersey

No. of Times Selected.

ht bt Rt DO DO OO

a

No. of Times Selected.

Beurre Hardy Brockworth Park (Bonne d’Ezée)

Baltet Belle et Bonne British Queen Duchesse d’ An- couléme Durondeau Gratioli of Jersey Marechal de la Cour Marie Louise Marie Louise d’Uccle

Thompson’s November.

Doyenné du Comice Gansel’s Bergamot Marie Louise Pitmaston Duchess Thompson's Aglaé Grégoire Baronne de Mello Beurré Bosc

» Capiaumont

,, Clairgeau

» Diel Conseiller de la

Cour

|

fk fed ped fed fed

a

ee OT NOM NOM NOM NS)

70

|

No. of Times

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO ESSEX.

No. of Times

| Selected. | Selected. Docteur Lentier 1 March Bergamot 1 Doyenné Boussoch | 1 Olivier de Serres 1 General Tottleben | il Passe Crassane 1 Poire d’Avril | 1 Prévost 1 Seckle i Van Mons Léon Soldat Laboureur 1 Leclere af William’s d’Hiver 1 | Winter Nelis 1 December. For Orchard Culture. Beurré d’Aremberg 3 Beurre d’Amanlis if Knight's Monarch | 3 facetete de l’As- Beurré Clairgeau 2 somption | 1 Glou Morceau 2 Beurre Capiaumont 1 Joséphine de , Clairgeau 1 Malines 2 », superfin 1 Beurré Diel 1 Fondante d’Au- | ,, de Jonghe 1 tomne | 1 Chaumontel | i! Huyshe’s Bergamot 1 Doyenné du Comice 1 i, Victoria if General Tottleben | 1 Louise Bonne of Hacon’s Incom- Jersey 1 parable 1 Marie Louise ‘“Huyshe’s Victoria | if d’Uccle 1 Napoléon Savinien | a Pitmaston Duchess il Passe Colmar | 1 Souvenir du Con- Vicar of Winkfield | 1 eres 1 Winter Nelis | 1 Williams’s Bon Zeéphirin Louis 1 Chrétien 1 January to March. | Stewing Pears. Beurre Rance 4 Catillac 4 Kaster Beurre 3 Uvedale’s St, Ger- Bergamote Espéren 2 main 3 Nec Plus Meuris 2 Vicar of Wink- Anna Nelis 1 field 3 Broom Park i Bellissime d’ Hiver 2 Hacon’s Incom- | | Black Worcester 1 parable | 1 Grosse Calebasse 1 Huyshe’s Victoria | i Leon Leclere de Inconnue | tf Laval 1 Knight’s Monarch | 1 Verulam iL

(2. GROUP II.—EASTERN COUNTIES.

LINCOLNSHIRE. Exhibitor.

1.—J. McKeunvie, Gardener to Colonel Rerve, Leadenham House, Grantham.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ee ie ai ee 80

Observations. —Examples of moderate quality, mostly grown on pyramids. Those of Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Diel, Thompson's, Gansel’s Bergamot, Bergamote d’Esperen, chiefly noted.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, fairly well sheltered. Soil, a heavy loam ; subsoil, clay. The fruit sent are from wall-trained pyramid, cordon and standard trees. The wall and standard trees are on the Pear stock, the others on the Quince. We always take the breast wood off the wall trees about the end of July, and off the pyramids in August.

Varieties of Pears suited to Lincolnshire, SELECTED BY

J. McKetviz, Leadenham House Gardens, Grantham.

July and August. Gansel’s Bergamot | Beurré Superfin Doyenneé d’Kté Louise Bonne of Jersey Jargonelle Seckle

Beurré de lAssomption November, eptember. ; Septem Brown Beurré | Napoleon

? 9 = E nhi | , : Toe ie Gee Deyenne ey Counce Duchesse d’Angouléme

Fondanté d’Autémne Beurré Clairgeau

Marie Louise

October. December. Autumn Bergamot Beurré Capiaumont Glou Morceau

72

Number of Varieties Exhibited

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO LINCOLNSHIRE.

Hacon’s Incomparable Beurrée d’Aremberg Passe Colmar

Beurré Diel

Winter Nelis

January to March.

Beurré Rance Bergamote Espéren Knight’s Monarch Easter Beurré

Nec Plus Meuris Joséphine de Malines

For Orchard Culture.

Knight's Monarch

Seckle

Hessel

Beurré Capiaumont Catillac

Hacon’s Incomparable Doyenné d’ Ete Uvedale’s St. Germain Beurré Diel

Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurré d’Aremberg Napoléon

Stewing Pears.

Catillac

Duchesse d’Angouléme Black Pear of Worcester Uvedale’s St. Germain

GROUP II.— EASTERN COUNTIES.

NORFOLK.

Ewhibitors.

1.—Cotvite Browne, The Paddocks, Swaffham.

$2) vu

Observations. —Examples of moderate size and quality, those of Maréchal de la Cour, Marie Louise, Vicar of Winkfield, Catillac, and Duchesse d’Angouléme very good. 3

2.—R. H. Mason, Hecton Hall, Norfolk.

19

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit, those of Joséphine de Malines, Glou Morgeau, Marie Louise, Beurré Clairgeau, and Beurre Diel extremely good.

3.—E. J. Prowricut, Swaffham.

12

GROUP Il.— EASTERN COUNTIES—NORFOLE. 73

Observations—Examples small, grown chiefly on walls, those of Marie Louise, Hacon’s Incomparable, and Joséphine de Malines specially noted.

4,—W. G. Wincaius, Swaffham. Number of Varieties Exhibited ee Gee ae Roe ti ee)

Observations.—Hixamples small, chiefly grown on walls.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Soil, a light loam; subsoil, a white sand under the garden, although all around it alters into diluvial clay, with sand gaults at intervals, overlying the chalk.

Varieties of Pears suited to Norfolk, SELECTED BY

W.G. Wincaits, Swaffham.

July and August. Beurré Espéren Napoléon Doyenné d’lité | Gansel’s Bergamot

Old Crassane Beurré Capiaumont

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

September. Beurré d’Amanlis December. October. Beurré d’Aremberg Fondante d’Automne Louise Bonne of Jersey January to March. November. Winter Nelis Chaumontel

Marie Louise Bergamote Espéren

74 GROUP IIl.—EASTERN COUNTIES.

SUFFOLK. Eehibitors.

1.—Gro. Patmer, Gardener to T. H. Powseut, Esq., Drink- stone Park, Bury St. Edmunds.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ... ae make ae ae 25

Observations. —Kixamples large, clear, and well grown, chiefly from pyramids. The following were noted: Beurré Diel, Beurré d’Aremberg, Beurré Bosc, Beurré Hardy, Marie Louise d’Ucele, Marie Louise.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, on a dead level. Soil, medium loam ; sandy to gaulty subsoil. Our collection of Pears here are grown on trained trees on walls, espaliers, pyramids, and a few standards. ‘The Quince stock is represented in each form of tree, excepting the standard, and with plenty of evidence of weakness and short life. The Pear is certainly preferable as a stock in this immediate locality.

Pruning is carried out with the usual two pinchings of summer growths, the winter pruning required being not much more than a judicious thinning of spurs in the older trees. Root-pruning is also carried out, but not to an extreme, being guided mainly by the health, constitution, and fertility of each individual tree, instead of an all-round application. Fruit thinning is attended to in all but the orchard trees.

We find Pears with gritty flesh very disposed to crack in all seasons, but more especially after a long drought, succeeded by heavy rainfall. A mulching, applied not later than mid- summer, appears to be our best preventitive. Haster Beurré is generally worthless from this cause, and Beurré Diel, Beurré Rance, Passe Colmar, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, also crack badly. Contraction of the skin, caused by a small black fungus, also occurs about the same period, and probably from the same causes.

As a rule, we cannot complain of want of fertility, provided the trying spring weather, so usual to this part, does not destroy our bloom.

Our average rainfall for the 20 years, 1865 to 1884 inclusive, is 26°00 inches; height above sea-level, 220 feet.

GROUP II.~-EASTERN COUNTIES —SUFFOLK. 75

This part of Suffolk cannot at the present time be said to be a Pear country, fruit orchards in general having a solitary Pear tree in one corner or so; but, otherwise, many situations and soils, the latter are very variable, could be found that would grow many of the best marketable and home dessert varieties.

2.—James SHEeppaRD, Gardener to J. Berners, Ksq., Wolverstone Park, Ipswich.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ... oe aes ae a 24

Observations.—Examples large and good, those of Doyenné du Comice, Glou Morgeau, Joséphine de Malines, Huyshe’s Bergamot, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, Gansel’s Bergamot, and Easter Beurré noted as very fine.

Exhibitor's Iemarks.—Grown on west wall and pyramids. Soil, light loam, on sandy gravel. Pears that ripen up to the end of the year do very well on bushes, pyramids, or espaliers ; but the late kinds, except in very favoured localities, require the aid of a wall and a good aspect to mature them properly, be- sides which, they should be allowed to remain on the trees as long as they will hang and are safe from frosts. The best stock for all small trees is the Quince, but for walls the Pear is the most suitable, especially on light soils, in which the Quince suffers from drought.

Varieties of Pears suited to Suffolk, SELECTED BY

G. Parmer, Drinkstone Park Gardens, Bury St. Edmunds. J. SHEPPARD, Wolverstone Park Gardens, Ipswich.

No. of Times | No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. September. Citron des Carmes 2 Autumn Nelis 2 Doyenne d’Kté 2 Hessel 2 Jargonelle 2 Williams’s Bon Beurre Giffard 1 Chretien 2

VARIETIES

OF PEARS SUITED TO SUFFOLK.

No. of Times |

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. Beurre d’Amanlis 1 January to March. 5 superfin 1 | Bergamote Esperen 2 Beurré Rance | 2 October, Josephine de Ma- lines | 2 Louise Bonne of Nec Plus Meuris 2 Jersey 2 Chaumontel 1 Marie Louise 2 Kaster Beurre 1 Beurré d’Amanlis 1 Zéphirin Grégoire 1 », | Hardy 1 | », Superfin 1 For Orchard Culture. Brown Beurré | 1 | Comte de Lamy | 1 Beurre de Capiau- | Seckle | 1 mont | 2 Hessel | 2 | Louise Bonne of November. Jersey 2 Swan’s Keg 2 Beurré Diel 2 Williams’s Bon Duchesse d’ Angou- | Chrétien 2 léme | 2 Bergamote Hspéren 1 Thompson's 2 Citron des Carmes 1 Van Mons Léon Kyewood 1 Leclerc 2 Jargonelle 1 Beurre Bose 1 Marie Louise 1 Doyennédu Comice 1 Nec Plus Meuris 1 Marie Louise 1 Passe Colmar 1 Soldat Laboureur 1 Windsor if December. Stewing Pears. Beurré Bachelier 2 | Glou Morgeau 2 Catillae | 2 Passe Colmar 2 Uvedale’s St. Ger- | Winter Nelis 2 main 2 Doyenné du Comice 1 Bellissime d’Hiver 1 General Tottleben 1 Black Pear of Wor- | Knight’s Monarch 1 cester | ll Soldat d’Espéren 1 Verulam il

COUP. Ti.

MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

| Hanibitore “Biehibited. 1. BEDFORDSHIRE ie | il 64 2. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE .... 4 202 8. HERTFORDSHIRE hee 5 447 4. HUNTINGDONSHIRE .... 1 39

5. OXFORDSHIRE ... oe 2 60

79 GROUP II.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

BEDFORDSHIRE. Exhibitor.

1._-Tuomas Laxton, Girtford, Bedford. Number of Varieties Exhibited 3 ae oe Sue 04:

Observations.—A very interesting collection, containing several old varieties. Examples small, mostly grown on pyramids on the Quince. The following were noted: Louise Bonne of Jersey, Forelle, Beurré Clairgeau, Beurré de Capiaumont, Pitmaston Duchess, and some samples of the Old Warden stewing Pear.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The light, hot lands of north-east Beds, especially in the valleys, are unfavourable to the fertility of most Pears, except where shelter against spring frosts can be secured. Louise Bonne de Jersey is the most reliable of all good Pears, Beurré de Capiaumont, Maréchal de la Cour, Citron des Carmes, Beurré Superfin, Autumn Bergamot, and Bergamote Espéren are also generally reliable sorts for the open. Those on the Quince stock are usually more fertile. Souvenir du Congrés, Madame Treyve, Marie Louise d’Uccle, and Kieffer Seedling seem promising sorts. Beurré de l’Assomption and Van Mons Léon Leclere in such a situation as Girtford have never fruited, although root-pruned.

Varieties of Pears suited to Bedfordshire, SELECTED BY

Tuomas Laxton, Bedford.

July and August. | Souvenir du Congrés

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Citron des Carmes |

Doyenné d’Eté October.

Jargonelle | Beurré Superfin

September. Doyenné Boussoch

Fondante d’Autéme

Madame Treyve | Louise Bonne of Jersey

80 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO BEDFORDSHIRE.

Marie Louise d’Uccle Pitmaston Duchess

November.

Beurré Bose Durondeau

Gansel’s Bergamot Kieffer Seedling Maréchal de la Cour Marie Louise

December.

Beurré d’ Aremberg Beurré Bachelier Doyenné du Comice General Tottleben Glou Morceau Knight’s Monarch

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren Beurré Sterckmans

Easter Beurré Joséphine de Malines Knight’s Monarch Zéphirin Grégoire

for Orchard Culture.

Autumn Bergamot Beurré Capiaumont Beurré Diel

Kyewood

Fertility

Jargonelle

Louise Bonne of Jersey Lammas

Seckle

Swan’s Egg

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Stewing Pears.

Pellissime d’Hiver Catillac

Uvedale’s St. Germain Viear of Winkfield

GROUP II.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

1.—Jamrs Fietcuer, The Coppins Gardens, Ivor.

Number of Varieties Exhibited

Observations.—F ruit small,

12

2,.—G. T. Mites, Wycombe Abbey Gardens, High Wycombe.

Number of Varieties Exhibited

40

Observations.—EXxamples very pood, clear, and well grown. The following, from cordon trees on walls, were specially noted :

GROUP IIi.—MIDLAND COUNTIEFS—SOUTH.— BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 81

Van Mons Léon Leclerc, Beurré Diel, Doyenné du Comice, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Bergamote d’Espéren, Pitmaston Duchess, Knieht’s Monarch.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered valley, running from east to west. Soil, a dark, peaty loam; resting on Vydelk Peat, which is full of water. ‘The collection which I send is from trees on the Pear stock, trained horizontally on walls of different aspects.. Owing to the large crop of fruit on the trees this season, they are smaller than usual. The trees are planted in good loam about 80 inches in depth, beneath which a layer 15 inches thick of broken bricks is placed. The trees are subjected to the ordinary course of pruning in the winter months, and the spring growths are shortened back to within three or four inches of the base about midsummer each year. The under-mentioned are the most choice in regard to quality here: Williams’s Bon Chretien, Beurré de Capiaumont, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, Pitmaston Duchess, Doyenné du Comice, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, Winter Nelis, Glou Morceau, Joséphine de Malines, Knight’s Monarch, Beurrée Rance.

3.—JameEs Suiru, Gardener to the Karl of Rosrsery, Mentmore, Bucks.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ne me afr ean OO

Observations.—Eixamples moderately fine, clear skinned. The following were noted as specially good: Marie Louise @Uccle, Winter Nelis (from pyramids on the Quince), Doyenné Boussoch, Conseiller de la Cour, Marie Louise, General Tottleben.

_LHaxhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, exposed. Soil, clay, heavy loam, &c. Orchard trees on Pear stock are gone over and the crowded branches thinned out in the autumn. Small pyramid trees are mostly pinched back in summer, so that little winter pruning is required. Our great scourge is late spring frosts, which often cuts off all our early bloom, so that there is seldom. more than half a crop left, and those in the middle of the trees, in the worst positions for ripening.

Here we have trees in all positions—on walls, as standards, as well as a large collection of small trees on the Quince stock grown as pyramids; these being planted in the most exposed and highest part of the gardens, as a rule produce the best and fines

F

82. GROUP I1I.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.—BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

fruit. Our wall trees have only been planted a few years, so that they are not come into bearing yet; they are all grown as cordons, and mostly on the Quince stock.

4.—Cuares Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ie By ae 28s. LOO

Observations —Fruit in general small in size but excellent in quality, the following being specially noted: Van Mons Léon Leclere (from a wall tree), Golden Russet (a very pretty Pear, somewhat resembling British Queen), Grosse Calebasse, Pitmaston Duchess, General Tottleben, Beurré Clairgeau, Marie Louise d’Uccle (from a standard), British Queen. :

Varieties of Pears suited to Buckinghamshire,

SELECTED BY

G. T. Mires, Wycombe Abbey.

James Smitu, Mentmore.

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. October. Jargonelle 2 Louise Bonne of Citron des Carmes 1 Jersey 2 Clapp’s Favourite 1 Beurré Bose 1 Doyenné d’Kté 1 », Capiau- Windsor 1 mont i Beurré Hardy 1 September. Brockworth Park 1 | Brown Beurre 1 Willams’s Bon | Duchesse d’An- Chrétien 2 oouléme 1 Beurré d’Amanlis | 1 Fondante d’Au- i de l’As- | tomne | 1 somption if Marie Louise 1 Beurré Superfin 1 Thompson’s 1 Madame Treyve if |

Eee” S”:”~—ti‘O;’NSCO”S™S

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 83

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. November. Beurré Rance 1 i; Sterckmans 1 Beurré Bose 1 Doyenné d’Alengon 1 ,» Clairgeau 1 Joséphine de mite Wiel 1 Malines 1 Conseiller de la Winter Crassane 1 Cour 1 Doyenné du Comice 1 [or Orchard Culture. Duchesse d’An- eouléme 1 Beurré Diel 2 Forelle i! Louise Bonne of Gansel’s Bergamot 1 Jersey 2 Marie Louise 1 Williams’s Bon Passe Colmar 1 Chrétien 2 Seckle 1 Beacon 1 Van Mons Léon Beurré d’Amanlis 1 Leclere 1 1 Capiaumont 1 December. Clairgeau 1 Hardy 1 Glou Morgeau 2 an Rance 1 Winter Nelis 2 Comte de Lamy 1 Doyenné du Doyenné d’Eté 1 Comice 1 Easter Beurré 1 Durondeau 1 Huyshe’s Victoria 1 General Tottleben i Jargonelle 1 Huyshe’s Victoria 1 Marie Louise 1 Joséphine de Seckle 1 Malines 1 Windsor 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Pitmaston Duchess 1 Stewing Pears. January to March. Catillac 1 Easter Beurré 2 Uvedale’s St. Nec Plus Meuris 2 Germain 2 Anna Nelis 1 Vicar of Winkfield 2 Bergamote Es- Beurré Capiau- péren 1 mont 1

84

GROUP III.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

HERTFORDSHIRE. Exhibitors.

1.—Lord Esury, Moor Park, Rickmansworth. (J.C. Mundell, Gardener.)

Number of Varieties E.xhibited ate aa al ey: 60

Observations—Examples generally of fair average size and appearance, some being exceptionally fine, to wit, Gansel’s Bergamot, from an old tree on east wall. The following were also noted: King Edward, Doyenné du Comice, Doyenné Boussoch, Duchesse d’Angouléme (from pyramid), Glou Morgeau, Pitmaston Duchess, British Queen, Van Mons Léon Leclerc.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Garden in situation sheltered from the north ; aspect, §.S.E. Soil, varied, chalky clay. The trees on gravel do by far the best. The year 1885 will be memorable as a good Pear year. At Moor Park, Pear trees on the Quince have not borne a crop for years until the present, when there is a fair crop. The majority of the varieties exhibited were grown on pyramid and espaher trees, those on stiff soil this season producing the finest fruits. The trees are allin excellent health. The system I adopt is close summer pruning or pinching espalier and trained trees, and judiciously thinning the shoots of Orchard trees.

2.—The Marquis of Satispury, Hatfield. (George Norman, Gardener.)

Number of Varieties Exhibited i, ce pemen. Hif

Observations.—Fruit of fair average merit, the following being noted as meritorious: Fondante d’Autd6mne (from wall), Duchesse d’Angouléme and Verulam (from pyramids), Van Mons Léon Leclere, and Beurré Diel.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, somewhat sheltered on the east side by plantation. Soil, heavy loam, and very stony subsoil, mostly marl. Pruning is done in July, and again in the

GROUP III.— MIDLAND COUNTIES—-SOUTH.—HERTFORDSHIRE. 85

winter, to avoid overcrowding. Roots kept to the surface as much as possible. The greater number of our Pears are believed to be on the Pear stock, some are on the Quince, and some on the White Thorn. They are the most vigorous on the Pear; those on the White Thorn, 40 years old, bear wonderfully well.

3.—Paut & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt. Number of Varieties Exhibited a a sit ei spiral A

Observations—Examples small but interesting, the collection containing a great many new and promising varieties. The following were noted as the most meritorious, viz.: Souvenir du Congres, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Henri Decaisne, Doyenné Boussoch, General Tottleben.

Exhibitors Remarks.—Grown chiefly on small cordons on wire trellis, some from pyramids. Soil, deep loam, on gravel.

4.—Wituiam Pau & Son, Nurserymen, &c., Waltham Cross, N. Number of Varieties Exhibited el a HA We al OD

Observations.—A very varied collection, containing many new and interesting varieties. Examples rather small, but sound and of good quality. The following were considered worthy of note, viz.: Seckle, Doyenné du Comice, from pyramids; Duchesse d’Angouléme, Easter Beurré, Beurré Superfin, and Triomphe de Jodoigne, from espaliers; also Conseiller de la Cour, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Hardy, Beurré d’Anjou, &c.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The collection of Pears shown by us are, with the exception ofabout a dozen sorts (which were grown at our Seed Farm in the South of England), gathered from standards, espaliers and pyramids, in our nurseries and garden at Waltham Cross, in the valley of the Lea. The soil is strong loam, almost clay, resting on gravel. Both soil and climate are moist and cold, more so than in many districts much farther north. Fruit trees grow vigorously, and most sorts succeed equally well on Quince and Pear stocks; the fruit, however, is not generally so large and bright as in warmer and more favoured districts for fruiting. Our plan of cultivation in dealing with fruiting trees is two summer and one winter pruning,

86 GROUP III.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—-SOUTH.—HERTFORDSHIRE,

5.—T. Rivers & Son, Nurserymen, &c., Sawbridgeworth. Number of Varieties Exhibited ie ae Sik ni ae Mattel)

Observations. —A remarkably interesting collection. The examples of moderate size, but nearly all highly coloured and beautiful, and also of high quality. The following were specially noted: Louise Bonne of Jersey and Durondeau, from pyramids on the Quince, Beurré Alexander Lucas, Poire de Barriot, Pitmaston Duchess, Princess, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Magnate, Beurré Diel, Madame Treyve, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Doyenné du Comice, Easter Beurré, Flemish Beauty, Lebrun, Beurré Bachelier, Emile d’Héyst, Beurré Superfin, &c.

A new seedling variety raised by Mr. Rivers, named the Conference Pear, ripening in October, was awarded a First Class Certificate as a market variety.

Varieties of Pears suited to Hertfordshire, SELECTED BY |

J. C. Munpexzt, Moor Park, Rickmansworth.

Grorce Norman, Hatfield.

Wituiam Pau, Waltham Cross.

No. of Times

No. of Times Selected.

Selected.

July and August. | Souvenir du Con-

eres 1 Doyenné d Ete 3 Beurré Giffard 2 October. Jargonelle 2 Citron des Carmes 1 Louise Bonne of Fondante de Jersey 3 Cuérne 1 Jersey Gratioli 3 Doyenné du September. Comice 2 Marie Louise Beurré d’Amanlis 3 d’Uccle 2 Williams’s Bon Baronne de Mello 1 Chrétien 2 Beurré Hardy 1 Beurré de 5, superfin il l Assomption 1 Brown Beurré 1 Beurré Superfin 1 Swan’s Egg — 1 Madame Treyve 1 White Doyenné 1

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO HERTFORDSHIRE.

:

- No. of Times

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. November. Easter Beurré 2 Nee Plus Meuris 2 Marie Louise 3 Bergamote Beurré Diel 2 Espéren 1 Pitmaston Duchess | 2 Olivier de Serres | 1 Thompson's | 2 Zéephirin Grégoire 1 Van Mons Léon | Leclere 2 For Orchard Culture.’ Beurré Berckmans | if » Bose 1 Louise Bonne of | Délices d’ Harden- Jersey 2 pont 1 Jersey Gratioli | 2 Doyenné du Willams’s Bon | Comice 1 Chrétien 2 Duchesse d’Angow- | Aston Town | 1 léme 1 Autumn Bergamot 1 Maréchal de la Beurré Capiau- Cour al mont 1 Beurrée Diel if! December. Catillac if Comte de Lamy 1 Glou Morceau 3 Easter Beurré 1 Beurré d’Aremberg 2 Eyewood 1 Knight’s Monarch 2 Hessel 1 Napoléon 2 Marie Louise 1 Winter Nelis 2 Souvenir du Beurré Bachelier 1 Congres 1 » Berckmans 1 Suffolk Thorn if Durondeau 1 Swan’s Egg 1 General Tottleben 1 Windsor 1 Huyshe’s | Bergamot 1 Stewing Pears. Suzette de Bavay 1 Catillace 3 January to March. Verulam 3 Uvedale’s St. Beurré Rance 3 Germain 2 Joséphine de Bellissime d’Hiver 1 Malines 3 Crassane 1 Beurré Sterckmans 2 Gilles 6 Gilles 1

88

GROUP III.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH. HUNTINGDONSHIRE. Exhibitors.

1.—Axsert Harpine, Gardener to The Dowager Marchioness of Huntty, Orton Hall, Peterborough.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ~~... Ae, ce ae 39

Observations. —Examples small, mostly gathered from stan- dards, those of Louise Bonne of Jersey and General Tottleben very fair.

Ewhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, fairly sheltered. Soil, loam of medium texture; subsoil, gravel. As a general rule there are not many kinds of Pears that ripen properly in the open here. This year is, however, an exception. The following are the sorts most to be depended upon, viz.: Jargonelle, Doyenné d’Kté, Lammas, Williams's Bon Chrétien, Orange Bergamot, Beurré Diel.

Varieties of Pears Suited to Huntingdonshire, SELECTED BY

A. Harpine, Orton Hall, Peterborough.

July and August. Beurrée Robin

Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurré Giffard Marie Louise Doyenné d’Kte Orange Bergamot Jargonelle Lammas

November.

Seiaactien Brown Beurré Dale "ASS Beurré Giffard Crassane 3 F Duchesse d’Angouléme Orange Bergamot falas Williams’s Bon Chrétien October. December.

Beurré Bose Beurré Diel

- VARIETIES OP PEARS SUITED TO HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 89

January to March. Jargonelle Lammas Beurré Rance Louise Bonne of Jersey Joséphine de Malines | Orange Bergamot

Williams’s Bon Chrétien For Orchard Culture. Stewing Pears. Beurré Diel Brown Beurreé Catillae

Doyenné d’EKté Uvedale’s St. Germain

GROUP III.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

OXFORDSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—Cuartes Hewert, Sarsden Gardens, Chipping Norton.

Number of Varieties Exhibited oe se oe: Mee 146

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, rather exposed to the north. Soil, corn-brash mixed with clay ; subsoil, marl-stone.

2.—James Lawrence, Gardener to Mrs. Owen Knox, Ardmillan,

Caversham. Number of Varieties Exhibited ee ee, tee a 14 Observations.—EHxamples very small. Some specimens of

Catillac very good.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, much exposed to sun and wind; south aspect. Soil, heavy yellow loam; subsoil, chalk and gravel.

Varieties of Pears suited to Oxfordshire, SELECTED BY

James Lawrence, Ardmillan, Caversham, Oxon.

July and August. September.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien Louise Bonne of Jersey Marie Louise

VARIETIES SUITED TO OXFORDSHIRE. October. Suzette de Bavay

Beurré Bose 134.4 Diel January to March.

Doyenné du Comice Bergamot Esperen November. Easter Beurré Suzette de Bavay Swan’s Egg Winter Nelis Stewing Pears: December.

Black Pear of Worcester Crassane Catillac

COUP. IV.

“MIDBEBAND COUNTIES—NORTEH.

No. of Dishes Exhibited.

No. of Exhibitors.

1. CHESHIRE te aE 3 120 2. DERBYSHIRE _... ay 2 26 3. LEICESTERSHIRE 2 1038 4, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE... 2 70 5. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE 4 1738 6. RUTLANDSHIRE ah 2 48 7. STAFFORDSHIRE se 1 24

8. WARWICKSHIRE cee 2 42,

18 606

ae? d ( a> G— s i Pe = Da es im r 1 $ 2 , Sy pays Getty PAS - ie € t

ee 2 t yi aoe

4 v i/ ’ Mi ? y > ‘ 1 ~ Ya 2 Ty A i ” > mG

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93

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH. CHESHIRE. Behibitors. 1.—F. & A. Dickson & Sons, Upton Nurseries, Chester.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ie nee ny are 50

Observations—Examples of average size and merit, from pyramid, and other young trees. The following were noted as worthy: Marie Louise d’Uccle, Beurré d’Amaunlis, Souvenir du Congrés, Beurré Diel, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré Superfin, - Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Beurré Hardy.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Grown in the open nursery, situated in a very high, bleak, exposed position. Soil, heavy loam with clay subsoil, and light loam with sandy subsoil.

2.—James Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester. Number of Varieties Exhibited ae aM a6 Sh ae eye

Observations.—lixamples small and pale in colour, those of General Tottleben, Marie Louise, and Beurré Diel were noted as very good.

Lixhibitors Remarks.—Situation, mostly exposed. Soil, ordinary loam, on clay subsoil. The trees are frequently, indeed biennially, transplanted, until thrown into a fruiting state. Summer pinching is freely practised. Stocks, both Free and Quince, are specially selected to work the trees upon.

3.—Ropert Macketusr, Abney Hall Gardens, Cheadle. Number of Varieties Exhibited ce a ae sElinee

Observations—Examples of medium size, chiefly from stan- dards. Those noted, Beurré Clairgeau, Beurré Diel, Marie Louise, and Nouveau Poiteau, from walls, very fair.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Soil, ordinary garden loam, on gravel.

94

Varieties of Pears suited to Cheshire,

SELECTED BY

FE’. & A. Dicxson & Sons, Chester. Jamis Dicxson & Sons, Chester. R. Macxetiar, Abney Hall, Cheadle.

No. of Times Selected.

July and August.

Citron des Carmes Doyenne d’Hté Jargonelle

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Flemish Beauty

Jargonelle

Souvenir du Con- pres

October.

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Comte de Lamy

Marie Louise

Beurré Capiaumont

» superfin

Doyenné Boussoch

Fertility

Hessel

Seckle

Thompson’s

White Doyenné

November. Beurré Clairgeau

», Diel Pitmaston Duchess

bo bo 0

bt tt EE Ob DS 0 bt bk! 0

bo bo bo

Alexandre Lambré

Beurréd’ Aremberg

Bishop’s Thumb

Doyenné du Comice)

Duchesse d’Angou- léme

Durondeau

Forelle

Marie Louise

Marie Louise d’Uccle

December.

Glou Morgeau Passe Colmar Winter Nelis Beurré d’Aremberg

», ._pachelier

,, Clairgeau Chaumontel Doyenné du Comice Easter Beurré General Tottleben Prince Consort Thompson’s

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren

Beurré Rance

HKaster Beurré

Joséphine de Ma- lines

Knight’s Monarch

Glou Morgeau

er

ht ee

a

Pet et pe et et et et et ee SD HD DO

bo bo bo

He re

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO CHESHIRE. 95

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. | Selected. Nec Plus Meuris 1 Caillot Rosat 1 Winter Nelis 1 Citron des Carmes 1 Fertility 1 For Orchard Culture. Glou Morceau 1 Grey Beurré 1 Hessel 3 Marie Louise Louise Bonne of d’Uccle 1 Jersey 3 New Bridge 1 Williams’s Bon Rivers’ Bergamot 1 Chrétien 3 Swan’s Kge 1 Beurré d’Aremberg 2 Toadsback 1 ,, Capiaumont 2 Windsor 1 aeDiel 2 Comte de Lamy 2 Jargonelle - 2 Stewing Pears. Alexandre Lambré 1 Aston Town 1 Bellissime d’Hiver 1 Beurré d’'Amaunlis 1 Catillae 1 » Clairgeau 1 Uvedale’s St. Ger- Bishop’s Thumb 1 main 1 Brown Beurré 1 Verulam 1

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

DERBYSHIRE. Exhibitors.

-1.—-Wm. Froeeatt, Wingerworth Hall, Chesterfield.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ae: be: Be: gies 1a

Observations.—Kixamples of moderate size, very pale in colour, those of Marie Louise, Beurré Rance, and White Doyenné the most noticeable.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on wall trees. Soil, stiff loam ; subsoil, gravel. Fruit small here this season, so very cold.

2.—Watrter G. Gaicer, Gardener to S. Taynor WuiTeneap, Esq., Burton Closes, Bakewell.

Number of Varieties Exhibited _... a eS Pea

Observations.-Eixamples small,

96 GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—-NORTH.—DERBYSHIRE.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, bleak, exposed to west and Soil, strong loam, resting on a subsoil of limestone Grown on standard trees on Pear stock, planted about 35 years ago. Climate very cold, and ill-adapted for the cultivation of choice Pears in the open air.

north winds. boulders and clay.

general character of Pear-growing in the Peak.

Varieties of Pears suited to Derbyshire,

SELECTED BY

W. Frogeatt, Wingerworth Hall, Chesterfield.

July and August.

Citron des Carmes Green Chisel Jargonelle

September.

Beurré Golden » Gotbault Hessel

October.

Autumn Bergamot Beurre Capiaumont

5 Del

5, Supréme Duchesse d’Angouléme Duchesse d’Orleans

November.

Chaumontel Crassane Marie Louise Passe Colmar Swan's Egg Winter Nelis

December.

Beurré Bachelier ,» Clairgeau ,, Magnifique

Glou Morceau

January to March.

Beurré Rance Hacon’s Incomparable Knight’s d’ Hiver

%. Monarch

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

LEICESTERSHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.~-Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen, Leicester.

Number of Varieties Exhibited

This is the

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—-NORTH.—LEICESTERSHIRE. 97

Observations. —E.xamples fairly well grown; Beurré Bachelier, Van Mons Léon Leclerc, and Duchesse d’Angouléme very good.

| 2.—Wriuam Ineram, Belvoir Castle Gardens, Grantham. fm Numibernor Warieties Exhibited 2.5.6 2 Jl. a. 7... 50

Observations —An extremely interesting contribution. At) the examples clear, well grown, and characteristic. The following were noted: Duchesse d’Angouléme, Glou Morgeau, Knight’s Monarch, Madame Treyve, Conseiller de la Cour, Pitmaston Duchess, Huyshe’s Victoria, Bergamote d’Esperen, Passe Crassane, Beurré Superfin, British Queen, Marie Louise, Beurré Buisson, and Beurré Rance.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Situation, sheltered from the west by woods; altitude, 327 feet above sea-level. Soil, modified clay. Borders paved, and loamy soil added, which is of a strong!y ferruginous character, derived from the middle has. Subsoil, pure clay. Pyramids grow freely, but seldom bear satisfactorily, owing to spring frosts. The trained trees on walls (12 to 14 feet) on each aspect bear well and produce good crops. Fruit generally late. Both Pear and Quince stocks are used, and both branch and root pruning is necessary.

Varieties of Pears suited to Leicestershire, SELECTED BY W. Ineram, Belvoir Castle Gardens, Grantham.

July and August. Buerré Superfin ie Louise Bonne of Jersey vem Cah Welbeck Bergamot J argonelle Johmont November. September. Beurré Hardy Citron des Carmes 4, woupreme Poire Péche : o an Marum William’s Bon Chrétien ritish Queen Dunmore October. Marie Louise Beurré d’Amanlis | December. ss d’ AutoOmne | », Boussoch Beurré d’ Anjou

98 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO LEICESTERSHIRE.

Doyenné du Comice For Orchard Culture. Glou Morgeau Orpheline d’Enghein Aston Town Soldat d’EHspéren Beurré Capiaumont Winter Nelis Brown Beurré Glou Morgeau January to March. Hessel Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurré de Buisson Nec Plus Meuris » Rance Swan’s Keo Doyenné d’Alencgon Kaster Beurré Stewing Pear. Joséphine de Malines Knight’s Monarch Catillac

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Ehibitors. 1.—Colonel Cuarxr, Welton Place, Daventry.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Loe aie a ii 6

Observations.—An extremely interesting exhibit. The examples of Welton Beurré large and of good quality.

Ewhibitor’s Remarks.—I1 send you an exhibit (in my odd line) for the Conference—to wit, two wild kinds, borne on stock- suckers, allowed to grow up on purpose; also the historical spurious ** Knight’s Monarch,” with the true sort, both grafted on one tree. N.B.—The false Monarch makes an excellent compote fruit. Soil of garden, strong fertile loam, over clay or shell-limestone ; formation, ‘‘ inferior oolite.”

2 == Conn The Gardens, Althorp Park, Northampton. Number of Varieties Exhibited Ae mis pit] VET 64

Observations,—Examples of fair average merit. mostly from pyramid and _ horizontal-trained trees. Those of Duchesse d’Angouléme (grown on Quince), Beurré Diel, Figue d’Alencon, Pitmaston Duchess, Fondante d’Autémne, Winter Nelis, Beurré Sterckmans, and Louise Bonne of Jersey specially noted.

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.—NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, 99

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, rather exposed, open to the east ; 299 feet above sea-level. Soil, rich loam; subsoil, clay. Nearly all the Pears here on the Pear stock. They are root- pruned every three years. The Pear trees here have been quite a feature this season. |

Varieties of Pears suited to Northamptonshire,

SELECTED BY

E. Cote, Althorp Park Gardens, Northampton.

July and August.

Doyenné d’kité Jargonelle

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis Brockworth Park Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Althorp Crassane Beurré d’ Aremberg Marie Louise

Louise Bonne of Jersey Seckle

Suffolk Thorn

November.

Beurré Clairgeau

a eDiel

ee Elardy; Comte de Lamy Doyenné du Comice Duchesse d’Angouléme

a 2

December.

Comte de Flandres Docteur Trousseau Doyenné Defais Huyshe’s Prince of Wales Napoléon

Passe Colmar

January to March.

Bergamote Ispéren Beurré Sterckmans HKaster Beurré Knight’s Mouarch Nec Plus Meuris Winter Nelis

For Orchard Culture.

Autumn Bergamot Beurrée Capiaumont

» Clairgeau

» Diel Doyenné d’Kté Duchesse d’Angouléme Fusée d’Hiver Lady’s Finger Louise Bonne of Jersey Williams’s Bon Chrétien

100 GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Hehibitors.

1.—Micuart GuiEeson, Clumber Gardens, Worksop. Number of Varieties Exhibited ans ue see Bp ye 4D

Observations—Kixamples very fine, large, and well grown, those of Duchesse d’Angouléme, General Tottleben, Marie Louise, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré Hardy,

Easter Beurré, and Joséphine de Malines, from walls, specially - noted.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered by large trees. Soil, sandy throughout. More than one-half of the varieties sent were gathered off the walls, grown on young trees from about 15 to 20 years old, grafted on Pear stocks, trained horizontal, and fan-shaped. The remainder were grown on pyramids on the Quince stock, planted on borders in the kitchen garden, open to the south, and are not so satisfactory. The kinds that succeed best so planted, in favourable seasons, are Beurré Clairgeau, Clapp’s Favourite, Anna Nelis, Souvenir Trepi, General Tottle- ben, and Zéphirin Grégoire. On the walls, Colmar d’Aremberg, Marie Louise, Marie LI:ouise d’Uccle, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Winter Nelis, Nec Plus Meuris, Calebasse, and Haster Beurré seldom fail to give a crop. The soil here is a poor sandy loam, with sand subsoil, and very.dry, in consequence of which it is necessary to mulch heavily and give frequent waterings of liquid manure. ‘‘ Beeson’s Blood Manure” has been tried for the first time this season, with the result that the wall trees upon which it was applied proved to be the best. Two liberal dressings of it were given. Beurré Hardy being a robust grower, experience has shown that severe root-pruning is beneficial to it.

29.—W. Newton, Hillside, Newark. Number of Varieties Exhibited ae mae ee RE: 39

Observations —Examples of fair average merit. Those of

GROUP IV.—-MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.—NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 101

Doyenné du Comice, Beurré Hardy, Belle des Abres, and Comte de Flandres very good.

38.—J. R. Pearson & Sons, Nurserymen, Chilwell, Beeston. Number of Varieties Exhibited te ae ioe Pt SO

Observations.—An extremely interesting collection, repre- sentative of the Pears grown in that district ; many old varieties. Examples small, those of Welbeck Bergamot and Grey Beurré, from standards, were specially noted as apparently well adapted for that locality; Flemish Beauty, Beurré Superfin, Beurré Bachelier, Doyenné du Comice, Conseiller de la Cour, from walls, were fair examples of these varieties.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Soil, clay ; subsoil, clay.

4,—N. H. Pownatt, Gardener to F. Wrieurt, Esq., J.P., Lenton Hall, Nottingham.

Number of Varieties Exhibited te Lee tt Te AG)

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit, those of Easter Beurré, Triomphe de Jodoigne, and Marie Louise, from walls, specially noted.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, high and open, sheltered on the north side. We stand on a gault, Keupfer clay and Bunter sand; in some places it is definite—absolute, in others the gault is sinuous and mixed; subsoil, as a rule, clay. The stock used all over is the Pear. Pruning done—on bushes and trees, very little, nothing but thinning out. Sap regulated by judicious root- pruning. On walls, the orthodox shortening back, only perhaps our shortening back is done closer than ordinary ; we have no ‘“‘staes’ horns’ on our wall trees. The fruits grown on the Keupfer clay swell off larger than they do on the Bunter sand, indeed Bon Chrétien (Williams’s) on the Bunter sand in the past season, consequent on the long drought, were only half their usual size, and were not up to general standard of quality, and all ripened together.

102

Varieties of Pears suited to Nottinghamshire,

SELECTED BY

MicuarL GueErEson, Clumber. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell. N. H. Pownauxu, Lenton Hall.

No. of Times | No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. November. Doyenne d’Ete 3 Beurreé Diel 3 Jargonelle 2 Doyenné du Comice 2 Beurré Giffard 1 Autumn Nelis 1 Conseiller de la September. Cour i Marie Louise 1 Wilhams’s Bon | Pitmaston Duchess 1 _ Chrétien | 3 Thompson’s 1 Beurre d’Amanlis 1 White Doyenné 1 Chisel iE Clapp’s Favourite 1 December. Fondante d’Au- tomne 1 Winter Nelis 2 Jargonelle 1 Beurré Bachelier 1 3 popae 1 October. », sterckmans il Colmar d’ Aremberg 1 Louise Bonne of Crassane 1 Jersey | 3 Glou Morceau 1 Marie Louise 3 Huyshe’s Prince of | Beurré d’Amanlis 2 Wales | 1 Comte de Lamy 2 Joséphine de Marie Louise | Malines 1 d’Ucele | 2, Passe Colmar 1 Beurré Capiaumont! 1 Zephirin Grégoire l », Hardy 1 » stuperfin 1 January to March. Doyenné Boussoch 1 Seckle 1 Easter Beurré 3 Welbeck Bergamot 1 Beurré Rance 2 Windsor 1 Glou Morceau 2

| ;

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 103

| | | | |

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

RUTLANDSHIRE. Eawxhibitors. 1.—W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall Gardens, Stamford. Number of Varieties Exhibited Nee oh oe see nO)

Observations. —Examples good, chiefly grown on bush and espalier trees. Those of Marie Louise d’Uccle, from espalier on wire fence, and Maréchel de la Cour, from wail trees, very good ; also Louise Bonne of Jersey and Catillac, from bush trees.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, in a valley, close to the River Chater ; very cold and moist atmosphere, which 1s unfavourable for fruit in the early part of the year. Soil, part of garden clayey loam, part old garden; subsoil, limestone, containing in some places quantities of iron.

We prefer bush trees, not exceeding 10 feet high, for open

104 GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.—RUTLANDSHIRE,

situations ; and are careful when planting or replanting not to mix any manure below the surface of the soil, but find a mulching of long litter very beneficial the first season. As long as the srowth continues vigorous we give no manure, unless the trees should have a very heavy crop of fruit; but if there seems any danger of the trees getting into an exhausted condition, a radius of about 5 feet round the stem of the trees is bared until the roots are exposed; a good dressing of well-decomposed manure is given and the soil returned over it again. If the growth gets at; any time too vigorous for fruiting, a trench is dug round the tree about 4 feet from the stem, deep enough to cut off all the roots ; and, in extreme cases, the trees are lifted up and replanted. No pruning is done in summer until the first growth is finished, when all shoots not required to extend the tree are shortened to about 6 inches in length, and at the winter pruning these are shortened again, leaving three good buds. The young shoots at the ends of the main branches are left entire at the summer pruning if it is desired to extend, the size of the tree, and in winter are shortened to 15 inches. Stocks preferred are the Quince for wet and heavy soils, and the Pear for light and dry soils.

2.—Joun Grey, Normanton Gardens, Stamford. Number of Varieties Exhibited pee st we apneic.

Observations—Exxamples very good, Doyenné du Comice, Glou Morcgeau, and Huyshe’s Victoria being very meritorious ; also the following, from wall trees: Beurré Diel, Glou Morceau, - Marie Louise, and Nec Plus Meuris.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered ; ground inclining to the north. Tender sorts of Pears do not succeed very well here, excepting on walls having a southern aspect. I prefer the Pear stock for our dry, cool soil, with a little root-pruning occasionally, the trees soon come into bearing; but in gardens of a limited extent, the cropping of the borders with vegetables is somewhat detrimental to the fruit trees on the walls. I prune my trees on the cordon principle, whether bush, standard, or espalier, each branch extended and spurred in, forming a multiple of cordons, giving the plants a light and airy appear- ance. IJ do not advocate too early summer pinching, particularly for trees on the Pear stock. ‘ irene

2 Eee

ee

Varieties of Pears suited to Rutlandshire,

SELECTED BY

W. H. Drivers, Ketton Hall.

Joun Grey, Normanton, Stamford.

| No. of Times | Selected.

105

No. of Times

Selected.

July and August.

Jargonelle Clapp’s Favourite Doyenné d Ete Williams’s Bon Chrétien

September.

Beurré d Amanlis ep etandy. Brockworth Park Fondante d’Au-

tomne Summer Beurré

d’ Aremberg Williams’s Bon

Chrétien

October.

Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurré Bose eer Ardy 5 superfin Brown Beurré Comte de Lamy Durondeau Fondante d’Au- tomne Marie Louise Thompson’s Van Mons

me ei bD

jt

a

November.

Conseiller de la Cour

Duchesse d’An- gouleme

Beurré Diel

Délees d’ Har- denpont

Emile d’Heéyst

Marie Louise

Napoléon

Soldat Laboureur

Thompson’s |

Van Mons

December.

Glou Morceau

Beurré Bachelier Crassane | Doyenné du Comice) General Tottleben | Huyshe’s Victoria | Passe Colmar Vicar of Winkfield | Winter Nelis

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren| Easter Beurré Nec Plus Meuris Winter Nelis Beurré Rance

Knight’s Monarch

feed fk fee ek Peek peek ed bet WD feb ek pe Re ek et

me me bo bo bo bo

106 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO RUTLANDSHIRE.

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

STAFFORDSHIRE. Kahibitor. 1.—E. Gitman, Ingestre Hall Gardens, Stafford. Number of Varieties Exhibited As ras ee sco | EL

Observations. Examples of fair average merit, those of Bonne d’Ezée and Marie Louise, from pyramids on the Quince, very good; also Beurré Diel and Doyenné d’Alencon, from espaliers, and Beurré Hardy, from a standard.

Exhibitors Remarks.— Situation, sheltered. Soil, rich loam ; subsoil, clay.

Varieties of Pears suited to Staffordshire, SELECTED BY E. Gruman, Ingestre Hall, Stafford.

July and August. September.

| Beurre Giffard | Beurré d Amanlis Jargonelle | » Superfin

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO STAFFORDSHIRE. 107

Williams’s Bon Chrétien | December.

October. Beurré d’Aremberg

», Clairgeau

Gansel’s Seckle eee Del

Louise Bonne of Jersey Passe Colmar

Seckle | Pitmaston Duchess November. January to March.

Brockworth Park | Beurré Sterckmans

Glou Morgeau | Knight’s Monarch

Marie Louise | Josephine de Malines

Van Mons Léon Leclere | Passe Crassane Winter Nelis

GROUP IV.—MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH. WARWICKSHIRE. Exhibitors.

1.—W. Davis, Grove Park Gardens, Warwick. Number of Varieties Exhibited oh: my ss Lanai:

Observations.—EKxamples of average merit, those of Flemish Beauty, Easter Beurré, and Doyenné du Comice very fine.

2.—Aurrep Hewtert, Hsq., Hazeley Manor, Warwick. (Gardener, George Clements.)

Number of Varieties Exhibited ahG ie m9 ion 24

Observations. —Examples small, chiefly from pyramids and standards. Beurré Clairgeau and Marie Louise, from walls, very good ; also Louise Bonne of Jersey, from a pyramid on the Quince.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Soil, sandy loam and stiff clay; sub- soil, grave]. The standard and pyramid trees have the shoots thinned and shortened where necessary to allow the air to circulate through freely. ‘They are frequently root-pruned, and renovated with fresh soil, and well mulched with manure, &c.. at least three times each year. The ground should be well drained for Pears.

Varieties of Pears suited to Warwickshire,

SELECTED BY

Grorcre Cuements, Hazeley Manor.

July and August. Doyenné d’Eté September.

Beurré d’Amanlis Jargonelle Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Autumn Nelis

Beurré Superfin Bishop’s Thumb Golden Bergamot Jersey Gratioli

Louise Bonne of Jersey

November.

Beurré d’ Aremberg oie

Marie Louise

Passe Colmar

December.

Beurré Rance Nec Plus Meuris

Winter Nelis Zéphirin Grégoire

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren Beurré Rance Easter Beurré Glou Morceau Vicar of Winkfield

For Orchard Culture.

Bergamote Kspéren Beurré d Amanlis

,, Capiaumont Bishop’s Thumb Doyenné d’Eté Golden Bergamot Louise Bonne of Jersey Wilhams’s Bon Chrétien Windsor

Zéphirin Grégoire Stewing Pears.

Beurré Capiaumont Doyenné d’Kté

Louise Bonne of Jersey Williams’s Bon Chrétien

WESTERN COUNTIES.

. DEVONSHIRE

. DORSETSHIRE ...

. GLOUCESTERSHIRE . HEREFORDSHIRE

. MONMOUTHSHIRE

. SHROPSHIRE

. SOMERSETSHIRE

. WORCESTERSHIRE

No. of Exhibitors.

No. of Dishes Exhibited.

187 112 124 dll 58 25 69

223

x ni

Si aah Snot ay hago PY hal

111

GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES. DEVONSHIRE. Exhibitors.

1.—The Right Honourable Sir T. D. Actann, Bart., M.P Killerton, Exeter. (John Garland, Gardener.)

a)

Number of Varieties Exhibited hed et as 5A 40

Observations.—Examples of fair average size, those of Beurré Clairgeau, Madame Treyve, Beurré Diel, and Pitmaston Duchess, from pyramids, and Marie Louise, from wall, were large and very good. Most of the trees are on the Quince stock.

Exhibitor's Iemarks.—Situation, fairly sheltered; aspect, south-east. Soil, ordinary garden, trees planted in loam; subsoil, red sandstone. The trees on walls are trained horizontally, three courses of bricks between each branch; the spurs are kept very close to the walls by pruning, the longest often being cut close back to the branch. The root-pruning of wall trees and pyramids depends on the amount of vigour in the tree, such sorts as Winter Nelis, Comte de Lamy, Victoria, and other free-bearing sorts seldom require it—the crop they bear moderates the growth. We always protect our choicest sorts from birds by netting, and allow them to hang on the trees as late as possible, thereby prolonging the season. I have had Winter Nelis fit for the table from October until February, and this I consider from its excellent qualities and keeping properties unsurpassed by any other sort. Doyenné du Comice is another favourite. This I have grown over 1+ lb. in weight.

2.—P. G. Horne, The Grange, Withycombe, Exmouth, Devon, Number of Varieties Exhibited ade Soh Re sexe! BD,

Observations. —Examples smail and inferior.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered, about a mile from the sea. Soil, heavy; subsoil, gravelly clay. Spur-pruning is adopted.

112 GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES—DEVONSHIRE.

3.—-Ropert Veircu and Sons, Nurserymen, Exeter. Number of Varieties Exhibited as she sen Pee 6B

Observations.—An interesting collection of the varieties most commonly to be met with in the district. Hxamples of average merit, some varieties much spotted. The following were noted: Napoléon, Doyenné du Comice, Huyshe’s Prince of Wales, and Madame Treyve, from walls; and Knight’s Monarch, Pitmaston Duchess, and Beurré Superfin, from pyramids. Some highly-coloured examples of Louise Bonne of Jersey were also shown.

~4.—JosepH Writs, Hollowmead, Bishop’s Teignton, Teignmouth.

Number of Varieties Exhibited oe So ae tats 2A Observations.—EKxamples of average merit.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, rather strong loam, on the shillet rock.

Varieties of Pears suited to Devonshire, SELECTED BY

Joun Garuanpd, Killerton, Exeter. P. G. Horne, Withycombe, Exmouth. JosEpH Wiis, Bishop’s Teignton.

No. of Times No. of Times

Selected. Selected. July and August. October.

Doyenné d’Eté 2 Louise Bonne of Jargonelle 2 Jersey 3 Beurré Giffard 2 Autumn Bergamot 1 Beurré Bose 2 September. Comte de Lamy 2 Kyewood 2 Beurré d’Amanlis | 2 Madame Treyye 2 Williams’s Bon | Marie Louise 2 Chrétien | 2 Pitmaston Duchess 2 Beurré Superfin 2 Althorp Crassane 1

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO DEVONSHIRE.

113

| No. of Times

Na. of Times

Selected. Selected. Baronne de Mello il Easter Beurré 3B Beurré d’Amanlis 1 Joséphine de » superfin if Malines 3 Brown Beurré 1 Beurré Rance 3 Duchesse d’Orleans 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Nec Plus Meuris 1 November. Champagne 1 Glou Morceau 1 Beurré Diel 5) Inconnue 1 Doyenné du Zéphirin. Grégoire 1 Comice 2 Passe Colmar 2 Beurré Clairgeau 2 For Orchard Culture. Duchesse d’An- gouléme 2 Beurré Capiaumont 2 Thompson's 2 Hessel 2 Yan Mons Léon Jersey Gratioli 2 Leclerc | 2 Louise Bonne of Chaumontel | if Jersey 2 Crassane | 1 Wilhams’s Bon Huyshe’s Victoria | 1 Chrétien 2 | Bishop’s Thumb 2 December. | Comte de Lamy 2 | Doyenné d’EKté 2 Glou Morceau | 2 Hyewood 2 Huyshe’s Prince of | Jargonelle Z Wales 2 Beurré Clairgeau 1 Beurré d’Aremberg | 2, Lammas 1 Beurré Bachelier | i Swan’s Hee 1 Chaumontel 1 Windsor 1 Forelle 2 Winter Crassane 1 Huyshe’s Victoria if Winter Nelis 1 Passe Colmar 2 Winter Nelis 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Stewing Pears. Maréchal de la Cour 1 Catillac — 3 Napoléon 1 Uvedale’s St. Germain 3 January to March. Bellissime d’Hiver 2 Vicar of Winkfield 1 3 Verulam 1

Bergamote E’spéren

_114

GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES.

DORSETSHIRE. Exhibitor. 1.—W. G. Praenetyt, Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ae on coe Beg ete?

Observations.—A very fine and interesting collection, well displayed, a great amount of information being given as to stocks, &c., on the cards. Some examples of Huyshe’s Victoria were remarkable for their high colourmg. The finest examples exhibited were stated to have been grown on walls, those of Doyenné du Comice, Beurré Bacheler, Bishop’s Thumb, Beurré Diel, Duchesse d’Angouléme, and Pitmaston Duchess, from wall trees on the Pear, were specially good; some fine examples of Pitmaston Duchess, from a standard, were noted. Doyenné du Comice and Knight’s Monarch, from the

Quince, were remarkably good.

Varieties of Pears suited to Dorsetshire, SELECTED BY

W. G. Praenetyu, Castle Gardens, Sherborne.

July and August. Jersey Gratiol Louise Bonne of Jersey

Citron des Carmes Seckle Doyenné d’ Ete

Jargonelle | November.

September. | Doyenné du Comice | Durondeau

Beurré d’Amanlhs Maréchal de la Cour Flemish Beauty Marie Louise Williams’s Bon Chrétien Passe Colmar

Pitmaston Duchess October. December. Autumn Bergamot Beurré Capiaumont Beurre Bachelier Frederic de Wurtemburg — Chaumontel

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO DORSETSHIRE. 115

Glou Morcean Beurré Capiaumont Huyshe’s Prince of Wales is Diel Huyshe’'s Victoria Chaumontel Winter Nelis Fertility

| Hessel January to March. | Jargonelle

| Jersey Gratioli Bergamote Espéren | Lammas Easter Beurrée | Louise Bonne of Jersey March Bergamot | Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Joséphine de Mabnes Knight’s Monarch

Nec Plus Meuris | SUBLIIOS) LEI For Orchard Culture. Bellissime d’ Hiver | Catillac Aston Town Uvedale’s St. Germain Autumn Bergamot Vicar of Winkfield

GROUP VY.—WESTERN COUNTIES. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Kahibitors. 1.—W. H. Bannister, Gardener to H. Sr. Vincent Amzs, Esq., Cote House, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Number of Varieties Exhibited Bae ee me ela gee

Observations.—lixamples in general very good, mostly from pyramids on the Quince. The following were noted: Madame Treyve, Beurré Superfin, Pitmaston Duchess, Conseiller de la Cour, Doyenné du Comice.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered ; soil, heavy ; sub- soil, yellow clay.

2.—Joun Jerreries & Son, Nurserymen, Cirencester. Number of Varieties Exhibited cals “ ae pe 5)

Collected from the gardens of Sir T. ae Bart., The Right Hon. Lord Sherborne, Lord Fitzhardinge, Fat G. Sothern Estcourt, Esq., and others.

H 2

116 GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES—GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Observations.—A fine, interesting collection ; examples small, those of Emile d’Héyst, Marie Louise, Beurré Diel, and Beurré Clairgeau very good.

Hehibitors’ Remarks.—Situation, exposed; soil varies con- siderably, principally stonebrash.

3.—T. Suineies, Gardener to The Earl of Duci, Tortworth.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ye oe ne ne 54

Observations. —Kixamples, fair average, somewhat small, but characteristic, those of Pitmaston Duchess, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Beurré d’Amanlis, Marie Louise, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Olivier de Serres, Nouvelle Fulvie, and the Black Pear of Worcester excellent ; also some very large fruit of the Seckle Pear.

Behiblitor’s Remarks.—Situation sheltered. Soil, sandy loam, resting on the sandstone rock. Grown as pyramids and bush trees on the borders in the kitchen garden. They are chiefly grafted on Pear stock. and closely pruned. Those grown on the walls are horizontally trained and closely pruned, which system invariably produces the largest, brightest, and best- flavoured Pears.

Varieties of Pears suited to Gloucestershire,

SELECTED BY

W. H. Bannister, Cote House Gardens, Westbury-on-Trym. J. JEFFERIES & Son, Cirencester. T. Saineves, Tortworth Court Gardens.

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

| No. of Times Selected.

No. of Times Selected.

Marie Marguerite Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Beurré Superfin

Seckle

Autumn Bergamot

Beurré Diel me Elardy Brown Beurré Comte de Lamy Conseiller de la Cour Doyenneé Boussoch Jersey Gratioli Marie Louise Marie Louise d’Uccle Van Mons Léon Leclere

November.

Beurré Diel Conseiller de la Cour Duchesse d’An- couleme Marie Louise Pitmaston Duchess Thompson’s Alexandre Lambré Baronne de Mello Beurré Bose Doyenne du Comice Durondeau Glou Morcgeau Van Mons Léon Leclerc

feed famed fosek fomd ft it fd et I DD DO OD

bo

et rt re DO LO LD hb bo

fed fed feed

| Beurré d’Amanlis

December.

Winter Nelis Beurré Bachelier Hacon’s Incom- parable Passe Colmar Alexandre Lambré Beurre d’ Aremberg ,, Uangelier Glou Morceau Huyshe’s Prince of Wales | Huyshe’s Victoria | Joséphine de Malines | Knight’s Monarch Swan’s Ege

January to March, |

Bergamote Espéren Beurré Rance Chaumontel Easter Beurré Joséphine de Malines Nec Plus Meuris Glou Morceau Madame Millet March Bergamot Olivier de Serres Winter Crassane Zéphirin Grégoire |

For Orchard Culture.

Aston Town

Beurré Capiau- mont

Swan’s Kgg

Ambrosia

Bellissime d’Hiver

bo bo b& be

pee ae Oe No Na)

bo

ht EL EL bh DO

118 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

A collection of the Perry Pears of Her Sond ties 2.—Earl of Curstrerrietp, Holme Lacy, Hereford. Number of Varieties Exhibited ie a oe Soa OW

Observations.—Examples large, fine, and extremely well grown, excellent representations of good culture; gathered chiefly from cordons on walls. The following were specially noted: Madame Treyve, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Princess (very fine highly coloured), Beurré d’Amanlis, Durondeau, Beurré Superfin, Marie Benoist, Doyenné du Comice, Joséphine | de Malines, and General Tottleben.

Exhibstor’s Remarks. —Situation, sheltered. Soil, red sand- stone.

3.—W. Coneman, EHastnor Castle Gardens, Ledbury. Number of Varieties Exhibited ane e fe we 1290 (70 Dessert and 20 Perry eae

GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES—-HEREFORDSHIRE. 119

Observations.—A very fine and interesting collection. Some of the examples very large, notably Pitmaston Duchess, Doyenné Boussoch, Marie Louise, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Hacon’s Incomparable, Beurré Clairgeau, Jersey Gratioli, and Marie Louise d’Uccle.

Exhibitor's Remarks.— Situation, fairly sheltered. Soil, heavy loam, resting on marl or limestone. Pyramids do best with us on the Quince stock, ground being cold and heavy. Pinching or frequent stopping suits the trees better than July and October pruning. Trees on good walls do best on the Free stock. We train horizontally, giving the branches plenty of room. Our soil being cold and heavy, we are obliged to lift the roots frequently, relay them im pure loam and old lime rubble, mulch, and water freely, and thin with a bold hand in good seasons. Pitmaston Duchess does extremely well on the Quince, also when double-grafted on the Free stock. Marie Louise, Williams's Bon Chrétien, Fondante d’Aut6mne, Princess of Wales, and other early Pears attain their highest flavour from standards, pyramids, and espaliers.

4.—James Harrnanp, Canon Frome Court Gardens, Ledbury.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ae vie ee naa 21

Observations. —KEixamples mostly small, Easter Beurre, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Beurré Diel,and Beurré Rance, from walls, being very good.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Our garden is tolerably well-sheltered, but lies very low and damp, being close to the River Frome ; consequently we suffer much from late spring frosts. Many varieties of Pears planted here never produce fruit at all, although there is plenty of blossom; and several kinds that produce fruit never come to perfection. The soil is a strong, heavy loam— I think too cold for Pears—and unless the trees are frequently lifted, the roots go straight down to a great depth. They are all on the Pear stock.

5.—W. C. Henry, Hsq., Hafield, Ledbury. (Gardener, John Henderson.)

Number of Varieties Exhibited ie id < get

120 GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES—-HEREFORDSHIRE.

Observations —Examples of fair average merit, those of Duchesse d’Angouléme, Marie Louise, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Doyenné Boussoch, from walls, very good; those from standards poor.

Evhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, somewhat exposed. Soil, hazel loam ; subsoil, gravel and conglomerate marl. The most of the fruits sent are from old wall trees on the Pear stock, which have been regrafted. The spurs are allowed to grow their first summer's growth without stopping or pinching; then, instead of pruning back, we slip with the thumb and finger the strong shoots off quite clean, leaving no bud to grow again; thus we have only that left which is likely to form fruit-buds. By this system we have not failed to have a crop of fruit from these trees for the last 80 years. In trenching the ground the larger roots are cut. We mulch in dry summers, and apply a dressing of manure every season. J have come to the conclusion, that if old trees are properly treated and attended to, as good fruit may be obtained from them as from younger trees, and a general good crop may be depended upon.

6.—A. Warp, The Gardens, Stoke Edith Park, Hereford. Number of Varieties Exhibited Ee oe ke seseetou|

Observations.—Fruit very fine and well grown, mostly from wall trees, cordon trained. The following were specially noted ; Easter Beurré, Maréchal de la Cour, Pitmaston Duchess, General Tottleben, Doyenné du Comice, from walls; and Marie Louise and Durondeau, from pyramids.

Eehilitor’s Remarks.—Situation, on the northern slope of a neighbouring hill, well sheltered. A great many of the Pear trees here are growing on a zigzag or waving wall. Soil, deep sandy loam of the old red sandstone formation, admirably suited for fruit culture.

7.—Joun Warxins, Pomona Farm, Withington, Hereford. Number of Varieties Exhibited me an Are EAN OO

A selection of the best Perry Pears of the district. Grown on standard trees; soil, stiff loam; subsoil, clay or marl.

121

Varieties of Pears suited to Herefordshire,

Y SELECT2D BY

The Earl of CuesterrieLp, Holme Lacy. W. Coteman, Eastnor Castle, Ledbury. J. Henperson, Haffield, Ledbury.

A. Warp, Stoke Edith, Hereford.

| No. of Times

Selected.

July and August.

Beurre Giffard

Doyenné d’Eté

Jargonelle

Beurré de I’ As- somption

Clapp’s Favourite

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Souvenir du Congres

Beurré Superfin

Jargonelle

Summer Beurré d’Aremberg

Octcber.

Beurre Superfin Louise Bonne of Jersey Beurré Hardy Brockworth Park (Bonne d’Kzée) Gansel’s Bergamot Marie Louise Beurré d’Amanlis Brown Beurré

} {

bo bo

rt RA bo

November.

Doyenné du Comice Marie Louise | Pitmaston Duchess) Alexandre Lambré | Beurré Bose — ,, Clairgeau Fe ao clardy, 7) Navez Conseiller de la Cour | Duchesse d’ Angou- léme Durondeau Emule d Héyst Marie Louise d’Uccle Napoleon

No. of Times Selected.

ar i ar

er

ho ft eh ts tt bet 0 OD CD a

ar

A

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO HEREFORDSHIRE.

No. of Times Selected.

Seckle Thompson's

December.

Glou Morceau Beurré d’ Aremberg General Tottleben Winter Nelis Althorp Crassane Beurré Bachelier =e Die

Crassane Dana’s Hovey | Doyenneé du Comice Forelle | Joséphine de

Malines Nouvelle Fulvie Swan's Ege Van Mons Léon

Leclere

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren

Beurré Rance

Joséphine de Malines

Kaster Beurré

Knight’s Monarch |

Belle de Noel |

Bergamote Her- trick

Doyenne d’Alencon |

fe ek ek et ee et ht DD DD DO OD fe

fk fk et

GROUP V.—WESTERN

Doyenné Goubault Marie Benoist Olivier de Serres Winter Nelis

For Orchard Culture.

Stewing Pears.

Catillac

Uvedale’s St. Ger- main

Duchesse d’Hiver

Léon Leclere de Laval

MONMOUTHSHIRE.

Eahibitor.

COUNTIES.

No. of Times Selected.

i 1 1 1

1.—THomas Coomper, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth. Number of Varieties Exhibited

58

GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES—MONMOUTHSHIRE. 123

Observations.—Examples generally good and well grown, chiefly from walls; the following specially noted: Pitmaston Duchess, Flemish Beauty, General Tottleben, Easter Beurré, Beurré Superfin, and Beurré d’ Anjou; also some fine examples of Catillac from an espalier on the Quince.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—W ith but few exceptions the fruit shown grew upon trees on walls, pyramids, or espaliers, of various ages, all of which are more or less sheltered. The espaliers are cultivated upon a dark, sandy soil, resting on a fine, yellow loam, traversed with occasional bars of stone, and are principally on the Quince stock. This form of tree is found more satisfactory than any other in this situation. ‘The wall and pyramid trees are grown on Pear and Quince stocks, in cold, clayey soils, having marl as a subsoil, and consequently need their roots pruned and lifted periodically in order to check growth and encourage the formation of fruit spurs. Upon these soils wall trees answer best, and produce the finest fruits and heaviest crops. Some varieties do not succeed here, notably Glou Morceau, while others, for example, Beurre Diel, Beurré Superfin, Brockworth Park, Brown Beurré, Jargonelle, Pitmaston Duchess, Flemish Beauty, Easter Beurre, &c., do well. All the trees are once summer pruned, or pinched, secondary growths being removed when the leaves fall, at which time superflous spurs are also cut away. This season we suffered considerably from a hailstorm early in May, and many trees had thin crops in consequence. Respecting the fruits from walls it may be said the best were gathered from trees favoured with south or west aspects, and that they were mulched with manure during the growing season.

Varieties of Pears suited to Monmouthshire, SELECTED BY

1.—Tuomas Coomper, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth.

July and August. : September. Beurré Giffard Beurré d’Amanhs Doyenné d’Kte - Souvenir du Congres

Jargonelle Williams’s Bon Chrétien

124

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED

October.

Beurré Superfin Brockworth Park Brown Beurré

Flemish Beauty Louise Bonne of Jersey Pitmaston Duchess

November.

Alexandre Lambré Althorp Crassane Beurré Diel

oy welard y Marie Louise d’Uccle

December.

Beurré Bachelier Beurré Berckmans Joséphine de Malines Knight’s Monarch Thompson’s

Winter Nelis

TO MONMOUTHSHIRE.

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren Beurré d’ Aremberg Chaumontel

Easter Beurré General Tottleben Nec Plus Meuris

For Orchard Culture.

Aston Town Beurré d’Amanlis a Diel Chaumontel Williams’s Bon Chrétien Windsor

Stewing Pears. Catillac

Uvedale’s St. Germain Vicar of Winkfield

GROUP V.--WESTERN COUNTIES.

SHROPSHIRE. Exhibitor. 1.—J. Lusszuis, Aqualate Hall, Newport. Number of Varieties Exhibited 5 ane te Soave ae)

Observations.—Examples extremely good, clear, and highly coloured. The following grown on walls, the trees horizontally trained, namely, Pitmaston Duchess, Fondante des Charneuses, Beurré Diel, Urbaniste, British Queen, Marie Louise, and Bergamote Espéren, were specially noted.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, moderately exposed. Soil, light; subsoil, yellow sand. The trees are pruned in summer, and ~ close spurred in winter; pyramids are summer pinched, kept thin in wood, occasionally root-pruned.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

125

Varieties of Pears suited to Shropshire,

SELECTED BY

J. Lussets, Aqualate Hall, Newport.

July and August.

Beurré Giffard Citron des Carmes Jargonelle

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis » Superfin

October.

Albertine Beurré Bose

mores Llardiy Fondante d’Autémne Louise Bon of Jersey Marie Louise

November.

Beurré Diel

Brown Beurré

Doyenné du Comice Duchesse d’Angouléme Her Majesty

Van Mons Léon le Clerc

December.

Beurré Bachelier Glou Morceau Napéolon

St. Germain Winter Nelis

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren Kaster Beurré

Glou Morceau Joséphine de Malines Nec Plus Meuris

GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES.

SOMERSETSHIRE. Exhibitor. 1.—Rosert H. Poynter, Nurseryman, &c., Taunton.

Number of Varieties Exhibited we ey. ue son 109

Ohservations.—Examples collected from the gardens of Wyndham Slade, Esq., and J. Winter, Esq. Grown on bushes and pyramids. Those of Chaumontel, Beurré Diel, Huyshe’s Victoria, Gansel’s Bergamot, and Beurré Clairgeau, from walls, were very ‘good. |

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, fairly exposed. Walled garden. Soil, good stiff loam; subsoil, clay. A great number

126 GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES—SOMERSETSHIRE.

of the trees were imported from France and Belgium some 30 years ago. None of the trees have had other than the most ordinary pruning or training, and that chiefly in winter.

Varieties of Pears suited to Somersetshire, SELECIED BY

Rosert H. Poynter, Taunton.

July and August.

Green Chisel Jargonelle Jeannette

September.

Beurré d’ Amanlis Crassane Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Autumn Bergamot British Queen

Brown Beurre Dunmore

Jersey Gratioli

Louise Bonne of Jersey

November,

Althorp Crassane Beurré d’ Aremberg 55) Boxe a rel Marie Louise Pitmaston Duchess Thompson’s

December.

Glou Morceau

Huyshe’s Prince Consort Knight's Monarch

Nec Plus Meuris

Passe Colmar Thompson’s

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren Beurré Rance

Easter Beurré Joséphine de Malines Prince Albert

Winter Nelis

For Orchard Culture.

Aston Town

Bergamot

Bishop’s Thumb Iiyewood

Green Chisel

Williams’s Bon Chrétien Windsor

Winter Nelis

Stewing Pears.

Black Pear of Worcester Catillae

Uvedale’s St. Germain Warden

127

GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES.

WORCESTERSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—Witiiam Crump, The Gardens, Madresfield Court, Malvern. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... 1G eat bee 37

Observations. —EXxxamples large and fine, mostly from wall trees on the Pear stock. The following were specially noted: Easter Beurré, Beurré Diel, Doyenné du Comice, Easter Beurré, Beurré Bachelier, Pitmaston Duchess, Bergamote Espéren, Beurre Superfin, and Knight’s Monarch. Some examples of the latter variety grown under glass were specially fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, 135 feet above sea-level, with very little shelter ; aspect, open. Soil, strong loam, approaching to clay; subsoil, red marl, with gravel. Pears are largely cultivated on the Free or Pear stock; they do remarkably well in the strong soil of this district so long as the roots are kept near the surface by systematic root-pruning, till the balance of fertility is struck, otherwise, if allowed to root down unrestricted into the wet, unkindly subsoil of strong marl, the fruit cracks and becomes spotted and worthless, the trees making gross wood, which does not ripen. Glou Morceau is one of the first to show distress. 1 do not infer that this root-pruning, however judiciously done, will always secure full crops, as spring frosts have to be taken into account. Our very finest Pears are grown on a west _ aspect wall.

A large number of sorts are grown in Orchards on standards for Perry, which are quite useless for any other purpose. These trees are many of them of large size, quite timber trees on pasture land, certainly not worth the ground they occupy. Very few of these kinds are now planted, and I am told tiie demand for this beverage is on the decline, therefore the sooner these useless kinds drop out of cultivation the better; had I not been strongly of this opinion, I would have sent up a collection of Perry Pears.

2.—Wituiam Davies, Rochford House, Tenbury, Worcester.

Number of Varieties Exhibited... oe ine, ane 40

Observations.—Examples small, some fine specimens of Marie Louise and Pitmaston Duchess excepted.

128 GROUP V.——-WESTERN COUNTIES—-WORCESTERSHIRE.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, open. Soil, very heavy clay ; subsoil, red marl. Planting.—Pears require to be planted very shallow in this heavy soil, or the wood will not ripen off well. Pruning.—The less you use the knife the better for standard trees; all that is required is to thin out the tops, and this should be done directly the fruit is gathered. Dwarf-trained trees require more care. Winter pruning should not be practised, because it injures the buds when they are at rest. [toot-pruning should not be attempted when the trees are fruitful. Once in every three years I consider often enough as a rule, and the best time to root-prune is just as the leaves change colour.

3.—Wn. Forses Gipson, Seaford Grange, Pershore. Number of Varieties Exhibited... as ft ei 14

Observations—Examples mostly small, Doyenné Boussoch and one or two others excepted.

Eahibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, open. Soil, stiff clay. The Pears exhibited by me were grown on standards and pyramids in my fruit plantation here. The Hessel, Brown Sovereign, Brown Beurré, and Winter Crassane, are par- ticularly productive and suited to the locality. The two extra Pears: one is the Black Pear of Worcester, which is now very rare, and only of value for its historical association, and the other, the Barland Pear, much esteemed for Perry.

4.—H. Rritcutz, Kardiston Gardens, Worcester. Number of Varieties Exhibited - ... ae a ess 50

Observations.—-Examples in general small, of fair appearance and quality, those of Pitmaston Duchess very large, also Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Knight’s Monarch, Beurré Rance, and Catillac.

Evhihitors’ Nemarks.—Situation, exposed. Soil, heavy loam ; subsoil, stonebrash. Most of the sorts are grown on grass land-— standard trees, with stems about 7 feet high, and receive no resular pruning, only haying the shoots thinned out about once in five years. Stocks, chiefly the old Quince. All our finest fruits are from walls, cultured recularly and spur-pruned.

5.—R. Saira & Co., Nurserymen, &c., Worcester. Number of Varieties Exhibited... a ye ae 82

GROUP YV.—WESTERN COUNTIES—-WORCESTERSHIRE.

129

Observations—An extremely fine and interesting collection, the examples in many cases being very large and excellent. The following were specially noted, viz.: Pitmaston Duchess,

Beurré Bachelier,

Duchesse

d Angouléme,

Beurré

Hardy,

Maréchal de la Cour, Joséphine de Malines, Passe Colmar, Winter Nelis, Glou Morgeau, Passe Crassane, and Beurré Superfin.

Varieties of Pears suited to Worcestershire,

SELECTED BY

Wiiu1am Crump, Madresfield Court Gardens, Malvern. Wiiu1am Davies, Rochford, Tenbury.

W. Forses Grszon, Seaford Grange, Pershore. H. Rircute, Eardiston Gardens, Worcester.

No. of Times

July and August. |

Jargonelle Clapp’s Favourite Citron des Carmes | Doyenné d’'Eté Lammas Wilhams’s Bon Chrétien

September.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien | Beurré d’Amanlis | ,, de l’As- somption Beurré Superfin Clapp’s Favourite Dr. Hogg | Hessel Jargonelle

October.

Marie Louise

Brown Beurré

Louise Bonne of Jersey

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. Autumn Bergamot 1

9 -§ Colmar 1

1 Bastard

1 Jargonelle 1

1 Bellissime d’Hiver 1 Beurré Bose 1

1 Gan;

= aplat-

1 mont 1

Beurré Diel i

pee) tardy, 1

5 superfin if

Comte de Lamy 1

3 Downham Seedling I 1 Duchesse d’Angou- |

léme 1

if Jersey Gratioli 1

if Robert 1

1 Welbeck Bergamot 1

1

1 November.

t Beurré Diel 2 Pitmaston Duchess | 2 Beurré Bachelier | 1

3 Brown Beurré i

2 » sovereign 1 Conseiller de la

2: Cour | 1

130 VARIETIES

OF PEARS SUITED TO WORCESTERSHIRE.

No. of Times

SOA) PV I.

Poh eatin Ne COUNTIES.

No. of No. of Dishes Exhibitors. Exhibited. 1. CUMBERLAND ... mi 2 2 PEwANCASHIRE ... son 2 74 8. YORKSHIRE... ne 2 69

12

al 2 pea hea pas be caf

ate. homo

ary eater j Ay ar aa ar Say

: 133 GROUP VI.—NORTHERN COUNTIES. CUMBERLAND. Exhibitors. 1.—Maes Maclnyes, Lintock Castle, Carlisle. Number of Varieties Exhibited sh a: My a ] Vbservations.—Small examples of King Edward.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—These seem very small according to the “Fruit Manual.” It is a remarkable fact, however, that Edward I. undoubtedly slept at Lintock Castle the night before his death, and it is possible that the old tree here may be the parent of the “ King Edwards,” which were originally named from this fact.

2.—Miss Jounston, The Beeches, Redlerby, Carlisle.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ie na ne a 1

GROUP VI.--NORTHERN COUNTIES. LANCASHIRE. | Exhibitors.

1.—The Right Hon. the Earl of Laraom, Lathom House, Ormskirk, (Gardener, James Hathaway.)

Number of Varieties Exhibited rr oe ees Sl i OS

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit in respect of size, and clear skinned, those of Duchesse d’Angouléme, Doyenné du Comice, Easter Beurré, Winter Nelis, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, &c., from wall-trained trees, were very good ; also some specimens of the Black Pear of Worcester and Beurré d’Amanlis, from bush trees.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, rather low and damp, well sheltered by belts of forest trees on the north, north-east, and west sides. Soil, poor, black, and sandy; subsoil, a strong adhesive

134 GROUP VI.—NORTHERN COUNTIES—LANCASHIRE.

clay, which seems to cause the roots to canker very much. Most of the trees here are rather old, and a great number have been regrafted—some of them with several different varieties on the one tree (a practice which I do not at all agree with, especially where there is sufficient space for the varieties required), most of the trees being crowded both as regards branches and spurs, which [ am gradually thinning. The first that were. thinned are now bearing much more freely. I also lift and root-prune a few trees every season as other work will allow. Some of the trees were badly infested with scale, and also Woolly Aphis, but with a liberal dressing of Gishurst Compound, and a painting over with tar and clay, both pests are fast disappearing, and the trees look much healthier. I consider the Pear stock most suitable in this part of the country, as the few we have on the Quince seem very shy bearers. As far as my experience goes, Pears of all kinds are much later here than in the Midland and Southern Counties, especially the earlier kinds. Some of the later varieties are very subject to crack, which I attribute to excess of moisture, because I find them crack more in wet autumns than in dry ones. I have no doubt, too, that the subsoil, being stiff and heavy, holds the moisture about the roots, and so assists the evil. We summer prune our trees, with the exception of large orchard trees, which are left to the winter pruning.

2.—Txsomas WinxwortH, Childwall Hall Gardens, Liverpool. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... oe oe — 36

Observations.— Wxamples small, the following were the most worthy: Napoléon, Marie Louise, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré Clairgeau, Easter Beurré, Williams’s Bon Chrétien, Glou Morceau, chiefly from espaliers and bush trees.

Exhibitor's Rentarks.—Situation, rather exposed; soil, mode- rately light—an old garden; subsoil, red sand. The trees on walls are trained horizontally. Glou Morceau, Kaster Beurré, Beurré Diel, are the surest croppers. Brown Beurré and Napoléon bear moderately. They all do much better against walls than in the cpen ground. This locality is not favourable for Pears, many varieties failing to fruit, excepting the autumn should prove very fine.

135

Varieties of Pears suited to Lancashire, SELECTED BY JamMES HarHaway, Lathom, Ormskirk

July and Auyust,

Citron des Carmes Jargonelle Doyenné d’Eté

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Jargonelle

October.

Brown Beurré

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Marie Louise

Autumn Bergamot

Beurré d’ Amanlis

Seckle

November.

Beurré Diel

Comte de Lamy

Duchesse d’ Angou- léme

Gansel’s Bergamot

Glou Morgeau

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Marie Louise

Napoléon

Swan’s kigg

Van Mons Léon Leclere

No. of Times Selected.

me bo bo

Se ee

December

Glou Morgeau Winter Nelis

Beurré d’Aremberg,

> Dil Huyshe’s Victoria Napoléon Trout Pear

January to March.

Easter Beurré

Beurré d’Aremberg

» Rance Colmar Glou Morgeau Winter Nelis

For Orchard Culture.

Beurré d’Aremberg

Bishop’s Thumb

Green Chisel

Jargonelle

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Stewing Pears.

Catillac

Uvedale’s St. Ger- main

Verulam

| No. of Times

Selected.

a No) fat fet pet pet pt HO DO

ft fet fed fed ft pe

a

136

GROUP VI.—NORTHERN COUNTIES. YORKSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—H. J. Cuaytron, Grimston Gardens, Tadeaster. Number of Varieties Exhibited bs Sos 25 aes eS)

Observations—Examples small. The following were noted as the more important, viz.: Beurré Diel, General Tottleben, Easter Beurré, Marie Louise, Knight’s Monarch, from espaliers ; Beurré Superfin, from a cordon ; and Louise Bonne of Jersey.

2.—Epwarp Hatz, Gardener to Lord Botton, Bedale. Number of Varieties Exhibited ae ag ae fee. AD

Observations.—A very good selection of clear, well-grown fruit, the following being specially noted: Hacon’s Incomparable, Beurre Clairgeau, Beurré d’Amanlis, Seckle, Marie Louise, Beurré Rance, Catillac, Doyenné du Comice, and Beurré Diel, from south and west walls.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Soil, of a heavy nature ; subsoil, gravel, on limestone. Bolton Hall is situate in a very cold district, _ about 500 feet above the sea-level. Our Pears are all grown on walls here; bush trees are considered worthless in this district. They are mostly on the Pear stock, and are of a great age. Some of them have been grafted several times over, a plan that succeeds admirably. There are only about a dozen varieties worth growing here; those that succeed best are Jargonelle, Willams’s Bon Chrétien, Souvenir du Congres, Pitmaston Duchess, Hacon’s Incomparable, Fondante d’Automne, Marie Louise (the best Pear we have, never fails), Joséphine de Malines, Seckle, and Louise Bonne of Jersey.

Varieties of Pears suited to Yorkshire,

SELECTED BY

Kk. Hazzt, Bolton Hall Gardens, Bedale.

July and August. | » September. | Citron des Carmes | Jargonelle Doyenné d’Eté | Souvenir du Congrés

Green Chisel Williams’s Bon Chrétien

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO YORKSHIRE. 137

October. December. Beurré Diel ace pulse ? Flemish Beauty Nec Flus Meuris

Fondante d’ AutOmne Winter Nelis

Louise Bonne of Jersey Tanita March Seckle Junuary to dlarch.

Beurré Langelier Joséphine de Malines Nec Plus Meuris

November.

Beurré Bose

Conseiller de la Cour Stewiny Pears. Hacon’s Incomparable Mane Louise Catillac

Winter Nelis Uvedale’s St. Germain

AUS c slp AE AN Ma A eee Se 2 i a

sia

Lt p

4 {ae Screg! ‘iy ie

Ste a rs Seen rss pone ee ma eae i ae .

ea:

Give Use. AT.

ONO) IE Joisa\ NIB

No. of Exhibitors.

|

SCOTLAND _..... aoe oe 16

No. of Dishes Exhibited.

Sa

wpe tern | rd a ree ter le = -

141

GROUBRDY ii: SCOTLAND. Exhibitors.

I1.—The Hon. G. G. Datrymerte, Elliston, St. Boswell’s. (D. Melville, Gardener.)

Number of Varieties Exhibited poe ae ae ee BS

Observations—An extremely meritorious collection ; speci- mens throughout large in size, and of fine appearance, rivalling those from the most favoured districts of the country. A great proportion grown as pyramids under glass, the rest on walls. The following specially noted: General Tottleben, Marie Louise, Doyenné du Comice, Passe Colmar, Nouvelle Fulvie, Fortunée, Winter Nelis, Bergamot Esperen, Pitmaston Duchess.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All grown on the Quince stock. Soil, stiff and retentive till, composed of rotten whinstone.

2.—James Day, Galloway House, Garlieston. Number of Varieties Exhibited sh os om KE BS

Observations.—Examples of the following of fair average merit: Pitmaston Duchess, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Jersey Gratioli, Emile d’Héyst, Marie Louise, Beurré d’Aremberg, Beurré Rance, «ec.

Exhibitor's Remarks,—The finest fruits, such as Pitmaston Duchess, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Marie Louise, Jersey Gratiol1, and Beurré Hardy, from trees four years planted, on the Quince stock; the others from old trees that have been root- pruned and renovated by adding plenty of good loam. Grown mostly on walls; natural soil-heavy, with good natural drainage. Situation, from 20 to 30 feet above sea-level, and about 500 yards distant therefrom. Sheltered on all sides by woods, and with an average rainfall of 42 inches. The soil and climate here is well adapted for fruit growing, especially Apples and small fruits, but good shelter from the east wind in spring is essential.

8.—Matcoum Dunn, The Gardens, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian. Number of Varieties Exhibited es i nies 1 yee 62

142 GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND.

Observations —Examples small in comparison with those grown in the south, and deficient in colour. The early varieties, such as Williams’s Bon Chrétien, Hessel, Achan, and Beurré d’Amanlis, were very good; also Beurré Rance, Marie Louise, Thompson's, and Knight’s Monarch.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The gardens here are sheltered on the west and north, but exposed to the south and south-east. Soil, deep, light loam, heavily manured ; subsoil, open gravel. The collection of Pears sent to the Congress are fair specimens of the best of our crop this season, but they are not up to the average either in size or colour. The greater part of our Pear trees are on the Free or Pear stock, and grown either on walls or as orchard trees, most of the latter being standards. On our light, warm soil and sheltered situation, many sorts come to maturity on standards that will not succeed generally as such so far north. All of the kinds named in the selections are worth growing in localities similar to this. The list is too long, however, and might be reduced one-third with advantage, say to 20 varieties at most, which number of first-rate sorts for the locality would suit all ordinary purposes.

As a rule, the Quince stock is not so successful as the Free stock here; it generally does pretty well for a few years, and then invariably goes barren, and some sorts never do well on it at all. Our trees seldom get over-luxuriant, and suffer less from gross growth than from starvation or want of moisture and manure. In ordinary seasons, and on well-manured ground, trees on the Pear or Free stock seldom fail to bear a crop, even to a great age ; while no amount of manure seems to have any effect in promot- ing fertility in a tree on the Quince stock after it begins to show signs of distress. Our fruit trees are all regularly and moderately pruned, and, I need hardly add, as regularly manured, all of them growing in cultivated ground used for growing vegetables, which is heavily manured. Orchard Pears in this district are generally early kinds, grown to supply the local markets, and they are too often of very indifferent quality, as well as mere scraps in size. Hessel is the best of them, taking all points into consideration. There is now a general disposition to cultivate superior kinds, and in the course of time the most of the better varieties I have named, or others equally good, will take the place of prolific, but worthless, old sorts. Stewing Pears are not much grown, but the varieties named bear

GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND. 143

excellent crops m ordinary seasons, and if there were a demand for them, they would be found very profitable.

4.—G. W. McHartiz, Newbattle Abbey, Dalkeith. Number of Varieties Exhibited oe ae oe: ene re Sa

Observations.—Examples small and wanting in colour, those of Comte de Lamy, Beurré d’Amanlis, Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Marie Louise being the best. Mostly grown on walls.

. §.—Ormiston & Renwick, Nurserymen, Melrose.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Se wa a Pee Ot Colleeted from the following Gardens, viz. :—

(1.) Abbotsford.

Observations.—The examples of Jargonelle, Marie Louise, and Flemish Beauty very good.

(2.) Hoebridge.

Observations.—Some examples of St. Lawrence (Bellissime d’Eté) noted as good. :

(3.) Makerston.

Observations.— Examples of Louise Bonne of Jersey noted as specially fine, also Doyenné du Comice and St. Lawrence (Bellissime d’Eté).

(4.) Maxton Manse, The Rev. M. H. Granam.

Observations.—Doyenné Boussoch, very fine examples; also Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré Diel, Beurré eons, and une du Comice.

Eahibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, on the south bank of the Tweed, 260 feet above the sea-level. Soil, heavy clay (15 inches deep); cold, stiff subsoil. For walls I prefer the Quince stock, which is much improved by occasional applications of lme compost at the roots. The Quince is of no use for orchards, owing to early blossoming. They should be planted very shallow, and without manure except as a mulching. Summer

144 GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND.

pinching and winter pruning is best. Have found erating 8 and budding good sorts on old Jargonelle a good plan.

(5.) Milne Graden, Coldstream, D. Minnz-Home, Esq. (Gardener James Graham.)

Observations.—The examples of Doyenné Boussoch, Beurré Diel, and Louise Bonne noticeable.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on south aspect walls; situation, exposed. Soil, light, sandy loam, with gravel subsoil. Our trees are nearly all on the Quince stock, the greater portion planted eight years ago. Root pruning is regularly attended to, also summer pinching, and pruned early in spring.

(6.) Priorwood.

Observations.—The examples of Doyenné du Comice and Winter Nelis worthy of note.

6.—Dr. Rosertson, Fern Bank, Errol.

Number of Varieties Exhibited oy ron ~ one 19

Observations.—Interesting, as containing examples of the old varieties of Scotch Pears, although by comparison with others they seem scarcely worth cultivation. Examples in general small, those of Williams’s Bon Chrétien excepted, which were very good. —

The following were lots also collected by and forwarded per Dr. Robertson :-—

(1.) James Doc, Priory Gardens, Inchture. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... oe ude se 4

Observations.—Very fine, well-grown examples of Glou Morgeau, General Tottleben, and Nouveau Poiteau.

(2.) R. Forses, Pitfour, Perth. Number of Varieties Exhibited ie ids ea) me 9

Observations—Examples small, mostly of the ordinary varieties.

GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND. 145

(3.) J. M. Drummonp, Megginch Castle, Errol.

Number of Varieties Exhibited Ae a “ eae ei (12)

Observations. —An interesting collection, as containing many of the old Scotch Pears grown in that district. Fruits very small and inferior to such as Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré Diel, Beurré d@’Amanlis, Williams’s Bon Chrétien, grown under similar conditions.

(4.) W. Goopatt, Errol.

Number of Varieties Exhibited se va ie i 1

Observations.—Moderately fine examples of the Jargonelle, the finest and most popular Pear grown in Scotland.

(5.) A. Lacamtr, Gourdie Hill, Errol.

Number of Varieties Exhibited at See ae ae 28

Observations.—A very interesting collection, containing ex- amples of most of the varieties of old Scotch Pears, such as The Beurré, Achan, Drummond, Pease Meal Poke, Mageie Dunean, &c.

(6.) — Latrp, Glencarse, Perth. Number of Varieties Exhibited yh iy we Aime SO 0)

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit; mostly varieties in general cultivation, such as Marie Louise, Glou Morgeau, &c.

(7.) J. Rem, Ballindean Gardens, Inchture.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ee Ate Pie ae 9

Observations.—Ordinary examples of the leading varieties.

(8.) Tuomas Smitx, Perth. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... ia) Soe Me 4

Observations.—Ordinary examples.

(9.) P. Symon, Flatfield Orchard, Errol. Number of Varieties Exhibited ... vo tio 1 4

Observations. —Ordinary examples, K

146 GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND.

7.—Wm. Smita, Oxenford Castle Gardens, Midlothian. Number of Varieties Exhibited Das ae om: oe ala)

Observations. —Examples small, and of poor appearance, those of Souvenir du Congrés excepted, which were very fine.

Ewhibitor’s Remarks.:—The fruits exhibited were grown on walls, the trees fan-trained, and from 85 to 40 years old, on the Free stock; they are pruned summer and winter on the spur system. Last summer was very dry and cold, so that the fruit is very much smaller than usual. They bear freely every year, but are always late.

Varieties of Pears suited to Scotland. SeLECTED BY ’

The Honourable G. G. Datrymete, St. Boswell’s. M. Dunn, Dalkeith.

Rey. M. H. Granam, Maxton Manse.

D. Mitnr-Home, Coldstream.

W. Sairu, Oxenford Castle.

| No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. | Beurré Giffard if Dovenné @kite 3 Souvenir du Con- | ; Citron des Carmes 2 oe Beurré Capiaumont 1 Gone Jargonelle 1 eee Jpsoite ans ; ; Beurré d’ Amanlis 3 Summer Beurré eed 3 dW’ Aremberg 1 wn y f 9 Williams’s Bon i Go ae Thien 1 Fondante d’Au- tomne 2 Sepienber Louise Bonne of Jersey 2 Hessel 8 Souvenir du Con- Jargonelle | 3 eres 2 Williams’s Bon Autumn Bergamot 1 Chrétien | 3 ,, Jdoséphine | 1

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO SCOTLAND.

147

No. of Times

K 2

Selected. Selected. Beurré de ]’As- December. somption 1 Beurré Giffard 1 Beurré Diel 4 Brown Beurré 1 ,» dAremberg 2 Colmar d’Eté 1 55 LEONE 2 Comte de Lamy 1 3) di Anjou 1 Croft Castle 1 Te vance 1 Doyenné du Comice ilies CalebasseBoisbunel 1 King Edward 1 Colmar 1 Marie Louise 1 Conseiller de la Muir Fowl’s Kgg 1 Cour 1 Rivers’ Bergamot 1 Doyenné du Comice 1 Seckle 1 Duchesse d’An- Williams’s Bon gouléme 1 Chrétien 1 Durondeau 1 Glou Morceau 1 Hacon’s Incom- Nevember. parable 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Marie Louise 1 Louise Bonne of Napoléon 1 Jersey 4 Passe Colmar 1 Marie Louise 4 Red Doyenné 1 Brown Beurré 2 Thompson’s 1 Doyenné du Comice 2 Gansel’s Bergamot 2 January to March. Glou Morceau 2 Baronne de Mello 1 Kaster Beurré 5 Beurré de Aremberg 1 Winter Nelis 4 », Capiaumont 1 Beurré Rance 3 Comte de Lamy 1 Passe Crassane 3 Conseiller de la Joséphine de Cour 1 Malines 2 Doyenné Boussoch 1 Bergamote Espéren 1 Flemish Beauty 1 Beurre d’ Aremberg 1 General Tottleben 1 Dre! 1 Hacon’s Incom- » sterckmans 1 parable 1 Kaster Bergamot 1 Jersey Gratioli 1 Fortunée ] Pitmaston Duchess 1 Glou Morceau 1 Red Doyenné 1 Hacon’s Incom- Seckle 1 parable i White Doyenné 1 Inconnue 1

148

Iris Grégoire Matthew’s Eliza Nouvelle Fulvie Olivier de Serres Soldat Esperen

| |

| | |

For Orchard Culture.

Hessel

Doyenné d’ Ete

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Beurré Diel

Croft Castle

Hacon’s Incom- parable

Muir Fowl’s Egg

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Beurré d’Amanlhis

99

Charnock Colmar d’Eté Crawford Early Beurré

Capiaumont

VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO

No. of Times Selected.

eee

SCOTLAND.

No. of Times Selected.

|

Fair Maggie | Gansel’s Bergamot Glou Morceau | Jargonelle Lammas Marie Louise Seckle Summer Beurré

d’ Aremberg Swan’s Egg

Stewing Pears.

Catillae Bellissime d’Hiver Black Pear of

Worcester Beurré Diel

Po kvailnee

Gansel’s Bergamot | St. Lawrence | Uvedale’s St. |

Germain | Verulam |

re ee bo ao rt Jah fd ek ed

fet ped

GawOww), POV ITT.

No. of No. of Dishes Exhibitors. Exhibited.

WALES. ..: Ss _ se 8 166

151

GROUP VIII. WALES. Exhibitors. 1.—T. D. Dantet, Coed Park, Cwm Avon. Number of Varieties Exhibited At ie: ben shied pei QO

Observations.—Examples mostly small, those of Duchesse d’Angouléme, from wall tree on the Quince, very good; also Doyenné Boussoch and Glou Mor¢eau, from bush trees ; and Marie Louise, from a standard.

2?.—GerorcE GrirFin, Gardener to Baron pre Rurzen, Slebeck Park, Pembrokeshire.

Number of Varieties Exhibited = she ost Ree wees

Observations. —EXxamples of average merit, grown on walls. The following ,were noted as good, viz.: Durondeau, Catillac, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Pitmaston Duchess, Bishop’s Thumb, Joséphine de Malines, and Louise Bonne of Jersey.

Exhibitor's Nemarks.—Situation, exposed to south-west Atlan- tic winds. Soil, old garden, shallow, on broken Silurian rock, mixed with clay, well draimed. Pears are not grown in this county except in the gardens of the gentry. ‘To have Pears in this county they must be grown on walls, in well-drained borders, and the roots prevented from penetrating into the subsoil, which, in Pembrokeshire, is nearly everywhere wet and cold. Once the roots get down, the tree cankers and the fruit cracks. The south-west and west winds off the Atlantic are also very injurious; if it blows about the time the trees are in flower the crop will be lost, unless the trees are protected. Pears succeed better in this district on the Quince than on the Free stock— the fruit is larger and cleaner.

3.—W. Jenkins, The Willows, Abergavenny. Number of Varieties Exhibited te bi, ry aon es

Observations.—Examples shown small, mostly from standards, Bishop’s Thumb, Bergamote Espéren, and Beurré Rance fairly good:

152 GROUP VIII.—WALES.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, moderately sheltered. Soil, stiff loam, with marly subsoil in some places, in others light loam on gravel. The trees were planted about 10 years ago, and are only now coming into good bearing.

4.—P. Mippteton, Wynnstay Gardens, Ruabon. Number of Varieties Exhibited a se ae) aS

Observations.—lixamples small and deficient in colour, chiefly from walls, those of Althorp Crassane very fine, also Forelle, Marie Louise, Easter Beurré, Beurré Hardy, and Verulam.

5.—Per Mr. Mippteron, Wynnstay, from Llangedwyn, Oswestry, North Wales.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ae St aT ee 0

Observations.—Of fair average merit, grown on walls 8 feet high. Duchesse d’Angouléme, Doyenné du Comice, Marie Louise, and Hacon’s Incomparable, specially noted.

6.—J. Muir, Gardener to C. R. M. Tatsor, Esq., M.P., Margam Park, Taibach.

Number of Varieties Exhibited esi ee oe sap eB

Observations.—Examples shown of moderate size, chiefly from pyramids and standards, those of Duchesse d’Angouléme, Bergamote Esperen, Hacon’s Incomparable, also Maréchal de la Cour, noted. Some examples of Gilogil, Bellissime d’Hiver, andthe Black Pear of Worcester, as stewing Pears. were also conspicuous.

7.—W.S. Powett, Eglwysannyd, Taibach, per J. Mui. Number of Varieties Exhibited ae ee ae gee od

Observations. —Kixamples small.

8.—Col. T. Picroy Turservitue, Ewenny Priory, Bridgend. Number of Varieties Exhibited a ye Lene Se 6

Observations —EXxamples small, from Pyramids. Soil, light ; subsoil, gravel.

Varieties of Pears suited to Wales,

SELECTED BY

G. Grirrin, Slebeck Park, Pembroke.

W. Jenkins, Abergavenny.

153

July and August.

Jargonelle

Beurre Giffard

Citron des Carmes |

Doyenné d’Kté

Summer Beurré d’ Aremberg

|

September.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Beurré Superfin

Brockworth Park

Fondante d’Au- tomne

Windsor

October.

Louise Bonne of |

Jersey | Autumn Bergamot 3 Nelis Baronne de Mello | Beurré d’Amanlis Fo Diel Brown Beurré Délices de Jodoigne Duchesse d’ Angou- léme

Forelle

No. of Times Selected.

PP AG

Pa a ee Oe rT

ae

November.

Baronne de Mello |

Bergamot

Beurré Berckmans

Bishop’s Thumb

Conseiller de la Cour

Durondeau

Hacon’s Incom- parable

Marie Louise

Pitmaston Duchess |

Swan’s Keg

Thompson’s

Van Mons.

December.

Passe Colmar Zéphirin Grégoire | Beurré d’Aremberg DoyennéduComice | Glou Morceau Joséphine de Ma-

hnes | Knight’s Monarch | Marie Louise | Napoléon

January to March.

Bergamote Esperen

No. of Times Selected.

154 VARIETIES OF PEARS SUITED TO WALES.

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected.

Beurré Rance Ds Hessel | 1 Besi de Mai 1 Jargonelle 1 Kaster Beurré 1 Nutmeg 1 Inconnue 1 Strawberry 1 Joséphine de Ma- Summer Beurré

lines 1 d’Aremberg 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Swan’s Ege 1 Nec Plus Meuris 1

Stewing Pears. For Orchard Culture. Uvedale’s St. Ger-

Bergamot 1 main 2 Bishop’s Thumb iL Catillac | 1 Brown Beurré 1 Vicar of Winkfield 1 Green Chisel 1 |

GhOwP Ix.

CHANNEL ISLES.

| No. of | No. of Dishes

Exhibitors. Exhibited. 1. GUERNSEY a ic. 2 36 Da eomiy ~ :.. Ses Me iL 72

| ee

157

GROUP IX.—CHANNEL ISLES.

GUERNSEY. Eahibitors. 1.—Joun L. Manseux, 3, Somerset Terrace, St. Peters. Number of Varieties Exhibited aa 18 se Aen asia

Observations—The examples of Wilhams’s Bon Chrétien, Clapp’s Favourite, and Souvenir du Congres, sent in the month of September, were large, fine, and highly-coloured.

2.—The Rev. Canon Tuurstran, Mount Row. Number of Varieties Exhibited ee ay ee PED As

Observations. —Kxamples of fair average merit. The following were specially noted, viz.: Doyenné du Comice, Beurré Hardy (very fine), Beurré d’Amanlis, Madame Treyve, Maréchal de la Cour, Pitmaston Duchess, Beurré de Jonghe, Olivier de Serres, Louise Bonne of Jersey.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown in a small garden, sheltered by walls 7 to 11 feet high. Soil, hght garden; subsoil, sandy loam, upon granite. The trees are grafted on the Quince; some few varieties are double grafted, and the cordon method of training and pruning is followed. They are planted in borders 6 feet wide and about 180 feet long, trenched to the depth of 24 feet, with 6 inches of broken bricks in the bottom—a double row of trees, about 18 inches apart, trained obliquely on wire trellis down the centre of the border, and a row horizontally, 74 feet apart on either side. In a border of the above dimensions, 268 trees are planted. The surface is forked to the depth of 8 inches three times in the year, but never dug; itis never allowed to become dry. In the spring and autumn, a top dressing of manure is given. ‘The trees under this treatment keep in good health and bear large crops of fine fruit.

GROUP IX.—CHANNEL ISLES. JERSEY. Hahibitors. 1.—JosHua LE Cornu & Son, High View Nurseries, St. Heliers.

Number of Varieties Exhibited ae oat Ct hee eG

158 GROUP IX.—CHANNEL ISLES—-JERSEY.

Observations. —Examples very large and extremely handsome, magnificent specimens of cultural skill aided by good climate. The following were specially noted, viz.: Beurré Clairgeau, 3 fruits, weighing 4 lbs. 8 ozs.; Beurré Diel, 8 fruits, 2 lbs. 9 ozs. ; Maréchal de la Cour, 3 fruits, 2 lbs. 5 ozs.; Glou Morceau, Beurré Bachelier, 3 fruits, 2 lbs. 2 ozs.; Cattillac, 4 lbs. 5 ozs. ; Doyenné du Comice, 3 lbs.; Duchesse d’Angouléme, 3 lbs. 7 ozs. ; Pitmaston Duchess, 3 lbs. 4 ozs.; Belle de Jersey, 4 lbs. 114 ozs.

Exhibitors’ Remarks. — Situation, rather exposed. Soil, moderately heavy loam, on clay. From bush trees, mostly on the Quince stock,

Varieties of Pears suited to Jersey, SELECTED BY

Messrs. JosHua LE Cornu & Son, The Nurseries, St. Heliers,

Jersey. July and August. | General Tottleben Graslin André Desportes Soldat Laboureur Jargonelle Van Mons Léon Leclere

Williams’s Bon Chrétien December. Bene Anna Audusson Beurré Bachelier Doyenné du Comice Nouveau Poiteau Pitmaston Duchess

Beurré d’Amanlis Jersey Gratioli Louise Bonne of Jersey

October. January to March.

Beurré Clairgeau ,, superfin

Brown Beurré

Bergamote Kspéren Beurre Aremberg

De T » . Rance

wean eres Chaumontel

Maréchal dela Cour Hastepmbemnnc

Marie Louise Joséphine de Malines November. Stewing Pears.

Beurre Diel Belle de Jersey

Duchesse d’Angouléme Catillac

159

Varieties of Pears suited to Guernsey,

SELECTED BY

Rev. Canon Taurstan, Mount Row.

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis Madame T'reyve Souvenir du Congres Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Beurré Hardy Conseiller de la Cour Louise Bonne of Jersey Marie Louise

November.

De Tongres Doyennédu Comice Durondeau General Tottleben Glou Morseau Pitmaston Duchess

December.

Beurré d Anjou

| bachelier Chaumontel Duchesse d’Angouléme

January to March.

Bergamote Espéren Buerré de Jonghe Duc de Morny Olivier de Serres

Stewing Pears.

Bellissime d’Hiver Catillac

Léon Leclere de Laval Spring Beurré Verulam

GalnOsUeb.- xX.

IRELAND. No. of Exhibitors. “IRELAND Ae ree oe 2

No. of Disheg Exhibited.

27

roe Nae WRALSCcS Ahaha aA " hipand ebaie e

163

GROUP X. IRELAND. Exhibitors. 1.—F. W. Bursiwee, Trinity College Gardens, Dublin.

Examples of Bishop’s Thumb Pears: (1.) The normal- shaped fruits, with seeds, &c. (2.) Seedless fruits of the same, borne on the same tree, from a second crop of flowers produced in May. This peculiarity occurs every year, and, strangely, the seedless fruits are sweeter and more palatable than the normal ones.

2.—G. F. Unruanx, Tempeville, Limerick. Number of Varieties Exhibited ae sis brat i a AG

Observations.—EKxamples very large and fine. The following were specially noted: Pitmaston Duchess, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré Bosc, Doyenné du Comice, Durondeau, Beurré d’Anjou, General Tottleben.

Kehibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered ; soil, heavy loam, on yellow clay. Pears do best on the Quince stock here, and only on walls, as there is no certainty of a crop from pyramids or standards.

Eo

164

List oF VARIETIES SELECTED BY THE EXHIBITORS AS BEST SUITED FOR CULTIVATION, ARRANGED IN ORDER OF SELECTION, THOSE RECEIVING ONLY OnE VOTE BEING OMITTED.

GiSOMIPe SOUTHERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Returns from Exhibitors bs: me whi: 40 Number of Dishes Exhibited 2 ALD

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

165

Jersey Gratioli Beurré Capiau- mont Doyenné Boussoch Thompson’s Beurré Diel Brockworth Park Emile d’Heéyst Marie Louise d’'Uccle Kyewood British Queen

November.

Beurré Diel Marie Louise Doyenné du Comice Duchesse d’Angou- léme Thompson’s Conseiller de la Cour Pitmaston Duchess Beurré Bose » Clairgeau Van Mons Léon Leclere Passe Colmar Beurré Superfin Glou Morceau Winter Nelis Beurré Bachelier Durondeau Marie Louise d’Uecle Napoleon Forelle Baronne de Mello Chaumontel Délices d’ Har- denpont Emile d’ Héyst

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. 5 Gansel’s Bergamot 2 General Tottleben 2 4 Louise Bonne of 4 Jersey 2 4 Nouveau Poiteau 2 3 : December. 9 Glou Morceau 25 ° Beurré Bachelier 19 9 , ad Aremberg 16 Winter Nelis 14 Passe Colmar 12 Beurré Diel 9 18 Chaumontel 9 18 Knight’s Monarch 9 General Tottleben 8 16 Doyenné du Comice 5 H uyshe’s Bergamot 4 16 si Victoria 4 13 Napoléon _ 4 Vicar of Winkfield 4 10 Beurré Clairgeau 3 Rance 3 10 u hes acon’s Incom- 9 9 parable 3 Joséphine de 8 Malhnes 3 6 Zéphirin Grégoire 3 5 Crassane | D f Docteur Trousseau 2 f Forelle WD 4 Marie Louise i d’ Uccle 2 Nec Plus Meuris 2 i Nouvelle Fulvie 2 4 Triomphe de Jodoigne 2 3 g 2; 2 January to March. 2, Easter Beurré 28 2 Beurré Rance 24

166 LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected.

Joséphine de Malines Bergamote Espéren Nec Plus Meuris Winter Nelis

Chaumontel Olivier de Serres Glou Morgeau Knight’s Monarch Passe Crassane Zéphirin Grégoire Beurré Sterckmans' Doyenné d’Alengon | Duchesse de Bor- deaux Madame Millet Beurré d’ Aremberg Huyshe’s Victoria Jean de Witte Marie Bendist Napoléon Van de Weyer Bates

For Orchard Culture. Williams’s Bon

Chrétien Louise Bonne of

Jersey

Beurré Capiaumont Marie Louise Hessel Beurré d’Amanlis

in| Dell

» Clairgeau Seckle Autumn Bergamot Catillac Jargonelle Jersey Gratioli Swan’s Eee

Chaumontel

Kyewood 23 Beurré Bose 22, 2. Superiin 14 pee ou Hardy, Winter Nelis Althorp Crassane Aston ‘Town Bishop’s Thumb Comte de Lamy Doyenné ad’ Kté Durondeau Fertility Joséphine de Malines, Knight’s Monarch Lammas Verulam Bergamot Bergamote Espéren Beurré Bachelier Broompark Crassane d’Hté Doyenné du Comice Duchesse d’Angou- léme mile d’Héyst Fondante d’Au- 22 tomne Green Chisel 19 Marie Louise d’ Uecle Nec Plus Meuris Pitmaston Duchess Souvenir du Con- eres Suffolk Thorn Windsor

bo NO NOME NO NO NOS SSS) Ore IDANDWAS bo bk NO NO NO NO NO NOS OS CS ese) MPpC§owWwwwwr EAA

bo bo

bo b&b

bo bd wb

Stewing Pears.

Catillac 36 Uvedale’s St. Germain 27

4 eS AANANTADMDODOOWRD

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—-GROUP I.—SOUTHERN COUNTIES. 167

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected. Bellissime d’Hiver 14 Beurré Rance 3 Verulam | 14 Bishop’s Thumb 3 Vicar of Winkfield | 12 Beurré Clairgeau 2 Black Pear of Churchyard 2 Worcester 4 Grosse Calebasse 2

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED.

GROWP IT: EASTERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Returns from Exhibitors ee nee fai 8 Number of Dishes Exhibited a ea 3 soe ABR No. of Times | No. of Times Selected. | Selected. July and August. - Marie Louise 4 Beurré d@’Amanlis | 2 Doyenné d’Kté 7 Brockworth Park 2 Jargonelle 7 Marie Louise Citron des Carmes | 5 d’Uccle 2 Beurré Giffard | 3 Seckle 2 September. November. Wilhams’s Bon _ | Marie Louise 6 Chrétien 8 Doyenné du Comice 5 Beurré d’Amanlis 4 Beurré Diel 4 Madame Treyve 3 Thompson’s 4 Beurré Superfin 2 Duchesse d’Angou- Hessel 2 léme 3 Gansel’s Bergamot 3 October. Van Mons Léon Leclere 3 Louise Bonne of Beurré Bose 2 Jersey 8 », Capiaumont 2 Beurré Superfin 7 ,, Clairgeau 2 Fondante d’Au- Brown Beurré 2 tomne 7 Napoléon 2 Beurré Hardy A Pitmaston Duchess 2.

168 LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—GROUP II.—EASTERN COUNTIES.

No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected. December. Chaumontel 2 Winter Nelis 2 Glou Morceau t Winter Nelis 6 For Orchard Culture. Beurré d’ Aremberg 5 Knight’s Monarch 4 Beurre Capiaumont 5 Passe Colmar 4 Louise Bonne of Beurré Bachelher 3 Jersey 5 Doyenneé du Comice 3 Hessel 4 Beurré Clairgeau 2 Swan’s Ege 3 ee Del 2 Willams’s Bon General Tottleben 2 Chrétien 3 Hacon’s Incom- Doyenné d’Eté 2 parable 2 Jargonelle 2 Joséphine de Nec Plus Meuris 2 Malines 2 Soldat d’Espéren 2 Stewing Pears. January to March. Catillac 7 Uvedale’s St.

-Beurré Rance 8 Germain 6 Bergamote Espéren, i Bellissime d’ Hiver 5] Easter Beurré 7 Black Pear of Nec Plus Meuris 6 Worcester 3 Josephine de Verulam 2

Malhnes 5 Vicar of Winkfield 2 Knight’s Monarch 3

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED. GEROwUR Tit.

169

MIDLAND COUNTIES--SOUTH (ENGLAND).

Number of Returns from Exhibitors

Number of Dishes Exhibited

Selected.

No. of. Times |

July and August. | November.

Doyenné d’EKté 6 Marie Louise Jargonelle 5 Beurré Bose Citron des Carmes — 3 mae Drel Beurré Giffard 2 Duchesse d’Angou- | | léme | Source Maréchal de la Cour “ill Ranaete Ibn Vans Mons Léon Re Leclere Chrétien 6 Do ee Beurré d’Amaulis 4 | ra fe Vipera se Madame Treyve 3 rae

: | Gansel’s Bergamot Beurré de l’As- | : of | Pitmaston Duchess

somption | 2, Tl Beurré Superfin | 2 Pere Souvenir du Con- \ December. eres 2 Glou Morceau October. Winter Nelis Knight’s Monarch Louise Bonne of Beurré d’ Aremberg | Jersey 7 General Tottleben Beurré Bose 3 Beurré Bachelier Doyenné du Comice 3 Doyenné du Comice Jersey Gratioli 3 Durondeau

Marie Louise Napoléon

d’Uccle 3 Suzette de Bavay Beurré Hardy 2

5 superfin 9 January to March. Brown Beurré 2 Fondante d’Au- Easter Beurré

tomne 2 Joséphine de Marie Louise 2 Malines

8 712

| No. of Times

Selected.

NOMMMbYM ww

Lod NO NO DO NOOO C SE os er)

170

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—GROUP III.—MIDLANDS—SOUTH.

Beurré Rance | Bergamote Espéren’ Beurré Sterckmans Nec Plus Meuris

Zéphirin Grégoire ©

For Orchard Culture.

Louise Bonne of | Jersey

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Beurré Diel

Beurré Capiaumont

Easter Beurré

Jargonelle

Autumn Bergamot |

|

No. of Times Selected.

bo E> RE OT

o>

See Se) er)

Comte de Lamy Doyenné d’ Kté HKyewood Lammas

Marie Louise Seckle

Swan’s Keg Windsor

Stewing Pears.

No. of Times Selected.

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Catillae | Uvedale’s St. Ger-|

main Verulam | Vicar of Winkfield | Bellissime d’Hiver | |

@

bo GO OD

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED.

GROUP IV. MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH (ENGLAND).

Number of Returns from Exhibitors

Number of Dishes Exhibited

No. of Times

18 606

| No. of Times

Selected. Selected. July and August. Brockworth Park | 2 ifaw Fondante d’Au- Jargonelle 9 46 9 Doyenné d’Eté 8 Sates Citron des Carmes 4 geanee Beurré Giffard 2 oe Sgucmice Louise Bonne of ; Jersey 9 Williams’s Bon Marie Louise 5 Chrétien 10 Beurré Superfin t Beurré d’ Amanlis 8 Comte de Lamy 4 Jargonelle 3 Seckle 4

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—GROUP IV.—MIDLANDS—NORTH.

No. of Times

|

Selected. Beurré Capiau- Bergamote Ks- mont 3 péren Beurre Hardy 2 Beurré Rance Doyenné Boussoch 2 Knight’s Monarch | Thompson’s 2 Winter Nelis Joséphine de November. Malines Nec Plus Meuris Beurré Diel 8 Glou Morgeau Marie Louise 6 Beurre Sterckmans Doyenné du Comice 4 For Orchard Culture. Duchesse d’Angou- léme 4 Louise Bonne of Beurre Clairgeau 5) Jersey Conseiller de la Williams’s Bon Cour 3 Chrétien Pitmaston Duchess 3 Beurré Capiau- Beurré d’Aremberg 2 mont Passe Colmar 2 Beurré d’Amanlis Thompson’s 2 va Wiel Van Mons Léon Hessel Leclere 2 Beurre d’ Aremberg Bishop’s Thumb December. Doyenné d’Kté Duchesse d’Angou- Winter Nelis 7 léme Passe Colmar 6 Beurré Clairgeau Glou Morceau 5 ie lardy, Beurré Bachelier | 4 Comte de Lamy ,, Clairgeau 3 Grey Beurré ,, d Aremberg 2; Jargonelle Crassane 2 Windsor Doyenné du Comice 2 Stewing Pears. General Tottleben 2 Huyshe’s Prince of Catillac Wales 2 Uvedale’s St. Zéphirin Grégoire 2 Germain Verulam January to March. Bellissime d’Hiver Duchesse d’ Angou- Kaster Beurré 9 léme

| No. of Times Selected.

7 7 6 6

bo He Or OT

Go & OH HR Or OD ~“ “N

DNODPNMMbMb &

bo Oo OX

bo

172

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED. GROUP. V. WESTERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Returns from Exhibitors tas ae Eo 18 Number of Dishes Exhibited oe 1,109

| No. of Times No. of Times

| Selected. Selected. | July and August. Madame Treyve 3 Pitmaston Duchess 3 Jargonelle 12 Beurré d Amanlis 2 Doyenné d’ Ete 8 5, Capiaumont 2 Beurré Giffard 7 Pee Del 2 Citron des Carmes 3 Duchesse d’Angou- Clapp’s Favourite 2 leme 2 Williams’s Bou Kyewood 2 Chrétien 2 Flemish Beauty 2 ! Gansel’s Bergamot 2 September. Maréchal dela Cour 2 Wilhams’s Bon November. Chrétien 12 Beurré d’Amanlis 11 Pitmaston Duchess 9 ws Superfin 4 Beurré Diel 8 Jargonelle 2 Marie Louise 8 Souvenir du Con- Doyenné du Comice 7 eres 2 Thompson 6 Maréchal dela Cour 5 October. Duchesse d’Angou- léme 4 Louise Bonne of Durondeau 4 Jersey 13 Beurre Bose 3 Marie Louise 8 » Clairgeau 3 Beurré Superfin 7 Passe Colmar 3 Brown Beurré 7 Van Mons Léon Autumn Bergamot 5 Leclere 3 Jersey Gratioli 5 Alexandre Lambré 2 Beurré Bose 3 Althorp Crassane 2 ye lady, 3 Beurré Hardy y Brockworth Park 3 Marie [louise Comte de Lamy 3 d’Uccle 2

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—GROUP V.—WESTERN COUNTIES. 173

| No. of Times No. of Times Selected. Selected.

December.

Passe Colmar Winter Nels Beurré Bachelier Glou Morgeau Beurre d’Aremberg Huyshe’s Prince of Wales Knight’s Monarch Huyshe’s Victoria Chaumontel Forelle Joséphine de Malines Thompson’s

January to March.

Bergamote Kspéren Easter Beurré Beurré Rance Joséphine de Malines Nec Plus Meuris Chaumontel Knight’s Monarch Glou Morceau Olivier de Serres Zephirin Grégoire March Bergamot Winter Nelis

For Orchard Culture.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien Swan’s Kee Aston Town Beurre Capiaumont Louise Bonne of Jersey Bishop’s Thumb Kyewood Hessel Jargonelle Jersey Gratioli Windsor Autumn Bergamot Beurré Amanlis Diel Winter Nelis Chaumontel Comte de Lamy Doyenné d’ Eté 12 Greeen Chisel

HR O71 OY Od Sd

bo bo 0) Ee

bo bo

11 Lammas 10 Thompson’s Worcester Silk 10 5 Stewing Pears. 4 4 Catillae 3 Uvedale’s St. 3 Germain 3 Bellissime d’Hiver 1) | Vicar of Winkfield 2 Black Pear of

Worcester

fat

o> Sasi re

DMHMMMMbL HHH HOPE PEP OLS

fot w= Oo bo

174

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED.

GROUP VI.

NORTHERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Returns from Exhibitors Aire ae ae 3 Number of Dishes Exhibited ee: ian re sea y LAS No. of Times | No. of Times Selected. Selected. July and August. November. Citron des Carmes 3 Marie Louise 2. Doyenné d’Eté 2 Jargonelle 2 Deccmuon: September. 5 : | eae Winter Nelis 3 Wallianicic ison Glou Morceau 9 Chrétien 3 Beurré d’Amanlis 2 January to March. Jargonelle 2 Easter Beurré 2, October. Tienes iSermne 68 Stewing Pears. Jersey 3 Brown Beurré 9. Catiilac 9 Marie Louise 2 Uvedale’s St. Seckle 2 Germain 2,

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED.

GROUP VII. SCOTLAND.

Number of Returns from Exhibitors

Number of Dishes Exhibited

July and August.

Doyenné d’Eté Citron des Carmes Beurré Capiaumont Jargonelle Lammas Summer Beurré d’ Aremberg Williams’s Bon Chrétien

September.

Hessel Jargonelle’s Williams’s Bon Chrétien Beurré Giffard Souvenir du Congres

October.

Beurré d’Amanlis Se rlordy » Superfin

Fondante d’Au- tomne

Louise Bonne of Jersey

~ Souvenir du

Congrés

No. of Times Selected.

Et bt bet DD OO

©) 0

k= OD

bo & &

Autumn Bergamot 5 Joséphine Beurré de |’As- somption Beurré Giffard Brown Beurré Colmar d’Kté Comte de Lamy Croft Castle Doyenné du Comice King Edward Marie Louise Muir Fowl’s Egg Rivers’s Bergamot Seckle Williams’s Bon Chrétien

November.

Louise Bonne of Jersey Marie Louise Brown Beurré Doyenné du Comice Gansel’s Bergamot Glou Morgeau Baronne de Mello Beurré d’Aremberg ,, Capiaumont Comte de Lamy Conseiller de la Cour

ee ps

eS

1

See ES NONWNNYNYS &

a

175

5

416

No. of Times Selected.

176 LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED——-GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND.

No. of Times

Selected.

No. of Times Selected.

Doyenné Boussoch

Flemish Beauty

General Tottleben

Hacon’s Incom- parable

Jersey Gratioli

Pitmaston Duchess

Red Doyenné

Seckle

White Doyenné

December.

Beurré Diel ,, ad Aremberg

IBYORC i de Anjou Paeluamnes

Calebasse Bois- bunel

Colmar

Conseiller de la Cour

Doyenné du Comice

Duchesse d’An- couléme

Durondeau

Glou Morceau

Hacon’s Incom- parable

Knight’s Monarch

Marie Louise

Napoléon

Passe Colmar

Red Doyenné

‘Thompson’s

January to March.

Easter Beurré Winter Nelis Beurré Rance Passe Crassane

a

A et

ee et

te a a me pnpe

pi

ee

CG) OD He Or

Joséphine de Malines Bergamote Ks- péren Beurré d’ Aremberg ieee el » sterckmans Easter Bergamot

Hacon’s Incom- parable Inconnue Iris Grégoire Matthew’s Eliza Nouvelle Fulvie Olivier de Serres Soldat Hspéren

For Orchard Culture.

Hessel

Doyenné d’ Eté

Louise Bonne of Jersey

Beurré Diel

Croft Castle

Hacon’s Incom- parable

Muir Fowl’s Ege

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

Beurré d’Amanlis ,, Capiaumont

Charnock

Colmar d’Hté

Crawford

Karly Beurré

Fair Maggie

Gansel’s Bergamot

Glou Morceau

Jargonelle

Lammas

Fortunée Glou Morgeau

b> bo bS bo OD OD }pe a ee foe fake fee eed fk pe fk bo

Pe ee ODD

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED—-GROUP VII.—SCOTLAND.

177

No. of Times

Selected.

Marie Louise i Seckle 1 Summer Beurré

d’ Aremberg 1 Swan’s Egg 1

Stewing Pears. Catillac 4 Bellissime d’ Hiver 2}

sil | No. of Times | Selected.

Black Pear of

Worcester Beurré Diel

ao lvamece Gansel’s Bergamot St. Lawrence Uvedale’s St.

Germain Verulam

ek

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED.

GROUP

velit.

WALES.

Number of Returns from Exhibitors

Number of Dishes Exhibited

No. of Times

152

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. July and August. Fondante d’Au- tomne 1 Jargonelle 2 Windsor 1 Beurré Giffard 1 Citron des Carmes | 1 October. Doyenné d’ Kté 1 Summer Beurré Louise Bonne of d’ Aremberg 1 Jersey 2 Autumn Bergamot 1 September. ee Niels il Baronne de Mello 1 Williams’s Bon Beurré d’Amanlis 1 Chrétien 2 Die 1 Beurré Superfin 1 Brown Beurré — 1 Brockworth Park 1 Délices de Jodoigne 1

178 LIST OF

VARIETIES

SELECTED—GROUP VIII.—WALES.

No. of Times

Selected. Selected. a) Duchesse d’ Angou- | | January to March. |

léme | 1 ) | Forelle 1 Bergamote Espéren) 2

Beurré Rance 2 November. Besi de Mai 1 Easter Beurré 1 Baronne de Mello 1 Inconnue 1 Bergamot | i) Joséphine de Beurré Berckmans 1 Malines 1 Bishop’s Thumb | 1 Knight’s Monarch 1 Conseiller dela | Nec Plus Meuris 1 Cour 1 | Durondeau if For Orchard Culture. Hacon’s Incom-

| Nutmeg ih

December. Strawberry 1

| Summer Beurré Passe Colmar | 2 d’Aremberg if Zéphirin Grégoire 2 Swan’s Egg 1 Beurré d’ Aremberg 1 Doyenné du Comice 1 Stewing Pears. Glou Morceau 1 Joséphine de Uvedale’s St.

LIST OF VARIETIES SELECTED.

GALORE xe CHANNEL ISLES.

Number of Returns from Exhibitors

Number of Dishes Exhibited

|

André Desportes

Jargonelle

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

September.

Beurré d’Amanlis

Jersey Gratioli |

Louise Bonne of | Jersey

Madame Treyve

Souvenir du Con- ares

Williams’s Bon Chrétien

October.

Marie Louise Conseiller de la Cour Beurré Clairgeau ~- 6lardy » superfin Brown Beurré De Tongyres Louise Bonne of Jersey

November.

General Tottleben

Beurré Diel

Duchesse d’Angou- léme

Durondeau

Doyenné du Comice

Glou Morceau |

No. of Times Selected.

ae No

179

No. of Times Selected.

Graslin Pitmaston Duchess | Soldat Laboureur | Van Mons Léon Leclere

December.

Beurré Bachelier Anna Audusson Beurre d’ Anjou

| Chaumontel

| January to March.

| Bergamote Espéren | Beurré d’ Aremberg , deJonghe

of kanee | Chaumontel

| Duc de Morny

| Kaster Beurré

| Joséphine de

| Malines

} Olivier de Serres

Stewing Pears.

Catillac

Belle de Jersey

Bellissime d’Hiver |

Léon Leclere de | Laval

Spring Beurré |

Verulam

1 1 1

a ae ee Na)

bd

Ket bo

180

AUDIT OF THE PEARS SELECTED BY THE EXHIBITORS. PoLL TAKEN FOR THE WHOLE OF GREAT BRITAIN.

THOSE

OBTAINING ONLY ONE VOTE OMITTED.

DiItTTo, SHOWING TOTAL NUMBER OF DISHES OF THE SELECTED VARIETIES EXHIBITED.

Number of Exhibitors i Number of Returns from Haatiwieers

167 100

No. No, No. of [Votes. Dishes.

| No.of | No. of Votes.| Dishes.

Marie Louise Louise Bonne of Jersey Williams’s Bon Chrétien Jargonelle Glou Morceau Easter Beurré Winter Nelis | Beurré d’Amanlis Rance Diel

99

93

lines Beurré Superfin Ber ‘gamote d’ Ks- péren Doyennédu Comice

d’ Kté

+3

Pitmaston Duchess |

Knight’s Monarch

Passe Colmar

Beurré d Arem- berg

Duchesse d’ Angou- léme

Beurré Bachelier

Thompson's

Nec Plus Meuris

Citron des Carmes

Beurré Bose

Giffard

Hardy

”

9

| 69

|

| 64 | 63

| 62 Joséphine de Ma-

| | | |

|

Léon |

23

Comte de Lamy |

Seckle

Marie Louise d’Uccle

Napoléon

Autumn Bergamot |

Jersey Gratioh

Beurre Capiau- mont

Olivier de Serres

Beurré Sterckmans

Clapp’s Favourite

Huyshe’s Ber- gsamot

Passe Crassane

13

AUDIT OF PEARS SELECTED. 181

INo. of; No. of No. of| No. of jess Dishes. ope. Dishes.

Forelle 8 | 45 | Tyson 0 Hessel 7 | 10- | Croft Castle 11 Huyshe’s Victoria 7 | 50 | Délices d Harden- Doyenné Boussoch| 6 | 40 pont Pili 14 Hacon’s Incom- Doctor Trousseau | 2); 15

parable | 6| 87 | Flemish Beauty 2| 89 Baronne de Mello 4) 50 | Jean de Witte 2; 14 Crassane 4 | 17 | Marie Bendist Zee Eyewood 4} 19 | Muir Fowl’s Egg Dees Vicar of Winkfield 4 | 78 | Nouveau Poiteau 2| 40 Beurré Goubault 3| 4 | Nouvelle Fulvie 2] 18 Doyennéd’Alengon 38) 23 | St. Swithin 2 0 Duchesse de Bor- | | Soldat d’Espéren | 2/ 15

somption [say email, Bates 7a a | British Queen 2) 20 |

|

Pears for Orchard Culture.

No. of| No. of No. of| No. of ere Dishes. Votes.| Dishes. Williams’s Bon | | Jersey Gratioli 11 | 40 Chrétien | 50 | 13 |} Seckle AT 5 Louise Bonne of | | Beurré Clairgeau | 10 | 106 Jersey | 46 | 182 | Windsor 10 i BeurréCapiau- | | Aston Town get) fame le mont | 88 | 86, |Comtede Lamy | 9} 73 Hessel 80} 10 | Chaumontel eee. ane Beurré Diel 93/194 | Catillac | 7 | 108 Swan’s Egg | 21 | 87 | Lammas eve edaeatene) Jargonelle | 20; 4 | Winter Nelis ee Ga|slezil Marie Louise | 19 | 155 | Beurré Hardy | 5 | 74 Beurré d’Amanlis | 18 | 72 > 1 -Bose foie 57 Doyenné @Eté | 15 0 5, superfin 5 | 70 Bishop’s Thumb '13| 87 | Duchesse d’An- | Autumn Bergamot) 12 | 33 souléme rom wiaik Eyewood | 12 | 19 | Green Chisel for | ae

182, AUDIT OF PEARS SELECTED.

No.of} No. of No. of| No. of Votes.| Dishes. Votes.| Dishes. Nec Plus Meuris 4 | 73 | Doyenné du Althorp Crassane 3} 33 Comice 2 | 103 Beurré d’Aremberg) 38 80 | Emile d’Héyst 2| 26 Durondeau 3 | 40 | Fondante d’Au- HKaster Beurré ele IEIET/ tomne 2.) 44 Fertility 3 |. 10 | Grey Beurré 2 4 Josephine de | Marie Louise | Malines Veena) lel d’Uccle Qe oo Knight’s Monarch | 3 | 738 | Pitmaston Duchess} 2] 69 Verulam 3 | 383 | Souvenir du | Bergamote d’Hs- | Congres 2| 14 péren 2 | 112 | Suffolk Thorn 2) 14 Beurré Bachelier 2| 74 | Thompson’s Zu, 00 Broompark 2 | 20 | Worcester Silk ee) Crassane Vhté Di neal | Stewing Pears. No. of| No. of Mates Votes.| Dishes Votes.} Dishes. Catillac 72 | 108 | Beurré Clairgeau 2 | 106 Uvedale’s St. Churchyard 2 1 Germain 57 | 68 | Gilles-6-Gilles 2a At Bellissime d’Hiver | 27 | 88 | Belmont il i} Verulam 22; 33 | Besi d’Héry tea 3 Vicar of Winkfield} 21 | 78 {| Besi de Mai 1 5 Black Pear of | Chockley | eal 1 Worcester petal 8 | Duchesse d’Hiver 1 6 Beurré Rance 3 | 108 | Morel . del 4 Bishop’s ‘Thumb 3 | 87 | Prince Camille de Duchesse @’Angou-| » Rohan 1S eae léme 3 | 121 | Ramilhes Ripe 0 Grosse Calebasse 3) 9 9) Spanish?Bon Léon Leclere de | Chrétien 1 1 Laval 3 | 15 | Warden a il 3 Beurré Capiau- | | | mont ee | 86 | |

These returns are instructive as showing the appreciation in Which particular varieties are held throughout the country.

AUDIT OF PEARS SELECTED. 183 Marie Louise stands at the head of the list as the most popular Pear, having been selected 98 times out of a possible 100. Louise Bonne of Jersey is second favourite, having received 87 votes, closely followed by Williams’s Bon Chrétien for the third place, 86 votes. Of those exhibited at the Conference, Beurré Diel heads the list, 194 dishes of this variety having been staged, Marie Louise coming second, 155 dishes, and Louise Bonne of Jersey third, 132 dishes.

Amongst Pears suited for Orchard Culture, the popular variety is Williams’s Bon Chrétien, this having been selected 50 times; and, secondly, Louise Bonne of Jersey, 46 times; Beurre de Capiaumont third, 88 times; and of Stewing Pears, Catillac, Uvedale’s St. Germain, and Bellissime d’Hiver secured the highest number of votes respectively.

It may be noted that of the old-fashioned Pears, if we except the Jargonelle and Hessel, scarcely any of the others have merited a place, even for orchard cultivation; such varieties may therefore be considered as worthless and should be discarded.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

PEARS EXHIBITED

AT THE

NATIONAL PEAR CONFERENCE,

HELD IN THE

Roval Horticultural Society s Gardens, CHISWICK,

OC TO Bein, Lacs,

187

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

“1

10.

a.

OF

PHARS EXHIBITED AT THE’ CONGRESS.

. Abbeville, d’ (Jamin). Large, obovate; skin rough, bronzy

russet; a late stewing Pear.

. Adéle Lancelot (Rivers). Medium, pyriform; greenish-

yellow ; worthless ; October.

. Adolphe Folquét (R. H.§.). Medium ; smooth, orange-

yellow ; second-rate ; October.

. Aglae Grégoire (Rh. H.5.). Large, obovate ; yellow, with

russet ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; second-rate ;

October.

. Alexandre Bivort (Jefferies). Medium, obovate; long

stalk ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, flushed ; flesh white ; worthless; Christmas.

. Alexandre Lambré (R.H.58.). Regular pyriform; with

long stalk; orange-yellow, light russet; flesh melting, juicy, very pleasant; October. Generally of good quality ; great cropper.

. Alexandrine Douillard (R.H.8.). Small, pyriform ;

yellow, russetty flushed; flesh sweet, rather dry ; October.

. Alexandrine Mas (André Leroy). Small, pyriform,

irregular ; green, with numerous dark russet spots; flesh sweet, melting, and pleasant; March to May.

Allman’s Sussex Monster (Ford), see Uvedale’s St. Germain.

. Althorp Crassane. Medium, ovate; green; flesh white,

buttery, pleasant acid flavour; October. Second quality ; great cropper.

Amélie Leclerc (R.H.8.). Ovate; skin smooth, pale yellow ; flesh white, sweet, pleasant ; October.

America (Jamin). Medium, roundish; greenish-yellow, slight russet ; decays before melting ; worthless ; November.

2. Amiral Cécile (R.H.8.). Small, bergamot shape, large

eye; bronze-green; flesh soft, melting, sweet and rich ; generally good ; Christmas and January. :

188 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Of PEARS EXHIBITED.

Ananas (Veitch & Sons), see Poire d’ Ananas.

13. Andrew’s Pear (W. Paul & Son). Medium, pyriform ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow; flesh juicy, white, rich flavour ; October.

14. Andouille (André Leroy). Long tapering, small; yellow- orange; worthless ; October.

15. Angélique de Bordeaux (R. H. 8.). Bergamot shape ; orange-yellow russet; flesh dry; October.

16. Angélique Leclere (André Leroy). Medium, pyriform ; ereenish-yellow russet, flushed; flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant ; November.

17. Angora (André Leroy). Medium, roundish; long stalk; yellow russet; a stewing Pear.

18. Angleterre d’Hiver (Cornu). Medium, pyriform ; long stalk; greenish-yellow, with dark russet; January to March. A very pretty Pear.

19. Anna Audusson (Jamin). Small; greenish-yellow; flesh soft ; second-rate ; October.

20. Anna Nelis (Turner). Small, obovate; long stalk; skin smooth, green; resembles Joséphine de Malines ; late.

21. Antoine Delfosse (Rivers). Medium; greenish-yellow ; flesh watery, sweet ; second-rate ; October.

22. Aston Town (J. Dickson). Small, roundish obovate ; long stalk; greenish-yellow, covered with russetty dots; flesh white, buttery ; second-rate; October. A free bearer as a standard.

23. Auguste Mignard (Paul & Son). Long pyriform ; greenish russet ; November.

24. Auguste Royer (Pragnell). Small, pyriform ; yellow, with dark russet; flesh sweet, juicy, rather gritty at core; November.

25. Augustine Lelieur (W. Paul & Son). Long pyriform ; ereen, splashed with brown; flesh juicy; second-rate ; November.

26. Autumn Bergamot (Day). Small, round; greenish- yellow, flushed ; flesh pasty ; inferior ; October.

27, Autumn Beurré (Lacaille).

28. Autumn Colmar (Hartland). Small; yellow; worthless ; October.

29. Autumn Crassane (Pragnell). Obovate; greenish russet ; flesh very juicy, watery, somewhat acid; October.

33.

B4.

39.

40. . Belle Epine Dumas (Wildsmith). Medium, pyriform, eye

43.

44,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 189

. Autumn Nelis (Graham). Small, roundish; yellowish

russet ; flesh sweet, rich, musky flavour ; first-rate ; October.

. Avocat Allard (R.H.58.). Small, bergamot shape; yellow

russet ; flesh firm, sweet flavour ; Christmas.

. Balosse (André Leroy). Small, roundish; skin rough,

greenish-yellow ; stewing.

Baronne de Mello. Pyriform; grey russet; flesh very juicy, white, sweet ; October.

Basiner (Ross), see Charles Basiner.

Bastard Jargonelle (Davis, Worcester). Resembles Jargonelle in appearances ; useless; October.

Belle Alliance (Jamin), see Doyenné Sterckmans.

Belle aprés Noél (R.H.5.), see Belle de Noél.

Belle Angevine (André Leroy), see Uvedale’s St. Germain.

. Belle des Abres (Rivers). Large, obovate, irregular ; long

stalk; deep green; late stewing. Belle et Bonne d’Eté (Pragnell), see Belle de Bruxelles.

. Belle et Bonne de la Piérre (Pragnell). . Belle de Brissac (André Leroy). Large, obovate; green,

with rough brown russet ; flesh sweet, does not melt.

. Belle de Bruxelles (Cornu). large, oblate; long stalk ;

ereenish-yellow ; flesh half-melting ; fine showy appear- ance ; worthless ; October.

Belle du Craonnais (André Leroy). Large, pyriform, irregular ; yellow, with grey spots; flesh white, very juicy ; a late stewing Pear ;

Belle d’Eeully (Sheppard).

wanting ; skin smooth, yellow, flushed; flesh firm, sweet ; second-rate ; Christmas. Belle d’Ezée (Wildsmith), see Bonne d’Hzée.

. Belle dIxelles (André Leroy). Medium, round; greenish-

yellow, with rough russet.

Belle Fondante (R. H. S.). Pyriform; greenish-yellow, netted with russet ; flesh firm, sweet, juicy, rich ; October.

Belle de Jersey (Cornu), see Catillac.

Belle Julie (R.H.8.). Small, long pyriform; rough, grey russet ; flesh white, melting, sweet, juicy, very pleasant; a

great cropper ; November.

. Belle Moulinoise (André Leroy). Medium, pyriform ;

green, covered with rough brown russet ; flesh half-melting, juicy, and pleasant ; January to March.

199

46,

47,

48.

49.

50.

51.

56.

68.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

Belle de Noel (G. Bunyard). Medium, short pyriform ; greenish-yellow, flushed; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet; December.

Bellissime d’Eté (Ormiston). Medium, pyriform ; thick stalk; greenish-yellow, flushed red; flesh firm, sweet; an early stewing Pear.

Bellissime d’Hiver. Large, roundish turbinate; skin smooth, shining, deep green, flushed deep rosy-red ; eye large; flesh white, firm ; a fine stewing Pear.

Belmont (W. Paul & Son). Small; greenish russet; inferior ; October.

Bénédictine (W. Paul & Son). Long pyriform ; greenish russet ; flesh firm, sweet, pleasant ; October.

Bergamot (Th. Bunyard), see Autumn Bergamot.

Bergamote d’Alencon (W. Paul & Son). Large, roundish ; greenish-yellow, with brown spots; flesh white, juicy, with little or no flavour ; January to March.

Bergamote d’AutOmne (André Leroy), see Autumn Bergamot.

. Bergamote Cadette (R. H. $.). Medium, roundish,

obovate ; greenish-yellow, reddish russet; flesh white, very juicy, melting, rich ; October and November.

. Bergamote Crassane (Pragnell). Large, oblate ; greenish-

yellow ; flesh brisk, sweet, pleasant ; October.

. Bergamote Dussart (André Leroy). Small, round;

ereenish-yellow; flesh melting, juicy; second-rate ; December.

. Bergamote d’Esperen. Medium, roundish, irregular;

ereenish-yellow, spotted with russet ; flesh buttery, melting, sweet, rich ; January to March.

Bergamote Fortunée (Jamin), see Fortunée de Printemps.

Bergamot, Gansel’s Late (Saltmarsh), see Gansel’s Late Bergamot.

Bergamote Gundrey (Newton). Round; greenish russet ; flesh pasty, little flavour; October.

. Bergamote Hertrick (R.H.5S.). Small, bergamot shape ;

uniform greenish russet; flesh juicy, melting, richly flavoured ; Christmas and January.

Bergamote de Jodoigne (R. H. 8.). Small, bergamot shape; yellow russet; flesh sweet, juicy, rather gritty but pleasant ; January to March.

59.

60.

61.

62.

64.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 191

Bergamote de Millepieds (R. H.S.). Round ; pale yellow ; flesh melting, buttery, sweet ; eye large, deep ; October. Bergamote Nonpareii(R.H.8.). Small, round bergamot

shape; bronzy russet ; flesh firm, sweet ; October. Bergamote de Paques (André Leroy), see Haster Bergamot. Bergamote de Parthenay (André Leroy). Medium, berga- mot shape ; dark yellow russet ; flesh yellowish, gritty, dry ; worthless ; January to March. Bergamote de la Pentecote (Cornu), see Easter Beurré. Bergamote Reinette (C. Ross). Medium, roundish; skin smooth, pale yellow; flesh dry, soon becoming “ sleepy ” ; inferior ; October.

. Bergamote Rouge (Cummins). Small, oblate or flattened ;

ereenish-yellow, dull brown on exposed side; flesh gritty, white, pleasant flavour; second-rate ; September.

Besi de Caen (André Leroy), see Léon Leclerc de Laval.

Besi de Chaumontelle (Jamin), see Chaumontel.

Besi d’Esperen (André Leroy). Medium, long pyriform ; ereenish-yellow, occasionally flushed ; flesh white, melting, buttery, sub-acid; second-rate ; November,

. Besi de lEchasserie (André Leroy). Large; pale yellow;

worthless ; October.

. Besi d’Héri (Turner). Small, round, with long stalk ; skin

smooth, yellow-flushed ; November. A stewing Pear.

. Besi de Louvain (R. H.5.). Large, uneven; yellow,

slightly spotted with russet ; flesh hard, does not melt, soon decays ; October.

Besi de Mai (Chesterfield). Medium, short pyriform, with large eye, surface uneven ; greenish-yellow; late stewing Pear.

Besi de la Motte (Pragnell). Small, round bergamot shape; green, almost covered with dark-brown russet ; October.

Besi de Quessoy d’Bté (R. H.58.), see Nutmeg.

Besi de Quessoy d’Hiver (André Leroy). Small, roundish ; long stalk ; russetty ; flesh dry, sweet ; worthless ; December.

Besi de St. Waast (André Leroy). Small, obovate; greenish-yellow ; flesh firm, somewhat dry, sweet, half- melting ; December. |

Besi Tardif(R. H.S.). Medium, bergamot shape ; greenish- yellow with bronzy spots; flesh white, juicy, astringent ; third-rate ; December.

192

Wc

82.

83.

84.

86.

87.

88.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

Besi des Vétérans (André Leroy). Large, turbinate ; yellow, much dotted with brown russet ; flesh half-melting, worth- less; October.

. Beurré Adam (R.H.5.). Small, short pyriform ; orange-

yellow, with russet ; flesh firm, sweet, good quality ; October. Beurré Albert (Paul & Son). Long pyriform; yellowish- russet ; flesh firm, sweet, dry; worthless ; November.

. Beurré Alexandre Lucas (R. H.S.). Medium, regular

pyriform ; flesh melting, juicy, pleasant, but not very rich; December. <A handsome Peay.

. Beurré Amande (Rivers).

Beurré d’Amanlis. Large, roundish obovate, irregular ; skin smooth, green, or greenish-yellow when ripe; flesh white, very tender, juicy; not highly flavoured, but plea- sant ; September. Very free cropper.

. Beurré d’Ananas (Haycock). Small, pyriform; skin

smooth, yellow, flushed on one side; flesh very juicy, sweet, half-melting, musky; mnferior ; November.

. Beurré d’Angouléme (Crump). . Beurré dAnjou (Cornu). Large, regularly obovate ;

ereenish-yellow, with patches of russet; flesh white, juicy, melting, rich and pleasant ; December.

Beurré d’Aremberg (of the French), see Glou Morgeau.

Beurré d’Aremberg. Medium, short pyriform, eye generally wanting ; greenish-yellow, frequently covered with light russet; flesh white, buttery, melting, brisk, acid ; November.

Beurré de l’Assomption (Thurstan). Large, obovate, irre- gular; yellow, flaked with russet; flesh melting, juicy, musky; second-rate; September.

Beurré Auguste Benoit (Veitch & Sons). Small; yellow; third-rate ; October.

. Beurré d’Avoine (André Leroy). Medium, roundish, irre-

gular; yellow; flesh white, half-melting; January. A stewing Pear.

Beurré Bachelier. Large obovate ; skin smooth, greenish- yellow ; flesh white, somewhat pasty, juicy ; second-rate ; November.

Beurré Baltet (Turner). Large, obovate; skin smooth, ereenish-yellow; flesh juicy, sweet, somewhat watery ; December.

Beurré Baltét Pére (Pragnell).

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 1938

Beurré Beauchamp (W. Paul). Long pyriform; dull- brown russet.

Beurré Beaumont (R.H.S.), see Besi de St. Waast. Beurré des Béguines (André Leroy). Small, round bergamot shape; skin covered with russet; flesh coarse, juicy, sweet and pleasant ; September.

Beurré Benoit (J. Veitch), see Beurré Auguste Benoit. Beurré Berckmans (Lee & Son). Long pyriform ; yellow, flaked russet; flesh gritty, briskly-flavoured, plea- sant; second-rate ; November.

Beurré Bolbec (André Leroy). Small, pyriform; yellow russet ; flesh firm, sweet, decays at core ; October. Beurré de Bollwiller (André Leroy). Medium, roundish ; yellow russet, flushed rosy red; flesh melting, and some- times richly flavoured ; a late Pear.

Beurré Bose. Large, long pyriform; skin of a uniform yellow russet, surface bossed; flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant; first-rate; October and November.

. Beurré Bretonneau (Jamin). Medium, obovate ; greenish-

yellow, with rough brown russet ; flesh half-melting, juicy ; second-rate; a late dessert Pear.

Beurré Bronzé (André Leroy). Small, ovate; bronzy russet ; flesh hard, not melting ; December.

Beurré Brown (Crump), see Brown Beurré.

Beurré Buisson (Ingram). Long pyriform ; warm russet ; fleshy stalk ; melting, juicy, sweet ; good ; December, Beurré Burnick (R. Veitch). Short pyriform; yellow russet ; flesh firm ; second-rate; October.

Beurré de Caen (Spivey). Roundish obovate; yellow,

- russetty, flushed; short stalk; flesh firm, dry, sweet;

worthless ; late.

Beurré de Capiaumont. Small, pyriform; greenish- yellow, almost covered with cinnamon-coloured russet ; flesh firm, not melting ; second-rate ; October.

Beurré du Cercle (Leroy). Large, long pyriform, some- what twisted, irregular ; long stalk ; skin smooth, greenish- yellow; flesh melting, very juicy, sweet and pleasant ; November and December.

Beurré des Charneuses (R. H. 8.), see Fondante des Charneuses.

Beurré Chatenay (André Leroy). Medium, obovate ;

greenish-yellow, flushed; flesh firm, sweet ; November. N

194

103.

104.

105. 106. 107.

108.

109.

| 110. 111. 112. 113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

Beurré Clairgeau. Large, long pyriform, curved ; skin yellow, sometimes russetty, flushed red; flesh half- melting ; handsome, but second-rate ; November.

Beurré Coloma (Pragnell). Small, obovate; bronze flushed ; second quality ; Christmas.

Beurré Defays (Rh. H.8.). Medium, pyriform ; yellow, with large brown russet spots; flesh melting, juicy, sweet ; October.

Beurré Derouineau (André Leroy). Small; bronzy russet ; flesh yellow, somewhat pasty, sweet musky flavour ; second-rate ; November.

Beurré Diel. Large, obovate; greenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh melting, somewhat gritty, rich and pleasant ; November.

Beurré Duhaume (Rh. H.8.). Medium, broad pyriform ; golden russet flushed ; flesh firm, SOane wines eritty, sweet ; second-rate ; Ne@nlior

Beurre Dumas (Jamin), see Du Mas.

Beurré Dumont (Jamin). Large, roundish obovate ; grey russet; flesh buttery, sweet, melting ; a good Pear ; October.

Beurré Dumortier (Rivers). Long pyriform; yellow russet ; flesh white, gritty, sweet and pleasant.

Beurré Duval (Veitch & Sons). Long; pale greenish- yellow ; flesh white, juicy, watery; inferior ; October. Beurré d’Espéren (Cheal). Medium, pyriform ; greenish- yellow, flushed ; flesh melting ; inferior ; October. Beurré Fidéline (André Leroy). Small, obovate; greenish-yellow ; worthless ; December.

Beurré Flon (André Leroy). Large, obovate; greenish- yellow russet; flesh buttery, juicy, wanting in flavour ; October.

Beurré Foucqueray (Veitch & Sons). Large, obovate ; ereenish-yellow russet ; October.

Beurré Gendron (Cornu). Large, obovate, irregular ; yellow, flushed; flesh white, firm ; second-rate; January to March.

Beurré Ghélin (W. Shepperd). Small; yellow; juicy, gritty ; mferior ; October.

Beurré Goubault (Turner). Medium, roundish; green, with grey russet spots; flesh white, half-melting, sweet and good; September.

ig).

120.

121.

124.

127.

128.

129.

130.

151. 132.

133.

184.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED, 195

Beurré Gray (Pearson), see Grey Beurré.

Beurré Gris (Rh. H.§8.). Regular, pyriform ; light-orange russet, resembles an early Beurré Diel; flesh juicy, sweet, pleasant ; October.

Beurré Gris d’Hiver (R. H..8.). Pyriform; bronze russet throughout; flesh firm, dry, seldom melting ; March. Beurré Gris d’Hiver Nouveau (Jamin). Large, roundish obovate, irregular ; yellow russet ; flesh melting, very juicy, sweet and good ; December.

. Beurré Gris de Lucon (Smith, Worcester), see Beurré

Gris d’Hiver Nouveau. Beurré d’Hardenpont (Jamin), see Glou Morceau.

. Beurré d’Hardenpont d’AutOmne (André Leroy).

Long pyriform ; greenish-yellow, with russet ; flesh yellow, juicy, rather gritty ; October.

Beurré Hardy. Large, obovate; greenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh melting and very juicy, richly flavoured ; October.

. Beurré Haymaker (Davis, Ledbury).

Beurré Hertrick (Chesterfield), see Bergamote Hertrick.

. Beurré Hilliers (Cummins). Medium, roundish obovate ;

skin rough, greenish-yellow, freckled with russet; flesh melting, juicy ; third-rate; Christmas.

Beurré Jean Van Geert (André Leroy). Small; greenish russet; flesh greenish, firm; second-rate ; October. Beurré de Jonghe (R. H. §.). Medium, pyriform, regular; short stalk ; greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh melting, sweet, richly flavoured ; December and January. Beurré Kennes(R.H.S.). Medium, roundish pyriform ; skin rough, brown russet; flesh half-melting, juicy and sweet; second-rate ; decays at core; November.

Beurré Knox (Cornu). Medium, obovate; greenish- yellow, flushed; flesh white, half-melting, pleasant ; October.

Beurré Laird (Paul & Son). |

Beurré Langelier (Roberts). Medium, pyriform, irregular ; greenish-yellow, flushed crimson; flesh buttery, melting, richly flavoured ; December and January.

Beurré Lefevre (R. H.S.). Large, roundish obovate ; greenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh rather gritty, but sweet and richly flavoured; October.

Beurré Léon Leclere (Shingles). Medium, obovate ;

Nn 2,

196

135.

138.

139.

140.

141. | 142. 143. 144. 145. 146.

147. 148.

149. 150.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

skin smooth, yellow, with large russet spots; flesh white, melting, without flavour ; November.

Beurré Loisel (R.H.8.). Long pyriform ; skin smooth, pale yellow; flesh white, melting; very juicy, sweet; second-rate ; October.

. Beurré Long (Symon).

Beurré de Lucon (Jamin), see Beurré Gris dHiver Nouveau.

. Beurré Luizet (Jamin). Very large, long pyriform ;

skin smooth, greenish-yellow, flushed ; flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and good; Christmas.

Beurré Magnifique (W. Smith), see Beurré Diel. Beurré Moiré (Paul & Son). Short pyriform ; greenish- yellow russet ; flesh yellow, firm, somewhat gritty, sweet ; worthless ; December.

Beurré Mondelle (R.H.8.). Small, pyriform; yellow russet ; flesh firm, yellow, sweet, pleasant; October. Beurré Montgeron (Colville Browne). Short pyriform ; orange-yellow, flushed red; flesh firm, dry, not melting ; December.

Beurré Nantais (R. H.8.). Long pyriform ; skin smooth, pale yellow ; flesh white, melting ; second quality ; October. Beurré Navez (Pragnell). Obovate; greenish-yellow russet ; flesh juicy, watery, no flavour ; October.

Beurré Nivelles (Rivers). Medium, roundish obovate ; greenish-yellow russet, flushed ; second-rate ; November. Beurré Noirchain (Jamin), see Beurré Rance.

Beurré Nonpareil (R.H.58.).

Beurré Perpétuel (Shepperd).

Beurré Perrault (R.H.8.), see Duchesse de Bordeaux. Beurré pointillé de roux (André Leroy). Small, roundish ; greenish-yellow, with numerous russet dots ; flesh white, half-melting ; worthless ; November.

Beurré Quetier. Large, oblate.

Beurré Rance. Long pyriform, regular; green, fre- quently covered on one side with brown russet; flesh green, somewhat gritty, but crisp and extremely juicy, sometimes very rich ; December.

Beurré Reckenghem (Jamin).

Beurré Robin (Harding).

Beurré Rouge (Saltmarsh), see Beurré Gris.

154.

155.

Lb.

IMGT.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 197

. Beurré Saint Amand (André Leroy). Small ; greenish-

yellow ; worthless ; October.

. Beurré Saint Mare (André Leroy). Small, ovate; skin

smooth, green ; flesh white, pasty; third-rate ; November.

. Beurré Sanspareil (Warner). Large, obovate; orange

russet; flesh firm, dry, not melting ; November.

Beurré Santalette (R.H.8.), see Doyenné Gris. Beurré Six (Jamin). long pyriform; skin smooth, green, bossed; flesh green, very melting, juicy; third-rate ; November.

Beurré Spae (Turner). Pyriform; yellow russet, flushed ; flesh juicy, melting, sweet and rich; October.

Beurré Spence (W. Paul & Son), see Flemish Beauty. Beurré Sterckmans, see Doyenné Sterckmans.

. Beurré Superfin. Above medium, obovate; greenish-

yellow, with brown russet; flesh very melting, sub-acid and rich fiavour ; first-rate; November.

. Beurré Thouin (Wildsmith). Greenish-yellow russet ;

flesh gritty ; decays very quickly ; October.

. Beurré Van Driesche (Rivers). Medium, pyriform ; dark

yellow russet; flesh half-melting, good flavour; February. Beurré Van Mons (Cummins), see Baronne de Mello.

. Beurré Vert Tardif (André Leroy). Long, pyriform. . Beurré Vert de Tournai (André Leroy). Medium,

round, greenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh half- melting, sweet; second-rate; November. A stewing Pear. Beurré de Wetteren (W. Paul & Son). Large, roundish ; ereen, flushed with russet and spotted; flesh half-melting,

little flavour ; October.

. Bicolor d’Hiver (Rivers). Medium, roundish; skin

smooth, pale green, flushed bright scarlet ; late stewing Pear.

. Bijou (Shepperd). . Bishop’s Thumb. Long tapering, pyriform; dark russet ;

flesh firm, white, melting, pleasant and sweet; December.

. Black Achan (Day). Medium, short pyriform; greenish-

yellow, bronzy russet; flesh hard, dry, worthless ; October.

. Black Pear of Worcester (Rivers). Large, obovate; skin

rough, brown russet; flesh hard, gritty; a coarse stewing Pear ; December.

Black Warden (Coombes), see Black Pear of Worcester. Blanc Perne (Breese). Small, pyriform; green, flushed red ; a late stewing Pear.

198

168.

169.

NLA Ths

178.

Lie)

180. 181.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

Bloodgood (Pragnell). Small; green, with russet ; fiesh juicy, sweet; second quality ; September.

Bon Chrétien Fondante (H. W. Ward). Small; green ; worthless ; December.

Bon Chrétien d’Hiver (André Leroy), see Winter Bon Chrétien.

Bon Chrétien Prévost (Paul & Son), see Prévost.

Bon Chrétien de Rance (Jamin), see Beurré Rance. Bon Chrétien Ture (Haycock), see Flemish Bon Chrétien. Bon Chrétien Vernois (Cornu), see Flemish Bon Chrétien.

. Bonne d’Anjou (André Leroy). Large, obovate; greenish-

yellow flushed ; surface bossed, like Duchesse d’Angouléme ; flesh firm, rather dry, sweet; October.

. Bonne d’Ezée. Large, long pyriform; yellow, with

russet spots; flesh white, half-melting and juicy ; second- rate ; November. Bonne de Jersey (Sanders), see Louise Bonne of Jersey.

. Bonne de Malines (Jamin). Medium, short pyriform ;

greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh very melting, juicy, sweet and pleasant ; good; November.

. Bon Roi René (Saltmarsh). . Bouvier Bourgmeister (R.H.8.). Long pyriform ;

greenish-yellow russet ; flesh buttery, rich, sweet; October.

. Bowood (R.H.8.). Round, somewhat lke Swan’s Egg ;

ereen ; flesh greenish-white, pasty ; October.

. Brindamour (André Leroy). Small, pyriform; skin

rough, bronze, with russet; flesh very juicy, melting, rich ; November.

British Queen (Breese). Medium, pyriform; orange- yellow, skin smooth; flesh melting, somewhat acid ; medium quality, rather pretty ; October.

Brockworth Park, see Bonne d’Ezée.

Bronzée d’Enghien (André Leroy). Skin rough, bronze russet ; flesh dry, bitter ; worthless ; October. Broompark. MRoundish obovate, irregular; yellow, splashed russet; flesh firm, sweet, melting ; second-rate ; November and December.

Brown Bergamot (Lacaille).

Brown Beurré. Large, obovate; green, with brown russet ; flesh melting, buttery, sweet and rich ; October.

‘Brown Hazel (Lacaille), see Hessel.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187. 188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 199

Bunyard’s Baking (G. Bunyard). Resembles Franc Réal; a late stewing Pear.

Cadet de Vaux (André Leroy). Medium, roundish ; yellow, with dark russet; flesh very juicy, melting and good ; January to March.

Caillot Rosat (C. Browne). Medium, pyriform; skin smooth, greenish-yellow; fiesh sweet, juicy, melting ; August.

Cairheen Bergamot (Howe), see Winter Crassane. Calebasse (Breese). Long, irregular; yellow, with grey russet ; flesh half-melting, juicy; second-rate ; October. Calebasse de Bavay (André Leroy). Long, irregular ; greenish-yellow russet; flesh white, very juicy and rich ; December.

Calebasse Boisbunel (Chesterfield).

Calebasse Bose (Cole). Medium, long ; yellow, covered with grey russet; flesh melting, juicy, sweet; second- rate ; October.

Calebasse Carafon (Haycock), see Grosse Calebasse. Calebasse d’ Eté (Poynter). Medium, pyriform, greenishi- yellow, with brown russet; flesh white, half-melting, sweet and good ; September.

Calebasse Grosse (G. Bunyard), see Grosse Calebasse. Calebasse Oberdieck (André Leroy). Long; greenish- yellow, splashed with russet; flesh firm, dry; worthless ; October.

Calixte Mignot (Turner). Long pyriform, with long slender stalk; skin smooth, pale green; flesh melting, very juicy; not good ; November.

Caroline Hogg (W. Paul & Son). Medium, bergamot shape; skin covered with thick brown russet, flushed on one side; flesh juicy, sweet, melting and rich ; December. Castelline (André Leroy). Small, short pyriform ; yellow, freckled russet; flesh yellow, juicy, somewhat astringent ; November.

Catillac. Large, roundish; green, flushed; one of the best stewing Pears; December to April.

Catinka (R.H.S.). Long; greenish-yellow; flesh gritty, somewhat acid; second-rate ; October.

Certeau d’Hiver (Jamin). Small, pyriform; greenish- yellow, with russet; not melting; late stewing Pear. Chancellor (Veitch & Sons). Medium, pyriform; skin

200

198.

19:

200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

206. 207. 208. 209.

210. Dale

212.

213.

216.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

rough, greenish-yellow, with brown spots; flesh white, juicy, melting; October.

Chantry Seedling (R. H.S.). Small, obovate ; greenish- yellow russet ; a late stewing Pear.

Chaptal (R. H.8.). Large, obovate, greenish-yellow russet , flesh white, juicy; a good stewing Pear; December to April. Charles d’Autriche (R. Veitch). Oblate; green; flesh firm ; very inferior quality ; October.

Charles Basiner (G. Bunyard). Long pyriform ; skin smooth, pale yellow; flesh white, half-melting; poor quality ; October.

Charles Ernst (W. Shepperd).

Charles Van Mons (R.H.58.). Short pyriform; skin smooth, greenish, pale; flesh watery, soft ; October. Charlotte de Brouwer. Small; greenish-yellow russet ; flesh juicy, acid; October. |

Chaumontel. Medium, irregular ; skin rough, greenish- yellow, flushed bronze; flesh hard, half-melting ; good for stewing ; December and January.

Cherimoyer (Jenkins). Small; pale yellow, flushed ; second quality ; October.

Chockley (Matthews).

Choisnard (André Leroy).

Christie (Drummond). Medium, roundish; greenish-yellow, with reddish russet ; flesh hard, dry ; worthless; December. Churchyard (Matthews).

Citron (Dance). Small, ovate; deep green; very little flavour; January.

Colmar (Divers, Maidstone). Medium, short pyriform ; skin smooth; greenish-yellow, with grey russet; flesh juicy, melting, sweet and richly-flavoured ; November and December.

Colmar d’Aremberg. Large, obovate, irregular ; greenish- yellow, with russet; flesh melting, juicy, pleasant, acid ; second-rate ; October.

. Colmar Artoisenet (André Leroy).

Colmar d’Auch (André Leroy), see Old Colmar.

. Colmar d’Eté. Small, roundish, obovate; skin smooth,

greenish-yellow ; fiesh melting, sweet ; September. Colmar des Invalides (André Leroy), see Colmar Van Mons.

Colmar de Mars (André Leroy). Small, roundish ;

2A.

218.

2ES:

220.

221.

222.

223.

224.

226. 227.

228.

229.

230.

231.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 201

greenish-yellow russet; flesh very juicy, sweet, rather gritty, but pleasant; March.

Colmar Tardif (R. H.8.). Resembling Passe Colmar ; does not ripen.

Colmar Van Mons (Barker). Medium, oblong, irregular ; greenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh very juicy, without flavour ; does not ripen.

Columbia (Wildsmith). Small, ovate; greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh pasty ; sccond-rate ; October. Commissaire Delmotte (Sanders).

Comte de Flandres. Long pyriform; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, flushed; large prominent eye; flesh firm, sweet; Christmas. . Comte de Lamy. Small, roundish or oblate; greenish- ‘yellow, flushed russet ; flesh firm, melting, juicy and rich ; October.

Comte de Paris. Medium, pyriform; skin rough, greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh juicy, rather gritty but pleasant ; second-rate ; November.

Comtesse de Chambord (André Leroy). Short obovate ; yellow, freckled russet; flesh green; melting, juicy, acid ; November.

Conseiller de la Cour, see Maréchal de la Cour.

. Cordier (André Leroy). Medium, pyriform; skin rough,

orange russet ; flesh firm, not melting.

Cox’s Warden (Veitch & Sons), see Warden.

Crassane (Cheal), see Old Crassane.

Crassane d’Hiver (Forbes), see Winter Crassane. Cripple Sailor (Symon).

Croft Castle (Burnett). Medium, ovate; greenish-yellow, with large spots of russet; flesh juicy, sweet and pleasant ; November.

Cross (André Leroy). Medium, roundish ; yellow russetty ; flesh white, half-melting, sweet and pleasant ; November. Curé, see Vicar of Winkfield.

Curé Carnoy (Rivers). Bergamot shape ; greenish russet ; flesh green, pasty ; inferior.

Daimio (Japanese Pear) (Haycock). Small, roundish ; very long stalk; pale orange, punctated; flesh hard, not melting.

Dana’s Hovey. Small, obovate; greenish-yellow, with pale russet ; flesh melting, sweet and rich ; November.

202

232.

233.

234.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

240.

241.

242.

2438.

244.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS. EXHIBITED.

De Bavay (R. H.8.). Small, oval; yellow russet; flesh dry, acid, worthless ; October.

De Glace (André Leroy), see Virgouleuse.

De Lamartine (R. H.8S.). Small, short pyriform ; uniform grey russet ; flesh firm, gritty, sweet ; second-rate ; October and November.

Délices d’Angers (Miller), see Délices d’Hardenpont d’ Angers.

Délices de Froyennes (Rivers). Medium, ovate ; yellowish russet ; flesh juicy, melting ; second-rate ; October. Délices d’Hardenpont (Turner), see Délices d’Harden- pont d’ Angers.

Délices d’Hardenpont d’Angers (André Leroy). Medium, obovate; reddish russet; flesh yellowish, very melting and juicy, richly flavoured ; November.

Délices de Jodoigne (André Leroy), Medium, pyriform ; yellow, covered with brown russet; flesh half-melting ; sweet; second-rate ; October.

Délices de la Meuse (R. H.S.). Medium, oval; long stalk, large eye ; skin smooth, green ; worthless; February. De Maraise (RK. H.8.). Medium, obovate, regular; skin smooth, russet, flushed on one side; flesh melting, juicy and good ; October.

De Mont Vernon (Rivers). Long pyriform; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, flushed red; flesh greenish, some- what gritty, acid; not good.

Des Deux Sceurs (R.H.8.). Large, pyriform, irregular ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh juicy, melting and sweet ; November. Resembles Marie Louise ; great cropper.

De Tongres (Cornu), see Durondeau.

Devil’s Pear (Lacaille). Medium, roundish obovate, irregular ; dark-green, bronzed; flesh hard, not melting. D’Hommeée (André Leroy). Small, ovate ; greenish russet, flushed on one side ; flesh juicy, somewhat pasty, acid ; November.

Dieudonné Anthoine (André Leroy). Medium, roundish, pale yellow ; flesh juicy, watery, worthless ; October. Dillen, see Maréchal Dillen.

Directeur Alphand. Very large, long pyriform, irregular; long stalk; skin smooth, green, covered with patches of russet ; does not ripen freely.

245. 246. 247.

248.

249.

250.

251.

252.

253.

254.

255.

256,

257.

258. 259.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 208

Dix (André Leroy). Long, greenish yellow, with russet ; flesh soft, melting, with little flavour ; first quality ; October. Docteur Bourgeois (Shepperd).

Docteur Lentier (Pragnell). Medium, short pyritorm ; orange russet ; flesh firm, dry, sweet ; Christmas. Docteur Lindley, see Docteur: Lentier.

Docteur Nelis (R. H.S.). Small, round; yellow; flesh sweet, musky, pleasant ; October.

Docteur Pigeaux (Cornu). Medium, round; yellow, freckled with russet ; flesh firm, not melting ; November. Docteur Porlus, see Sorlus.

Docteur Reeder (R. H. 8.). Small, ovate; yellowish ; flesh white, melting, fine flavour ; October.

Docteur Trousseau (Wildsmith). Medium, pyriform ; greenish russet, flushed ; flesh firm, half-melting ; inferior ; October.

Dorothée Couvreur (W. Shepperd).

Dorothée Nouvelle Royale (Cummins). Small, pyriform ; greenish-yellow, fiushed; flesh sweet, musky, rather dry ; second-rate ; October.

Downham Seedling (Davis, Worcester), see Hacon’s Incomparable.

Doyen Dillen (André Leroy). Medium, pyriform; skin rough, yellow russet; flesh melting, very juicy and rich ; November.

Doyenné d’Alencon. Medium, ovate; greenish-yellow, russet; flesh juicy, melting, rather gritty, but sweet and rich; January.

Doyenné d’Angers (R. H. §.), see Doyenné du Comice. Doyenné Blanc, see White Doyenné.

Doyenné Boisnard (Jamin). Medium, round ; greenish- yellow, with reddish russet ; flesh white, melting, very juicy, sweet and excellent ; November.

Doyenné Boussoch, Large, obovate; pale yellow, with large russet specks; flesh mealy, wanting in flavour ; October and November. A handsome Pear, soon becomes mealy.

Doyenné du Cercle (André Leroy), see Beurré du Cercle. Doyenné Clément (Wright).

Doyenné du Comice, Large, pyriform or obovate ; greenish-yellow, flushed and freckled with brown russet ; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet and rich ; November.

265.

266.

267.

268.

278.

274.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

. Doyenné du Comice d’Angers (Jamin), see Doyenné du

Comice.

. Doyenné Defays (R. H. 8.). Small, roundish ovate ;

orange-yellow ; flesh sweet, firm, rich and good ; October.

. Doyenné Flon Ainé (André Leroy). Medium, obovate;

greenish-yellow ; flesh buttery, juicy, acid; second-rate ; October.

. Doyenné Goubault (Jamin). Medium, obovate; pale

yellow, with russet ; flesh melting, juicy and rich ; January.

. Doyenné Gris. Medium, obovate; greenish-yellow

russet ; flesh white, melting, buttery and rich ; November. Doyenné d’Hiver, see Easter Beurré.

Doyenné d’Hiver Nouveau (Jamin), see Doyenné d’Alengon.

Doyenné Jamin (Jamin). Medium, oboyate ; skin smooth, green, with thin brown russet; late stewing Pear. Doyenné de Janvier (Rivers), see Easter Beurré. Doyenné de Malines (Jamin).

Doyenné Nelis (Miles), see Dr. Nelis.

Doyenné Perrault (R. H.8.), see Duchesse de Bordeaux. Doyenné Rouge (Clément), see Doyenné Gris.

Doyenné Sieulle (Cummins). NRoundish; pale yellow, flushed ; flesh firm, pleasant, little flavour ; October. Doyenné Sterckmans. Medium, pyriform, regular; greenish-yellow, flushed bright red on one side; flesh firm, sweet, second-rate ; December.

Doyenné Superfin (Miller), see Beurré Superfin.

. Drummond (Lacaille). . Du Congrés Pomologique (Pragnell). Small, obovate ;

orange-yellow; flesh melting, juicy and _ pleasant; November.

. Ducde Morny (R.H.8.). Large, short obovate ; greenish,

with brown russet; flesh juicy, sweet; December.

. Duc de Nemours (Jamin). Large, obovate ; yellow, with

numerous russet spots ; flesh white, buttery, melting, sweet and very rich ; December.

Duchesse d’Angouléme. Large, roundish obovate, surface bossed ; greenish-yellow, with patches of russet ; flesh white, sub-acid, melting ; November.

Duchesse de Bordeaux (G. Bunyard). Large, oblate ; yellow, almost entirely covered with pale brown russet ; flesh juicy, melting and richly flavoured; January.

275.

276.

277.

278.

279.

280.

281.

282.

283.

284.

286.

287.

288.

289.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 205

Duchesse de Brabant (R.H.5.) Ovate; yellow, netted russet; flesh firm, sweet, juicy ; October.

Duchesse Bronzée (André Leroy) A bronze-coloured counter-part of Duchesse d’Angouléme.

Duchesse Héléne d’Orléans(R.H.S.). Long pyriform; yellow; flesh firm, somewhat musky; second-rate ; October.

Duchesse d’Hiver (Rivers). Large, obovate ; long stalk ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, covered with light russet ; stewing.

Duchesse de Mars (Ingram). Medium, obovate ; yellow russet, flushed ; flesh juicy, melting ; worthless ; November. Duchesse de Mouchy (Cornu). Large, oblate ; pale yellow russet, with patches of brown; flesh half-melting and pleasant ; second-rate; February.

Duchesse d’Orléans (Spivey), see Duchesse Héléne d’ Orleans.

Duchesse Précoce (Cummins). Large; orange-yellow ; flesh acid, somewhat gritty ; second-rate ; October. Duhamel Dumongeau (André Leroy). Medium, long pyriform; yellow, almost covered with reddish russet ; flesh juicy, melting, very sweet ; November.

Du Mas (Pragnell). Large; pale-yellow; flesh juicy, white, sweet, pleasant ; October.

Dunmore (Rust). Medium, obovate; greenish russet, flushed; flesh white, buttery, melting and pleasant ; October.

. Durondeau. Large, long pyriform; pale russet, flushed

red, surface bossed; flesh firm, sweet, good; October and November.

Faster Bergamot (Palmer). Small, round, large eye; long stalk; greenish-yellow ; flesh somewhat gritty, dry, little flavour: Christmas.

Easter Beurré. Large, obovate; greenish-yellow, with patches of russet; flesh melting, juicy, tender, good ; December and January.

Echasseries (Crump), see Besi de ! Echasserie. . Edmund's (R.H.S.). Large, pyriform; pale yellow russet, uneven ; long stalk; flesh melting, somewhat acid ; October. Resembles Thompson’s.

Emile Bivort (R. H.S.). Large, oblate; orange-yellow russet ; flesh dry, sweet, inferior ; October.

206

290.

291.

292.

293.

300.

301.

302.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

Emile d’Héyst (Chesterfield). Medium, pyvriform ; greenish-yellow russet, flushed ; flesh juicy, melting, richly flavoured ; November.

Enfant Prodigue (Turner). Medium, roundish; pale yellow, with vems of russet; flesh melting, juicy; second-rate; January to March.

Epine du Mas (Veitch & Sons), see Du Mas. Excellente de Coloma (G. Bunyard). Large, short pyriform, regular; long stalk; skin rough, greenish- yellow ; a late stewing Pear.

Excellentissima (R. H.§.). Rouwndish; greenish-yellow russet; flesh firm, sweet, moderate quality ; October.

. Eyewood (Turner). Medium, round or bergamot shaped ;

sreenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh very juicy, melting, pleasant, acid; November.

. Fertility (Veitch & Sons). Medium, obovate; greenish

russet, flushed; flesh firm, moderately juicy ; October.

. Figue d’Alengon (Haycock). Long, pyriform, curved ;

greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh tinged green, firm, rather dry, but sweet and pleasant ; November. Figue d’Hiver (Divers, Stamford), see Figue d’Alengon.

. Figue de Naples (R. H.8.). Medium, long ovate; dark

green, with russet ; flesh somewhat astringent ; December and January.

. Fladbury (Veitch & Sons). . Flemish Beauty. Large, obovate; pale yellow, sometimes

almost covered with russet and flushed crimson; flesh buttery, melting and sometimes rich ; October.

Flemish Bon Chrétien (R. H. §8.). Large, obovate ; greenish-yellow russet; a stewing Pear; November to March.

Fondante d’Aut6émne. Medium, roundish; greenish- yellow, with brown russet; flesh white, melting, very juicy and rich; October.

Fondante des Bois (R. H.§.), see Flemish Beauty. Fondante des Charneuses (Wildsmith). Long pyriform, surface uneven; greenish-yellow; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, rich; October.

. Fondante de Chiniot (Veitch & Sons). Medium, pyri-

form ; warm russet ; flesh pasty; third-rate; October.

. Fondante du Comice (R. H. 8). Pyriform; pale

yellow; flesh sweet, very watery ; October.

305.

306.

307.

508.

309. 310.

311.

312.

313.

314.

315.

316.

317.

318.

319.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 207

Fondante de Cuerne (Davis, Maidstone). Large; yellow ; flesh somewhat dry, acid; second-rate; September and October.

Fondante de Malines (R. H. §.). Medium, round; long slender stalk; greenish-yellow, covered with warm russet; flesh white, firm, melting, shghtly astringent, but good ; November.

Fondante de Moulins Lille (André Leroy). Medium, pyriform ; dark green, with russet; flesh white, melting, juicy and pleasant; November.

Fondante du Panisel (Jamin). Large, roundish obovate; greenish-yellow, with russet, flushed; flesh firm, sweet; third-rate ; November.

Fondante de Paris.

Fondante Thiriot (Paul & Son). Obovate; long stalk; greenish-yellow; flesh white, melting, juicy ; first quality ; October.

Fondante Van Mons (Paul & Son). Small, roundish ; greenish-yellow; flesh juicy, melting and _ pleasant; October.

Forelle. Medium, pyriform; greenish-yellow, flushed and spotted on one side with brilhant red; flesh white, firm, with little flavour ; November.

Forest (Jamin). Small, pyriform; greenish-russet ; flesh hard, sweet; worthless; December.

Forme de Bergamote (R. H. 8.). Large, roundish; ereenish-yellow, russet; flesh dry, sweet; worthless; November.

Fortunée (Haycock), see Fortunée de Printemps. Fortunée Belge (Ingram). Medium, roundish; greenish russet ; flesh hard ; January.

Fortunée Boisselot (Haycock). Large, roundish; skin rough, greenish-yellow; flesh half-melting; little or no flavour; January.

Fortunée Parmentier (Dalrymple), see Fortunée de Printemps.

Fortunée de Printemps (André Leroy). Medium, roundish, uneven; seldom becomes melting; dark oreen. |

Fougeroux (André Leroy). Small; greenish-yellow, bronzed dark green with russet ; worthless; October. France Réal d’Hiver (W. Paul & Son). Medium,

208

336.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

short pyriform; greenish-yellow, with russet. A late stewing Pear.

. Frangipane (André Leroy). Medium; skin rough,

oreen ; flesh austere ; December.

. Fransman (Sanders). Medium, pyriform; flesh dry ;

worthless; October.

. Frédéric Clapp (Laxton). . Frédéric de Wurtemberg (W. Paul & Son). Long;

skin smooth, yellow; flesh melting, juicy; second-rate ; October.

. Frogmore Golden Russet (Turner). Roundish ovate ;

orange-yellow russet ; flesh hard, sweet ; October.

. Frogmore Swan’s Egg (Warner). Medium, round or

bergamot shaped; deep green, flushed.

. Fry’s Seedling (R. H. S.).

Fusée d’Hiver (Cole), see Figue d’Alengon.

. Gallow’s (R. Veitch). Small; russet; worthless; October. . Gansel’s Bergamot. Large, round; skin rough, yellow,

slightly flushed; flesh somewhat gritty, but very pleasant and richly flavoured ; October.

. Gansel’s late Bergamot (Saltmarsh). Medium, bergamot

shape; greenish-yellow, with patches of russet; flesh white, sweet and gritty.

. Gansel’s Seckle (W. Paul & Son). Small, roundish ;

ereenish-yellow; flesh sweet, musky, somewhat dry; October.

1. Gelson’s (Th. Bunyard). . Général Canrobert (André Leroy). Long pyriform ;

ereenish-yellow, with russet; flesh pasty, without flavour ; January.

. Général de Lourmel (André Leroy). Large, roundish ;

ereenish-yellow russet; flesh white, juicy, very melting and sweet; November.

. General Gordon (Henderson). Short, pyriform, regular ;

ereen russet; flesh firm ; handsome ; second-rate ; October.

. Général Lamoriciére (R. H.8.). Small, obovate; long

stalk; greenish-yellow, flushed; flesh dry; worthless ; November.

Général Tottleoen. Large, long obovate, with long stalk; pale green; flesh reddish, very juicy, melting ; excellent ; November.

. Gilles-6-Gilles (R. H. §.). Large, round; skin yellow

308.

340.

o44.

B45.

046.

847. 348, 349, 350. 351.

Bod.

303.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 209

russety; October and November. A _ fine stewing Pear.

Gloire de Binche (Rivers). Medium, obovate; greenish russet; flesh green, watery ; worthless ; October.

. Glou Morceau. Large, obovate, somewhat irregular ;

skin greenish-yellow, smooth; flesh white, buttery, melt- ing; November and December.

Goodall (Rh. H. 8.). Somewhat lke Beurré Clairgeau ; orange-yellow russet, flushed scarlet ; flesh dry, worthless ; October.

. Goutnap (Laecaille). . Gold Pear (Saltmarsh). Small, pyriform; skin orange-

yellow, smooth ; worthless late stewing Pear.

. Gracieuse (R. H. 8.). large, obovate, regular; skin

smooth, orange-yellow, with russet, flushed; a handsome late stewing pear. Graf Michner (Rh. H.5$.). Small, eye large; stalk long, greenish-yellow ; flesh melting, sweet; second quality; November. Graham’s Autumn Nelis (Graham), see Autumn Nelis. Grand Soleil (Thompson). Small, short pyriform ; skin smooth, orange russet; flesh white, firm, no flavour ; November. Graslin (Cornu). Large; greenish-yellow; flesh firm, juicy and rich ; October. Gratioli of Jersey, see Jersey Gratioli. Green Achan (Dr. Robertson). Obovate; green; flesh soft, pasty ; worthless ; October. Green Chisel (Hathaway). Small; green; fesh sweet ; October. Green Pear 0’ Yare (Drummond). Small; worthless. Grégoire (R. Veitch). Grégoire Bordillon (Selway). Large, roundish; pale yellow; flesh melting, very juicy and good; September. Grey Achan (Ormiston), see Black Achan. Grey Beurré (Paul & Son). Small, pyriform; greenish- yellow, with russet ; flesh dry ; third-rate ; November. Grey Crassane (Veitch & Sons). Small, roundish ; skin rough, freckled with russet;. flesh yellow, juicy, sweet; Christmas. Grey Doyenné (F. Dickson), see Doyenné Gris. Grey Hazel (Lacaille), see Hessel.

)

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

. Grey Honey (Lacaille). Small; worthless.

Groom’s Princess Royal, see Matthew’s Eliza.

. Gros Trouvé (Wildsmith). Large, pyriform ; skin rough,

deep green, flushed bronzy-red ; late stewing Pear.

. Grosse Quéue (André Leroy). Short, pyriform ; yellow,

flushed red; flesh very hard and dry; worthless ; November.

. Hacon’s Incomparable. Roundish obovate; greenish-

yellow; flesh white, halfmeltmmg, sweet; second-rate ; November.

7a. Hampden’s Bergamot. Large, round; short stalk ;

greenish-yellow, reddish spots ; white, half-melting ; second quality.

Hay’s Favourite (Davis), see Hacon’s Incomparable. Hazel (Reid), see Hessel.

. Hébé (Cornu). Large, oblate ; skin smooth, ereenish-

yellow ; flesh melting, very juicy ; third-rate ; December.

. Héléne Grégoire (R. H. 8.). Medium, roundish; pale

yellow; flesh dry, somewhat acid; inferior ; October.

. Héliote Dundas (Rh. H. §.). Short pyriform; yellow

russet, flushed bright scarlet ; flesh juicy, sweet, somewhat musky, good ; October.

. Henri IV. (R.H.5.). Medium, pyriform ; greenish-yellow

russet ; flesh melting, juicy, sweet and musky ; October.

. Henri Capron (R. H.5.). Long pyriform ; greenish-

yellow ; flesh pasty, astringent ; worthless; October.

3. Henri Decaisne (Paul & Son). Long pyriform; yellow

russet, flushed; flesh dry ; October.

. Henriette Bouvier (Cummins). Medium, obovate; long

stalk ; surface uneven, reddish russet; Mesh hard, dry, sweet; third-rate.

. Héricart de Thury (W. Paul & Son). Small, pyriform ;

skin rough, reddish russet; flesh halfmelting, decays at core, sweet, but worthless ; November.

. Hessel. Small, pyriform ; greenish-yellow, much spotted

with russet; flesh juicy, sweet and pleasant; October.

. Hospices d’Angers (André Leroy). Pyriform; yellow,

pale green ; flesh white, very firm, acid ; worthless ; October.

. Howell’s (R. H.8.). Pyriform ; pale yellow; flesh buttery,

juicy, rich ; October.

. Huyshe’s Bergamot. Large, ovate ; skin rough, russety ;

flesh melting, juicy ; good; October and November.

378. 379.

380.

381.

382.

383.

384. B85.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 911

. Huyshe’s Prince Consort. Large, long pyriform;

ereenish ; flesh soft, watery ; worthless; October.

. Huyshe’s Prince of Wales, see Huyshe’s Bergamot. . Huyshe’s Princess of Wales (G. Bunyard). Small,

obovate or pyriform; yellow, with patches of russet ; worthless ; November.

. Huyshe’s Victoria. Medium, ovate; greenish-yellow,

beautifully spotted or freckled with rosy red; flesh some- what pasty ; second-rate ; October.

. Impériale a Feuilles de Chéne (André Leroy). Small, ‘pyriform; dark greenish-yellow, with dark russet; flesh

sweet and juicy, but worthless; January to March.

. Inconnue (R. H. §.). Medium, pyriform; green, with

russet ; flesh firm, very juicy and rich; February. Inconnue Van Mons (G. Bunyard), see Inconnue. Ingram’s British Queen (Ingram), see British Queen.

. International (Veitch & Sons). Large; green; watery ;

inferior.

. Iris Grégoire (Rivers). Medium, roundish obovate ;

yellow-flushed ; thick stalk; eye large, open; flesh juicy, sweet, pleasant ; November. Jacob (André Leroy). Jalousie de Fontenay. Medium, pyriform; uniform light russet; flesh white, melting, buttery and rich; November. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendée (Pearson), see Jalousie de Fontenay. Jaminette (André Leroy). Small, pyriform; deep greenish-yellow, brown russet; flesh white, juicy, half- melting ; second-rate; January. Jane’s Seedling (Laxton). Small, pyriform; uniform yellow russet ; flesh dry ; worthless ; December. Jargonelle (Ormiston). Long pyriform; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, speckled and flushed ; flesh melting, very juicy and rich ; August. Jean de Witte. Roundish ; greenish-yellow russet ; flesh melting, buttery, sweet ; October. Jersey Chaumontel (Cornu), see Chaumontel. Jersey Gratioli. Medium, roundish; greenish-yellow, with dark, rough russet; flesh white, very melting, some- what gritty, but richly flavoured ; October. Jewess (W. Paul & Son), see La Juive.

0 2

212

386.

387.

388.

391.

392.

393.

398.

399.

400.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

John Mannington (W. Paul & Son). Small, pyriform ; green, slightly russetty ; a stewing Pear.

Joly de Bonneau (Rivers). Medium, obovate, irregular, eye very small; orange russet; flesh firm, watery ; third- rate; Christmas.

Joséphine de Malines. Short pyriform ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet; flesh of a pink tinge, buttery, melting, juicy, rich ; December. Always good.

. Jules d’Airolles (Jamin). Medium, pyriform, regular ;

grey, flushed bronze ; sweet and good ; October.

. Juvardeil (Shepperd). Small; yellow ; flesh dry ; worth-

less ; October.

Keele Hall Beurré (Turner), see Styrian.

Kieffer Seedling (Laxton). Large, obovate ; greenish- yellow, flushed; flesh half-melting; astringent; third quality.

Kilwinning (Drummond), see Bishop’s Thumb.

King Edward. Very large, pyriform, uneven; green, flushed with dull red on one side ; flesh dry, rather mealy, sweet ; October.

Kingsessing (Veitch & Sons). Large, roundish, regular ; orange-yellow, with bright brown russet; flesh sweet, somewhat gritty ; October.

. Knight’s Monarch. Medium, oblate; greenish-yellow,

with brown russet, and sometimes flushed crimson ; flesh buttery, melting and richly flavoured ; uncertain; December.

. Knott’s, or Lampton Pear (Woodbridge). Small; yellow

flushed ; worthless ; October.

. La Belle Sannier (W. Shepperd). Yellow russet ;

worthless ; October.

. La Géraldine d’Esquermes (R. H.8.). Small; orange-

yellow, with rough russet ; flesh gritty, sweet ; second-rate ; October.

La Juive (R.H.8.). Medium, obovate ; greenish-yellow, light russet; flesh somewhat pasty; second quality ; December.

La Quintinyé (R. H.S.). Medium, roundish; greenish- yellow, flushed russet; flesh white, half-melting, sweet ; second-rate ; March.

Laure de Glymes (Matthews). Small, pyriform ; pale

405.

406.

407.

408. 409.

410.

AA

412.

413.

414.

415.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 218

yellow, flushed scarlet; a pretty Pear; second quality ; October.

. Lawrence (André Leroy). Medium, roundish; greenish-

yellow russet; flesh melting, very juicy and rich; November.

. Lebrun (Rivers). Large, long, irregular; skin smooth,

pale yellow; flesh white, hard, no flavour ; October.

. Leclere Thouin (André Leroy). Short, obovate ; yellow

russet ; flesh dry ; third-rate; October.

. Léon Grégoire (R. H.8.). Long pyriform ; skin rough,

russetty; flesh greenish, soft, melting; second-rate; October and November.

Léon Leclere Epineux (André Leroy). Long pyriform, irregular; skin rough, greenish-yellow russet; not melting : December.

Léon Leclere d’Hiver (Jamin), see Catillac.

Léon Leclere de Laval (Chesterfield). Large, pyriform, long stalk; skin smooth, green; a very handsome stewing Pear. January to May.

Léopold I. (André Leroy). Large, round, surface uneven ; pale yellow ; flesh firm, somewhat gritty and dry, acid but pleasant ; November.

Lewis (R.H.8.). Small, ovate; green, flushed; flesh firm, somewhat gritty, sweet and pleasant ; December. Lieutenant Poidevin (R. H. §8.). Large, obovate, irregular ; yellow, with patches of brown ; a stewing Pear. Lizzie Mannington (W. Paul & Son). Medium, pyriform ; greenish russet; inferior; stewing.

Longue Verte Panachée (Saltmarsh), see Verte Longue Panachée.

Longueville (Ormiston). Large, obovate; greenish-yellow, flushed ; flesh very juicy, sweet and pleasant ; October. Louise Bonne de Printemps (R. H. §.). Medium, pyriform; greenish-yellow, flushed; flesh firm, half- melting ; third-rate; February.

Louise Bonne of Jersey, Medium pyriform; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, flushed and russetty ; flesh white, buttery, melting, richly flavoured ; October.

Louis Cappe (Jamin). Large, oblate; greenish-yellow, flushed ; flesh white, pasty; third-rate ; November. Louis Grégoire (R.H.§S.). Pyriform, uneven; greenish- yellow, with russet; flesh firm, gritty; inferior quality ; October.

214

416.

417.

418.

419.

421.

422. 423.

AOA, 425.

426.

428.

429.

430. 431.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

Louis Vilmorin (André Leroy). Medium, short pyriform; greenish, with brown russet, flushed; flesh white, melting, very juicy and good ; January.

Lucie Andusson (Cornu). Very large, long pyriform, irregular ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, bronzed; flesh melting, sweet ; December.

Lucy Grieve (W. Paul & Son). Small; yellow russet throughout ; flesh half-melting, juicy ; worthless ; October.

Lydie Thiérard (Rivers). Medium, short obovate, very irregular ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow ; flesh melting, very juicy, sweet and rich ; November.

. Madame André Leroy (André Leroy). Long; greenish-

yellow, covered with rough green russet; flesh melting, sweet, rich ; excellent; October.

Madame Bonnefonds (Jamin).. Medium, pyriform ; greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh juicy, gritty, sweet and pleasant flavour ; November. Madame de la Motte (André Leroy).

Madame Durieux (R.H.8.). Medium, round ; greenish- yellow, with patches of russet; flesh white, melting, buttery, wanting in flavour; November.

Madame Duvivier (R.H.S.).

Madame Eliza (André Leroy). Large, pyriform; long stalk ; greenish-yellow, with russet ; flesh melting, juicy and sweet ; second-rate ; November.

Madame Flon Ainé (Rivers). Small, roundish ; long stalk ; yellow, flushed; flesh firm, very dry, without flavour ; worthless.

. Madame Henri Desportes (André Leroy). Medium,

roundish ; skin rough, dark orange-yellow russet ; flesh buttery, juicy and rich. October and November. Madame Loriol de Barny (André Leroy). Medium, obovate; greenish-yellow, with brown russet; flesh very juicy and melting, richly flavoured ; December.

Madame Millet (Rust). Medium, pyriform; greenish- yellow ; flesh yellow, soft, melting ; January to March. Madame Navez (Pragnell).

Madame Treyve. Large, pyriform, or obovate; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, with slight russet, flushed with bright red; flesh white, melting, very juicy, sweet and rich ; September.

432.

433. 434,

435.

436.

437.

438.

439. 440.

441.

442.

443.

444,

445.

446.

447.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE Of PEARS EXHIBITED. 915

Mademoiselle Thérése Appert (livans), see Thérese Appert.

Madotte (R. H. S.). Medium, pyriform; yellow, very singularly flaked with golden russet; flesh gritty, rather dry ; second quality ; November.

Magnate (Rivers). Large, long pyriform; flushed ; flesh firm ; November.

Maggie Duncan (Lacaille). Small, long pyriform, with large eye; green; flesh sweet, dry ; October.

March Bergamot (W. Paul & Son). Medium, roundish ; dark yellow russet; flesh white, buttery and rich ; March.

Maréchal de la Cour. Large, pyriform; long stalk; skin greenish-yellow, with much russet; flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, with a rich sub-acid flavour ; November. Maréchal Dillen (R. H. §.). Large, obovate; skin smooth, greenish-yellow; flesh melting; no quality; October.

Maréchal Vaillant (G. Bunyard). large, roundish obovate ; greenish-yellow; flesh firm, poor quality, half- melting ; November.

Marguerite Tardive (Jamin).

Marie Benoist. Large, obovate, irregular; short, thick stalk ; greenish-yellow, splashed with russet ; flesh white, buttery, melting, good flavour ; November.

Marie Guisse (Rivers). Large, pyriform ; greenish-yellow, flushed ; flesh white, melting and pleasant ; February. Marie Louise. Long pyriform; skin smooth, greenish- yellow, sometimes russet; flesh melting, very juicy, sweet ; excellent ; November.

Marie Louise d’Uccle. Medium obovate; crange-yellow, with russet; flesh somewhat pasty, moderately juicy ; inferior; October. A great cropper.

Mariette de Millepieds (André Leroy). Medium, roundish obovate; greenish-yellow, with brown russet ; flesh white, half-melting ; second-rate ; March.

Martin Sec (André Leroy). Small, pyriform; reddish russet ; flesh firm, very dry; worthless.

Matthew’s Eliza. Medium, short pyriform ; greenish- yellow, rough; flesh firm, white, sweet; second quality ; December.

Maud Hogg (W. Paul & Son). Medium, obovate; skin

216

448,

449.

458.

459.

460.

461.

462. 463.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

covered with brown russet ; flesh juicy, sweet, buttery and rich ; December.

Meresia Nevil (W. Paul & Son). Medium, roundish; ereen, covered with dark russet; flesh half-melting, juicy and sweet; second-rate ; December and January. Messire Jean (André Leroy). Obovate; long stalk; skin rough, dark orange-yellow ; not melting ; October. Michel Archange, see Saint Michel Archange.

. Milan de Rouen (R.H.§.). Small, roundish; orange-

yellow; flesh soft, sweet ; inferior ; October.

. Monseigneur Affré (Pragnell). Medium, roundish ;

greenish-yellow russet; flesh rather dry, little flavour ; second-rate ; November. Monsieur le Curé, see Vicar of Winkfield.

452. Montmoris (Davies, Maidstone). . Morel (Rivers). Medium, obovate; yellow, with patches

of russet ; not melting.

. Mollet’s Guernsey Beurré (R. H. 8.). . Muir Fowl’s Egg (Ward). Small, roundish; green, with

russet ; flesh half-melting, sweet; November.

. Musette de Nancy (R.H.S.). Large, obovate; pale orange-

yellow russet ; flesh sweet, somewhat dry ; November.

. Napoléon. Medium, pyriform; skin soft, smooth, greenish-

yellow ; flesh white, melting, rather watery ; second-rate ; November.

Napoléon III. (Cornu). Large, obovate, surface bossed ; deep yellow, with russet; flesh white, very juicy and melting ; September, Octover.

Napoléon Savinien (Miller). Medium, pyriform ; bronze flushed; flesh firm, sweet, half-melting; January.

Navez Peintre (W. Paul & Son). Small, ovate ; greenish- yellow ; flesh white, juicy, melting and pleasant; October. Nec Plus Meuris (Hudson). Large, obovate, irregular ; greenish-yellow ; flesh white, melting, juicy; good ; December.

Nectarine (W. Paul & Son), see Baronne de Mello.

Nelis d’Automne, see Autumn Nelis.

Nelis d’Hiver, gee Winter Nelis.

Neuf Maisons (Cornu), see Beurré d’Anjou.

New Autumn (Palmer), see Napoléon.

Nicolas Eischer (Pragnell).

Nouveau Poiteau. Large, pyriform; irregularly bulged

464. 465.

466.

467.

468.

469.

470.

ATI.

472.

473.

474.

475.

476.

477.

478.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 217

on one side; greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh buttery, melting, very juicy ; November.

Nouveau Simon Bouvier (Pragnell).

Nouvelle Fulvie. Medium, pyriform ; yellow, covered with russet ; flesh melting, very juicy, richly flavoured ; December and January.

Nouveau Zéphirin (R. H. §8.). Small, roundish; skin smooth, green, flushed; flesh firm, sweet and pleasant ; December.

Nutmeg (R. H.§.). Small, pyriform; skin rough, coated with dark brown russet; flesh yellow, sweet, somewhat pasty ; October.

Oberdieck (R. H. §.). Medium, short pyriform; long stalk ; skin rough, greenish-yeliow ; a late stewing Pear. Octave Lachambre (André Leroy). Small, roundish ; surface bossed; dark yellow, with russet; flesh half- melting, very juicy, sweet; March to May.

Oken (André Leroy}, see Oken d’Hiver.

Oken d’Hiver (R. H. S.). Roundish, large eye; greenish yellow; flesh melting, sweet; decays at core ; November.

Old Bergamot (Davis, Worcester).

Old Brown Beurré (Howe). Small; greenish-yellow ; flesh juicy, rather gritty ; second-rate ; October.

Old Colmar. Medium, long pyriform ; skin rough, green, with russet ; flesh yellowish, melting, sweet and pleasant ; December.

Old Crassane. Medium, roundish; long stalk; green, flushed with russet ; flesh somewhat gritty, acid but pleasant ; second-rate ; November.

Old St. Germain (G. Bunyard), see St. Germain d’Hiver. Olivier de Serres (Haycock). Medium, roundish ; bronze russet ; flesh half-melting, sweet and rich; February. Onondago (R. H. §.). Medium, ovate; orange-yellow ; flesh dry, sweet ; worthless.

Orange Bergamot (C. Browne). Small, roundish ; skin smooth, pale green russet, flushed; flesh white, half- melting, juicy and pleasant ; September.

Orpheline d’Enghien (Ingram), see Beurré d’Aremberg. Oswego (Turner). Round; greenish-yellow, with russet ; flesh firm, dry ; worthless; November.

483.

454.

491.

495. 496.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

. Pain et Vin (Pragnell). Long; yellow, flushed red; flesh

firm ; inferior; November.

. Paradis d’Automne (R. H.$.). Medium, long pyriform,

irregular; covered with light grey russet; flesh rather firm, sweet, pleasant; October.

. Parfum d’Hiver (André Leroy). 2. Passans de Portugal (Allen). Medium, oblate ; greenish-

yellow, flushed ; fiesh white, juicy and richly flavoured ; September.

Passe Calebasse Bose (R. H. §.). Resembles Paradis d’ Automne.

Passe Colmar. Short pyriform, surface uneven; skin greenish-yellow, flushed scarlet at times; flesh firm, melting, sweet and rich ; November.

Passe Colmar Musqué (André Leroy), see Passe Colmar.

. Passe Crassane (Haycock). Large, oblate; long stalk ;

green, covered with brown russet; flesh half-melting, sweet and pleasant ; good; January. Passe Crassane Boisbunel (R. H.§.), see Passe Crassane.

. Passe Tardive (R. H.8.). Large, short pyriform ; rough

green, with russet; a late stewing Pear.

7. Pear Nette (Drummond). . Peasemeal Poke (Lacaille).

Petit Certeau (Jamin), see Certeau d’Hiver.

. Philadelphia (Pragnell). . Pierré Pépin (André Leroy). Medium, pyriform ; greenish-

yellow, with thick brown russet; flesh white, melting, very juicy and sweet; October.

Pitmaston Duchess. Large, long pyriform ; skin smooth, pale greenish-yellow ; flesh melting, juicy and rich; November. A very handsome Pear.

2. Pius the Ninth (Veitch & Sons). Long; yellow russet ;

flesh dry, sweet ; worthless; October.

. Plantagenet (André Leroy). Medium, roundish; pale

green ; fiesh juicy, very melting and pleasant; October.

. Poire d@’Avril (Warner). Medium, short pyriform; skin

smooth, yellow, flushed bright red; very pretty; flesh white, sweet, watery; late.

Poire d’Aire (Warner).

Poire d’Ananas. Medium, round; leng stalk; orange- yellow, with broad bands of yellow russet, very distinct in

497.

513.

DESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 219

appearance ; fiesh dry, white, slight musky flavour; November.

Poire de Barriott (Rivers). Large, roundish, bossed ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, pale; flesh hali-melting, inferior ; second-rate ; October.

. Poire Gendron (R. H. S.). Medium, short pyriform ;

greenish russet ; a late stewing Pear.

. Poire de Malte (R. H. S.). . Poire de Morny (R. H. §.). Medium; orange-yellow;

flesh firm, dry, sweet ; October and November.

. Poire Péche. Small pyriform ; skin smooth, pale greenish-

yellow ; fiesh juicy, melting ; September.

2. Pomme Poire (R.H.8.). Round, greenish-yellow russet ;

flesh tmged green, pasty, sweet; inferior ; October.

3. Poplin (Smith, Mentmore).

Pound Pear (Laeaille), see Caitillac.

. Présent de Van Mons (André Leroy). Small, pyriform;

greenish-yellow russet ; flesh hard, not melting ; February.

. Président Drouard (Veitch & Sons). Large, obovate;

skin smooth, greenish-yellow; gritty at core, but other- Wise juicy ; second-rate; November.

. Président Mas (Jamin). large, roundish-ovate; pale

green, flushed russet; flesh white, buttery, soft; first quality, handsome; October.

. Président d’Osmonville (Cornu). Long; skin pale

yellow ; flesh very melting, juicy, rich; October.

. Prévost (Warner). Like Bellissime d’Hiver; very highly

coloured ; a late stewing Pear.

. Prince Albert (Turner). Long pyriform, irregular ; green ;

fiesh hard ; worthless ; January.

. Prince Camille de Rohan (R. H. §5.). Large, long

pyriform; skin rough, covered with brown russet; a late stewing Pear.

Prince Consort (Saltmarsh), see Huyshe’s Prince Consort. Prince Impérial (R. H.$.). Ovate; greenish-yellow ; flesh buttery, without flavour; October.

. Prince Napoléon (R. H.§.). Large, roundish; skin

rough, bronzy russet ; a late stewing Pear.

Prince of Wales (Th. Bunyard), see Huyshe’s Bergamot. Princess (Rivers). Large, long pyriform; pale yellow, fiushed ; a very pretty Pear; October.

220

514.

515.

516.

517. 518.

519.

524.

525. 526. 527.

528. 529.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHILITED.

Princesse Charlotte (R.H.§S.), see Passe Colmar. Princess of Orange (André Leroy). Medium, roundish ; pale orange-yellow, with numerous brown russet specks ; flesh juicy, crisp and pleasant; October.

Princess Royal (Turner), see Matthew’s Eliza.

Princess of Wales (Veitch & Sons), see Huyshe’s Prin- cess of Wales.

Professeur Barral (Thomas). Small, pyriform ; greenish- yellow, almost covered with russet; flesh melting, sweet, juicy ; very good ; November.

Professeur Hortoles (Rivers). Obovate, greenish russet ; October.

Professeur Souppert. Pyriform; yellow russet; flesh sweet ; second-rate.

Queen Victoria (Burnett), see Williams’s Victoria. Quétier (Jamin). Medium, round; skin smooth, bossed, greenish-yellow ; flesh white, melting, sweetly flavoured ; November.

Rateau Gris (Haycock). Large, obovate; greenish-yellow, flushed; a late stewing Pear. Resembles Franc Réal d’ Hiver.

. Raymond de Montfleur (André Leroy).

Red Doyenné (Ormiston), see Doyenné Gris.

. Red Honey (Lacaille). . Reine d’Hiver (Veitch & Sons). Roundish, even; yellow

russet ; inferior; November.

. Reine des Tardives (Haycock). Large, pyriform ; skin

rough, bronzy russet, flushed; a handsome late stewing Pear.

Rivers’s Bergamot (Rivers). Small, round, very regular; yellow russet; flesh rather dry; a pretty Pear ; October.

Roi Christian (W. Shepperd). Orange-yellow, flushed ; flesh dry; November.

Roi Louis Nouveau (R.H.8.). Long pyriform ; greenish- yellow russet ; flesh half-melting, very juicy ; October. Rondelet (R. H.8.). Small, round; orange-yellow ; flesh firm, sweet, dry ; November.

Rousselet (Miller).

Rousselet Doré d’Hiver (André Leroy). Small, roundish bergamot shape; skin hght bronzy russet; flesh firm; worthless; December.

5380.

504,

537.

541.

542.

543.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 221

Rousselet Enfant Prodigue (R. H. 5.), see Enfant Prodigue.

Rousselet de Rheims (Haycock). Small, pyriform ; greenish-yellow, with grey russet; flesh half-melting, pleasant ; October.

. Rousselet Vandervecken (h.H.5.). Medium ; skin smooth,

pale yellow; flesh white, firm, sweet, no quality ; October.

. Rouse Lench (Dunn). Small, ovate; greenish-yellow,

with russet; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, gritty at core ; October.

. Royale d’Hiver (Dance). Medium, pyriform; skin greenish-

yellow, flushed; flesh half-melting, sweet and pleasant ; January. Royale Quand Méme (André Leroy). Short, oblate ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow; flesh juicy, sweet; third-rate ; October.

. Royale Vendée (Jamin). Medium, ovate, large eye ; deep

green; flesh white, melting, juicy, moderately good flavour ; November.

. Sabine (André Leroy). Short pyriform; greenish-yellow,

flushed; flesh white, rather gritty, but juicy and sweet ; second-rate ; November.

sabine d’Hiver (Turner), see Jaminette.

St. Germain (R. H.8.), see St. Germain d’Hiver.

st. Germain d’Hiver (André Leroy). Medium, long ovate, irregular; dark green; flesh green, pasty; second-rate ; December.

St. Germain Vauquelin (R.H.5.), see St. Germain d’ Hiver.

. St. Herbelain d’Hiver (André Leroy).

St. Lawrence (Ormiston), see Bellissime d’Eté.

. St. Lézin (Veitch & Sons). Long pyriform ; streaked with

rough russet ; not melting.

. St. Michel Archange (Turner). Small, pyriform ; yellow,

flushed red ; flesh melting, somewhat musky and pleasant ; October.

St. Vincent de Paul (André Leroy). Large, obovate ; orange russet throughout; flesh firm, dry, sweet; January. Ste. Thérése (André Leroy). Medium, obovate ; pale green, with brown russet; flesh melting, juicy and pleasant ; November.

Sang de Bergamote (Roberts).

546.

547.

548.

549.

550.

551.

552.

553.

554.

555.

556.

d57. 558.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

. Sarrazin (Cornu). Medium, pyriform; greenish-yellow,

flushed; flesh hard, not melting.

Scotch Autumn Bergamot (Ormiston), see Hampden’s Bergamot.

Scotch Bergamot (Matthews), see Hampden’'s Bergamot.

. Seckle. Very small, pyriform; greenish-yellow, flushed

reddish-brown; flesh juicy, melting, with a rich, musky flavour ; October.

Seedling Bergamot (Haycock), see Rivers’s Bergamot. Seedling from Grosse Calebasse (Ross). Small, pyriform; worthless.

Seigneur Esperen (Haycock), see Fondante dAutomne. Sénateur Mosselman (Rh. H. 8.). Small, . obovate; sreenish-yellow, with dark russet ; worthless; January. Serrurier (Cornu), see Beurré d’Anjou.

Sherborne (Pragnell). Long; skin smooth, very pale yellow ; flesh white, half-melting ; medium quality ; October. Shobden Court. Small, roundish, oblate; deep yellow, flushed ; flesh white, juicy ; second-rate; January.

Sceur Grégoire (W. Shepherd). Medium, pyriform; skin rough, reddish-bronze throughout; flesh firm, somewhat gritty, sweet and pleasant ; November.

Soldat Espéren (R.H.58.), see Soldat Laboureur. Soldat Laboureur (G. Bunyard). Medium, pyriform ; yellow, shght russet; flesh firm, juicy, rich, sub-acid flavour ; October.

Sorlus (André Leroy). Medium, obovate; skin greenish- yellow, with bronze; flesh white, very melting ; second- rate ; November.

Southwood (R. Veitch). Medium, pyriform, bronzy russet ; flesh firm, dry ; worthless; December.

Souvenir du Congrés. Large, obovate, irregular ; yellow, flushed with bronzy russet; flesh melting, very juicy and good; August and September.

Souvenir de Levéque (W. Shepperd). Long; green; flesh soft ; inferior ; October.

Souvenir de Léopold I. (Paul & Son). Obovate; yellow ; flesh pasty ; second-rate ; October.

Souvenir de Leroux Durand (W. Shepperd). Souvenir de Simon Bouvier (André Leroy). Small, pyriform ; yellowrusset ; flesh white, melting and pleasant ; October.

559. 560.

561.

567.

568.

569. 570.

onele:

572.

5738.

574.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. 220

Souvenir du Trépi (Gleeson). Medium, short pyriform. Spanish Bon Chrétien (Jefferies & Son). Long pyriform ; ereenish-yellow, flushed ; December. A good stewing Pear. Spring Beurré (Pearson), see Verulam.

Styrian (G. Bunyard). Medium, long pyriform; pale yellow, flushed bright crimson; flesh white, melting, sweet but not rich; September.

. Sucrée de Montlucon (André Leroy). Long ; greenish-

yellow, flushed ; worthless; October.

. Suffolk Thorn. Medium, roundish obovate; light grey

russet throughout ; flesh melting, sweet, rich ; October.

. Sultan (André Leroy). . Summer Benvie (Lacaille). Small, pyriform, dry;

worthless.

. Summer Beurré d’Aremberg (F. Dickson). Small,

pyzriform, eye wanting; yellow, with bronzy russet; flesh very juicy, melting, buttery and rich ; September. Summer Crassane (G. Bunyard). Small, round; flesh sweet; inferior; October.

Summer Franc Réal (Cummins). Medium, roundish ; skin smooth, pale greenish-yellow; melting, watery, wanting in flavour; September.

Supréme Coloma (André Leroy).

Suzette de Bavay. Medium, roundish, eye large; greenish-yellow, with russet round the eye; flesh firm, watery, sweet ; December.

Swan’s Egg (Th. Bunyard). Medium, ovate; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, with russet, slightly flushed ; flesh juicy, sweet and pleasant ; October.

Swan’s Orange (Veitch). Round; orange-yellow; flesh juicy, astringent ; third-rate ; October.

Tardive de Toulouse (Jamin), see Duchesse d’Hiver. Tavernier de Boullongue (Miller). Medium, pyriform ; greenish-yellow, with dark russet ; not melting.

Théodore Van Mons. (André Leroy). Medium, short pyriform; greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh juicy, melting, and rich. October and November.

. Thérése Appert (André Leroy). Large, obovate; long

stalk; pale yellow; flesh melting, juicy ; second quality ; October.

. Thompson’s. Medium, obovate, surface bossed; pale

224

580.

581.

582.

585.

586.

587.

590.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

yellow with patches of russet ; flesh very juicy, tender, melting and very rich ; November.

. Tillington (W. Paul & Son). Medium, long tapering ;

russet; flesh sweet ; worthless ; October.

. Toadback (McKellar). Small, pyriform ; greenish russet,

flushed ; worthless ; December.

. Trésor d Amour (R.H.58.). Medium, short pyriform;

green, with small markings of russet; shghtly flushed ; Stewing.

Triomphe de Jodoigne (Rh. H.5.). Large, long, pyriform ; skin smooth, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet ; flesh melting, buttery, moderately juicy ; second-rate ; November. Triomphe de Louvain (Rivers). Medium, pyriform ; reddish russet ; flesh dry, sweet ; inferior ; October. Triomphe de la Pomologie (Rh. H.$.). Small, skin smooth, green ; flesh yellow, firm, buttery, sweet ; October. Trout (Veitch), see Forelle.

Trou Pear (Lacaille). Small; russet, flushed ; worthless ; November.

. Urbaniste. Medium, obovate ; skin smooth, pale greenish-

yellow, with russet ; flesh white, very melting, juicy and rich ; October.

. Uvedale’s St. Germain. Very large, long pyriform,

irregular ; dark green, flushed on one side; January to April. The largest Pear in cultivation.

Van Marum (Haycock), see Grosse Calebasse.

Van Mons. See Baronne de Mello.

Van Mons Léon Leclere. Large, long pyriform; greenish-yellow, with russet; flesh buttery, sweet ; November.

Van Mons Léon Leclere de Laval (Rust), see Léon Leclere de Laval.

Van Siebold (W. Shepperd). Small, roundish ; very long stalk ; pale orange, with small white specks; flesh hard, — sweet, not melting; a distinct species.

. Van de Weyer Bates (W. Paul & Son).

Vauquelin (Thomas), see St. Germain d’Hiver.

. Verte Longue Panachée (R.H.S.). Small pyriform ;

green, striped with yellow; flesh white, juicy ; worthless ; November.

Verulam. Large, obovate; dark green, almost covered with brown russet; March. A good stewing Pear.

591.

594.

595.

596.

597.

598.

599.

600.

601.

602.

603. 604.

605.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED. B25

Vicar of Winkfield. Long pyriform; frequently twisted ; greenish-yellow ; flesh white, melting, juicy; second-rate ; December.

Vicomte de Paris (Warner), see Comte de Paris.

2. Vicomte de Spoelberg (André Leroy). Small; greenish-

yellow ; flesh firm, somewhat dry ; November. Victoria (Cummins), see Huyshe’s Victoria.

. Vineuse (R.H.5.). Medium, pyriform, surface bossed ;

skin smooth, pale greenish-yellow, with russet; tender, melting, very juicy, rich; October.

Vingt Mars (Matthews). Medium, pyriform; yellow russet; flesh juicy, melting, somewhat acid; second quality ; November.

Virgouleuse (Shingles). Small, roundish obovate, with long staik; skin smooth, greenish-yellow; flesh white, juicy ; worthless ; December.

Viesembeek (Coleman), see Thompson’s.

Warden (Laxton). An old baking Pear, resembling the Catillac.

Washington. Small, long pyriform; greenish-yellow, deep yellow when quite ripe; flesh melting, sweet, musky ; October.

Welbeck Bergamot (Pearson). Medium, roundish obovate; orange-yellow, with russet; flesh dry, sweet, somewhat eritty ; second-rate ; November.

Welton Beurré (Clarke). Medium, obovate ; dull green ; flesh white, melting, juicy; moderately good; November. White Beurré (Smith), see White Doyenné.

White Doyenné. Medium, round, regular, small eye; greenish-yellow; flesh white, somewhat gritty and acid ; October.

Willermoz (R.H.8.). Long pyriform; yellow ; flesh firm ; second-rate; December.

Williams’s Bon Chrétien. Large, pyriform; skin smooth, pale yellow, with russet; flesh melting, very rich, with a strong musky flavour; September. Williams’s d’Hiver (Warner). Resembles Williams’s Pon

_ Chrétien, a late stewing Pear.

Williams’s Victoria (Turner). Small; orange-yellow

russet ; October.

Willow or Bonnie Maggie (Drummond). Small, pyri-

form; long stalk; greenish-yellow; worthless; November. P

608.

609.

610.

611.

613.

614.

616.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF PEARS EXHIBITED.

. Wilson Pear (Lacaille). Small, pyriform ; greenish-

yellow ; worthless ; November.

. Windsor. Large, pyriform; greenish-yellow, flushed ;

flesh melting, soon becoming mealy, dry; worthless ; August.

Winter Beurré (R. H. §.). Pyriform, bulged on one side; green, splashed with russet; flesh green, melting, watery ; third-rate; November.

Winter Bon Chrétien. Large, pyriform, irregular; long stalk; skin rough green ; a late stewing Pear.

Winter Crassane. Large, oblate; long stalk; greenish- yellow, with russet; flesh white, melting, sub-acid; Christmas.

Winter Nelis. Small, turbinate; dull greenish-yellow, with patches of brown russet; flesh juicy, melting, richly flavoured; December.

. Winter Windsor (Thompson). Large, pyriform; yellow,

flushed ; worthless; a pretty fruit ; November. Worcester Black (R. Smith), see Black Pear of Worcester. Yat (W. Paul & Son). Small, pyriform; green, with brown russet; flesh sweet, juicy, melting and good; October.

Zéphirin Grégoire. Medium, roundish obovate; skin smooth ; greenish-yellow ; flesh white, melting, sweet and good; Christmas. Tine

. Zéphirin Louis (Sanders). Medium, round, bergamot

shape; greenish-yellow, flushed; flesh firm, sweet, second- rate ; January.

Zoé (Rivers). Long ovate, twisted stalk; skin green, flushed bronze; flesh pasty ; third-rate ; December.

227

List of Perry Pears, Exhibited by Dr. Butt, Messrs. Piper, of Hereford, Cotemay,

of Eastnor, and Rircuie, of Kardiston, Worcester.

Arlingham Squash. | Moorcroft Seedling. Arlington Squash. New Bridge. Aylton Red. New Meadow Pear. Bache’s White. | Norton Pear. Barland. Oldfield.

Baston Moorcroft. Old Langland. Beddoe. Parsonage. Bergamot. Pine Pear.

Black Huffeap. Pint Pear. Blakeney Red. Red Pear.

Brown Roller. Red Langlands. Butt Pear. Rock Pear. Chaseley Green. Rosbury Scarlet. Cheatboy. Sand Pear.

Forest Pear. Sow Pear.

Gin Pear. Spotted Langland. Green Pear. Stanton Squash. Green Butts. Stony Way.

Green Horse Pear. Taynton Squash. Helen’s Green. Thorn Pear. Helen’s Wilding. Thurston Red. Holmer Pear. Trump Pear. Horse Pear. White Horse. Huffcap. White Longland. Knock-Down. White Moorcroft. Longlands. White Squash. Longstalk. Wine Pear. Lumberskull. Winnal’s Longlands. Mill Pear. Yellow Huffcap.

Moorcroft. Yokehouse.

228

SYNONYMS

APPEARING IN DEscrRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

(As Noted at the Congress.)

Autumn Bergamot.

Bergamot.

Bergamote d’Autémne. Autumn Nelis.

Graham’s Autum Nelis.

Nelis d’ Autémne. Baronne de Mello.

Van Mons.

Nectarine Van Mons. Bellissime @ Kteé.

St. Lawrence. Belle de Bruxelles.

Belle et Bonne d’Eté. Belle de Noel.

Belle Aprés Noel. Beurré d Anjou.

Neuf Maisons.

Serrurier. Beurré d’ Arembergq.

Orpheline d’Enghien. Beurré Auguste Benoit.

Beurré Benoit. Beurré de Cercle.

Doyenneé du Cercle. Beurré Diel.

Beurré Magnifique. Beurré Gris.

Beurré Rouge. Beurré Gris d Hiver Nouveau.

, Beurre de Lugon.

Beurré Rance.

Beurré Noirchain.

Bon Chrétien de Rance. Beurré Superfin.

Doyenné Superfin.

Best de l Echasserais. Echasserais.

Besi de St. Waast.

Beurré Beaumont.

Bergamote [Hertrick. Beurré Hertrick.

Bishop's Thumb. Tallwinning.

Black Achan.

Grey Achan.

Black Pear of Worcester. Black Warden. Woeorcester’s Black.

Bonne @ Ezée.

Belle d’ Ezée. Brockworth Park.

Bon Chrétien Prévost. Prévost.

British Queen.

Ingram’s British Queen.

Brown Beurré.

Beurré Brown.

Catillac.

Belle de Jersey. Léon Leclere d’Hiver. Pound Pear.

Certcau @ Hiver.

Petit Certeau.

Chaumontel.

Bezi de Chaumontelle.

Jersey Chaumontel. Charles Basiner.

Basiner.

Charles Van Mons.

Colmar des Invalides.

SYNONYMS APPEARING IN

Délices d@ Hardenpont @ Angers. Delices d’Angers. Délices d’Hardenpont.

Dr. Lentier.

Dr. Lindley.

Dr. Nelis.

Doyenné Nels.

Doyenné @ Alencon. Doyenné d’ Hiver Nouveau.

Doyenné Gris.

Doyenné Santalette. Doyenné Rouge. Grey Doyenné.

Red Doyenné.

Doyenné du Comice. Doyenné d’Angers. Doyenné du Comice

d’ Angers.

Durondeau.

De Tongres.

Duchesse de Bordeaux. Beurre Perrault. Doyenné Perrault.

Duchesse Héléene @ Orleans. Duchesse d’Orleans.

Du Mas.

Beurré Dumas. Epine Dumas.

Flaster Beurre.

Besi de la Pentecote. Doyenné d@’Hiver. Doyenné de Janvier.

Haster Bergamot. Bergamote de Paques.

Enfant Prodique.

Rousselet Knfant Prodigue.

Figue @ Alencon.

Figue d’Hiver. Fusée d’Hiver.

Fondante @ Autémne. Seigneur Espéren.

Fondante des Charneuses. Doyenné des Charneuses.

Flemish Beauty.

Beurre Spence. Fondante de Bois.

Flemish Bon Chrétien.

Bon Chrétien Ture. Bon Chrétien Vernois.

j

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 229 Forelle. irombmeats Fortunée de Printemps. Fortunée de Parmentier. Bergamote Fortunée.

Gansel’s Late Bergamot.

Bergamot Gansel’s Late.

Glou Morceau.

Beurré d’ Aremberg (French). Beurré d’Hardenpont.

Grey Beurré.

Beurré Grey.

Grosse Calebasse. Calebasse Carafon. Calebasse Grosse. Van Marum.

Hacon’s Incomparable. Downham Seedling. Hay’s Favourite.

Hampden’s Bergamot. Scotch Bergamot. Scotch Autumn Bergamot.

Hessel.

Brown Beurré. Grey Hazel. Hazel.

Huyshe’s Bergamot. Huyshe’s Prince of Wales. Prince of Wales.

Huyshe’s Princess of Wales. Princess of Wales.

Huyshe’s Victorta.

Victoria.

Inconnue.

Inconnue Van Mons

Jaminette.

Sabine d’Hiver.

Jalousie de Fontenay. Jalousie de Fontenay

Vendée.

Jersey Gratiolt.

Gratioli of Jersey.

La Juve.

Jewess.

Léon Leclere de Laval. Bezi de Caen.

Louise Bonne of Jersey. Bonne de Jersey.

230

Maréchal Dillen. Dillen. Matthew’s Elisa. Groom’s Princess Royal. Princess Royal. Maréchal de la Cour. Conseiller de la Cour. Napoléon. New Autumn. Nutmeq. Bési Quessoi d’ Ete. Oken. Oken d’Hiver. Old Colmar. Colmar d’Auch. Old Crassane. Crassane. Passe Colmar. Passe Colmar Musqué. Princess Charlotte. Passe Crassane.

Passe Crassane Boisbunel.

Poire d Ananas. Ananas.

St. Michael Archange. Michel Archange.

St. Germain d’ Hiver. Old St. Germain. St. Germain Vauquelin. Vauquelin.

Soldat Laboureur. Soldat Espéren.

Sorlus. Doctor Porlus.

SYNONYMS APPEARING IN

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Styrian.

Keele Hall Beurré.

Rivers’s Bergamot.

Seedling Bergamot.

Therese Appert. Mademoiselle Thérése

Appert.

Thompson's. Wlesemback.

Uvedale’s St. Germain. Belle Angevine. Allman’s Sussex Monster.

Verulam.

Spring Beurré.

Verte Longue Panachee. Longue Verte Panachée.

Vicar of Winkfield.

Curé. Monsieur le Curé.

Victoria.

Williams’s Victoria.

Virgouleuse.

De Glace.

Warden.

Cox’s Warden.

Winter Bon Chrétien.

Bon Chrétien d’Hiver.

Winter Crassane.

Cairheen Bergamot.

Crasgane d’Hiver. Winter Nelis.

Nelis d’ Hiver.

White Doyenné.

Doyenné Blanc.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. X. 1888.

eatin FE Mtn

Save Mls:

ae == Nae) } et AL wee vA ee eu PO) iy Ee OF THE

APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE HELD IN THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S GARDENS AT CHISWICK

OcToBER 16 to 20, 1888,

With which are combined certain statistics obtained at the

Socrety’s AppLe Coneress held at Cutswick in 1883.

Note: The statistical portion of this Report (Parts II. and III.) embraces Apples only, but it was not found possible in Part I.—the report of the actual Conference—to separate the portion relating to Pears only. It has, therefore, been thought better to publish the report of the Conference together with the statistics relating to Apples, and to let the statistics relating to Pears form a separate volume.

Fs Tew ee e " 4 ae oa wl “ut wr rr by ve PA s ae

50 i ie a tor 8

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APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE,

PREFACE.

Ever since the holding of the first Apple Congress, at Chiswick, by the Royal Horticultural Society, in October 1883, an impres- sion of the importance of Hardy Fruit Culture, both in gardens and also as an appanage to agriculture, has been steadily growing in the public mind, and there has been an increasing demand for information as to the best sorts to grow, the most skilful methods of culture, and the conditions under which a reasonable return may be looked for. In order to assist in the elucidation of these matters, and to correct up to the present date the Reports of the Society’s Apple Congress, 1883, and Pear Conference, 1885, the Council of the Society decided to hold a Conference on Apples and Pears in their Gardens at Chiswick in 1888.

In the 1883 Congress it had been thought desirable to secure the representation of all the varieties of apples in cultivation, whether valuable or otherwise, so as to arrive by comparison at an estimate of their worth. But this having been once done, and the results duly recorded, it was not now considered necessary to go over the same ground again; it was only proposed therefore to invite the exhibition of such varieties as find favour, or may be considered thoroughly worthy of cultivation. And one object of the Conference being to illustrate by facts and examples the present state and future prospects of commercial fruit culture in this country, it was desired that contributors should endeavour, as far as possible, to furnish samples of fruits that are in favour in the markets of their several localities. All fruit growers, whether private gardeners or growers for market,,were invited to exhibit,

and it was pointed out in the schedules that the wider the area A 2

4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from which the collections were procured the greater would be the value and interest of the exhibition.

It was requested that every collection of fruit should be accompanied with as much information as possible with regard to the soil, exposure, and physical conditions of the districts in which they had been grown. For this purpose the following form was enclosed, and the information so obtained has been incorporated in the body of this Report :—

Forni sent out to be filled up by Exhibitors.

NATIONAL APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888.

APPLES. 1. Exhibitor’s Name and Address. 2. Class or Classes for exhibition.

3. Selection of twenty-four varieties most suited for culture in the dis- trict, named in order of succession.

4. Selection of twelve varieties most suited for culture in the district,

named in order of succession.

5. Selection of ten varieties suited for market culture, stating to what

extent they are grown in the district.

6. Situation :—Sheltered or otherwise.

7. Character of soil, sub-soil, &c.

8. General remarks as to modes of cultivation, stocks, pruning, &e.

In order to carry out the objects of the Conference in various parts of the country, the following gentlemen were requested to act as a Committee, those marked with an asterisk forming the

Executive :—

Baruuiz, EK. T., Messrs. Dickson & ~ Sons’ Nurseries, Chester. BannistER, W., The Gardens, Cote House, Westbury-on-Trym. Barr, Perer, 12 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. *BEDDOME, COLONEL, Sispara, West Hill, Putney. Brackmore, R. D., Teddington. Breeze, G., The Gardens, Petworth Park, Petworth. *BunyARD, GrorGE, The Nurseries, Maidstone. Bunyarp, T., The Nursery, Ash- ford. Burnett, J., The Gardens, Deepdene, Dorking.

The

*CuEAL, J., The Nurseries, Crawley, Sussex. *CotemMAN, W., The Gardens, East- nor Castle, Ledbury. Cornu, Puture Lr, High View Nur- series, St. Heliers, Jersey. Crump, W., The Gardens, Madres- field Court, Great Malvern. CRANSTON, JoHN, The Nurseries, Hereford. . CrowLEy, Puinip, Waddon House, Croydon. Cummins, G. W., The Gardens, The Grange, Wallington. *Deran, A., Bedfont, Hounslow. Dernninec, W., Heathfield Nursery, Hampton.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 5

Dickson, W. A., Street, Chester. *Doucias, J.. The Gardens, Great Gearies, Ilford. Dunn, M., The Gardens, Dalkeith Palace, N.B. Forp, S., The Gardens, Leonardslee,

108 Eastgate

Horsham.

GARLAND, J., The Gardens, Killer- ton, Exeter.

Granam, J., Cranford, Hounslow.

Harrison, J., The Nurseries, Leicester.

*Haycock, C., Goldings, Hertford. Haywoop, T. B., Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate. *Hersst, H., Kew Road, Richmond. *HIBBERD, S., 1 Priory Road, Kew Green, Kew. *Hoee, Dr. R., 171, Fleet Street. Howe, C., Benham Park Gardens, Newbury. i *Hupson, J., The Gardens, Gunners- bury House, Acton. Ineram, W., The Gardens, Belvoir Castle, Grantham. JEFFERIES, W. J., The Nurseries, Cirencester. Jonzs, T., Royal Gardens, Frogmore. *Lane, F. Q., The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead. Lrz, W., The Nurseries, Hammer- smith. Ler, J., 78, Warwick Gardens, W. MANSELL, Rey. J. L., Guernsey. MarsHaun, Winu1am, Auchinraith, Bexley. Me tvitzez, D., The Gardens, Elliston House, St. Bosweli’s, N.B.

Mires, G. T., The Gardens, Wycombe Abbey, High Wy- combe.

- *Mownro, G., Covent Garden. *Morrts, D., Royal Gardens, Kew. Murr, J., The Gardens, Margam Castle, Taibach, South Wales. Norman, G., Hatfield House Gar- dens, Hatfield. *PauL, G., The Nurseries, Cheshunt. *Pauut, W., The Nurseries, Waltham Cross. *Prarson, A. H., The Nurseries, Chilwell, Notts. Pownatu, M., Lenton, Nottingham. PRAGNELL, W. G., The Gardens, Sherborne Castle, Dorset. Renwick, J., The Nurseries, Melrose, N.B.

*Rivers, T. F., The Nurseries, Saw- bridgeworth. *Roperts, J.. The Gardens, Gun- nersbury Park, Acton. Ross, C., The Gardens, Welford Park, Newbury. *Rust, J.. The Gardens, Castle, Tunbridge Wells. SauTmMARSH, T. J., The Nurseries, _ Chelmsford. SaunpERS, C. B., The Nurseries, St. Saviour’s, Jersey. Suineues, T., The Gardens, Tort- worth Court, Gloucester. ScraterR, C. G., Fruit Grower, Heavitree, Exeter. *Smiru, J., The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard. SmitH, R., The Nurseries, Wor- cester. Smitu, C., Caledonia Nurseries, Guernsey. STRICKLAND, Sir C. W., Bart., Hil- denley, Malton. Sutton, ArtHur W., Reading. Tuomas, O., The Gardens, Chats- worth, Chesterfield. THomson, W., The Vineyard, Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B. *TuRNER, A., Royal Nurseries, Slough. *VerItcH, H. J., Royal Exotic Nur- series, Chelsea, S.W. Veitcu, P., The Nurseries, Exeter. *WALKER, J., Whitton, Middlesex. WARDEN, C., The Gardens, Claren- don Park, Salisbury. Warren, W., Worton Gardens, Isleworth. Watkins, J.. Pomona Farm, With- ington, Hereford. “WEBBER, J., Covent Garden, W.C. WessteER, J., The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, N.B. Weir, Harrison, Sevenoaks. WHEELER, A. C., The Nurseries, Gloucester.

*Wi~psMiTH, W., The Gardens, Heckfield Place, Winchfield. *Wiuxs, Rev. W., Shirley Vicarage,

Croydon. Wittarp, JESSE, Holly Lodge Gardens, Highgate, N. “Wricut, JoHN, 171 Fleet Street, E.C.

Eridge

Barron, A. F., R.H.S. Gardens, Chiswick, Secretary.

6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Although the season 1888 was not by any means a favourable one—the crops of fruit throughout the country being in general considerably below the average—the exhibition at the Conference was nevertheless one of great merit, and proved a decided suc- cess both as regards the quantity and the quality of the fruit. Seventy-three of the most prominent fruit-growers, both among amateurs, market-gardeners, and nurserymen, took part in the exhibition ; and the number of dishes of apples staged amounted to 2,690, filling the large conservatory and the greater portion of a tent on the lawn.

The Committee, being divided into sections, made a careful examination of the different exhibits, and corrected any errors of nomenclature that were observed. The general correctness in this respect was especially noticeable, and as being, to a great extent, the result of the Society’s labours in the 18838 Con- eress, this was extremely gratifying. Special Certificates were also awarded by the Committee to the most noteworthy ex- amples of culture selected from the whole of the exhibits. A list of these awards will be found in the body of the Report.

Of necessity the varieties staged by the exhibitors in the various classes were, in many instances, repetitions one of another, but it has not been considered necessary in this Report to enumerate these repetitions.

An audit of the varieties exhibited places Warner’s King at the top of the list—78 dishes of this variety having been staged as against Blenheim orange 74, and King of the Pippins 71. The total number of distinct varieties exhibited amounted to 1,496. Of the newer varieties which seem to be steadily advancing in public favour may be named Prince Bismarck, The Queen, Bramley’s Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert, Annie Eliza- beth, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Lady Henniker, and Peasgood’s Nonesuch. |

The Report of the 1888 Congress, entitled ‘‘ British Apples,”’ prepared by Mr. A. F. Barron, having been for some time out of print, and many of the most valuable statistics that 1t contained having been incorporated with the present Report, it may be . well to point out that that Congress owed its origin to the unusually abundant crop of all sorts of Apples in the year 1888. So large was the crop and so fine the fruit that it attracted attention on all sides, and it was at once recognised by the R. H. 8. to be an opportunity which should not be lost for correcting any mistakes in the names, &c., of the large and im- portant standard collection of Apples in the Society’s Gardens at Chiswick. At the same time it was felt that if, for the pur- pose of such verification and comparison, examples of fruit could be gathered together from all parts of the country and be exhibited publicly, the occasion might be made one of the greatest value and interest to all Apple growers in the United Kingdom.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 7

To develop and carry out this idea the Council of the Society appointed a large and representative General Committee of fruit-growers, consisting of the following gentlemen; those marked * forming the Executive Committee at Chiswick, of which Mr. John Lee was the Chairman :—

COMMITTEE OF 1883.

BrackmoreE, R. D., Teddington. Laxton, T., Bedford.

Britcuer, G., Tonbridge. Ler, Cuas., & Son, The Nurseries,

BrotHeRton, R. P., Tyninghame. Hammersmith.

Bunyarp & Co., Nurseries, Maid- | *Lzun, JouHn, 78 Warwick Gardens, stone. S.W.

Burnett, J.. The Gardens, The Mitzs, G. T., The Gardens, Wy- Deepdene, Dorking. combe Abbey, High Wycombe.

Curat & Sons, Nurserymen, Craw- Ormiston & Renwick, Nurserymen, ley, Sussex. Melrose.

Cranston & Co., Nurserymen, Prarson, J. R., The Nurseries, Hereford. Chilwell, Notts.

Dancer, F. N., Little Sutton, Paut & Son, The Nurseries, Ches- Chiswick. hunt.

Dickson, F. & A., 106 Eastgate Paut, Wu., & Son, The Nurseries, Street, Chester. Waltham Cross.

Dickson, James, 108 Eastgate PoyntER, Ropert, Nurseryman, Street, Chester. Taunton.

Dickson A. & Sons, Newtownwards, Rivers & Son, The Nurseries, Saw- Belfast. bridgeworth.

Dunn, M., The Gardens, Dalkeith | *Rozerts, J., The Gardens, Gunners- Palace, N.B. bury Park, Acton.

FisHerR, Son, & Srpray, Nursery- Ross, CHarues, The Gardens, Wel- men, Sheffield. ford Park, Newbury.

GARLAND, JoHN, The Gardens, Kil- | Rurnanp, F., The Gardens, Good- lerton, Exeter. | wood, Chichester.

GriuBEeRt, R., The Gardens, Burgh- SattmarsH & Sons, The Nurseries, ley, Stamford. | Chelmsford.

GoLtpsmitH, G., The Gardens, Hol- Suinetes, THomas, The Gardens, landen, Tonbridge. Tortworth Court, Gloucester. GRAHAM, JoHN, Cranford, Hounslow. Smitu, James, The Gardens, Ment-

Grieve, Peter, Bury St. Edmunds. more, Leighton Buzzard. Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen, SuirH, R.; & Sons, The Nurseries, Leicester. Worcester. Haycock, Cuas., The Gardens, Stevens, Z., The Gardens, Trent- Barham Court, Maidstone. ham, Stoke-on-Trent. HIBBERD, SHIRLEY, Brownswood STRICKLAND, Sir CuHaruEs, Bart., Park, Stoke Newington. Hildenley, Malton, Yorkshire. *Hoee, Dr. Rosert, 171 Fleet TURNER, CHARLES, Slough. ~ Street, E.C. VeItcH & Sons, Nurserymen, JEFFERIES, JoHN & Sons, Nursery- Chelsea. men, Cirencester. WHEELER & Son, Nurserymen, JEFFERIES & Sons, Nurserymen, Gloucester... Oxford. *WOoDBRIDGE, JoHN, The Gardens, Jones, T., The Royal Gardens, Sion House, Brentford. Frogmore. *Kiunick, Lewis A., Langley, Maid- stone. Secretary: A. F. Barron, Royal Lane, H., & Son, Nurserymen, Horticultural Gardens, Chis-

Berkhampstead. wick.

8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Committee at once drew up and circulated a letter stating the objects of the proposed Apple Congress, and inviting co-operation from all fruit growers in the United Kingdom, and the response to this invitation far exceeded the most sanguine anticipations of the Council, promises of support and consign- ments of fruit being received from all parts of the country, com- pletely filling the great conservatory, as well as several other of the houses in the Gardens. The following figures will show the extent of the interest displayed :—

Number of Exhibitors ... sia AD 236 Number of Dishes, or separate lots of ‘Apples «- 10,150

In the arrangement of the various collections received, the different counties and districts were grouped together, so far as possible, thus illustrating to some extent the general character of the produce of different parts of the country, and forming some indication of the varieties most suited to different localities.

Kent contributed the greatest number of dishes, viz., 918, Middlesex being second with 908.

The following form was also sent out by the Committee :—

“NATIONAL APPLE CONGRESS, 1883.

“Horm To BE FILLED UP BY EXHIBITOR.

“ Name of Exhibitor Number of sorts exhibited Situation where grown, sheltered or ‘otherwise Character of soil, sub-soil, &c. Stocks on which ‘eratted : Character or form of trees, Standard, Bush; age.. Best Culinary sorts suited to district, not exceeding twelve Best Dessert sorts suited to district, not Pei dee twelve General remarks ”’

Upon the returns thus obtained the Report of 18838 was chiefly based.

The Committee met on several occasions during the Congress, and, working in sections, made careful examination of the ex- hibits, with a view to the correction of nomenclature, &¢., which corrections were in each case forwarded to the exhibitor.

The number of different names applied to the Apples exhibited, including synonyms, amounted to 2,020, and the number of varieties described as presumably distinct to 1,445.

In drawing up the Report of 1883 it was found desirable to form separate groups or divisions of the different districts of the country, corresponding to the arrangement of the exhibits at the Congress. For example, Group I. The SouTHERN CovuNTIEs, comprising Berks, Hants, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex,.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. : 9

and Wilts, which, being subject to similar climatic influences, readily afford means of comparison.

From the selections of the varieties of Apples made by the exhibitors, as best suited to their respective localities, three valuable tables were compiled, which have been re-inserted in this present Report, viz. :

1. Poll taken of the selections for each county.

2. Poll taken of the selections for each division, or group of counties.

8. Poll of the selections for the whole of Great Britain.

A distinctive feature of the 1888 Conference, which was absent from the 1883 Congress, and which makes the present Report peculiarly valuable, was the reading of papers relating to Hardy Fruit Culture, and the discussions following thereon. This part of the Report (Part I.) has been prepared for the press by the Secretary of the Society, the Rev. W. Wilks, and Parts II. and III., the statistical and descriptive portions, are the work of Mr. A. F. Barron, Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens at Chiswick.

oP EES:

leveeadhy IE.

Consisting of the Papers read and a Report of the Discussions which took place at the Apple and Pear Conference, held in the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Chiswick, October 16 to 20, 1888.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 18.

APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888.

The Conference, which was held in the Great Vinery of the Societys Gardens at Chiswick, was opened on Tuesday, October 16, 1888. The pro- ceedings commenced at 3 P.M. with an address from Sir Trevor LAwReENcE, Bart., M.P., President of the Society, who spoke as follows :—

It ig my duty, and I think it is a most agreeable duty, having the honour of holding the office of President of the Royal Hor- ticultural Society, to make a few—and I promise they shall be very few—introductory remarks in opening the exhibition of this very extensive collection of fruit. I should desire in the first place to disclaim in the strongest possible way any pretension whatever to be entitled to express an opinion on the subject of fruit cultivation myself. Atthe same time avery large amount of | interest igs being at the present moment brought to bear upon the question of fruit cultivation, I believe in some measure due to the observations that have been made by gentlemen occu- pying positions in the political world, very often somewhat at a loss for a subject. I think I may venture to remind you that an address of some considerable length was delivered lately at Hawar- den by Mr. Gladstone, but I am not quite sure that those per- sons who read the accounts of the ladies who kept thirty or forty chickens and made £5 per annum out of them, or of the persons who made £40 from 1 acre of Strawberries, will not be disap- pointed if they expect to repeat so remarkable a success. It is a matter of importance in dealing with this subject that we shall not pitch our anticipations too high, and it should not be sup- posed that in extending, as reasonably as may be extended, the cultivation of hardy fruit, any real panacea for the troubles which have been afflicting the agricultural classes of this country

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

will be found. The utmost that can be done will be to give the agricultural classes some help where intelligence and skill are brought to bear. As long as we continue to import such large quantities of fruits and vegetables as we do—between six and seven millions in value annually—that fact will be pointed to as indicating a direction in which more may be done in this country; but it must not be forgotten that the total includes some fruits that cannot be cultivated in this country, and it is a further matter for consideration that it is by no means clear at the present moment that where hardy fruits such as Pears and Apples can be successfully cultivated, that can be done to bring in anything like a satisfactory profit. Since I have been in the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society I have asked two authorities what they thought on that subject. One gentleman, who is a most successful cultivator of fruit, told me that with all the care and intelligence which could be brought to bear in the cultivation of Apples and Pears, the profit to be made would not perhaps be more than 6d. a sieve. If it be so, it is not a very good profit. The other gentleman said he was quite certain that for all the hardy fruit that could be grown in this country a good market could be found. I trust the latter is the correct view. The present Conference has a different object from those of 1883 and 1885. On the previous occasions an attempt was made to collect every description of known Apple with the view, to a certain extent, of eliminating those varieties that were of little value for purposes of cultivation. And that was also the case with Pears. The present Conference proposes to invite the exhibition of such varieties only as find favour, or may be considered thoroughly worthy of cultivation; and one object of this Conference is to illustrate by facts and examples the present state and future prospects of commercial fruit culture in this country. I venture to think that our object is a thoroughly practical one, and when you pass through this conservatory, and the tents which are adjuncts to it, you will see that, having regard to the exceedingly unfortunate season which we have passed, the exhibition made by the leading fruit growers of the country is one which is eminently satisfactory. It appears to me that what the Conference can most wisely do, and that which the papers to be read promise to do, is to draw attention to the © varieties which can best be cultivated, both of Apples and Pears, throughout the country, having regard to the various conditions of climate and soil. Having read the programme for the week, which had been published, and remarked that the Chairmen for the three last days of the Conference were all excellent men, who would bring additional light to bear on the subjects of discussion, Sir Trevor went on to say :—One matter of im- portance has been dealt with by the House of Commons, and that is the question of railway charges for carriage. As Mr.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 15

Gladstone justly pointed out in justification of the preferential rates that they have been charging, it was owing to the fact that in dealing with the foreign producer they dealt with a trainful of baskets or hampers, whereas when they came to deal with the local producer, they had to collect the fruit, which puts them to considerable expense. At the same time I think the Legisla- ture has acted perfectly right in deciding that these preferential rates shall be considered and revised by the Board of Trade, for, as we all of us are sometimes painfully aware, the railway com- panies have had given to them a monopoly of the means of transport of this country. I have observed in the newspapers that as a result of one of the Conferences that have lately taken _ place, someattacks have been made on those who devote themselves to the calling of nurserymen. We are told that nurserymen keep large quantities of worthless varieties of Apples and Pears. I have no doubt that this is the case, but what I should think would be ground for blaming them would be if they represented those worthless varieties as good varieties. I have not the least doubt that there is no gentleman connected with the trade who, if I were to get him to recommend me the very best variety for my soil, would not honestly and judiciously recommend the best varieties. There are persons who desire to make experi- ments for themselves, and they will not be satisfied that such and such varieties are worthless unless they have tried them themselves. I cultivate a good many Orchids, some of which are considered by my friends to be worthless varieties. At the same time I always cultivate them, and when I go to other gentlemen to purchase them, I should not like to be told that they were worthless. It is really a matter of trade, and I think the attacks which have been made are ungenerous and uncalled for. J am quite certain that with regard to the cultivation of hardy fruit exactly the same conditions are necessary for success as with every other description of gardening, that is to say, you must display skill, care, and intelligence, and I think you will find that has a good deal more to do with the result than climate. IT remember at the Conferences which took place in 1883 and 1885 a good many of the best exhibits came from the North of Scotland, where the climate is represented to us who live in the South as somewhat severe. However that may be, we have got to make the best we can of our climate, and taking one year with another I think on the whole it is a very good climate, and if we do not succeed, we shall be wiser if we place the fault on our own shoulders than on the shoulders of the climate. I do not think I can add anything else, except to say that the Royal Horticultural Society is extremely indebted to the very large number of persons who have contributed to this show. Itisa most satisfactory and numerous one, and one which is most creditable to the exhibitors. The Society has been most

16 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

anxious to do all it could to promote the undertaking, and it hopes to do something to lead the public in wisely making use of the feeling which exists at present in favour of the cultivation of hardy fruits. I trust the Conference will bear good fruit both practically and figuratively.

Mr. SurruEY HisBERD moved a hearty vote of thanks to the Council for inaugurating the exhibition. It had been attended . with considerable difficulty, but up to the present everything seemed to have passed off smoothly, and he congratulated them on the success attamed. While they had been organising this exhibition other persons had been busy in the same kind of work, and those persons appeared to him sometimes to be freer in their mode of operation. This Society appeared to be more | fettered—it might be to their advantage—but he had no con- fidence in any of the associations which had been started lately, and he thought the Royal Horticultural Society rendered them unnecessary. Political, economical, and commercial questions were involved in the question of fruit culture, but this Society was content for the present to determine’ the merits of varieties. This Society should be the last to convert itself into a political agency. They did not want that; but he thought their Fruit Committee should have their powers extended to deal with such things as market tolls, the conveyance by railway, and other difficulties which stood in the way of the seller.

Mr. Cuan seconded the motion, and expressed his gratifica- ' tion that the Council had stepped forward at this moment to place before the country in a practical form what ought to be done, and the best way of doing it.

The CHarrMAN, on behalf of the Council, returned thanks for the vote, and added that the Council were most anxious to give all assistance to growers in all branches of horticulture. As to whether the questions referred to were within the province of the Society, it was a matter about which opinions might differ. He was one of those persons who believed that the more the cobbler kept to his last, the better he was likely to do his work. The questions were important to the subject of fruit crowing, but they wanted to give every assistance to persons who devoted themselves to the cultivation of hardy fruit—that was clearly within their province. One great advantage of the Con- _ ference was that it showed that the collections were more accurately named than was the case in either 1883 or 1885, which proved that the people understood their business a good deal better now than then.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 17

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER. 17.

The chair was taken at 1.80 p.m. by Dr. Hoae, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., who remarked that for some time past they had been treated to the observations of the theorist and doctrinaire as to what was the best way of developing fruit culture in this country, but they had now come to the practical part of the subject, from which he had no doubt great good would result. He would now call on the reader of the first paper.

APPLES FOR PROFIT. By Mr. Grorce Bunyarp, F.R.H.8., Maidstone.

The commercial growth of apples for market is frequently entered upon in a wrong manner, because many start on the enterprise without sound information. Beginners fight shy of the growers of trees for sale under the unfair notion that they would recommend those kinds of which they held a stock; they then procure the ‘‘tip’’ from the salesmen in the various markets, who, as far as they can (and in good faith), give them the names of the kinds that sell well—fruits, so to speak, which dispose of themselves by their names or appearance. Many of the choicest apples produce but a small crop, or are so long in coming to a state of profitable production, that planters get dis- couraged ; others are recommended which are very slow growers, or rarely make good orchard trees, and thus land is not fully utilised. As the markets are supplied from a large area the salesmen have but a general idea of the suitability of sorts to a district, and hense much valuable time is lost. In the short time at my disposal I propose to give a few hints as to the formation of a profitable Apple orchard, or plantation, where the return shall be speedy, and yet in the future for a century shall yield a good result. The first operation is the procuring of suitable land. In a district where little fruit is grown an idea can be gained from the growth of the few fruit trees in the cottage gardens, and perhaps the orchards near gentlemen’s seats. If the apples show a kindly and clean growth, with an absence of lichens and canker, and if elm trees flourish, it will so far be favourable. Exposure to prevailing winds is to be avoided, either by shelter planting, or, better still, by taking advantage of existing woods or hedges, and a slope to the south or west 1s to be preferred; but, in order to secure a permanent orchard, care - must be taken to get deeply cultivated, or rich deep soil, or a

B

18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. \

few years of fertility will only be the precursor of decay and disappointment.

Having settled on suitable land, the tenant or purchaser next proceeds to put the land in order for planting, either by steam cultivation or by thorough digging or trenching—the latter, though expensive at the start, is of permanent benefit. This operation is best done before the frosts set in, that the land may be purified and sweetened by exposure. The ground should then be set out, and standard trees, on the crab or free stock, of the following sorts, planted 24 ft. apart, requiring 75 to an acre.

APPLES FOR STANDARD ON WARM LoAmy SOILs.*

1. Dessert Apples; to pick and sell from the tree:

August. September. Devonshire Quarrenden. Lady Sudeley. Sugar-loaf Pippin. Yellow Ingestrie. 2. To store; October to Christmas : King of the Pippins. Cox’s Orange. Mabbot’s Pearmain. Blenheim Orange. 3. Kitchen Apples; to sell from the tree; August and September ¢

Early Julien. Counsellor. Keswick Codlin. Grenadier (true). Lord Suffield. Kceklinyille. Duchess of Oldenburg. |

4, To store; October to December : Warner’s King. Golden Noble. Schoolmaster. Tower of Glamis. Lord Derby. Waltham Abbey.

5. To keep from January to May:

Wellhngton. Lady Henniker.

Winter Queening. Norfolk Beaufin.

Bramley’s Seedling. Annie Elizabeth.

If the goil is cold, but rich, omit Lord Suffield and add Lord Grosvenor, and omit Cox’s Orange and King of Pippins.

So far for the top crop, the space between being utilised by placing three two or three year old dwarf trees between each standard, others at six feet apart, which, less 75 for standards, will be 1,185 per acre, until the plantation is filled up. These dwarfs will produce the best fruit from trees on the Paradise or surface rooting stock, and may consist of the following :

APPLES FoR BusH OR FREE PYRAMIDAL STYLE TO BE GROWN ON PARADISE STOCKS.

6. Dessert kinds; to sell from the tree.

* The list of fruits given is more extended than is advisable, but it may only be possible to obtain a part of the sorts given in the planters’ locality ; the fewer kinds used the better

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 19

Karly : Gladstone. Red Juneating. September. Colonel Vaughan. Duchess of Oldenburg. Duchess’s Favourite. Yellow Ingestrie.

Worcester Pearmain. 7. To store for sale October to February :

Cox’s Orange. Gascoigne’s Scarlet. Cox’s Pomona. Beauty of Kent. Peasgood’s Nonesuch. Baumann’s Reinette.

Ifthe soil is cold, omit Cox’s Orange and Worcester Pearmain, and if very rich and good warm land, add Adams’ and Hubbard’s Pearmains, Ross, Nonpareil, and Gipsy King; while for very late keeping Golden Knob, Sturmer, and the smaller fruit of Dutch Mignonne are useful.

8. Kitchen Apples of large size to sell from the tree (on Dwarfs) :

Lord Grosvenor. The Queen. Keklinville. Small’s Admirable. Manks’ Codhn. Grenadier.

Golden Spire. Counsellor.

Pott’s Seedling. Stone’s.

Stirling Castle. 9. Fine Kitchen Apples to store (on Dwarfs) :

Lord Derby. Bismarck. Murfitt’s Seedling. Winter Peach. Lane’s Prince Albert. Dutch Mignonne.

In six years’ time the trees immediately beneath the standards can be transferred to other land, and will, if removed with care (in October or early in November), suffer little from lifting, and in the second year will produce heavy crops. After the sixth season the orchard should be left with a permanent crop of dwarf apples, and standards at 12ft. apart. The dwarfs at some future time could be cut away, and the standards, which would then be established and strong, should be laid to grass, and thus fodder for sheep and a top crop of apples could be secured annually. Until the six-feet trees cover the land, potatoes may be grown between the rows, or lily of the valley, or daffodils. But if land is cheap, the space may remain without crop, and the roots will benefit greatly from the run of all the land. Weeds must be kept down, and if standards only are planted no corn crop must be taken, but in this case soft fruit may be placed between them. ‘The plantation should be dug in December or January each year, and be knocked over with a prong hoe in March.

Oxen and horses should not be allowed in young orchards. Shelter can be quickly obtained by planting Damsons or Bush plums (the latter a Kent sort), with Crawford or Hessell Pears as an inner lne at 12 ft. apart, and this screen would pay its way.

B2

20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If desired, plums could be placed between the apple standards, or gooseberries and currants, omitting thedwarf apples. If theland is properly prepared the apples should need no manure for some years, as the use of stimulants while the trees are young is prejudicial by inducing a sappy unripened growth which lays the tree open to damage by frost. When the trees are carrying a heavy crop, mulching may be carried out in June, or liquid. manure can be used with advantage in the growing time. Such a plantation as described would commence to bring a return from the dwarfs in two years, and the fruit, with a little care in thinning, would command a ready sale, because, when grown in this manner, it is cleaner in appearance and much larger in size. In three or four years the standards would commence to fruit, and a much larger return would annually be made, and if properly managed, at the end of fourteen years the crop would buy the fee simple of the land outright.

In order to make the highest price, all fruits should be ‘‘oraded,’’ as the Americans say, and be of an even sample throughout; be properly named, and packed carefully, so that the baskets open clean and bright at the market. In the case of choice dessert kinds it would probably pay to pack them in light card boxes, such as those introduced by Mr. Tallerman for cherries, &c., and manufactured by Messrs. Johnson. In fact, we should take example from the French, and put our produce up in an attractive form. The pruning of the apples in February or March is of the simplest; no apples should be pruned the first year of planting. For the first two years commence to form the standard trees by taking out all the inner wood to obtain a bowl shape, and cut back the young growth to four or six eyes, to a bud pointing outward; the fourth or fifth year shorten the wood of the current year to six or twelve inches, and keep the centres clear, and after that time let them grow as they like, merely shortening the tips to procure an evenly balanced head, and taking out any crossing pieces of growth. The dwarfs can be cut in to form pyramids or basins, as desired, for two years, and after that be allowed to grow freely. Other matters, such as securing the limbs in a heavy crop, and staking the standards, will have to be attended to, and the stakes must be removed from the standards in the winter as soon as the trees can do without support, as the ties are apt to cut into the bark and produce canker.

For apple growing, land need not be contiguous to a railway station, as they will travel well if carefully packed. Storing enables a grower to realise a high price at a time when good apples are scarce ; where proper stores, such as the hop oasts of Kent, do not exist, a frost-proof shed will do, and if care is taken to store all sound fruit, a thick covering of straw will effectually exclude frost, and keep the fruit plump and heavy. If 1,100 trees bore half a gallon each, at three years old the crop would be about 70

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. Sif,

bushels per acre, which, at 4s. nett (carriage and salesman’s charges deducted), would give a return of £14 per acre; at five years one gallon each would double the produce, and so on. When the top and bottom crop come to pick, an average of half a bushel per tree would give a return of about £120 per acre. The risk of loss by wind is small with dwarf trees, and the cost of picking is less than in tall trees, and they can be readily thinned and attended to.

A word as to old existing orchards. My motto is—Woodman, spare that tree. If such old trees are well manured, in two years they would be either producing good fruit, or, if cider apples, they would so benefit from the improved culture that they should pay for re-grafting with superior kinds. I believe much may be done in this way, as the roots soon respond to generous treatment, and the foundation of success rests upon them. Suitable kinds for erafting on old trees would be—Stone’s, Lane’s Prince Albert, Small’s Admirable, the new and splendid Bismarck, or the smaller Dessert Apples, such as Duchess’s Favourite and Yellow Ingestrie.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Lz Marrre asked whether he should prune back every year, or let the tree grow in its own fashion ?

Mr. SuHrruEY Hrsserp asked whether Mr. Bunyard re- commended The Queen as a market apple ?

Mr. Wricut questioned Mr. Bunyard’s dictum that no apple should be pruned the first year. He had always held it to be most important to preserve the balance of roots and branches. If, therefore, you dig up a tree you spoil this balance for a time, and very frequently, if the tree be not pruned, it will develop flower buds on the points of the shoots, and if these are left to bear fruit the tree will often be ruined for life. He, therefore, thought it best to prune after planting. If you dig up a roseand replant without pruning you get certainly no good growth, and perhaps a few miserable flowers. Therefore he asked whether, instead of letting it go forth as a dogma never to prune the first year, it would not be better to say ‘‘ Prune lightly, and always back to a wood bud pointing outwards.”

Mr. Bunyarp said he had every faith in The Queen be- coming a very marketable apple. It had one objection—that of being flat—and he knew market people had a preference for conical apples. It was, however, extremely beautiful and fertile, which placed it in the first rank. As to pruning pyramids, the remarks which applied to standard trees after the second and third year were also intended to apply to dwarf trees. It would be necessary to preserve the dwarf trees by pruning, and it must be left to the judgment of the grower and the state of his soil as to whether he pruned in four or five years or not. In Kent it

29, JOURNAL OF TEE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was the custom to prune very hard indeed, and he thought it was carried too far. He was of opinion that they might allow Nature to have her own way more. A tree placed in the hands of a thoroughly competent man might no doubt sometimes be advantageously pruned the first year, but in a paper like this one must speak generally, and he had often seen whole orchards ruined by inconsiderate pruning. As a general rule no apples should be touched with the knife the first year. Plums may be pruned, but not apples and pears. Root pruning is a very different matter, and he would always, when he had dug up a tree, prune its roots but not its top.

Mr. Rouprett suggested that the moving of trees occasionally throws them into bearing, and so obviates the need of pruning.

Mr. Bunyarp replied that removing was practically the same as root pruning, because you get a full view of all roots, and no one would ever dream of replanting without a careful look over the roots and shortening the strong ones.

Mr. SuHirtEy Hrsperp: I object 2m toto to removal being the equivalent of root pruning. Lifting with care may bring trees into bearing, but root pruning as it is generally practised is a most cruel and barbarous proceeding.

Mr. Puarson: I venture to take exception to Counsellor, sometimes called New Northern Greening, and sometimes York- shire Beauty, as a good market sort, as it is not, in my county at least, to be depended on for a good crop. It often looks well, and ~ you think you are going to have a fine crop, but when you come to gather it, you find that the under branches have died, and the yield is thin. I should hke to add Improved Northern Greening as being one of the most profitable apples we have for Nottinghamshire. In grafting on old worthless apple trees it is very important to use grafts of very free-growing sorts, e.g., Duchess of Oldenburg, otherwise the experiment will prove a failure. Old pears will stand reegrafting well, but apples are somewhat impatient of the process. I thoroughly agree as to the import- ance of storing. Many growers lose quite half their profit by not stormg. We find late apples will keep very well in any old rooms, and even if they should get frozen, they recover if only they be left alone till a thaw comes.

Mr. J. Woop: I should lke to support Counsellor as a. thoroughly good market apple. I grow seven acres of it in Kent, and do not know anything better; I would plant seven more if I had the land.

Mr. Bunyarp: I used not to believe so highly in Counsellor, but I soon found there was a large market demand for it; the planters would have it, and I fancy that is a pretty good proof of an apple’s market value. Improved Northern Greening is an apple I entirely believe in as having a great future, but I felt bound in my paper only to speak from my own experience, and

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 298

as yet I have not known Improved Northern Greening long enough to warrant my giving it a character. Stone’s is, in my opinion, a very reliable apple, and very valuable. I have known it fetch 6s. to 8s. a bushel.

FRUIT CULTURE FOR PROFIT IN THE OPEN AIR IN ENGLAND.

By Mr. Wiuuiam Pavt, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Waltham Cross.

I think I may safely assume that a much larger quantity of English fruit would meet with a ready sale if put before the public in a tempting state. I think I may also assume that there are thousands of acres of land in Great Britain at present, bringing little or no profit to owners or occupiers, which, if planted with fruit trees, might be made to return a good profit to both. Not that I think large fortunes are to be made by the venture, but a fair remuneration for the outlay of capital and the application of industry and skill.

To give these opinions a practical application, I propose to say a few words on the subject under the following heads :—

1. Climate. 3. Holdings. 2. Soils. 4. Sorts.

1. Cuimate.—A mild, equable climate, free from sudden changes of temperature, and storms of wind or rain, should be preferred. Ido not believe in planting apples, pears, cherries, and plums in the bottom of valleys. This is often done on account of the quality of the soil. But it is of little benefit to the grower to realise a good growth and abundant flowering if his crop is destroyed in the flowering state by the spring frosts. During the last few years there has been a wonderful show of blos- som on the fruit trees in the Valley of the Lea, but little fruit has followed owing to the destruction of the embryo by the severity of the spring frosts in this low situation. This is the one point in climate that would seem to render it unsuitable for culture for profit, as it can be but partially amended by shelter or any other means.

It seems to me that many important points desirable to secure success, which are well known to those who are thoroughly versed in these matters, have not yet taken hold of the general mind, and they cannot be too often repeated till they do this. Only a few years ago I was surprised to meet with an orchard newly planted in the bottom of a moist valley, the climate of which in spring was trying in the extreme for early buds and blossoms. The sorts, too, were indifferently chosen. Neverthe-

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less the planter persevered with their culture, until he found that for three or four years in succession he got plenty of blossom but little or no fruit. He has recently destroyed them and cropped the ground with vegetables. But what a waste of time and money, and what a source of vexation and disappointment !

I believe in planting on slopes or uplands, where the spring frosts are less destructive, with distant shelter to be provided, if not already existing. If cheap quick-growing trees are planted for shelter within a few yards of the boundaries of the planta- tions, at the time young fruit trees are planted, the former will afford the necessary shelter by the time the fruit trees come into bearmg. I would emphasise to the utmost of my power the necessity of a favourable climate and shelter.

On a farm of 200 acres there may be a difference of climate that would render fruit culture profitable or unprofitable, ac- cording to the position in which the trees are planted. In the Valley of the Lea I find that in some years the crop is mainly or wholly on the bottom, and in others on the top of the trees. This I attribute to the frost being more severe in the one case near the ground, and in the other at a greater elevation during the period of flowering.

2. Sorns.—A light or medium loam of good depth and well drained is generally accepted as the most favourable for the pro- duction of an abundance of good fruit. It matters not if it be poor, provided manure can be obtained at an easy distance or at

_a cheap rate. A bad soil in a good climate often yields the erower more profitable results than a good soil in a bad climate. If the ground be wet, thorough and deep drainage is an essential condition of land to be employed in fruit culture, for it improves the climate as well as the soil. Chalk or gravel would seem to be a better subsoil than clay, as the latter, especially if wet, favours the development of canker.

As to the soils for the different fruits I would prefer for apples a medium loam; for plums, pears, and cherries a hght warm loam. For strawberries, a ight rich loam, cool and moist, with ready access to water. For raspberries, a deep, light loam, also cool and moist. For gooseberries and currants, a deep, strong Joam. But I would not convey the impression that these soils are necessary; in well-drained soils cultivation may be safely extended even to strong or clayey loams.

Of course, the working of the soil is, or should be, much more costly than in ordinary farm operations, and the cultivation of the trees by pruning and keeping free from insects is also an item of cost in labour which must not be lost sight of. In estimates of profits lately put forward, it appears to me that these facts in connection with the cultivation of trees and soil have not been sufficiently allowed for. The practice of ‘‘ sticking in” a few trees, by which is often meant merely digging a hole large enough and deep enough to admit and cover the roots, in

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 95

the way one would stick in a post, cannot be too loudly con- demned. However good the soil, however careful the after culture, no satisfactory results can follow. The soil should be well prepared, and the trees carefully planted and cultivated according to the recognised methods of intelligent and ex- perienced horticulturists.

3. Houtpines.—lIt is often said one should not plant fruit trees for profit except on his own land. But this would un- necessarily limit the number of growers. A long lease, however, is indispensable. According to the calculations I have made, but with which I need not trouble you, thirty years is the shortest lease I should advise anyone to plant under. If the lease be for a shorter period, I think the tenant should expect from the landlord either a renewal at the same rent as before, or that his trees be taken at a valuation, or some equitable arrange- ment made for compensation if the lease is not renewed.

It may be thought by some that this is asking too much from the owner of the soil, but I do not think it is more than it is his interest to give. By such concession he may secure a good tenant and a good rent, and there is ample security for his rent in the value of the trees on the soil. Iwill read a brief extract from a recent number of the Sussex Advertiser in reference to land tenure in Kent, and without offering any opinion on the course taken by the tenant, as I know nothing of the case beyond what is here stated, I think you will all agree with me that such a state of things is to be deplored :—

‘‘ LAND TENURE IN KEent.—One of the results of the unsatis- factory system of land tenure now prevailing in this country is to be seen at Knockholt, Kent. The lease held by Mr. Edwin Bath, of Curry Farm, in that parish, expires at Michaelmas, and he is not allowed to renew his tenancy, nor can he recover com- pensation from his landlord for a valuable plantation of thirty acres of raspberries on the farm. Consequently the extra- ordinary spectacle may now be seen of a reaping machine cutting down and a steam plough following it rooting up this plantation, which has cost a very large expenditure of time and money to produce. When it is considered that the produce of the planta- tion in question realised in the present year upwards of £1,690, and that the plantation was vigorous and in full bearing, some idea may be formed of the sacrifice of property involved.”

Further: It has often struck me that the manner in which the charges on land are levied is not equitable, and is calculated to discourage rather than encourage the planting of fruit trees for profit. A few words will, I think, make this plain. A man plants fruit trees not looking for any quantity of fruit for four years. During that period he receives nothing, or next to nothing, in the shape of produce, although rent charges on land and expenses of cultivation are going on and have to be met. Then when his crop brings him a larger return than ordinary farm

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produce would bring, the charges on the land are raised! Now it would seem only fair, if the charges on land are calculated according to the value of the annual crop, the planter of fruit trees should pay nothing the first four years.

4. Sorts.—Of large fruits grown for profit apples would seem to stand first, plums next, then pears, then cherries. Of small fruits, strawberries, raspberries, currants, and gooseberries are the most important ; filberts may also be planted to give a profitable crop in odd sheltered spots where other fruits would not grow well. But these different fruits do not all require pre- cisely the same climate and soil. The apple is perhaps the least particular in these respects, some varieties of which will thrive and produce large crops of good fruit in almost any well-drained soil when grafted or budded on the crab or apple stock; the Paradise stock I have found next to useless under field culture on the clayey soils of Sussex. There are twenty-four sorts of apples which I should plant in preference to others In my own county (Hertfordshire), having an eye to the disposal of the crop as well as to its production. They are: Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cox’s Pomona, Devonshire Quarrenden, Ecklin- ville, Duchess of Oldenburg, Irish Peach, Keswick, King of the Pippins, Lord Suffield, Small’s Admirable, Stirling Castle, Sturmer Pippin, Warner’s King, Wellington, Hawthornden, Cellini, Beauty of Kent, Dutch Mignonne, Northern Greening, Early Julien, Golden Spire, Worcester Pearmain, and Pott’s Seedling.

I can speak favourably of the Ecklinville from experiments made both in Herts and Sussex. I planted in Sussex four years ago two hundred Ecklinville apples that had been cut back as maidens to 25 ft. The soil (a quarter of an acre) was good, and had been subsoiled 18 in. deep a few years previously. They grew well. The third year they produced five bushels, the fourth year seventeen bushels, which sold on the ground at 5s. a bushel. They were planted about 6 ft. by 6ft., but strong growers might be planted 9 ft. by 9 ft., and small fruits or vegetables might be grown between the trees for a few years. I estimate the expenses of planting and cultivating these two hundred Kecklnville apple trees on a quarter of an acre of ground in 1884 as follows :—

Cost of trees, 200 at 50s. per 100 ........2.2....%--..- =o OE 0 Planting‘and diggings. ai. itne.ss-eee eee ees eee eae 015 0 Four years’ cultivation, at 15s. per year ............ 3200 Rent, rates, wes iat! LOs: persyeantieikws-sesse65-ceeee ee 2. oc Dind £10 15 0 Returns in 1888: Twenty-two Bushels of Apples sold on the ground, at Ds.“per-bushel 94 secre a ieee eee eee £5 10 0

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Next year I expect to get the outlay back, and look to the future for profits.

In exposed situations pyramid or bush trees are preferable to standards, because the fruit is not so liable to be blown down, and in large orchards, if the trees have stems 24 to 3 ft. high, sheep could run under them to feed, and thus help the returns.

Puums.—The Early Prolific, Early Orleans, The Czar, Belgian, Orleans, Diamond, Belle de Septembre, Pond’s Seed- ling, Prince Einglebert, and the Victoria are good ones. Purple and Pershore damsons also, of which the Farleigh is well to the front, are usually a profitable crop.

Prars want a better climate and a warmer, richer, and deeper soil than apples, and are not usually so profitable a crop as apples. They do well as a rule on a subsoil of chalk. Of pears, Aston Town, Eyewood, Hessle, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Beurré de Capiaumont, Beurré d’Amanlis, Mons. le Curé, or Vicar of Winkfield, Doyenné d’Hté, Madame Treyve, and Marie Louise d’Uccle, are the most profitable sorts to grow in Hertfordshire ; Louise Bonne of Jersey, where it will grow, and Marie Louise, where it will bear freely, are also good varieties.

CHERRIES like a lighter and deeper soil than apples. The May Duke, Bigarreau, Napoleon, White Heart, Governor Wood, Frogmore Karly Bigarreau, and Kentish are good sorts.

STRAWBERRIES.—Vicomtesse Héricart de Thury, Sir J. Paxton, Elton Pine, President, Sir Charles. Napier, Oscar, Premier, Dr. Hogg, James Veitch, Loxford Hall Seedling.

RASPBERRIES.—Carter’s Prolific, Fastolf, Fillbasket, Red Antwerp.

CuRRANTS.—Black Naples, Red Dutch, White Dutch, Raby Castle, La Versaillaise, Cherry, Lee’s Prolific Black.

GOOSEBERRIES.— Whitesmith, Warrington, Companion, Lion’s Provider, Roaring Lion, Broomgirl, Dublin, Crown Bob, Lanca- shire Lad.

In selecting sorts of fruits it should not be lost sight of that some sorts flower later than others, and the blossoms of some sorts are more frost-proof than others, and thus the crop is often saved by late-flowering or frost-resisting blossoms. If I were about to plant fruit trees for profit, I should look closely to these matters in the selection of sorts. J would also examine all the fruit trees, and talk to all the practical gardeners in the neigh- bourhood whom I could persuade to listen to me, to ascertain which sorts produced the best and most certain crops in the district.

In conclusion, let me say that the grower’s work is only partly done when he gathers his crops. He has to sell them as a

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matter of profit. Like other men of business, he must be suffi- ciently intelligent, industrious, and energetic to find the best market for them, and to pack them properly, if packing is needed, or he misses the reward of his skill and labour. A crop may often be disposed of to advantage in the neighbourhood where erown, and when this is the case the cost of packing, carriage, and commission is saved.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Tonxs asked why Jefferson was omitted from the list of plums ?

Mr. W. Paut: It is excellent for gardens, but not a suffi- ciently sure bearer for planting for profit.

Mr. PEARson: Was it legal to destroy the raspberries as described ?

Mr. Woop: A market gardener is under precisely the same law as a nurseryman, who may destroy all the ground crops like raspberries and strawberries, but may not destroy apples and pears unless he replants.

Mr. A. Drawn considered gooseberries very valuable as a ‘bottom crop, because they could be used green as well as ripe, and were in that way superior to other ground crops, giving the grower a much longer time during which to put them on the market. Trees should not be looked to to return a profit under _ four or five years, during which time an income might be derived by planting under them violets, wallflowers, &c.

Mr. Surrtey Hipperp, speaking on the subject of frost, said its effects were different according to the strata of the atmosphere. At 10 ft. above the surface frost was usually less intense than immediately in contact with the surface. ‘There was more risk up to 10 ft. than above it.

Mr. Pavut said that was not so always, as sometimes they had a better crop of fruit at the bottom of trees than at the top. But as a rule the frost was more severe close to the ground, especially in spring and autumn, than it was at certain heights ; but he did not think it was universally so.

Mr. Rovurett said that a cutting wind at the top was worse than a frost at the bottom. A Duchess of Oldenburg apple was in full bloom in 10° of frost, and remained uninjured, while taller trees were very much more affected, because of the wind blowing a gale.

Mr. Le Mairre asked why British Queen was omitted from the list of strawberries ?

Mr. Pavut replied that he had a high opinion of British Queen, but he should not plant it for market. He preferred Dr. Hogg, which was not only a better cropper, but commanded a better price also.

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Mr. Tonxs could quite understand why it was left out. He srew a large number of strawberries, but he could not get the British Queen to fruit at all on his ground.

Mr. 'T. Bunyarp spoke as to the effect of climate on fruit trees. Everything had been considered but dew. He had noticed on fruit trees, that while the lower branches had been saturated with dew the upper branches were quite dry. He thought frost would have a more injurious effect on dew-saturated blossoms than on the dry ones. The water got in and ruptured the germ, and there was an end of the fruit.

Mr. GrorGE Bunyarp remarked that no one could help being struck with the different effects of frost on different varieties of fruit. If you look on an orchard in blossom you will notice that some trees hold the flowers much more upright than others, and in some the blooms quite hang down, e.g., Jargonelle Pear; and this might be a point worth noticing with regard to the varying effects of frost. He would also recommend planters to have an eye to the habit of different varieties. The Czar Plum, for instance, he considered better than the Prolific, if there was to be an under crop between, for the Czar grows erect like a Lombardy Poplar, whereas in a very few years Prolific would come down on to the undergrowth.

Mr. PEARSON said that after fruit trees were once planted, if anything went wrong it was always the nurseryman who was blamed and never the planter ; whereas if you examined into the matter you would find nine times out of ten that the trees had been thoroughly good trees to start with, but that they had been either simply stuck into a hole or planted too deep. As a general rule he thought trees were planted nearly always three times too deep. He could not consider anything more unjust to the fruit tree than to have its roots buried so deeply that they could not get sun or air. He was against deep planting, and he would even suggest that on heavy strong land planting should be done on a mound, and the more they prepared the land the better would be the result. Replying to a question as to how deep he would plant, he said there was always a mark round the tree as it grew in the nursery, and if they planted to the same point again they could not go wrong.

Mr. Surrtey HipperpD said he should like to point out a source of danger in private gardens where “sticking in’’ was done. Wherever a tree had been for any considerable length of time it was a dangerous matter to plant another in the same spot, for nine times out of ten there would be in the soil a number of the old roots, which would breed a mass of fungus.

Mr. Duan said his rule was to plant plums where apples had been, as while plums took one constituent out of the soil, apples took another.

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DESSERT PEARS.

Tur Fewest Necessary To Suppry Rive FRvuIt FRoM Avuaust To Marcu.

By Mr. W. WILDSMITH, F.R.H.S., Heckfield, Hants.

The subject of this paper was suggested to my mind by the controversy about a reduction of the number of the varieties of pears that took place in one of the horticultural journals a few months since. The general tone of that discussion went to show that there was a unanimous feeling in favour of reducing the number of varieties, but to what extent, opinions differed greatly, twelve being suggested by more than one writer as the maximum number of varieties—a proposition that in some re- spects I had a good deal of sympathy with, but the number twelve ended, so far as I was concerned, simply, because I knew from years of experience that no twelve kinds that could be named by the greatest expert in pear lore would suffice to give an unbroken succession of ripe fruit throughout the pear season— say from the beginning of August to the middle of March. That twelve kinds might be selected that would extend over the pear season is quite another matter. I have long had the honour to serve an employer whose favourite fruit is the pear, and, conse- “quently, have had to give special attention to it; and ifone point more than another has had to be studied, it is that of quality, a solitary flavourless fruit of an otherwise good variety has not unseldom been the cause of the condemnation of the variety generally. I name this to show that my experience has been gained at some cost of labour and anxiety; and at the risk of being considered egotistical I think this entitles me to speak with some degree of confidence about this matter of limitation of sorts. Every fruit grower knows how precarious and how variable the pear is in different soils, aspects, and positions, and no twelve kinds, however good they may be in one garden or district, will be equally so in another, even but a mile or two away, nor even in the same garden can they be relied on to be of the same excellence any two consecutive years ; and it is this precariousness that I think renders it necessary to grow a good number of varieties. For the purpose of this paper I have closely examined the pear notes in my diary for several years, in which are noted the dates of gathering and ripening, and the dura- tion, 7.e., the time they continued fit for table, and from these notes I have compiled a list of twelve that, supposing I was compelled to grow only that number, would be likely to give me the most regular (not constant) succession of fruit. They are

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placed in the order in which they ripened here: Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Fondante d’Automne, Beurré Superfin, Marie Louise, Thompson’s, Doyenné du Comice, Glou Morceau, Winter Nelis, Josephine de Malines, Huyshe’s Victoria, Easter Beurré, and Bergamotte d’Ksperen.

These twelve kinds constitute the cream of all the varieties (nearly one hundred) that are grown here, and out of the twelve there are but two that are at all liable to prove of doubtful quality, and this from a cause over which we have no control, namely, a sunless season. The two kinds in question are Kaster Beurré and Bergamotte d’Espéren, both of them late varieties, and requiring a longer season of sunshine than the others. I may, however, add that I have occasionally in a sunless season had recourse to means that have tended to make both of the kinds palatable, namely, by wrapping the fruit separately in tissue paper, and placing them in shallow baskets in a dry, warm room for ten days or a fortnight before the fruit were required for use. And now with respect to the question of the number of varieties ‘‘ necessary to ensure a continuous supply of ripe fruit.” I have, after considerable deliberation, founded on the practical experience of many years, come to the conclusion that it is next to impossible to accomplish the feat with a less number than twenty-five varieties. To some this number may appear excessive, and to such I ought to explain that my experience is given from the standpoint of a private gentleman’s gardener— say of a large garden—and from which liberal supplies of pears are demanded all the season through, and therefore it is necessary to have, as it were, two strings to one’s bow; as, for instance, if Williams’ Bon Chrétien Pear run short, I ought to have Beurré de l’Assomption to supply the lack; or if Marie Louise be scarce, I must eke out with Beurré Bosc; and so on, to the end of the chapter.

I regret that I have not practically tested with how few it is possible to keep up a constant supply, but I am sure I should fail if I undertook the task with a less number than twenty-five, and the following are their names, and placed in order of ripen- ing :—Souvenir du Congres, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Beurré d’Amanlis, Fondante d’Automne, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Madame Treyve, Beurré Hardy, Beurré Superfin, Seckle, Marie Louise, Doyenné du Comice, Thompson’s, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Glou Morceau, Winter Nelis, Comte de Lamy, Beurré Bachelier, Josephine de Malines, Winter Crassane, Huyshe’s Victoria, Olivier de Serres, Easter Beurré, Ne Plus Meuris, Knight’s Monarch, and Bergamotte d’lisperen. All these are generally well-known varieties in most parts of Britain—proof sufficient, I think, of their excellence ; and I can vouch for their reliability for this district in respect of constant and free bearing, and their high quality.

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The least meritorious in the list are:—Madame Treyve (quickly over), Duchesse d’Angouléme (gritty), Beurré Bachelier (mealy), and Ne Plus Meuris (gritty), yet I know no other four kinds that can—all points considered—replace them. Lest any one should conclude from what I have said as to the number of kinds to ensure a regular succession of useful fruit, that that is all that is required to make certain of the supplies, I will undeceive them at once by saying, No. There is no fruit that eives better returns for labour expended, and none that more quickly resents the ‘‘let alone’’ policy that one is occasionally compelled to behold. As regards the former, nearly all our trees are grafted on the quince, from which stock it is no exaggeration to say that we get at least double the fruit that we do from trees on the pear stock, and high feeding is therefore a matter of necessity ; but the labour of applying these manurial mulchings we place as a set-off against that of the time expended in root pruning that nearly all trees on the pear stock require about every alternate year, and the fruit is neither so numerous nor so well coloured, and not superior in quality. No, if good crops of fruit are expected annually, water and mulch, mulch and water, must be the order of the day all through the fruit-swelling season. ‘They who by reason of restricted space can only grow a few varieties, and whose demands for fruit are, as a matter of course, proportionately restricted, may do something towards lengthening out the supply of ripe fruit by gathering the same variety of pear at varying intervals of from a week to ten days. The fruit of most varieties—more especially the earlier kinds— will then ripen at similar intervals, and thus the season of ripe fruit may be considerably extended. ‘l’o those who have unlimited room, and can therefore grow the required number of varieties to ensure supplies, this piece-meal gathering is not of so much consequence, nevertheless I strongly advise its being done with any varieties that ripen rapidly, such as Citron des Carmes, Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, and Fondante d’Automne.

ON PRUNING. By Mr. Surrtey Hipsperp, F.R.H.S.

It is commonly asserted in books, and forms part of the faith of mankind, that pruning tends to augment the vigour of trees, and as a consequence much of the pruning that is done has in view to promote the end predicated for it. There can no longer be entertained by observant men a doubt of the fact that pruning, so far from augmenting, actually diminishes the vigour of the subjects operated on, and the one sole reason that the

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fact is not strikingly illustrated in the outdoor world is that Nature is generous, and accomplishes much in compensation for the injuries that are inflicted by the pruning knife. And because Nature is generous and compensative, a certain amount of prun- ing may be done without harm, and, as regards the objects we have in view in pruning fruit trees, with positive benefit. But so long as we keep in mind that pruning in the abstract 1s objec- tionable, we shall be careful to prune in a way to ensure a maximum of the advantage for ourselves, with a minimum of disadvantage to the trees.

Keeping this in mind, we may at once compare the several forms of trees with a view to arrive at conclusions as to their relative values. For the present we will compare standards, pyramids, and bushes. We must deal with them generally, and make broad comparisons, for particular cases would require particular consideration, that would be scarcely possible in con- nection with this Conference.

We will begin with standard orchard trees that bear abun- dantly, as many orchard trees do. It will be observed that pruning neither augments the vigour of these trees nor does it promote their fruitfulness, for as, generally speaking, they are not pruned at all, they teach a bold lesson of the non-necessity of pruning. Now we will turn to the perfect pyramids, say of apples and pears, formed to an ideal model by long years of pruning and pinching. As pyramids they are perfect, being of even contour, dense with foliage, with scarcely room anywhere to allow one to thrust a hand in, and they are healthy and bright from the ground line to the summit. It has to be remarked of these compact, leafy trees that they produce so little fruit as but rarely to pay a fair return for the land they occupy. They do, indeed, occasionally present their owner with a crop, and often he is satisfied. Butifwe are to take measures for increasing the production of fruit we shall rather avoid than accept trees of - this form, or, if we must have them, we shall, having fruit in view, rather promote an open growth with room to thrust one’s head in at many places, this form of tree being favourable to fruit production. We have in our collections many kinds of apples and pears that will not, no matter what we do to them, conform to our ideal of the perfect pyramid. It is usual, there- fore, to suffer these to grow as open loose bushes, and the difference between them and the pinched pyramids is seen not only in the form and furnishing, but in their superior fruit- fulness.

Pursuing the comparison, it will be observed that pruning tends to promote secondary growth which is often immature when the season closes. This growth, therefore, has been obtained by a false system, and its uselessness 1s a proper com- mentary on the violence done to nature. The perfect pyramid

Cc

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is for ever loaded with immature wood that earns nothing, and the density of the foliage so completely excludes the light and air from the wood that fruit spurs are few and commonly unpro- ductive. The free bushes that are not pruned at all, or but moderately pruned, are, as a rule, vastly more fruitful than the pyramids, and the free standards are more fruitful than either. Thus, as a matter of fact, the order of fruitfulness is in an inverse ratio to the order of the pruning, and we may conclude that the pruning knife is a deadly enemy to apples and pears.

The natural growth of a fruit tree is definite and orderly, but much of our practice appears to proceed on the hypothesis that it is a matter of accident. There is sent forth a certain number of long rods. If these are cut back, secondary rods appear, and by stopping these we obtain a lot of soft spray, and so on for ever. But the long rods left to themselves throw out a few side branches and form fruit spurs the greater part of their length. In due time the fruit appears. Often, where the soil and climate favour the business, and the varieties are naturally free-bearing, the fruit may be seen to hang like ropes of onions, while at the same time pruned trees of the self-same sorts are thinly dotted with fruit, so that we can actually count them, which in the other case is impossible. The unpruned standards and bushes are free to follow the course of nature, and we see them fruiting abundantly and frequently, while the pruned trees fruit scantily and seldom. ‘The obvious lesson is that long rods admitting light and air freely are more serviceable than rods systematically cut back, and thereby compelled to become densely furnished, forming compact trees impervious to light and air, as compared with the free trees, that delight to display their fruits in the fullest exposure. The leading shoots, therefore, should never be shortened except for some special reason.

In the year 1876 I had the honour of reading before the Society of Arts a paper on “ Fallacies in Fruit Culture.” One of my objects was to demonstrate that systematic pruning and pinching of open ground fruit trees deferred and limited the pro- duction of fruit, although these operations were intended to hasten and augment fruit production. And I placed before the meeting for inspection and criticism a number of trees that I had in the first instance selected for their ugliness, but which, having | for some years occupied a good soil in a suitable situation, had acquired symmetry, and proportion, and fruitfulness without aid from the pruning knife, one great pomt in the matter being that every annual growth had been allowed to acquire maturity, no secondary growth being promoted by summer pinching, and no superabundance of furniture resulting from winter pruning. Some of you will remember that in doing this I exposed myself to what I may now recall as a shower of hot shot; but I live still, and repeat the story, and if another dose of hot shot is ready for

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 85

me I will not flinch so much as to move my eyelids, so sure am I that common sense will at last prevail, and that it will be agreed all round that Nature has something to do with the pro- duction of fruit.

I have the consolation, however, of knowing that common sense has prevailed. The horticultural papers altered their tone on the subject of pruning from that date; practical gardeners who lead by intelligence and example saw and acknowledged I was right, and to their advantage they have used the knife less freely than formerly. Moreover, since the year 1876 we have had a suc- cession of Apple and Pear Conferences, and their collective lesson appears to be Magna est veritas et prevalebit, for have we not entered on a new career in fruit culture, common sense guiding the way, because only where common sense prevails does Nature prove herself in every sense the friend of man. While we re- pudiate reason, Nature destroys our false work, and does not even stop there, for she destroys man himself, and history is in great part the record of the price that man has paid for adherence to unreason, superstition, and folly.

Amongst the many persons who have carried out my proposals, I will name Mr. James Hudson, the gardener at Gunnersbury House, who is known to you, and whose work is near at hand. He had long lamented the unfruitfulness of a collection of good varieties of dessert pears, but he saw no way to improve them but to continue the practice of pruning. He saw my sample trees in 1876, and from that time he allowed the trees to manage their own affairs, since which they have been constantly and abundantly fruitful. Mr. J. James, then gardener at Redlees, took a similar course, and secured equally happy results. In this garden of the Royal Horticultural Society you may see collections of pyramid pears that have been systematically summer pruned for any number of years, and have borne moderate crops intermittently. But you may also see a collection of apple trees in the form of free bushes that have only been lightly winter-pruned to keep them somewhat in order, and they have been constantly and abundantly fruitful, and, in fact, have every year for several years past illustrated my idea of fruits dis- played like ropes of onions. In the famous garden at Calcot, near Reading, where the late Mr. Richard Webb had every year finer crops of fruit than probably could be found in any garden of similar extent in all the home counties, there was absolutely no pruning practised; the trees never made more than a moderate growth, though in land of great strength, and the fruit was of such quality that Mr. Webb took a high place in great exhibi- tions as well as in Covent Garden Market. When lately at Heckfield, Mr. Wildsmith pointed out some pear trees under “‘reverse’’ training that proved more than ordinarily fruitful. This reverse training does not pay when it is carried out in a severe

c 2

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manner by the aid of the knife and a multiplicity of ligatures, for that system is a mere warfare against nature which can never pay. It is in this case practised in a coaxing kind of way; the trees know but little of the knife, and the long rods are brought down gently, as I suggested years ago in what I termed ‘pulley pruning.’ Many fruitful trees acquire a half-weeping habit from the mere effect of the weight of the fruit, which brings down the branches. There is no merit in observing this, but there is merit in taking from the fact a lesson in cultivation. The reverse position of the branch checks growth, exposes the wood and the fruit most completely to the sun and the air, and we may say the mere fact of fruitfulness is promotive of fruitful- ness, the half-weeping habit that the law of gravitation enforces on the tree exactly suits its constitution as a fruit-producer. Very much of the prevailing practice in pruning promotes rigidity of growth, and compels the tree to be a mere leaf-producer.

Now to conclude. Observation and experience have taught me that summer pruning is too promotive of useless secondary growth to beadvantageous; and it tends also to keep the roots in action until late in the year, when they ought to be at rest. The effort of the tree to ripen useless wood is detrimental to its more profitable duties. Prune immediately after the fruit is gathered, first cut- ting out all dead wood, then cutting out cross and ill-placed shoots that would interfere with the free play of light and air, and then conceal the pruning knife lest anyone should venture to cut back the long rods, and so renew the old warfare between useless wood and useful fruit.

Pyramid trees of many sorts of pears will acquire beauty of contour, and become regularly furnished, and will produce abun- dance of fruit without any pruning whatever, as I have shown by my trees that for fifteen years continuously were never touched with the knife. The lower branches of pyramid trees never bear fruit, probably from proximity to the ground and its exhalations, as well as from the low temperature that often prevails at that level. When left to form themselves, or aidedin quite an infini- tesimal degree, they remain open to light and air, and soon become well clothed with spurs that ripen perfectly and do their duty. The dense, leafy pyramids are useless in proportion to their leafiness, and very often it may be said that the free bushes . and standards are useful in proportion to their leanness, and it must be owned that many of the lean trees are amongst the most profitable. Long rods pay, short rods are more plague than profit. ~ A most instructive contrast between the useless pyramids and the profitable standards has occurred in the garden planted many years since by my friend Mr. J. B. Saunders, then of The Laurels, Taunton, now of Teignmouth. Mr. Saunders was proud of his pinched pyramid trees, and managed them with orthodox

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 87

care. They were but moderately fruitful, though models of form, and as handsome in leafage as camellias. In the course of time, my friend having left Taunton, a portion of his beautiful garden, of which many of the pyramid trees were occupants, came into the possession of Mr. Godding, nurseryman, of that town. This gentleman soon discovered that the pyramids would never pay rent for the land they covered, and he determined that they should pay liberally, and cover no land at all. He cut them back to sheer stems, of seven to ten feet or so, according to their form and stature, and allowed them to form free heads over the eravel walks. They have done this; he crops the borders under them to their very stems, and they arch over the walks, forming rustic bowers, and their fruitfulness is such that it is necessary to provide artificial support to save them from self-destruction. You have never seen pinched pyramids in the deplorable con- dition of needing artificial support.

Of wall and cordon trees I do not propose to say anything at this time, except that they must be amenable to common sense, and nature must have some freedom even where the trees are so fettered. Of one thing J am satisfied, that any system of pruning that promotes a late summer growth is pernicious, for it is not possible in this chmate that fruit trees can make and mature useful wood after the passing of Midsummer day.

DiIscuUSsSION.

Mr. Pearson thought Mr. Hibberd rather meant to talk about bad pruning v. good pruning than the non-necessity of any prun- ing at all; indeed, his own arguments proved that the pruning knife is required. What use was it to have pears hanging like ropes of onions, for if they were as thick as all that they would certainly not be worth much when you had got them. To get really good fruit it was absolutely necessary to give a space of nine inches between the branches, both of wall and bush trees, and to do this the side shoots must be pruned off to let in air and light. The trees Mr. Hibberd condemned were not ‘“‘ pruned,”’ but clipped more like yews for a hedge. If the pear trees in the Society’s gardens had been left as Mr. Hibberd would have them they could not possibly have borne better crops; for he noticed, in passing through to the Conference, that although they had many of them been somewhat severely pruned, they were bearing very heavy crops of excellent fruit.

Mr. Wricut said the longer he lived the less he should use the knife in pruning if his object was to get the greatest possible amount of fruit; but if pruning was skilfully conducted, you cer- tainly obtained finer fruits. He referred to the pear trees at Cardiff Castle, planted on the pear stock, and said they had been allowed to assume their natural habits, the only pruning they had

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undergone being the taking out of a few branches here and there so that the sun could shine through. Those trees were bearing three or four bushels of fruit as good as could be found in the exhibition. The great object was to let light shine through the trees, which would then form natural spurs. There were, however, in the garden some good examples of pruning and non-pruning. On the whole, for commercial fruit-growing people, Mr. Hibberd, he considered, was right. He would only add that the autumn, when the leaves were still on, was the right time to prune, as you then could see where the trees were most crowded, so as to let in sun and air.

Mr. Cannon remarked that he had often been called in to examine the pyramid trees that were now so much the fashion in the villa gardens round London, and he had come to the con- clusion that bad pruning, not pruning, was the cause of their bearing no fruit. If a pear tree were pruned into shape like an Irish yew, no wonder if it were barren.

Mr. HisperpD agreed entirely in cutting out the side growths to keep the trees open and let in air and light, but he thought we did want fruit like ropes of onions if they were good. No power on earth could put fruit on a tree, but it was easy enough to take a few off. The matter of quality was entirely in the gardener’s hands by feeding the roots and thinning the crop, but thinning was too long a process ever to pay the market grower. If first- rate samples are wanted, you must prune lightly, and feed and thin heavily.

Mr. Wm. Paun said that, whilst to some extent he agreed with Mr. Hibberd, he should be sorry for people to go away from this Conference under the idea that there was no need to prune fruit trees. Many a fruitful tree would become comparatively barren if from henceforth it was left altogether unpruned, whereas many a barren tree might, by experienced pruning, be at once thrown into bearing. All, therefore, should remember that pruning was necessary, and that it was only injudicious or excessive pruning that was condemned.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 89

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18.

SHIRLEY HIBBERD, Hsq., F.R.H.S., in the Chair.

The Conference was resumed at 1.30 o’clock.

CANKER IN FRUIT TREES.

By Mr. Epmunp Tonks, B.C.L., F.R.H.S., Knowle, Warwickshire.

I have been requested to contribute a short paper for discussion at this meeting, and as the results of some experi- ments recently made by me appear to indicate that there may be a remedy for that worst of all diseases affecting fruit trees— canker, which is described in the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona”’ as “‘ the terror of all orchardists and the bane of most orchards,”’ I thought it right to comply with the request. As my own experience scarcely extends beyond my garden, and numerous duties have prevented me from devoting even there that close and continued observation which is necessary for the proper study of such a subject, I should have hesitated to intrude my crude notions in antagonism to the authorities if their views had been clear and definite ; but as these are very vague, both as to the cause and the cure of the disease, I venture to state my own. Thompson, in the ‘“‘ Gardener’s Assistant,’ says: ‘ The cause is imperfectly understood, and so consequently is an effectual cure; ”’ My. Fish, in ‘“ Cassell’s Popular Gardening,” says: “In fact, it may almost be said to be incurable;” and the “ Dictionary of Gardening,’ the most recent publication on the subject, says : ‘“« Were the causes better known, the remedy might generally be much easier found.’ Yet these, and most of the other writers on the subject, according to my idea, indirectly indicate both the cause and the remedy for the disease, the cause being mal-nutri- tion, the consequence of an imperfect provision in the soil of the food required by the plant; the remedy, the supply of the food which is deficient. These writers inferentially indicate this remedy : for instance, Thompson recommends that “the soil be ameliorated by trenching and other means;’’ Mr. Fish, in ‘* Popular Gardening,” says: ‘“ Lift the root into higher places of warmth, and better and more immediately available supplies of food ;”’ and the ‘“ Dictionary of Gardening” says: “ ‘Trees that are badly cankered may be improved by lifting and replant- ing in improved or better drained soil.”’

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Perhaps the most convenient method of dealing with the subject in detail is to analyse, paragraph by paragraph, all that is stated relating to canker by some recent and recognised autho- rity ; that splendid work, the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona,” is possibly the best for the purpose, as it may be assumed to contain a summary of the most recent knowledge of all that relates to orchard growth. The first paragraph of the passage in that work relating to canker states that “it is always due to direct injury.” In a controversy a clear and definite issue is most satisfactory, therefore, with all submission, I venture to assert that it is never due to such cause. That canker may appear in parts which have been injured is no proof that the injury caused the canker, although the imjury may determine the particular spot where the disease makes itself visible. A well-nourished and consequently healthy tree may be injured to any extent without development of canker, while an ill-nourished tree, or, to avoid begging the question, a tree infected with the disease, will develop in all parts the external signs without the slightest injury or abrasion of any kind, and very frequently on parts where, from their well-protected position, such as the angles of the branches with the main stem, it is almost impossible that injury could take place. The coincidence of canker and an injured part is no more proof of the former having been caused by the injury than a hole in a building through which the flames

of a conflagration are first visible is the cause of the fire.

( The second paragraph states that ‘‘ weakness is at the bottom of the canker.’ This weakness cannot be want of apparent vigour of growth, for I have frequently observed trees attacked which for a number of years have made the strongest growth, yet the disease has appeared before any external signs of weak- ness were visible; the very vigour of the growth in some cases appearing to hasten the attack in a soil contaiming too limited a supply of the necessary food, as that supply is sooner exhausted, and the time arrives when the large tree can no longer find within reach of its roots sufficient for its maintenance. It may be that only one element of food is failing, but every element is indispensable for perfect growth of the whole tree, and that failure would fully account for arrest of growth in parts, weak- ness, and consequent disease.

The third paragraph is “the tree is old.” This may be expressed in other words—the tree has for a long time been erowing in the same soil. It is not difficult to realise that in the course of many years a tree may exhaust the most fertile soil. Many seem to overlook the necessity of restormg to the soil what is taken away year after year by large crops of fruit. How- ever rich the soil may have been originally, each crop takes away a definite quantity of the food required by the tree, until in time insufficient remains; then the tree fails, not through age, but

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 41

through inanition. The same gardeners who leave their fruit trees unfed would think it most unreasonable to expect them to erow their crops of vegetables without manure.

The fourth paragraph is, ‘‘or the variety is very old or very delicate.’ This raises the much-vexed question whether a seminal plant has a finite life, or one which can be prolonged indefinitely by propagation. Experience seems to prove that individual life has a limit, though there is evidence that many seminal plants have a very prolonged existence; however, the limits of this paper do not allow the present discussion of the question. It may be sufficient to say that observation does not lead me to believe that the age or delicacy of a variety renders it more hable to canker when the soil contains what it requires.

The fifth paragraph suggests ‘‘ that the soil is not sufficiently drained.’’ Canker, according to my observation, occurs equally on well-drained as on ill-drained soils; it igs not a question of condition of roots. My own garden formerly contained several trees rapidly succumbing to canker, which, when grafted with other varieties, at once put on healthy growth, made fine heads, and have since for many years been perfectly free from the disease. Hach variety requires its own appropriate food; straw- berries afford a very good illustration of this. JI have among my friends the reputation of growing this fruit to perfection, yet I had the greatest difficulty in finding varieties which would do fairly in my soil, and after trial of many more than a hundred, have so far discovered only about half a dozen which are moderately successful. British Queen refused to fruit; Dr. Hogg bore fairly as an annual, but did not survive to the second season ; in fact, all the Queen race and many other kinds only do more or less ill. Such being the case, it is not unreasonable to believe that some varieties of fruit trees find in some soils what they require, while others do not, and in consequence become subject to canker.

_ The sixth paragraph is, ‘“‘ or it (the soil) may be too poor.’ I quite agree with this, as I believe a deficiency in the soil of the necessary food of the tree is the cause of canker.

Seventhly, ‘‘ The wood may be weak, and is not well ripened, when a sudden frost, especially after rain, ruptures the vessels, and this forms the chief cause of canker.’’ Unripe wood, which is, however, often the result of imperfect nutrition, is productive of much mischief of a temporary nature; but as canker attacks well-matured wood, I cannot believe it to be in any case its cause, although when its real cause is at work it may appear on such wood.

In the eighth paragraph the author repeats himself. ‘ Any direct injury, however, to the bark of a tree, as from friction of one branch upon ancther, the pressure of a clothes line tied from tree to tree, or injury from a ladder in fruit gathering, may all

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cause it, even in healthy trees.’* This calls for no further reply than that given to the first paragraph.

Finally, the author states that ‘‘ Canker commences with an enlargement of the vessels of the bark, more apparent, by the Way, in apple than in pear trees, and continues to increase until in the course of a year or two the alburnum dies, the bark cracks, rises in large scales, and falls off, leaving the trunk dead, and ready to break off with the first wind if not before removed. The canker shows itself quickly, and if the cause be sought for it will often admit of a remedy. The most usually effective is a cood supply of nourishment to the trees affected, together with the removal of the parts injured.”’ I confess that the preliminary symptoms described as the enlargement of the vessels of the bark have escaped my observation; but there appears to be some contradiction in the statement, as while the first symptoms of the disease are described as extending over a year or two, further on it is stated that canker shows itself quickly. However, although I differ so much from the writer of the article in the ‘‘Pomona’’ as to the causes of canker, we are agreed on the remedy, namely, ‘‘a good supply of nourishment to the trees.”’

In 1886 my attention was specially directed to {plant food, having been requested to write a paper on that subject for the Birmingham Gardeners’ Association. In the same year, having noticed that a number of apple trees in my collection had become unsightly through canker, I marked about a dozen of them for

‘destruction ; but while studying the subject of plant food, which involved the consideration of the analysis of various plants, I was very much struck with those of the fruit and wood of the apple in Wolff’s “ Aschen Analysen,” the great authority on plant analysis. I found that the fruit contained an exceptionally large proportion of soda, and the wood: of lime. This at once suggested the idea that my soil might not contain sufficient of one or both of these elements to supply the wants of the apple tree; therefore I resolved, instead of destroying the marked trees, to give them and all my apple trees a good dressing of a complete artificial manure which contained full proportions of soda and lime. In the following season, 1887, which was exceptionally hot and dry, either through the drought, the manure, or some other cause, not a spot of active canker could be found; all the edges of the old wounds on the marked and other trees, almost as badly affected, had put out granulations and healed over, and the trees, many of which had previously ceased to extend, made healthy and vigorous growth. last winter the trees were again dressed with the same manure; this season they have been exposed to the most unfavourable conditions: the soil to a great depth was almost dust dry when they were making their first growth, while an army of caterpillars ruined what foliage was made. Then followed the most continuous cold weather and rain experienced

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 43

for many years. Notwithstanding conditions so conducive to the extension of disease, there is at the present time still no appear- ance of active canker. The trees have been carefully inspected by some experienced pomologists, who, doubtless, will confirm my statement. Short as is the time during which the trees have been submitted to the treatment, I can only conclude that the arrest of the disease is due to the supply of elements of food required by the trees, of which a sufficient quantity was not previously contained in the soil.

The food required by a plant is a complicated mixture of many elements, all of which are necessary for its well-being; the complete absence of one of them would be fatal; a deficient supply of one would arrest its development, and render it subject to disease. Nothing is more instructive and conclusive on this point than the copies of photographs of plants grown for the purpose of testing the effect of manures more or less complete, to be found in treatises on the subject. That of “ Ville on Artificial Manures,’’ published by Longmans, contains many such illustrations, which clearly show that when the soil contains every element of fertility but one it remains absolutely barren. For instance, in a soil without potash, the vine makes no growth.

It remains to say that the manures necessary to restore a tree to health vary as the soils; although the ashes of the wood of the apple tree contain 71 per cent. of lime—an exceptionally large quantity—it would not be necessary to supply this element on a lime formation ; nor would soda be required in a soil near the sea, although on other geological formations or situations a deficiency of one or both may be the cause of canker. Like conditions apply to the other elements.

Various soils require such manures as will supply their various deficiencies; but, as it is most difficult to ascertain even by analysis what may be the deficiencies of a soil, the practical way of dealing with the subject is to study the analysis of the ashes of the plant in question, and to use a manure which is composed of these elements ; for instance,

The ashes of the wood of the apple tree contain :

Potash Soda Magnesia Lime Iron Phosphorus Sulphur Silica Chlorine

12-0 1°6 o7 71:0 — 4:6 2°9 1°8 0-2

and those of the fruit: 35°7 26°1 8:8 4-1 1°40 13°6 6-1 4:3 —

Ville lays down the rule that soils generally contain sufficient of all the mineral elements except potash, lime, and phosphorus, and the gaseous element nitrogen, and says it is only necessary to supply to the soil manures which contain these four. This may be sufficient for the general purposes of cultivation, but more recent experiments have conclusively proved that the addition of

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a small quantity of iron largely increases the development of foliage, and consequently of the plant. In dealing with a myste- rious disease such as canker, I should not leave out either iron or magnesia.

The following formula, which may be varied as circumstances require, is suitable for the apple-tree :—

Superphosphate of Lime.. a be Ue I Spartss Nitrate of Potash ... as dae ane Py Pau Le 4 Chloride of Soda ... Be ane 3 wt AK ee Sulphate of Magnesia... Boe de ea Oe Sulphate of Iron ... fae ae sacs are eens Sulphate of Lime .. aia : ae Retin oy wet ae

This may be used at ae rate of 3 + Ib. to the square yard over the whole extent of soil within reach of the roots. Itneed not be dug in ; one effect of the manure may be relied on—if it does not cure canker, it will, at any rate, most certainly benefit the trees.

I hope you will excuse me for having questioned some of the conclusions of great horticultural authorities, but it seems to me that some of these conclusions have been’accepted without suff- cient examination, as being time-honoured traditions handed down through many generations. Gardeners are, in this respect, perhaps a little too conservative.

I think much may be learnt by occasionally departing from these traditions and making independent experiments in cultiva- tion; my own experience proves that many such experiments ‘resulted in failures, but there is full compensation if only one useful discovery be made, or one error exploded.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. CotEman asked if lime should be used in a caustic state?

Mr. Tonks replied that gypsum and lime rubbish were con- venient forms, but lime in any state would serve the same purpose. ,

Mr. Rovurett presumed the lime should be slaked. He had used lime freely to trees in conjunction with soot, and he found the mixture imparted a much deeper red to the fruit and a darker green to the leaves, and generally improved and bene- fited the trees. Did he understand Mr. Tonks to say that it was impossible for canker to be introduced to healthy trees through a wound ? Or did he only mean that a healthy tree resists the disease better than a weakly one? For his own part, he con- sidered that in this respect there was an analogy between plant and animal hfe, and it was a well-known axiom in surgery that if a wound was left open to the settlement and action of atmo- spheric germs, it was far more liable to catch a disease than if it was bound up. Hence he considered that any wounds made in the bark of a tree by clumsy pruning, bad staking, by a ladder,

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 45

by gun shot, &c., were always liable to produce canker; in healthy trees, however, it made little progress, whilst trees rendered un- healthy through inferior soil or insufficient nourishment quickly succumbed. His advice, therefore, was to carefully protect all bark wounds from atmospheric disease germs.

Mr. Tonxs did not believe canker to be due to germs of any sort, nor that wounds of any kind could produce it, although, no doubt, it might be that the disease developed more readily in injured parts.

Mr. CnuarKk asked how it was that canker attacked one sort and not another, when perhaps there was only a roadway between the different varieties?

Mr. Tonxs: Because the food which one tree wants is quite different to that required by another. Years ago I had a tree of Citron des Carmes which grew excellently and bore well. After a time it showed signs of an attack of canker. I at once budded it with Pitmaston Duchess. Jn process of time the Citron des Carmes languished and ceased altogether to bear, and became a most miserable object. I then sawed off all but the bough budded. Hitherto the growth of the Pitmaston Duchess had been entirely pendulous, but it now took an upright habit of growth and became laden with fruit, though nothing whatever else had been done, thus proving that roots and soil which could not maintain Citron des Carmes were perfectly able to support Pitmaston Duchess in utmost luxuriance.

Mr. Cuark related how some years ago he took eighteen acres of meadow land and well trenched it, and planted 250 each of Cellini, Wellingtons, Karly Juliens, &c. The Wellingtons grew well and prospered, but the Cellini all cankered after bearing for one or two years. He therefore cut off the heads of them all, and grafted the stems with Manks’ Codlin, which at once started well, had no sign of canker, and bore well. The canker even disappeared from the stems. The Early Juliens were almost as bad as Cellini. So that it would appear as if canker attacked certain sorts, but was not in the soil, and the only cure for it was to cut clean out all the wood and every particle of bark that was suffering from it.

Mr. GrorcE Bunyarp thought that the effect of frost in producing canker had been overlooked. There were some sorts of apples did well and were in great request in Kent up till the severe frost of 1881, since which time the market growers had entirely given them up because they had cankered so badly. When the frost comes in spring, just as the sap is rising and the bark swelling, it is specially liable to cause canker. He knew of an orchard of young Cellini producing magnificent crops, but in 1882 they were all cankered, which he believed was all due to the frost, for the ground was an old hop garden which had been for years well manured. He had often noticed

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when scions had been sent him to graft with they were often cankered, in which case the growth always kept cankered; but if one healthy bud could be found on the scion, and was trans- ferred to a Paradise stock, it would be perfectly healthy, and seemed to rejoice in the fresh blood. The old Ribston, again, used to be noted for canker, but anyone might examine whole breadths of it now in his nursery and they would not find any canker where they were worked on the Paradise stock. He believed that those sorts and varieties which had the largest wood cells were the most easily hurt by the frost and induced to canker, the cells being ruptured through the excess of moisture that they contain.

Mr. CHEAL considered it to be most important to select thoroughly healthy trees from which to take grafts. He had been able to obtain a perfectly healthy stock of Ribstons by always selecting the healthiest grafts and the healthiest stocks, and in this way he had almost eradicated the disease.

Mr. Fraser said there could be no doubt that as certain diseases in animals were due to disease germs, so it was also with plants. A German savant had shown that a particular fungoid growth was always to be found in specimens of canker ; he had also experimented with the germs of this fungus, erowing them in some sort of broth, and then had inoculated trees with the product, and every one of the trees cankered. The name of the fungus was, he believed, Nectria ditissima, the same as was often found in the ash and the beech, and can be communicated from them to the apple and pear. They would probably all agree that fruit trees required feeding, and if the feeding did not destroy the disease 1t would at least help them to resist it, or assist them in throwing it off.

Mr. Tonks thought that Mr. Bunyard’s remarks quite con- firmed his experience, viz., that trees will grow well and bear well for a certain number of years and then become cankered. They do find sufficient root food for a time, but when it is ex- hausted canker is sure toensue. With regard to the bacteria germ theory, no doubt it was just now very popular, and for anything he could tell bacteria might be at the bottom of many diseases, but the highest authorities are by no means agreed on the subject as yet—one man always finds what another equally clever cannot. Moreover, individual experiments are extremely unreliable, and do not deserve much attention until they have been confirmed by several independent observers. He was not prepared to deny the experiments that had been referred to, but he thought they were at least liable to the possibility of mistake, and he was not pre- pared to admit on such evidence that all canker was due to some low form of fungoid disease. The great advantage of his own remedy was that if it did not cure the canker it would do the trees good; it could do no harm, and it might do much good.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. AT

CANKER: ITS CAUSE AND CURE. By Mr. Jamus Doveuas, F.R.H.S., Ilford, Essex.

This troublesome disease in fruit trees has very frequently been the subject of discussion in the gardening periodicals and elsewhere. Nearly every gardener has had to deal with it in his experience of the details of fruit culture, and as I had consider- able experience of it, some twenty-five years ago, in an old Essex garden, I may at least claim some practical knowledge of the subject.

At the outset it may be taken for granted that it is absolutely necessary to ascertain the cause of a disease before any attempt can be made to finda remedy. The late Mr. Robert Thompson, author of the ‘‘Gardener’s Assistant,’’ and Superintendent of the Royal Horticultural Society's Garden at Chiswick, writes on canker with considerable difidence. In the work above cited, page 381, he says: ‘‘ The cause of canker is imperfectly understood, and so consequently is an effectual remedy.”’

His idea of the causes of canker, as summarised in his admir- able work, are :—

1. Sudden checks to the vegetation of the tree, especially in spring and the early part of summer.

2. Derangements of the flow of sap from vicissitudes of heat and cold, as well as of moisture and dryness.

3. Unskilful and severe pruning.

4, Vitiation of the sap by deleterious substances in the soil or subsoil.

5. Dryness at the root doubtless gives rise to a species of eanker, which manifests itself on the younger branches and on the shoots.

Referring also to Lindley’s ‘“‘ Theory of Horticulture,’”’ page 110, it is stated that a Mr. Reid, of Balcarras, had shown ‘that one of the causes of canker and immature fruit even in orchards is the coldness of the soil. He found that in a cankered orchard the roots of the trees had entered the earth to the depth of three feet; and he also ascertained that during the summer months the average heat of the soil at six inches below the surface was 61 degrees; at nine inches, 57 degrees; at eighteen inches, 50 degrees ; and at three feet, 44 degrees. He took measures to eonfine the roots to the soil near the surface, and the conse- quence was the disappearance of canker and perfect ripening of the fruit.

Another cause has been suggested, viz.: Insect agency. But this view of the matter will probably not be sustaimed by pyrac- tical gardeners generally. That insects of various kinds, includ-

ing that troublesome pest American blight (Aphis lanigera), will

48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

penetrate into the cankered part for shelter is likely enough. Indeed, I can assert they do; but they are not there as the cause of canker, but because the cankered part affords a secure resting- place, which the smoother, healthier portion of the bark does not. Indeed, I can also assert that cankered trees may be found in the garden with insects upon the affected part, and others near them also cankered with no insects upon them.

My contention is that canker is caused in two ways, and affects two different parts of a tree. Perhaps the most serious disease is that which affects the trunk or larger branches of the tree. This I hold is caused by the roots pushing downwards into cold, undrained, or unsuitable soil. The other aspect of the disease is that which lays hold of the twiggy portion of the tree, for even the one-year old shoots do not escape. The immediate cause of this is probably owing to the rupture of the sap vessels by frost, when the sap isin an active state. But I have a firm belief that the primary cause is to be found in the condition of the roots, which, being in an inactive state owing to unsuitable soil or their penetration to a great depth, prevents the perfect ripening of the wood, or maturation of the blossom buds in the autumn.

I come now to my own experience in our old garden twenty- five years ago. There were upwards of one hundred trees of various sizes, some only a few years old, others a hundred years planted at least. Most of them were cankered, and in places where the old trees had been removed and young ones planted, canker showed itself in a few years.

The soil was light, over a gravel subsoil, and was naturally drained ; the water did not stand on the surface for any length of time, even in very wet weather. I was confident that want of drainage had nothing to do with it, and that the fault was in the cultivation. Young trees seldom do any good planted amongst old ones, even if the soil has been well dug up and enriched with manure where the roots are to be placed. They require a wider and better field for their ramifications. I found I had to make eravel paths as well as fruit borders, and as most of the old trees were on the wane, and the young ones of but little value owing to their cankered state, it was thought best to remove them. But they were not all removed at once, as it was necessary to keep up a supply of fruit for household use. A space about thirty feet wide was lined off through the whole length of the garden, and was cleared of all trees and bushes. In the middle was a space six feet wide for a gravel path. The borders on each side, about twelve feet wide, were trenched, where possible, two feet deep, and we found the gravel cropped up in places within a foot of the surface. Where this was the case the gravel was taken out and used to make the path, the soil from the path being used to fill up the space from whence the gravel was

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. AQ

removed. A good dressing of decayed farmyard manure was worked in with the operation of trenching, and as we could obtain good clayey loam, a barrow-load of it was spread out over two square yards, and six inches below the surface ; a thin layer of decayed manure was placed on the ground before the loam. This was easily done as the work proceeded; one man could wheel in the loam and manure to two at work trenching.

When the work was finished we had a good gravel path with box edging on each side, and the borders, through the trenching and manuring, were about eight inches higher than the sur- rounding ground level. I had to plant the trees soon after the trenching was finished ; they were apples, pears, and plums, on - various stocks and in considerable variety. We planted them but six feet apart at first, and when they were planted a portion of good decayed turfy loam was placed round the roots. With this treatment, as might be expected, the trees made good clean growth even the first year.

As we manured rather too heavily by placing in two layers of fat stuff, I thought it best to retrench the ground the next year, lifting the trees as the work proceeded. I found they had made a mass of fibrous roots into the loam, and when the trees were replanted again quite another barrow load of loam was placed round the roots, but no manure this time. However, round the roots of each tree some decayed frame manure was placed to keep the frost from them.

The trees made good clean growth again, and formed plenty of blossom buds. But I found six feet was too close even for apple trees on the Paradise stock, and they had ultimately to be removed from nine to twelve feet apart. In the course of the next ten years other borders were made, and in some cases the trees which were too close to each other were thinned out to furnish them. Many of the old cankered trees remained in proximity to the young ones for quite ten years, and with some two or three unimportant exceptions none of the young trees cankered. This shows, I think, if the disease had been caused by insects they might have travelled from the old diseased trees to the young ones. It was some seven or eight years before any canker appeared, and then only on Dumelow’s Seedling or Wellington. These trees were lifted, the canker cut out, and they were replanted again with fresh loam under and above the roots. The cut out portions soon healed over, and I saw no more of the disease.

The object I hadin view was to encourage the roots up to the surface, and to keep and feed them there. The entire border quite close to the surface was full of roots, because it was not dug over, but merely scratched with a fork or hoe; and during winter and summer there was a thin layer of manure over it. Within the borders were the kitchen garden squares, well manured, to be cropped with vegetables, and the roots ran into this freely.

D

50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We were well within the London fogs, being less than seven miles from the Bank of England. In our new garden not much further out we had to do the same sort of work, but the soil was much better, being a medium clay of considerable depth, and nothing more was necessary than to trench the ground twice over in order to incorporate the top and bottom soil well together. We had to drain it, and find a good outfall for the water. In such a case the drains should be about six yards apart.

I have brought this subject forward as much in the interest of amateurs who own small gardens, and who do most of the work themselves as a relaxation from sedentary occupations, as in that of gardeners. It is quite true that some classes of soils are more suitable to fruit culture than others, but my experience is that some soils are condemned when neither the soil nor the climate, but the culture alone is to blame. Only the other day I met a person who has several hundreds of fruit trees in his garden, most of them young ones, and a considerable portion are showing canker on the larger branches.. I examined the soil, and found that it had not been broken up more than ten inches deep ; and, further, all sorts of vegetable crops were planted close up to the trees. This system of culture can satisfy no one, and it cannot be profitable. I fancy many good gardeners will bear me out when I say that want of preparation of the soil, and sub- sequent neglect of the special requirement of each class of trees, is the sole cause of canker.

Having found a cause, I would suggest the remedy.

In the first place, it may be remarked that heavy clay soils nearly always require to be drained, and a free outfall provided for the water. Three feet depth of drains is sufficient, with a main drain at the lowest part of the garden three feet six inches deep.

Secondly, trenching, or at least stirring, the soil to a depth of about two feet is necessary. But I would not invariably throw the subsoil up to the surface, but would always stir up the bottom to the depth of eight or nine inches with a fork; and if the soil could be trenched twelve months before planting all the better.

In the third place, good healthy trees should be selected ; they ought to be carefully lifted, and planted as soon afterwards as possible. Care must be taken to keep the roots in a moist state from the time they are lifted until they are again in the ground. Spread the roots out carefully when planting them, and work the soil well in amongst them. ‘Trees on the free stocks should be planted the same depth as they were before. Those on the Para- dise and Quince stocks, or, in fact, any dwarfing stocks, should be planted to the union of the stock and scion. It is also of great advantage to the trees to have a mulching of decayed manure around the roots after planting ; and if they are exposed to high winds, they ought to have some artificial support until they are well established.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 51

Lastly, as to the prunmg and tramig. I seldom do any pruning in winter. li is a more pleasant occupation in summer, and is a very simple operation, merely consisting in thinning out the young wood when it is too much crowded, and pinching of the points of any vigorous young growths thai are likely io run out too far for the others. If they grow too much it is easy io dig round the circumference of the roots, and to cut underneath to sever any roots that are running directly downwards. This will be enough to throw any tree into bearmg. To allow a fru trait iree to form a thicket of wood in the summer. and then io cut it all off in the autumn, is the right treatment for a pollard-willow, but will not do for fruit trees of any kind. There should be more reverence for life in the mind of the pruner, and then such reck- less pruning would not be possible.

Iijas quite time that a better system of fruii-iree culture should be adopted in small as well asim large gardens. Why should amateurs purchase fruit when they can grow it them- selves, and have all the pleasure as well as the profits? Ii is useless to sit down and blame the climate, the soil, or anything else, when the real cause is a bad selection<oi varieties, or bad cultivation. Let the old worn-out cankered trees be rooted out from old gardens, and their places be filled with approved sort likely to do well in the neighbourhood, for each district has cs $ special varieties.

Preparation of the ground by irenching and manure is necessary, and whether the soil is light over gravel or a clay soil over heavy clay, the resulis will be satisfactory, and jusiify all the expenditure.

ENEMIES OF THE APPLE AND PEAR. By Mr. J. Fraser, F.R.H.S., Kew.

Both animal and vegetable enemies are numerous, but the former probably outnumber the latter considerably. They range from the minute gall mites, about one-hundredth of an inch m length, up to birds, hares, rabbits, and cattle. Vegetable enemies are, however, none the less destructive sometimes, and certain kinds are very difficult or impossible to exterminate on account of their microscopic size, and more especially when hypodermal, that is, living beneath the epidermis of the host plant.

CANKER.

All diseases are atiributable to some cause or other, even if it is dificult io detect what that may be. Science may yet deter-

taine the true cause of canker, even if it fail to suggest a cure. Dp 2

52, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

That canker is something of the nature of a parasite, we have evidence in its spreading and attacking previously uninjured tissue.

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CANKER IN APPLES, SHOWING THE PRESENCE OF A FUNGUS, Nectria ditissima.

Decay itself is brought about by the action of living organisms on matter that is already dead, and effects the changes that crumble organic substances into dust. There is some truth in the statements that cold and undrained soil, severe pruning, extreme variations of temperature, late growth, and unripened wood, give rise to canker, just as bad treatment will undermine the constitution of a human being and prepare the way for disease. The real enemy does but take advantage of the weakened state of the victim. Some varieties of apples and pears are more prone to canker than others, and especially in some soils that may be cold, undrained, or are underlaid by a gravelly subsoil. Here, again, we may point to the natural constitution of the trees in question. Great im- provements have been effected by drainage, by ameliorating or supplying fresh soil, all of which point to the fact that more or better nourishment is needed to enable the trees to make healthy growth in order to contend against an invisible but powerful foe. The baneful effects of canker may to a great extent be

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 58

evaded by planting in good well-drained soil, and by superior cul- tivation. It is not sufficient that the right materials are present in a soil, but they must also be in a soluble condition, so that the roots may be able to appropriate them. Good tilth promotes early vegetation, an early maturation of the wood, and by im- parting a greater constitutional vigour to the tree enables it the better to ward off disease even when accidentally or otherwise injured. With this preliminary I proceed to classify the other enemies.

ANIMALS.

Numerous as these are, they may be roughly divided into a few groups, such as insects, birds, and other animals. Kalten- bach, a German entomologist, says that 183 species of insects prey upon the apple, of which 115 are lepidoptera, 7.e. moths and butterflies, 82 beetles, 20 aphides, and 16 others belonging to different families. Of these I can only mention a few of the more important or destructive in the limited time at my disposal, with the view of directing attention to the fact that their success- ful destruction can only be effected by proceeding against them by intelligent and scientific methods. Haphazard raids are mostly useless and attended by failure, while passive and indolent indif- ference is but too plainly evident in many a neglected old garden or orchard. Scientific research is frequently sneered at by the practical man, but until the habits and life-histories of some particular foes are thoroughly investigated there can be no intel- hgent, sensible, or effectual attack made upon them.

The Apple Grub (Carpocapsa pomonella) is the larva of a small moth which lays its eggs in the calyx of the young and srowing apple in the month of June or July according to the season. The larva when hatched is white, with a black head and neck and four rows of black spots. It gnaws its way down the fruit, keeping clear of the core till it reaches the rind, which is pierced to permit the escape of its excreta. When nearly full grown it sometimes pierces the core and feeds upon the pips, generally causing a great number of the fruits to fall pre- maturely. Soon after this it leaves the fruit, and finding a secure retreat in crevices of the bark or other hiding-place, com- menees to spin itself a cocoon, and after resting a time becomes transformed into the chrysalis state, which it retains till spring. Soon after completing their development, the moths pair, and egg-laying commences as formerly.

The grubs may be trapped in great numbers by tying bands of hay or straw round the trunks of the trees so as to afford the grubs a place of shelter in which to form their cocoons. Collect the bands in autumn and burn them. All fallen apples should be assiduously collected and given to pigs or destroyed. The

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Codlin Grub trap is a special structure consisting of several boards of a convenient length fastened together in the middle,

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THE APPLE GRUB AND MOTH.

and the respective pieces kept apart by means of thin laths. The erubs readily take to this, and from four to eight hundred traps can be examined by a man per day and the grubs collected in a vessel,

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 55

The American Blight is the work of Schizonewra lanigera, an insect closely allied to the aphis or greenfly of gardens, but differing in the absence of the ‘‘ honey-dew”’ secreting glands

INSECTS CAUSING AMERICAN BLIGHT.

possessed by the latter. When plentiful it proves very destruc- tive, causing swellings of the external tissues resembling can- kerous wounds. The insects take up their abode in the crevices of the bark, from which they are difficult to eradicate. Soft soap, Gishurst compound, or, better still, petroleum, will effect

THE APPLE WEEVIL.

a cure if rubbed into the crevices of the bark every time the insects make their appearance during the course of the season. Petroleum is the most effectual, and should be applied by means of a hard brush, such as is used by painters. The insect hiber- nates in the soil during winter if the trunk of the tree does not

56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

afford sufficient accommodation, and it may be destroyed by the application of quicklime a little beneath the surface. The Apple Blossom Weevil (Anthonomus pomorwm) is a beetle, the female of which lays her eggs in the bloom buds of both apple and pear trees, and the grub, when hatched, eats the stamens and pistil, rendering them completely useless. Hgg-laying lasts for two or three weeks, during which time great numbers of the weevil may be caught by shaking the tree, beneath which a white cloth has been spread, as they drop down on being alarmed. The weevil attains perfect development in a month’s time from the laying of the egg, and feeds on the foliage during the rest of summer. It hibernates in the same way as the American Blight, and similar methods for its destruction may be employed. Bands of tarred cloth may also be put round the trunk of the trees affected to intercept and catch the females on their way from the ground to the tree, as they seldom fly. Good husbandry also applies here; rubbish of all kinds should be rigidly cleared away, and crowding of the trees prevented.

The Apple Mussel Scale (Asprdiotus conchiformis) is allied to the true scale, and attacks the bark of apple and pear trees alike,

APPLE MUSSEL SCALE.

affecting them in a similar way to that of the American Blight. The eggs are never laid, but hatched in the body of the mother when she dies. The latter is wingless, while the male is minute and winged. If the scale is numerous the tree becomes un- healthy and unfruitful. The scale is brown, and in shape like the half of a mussel shell. Scrub the branches with a hard brush just kept moist with petroleum, and persevere for two, three, or more seasons, as the scale is most difficult to eradicate when once it obtains a footing.

Gall Mites (Phytoptus pyri) are small acari about the one- hundredth of an inch long by one five-hundredth broad, that produce blisters on the pear leaves. The tissues of the leaves are torn asunder, forming large cavities, the cells often forming strings holding on by their ends. There is a small opening on

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. STE.

the under surface for the egress or ingress of the mites. My specimens of blistered leaves are from Kelso, the first record to my knowledge of gall mites in Scotland. I received them in August last. The mites hibernate in the buds of the tree in winter, and are most difficult of extermination. Collect all

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PEAR MUSSEL SCALE.

affected leaves in spring, when the mites are still in them, and burn them. When once badly affected the trees continue so from year to year, and unless they are valuable kinds should be erubbed up and burnt to prevent the pest from spreading. Plant healthy trees in their place. I had specimens from another source affected with gall mites, mussel scale, and apparently canker as well.

_Slugworms are the grubs of certain sawflies, differing in colour, and in the nature of the secretion covering their bodies ; but the slugworm proper is the grub of Hriocampa limacina (or the Selandria cerast of Miss Ormerod). It derives its name from the black slime covering its hairy body till the last moult, when the resinous dark coat is thrown off. The grubs have large heads, and in the earlier stages, when slimy, bear considerable resemblance to a black slug. Hence the derivation of the name slugworm. I collected my specimens on pear trees at Holwood, Kent, the other week. Autumn is the time they make their ap- pearance. They are very voracious, and eat away the upper surface of the leaves, which become brown and ultimately drop, causing the trees to become unhealthy. The fruit was affected with the fungus which causes cracking, were very much split, and entirely useless. The slugworms under notice attack most

58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the fruit trees belonging to the natural order Rosace@. They may be destroyed with hellebore powder mixed with water, and applied through the rose of a watering-pot. As they hibernate

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in the first three or four inches of soil, that depth should be taken off and burnt. Both grubs and flies are extremely slug- gish, and the latter may be shaken down on a white cloth and destroyed.

: BrrDs.

The feathered enemies are more easy to deal with than any of the above; but, with the exception of the bullfinch and the sparrow, I would not advise the shooting of them. Even the latter has much to recommend him to mercy. If the birds are killed wholesale we destroy the balance of nature, and get afflicted with a plague of insects far more difficult or impossible to exterminate. The gun should be employed during the ripening of the fruit to scare, not to kill, The warning cry has been heard from many an orchard in Kent during the past summer. Of the larger animals, rabbits and hares are the most destructive during severe weather. They soon destroy an orchard by barking the young trees. To prevent injury, protect the stems of the trees with branches of blackthorn or furze; but the most sure and effective plan is to use a guard of wire netting. Tar, grease, and oils should not be employed, as they are injurious by stopping up the air passages in the bark.

VEGETABLE ENEMIES.

These are of two kinds, namely, parasites and epiphytes. The former are the most to be dreaded, since they attack and destroy the living tissues of the host plants by feeding on their

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 59

substance. Parasites may again be divided into those of a fun- goid nature and those that are green.

Mildew affecting the apple is a white mould belonging to the sroup Hrysiphe, and in this, the early stage, it is referred to the genus Oidiwm. It is one of the most easily destroyed of parasitic fungi, from the fact that it lives on the surface and does not penetrate its host. Sulphur alone, or various preparations

MILDEW ON APPLES.

containing sulphur, will completely destroy the fungus. Should a, large number of trees in a garden or orchard become affected, the application of sulphur would be a tedious and costly opera- tion ; but if a few isolated trees only are attacked, the remedy is more easily applicable.

Cracking is caused by Cladosporium dendriticum, a too widely prevalent fungus, that grows on the leaves, young shoots, and flowers of the apple, often preventing the formation of fruit. In severe cases the latter becomes partially or completely covered with blotches, crippling and preventing it from attaining full size, and in all cases the fungus reduces the market value of the produce by disfiguring or causing it to crack. The disease com- menees as black spots, branching from the centre like a small tree, while on fruit the patches soon become irregularly rounded, with a depressed black spot in the centre, surrounded by a white line, and that again by a black border. ‘The pear is attacked in the same way by a variety of Cladosporiwm dendriticum, generally known amongst fungologists under the name of Cladosporiwm pyrorum. No remedy is known, and means to prevent it spread- ing must be adopted by destroying badly affected trees and fruit.

60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Here again good cultivation greatly tends to palliate the evil by encouraging a healthy vigorous growth of the trees. Marie Louise

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and Louise Bonne of Jersey pears are very subject to it, and should not be planted in places infested with the disease.

Rust on the pear is caused by Restelia cancellata, as well as some other parasitic fungi. The Reestelia produces rugged swellings on the leaves, the blotches finally becoming red, and showing themselves on both surfaces of the leaves attacked. It is believed to be an early stage of Gymnosporangwum Sabine, which completes its life cycle on Juniperus Sabina. As in the rust of wheat, there is an alternation of generations on different host plants, and described as heterecism. It is not common in England, is not, I believe, recorded from Scotland, but is very destructive on the Continent. Hand-picking the leaves as the spots make their appearance, and before the spores are shed, is the only remedy, and no juniper bushes should be allowed to erow near them. On a large scale it is more profitable to uproot badly-affected specimens and plant afresh.

Mistletoe in this country is the only chlorophyll-bearing parasite that need be noticed. It is very injurious to orchards in Herefordshire from its great prevalence, and prevents the branches infested by it from thickening properly below the union of the parasite with them, ultimately causing the trees to become stunted and unproductive. Cut down the mistletoe about Christmas, when a market will be found for it to defray the expenses of the operation.

Epiphytes, such as lichens and mosses, can be removed by scraping or scrubbing the bark of the trees, or they may be destroyed by sulphuric acid much diluted in water. The evil is but half remedied, however, and the lichens will soon grow again

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 61

unless measures are taken to remove the cause by draining or otherwise ameliorating the land, as the case may require, and so induce a healthy, vigorous growth, thereby enabling the trees to thrive, increase in thickness, and throw off the old bark.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Rovuprett noticed that Mr. Fraser had omitted to men- tion the Lackey moth, which was the parent of those nests of brownish maggoty creatures called social caterpillars, which had lately been one of the greatest possible plagues in his neighbour- hood. He had spent three days picking these pests off his trees, but his neighbours, who had not done the same, had no leaves left at all on their trees, and consequently no fruit. These creatures could only be removed by hand picking. As to spar- rows, they were very abundant near him, but they never did the least harm, because poultry yards were so numerous, and he never knew a sparrow touch fruit as long as there was corn to be got or an old bone to be picked. He should like to caution gardeners against planting potatoes too near to apples, as he had a very strong fancy that the potato communicated fungoid diseases to fruit.

Mr. Cuark said that with the Lackey moth grub he had found it an excellent plan to put a little powder into a gun and fire it at the colonies of social caterpillars. The shock seems to alarm them, and they at once throw themselves on to the ground, when they can be easily crushed with the foot. With regard to the gooseberry caterpillar, he had seen whole gardens absolutely cleared of every leaf they possessed, and he was con- fident that the best remedy was to get up early, while the dew was yet on the leaves, and dash a mixture of soot and lime both over and under the leaves. This he had always found most effective.

Mr. Prarson thought the shooting at the caterpillars would be a very long business. He found that both with the socialists and the gooseberry grubs one good syringing with soft soap and quassia got rid of them all. He did not think that the cracking of apples and pears was caused by fungoid growth, but by cold, and hence a reason why the later varieties always suffered the most. He imagined the cracks caused by cold formed convenient resting places for fungus germs, where they could grow and develop at leisure.

Mr. R. Dean said he must prefer a very strong bill of indictment against sparrows. He had fed them and given them water, but they seemed to him thoroughly heathenish birds, quite unaccustomed to do.unto others as they were done by, for they never lost any opportunity of attacking his fruit; nor were they even content with the fruit, for this year he had an Easter Beurré

62, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tree full of bloom, and the sparrows tore every blossom to bits with their beaks.

A gentleman asked whether the use of petroleum for removal of American blight and such things was likely to injure the trees ?

Mr. Fraser replied that petroleum in very small quantity did no harm to the trees, but care should be taken that the brush was only just moistened with it. He considered helebore powder dusted over the leaves when damp was the best cure for caterpillar.

VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR SUSSEX, AND THEIR CULTIVATION ON HEAVY SOILS.

By Mr.-JoserH Cueat, F.R.H.S., Crawley.

As the subject of supplying our own markets with fruit grown at home is rightly claiming much attention, it is important to know where to plant, how to plant, and what to plant; and in this paper I will try to give in compact form a few facts relating to apple culture upon heavy soils that have been gleaned from a number of years of close observation, in the hope that it may be a guide and a warning to those who may be entering upon this industry without much practical knowledge of the subject.

In Sussex and the southern parts of Surrey the soil consists almost entirely of the wealden clay, and this being of a some- what close, retentive nature, it is necessary to exercise care in the selection of the varieties best suited to the district to ensure the best results.

In the following selection I am supposing that the object is the growth of apples for profit, therefore I mention only those that are found to make vigorous, healthy growth, produce good and regular crops, and of such a quantity and size as to com- mand a ready sale in the market.

In the first place I will name twelve varieties that can be recommended for growing as orchard standards, placing them in the order of ripening :—

Duchess of Oldenburg.—A very handsome fruit, striped with crimson, and carrying a delicate bloom. It is an early and abundant bearer, a moderate grower, with a somewhat spreading habit.

Worcester Pearmain.—A medium-sized, conical, and very handsome apple, covered with bright crimson. Useful for kitchen or dessert, a good cropper, and its showy appearance commands for it aready sale. Tree, an upright grower.

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Ficklinville Seedling.—A large and fine apple, flat, and slightly angular, a greenish yellow, changing to pale yellow, and dotted with brown specks; its only fault being that it is very soft and requires careful packing for market. Tree, a vigorous grower, with a somewhat erect habit.

Pott’s Seedling.—A large angular shaped fruit, slightly flat- tened, skin pale yellow. A very free cropper. Tree, a good grower, with a slightly spreading habit.

Warner's King.—A very large and fine apple, round, and somewhat flattened, skin pale green; tree, a vigorous grower, with very large foliage, and, considering the size of the fruit, a free bearer. The tree has a spreading habit.

- Golden Noble.—A large and, as its name implies, a truly noble apple, round and even in shape, with a beautiful clear yellow skin. Tree, a vigorous grower, with a spreading habit.

King of Pippins.—A well-known dessert fruit of medium size and good quality. Tree, a vigorous grower, with an upright habit, a free and certain cropper, and when well grown one of the best for market purposes.

Cox’s Orange Pippin.—The ling of dessert apples, medium in size, rich in colour, luscious and juicy in texture, delicious in flavour; there is no apple in the wide world that can equal it in quality. Tree, a moderate grower, with a spreading habit.

Blenheim Orange.—The king of apples when grown as a standard, the large fruits being suitable for kitchen, and the small ones for dessert. The greatest drawback to this variety is the length of time that elapses before it comes into bearing, eight or ten years being the usual period: a long time for this age of speed. But itis one that we cannot do without, and can afford to wait for, there being plenty of others which step in to supply the gap during the period of probation. ‘Tree, a vigorous erower, with a spreading habit.

Winter Quoining or Ducksbill of Sussex.—A medium-sized conical fruit, covered with deep crimson. It is grown largely in Sussex, especially by cottagers and small growers, and called by them the Winter and the Scarlet Pearmain. The tree has a spreading habit and crops well; a valuable late apple.

Wellington.—A large and well-known fruit, one of our most valuable kitchen apples for late use, and coming in as they do when fruit is scarce, good samples command high prices. ‘Tree of a spreading habit and fruit in season from November to April, and even later when well kept.

Norfolk Beefing.—Medium size, round and flattened, colour a very dull deep red. ‘Tree, a vigorous grower, with an upright habit. Valuable on account of its extreme lateness, being in use until June.

Beyond the foregoing twelve varieties, I may mention a few more as a supplementary list of sorts that also do well as stand-

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ards: Annie Elizabeth, Dutch Mignonne, Schoolmaster, York- shire Beauty, Nanny, and Claygate Pearmain. Golden Knob also does well, and is considerably grown, and it realises a high price ; but the fruit is too small to recommend.

I must not pass the standard trees without mentioning a variety that is grown more largely than any other in the northern parts of Sussex and south Surrey. I allude to the Forge. The tree thrives remarkably well on the clays of the district, making short but sturdy and healthy growth. It crops enormously, but almost invariably on alternate years only when left unpruned. The fruit is then very small and almost worthless. Trees, how- ever, that are pruned and well thinned crop more regularly and bear larger fruit, the quality being excellent. But they must be grown considerably above the usual size to be of any value for market.

Now I will give a selection of twenty-four varieties suitable to grow in the pyramid or bush form between orchard standards. Time will not permit me to do more than mention the names, which are given in the order of their ripening: Professor, Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Golden Spire, Lady Sudeley, Manks’ Codlin, Ecklinville, Yorkshire Beauty, Worcester Pear- main, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Frogmore Prolific, The Queen, Northern Dumpling, Loddington, Lord Derby, New Hawthornden, King of Pippins, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin (on Paradise), Lane’s Prince Albert, Horner’s Pearmain, and Duke of Devonshire. I may add that Lord Suffield is not good on heavy soils.

From this list may be selected varieties for early, mid-season, or late use. Cooking or dessert fruit according to requirements.

PREPARATION OF Soin FOR PLANTING.

As my paper deals with heavy soils, I will presume that it is intended to plant such land with apples. The question is asked by those not much acquainted with the subject, What prepara- tion is needed to plant ?

This much depends upon the state of the ground, as to the cultivation and manure it has received, the state of the drainage, and the nature of the preceding crop.

The point of the first importance is the drainage. The best is undoubtedly pipes, the depth and distance apart of these being regulated according to the soil. Straw or bush drains are also sometimes used, and last for many years in a clay soil, but pipes will be found the most economical in the end.

As to the preceding crops, one of the best preparations for fruit planting is to grow a root crop on land that has been deeply cultivated and well manured. The ground is then left in a mellow and friable condition, with the remains of the manure

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left in the soil, and left in such a condition that it is in the best possible state for the roots to assimilate. Land that has been so dealt with the season previously will require but very little other preparation for planting.

Should, however, the land to be dealt with be a clover lay or following a cereal crop, I would advise that it be well broken up and pulverised. And itis most important that this breaking up should be done to an even, uniform depth. If it has to be done by hand, let it be double dug, the bottom spit being merely turned over or loosened with a fork, and on no account bring the subsoil to the top.

If the work is to be done by horses, it may be done by turning a deep furrow by an ordinary plough, followed along each furrow by a subsoil plough.

But the best and most economical way where a considerable quantity is to be dealt with is to use the steam cultivator. This implement passed twice over the land in opposite directions, to a depth of fifteen to eighteen inches, leaves the soil in a light open condition, allowing free filtration of water, a quick passage through the soil, followed by the air with all its fertilising and beneficial effects. ‘Three years ago we prepared in this way a five-acre field of our own for planting with apples as a permanent orchard. The subsoil was a somewhat heavy clay, but the trees are thriving well, and we have this autumn been trying a new steam digger, which promises to be a useful tool for breaking up heavy land.

PLANTING.

The ground having been prepared for the reception of the trees, proceed to plant by digging very shallow holes, and placing the tree almost on the surface, bank up the soil round the roots. This allows a space of loose aérated soil below the tree, in which the roots can grow and spread laterally, thus encouraging the development of fibrous roots near the surface, discouraging and delaying the tree from sending down tap-roots into the cold and ungenial subsoil, with the usual, and as regards many varieties the certain, result of unhealthy growth, canker, and other diseases.

The foregoing remarks apply equally to the ordinary standard or to pyramid trees upon the free stock. Some varieties, however, that will under any treatment persist in penetrating the subsoil to their own detriment and destruction, may be successfully erown upon the Paradise stock, when they will not only fruit early, but continue to flourish in health and fruitfulness for many years.

Where it is required to plant standard trees on grass land without breaking up the turf, there ig no alternative but to dig

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holes. In this case be careful to see that a drain is laid from the bottom of each hole to ensure an escape for water and to prevent it from standing in the hole.

MANURE.

Land that has been prepared by a heavy dressing of manure for a previous crop will not require any more when planted; but if it requires manure, apply in small quantities to the hole, thoroughly mix with the soil, and after just covering the roots with soil apply another small quantity of manure, and then cover with the remaining soil.

As to the quantity required: but very little is needed at planting, and it is better to err on the side of too little than too much.

AFTER TREATMENT.

Little can be done towards ground cultivation of ordinary standard trees on grass beyond periodically top-dressing with stable manure, bones, rags, &c., or fattening sheep on the eround. This on most soils, however, is found necessary and yery beneficial.

I would, however, strongly urge the benefit derived from occupying the whole ground with trees and keeping the surface open by top cultivation. If treated thus on heavy land the trees will make more growth, produce much finer fruit, and keep clear from lichen, &c. Whilst the trees are small, the cultivation may be done by horse, either with the horse hoe or shallow ploughing. After the first two or three years, however, the growth of the trees will prevent this. It must then be done by hand.

Manure should be applied at least every alternate season, and should be spread over the surface, and be forked in during the winter or early spring cultivation.

THINGS TO BE AVOIDED.

It is very desirable to avoid digging holes in unbroken ground for the reception of young apple trees. Such holes are very hable to hold stagnant water, and to become mere graves for the trees. If possible the holes should not go below the depth of actual cultivation. :

Above all things avoid planting too deeply.

Avoid the use of the spade in digging too deeply near the trees, as great damage is sometimes done by cutting the fibrous roots. It is therefore safer to use the fork.

CONCLUSION.

To those who may be contemplating fruit-growing upon heavy soils who may not have much practical acquaintance with

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the subject, I would remind them of the words ‘“‘ In the multitude of councillors is safety ;’’ but, on the other hand, the more homely saying equally applies, that ‘‘ Too many cooks spoil the broth.” In other words, hear all sides, get all the advice that you can, weigh the evidence, arrange your plans, and then proceed according to your own judgment and common sense.

Do not imagine that success is gained by careful prepara- tion and planting alone, but ever bear in mind that fruit trees require continual watching as to their varied needs, according to seasons and soils, and the ravages of insect pests. But where- ever vigilance, common sense, and persevering labour are be- stowed upon apple culture, even upon some of the poorer and _ heavy land it will be found a safe and most profitable industry.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Heap said he was convinced that apple-growing was profitable, and he instanced two cases in Sussex where the farmers had made 138 per cent. after all expenses had been paid. Even with the large number of comparatively worthless sorts that were grown a profit was realised, and if people would only plant such good sorts as had been mentioned the profit would be ten times as much.

Mr. Ivart asked whether it was better to plant varieties to sell straight off the tree or sorts that would store ?

Mr. Cannon replied that there was a great loss in growing such sorts, as all came in at one time. In the early part of the autumn you may see every little shop-window full of Hnelish- grown apples, but after the early part of November all the fruit to be seen was foreign; he, therefore, advised to grow several varieties, and particularly such as prolonged the season. <A few bushels of late apples would in their season sell for more money than many bushels of early ones when the markets were glutted.

Mr. CuarkE said he had attended Covent Garden Market for the last thirty years, and the apples that always fetched the most money were Manks’ Codlin, Early Julien, and Wellington. Of Manks’ Codlin he could always sell any quantity, and of Early Julien also. Of plums he found Pond’s Seedling the most profitable, it would generally sell for 18s. a bushel, and that was indeed making money. He always took his fruit to market him- self, and never employed a salesman.

Mr. CuHEAL said that the question of planting early or ae sorts was one which each man must determine for himself, ac- cording to his own market. It seemed, however, in reason to plant a proportion of early and Jate—the early to catch the market before the Americans came, and the late to keep up a supply when the Americans were gone; but probably the late ones, if carefully stored, would give the most profit.

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RENOVATION OF OLD AND FORMATION OF NEW ORCHARDS IN THE WEST MIDLANDS.

By Mr. W. Couteman, F.R.H.S., Hastnor Castle Gardens.

Five years having passed since the R.H.S. inaugurated the first comprehensive Apple Conference, the present Council has wisely decided upon testing the result of that important step by again calling together the friends of Pomona. A small minority in 1883 thought the exhibition of thousands of plates of apples would not benefit the growers, but overlooked the fact that these exhibits would bring together, not only the growers, but the consumers also. Since that time the growers’ prospects have not improved, owing, they say, to the prevalence of low prices brought about by gluts and foreign competition. Buyers, on the other hand, say the supply is unevenly and irregularly distributed, and the price is too high when they purchase from the retailer. Growers say fruit culture will not pay until the land each man holds or occupies is as good as his own, or let to him on a very long lease indeed; but present owners of the soil somehow do not seem to see the force of their argument, consequently the most important work the present gathering has before it is the framing of a scheme of open markets in which consumers can buy first hand at fair remunerative prices. ‘This is all very well, but supposing each householder is in a position to buy apples, say, from day to day, where are those apples to come from? Why, we must import them. Actually, we must trust to the Colonies for the produce of a tree which is indigenous to our soil, whilst thousands of acres of land capable of producing the finest fruit is going out of cultivation. To the R.H.S. should attach the honour of taking the initiative in working out this problem, but before the body can move, we must learn from reliable men the progress which has been made in the great fruit-growing dis- tricts. Living as I do in the county of Hereford, boasting its 27,000 acres of orcharding, where, in days gone by, thousands of tons of good fruit were lost, wasted, or converted into indifferent cider, I am able to form a pretty correct opinion of our own pro- oress, and although less rapid than I could wish, I may say itis — fairly satisfactory. Cider drinking amongst the working classes since I first knew the county has gradually decreased, conse- quently small parcels of the rosy Tom Putt and other useful apples, alike good for cooking or vintage, are now stored for daily use’ by all the members of the grower’s family. If not wanted, then they are sold to dealers, who make a profit, for conveyance to retailers, who also make another profit, and that a heavy one, from their customers. Although a slight step forward, this state of the case is not quite satisfactory, neither will it be until a

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powerful fruit-growers’ association, which should be the outcome of this Conference, has established a network of markets in all provincial towns as well as in London—markets in which pro- ducers, as in all parts of Paris, can meet face to face with con- sumers without the aid of so many middlemen. In fruit-growing eounties like Hereford, Worcester, Gloucester, Kent, Devon, and Somerset, these local markets should be well supported, as we gather from statistics that three-quarters of a million of money is sent out of Kngland annually for apples alone. If landowners, hitherto blind to their own interests, and legislators now take up the matter, I see no reason why growers should not go forth to the production of an article which the public must and will have, and so keep the money at home. Our climate is all that can be desired for the growth of fresh, crisp fruit, not quite so highly coloured or so large as picked samples from the Colonies, but large enough to command top prices when well grown and packed, and properly marketed. There must be no shaking from the trees, but the cream of the crop must be hand-picked, and honestly packed as firsts and seconds. ‘The residue or refuse, which added to the best would increase expenses and pull down prices, would then remain at home for various purposes.

Mr. Knight, the great physiologist and hybridist, who worked so much in Hereford and Salop, proved by analysis that some soils, even in these favoured counties, were preferable to others for producing apples of dense gravity and full of saccharine matter. The late Dr. Bull, of whom Hereford should be proud, following in his wake, corroborated all that Knight had said, proving, I think satisfactorily, what past generations of shrewd men had found out for themselves, both as regards the quality of the fruit and the constituents of the soil which should be chosen for apples, also for pears. Theconclusions at which they arrived were these: The light thin soils will not grow the best apples, therefore, those who would plant a successful orchard must choose a deep stiff sandstone loamif they have the opportunity of doing so. All the orchard land in this county is not alike good ; indeed, some is very bad, but the soil here, as in Devon- shire, which produces the best fruit, owes its fertility to the plentiful supply of lime from the marl or cormstone; to its great depth and sustaining nature. Scientists who will may peruse the first part of the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona,”’ or they may follow Mr. Rivers through his exhaustive address delivered at the Crystal Palace, but my remarks, necessarily brief, will guide plain practical planters to the best spots for new plantations.

Having been honoured by an invitation to contribute a short paper upon the Apple, I have determined to confine myself to the West Midland orchards, in which, I am pleased to repeat, some progress has been made since the first Conference was held in 1883. Draining, grubbing, grafting, and planting are still going

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on, but much.remains to be done before we can invite inspection. Although the apple is a long-lived tree, and perfectly hardy in all its parts save its flowers, the occupants of many of our oldest orchards, crippled by age, bad usage, and neglect, are past re- covery, and should be cleared away, but the ground they occupy should not be replanted if better or equally good sites can be found for new plantations. Other orchards again, containing thoroughly sound young trees, although of inferior sorts, after the grubber’s axe has passed over the land, may be converted by crafting and resuscitated by draining and top-dressing. Some of our oldest orchards, which date back to the Wars of the Roses, contain a great number of wildings or kernel fruits of no value to the owners even, whilst younger plantations are crowded with healthy, vigorous trees, at one time supposed to be Norman, but now proved to be English seedlings, no better than the stocks used in large nurseries. Upon the first I would not spend money, as they are too old for grafting, too old to pay rent, too old for anything save loss and disappointment. The second I would behead and regraft with choice varieties which have been proved in the locality. Confining myself to old orchards now existing or languishing in the Western Counties, I may close my remarks upon this head by saying: cut down all useless trees, thin out the heads of those worth keeping; cleanse the branches and stems from moss and insects; regraft sound, healthy trees into good market sorts, and see that the drainage is satisfactory. IL will not presume to inform practical men who may deign to read my remarks that sound, deep, naturally-drained orchards are better than others which require artificial treatment, and that a certain quantity of moisture in the soil is absolutely necessary, but on no account must it be stagnant. All gardeners are well acquainted with the fact that soils too dry produce fruit that is small and mealy, whilst water-logged soils are several degrees colder than others of similar texture that are free from this root- chilling poison. They know, moreover, that warm summer rains run off the surface, whilst the sun acts very slowly in raising the temperature of the wet subsoil, in which deeply-seated roots soon perish, and those nearest the surface are little better off, as they do not commence fresh action much before Midsummer. Drain- — age, all good cultivators assert, is the first essential in the pre- paration of new orchards or in the renovation of old ones, and why ? Well, simply because the removal of stagnant, if not putrid, water and the introduction of fresh air raises the tem- perature of the soil from three to five degrees, a condition which not infrequently forms the dividing line betwixt success and failure. |

So far my remarks have been confined to old orchards, planted haphazard upon all sorts and conditions of badly prepared land, as well as in unfavourable situations. The best of these may be.

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retained for a time, upon the principle that half a loaf is better than no bread; but the majority of them must go, and young ones must spring up before we can hope to realise an average £10 an acre, or compete with the colonists in our own markets. Some years, as many present know, have passed since horticul- turists commenced agitating, but the good seed which was intended to put three-quarters ofa million of money into the British farmers’ pocket for a long time fell upon stony ground. Some recently has taken root, and far-seeing landowners are now putting our theory into practice by offering land upon conditions that will induce capitalists to invest in fruit culture precisely as they do in coal and iron. In this and the adjoining counties good landlords are raising and distributing to their tenantry apple and pear trees by thousands. These mostly are standards on free stocks, the only class of tree suited to pasture and arable land. Nursery- men, again, who have brought propagation up to a fine art, are . producing standards and dwarfs by the million, and these surely in a few years should make their mark. Meantime, a complete network of markets, I insist, must be created throughout the kingdom.

From the preceding remarks those who run may gather the fact that I do not set much value on the thousands of acres of rageed, decrepit moss and lichen laden trees, but until the new plantations come into bearing we must make the best of them. Then, with Gladstonian vigour, we may hew tliem down, and let the apple-sick sites go back to hops, corn, and pasture. Upon this principle change of site may be worked precisely as gardeners now manage their strawberry plantations, and with similar results. AndI venture to say, one acre of modern orcharding will beat ten of the old—at least, in the West Midland Counties.

Already Iam afraid my paper is too long, but having warmed to my subject, I should now hike to say a few words upon the formation of a modern orchard. I might divide them into several parts, such as aspect, site, soil, preparation, planting, the best style of tree, manuring, mulching, pruning and protection, gathering, storing, packing and marketing, but, my time being limited, my words must be brief and general.

Aspect and site being so closely dovetailed together, these I will not attempt to separate. All gardeners, I believe, are pretty well agreed that a south aspect is best, as trees in this position ripen their wood well, and produce fruit of the highest colour and quality. ‘The apple, however, being perfectly hardy, the quality of the soil must not be lost sight of; neither must altitude and shelter from north and east winds be repudiated. Under these circumstances, the soil being deep sandstone loam resting on marl, and naturally drained, I should not object to a point east, or any other aspect round with the sun to full west. The latter, however, I should prefer, and for these reasons: although western

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gales in this part of the country do some damage, it is well known that if plants are exposed to the first rays of the morning sun when they are frozen they will suffer, but if they are shaded until they are gradually thawed by the rising temperature of the air, they will stand a few degrees with impunity. An orchard open to the east or south-east is almost sure to suffer after an attack of spring frost when in full flower or setting, whereas one with a western aspect, which does not receive the sun until the temperature has risen and dispelled the frost, often sets and carries full crops to maturity. Hardly a year passes in which the gardener does not find early crops of all kinds are safer and finer upon west borders than upon others, therefore I think few will deny that his experience is of great value to the planter. The site, 1 may say, should be above the line of fog, and it should not be too near or on a level with water. If naturally drained much time and expense will be saved, otherwise this operation must be well carried out as a preliminary preparation. ‘This may be performed in two ways, viz., by trenching two spits deep for pyramids or bushes, or by taking out large circular stations on erass or arable land for standards. If trenching is decided upon, the bottom spit, if heavy and inferior, should not be brought to the surface, but it may be ameliorated by the addition of burnt clay from the drains, by road scrapings, or any other fresh friable material short of rich animal manure. ‘This, unless the staple _be very poor, I would keep back for use as a mulch after the trees are planted. On all ordinary loams young trees grow fast enough at first, but the time comes when they must be fed, otherwise they cannot be expected to yield year after year fruit of the finest quality. ,

In the preparation of stations for standards on grass or tillage ground, I would throw off the top spit nine feet in diame- ter, break up the bottom, and throw out clay or bad material to be carted away or burned. If cold and at all unfavourable to root growth, exposure of the soil for a few weeks or months would sreatly improve its quality. Otherwise, after correcting the bottom spit, that thrown off first, turf included, with anything in the way of road scrapings or old lime rubble added, may be chopped in until the hole is quite full, or a little above the general eround level. A stout stake should then be driven down to the solid bottom as a support for the tree when planted.

Planting may be performed at any time from the beginning, of October up to the end of April. Autumn, however, is best, as the roots at once take to the soil, and the trees make a fair srowth the following summer. October and November undoubt- edly are the best months, that is, provided the land is in perfect condition and the weather favourable; but so important is getting the trees into the ground when it is fairly warm and dry, that I would rather defer planting until April than risk placing

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the rootsina pasty medium. Trees of home growth—that is, from one’s own nursery, which every fruit grower should have—may be planted much earlier than others brought in direct from a dis- tance. All trees should be carefully divested of faulty or injured roots by a clean cut with a sharp knife; they should never be allowed to become dry, and each root and fibre should be spread out in a horizontal position, lightly covered, and watered home.

In the arrangement of trees, the rows, if convenient, should run from north to south or north-east to south-west, as three out of the four sides then receive an equal share of sun and light. The old fault of planting them too close should be carefully guarded against, as good fruit cannot be expected when the heads grow into each other and the roots are constantly shaded. Standards of upright-growing varieties may be placed thirty feet apart each way, whilst forty feet will not be found too much for spreading trees like Flanders Pippin and Blenheim Orange. Trees, again, of one variety, or a similar habit of growth, and which ripen their fruit at the same time, should be kept together, or in rows, alternating with others of a spreading or upright character. By observing this rule at the outset the general and orderly appearance of the nursery will be greatly improved, and much time and labour will be saved when gathering the fruit. The same rule applies also to pyramids and bushes, which, by the way, should have plenty of room for extension in every direc- tion, as no extensive planter can afford to prune close home upon villa garden principles, especially when the best of the fruit is cut away by the process. Thinning the shoots and branches annually, of course, is necessary, but beyond this and maintaining the balance by tipping a gross shoot, I should let each tree go. The distance apart will depend upon the kind of stock, as trees on the French Paradise may be grown for years at distances of four to six feet apart each way. On the English Paradise or Doucin, which I like best, they grow stronger, con- sequently more room is required. ‘Twelve feet from row to row, and six feet from tree to tree, will give them room for a long time, but eventually it may be necessary to transplant every alternate tree, when those left will stand equidistant, viz., twelve feet from stem to stem. Some I know plant much closer, but when itis borne in mind that a well-developed head turns off not only more, but better fruit than a small one, abundance of room is a decided advantage. Moreover, plenty of space favours a spreading growth, which keeps the heads nearer the ground, safe from wind and easy of access for pruning, manipulating, and gathering. When standards are planted they should be well secured to the stakes previously driven, but in a way that will allow them to settle with the subsiding soil, otherwise the roots will drag and strangle. If on pasture land, they should be well

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protected from sheep and cattle, and the orchard itself must be fenced and wired round to keep out hares and rabbits.

VARIETIES.—The only point I must now venture to touch upon is the selection of varieties for special soils, situations, and purposes. A few years ago we planted very early sorts for coming in before the American importations, but this is now over, as the quick run across, and summers hotter than our own, com- bined, enable our friends to be abreast of us at the beginning, as for a long time they have been at the end of the season. Our only way out of this dilemma, as I have before observed, is high cultivation. We have a climate which ripens fruit crisp, tender, and juicy, not quite so highly coloured perhaps, but in my opinion superior to the general run of American. We have the soil, which, thanks to yearly tenancies, nobody cares to till, and we have the ability. All we want is quality, then it matters little whether we market early or late, always provided we con- fine ourselves to a few of the best sorts which do well in the locality. This hackneyed phrase for a long time puzzled would- be growers, who said, Where must we look for anything better than a Suffield or a Blenheim? Well, lam not sure that anyone requires anything better, but if they do, they must just look into any of the great well-known nurseries about the end of September, and there they will find thousands of trees of all the leading kinds carrying fruit of the highest quality. Some of these on dwarfing stocks—just the thing for the garden or home nursery— will be loaded with large, bright fruit, of which at the present time we ought to have one hundred thousand tons ready for storing. They will find also standards on free stocks specially prepared for planting on pasture and arable land. From these they may select scores or hundreds of trees of one sort, and so on of another, but on no account must they select one or two trees each of a hundred sorts, as this plurality is a great draw- back in commercial culture. Very early sorts generally go direct from the trees to the market; medium and late sorts must be stored in dark, cool fruit-rooms or dry cellars, and this accom- modation, or the want of it, must be the guide in making a selection.

Gathering, storing, and marketing hitherto in the western counties has not received proper attention ; but a great improve- ment is now taking place, and the day, I hope, is not far distant when ruthless shaking the boughs will be looked upon as a barbarous custom of the past. Apples worth growing are worth hand-picking, and when hand-picked they are worth sizing—that is, dividing into two classes before they are stored or sent to market. The best only should be sent away; seconds may be retained for home use, or consumption in the neighbourhood. There should be no mixing of sorts, or good and bad together. but one uniform quality should prevail. Buyers in this part of

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 7/55

the country still stick to their pots. I do not mean earthenware, but wicker, which hold from five to seven pecks each; but invariably they sell by weight, and this, I think, is the fairest Way, aS anyone can compute the value of a tonof apples. Before apples are hand-picked for storing they should be ripe, that is to say, the kernels should be brown and somewhat loose in their cells. The fruit, moreover, should be perfectly dry and free from spot or blemish, as one black sheep soon demoralises the flock. Once put away, the less they are turned or handled the better, especially when sweating or during frosty weather.

If the store-room is fitted with lath shelves, the choice varie- ties should be placed one, or at most two layers, thick, but late sorts grown in great quantities may be laid upon dry floors in greater bulk. ‘They may be stored also in dry flour-barrels, which should be labelled and put away in a low even temperature for the winter. Good aristocratic store-rooms are rather expen- sive; but a cutting driven into a dry bank and covered with thatch, with double doors at one end, will make a store equal to the best and most elaborate in the kingdom. Resinous wood should never be used in the manufacture of shelves. Neither should hay or straw be admitted within the walls, as all these materials impart a disagreeable flavour. Dry fern, on the other hand, may be used for covering purposes, but very little of this will suffice where frost, and, more especially, heat-proof stores are properly constructed.

- Discussion.

Mr. CuarkeE considered a little practice worth a great deal of theory, and the best planters always planted early apples so as to gather from the trees and take them straight off to market. Planting Jate sorts involved a considerable outlay in sorting and storing. He once grew a hundred bushels of Wellingtons, and half of them went rotten before it was time to take them to market.

SELECTION OF APPLES AND PEARS FOR SCOTLAND.

By Mr. Matcoum Dunn, F.R.H.S., The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith, Midlothian.

In drawing up the following lists of the best apples and pears for growing in Scotland, for the National Conference, 1 have aimed at selecting those varieties which are of a hardy and vigorous constitution, free-bearing, and large-sized fruit of their respective kinds, and particularly varieties that are generally found doing well wherever theyare grown throughout the country. Generally speaking, the best dessert apples are of rather a

76 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

small type, and there is much room for improvement in their average size. Blenheim Pippin and Worcester Pearmain, when at their best, make very handsome dishes of dessert ; while all those of the Golden Pippin type are, as a rule, not a profitable crop, and, although of fine flavour, are insignificant in appear- ance. Court of Wick, Court Pendu Plat, Kerry Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Thorle, and Yellow Ingestrie, are all first-rate apples in every point except size. Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Claygate Pearmain, Duke of Devonshire, Mannington’s Pearmain, are generally of a fair size, and first-rate dessert apples in their seasons.

Of culinary apples there is a much more satisfactory choice ; and all of the first twenty varieties usually attain to over medium size, and may be profitably grown in all districts suitable for apples. There are also a number of very fine culinary apples among the ‘‘ next thirty varieties,’”’ especially some of the newer varieties, and several of them may prove equal to, or better than some in the first “twenty,’’ in favourable localities, or under - peculiar circumstances. In cold districts, and at high altitudes, the following are among the best varieties that are generally found to thrive well: Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Oslin, Thorle, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Golden Reinette, Cambusnethan, Paradise Pippin, Downton Pippin, Court of Wick, Court Pendu Plat, dessert apples; and Early Juhen, Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Ecklinville, Aitkin’s Seedlmeg, Cellini, Stirlmg Castle, Tower of Glamis, Warner’s King, Yorkshire Greening, Alfriston, and Wellington, culinary apples.

The selections given are by no means exhaustive of the good varieties of apples; and there are some excellent local varieties which thrive well in their native districts, and a few of which, as they become wider known, will probably become popular in other parts of the country. Many varieties with a good reputa- tion in more southern latitudes are quite worthless in Scotland, and are never met with in anything lke their best form. Not- ably so is this the case with such fine English apples as Bess Pool, Hoary Morning, London Pippin, Welford Park Nonesuch, Belle Josephine, Winter Majetin, and others of a lke nature, which are seldom if ever seen in a passable state of either size or quality.

The best pears require special treatment and the highest cultivation to have them in first-rate perfection in most parts of Scotland. In a few favourable districts, such as the best parts of the valleys of the Tweed, Clyde, Forth, and Tay, and in a few other parts lying below 300 feet of altitude, many first-rate varieties of pears thrive well and bear freely in the open ground, as bushes, pyramids, and standards ; but in all other parts they require the protection of walls to bring them to perfection.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. ad

Some of the hardiest varieties are occasionally met with bearing freely in the open in exposed places, but generally they are not profitable to cultivate, and invariably they are poor in quality, and of very little service as dessert fruit. For cold localities the best varieties are Crawford, Fair Maggie, Black Achan, Hessle, Jargonelle, Doyenné d’Hté, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Beurré d’Amanlis, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Swan’s Ege, Hacon’s Incom- parable, and Kaster Beurré ; and all should be grown on walls, except perhaps the first four, which are very hardy.

There are not many pears grown specially for stewing pur- poses, as the dessert varieties are too often found to be only fit for stewing; but the varieties named in the list are all good and fairly prolific, especially Catillac, which is one of the most pro-

fitable of standard pears. The following selections of apples are the most suitable for

cultivation in Scotland :—

THe Best Twenty Dessert APPLEs. Arranged in the usual Order of Succession.

Early Margaret.—A good bearer, and the best of the very early apples. *Trish Peach.—Does well almost everywhere; free bearer, and good. Devonshire Quarrenden.—Generally does well, even in cold localities. *Oslin.—A favourite old variety; bears* freely; not quite first-rate in quality. *Thorle.—Another favourite old apple; bears moderately; of first-rate quality. +* Kerry Pippin.—A well-known prolific variety, and always good. +* Worcester Pearmain.—A fine dessert apple; tree hardy and vigorous; succeeds everywhere. Yellow Ingestrie—A beautiful dessert apple; rather small, but very prolific. +* King of the Pippins.—A sure bearer and a useful apple, but not of first-rate quality. +*Cox’s Orange Pippin.—A first-rate variety; good bearer, and of the highest quality. *Ribston Pippin.—Does moderately well; on walls is generally first-rate. * Blenheim Pippin.—Free bearer, and one of the best and most useful of apples. +* Court of Wick.—A sure bearer; rather small; generally first-rate quality. Adams’ Pearmain.—A useful apple and a sure bearer, but not always first-rate. Mannington’s Pearmain.—A good bearer, and generally first-rate. +* Claygate Pearmain.—One of the best late varieties, and an excellent bearer. Scarlet Nonpareil.—Moderate bearer; first-rate in good seasons. Court Pendu Plat.—A useful late variety; moderate bearer; good quality. * Duke of Devonshire.—Good bearer; always fine quality; the best of very late apples. Sturmer Pippin.—Generally bears freely, and in good seasons is of fair quality. * Best twelve varieties marked with an asterisk. 7 The best six varieties are marked with a dagger,

78 - JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

; Tue Next Best Tuirty Dressert APPLES. Arranged Alphabetically.

American Mother.—Free bearer; fine size; first-rate quality.

Ashmead’s Kernel.—Good bearer; small; late; excellent quality.

Baddow Pippin.—Good bearer; medium size; late, and first-rate.

Barcelona Pearmain.—Good bearer; small; excellent quality. —

Braddick’s Nonpareil.—Regular bearer ; tree hardy; quality first-rate.

Cambusnethan.—A free bearer; good size, and fine quality.

Cockle Pippin.—A prolific variety; rather small; generally first-rate.

Cornish Aromatic.—A good bearer, and first-rate in most seasons.

Cornish Gilliflower.—Moderate bearer; first-rate in good seasons.

Downton Pippin.—Prolific bearer; small, but the best of the Golden Pippin type.

Died wimaukte = Vewy, prolific; medium size; requires a fine season to be first-rate.

Early Harvest.—A prolific early variety, and generally of good quality.

Fearn’s Pippin.—Good bearer, and of excellent quality.

Golden Harvey.—Good bearer; small, but first-rate.

Golden Reinette.—Regular bearer, and a first-rate variety.

Gravenstein. —Good bearer; large; tree hardy; fine refreshing flavour ; first-rate.

Hubbard’s Pearmain.—Moderate bearer; medium size; fine quality.

Lemon Pippin.—Regular bearer; medium size; late; first-rate.

Margil.—Good bearer, and of first-rate quality.

Old Nonpareil.—Good bearer; small; requires a good season to be first- rate.

Paradise Pippin.—Prolific old variety ; handsome shape, and good quality.

Pineapple Russet.—Good bearer; large; fine flavour; first-rate.

' Ravelston Pippin.—A prolific variety; large, and fine autumn apple.

Red Astrachan.—Good bearer; large and very handsome, good quality.

Red Margarct.—Good bearer; medium size; very early; fine quality.

Red Winter Reinette.—Prolific bearer; very handsome; good quality.

Reinette de Canada.—Good bearer, and generally first-rate.

Rosemary Russet.—Constant bearer ; fine size; first-rate quality.

Scarlet Pearmain.—Very prolific; smallish; very pretty; good quality.

Wyken Pippin.—Good bearer; small; of first-rate quality.

THe Best Twenty Coninarny APPLES. Arranged in the usual Order of Succession.

*Keswick Codlin.—A sure bearer, very hardy, and the most useful very early apple.

Duchess of Oldenburg.—A free-bearing and very handsome variety. +*Lord Suffield—One of the best, and thrives well in most parts. +*Ecklinville—Very hardy and prolific, and probably the best of autumn

culinary apples.

Cellini.—Very prolific and useful, bears well in cold districts; tree liable

to canker. * Hawthornden.—An excellent and prolific variety ; liable to spot in cold and wet places.

Manks’ Codlin.—A useful free-bearing variety.

Coxz’s Pomona.—A fine free-bearing variety, of good quality.

Loddington.—F ree-bearing, large, and excellent.

* The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk. j The six best varieties are marked with a dagger

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 79

+* Stirling Castle-——One of the best and most prolific of culinary apples. New Hawthornden.—A free-bearer, large and excellent variety. *Tower of Glamis.— Generally a good bearer, vigorous grower, and useful, +* Warner’s King.—Vigorous growing and free-bearing; one of the best. *Golden Noble.—Good bearer; tree hardy and vigorous; a very fine variety. +* Blenheim Pippin.—A free bearer, vigorous grower, and first-rate variety. - Yorkshire Greening.—A regular bearer, and a useful apple. * Alfriston._—A free bearer; hardy and vigorous, and a first-rate apple. Striped Beefing.—A good bearer, and a fine late-keeping apple. 1* Wellington.—Free bearing ; thrives well in most parts, and generally first- rate. *Northern Greening.—A prolific variety, and first-rate keeper; tree grows slowly.

Tur Next Best Tuirty Cunmnary APPLES.

Arranged Alphabetically.

Aitkin’s Seediing.—Very prolific, hardy, medium size, excellent quality.

Annie Hlizabeth—Good bearer; hardy and vigorous; large; first-rate quality.

Beauty of Kent.—Free bearer; large and handsome; first-rate.

Beauty of Moray.—Prolific bearer ; good size; first-rate quality.

Bedfordshire Foundling.—Good bearer ; tree hardy; excellent quality.

Brabant Bellefleur—Good bearer; large and fine; first-rate quality.

Catshead.—Moderate bearer ; large and useful; good quality.

Doctor Harvey.—F ree bearer; large and very fine; first-rate quality.

Dutch Codlin.—Good bearer ; large and handsome, of good quality.

Early Julien.—Very prolific; rather small; the earliest good variety.

Emperor Alexander.—Good bearer; large and very handsome; good quality.

Frogmore Prolific.—A free bearer; handsome, and of first-rate quality.

Galloway Pippin.—Good bearer; smooth, yellow, handsome apple; first- rate.

Gloria Mundi.—Rather shy bearer; occasionally very large and fine.

Golden Spire.—A sure and very prolific variety; handsome fruit; first-rate.

Grenadier.—Free bearer ; large and fine fruit; first-rate quality.

Hanwell Souring.—Good bearer ; useful late variety ; first-rate quality.

Kentish Fillbasket.—Good bearer ; large and useful; good quality.

Lord Derby —Excellent bearer; large and handsome; of good quality.

Lord Grosvenor.—Very prolific; large and fine; early and _ first-rate quality.

Maltster.—A sure and free bearer; medium size, and excellent quality.

Meére de Ménage.—Moderate bearer; very large and handsome; first-rate quality.

Nelson Codlin.—Free bearer; large, and of excellent quality.

Norfolk Beefing.—Good bearer; a useful late variety; excellent quality.

Peasgood’s Nonesuch.—Shy bearer; large and exceedingly handsome ; first- rate quality.

Pott?s Seedling.—Excellent bearer; large and handsome; of first-rate quality.

Prince Albert (Lane’s).—Prolific bearer; fine size; keeps well; first-rate quality.

Ringer.—A sure and prolific bearer; large, and of good quality.

Round Winter Nonesuch.—Good bearer; large and fine; first-rate quality.

Yorkshire Beauty.—Free bearer; large and handsome ; first-rate quality.

* The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk, 7 The six best varieties are marked with a dagger.

80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THe Best Twenty Dessert PEars. Arranged in the usual Order of Succession.

Doyenné d’Hté.—F ree bearer; good quality; the best very early pear. +* Jargonelle.—An old favourite variety, and thrives well generally. *Williams’ Bon Chrétien.—A sure bearer, and a useful autumn variety. Hessle.—A very hardy and prolific variety, and one of the best orchard pears. t*Beurré d’ Amanlis.—Very free bearing; large and handsome; of good quality. Pitmaston Duchess.—A good bearer ; large, and of excellent quality. 1t* Louise Bonne of Jersey.—A prolific bearer; hardy, and first-rate. *Doyenné du Comice.—Free bearing; large and fine, and of good quality. t* Marie Lowise.—Does well generally ; fine size, and of the highest quality. Thompson’s.—A moderate bearer; of first-rate quality. Beurré Diel.—A prolific variety; large; but often gritty at the core. *Beurré Bosc.—Good bearer; large and fine; first-rate. *Beurré d’ Aremberg.—-Very prolific; medium size; generally very good. *Winter Nelis.—Good bearer; small; but of first-rate quality. +*Hacon’s Incomparable.—Very hardy; prolific, and generally first-rate. Napoleon.—F ree bearer, and in most seasons an excellent pear. *Glow Morceau.—Prolific ; keeps long in use, and generally first-rate. Josephine de Malines.—Medium size, and in good seasons first-rate. +*EHaster Beurré.—Free bearer; hardy; sometimes gritty, but generally first-rate. Beurré Rance.—Prolific bearer; fine size; in good seasons excellent.

Tue Next Best Turrty DrEssert PEARS. Arranged Alphabetically.

Autumn Bergamot.—Free bearer; small; tree hardy; generally good quality.

Autumn Nelis.—Good bearer; small; early ; of first-rate quality.

Bergamot d’Esperen.—Good bearer; medium size; late; and generally first-rate.

Beurré Bachelier.—Moderate bearer ; large ; requires a good season.

Beurré de Capiaunont.—Prolific bearer; medium size; useful; not first- rate quality.

Beurré Hardy.—Good bearer ; fine size, and generally of good quality.

Beurré Superfin.—Good bearer; large and fine; first-rate quality.

Brown Beurré.—Moderate bearer; sometimes gritty at the core; in good seasons first-rate.

Colmar d’ Eté.—Prolific bearer; a very good early pear; excellent quality. Count de Lamy.—-Good bearer ; medium size, and generally of fine quality. Duchesse d’ Angouléme.—Moderate bearer; large, and occasionally first- rate. Dunmore.—F ree bearer ; medium size; generally excellent quality. Favourite (Clapp’s).—Free bearer; fine size; excellent quality. Fertility.—Prolific bearer ; medium size; fine quality. Flemish Beauty.—Free bearer; tree hardy; good size; sometimes first- rate. Fondante d’ Automne.—Moderate bearer; medium size; first-rate quality. Gansel’s Bergamot.—Good bearer; nice size; sometimes gritty; excellent flayour. * The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk. 7 The six Lest varieties are marked with a dagger,

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 81

Jersey Gratiol.—Free bearer ; medium size; occasionally gritty ; generally first-rate.

Madame Treyve.—Good bearer ; large and fine; of first-rate quality.

Monarch (Knight’s).—Irregular bearer ; medium size; occasionally fine, and good quality.

Muirfowl’s Hgg.—Good free bearer; very hardy; medium size, and of good quality.

Ne Plus Meuris.—Free bearer; good size; sometimes gritty; generally good quality.

Olivier de Sévres.—Good bearer; medium size; fine late variety ; excellent quality.

Passe Colmar.—Prolific bearer; fine size; in good seasons of first-rate quality.

_ Passe Crassane.—F ree bearer ; large and fine; requires a good season.

Red Doyenné.—Free bearer ; medium size; generally of good quality.

Souvemr du Congrés.—F ree bearer ; large and useful; generally first-rate quality.

Swan’s Egg.—Prolific bearer; medium size; tree hardy; of excellent quality.

White Doyenné—Full bearer; good size, and generally of good quality.

Zéphirin Grégoire.—Good bearer; medium size; late; excellent quality.

Tue Best Twenty Orcuarp PEarRSs. Arranged Alphabetically.

+Aston Town.— Hardy and free bearing ; small; generally of good quality. Autumn Bergamot.—Good bearer; small; sometimes gritty; generally good. +Black Achan.-—Prolific ; hardy; good size; a favourite old variety, but only second-rate. t*Beurré d’ Amanlis.—Prolific ; tree hardy and vigorous; large and fine; of first-rate quality. +Beurré de Capiaumont.—Free bearer; medium size; of moderate quality. *Beurré Diel.—F ree bearer ; large size; often gritty; occasionally very

good. t* Catillac.—Prolific ; large and fine; best of stewing pears; quality, first-

rate. +Crawford.—Very prolific; smallish; favourite early variety; of moderate _ quality. +Croft Castle.—Prolific; small; tree hardy; a useful variety, of good quality.

* Doyenné ad’ Eté.—F ree bearer; medium size; very early ; good quality. Eyewood.—Good bearer; medium size; excellent quality. tfair Maggie.—Very prolific; hardy tree; medium size ; a popular variety ; of good quality. *Favourite (Clapp’s).—Free bearer; good size; good quality. +* Fertility.—Prolific bearer; good size; excellent quality. t*Hacon’s Incomparable.—Prolific bearer; fine size; first-rate quality. +*Hessle.—A prolific and sure bearer; moderate size; the most popular orchard pear. * Jargonelle.—Good bearer ; fine size; first-rate quality. *Lowise Bonne of Jersey.—Free bearer, large and fine, and of first-rate quality. ; *Marie Louise.—Free bearer; excellent size; first-rate quality. t* Williams’ Bon Chrétien.—Very prolific; large, and of excellent quality. * The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk. t+ The twelve most prolific varieties are marked with a dagger. F

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82, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tur Best Six STEwInG Pears. Arranged Alphabetically.

*Bellissime d’ Hiver.—F ree bearing ; excellent quality; a useful variety. *Catillac.—Tree vigorous, hardy, and prolific ; first-rate quality; the best stewing pear.

Gilogil—Hardy and prolific; an excellent variety. Uvedale’s St. Germain.— Moderate bearer ; large; good quality ; requires a good season.

*Verulam.—Free bearing ; hard and vigorous; of excellent quality. Vicar of Winkjield.—Good bearer ; large and useful.

CULTIVATION IN JERSEY.

By Mr. Cuartes B. Saunpers, F.R.H.S., St. Saviour’s, Jersey.

The Island of Jersey, being so noted for the growth and cultivation of fine fruit, especially apples and pears, I venture to offer a few remarks upon the modes of culture, and the varieties cultivated, thinking they might be acceptable to the Conference, and also to the general body of horticulturists interested in the production of these health-giving and palate-pleasing fruits.

Jersey being the most southerly of the group of islands in the Bay of St. Michael’s, and the slope of the land being from north to south-west, enjoys a very favourable climate, the general moisture, owing to its position and the saline air, which almost always may be felt blowing over its surface, renders it peculiarly adapted to the growth of pears. The soil is a good loam, upon a substratum of clay retentive of moisture, which suits the Quince stock, upon which most of the pear trees are budded or ovafted. There are localities along the coasts of which the soil is much mixed with sand, owing to the continuous drift in stormy weather, whilst some parts of the western side of the island are so much exposed to the Atlantic Ocean as to be entirely unfit for fruit culture, and scarcely worth cultivating, the cereals and root crops growing upon them being very often subject to serious injury from the force of the westerly gales. Now, it is easy to understand why the most protected and best sheltered situations are selected for the growth of the finest and best kinds of fruit. Apples are grown on the higher and drier parts of the island, where the land is stiff enough and the drainage good, hence the orchards, where the more ordinary kinds are grown for the manufacture of cider and general consumption, are generally surrounded by hedgerows from five to eight feet high, and planted with elm and other descriptions of forest trees. The

* The three best varieties are marked with an asterisk.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 83

apple trees in these orchards are generally grafted six feet from the ground, and have spreading circular heads, which are perfectly beautiful when in bloom. Very many of us can recollect when the Weigelas of sorts were first introduced that their great recommendation was that they were as ‘‘ beautiful as apple blossoms.’’ Were not apple blossoms beautiful before then ?

These orchard trees, which make such a beautiful display of flowers, and produce in favourable seasons such an abundance of fruit, are much neglected, and allowed to grow in a confused mass of branches. To scientific horticulturists it seems a pity that, where nature does so much, man should do so little in the way of pruning, so as to give the trees a more regular form and better appearance. You will, I think, gentlemen, agree with me that judicious pruning—.e., removing weak and superfluous branches, would have the good effects of improved appearance, more healthy growth, and finer fruit. The general character of the growth is so vigorous as to render it unnecessary to prune the extremities of the shoots, except for the sake of shaping the trees and balancing the heads, but ‘thinning out”’ is the style of pruning requisite.

The finer descriptions of apple fruit are grown in gardens sometimes against the walls, on espaliers, or on the long cordon system. The dwarf cordon is not much practised, nor is it desirable, inasmuch as the growth, in spite of the Paradise stock upon which the trees are usually worked, becomes so strong that it requires constant cutting back to keep it within the desired limits, and this constant repression of growth is not conducive to fructification.

The finest Ribston Pippin apples are grown upon south walls in sheltered gardens, trained upon the fan system, the strong radiative shoots being selected to form the frame of the trees, and the lateral and weaker branches being pinched and pruned off, so as to get fruit spurs to form. It is an excellent system, barring the disadvantage of the early maturity of the fruit. Very few other sorts are thought worthy of wall culture. The dwarf bush, the open standards, the rider or tall standard trees, are all acceptable forms of garden trees, where the space is sufficient ; and such varieties as Karly Stibberd, Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Red Quarrenden, Hooper’s Seedling, Downton, King, Golden and Walton Pippins, Grand Alexander, Cox’s Pomona and Orange Pippin, Court of Wick Pippin, English and Dutch Codlins, &c., are grown freely on Paradise as well as other stock, and take but little space. It is not unusual to see crops of fruit considerably above the weight of the trees producing them. Planting Paradise stock apple trees in rows six feet apart, and the trees at three feet apart in the rows, suggests a system of culture which might be made re-

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84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

munerative, and were it not for the constant changing of tenants from one piece of land to another, might be advantageously practised. It is not so here; most of the fine fruit is produced on accidental trees, either found in gardens on taking possession, or planted by incoming tenants. Taking into consideration the time necessary to get a stock of trees into a good bearing state, few tenants would care to adopt any system of planting or training from which they would not derive some immediate advantage,

The cultivation of the pear has been so very remunerative for years past, that it has been made a subject of more general study and system. Many of the old gardens, established half a century or more ago, offer evidence of the walks having palisades on both sides, for the purpose of training pear trees upon them, and in some cases the palisading has been double, so ag to admit of trees being trained on both sides, one foot or less being the intervening space between the rows of palisades. Trees planted in this way are generally productive ; thé main lateral branches being trained and supported horizontally, a regular and con- tinuous supply of sap is provided during the growing season for the development of the fruit. This system has and does answer well, and as long as the trees continue healthy they bear good crops of fruit, the size of which much depends upon the amount of thinning practised. Against walls, both horizontal, fan, and cordon styles of training are practised, all of which answer well in the hands of careful attendants. Dwarf bush and pyramidal trees are also grown, many acres of ground being devoted to the cultivation of the celebrated Chaumontel Pear. The great number of excellent varieties grown, and their exquisite though varied flavours, make the pear a fruit of general acceptance, though few varieties are much grown. Citron des Carmes, Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Louise Bonne, Maréchal de Cour, Beurrés d’Amanlis and Diel, Duchesse d’Angouléme, Doyenné du Comice, Chaumontel, Glou Morceau, and Easter Beurré are more often met with than other varieties; and amongst culinary pears, the Belle de Jersey (syn. Belle Ange- vine), and Catillac, or pound pear, are considered the best.

A rich, strong loam suits the Quince stock best, a lighter soil suits the free stock for pears. The advantage of growing pears on the quince as a stock is early fructification, whereas the generally-accepted axiom respecting pears grafted on the free or pear stock is, that—

He who plants pears, Plants for his heirs.

There are but few large pear trees on the island; occasionally one or two are met with, towering above the apple trees in the orchards, but such trees are the exception; and land is so ex-

4 —————

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 85

pensive in Jersey that no room can be spared for unproductive trees (which is the case whilst the tree is growing).

The Jersey farmer, cultivating twenty acres of land, and making a comfortable living off so small a surface, cannot afford to allow a single perch of it to remain unproductive, and every square yard is made to contribute towards the general expenses. The space allotted to kitchen gardening and fruit culture is generally near the homestead, the pathways being planted on either side by bush apple and pear trees, currant and gooseberry trees filling up the intervening spaces in the rows until the trees have grown sufficiently large to cover the whole space. These highly-cultivated and richly-manured pieces of ground are made to produce crop after crop in rapid succession. No sooner is one crop off the ground than another replaces it (organic, and not artificial manures being used). The trees get the benefit of these repeated dressings and the manipulation of the soil.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 19. MARRY). VErecu, Hsq., b..S., F.R:H.S., in the Chair.

FRUIT PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION FROM A PROVINCIAL POINT OF VIEW.

By Mr. F. J. Barnuir.

I feel some explanation is needful for the introduction of a paper which does not profess to be technical before such an audience and upon such an occasion, but I have long held the belief that, whilst we pay strict attention to the practical points or strictly technical details which rightly claim the closer atten- tion of the specialist, we ought to give some prominence to particulars which, we may say, constitute the fringe of a subject.

Whilst these are, perhaps, of a too general character to possess much charm for the person intent upon some particular detail, they serve to put us in touch with the public, and thus are helpful in removing popular prejudices ; or there is a sense of separation somehow between those to whom we look for fruit consumption and those to whom we look for fruit production.

I knew, too, that there would be gentlemen of wide practical experience, whose names are in the front rank of the honourable record of present-day horticulture, taking active part in these proceedings, andI thought that they would treat of particular phases of the subjects irresistibly suggested by a ‘‘ National Fruit Conference.”’

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In this I was perfectly right. Whether I was right in my choice of a subject, for the reasons already stated, remains to be seen, but I venture to think, from what I know of the good-nature of those connected with garden pursuits, I can claim your in- dulgence if I fail to gain your approval; and if any remarks of mine are such as to provoke hostility of thought, you must please put them down to provincial prejudice, or, may I say, to that simplicity which is one of the most prominent attributes of raw rusticity.

I appreciate the difficulty of saying anything new on the question, but I shield myself behind the fact that the reitera- tion of a truth is not a needless undertaking until precept is put into practice. So long as we pay our millions of money into other hands for produce which could come from ourselves, we are quite safe in assuming that there is yet reason for action.

Coming up from pastoral pursuits to this great centre of crowding, clamouring hfe, how can one express the feelings that somehow naturally force themselves to the front? They may be said to be somewhat thus: Here you have in your great crowded centre somewhere approaching 5,000,000 of souls. This area, with its vast population, has practically grown nothing but bricks and mortar save the trees and flowers in its beautiful pleasure parks and its promenades; andif this great centre were dependent upon its own resources for market produce for its daily needs, it would very quickly have to answer its children’s ery for bread by giving them stones.

This great multitude must take some feeding. The open country of the shires gives garden ground enough for all. ‘The earnings of the provinces find their way largely into the pockets of the landowners, and they, in the natural order of present-day methods, spend a large portion of their time and the greater part of their wealth in London. There is a kind Of feeling that, seeing so much of the wealth of the country comes here, more might be done for us and less for the foreign coquettes who court your favour and gain your sympathy and support for such things as we can grow quite satisfactorily at home.

I do not at all fear the bogey of foreign competition. This is, IT remind myself, a National Conference, but the subject isreally - universal. The idea involved in fruit production and distribution is too large for a nation. We cannot, for instance, grow the orange. Weshould not like to dispense with it, therefore we invite the foreigner to send it to us; but we can produce pippins : then why should you raise your eyes above the beautiful fertile plains, say, of Kent and Sussex, and with the telescope of a false economy find beyond the seas, in the broad acres of America, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere, the admitted beauty of fruit- ful plains, but also an added imaginary beauty, really nothing

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beyond what you could have seen without the glasses within the confining hedgerows of our British orchards ?

We must, however, get somewhat nearer the chief points to be considered. We must drop figure and get to facts. We think we may safely start with an aphorism. Cultivation of the land is the basis of all economy. Mother Earth, after all, nurtures the whole family of the human race. ‘The profit of the earth is for all; the king himself is served by the field.’’ The political economist and the social scientist can touch no profounder problem than the problem of production, and we cannot escape the consideration of the threefold aspect of the laws of life which all rightly civilised people recognise :—

1. The population must be properly employed. _ 2. The people must be clothed and fed.

3. As a necessary condition, the land must be cultivated and cropped.

Now we have already reminded ourselves that we have to take ourselves outside the limit line of streets and alleys, and get into the open country, where we find agriculture and horticulture side by side, sometimes overlapping each other, but always mainly concerned with these four phases of occupation :—

1. Cattle production, under which I would include the rearing and breeding of all animals for slaughter or other purposes.

2. Wheat production, under which head I would include all! arable farming.

8. Dairy farming, under which I would include all milk, cheese, and dairy products.

4, Fruit farming, including the production of vegetables and other market produce of this character.

The consideration of the question of supply immediately brings before us the question of demand. We ask ourselves— What 7s demand? Why is it needful to produce ? An elementary question, truly, but one which has been handled peculiarly by the jugelers of political and other economists. Briefly, produce is needed for the maintenance of life. It was easy for the French wit to say, ‘Give me the luxuries of life, let who will take 1ts necessities;’’ but necessities are—necessities! We then ask ourselves, upon what can good health and happy life be best maintained ? a

Well, I fear we should here quickly get into conflict of opmion. Doctors differ. I am justified, however, upon the grounds of science and experience, in asserting that men can live, and live healthfully and happily, on cereals and fruit, so that a wheat farm and a fruit farm would meet all national needs. Cattle farming we are not now concerned about.

I know I strike a chord which may not be one entirely of

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harmony in a meeting of this character, when I say that man can derive all needful sustenance from the cereals and fruit; that is to say, humanity has in fruits—for cereals are fruits—all that it needs. Mark, please, I do not say it has therein all that it craves, but all that it needs.

Now, if in any other machine than that of man (if you permit him to be so considered for a moment), heat, essential for its going, could be got from deal logs, and it was being fed by the engineer with French polished mahogany and refined oils, we should consider it strange. Ofcourse, he might do it if he liked; but, should we wonder why ? Man, so far as his means permit, may, too, feed on what he likes, but the economist must first consider essentials, not preferences or prejudices. But I find I must push forward, for I dare not pursue fancy too far in a paper of twenty minutes’ length.

After the determination of what is essential for the mainte- nance of hfe we must consider the labour question. Which of the four systems under which we have divided the question of cultivation employs the largest amount of labour, and in which are our labourers the most happily and healthily engaged? Un- hesitatingly, with firmest decision, we answer, in fruit production. Quite lately I, by chance, became the travelling companion of one of the largest agriculturists in our county, whose farm lands had been laid down to grass. He had given up corn for cattle, and he told me that as a result fifteen cottages were at that moment standing empty so far as farm labourers are concerned. He had no further use.for them, and they had gone—where? He did not know, but in all probability to swell the already congested population of the towns. How are we to get our open-faced, honest-hearted country population back to the green lanes and the gardens ?

One of the best methods is the development of the industry of fruit production. But is our climate such as to encourage safely the cultivation of hardy fruits? Let us not commit the often rash errors of a too eager enthusiasm. I do not know which most to pity or blame—the blind optimist who to every question suggesting the possibility of big profits, Arcadian delights, and a contented population always basking in the sunshine of ease and unconcern, replies, ‘‘ [ answer enthusiastically—Yes ;”’ or the poor pessimist who says our apples are only crabs, that there is a worm at every core, that the glory has departed, and we are all tumbling into the Slough of Despond.

But there is a via media. It is possible to make the crooked straight, and the rough places plain, if we only set ourselves heartily to find the more excellent way.

Hardy fruits can be grown, and well grown, in this much despised climate of ours; but, like everything else, it must be done properly. No more subtle sweetness, crispness, and alto-

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gether right flavour can lurk beneath the skin of apple or pear than can be found in the flesh of a British-grown Cox’s Orange or Ribston Pippin, or some of our best pears; and no sprightly sauciness of brisk acidity can be found in the often insipid flavour of many of the foreign sub-acid apples to compare with that of a Northern grown Keswick or Lord Suffield.

There are those about us, and apparently warmly interested in this movement, who go to extremes in both directions. In this problem of production let us remember we have all tastes to suit, all palates to please, and therefore a wide range for our catering. One cannot help being amused to read of somebody’s pippin, which is the apple of the future for the essence of its sweetness and syrupy juiciness, to which sugar would be a superfluity if not an absolute detraction; and in another week’s issue of the same journal the merit of somebody else’s seedling, which is to be the apple of the future, is found in and founded on the fact that its beautiful tartness of flavour is such as absolutely to defy the seductive influence of sugar or syrup, bringing it to the dull level of the popular palate which can only take its strawberries when reduced to a kind of saccharine paste, which can only take currants as preserves, or cherries in brandy.

So long as opinions differ so widely we need not fear the unavoidable influence of climate in any of the home districts upon the qualities of our British-grown fruits.

Whilst admitting of a certain amount of healthy variation in the quality of the fruits, I would venture to say that the error of the past has been rather in the multiplication of kinds than in the other direction. Some people have prided themselves upon having as many varieties as they can count trees in their orchards, but I could never see the full force of the benefit of such possession. It is well to choose but few kinds, letting them be such as are suitable to the district and such as commend themselves as market favourites.

For instance, in the larger Lancashire towns apples of a brisk sharp flavour find much readier sale than the sweeter fruits, for which there may probably be greater demand in the south. If you can sell at Cottonopolis Keswicks or Lord Suffields by the ton, why not grow them by the acre rather than coddle with somebody’s new seedling said to surpass the Newtown Pippin in its sugary flavour when the season is favourable enough for it to fruit? Meet the demand of the district, and proceed cautiously ; extend as rapidly as you like, but carefully.

If it is worth doing at all, it is worth doing well. Do away with worthless incumbrances of the ground. A good fruit is as readily grown asa bad one. This is the crux in the provinces.

If time permitted me to draw you a picture of the typical farmer’s orchard, you would not wonder that fruit-growing was a feeble industry in many places. Such so-called orchards are, many

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of them, excellent hunting-grounds for the entomologist or the cryptogamic botanist, whose special attraction is amongst mosses and lichens. Most of the trees are favourable specimens of artistic antiquity. ‘The only evidence of anything approaching a pruning process which I have ever witnessed amongst some of them was the wreckage of the storm or the broken boughs at apple-tide which had snapped asunder under the weight of the ladder against them.

If the orchards are carelessly kept—or carefully unkept—it is an equally peculiar fact that when fruit is borne by the trees it seems to suggest no necessity for right handling. Mark Twain in one of his sketches enlarges, | think, upon his experience in days when he was assumed to have the editorial charge of an agricultural paper, and in reply to a correspondent, he told him he thought he had himself to blame for the condition of his turnip crop, the defects of which he had just described. ‘‘ You should wait,’ said Mark, “‘ until they are nearly ripe, then get up the tree and shake them down.’ He found that was not the way turnips were treated, but the editor had probably seen a county farmer gathering his fruit, for that is precisely the method he follows on such an occasion. All this and much more must be changed before British fruit-growing takes the important place to which it is entitled.

The present position of the fruit question in the public mind seems to be that fruit 1s now used to grace the tables of the wealthy, or to add a kind of fashionable finish to the dinner of the fairly well-to-do; but it is seldom regarded as food pure and simple, though such it really ought to be.

Let anyone having an interest in philanthropic work cause district visitors or City missionaries to make inquiries amongst the poor of the large cities, and you will find that fruit is almost, if not entirely, absent from the list of dietary articles from which the food-supply of those who live in the narrow streets and the crowded alleys is derived. I have gathered statistics in our own district, and was startled to find how the poor live even in a provincial town, where a person placed at its centre might get be- tween the hedgerows and into the fields well within half an hour. Ignorance and prejudice have helped to maintain this condition of things, for they have only the bare idea that fruit is palatable, and have no idea that it is also invigorating and healthful.

For the proper and complete development of the fruit move- ment in this country we must have all our forces to the front. There is a really steady demand, we are told, for the best fruits carefully gathered and well packed at most remunerative prices. That seems to meet the want in certain directions, but we must encourage those educational and moral movements which have for their aim and object the inculcation of habits of thrift and health amongst the masses of the people.

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There should be, and there must be, a very largely increased demand for the home product, and the home product will be then forthcoming; and this brings us closer to some of the features we have to face in the question of distribution.

This opens up as many avenues of thought as the question of production—perhaps more, for in the question of production we deal largely with matters of conjecture, for we can never know the end of an unfollowed course, and if you advocate two methods or fifty you would find followers for each ; but the question of dis- tribution brings us at once face to face with problems of £ s. d., and with the conditions of market operations and regulations.

I do not intend to take up the time of this meeting by attempting to deal with one of the most damaging conditions which we meet with as a most serious obstruction in the very outset, that, namely, of the railway rates; nor do I attempt to touch upon that other forcible deterrent—the question of land tenure. Both this and the railway question will, I find, be dealt with in separate papers; but until some sweeping change is made in the present system of railway charges, it seems that the British fruit-grower will find his industry shackled and weighted to such an extent as to prevent his making a profit at all com- mensurate with that which he is helping to put into the pockets of the railway shareholders.

Next to the railway question, we require the establishment of some responsible agency or agencies to take up, in combination, . the conditions which cannot be successfully fought smglehanded, and this agency should not be merely commercially protective, but also educational. Amongst other matters, it should collect and publish careful data as to districts, climatic influences, meteorological notes, and such other intelligence as would serve to guide. This body would have to be influential and potent, for the power of monopoly is, as matters now stand, almost invariably against the producer and the consumer, and in favour of some intermediate agent, whose name is legion, apparently, and whose presence may be necessary for the discharge of com- mercial enterprises, but who ought to be regarded more in the capacity of a carrier or an agent rather than a trader or mer- chant.

Next we require the provision of centres of sale. Endless time is lost by the producer in his effort to find a market, and neglect at home is consequently unavoidable. It is essential that persons having produce to sell should be brought into contact with persons requiring to purchase, but we have at present no such facility. Cheshire has its cheese fairs, established by the order of a Council, and the staple product of the county therefore holds its own in spite of foreign competition. Birmingham has its onion fair ; but I do not know of a town in England that has its fruit fair.

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Then we ought to be able to purchase fruits by name as to variety. ‘To the farmer’s mind not so many years ago everything ereen upon the face of the field was grass. ‘To the mind of the average citizen or citizen’s wife anything that is round, and that has been plucked from a tree in an orchard, is an apple; it matters not whether it be a flavourless Crab or a Golden Pippin —it is anapple; but we want to initiate the public into a know- ledge that certain apples carry with them certain qualities and certain flavours, and we want then to show that precisely what they want can be supplied. There are advertisements in con- nection with domestic commodities which seem to suggest the erave importance of your being sure you get somebody’s starch when you ask for it. The same caution should be applied in the pomological department, and when the cook finds out that a certain kind of apple can be depended upon for a certain quality, we should find the beginning, too, of a more definite order of things.

Another great impetus to the home product might be insured if, at railway stations and other places where the public gather themselves in masses, English fruit could be obtainable instead of the everlasting French pears and American apples. And L should like, if those ugly iron wmpedimenta called ‘‘ automatic deliveries,’ or some such wonderful name, are to be tolerated, that they should, in response to the penny and the push, give orchard plums instead of sugar plums, and apples and pears in preference to chocolate or candy.

Another idea that has long possessed me is the idea of the selling of fruits from sample. According to present methods of distribution a producer gathers his fruit and carries it away to the markets, there to stand with a load of it until it is distributed. Those who have learned the art of modern marketing have found out that prices decline as the day wears on, for the grower does not desire to cart part of a load home again. On the other hand, there may be a system of ‘‘ topping ’’—I may be excused if I explain (for of this my present audience is doubtless ignorant) that this implies a process, possibly accidental, by which the larger, better fruits in a basket gravitate towards the top! This is, of course, open to the suggestion of unfairness on the other side ; but if the grower submitted samples of his fruit just in the way the farmer does who has grain or seeds to sell, an imme- diate relief would result.

A farmer does not think of carting the yield of his grain fields to the open markets, but asks the merchant to buy upon the sample placed before him in the market; and he can sell or hold as he then thinks best. He would then be in a less likely position for the imposition of injustice.

Then I think, in the interests of distribution, our leading agricultural and horticultural societies—agricultural societies

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especially—should recognise the industry, and admit home fruit products into their schedules of subjects for competition. I am glad to observe that the Royal Agricultural Society of England has taken up the matter, and hope other agricultural societies may now be induced to follow. It is likely that more good will arise from sources of this character than through minor efforts of less prominent bodies, as the subject would then be considered along with the problems of land cultivation in their more impor- tant and varied aspects.

I must not forget to include the all-powerful Press. We have natural friends in the editors of horticultural publications, but I am glad to see the general Press of the country is now taking an interest in the question. Whilst many newspaper readers are evidently competent to take an intelligent view of the matter, there are some who seem to discern in the agitation something like the sectarian movement of a new faith, for which they have quickly set themselves to invent the name of the ‘‘ Faddist.” Well, let it be so.

If we are to get public attention called to the question, we may hope that the long delayed interest will be fairly and fully aroused ; and whilst we rejoice in the peace and prosperity of a nation preferring pruning-hooks and ploughshares to swords and spears, we shall yet the more rejoice when we gain the greater victory and proclaim the wider conquest of the sickle and the spade.

COMPENSATION FOR ORCHARD PLANTING. By Mr. Winti1am F. Bar, Streatham.

It is, no doubt, solely because of the great interest which, for many years, I have taken in compensation for tenants’ improve- ments, that I have been invited by the Committee of this Con- ference to read a paper upon a subject of the practical details of which I probably know less than any person in this room. I must confess that I felt a strong disinclination to place my views before a body of experts, and if anyone but your worthy secre- tary, who has been very obliging to me on more than one occasion, had asked me to come forward, I should have declined ; for, should anyone ask me what I know about orchard planting, I should have to reply, Next to nothing. When I took a farm some years ago, I planted some fruit trees, and had them in fine bear- ing condition by the time that I quitted the holding, to the ad- vantage of my successor. More recently I have planted some apples and pears in a suburban garden, and have scarcely seen a blossom on any of them for the last three years. However, my subject is not planting, but compensation for planting, and upon

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that topic I have very decided views, and few persons, I believe, have given more thought to it. Still, as my object is to elicit discussion rather than to air my own opinions, I shall be as brief as possible in my remarks.

Cultivators of the soil are constantly being told that they should grow more fruit. Ordinary farming does not pay, and is not likely to pay, it is contended, and farmers should turn their attention to the production of vegetables and fruit. Now, there is no reason to fear that too many farmers will take that advice, the rank and file of the class being very slow to make any im- portant changes in their routine. Itis obvious that if even a twentieth part of the land of the United Kingdom were devoted to the growth of culinary vegetables and fruit, the market would be glutted, unless the nation were converted to Vegetarianism. But, as I have said, there is no reason to fear that too many farmers will become market gardeners and fruit-growers, and there will be all the less reason to expect this, as I believe a turn in the tide of ordinary farming as a business has set in—whether for a long or for a short period it would be rash to predict. The fear is—to confine myself to fruit-growing—that, in spite of the ‘‘boom’”’ which appears to have been started in that industry, its development will be slower than is desirable. There are many reasons why it should be so. Enough has been said in recent years, and said over and over again, to prove that it is desirable to erow more fruit, and especially more choice apples and pears, in this country. The question is, How to doit ? Now, in my opinion, Mr. Rivers, in his speech as chairman of the Fruit Growers’ Conference held the other day in the Crystal Palace, went the right way to work to show how not to do it. Alluding to the obstacles to fruit-growing, he is reported to have said that land- lords, land laws, railway rates, and middlemen have nothing to do with them. A more astounding assertion I have seldom read. In my opinion, they have pretty well all to do with them. It is our land laws which render fruit-planting an unsafe speculation, and high railway rates and a bad system of distribution (the middleman element) which render fruit-growing less profitable than it should be. Ithink my friend Mr. Albert Bath was on the right tack in the paper which he read at the first Crystal Palace Conference, and not Mr. Rivers, who declared ignorance to be the fundamental hindrance to extended fruit culture. No one isa more earnest advocate of agricultural and horticultural education than I am, and no one is less disposed to say anything to under- rate the advantages of either branch of instruction. But, in my opinion, for one cultivator of the soil prevented from growing fruit by ignorance, there are twenty who are deterred from lack of security to capital invested in planting, high railway rates, which render it unprofitable to grow anything except high-priced early produce if it has to go a long distance by rail, and our

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abominable system of distribution, which gives more profit to the middleman for a day’s, or sometimes for an hour’s, work in hand- ing fruit on to customers, than to the producer who spends a year in growing it.

Returning to the question, How is fruit-growing to be in- creased ? I must pass by, as beyond the range of my subject, all details relating to such obstacles as high railway charges and the middleman’s undue share in the amount paid by consumers for fruit. In considering how to answer the question asked, another at once crops up—Who isto plant? Now, our land laws are directly opposed to planting, as far as they go. By encourag- ing limited ownership through the settlement of estates they render it disadvantageous to most landowners to plant, because the limited owners, who form the great majority of the landlord class, by sinking their capital in orchard planting, would reap only a transitory benefit themselves, and that only if they lived several years, while they would enrich the already too highly- favoured heirs to their lands at the expense of their younger chil- dren or other relatives. Forreasons which it would take me very wide of my mark to-day to state, I am notin favour of increasing the powers and privileges of the owners of land by making them absolute owners, and I allude to limited ownership merely to show that under it there is no reason to expect extensive orchard planting by landlords. We come now to the tenants, and are thus brought within the precise confines of the subject of this paper.

Mr. Rivers appears to argue that the land laws have nothing to do with the indisposition of cultivators to plant fruit, because in suitable situations and under proper management fruit-plant- ing will pay with laws and rents as they are. No doubt it will, provided that the planter has a long lease and lives long enough to reap the fruits of his enterprise, or if—and this is a very large ‘©if’?—he can induce his landlord to consent to the planting, so that he will be entitled to compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Act, or to arrange otherwise to compensate him or his heirs when he quits his holding ordies. These ‘‘ifs’’ and “ ors,” however, are shadowy particles, and a substantial and disagree- able ‘‘but’’ nearly always comes in to put them to flight. Without the consent of the landlord in writing, the law fails to afford the fruit-planter, whether he be a large farmer or an allot- ment holder, a halfpenny of compensation for capital sunk in the planting of fruit; and I doubt whether that consent can be obtained by one out of a hundred tenants. The tenant, then, has no legal security for fruit-planting, and if he plants without security, he incurs a very serious risk. It may be contended, perhaps, that a long lease affords sufficient security; but that I entirely dispute, because a man may die before he has reaped any benefit from his expenditure, and it may be inconvenient for his

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executors to carry on his business, or he may be obliged to re- move, either from getting into difficulties, or from some less dis- agreeable cause. Therefore a lease is but a delusion as security, unless it contains compensation clauses or embodies a right of consignment. Moreover, a lease never affords adequate security unless it is a very long one, even if the holder of it farms it out. Even then, at the end of the lease, the improving tenant—or rather, the law—hands over to the landlord property which rightly belongs to himself.

It is not necessary to say before my present audience that the expense of orchard planting is no light one, or to point out that some years must elapse before the planter can hope to obtain a satisfactory return on his outlay. Probably there is no gentle- man here who could not tell me a great deal more about the cost of planting than I can tellhim. But as there may be readers of this paper who are not experts, and who may like to have the estimates of experts on the cost of planting different kinds of fruit, I submit such estimates. There'is no lack of them in print; but most of those in my possession are two, three, or more years old, and expenses vary with the times. I therefore asked Mr. Charles Whitehead to give me his estimate for the present time, and I have to thank him, a busy man—though for that matter, busy men are generally the most obliging in afford- ing information—for kindly complying with my request. In giving Mr. Whitehead’s estimates, I must point out that they do not include the cost of preparing the land, or any portion of the rent, tithe, rates, and labour expenses after planting which fall due before the trees come into profit.

Cost or PLANTING OnE AcrRE oF FRuvIt.

Lei 1s be ie

Standard Apple Trees, 22 ft. apart (90 eas) ae ee O7 OREO Planting and staking... ane SOW IEG Se I Plums or Damsons, 18 ft. apart (134 trees) ... ent deellommaO Planting and staking .... Re ane ae Ree ais dsdus) 40) ee) Apples and Plums mixed, 20 ft. yok ge tree) soit, ap ORO. Planting and staking... Seo mers: © (0) a I), Bush Fruit Trees and Apples, 1,440 to the acre, 5} ft. apart, at 13s. per 100 Be 9: Ome Planting bush trees fi BGC aus pele to walle 90 apples, and planting and staking is se Ore sh ko ee BE Bush Fruit with Plums or Damsons—1,440 bush fruit trees ... 5 spe 9 i020 Planting ditto BUS 215 0

134 Plum or Damson Trees, and planting and staking 1115 0 a 28 0 ©

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. OT

Lesivd. +£)'$..d. Strawberries, 30 in. x 18=11,616 ES ay 12s. 6d.

per 1,000 wee Sea ii Sime aE Planting 7... was un, me nis ee ae LelorO —— 819 8 Strawberries, 30 in. x 12=17,424 plants, at 12s. 6d.... 10 18 6 Planting ... wed dee ‘it hs de a edenakers —— 13 6 0 Raspberries, in rows 4 ft. apart, 3 plants to a hill or centre = 10,890 ue Mes aa at Be MUG ie 7h 3 KG) Planting... un oes se die onan ——— 13 2 6

Mr. Whitehead adds: ‘All these rates are according to present cost of fruit trees and present labour wages. The land, of course, must be deeply ploughed, and in many cases a subsoil plough should follow the ordinary plough. Harrowing also is necessary to get a level surface. Upon land in cultivation a good dressing of manure would be necessary, say 20 tons per acre. Some land would require trenching.”’

Mr. Albert Bath, of Sevenoaks, has also kindly sent me some estimates, which represent the actual cost of planting now being carried out under his superintendence.

Cost or Manurine, Puovcuine, SuBsorninc, TREES, AND PLANTING

PER ACRE. cS BY Che Apple plantation, trees 20 ft. x ee ft. sae ate sis Reed ae) 0) Plums, 20 ft. x 20 ft. Se mae sin eu Sal OW nO Pears, about same as apples... ap ae. sears katt 0) Mixed plantation of Apples, Pears, ‘Plums, 20 ft. x 20 ft., with bottom fruit—currants and gooseberries eit 30 8 O Raspberries (manuring and cultivation as above, excepting subsoiling) bh slat an in. Bay 506 cog det BO Strawberries, ditto ... ae sie fie a ae oe ORO Ts oO)

Mr. Bath remarks that fruit trees and raspberry canes are as cheap as they were six years ago, but that apple trees are in ereat demand, and will soon be dearer. Some growers, he also remarks, may prefer planting plums 10 ft. x 11 ft., and in that case the cost would be £34. 13s.

Although the planting of strawberries and raspberries does not come under the head of orchard planting, the estimates for these crops are allowed to appear in the list. I may add that Mr. William Vinson, of Orpington, Kent, has kindly given his estimates of the cost of planting of an acre of these varieties of soft fruit. Including the first year’s cultivation, rent, rates, &c., he says, raspberries cost about £15 an acre, and strawberries about £10.

The veriest outsider must see from Hees figures—and especially from those relating to orchard planting —that it would be very risky for a tenant to engage in that enterprise without security as to compensation for the unexhausted value of his improve-

G

98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ments; and it is to be borne in mind that Mr. Whitehead’s totals should be larger than they are, because they do not include additional expenditure incurred while waiting for the trees and bushes to bear.

How, then, should compensation be given? Personally, I am a strong advocate of the plan of allowing the tenant to sell his improvements in the market, with pre-emption to the landlord. Elsewhere, and on many occasions, I have shown how I would safecuard the just claims of landlords in making the necessary arrangements for free sale. There is not time to allow of my going into details upon that topic to-day. Moreover, to do so would be needless repetition, for are they not written in the chronicles of the Farmers’ Alliance ?—an association which would have done great things for the farmers and fruit growers of the country if they had sufficiently supported it. In my opinion, free sale is far superior to the valuation system. When told that it involves dual ownership in land, I always say, in reply, that where two persons invest their capital, and inextricably mix it, in the same piece of land, you must have dual ownership or confiscation. There is absolutely no other alternative ; and if you have a right to compensation by valuation, you have dual - ownership just as much as if you have free sale. Again, I am told that free sale has not succeeded in Ireland; but the reply to that is, that it was a splendid success in Ulster before Mr. _ Gladstone meddled with it, and, in my opinion, muddled it. Having visited Ulster, I say that the results of free sale there are wonderful. Considering the disadvantages in respect of situation, climate, and often of soil also, under which the farmers in that province laboured, what they did, stimulated by the security afforded to them by free sale, long before the Land Acts were passed, is a striking proof of the value of the principle.

It must be confessed, however, that free sale is not popular in this country. It may further be admitted that the system of compensation by arbitration and valuation can be carried out more satisfactorily in relation to fruit trees than in the case of ordinary farm improvements. ‘The trees are on the ground, and can be counted and valued, and their condition indicates how they have been manured and otherwise treated. In some parts of Italy it is the practice to make an inventory of all the trees on a holding when the tenant enters, describing the number of trees of each kind in each enclosure, indicating the condition of the whole in general, if not of each, and valuing them. When the tenant quits, a similar inventory is made, and he is entitled to receive, or required to pay, any difference in the two valua- tions, according to whether he has caused appreciation or deterioration during his tenancy. Whether or not any allow- ance is made for natural improvement on the one hand, or

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 99

deterioration, similar to the reasonable ‘‘ wear and tear’’ in a house, on the other, I cannot say. Perhaps some such plan could be adopted in this country.

The simplest reform, however—and I believe that fruit growers and farmers can get it if they will but act together— would be that of striking out the stipulation in the Agricultural - Holdings Act which requires the landlord’s consent to entitle the tenant to compensation for planting fruit trees and for other permanent improvements. But as I have always been a friend —an unappreciated friend—-to landlords, I must state one objec- tion to this proposal. It would be hard to come down upon a poor, embarrassed landlord, or upon one fairly well-to-do, but only a tenant for life, for £20 an acre or more on 100 or 200 acres, in the form of compensation to an outgoing tenant. Therefore, it seems to me that if the tenant is to be entitled to compensation for costly improvements made without his land- lord’s consent, the latter should have the option of presenting the right of free sale to the former. Or, perhaps, as landlords have always opposed free sale, it will be but a fitting lesson to them to make the amendment in the Agricultural Holdings Act just suggested, and to leave them to sue for free sale, which, I fancy, under the altered circumstances, many of them would very quickly demand. At any rate, in one way or another, I contend it is the right and the duty of the public to insist that the law of the land shall be so altered as to encourage instead of hindering the greatest profitable development of the resources of the soil. They should not recognise the right of a man who is allowed to ‘‘ hold an estate in land ’’—the nearest approach to absolute ownership recognised by the law of this country—to keep it as a desert waste, or anything like a desert waste, if it will pay for improvement, and there are capitalists able and willing toimproveit. Or, to limit the application of this principle of public right and duty to the subject before us, I say that the people of this country, desirous as they are to see planting in- creased, should insist on their representatives in Parliament, without unnecessary delay, so amending or adding to the statutes as to afford to every cultivator of the soil full security for the unexhausted value of any improvement in the planting and culture of fruit which he is able and willing to carry out.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. RovrELt pointed out that the owner of land was not always an ogre, and might occasionally be expected to act with* both common sense and consideration. Sometimes, however, the ownership vested in trustees, or in the guardians of infants, who had a very real difficulty in going outside the strict letter of ‘the law, it was therefore very advisable that in any alteration

of the law. it should be made to act automatically. The best G 2

100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

position, however, for anyone to be in, was to hold under an intelligent and enlightened landlord, who would go hand in hand with his tenant, and facilitate the transfer of improvements.

THE RAILWAY DIFFICULTY IN RELATION TO FRUIT, AND .HOW TO DEAL WITH Ei:

By Mr. D. Tatterman, F.R.H.S.

The railway difficulty and how to deal with it presents a social problem for solution of such immense magnitude, involy- ing interests of so vast a character, that to justly determine it with due regard to the rights of all parties demands the most serious and earnest attention. On the one hand we have the enormous sum of £845,972,000 sterling invested as a paid-up railway capital in a movement ostensibly for the benefit of the public, which sum is entitled to a reasonably fair interest, while, on the other hand, the natural development of the resources of the nation are largely interfered with by the courses that have been followed by those having the control of the internal traffic incidental to the distribution of home-grown produce.

The full extent to which the agricultural classes as a body suffer by this course of procedure is beyond the scope of our pre- sent Conference, which, as far as possible, should be confined specially to the interests of fruit-growers.

That these may be clearly understood I have prepared a map of England and Wales, showing each county with its population, its total area, and the extent of that area devoted to fruit-grow- ing and its allied industry, market gardening. The facts thus disclosed are of a most startling character, as they show that in the major portion of the country there is little or no fruit or green foods locally produced to supply the requirements of the people. There may be different opinions as to the cause or causes of this alarming condition of things, but there will be a consensus of opinion upon one point, which is, that the charges of our railways for the carriage of home-grown produce and the general arrangements for its transmission have been of such a nature and extent as to render the cultivation of these commodi- ties unprofitable where it has been carried on, and to deter the extension of cultivation in other districts by reason of the want of facilities to despatch the produce when grown to centres of consumption for profitable sale, thereby failing to encourage the production of a supply of home-grown food for the people.

With every regard for the rights of investors to a legitimate interest upon their capital, the question must be removed from that comparatively narrow sphere of consideration to the far

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REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 101

wider one as to the duties that were imposed on the railways when the rights to construct their undertakings were conferred upon them.

There can be no misunderstanding on this point, for, leaving the general subject and dealing with it in its particular charac- ter, it will be found that every application to Parliament for a Bill to acquire land and construct a railway has been based upon the ground that it was for the public benefit that it should be eranted.

Sight must not be lost of the fact that every Railway Act con- tains a schedule of the maximum tolls and rates that it is allowed to make for its services. But at the same time it should be borne in mind that a large number of the subsequent railway privileges were granted upon the assumption that there would be a legitimate competition for traffic within reasonable limits.

This result has certainly not been brought about, for it will be found that a most extraordinary condition of things exists with our railway system, as while there is the keenest possible com- petition among the principal lnes to obtain the traffic, there is at the same time the strongest possible union amongst them ag to the rates and charges they shall levy on that traffic.

The position of the metropolis in this matter is the most anomalous one conceivable, and will be discovered in the fact that it has been left to the eight railway companies that convey the daily food of its four million inhabitants, together with the Corporation, who conduct the markets so as to render them monopolies in the hands of a few favoured traders, to continue levying charges in the form of excessive rates, commissions, and middle-mer.’s profits that are gigantic in proportion to the ‘‘ octroi”’ collected on the boundaries of most continental cities, which we look upon as excessive, but which, in any event, is legitimately collected and expended as public money in the public service.

- With us home-grown produce is, beyond all question, the food of the people for the people, and its economical and ready transmission from the fields of production to the centres of consumption is a matter that directly affects, for good or ill, producers and consumers. ‘The excessive charges now made are found to so largely influence the welfare of the nation, that the question of railway rates has forced itself forward as a subject of general consideration.

The policy of the railway companies is both short-sighted and cruel; the former, because if farmers had the inducement to cul- tivate their lands, by the chance of a reasonable outlet, they would undoubtedly do so, and the railways would have the con- veyance of the produce, which would furnish them with a large revenue from a source where they now receive nothing; the latter, because it is well known that the bulk of the money realised by home produce is expended in home labour, and the

102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

whole of it remains in the country for re-expenditure, mostly in wages of other industries in some form or another.

But the most serious effect that this course of procedure has is the deprivation of the people of the large supply of vegetable and fruit foods that would be raised and available for consump- tion if the railways faithfully carried out the engagements made by them, upon the faith of which the privileges they now possess was accorded to them.

Meanwhile, good service may be done in another direction, which would, m any event, result in preventing the continual extension that is taking place of the condition of things from which we suffer. The great difficulty that presents itself in attempting to carry out any reform for the general good is the plea that is set up by the railway companies of the rights conveyed to them by their Acts of Parliament, which Acts they every year apply to have extended and increased. So large are the rights thus continually assigned to them, that in 1887 they required an addition to capital of no less a sum than £17,628,000 sterling ; and it appears to be a very great oversight to allow these continual and large additions to be made to our railway system without making some provision for relief in the direction in which it is so urgently required. Granted that the railway companies have some rights in their existing Acts, that can be no reason why those conditions, which are now found to be detrimental to public interests, should be continued in the new Acts they apply for every successive session ; on the contrary, the occasions should be utilised for obtaining some relief from our difficulties.

To enable arrangements of a beneficial character to be made, and ensure the establishment of a system that would render nugatory the efforts of the railway combination, and result in the establishment of reasonable rates for home-grown produce, it is advisable to pass such a general Act of Parliament as would enable local authorities to provide open spaces for use as markets, and to make connections with railways in their several districts, so that trucks with produce could be run direct into them, and their contents disposed of by the owners without incurring the cost of loading or unloading, and thus defeat the right to charge for terminals, unnecessary services, &c. Also to enable local authorities to make auxiliary lines or tramways in their several districts, such lines or tramways to be in connection with the railways, over which they should have running powers.

Collections of farm and garden produce would thereby eradually be formed from each area, and could be despatched by the producers to the markets, and be disposed of direct to the retailers or others.

A market of such a kind in each quarter of London would bring the whole agricultural population of the adjacent country

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 103

into direct communication with the consumer, and by being brought into communication with the existing system of tram- ways, the saving in the expense of cartage and delivery, which are at all times serious items in the cost of vegetable foods, would reach a total of several millions annually. Thus, not only would there be a considerable saving to the community, but at the same time a large amount of nutritive food would be brought within the reach of the working classes, of a better con- dition and fresher quality than they now receive, and the receipts of the agricultural classes would be largely increased.

It is an open question whether or not fruit growers have given any thought to the matter of railway rates and charges, and the conditions upon which their produce should be dealt with in future by those who conduct and control our inland traffic. The subject is not only of the utmost importance, but it demands their urgent and incessant consideration.

The outlet for fruits will be found in two directions, which have a widely different character and necessitate different treat- ment—the supply to London and the few very large towns in the north, and the supply to the small towns and villages throughout the kingdom. In the first we have the large concentration of fruiterers, greengrocers, and costermongers, who have hitherto furnished the means for reaching the public. In the second they have to a great extent done without fruit, as it could not be supphed in a fresh condition. Whether the fruit is intended for London or the country districts, railway companies should be compelled to provide effective refrigerator trucks for its con- veyance, in order that its fresh condition may be fully maintained. Growers know the condition of the fruit when it leaves them, but they are not aware of the serious deterioration that takes place in transit before reaching its destination, and the conse- quent enormous depreciation that takes place in values. A few hours make a great difference in the appearance and flavour of fruit, and there can be no possible justification for the unneces- sary loss thus caused to the grower, when the fruit could be readily and inexpensively delivered in a fine and fresh condition.

To ensure equitable arrangements in the matter of railway rates, so far as fruit growers are concerned, it is not only neces- sary, but of the utmost importance, to look into the various descriptions of traffic, and study the absolute conditions that are required to be complied with to effectively transfer their produce from the orchards to consumers with the least possible handling. ,

To convey coals, strawberries, iron, eggs, wood, meat, mine- rals, fish, and other articles of a widely distinctive character by the same trains, to a great extent in the same trucks, and deliverable by the same vans, and claim varying rates of pay- ment, not according to the service rendered, but on the basis of

104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

what the traffic will bear, is not only unreasonable, but in reality furnishes the railway companies with the power to indirectly levy a tax upon the food of the people, which they have exercised to a very great extent.

Had the companies, for the extra charges they have made, provided any of the additional accommodation or facilities that perishable goods require, either in transit or delivery, the addi- tional charges might have been excused; but it has been an invariable rule of all the companies not to undertake any respon- sibility in respect to perishable goods, unless a special additional rate was paid. ‘‘Owner’s risk’’ and ‘‘Company’s risk’’ are terms well known to every consignor of produce. Many have often, to their cost, been advised that their goods arrived an hour late for market, or just after the market was over, and therefore made no price at all.

Thus, a special feature in this matter that fruit growers must bear in mind for traffic purposes is, that their especial produce is divided into two classes—the perishable and the non-perishable, and that these need different treatment. In connection with the former, in which soft fruits take a front rank, effective collec- tion, safe transport, and speedy delivery are matters that require much greater consideration than even the actual rates charged ; therefore I propose to direct attention to two points :—

First: What the railway companies should do in connection with perishable food transport. Second: What they should charge for doing it.

Under these circumstances it will be wise for the fruit | farmers to look upon themselves as one of the branches of our national agricultural industry, and determine the absolutely. necessary conditions that are essential for the effective transport of their produce; at the same time those engaged in grazing, dairy farming, market gardening, and the other branches of acriculture should do the same, and then make a combined effort to obtain the faciJities that are necessary for each, to enable them to profitably carry on their operations.

The traffic in home-grown perishable foods possesses a remarkable characteristic feature in being largely composed of comparatively small consignments. This is not only the neces- sary outcome of our system of production, but promises to largely increase with the growing tendency to small holdings, allotments, &c. This traffic should not only be encouraged, but every possible facility should be furnished to enable it to develop itself; for in that system will be found the means by which pro- ducers and consumers will naturally drift into more direct communication with each other. And it is to aid the growth of this condition of things that it is advisable for such provision to be made as will inherently develop a traffic by the facilities it

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 105

furnishes to producers for reaching the retailers in outlying districts.

In this matter, so far as fruit is concerned, facilities for its effective collection, safe transport, and speedy delivery are of a much greater consideration than the actual charge made for the services rendered, but this should certainly be a figure within reason; but the principal thing that the agricultural classes generally, as a body of producers, should seek to obtain, is a ready means for reaching consumers in all districts through the existing retail traders. For this purpose they should seek for the establishment of a ‘‘ farm produce train ’’—a service to be carried out on the lines of the ‘‘ parliamentary train”’ and the ‘van train,’ which was in existence for a number of years, and only recently abandoned. By the parliamentary train the passenger rate for one train daily was fixed by law. The van train was for parcels, and the rates were made by the railway companies themselves, being one-half the ordinary parcel rates, with a minimum of 6d. At the present time, a parcel traffic is in existence on all railways by passenger trains, and this is governed by radius of distance—up to thirty miles being id. per lb.; up to fifty miles 4d. per lb.; up to 100 miles 3d. per lb., with a minimum rate of 6d. for a parcel. A moderate exten- sion of this parcel system to goods packages, with half a cwt. as a minimum, and with wider radius, on the basis of the van train charge—that is, one-half the current parcel rates—would prove advantageous to farmers, and bring the railway a large and remunerative traffic.

This should be sought for, and would probably be conceded by the railway companies without difficulty.

The time has arrived when, as a result of the protracted agitation upon which producers have been for years engaged, the subject is about to be dealt with by the Board of Trade, who have been appointed to act as arbitrators between the public and the railway companies.

It is therefore essential that the vast network of producers throughout the United Kingdom should, in their several and separate spheres, determine the actual requirements of their par- ticular commodities, and then by united action place themselves in a position to approach the Board of Trade in a tangible and effective manner, so as to be able to put forward and substantiate simple and definite claims in every instance.

To this end the agricultural classes should, individually, collectively, and promptly study the subject in all its bearings, in order to see where their particular interest is affected, and how it may be remedied. Even then the contest is a most unequal one, for the railway companies are few in number, but united as one body, having an unlimited command of capital for their purpose, coupled with the best practical legal and com-

106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mercial experience that can be procured. They will also receive the indirect support of all the vested interests that have grown into existence with, and profit by, the present enormous 1mporta- tions of food products that now reach us from foreign countries.

And these combined forces will be confronted, so far as farmers are concerned, by a disunited, and consequently weak, body of individuals, without any representative organisation to determine what they should claim, and without means to take the necessary steps to contend for their views.

The question of station terminals is still an open one, and the railway companies will probably avail themselves of the oppor- tunity and endeavour to surround all traffic with such conditions as will enable them to continue to levy the existing or similar charges on the goods placed with them for transport, while the farmers have not arrived at any definite conclusions as to what they require to improve their condition in this direction: The result may be anticipated from the position. Therefore, unless the course indicated is adopted, there is a strong probability that the present deplorable condition of things will, m a great measure, continue to exist for another long term of years, to the detriment of the great producing and consuming classes of the country.

To attain the desired end steps should at once be taken to prevent by legislation any extension of the present position, and _Parliament should, immediately upon reassembling, be asked to pass a standing order that no Railway Act authorising the con- struction of any new lines or the extension of existing ones should be passed, unless a clause providing for a truck and train rate, a farm produce train, and the provision of refrigerator trucks, is embodied init. This, in any event, and an amended schedule of rates, would stop further encroachments and lay the foundation of future legislation.

After referring to the existing difficulties, and what should be done in respect to them, the consideration of who is to do it follows as a natural sequence; and it will be evident that the most influential and effective representative that fruit-growers can secure, and one that would inspire confidence throughout the country, and be most likely to prove successful on their behalf, is the Royal Horticultural Society; and the Council of the Society, who have largely contributed to the success of this Con- ference, should be requested to nominate a Committee to act in this direction.

It now remains for me, in conclusion, to summarise the main points of my paper, and I do so by submitting—

1st. That the development of our fruit-growing industry has been retarded by the conduct of those haying the control of the international traffic of the kingdom.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 107

2nd. That, in addition to reasonable rates, facilities for eftec- tive collection, safe transport, and speedy delivery of all soft fruits are material elements for consideration.

ord. That it is essential that these be provided for in all fresh Railway Acts that may be eranted, and that no further addition or extension be made to any existing railway system until, as a consideration for such privilege, reasonable conces- sions are granted to public requirements.

4th. That the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society be requested to form a Committee to act on behalf of the fruit-erowers of the United Kingdom, and that such Committee enlist the fullest possible amount of Parliamentary support to carry out its views.

Mr. Surruey Hinperp proposed the following resolution, which was seconded by Mr. JoHN CoRNER :—

‘‘That in view of the great public advantages that have accrued from previous Conferences held in these Gardens, and the marked success of the present one, members of the Executive Committee of this Conference, Fellows of the Royal Horticultural Society, and other Horticulturists here assembled, who are deeply interested in the Royal Horticul- tural Society’s welfare, and in the important question of developing the progress of scientific and economical Horticul- ture, including especially the fruit-growing capabilities of the country, respectfully submit for the earnest consider- ation of the Council of the Society the desirability of con- centrating the Society’s resources to the utmost practicable extent upon the maintenance of the Chiswick Garden, so as to enable it to fulfil its mission as the national exponent of practical and experimental Horticulture.” ;

On a show of hands being taken, the resolution was carried with four only dissenting.

The Conference concluded with the usual votes of thanks to the Readers of Papers, to the Chairmen, to Mr. Barron, and to the Secretary of the Society.

Aeboe i hese PART a Statistical and other information relating to the

Cultivation of Apples in Great Britain and

Treland.

110 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

INDEX OF CONTENTS

(east Ges Ausioy IONI)\

ApPPLES— PAGE | ApPpLES— PAGE Abbreviations, &e¢. ... suo «2B Selection of—continued— Audit of 1888 see sou ES Midland Counties, South 187,283 Catalogue of.. foo.) PB) North 201,284 Certificates awarded — 131 Monmouthshire fe Be MeO Culinary, Selection of Great Norfolk = he sae £84 Britain) sess 289 Northamptonshire 2 206 Dessert, Selection of Great Northern Counties 237, 286 Britain ee pan SKS) Nottinghamshire... = 208 Diagrams or Plates of Oe Oxfordshire eae 559) OS Exhibition of, 1888 eo Ig) Rutlandshire cae sod SAN) List of Exhibitors ae mecca lela Scotland ... bh 247, 287 Schedule, &c., 1888... 24s » southern Division Selection of— 247, 254 Bedfordshire we So lush) » Midland 4) 201, 262 Berkshire... ae wee «2148 » Northern ~~, 265,268 Buckinghamshire goo SY) Shropshire ase =. 230 Cambridgeshire ... boo bie) Somersetshire ... See (Qo Cheshire ... eae 535 2A0B Southern Counties 141, 280 Devonshire bak set) eed SNARE G50 ae On Dorsetshire ae boon, eral SUSSEX aes on soo Ales) Durham <:.. Me seb ew) Wales oa be 269, 271 Eastern Counties 177, 282 Warwickshire... aa DAD Essex we us ree auay) Western Counties 215, 285 Gloucestershire sis sod asa) Westmoreland ... Boo e aak Herefordshire ... 505 AAD) Wiltshire ‘eis eee lite Hertfordshire... eos Worcestershire ... soo ae BO Huntingdonshire... eo LOM, Yorkshire : ... 242 Jersey... ae seer Remarks on, exhibited from :— Kent aa ae ace) LAO Hampshire oe Bee LAG Lancashire sae soo BY) Ireland... ios ween 209 Leicestershire... woe? 206 Staffordshire eis seer 4 be Lincolnshire ‘00 sop 82, Synonyms ... a ten e309

Middlesex... ahs Boe aliay!

IAL

LIST OF EXHIBITORS

AT THE

NATIONAL APPLE CONGRESS, 1883,

AND AT THE

APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888,

Those marked * were Exhibitors on both occasions. Those marked f exhibited in 1888 only. The remainder were Exhibitors in 1883 only.

Aldridge, Mr., Blewbury. tAllan, Mr. W., Gardener to Lord Suffield, Gunton Park, Norwich. Allen, Mr. G., The Gardens, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford, Wilts, Apthorpe, Mr. W. H., Albion Brewery, Cambridge, Armfield, Mr. J., Croham Mount, Croydon. Austin, Mr. R., 87 Addington Street, Ramsgate. Badger, Mr. E. W., Merton Villa, Moseley, Birmingham. Bancroft, Mr. J., Audlem, Cheshire. Barclay, Mr. J., The Gardens, The Durdans, Epsom. Barden, Mr. D., The Gardens, Offchurch, Bury, Leamington. Barkway, Mr. B., Kast Dereham, Norfolk. Bates, Mr. C., Prittlewell, Essex. Beaton, Mr. G., The Gardens, Yotes Court, Maidstone. Behrens, Mr. EK. F., Forest Hill, S.E. Benson, General C. B., Fairy Hill, Swansea. Binney, Rev. D. §., Culham Vicarage, Abingdon. Bishop, Mr. W., Boston, Lincolnshire. Bognall, Mr.W., Clyde Cottage, Doncaster Road, Rotherham. Bourne, Mr. J., The Gardens, Longhill, Guisborough. Bradley, Mr. H., The Nursery, Southwell, Notts. Brain, Mr. E., Gardenerto Mr. Joseph Bennett, The Cedars, Louth, Brand, Mr. P., Glaisnock House, Old Cumnock, N.B. Bray, Mr. R., Bedfont. Breese, Mr. G., The Gardens, Petworth Park, Sussex.

112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brideman, Mr. A. G., The Gardens, Thames Bank, Marlow. Britcher, Mr. G., Oak Lodge, Tonbridge. Bretherston, Mr. R. P., The Gardens, Tynninghame, Prestonkirk. Brown, Mr. C., The Paddocks, Swaffham, Norfolk. Brunton, Mr. G., The Gardens, Gilmerton, Drem, N.B. Bryan, Mr. G., Southleigh, Witney, Oxon. Bull, Mr. A., Barnard House, Cottenham, Cambridgeshire. 7 Bull, Mr., Ramsden, Lssex. *Bunyard & Co., Messrs. G., Old Rresties Maidstone. +Bunyard, Mr. T., The Nursery, Ashford, Kent. Burbury, Mr. E., The Gardens, Cossey Park, Norwich, Burnett, Mr. J., The Gardens, The Deepdene, Dorking. Butler, Miss, 39 The Gill, Ulverstone. Cairns, Mr. J., The Gardens, Hirsel, N.B. Cakebread, Mr. H., The Gardens, Rayners, Amersham, Bucks. Cameron, Mr. J., The Gardens, Auchterarder House, Perth. Campbell, Mr. W. 8., The Gardens, Cowarth Park, Ascot. Campsie, Mr. R., Grange of Erroll, N.B. Castle, Mr. S., West Lynn, Norfolk. *Cheal & Sons, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Crawley. Chester, Mr. H. M., Poyle Park, Tongham, Surrey, +Chettleburgh, Mr. W., Gardener to Colonel Rous, Worsted House, Norwich, Chisholm, Mr. W., The Gardens, Oxon Heath, Tonbridge. Chorley, Mr. G., Coaster’s Nursery, Midhurst. +Christie, Mr. A. D., Gardener to the Earl of Warwick, Castle Warwick. *Chuck, Mr. W., The Gardens, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster. Clark, Mr. J., The Gardens, Brodie Castle, Morayshire. {Clarke, Colonel R. T., Welton Place, Daventry. Clarke, Mr., Oxford. Clayton, Mr. H.J., The Gardens, Grimston Park, Tadcaster. Cleaver, Mr. W. D., Greaveley, Huntingdon. Cockbill, Mr. K., Wick House Gardens, Pershore. *Cocker & Son, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Aberdeen, {tCoomber, Mr. T., Gardener to J. A. Rolls, Ksq., The Hendre, Monmouth. Coombes, Mr. J., The Gardens, Sheen House, Mortlake. Cranston Nursery Company, The, Hereford. Crossland, Mr. C., Beachwood Gardens, Arnside, Westmore- land. Cruickshank, Mr. G., The Gardens, Cortes, Lonmay, N.B. 7Crump, Mr. W., Gardener to Earl Beauchamp, Madresfield Court, Malvern. *Cummins, Mr. G. W., Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esgq., The Grange, Wallington, Surrey.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS. 113

Davis, Mr. W., The Gardens, Blankney Hall, Lincolnshire. *Day, Mr. J., The Gardens, Galloway House, Garlieston, N.B. Dean, Mr. J., The Gardens, Titsey Park, Godstone, Surrey. *Dean, Mr. R., Ranelagh Road, Ealing. Dick, Mr. W., The Gardens, Pavilion, N.B. . Dickson & Son, Messrs. F. & A., Upton Nurseries, Chester. ! Dickson & Son, Messrs. James, Newton Nurseries, Chester. ! tDickson & Co., Messrs., The Nurseries, Edinburgh. tDicksons, Limited, Chester. Divers, Mr. W., The Gardens, Wierton House, Maidstone. {Divers, Mr. W. H., Gardener to J.T. Hopwood, Hsq., Ketton Hall, Stamford. Doig, My. D., The Gardens, Rossie Priory, Inchture, N.B. Druce, Mr. J ., Hynsham, Oxford: +Drummond & Sons, Messrs. W., The Nurseries, Stirling. *Dunn, Mr. M., The Gardens, Dalkeith Palace, N.B. +Dyer, Mr. W. T., C.M.G., Royal Gardens, Kew. Eckford, Mr. H.., The Canslane, |Baneaion Park, Shrewsbury. Edgar, Mr. G., Crossgar, Co. Down, Ireland. Fairbairn, Mr. J., The Gardens, Wineenetoun N.B. Fairerieve, Mr. pl W., The Gardens, ‘Drrwalieie House, Dunkeld. Farquhar, Mr. E., The Gardens, Langlee, N.B. Finlay, Mr. W., The Gardens, Wroxton Abbey, Banbury. Fisher, Mr. Ismay, Scawby, Brigg, Lincolnshire. Fletcher, Mr. J., The Gardens, Coppins, Iver, Bucks. Forbes, Mr. A., The Gardens, Pitfour Castle, Perthshire. Ford, Mr. F. C., Secretary, Gardeners’ Institute, Darlington. Ford, Mr. §., The Gardens, Leonardslee, Horsham, Sussex. Fowler, Mr. J., Lee Manor, Great Missenden, Bucks. Fowler, Mr. W., The Gardens, Mertoun, N.B. +Frettingham, Mr. W. H., The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts. Frost & Sons, Messrs. T., The Nurseries, Maidstone. tGallop, Mr. W., Gardener to H. N. Middleton, Esq., Bradford Peverill, Dorchester. Gandy, Mr. R., Boughton Monchelsea, Maidstone. *Garland, Mr. J., Gardener to Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., Killerton Gardens, Exeter. Gee, Mr. John, Oxford. Gilbert, Mr. R., The Gardens, Burghley House, Stamford. tGleeson, Mr. M., Gardener to the Duke of Newcastle, Clumber, Worksop. Goldsmith, Mr. G., The Gardens, Hollanden, Tonbridge. Goodall, Mr. W., Hirroll N.B. Goodnin Mars Sa El, Sanendesaelll Mereworth, Kent. Gould, Mr., The Gardens, Streatley Court, Reading.

' These two firms were united as Dicksons, Limited, before the Ccnference of 1888, when they exhibited under that name. H

114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Graham, Rey. M. H., Maxton Manse, N.B. *Greaves, Mr. B., The Gardens, Broome Hall, Holmwood. Grey, Mr. G., The Gardens, Gladswood, N.B. Grey, Mr. J., Gardener to Lord Aveland, Normanton Park, Stamford. *Griffn, Mr. G., The Gardens, Slebeck Park, Haverfordwest. Griffith, Mr. M., Hamlet Court, Southend. Harding, Mr. A., The Gardens, Orton Hall, Peterborough Harlock, Mr. J., The Gardens, Lilford Hall, Oundle. Harrison & Sons, Messrs., The Nurseries, Leicester. Hartland, Mr. J., The Gardens, Canon Frome House Ledbury. Hathaway, Mr. J., Lathom House Gardens, Ormskirk. Haycock, Mr. C., The Gardens, Barham Court, Maidstone. Haywood, Mr. T. B., Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate. Herrington, Mr. W., The Gardens, Betteshanger Rectory, Sandwich. Hiam, Mr. J., Astwood Bank, Redditch. Hobbs, Mr. D., The Cross Gardens, Hill Falfield, Glou- cester. Hobbs, Mr. T., Lower Easton, Bristol. Hoge, Mr. Thomas, Hope Park, Coldstream. Holloway, Mr., Cowley. Hooke, Mr. T., Norton, Worcester. Hooke, Mr. B., The Tower, Hillingdon, Uxbridge. Hope, Mr. B., The Gardens, Middleton Park, Bicester. Horsefield, Mr. J., Heytesbury House Gardens, Heytesbury, Wilts. tHowe, Mr. C., Gardener to Sir R. Sutton, Bart., Benham Park, Newbury. *Hudson, Mr.J., The Gardens, Gunnersbury House, Acton, W. Jardine, Mr. P., The Gardens, Allerley, N.B. *Jefferies & Son, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Cirencester. Jefferies & Co., The Nurseries, Oxford. Jenkins, Mr. W., The Willows, Abergavenny. Johnson, Mr. A. 8., The Moor Farm, Scawby, Brigg. Jones, Mr. T., Royal Gardens, Frogmore. Kemp, Mr. A. 8., Haughton Gardens, Shifnal, Salop. Kidd, Mr. G., The Gardens, Meee eek Castle, N.B. Killick, Mr. il A., Langley, Maidstone. *King, Mr. W., Dalzell Gardens, Motherwell, N.B. Lacaille, Mr. oe Gourdie Hill, by Errol, N. B. Laing, Mr. A.A., The Gardens, Walbmenilh Castle, Darlington. *Laing & Sons, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Forest Hill, S.E. {Laird & Sons, Messrs. R. B., The Nurseries, Edinburgh. *Lane & Son, Messrs. H., cre Nurseries, Great Bork- hampstead.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS. 115

Langley, Mr. C., Crabble House, Dover. Langridge, Mr. W. B., Mereworth, Maidstone. Latta, Mr. J., Bury Gardens, Welwyn, Herts. Laxton, Mr. T., Bedford. Medenan & Son, Messrs. S., Green Lanes, Tarvin Road, Chester. *Tee & Son, Messrs. C., Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammer- smith, S.W. tLucombe, Pince, & Co., Messrs., The Nurseries, Exeter. t+Manning, Mr. W. T., Ludgate Circus, London. Maries, Mr. R., The Nursery, Lytham, Lancashire. Martin, Dr. H. A., M.D., The Lodge, Kast Cosham, Hants. Martin, Mr., Norwood. Matthews, Mr. H., Betchworth, Surrey. Maylett, Mr. G., Heath Villa, Maithsey Road, near Wor- cester. *McDonald, Mr., Woodlands House, Perth. McDonald, Mr. J., Angeston Gardens, Dursley, Gloucester. McDonald, Mr. T., Balfour Castle Gardens, Orkney. MeIndoe, Mr. J., The Gardens, Hutton Hall, Guisborough, Yorks. McIntosh, Mr. J., Duneevan, Oatlands Park, Weybridge (Gardener, Mr. T. Taylor). McIntyre, Mr. M., The Gardens, The Glen, Innerleithen, N.B

McKinnon, Mr. A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth. McLean, Mr. Stevenson, Gardens, Haddington, N.B. Melliar, Mr. W. F. M., North Aston Hall, Oxford. Melville, Mr. A.§. D., Branston, Lincolnshire (Gardener, Mr. G. Picker). *Merryweather, Mr. H., The Nursery, Southwell, Notts. Miles Mr. G. T., The Gardens, Wycombe Abbey, High Wycombe. ‘Miller. Mr. H., Barrowgate Road, Chiswick. Miller, Mr. R., Southdown Nursery, Shoreham, Sussex. +Milner, Mr. Re Gardener to J. D. Corbett, Hisq., Sundorne. Castle, Shrewsbury. Moorhouse, Mr. T., Leyswood Gardens, Groombridge. Morris, Mr. J., Sherwood, Winchfield, Hants. Morrison, Mr. J. B. B., Murie House, Errol, N.B. (Gar- dener, Mr. Benvie). Mortimer, Mr. §., The Gardens, Purley Park, Reading. Moss, Mr. F. Didsbury, Manchester. Mundell, Mr. J. C., The Gardens, Moor Park, Rickmans- worth. Neighbour, Mr. J., The Gardens, Bickley Park, Kent. TOclee, Mr. H. G., Gardener to the Marchioness of Lothian, Blickling Hall, Norwich. H 2

116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ormiston & Renwick, Messrs., The Nurseries, Melrose, N.B. Ormiston, Mr. A., Mayfield, Gattonside, N.B. Oxford Town District, per Messrs. Jefferies & Co. Parker, Mr. F. G. 8., Westbere House, Canterbury. Parker, Mr. T., The Gardens, Moreton Court, Hereford. *Paul & Son, Messrs. William, Paul’s Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N. *Paul & Son, Messrs., The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N. Pearse, Mr., Gardener to Major-General Desborough, Mili- tary College, Oxford. Pearson & Sons, Messrs. J. R., The Nurseries, Chilwell, Notts. +Peed & Sons, Messrs. J., Roupell Park Nurseries, Streat- ham, S.W. *Penny, Mr. C., The Gardens, Sandringham, King’s Lynn. Plowright, Mr. E., Swaffham, Norfolk. Pollett, Mr. H. M., Fernside, Bickley, Kent. Poynter, Mr. R. H., The Nursery, Taunton. +Powell, Mr. J., Gardener to W. HK. Brymer, Ilsington House, Dorchester. Pownall, Mr. N. H., Linton Hall Gardens, Nottingham. *Praenell, Mr. W.G., Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset. Read, Mr. J., 28 Kirkgate, Newark. Redington, Mr. J., The Gardens, Littlecote, Hungerford. Reid, Mr., Gardener to Hon. Mrs. Trotter, Ballindean, N.B. Ridley, Mr. C. R., Oxford. Ritchie, Mr. H., Kardiston Gardens, Worcester. *Rivers & Son, Messrs. T., The Nurseries, Sawbridge- worth. Roberts, Mr. B. C., Oakfield, Chester. *Roberts, Mr. J., The Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, Acton, W

Roberts, Mr. W. P., Cuerden Hall Gardens, Preston. Robertson, Mr. W., Bourton Hall Gardens, Rugby. Robertson, Dr., Fern Bank House, Errol, N.B. Robinson, Mr. Joseph, Lewins, Edenbridge. Rogers, Mr. A. P., Furzebrook, Axminster. Rollo, Mr. W., The Gardens, Harleyburn, N.B. +Rose, Mr. J. H., Gardener to Lord Wantage, Lockinge Park, Wantage. *Ross, Mr. C., The Gardens, Welford Park, Newbury. +Roupell, Mr. W., Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.W. Rowson Bros., Messrs., West Torrington Gardens, Wragby, Lincoln. *Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick. *Rust, Mr. J., The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS. 117

Salt, Mr. J., The Gardens, Aston Hall, Shifnal. *Saltmarsh & Sons, Messrs., The Nurseries, Chelmsford. Sander, Mr., Gardener to J. Hast, Ksq., Longstock House,

Stockbridge, Hants. *Saunders, Mr. C. B., The Nursery, St. Helier’s, Jersey. jSclater, Mr. C. G., The Nurseries, Heavitree Bridge, Exeter.

Scott, Mr. H., The Gardens, Abbotsford, N.B.

Scott, Mr. J., The Nurseries, Merriott, Somerset.

Selwood, Mr. T., The Gardens, Eaton Hall, Chester.:

Sharp, Mr. W., Prior Wood, N.B.

Shepherd, Mr. H. A. Graham, Redwick, Port of Menteith,

Stirling. Shingles, Mr. J., Gardener to Lord Hastings, Melton Con- stable. *Shingles, Mr. T., The Gardens, Tortworth Court, Glou- cester.

Shortt, Mr. T., Gardener to Sir E. G. Loder, Bart., Floore, Weedon, Northampton. Slater & Sons, Messrs., The Nurseries, Malton, Yorkshire. Smart, Mr. Chas. F., Rainham, Kent. Smith, Mr. J., The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard. +omith, Mr. R., Gardener to Lady Frances Fletcher, Ken- ward, Yalding. *Smith & Co., Messrs. R., The Nurseries, Worcester. +Southall, Mr. T., South Bank, Worcester. Stacey, Mr. J., Seaford Grange, Pershore. Stevens, Mr. Z., The Gardens, Trentham Hall, Stoke-on- Trent. Styles, Mr. W., Brampton Bryan Hall, Hereford. Summers, Mr. G., The Gardens, Sandbeck Park, Rother- ham. Taylor, Miss Watson, Oxford. Thomas, Mr. J., Gardener to Mrs. Drake, Bicester. +Thompson, Mr. G., Gardener to Messrs. W. & E. Wells, Croxby House, Hounslow. Thompson, Mr. G., The Gardens, Croxby House, Houn- slow. Thompson, Mr. G., The Gardens, Littlemore, Oxford. Thompson, Mr. J., The Gardens, Eildonhall, N.B. Tidy, Mr. W., The Gardens, Stanmore Hall, N. Turner, Mr. C., Mostyn Hall Gardens, Flintshire. *Turner, Mr. C., Royal Nurseries, Slough. Twinberrow, Mr. J., Great Witley, Stourport. *Veitch & Sons, Messrs. James, The Nurseries, Chelsea, S.W. *Veitch & Sons, Messrs. R. T., The Nurseries, Exeter +Vertegans, Mr. R. H., Chad Valley Nurseries, Edgbaston.

118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Walker, Mr. H., Derry, Ireland. Ward, Mr. W. O., Harwich, Essex. *Warden, Mr. C., Clarendon Park Gardens, Salisbury. Warland, Mr., Kidlington, Oxford. Warner, Mr. Robert, Broomfield, Chelmsford. *Waterman, Mara, The Gardens, Preston Hall, Aylesford. + Watkins, Mr. ee Bonnar Farm, Hereford. Way, Dr., Landport, Hants. Webster, Mr. J.. The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, N.B. Wheeler & Son, Messrs. J. C., The Nurseries, Gloucester. White, Mr. G., Fairlawn, Maidstone. Whyte, Rev. W. W., UP. Manse, Pitrodie, Perth. + Wilks, Rev. W., Shirley Vicarage, Croydon. Wilson, Mr. G. F., F.R.S., Heatherbank, Weybridge Heath, Surrey. Winkworth, Mr. T., The Gardens, Childwall Hall, Liver- pool. Wood, Mr. R., Gardener to Mrs. Saunders, Duke’s Avenue, Clitermiele. Wood & Ingram, Messrs., The Nurseries, Huntingdon. Woodbridge, Mr. J.. The Gardens, Syon House, Brentford. Wright, Mr. A., Gardener to Mr. E. H. Watts, Devon- hurst, Chiswick. Wyatt, Mr. A., Hatton, Middlesex.

CONFERENCE, 1888.

THe Exhibition of Apples was invited in the following classes :—

I. Fifty varieties of APPLES most worthy of cultivation. II. Twenty-four varieties of APPLES best adapted to the Exhibitors”

district. III. Twelve varieties of APPLES best adapted to the Exhibitors’ district. IV. Six varieties of APPLES Ms 5

V. Twelve varieties of Dessert APPLES. VI. Twelve varieties of Culinary APPLES. VII. Six varieties of Dessert APPLES. VIII. Six varieties of Culinary APPLES. IX. APPLES from Cordon, Bush, or Pyramid Trees (not to exceed twelve varieties). X. APPLES from Standards in Orchards (not to exceed twelve varieties). XI. 3 (not exceeding twelve varieties) grown on Special Stocks, of which particulars must be given. XII. 5 as grown and sent to Market, One Peck of each (not to exceed twelve varieties). XIII. New, recently introduced, or little known varieties of merit. XIV. Miscellaneous.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 119

Cuass I. Fifty varieties of Apples most worthy of cultivation.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co., The Nurseries, Maidstone, Kent.

A very fine collection, all true to name, with tickets giving a ereat amount of useful information. The examples of Warner’s King, Lord Suffield, Ribston Pippin, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville Seedling, The Queen, Cox’s Pomona, Prince Bismarck, Lady - Henniker, Blenheim Orange, Golden Noble, Beauty of Kent, &c., being wonderfully fine. Some examples of Emperor Alexander, which had been grown under glass, were very large and extremely beautiful.

2. Messrs. T. Bunyarp & Co., The Nurseries, Ashford, Kent.

Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance, Beauty of Kent, Golden Noble, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Schoolmaster, Prince Albert, Cox’s Orange, and a variety named Belle Joseph were the most note- worthy. A generally good sample.

3. Messrs. Conan & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley, Sussex. A good collection, true to name. The examples of Pott’s

Seedling, Warner’s King, Emperor Alexander, Lord Grosvenor,

Eeklinville Seedling, and Stirling Castle were specially noted.

4, Messrs. Dicxsons, Limited, Nurserymen, Chester.

This for a northern collection was considered remarkably good. The examples of Grenadier, Ringer (here named Bell Ringer) and others were extremely fine.

5. Mr. 8. Grirrin, Gardener to Baron de Rutzen, Slebeck Park, Haverfordwest. Fairly good. Some very fine examples of Adams’s Pearmain, Gloria Mundi, Ecklinville Seedling, and Bess Pool.

6. Messrs. Lane & Son, The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead.

A fairly good collection ; examples rather small. Those of Prince Albert, Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, Mrs. Barron, and Schoolmaster very fine.

7. Messrs. C. LnzE & Son, The Nurseries, Hammersnuth. Examples large and good. Those of Golden Noble, Lord

Derby, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Dumelow’s Seedling,

Warner’s King, Adams’s Pearmain, &c., specially noted.

8. Messrs. Paut & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

A good collection. Some very fine examples of Cockle’s Pippin, Grenadier, Stone’s, Warner’s King, Lord Suffield, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cheshunt Pippin, Ribston Pippin, and Cox’s Pomona.

120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9. Messrs. Winu1AM Paut & Son, The Nurseries, Waltham Cross.

Examples clearand good. Some fine fruit of Mabbott’s Pear- main, a very fine dessert apple, Cox’s Pomona, Golden Spire, Hoary Morning, Stirling Castle, and Northern Spy.

10. Mr. W. G. PrRAGNELL, Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset. Examples below average size for this district. A variety named Ducat was noted.

11. Mr. J. H. Ross, Lockinge Gardens, Wantage, Berks. Fruits small and below the average.

12. Royvat HorticuLTuRAL Society, Chiswick.

A good representative collection of medium size. The most noted examples being Golden Noble, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Frog- more Prolific, Cox’s Pomona, Yellow Ingestrie, Cellini, Stone’s, and Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

13. Messrs. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth, Herts. The greater part of the examples shown in this collection “were grown under glass, and, therefore, presented a very strik- ing appearance from their large size and delicate colouring. The following were specially noted: King of Tomkins Co., _Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange, Lady Henniker, Reinette de Canada, Warner’s King, Mannington’s Pearmain, Betty Geeson.

14. Mr. W. Rouretu, Roupell Park, S.W.

This collection was remarkable as having been grown within the five mile London radius. ‘The examples were both large and good. Specially noted: Peasgood’s Nonesuch, The Queen, Grenadier, Annie Elizabeth, Stone’s, Blenheim Orange, and King of the Pippins.

15. Mr. C. G. Scuarer, The Nurseries, Heavitree Bridge, Hzeter.

A very fine collection, highly coloured. Blenheim Orange,

Annie Elizabeth, Lady Henniker, and King of the Pippins noted.

16. Mr. C. Turnrer, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

A fairly good collection; examples rather under average ; well and distinctly labelled, the cards stating the stock on which the fruit had been grown. Pott’s Seedling, Ringer, Lord Derby, Blenheim Orange, Golden Noble, Mere de Ménage, Frogmore Prolific, Cellini, noted.

17. Messrs. James VeEITcH & Sons, Royal Hzxotic Nursery, Chelsea. Fruit grown at Langley, Bucks. One of the finest and most even “collections staged, the following beg specially noted: Winter Hawthornden, Lord Grosvenor, The Sandringham, Seaton House, Tyler’s Kernel, Bismarck, Bramley’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Cellini, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cox’s Pomona, Cockle’s Pippin, Stirling Castle, Lady Henniker, Striped Beefing, Tom Putt, Warner’s King.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 121

18. Messrs. R. VertcH & Son, Nurserymen, Exeter.

A nice even collection, Peasgood’s Nonesuch being very fine, also a variety named Kentish Fillbasket, resembling the Catshead.

19. Mr. J. Watkins, Pomona Farm, Withington, Hereford.

Examples large and remarkably highly coloured. Tyler’s Kernel, Grenadier, Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Dumelow’s Seedling were specially noted.

Crass II.

Twenty-four dishes of Apples best adapted to the Exhibitors’ district.

EXHIBITORS.

i. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co., The Nurseries, Maidstone. Examples extra fine. Highly commended: Worcester Pear- main, New Hawthornden, The Queen, Cox’s Orange, Tower of Glamis, Golden Noble. 2. Messrs. J. CoEAL & SONS. Examples large and finely grown. Commended: Hormead’s Pearmain, The Queen, Dumelow’s Seedling, Duchess of Olden- burg. Pott’s Seedling specially noted.

3. Mr. A. D. Curistiz, Castle Gardens, Warwick.

Moderately good. Adams’s Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Broad-eyed Pippin, Warner’s King; Bess Pool being the most noted.

4, Mr. W. Cuucr, The Gardens, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Fruit small and much greener than most others.

5. Mr. T. CoomBER, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth. Examples fairly good, but deficient in colouring.

6. Mr. G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Smee, H'sq., Hack- bridge, Surrey.

A very fine collection, generally of high colour and clear skin. The following were noted: Cox’s Pomona, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Striped Beefing, Nelson’s Codlin, Court of Wick, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Beauty of Kent.

7. Mr. W. H. Frerrineuam, The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts.

A very good collection, rather wanting in colour. ‘The fol- lowing were noted: Domino, Beauty of Herts, Lord Suffield, Keklinville Seedling.

8, Mr. W. Gattop, The Gardens, Bradford Peverill, Dorchester.

A good selection, examples rather small.

§. Mr. Jonn GaruAanp, The Gardens, Killerton, Exeter.

A moderately good collection. The examples mostly highly

coloured, although small.

122 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

10. Mr. GurEson, The Gardens, Clumber, Notts. Examples very good.

11. Mr. Joun Grey, Normanton Gardens, Stamford.

Moderately good. A fine dish of Mére de Ménage noted.

12. Mr. C. Howz, The Gardens, Benham Park, Newbury.

Examples small and not in good character.

13. Messrs. JEFFERIES & Son, Nurserymen, Cirencester.

An interesting collection containing good examples of the leading varieties.

14. Messrs. J. Laina & Son, Nurseries, Forest Hill.

Examples moderately good. Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Emperor Alexander, Stirling Castle, Prmce Bismarck, Warner’s King, Gloria Mundi, specially noted.

15. Messrs. Lane & Son, Berkhampstead.

A good even lot of fruit. Blenheim Orange, Schoolmaster, Emperor Alexander, The Queen, Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, Ecklinville Seedling, specially noted.

16. Messrs. Lucomssz, Pincz, & Co., Nurserymen, Exeter.

Moderately good examples throughout. Tibbet’s Pearmain noted.

17. Messrs. Wm. Paut & Son, Waltham Cross.

Moderate size. Tower of Glamis, Warner’s King, Golden Spire, Rostocker, Waltham Cross Seedling, Worcester Pearmain, noted.

18. Messrs. J. Peep & Sons, Rowpell Park Nurseries, Streatham.

Kxamples large and well grown. Beauty of Kent, Worcester Pearmain, New Hawthornden, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Emperor Alexander, The Queen, and Washington being noted.

19. Mr. J. Powrtt, The Gardens, Ilsington House, Dorchester.”

Examples even and moderately good. Manks’ Codlin and Royal Pearmain noted.

20. Mr. J. Roperts, The Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, Acton.

A very meritorious collection, the examples large and well erown. Peasgood’s Nonesuch very fine; also Alfriston, Lord Derby, Hawthornden, Mére de Ménage, Cox’s Pomona, Clay- gate Pearmain.

21. Rovat HortTIcuLTURAL Society, Chiswick.

Examples of fair size; wanting in colour. The following were noted: Yellow Ingestrie, Golden Noble, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, Lord Suffield, The Queen, Stirling Castle.

22. Mr. J. Rust, Gardener to the Marquis of Abergavenny, Hridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.

Examples moderately good. The following were noted: Betty Geeson, Hall Door, Roundway, Magnum Bonum, Crimson Queening, Wadhurst Pippin, White Paradise, Lady Henniker.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 123

23. Messrs. SattmarsH & Sons, Nurserymen, Chelmsford, Hissex. Moderately good examples. The Queen specially noted ; also Cellini, Summer Orange, Emperor Alexander, Royal Russet, Cox’s Orange, Cox’s Pomona, Peasgood’s Nonesuch.

24, Mr. T. SuHinawues, Gardener to Harl Ducie, Tortworth Court, Gloucester. Examples large and well grown.

25. Messrs. R. Suiru & Co., Nurserymen, Worcester. Examples of moderate size, well coloured. Hollandbury and Mére de Ménage noted as very fine.

26. Mr. R. Smitru, The Gardens, Kenward, Yalding, Maidstone.

Some very fine examples. Beauty of Kent, Winter Quoining, Reinette de Canada; Grand Duke Constantine, and Tom Putt specially noted.

27. Mr. T. SoutHat, South Bank, Worcester. Moderately good, rather small.

28. Messrs. VerrcH & Sons, Chelsea.

The examples in this collection were exceptionally fine. Those of Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Emperor Alexander, Mannington’s Pearmain, Reinette de Canada, American Mother, noted.

29. Mr. A. Waterman, The Gardens, Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent.

Examples large and well coloured, with clear skin. Graven- stein, Queen Caroline, Lady Henniker, Reinette de Canada, Stone’s, Cox’s Orange, were specially noted.

30. Mr. J. Watkins, Pomona Farm, Hereford.

Remarkably highly-coloured examples throughout. Duchess

of Oldenburg specially noted.

Crass iL

Twelve varieties of Apples best adapted to the Exhibitors’ district.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Mr. W.H. Divers, Gardener to J.T. Hopwood, Esq., Ketton Hall, Stamford. Small but good examples; Carlton Seedling, Duke of Glou- cester, and Golden Noble being the best.

2. Mr. J. Hupson, Gardener to H. J. Atkinson, Esq., Gunners- bury House, Acton. Examples of Golden Noble remarkably fine.

124 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

. Mr. W. GALLOP. . Mr. R. Micner.

. Messrs. Paut & Son, Cheshunt. Examples well grown.

or HR oD

6. Messrs. J. VertcH & Sons, Chelsea. A wonderfully fine and well grown collection of fruit.

7. Mr. C. WarvEn, Gardener to Sir F. Bathurst, Bart., Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

The varieties staged in this class were in almost every instance repetitions of those exhibited in Classes I. and II., and, therefore, do not require any special notice.

Cuass IV.

Six varieties of Apples best adapted to the Exhibitors’ district. EXHIBITORS. 1. Mr. Srpnry Forp. 2. Mr. GALLOP. Hixamples very fine. 3. Messrs. VEItcH & Sons, Chelsea.

~The examples of Prince Albert, Loddington Seedling, and Frogmore Prolific were extremely fine.

Crass V. Twelve varieties of Dessert Apples.

EXHIBITORS. 1. Mr. W. Crump, Gardener to Harl Beauchamp, Madresfield Court, Great Malvern. A beautiful collection. Fruits finely grown, very highly

coloured. Blenheim Orange, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Strawberry, specially noted.

2. Mr. W. GALLop. Some fine examples of Devonshire Quarrenden.

3. Mr. J. Powruu, Gardener to EH. Brymer, Esq., Ilsington, Dor- chester.

Some examples of American Mother noted. 4. Messrs. J. PEED & Sons, Rowpell Park Nurseries, S.W. . Messrs. SALTMARSH & Sons. 6. Mr. C. Turner.

Some extra fine examples of Adams’s Pearmain noted.

Or

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 125

7. Messrs. J. VErtcH & Sons, Chelsea. A very fine selection.

8. Messrs. R. Vertcu & Sons, Hzeter.

9. Mr. A. WATERMAN, Gardener to H. A. Brassey, Esq., Preston Hall, Aylesford.

Crass VI.

Twelve varieties of Culinary Apples. EXHIBITORS.

Mr. W. Crump. ‘

A very fine lot of fruit, highly coloured. Lane’s Prince Albert Lord Derby, and Warner’s King being specially noted. |

2. Mr. W. H. Frettincuam, The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts. Examples of Bramley’s Seedling, Domino being specially noteworthy. ?

8. Mr. W. GALLOP.

4, Mr. J. RoBERTS. Examples extra fine, especially Beauty of Kent, Cox’s Pomona, Pott’s Seedling, and Peasgood’s Nonesuch.

5. Mr. C. TuRNER.

6. Mr. A. WATERMAN. Examples very good.

Cruass VIL. Six varieties of Dessert Apples.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co. Some fine examples of Melon Apple, Margil, and King of the Pippins were noted. 2. Mr. W. H. FRETTINGHAM. 8. Mr. W. GALLOP.

4, Mr. J. Hupson, Gunnersbury. The examples of Gravenstein, Court of Wick, and Blenheim Orange were conspicuous.

5. Messrs. Paut & Son, Cheshunt. The examples of Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins and Worcester Pearmain very fine.

6. Mr. J. Roperts, Gunnersbury. Moderately good.

126 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

7. Mr. C. B. Saunpers, St. Helier’s, Jersey. Examples very fine ; highly ripened. Those of Ribston Pippin and Pine Apple Russet specially so.

8. Messrs. VertcH & Sons, Chelsea. Examples of leading sorts very good.

9, Mr. C. WARDEN. Moderately good.

Crass VIII. Six varieties of Culinary Apples.

EXHIBITORS. Mr. J. Coeat & Sons, Crawley. Mr. W. H. FRETTINGHAM. . Mr. W. GALuopr.

4. Messrs. VeItcH & Sons. ;

The examples throughout were good, and mostly of the leading sorts. Warner’s King, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Blenheim Orange, &c.

CS

Crass IX.

Apples from Cordon, Bush, or Pyramid Trees (not to , exceed twelve varieties).

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. J. CHEAL & SONS.

2. Mr. J. Grey, Gardener to Lord Aveland, Normanton Park, Stamford.

38. Mr. G. THompson, Gardener to Messrs. Wells, Croxby House, Hounslow.

4. Mr. J. Watkins, Pomona Farm, Hereford.

The exhibits in this Class were not remarkable, and did not illustrate to-any extent the object aimed at. Those marked as being grown on the bush trees were, if anything, the cleaner and finer. Messrs. Cheal showed some fine examples of Lady Sudeley from a cordon.

Crass X.

Apples from Standards in Orchards (not to exceed twelve varieties). KXHIBITORS. 1. Mr. R. Dean, Bedfont and Ealing.

2. Mr. B. GREAVES, Gardener to F. Reming gion, Hsq., Broome Hall, Holmwood.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 127

Mr. H. MERRYWEATHER. Mr. G. THOMPSON.

Mr. J. WATKINS.

The examples contributed in this class were highly credit- able, Mr. Dean staging some very fine Cox’s Orange, Mr. Watkins Warner’s King, and Mr. Merryweather remarkably fine fruit of Bramley’s Seedling, Domino, and Clarke’s Seedling.

Cuass XI.

Apples grown on Special Stocks, of which particulars had to be given (not exceeding twelve varieties).

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. R. VertcH & Sons, Hzeter. Examples sent were all from trees grafted on the English Paradise, which by themselves were of no value.

Crass XII,

Apples as grown and sent to market, one peck of each (not exceeding twelve varieties).

This Class formed rather an attractive feature, and was found of great interest.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co.

These were staged in neat shallow baskets, the samples being large, full of colour, and uniform in size. The sorts were Pott’s Seedling, Cox’s Orange, Stirling Castle, Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, Lord Suffield, Duchess of Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Warner’s King, Cellini, Ecklinville, Beauty of Kent, The Queen.

2. Mr. G. TuHompson, Gardener to Messrs. Wells, Hounslow. These were put up in the ordinary market style, in small round baskets with blue paper. The sorts were: Small’s Admir- able, Stirling Castle, Dumelow’s Seedling, Warner’s King, Alma Pippin, King of the Pippins, and Harvey: s Wiltshire Defiance. 3. Messrs. Paut & Son Staged theirs in square shallow trays, which displayed the fruit well. The sorts were Claygate Pearmain, Dumelow’s Seed- ling, Red Hawthornden, Yorkshire Beauty, Stirling Castle, Blen- heim Orange, King of the Pippins, Fearn’s Pippin.

128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CLASS, Xoliae

New, recently introduced, ae known varieties of merit.

The exhibits in this Class were not so striking or meritorious as might have been expected, and many that should have been entered as New, &c., were to be found among the Miscellaneous, and could not, therefore, be so readily compared. The descriptions of the greater number of these will be found in the “General Descriptive Catalogue,” p. 295.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. Geo. Bunyarp & Co. sent Akera, a variety received from Sweden, the fruits of a uniform dull red colour, with pure white flesh, sweet and pleasant; Cardinal; Opetien, a large pale sort; Belle Pontoise; Wealthy, a new highly coloured American sort, likely to prove useful, resembling the Snow Apple; Bis- marck, very handsome; and Lady Sudeley.

2. Messrs. T. Bunyarp & Son also sent Akera in fine character.

8. Messrs. J. CoeAL & Sons sent The Professor, a pretty, clear-skinned, culinary variety, Ottershaw, Northern Dumpling, Bramley’s Seedling, Lady Sudeley, Bismarck.

4, Mr. W. Cuuck, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster, sent Charlestown Pippin.

5. Mr. W. Crump, Madresfield Court, sent May Queen.

6. Mr. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall, Stamford, sent Carlton Seedling, a large, pale-skinned fruit, resembling Warner’s King.

7. Messrs. Dickson & Co., Edinburgh.

8. Messrs. Drummonp & Sons, Stirling, sent Cardross Green, Dunmore, Beauty of Menteith, Inchmahone, and Ochil- tree—all apparently good sorts for Northern districts.

9. Mr. M. Dunn, Dalkeith, sent Cortes Apple and Annat Scarlet.

10. Mr. W. FREetTINGHAM sent Bramley’s Seedling, Domino, Improved Northern Greening, Stent’s Incomparable, and Clarke’s Seedling.

11. Messrs. R. B. Latrp & Son, Edinburgh, sent Lady Kin- loch, a very pretty, clear-skinned fruit, somewhat streaked, appa- rently well suited for Scotland.

12. Mr. G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Smee, Hsq., sent Queensborough, which greatly resembled King of the Pippins.

13. Messrs. W. Paun & Son.

14. Messrs. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell Nurseries, Notting- ham, sent examples of New Northern Greening, a very fine late culinary variety.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 129

15. Mr. C. Penny, Sandringham, sent examples of a variety unnamed, greatly resembling Winter Pearmain.

16. Mr. C. Ross, Welford Park, sent some fine examples of Evagil, Gospatrick, Lady Alice Eyre, Strange’s Seedling, Baumann’s Reinette.

17. Mr. C. G. Scuater, The Nurseries, Heavitree, Exeter, sent Red-ribbed Greening, Hollow Core, Sweet Reinette.

18. Mr. T. SoutHant, South Bank, Worcester, sent May Queen, a very highly-coloured fruit.

19. Mr. CHartes Turner, Slough.

20. Messrs. J. Ve1tcH & Sons sent September Beauty, Domino, Tyler’s Kernel, King Harry, Niton House, Bismarck, The Sandringham Ringer, Mrs. Barron, King of Tomkins County, Calville Boisbunel, and Castle Major, all very good examples.

91. Messrs. R. VerrcH & Sons sent several new sorts, amongst which may be named Smiling Beauty, Towsington, St. John’s Favourite, Ottery, Red Peach, &c.

22. Mr. R. H. Vertecans, Chad Valley Nurseries, Birming- ham, sent examples of the old Hall Door Apple, under the name of the New Weeping Apple.

Chass XIV: Miscellaneous.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Mr. W. Attan, Gardener to Lord Suffield, Gunton Park, Norwich, sent a collection of 28 varieties very well grown, the most noteworthy being Warner’s King, Pott’s Seedling, Gravenstein, and Peasgood’s Nonesuch.

2. Mr. Batt, Ramsden, Essex, sent examples of Apple Blanders, a very distinct variety.

3. Mr. W. CHETTLEBURGH, Gardener to Colonel Rous, Worsted House, Norwich, sent six varieties of Apples of moderate character.

4. Colonel R. T. CrarKe, Welton Place, Daventry, sent fruit of a Wild Apple (Crab) found growing in the hedgerows. The fruits were of medium size, prettily flushed with crimson.

5. Mr. J. Day, Gardener, Galloway House, Garlieston, Scotland, sent three varieties of Apples.

6. Mr. A Dzan, Bedfont, sent a collection of Apples.

7. Messrs. Dicxsons & Co., Edinburgh, a collection of 50 varieties of Apples of wonderfully good appearance, and highly meritorious. The following were specially noted: Stirling Castle, Kcklinville Seedling, Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, and Ochiltree,

I

1380 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a Scotch variety, of which good examples were shown from a tree stated to be 200 years old.

8. Messrs. Dicxsons, Limited, sent a collection of about 40 varieties of average merit.

9. Mr. Mancoum Dunn, Dalkeith, sent a collection of 70 varieties, very effectively and instructively labelled. Hxamples not large, and many badly bruised during transit; the most note- worthy were—Warner’s King, Loddington Seedling, Lord Suffield, Alfriston, Worcester Pearmain, Cellini, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Rosemary Russet, Cox’s Pomona, and Annat Scarlet, a variety greatly resembling Devonshire Quarrenden.

10. Mr. W. T. T. Dyer, Royal Gardens, Kew, sent examples of a few varieties to be named.

11. Mr. W. Kine, Dalzell Gardens, Motherwell, N.B., sent a collection of 25 varieties, amongst which were several of the old Scotch sorts.

12. Mr. McDonatp, Perth, N.B., sent 10 varieties of apples from trees worked on the French Paradise; the specimens of fair size, clear skinned, and excellent. Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Lady Henniker, Tower of Glamis, and Cox’s Orange Pippin were very fine.

13. Mr. W. T. Mannine, Ludgate Circus, sent 8 varieties, ‘amongst which Emperor Alexander and Golden Noble were prominent.

14. Mr. Martin, Norwood, sent a variety named Summer Orange.

15. Mr. Henry Minter, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, sent a very fine apple, resembling Domino.

16. Mr. F. Moss, Didsbury, Manchester, sent 6 sorts.

17. Mr. H. G. Octzr, Blickling Hall, Norfolk, sent 86 varieties, very large, and remarkably well grown, specially noticeable being Gravenstein, Mere de Ménage, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Striped Beefing, and Warner’s King.

18. Mr. C. B. SaunprErs, St. Helier’s, Jersey, sent beautiful examples of Ribston Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Jacques Lebel, © Golden Noble, and Pine Apple Russet, &c.

19. Mr.J.Suinauzs, Gardener to Lord Hastings, Melton Con- stable, sent 5 varieties, well grown.

20. Mr. R. Surru, Yalding, sent Hyslop Crab.

21. Messrs. R. Vertcu & Sons, Haeter, sent examples of 21 sorts.

22. The Rev. W. Wits, Shirley Vicarage, Croydon, sent some very large and remarkably handsome fruit of Cox’s Orange Pippin from a tree in a pot.

LIST OF APPLES TO WHICH CERTIFICATES WERE AWARDED AS EXAMPLES

LIST OF APPLES—CERTIFICATES

Name. EXHIBITOR. Adam’s Pearmain ... G. Griffin. Ae ... ©. Turner. Alexander .. G. Bunyard & Co. a ...d. Veitch & Sons. Alfriston ... Pie unin. Alma Pippin ... ...W. & EH. Wells. Annie Elizabeth ...C. G. Sclater. ss 3 ... W. Roupell. Baumann’s Red Reinette sal DoE: Baumann’s al J. Veitch & Sons. Reinette Beauty of Kent ...T. Bunyard. a .. J. Roberts.

99 Bismarck

..G. Bunyard & Co.

is J. Veitch & Sons.

Blenheim Pippin bist ... salimarsh & Sons. ..C. G. Sclater.

39 99

Bramley’s Seedling

Celtind

G. W. Cummins.

J. Cheal & Sons. J. Veitch & Sons.

W. H. Frettingham.

H. Merryweather. R. Veitch & Son.

..d. Veitch & Sons.

Be M. Dunn.

Cockle’s Pippin

29 99

Court eendal Plat.

if Paul & Son. ...d. Veitch & Sons. ..H. G. Oclee.

. W. Crump.

Ox s Orange Pippin M. Dunn.

39 ) 99

b] Domino ...

99

Paul & Son.

T. Rivers & Son. W. Crump.

R. Dean.

W. Wilks.

A. McDonald. A. Waterman.

..d. Roberts. ...G. W. Cummins. ...G. Bunyard & Co. ... M. Dunn.

...d. Hudson.

... W. H. Frettingham. .. H. Merryweather.

OF MERIT.

131

OF MERIT OF CULTURE.

NAME. EXHIBITOR. oe res 5h, ANAS. ea ae Olden- J. Cheal & Sons.

Keklinyille Seedling G. Bunyard & Co. W. King. Fi » Dicksons & Co. Egremont Russet ...G. Bunyard & Co. cs » ed. Cheal & Sons. Fearns’ Pippin ..C. Howe. Frogmore Prolific ... J. Veitch & Sons. Gascoigne’s Seedling Royal Horticul. Soc. Scarlet G. Bunyard & Co. Golden Noble... ...J. Hudson. ... «Royal Horticul. Soc. jk. bunvard. ... C. Lee & Son. .. A. Waterman. .. C. Ross. ...G. Bunyard & Co. .. A. Waterman. .. H. G. Oclee.

9 99

Golden Spire a Gospatrick

99 e@oe Gravenstein ...

Grenadier ,. J. Watkins.

AG Ma doo _Ranelll 4 Seta,

te see o- W. Roupell. Herefordshire >

Beefing i J. Veitch & Sons.

Hormead’s Pearmain J. Cheal & Sons.

A , G. Bunyard & Co. Kerry Pippin... ...d. Jefferies & Son. King Harry .J. Veitch & Sons. Shag ig. ese el T. Rivers & Son. King of the Pippins W. Crump.

Lady Henniker .... T. Rivers & Son. i be ... A. McDonald. ei 4} ... C. G. Sclater. Lady ee .. J. Cheal & Sons.

.G. Bunyard & Co. Landsbers ger Reinette Royal Horticul. Soc. Lane’s Prince Albert H. Lane & Son.

WW erumap. Loddington Seedling J. Veitch & Sons. = M. Dunn.

Lord Derby ..C. Lee & Son.

132

NAME. Lord Derby Lord Grosvenor

EXHIBITOR.

.. W. Crump. ..d. Veitch & Sons.

..d. Watkins.

Mordtcunold

Mabbott’s Pearmain Mannington’s |

Pearmain { Melon Apple ...

.-G. Bunyard & Co. ..- Dicksons & Co.

... W. King.

... W. H. Frettingham. ..- Paul & Son.

... M. Dunn.

W. Paul & Son.

.. T. Rivers & Son. .-G. Bunyard & Co.

Mére de Ménage ...J. Rust. Mother ... A. Waterman. pol eeeowell

$9 eee Mrs. Barron

i Royal Horticul. Soe.

...J. Veitch & Sons.

New Hawthomden,

New Northern ate Greening f

New Northern )

Greening { Northern Dumpling Northern Greening |

(improved) ... f Okera or Akera

19 7 7

.. J. Peed & Sons. ..G. Bunyard & Co.

9 99

-- J. R. Pearson & Sons. .J. Cheal & Sons.

W. H. Frettingham.

.. /. Bunyard.

.. G. Bunyard & Co. .J. Cheal & Sons.

Peasgood’ s Nonesuch W. Roupell.

Reinette de @anada

Ribston Pippin ... ... L. Rivers & Son. ... R. Milner.

poe Wie Kamer

a ...C. B. Saunders. Rosemary Russet ... _C. Turner.

Scarlet Nonpareil .,

R. Veitch & Sons. A. Waterman.

J. Roberts.

H. G. Oclee.

...d. Veitch & Sons. sd. Roberts:

...d. Jefferies & Son. .. Dicksons & Co.

.. C. Lee & Son.

T. Rivers & Son. G. Bunyard & Co.

M. Dunn.

} ” ” Yellow Ingestrie

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NAME. EXHIBITOR. Scarlet Pearmain ... J. Veitch & Sons. Schoolmaster... ... I. Rivers & Son.

we «3. Veitch & Sons. Seaton House.. ee ” Small’s Admirable... di Laing & Sons. Stirling Castle ...W. King. ... Dicksons & Co. ...0. Veitch & Sons. ... C. Lee & Son. ...G. Bunyard & Co. ... A. Waterman.

Stone’s ... Paul & Son. Striped Beefing .. H. G. Oclee. The Queen ..J. Cheal & Sons.

...G. Bunyard & Co. ... W. Roupell.

.. Saltmarsh & Sons. The Sandringham.. .J. Veitch & Sons. oe eae : G. Bunyard & Co. Tibbett’s Pearmain Lucombe,Pince & Co.

C. G. Sclater.

.. A. McDonald.

.. J. Veitch & Sons. ...d. Watkins.

i * ...G. Bunyard & Co. Warner’s King .. G. W. Cummins. - ... Paul & Son. .-. L. Rivers & Son. ... A Waterman. ...J. Cheal & Sons. | ...G. Bunyard & Co. ...d. Watkins. joo, GaOclee: ... M. Dunn. aehh 5 .-. W. Crump. Wellington ... J. Cheal & Sons.

% «. sd. Laing & Sons.

- Bote el B65 Lats WSuamnddal 64 (CO,

_C. Lee & Son. WinterHawthornden J. Veitch & Sons. Worcester Pearmain J. Cheal & Sons.

- 43 G. Bunyard & Co. - » 2 As Waterman.

H. Merryweather.

M. Dunn.

.. Royal Horticul. Soe.

9 99 Tower of Glamis Tyler’s Kernel

99 9

~ ~ ~ ~~ e

eS) - 39

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888. 133

AUDIT OF THE APPLES EXHIBITED AT THE CONFERENCE, 1888.

No. of

Name. Dishes.

Warner’s King, 76; syn. Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, 2... 78 Blenheim Orange, 62; s sgn: Blenheim Sopeh, 8; Beauty

Olmlanis,4. ~..: . 74

King of the Pippins, 69; S ‘syn. Golden Winter Pearmain, 2... 71 New. Hawthornden, 83; syns. Winter Hawthornden, 12;

Hawthornden, 19 ; Red Hawthornden, 8.. 67 Dumelow’s Seedling, B45; 8 es Wellington, & 30; Normanton

Wonder, 1 ee oe ye 0) Cox’s Orange Pippin _... it — 8 i yea64 Ribston Pippin ... iy bss ay ve Bh .. 54 Coxci Pomona, ... oe wah a sas Me jog 8) Stirling Castle... aes iis ihe ey ee wn, OD Cellini... 52 Keklinville Seedling, 31; S ‘Syms. ‘Ecklinville Pippin, 5: “Ecklin- ©

ville, 16 & 5 A Kmperor Alexander, 29; S syn. Alexander, Ge ae ... 46 Worcester Pearmain ... ae Be ell Lane’s Prince Albert, 24; syn. “Prince ‘Albert, One sop | Alfriston .. “e es et as wel 12 Peasgood’s Nonesuch... one Ast i na sha A Beauty of Kent ... ape He Nas ae a Sop U) Lord Derby Sais oe ae a hae ¥) v.30 Golden Noble _... ae a ve re ae sou 2g Pott’s Seedling ... a, aa: ae ae aa ono. OY Tower of Glamis... Ho fo rs) oa ies ste 29 Gloria Mundi, 26; syn. Belle Dubois, 2 ey oe see, 2AS) Keswick Codlin ... a ae Soe tet an 28 Mere de Ménage... oe ae ge ie Boe AU. Duchess of Oldenburg, 23 ; syn. Borovitsky, 1 os Lee Annie Elizabeth : we Se te mt LAS Small’s Admirable he an we ae eh 2S Fearn’s Pippin ... is es ae te ce bod, ee Gravenstein me iS aa ae Re ae tho av Lord Grosvenor, 19; syn. Jolly Beggar, 3... ae bo ev Manks’ Codlin ... e. oe ie ot nae soe. A Stone’s Apple, 13; syn. Loddington Seedling, 9... “pon PA

Golden Spire... Ses aie pa on vat poe Oil

134 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name. Lady Henniker ... Grenadier Sturmer Pippin ... Reinette de Canada ste ; The Queen, 12; syn. Queen, 6 Dutch Mignonne, 17; syn. Reinette de ‘Caux, 1 Northern Greening ; Hollandbury American Mother, 9; syn. Mother, cn Frogmore Prolific a Kerry Pippin Cockle’s Pippin ... Schoolmaster Adams’ Pearmain ; Bedfordshire Foundling Bramley’s Seedling

Devonshire Quarrenden, 9; syns. Red’ Quarrenden,

Quarrenden, 1 Duke of Devonshire ABs an Hes Queen Caroline, 11; syn. Spencer’s Favourite, 2 Rosemary Russet

Baumann’s Red Winter. Reinette, 11; syn. Reinette Bau-

mann, 1 wh Claygate Pearmain, detiats syn. Ribston Pearmain, load Court of Wick ie me Court Pendu Plat Royal Russet Tom Putt... Yorkshire ne Domino ; Hanwell Souring Yorkshire Beauty Scarlet Nonpareil Winter Queening oe. es es a ate Yellow Ingestrie, 8; syn. Summer Golden Pippin, 2 Catshead .. set ae ie: = be Cornish Aromatic a Mannington’s Pearmain... Mareil) 2:. N eal Beefing .. Striped Beefing .. Betty Geeson Braddick’s Nonpareil a oe Hambledon Deux Ans, 7; sy. Deux Ans, 1 Hawthornden, Old oar Pas ae Kentish Fillbasket Lemon Pippin

a

(0 Oe OMe Oe ONG ONO Dene ekea kako)

-Hormead Pearmain

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888. 135

No. of

Name. Dishes Melon Apple __..... ae ae aes = sia see Bess Pool.. ae es

Brabant Bellefleur, os yn. Bellefleur Brabant, 2 Herefordshire Pearmain Sai

Maltster ...

The Sandringham.

Waltham Abbey Seedling

Downton Pippin...

Flower of Kent ...

Hoary Morning ...

Nonesuch.. ‘

Prince Bismarck |

Ringer...

Round Winter Nonesuch | oi Tibbet’s Pearmain, 3; syn. Tibbet’s Incomparable, 3 Wadhurst Pippin dis ae seat fit Washington

Brownlee’s Russet

Forge ...

Golden Pippin

Golden Reinette...

New Northern Greening

Old Nonpareil

Winter Peach

Atkins’ Seedling...

Caraway Russet .

Duchess’s Favourite, 8 38 8 “syn. Duchess of York, 1 Keremont Russet = oe ee Herefordshire Beefing

Mrs. Barron, 3; syn. Large American, 1 Pearson’s Plate ... a a

Rymer

Scarlet Pearmain —

Tyler’s Kernel

KOLA. <> 6.

Barchard’s Seedling

Boston Russet...

Cornish Gilliflower

Dutch Codlin

Forfar Pippin

Gascoigne’s Seedling

Gipsy King

Grand Duke Constantine

Hall Door :

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance

Keddleston Pippin.

WWM WWWHOWWOWWOERE AAR ERA RAR EAA NATABDRORRROROOONNNYNYYUG

136 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name. King Harry oh London Pippin ... Lord Burghley Nanny. =... Northern Dumpling Northern Spy Norfolk Bearer Pineapple Russet Stackpool... Summer Orange... Winter Pearmain so se ie Wyken Pippin, 2; syn. Warwickshire Pippin, 1 Alma, Pippin >... a ae xa is Beauty of Waltham Beauty of Wilts ... Burchardt’s Reinette Cambusnethan Pippin ... Carlisle Codlin as Cobham ... Colonel Harbord.. Crimson Queen ... Devonshire Queen Doctor Harvey ... Evagil a) Galloway Pippin... Gospatrick Grange’s Pearmain Green Pippin Hick’s Fancy Jefferson ... lady Sudeley... Lamb Abbey Pearmain .. Lord Paulett’s Pearmain | Magnum Bonum... Nelson’s Codlin .. Nelson’s Glory Newtown Pippin... . Old English Codlin Orange Pippin Pigeonette Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil Red Bough i She Reinette Van Mons Royal Somerset ... Russet Pippin... i se et Seaton House, 1; syn. Niton House, 1 Strawberry Pippin ae

No. of Dishes.

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DD DN NPD NYDN HPP NYP HPHHYHYNHHYNYNHYNNWNYDDDDND DDD D&W WWW HW WH HWW

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888. 137

No. of Name. Dishes. Syke House Russet Thorle Pippin Twenty Ounce Warnevr’s Seedling Wheeler’s Russet Winter Strawberry sie Withington Fillbasket ... Woodley’s Favourite... sais ani ae ski Wormsley Pippin ae ns 7 Fa she wt Abbé Soger - Annat Scarlet Annie’s Kernel .., Alphington of Archduke Antoine Ashmead’s Kernel Astrachan Autumn Pearmain Barnack Beauty ... Baxter’s Favourite Beauty of Moray Belle Bonne Belle Gloire Belle Josephine ... Belle Pontoise Benoni .. Bishop’s Hero Blanders _ Brickley Seedling _ Bristol Apple Brown’s Codlin ... Buckingham Cardinal . Carlton Seedling Carse o’Gowrie ... Caldwell . Calville Boisbunel Calville Malingre ae Calville Rouge Précoce ... Calville St. Sauveur Castle Major . Cheshunt Pippin Clarke’s Seedling a Cluster Golden Pippin ... Colonel ame Cornish Costard .. Cortes Apple Crown Apple

; | | :

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188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name. Curltail Dartmouth Crab .. Doctor Hogg Doux Argent Dredge’s Emperor Dredge’s Fame . Duke of Beaufort Duke of Gloucester Karly Nonpareil ... Kgg Apple Eldon Pippin Eve spp Fall Pippin Fletcher’s Seedling French Crab Friar’s Pippin Fullwood Golden Ball , Golden Harvey ... Golden Knob .. Golden Monday ... Golden Pearmain Golden Russet te Goodenough Nonesuch ... Gooseberry Pippin Glory of the West Graham Russet ... Grand Sultan Greaves’ Pippin ... Hall Door Henri Decaisne ... Hubbard’s Pearmain . Hughes’ Golden Papp - Hunthouse & Hyslop Crab Inchmahone Incomparable Trish Peach Irish Pitcher Jacques Lebel Jetofsky ential Br oading Kentish Orange Goff King of Tomkins County Kingston Pippin... Kirke’s Fame ‘ Lady Alice Eyre...

No. of Dishes.

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APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888. 139

No. of

Name. . Dishes.

Lady Apple 1 Lady Kinloch 1

Landsberger Reinette Leicester Burton Pippin Lewis’s Incomparable Liver’s Imperial... Ne Long-stemmed Pippin ... Lonegville’s Kernel

Lord Lennox

Marigold ...

May Queen

Melrose

Minchall Crab

Missouri Pippin ... Moss’s Incomparable Nelson...

Newland’s- Sack .

Ochiltree .. ue

Old Orange Pippin

Oslin —_

Ottershaw

Ottery... =f Peck’s Pleasant ..

Pinder Apple

Pitmaston Russet Pomme Royale ... Pounds = Prince’s Pippin ... Quatford Aromatic

Red Astrachan

Red Autumn Calville Red Julien

Red Peach

Reinette Grise

Reinette Grise d’ Automne aS Reinette Rambour de Melcher ... Remborough : ; Ross Nonpareil .. ‘ Rostocker.

Rougemont

Royal Codlin

Royal Jubilee

Rushock Pearmain Russet Pearmain

Russian Transparent

St. Lawrence ... Scarlet Admirable

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140 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. No. of Name. Dishes. Scotch Bridget ... = va Sharleston Pippin Sharper’s Apple ... Silver Saturday ... Sir John’s Favourite ; Smart’s Prince Arthur ... Smith’s Pippin ... Spring Ribston ... Stamford Pippin... Stent’s Incomparable Stoup Leadington Strange’s Seedling Sugar Loaf Pippin Summer Nonpareil Sweedish Reinette Sweet Reinette ... Tewkesbury Baron The Professor Transparent Trumpington Uncle Barney : Waltham Cross ... Wareham Russet Wealthy ... ie ak Welford Park Nonesuch White Calville White Paradise ... Wippel’s Seedling Worcester Fillbasket

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ID OF

m co ND et

GROUP i

SOUTHERN

. BERKSHIRE . HAMPSHIRE

KENT

. MIDDLESEX

SURREY

. SUSSEX . WILTSHIRE

COUNTIES.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : BERKSHIRE. 148

BERKSHIRE. Hxhibitors. 1.—Mr. W. S. Campsety, Cowarth Park, Sunningdale, Ascot.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standards and Espaliers, grafted chiefly on the Paradise. Situation sheltered. Soil, a light sandy loam; subsoil, sand and gravel.

2.—Mr. TI. Jonzs, Royal Gardens, Frogmore.

Hzhibitor’s Remarks.—The specimens not quite so large as usual, owing to the greater number of the trees having been lifted last winter. The majority of the trees were planted by the late Mr. Ingram, so they are now getting old.

3.—Mr. 8. Mortimer, Purley Park, Reading.

Hahibitor’s Remarks——Some of the trees are very old Standards, which bear abundantly, but we get our choicest fruit from bushes that have been planted about eight years. Some of them are grafted on the Paradise, some on the Crab. Situation, in a valley entirely surrounded with tall trees. Soil, a light shallow loam, on a gravelly subsoil. A good many of the better kinds canker badly, for example, Lord Suffield. Cellini bears well, but the fruit is always very small; but no Apples grow very fine on this thin soil.

-4,—Mr. C. Ross, Gardener to Charles Eyre, Esq., Welford Park, Newbury.

Observations.—A remarkably fine, well grown lot, specimens of good size, very clear skinned.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Three-fourths of the trees are grown in Bush form, the average age being about 12 years. The other part consists of Standards of about 21 years standing. Keswick Codlins, Northern Greening, and a few others are 60 years old. The Bush trees are on Paradise, the Standards on Crab. Situation is exposed to the north-east, with no shelter except a very few trees. Soil, old garden over 200 years in cultivation ; subsoil sravelly. The sorts named are those which are most to be de- pended on for a crop, within a radius of 7 miles from here. Some of them do not always bear in this garden, for many sorts

144 “JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

canker as soon as their roots get into the subsoil. To keep the trees healthy they require to be planted shallow, and top- dressed every two years, with a mixture of fresh loam and old manure.

SELECTION OF ‘TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Worcester Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, King of the Pippins, Margil, Baumann’s Reinette, Mannington’s Pearmain, Cockle’s Pippin, Cornish Aromatic, Sturmer Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Gospatrick, Ecklinyille Seedling, Loddington, Stirling Castle, Lane’s Prince Albert, Lord Derby, Mére de Ménage, Brabant Bellefleur, Betty Geeson, Dumelow’s Seedling, Annie Elizabeth, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Worcester Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Mannington’s Pearmain, Cornish Aromatic, Sturmer Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Seedling, Stirling Castle, Lane’s Prince Albert, Annie Elizabeth, Northern Greening.

5.—Mr. J. H. Rosz, Lockinge Gardens, Wantage.

SELECTION OF T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Devonshire Quarrenden, Irish Peach, Berkshire Glory, Fearn’s Pippin, Warner’s King, Beauty of Hants, Beauty of Kent, Golden Noble, Bess Pool, Alfriston, Cox’s Pomona, Grenadier, Cellini, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Scarlet Russet, Hanwell Souring, Catshead, Yorkshire Beauty, Lemon Pippin, Wellington, French Crab, Jacks’.

SELECTION oF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Fearn’s Pippin, Beauty of Kent, Alfriston, Cellini, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Hanwell Souring, Lemon Pippin, Wellington, French Crab, Jacks’.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : BERKSHIRE. 145

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Berkshire Glory, Fearn’s Pippin, King Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Hanwell Souring, Lemon Pippin, Wellington, French Crab. These sorts are largely grown here.

Some orchards very exposed, others partly sheltered. Soil, rather light, resting on chalk.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Mostly all trees in this district are on the Crab stock, and grown as Standards on grass, which is mown, and fed off by sheep and cattle. Orchards are fairly attended to, as to keeping the centres of the trees open, all dead and useless wood being cut out, old sorts being discarded, and grafting and planting the sorts most in demand for the markets, by the more energetic fruit growers.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Berkshire.

SELECTED (1883) By Mr. S. Morrimer, Purley Park, anp Min. C. Ross, Welford Park.

Dassen? APPLES.

No. of No.of

we pte Votes ELS Votes Cockle’s Pippin . \ | Duke of Devonshire . Cox’s Orange Pippin >| Fearn’s Pippin . King of the ee 1; 2 Lord Burghley . Margil . : Manninegton’sPearmain Ribston Pippin | Pine Apple Russet. 1 Astrachan, Red . | Pine Golden Pippin Blenheim Orange Pitmaston Russet . Claygate Pearmain . 1 Sturmer Pippin Cornish Aromatic Worcester Pearmain . Devonshire Quarr enden

K

146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CunINARY APPLES.

No.of No. of

Neumte Votes Megane ( Oses Alfriston . . way ° Keswick Codlin . Brabant Bellefleur . Lane’s Prince Albert . Annie Elizabeth . . Loddington Seedling . Bedfordshire Hone Lord Derby . ‘ Bess ROL tine Meére de Ménage Betty Geeson. . . . Northern Greening . il Blenheim Orange . . 1 || Stirling Castle . : Coxs Pomona... |. Waltham Abbey Dredge’s Fame . . . Seedling spehiaee Keklinville Seedling . Wellington (Dume- Kmperor Alexander . low’s Seedling) . Hambledon Deux Ans.

HAMPSHIRE.

Hahibitors.

1.—Mr. Henry Martin, M.D., The Lodge, Hast Cosham.

Observations.—Fair examples; those of Gloria Mundi very large.

2.—Mr. J. Morris, The Lodge, Sherwood, Winchfield. Observations.—Very fine examples of Hollandbury.

3.—Dr. Way, Cambrian House, Landport.

Observations.—Fairly good fruit. Rosemary Russet very fine.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees about 20 years old. Situation, in a walled garden, sheltered, close to the sea. Soil, gravelly.

KENT. Hixhwbitors. 1.—Mr. G. Beaton, Yotes Court, Mereworth, Maidstone.

Observations.—Fruit of fair average quality.

Lixhibitor’s Remarks.—The greater part of our trees are Stan- dards, a few Bush form, and mostly old. Situation, where grown on a high level, well exposed, Soil, good, light, and clayey to

SOUTHERN COUNTIES KENT, 147

a great depth. Cox’s Orange Pippin, in this district, is very liable to canker, scarcely a tree being clear, yet it bears enormously, and is planted extensively. Margil is not very generally grown, yet, where it is, it always bears a good character. Cornish Gilliflower is even a greater favourite as a late dessert Apple. For kitchen use, Winter Quoining is much grown here, and bears very well. Wellington (Dumelow’s Seedling) is being largely planted in this district, but a great many object to it as a cropper. Gooseberry Apple, named Golding now, is an indis- pensable variety, keeping long into summer. It will indeed keep for nearly two years, but it is not grown to any extent. Round Winter Nonesuch is one of the best, as it never fails to crop, whether it be a good season or bad. Forge Apple is very good, though not a general favourite. The Apples named are general favourites, and recommended to be planted for market use.

2.—Messrs. GEorGE Bunyarp & Co., Nurserymen, Maidstone.

Observations.—A very complete and representative collection of the Apples cultivated in Kent. Fruit of fair size.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR GARDEN CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Devonshire Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, King of the Pippins, Grenadier, Loddington, Ribston Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Mother, Blenheim Orange, Orange, Ross Nonpareil, The Queen, Warner’s King, Lord Derby, Braddick’s Nonpareil, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Golden Noble, Beauty of Kent, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington, Annie EKliza- beth, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR GARDEN CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Grenadier, Margil, Mother, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s Orange, Warner’s King, Beauty of Kent, Blenheim Orange, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Harly Julien (largely), Lord Suffield (largely), Yellow Inges- trie (locally), Worcester Pearmain (a favourite), Loddington (grafted on old trees), Counsellor (largely in Mid Kent), King of the Pippins (many acres), Blenheim Orange (largely in old orchards), Wellington (extensively), Winter Quoining (in heavy lands).

K 2

148° JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, 25 to 80. years old, in sheltered orchards or nursery, and on Pyramids, from 3 to 7 years old, in open nursery quarters. The Standards are grafted on the Crab, and the Pyramids on Broad-leaved and Nonesuch Paradise. Soil, a sandy loam, resting on the Kent ragstone (Upper Green- sand).

3.—Mr. W. CuisHomm, The Gardens, Oxon Heath, Hatbrdla.

Observations.—Examples large, and of uniformly fine quality.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on EKspaliers and Bush trees, 4 years of age, 3 years grafted when planted, and all on the Paradise. Situation where they are grown is within a walled garden. Soil, a heavy loam, on a clay subsoil. In planting young Apple trees I do not find it advisable to use manure; but its application two or three years afterwards is, in a decomposed state, most beneficial.

4,—Mr. W. Divers, The Gardens, Wierton House, Maidstone.

Lixhibitor’s Remarks.—Some grown on Standards about 50. years old; others on Bush trees planted about 12 years, grafted principally on the Crab. Situation, sheltered from all cold winds. by forest trees. Aspect, due south. Soil, a thick, ight, and sharp loam, on the ragstone rock. The trees are much covered with lichens, both on pasture and cultivated land; trees of many kinds are badly cankered. We are subject to very heavy fogs and late spring frosts, also to the American blight.

5.—Mr. Sipney H. Goopwin, Smartswell, Mereworth.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Hoary Morning makes a good orchard standard, grows quickly and never cankers. This Apple will hang very late, when it gets a deep colour.. Royal George is a very free-growing variety, with the wood wonderfully clear and free from canker. It will hang until November, and is a good: cooking apple. Soil, loam, on ragstone.

6.—Mr. G. Goupsmitu, The Gardens, Hollanden, Tonbridge.

Hahibitor’s’ Remarks.—- Situation exposed. Soil, a very heavy and wet loam; subsoil, a stiff clay. Reinette de Canada. is a variety not grown so much as it deserves to be, being useful either for dessert or for kitchen use.

0 Sie C. Haycock, Gardener, Barham Court, Maidstone.

Observations.—A very fine collection, the examples being all very large, and remarkably fine in appearance, giving evidence of very careful cultivation. Stated to have been grown on Cordons and other trained trees on the French Paradise and Doucin stocks.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : KENT. 149

8.—Mr. W. Herrineaton, The Gardens, Betteshanger Rectory, Sandwich.

Observations.—Examples, large, clear skinned.

Hzhibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit from young Bush and Pyramid trees, grafted on the French Paradise (?) stock, which seems specially suited to this soil. Situation high, and exposed to all winds. Soil, a thin, poor loam, on hard chalk.

9.—Mr. L. A. Kinticx, Langley, Maidstone.

Fizhlabitor’s Remarks.—Chiefly grafted on the Apple stock-— a few on Paradise. Situation, exposed. Soil, partly loam, marl, and red pebbly pinnock. Many varieties of Apples worthy of cultivation canker in this district, so that we are limited in choice. The Paradise stock does not produce a tree large enough for market purposes. Standard trees, when about 10 to 12 years old, are considered sufficiently established to allow us to lay down the soil with grass to be fed off by sheep.

10.—Mr. Cuarues LancuEy, Crabble House, Dover.

Observations.—A very fine lot of fruit.

Hizhubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Pyramids planted about 25 years, some in 1881; stocks, unknown. Situation, sheltered by chalky hills. Soil, a chalky mixture, a vein of which runs up the Dover valley. The Apple trees used to suffer in hot summers, there being plenty of fruit, but small, so I dug large holes down to the chalk, and replanted the trees in good turty loam. The trees now grow well and ripen their wood properly. The great secret is to mulch well with good manure; the better manure I use, the better the fruit. In very dry weather I water the trees with house sewage. My sole study since 1846 has been to cultivate the Apple and Pear here, and I have been very successful.

11.—Mr. T. MoorHovsez, Gardener to J. W. Temple, Esq., Leyswood, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

Hzlibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit from Bush trees 18 years old, grafted on the Crab. Situation in a kitchen garden, sheltered. Soil, heavy; subsoil, a yellow clay. The samples are of an average size. All the sorts make strong growth, while most of them fruit very freely, excepting = ecnlnre Orange, which is shy, and has small fruit.

12.—Mr. J. Netausour, Bickley Park, Bromley.

Hxhibitor’s Remarks. — Fruit gathered from trees not pruned, but thinned out occasionally. Age, from 6 to 50 years;

150 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mostly grafted on the Crab. Situation, exposed to south-west winds. Soil, rather sandy, with a mixture of clay. Some of the apples here are grafted on the Apple stock, having sown the seeds myself and grafted them. If I have any sorts that are not true to their names, or which the locality does not suit, I graft them with better kinds, provided the stocks are healthy. When planting, I always like to have the ground trenched, and some manure, or even old garden refuse, to be mixed with the soil, ag the subsoil here is very poor. I think our fruit would be much larger if the trees were more sheltered.

13. Ropert Smitu, Gardener to The Lady Frances Fletcher, Kenward, Yalding, Maidstone.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUC- CESSION.

Red Juneating, Irish Peach, Red Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, Margil, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Claygate Pearmain, Scarlet Nonpareil, Gascoigne’s Scarlet, Golden Knob, Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Stone’s or Loddington, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Blenheim Orange, Golden Noble, Beauty of Kent, Wellington, Winter Quoining, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, Duchess of Oldenburg, Stone’s or Loddington Seedling, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Wellington, Lane’s Prince Albert, Gascoigne’s Scarlet, Queening, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Duchess of Oldenburg, Stone’s, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Kerry Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Wellington, Northern Greening, New Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Worcester Pearmain.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, many orchards are fully exposed, few sheltered. Most gardensare sheltered. ‘Soil, loam, part light, many heavy. Subsoil, rock, stone, andclay. Stocks: The younger trees no doubt are on the Paradise, but the older trees are on the Crab. The orchard trees are pruned to form open

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : KENT. 151

heads. Many growers prefer the middle of the head taken out when young so as to form basin-shape, as it is called here, which seems to answer well. Driving through this district a few days ago, | was much struck with a lot of good trees of Wellington in full bearing about 10 to 20 years old. The branches had been shored up, so heavy was the crop of fine, clean fruit. Some of the growers said they should store a thousand bushels of Welling- ton. The largest fruit of the Wellington Apple I saw was on turf, fed by sheep fatted with oil-cake. Cox’s Orange Pippin Apple is not so clean in many plantations as in former years. The best and cleanest fruits are from trees on heavy soil. Worcester Pearmain Apple on young trees is good and clean, but lacking colour. ‘The birds are very troublesome with this variety, pecking holes in the fruit. Older orchard trees have suffered very much from maggots this season. To get good Apples from orchard trees manure requires to be used freely as top dressing, otherwise many trees become exhausted.

14.—Mr. A. WatERMAN, Preston Hall Gardens, Aylesford.

Observations.—Examples pale in colour and small.

Hzlubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees about 34 years old, pruned every year, the branches being spurred in. Soil, a light loam, about 3 feet deep, resting on Kentish rag and eravel.

SELECTION OF 'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Red Astrachan, Red Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Gravenstein, Ecklinville, Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Stone’s, New Hawthornden, Small’s Admirable, Mother, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Tower of Glamis, Warner’s King, Lady Henniker, Lane’s Prince Albert, Scarlet Nonpareil, Annie Elizabeth, Wellington, Yorkshire Greening, Sturmer Pippin, Court Pendu Plat.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield, Keklinville Seedling, Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Stone’s, New Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Tower of Glamis. |

152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, Stirling Castle, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Stone’s, Tower of Glamis, Small’s Admirable, Wellington.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered north, east, and south by trees. Soil, loam, resting on the Kentish ragstone.

General Remarks.—Orchard trees are regularly pruned as well as all trained trees. The fruit is much finer and clearer on the Paradise stock, but the trees do not grow so large, but come into fruit much sooner. I prefer the Bush or Pyramid form.

15.—Mr. Grorce Waite, Fairlawn, Maidstone.

Observations.—Fruit good.

Exlubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on very old Standard trees, grafted on the Crab. Situation where grown, sheltered by a hedge. Soil, stone shatter, overlying Kentishrag. The Orchards are cultivated, having a crop of currants and cobnuts beneath the Apples, though some are grown on turf. Those Orchards are the best where the grass is fed off by sheep.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Kent.

SELECTED (1883) BY

Mr. G. Beaton, Yokes Court, Mereworth. ,, G. BritcHerR, Oak Lodge, Tonbridge. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co., Maidstone. Mr. W. CuisHoutm, Oxon Heath, Tonbridge. » W. Divers, Wierton House, Maidstone. Messrs. T. Frost & Sons, Maidstone. _Mr. G. GoupsmitH, Hollanden, Tonbridge. W. Herrineton, Betteshanger Rectory, Sandwich. L. A. Kinuicr, Langley, Maidstone. C. Laneury, Crabble House, Dover. T. MoorHouse, Groombridge. J. NEIGHBOUR, Bickley Park, Kent. ,, A. WaterMAN, Preston Hall, Aylesford. » G. Waite, Fawlawn, Tonbridge.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES :

KENT.

DEssERT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin . 12 King of the Pippins . 11 Ribston Pippin. . . 9 Scarlet Nonpareil . . 7 Court Pendu Plat

Mr. Gladstone | Claygate Pearmain . Devonshire Quarrenden Kerry Pippin .

Margil se Sturmer Pippin . Worcester Pearmain Cockle’s Pippin . Fearn’s Pippin si | Yellow Ingestrie . . Blenheim Orange . . Golden Knob. . . . Trish Peach Mannington’s Pearmain Wyken Pippin. . Duchess of Oldenburg . Lemon Pippin

Old Nonpareil

Reinette de Canada Russet Nonpareil Summer Golden Pippin | Syke House Russet. . ’ Fenouillet Rouge

Gipsy King | Gravenstein . l Golden Pippin

Golden Noble ae Herefordshire Pearmain

Name

Hick’s Fancy Hoary Morning Hubbard’s Pearmain . Juneating : Lord Burghley . Mabbott’s Pearmain . Allen’s Everlasting Boston Russet . Braddick’s N onpareil . CobWamian : Coe’s Golden Drop Cornish Gilliflower Duchess of York’s Favourite . 6 Dutch Mignonne . Karly Harvest . Early or Summer Non- pareil . Melon. Mother Nonpareil : Northern Spy . Oslin Pippin Powell’s Russet Pearmain é Rambour d’ Amerique or Mere de Ménage Red Astrachan . Royal Russet Summer Nonpareil Wheeler’s Russet . Winter Quoining .

153

No. of Votes

154

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

1.—Mr. R. Bray, Bedfont Villa, Bedfont.

Observations.—Examples large, wonderfully clear skinned, and well coloured. Some examples of Manks’ Codlin grown on

som orf Ghana tN a ae Dumelow’s Seedling . 13 + |) Dr. Harvey . ord Sulieldey % =. 4: 12 |; Duchess of Oldenburg Blenheim Orange ] Dutch Codlin ‘ Keswick Codlin . +| @ || Emperor Alexander . Northern Greening . ) Frogmore Prolific . Loddington Seedling . ) G Gloria Mundi Warner’s King j Hall Door Golden Noble Yea Hambledon Deux Ans Winter Meg eek 4 Hawthornden Cellini . Hoary Morning Cox’s Pomona . 4 Hollandbury Keklnyille Seedling Hubbard’s Pearmain . Manks’ Codlin Beauty of Wilts Gooseberry Apple . . , Bess Pool . Hanwell Souring . Betty Geeson 1 New Hawthornden . Cheshunt Pippin Peasgood’s Nonesuch . 8 || Cobbett’s Fall Pippin ‘Stirling Castle | Lamb’s Favourite . Tower of Glamis || Lady Henniker . : Winter Hawthornden . Lewis’s Incomparable Alfriston | Mére de Ménage Annie Elizabeth . | Nelson’s Glory. . Beauty of Kent . , Old Hawthornden . Dutch Mignonne | Pile’s Russet ; Flower of Kent . | Rambour d’Amerique Grenadier . 2 | Waltham Abbey Seed- Lord Derby H ib imelbenees es Round Winter Nonesuch | Wellington ( or Dume- Small’s Admirable . | low’s Seedling) . Worcester Pearmain | Yorkshire Beauty . Yorkshire Greening |

MIDDLESEX.

EHalibitors.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 155

gravel, and others grown on clay, were very remarkable, the latter being twice the size, very highly coloured, and very hand- some, thus proving the superiority of the clay soil.

Hzxlibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees planted 40 years ago, and grafted on the Crab. Situation, on high eround, with no shelter. Soil, rather sandy in places; subsoil, eravel. Sixty years ago a quantity of gravel was taken out of the land where my orchard now stands. The ground was levelled about 43 years since, and planted. The Queen’s river runs within 20 feet of our northern hedge, and keeps our ground moist during the dry season.

2.—Mr. R. Dean, Bedfont and Halung.

Observations.—LEixamples large and fine.

Hzhibitor’s Remarks—LKixamples grown chiefly on tall Bush and Pyramidal trees, from 14 to 20 years of age. Their growth is generally free and healthy, being worked on the free stock. Situation, in no respect sheltered. Soil, a very stiff loam; sub- soil, clay. This is quite a market orchard district, where to grow kinds that will crop freely and early is the first consideration.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Early Julien, Manks’ Codlin, Lord Suffield, Blenheim Pippin, and Wellington (culinary); Duchess’s Favourite, Yellow Ingestrie, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, and Cockle’s Pippin, all considerably grown in this district, but especially Kings and Wellingtons. Situation, sheltered by trees on the north.

3.—Mr. J. Hupson, Gardener to H. J. Atkinson, Hsq.,

Gunnersbury House, Acton.

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Mostly grown on Orchard Standards some on cultivated ground, others on grass. Ages, from 20 to 40 years. Situation, exposed. Soil, a light loam on gravel. Our trees suffered much from the wet season of 1879, and since then they have been more disposed to canker.

4,—Messrs. C. Luz & Son, Nurserymen, éc., Hanmersmth and Haling.

Observations.—A very fine and most interesting collection of the best varieties. |

156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown at our Ealing Nursery, mostly on Pyramid and Bush trees, grafted on the English Paradise and Crab stock. Situation, exposed. Soil, a heavy loam. Apples do well in this district, grown as Standards on the Free seedling Apple stocks, the best results are from those worked on the English Paradise as Bush, Pyramid, and Espalier formed trees.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach, Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Pott’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Cellini, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Warner’s King, Golden Noble, New Hawthornden, Claygate Pearmain, Adams’ Pearmain, Golden Reinette, Cockle’s Pippin, Ribston, Blenheim Orange, Northern Greening, Margil, Alfriston, Wellington, Sturmer.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Pott’s Seedling, King of the Pippins, New Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cellini, Warner’s King, Blenheim, Dutch Mignonne, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Kcklinville, Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins, New Hawthornden, Warner’s King, Blenheim, Wellington.

5.—Mr. J. Roperts, Gardener to the Messrs. Rothschild, Gunnersbury Park, Acton.

Observations.—Kxamples of fair average quality.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Early Harvest, Keswick Codlin, Lady Sudeley, Duchess of Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Stirling Castle, Mabbot’s Pearmain, Golden Noble, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Emperor

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 157

Alexander, Adam’s Pearmain, Pott’s Seedling, Claygate Pearmain,

The Sandringham, Court Pendu Plat, Blenheim Orange, Sturmer

Pippin, Lane’s Prince Albert, Annie Elizabeth, Bramley’s

eee’ Bismarck, Wellington, Northern Greening, Rosemary usset.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE: IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Early Harvest, Keswick Codlin, Lady Sudeley, Duchess of Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Golden Noble, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Stirling Castle, Blenheim Orange, Court Pendu Plat, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Cockle’s Pippin, Stirling Castle, Emperor Alexander, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Bramley’s Seedling, Wellington, Five-Crowned Pippin.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, the top spit a friable loam; subsoil, a ight clay, resting on gravel. My own experience leads me to the conclusion that the Paradise stock is the best for the early Kitchen Apples, but the Crab for late keepers ; while for dessert kinds, I decidedly prefer Standard’ trees on the Crab stock, as the fruit is more fully exposed to the sun, and always eats crisper than from Pyramids on the Paradise stock. Our best Kitchen Apples are from Pyramid trees 12 to 14 feet high, on the free stock. Before planting the ground was deeply trenched and liberal supplies of manure added. In addition to this about three barrow-loads of maiden loam and burnt ashes was placed around the roots of each tree at planting time.

These trees are mulched once during the early summer, and recelve an occasional watering from the hose in dry weather. Very little in the way of root-pruning has been needed, as, the position being sheltered, we seldom fail in securing good crops of fruit. Pruning has consisted in regulating the main branches thinly, so that the sun and air have free access to the centre of the trees.

6.—RoyaL HortTicuLTuRAL Society, Chiswick.

Observations.—The examples in this collection, although not so large and highly coloured as some others, were specially

158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

valuable on account of the correct nomenclature, thus serving as tests for comparison with others in the determination of the names. The labels attached indicated whether the fruit was for dessert or culinary purposes, and when in season; also the kind of stock on which grown.

Superintendent’s Remarks.—The examples shown were all erown on Bush and Pyramid trees, the greater number being about 18 years old, and grafted on the Free stock; while the others were from trees 6 to 8 years old, grafted on the French Paradise and Doucin stocks. Situation, sheltered, but very subject to spring frosts. Soil, a heavy loam, bordering on clay; subsoil, gravel. The trees are not subjected to much pruning, the long strageling shoots being simply shortened, and the others thinned out so as to allow all parts of the tree to be fully exposed to the direct influence of the sun’s rays and the action of the weather. This is a point of special importance, and is one which seems to be very much overlooked by those who have to grow their trees within restricted areas, and subject them to much pruning and summer pinching.

The finest fruits were gathered from small trees about 3 feet high and 6 years old, planted 3 feet apart, and grafted on the French Paradise and Doucin stocks, each tree bearing, on an average, about 25 fruit of good size. Of the stocks, those grafted on the Doucin make much the larger trees, and seem to be more vigorous, but both bear equally good crops. Experience here points to the use of these stocks, in small gardens especially, as being of the very utmost value and importance.

7.—Mr. W. Tivy, Gardener, Stanmore Hall, Middlesex.

Observations.— Fair average examples.

Halwbitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees 50 years old. Situation, partially sheltered. Soil, a dark vegetable mould resting on clay. Blenheim Orange and Wyken Pippin are much used for comfits and mincemeats.

8.—Messrs. J. VertcH & Sons, Royal Hxotice Nursery, Chelsea.

Observations.—A remarkably well-grown, varied, and interest- ing collection, and correctly labelled.

Hexhibitors’ Remarks.—The Apples exhibited by us were all grown at our Nursery at Southfields, Fulham. The Nursery is situate within a quarter of a mile of the River Thames, and is surrounded by a neighbourhood which is rapidly being built

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 159

upon, and is, in fact, entirely within the influence of the London smoke and fogs. Within a short distance from the Nursery is one of the largest gasworks in the metropolis; also several large breweries and factories of various descriptions. The soil of the Nursery is about 18 inches in depth, and is very light, consisting entirely of sand and humus (vegetable mould) on a layer of yellow adhesive sand, beneath which is a rather thick stratum of yellow sandy gravel. ‘The whole series is very quickly permeated by water. The fruit was grown upon dwarf Pyramid trees grafted on the Paradise stock, none of which exceed 5 years of age, but the greater part of it was gathered from trees 2 and 3 years old.

TWELVE VARIETIES BEST ADAPTED TO EXHIBITORS’ DistTRICT.

Lord Suffield, Warner’s King, Winter Hawthornden, Alfriston, Dumelow’s Seedling, Baumann’s Red Reinette. Dessert.—Devon- shire Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Lord Burghley, Cockle’s Pippin.

9.—Mr. G. THompson, The Gardens, Croxby House, Hounslow.

Observations.—Large and fine examples.

EHainbitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standards, Pyramids, and Cordons, the finest fruit being from the Pyramids. The trees are from 3 to 10 years old, being grafted on the Paradise stock. Situation, in orchard, open. Soil is very light; subsoil, gravel. In the market gardens in this district the Keswick and Mank’s Codlins are the varieties chiefly depended on. Keswick Codlin is not so liable to canker, and is a sure bearer. Many sorts canker very badly, especially Wellington (Dumelow’s Seedling). They were so bad the last few years that many of the growers have done away with them altogether. A great many King of the Pippins are grown, as they are sure bearers, but canker very much, Lord Suffield is the best early Kitchen Apple we have for either private or market use, but the branches die a good deal. A sort called Duchess’s Favourite is grown about Cranford, which bears very heavy crops every other year. The trees seem to keep healthy, and it is a good market Apple.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Karly Julien, Duchess’s Favourite, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Stirling Castle, Manks’ Codlin, Warner’s King, Harvey’s Wilt- shire Defiance, Dumelow’s Seedling.

160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Karly Julien, Duchess’s Favourite, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Stirling Castle, Manks’ Codlin, Dumelow’s Seedling. King of the Pippins is the chief kind grown in the market gardens. Situation, partly sheltered. Soil, very light, gravelly.

General Remarks.—In the market gardens the trees are all planted as Standards, with Gooseberries, Raspberries, and Currants in between. In the well-kept gardens the trees are kept well thinned out every winter, and useless sorts are grafted every spring.

10.—Mr. R. Woop, Gardener to Mrs. Saunders, Duke’s Avenue, Chiswick.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Nearly all were gathered from old Standard orchard trees, worked on the Crab. Situation, very sheltered by large houses and tall trees. We have had very large crops this season and for several years, owing to the shelter, but the fruit has been small. The trees have been very much neglected for many years.

11.—Mr. J. WoopsripGE, Gardener, Syon House, Brentford.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush and Standard trees of various ages, grafted on the Crab and Paradise stocks. Situation, sheltered, in walled garden. Soil, light and sandy, on gravel. I find that trees grown in a Bush form, on the Paradise or Dwarfing stock, are very suitable for the borders of kitchen gardens. They bear better fruit, require less pruning, and can be allowed to grow in a more natural way. ‘Trees on the Crab or Free stock I consider more suitable for orchards.

12.—Mr. A. Wricut, Gardener to Mr. H. H. Watts, Chiswick.

Observations.—Hxamples of fair average size.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on very healthy and clean Standard and Bush trees, grafted on the Crab. Age, from 10 to 12 years. Situation where grown, sheltered. Soil, a medium black loam, on gravel.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 161

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Middlesex.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. R. Bray, Bedfont.

» A. Dean, Bedfont.

,, J. Hupson, Gunnersbury House, Acton. Messrs. C. Luz & Son, Hammersmith. Mr. J. Roperts, Gunnersbury Park, Acton. RoyaL HorticuLTURAL Society, Chiswick. Mr. G. THompson, Croxby House, Hounslow.

» WwW. Tipy, Stanmore Hill, N.

» BR. Woon, Duke’s Avenue, Chiswick.

sai Je Wooppripce, Syon House, Brentford.

» A. WRIGHT, Devonhurst, Chiswick.

» <A. Wyart, Hatton, Hounslow.

DEssERT APPLES.

No. of No. of Name Winton Name

Cox’s A a: nee Pippin King of the Pippins Ribston Pippin . Blenheim Orange Yellow Ingestrie. Kerry Pippin . Scarlet N onpareil . Cockle’s Pippin . Fearn’s Pippin

Trish Peach

Lemon Pippin . é

fs uurmer Pippin +)... | 2 Winter Pearmain .

G Beachamwell

Boston Russet .

: Coe’s Golden Drop Golden Nonpareil . Keddleston Pippin vy A Lewis’s Incomparable Mr. Gladstone . Worcester Pearmain Norfolk Bearer . ‘ Court Pendu Plat . ba Old Nonpareil . . . 1 Court of Wick . Omar Pacha. 8.0. Duchess’s Favourite Powell’s Favourite . Duchess of Oldenburg . 3 || Red Juneating . Devonshire wee Reinette de Caux . Gravenstein . . Rosemary Russet . Red Astrachan . Royal Russet Adams’ Pearmain . Stone Pippin Byraddick’s N Barats Winter Russet . Dutch Mignonne Wyken Pippin . Lamb Abbey Pearmain

162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

Emperor Alexander Peasgood’s Nonesuch

Gloria Mundi. . 3 || Pott’s Seedling. Waltham Abbey Seed- Russian Transparent . ling : Stock Leadineton .

hee Eiaperue Karly Julien . Froemore Prolific Old Hawthornden .

Striped Beefing 5 9 || Stone’s or Be Seedling

No. of No. Name Votes | ‘siete Votes

Dumelow’s Dumelow's Seiling . . 11. london Pippa eae Lord Suffield . Norfolk Beefing 2 Manks’ Codlin 9 Yorkshire Greening . Stirling Castle ie Beauty of Hants Blenheim Orange | Bess Pool Golden Noble = 7 || French Crab Keswick Codlin . Gravenstein . Warner’s King 6 || Hambledon Deux Ans Beauty of Kent . | 5 Hollandbury é Cellini 270 Lane’s Prince Albert Keklinville Seedling Landsberger Reinette Mere de Ménage 4 || Lord Derby . New or Winter Haw- Nonesuch ;

thHOrMdeny wu uc wae. Northern Greening 1 Alfriston . . : : Old Russet .

Winter Pearnnie :

SURREY.

Hahibitors. 1.—Mr. J. Burnett, Deepdene Gardens, Dorking.

Observations.—An interesting collection.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Gathered mostly from large orchard trees, some being from Espaliers and Bushes. Many of the trees are old. A few of the young trees are grafted on Paradise, but the greater number on Crab. Situation, sheltered. Soil, a light loamy sand; subsoil, a stiff clay. I find the varieties selected to be sure average bearers every year; and possibly the most certain are Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Stiring Castle, Heklinville Seedling, and Cox’s Orange Pippin. Ribston Pippins are grown largely in this district in farm orchards, and are much more appreciated than softer fruit, though they only bear once in two or three years.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SURREY. 168

2.—Mr. G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Wallington, Surrey.

Fizlubitor’s Remarks.—The fruits were grown on Standards and on Bushes, or hollow bow!-shaped trees, which are preferred here, where many are grown upon a small extent of ground. They are from 6 to 25 years of age. Standards are worked on Crab, small Bushes on Paradise. Situation, damp, sheltered by large forest trees. Soil, a peaty bog, but improved by long cultivation; subsoil, wet inferior gravel. Ribston Pippins generally bear well, but the trees are more subject to canker than any other sort. When the roots reach the wet gravel, they seldom fruit satisfactorily.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Kitchen.—Cellini, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, New Haw- thornden, Lord Derby, Golden Noble, Blenheim Orange, Warner’s King, Beauty of Kent, Wellington, Lane’s Prince Albert, Winter Peach. Dessert. —Early Harvest, Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Brownlee’s Russet, Scarlet Nonpareil, Duke of Devonshire, Cornish Aromatic, Court Pendu Plat, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Kitchen.—Cellini, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, New Haw- thornden, Blenheim Orange, Wellington. Dessert.—Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Duke of Devonshire, Court Pendu Plat.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, New Hawthornden, Blenheim Orange, Wellington, Cox’s Pomona, Devonshire Quarrenden, Gravenstein, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Very few apples are grown in this district specially for market.

In planting young trees we take out all the old soil from the space needed, break up the gravel, putting in a quantity of coarser brick rubbish, which is covered with a thick layer of turf. We add two barrowsful of. strong yellow loam, one of burnt garden refuse, and the same quantity of lime rubbish, the whole being turned and mixed together. The hole is filled level with the surface of the ground, and then the tree is placed in position, and some richer soil is worked in among the roots, finished off with a heavy mulching of stable manure.

L 2

164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Older trees which do not fruit properly are lifted, root pruned, and replanted in the same manner, generally with the best results. Bush and Standard trees only are grown, the former are worked on Paradise and the latter on Crab stock.

3.—Mr. J. Dean, Gardener to Granville W. Leveson Gower, Titsey Place, Godstone.

Observations. —Examples small, but well coloured.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The old orchard trees show great exhaustion, having made scarcely any young growth for years. The others in kitchen garden are all Bushes, trained open or cup-shaped. They are mostly on the Crab, a few being on Paradise, but on this stock the Ribston Pippin cankers very much. Situation, well sheltered and facing south, 400 feet above sea-level. Soil prepared, consisting of road scrapings with loam, being mulched annually with stable manure. A great many varieties of Apples canker very badly here, whether the season be wet or dry; and every spring we have to cut out cankered wood. It seems hopeless to try to obtain a good- shaped tree in the prepared soil; but on the real chalk, which is very dry, we have two specimen trees, a Ribston Pippin and a Blenheim Orange planted 50 years, growing vigorously, without a spot of canker, but they give no fruit. Why is this?

4.—Mr. B. Greaves, The Gardens, Broome Hall, Surrey.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Orchard Standards, many of stunted growth. The trees are old. Situation, sheltered. Soil, a heavy loam; subsoil, a stiff clay. The trees are much covered by lichen caused by the undrained soil. The Apples here are only of moderate quality, caused, no doubt, by want of better draining and cultivation. The blossoms often suffer from spring frosts, and the leaves from myriads of caterpillars. All Apples grown here are Orchard Standards, and receive very little attention. A new orchard is being prepared, which will be drained and trenched.

5.—Mr. T. B. Havwoop, Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate. Gardener, My. J. Ripout.

Observations.—Fruit of fair average quality.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Pyramid trees, the Standards being old trees, and the Pyramids about 12 years of age ; about equal portions on the Crab and Paradise. Situation, fairly sheltered. Soil, sandy; subsoil, sand with ironstone gravel. The Ribston Pippin, Cellini, Old Hawthornden, and a few others on the Paradise are in this neighbourhood much subject to canker every year.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SURREY. 165

6.—Mr. H. Marrunws, Betchworth Park.

Observations. —Hxamples very good, especially those of Cox’s Pomona and Yorkshire Beauty—the latter named Palmer’s Glory.

Hixhibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit grown on Standards chiefly, being good, large, healthy trees, in open orchards. Soil, in some parts light and sandy, in others heavy with a clay subsoil. Ribston Pippin cankers very much, also Dumelow’s Seedling, the young wood dying every year as soon as the roots reach the gravel. Ground, rather wet in this district. Being in the valley of the Mole, we are subject to spring frosts.

7.—Myr. J. M‘Introsu, Duneevan, Weybridge, Surrey. Gardener, Mae “AY GOR:.

Observations.—lixamples very fine, remarkably clear skinned...

Halibitor’s Remarks.—-Trees grown mostly as Pyramids,,. varying in age from 6 to 20 or more years, grafted on the Crab: and Paradise. Situation, sheltered. Soil, light; subsoil, wet sand. King of the Pippins, Court of Wick, and Pearson’s Plate. bear best in this soil as Standards, also Dumelow’s Seedling ; and as Pyramids, Alfriston, Landsberger Reinette, and Ecklinville. The Pyramids every second year are cut round 2 feet 6 inches. from the stem, roots raised, fresh soil being added, which is trodden firm and mulched on the surface, thereby producing fine fruit.

8.—Messrs. J. Peep & Sons, Fioupell Park Nursery, Tulse Hull. -

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach, Duchess of Oldenburg, Kerry Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange: Pippin, Cellini, Blenheim Orange, The Queen, Schoolmaster,. Scarlet Nonpareil, Sturmer Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Keklinville Seedling, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Small’s Admirable,, New Hawthornden, Pott’s Seedling, Domino, Tower of Glamis, Warner’s King, Bramley Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington.

Situation, very exposed. Character of soil, 2 feet sandy loam resting on about 2 to 8 feet of strong loam, under that 10 feet of gravel.

General Remarks.—We use generally for Espaliers, Cordons, Bushes, or Pyramids, the English Paradise stock; and for Standard

166 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

trees, a Free stock, but not the Crab. We believe frequently lifting the trees to be productive of fruitfulness, also in feeding them well while swelling their fruit, and in keeping a sharp look-out after American blight and other apple pests. All the varieties named fruit here very freely, specially so when grafted on the English Paradise stock, either as Cordons, Bushes, or Espaliers. This is a cold exposed situation. Soil, sandy loam, 2 feet; subsoil, 2 feet strong loam; under that, gravel.

9. Mr. W. Rovrreny, Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.W.

SELECTION OF ‘TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Juneating, Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Cellini Pippin, Kerry Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, Ecklinville Seedling, Grenadier, Stirling Castle, Lod- dington or Stone’s Apple, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, King of Pippins, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, The Queen, Golden Noble, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Juneating, Irish Peach, Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Cellini Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, The Queen, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, and Wellington.

SELECTION oF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Irish Peach, Quarrenden, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Cellini Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, and Wellington.

N.B.—The new and approved varieties are not much known in the district, and both gardeners and their employers need suidance.

Hzhbitor’s Remarks.—Situation, top of Brixton Hill, rather exposed, but not so lable to spring frosts as lower ground. Character of soil, ordinary kitchen garden improved by the addition of soot, ime, &c. Subsoil, gravel, sand, and clay, with eood drainage.

General Remarks.—The fruit exhibited is from Bushes and Pyramids on the Paradise, slightly pruned in summer, and again in January or February. The Standard trees in the neighbour- hood are much neglected. They are old, infested with imsect pests, and no one can say with certainty what the stocks are. They are generally considered to be on the Crab stock.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SURREY.

167

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Surrey.

SELECTED (1883) By

. J. Barouay, The Durdans, Epsom.

» J. Burnett, The Deepdene, Dorking.

» J. CoompBess, Sheen House, Mortlake. em AWE Cummins, The Grange, Wallington. » J. DEAN, Titsey Place, Surrey.

peg Be GREAVES, Broome Hall, Hoimwood.

» J. Ripout, Woodhaitch Lodge, Lergate.

» H. Mattuews, Betichworth.

», L. Tavtor, Duneevan, Weybridge.

DrEssEeRtT APPLES.

Name

King of the Pippins Cox’s Orange Pippin . Blenheim Orange Kerry Pippin. Ribston Pippin . HerefordshirePearmain Court Pendu Plat . Court of Wick Claygate Pearmain. Cockle’s Pippin . Devonshire Quarrenden Fearn’s Pippin . Golden Reinette Gravenstein .

Trish Peach . Mannington’ sPearmain Melon Apple .

Pearson’s Plate . Adams’ Pearmain . Beauty of Kent .

Benoni, < %. Braddick’s N onpareil . Boston Russet

Cellini . ! Cornish Aromatic :

° —+- —

a >

e )

No. of

Votes

9 i

Or

No. of

Name Votes

Cornish Gilliflower Downton Pippin . Memunmde suppres pa - Franklin’s Golden Pippin. i Golden Knob Juneating Landsberger Reinette Leyden Pippin . Lord Burghley. Margil ee Mother Apple . Northern Greening . \ Northern Spy . Ord’s Apple ‘ Pitmaston Pine Apple Red Juneating . : Reinette de Canada . Scarlet Nonpareil . Scarlet Pearmain . Scarlet Russet . Sturmer Pippin Seigende Reinette. Summer Strawberry . Wyken Pippin . Yellow Ingestrie .

168 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CULINARY APPLES.

is No. of = No. of Name Wipte Name Aa Dumelow’s Seedling . | 8 Cheshire Codlin Lord Suffield. a Cox’s Pomona .

Warner’s King . . 6 Curltail Pippin Blenheim Orange . F Edmund Jupp = cae Cellini . Brenchi@rabigs) seen)

Keklinville Seedling : 4 Frogmore Prolific. . | | Keswick Codlin . Gloria Mundi . Bedfordshire Foundling Hoary Morning

New Hawthornden . 38 | Hollandbury ‘ Pott’s Seedling . | || Loddington Seedling. Alfriston . Lord Gwydyr . . Beauty of Kent . Mere de Ménage . . }| 1 Kmperor Alexander Minchall Crab . Golden Noble Nelson’s Glory.

\

Hawthornden Northern Greening

Lemon Pippin 9 | Nonesuch Fe Lord Derby . Kick Palmer’s Glory, or Norfolk Beefing. . . Yorkshire Beauty . Reinette de Canada . Round Winter Nonesuch Stirling Castle . . . layAaNEIP : Waltham Abbey Seed- Tower of Glamis . ling . ‘ Wormsley Pippin . Annie Elizabeth . . | Winter Peach . Bess Pool. . : 1 | Winter Quoining . Brabant Bellefleur. } |

SUSSEX. Haluvbitors. 1.—Mr. G. Bresszt, The Gardens, Petworth Park, Sussex.

Observations.—Hxamples remarkably highly coloured and of excellent quality.

Hzlibitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly as Standards. Some trees are young, which produce the finest fruit; the older trees give the best-coloured fruit. Age of trees from 5 to 50 years. They are erafted on the Crab. Situation, in orchard, well sheltered from north and north-east. Soil, a heavy loam on clay. There are many kinds grown in this neighbourhood that fruit remarkably well. Igrowa quantity on the Paradise stock, and sodomy neighbours. I[advise people to plant the Paradise stock freely, as a great number of sorts do wonderfully well on it.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SUSSEX, 169

2.—Messrs. CHEAL & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley.

Observations.—A varied and extensive contribution, repre- sentative of most of the varieties of Apples grown in Sussex.

Hzhibitor’s Remarks.—The best and handsomest fruits are from Cordons on the French and English Paradise. Situations, varied, generally fairly exposed. Soil, a stiff loam; subsoil, the Weald of Sussex clay, varying from bright yellow to blue marly clay, all more or less impregnated with iron. The Weald of Sussex lying principally flat, and the soil being of a retentive nature, it becomes saturated with water during the winter and spring months. Apples generally succeed well with care, but in most cases the orchards are left to nature, and no means are taken to increase their fertility or improve the quality of the fruit. Some kinds will not succeed, and canker the first year, such as Lady Henniker. Cox’s Orange Pippin—a most accom- modating Apple—would not grow or fruit in one orchard so as to be worth cultivating. Claygate Pearmain is found in most of the orchards in Sussex, and bears well.

General Remarks.—A considerable number of our Apples are grown on Cordon and Bush trees, worked upon the English Paradise stock. The Cordons we prune in July, and again in September, occasionally cutting out unfruitful spurs in spring. We occa- sionally root-prune strong growers or unproductive trees, and the result of this we find very beneficial. There are, however, a few varieties that have to be treated on the extension system, such as Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Red Juneating, &c.; also the Blen- heim Orange does best as a Standard. The Orchard Standards upon the Free stock require to have weak and unfruitful branches thinned out to admit sun and air, and we firmly believe in the extension system for this class of tree.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Astrachan, The Professor, Worcester Pearmain, Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville, Pott’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Stirling Castle, Warner’s King, New Hawthornden, King of Pippins, Lord Derby, Golden Noble, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Cox’s Orange, Mannington’s Pearmain, Duke of Devonshire, Winter Quoining, Wellineton, Norfolk Beefing, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE. IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION. Professor, Worcester Pearmain, Duchess of Oldenburg, Keklinyille, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Warner’s King, King of Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Cox’s Orange, Wellington.

170 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Worcester Pearmain, Duchess of Oldenburg, Ecklinville, Stirling Castle, King of Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington, Norfolk Beefing. Warner’s King, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Wellington, and Norfolk Beefing are grown to a considerable extent in the district.

3.—Mr. Sipney Forp, Gardener, Leonardslee, Horsham.

Observations.—A very interesting collection, containing many local varieties of merit.

Hizhibitor’s Remarks.—The collection sent consists of about one half the varieties grown here in these gardens and orchards as Bush and Standard trees. Situation, 273 feet above sea-level, on a gentle slope, facing south. Soil varies much, from a sandy loam to stiff clay; the subsoil consisting of sandy gravel and sand rock. There are a great number of local kinds very little known elsewhere, viz., Kdmund Jupp, First and Last, Treadcroft Seedling, Langley’s Seedling, St. Leonard’s Seedling, and 50 . others I could name, all good, useful kinds.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Blenheim Orange, Warner’s King, Tower of Glamis, Beauty of Kent, Lady Henniker, Bedfordshire Foundling, Yorkshire Greening, Cellini Pippin, Golden Noble, Dr. Hoge, Winter Quuin- ing, Ribston Pippin.

4,—Mr. R. Minter, Southdown Road, Shoreham, Sussex.

Observations. —HExamples of fair average merit.

Lixhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Bush trees from 20 to 50 years old, grafted onthe Crab. Situation sheltered. Soil, heavy; subsoil, clay. Harly Harvest bears a good crop in alternate years; Keswick, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Welling- ton, Cockle’s Pippin, and Cellini fruit more or less every year, and are generally good; Northern Greening bears well, but the trees being very old, and subject to high winds, the fruit is generally small. Apples are not much grown in this neighbour- hood, being too much exposed to the sea and to high winds in the autumn.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SUSSEX. 171

5.—Mr. J. Rust, The Gardens, Hridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.

Observations.—Fruit small, highly coloured.

Hixhibitor’s Remarks.—About one half are grafted on the Free stock, many being very old trees; the others are on the Paradise. Situation of orchard 400 feet above the sea-level, very much exposed to high winds. Soil, a stiff loam, resting on marl. For orchard planting on grass, my experience is in favour of the Free stock ; whilst for cultivated land, the Paradise has much the advantage, especially in exposed places, and the trees are best in the Bush form.

I do not approve of hard pruning; prefer thinning out the branches. ‘The Paradise stock is best for dessert kinds, and the Crab stock for culinary kinds.

SELECTION OF 'T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Worcester Pearmain, Kerry Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Lady Henniker, Stirling Castle, Lady Sudeley, Golden Noble, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Tower of Glamis, Betty Geeson, New Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Adams’ Pearmain, Bedfordshire Foundling, Lemon Pippin, Hall Door, White Paradise, Mére de Ménage, Winter Queening, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Astrachan, Fearn’s Pippin, Lord Suffield, Cox’s Orange, Stirling Castle, Warner’s King, Blenheim Pippin, Wellington, lane’s Prince Albert, Bramley’s Seedling, Sturmer Pippin, Golden. Knob.

SELECTION OF TmN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Emperor Alexander, Duchess of Oldenburg, Nanny, Peas- good’s Nonesuch, Sandringham, The Queen, Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, Golden Noble, White Paradise.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Sussex. | SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. G. Breese, Petworth Park, Petworth. Messrs. CHEAL & Sons, Crawley. Mr. S. Forp, Leonardslee, Horsham. , B. Minter, Southdown Nursery, Shorehanv. » J. Rust, Hridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.

172

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin .

Cockle’s Pippin . Trish Peach .

Devonshire Quarr enden

Sturmer Pippin . Claygate Pearmain. Court Pendu Plat . King of the Pippins

Ribston Pippin . Winter Queening Adams’ Pearmain . Astrachan Red .

Blenheim Orange ¢. FS

ba

Cornish Gilliflower

Name

Warner’s King . Alfriston . : Blenheim Orange . Cellini . : Cox’s Pomona Keswick Codlin . Keklinville Seedling Emperor Alexander Hawthornden, New Hawthornden, Old. Lord Suffield

Mere de Ménage Northern Greening. Annie Elizabeth Beauty of Kent .

Bedfordshire Foundling

Dumelow’s Seedling

) Mannington’s Pearmain :

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DESSERT APPLES.

| No. of Votes

5 4 5)

CULINARY

No. of Votes

5

Name

Dutch Mignonne . Karly Harvest . Kgremont Russet . Emperor Napoleon Fearn’s Pippin. Golden Harvey Golden Knob Kerry Pippin

Mr. Gladstone . Rosemary Russet . Scarlet Nonpareil . Sops in Wine . Wyken Pippin . Yellow Ingestrie .

APPLES.

Name

No. of Votes

Dutch Codiin

Forge.

Grenadier : Hanwell Souring . Hawthornden of ‘Sussex Lady Henniker ‘ Loddington Seedling. Lord Derby. : Norfolk Bearer. Norfolk Beefing Pomeroy of Sussex Royal Russet

Winter Coleman . Winter Nonesuch . Yorkshire Beauty . Yorkshire Greening .

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: WILTSHIRE. 173

WILTSHIRE.

Exlubitors. 1.—Mr. G. Auten, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford. Observations.—Exxamples large and fine.

Haxhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly on very old Standard and Espalier trees. Those grafted on the Crab appear to grow best in this soil. Situation, in a valley close to the River Kennet, sheltered from §.K. winds. Soil, a strong loam, resting on chalky flint, and gravelly subsoil. Most of the Apples were planted here 30 years ago, and they all appear to do well. The Lemon Pippin crops very well on very old Standard trees and Kspaliers. Ribston Pippin, Margil, and that class of apples are not grown ; they do not fruit, and what little growth they make dies in the winter, no doubt from their roots getting into the wet subsoil, this being nearly level with the water. People in this part of the country are now taking to plant Bush and Pyramid trees instead of Standards.

2.—Mr. J. Horserinyp, Heytesbury, Wilts.

Observations. Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gathered from old Standard and Pyramid trees, grafted on the Crab, at Heytesbury in the Wylye

Valley. Situation, sheltered, low and damp. Soil, chalk marl on chalk.

3,—Mr. J. Repineton, The Gardens, Litilecote, Hungerford, Wilts.

Observations.—Fruit small.

Fixhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on old Standard trees that have been planted 65 years, grafted on the Crab. <A few of the newer sorts are from Espaliers on the Paradise. Situation, north aspect, sheltered on south and west by high hills and large trees. Soil, a deep loam. They are all large trees, and have fine heads, and are very healthy. Several of them are over 50 feet in height now. They were higher, but as 1 found the wind left few fruit on the higher branches, I had them shortened two years ago. A good many of the trees had the wood killed back by the frost in the winters of 1880 and 1881, but they seem to be recovering now.

174 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4,—Mr. C. WarDEN, Gardener to Sir f". Hervey Bathurst, Bart., Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

Observations.—F ruit small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The majority of our trees are Standards, but some are trained as Espaliers, the former having been planted about 50 years, the latter about 30 years. They are grafted on the Crab. Situation, sheltered on north and north-west by lofty trees. Soil, a strong loam, resting on clay, styled here London clay, which is not inviting. When the roots of the trees are allowed to get down, the fruits are generally scabby and spotted, and, besides deteriorating them in their appearance, they do not keep so well. Many of the kinds that are met with in this locality are more adapted for cider-making than as culinary or dessert. ‘‘ Ducket’’ (Ducat) is an excellent Apple for cooking, and an abundant bearer generally. The orchards in this district contain too many inferior varieties.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Ecklinville Seedling, Cox’s Pomona, Pott’s _ Seedling, Emperor Alexander, Stirling Castle, Reinette de Canada, New Hawthornden, Warner’s King, Bedfordshire Found- ling, Golden Noble, Dumelow’s Seedling, Cellini, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange, Ribston, Scarlet Non- pareil, Bedfordshire Foundling, King of Tomkin’s County, Mére de Ménage, Lane’s Prince Albert, Lady Sudeley, Stone’s Apple.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Lord Suffield, Bedfordshire Foundling, Emperor Alexander, Dumelow’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Cox’s Pomona, New Hawthornden, King of Tomkin’s County, Mere de Ménage, Lane’s Prince Albert.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Wiltshire. SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. G. Auten, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford. ,, J. HorRSEFIELD, Heytesbury. ,, REDDINGTON, Littlecote, Hungerford. », C. Warvden, Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: WILTSHIRE.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin .

Blenheim Orange . Golden Pippin Trish Peach . King of the Pippins Lemon Pippin Ribston Pippin . Sturmer Pippin . Wormsley Pippin Ashmead’s Kernel . Court Pendu Plat .

Name

- Keswick Codlin . ord Suffield... ; Hawthornden, Old . Hawthornden, New Blenheim Orange Dumelow’s Seedling Manks’ Codlin Annie Elizabeth Beauty of Kent . Bess Pool.

Betty Geeson Catshead .

Cellini .

DESSERT APPLES.

e ° e th

No. of | Votes |

)

5 f 2 ° | | : a : j ‘ | | i CULINARY No. of Votes , 4 Ws 2

Name

| Devonshire Quarrenden

Downton Pippin . Golden Reinette

| Isle of Wight Pippin .

Magnum Bonum .

APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Pomona . Crimson Queening Dutch Mignonne .

Kmperor Alexander ;

Jolly Beggar ‘ Kentish Fillbasket Mere de Ménage .

| Norfolk Beefing

Northern Greening Prophet .

| Royal Russet | Stirling Castle . | Warner’s Kine.

175

Ck O Uae bi.

HASTERN COUNTIES.

1. CAMBRIDGESHIRE 2. ESSEX See 3. LINCOLNSHIRE ... 4, NORFOLK ...

PAGE

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EASTERN COUNTIES : CAMBRIDGE, ESSEX. 179

CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Hahibitor.

1.—Mr. ArtHur Buu, Bernard House, Cambridge.

Hzhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, grafted mostly onthe Crab stock. Situation, open. Soil, a brick loam; subsoil, blue clay. When I visited the Show, I noticed a great scarcity from Cambridge and Hants. On these grounds I beg to call attention to our local sorts :—Murfitt’s Seedling, a pro- lifie variety, in use from November till late spring. Histon Favourite, a very prolific variety, in use from July to November. For kitchen and dessert we have nothing to equal this in our neighbourhood. In the selection made, I should have liked to have included Dumelow’s Seedling, but of late years it has been so much blighted that it has become useless to grow it. Mr. Gladstone, so far as I can see at present, will do well.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Cambridgeshire. SELECTED By Mr. A. Butt, Bernard House, Cottenham, Cambridge. DESSERT APPLES.

Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Histon Favourite, Trish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Lord Lennox, Mr. Gladstone, Red Juneating, Red Quarrenden.

CULINARY APPLES.

HKeklinville Seedling, Histon Favourite, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Murfitt’s Seedling.

ESSEX. Halubitors. 1.—Messrs. SautmarsH & Sons, Nurserymen, Chelmsford.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—Grown on various forms of trees, chiefly on the Crab stock. Situation im and near Chelmsford, for the most part low and sheltered. Soil, a rich loam, free from sand; subsoil, varying from loamy gravel to brick earth.

M 2

180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR DESSERT VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Juneating, Red Astrachan, Devonshire Quarrenden, Trish Peach, Summer Orange, Duchess of Oldenburg, Garrett’s Pippin or Borsdorffer, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Scarlet Pearmain, Wyken Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Ribston Pippin, Cockle’s Pippin, Cornish Gilliflower, Old Nonpareil, Court Pendu Plat, D’Arcy Spice, Duke of Devonshire, Lemon Pippin, Bess Pool, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE KITCHEN VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Keswick Codlin, Hawthornden, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Lord Grosvenor, Warner’s King, The Queen, Winter Hawthorn- den, Ecklinville Seedling, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Wellington. 7

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Keswick Codlin, Garrett’s Pippin, Stirling Castle, Lord Suffield, King of the Pippins, The Queen, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Wellington.

2.—Mr. W. O. Warp, Market Gardener, Ramsey, Harwich, Lssex.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Fruit grown on various forms of trees, many of them planted 40 years ago, others 25 years, and some about 4 years. They are mostly on the Apple stock. Situation, open, in the most eastern part of Essex, and nearly the most eastern part of England. Soil, a good loam; subsoil, London clay. My experience as a market gardener is this: that if I were to plant again, I would grow but few sorts, that I know to be the best and most productive, and I would prune but very little, only thinning out the branches.

3.—Mr. RoBerT WARNER, Broomfield, Chelmsford. Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks—The greater portion of the fruit is grown on young Standard and Pyramid trees, grafted on the common Apple stock. Situation, open. Soil, a poor friable loam, sticky when wet; subsoil, water-clay, 2.e. a clay im- pervious to the passage of water. The soil is in general rather poor. Trees are in very good health on the whole. Warner’s Seedling takes the first place for good cooking, keeping much longer than Warner’s King, to which the habit of growth is very similar.

EASTERN COUNTIES : ESSEX. 181

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Essex.

SELECTED (1883) By

Messrs. SALTMARSH & Sons, Chelmsford. Mr. W. O. Warp, Harwich. » ROBERT WARNER, Chelinsford.

DEssERT APPLES.

oT |

Name ie : Name ne &

Court Pendu Plat . . Golden Pippin . Cox’s Orange Pippin . Howard’s Pearmain . Golden Harvey... 2 || Hubbard’s Pearmain . Meriybippiml @ 25. . Trish Peach . Summer Orange . . King of the Pippins . Adams’ Pearmain . . Lemon Pippin . 5 Baddow Pippin. . . Reynolds’ Peach . . l ess OOM 606 Rosemary Russet . Counion Wick » . <. Royal Russet IDZAMeY Spice. 1 Russet Nonpareil . Devonshire Quarrenden Scarlet Nonpareil . Downton Pippin . . Striped Juneating Garrett’s Pippin . . Sturmer Pippin Capsy Mime). 3. es Wyken Pippin . CuLINARY APPLES.

Name Tae Name Voies Dumelow’s Damelow's Sealing.) Kentish Fillbasket Warner’s King . Kirke’s Fame . : Blenheim Orange . London Pippin, im- Keswick Codlin . proved shine:

Lord Suffield Lord Derby . :

Sturmer Pippin. New Northern Green-

Dr. Harvey . Norfolk Bearer. 1 Duchess of Oldenburg Pott’s Seedling

The Queen . . Tower of Glamis . Wellington (Dume- low’s Seedling) . Winter Quoining . . Woodstock Pippin (Blenheim Orange)

Forge Apple . Goff

Green Beefing Grenadier . Hawthornden Hawthornden, New Hawthornden, Tuan

Beauty of Kent . i) ing .

182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LINCOLNSHIRE. Halubitors.

1.—Mr. A. 8. Jonnson, The Moor Farm, Scawby, Brigg, Lincoln.

Observations.—Eixamples small, and deficient in colour.

Haxhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, of various ages. Situation, rather open. Soil, sandy, with a clay subsoil. Out of 545 trees, about 50 have died since they were planted five years ago; some of the trees are growing very well, but in general growth is very slow.

2.—Mr. G. Pioxnr, Gardener to A. S. Leshe Melville, Hsq., Long Hills, Branston, Lincoln.

Observations.—Examples small, and poor in quality.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Apples were grown on Standards on the Crab. Situation, sheltered. Soil, on limestone rock, not ‘more than 6 inches in depth. Trees in bad health through crowding and neglect. We grow about 50 sorts of Apples here.

8.—Messrs. Rowson Broruurs, West Torrington Gardens, Wragby.

Observations.—Fruit small, and deficient in colouring.

Hxlubitors’ Lemarks.—Our trees are mostly Standards, and have been planted from 15 to 20 years. They are all on the Crab stock. Situation,on a small hill. Soil, sandy to the depth of 2 feet; subsoil, a gravelly clay. Wegrow many sorts here, as our father, when he planted the orchard 20 years ago, selected those that he knew would answer well in this neighbourhocd. We beg to call special attention to Shepherd’s Fame. It is a splendid Apple, and is bearing a good crop on oyer 80 large trees; our stock came from a tree 40 years old growing near here. King Apple (Warner’s King) is a good sort, but not hardy enough for us, ag the trees die back very much. Cockpit and Winter Red Streak are the two best regular bearers we have ; all the sorts grown in this neighbourhood are old, but the newer ones will get introduced by degrees. Trees on the Paradise are rarely seen, but we intend planting some to try them. Our trees grow freely but do not bear much, and many of the shoots die back.

—

EASTERN COUNTIES ; LINCOLNSHIRE. 183 Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Lincolnshire,

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. A. §. Jonnson, Scawby, Brigg. » PIcKER, Long Hills, Branston. Messrs. Rowson Brotuers, West Torrington, Wragby.

DESSERT APPLES.

+ No. of : Selaile Votes Nenne Vat : : Sturmer Pippin. . . 2 y|| ord wennox. 1. American Summering. Magnum Bonum . Blenheim Orange . . Moss’s Incomparable Cox’s Orange Pippin . Old Man . Duke of Devonshire . Peter Smith. : Early Julien. . . 1 Ribston Pippin. . if Garrett’s Golden Pippin Scarlet Nonpareil . Golden Winter Pear- Shepherd’s Fame . TUDO UTARN 5 Vee os 5 Small’s Admirable reise EAC ay ce 6 oe Winter Red Streak Meriepo... Wyken Pippin . CuLiInary APPLES. No. of No. Name Votes Name Votes Dumelow’s Seedling . Hunt House Pippin . Greenup’s Pippin 2 || Lord Suffield ‘ Yorkshire Greening Manks’ Codlin . Beauty of Kent. . . New Hawthornden Caushead= a. Norfolk Bearer. Pocknie ss st, Normanton Wonder @ostarde ts. (Dumelow’s Seedling) 7 Worcs omomnay.). .<., Northern Greening Domino . 1 Pike’s Pearmain . De Kish (or Warner's Kitchen Reinette . Kans), ~. : Rimger: 5. °

Ecklinville Seedling Gloria Mundi Golden Noble Gravenstein .

Sleeping Beauty 5 Stirling Castle. Striped Beefing

184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NORFOLK.

Eabitors. 1.—Mr. Cotvite Brown, The Paddocks, Swaffham, Norfolk.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, very much exposed to gales. Soil, a sandy loam, with poor sand, and very dry. Growth appears to be at a standstill in the heat of summer. Our so-called Baxter’s Pearmain, being thin skinned, spots. very much. The Norfolk Stone Pippin withstands gales well, owing to the short stalk, and also to the stiff, upright growth of the trees. As far as my limited experience goes, 1 think it would be very unwise to discard the old favourites, although small, in favour of larger Apples, which would either be blown down by the gales or bruised on the trees. I am now planting a few Cordon Espaliers, with a view to obtain some of the larger kinds of fruit.

2.—Mr. EK. Bursury, Cossey Park, Norwich.

Observations.—A fairly well-grown collection.

Hazhibitor’s Remarks.—All grown on Standards, principally on the Crab, so far as 1am able to judge. Situation, sheltered. Soil, a sandy loam; subsoil, red sand. The Ten Shillings Apple is considered to be one of the best dessert Apples here. ‘The Hail Apple, a local variety, is excellent for kitchen use.

3.—Mr. H. G. Octzx, Blickling Hall Gardens, Aylsham, Norfolk.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRicTtT, NAMED 1N ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Gravenstein, Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, Kentish Fillbasket, War- ner’s King, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Hawthornden, Lane’s Prince Albert, Mére de Ménage, Golden Harvey, Striped Beefing, Colonel Harbord’s Pippin.

Situation, sheltered from north and north-east. Soil, sub- soil, &c., sand and gravel.

General Remarks.—Apples trained as Espaliers and Bush trees preferred.

EASTERN COUNTIES : NORFOLK.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Norfolk.

SELECTED (1883) BY

Mr. C. Brown, The Paddocks, Swaffham. ,» 4H. Bursury, Cossey Park, Norwich.

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of Pie Bete Votes Cox’s Orange Pippin . 2

Blenheim Orange . Braddick’s Nonpareil . Cornish Gilliflower. Devonshire Quarrenden Karly Nonpareil . . 1 Golden Harvey . Golden Russet . ; Golden Winter Pear- main.

Name

Gravenstein. Irish Peach . London Pippin. Nonpareil Nonpareil Russet . Red Astrachan . Ribston Pippin Sturmer Pippin

Ten Shillings Apple .

CULINARY APPLES.

Name Votes

Baxter’s Pearmain. . Blenheim Orange . . 9 Dr Harvey...) .

Norfolk Beefing .

Cox’s Pomona

Gravenstein . ome lApple |.) 1 Hawthornden

Kentish Pippin .

No. of |

Name

Keswick Codlin Lord Suffield New Hawthornden

Norfolk Stone mbele :

Patrick

Warner’s King. White Pippin . Winter Majetin

No. of Votes

2 all 5 pore ne oo Snore Cia alia ‘ 3

ts Si.

Oo fF © NO FE

GEO UE Lit.

MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

. BEDFORDSHIRE oS: . BUCKINGHAMSHIRE ... . HERTFORDSHIRE ae . HUNTINGDONSHIRE ... . OXFORDSHIRE ... 500

PAGE

.. 189 . 189 «. 193 ae OG, .. 198

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : BEDFORD, BUCKINGHAM. 189

BEDFORDSHIRE. Hahuibitor. 1.—Mr. THomas Laxton, Girtford, Bedford.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees, 2 to 8 years old, grafted on English Paradise. Situation, exposed, and sub- ject to spring frosts. Soil, a sandy loam on gravel. The majority of those named bear very freely every year. Irish Peach, the Blenheim Orange, and Ribston Pippin rarely fruit well. The Old and New Hawthornden and Annie Elizabeth, good elsewhere, suffer here from canker, and do not fruit.

Varieties of Apples suited to Bedfordshire. SELECTED By Mr. THomas Laxton, Bedford.

DESSERT APPLES.

Court Pendu Plat, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Early Julien, Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Margaret, Mr. Gladstone, Quarrenden, Scarlet Pearmain, Stamford Pippin, Sturmer Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Wyken Pippin.

CuLINnARY APPLES.

Cellini, Ecklinville Seedling, French Crab, Grenadier, Golden Noble, Keswick Codlin, Lord Derby, Lord Suffield, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Schoolmaster, Warner’s King, Wellington (Dumelow’s Seedling),

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Hazhibitors.

1.—My. A. Bripeman, Gardener to T. S. Cocks, Esq., Thames Bank, Marlow.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—The best dishes in my collection were erown on young trees planted during the last 10 years, mostly Dwarf, Bush, or Espaliers, grafted on the Crab. Situation, sheltered by garden walls. The soil of the Thames valley varies in this locality from clay and marl to gravel and sand, sometimes all four occurring within a distance of a few yards. Apples planted in the marl make vigorous growth and large trees, bearing crops in favourable seasons; on a subsoil of gravel, however, they make less growth, bear far more freely, and soon wear out.

190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2.—Mr. H. CakespreaD, Gardener to Sir T. P. Rose, Bart., Rlayner’s Place, Amersham.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown chiefly on Bush trees on the Paradise from 12 to 15 years of age, from which the finest fruit is obtained. Situation, very exposed, ‘Soil, a heavy clay. Golden Spire is an Apple that ought to be noted as a thoroughly good kitchen variety ; Hcklinville is a constant cropper in all seasons; Warner’s King is also generally very fine. We are very much exposed to wind, being, I suppose, situate on the highest part of Buckinghamshire.

3.—Mr. James FuetcHer, Iver, Bucks.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on tall Standard trees from 10 to 15 years old, grafted on the Crab. Situation, somewhat sheltered. Soil, light and gravelly; subsoil, sand and gravel. We have a few young Pyramid Apples on the Paradise stock, such as Manks’ Codlin, Yellow Ingestrie, Cockle’s Pippin, Cellini, and Margil, that scarcely produce anything like a crop, and the shoots canker very much.

4.—Mr. Joun Fowrer, Lee Manor, Great Missenden, Bucks.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The village of Lee is on the summit of the beech-clad Chiltern Hills, in Bucks. Soil, a stiff red clay, mixed with large flints, resting on chalk. Apple No. 1 is locally called ‘“‘ The Bazeley,’ or Lee Apple, and seems indigenous to this district.

5. Mr. G. T. Minus, Gardener to Lord Carington, Wycombe Abbey, High Wycombe.

Observations.—Special interest was attached to this collection, Mr. Miles having instructively arranged the varieties grown on different stocks in distinct groups; those stated to have been grown on Cordons and Bush trees on the Paradise stock being much larger.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, in garden, sheltered. Soil, a light dark loam ; subsoil of vegetable peat, and very moist. The trees grown under the foregoing conditions produce fruit abundantly, very clear and good, and above the ordinary size. The old-fashioned table-topped trees are remarkably stiff and make vigorous growth, therefore the fruit is never damaged by wind on such trees. The trees which produce the finest fruit are on Paradise stocks, but these have special attention in regard to thinning the fruit, &e.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : BUCKINGHAM, 191

6.—Mr. J. Suitu, Gardener to Lord Rosebery, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard.

Hxmbitor’s Remarks.—Our largest and finest fruit are from small Bush trees on the Paradise stock. Trees all grow freely and are free from canker or blight of any sort. Situation, exposed to east and south, sheltered from north and west. Soil, a strong loam on clay.

7.—Mr. C. Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Gladstone, Astrachan, Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Froemore Prolific, Keswick Codlin, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini Pippin, Grenadier, Duchess’s Favourite, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Scarlet Pearmain, Winter Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Beauty of Kent, Kentish Fillbasket, Fearn’s Pippin, Rosemary Russet, Scarlet Nonpareil, Prince Albert, Hanwell Souring, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville, Cellini Pippin, Blenheim, Cox’s Orange, Rosemary Russet, Fearn’s Pippin, Prince Albert, Scarlet Nonpareil, Wellington.

Halibitor’s Remarks.— Grown in all kinds of situations, and grafted on the Crab and Paradise stocks ; soil heavy.

8.—Messrs. James VertcH & Sons, Langley.

SELECTION OF ‘T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DISTRICT.

Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Warner’s King, Cellini, Blenheim Pippin, Northern Greening, Dumelow’s Seedling, Alfriston, Baumann’s Red Reinette, Reinette de Canada, White Juneating, Devonshire Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, American Mother, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Mannington’s Pearmain, Adams’ Pearmain, Lord Burghley, Cockle’s Pippin, Old Non- pareil.

Situation, very open and exposed ; subsoil, heavy loamy soil about 12 inches in depth, over a pan 3 feet to 6 feet of brick earth with gravel underneath.

192 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

General Remarks. trees, pyramid and horizontal, principally on English Paradise, which receive the usual treatment as to pruning, that is to say, being pruned into shapely trees in the winter, and having the long shoots shortened in the summer.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Buckinghamshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. A. Bripeman, Marlow.

ec CAKEBREAD, Fayner’s Place, Amersham. ,, J. FLETCHER, Iver.

, G. T. Mines, High Wycombe.

», J. SMITH, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard.

, C. Turner, Slough.

DeEssERT APPLES.

_ No. No. of Name ae Name Votes King of the Pippims 6 | Braddick’s Nonpareil ) Cox’s Orange pes : § || Downton Pippin . Ribston Pippin . 4 Emperor Napoleon Kerry Pippin. Frogmore Nonpareil . Trish Peach . 3 || Golden Russet .

Claygate Pearmain . main .

Cockle’s Pippin . Margil : ae Court of Wick . Mr. Gladstone. . . 1 Court Pendu Plat . Parry’s Pearmain . Devonshire Quarrenden Pearson’s Plate

Fearn’s Pippin . Pitmaston Pine Apple Golden Reinette Rosemary Russet . Scarlet Nonpareil . Scarlet Pearmain . Worcester Pearmain Sturmer Pippin

_ Astrachan (Red) Summer Pearmain (?) | Ashmead’s Kernel . 1 Wyken Pippin. . . Blenheim Orange

bo

Adams’ Pearmain 7 i Mannington’s Pear- =e eee

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : HERTFORDSHIRE. 193

CuLINARY APPLES.

a Ge Lord Suffield .. .)| | Beauty of Kent Blenheim Orange . | 65 || Betty Geeson Dumelow’s Seedling . }| Calville Boisbunel Golden Noble .. . )| 4 Frogmore Prolific . Keswick Codlin. . . J| Golden Spire i es © Grenadier : Cox’s Pomona soda Hanwell Souring . EKeklinville Seedling . || g | Hollandbury aa Emperor Alexander . || Kentish Broading. . | i Hawthornden | Lady Henniker . . ( Lord Derby ariel | Lane’s Prince Albert | Lord Grosvenor. . . }| New Hawthornden Manks’ Codlin . | | Norfolk Beefing Mére de Ménage | 2 | Peasgood’s Nonesuch Warner’s King . | | Rosemary Russet. . Alfriston . . . wa Abbey Seed- Yorkshire Greening HERTFORDSHIRE. Ezhihtors. 1.—Messrs. H. Lane & Son, The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead.

Hxhibitors' Remarks. —Situation of orchards, on high grounds, sheltered only by hedges and other fruit trees. Soil, vegetable mould 10 inches deep, “with fimt stones ; subsoil, a strong yellow elay with flint. In the selection of sorts, the follow: ing are omitted as being tender, viz. :—Emperor Alexander, Calville Blanche, Cellini, Flower of Kent, Golden Noble, Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Reinette de Canada. Trees mostly sTown in the Bush form.

2.—Mr. J. Larva, Bury Gardens, Heris.

Exhibitor’ s Remarks.—Grown on Standards probably 50 years old, grafted on the Crab. Situation, low and well sheliered, but liable to late spring frosts. Soil, medium ; subsoil, eae, in some places, clay and chalk in others. Apples this season have been small, poor in colour, and badly spotted.

N

194 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3.—Mr. J. C. Munpewy, Moor Park, Rickmansworth.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees, trained with open centre, which I find the best. They are grafted chiefly on the Paradise stock. Situation, in walled garden, sheltered by trees, with aspect SS.H., and 340 feet above sea level. Soil, varied. I find the trees growing on light soil, with gravel sub- soil, do the best. Fruit, especially Apples, do remarkably well in this locality.

4,—Messrs. Pau & Son, Nurserymen, Cheshunt.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown mostly on Pyramids and Kspaliers, 5 to 8 years old, grafted on Crab and Paradise, but chiefly on Paradise. Situation, about 100 feet above sea-level, in several parts of the nursery fairly sheltered. Soil, a deep alluvial loam (brick earth), with gravel subsoil. Apples do well here (Cheshunt), seldom failing to carry a good crop. There are only two market orchards exceeding two acres, our own and one of 20 acres on the Roupell estate, but considerable quantities of fruit are sent to market from cottage gardens, and trees planted in accommodation paddocks on grass. In fresh planting here, and in the whole valley of the Lea, it is desirable to select late ‘flowering sorts, as Adams’ Pearmain, the valley being subject to - spring frosts, which these sorts escape. We prune twice a year, once in March, again in September.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

_ These are selected from kinds doing best as Pyramids in the nursery, the only test applied.

Cox’s Orange, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Blenheim Orange, Ecklinville, King of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Peas- good’s Nonesuch, Stone’s Pippin, Golden Noble, Wellington, Keswick, Paul’s, New Winter Hawthornden, Cox’s Pomona, Ribston, Courcelles, Fearn’s Pippin, Cheshunt Pippin, Tibbet’s Incomparable, Adams’ Pearmain, Alfriston, Cellini, Mére de Ménage, Lady Henniker.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Cox’s Orange Pippin, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Blenheim Orange, King of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Peasgood’s None- such, Hcklinville Seedling, Stone’s Apple, Golden Noble, Wellington, Keswick Codlin.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : HERTFORDSHIRE. 195

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Keswick, Blenheim Orange, Dredge’s Fame, Wellington, Lord Suffield, Tower of Glamis, King of the Pippins, Tibbet’s Incomparable, are the sorts in the only two considerable orchards in Cheshunt; King of the Pippins and Keswick Codlin are also largely grown in the adjoining parish of Enfield.

5.—Messrs. Wu. Paut & Son, Nurserymen, &c., Waltham Cross.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—We grow our fruit principally on young Pyramids, grafted on a variety of stocks—Apple, Crab, Doucin, and Paradise. Situation, open, low, and moist. Soil, a strong loam; subsoil, gravel. Ground dug over and manured annually. We have found it no easy matter to reduce the number of Apples (of which there are, in our judgment, scores of first class quality) to so small a compass. In doing this we have taken the earliest and the latest, and then filled in the interval with sorts furnishing a succession, so that Apples may be in use nearly the whole year round. MHardiness of sorts, with freedom and constancy of bearing, have also largely influenced us in our selection.

6.—Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Nurserymen, Sawbridgeworth, Herts.

Hixhbitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown on Pyramids, Cordons, and Bushes, grafted on the Nonesuch Paradise stock and on the Crab. Situation, exposed. The soil of this parish consists generally of drift clay and calcareous gravel, fertile but not rich. The climate is too keen to secure the size and colour of the Kentish Apple Orchards. The crops are good and abundant this season,

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Hertfordshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Messrs. H. Lanz & Son, The Nurseries, Berkhampstead. Mr. J. C. Munprnu, Moor Park, Rickmansworth. Messrs. Paun & Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt. A Wm. Paut & Son, Lhe Nurseries, Waltham Cross. » OL. Rivers & Son, The Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth. N 2

196

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DrErssERT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Cox's Orange Pipsin « ] King of the Pippins Adams’ Pearmain . . Braddick’s Nonpareil . Claygate Pearmain Kerry Pippin.

Ribston Pippin . Fearn’s Pippin .

Irish Peach . : Mabbott’s Pearmain Mr. Gladstone

Scarlet Nonpareil Wyken or Warwickshire Worcester Pearmain Sturmer Pippin . Allen’s Everlasting Blenheim Orange . Boston Russet

CULINARY

Name

Keswick Codlin . Blenheim Orange . Lord Suffield Cellini .

Dumelow’s Seedling Stirling Castle . NRIStOM s5) Keklinville Seedling New Hawthornden . Lord Derby .

Lord Grosvenor . Manks’ Codlin Rymer . : hones of Glamis Warner’s King . 5 Alexander (Emperor) . Beauty of Kent .

No.of ||

Votes

e

No.of Votes

Name

Court Pendu Plat . Court of Wick . Devonshire Quarren- den... Duchess of Oldenburg Karly Julien : Karly Red Margaret . Golden Harvey Lemon Pippin . Mannington’s main Maregil , ; Moor Park Pippin Pine Golden Pippin . Scarlet Golden Pippin Summer Pippin White Nonpareil . Wormsley Pippin .

Pear-

APPLES.

Name

Betty Geeson . Cox’s Pomona . Dredge’s Fame. . Duchess of ge Grenadier

Golden Noble . Golden Stranger . Hawthornden .

Hoary Morning

Jolly Beggar

Norfolk Beefing

Northern Greening

Lane’s Prince Albert

Small’s Admirable

Stone’s or Lodding- ton Seedling.

No. of Votes

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 197

HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

Hahbitors.

1.—Mr. A. Harpine, Gardener to the Dowager Marchioness of Huntly, Orton Hall, Peterborough.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Grown principally on old orchard Standards ; but a few of the largest kinds are from pruned Bushes about 10 years old, and mainly on the Crab stock. Situation, partially sheltered. Soil, a loam, resting on gravel. If only two kinds of Apples were to be grown here, the palm would certainly be with Keswick Codlin as a culinary kind, and King of the Pippins as a dessert sort. For annual bearing and general usefulness they are not to be surpassed.

2.—Messrs. Woop & IneRam, Nurserymen, Huntingdon.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—All grown on Standards, grafted on the Crab in the orchards and market gardens in Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire. Situation not sheltered. Soil, a light loam ; subsoil, principally gravel, but in some parts clay. The growers in Cambridgeshire are planting principally Murfitt’s Seedling and Histon Favourite.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Huntingdonshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. A. Harpina, Orton Hall Gardens, Peterborough. Messrs. Woop & Ineram, Nurserymen, Huntingdon. DrEssERT APPLES.

ee ee eee ee ee No.of

Name Votes Name Were King of the Pippins . Latour’s Golden SHEE, Ribston Pippn. . . 2 || Lord Lennox Yellow Ingestrie . . Old Nonpareil. . . Blenheim Orange . . Pine Apple Russet 1 Court of Wick ... Red Quarrenden Cox’s Orange Pippin . 1 | Scarlet Nonpareil . Golden Pippin. . . Sturmer Pippin Mem yeIppim, , e..) ee « Worcester Pearmain .

198 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

CuLINARY APPLES.

No.of ; SEGRE Votes sles Vols Dumelow’s Seedling . 9 Minchall Crab Keswick Codlin . : Murfitt’s Seedling Baldwin’ ion 8 : New Hawthornden Barton’s Free Bearer . Nonesuch . . Bedfordshire Foundling Normanton Wonder Blenheim Orange . . (Dumelow’s Seed- Borovitsky (Duchess of linac) a 2 hate 1 Oldenburs) Lesa Norfolk Beefing 5 Ge Brabant Bellefleur. . 1 || Royal Pearmain Collin oan eon. : Striped Beefing DutchiCodhiu™ =. >. Warner’s King. Histon Favourite . . Wellington (Dume- Huntingdon Codlin . low’s Seedling) . iordiSutteld 47.018 Winter Greening . OXFORDSHIRE. Exhibitors.

1.—Messrs. J. Jerreries & Co., Nurserymen, &c., Oxford.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Collected from many and widely distant localities of the county, a large proportion being the production of orchards which are exclusively Standards that have borne fruit for many generations. These are chiefly on the Crab, but those exhibited from garden collections are from Eispalier or Pyramidal trees of various ages, mostly on the Paradise. The soil varies

from a fertile tenacious loam—a decomposed stone-brash or

limestone, or a light sandy loam—with subsoils of clay or chalk.

The varieties of apples most extensively grown in the orchards of this county are Blenheim Orange and Hanwell Souring; of the former variety there are many trees that have been obtained from kernels, and these produce fruit varying more or less from what is regarded as the typical sort. There are certain trees that have gained a local fame on account of their producing uniformly juicy, rich, sugary-flavoured Apples, by which they are distinguished from fruit of the same kind from trees growing under precisely similar conditions that do not partake of these qualities in a corresponding degree. The vigour manifested by many of the most aged trees serves to indicate not only the situations eminently suitable for forming new orchards,

a

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : OXFORDSHIRE. 199

but illustrates a successful method of planting, as understood generations back; and the trees cannot but be regarded as memorials of a spirit of enterprise that once existed among those who achieved something wherewith to benefit posterity.

The acreage of the county is 470,095 acres, and of this total 1,370 acres only are devoted to orchards. With these figures in view, it cannot be doubted that a greatly extended cultivation of Apples would be attended with the most satisfactory results.

It cannot be too forcibly impressed on planters that it is not sufficient to make a good selection of well-grown trees, to convey them carefully to their allotted places, there to plant them, and, after securing them to stakes, abandon them to the elements.

In many instances the operation of planting Apple trees is performed by those insufficiently tutored to the task; due attention is not given to a proper disposition of the roots, or to the surface on which they are placed; and it too frequently happens that the process of planting would be more fitly described as that of unconscious burying; moreover, the attention afterwards bestowed on them is often occasioned by the necessity of remedy- ing defects arising, from neglect or mismanagement.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Oxfordshire.

SELECTED BY Mgssprs. J. JEFFERIES & Co., Nurserymen, Oxford.

Dessert Apples.—Borsdorffer, Cockle’s Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Devonshire Quarrenden, Fearn’s Pippin, Golden Winter Pearmain, Kerry Pippin, Margil, Ribston Pippin, Sturmer Pippin, Wyken Pippin, Yellow Ingestrie.

Culinary Apples.— Beauty of Kent, Blenheim Orange, Cellini, Dumelow’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Golden Noble, Han- well Souring, Hawthornden, Lord Suffield, Mere de Ménage, Stirling Castle, Warner’s King.

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TOO P OND -&

Gh O Ur TV.

MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

. CHESHIRE

. LEICESTERSHIRE

. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE . NOTTINGHAMSHIRE ... . RUTLANDSHIRE

. STAFFORDSHIRE

. WARWICKSHIRE

PAGE,

... 203 ... 206 ... 206 we 208 sco CY) 3c HNL . 212

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : CHESHIRE. 203

CHESHIRE.

Hahibitors.

1.—Mr. J. Bancrort, Audlem, Cheshire.

Observations.—Examples small and deficient in colour. A well-prepared table, stating use, season, where grown—in garden or elsewhere—kind of tree, &c., accompanied this collection, which added much to the interest.

Hxlibitor’s Remarks.—Grown in gardens and orchards, on old Standard trees, grafted on stocks raised chiefly from Apple “« Pippins.” Situation, exposed. Soil, a brown loam, with a clay subsoil. Apples in this neighbourhood are frequently called by many different names; also one name is frequently given to many distinct varieties of apples. I know personally that there are ten distinct varieties all called ‘‘ John” Apples, so that local names cannot be relied on.

2.—Messrs. F. & A. Dickson, Nurserymen, Chester.

Observations.—A remarkably fine collection, the examples large and well grown.

Hzlibitors’ Remarks.—Gathered from Bush and Pyramid trees, from 38 to 6 years old, grafted on the Paradise stock. Situation, open, fully exposed to winds. Soil, a light loam, on sandy subsoil. | It is very evident that the Paradise stock is the best suited for the forms of trees which produce such fine fruit, and it is certainly so for small gardens.

8.—Messrs. JAMES Dickson & Son, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown on Bush and Pyramid trees from 2 to 7 years old. Situation open, and exposed to all winds. Soil, a friable loam, suitable for all kinds of fruit trees ; subsoil, a stiff red clay.

Trees in this district grow freely, and generally bear fair, and sometimes very heavy crops. The spring frosts occasionally destroy the early blossoms, which the late blooming kinds usually escape.

4.—Messrs. 8. Lepsuam & Son, Green Lanes, Tarvin Road, Chester.

Observations.—Examples well grown.

204 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SCCIETY.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown on half Standard and Bush trees, grafted on the Crab stock; some being on inferior sorts of Apples. Situation exposed. Soil, strong, with a clay subsoil.

For miles around the country is level and well covered with trees. There are many other good sorts in this district besides those named, which we grow. In Cranston’s catalogue we find Maltster described as a large and excellent culinary Apple. We have never found it to cook well here.

5.—BEnJAMIN C. Roperts, Esq., Oakfield, Chester. Mr. J. Mappocks, Gardener.

Observations.—Examples large and well grown.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush and Espalier trained trees, the dessert varieties being on the former, the culinary on the latter; mostly on Crab stocks. Situation, sheltered on the west. Soil, a stiff loam, 15 inches; subsoil, ‘‘ramel ’’ and clay.

6.—Mr. SreLwoop, Gardener to the Duke of Westminster, Haton Hall, Chester.

Observations.—Specimens large and well grown, but some- what deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Most of the dessert varieties grown on Hspaliers, the others on Bush trees 7 years old. Some trees are very old, but still bear fine fruit, the bulk being worked on the Crab stock, a few on Paradise. Situation, shel- tered. Soil, heavy, rich but shallow, with a wet clay bottom, making close draining necessary. ‘This is a good Apple neigh- bourhood, and a crop more or less can generally be depended on.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Cheshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. J. Bancrort, Audlem. Messrs. J. Dickson & Son, Chester. » F. & A. Dickson & Son, Chester. » . LEDSHAM & Son, Chester. C. Roperts, Esq., Oakfield, Chester. Mr. J. Setwoop, Haton Hall, Chester.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : CHESHIRE.

DESSERT APPLES.

Name ae | Name asheReack 2) 2. |) Braddick’s Nonpareil Blenheim Orange . . || 4 || Christie’s Pippin . Cox’s Orange Pippin . Coe’s Golden Drop Ribston, Pippin .. .... | Congleton Pippin . Kerry Pippiis = .i 3 || Court Pendu Plat. Adams’ Pearmain . . }| Karly Harvest . @ourt of/Wick .- .. . Fearn’s Pippin Karly Margaret. . . || Forge Apple Golden Pippin. . . |! Juneating w0%, Golden Reinette . . || Mannington’s Pear-

Golden Winter Pear- || | main 5.2:

maT 6. Sh ee Margaret

King of the Pippins pint Mareil Maltster .. - || Oslin . ; Mr. Gladstone . .-. |] Pine Golden Pippin é Newtown Pippin. . || Red Astrachan Nemprtet. .. .- ss | Russet ner! Sturmer Pippin. | Scarlet Pearmain . American Mother . . } 1 || Whorle Pippin.

Barchard’s Seedling

CuLInARY APPLES.

Name ee | Name iitordsuttield. =. .-. e || Betty Geeson . Cellini... .. . | Blenheim Orange. Dumelow’s Seedling 4 | Emperor Alexander . Keswick Codlin . | Gloria Mundi .

Alfriston . . ; Greenup’s Pippin . Keklinville Seedling : John Apple. Golden Noble : | Long Keeper

Warner’s King. . 3 | Tord Derby .

Winter Hawthornden . | Manks’ Codlin . Annie Elizabeth . . _ Nelson’s Glory

Cox's Pomona . ... Norfolk Beefing Hawthornden .. . Open Hearts

Lord Grosvenor . 9 Pott’s Seedling

Mere de Ménage Queen Caroline Meanchall Crab:-. . . Small’s Admirable Stirling Castle . . . Yorkshire Greening .

Wareham Russet

205

No.of Votes

No. of | Votes

206 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LEICESTERSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—Messrs. Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen, Leicester.

Observations.—A fairly well-grown and representative collec- tion, but small and deficient in colour. A list of the varieties, stating the locality where grown, kind of subsoil, &c., was sub- mitted, adding interest to the display.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—The greater part of the fruit from aged Standards, some few being from young trees growing in a natural manner, and mostly grafted on the Crab. Situation, moderately exposed. Soil, gravel in most cases, in others red clay. This is not a county in which Apples are grown exten- sively or considered of much importance, as they are planted in orchards kept in grass for many years. In gardens they are allowed to grow into Standard trees, without either manure or management. In some parts, where planted on gravelly subsoil, they succeed fairly ; but the red clay predominates here, and this is too cold for Apples in most seasons.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Leicestershire. SELECTED BY Mzssrs. Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen.

Dessert.—Blenheim Orange, Court Pendu Plat, Court of Wick, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Golden Russet, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Old Bess Pool, Ribston Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Wyken.

Culinary.—Annie Elizabeth, Cellini, Costard, Duchess of Oldenburg, Dumelow’s Seedling, Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Northern Greening, Queen Caroline, Rymer, Warner’s King.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Habitors.

1.—Mr. R. GinBert, Gardener to the Marquis of Exeter, Burghley, Stamford.

Fixhibitor’s Remarks.—Of the varieties exhibited, 23 are seedlings raised here. They have been grown on Bush and Standard trees in the gardens, mostly grafted on the Crab. Situation, very high and flat, with little shelter excepting from the garden walls. Soil, a sandy loam 2 to 8 feet deep, resting on red sand and ironstone in some places, in others on small gravelly stones. A great many of the trees are very unhealthy, and have died back a good deal in the kitchen garden; whilst those planted in the new orchard three years ago are remark- ably healthy and vigorous, although much more exposed. Apples do not attain such a high colour here as they do in most places.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

207

9.—Mr. T. SuHortr, Gardener to Sir H. G. Loder, Floore, Weedon.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—This parish is remarkable for having

crops of Apples when few are to be found elsewhere.

There are

many old varieties grown here having curious local names.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Northamptonshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. R. GitBert, Burghley, Stamford. » J. Haruock, Lilford, Oundle.

DrEssERT APPLES.

Name

Votes Claygate Pearmain. .

King of the Pippins . 2 Wyken Pippin ene Barnack Beauty . . Cockle’s Pippin. . . Mourtiot Wick = .¢... 1 Cox’s Pomona

Devonshire Quarrenden

Dutch Mignonne . .

No. of

No of

Name Votes

Fearn’s Pippin .

Hicks’ Fancy .

Lady Lennox .

Lemon Pippin .

Malltster eGitn (te. 1 Sell’s Prolific .

Sturmer Pippin

The March Queen Worcester Pearmain .

CuLINARY APPLES.

Nemmic No. of

Votes Blenheim Pippin : Keswick Codlin . ‘ 2 Warner’s King . : Alfriston . : Beauty of Hants

Betty Geeson

Catshead . a Boe Ciesla 1 Cocwra ..

Duke of Gloucester Dumelow’s Seedling Keklinville Seedling

No. of Name Votes Emperor Alexander . Golden Noble . .. Loddington Seedling Lord Grosvenor . Lord Suffield l

Manks’ Codlin .

Mére de Ménage . Wellington (Dume- low’s Seedling) . Yorkshire Greening .

908 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Hahibitors. 1.—Mr. H. Braptey, Nurseries, Halam, Southwell, Notts.

Observations.—A very fine lot of fruit, each sort being ex- hibited in a small box prominently labelled with the name of the variety, and stating whether the specimens were of average size or not, also the nature or kind of stock on which they were grafted; thus affording great interest.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on different kinds of trees and on various stocks. Situation, in a somewhat sheltered valley at the foot of the northern slope of hills, about four miles north- west of the River Trent. Soil, a deep rich loam with a clay subsoil.

2.—Mr. Hy. Frettinauam, The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Domino, Worcester Pearmain, Maltster, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Lord Derby, Spencer’s Favourite, Lady Henniker, King of the Pippins, Kerry Pippin, Lord Lennox, Warner’s King, Blenheim Orange, Caldwell

Improved, Stent’s Incomparable, Northern Greening Improved, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Bess Pool Improved, Nor- manton Wonder, Bramley’s Seedling, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Duchess of Oldenburg, Domino, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, King of the Pippins, Kerry Pippin, Warner’s King, Blenheim Orange, Stent’s Incomparable, Northern Greening _ Improved, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Bramley’s Seedling.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Duchess of Oldenburg, Domino, Lord Grosvenor, Spencer’s Favourite, Lord Lennox, Warner’s King, Northern Greening Improved, Blenheim Orange, Stent’s Incomparable, Bramley’s Seddling.

Halibitor’s Remarks. — Situation moderately ' sheltered. Character of soil, variable, from light sandy soil to heavy loam ; subsoil, mostly gravelly.

General Remarks.—Stocks, mostly Crab. Standards grown in orchards. Pruning not much practised. Several of the varie- ties named above are local sorts, but are popular in this district.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 909

8.—Mr. Henry MERRYWEATHER, The Nurseries, Southwell, Notts.

Hzhibitor’s Remarks.—Bramley’s Seedling Apple was raised at Southwell by Mr. Bramley, and has been grown in the neigh- bourhood for years. We believe it to be the finest marketing Apple in cultivation. It is a very free-bearing variety, having a bold, hardy blossom. It is ready for use as soon as gathered, and will keep good until June.

4.—Messrs. J. R. PEARSON Se Chilwell Nurseries, Beeston, otts.

Observations.—A very instructive contribution, illustrative of pure orchard culture.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The greater part of the fruit is from Standard orchard trees, from 50 to 60 years old, grown on the Crab stock; a few from the nursery, on Paradise. Situation, on the south slope of a hill, but not otherwise sheltered. Soil, clay—both soil and subsoil.

5.—Mr. N. H. Pownatt, Linton Hall ee Nottingham. .-

Exhibitor's Remarks.—About Nottingham, Spencer’s Seedling is the common name of the Apple sent; an older local name given to it is Spencer’s Favourite. Brown’s Queen Caroline, or Brown’s Seedling, is said about Birmingham to be the right name, as it was raised by a nurseryman at Measham, near Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and came into bearing when Queen Caroline’s cause was in the law courts—hence its name.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Nottinghamshire.

SELECTED (1888) By Mr. H. Brapuey, Southwell, and Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell.

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of |

No. of wae Votes | MIELE Votes Blenheim Orange . . King of the Eee : Cox’s Orange Pippin . 2 || Margil 5 : Lord Lennox Saher Mr. Gladstone . Bess Pools... ; Muss Russet Bridgewater Pippin : New Bess Pool ; Court Pendu Plat . . OldeNonparel. -: 2: IL Eve (or Trumpington) Pearmain, Golden . Herefordshire __ Pear- 1 Pike’s Pearmain . main . : Scarlet Nonpareil . Improved Bess Pool : Sturmer Pippin iinishy Reach \y..3 0). Woolaton Pippin . Juneating White

210 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name Fotes| Name Voies Domino . | | New Caldwell . Duchess of Oldenburg Gaye New Hawthornden Keswick Codlin. . . }/ New Northern Green- Alfriston tee ae ; | ing. , ; American Grindling “ha | Northern Greening 1 Beauty of Kent . | Oslin (Golden Noble) Bramley’s Seedling 1 || Pott’s Seedling Cellini . : ; | S. B. Seedling. . Dumelow’s Seedling ee iil | Small’s Admirable Keklinville Seedling . } | | Spencer’s Seedling ord Puitieldy, . oesay- | |

RUTLANDSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—Mr. W. H. Divers, The Gardens, Ketton Hall, Stamford, Lutlandshire.

SELECTION OF T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE 1N THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Early Margaret, Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville Seedling, Manks’ Codlin, Costard, Duke of Gloucester, Worcester Pearmain, Prior’s Red, Cox’s Pomona, King of Pippins, Golden Noble, Carlton Seedling, Blenheim Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Kentish Fillbasket, Wyken Pippin, Hereford Pearmain, Reinette de Canada, Dumelow’s Seedling, Dutch Mignonne, Alfriston, Barnack Beauty, Duke of Devonshire.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST: SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Karly Margaret, Ecklinville Seedling, Duke of Gloucester, King of Pippins, Golden Noble, Carlton Seedling, Blenheim Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Hereford Pearmain, Dumelow’s Seedling, Barnack Beauty, Duke of Devonshire.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE. Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville Seedling,

Costard, Duke of Gloucester, Golden Noble, Carlton Seedling,

Blenheim Pippin, Dumelow’s Seedling, Barnack Beauty.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : RUTLANDSHIRE. 911

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—None are grown expressly for market in this district. Situation, sheltered, at the bottom of a valley close to the river Chater—the coldest place in the neighbourhood. Apple trees are well sheltered by forest trees. Soil, part old garden, part clayey loam; subsoil, limestone, containing a lot of ironstone in many places.

General Remarks.—Standard trees are preferred if the situa- tion is not too much exposed; very little pruning is done, except when in a young state, to obtain a well balanced head, and when large, a few of the weaker branches are thinned out about once in four years. When the situation is much exposed, Bush trees are considered the best, restricted to 10 or 12 feet in height, by pruning at midsummer, and again in autumn or early spring.

Manure is given when the trees give indications of requiring a stimulant, by removing the soil until the roots are found, placing a good layer of farmyard dung all over, and returning the soil on the top as before; this is done in the autumn. If any of these Bush trees get unfruitful through growing too vigorously, we take out a trench all round at 4 feet from the stem of the tree, and deep enough to cut off all the principal roots, and in extreme cases we lift the tree, prune the roots, and repiant. All our trees are on the Crab stock.

2.—Mr. Jonn Grey, Normanton Park, Stamford, Rutland.

SELECTION OF ‘T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Cox’s Pomona, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville, Gravenstein, Manks’ Codlin, Wor- cester Pearmain, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Pinder’s Apple, Small’s Admirable, Golden Spire, Kirke’s Fame, Alfriston, Nelson Codlin, New Hawthornden, Dumelow’s Seedling, Tower of Glamis, King of the Pippins, Schoolmaster, Ribston Pippin, | Annie Elizabeth, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville, Peasgood’s None- such, Pinder’s Apple, Kirke’s Fame, Alfriston, Small’s Admirable, Schoolmaster, Northern Greening, Annie Hlizabeth, Dumelow’s Seedling.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Situation: ground inclining to the north, but sheltered on all sides by trees. Soil, old garden ; subsoil, red conglomerate.

0 2

912 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

General Remarks.—Except a few old Standard trees, our apples are all grown as Cordons, Bushes, and Pyramids on the Paradise stock. They are transplanted, and the roots pruned when over vigorous; very little top pruning required. Nursery- men graft the Paradise stock too near the ground. There ought to be sufficient length of stem to prevent the scion rooting into the ground, &c.

STAFFORDSHIRE. EHxhibitor.

1.—Mr. Z. Stevens, Gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, Trentham, Staffordshire.

Observations. Examples of fair average merit.

Exzhibitor’s Remarks.—The Apples exhibited have all been grown on arched trellises and small Bush trees about 10 years old, grafted on the French Paradise. ‘The trees all bear abund- antly. Apples grafted on other stocks, such as the Crab, do not produce good fruit in this locality. We therefore strongly advise erowers of Apples -in similar districts to Trentham to use the French Paradise stock. The soil here is loamy, on the New Red Sandstone formation. Situation, low but sheltered, and very damp. This is a very poor fruit district.

WARWICKSHIRE. Halubitors.

1.—Mr. D. Barpen, Gardener to the Hon. C. W. Winch, Offchurch, Bury, Leanungton.

Hxmibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Espaliers and Standard. trees from 25 to 80 years of age. Situation, very damp, close to the River Trent, and often enveloped in fog, well protected to the south and west, but exposed on other sides. Soil, of a light sandy nature; subsoil, gravelly. The trees in the orchard have been much neglected ; but I hope by judicious thinning to obtain better fruit.

2.—Mr. Avex. D. Curistiz, Castle Gardens, Warwick. SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION. Kerry Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Fearn’s Pippin, Manks’ Codlin, Alexander, Ecklinville Seedling, Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor,

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : WARWICKSHIRE. Pas bee}

Cox’s Pomona, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Stirling Castle, Hawthornden, Beauty of Kent, Warner’s King, Nonesuch, Broad Eyed Pippin, Adams’ Pearmain, Dumelow’s Seedling, King of the Pippins, Bess Pool, Hanwell Souring, Northern Greening.

EHalbitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered fairly well all round. Soil, sandy; subsoil, gravel or sandstone.

General Remarks.—All grown as Standards, Bushes, and Pyramids, on the Crab stock. Root pruned as required. Not confined to spurs in pruning, but leave young wood two or three feet long, according to strength, from which we get the best fruit. All large fruiting sorts, such as Ecklinville, Lord Suffield, and Warner’s King, should be grown as Bushes or Pyramids, other- wise the fruit is blown down or damaged before it is fit to be gathered.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Warwickshire.

SELECTED BY Mr. D. Barpen, Offchurch, Leamington, Warwick.

Dessert Apples.—King of the Pippins, Ribston Pippin, Wyken or Warwickshire Pippin.

Culinary Apples—Hanwell Souring, Kentish Fillbasket, London Pippin, Mére de Ménage, Northern Greening.

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WESTERN COUNTIES : DEVONSHIRE. 217

DEVONSHIRE.

EHazhibitors.

1.—Mr. J. GARLAND, Gardener to Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P.., Kullerton, Exeter.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—The trees are of all ages ; as old ones fail, young ones are planted to fill up the vacancies. They are all Standards, and grafted on stocks raised from Apple-pips, sown as they come from the cider press. It is the general rule in this county to raise stocks in this way. Situation, exposed to south-west winds. Soil, a red loam on Red Sandstone subsoil. As we have extensive orchards to gather from, very few Apples are grown in the garden. Young, healthy trees are very quickly changed into any new sort, by being headed back moderately short, and 20 or 80 grafts put on them. The trees are periodically pruned, and the heads thinned, to ensure a better bearing throughout the trees; and they also suffer less from the effects of gales, which are smartly felt here, coming straight off the Dartmoor Hills. The young stocks raised from the pips are locally termed ‘‘Gribbles,”’ and are raised chiefly by small market gardeners. The strongest are first selected, and planted back for a year or two, when they are usually bought by the tenant farmers, who plant them out about 3 feet apart, where they remain for one or two years, according to the strength and progress they may have made when they are headed back and erafted. The same season they will make shoots 4 feet or 5 feet long. These are shortened in winter to the required height for Standard trees, and have sufficient room allowed them to make fine healthy heads. Finally, they are transplanted into the orchard, or sold to other farmers, or those who do not raise theirown. ‘Tremlett’s Bitter is usually grafted on another tree headed down ; being such an enormous bearer, it does not make a good young tree in the ordinary way.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRicT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Dessert.—Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Adams’ Pear- main, Wyken Pippin, Sturmer Pippin.

Culinary.—Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Tom Putt, Warner’s King, Frogmore Prolific, Pott’s Seedling, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini, Lady Henniker, Winter Hawthornden, Dumelow’s Seedling, Betty Geeson, Mere de Ménage, Alfriston, Royal Russet. 3

918 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TwELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Dessert.—Devonshire Quarrenden, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange.

Culinary.—Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Tom Putt, Warner’s King, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini, Winter Hawthornden, Dumelow’s Seedling. :

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Haw- thornden, Tom Putt, Warner’s King, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini, Winter Hawthornden, Dumelow’s Seedling. The first six named are generally grown in this locality, the four last named are not so well known. Dumelow’s is rapidly growing into favour, some farmers growing them by hundreds, it being one of the most profitable sorts if the produce is not sent to market until March.

2.—Mr. A. Roacers, Axminster.

Observations.—An interesting collection of Kast Devonshire

Apples from the valleys of the Axe and Yarty; mostly unknown, or bearing local names. _ Kahibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, in the Valley of the Axe, exposed to south-west winds. Soil, alluvium, on blue lias marl beds. A great variety of Apples are grown in this district, the majority being Cider Apples of inferior quality, and unnamed, owing to the practice of buying trees to fill gaps in the orchards at the local market, regardless of any quality except strong growth. Some of these are, after a few years, re-grafted with sorts which flourish in that particular orchard. The Apple most commonly met with is that named “Round Apple.” Several distinct Apples are called ‘‘ Haccombe.”’ Tom Putt is by some called ‘‘ Red Haccombe.”’

Much advantage would accrue to the farmers if the small and worthless sorts were replaced by trees bearing larger-sized fruit. At present, when thereis an abundant crop, the excess remaining after the necessary cider is made is unsaleable, although there is a main line of railway running through the district. Were the quality better, these would find a ready market in London or Bristol. It is reckoned to take 14 bushels of Apples to make a hogshead of cider, which, in a plentiful year, is not worth more than £1. The labour and interest on value of utensils and machinery may be estimated at 5s., so thatit is a question whether cider-making would pay at all. If the Apples cultivated were of marketable sorts, properly picked and packed, the profits would be much greater. At present the fruit is not picked, but allowed to fall, and gathered up into heaps when there is nothing else to do.

WESTERN COUNTIES : DEVONSHIRE. 919

8.—Mr. CaarLes Goutp Scuater, Devon Nurseries, Heavitree Bridge, near Exeter.

Eziubitor’s Remarks.—Situation, very exposed to the winds from Dartmoor ; soil of two kinds, viz.,one a light sand, the other a red gravel resting on the New Red Sandstone.

General Remarks.—The trees are of all ages; as old ones fail, young ones are planted to fillup. They are all Standards, some of them very old. The trees are pruned and thinned every two or three years as they require it; they are principally worked on “ Gribbles.’”’ I find the soil of the Red Sandstone formation is better adapted for apples than the sandy soil, the first being much cleaner and of a better colour.

4.—Messrs. R. T. VertcH & Sons, Nurserymen, Hzeter.

Exiubitors’ Remarks.—The Cider varieties are mostly grown in orchard, the others in nursery, on small Pyramid trees on the Crab and English Paradise. The trees are frequently lifted, and get little pruning excepting insummer. Situation exposed, facing the north. Soil, a heavy loam, one foot deep; subsoil, clay.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

- Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Borovitzky, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Kcklinville, King of Pippins, Blenheim, Cellini, American Mother, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s Pomona, Warner’s King, Reinette de Canada, Beauty of Wilts, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cornish Gilliflower, Ribston Pippin, Dumelow’s Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert, Adams’ Pearmain, Ashmead’s Kernel, Sturmer, Lord Burghley.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Trish Peach, Blenheim, Ribston Pippin, Lane’s Prince Albert, Keswick Codlin, King of Pippims, Reimette de Canada, Adams’ Pearmain, Heklinville, Cox’s Orange, Cox’s Pomona, Dumelow’s Seedling. |

SELECTION oF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Blenheim, Hollow Core, Warner’s King, Dumelow’s Seedling. Many orchard trees are now being grafted with these sorts.

990 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Devonshire. SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. J. GARLAND, Killerton, Hxeter. , A. P. Rogers, Axminster. Messrs. R. T. VertcH & Sons, Hzeter.

DrssERtT APPLES.

Name ze an | Name Ree Cox’s Orange peue j 3 || Golden Reinette Cornish Gilliflower . Golden Vining . Trish Peach . . || Hubbard’s Pearmain . King of the Pippins 2 || Lemon Pippin . Margil. . Mannington’s Pear- Sturmer Pippin . i MGV aee ‘ Ashmead’s Kernel . McLean’s Favourite Hufait thek Autumn Pearmain . Pine Apple Russet Blenheim Orange . Ross Nonpareil Claygate Pearmain Ribston Pippin rCourt ot Wick) 2 Summer Golden Devonshire Queen . Pp ounten er. GoldensBally a. a Winter Russet .

CuLINARY APPLES.

No.of |

Nigiste Votes Sehoo® es Hawthornden .. . 3 || Gravenstein AdiistOne se) a 4 | John . Dumelow’s Seedling | stim cola sai. Keswick Codlin . | 9 | Manks’ Codlin . HordiSutield ~<. 9.1: || No Core . Warnevr’s King . | Peasgood’s Nonesuch Winter Hawthornden . | Pomeroy. . : 1 Beauty of Kent. . | Reinette de Canada . Bedfordshire Foundling | Royal Somerset Blenheim Orange . . | Somerset Cellini. . A 1 iy); omg P atte hae Keklinville Seedling : | Wellington (Dume- Emperor Alexander . | low’s Seedling) . Golden Ball. . . . |

WESTERN COUNTIES : DORSETSHIRE. 221

DORSETSHIRE. EHxiubitors.

1.—Mr. Jonn PowEtt, Gardener to W. HE. Brymer, Esq., Ilsington House, Dorchester.

SELECTION OF T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Cox’s Pomona, Emperor Alexander, Mother Apple, Cellini, Royal Pearmain, King of the Pippins, Ribston Pippin, Gloria Mundi, Warner’s King, Blenheim Orange, New Hawthornden, Mére de Ménage, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Kcklinville Pippin, Beauty of Kent, Lady Henniker, Tower of Glamis, Bedfordshire Found- ling, Prince Albert, Green Pippin, Hoary Morning, Betty Geeson, Striped Beefing, Dumelow’s Seedling.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE. IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mother Apple, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Cornish Aromatic, Old Nonpareil, Blenheim Orange, Bristol Apple, Duke of Devonshire, Melon Apple, Clay- gate Pearmain, Royal Russet.

Hzlubitor’s Remarks.—Situation, in walled-in garden, very low and damp. Soil, very light and chalky; subsoil, chalk.

General Remarks.—Grown as Espaliers, Bushes, and Cordons, on the Paradise stock. Pinched twice in summer. ‘The greater part of our Apple trees are planted in heavier soil than the natural garden, as the trees soon turn yellow, and are subject to canker in the ordinary soil.

2.—Mr. Wm. Gator, Gardener to H. N. Middleton, Esq., Bradford Peverill, Dorchester.

SELECTION OF ‘TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR. CULTURE IN THE DistRicT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Oslin, Cellini, Emperor Alexander, Golden Spire, Maltster, King of the Pippins, Golden Winter Pearmain, Forge, Hawthorn- den, Cobham, Cockle’s Pippin, Lemon Pippin, Syke House Russet, Golden Pippin, Alfriston, Winter Peach, Boston Russet, Rose- mary Russet, Duke of Devonshire, Northern Spy, Forfar Pippin, Braddick’s Nonpareil, Golden Harvey, Sturmer Pippin.

229. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Ringer, Paradise Pippin, Cellini, Golden Spire, Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Pippin, Wadhurst Pippin, Hanwell Souring, Rosemary Russet, Duke of Devonshire, Dumelow’s Seedling.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, exposed to north-east and east; sheltered from west and north-west by tall forest trees. Soil, light and very thin, but trenched with the chalk to about 2 feet; subsoil, a bed of solid chalk.

General Remarks.—Apples are mostly grown here on Bush and Pyramid trees, the greater part of which have been planted from 16 to 20 years, with few exceptions, on a piece of ground set apart for an orchard, which is very poor. We have a few Kspaliers round the vegetable quarters with a little better soil, which generally crop well. They are principally grafted on the Paradise stock, a few on the Crab. I find the Pommier du Paradis a good stock for this light thin soil, it beg surface- rooting. Apples are not much grown in this neighbourhood, it is not a fruit district. The markets about here draw their supplies chiefly from Somerset and from the Channel Isles. There are a few orchards in the valleys, the fruit of which is ‘principally used for making cider. We are situated here some- thing like 200 feet above the bed of the river, and rather exposed to the south-west gales from off the English Channel, which are often very destructive to the fruit crops, and the trees are very subject to be covered with lichens. The Apples in this neigh- bourhood are very small this year, some varieties being not more than half their average size.

3.—Mr. W. PRAGNELL, Gardener to J. D. Wingfield Digby, Esq., Sherborne Castle, Dorset.

Observations.—A very fine collection of good fruit.

Eixhibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit chiefly from the Cordon trained trees, nearly all being grafted on the French Paradise. All are pruned summer and winter. ‘The neighbourhood generally is too exposed for market purposes, but, in sheltered spots, Apples could be cultivated to the farmer’s advantage. Situation, in walled garden, well sheltered from the east, but very exposed to the north-west winds. Soil, heavy and retentive, about 2 feet in depth, on limestone subsoil.

General Remarks.—I am greatly in favour of the Cordon training principle. Here we have a small walled-in garden, 70 yards square, laid out in four squares, with three rows of trees

WESTERN COUNTIES : GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 993

round each, the first being 1 foot from the walk and 1 foot high; the second, 2 feet behind the front one and 18 inches high; the third, 2 feet behind the middle one and 2 feet from the ground, which gives the garden a very neat appearance, as may be imagined, when they are in full bloom, as also when in fruit. They with- stood the storm of Saturday, April 29, 1882, remarkably well, and gave us a splendid crop; in fact, we gathered more fruit from them than there was in all the gardens for miles round Sherborne, and we have a grand crop again this year.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Benoni, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Kerry Pippin, Manks’ Codlin, Yellow Ingestrie, Ecklinville, Cox’s Pomona, Golden Winter Pearmain (or King of the Pippins), Cox’s Orange Pippin, Lady Henniker, Scarlet Nonpareil, Golden Noble, Lemon Pippin, Northern Greening, Claygate Pearmain, Blenheim Pippin, Beston Russet, Lord Burghley, Dutch Mignonne, Dumelow’s Seedling, Brickley’s Seedling, Alfriston, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Kerry Pippin, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, Golden Winter Pear- main (or King of the Pippins), Cox’s Pomona, Cox’s Orange _ Pippin, Lemon Pippin, Lord Burghley, Dutch Mignonne, Dume- low’s Seedling, Alfriston, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR Market CULTURE.

Duchess of Oldenburg, Manks’ Codlin, Kcklinville, Cellini, Cox’s Pomona, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Lady Henniker, Golden Winter Pearmain (or King of the Pippins), Blenheim Pippin, Tom Putt. :

GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Hahibitors.

1.—Messrs. J. JEFFERIES & Sons, Nurserymen, Cirencester.

Observations. —Hxamples very large and finely grown.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The Apples were grown on Standards and Pyramids, on the Crab and Paradise stocks, respectively. Situation, much exposed. Soil, principally stone brash.

224 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRICT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Quarrenden, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Warner’s King, Grenadier, Pott’s Seedling, Kerry Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Small’s Admirable, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, Mére de Ménage, Blenheim Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Reinette de Canada, Tower of Glamis, Wellington, Margil, Hanwell Souring, Dutch Mignonne, Wyken Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Pott’s Seedling, Kerry Pippin, Cox’s Orange, King of Pippins, Blenheim Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Very few Apples are grown for market in this district ; the following would be profitable: Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Pott’s Seedling, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, Warner’s King, Wellington.

2.—Mr.T. SHiInaLEs, Gardener to the Earl of Ducie, Tortworth. Observations.—A remarkably fine, well-grown lot of fruit.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered by plantations of tall trees ; soil, a sandy loam resting on the Old Red Sandstone.

General Remarks.—Most of the trees are on the Crab stock, part grown as Bush trees, part as Standards. Bush trees are generally closely pruned, Standards are annually thinned.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Trish Peach, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Manks’ Codlin, Ecklinville Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Kerry Pippin, Cellini, King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Stirling Castle, Warner’s King, Adams’ Pearmain, Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Bess Pool, Tower of Glamis, Golden Noble, Winter Haw- thornden, Stone’s Apple, Round Winter Nonesuch, Duke of Devonshire, Ashmead’s Kernel, Annie Elizabeth.

WESTERN COUNTIES : GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 995

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Trish Peach, Lord Suffield, Kcklinville Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Bess Pool, Tower of Glamis, Winter Hawthornden, Stone Apple.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE. Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Warner’s King, Bess Pool, Tom Putt, Dumelow’s Seedling, Stirling Castle. Generally speaking this is not a marketing district. : 3.—Messrs. WHEELER & Sons, Nurserymen, Gloucester. Observations.—A very clear-skinned, well-grown collection. Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Grown on Pyramid and Bush trees from 8 to 5 years of age, grafted on the Paradise stock. Situation, in open quarters in nursery;. soil, light; subsoil, gravel. Trees grown in the form of Pyramids or Bushes occupy but a small space in the garden, and at the same time are very productive, and of an attractive appearance. They are worthy of extended cultivation in this form.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Gloucestershire.

SELECTED (1883) BY

Messrs. J. JEFFERIES & Sons, Cirencester. Mr. T. Suinexes, Tortworth Court, Gloucester. Messrs. J. C. WHEELER & SONS, Gloucester.

DrssERT APPLES.

No. of

CHEE Votes lzuutle | Votes Ashmead’s Kernel . DevonshireQuarrenden Cox’s Orange Pippin Duke of Devonshire . King of the Eippms 3 Mearays ieippim =... Margil . we Lamb Abbey Pear- Ribston Pippin. . TAVITA ss Court Pendu Plat . London Pippin duct 1 Trish Peach ; 9 Old Nonpareil . : Kerry Pippin Scarlet Nonpareil 3 Wyken Pippin a Sturmer Pippin Adams’ Pearmain . Wormsley Pippin . Braddick’s Nonpareil . ee Yellow Ingestrie .

99°6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CULINARY APPLES.

ee ee Blenheim Orange . . Mére de Ménage Dumelow’s Seedling . 3 Peasgood’s Nonesuch Lord Suffield Reinette de Canada . Warner’s King . . . Rymer . : we Cellini. . “ iene: S Apple ,

Keklinville Seedling : 9 Tower of Glamis . . 1 Keswick Codlin . Wadhurst Pippin .

Stirling Castle . .. Waltham Abbey Annie Elizabeth . . Seedling... 0). Brabant Bellefleur. . Wellington (Dume- Golden Noble . . . 1 low’s Seedling) . Hawthornden .. . Yorkshire Beauty .

Lord Derby .

HEREFORDSHIRE. EHazhibitors.

1_—TuHe Cranston Nursery Company, Hereford.

Observations.—A most comprehensive and complete collec- tion, inclusive of the Cider varieties, many of the examples being of large size and very handsome in appearance.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The finest and best fruits exhibited by us were from young Bush and Pyramid trees, from 6 to 8 years old; but some were taken from ordinary orchard Stand-- ards from 15 to 20 years old. Some are grafted on English Paradise, but chiefly on ordinary Crab stock. Situation, rather exposed, with a north aspect. foil, strong retentive loam, on clay subsoil.

9,—Mr. J. Hartpann, Canon Frome Court, Ledbury, Hereford.

Observations.—Examples excellent, and finely coloured.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The soil here is a very heavy clayey loam. ‘The situation is low and damp, on the River Frome,

WESTERN COUNTIES : HEREFORDSHIRE. ; 997

barely out of the reach of floods, consequently fruit trees do not thrive. Some varieties, especially the Ribston Pippin, canker badly.

No Apples are specially grown for market in this neighbour- hood, but dealers from Birmingham and elsewhere now buy upa quantity of the finest Cider Apples. The varieties are mostly of small size, but any of medium size that will boil well are bought. The only well-known variety grown is Blenheim Orange, and that not largely ; it is rather an uncertain bearer, but the fruit always commands a good price. Other varieties are sold at a very low price.

General Remarks.—There is practically no cultivation, the orchards around here being in a sadly neglected state, mostly large standard trees on grass land, grazed by cattle. Little or no pruning is done, and the trees in most cases are densely covered with moss and lichen. Crop very uncertain and irregular.

3.—Mr. T. Parxer, Moreton Court, Hereford.

Observations.—Examples very fine.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—These Apples were grown in the Tugg Valley; situation sheltered. Soil, a deep loam, on a sand- stone rock. The variety named Tyler’s Kernel was, I believe, sent here from the neighbourhood of Ledbury. It has been bearing some splendid fruit for the past two years; the tree is a strong grower, and the fruit keeps well till April.

4.—Mr. W. Srvytes, The Gardens, Brampton, Bryan Hall, Hereford.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All grown on old Standards. Situa- tion, sheltered. Soil, very ight; subsoil, gravel. Our Apples are always small.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Herefordshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

THE CRANSTON Nursery Company, King’s Acre, Hereford. Mr. T. Parker, Moreton Court, Hereford. » W. Stytes, Brampton, Bryan Hall, Hereford. P2

228

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DEssERT APPLES.

. No. of Uae Votes Adams’ Pearmain . . Court Pendu Plat . . Crimson Queening. . | 9 King of the Pippins . |! Old Nonpareil : | Ribston Pippin . ; Blenheim Orange Brownlee’s Russet . Cockle’s Pippin . Devonshire Quarr enden 1 Downton Nonpareil Downton Pippin SSL PRESS. se kes ee ee Harvest CULINARY No. of Bletane: Votes Blenheim Orange : 9 Warner’s King . ‘ | Catshead . : aoe) Dumelow’s Seedling ase Tom Putt. eile Winter Greening : bess ool. a Duchess of Oldenburg : | Eceklinville Seedling 1

Golden Noble Hawthornden, New Herefordshire Beefing .

No. of

Name Votes

Karly Nonpareil Fearn’s Pippin Golden Pippin. Hughes’ N ee Oslin ay : Red J uneating . tee 1 Red Streak . : Royal Pearmain Royal Russet

Scarlet Nonpareil . Syke House Russet . Yellow Ingestrie 5

APPLES.

Name

Lord Derby.

Lord Grosvenor

Lord Suffield

Northern Greening

Old Hawthornden

Parker’s Greening . if Red Hawthornden

Ringer . . :

Stirling Castle .

Tyler’s Kernel .

Tower of Glamis .

WESTERN COUNTIES : MONMOUTHSHIRE. 999

MONMOUTHSHIRE. Exhibitors. 1.—Mr. Tuomas CoomsBeEr, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRicT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Trish Peach, Red Astrachan, Lady Sudeley, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Golden Noble, Stirling Castle, Hawthornden, Cellini, Cox’s Pomona, Warner’s King, Ecklinville Seedling, Emperor Alexander, Mére de Ménage, Blenheim Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins, Dumelow’s Seedling, Man- nington’s Pearmain, Northern Greening, Reinette de Canada, Court Pendu Plat, Scarlet Nonpareil, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Hawthornden, Cellini, Warner’s King, Mére de Ménage, Blenheim Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, Court Pendu Plat, Stur- mer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Trish Peach, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Cellini, Warner’s King, Blenheim Pippin, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Golden Noble, Mere de Ménage.

Hixhibitor’s Remarks.—There are but few Apples grown for market in this district. Situation moderately sheltered. Soil, cold clayey loam; subsoil, marl.

General Remarks.—The Apples exhibited were mostly grown - upon Standard trees 20 and more years old, in an orchard which is moderately sheltered from the north and west, otherwise exposed. Very little manure is afforded other than that derived from sheep or calves when grazing the grass. The stock employed is the ordinary Crab, upon which growth is freely made. In pruning, all dead wood is removed, and superfluous growths are cut away. In this neighbourhood much cider fruit is cultivated, whilst dessert varieties are neglected. The trees in many orchards are old, and young ones are not planted to the extent they ought to be.

2.—Mr. W. JENKINS, The Willows, Abergavenny.

Observations.—Remarkable for the high colouring of all the specimens. :

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit gathered from trees of various ages, some of them 70 years old, and grafted on the Crab; some

230 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the younger trees being on the French Paradise. Situation of garden, sheltered from the north, with south aspect. Soil, a light loam, with a subsoil of Old Red Sandstone formation.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Monmouthshire.

SELECTED BY Mr. W. Jenxins, Abergavenny.

Dessert.—Court Pendu Plat, Devonshire Quarrenden, Fearn’s Pippin, Guernsey Pippin, Irish Peach, King of the Pippins, Mon- mouthshire Beauty, Pearmain, Pitmaston Pine Apple, Reinette de Canada, Scarlet Nonpareil, Worcester Pearmain.

Culinary.— Blenheim Orange, Cellini, Dumelow’s Seedhng, Emperor Aiexander, Lord Suffield, London Codlin, Monmouth- shire Beauty, New Hawthornden, Warner’s King, Western Seedling, Yorkshire Beauty.

SHROPSHIRE. Halibitors. 1.—Mr. Ricuarp Mitner, Sundorne Gardens, Shrewsbury.

SELECTION OF ‘TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Blenheim Pippin, Claygate Pearmain, Cornish Gilliflower, Fearn’s Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins, Ribston Pippin, Lord Burghley, Margil, Irish Peach, Sam Young, Pearson’s Plate, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Stirling Casile, Dumelow’s Seedling, Mére de Ménage, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Emperor Alexander, Cellini, Golden Noble, Manks’ Codlin, Kentish Fillbasket, Beauty of Kent.

Situation, sheltered from the north, east, and west winds. Soil, heavy; subsoil, clay.

2.—Mr. A. 8S. Kemp, Gardener to P. J. Brooke, Esq., Haughton, Shifnal, Shropshire. Observations.—Fruit small, and deficient in colour. Hizhibitor’s Remarks.—We grow our trees in a great variety of forms, Standard, Bush, Pyramid, Espalier, Cordon, &c.; the average age would be about 80 years, many being much older. Situation of orchard, partially shaded by tall trees from the after- noon sun, hence the deficiency in the colour of the fruit. Soil, a good strong loam, upon grayelly subsoil.

WESTERN COUNTIES : SOMERSETSHIRE. 931

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Shropshire.

SELECTED BY Mr. A.S. Kemp, Shifnal.

Dessert.—Aromatic Russet, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cornish Gilliflower, Herefordshire Pearmain, King of the Pippins, Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Royal Russet, Whorle Pippin, Wyken Pippin, Yellow Ingestrie.

Culinary.—Bess Pool, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Pomona, Dumelow’s Seedling, ives Seedling, Greenup’s Pippin, Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Manks’ Codlin, Norfolk Bearer, Norfolk Stone Pippin, Tower of Glamis, Waltham Abbey Seedling.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

Halwbitors. 1.—Mr. R. H. Pornrser, Nurseryman, Taunton.

Observations.x—A remarkably fine and most interesting col- lection, many of the examples being large and very highly coloured.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown mostly on old Standard trees, in the orchards in this district. Situation, generally exposed. ‘The greater portion of the Apples are here erafted on what is called “The Morgan Sweet’’ Apple, which is, when young, a very strong grower, and makes a fine young market tree; our Apple-tree nurserymen growing the grandest trees for sale in England, and chiefly of this variety, Morgan Sweet. Trees are offered of all sorts, but the farmer generally finds he has to re-graft if he wants a good kind. The Seedling Apple stocks are grown on good but thin soil, on a gravel sub- soul, heavily mulched with rotted gorse and fern, and carefully attended to for about 4 or 5 years from first crafting, The marketable tree is, in roots and tops, as near perfection as is attainable, having a nice clean trained head, a straight, smooth stem, and fine spreading fibrous roots. ‘This is, no doubt, a fine district for Apple growing, and there are numberless very fine old orchards; but there are no growers so-called, and when the farmers renew old trees, it is almost ‘‘ Hobson’s choice,” viz., Morgan Sweet; as from 25 years’ experience here, I have rarely heard of ‘‘wildings,” 7.e. Apples raised from the pips, being specially erown and prepared for orchard renewals; but which, I believe, is the custom for Cider orchards in Worcester, Gloucester, &c. Devonshire follows suit with us. I believe there has been less inquiry for named best sorts of Apples hereabouts than in any other district in England. .

932 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2.—Mr. J. Scort, Crewkerne Nurseries, Somerset.

Observations.—Examples very small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All gathered from small Bush trees (with the exception of the Cider linds) from 38 to 5 years old, mostly grafted on the Crab stock; a few from trees grafted on Scott’s Pommier du Paradis. Situation, exposed, with not the slightest shelter, and open to north and east winds. Soil, very

sandy and easily worked ; subsoil, to the depth of 20 to 30 feet, a yellow sand.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Somersetshire.

SELECTED (1888) BY

Mr. R. H. Poynter, The Nursery, Taunton. » J. scorr, Merriott, Crewkerne.

DESSERT APPLES. :

Name Woke Name Totes Blenheim Orange . . Golden Ducat . Cox’s Orange Pippin . | Golden Winter Pear- King of the ree : :

Nonpareil .

: 2, main | Trish Peach.

‘Ribston Pippin . ondon Pippa: yest Ashmead’s Kernel. . Mannington’s Pear- Cellinize 20 epee i | main :

Courijot Wick i. =. | Powell’s Russet

[DIAZ Lest ovo Gy oe: Tom Putt

CULINARY APPLES.

Nite No.of Name No.of

Votes Votes

Blenheim eee Hawthornden 2 Lord Derby. . Keswick Codlin . Lord Suffield .

| Golden Noble . Alfriston .. isa Manks’ Codlin.

|

[

iq

Cellanny cae. New Hawthornden .}| 1

Duke of Wellington Pott’s Seedling . . | Went c Roundway Magnum Flanders Pippin | Bonum

Frogmore Prolific . | Tom Putt

WESTERN COUNTIES : WORCESTERSHIRE. : 933

WORCESTERSHIRE. Hahibitors. 1.—Mr. BE. Cocxsitt, Wick House, Pershore.

Observations.—Examples large, and remarkable for high colouring.

Halubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, grafted high, so as to be out of the reach of cattle ; chiefly on very old stocks. Situation, exposed, slightly inclining to the north. Soil, a sandy loam resting on gravel.

2.—Mr. WinuiaAm Crump, Madresfield Court, Malvern.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Culinary.—Lord Suffield, Stirlmg Castle, Cellini Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Lord Derby, New Hawthornden, Pott’s Seedling, Warner’s King, Lane’s Prince Albert, Flanders Pippin, Dumelow’s Seedling, Newland Sack.

Dessert.—Worcester Pearmain, Strawberry Pippin, King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim Pippin, Golden Reinette, Adams’ Pearmain, Carraway Russet, Brownlee’s Russett, Sturmer Pippin, May Queen.

Hzhbitors Remarks.—Situation, exposed, 185 feet above sea- level. - Soil, heavy, strong, approaching to clay.

General Remarks.—All from Free or Crab stocks, which are frequently lifted. About 160 kinds are grown; many of the samples are from Orchard-grown trees on grass, a few kinds from Bush and Pyramid trees.

3.—My. J. Hiam, Astwood Bank, Redditch, Worcestershire.

Exhibitors Remarks.—The Apples are from various forms of trees, chiefly of the Crab stock. Situation, mostly exposed. Soil, variable, chiefly a light sandy loam, in part on a tenacious red clay subsoil.

4,—Messrs. RicHarp, Smitu, & Co., Nurserymen, Worcester.

Halibitors’ Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees on the Apple stock. Situation, exposed. Soil, a sandy loam; subsoil, red sand and gravel. The majority of the orchards in this county— and it is hardly necessary to say there are very many—are out of date. Smith’s Pippin we think very highly of. It is a wonderful keeper, and its flavour in tarts is exquisite. The tree is a sure and abundant bearer.

934. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Irish Peach, Yellow Ingestrie, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Seedling, Cellini, Cox’s Pomona, Emperor Alexander, Golden Winter Pearmain, Golden Noble, Yorkshire Beauty, Beauty of Kent, Lane’s Prince Albert, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Ashmead’s Kernel Improved, Adams’ Pearmain, Blenheim Orange, Dumelow’s Seedling, Warner’s King, Annie Elizabeth, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Irish Peach, Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville, Cellini, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Golden Winter Pearmain, Golden Noble, Dumelow’s Seedling, Warner’s King, Annie Elizabeth. |

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Worcester Pearmain, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Warner’s King, Ecklinville Seedling, Worcester Fillbasket, Emperor Alex- ander, Dumelow’s Seedling, Golden Winter Pearmain, Cox’s

Orange Pippin.

5.—Tuomas SoutHanu, South Bank, Worcester.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Baxter’s Favourite, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Emperor Alexander, Forfar Pippin, Forge, Golden Winter Pear- main, Tom Putt, Worcester Pearmain, Court Pendu Plat, Dumelow’s Seedling, Keddleston Pippin, Rushock Pearmain, Winter Peach, Winter Quoining, Gravenstein, Hawthornden, Maltster, May Queen, Prince’s Pippin, Pitmaston Russet, Cellini, Stirling Castle.

Halubitor’s Remarks.—Situation, rather sheltered. Soil, good loam, with a subsoil of marl.

General Remarks.—All grown on Standards in orchard

used as kitchen garden. Planted about 23 years ago, and pruned occasionally.

WESTERN COUNTIES : WORCESTERSHIRE,

235

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Worcestershire.

SELECTED (1888) By

Messrs. R. Smite & Co., Worcester. Mr. E. Cocxpitty, Pershore. » J. Hiam, Astwood. Bank, Redditch.

DrEssERT APPLES. oe fet] me ia Cox’s Orange Pippin . | King of the Pippins . Devonshire Quarrenden | Mannington’s Pear- Trish Peach [ aeniia nate Kerry Pippin 2 | Margil Red Astrachan . | Prince’s Pippin Ribston Pippin . | Scarlet Pearmain . 1 Worcester Pearmain . | Sturmer Pippin Blenheim Orange . _ White Transparent Duke of Devonshire | Woodhill (Local) . Karly Strawberry . . [| 1 || Wyken Pippin . Golden Nonpareil . . [| | Yorkshire Beauty . Golden Winter Pear- | MMM es. CuniInary APPLES. Nore (NGC Name os Blenheim Orange . . ) | Gloria Mundi . Keswick Codlin . . || 8 || Hanwell Souring . Lord Suffield. . . .)| | Nelson’s Glory Dumelow’s Seedling | | (Warner’s King) Golden Noble | 2 || Normanton Wonder . Stirhng Castle | | Peasgood’s Nonesuch 1 Beauty of Kent . | | Red Hawthornden Copham . . | || Tom Putt Keklinyille Seedling | 1 || Tower of Glamis . Forester . . | | Warner's King . . Golden Spire | | White Hawthornden

Cl OWoaronV 3.

NORTHERN

1. DURHAM ..

2. LANCASHIRE

3. WESTMORELAND 4, YORKSHIRE

COUNTS:

PAGH.

1. 2039 .. 239 .. 241 .. 242

NORTHERN COUNTIES : DURHAM, LANCASHIRE. 939

DURHAM.

Hahibitor.

1.—Mr. F. C. Forp, Durham Gardeners’ Institute, Darlington.

Fizhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown in garden—part of which lies rather low—exposed to south and west, but sheltered on other sides. Soil, a heavy clay, in some parts not more than 6 inches deep. This has been much improved by trenching, and the application of liberal dressings of lime and farmyard manure; the subsoil is a very heavy blue and yellow clay, with stones.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Durham.

SELECTED By Mr. F. C. Forp, Gardeners’ Institute, Darlington.

Dessert Apples. — Adams’ Pearmain, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Golden Pippin, Golden Winter Pearmain, Ivish Peach, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Warner’s Pippin.

Culinary Apples.—Bedfordshire Foundling, Cellini, Dume- low’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Emperor Alexander, George the Fourth, Hawthornden, Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Melon, Pott’s Seedling, Warner’s King.

LANCASHIRE.

Haluibitors.

1.—Mr. J. Hatuaway, Lathom House Gardens, Ormskirk.

- Halubitor’s Remarks.—Most of the trees here are about 80 - years old, of Bush shape, on the Crab stock. A few planted since are Standards on the Paradise. Situation, low and damp, well sheltered by belt of forest trees, and shaded on the south- east. Soil, poor, black, and very sandy, about 18 inches deep; subsoil, a strong yellow and very adhesive clay. I consider King of the Pippins the best all-round Apple for this district, as it scarcely ever misses cropping. I think trees do better here on the Crab than on any other stock. |

2.—Mr. R. Marius, Mythop Nurseries, Lytham, Lancashire.

Hahwbitor’s Remarks.—Apples mostly grown on Standard trees, about 14 years old. Situation, open, half a mile from the

940 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sea. Soil, a light sandy loam. The varieties J have named I consider the best dessert and culinary kinds for this neighbour- hood. Bitter Sweet, so called from having the rind slightly bitter, is a good eating Apple; and Royal Shepherd i is one of the best late kitchen I have or know.

3.—Mr. W. P. Roserts, The Gardens, Cuerden Hall, Preston.

Observations.—Fruit small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—-Our trees are all Bush or Dwarf Standard, and are mostly old. Situation, well sheltered. Soil, a sandy and rather wet clay, which is aggravated by the absence of surface drains for the walks, the water percolating into the ground where not wanted. The soil round our Apple trees had been dug one spade in depth and no more, and cropped up to their stems until three years ago; since then, the ground has been trenched 2 feet deep, or dug, as required, to within 5 or 6 feet of their stems, and the other part simply hoed. I believe that the trees have benefited by this. Trenching allows the water to pass through more freely, and conducts it so much further away from the surface.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Lancashire.

SELECTED (1883) By

My. J. Hatuaway, Lathom House, Ormskirk. R. Maries, Nurseryman, Lytham.

3)

DrEssERT APPLES.

c Jo. of | : Name = é is Name ae

King of the Pippins . 3 || Juneating

Early Margaret. . . 2 || Lady Derby

Alms House Pippin . Lemon Pippin .

Bitter Sweet. . . . || Lord Lennox

Blenheim Orange . . || Manks’ Codlin .

Claygate Pearmain. . Mannington’sPearmain

Courttoh Wick @. 2) «715 Ribston Pippin

Court Pendu Plat . . Sturmer Pippin

Cox’s Orange Pippin . | Winter Calville

Golden Drop ~.9 =. = Yellow Ingestrie .

Irish Peach . :

NORTHERN COUNTIES : WESTMORELAND. 941

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of No. £ Name Votes ome Terres Mordtsuimeldy) 5. . 5) Grenadier Keswick Codlin. . . Hawthornden . Livesey’s Scotch Lord Derby Bridget. . Se 9 Eomsdios. Manks’ Codlin . . . New Hawthornden Pott’s Seedling. . . Norfolk Bearer. 7 Warmers King .- ... Ringer . Cellimi . .. : Royal Shepherd Court Pendu Plat . . Ryland Surprise . CoxsyPomona . . . 1 Tower of Glamis . Emperor Alexander . White Calville Ce Golden Noble a WESTMORELAND. Exhibitor. 1.—Mr. CHARLES CROSSLAND, Gardener, Beachwood, Arnside, Westmoreland.

Observations.—An extremely interesting collection of old English Apples now seldom to be met with. The examples were all small, very deficient in colouring, being green and unripe locking, and all more or less acid.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on old Standard trees, planted in the year 1776, and grafted on the Crab stock. Situation, on the seashore, with a north aspect, very much exposed, suffering much from west winds, and receiving no sun before midday. Soil, 12 inches of moderate loam; subsoil, a reddish clay, wet and poor. The orchard at Beachwood does not at present show a great amount of culture. It had been allowed to run almost wild until a few years ago. The Apples I have sent may not be as fine as might be anticipated, but as they are gathered from such old trees, much finer could not be expected. The Apples named are varieties I should select if I were going to plant a new orchard, provided they were all worked on the Crab stock. I consider the Crab stock the only one fit for this locality, as several varieties on other stocks canker very much here. The same varieties have been grown on the Beachwood estate for over 200 years, and yielded some remarkably heavy crops and fine fruit when cultivated by a Mr. Saul, a great lover of orchard culture, and a former owner of Beachwood. Mr. Saul always used the Crab stock.

Q

949, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Westmoreland.

SELECTED By Mr. C. CrossnuanpD, Beachwood, Arnside.

Dessert Apples.—Court Pendu Plat, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Trish Peach, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Margil, Newtown Pippin, Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Sturmer Pippin, Syke House Russet.

Culinary Apples.—Bedfordshire Foundling, Keswick Codlin, King Apple, Lord Suffield, Nelson’s Glory (Warner’s King), Normanton Wonder (Dumelow’s Seedling), Northern Greening,

Northern Spy, Prussian Pippin, Ringer, Royal Russet, Scotch Bridget.

YORKSHIRE.

Hxhibitors. F1.-—Mr. J. Bourne, Priory Gardens, Longhill, Guisborough.

Observations.—Examples small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Stardard and Bush trees, some of them being very old. Situation, rather sheltered. Soil, a sandy loam; subsoil, gravel. Our garden is situated near the town of Guisborough. It is a very old garden, on some parts of which stood the Guisborough Priory. The Cockpit does very well here; also Lord Suffield and Keswick Codlin. Really good-

flavoured Desert Apples are very difficult to obtain in the open. é

9.—Mr. W. Cuucsr, The Gardens, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster, Yorks.

Observations.—Fruit small and deficient in colouring.

Hahibitor s Remarks.—Most of the trees are 27 years old, being nearly all Bush or Pyramid, chiefly grafted on the Paradise stock. Some of the varieties are very free bearers, but subject. to canker. Situation, in a valley running east and west, subject to very sweeping gusty winds. Soil, calcareous, resting upon magnesian limestone. The trees are subject very much in dry seasons to red spider attacks. We have many good varieties in our collection of 100; Peasgood’s Nonesuch was very good last year, but our trees being young they bore no fruit this season. Northern Spy is now beginning to bear freely, having hitherto been shy; it keeps well. Some of our trees are cankering badly ;

NORTHERN COUNTIES : YORKSHIRE. 243

Ribston Pippin, Alfriston, St. Sauveur, Lord Burghley, Pearson’s Plate, Hawthornden, and Lord Suffield being about the worst in that respect.

SELECTION OF ‘TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Dessert.—Red Astrachan, Devonshire Quarrenden, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin Mannington’s Pearmain, Reinette de Canada, Fearn’s Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Duke of Devonshire, Sturmer Pippin.

Kitchen.—Lord Suffield, Ecklinville Pippin, Stirling Castle, Keswick Codlin, Cox’s Pomona, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Mére de Ménage, Nonesuch, Tower of Glamis, Alfriston, Northern Green- ing, Dumelow’s Seedling.

3.—Mr. H.J. Crayton, Zhe Gardens, Grimston Park, Tadcaster, Yorks.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly on Standard and dwarf Bush-shaped trees, slightly pruned, and not hard spurred in. Taking all points into consideration, we consider this form the best, both for private useand market. The best fruit is obtained from young trees 10 to 12 years old. The trees are all on the Crab stock. Situation, sheltered from north and east. We find that if it be fully exposed to the south-west much fruit is lost by the winds. Soil, one part good and loamy, resting on mag- nesian limestone, the other on alluvial soil; subsoil, sandy, in some cases a deep warpy loam, just above the water mark of periodical flooding of the River Wharf. Grown in the latter condition the fruit is generally very fine for the north. I have known 40 stones of fruit picked from a tree of so-called Red Balsam, or Scarlet Cockpit. To-day, October 12, we have picked 85 stones from a Standard tree of Lewis's Incomparable. There is a good deal of fruit grown hereabouts considering the latitude. I have been trying to induce those most. interested to plant more Apples for some years past. Standards are the most liked, because the ground beneath can be cropped or laid down in grass, the cattle not damaging the trees to any extent. For my own part I prefer Bush-shaped trees, if the fruit alone is to be considered, because of the ease in gathering the fruit, and because the trees are ready of access, they can be more regularly pruned, and will consequently produce finer fruit—an important advantage. Further, there would not be such heavy losses by winds in the autumn. For choice dessert Apples I do not think there is a more profitable way to grow them than by Espaliers. Pyramidal-shaped trees we do not care much about, unless the natural habit of the tree causes it to grow in that

Q2

244 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

form. I ought to mention that we are here much more favour- ably situated than others in many other parts of Yorkshire as to altitude, being about 100 feet above the sea-level.

4,—Mr. J. McoInvor, Gardener to Sir Joseph Pease, Bart., M.P., Hutton Hall, Guisborough.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees about 10 years old, grafted on the Crab stock. Hutton Hall Gardens are comparatively new. The situation is seven miles inland, 400 feet above sea-level, and we have no old timber in the park. The gardens are much exposed to gales off the North Sea. The average rainfall is 89 inches per annum. The soil may be described as argillaceous, pure and simple; the subsoil consists of hard blue and yellow clay. By draining, trenching, limeing, manuring, and adding large quantities of sea sand, it has been much improved, and now grows excellent vegetables as well as Apple trees. The cold and sunless weather we had during July and the last four weeks will account for the want of colour in

the fruit. 5.—Messrs. J. SLATER & Sons, Malton, North Yorkshire.

Observations.—An interesting representative collection of the most approved Apples of North Yorkshire. Explanatory tickets were attached stating the nature of the soil in which grown, habit and growth of trees, bearing properties, &c.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—All fruit from open Standards, many of them from old trees, grafted on the Crab, mostly grown in the valleys of Derwent and Rye, and partially sheltered. Soil, a rich alluvial loam and clay on the Kimmeridge clay, lying between oolite ranges of hill and chalk. The Cockpit and Keswick Codlin are the most universally grown as culinary Apples in the district; both are very hardy, bear abundantly, and thrive in almost all situations. Lord Suffield requires shelter, likewise Alexander, but in good situations both are fine, early kinds. Hcklinville is one of recent introduction in the district, is very hardy, and likely to prove a useful variety for early autumn. For dessert sorts the Ribston Pippin requires a well-drained soil. Golden Reinette bears abundantly, and is a hardy and vigorous tree. Blenheim Orange is much grown; the tree is a very vigorous grower, but only a moderate bearer, and the quality of the fruit varies much according to its situation. Golden Russet is a good hardy sort, and bears well. Adams’ Pearmain is a very abundant bearer, of rnoderate growth. The rich alluvial valley of Ryedale is well adapted for Apples; orchards are numerous, and have produced much fine fruit. Many of the trees are now getting old, and should be renewed with young ones. |

NORTHERN COUNTIES : YORKSHIRE. 945

6.—Mr. G. Summers, Sandbeck Park, Rotherham.

Hazhibitor’s hemarks.—The soil here is heavy, on the magne- sian limestone. Cockpit is a useful Apple, being very much grown in the old orchards in this county, but inferior to many of the new varieties. Hcklinville Seedling promises to be one of the best Kitchen Apples grown in this locality. Sturmer Pippin is one of our best dessert. King of the Pippins is one of the best croppers; we have not failed to obtain a crop for the past six years. Warner’s King I consider to be one of the hardiest and best Kitchen Apples grown here. Emperor Alexander is also

good.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Yorkshire.

SELECTED (18838) By

Mr. J. Bourne, Longhill, Guisborough.

» W. Cuuck, Brodsworth, Doncaster.

» H. J. Ciayton, Grimston, Tadcaster. », McInpoz, Hutton Hall, Gwsborough. », NLATER & Sons, Malton.

DrssERtT APPLES.

No.of No. of ae Weies eae Votes Cox’s Orange Pippin . 5 || Fearn’s Pippin Blenheim Orange . . Golden Russet . Devonshire Quarrenden Golden Reinette

38 || Green Balsam (or French Crab) Mannington’s Pear-

TAMA WIA epee 2 Moar gallieiren sc cutis

Kerry Pippin : King of the Pippins Ribston Pippin . Claygate Pearmain Karly Margaret . Irish Peach .

Red Astrachan 1 Adams’ Pearmain . .

Scarlet Nonpareil Stamford Pippin . Summer Rose. . . 1 Syke House Russet . Warner’s King Worcester Pearmain Yellow Ingestrie .

Beauty of Hants Charlestown Pippin Cockle’s Pippin . Duke of Devonshire Emperor Napoleon Eve (Trumpington)

246

Name

Keswick Codlin . Lord Suffield Cockpit

Dumelow’s Seedling New Hawthornden Stirling Castle . Warner’s King . Alfriston

Cellini

Cox’s Pomona Keklinville Seedling Emperor Alexander Greenup’s Pippin

Pool)

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLnINARY APPLES.

Name

Beauty of Kent . Blenheim Pippin . Galloway Pippin . Green Balsam .

Hambledon Deux Ans Lewis’s Incomparable

Manks’ Codlin . New Large Cockpit Northern Greening Ringer

Tower of Glamis

Winter Hawthornden

Winter Strawberry Yorkshire Greening

No. of Votes

| Sal Nancy Jackson (or Bess 2 ing .

CuksOrUeriue Val i.

SCOTLAND—SOUTHERN DIVISION,

INCLUDING

EAST LOTHIAN, LANARKSHIRE, MIDLOTHIAN, PEEBLESSHIRE, ROXBURGHSHIRE, anp WIGTONSHIRE.

ea

Soe aerate Se) Sita aoa ‘ r Fi eres edict ot RL Mies ye test $e at aa

= Ae

7 thes tees , Pee a fe ly ete pine ears ob anemic ay hea Rag os \ a 4 aes a Las 5 Eee 2 4

SCOTLAND—SOUTH: EAST LOTHIAN, WIGTON. — 949

SCOTLAND—SOUTHERN DIVISION. EHaxhibitors. 1.—Mr. P. Brann, Glaisnock, Old Cumnock.

Observations.—Examples small and green.

_ Laxhbitor’s Remarks.—Grown on dwarf Standards, the trees being about 12 years old, grafted on the Crab. Situation, sheltered. Soil, heavy and retentive; subsoil, brick-earth. This is anything but an Apple district, being too cold and bleak, and at an altitude of 600 feet. Our best bearers are Lord Suffield, Keswick, and Manks’ Codlin.

2.—Mr. R. P. Brotuerston, Tynninghame Gardens, Prestonkirk.

Observations.—A very interesting and representative collec- tion of Apples, some of the examples being large and fine.

Hzlibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees, having the centre open, from 10 to 80 years old, and mostly grafted on the Crab. Situation, in kitchen garden, sheltered by trees on the- north-west and east. Soil, naturally light, but enriched and deepened through long cultivation ; subsoil, gravel.

8.—Mr. J. Brunton, Gilmerton Gardens, Drem, Hast Lothian.

Observations.—A remarkably well-grown collection, many of the examples vying in size and excellence with those grown in the county of Kent. A carefully prepared tabulated list of the varieties sent accompanied this collection, denoting the form and habit of tree, bearing properties, stock, soil on which grown, &c., which added greatly to the interest and value.

Haxhibitor’s Remarks.—All the varieties grown in the gardens at Gilmerton are grafted on the Paradise stock. Situation, well- sheltered, with a southern exposure. Soil, good and heavy, depth 3 feet ; subsoil of clay 6 inches, then gravel.

4.—Mr. James Day, The Gardens, Galloway House, Garlieston,

Wigtonsmre.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees generally, planted about 6 years, and believed to be on the Paradise stock. Situation, within garden walls, low, damp, and sheltered. Soil, a clayey loam, on gravel or rock. The Galloway Pippin I con- sider the most reliable of any, being a constant cropper and good keeper; the fruit is of good size, and suitable for either culinary purposes or late dessert. The original tree was standing until a few years back in the grounds or orchard attached to an old monastery at Wigtown (near here), but is now removed.

950 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5,.—Mr.M. Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith, Midlothian.

Observations.—One of the most complete representative collections submitted ; examples small, and, by comparison with those grown in more southern and warmer localities, very green and wanting in colour, and much more acid in flavour. A very carefully prepared list of the entire collection was submitted by Mr. Dunn, giving the names, space for name as corrected by Committee, age of tree, use, season, and quality, &c. Hxample:— ‘© 90.—Macdonald’s Apple, 70 years, K., free bearer, Decr., raised at Dalkeith 70 years ago ;”’ such information being of the greatest importance and value.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Trish Peach, Keswick Codlin, Devonshire Quarrenden, Oslin, Lord Suffield, Kcklinville, Thorle, Hawthornden, Worcester Pearmain, Stirling Castle, Kerry Pippin, Tower of Glamis, King of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Cox’s Orange, Golden Noble, Ribston, Blenheim, Yorkshire Greening, Court of Wick, Alfriston, Wellington, Duke of Devonshire, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Worcestershire Pearmain, Keklin- ville, Kerry Pippin, Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Pippin, Court of Wick, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Commonest Varieties—Keswick Codlin, Hawthornden, Lord Suffield, Manks’ Codlin, Heklinville, Cellini, Stirling Castle. Less Common—King of the Pippins, Tower of Glamis, Aitkin’s Seedling.

General Remarks.—The cultivation has been much improved in this district within recent years, and a greater interest is being taken in it by both private and market gardeners. The best varieties of Apples are in good demand, and everyone is anxious to adopt the best possible means to grow them to the greatest perfection. The Free stock is generally found the best for the soil and climate, butin cold situations the Crab is the hardiest and most productive. In kitchen gardens, and by amateurs, Apples on the Paradise stock are commonly grown, and, with

SCOTLAND—SOUTH : MIDLOTHIAN, ROXBURGH. 951

good management and high cultivation, they usually produce good crops of fine fruit, although when neglected and starved they quickly get barren and worthless. In all well-managed gardens and orchards a regular system of annual pruning is followed, and with all Wall, Bush, and Pyramid trees in gardens summer pinching of the young shoots is generally practised, although it is not always done at the proper time and in the systematic manner which is necessary to produce the best results. Mulching of the roots of Dwarftrees on the Paradise stock is highly beneficial, and the application of liquid manure at proper times helps much to produce the finest fruit. Cordons are grown on a limited scale, and are useful in small gardens where variety and a few fine fruit are the chiefobjects. Protection of the blossom of Apples in spring from late frosts is seldom practised, but with Wall trees and low Bush trees on the Paradise stock it is an advantage in cold springs. For market, the largest varieties of Apples, such as Hcklinville, Lord Suffield, and Warner’s King, find a ready sale at remunerative prices, and such varieties are now taking the place of many of the old, small favourites.

6.—J. G. C. Haminton, Esq., M.P., Dalzell, Motherwell, Clydesdale. Mr. W. Kine, Gardener.

Observations.—A very interesting contribution of the Apples of Clydesdale, many of the varieties beine unknown to the Committee. Examples small in comparison with those grown in the south, very green, deficient in colour, and more acid in flavour.

Halbitor’s Remarks.—Grown principally on old Standard trees, planted 1823. Situation, south aspect, well sheltered. Soil, clay; subsoil, stiff clay.

8.—Messrs. Ornmiston & Renwick, The Tub Nurseries, Melrose.

Observations—An extremely interesting and representative collection of T'weedside Apples; a printed catalogue of the whole being on distribution, indicating the sorts, kind of stock, form, age, &c., of trees from which gathered, with particulars as to the situation of gardens, soil, &.

Hahibitors’ Remarks.—With very few exceptions the trees are grown in the kitchen gardens, around or across the breaks used for ordinary cropping. Allthe Culinary sorts mentioned in the list are successfully grown along Tweedside on both Standards and Pyramids. The dessert sorts should be grown on walls with good exposure. On Standards and Pyramids they are generally very small,

952 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following collections from the Kitchen Gardens of Tweed- side were sent per Messrs. OkmISTON & RENWICK :—

1.—Lady Brewster, Allerley. Mr. P. Jarpine, Gardener.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situated on the north side of the Tweed, opposite Melrose, at an altitude of about 380 feet, with a southern exposure. Soil, ordinary loam on a gravelly subsoil.

2,.—ALEXANDER CuRLE, Esq., Priorwood, Melrose. Mr. Wm. SHARPE, Gardener.

Observations.—A remarkably fine contribution.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The Apple trees are grown as Stand- ards, Bush, and Pyramids, grafted on the Free and Paradise stocks. They are about 6 years old. None of them have been root-pruned yet, but this season we shall go over most of them. They are summer pinched, and pruned early in spring. The garden is situate close to Melrose Abbey, 280 feet above the sea- level, and partly sheltered. Soil, a good sound loam, with gravelly subsoil. This is a splendid district for fruit, especially in the immediate vicinity of Melrose Abbey.

3.—JAMES CuRLE, Esq., Harleyburn. Mr. W. Roxio, Gardener.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Garden situate 330 feet above the sea- level, and exposed to the west and north-west winds. Soil, a heavy red clay (greatly improved by large quantities of ashes dug in), with a cold tilly subsoil.

4,—The Rey. M. H. Grauam, Maxton Manse.

EHahibitor’s Remarks.—Situation on the south bank of the Tweed, 260 feet above sea-level. Soil, heavy clay, 15 inches deep, with a cold, stiff subsoil. Here Lord Suffield and Stirling Castle canker very early. The trees are summer pinched, and pruned early in spring.

§.—Lieut.-Gen. Henry, C.B., Pavilion. Mr. W. Dick, Gardener.

Hzhbitor’s Remarks.—Situated 150 yards from the north side of the Tweed, at an altitude of 455 feet. Soil, a sandy loam, with a gravelly subsoil. The trees are growing in grass, formerly cultivated as a kitchen garden.

6.—The Earu or Home, Hirsel, Coldstream. Mr. Joun Carrns, Gardener.

Observations.—Most of the examples large and well grown, paler in colour, but otherwise equal to the best fruits grown in the south.

SCOTLAND—SOUTH : ROXBURGH. 258

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Our Apple trees are grown on the Standard, Pyramid, and Bush form, principally the former, being trained with spreading heads and close pruned; those trained otherwise are also kept close pruned. Root-pruning is regularly attended to, so many trees being done every year. They are grafted mostly on the Crab, a few Bush trees being on the Paradise. Situation, partly sheltered. Soil, a good strong loam ; subsoil, inclined to clay. Weare about a mile from the River Tweed, and fourteen from the sea. We suffer much from spring frosts, the blossom being often destroyed. For small gardens we would recommend the Paradise stock.

7.—Miss Scorr Macpoueatn, Makerstoun. Mr. JAMES FAIRBAIRN, Gardener. Observations.—Examples large and very well grown. Hxhubitor’s Remarks.—The garden is situate on the north bank of the Tweed. It is flat, and well sheltered on all sides. Soil, a good loam ; subsoil, gravelly.

8.—The Hon. J. C. Maxwetu-Scort, Abbotsford. Mr. Henry Scott, Gardener.

Observations.—Examples very fine.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Trees mostly grown as Pyramids. Garden situate on the south side and close to the Tweed, 400 feet above the sea-level, with south-west exposure. Soil, a light loam on a gravelly subsoil.

9.—Mrs. Merxuam, Gladswood. Mr. GEORGE GREY, Gardener. Observations.—Examples of good size. Haxhibitor’s Remarks.—The garden is situate 500 feet above

the sea-level, on a high bank, 260 feet above and close to the Tweed. Soil, a strong, stiff clay, with cold, tenacious subsoil.

10.—Lord PotwartH, Mertown, St. Bosweil’s. Mr. WiLLIAM Fow LER, Gardener.

Hazhibitor’s Remarks.—Our trees may all be termed Dwarf Standards, from 18 to 20 years of age, grafted on the Crab. The garden is situate on the north side of the Tweed, on a sloping bank, facing southwards. Soil, a good ordinary loam ; subsoil, gravelly.

11.—Cuarwes Tennant, Esq., The Glen, Innerleithen. Mr. M. McIntyre, Gardener.

Observations.—Examples of fair average size.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Examples grown on walls. The gardens are 800 feet above the sea-level, with a southern exposure. Soil, a heavy clay; subsoil, rock and till.

254

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. |

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Scot-

land—South Division. SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. R. P. Brotuerston, Tynninghame, Prestonkirk. Brunton, Gilmerton, Drem.

,, OCarrns, Hirsel, N.B.

J. CuRLE, Esq., Harleyburn.

593

' Mr. J. Day, Galloway House, Garlieston.

99

JY)

M. Dunn, Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith. W. Fowuer, Mertoun, St. Boswell’s. W. Kine, Dalzell, Motherwell.

Messrs. OnmiIsTON & RENwick, Melrose.

DrEssERT APPLES.

No. of

Name Votes

King of the Pippins .

Ribston Pippin .

Kerry Pippin

Blenheim Orange . |

Devonshire Quarr enden

Cambusnethan ED

Irish Peach .

Thorle.

Claygate Pearmain . | so

CoO NI

Karly Harvest

Egg or White Paradise Gravenstein . Worcester Pearmain American Apple. . Kast Lothian needs Margil . :

Oslime ya 2. ge 3

Red Neocon : Sturmer Pippin . Wyken Pippin

Yellow Ingestrie

Adams’ Pearmain ; Se | Ee |

bo

Beauty of Kent . Boston Russet . Cellini Pippin Cornish Aromatic . Court Pendu Plat . Court of Wick

por

No. of

Name Votes

Cox’s Orange Pippin. Cox’s Pomona. : Dalzell Manse . Duchess of Olden- burg ; Dutch Mienonne ; Fearn’s Pippin Friar Pippin . Galloway Pippin . Golden Monday Golden Reinette . Golden Pearmain. . Hubbard’s Russet lady Apple. ssa 1 Lady Henniker Margaret Nonpareil Nonesuch . Old Golden Pippin Pomeroy : Red Calendar . Royal Pearmain Royal Somerset Silver Saturday Stone Pippin White Moncrieff . Winter Strawberry Winter Pearmain .

Name

Lord Suffield , Keklinville pean Stirling Castle . Warner’s King . Alfriston . Dumelow’s Seedling . Keswick Codlin . Cellini . Cox’s Pomona . Manks*”Codlin . Duchess of Oldenburg Fullwood . ; Golden N oble Hawthornden Mére de Ménage New Hawthornden Northern Greening Small’s Admirable . Stoup persion ; Atkin’s No. 2 Baltimore Betty Geeson Blenheim Orange . Carse 0’ Gowrie . Dolphin ; ~ Duke of Devonshire Dutch Fullwood

SCOTLAND—SOUTH.

CULINARY APPLES.

; aa

No. of Votes

On

iw

Name

Kmperor Alexander . Galloway Pippin . Grenadier Improved Codi; 37. Kentish Fillbasket Lauder Lud Late Marrow Leadington. .. Luffness Matchless Nelson’s Codlin Norfolk Storing Pott’s Seedling Red Ingestrie . Royal Codlin

Resnick

Reinette de @anads

Sheep’s Head . Stone’s Apple . Tower of Glamis . Violette . . Waltham Abbey 8 Seed- lin : White Melrose. Winter Fullwood . Willy Bonny : Yorkshire Greening .

255

No. of Votes

Aah A ae ahi ppeyaan oF { . + ANP Aa I

?

s

‘PSG ey

Sapte at ceteris arent ae tape Se = meat nem mame ge platen ial Sreesanth

WS

re

GRO.U PV Ile.

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND DIVISION.

FORFARSHIRE AND PERTHSHIRE.

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND. 3 259

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND DIVISION.

EHahibitors. 1.—Mr. J. Cameron, Auchterarder House, Perthshire.

Observations.—Examples small and deficient in colour, ex- cepting those grown on walls.

Hzibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standards in borders inside a walled garden, varying in age from 20 to 50 years. Situation, sheltered, facing north. Soil, stiff black loam, approaching clay. ‘Trees are much given to canker if bruised, and very much covered with moss in winter. The sun’s rays strike but a very small portion of the ground, and in mid-winter the sun is not seen. Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Lord Suffield, and Hawthornden bear well almost every year.

2.—Mr. D. Doie, The Gardens, Rossie Priory, Inchture, Perthshire.

Hzxhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees from 6 to 15 feet high, planted in the borders by the sides of the walks in a kitchen garden. Those which are grafted on the Free stock are about 50 years old; the others, on the Paradise, are about 12 years; upon this stock some varieties do not succeed, the trees becoming cankered. The gardens are well sheltered by trees, and are situated at the bottom of a hill, about 80 feet above the sea-level. Soil, a black loam 18 inches deep; subsoil, a sandy gravel, very deep. The lowest part of the ground is subject to hoar frosts and fog. Both trees and fruit are very eect to the growth of lichen.

3.—Mr. P. W. Farra@Rieve, The Gardens, Dunkeld, Perth.

Observations.—Examples mostly small and deficient in colour.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on dwarf Standard and Bush trees 8 years old, mostly grafted on the Paradise. Situation, Sheltered, with a south aspect, 176 feet above sea-level. Soil, light; subsoil, gravel.

4,—Mr. A. McKinnon, Gardener, Scone Palace, Perth.

Observations.—A very interesting and excellent contribution. Many examples large and fine.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Bush, Pyramid, and Espa- lier trees, grafted on the Paradise and Free stocks. Situation, low, but sheltered on all sides. Soil, a heavy rich loam, resting on a clay bottom. Apples in this part of Scotland are very late

and very small. R2

260 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5.—Mr. McDonatp, Woodlands House, Perth.

Observations.—Examples of Cellini, very large and fine, stated to have been grown on Cordon on Paradise stock.

6.—Mr. Joun REID, Gardener to The Honourable Mrs. Trotter, Ballindean, Inchture.

Observations.—A fairly good collection, the fruit being of good size, but wanting in colour.

Hahibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Bush trees about 50 years old, but little interfered with in the way of prun- ing, and allowed plenty of room. They are mostly grafted on the Free stock, some on Paradise, and grown in open orchard on erass. Soil, a good loam, with clay subsoil. I sent a very small collection of Apples, some 20 sorts, but they comprise nearly all the kinds of real value in the East of Scotland; at least all that have come under my observation, and I happen to have had a good deal to do with Apples. The orchard, which I have had for 30 years under my charge (some 8 or 10 acres), was planted by my father-in-law about 60 years ago; and he, being a great fancier of Apples, gathered together all the varieties he could secure. Many of these I have regrafted with others, but still we have about 100 sorts, specimens of which I might have for- warded. As I have sold fruit in the Dundee Market, which is perhaps the largest market in Scotland for home-grown Apples, I am able to assert that there are not more than 20 or 80 sorts of any value that ever appear in the market. One-half of our present kinds of Apples ought to be swept out of the list altogether, as small Apples are a perfect drug in the market. I find that any good soft eating Apple will sell in the summer months, but the kinds that are the most valuable are the Codlins, and Apples of that sort. They can be sold in large quantities, big and little, just as they come off the trees, for making jelly. Eating or table Apples are but little sought after in August or September, as there are plenty of other fruits, but in October such sorts as Irish Green, Winter Strawberry, Lady’s Finger, and King of the Pippins sell fairly well. Thirty years ago there was scarcely any use for cooking Apples, good eating Apples being all that was required ; now the whole demand is for large cooking Apples, while eating or dessert Apples (for winter especially) are driven out of the market by the American kinds. Warner’s King, Stiring Castle, Manks’ Codlin, Hawthornden, and Cellini are varieties that pay well for autumn use; and Yorkshire Greening, Tower of Glamis, and Grey Cheek for winter use, the latter being a very valuable sort. These Apples I have named were the leading sorts 80 years ago, and they are the leading sorts still.

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND. 261

7.—Dr. RoBertson, Fern Bank House, Errol.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standards and Bush trees, from 12 to 100 years old; the Standard trees on the Crab stock, theothers on the Paradise. Situation, in walled garden, sheltered. Soil, a pretty good black loam; subsoil, a useless clay, red in colour, and entirely unfit for vegetation. The Ribston Pippin requires a wall here and a southern aspect, otherwise it is apt to canker. Ina cold subsoil the New Hawthornden is very apt to canker, otherwise it is an excellent sort. In the numerous Carse orchards here, 1am sorry to say, fruit culture has been much neglected, both as to root and top pruning, as well as in manuring and in the proper selection of kinds, many large orchards getting no attention whatever. The Carse of Gowrie is a splendid fruit district. I have known samples of Lord Suffield grown here by amateurs, on the Crab stock, 175 ounces in weight. In my opinion fruit is not half so well cultivated here as it might and ought to be. We want, in fact, more enlightened cultivation.

8.—Mr. GrorcEe Kipp, The Gardens, Megginch Castle, Errol.

Observations.—Examples of good size and quality.

Halubitor’s Remarks.—Apples grown as Standards, from 7 to 20 years old, grafted on the Paradise stock. They are planted in the borders round the garden. Soil, a heavy clay, trenched, and manured round the roots all the winter. I have over 170 trees, and I lift a number of them every year, give them new soil, and then plant them again where they were. Lach tree is lifted every third year in rotation. If weather permits, I begin replanting them about the 1st of November.

9.—Mr. Brenviz, Gardener to J.‘B. Morrison, Esq., Murie, Errol.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Apple trees are mostly large Standard, from 50 to 100 years old, on the Crab stock. A few Dwarf trees on the Paradise. Situation, good, with a south exposure, and on the highest part of the Carse. They are grown on pasture and on cultivated ground. Soil, clay and a rich loam; subsoil, partly sand and partly clay.

10.—The Rev. W. Wurtz, U.P., Manse, Pitrodie, Perth.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on large Standard trees, from 50 to 100 years old, grafted on the Crab or Free stock. Situation, sheltered, with a good southern exposure. Soil, a strong damp clay.

262. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Scotland— Midland Division.

SELECTED (1883) BY

Mr. J. Cameron, Auchterarder House, Auchterarder. » DL. Doic, Rossie Priory, Inchture. P. W. FarrGritve, Dunkeld House, Dunkeld. ,, A. Forses, Prtfour Castle, Perth. » G. Kipp, Megginch Castle. ,», A. McKinnon, Scone Palace, Perth. ,, J. Reto, Ballindean, Inchture. Dr. Rosertson, Hrrol.

DEssERT APPLES,

No. if No. of aoe ee MTG Votes King of the Pippins 7 || Karly Margaret Ribston Pippin . 6 Emperor Alexander . Golden Pippin Eve, or Irish Pitcher Kerry Pippin : 4 Fearn’s Pippin Summer Whorle . Golden Russet . Court of Wick Gravenstein Pippin .

3 Irish Green. Lass o’ Gowrie Majestic . wea Mannington’s Pear- main Mother

Devonshire Quarr enden :

Winter Strawberry.

Arbroath Pippin (Oslin) Blenheim Orange . Cambusnethan Pippin Claygate Pearmain . Cox’s Orange sen Oslin. Trish Peach 2 || Paradise, or Lady's s i Orange Pippin . . Finger a tee Ravelston Pippin . Paradise Pippin

Sturmer Pippin . Pearson’s Plate é Summer Strawbeny Pine Golden Russet . Worcester Pearmain Professor 3 4 Cellini . : Red Ingestrie . Cockle’s Pippin. . Court Pendu Plat . Cupar Market Downton Pippin Duke of Devonshire Dutch Mignonne Karly Julien .

Red Astrachan ; Reinette Jaune Hative 1 Scarlet Nonpareil . Striped Beefing Trumpington . White Juneating . Wyken Pippin .

Name

Stirling Castle Tower ‘of Glamis Lord Suffield. Warner’s King . Cellini .

Dumelow’s Seedling ‘Ecklinville Seedling Keswick Codlin . Emperor Alexander Hawthornden

Lord Dunmore . Manks’ Codlin New Bee orden. Yorkshire Greening Rymer .

Alfriston . Baldwin

Betty Geeson Blenheim Pippin Carlisle Codlin . Catshead .

Cox’s Pomona

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND. 268

CULINARY APPLES.

| 4 a =

No. of

Votes

oO NI @

No.of Name Votes

Dunmore Pearmain .

Dutch Codlin .

Karly Julien . .

Eve, or Manks’ Codlin

Hambledon Deux Ans

Hill’s Seedling.

Jolly Beggar... .

Lady Henniker

Lord Derby.

Nelson’s Glory .

Nortolk Bearer. . ~. 1

Old Golden Pippin

Phillip’s Seedling (Cellini)

Pott’s Seedling

Ringer .

Round Winter None: guch .

Small’s TIncompar able

White Codlin .

Winter Hlmnomagoin

a a = tee wegen 4

sae wsoonaeeant tt ‘ My ripe dotaey ORO oh) nt He ange) a a aie me eL ic pe

Vint ett

Gal Our Ab xX.

SCOTLAND—NORTHERN DIVISION.

MORAYSHIRE AND ORKNEY.

SCOTLAND—NORTH. 267

SCOTLAND—NORTHERN DIVISION. Hahbitors.

1.—Mr. JoHn CuARE, Gardener, Brodie Castle, Morayshire.

Observations.—Examples small, but the contribution interest- ing as containing many of the earlier Scottish Apples.

Hizhibitor’s Remarks.—All grown on Standard trees, with ‘one exception, viz., Paradise Pippin, or Adams’ Apple, which is from an old Eispalier. The trees are about 25 years old, and mostly grafted on the Crab, with a few on the Paradise. Situa- tion, sheltered. Soil, a black sandy loam; subsoil, gravel, with oxide of iron in it. On comparing notes with others, I have come to the conclusion that Apples do not grow to the same size nor ripen so well in the north as they used to. A neighbour was tellng me that he was rooting out all the tender kinds, and substituting Kitchen sorts, such as Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, and Tower of Glamis. Lord Suffield is one of the most constant bearers we have, as also is Brown Codlin, a sort that does well here, and is esteemed for a fine aromatic flavour when cooked. Golden Pippin (? Downton) grows without any trace of canker, but the fruit has been so small of late years that it is comparatively worthless. The same may be said of all the small sorts. Hawthornden and Ribston Pippin both canker very much, so also does Cellini and Stirling Castle on the Paradise stock. I consider the subsoil here very bad for fruit trees, being so very much impregnated with iron and a black hard substance locally called Pan or Moray crust.

2.—Mr. THomas McDonatp, Balfour Castle Gardens, Kirkwall, Orkney.

Observations.—An extremely interesting contribution from so northern a latitude; the examples small, very green, hard, and acid.

Hahibitor’s Remarks .—Grown on trained trees, on walls, from 8 to 80 years of age, and generally bear a very fair crop.

268 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Scotland— North Division.

SELECTED (1883) BY

Mr. J. Cuarx, Brodie Castle, Morayshire. », L. McDonaxp, Balfour Castle, Orkney.

No. of

DEssERT APPLES.

; No. of

Name

Golden Pippin

(? Downton) Ribston Pippin. . Adams’ Apple (or Para-

dise Pippin) Blenheim Orange . Boston Russet 6 Brabant Bellefleur . Karly Harvest

Name

Lord Suffield Stirling Castle . Alexander

Brown Codlin Carlisle Codlin . Dutch Codlin Hawthornden . . Kentish Fillbasket .

a?

|

Votes

2

CULINARY

No. of Votes

1

Name

Gogar Pippin . . Lamb Abbey Pearmain Late enpa ; Oslin . . ‘ Peach Apple Pitmaston Nonpareil . Red Astrachan Strawberry Pippin Summer Thorle

APPLES.

Name

Keswick Codlin

Lady Apple (?). Nonesuch . . Norfolk Beefing Northern Greening Tower of Glamis . . Yorkshire Greening .

Votes

er pee lay eat

i poe

n Merrie | 8: z re mA: fy Ao Md 4 - SU ar

(rs a em sir deep en eae ante Np enema ne AAI ad te eae ea TERI mae Gh W'S Pome ravine na NEAL i bea o RRO een

WALES. 271

SOUTH WALES. Exhibitors.

1.—General Benson, C.B., Fairy Hill, Swansea.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gathered mostly from Standard trees about 20 years old, and others from old trees on the farm. Situation, 24 miles from the sea, on the Gower Coast, and much exposed to wind. Soil, limestone, also sandstone and clay. Ribston Russet is the common Apple of the country. Old trees are great bearers, such as Hoary Morning and Bevan’s Seed- ling, a variety raised from Hoary Morning 20 years ago. Ribston Pippin will not do well here, as it cankers.

2.—Mr. G. Grirrin, Slebeck Park, Haverfordwest. Observations.—A very fine, well-grown collection.

Hixhibitor’s Remarks.—These Apples are the produce of the orchards here, which contain nearly every variety grown in the county. They are grown on Standard and Bush trees on the Crab ; some are aged, slow-growing trees, and very fruitful, but are very subject to the growth of lichen, which is kept under by dusting with fresh lime on damp days in winter. Situation, bank of tidal river, 10 miles from sea, and exposed to the south- west gales off the Atlantic. Soil, heavy, rather shallow, on clay mixed with broken Silurian rock; well drained. Few Apples are grown, there not being a sufficient quantity for the demand. When there is a full crop in England, the local fruiterers receive large consignments. ‘The soil appears to be too cold and damp, and the trees canker; but here the soil is well-drained, and good varieties are planted, and there is a good return.

SELECTION OF ‘TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Culinary.—Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Kentish Fill- basket, Alfriston, Ecklinville Seedling, Tower of Glamis, Warner’s King, Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Mére de Ménage, Striped Beefing, Hanwell Souring. Dessert.—Early Harvest, Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Wyken Pippin, King of the Pippins, Claygate Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Dutch Mignonne, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FoR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Culinary.—Hawthornden, Kentish Fillbasket, Alfriston, Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Hanwell Souring. Dessert.—Early Harvest, Devonshire Quarrenden, Fearn’s Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Wyken Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin.

272 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Kentish Fillbasket, Blen- heim Orange, Striped Beefing, Alfriston, King of Pipping, Hanwell Souring, Wyken Pippin, Devonshire Quarrenden. These are all heavy croppers here. There is no systematic growing of fruit for market in this county.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in | South Wales.

SELECTED (1883) BY

General Benson, C.B., Fairy Hill, Swansea. Mr. GEorGE GRIFFIN, Haverfordwest.

DrEssERtT APPLES.

Name ee Name ie Cox’s Orange Pippin . | 2 || King of the Pippins . Blenheim Orange . . Lodgemore Nonpareil Carraway Russet . . Pitmaston Russet Cockle’s Pippin. . . Nonparenla se as 1 Devonshire Quarrenden 1 Red Astrachan ‘ Fearn’s Pippin . Scarlet Nonpareil . Kerry Pippin . Wyken Pippin . CULINARY APPLES. 10. of : Re

Aifristoneein. (ae: Hoary Morning Keswick Codlin. . . 9 Lord Suffield Wellington (Dumelow’s Minchall Crab .

Seedling) *. 0 New Hawthornden Beauty of Kent. . . Northern Greening . Blenheim Orange . . Reinette de Canada . 1 Catshead Codlin . . Royal Pearmain Dredge’s Emperor . . 1 Royal Russet Gloria; Mundi). . Warner’s King Gravensteim on. es Winter Greening Hanwell Souring . . (Freneh Crab) .

Hawthornden

CromOnl) Ter Xo 1,

JERSEY.

CHANNEL ISLANDS. 275

JERSEY. EHzhibitor.

Mr. C. B. SaunpErRs, Cesarean Nurseries, St. Helier’s, Jersey.

Observations.— These, as representative of the Apples grown in Jersey, which are generally supposed to be greatly superior to those grown even in Kent, were of great interest.

Hxlubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on dwarf Bush and Pyramidal trees, some of the Ribston Pippins being against walls. They are mostly grafted on Paradise stock. Situation, elevated, but sheltered by trees and hedges. Soil, a strong loam, upon a clay subsoil. Apple trees thrive and are very productive in the island of Jersey wherever a good stiff soil and an airy situation are at command. Shelter is necessary, both for the protection of the blossoms from the cold winds of spring, and the crops from the autumnal gales. Many of the smaller dessert sorts produce large quantities of excellent fruit on the Paradise stock, whilst the stronger growing and more vigorous kinds, producing the larger fruits, thrive best on the Crab stock. These last are mostly culinary kinds, and may be kept upon a damp dark floor, or in a cold airy loft. I give preference to the former, as it preserves the flavour of the fruit, if they do not keep so long. Covering dessert Apples whilst in store with large sheets of white paper greatly improves the appearance, whether intended for the dessert table or for sale.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Jersey.

SELECTED BY Mr. C. B. SaunpErs, St. Helier’s, Jersey.

Dessert Apples.—Court of Wick, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Downton Pippin, Hicks’ Fancy, Hooper’s Seedling, King of the Pippins, Pigeonette, Reinette de Versailles, Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Stibbert, Yellow Ingestrie.

Culinary Apples.—Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Pomona, English Codlin, Golden Noble, Grand Alexander, Emperor Alexander, Hawthornden, Jacques Lebel, Lord Suffield, Monstrous Pippin, Reinette de Canada, Royal Russet, Scarlet Pearmain.

1038518) ove IN ID

IRELAND. 279

IRELAND.

Hixhihitors. 1.—Mr. Grorce EHpear, Gardener, Crossgar, Co. Down. 2.—Mr. H. Watxker, Derry.

Observations.—Examples deficient in colour.

Halibitor’s Remarks.—The two finest dessert Apples here are the Irish Peach and Summer Strawberry; the former is a fine habited tree, and a sure bearer, but the fruits are not large; the latter is a thin bearer, but equal in quality to any of the American kinds. In our windy climate both are deserving of walls; they are not pruned, the shoots being simply laid in. Ecklinville and Keswick Codlin are very fine free-bearing sorts. Lord Suffield, as a dwarf tree, bears a greater weight than any other, and the fruit are larger. King of the Pippins bears very freely, the fruit being of splendid colour, hanging like ropes of onions, and at a distance resembling a crop of oranges. Our local ‘‘ Ballyfatten’’ is a constant bearer, of a dry, mild flavour, and is an excellent baker. ‘‘Green Chisel,’ ‘Green Sweet,’ and “Red Kane” are local sorts of repute. The “Jane Moyle” -(Jennet Moyle), brought by the monks to Mongavelin Casile, near here, is as fine as a Ribston. I would say that single vertical Apple trees on walls would supply high-class fruits, without spurring or “pinching,” as it is called here, as this treatment has decimated everything in our soft chmate. Long- wooded kinds require space and time to mature; cutting back closely is productive of immature shoots, and pinching is infi- nitely worse.

280

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

List of Varieties selected by the Exhibitors as best

suited for Cultivation.

Arranged in Order of

Selection ; those receiving only One Vote being

omitted.

GROUP LE,

SOUTHERN

Number of Voters

COUNTIES

(ENGLAND).

DESSERT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin . King of the Pippins Ribston Pippin . Blenheim Orange Kerry Pippin. Cockle’s Pippin . Devonshire Quarrenden Court Pendu Plat . Sturmer Pippin . Scarlet Nonpareil . Trish Peach . : Yellow Ingestrie Fearn’s Pippin . Worcester Pearmain . Claygate Pearmain. Maregil . : Mannington’ S Pearmain Mr. Gladstone

Red Astrachan . Lemon Pippin

Court of Wick Wyken Pippm . . Duchess of Oldenburg Gravenstein . Golden Knob Herefordshire Pearn main Duchess’s Favourite Dutch Mignonne Braddick’s Nonpareil .

; ; | _ ol

:

No. of | Votes

Oo” b4 27 19 18

15

14

Name

Adams’ Pearmain. Reinette de Canada . Lord Burghley. Winter Quoiing . Golden Pippin . Old Nonpareil . Golden Reinette Winter Pearmain . Rosemary Russet . Cornish Gilliflower Boston Russet . Syke House Russet Melon Northern Spy . ‘ Summer Pippin Juneating Downton : Cornish Aromatic. Pearson’s Plate Red Juneating . Russet Nonpareil . Coe’s Golden Drop Early Harvest . Wormsley Pippin . Karly or Summer Nonpareil Reinette de Caux . Lamb Abbey Pearmain

46

SELECTED APPLES

CULINARY APPLES.

Name

Dumelow’s Seedling Lord Suffield Warner’s King . Keswick Codlin . Blenheim Orange . New or Winter Haw- _ thornden . Cellini .

Ecklinville Seedling |

Stirling Castle .

Golden Noble . . . 1

Manks’ Codlin . Northern Greening Cox’s Pomona Alfriston . Hawthornden Mere de Ménage : Loddington Seedling . Beauty of Kent . Emperor Alexander Annie Elizabeth : Waltham AbbeySeedling ord Derby ...—-... Norfolk Beefing . Winter Quoining : ) Bedfordshire Foundling ry

e ° —_— mo

Bess Pool . Yorkshire Greening Hanwell Souring

ees } No.of

Votes

38 36 27 26 25

21 18

15

14

13 12

iL

co @

Name

Round WinterNonesuch |

Frogmore Prolific | Gloria Mundi . | Pott’s Seedling | Peasgood’s Nonesuch Tower of Glamis . Gooseberry Apple. . Hollandbury : Yorkshire Beauty. Grenadier

Hambledon Dems ene Brabant Bellefleur Dutch Mignonne . Betty Geesou .

Royal Russet

Lane’s Prince hhes Dutch Codlin . Worcester Pearmain . Lady Henniker

French Crab

Hoary Morning Reinette de Canada . / Flower of Kent . Small’s Admirable London Pippin Nonesuch

Lemon Pippin . Hubbard’s Pearmain Norfolk Bearer

281

NoTe.—Blenheim Orange—-Dessert, 19 votes | We otes: Culinary,25° , f

39 39

EASTERN COUNTIES

Number of Voters

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin .

Blenheim Orange . Kerry Pippin. , Trish Peach Sturmer Pippin. Golden Harvey .

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GAO Wie ia

(ENGLAND).

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of Votes

6

Red Quarrenden . . | 3

Name

Golden Winter Pearmain > Lord Lennox

Name

Lord Suffield Dumelow’s Seedling Warner’s King . Blenheim Orange . Keswick Codln . Hawthornden

Note.— Blenheim Orange—Dessert, 4 votes Culinary,4 ,,

99

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of Votes

”

|

| Hawthornden . | Norfolk Bearer

Coxe RomOmdno sear Hicklinville Seedling . 9 Gravenstein ;

° ° ns

' 8 votes.

a “a

SELECTED APPLES.

288

GOULD.

NotTEe.—Blenheim Orange—Dessert,

29

9

MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH (ENGLAND). Number of Voters 15 DrEsseRt APPLES.

ee (Behl. man” [ee Cox’s Orange Pippin . | 13 Mr. Gladstone . : King of the Pippins . | Braddick’s Nonpareil BI

Shibston Pippin . |. . 11 || Worcester Pearmain . Kerry Pippin. 9 || Blenheim Orange. . ' Devonshire Quarrenden 7 || Margil : 93 Sturmer Pippin. . . 6 || Cockle’s Pippin Irish Peach Yellow Ingestrie . . Fearn’s Pippin . Ee Karly Margaret Claygate Pearmain . Golden Reinette Adams’ Pearmain . Scarlet Pearmain . Scarlet ae : Manninegton’s Pearmain Wyken Pippin Karly Julien : Court of Wick -. . . cn i Mabbot’s Pearmain . Court Pendu Plat . . J | CuLINARY APPLES.

E | No.of | + Yo.

ERE | Votes | Naiae es Lord Suffield. , | | Emperor Alexander . | 4 Keswick Codlin . . +i 12 || Norfolk Beefing ab} Blenheim Orange . . | eAtliiarstom te teenie ar oer Dumelow’s Seedling . | 11 | Mérede Ménage . . | 3 Cellini . : 9 | Grenadier iia Golden Noble 8 | Beauty of Kent ) Keklinyille Seedling 7 | Duchess of Oldenburg Hawthornden || Betty Geeson . j Cox’s Pomona 5 | Tower of Glamis . Lord Derby . | Hanwell Souring . Lord Grosvenor. Rymer. . 2 Stirling Castle . Lane’s Prince Albert New or Winter Haw- i Peasgood’s Nonesuch

thornden French Crab

Manks’ Codlin | Rosemary Russet .

3 votes

Culinary, 12 feat BANDE

284

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GROULGNS

MIDLAND COUNTIES—-NORTH

Number of Voters

(ENGLAND).

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of || Nein Votes Cox’s Orange Pippin . | 7 Blenheim Orange a2}} King of the Pippins . 6 Ribston Pippin . reat Ul Irish Peach . Pat | Court of Wick : | Court Pendu Plat . . 4 Kerry Pippin. : Sturmer Pippin. : Fearn’s Pippin . Maltster me Mr. Gladstone i Nonpareil . Wyken Pippin | CULINARY = No. of ene Votes Lord Suffield. 5 | 9 Keswick Codlin . ae. Dumelow’s Seedling . 8 Cellini . : ; 7 Warners Kine se ae, Kecklinville Seedling . Golden Noble A 5 Alfriston , ; Blenheim Orange ‘ New or Winter 4 Hawthornden : Queen Caroline . ‘ Annie Elizabeth Hawthornden 9 Duchess of Oldenburg Northern Greening

Name

Adams’ Pearmain. Karly Margaret

| Golden Pippin .

Golden Reinette

Golden Winter Pear- main

Juneating

|| Margil

Newtown Pippin .

| Old Bess Pool . ' Improved Bess Pool . Claygate Pearmain

Scarlet Nonpareil .

APPLES.

| No. of | Votes

pice

ua

Name.

Lord Grosvenor Mere de Menage . Betty Geeson . Cox’s Pomona . ‘ Emperor Alexander . Costard .

Rymer

Dominos.

Manks’ Godan Minchal Crab .

Poit’s Seedling Small’s Admirable Stirling Castle . Wareham Russet . Yorkshire Greening .

tS

Notre.—Blenheim Orange— Dessert, Culinary, 4 ,,

39

”

7 votes i 11 votes.

SELECTED APPLES. 985 GROUP Y.

WESTERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND). Number of Voters 17 DrEssERT APPLES.

No. of No. of Pee Votes Nee ies Cox’s Orange Pippin . 19 | Fearn’s Pippin. King of the Pippins . Worcester Pearmain .

Ribston Pippin . 11 limislebeach.. . . 6 8 Miaroil. . IE 6 Gout Pendu Plat . Devonshire Quarrenden Kerry Pippin. : Blenheim Orange . . | Ashmead’s Kernel . Sturmer Pippin . ) Scarlet Nonpareil

Yellow Ingestrie | Wyken Pippin fg is Cornish Gilliflower. . 3

Red Astrachan. . . 3 Adams’ Pearmain. Manninegton’s Pearmain Crimson Queening Old Nonpareil .

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of

Name Votes Blenheim Orange . .

Dumelow’s Seedling . 14 Keswick Codlin . :

Lord Suffield F 13

Warner’s King . 5 10

Hawthornden .. . 8

New or Winter Haw- thornden :

Golden Noble

Tom Putt.

Cellars 3c.

Keklinville Seedling

Stirling Castle . 5

Tower of Glamis .. 4

NoTE.—Plenhcim Orange—Dessert,

39 29

Culinary, 14

Nonpareil Golden Wamien Pear main ©, : 9 London Pippin. Duke of Devonshire . Cockle’s Pippin Court of Wick . Claygate Pearmain No. of Name Votes Manks’ Codlin. <3 . 4 Peasgood’s Nonesuch Lord Derby. Alfriston . re CoxisvRomona.. \ Northern Greening Yorkshire Beauty . Bess Pool ff Gatshead = 4 ; 2

Red Hawthornden Reinette de Canada . Beauty of Kent Emperor Alexander .

5 votes } 19 votes. 29

286 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GROW ES Var

NORTHERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Voters

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin King of the Pippins Ribston Pippin . Blenheim Orange Trish Peach . Kerry Pippi... Karly Margaret . Claygate Pearmain .

Name

Lord Suffield. . Keswick Codlin . Dumelow’s Seedling New Hawthornden . Warner’s King . Emperor Alexander Cellini . ; Cox’s Pomona Manks’ Codlin Pott’s Seedling .

-

; |

Devonshire Quarrenden

10

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of | Votes |

CG =e or Oo @

CULINARY

No. of Votes

m OD we

id)

Red) Astrachas sae 3 | Yellow Ingestrie

Stirling Castle. . . 3

Name Votes

Adams’ Pearmain .

Court Pendu Plat.

Fearn’s Pippin.

Maron = 4 2 Scarlet Nonpareil .

Sturmer Pippin

Syke House Russet

APPLES.

Name

Aliistons, =. Bedfordshire Found-

ling. : Cockpit . . Keklinville Seedling . 2 Greenup’s Pippin . Hawthornden . Ringer : 5 Tower of Glamis .

SHLECTED APPLES,

287

GROUPS VIF. LO Ix.

SCOTLAND. Number of Voters .., a 2% 18 DESSERT APPLES. No.of ‘i

Name a ae Name Tee Ribston Pippin . 15 eu eens Harvest . . King of the Pippins 14 || Sturmer Pippin Kerry Pippin. : 10 || Winter Strawberry Summer Thorle. . 9 || Cox’s Orange Pippin. Blenheim Orange | 8 Wyken Pippin ats it Devonshire Quarrenden Adams’ Pearmain . Golden Pippin | 7 || Dutch Mignonne . Trish Peach Side. a Boston Russet . Cambusnethan Pippin. “4 g || Cellini ! Oslin Court Pendu Plat. Claygate Pearmain. . ) Fearn’s Pippin. Keg, or White Par adise | 5 || Nonpareil Worcester Pearmain vi Gogar, or Stone Court of Wick Margil Gravenstein . . nl 4 || Yellow Ingestrie . ; Red Astrachan . )

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name ae Name ae Stirling Castle . 18 || Emperor Alexander . 5 Lord Suffield 17 || Small’s Admirable . Warner’s King . . 14 || Lord Dunmore Keklinville Seedling 12 || Betty Geeson Keswick Codln . 10 || Blenheim Orange . Ceilings 25. ‘ Carlisle Codlin . Dumelow’s Seedling 9 | Dutch Codlin . Tower of Glamis Rymer . Manks’ Codlin 8 Wiese of Oldenburg 9 New, or Winter Haw- Bullwood - .- eimoenmaden 2. >. 7 || Golden Noble . . PUM HOI ss et te 6 Kentish Fillbasket Hawthornden Mere de Ménage .

Yorkshire Greening . ; 5 Cox’s Pomona ,

NOTE..—Blenheim Orange—Dessert, 5 Culinary, 2

Northern Greening Stoup Leadington

8 votes ee lowerne.

98s JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

List of 120 Apples selected by 1380 Exhibitors. Poll taken for the whole of Great Britain.

Number of Returns from Exhibitors ae — be 130

60 DrssERtT APPLES.

| No. of |

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin Ribston Pippin . Kerry Pippin. | Blenheim Orange Trish Peach | Devonshire Quarr enden | Sturmer Pippin . Searlet Nonpareil Court Pendu Plat Yellow Ingestrie )| Fearn’s Pippin _<—._ <4 Claygate Pearmain . J] Worcester Pearmain . |

King of the Pippms .

Marois oe ee Wyken Pippin J Cockle’s Pippin .

Court of Wick

Red Astrachan .

Adams’ Pearmain .

Mr. Gladstone

Golden Pippin Mannington’s Pearmain Gravenstein . Summer Thorle. Lemon Pippin = Ute Braddick’s Nonpareil . Early Margaret . Old Nonpareil Golden Reinette . . Duchess of Oldenburg

. . —_—— er

98 89 78 | 56

52 | 48

42

41

31 29

27 26

Wi oes

Name

Dutch Mignonne . - Cambusnethan Pippin

Oslin . Cornish Eilienee Early Harvest .

| Nonpareil | Golden Knob : _Herefordshire Pear-

main Boston Russet . Syke House Russet

| Russet Nonpareil . _ Ashmead’s Kernel _ Egg or White Paradise

Lord Lennox Juneating

_ Duchess’s Favourite . _ Reinette de Canada .

| Lord Burghley . _ Winter Pearmain .

_ Rosemary Russett _ Melon.

Downton. =~. Golden Harvey. Scarlet Pearmain . Mabbott’s Pearmain . Pine Golden Pippin . Pine Apple Russet Pearson’s Plate

cal : Maes fitte | | |

SELECTED APPLES. 289

60 CuLnINARY APPLES.

No. of

No. of “

Noda Votes ‘inate Votes imorasouiield:. 6! 0. 101 || Hanwell Souring . Dumelow’s Seedling . 93 || Small’s Admirable a Keswick Codlin. . . 84 | Duchess of Oldenbure I Warmers'King . . . 70 || Lord Grosvenor Blenheim Orange . . 63 | Grenadier New or Winter Haw- Reinette de Canada

thornden : 52 || Tom Putt 6 Cellini . : : Rymer Keklinville Seedling ; 49 || Winter Quoining ; Stirling Castle .. . 48 || Gloria Mundi P Hawthornden .. . 41 || French Crab ; Mamks Codlin .-. . 37 || Round Winter None- Golden Noble .. . 36 Suclie Cons Pomona... | 39 || Frogmore Prolific . Alfriston ‘ Royal Russet ‘ 4 Kmperor Alexander . 28 || Lane’s Prince Albert. Northern Greening. . O1 Dutch Codlin Tower of Glamis Norfolk Bearer . Mére de Ménage . . 19 || Queen Caroline Beauty of Kent. . . 18 Gooseberry Apple . ikond Derby so... 15 || Hollandbury Yorkshire Greening . 12 || Yorkshire Beauty . Annie Klizabeth . . 11 || Hambledon Deux Ang Norfolk Beefing. . . | 10 Dutch Mignonne , Loddington Seedling . Hoary Morning 9 Pott’s Seedling . . . Gravenstein . Peasgood’s Nonesuch . Lord Dunmore . Betty Geeson. . . 8 || Minchal Crab alban Abbey Seed- Lady Henniker

Line. 7 Lemon Pippin . Bedfordshire Foundling Catshead . Bess Pool .

Nore, —Blenheim Orange— Dessert, 52 votes Tdpivotes Culinary, 63

” 9

These Returns are valuable as cae the extent of apprecia- tion in which certain varieties are held throughout the country. They cannot, however, be altogether accepted as complete lists of the best or most desirable sorts to cultivate in all cases. For example, many excellent varieties of Apples, through being com- paratively unknown, are placed much lower in the lists than

sy

990 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their merits otherwise entitle them; among others, the following may be named, Pearson’s Plate, Melon, Grenadier, Lane’s Prince Albert, Bramley’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Lady Henniker, Golden Spire, Schoolmaster, The Queen, &c., &c.

The most popular Culinary Apple—or that which has received the greatest number of votes (101 of a possible 1830)—is Lord Suffield ; King of the Pippins, as a Dessert variety, being second (98). The most popular Dessert Apple in England is Cox’s Orange Pippin; but it is evidently not so well known in or so well suited for the colder climate of Scotland. Blenheim Orange occupies an exceptional position, being selected in every district both as a Dessert and Culinary variety, thus receiving in the aggregate a greater number of votes (115) than any other Apple. With this exception the returns are singularly uniform, the varieties selected as most suitable for the north being also held in the same appreciation in the south. Thus, the varieties of Apples that are really worthy of cultivation may be reduced to comparatively narrow limits.

It may be remarked that the Committee consider many of the Dessert Apples as too small for general use; and since there are now so many good ones, it would seem useless to cultivate such as Sam Young, Golden Harvey, Lamb Abbey Pearmain, Court of Wick, Redleaf Russet, Guernsey Pippm, Downton Pippin, &c.; and in regard to Culinary Apples, since so many excellent varieties of large size, &c., are now in cultivation, all those under the standard of ‘‘large,”’ 2.e., ‘‘ three inches in dia- meter,’’ might be with advantage at once discarded, excepting always a few sorts that are specially adapted to certain localities.

APPLES

Jee dan he

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

APPLES EXHIBITED 1883 AND 1888.

T 2

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. . 293

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES, AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING THE FRUITS.

FIRST.—PurpPoses FOR WHICH GROWN.

1.—D. = Dessert or Table Use. 2.—C. = Culinary or Kitchen Use. oo Cider.

SECOND.—SEASOoN oF RIPENING OR BEING FIT FOR USE.

1.—First Harly.—Fit for use during August and September. 2.—EHarly.—F it for use during September and October. 3.—Mid-season.—Fit for use from October to January.

4,-—_Late.—F¥it for use from January to March, &ce.

THIRD.—S1zE".—See Plates.

1.—Small.—Under two inches in diameter. 2,,—Mediwnm.—F rom two to three inches in diameter.

3.—Large.—Above three inches in diameter.

FOURTH.— GENERAL ForM OR SHAPE.

1.— Round.—Globose—Diameter and height about equal. 2.—Oblong.—Height or length of fruit greater than the diameter. 3.—Flat.—Oblate—The diameter greater than the height.

4,— Conical.—Tapering from base to apex. 5.—Ovate.-—Oval—Tapering to both ends.

994 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FIFTH.—Svurrace or FRvIt.

1.—Angular.—Ribbed and uneven. 2.—Smooth.—Evyen.

SIXTH.—Cotovur.—-(Very variable.)

A.—Normal or Ground Colour.

1.—Green. 2.—Yellow. 3.—Red. 4,—-Bronze. 5.—Russet.

B.— Supplementary Colours, or Colowrs chiefly derwed from exposure.

1.—fRed-streaked. 2.—fed-flushed.

The diagrams or plates are intended to convey, as clearly as may be possible, what is meant by the terms “conical,” “oblong,” &e., as applied, and the relative gradations of size. Thus an Apple which may be described as “medium, conical” is of the size and form represented in Fig. 2, Plate IV., and so on.

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DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES EXHIBITED. 295

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

N.B.—THE VARIETIES MARKED * WERE EXHIBITED IN 1883 AND ALSO IN 1888.

THE VARIETIES MARKED *+ ARE NOTICED FOR THE FIRST TIME, NOT HAVING BEEN EXHIBITED IN 1883. THe NAME OF THE EXHIBITOR FOLLOWS THE NAME OF THE FRUIT.

For Abbreviations and Explanation of Terms, see p. 293.

+ Abbé Sojer (Peed), Large, flat, angular, deep green, eye large, closed.

Acklam Russet (Haywood), see Wheeler’s Russet.

Ackland Vale (Ford), see Goff.

Adam’s Apple (Clark), see Egg or White Paradise.

* Adams’ Pearmain, D. Medium, conical, greenish yellow, streaked with red and russet, firm, sweet, mid-season, first quality, moderate cropper.

Adams’ Pearmain (Jefferies), see Winter Striped Pearmain.

Adams’ Reinette (Brunton), see Adams’ Pearmain.

Admirable, see Small’s Admirable.

Aitkin’s Seedling (J. Veitch & Sons), see Atkin’s Seedling.

- + Akera (Bunyard), D. Medium, round, angular, of a uniform dull pink, flesh white, tender, second quality, mid- season.

Alderton (Fairbairn), D. Small, conical, green, flushed red, mid-season ; worthless.

Alexander, see Emperor Alexander.

* Alexandra (Harrison), C. or D. Large, oblong, angular, orange yellow, streaked red with russet, soft, mid-season.

Alford Prize (Rivers), see Wyken Pippin.

* Alfriston, C. Large, oblong, angular, green, streaked with russet, very firm, acid, mid-season, first quality, a moderate bearer.

Algarkirk Seedling (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, red with pale yellow, firm, sweet, early, second quality; a very pretty apple. ;

Allan Bank Seedling (F. C. Ford), C.

296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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ue

Allends, D. or C. Medium, round, angular, flushed bronze, late, third quality.

Allen’s Everlasting (Rivers), Medium, flat, very angular near the eye, bronzy green, very firm, late, first quality.

Allman’s Scarlet Pippin (8. Ford), see Rymer.

Alma Pippin (Wells), Large, conical, even, green flushed, and covered with large spots, giving the fruit a singular appearance, flesh dry, sweet, third quality, mid-season.

Alms House (Hathaway), C. Medium, round, yellow, streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Alphington (R. Veitch), see Tibbett’s Pearmain.

American Apple (King), C. Medium, flat, green, acid, late ; worthless.

American Baldwin (Ritchie), C., see Baldwin.

American Catkin (Kemp), see Alexandra.

American Crab (Paul & Son), C.

American Early Harvest (Turner).

American Golden Reinette.

American Golden Russet (Cummins), D. Small, conical, pale yellow with russet, sweet, mid-season, first quality ; resembles Rosemary Russet.

American Grindling (Bradley), C. Large, flat, angular, yellow, flushed red, soft, early ; resembles Hollandbury.

American Mother, D. Medium, conical, angular, red, streaked yellow with russet, sweet, briskly flavoured, mid-season, first quality ; handsome.

American Nonesuch (Jones), D. Medium, round, yellow,

sweet, early, second quality.

American Orange (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, pale yellow, mid-season, flesh very white.

American Peach (Harding), C. Large, round, red flushed, soft, early ; very handsome.

American Pippin (Ward), D. Small, conical, greenish russet, mid-season, sweet ; worthless.

American Pippin, see Yorkshire Beauty.

American Summering (Pearson), Cider. Medium, round, angular, streaked yellow, flesh tinged with red.

American Wothorpe Prolific (Gilbert).

Amiens Long Keeper, see French Crab.

Andrew’s Invincible (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, angular, heht copper, acid, mid-season ; handsome.

Annat Scarlet (Dunn), resembles Devonshire Quarrenden.

Annie Elizabeth, C. Large, conical, angular, green, bronze flushed, streaked russet, firm, solid, mid-season, first class; good cropper.

Annie’s Kernel (Brassey).

Ansell’s Cider (Wheeler), Cider. Small, round, red russet.

Api Etoillé (Haycock), D. Small, flat, flushed yellow ; pretty.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 297

Api Grosse (Haycock), D. Small, flat, red flushed; very pretty, but worthless ; a large variety of the Lady Apple.

Api, or Pomme @’Api, D. Very small, red flushed; very pretty and ornamental; great cropper; requires warm season to develop colour.

Api Rose, very similar to Api.

Apple Royal (Saltmarsh), see Sturmer Pippin.

April Pippin (Griffin), D. Small, round, green, acid, mid- season, third elass; worthless.

Arbroath Oslin, D., see Oslin.

Arbroath Pippin, see Oslin.

* Archduc Antoine (Rivers), very similar to King of the Pippins.

Archerfield Pearmain (Ritchie), see Claygate Pearmain.

Argyll (S. Ford), D. Small, conical, angular, green, flushed red.

Ariadon (Rivers), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, firm, mid-season.

Arnold’s Wothorpe Prolific (Gilbert), C. Large, conical, angular, green, hard, acid, late.

Aromatic (Brunton), see Cornish Aromatic.

Aromatie Russet (Dicksons), D. Small, round, light russet, streaked red, firm, sweet, first quality, stalk long, slender; resembles Ross Nonpareil.

* Ashmead’s Kernel (Wheeler), D. Small, round, light russet, firm, sweet, first quality ; excellent for late or spring use.

Ashridge Pine Apple, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Astrachan, see Red Astrachan.

* Atkin’s Seedling, C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, streaked, acid, soft, mid-season.

Atkin’s No. 2, see Atkin’s Seedling.

Autumn Pearmain (R.H.8.), D. Medium, conical, greenish russet, streaked, early, acid, third quality.

Autumn Pearmain (Garland), C. or Cider. Large, conical, mottled bronzy russet, mid-season.

Ayrshire Court Pendu (Ross), D. Small, ovate, green, streaked red, mid-season ; worthless.

Baby Apple (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Medium, oblong, pale ereen, flushed red, mid-season ; worthless.

Bachelor’s Seedling (Pollett), D. medium, round, red, sweet, mid-season ; very handsome.

Baddow Pippin (Jones), D. Medium, round, greenish russet, sweet, firm, late, first quality. , Badger’s Green (Ritchie), C. Large, round, angular, light

ereen, flushed red, mid-season ; worthless.

Badger’s Whelps, Cider. Medium, round, purplish streaked.

Bailey’s Sweet (Rivers), D. or C. Large, round, angular, red streaked, sweet, early, third quality.

298 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Balchin’s Pearmain (Burnett), D. Medium, conical, angular, streaked yellow, firm, mid-season, second quality.

Baldwin, D. or C. Medium, round, angular, bronzy green, late, first quality.

Balgonie, see Ringer.

Baltimore, see Gloria Mundi.

Barcelona Pearmain (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, green, rus- sety, with numerous brown spots, mid-season, first quality.

Barcelona Pippin, D.

* Barchard’s Seedling (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, streaked with dark red, firm, mid-season, second quality ; a free and constant bearer.

Bardfield Defiance (Saltmarsh), see Waltham Abbey Seedling.

Barful Pippin (Turner), C. Medium, flat, angular, streaked yellow, mid-season, second quality ; pretty.

Barker’s Seedling, see Warner’s King.

Barley Pippin (Rogers), C. Medium, round, red, mid-season, eye large, open.

Barn Apple (Ritchie).

* Barnack Beauty (Gilbert), C. or D. Medium, ovate, streaked red, very firm, late, second class; handsome.

Barndoor (Rogers), D. Medium, round, red, sweet, early, second quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Baron Ward (Paul & Son), D. Small, round, green, streaked, late, second class ; pretty.

Barton’s Free Bearer (Pearson), D. or C. Small, round, streaked red, acid, mid-season; worthless.

Barton’s Incomparable (Veitch), D. Small, conical, greenish yellow, mid-season, second quality; free bearer.

Barton’s Noble (Hobbs).

Bascombe Mystery (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, angular, ereen, late, second class.

Bath. Apple (Cranston), Cider. Medium, conical, greenish yellow, flushed, firm.

* Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette (R.H.S.), C. or D. Medium, flat, red, firm, late, second class; handsome ; free bearer.

Tt Baxter’s Favourite (Southall).

Baxter’s Pearmain, D. or C. Large, oblong, slightly angular, green, tinged with russet and streaked red, acid, mid-season, first quality.

Bazeley or Lee Apple (Howler, J.).

Beachamwell (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, dull green, covered with minute grey spots, very firm, sweet, first quality, mid-season.

Beat’s Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, yellow, mid- season, sweet, second quality.

*K—t-

*

* co

tT

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 999

Beaufinette (Cummins).

Beaumaris (Jones), D. Medium, conical, angular, reddish russet, mid-season, third quality.

Beautiful Stripes (Pearson), C. Small, conical, streaked orange, acid, mid-season.

Beauty of Bath (Cooling), Small, flat, greenish yellow, flushed and streaked, early, sweet, and pleasant; a pretty early Apple, second quality; resembles Jefferson’s.

Beauty of Bath, C. Large, round, yellow, flushed red, mid- season, first quality ; resembles Small’s Admirable.

Beauty of Bedford (White), D. Medium, round, angular, bronzy green, acid, late; worthless.

Beauty of Hants, see Blenheim Orange.

Beauty of Kent, C. Large, round, angular, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season, first quality; a free and constant bearer.

Beauty of Moray (Webster), C. Large, round, angular, ereenish yellow, mid-season; a favourite Apple in the north of Scotland.

Beauty of Monteith (Drummond), resembles Lord Suffield.

Beauty of Wallington (Cummins), C. Medium, round, angular, green, streaked red, firm, acid, late.

Beauty of Waltham (W. Paul), D. or C. Medium, conical, yellow, streaked red, soft, acid, mid-season ; handsome.

Beauty of Wells, see Grange Pippin.

Beauty of Wells (Pragnell), C. Large, conical, yellow, sweet, mid-season; a very fine Apple.

Beauty of Wilts (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, green, flushed red, mid-season, second quality; somewhat resembles Blenheim Orange.

Beauty of Wilts, see Round Winter Nonesuch.

Bedfordshire Foundling, C. Large, oblong, angular, pale ereen, flushed with russet, mid-season, first quality ; a fine handsome Apple.

Bell Apple (Rogers), see Sweet Sheep’s Nose.

Belle Agathe (Scott), D. Small, flat, angular, green, flushed red, sweet, late; worthless.

Belle Bonne (Pearson), C. Large, round, greenish yellow, streaked, solid, acid, second quality.

Belle d’Angers (Pragnell), D. or C. Medium, flat, angular, pale yellow with russet, flushed red, sweet ; worthless.

Belle de Boskoop (Rivers), D. Large, round, yellow, streaked, brisk acid, mid-season, first quality; a very pretty Apple.

Belle Dubois, see Gloria Mundi.

Bellefleur Brabant, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Belle Gloire (Peed), Small, ovate, greenish yellow, late ; worthless.

300 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Belle Imperiale, see Imperial. Belle Joseph (Bunyard), C. Large, conical, pointed and © angular, pale green, flushed, mid-season ; somewhat resembles Catshead. Belle Josephine (Bunyard), C. Large, conical, green, firm, mid-season, eye very large; very handsome. Belle Mousseuse (J. Scott), D. Small, conical, yellow, flushed, mid-season ; worthless. Belle Norman, Cider. + Belle Pontoise, Large, flat, green, flushed red, large open eye; handsome. Bellwood Pippin (McKinnon). Belmont, see Manks’ Codlin. Ben Joys (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, red. Bennet’s Defiance, see Fearn’s Pippin. Benoni (Dunn), D. Small, flat, angular, bronze red, streaked, mid-season ; pretty, but worthless. Benwell’s Large, see Pine Apple Russet. + Berkshire Gloire (Cheal), small, round, green, streaked. * Bess Pool, D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, green, russety red, streaked, very firm, late, second quality. 1 Bess Pool Improved (Frettingham). Betsey (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, greenish russet, mid-season, first quality. * Betty Geeson (Rivers), C. Large, round, flat, pale green, : mid-season, eye large, deeply set, first quality. Bevan’s Seedling (Benson), D. or C. Medium, flat, pale yellow with red streaks, early, acid, second quality. Bidet (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, russet, flushed red, mid- season, third quality; worthless. Bijou (Rivers), D. Small, round, red, dry and inferior, early. Billy Berry (Ritchie), C. Medium, conical, pale yellow, flushed red, acid, late; very pretty. ft Bishop’s Hero (Gleeson), resembles Lord Suffield. Bishop’s Kernel (Ritchie), C. Small, round, green, flushed red, very acid, late. Bishop’s Thumb (Ward), see Coe’s Golden Drop. Bisingwood Russet, see Byson Wood Russet. * Bismarck (Bunyard), Large, flat, dark red flushed, eye closed, flesh firm, great cropper, first quality ; October. Bitter Scale (J. Scott), Cider. Small, conical, pale green. Bitter-sweet (Rogers), Cider. Medium, round, yellow flushed. Black-a-moor (Poynter), C. Medium, flat, angular, red streaked, mid-season; a very pretty Apple. Black Apple of Somerset (Cranston), C. Medium, round, bronzy green flushed, sweet, late. Black Bess (Rowson), C. Small, flat, bronzy green, very acid ; worthless.

*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 301

Black Bitter-sweet (Graham), Cider. Small, flat, angular, yellow fiushed.

Black Elenheim, see Bess Pool.

Black Colvin (Ormiston), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, bronze, acid, late; worthless.

Black Crab (Miles), C. Small, flat, dark red, acid, late; worthless.

Black Jack (Cheal), Cider.

Black Norman (Cranston), Cider. Small, round, dark red, flushed.

Black Norman, see Barcelona Pearmain.

Black Prince (Cranston), Cider. Medium, round, dark red.

Black Rind (Haywood), C. Small, ovate, green flushed, acid ; worthless.

Black Taunton (Cockbill), Cider. Small, round, red-streaked.

Black Wilding (Cranston), Cider. Medium, conical angular, red. }

Blanders (Saltmarsh), D. Small, flat, pale yellow, acid, mid-season, third quality; resembles Wyken Pippin.

Bland’s Summer, see Hollandbury.

Blenheim Orange, D. or C. Large, flat, occasionally oblong, orange, streaked red, sweet, tender, mid-season, eye large, open; first quality and very handsome, shy bearer on young trees.

Blenheim Pippin, see Blenheim Orange.

Blood Red (Lacaille), D. or C. Medium, round, deep red, soft, mid-season, third quality, flesh tinged with red; very pretty.

Bloody Ploughman (Campsie), D. Medium, conical, deep scarlet, very acid, mid-season; handsome, but worthless.

Blue Pearmain (R.H.S.) D. or C. Large, round, streaked, dark purple with bluish bloom, sweet but not brisk, second quality ; very handsome.

Bluestone Pippin, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Blushing Bride (Robertson), C. Large, ovate, angular, pale yellow, flushed, firm, mid-season.

Bohmer (R.H.5.) D. Small, round, pale golden, mid-season ; worthless.

Bonbonnier (Haycock), D. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed, late; worthless.

Bonrouge, see Hollandbury.

Borovitsky, see Duchess of Oldenburg.

Borsdorffer (R.H.S.), D. Small, roundish, pale yellow, flushed red, firm, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Bosberry (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Bossom, see Queen Caroline.

Boston Russet, C. Medium, conical, angular, greenish russet, slightly flushed, late, first quality.

02, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sy)

Boutigny (Scott), D. Small, round, yellow, firm, late; worthless.

Bower Ainton Broadcap (Scott), Cider. Small, round, yellow, flushed.

Brabant Bellefleur (R.H.S.), C. Large, oblong, angular, ereenish yellow, streaked red, firm, mid-season, often covered with a fine bloom, first quality ; handsome.

Braddick’s Nonpareil, D. Medium, flat, slightly angular, ereen and flushed bronzy russet, very brisk, mid-season, first quality ; a great bearer.

Bradley’s Favourite (Ritchie), Cider. Small, ovate, streaked russet, extremely acid.

Bradley’s Golden Pearmain (Wheeler), D. Medium, conical or oblong, streaked yellow, mid-season, sweet, second quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Bradley’s Golden Pippin, see Golden Harvey.

Bradley’s Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Bramley’s Seedling (Merryweather), C. Large, flat, angular, green, streaked red, large open eye, firm, acid, late, first quality ; a very excellent culinary Apple.

Bran Rose (Cranston), Cider. Medium, oblong, mottled red, flesh tinged red.

Brandy Apple, see Golden Harvey.

Brazier’s Fame (Saltmarsh), D. Small, conical, yellow streaked with russet, very acid, mid-season ; worthless.

* Brickley Seedling (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, bronzy-green

| streaked, firm, sweet, late, second quality.

Bridgewater Pippin (Turner), D. or C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, early ; worthless.

Brietling (Cummins), D. or C. Medium, even, green, sweet, mid-season ; worthless.

Bringewood Pippin (Stacey), D. Small, conical, golden, very firm, late, second quality; resembles Yellow Ingestrie, but later.

Bringewood Pippin (Turner), C. medium, conical, even, pale green flushed, acid, mid-season; a very pretty and distinct Apple.

Bristol Apple (Brymer), small, round, green, Nonpareil class.

Broad Eyed Pippin (Cockbill), C. Small, flat, with broad open eye, red streaked, mid-season ; pretty.

Broad Eyed Pippin (Garland), Cider. Medium, conical, ereen.

Broad Eyes (Cheal), C. or Cider. Medium, flat, very angular, red streaked, mid-season.

Broad Nosed Pippin (Warden).

Broad Tail (Cranston), Cider. Medium, round, with broad base, flushed yellow.

*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 303

Broeckhead Seedling (Poynter), D. or C. Medium, round, streaked yellow, brisk, mid-season.

Bromley (Cranston), Cider. Medium, flat, red streaked.

Broughton Pippin (Cummins), D. Small, round, red streaked, mid-season; worthless.

Brown Cockle’s Pippin, see Cockle’s Pippin.

Brown Eyes (Poynter), D. Small, conical, green russet, sweet, mid-season; worthless.

Brown’s Caroline (Saunders), see Summer Strawberry.

* Brown’s Codlin (Veitch), D. or C. Small, conical, bronzy green, flushed; worthless.

Brown’s Codlin, see Queen Caroline. |

Brown’s Imperial Russet (R.H.S.), see Mononisten Reinette.

Brown’s Pippin, see Claygate Pearmain.

Brown’s Queen Caroline, see Queen Caroline.

Brown’s Seedling, see Queen Caroline.

* Brownlee’s Russet (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, uniform light russet, firm, mid-season.

Brunswick Codlin (Cockbill), C. Large, conical, even, pale green flushed bronze, dry flesh, mid-season, second quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Buckingham (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, oblong, green, streaked, mid-season, second quality; a very handsome Apple.

Buff (Scott), Cider. Small, conical, dark green, streaked.

Bullet Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Medium, conical, greenish russet, mid-season ; worthless ;

Bull’s Golden Reinette (Saltmarsh), D. Medium, oblong, large open eye, greenish, streaked, mid-season, first quality ; very handsome.

Bulster Hill (Lacaille), C. Small, flat, angular, flushed red, soft, early ; worthless.

Burchardt’s Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, pale yellow, netted with russet, acid, mid-season, second quality.

Burchardt’s Seedling, see Burchardt’s Reinette.

Bures Sweet, Cider. Medium, flat, ereen.

Burford Red (Cranston), C. Medium, flat, dark red, streaked, acid, late; a handsome Apple.

Burgin (Pearson), C. or D. Small, conical, pale yellow, flushed, acid, late; worthless.

Burn Apple, Cider. Small, round, green.

Burr Knot (Cranston), C. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed bronze, acid, mid-season.

Butcherin, Cider. Medium, conical, angular, deep red, streaked, early, flesh streaked red.

Byson Wood Russet (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, greenish russet, late, second quality, long stalk.

304 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cabbage Apple (Rogers), D. small, flat, streaked yellow; worthless.

Cadbury, see Winter Fullwood.

Calander (Pragnell), C. Medium, round, flushed yellow, soft, acid, yellow; worthless.

Calecot’s Seedling (Turner), D. or C. Medium, flat, red streaked, mid-season; resembles Nonesuch.

Caldwell, see Rymer.

Calf’shead, C.

Calville, C. Small, ovate, streaked red, late; worthless.

Calville Blanche, D. or C. Large, flat, angular, greenish white, flesh very tender, sweet; requires to be grown on walls or under glass; first quality.

Calville Blanche d’Hiver, see Calville Blanche.

Calville Boisbunel (Veitch), D. or C. Large, round, streaked, bronzy green, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Calville du Dantzig (Veitch), D. Small, round angular, red, sweet, early, second quality.

Calville du Haire (Veitch), see London Pippin.

Calville Garibaldi (Veitch), C. Medium, flat, green, soft, sweet, mid-season, second quality.

Calville Gloire de Doué (Scott), D. Small, round, bronze ; worthless.

Calville Malingre (Haycock), C. or D. Large, round, pale bronze, red streaked, very firm, late, first quality ; a very handsome and distinct Apple.

Calville Pippin (King), D. Small, flat, red; worthless.

Calville Rouge (Dunn), C. Large, roundish angular, streaked and spotted with bright red, soft, early, flesh tinged red ; very handsome.

Calville Rouge d’Automne (Dunn), C. or Cider. Large, conical, angular, dark purplish red, soft, mid-season, flesh deeply tinged red.

Calville Rouge d’Hiver (Moorhouse), C. Large, oblong, angular, deep red, late, flesh tinged red.

Calville Rouge Précoce (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, red, beautifully spotted throughout, sweet, early, second quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Calville St. Sauveur, C. Large, conical, angular, pale green, flushed, mid-season, cooks well, first quality.

Calville Vineux (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale yellow, sweet, firm, mid-season, first quality.

Cambridge Pippin (Rivers), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale green, mid-season, first quality.

Cambusnethan Pippin (Dunn), D. or C. Medium, flat, large open eye, streaked yellow, sweet, early ; a favourite Scotch Apple.

Canada Red (Mundell), C. Small, round, angular, bronzy green, firm, late.

i

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 805

Canterbury, see Mabbott’s Pearmain. Cap of Liberty, Cider. Small, round, red, streaked.

* Caraway Russet (Lee), D. Small, flat, light russet, large open eye, late, first quality.

* Cardinal (Cheal), D. Small, round, streaked yellow ; worthless.

7 Cardross (Drummond), green.

Carel’s Seedling, C.

* Carlisle Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, oblong, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, very acid, mid-season; an ex- cellent culinary Apple.

+ Carlton Seedling (Divers), Large, flat, pale green; resembles Warner’s King ; mid-season, first quality.

Carnation (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, green, streaked, acid, late, third quality. Caroline, C.

* Carse o’ Gowrie (King), C. Large, flat, angular, pale green,

flushed, firm, acid, late; resembles Tower of Glamis. Castle Leno Pippin, see Red Astrachan.

* Castle Major (Goldsmith), C. Very large, round, angular, pale yellow, flushed red, late; very handsome.

* Catshead, C. Very large, oblong, angular, deep green, flushed, firm, acid, mid-season; an excellent culinary Apple, moderate bearer.

Catshead (Garland), Cider. Large, conical, angular, yellow, streaked.

* Cellini, C. Large, conical, even, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, acid, early, first quality, eye large, open; handsome, great cropper.

Chancellor (Neighbour), C. Medium, round, green, streaked, acid, soft ; worthless.

Chapel, or Fullwood (Graham), D. Small, round, bronzy green ; worthless.

Charleston Pippin, resembles Irish Peach.

Chaze (Scott), D. Small, round, light russet, sweet, mid- season ; worthless.

Cheat Boys, Cider. Small, conical, angular, red, streaked.

Chelston Pie Maker (Poynter), C. Medium, ovate, yellow streaked, firm, mid-season, brisk flavour.

Chelston Pippin, Cider. Medium, round, yellow.

Chelston Long Keeper, see Red Winter Pearmain.

Cherry Norman, Cider. Medium, round, bright red, streaked, acid, soft; worthless.

Cherry Orchard, see Norfolk Paradise.

Cherry Pearmain, D. or C. Medium, round, red, streaked, sweet, mid-season; worthless.

* Cheshunt Pippin (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, flat, red streaked, large open eye, soft, mid-season, second quality, handsome.

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Chester Pearmain (Scott).

Chester Pippin (Griffin), C. Medium, flat, angular, light copper, streaked, firm, acid, late; very pretty and dis- tinct.

Child’s Perfection.

Chisel Jersey (Scott), see Jersey Chisel.

Christie’s Pippin (Wheeler), D. Small, flat, greenish yellow, russety, brisk acid, firm, mid-season, first quality.

Christie’s Russet.

Christie’s Woodstock Pippin (Ford), D. or C. Large, conical, angular, streaked yellow, firm, acid, mid-season, first quality.

Cider House Russet, C. Small, flat, ight russet, late, second quality.

Clark’s Pippin, see Downton Nonpareil.

Clark’s Pippin (J. Dean), D. Small, flat, yellow, acid; worthless.

Clarke’s Peason (Saltmarsh), D. Small, round, streaked red, early ; worthless.

Clarke’s Pippin (Bunyard), D. Small, flat, greenish russet open eye, sweet, mid-season.

Clarke’s Seedling (Merryweather), C. Medium, flat, deep green, flushed, large eye, hard, late.

Clary Pippin (Saltmarsh), D. Small, round, green, russety, sweet, late, second quality.

Claudius Friiher Spitz Apfel (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, round angular, greenish yellow, very sweet, early.

Claygate Pearmain, D. Medium, conical, greenish russet, streaked, mid-season, first quality ; resembles the Ribston Pippin in flavour; free bearer.

Cliff Pippin (Pearson), C. Medium, round, green, dry, acid ; worthless.

Cliffey Seedling (Cranston), D. Small, round, red, sweet, early, third quality ; somewhat resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Clifton Nonesuch, see Old Nonesuch.

Clove Pippin (Cummins) D. or C. Large, long, conical, ereenish yellow, mid-season, second quality.

Cluster Golden Pippin (Rivers), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, acid, mid-season, third quality ; some of the fruit are produced with double crowns, or in united pairs, hence the name.

Cluster Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.

Coalbrook, Cider. Large, flat, red streaked ; resembles Tom Putt.

Coalbrook or Marrow Bone, see Tom Putt.

Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, see Warner’s King.

Cobham, see Golden Ducat.

Cockle’s Pippin, D. Medium, ovate, pale green, freckled with

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 807

russet, mid-season, first quality ; a very excellent Sussex Dessert Apple.

Cockpit (Slater), C. Small, ovate, angular, pale green, slightly flushed, brisk acid, late ; a very favourite sauce Apple in Yorkshire ; certain cropper.

Cock’s Seedling (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round, green, flushed, mid-season, third quality, stalk very long.

Coe’s Golden Drop (R.H.5.), D. Small, conical, green, firm, sweet, late, first quality.

Cogswell (R.H.8.), early, second quality.

Colonel Harbord.

* Colonel Vaughan, D.or C. Small, ovate, angular, red, flushed and streaked, acid, early, third quality; a pretty, free- bearing Apple.

Comey, Cider. Small, conical, greenish yellow, flushed.

Constanzer (R.H.8S.), D. Small, flat, yellow, flushed with russet, very firm, sweet, late ; worthless.

Contor, see Dutch Mignonne.

Contor, D. Small, round, ereenish yellow, acid, late ; worthless.

Convent Nonpareil (Poynter), D. Medium, round, greenish russet ; worthless.

Coole’s Seedling (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, yellow streaked, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Cooper’s Ambition (Gilbert), D. Medium, conical, angular, pale yellow streaked, sweet, mid-season; a very pretty Apple.

Cooper’s Favourite.

Copmanthorpe Crab, see Dutch Mignonne.

Copmanthorpe Russet.

Cornish Apple (Griffin), C. Small, ovate, yellow, first early.

* Cornish Aromatic (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, angular, streaked russet, sweet, mid-season, second quality.

Cornish Crab, C. Large, ovate, green, very acid.

* Cornish Gilliflower (Haycock), D. Medium, ovate, angular, greenish yellow, streaked russet, firm, sweet, mid-season ; very highly flavoured, shy bearer.

Coronation Pippin (Ford), see Grange’s Pearmain.

{7 Cortes (Dunn), Small, ovate, green flushed red; a pretty Apple.

Costard (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Very large, oblong, green, soft, early ; a fine culinary Apple.

Costard (Jefferies & Son), C. Small, conical, tapering, angular, yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season, third quality.

Counsellor, see Yorkshire Beauty. |

Counter Pippin (Cummins), D. Small, ovate, green ; worthless.

Countess Howe (Harrison & Sons), D. Medium, round, angular, red, sweet, early, second quality.

* Court Pendu Plat (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, with open eye,

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808 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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ereenish russet, streaked red, very firm, sweet, late, first quality ; late flowering, good cropper.

Court of Wick, D. Small, oblong or conical, pale yellow, streaked red with russet, firm, sweet, mid-season, first quality ; a very excellent Apple.

Court of Victoria.

Cox’s Orange Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, greenish yellow, streaked red and russety, tender, sweet, rich, and excellent, mid-season, first quality.

Cox’s Pomona (R.H.8.), C. or D. Large, flat, angular, pale ereen, red flushed and streaked, very beautiful, tender, brisk acid, mid-season, first quality, moderate cropper.

Cox’s Redleaf Russet (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, russet, flesh green, sweet, late, first quality.

Cowan’s Quoining (Griffin), Cider. Medium, ovate, angular, streaked yellow.

Cowan’s Victoria (Cheal), D. Small, round, red streaked, soft, early ; worthless; resembling in appearance Forge.

Cowarne Red, Cider. Small, round, bright red streaked, very pretty.

Crackling Pippin, see Golden Reinette.

Crackling Pippin, Cider. Medium, round, red streaked ; somewhat resembles Tom Putt.

Cranston’s Seedling (Cranston Nursery Co.), C. Medium, round, green, flushed red, late.

Creech Pearmain (Poynter), see Sturmer Pippin.

Crimson Caraway Russet (Griffin), D. Small, flat, angular, large open eye, reddish russet, mid-season, flesh tinged red; in appearance like Trumpington.

Crimson Costard (Watkins).

Crimson Queen.

Crimson Quoining (Turner), C. or Cider. Medium, conical, angular, deep red, sweet, mid-season ; very pretty.

Croft Angry, see Dutch Mignonne.

Crofton (Paul & Son), D. Small, flat, light russet, brisk, mid- season, first quality.

Crofton Pippin, see Scarlet Crofton.

Crofton, Scarlet, see Scarlet Crofton.

Croisette (Benson), C. Medium, round, red, mid-season, third quality ; handsome.

Crockstalk, Cider. Small, conical, green russet; stalk ter- minating in a fleshy curled knob.

Crown Apple (Cranston Nursery Co.), C. Medium, conical, red streaked, firm, acid, mid-season.

Crump, Cider. Medium, round, red streaked.

Crystal Palace (Pearson), C. Large, flat, angular, very pale ereen, acid, mid-season, flesh very white.

Crystal Pippin (King), D. Small, flat, red streaked, mid- seascn, inferior.

*

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DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. ? 809

Cullen (Lane & Son), C. Large, round, angular, green, late, first quality ; good culinary.

Culver Russet (Scott), see Syke House Russet.

Cumberland Favourite, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Curltail (Cheal), C. Medium, round and ovate, angular, pale ereen, mid-season, second quality; stalk inserted in a peculiar curled fleshy knob.

Curry Codlin (Poynter), C. Very large, conical, angular, flushed red, soft, dry flesh, early ; resembles Hollandbury.

Custard Apple (Fairgrieve), C. Small, long conical, pale ereen, early ; worthless.

D. T. Fish, see Warner’s King.

Dacre (Crossland), C. Medium, oblong, angular, green, flushed red, acid, very late.

Dalton’s Exquisite (Gilbert), D. Medium, conical, angular, streaked yellow, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Dalzell Manse Codlin, C. Medium, long, tapering, angular, flushed.

Danvers’ Bitter-sweet, Cider. Medium, flat, greenish, red

streaked, late; worthless.

Danvers’ Winter Sweet (Turner).

D’Arcy Spice (Saltmarsh), see Baddow Pippin.

Darlington, D. Small, round, pale green ; worthless.

Dartmouth Crab, see Hyslop Crab.

Dean’s Codlin (Haycock), see Pott’s Seedling.

Debtsling Pippin (Killick), D. Medium, conical, streaked golden russet, flesh soft, acid, early, third quality.

D’Eclat, see Scorpion.

Dedham Russet (Ward), D. Medium, ovate, greenish russet, mid-season, second quality.

Deepdene Pearmain (Matthews), see Claygate Pearmain.

Deitzer’s Gold Reinette (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, yellow, sweet, early, first quality.

Derbyshire Crab (R.H.8.), C. Medium, ovate, pale green, acid; worthless.

Deux Ans (R.H.8.), D. or C. Small, conical, angular, green, flushed dull brown, very hard, firm, acid, late; worthless.

Deux Ans Hambledon, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Devonshire, Cider. Large, round, streaked yellow, early.

Devonshire Bitter-sweet, Cider. Medium, flat, angular, green, late.

Devonshire Buckland (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, wide eye, very pale green, nearly white, firm, solid, late, second quality.

Devonshire Court Pendu. |

Devonshire Nine Square, resembles Tom Putt.

Devonshire Quarrenden (R.H.§8.), D. Small, flat, dark red, early, second quality, great bearer.

810 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULIUKAL SOCIETY.

Devonshire Queen (Jefferies), C. or Cider. Large, round, red streaked, early ; a very handsome Apple.

Devonshire Red, Cider. Medium, round, angular, dark red.

Devonshire Striped (Cockbill), C. Medium, conical, russet, streaked red, dry, mid-season.

Dicksey’s Greening, C. Small, conical, greenish yellow, firm, acid, late ; worthless.

Doctor, see Ringer.

Doctor Harvey (J. Veitch & Sons), C. or D. Large, round, pale yellow, soft, sweet, tender, mid-season, first quality ; ereatly resembling in appearance Waltham Abbey Seed- ling.

* Doctor Hogg (Ford), C. Large, long conical, angular, pale ereen, firm, mid-season, second quality.

Dog’s Snout (Crossland), D. or C. Small, conical, pale yellow, flushed bronze, mid-season; worthless.

Dolphine (King), resembles Norfolk Storing.

Domine (Scott), C. Medium, conical, greenish yellow, very acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Domino (Bradley), C. Large, oblong, angular, greenish yellow, flushed red, soft, early; a fine, early Codlin ; first quality.

Donabety, see Kerry Pippin.

Doncaster Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Doonside (Dunn), C. Small, round, angular, green, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Dorchester, C. Medium, conical, ereen, streaked, late ; worth- less.

+ Doux Argent, Medium, flat, pale green, flushed, late.

Doveton Seedling (R. Veitch & Son), D. Medium, round, yellow, streaked, early ; worthless.

Downe’s Jersey, D. Small, conical, streaked yellow, russet ; worthless.

Downton, see Downton Pippin.

Downton Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, flat, green with russet, firm, brisk acid, late, first quality.

Downton Pippin (R.H.§S.), D. Small, conical, greenish yellow, brisk acid, mid-season, second quality ; a great bearer.

Drap d’Or (Lee & Son), D. Small, round, pale yellow, early, second quality, long stalk.

Draper’s Pippin (Ward), Small, round, even green; worth- less.

* Dredge’s Emperor (Griffin), C. Small, round, yellow, streaked,

mid-season, flesh very white. Dredge’s Fame (W. Paul & Son), C. Large, flat, greenish yellow, streaked, briskly acid, late, first quality.

* Dredge’s Fame, resembles Blenheim Orange.

Drilly Pippin (King), D. Small, round, yellow, early; worth- less.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 811

Drumlanrig Castle, see Warner’s King.

Duchess (Grey), C. Medium, round, angular, green, soft, acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Duchess of Glo’ster, see Duchess’s Favourite.

* Duchess of Oldenburg (R.H.§8.), D. Medium, round, yellow,

streaked red, brisk acid, early, first quality ; great bearer.

* Duchess of York (Thompson), see Duchess’s Favourite.

Duchess’s Favourite (Killick), D. Small, round, red, early, flesh white tinged red; a fine early Apple, great bearer.

Duck’s Bill (8S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, bronzy-red with russet, firm, acid, late, second quality ; a pretty Apple, great cropper.

Ducket, see Golden Ducat.

Duhalder (Paul & Son), C. Medium, conical, angular, greer, late.

Duke of Beaufort (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, angular, dark ereen, streaked red, firm, acid, late.

Duke of Devon (Grey), see Red Astrachan.

Duke of Devonshire (Lane), D. Medium, round, flat, sreenish russet, firm, sweet, first quality, mid-season.

* Duke of Glo’ster (Gilbert), C. Medium, flat, green, firm, acid, late, first quality.

Duke of Glo’ster (R.H.8), D. Medium, oblong, streaked yellow, acid, mid-season ; resembles King of the Pippins.

Duke of Wellington, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Duke William (Crossland), D. Medium, round, yellow, acid, early ; worthless.

Dumelow’s Seedling, C. Larse, round, clear pale ereen, occasionally flushed, firm, very acid, late, large open eye, first quality.

Dumpling Apple (Rogers), C. Medium, roundish, green, mid- season.

Dumpling Apple, C. or Cider. Large, round, green, flushed.

Duncombe’s Seedling (Gilbert), D. or C. Small, conical, pale green, mid-season.

Dundee (R.H.S), D. Small, flat, hght russet, dry, mid-season first quality.

Dunmore (Drummond), Medium, oblong, angular.

Dunmore Pearmain, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Dunning’s Russet (Poynter), D. or C. Large, round, streaked yellow, soft, early, inferior.

Dunster Bitter-sweet, Cider. Large, round, angular, sreenish yellow.

Dunster Cider, Cider.

Dunster Codlin (Poynter), see Tower of Glamis.

* Dutch Codlin, see Royal Codlin.

‘ Dutch Fullwood (Lee & Son), C. Medium, oblong, greenish

yellow, flushed, firm, sweet, mid-season.

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12 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dutch Kernel, C. or Cider. Large, round, angular, streaked yellow, early.

Dutch Mignonne, D. or C. Medium, round, green russety, streaked, very firm, late, long stalk, second quality; a ereat bearer.

Dyer (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, pale yellow, soft, mid- season; worthless.

Early Apple, see Irish Peach.

Early Cob (Griffin).

Early Cooker (Poynter), C. Medium, round, flattened, very pale green, sweet, dry, first early.

Early Harvest (Pearson), D. Small, round, pale green, sweet, first early, first quality.

Early Joe (Clark), D. Very small, conical, red, pretty, like a Crab, first early.

Early Joe, see Duchess of Oldenburg.

Early Julien, C. Small, flat, angular, pale green, very acid, first early, second quality : great bearer.

Early June, see Karly Julien.

Early Kent.

Early Margaret (Clark), D. Small, conical, red streaked, sweet, soft, first early; a nice early Apple.

Early Nonpareil, see Hicks’ Fancy.

Farly Nonesuch, see Nonesuch.

Early Pippin (Ritchie).

Early Strawberry (Cranston Nursery Company), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, flushed red, second quality, first early.

Early Yellow, see Yellow Ingestrie.

East Lothian Pippin (Brunton), C. Medium, round, flattened, pale yellow, soft, early.

East Lothian Seedling (Brotherston), see Hast Lothian Pippin.

Easter Pippin, see French Crab.

Ebner’s Tapt Apfel, D. Small, round, pale yellow, mid- season ; worthless.

Eecleston Pippin (Selwood), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, bronze green, soft, mid-season.

Ecklinville, see Hicklinville Seedling.

Ecklinville Pippin, see Hcklinville Seedling.

Ecklinville Seedling, C. Large, flat, angular, pale straw, soft, early, first quality ; great and constant cropper. Hde’s Beauty (Cheal), D. Large, round, streaked yellow, sweet, soft, early, second quality ; pretty. Edging (Goldsmith), C. Small, conical, angular, green, mid-

season ; worthless.

Edinburgh Cluster (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, roundish, pale straw, mid-season, first quality.

Me

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 313

Edmund Jupp (8. Ford), C. Medium, conical, yellow, acid, soft, early, second quality.

Egg Apple (King), see Egg or White Paradise.

Egg or White Paradise (Dunn), D. Small, ovate, greenish yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season, second quality ; a great bearer.

Egremont Russet (Pragnell), D. Small, round, flattened, large open eye, light russet, mid-season, first quality. Eldon Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, flat, orange

yellow, streaked, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Eldon Pippin (R.H.8.), see Drap d’Or.

Elford Golden Pippin (Cummins), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, firm, mid-season, third quality.

Elletson’s Pine Apple (Saunders), C. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, flushed, soft ; worthless.

Ellis’s Bitter (Garland), Cider. Small, round, ereen, streaked.

Elsinore (Cummins), D. or C. Medium, conical, pale yellow, mid-season; a very pretty Apple. ;

Elton Pippin (Ward).

Emberson’s Apple (Warner), see Waltham Abbey Seedling.

Emperor Alexander (R.H.S.), C. Large, conical, greenish yellow, streaked red, soft, acid, mid-season, second quality ; extremely handsome.

Emperor Napoleon (I. C. Ford), C. Medium, flat, green, acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Empress Eugenie (J. Scott), see Claygate Pearmain.

Empress of Russia (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow, flushed red, sweet, early, very long stalk, second quality.

Enamel, C. Medium, round, green streaked.

Englische Winter Gold Pearmain, see King of the Pippins.

English Codlin (Jefferies), see Old English Codlin.

English Konig Pearmain (R.H.8.),C. Medium, round, angu- lar, streaked, green, very acid, mid-season,second quality. English Orange (Ritchie), D. small, flat, flushed russet,

early, third quality.

English Pitcher (King), see Manks’ Codlin.

English Red Lemon Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, conical, aneular, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season ; resembles King of the Pippins.

Esopus Spitzenberg (Lane), D. Small, flat, angular, flushed russet, firm, sweet, late, second quality.

Essex Pippin (Rivers), D. Medium, conical, angular, yellow flushed, mid-season ; worthless.

Essex Spice, (Burnett), see Ribston Pippin.

Evagil (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, pale yellow, brisk acid, mid- season, third quality ; handsome.

Evagil Pippin (Lane), see Evagil.

314 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Hive, see Mank’s Codlin.

Eve Apple, see Trumpington.

Even Pearmain.

Evenden (Langridge), C. Medium, round, angular, bronze ereen, very acid, late.

Everbearing (Poynter), see Keswick Codlin.

Exhibition (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular, yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season.

Exhibition Banks (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, yellow, flushed sweet, late; worthless.

Fail me Never (Jefferies), C. Large, round, very angular, pale yellow, soft, dry, early; worthless.

Fail me Never, D. or C. Medium, conical, yellow, early ; third quality.

Fail me Never, see Benoni.

Fair Maid, resembles Keswick Codlin.

Fair Maid of France (Kidd), D. or C. Medium, round, red streaked, acid, first early ; third quality.

Fair Maid of Kent (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, green, flushed and streaked, soft, mid-season; somewhat resembles Beauty of Kent.

Fair Maid of Taunton (Poynter), C. Medium, flat, angular, pale green, flushed, acid, late.

Fair Maid of Taunton, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Fair Maid of Windsor (J. Scott), D. Small, round, yellow,

| streaked, very sweet, early, second quality.

Fairy (Pearson), D. Very small, round, pale yellow, flushed red; very pretty, a sort of Crab.

Fairy Apple, see lairy.

Fall Harvey (Cummins), C. Large, round, angular, green, sweet, soft; handsome.

Fall Pippin (Haycock), C. Medium, oblong, angular, dark red, streaked, mawkish sweet; worthless.

Fallwater (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, green, sweet, dry, mid-season.

Fall Wine (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Small, flat, red streaked ; worthless.

Fameuse, see Pomme de Neige.

Farleigh Pippin (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. Medium, ecnical, ovate, greenish yellow, red streaked, very firm, mid-season ; ereat cropper; second quality, a handsome Apple.

Farmer’s Glory (Thomas), C. Medium, round, green, flushed copper colour, acid, mid-season.

Fat Ox, see Royal Codlin.

Fearn’s Apple, see Cox’s Pomona.

* Fearn’s Pippin, D. Small, flat, greenish yellow, red streaked,

brisk, firm, mid-season; first quality; a very pretty Apple, goed cropper.

*

%

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 315

Fearnought (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Large, conical, angular, ereenish yellow, flushed, mid-season; handsome, coloured like Hollandbury.

Federal Pearmain, resembles Claygate Pearmain.

Fenouillet Rouge (Moorhouse).

Ferndale, C. or Cider. Medium, round, red streaked.

Fieftblithe (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, pale green, flushed firm, late.

Field’s Favourite (Ward), D. Medium, roundish, greenish yellow, acid, mid-season.

Fillbasket, see Kentish Fillbasket.

First and Last (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, ovate, greenish yellow, flushed, acid, mid-season, very pretty.

First and Last (Lane), C. Medium, round, angular, pale yellow, soft, early.

Fish’s Golden Pippin (Clayton), D. Small, ovate, pale green, brisk, hard, late; werthless.

Fish’s Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, bronze streaked, mid-season; worthless.

Five Crown, see London Pippin.

Five Crowned Pippin, see London Pippin.

Flanders Pippin (Hooke), C. Large, flat, angular, bronzy red, streaked, brisk, sweet, first quality, late; a very fine handsome Apple.

Flat Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, green, firm ; worthless.

Flemish Beauty (Mundell), D. Medium, flat, green russet, bright red flushed, very firm, late; somewhat resembles Court Pendu Plat. }

Fletcher’s Seedling (Dickson), Medium, deep green.

Flower of Herts (Jones), C. Medium, round, flattened, green, streaked, soft, late.

Flower of Kent (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Large, flat, angular, large eye, bronzy green russet, streaked red, firm, mid- season.

Flowery Town (Crossland), C. Medium, flat, angular, green, streaked, acid, late.

Ford’s Pippin.

Forest Styre, Cider. Small, round, pale yellow, flushed.

Forester (Jones), C. Large, oblong, pale green, flushed russet, firm, mid-season.

Forfar Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, ovate, green, — mid-season ; second quality. /

Forge (S. Ford), C. or D. Small, round, red streaked, early ;

' second quality ; a pretty coloured Apple.

Forman’s Crew (R. Veitch & Son), D. Small, conical, green russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Forman’s Crew, see Wadhurst Pippin.

816 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Formosa, see Pomme de Neige.

Formosa Nonpareil, see Claygate Pearmain.

Formosa Pippin (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, yellow, flushed, early ; third quality.

Formosa Pippin, see Claygate Pearmain.

Four Square (Bancroft).

Fowler’s Pippin, see Claygate Pearmain.

Foxwhelps, Cider. Medium, conical, yellow streaked,

Francis Joseph (Paul & Son), C. Small, conical, angular, bronze green, acid, late.

Franklin’s Golden Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow with grey spots, very brisk, acid, mid- season; second quality.

Freask’s (R.H.8S.), C. Large, firm, round, green, faintly streaked red, late ; resembles Rhode Island Greening.

French Bitter-sweet, Cider. Small, round, greenish yellow.

French Codlin, Cider. Small, conical, orange, streaked red.

French Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Small, long ovate, very pale yellow, early, long stalk; second quality ; very pretty.

* French Crab, D. or C. Small, round, green, very firm, hard ; will keep two years.

French Pippin (Doig), see Scarlet Pearmain.

French Quoining (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Medium, ovate, angular, deep red, firm, mid-season, flesh tinged red.

French Reinette, see Scarlet Pearmain.

French Reinette (Pragnell), D. Small, conical, ight russet, late ; second quality.

French Royal Russet, see Royal Russet.

* Friar’s Pippin (King), D. Small, round, yellow, early, acid ; third quality.

Frogmore Golden Pippin (Turner), D. Small, round, yellow, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Frogmore Nonpareil (Turner), D. Small, flat, pale yellow, brisk flavour, mid-season ; first quality; a very pretty Apple.

* Frogmore Prolific (Jones), C. Large, round, pale yellow, soft, early ; first quality ; a great bearer.

Frognell’s Kernel (Ritchie), C. Medium, ovate, pale green ; worthless.

Fullwood, see Dutch Fullwood.

Furnell’s (Cheal), C. or Cider. Large, round, green, flushed red ; worthless.

Gadd’s Seedling, see Beauty of Kent.

Gallibro Pippin, see Galloway Pippin.

Galloway Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, flat, even, open eye, very clear pale yellow, firm, acid, late; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Galloway’s Apple, see Galloway Pippin.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. Olt

Galway’s Pippin, see Galloway Pippin.

Ganges, see Rhode Island Greening.

Gardener’s Pippin (Wright), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, firm, mid-season.

Garrett’s Golden Pippin (Rowson), D. Small, round, yellow, early, acid ; third quality.

Garrett’s Pippin, see Garrett’s Golden Pippin.

Gascoigne’s Scarlet Seedling (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. or C. Small, conical, scarlet flushed, mid-season ; second quality.

Gascoigne’s Seedling (Killick), D. or C. Medium, oblong, pale yellow streaked and flushed rosy pink, with a thick bloom, mid-season ; first quality, very handsome.

Gascoigne’s Seedling (R.H.8.), C. Medium, flat, greenish yellow with broad streaks and splashes of dark brown, soft white watery flesh ; second quality, mid-season.

Gay’s Harvest Reinette, see Kccleston Pippin.

Gelber Richard (R.H.8.), C. Small, conical, pale yellow, firm, mid-season ; worthless.

Gelber Winter Stettiner (R.H.8.), D. or C. Small, round, sreen, flushed, mid-season ; third quality.

General Johnson, see Hoary Morning.

German Apple (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Large, round, flattened, green, streaked red, acid, late; resembles Striped Beefing.

German Codlin (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Large, conical, angular, streaked yellow, soft ; first quality. German Nonpareil, D. Small, round, greenish russet, late,

brisk ; second quality.

German Nonpareil, see Wyken Pippin.

Gestreifter Herbst Siisse (R.H.S.), C. Small, oblong, curved, angular, pale green, streaked red; worthless; a very singularly formed Apple, sometimes very highly coloured.

Gestreifter Reinette (R.H.S.), D. or C. Small, conical, angular, green, red flushed; third quality ; worthless.

Gipsy King (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, flattened, bronzy russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Gipsy Queen (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, flat, golden russet, flushed, brisk acid, mid-season ; second quality.

Glamis Castle.

Glass of Wine, see Court of Wick. |

Gloria Mundi (R.H.S§.), C. Very large, flat, sometimes oblong, angular, pale green, firm, acid, very solid, mid-season ; second quality ; a somewhat shy bearer.

Glory of Charlwood (Cheal), D. Small, round, red, mid- season; third quality ; resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Glory of England (Haywood), D. Medium, round, red streaked, very sweet, first early; second quality.

818 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

Glory of England (R.H.S.), see Gascoigne’s Seedling.

Glory of Hants, see Ecklinville Seedling.

Glory of the West (Cummins), C. Large, round, angular, ereen russet, dry, mid-season.

Glory of the West (Lane), C. Medium, conical, pointed, yellow, flushed, soft, early.

Gloucester Pippin, see Blenheim Orange.

Gloucester Underleaf (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed red, dry, mid- season; worthless.

Glow of the West, see Golden Noble.

Godolphin (Saunders), C. Small, conical, pale yellow, streaked acid, mid-season.

Goff (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Small, round, pale yellow, flushed and streaked red, firm, acid, late; second quality; much erown in Kent.

Gogar or Stone (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, firm, late; second quality.

Gogar Pippin, see Gogar or Stone.

Gold Apple (Saltmarsh), D. Small, round, angular, golden yellow, acid, early ; second quality.

Gold Hill Red (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small, round, very dark red, almost black.

Golden Ball (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, very firm, acid, mid-season ; resembles Cluster Golden Pippin.

Golden Ball, see Devonshire Buckland.

Golden Ball, Cider. Small, round, yellow.

Golden Ball (Amer) (Rivers), D. or C. large, round, greenish yellow; resembles Waltham Abbey Seedling.

Golden Cluster (Graham), C. Medium, conical, angular, ereen, flushed red, very acid, late.

Golden Cluster Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.

Golden Drop, see Coe’s Golden Drop.

Golden Ducat (Pragnell), D. or C. Large, round, angular, pale yellow, streaked, brisk acid, mid-season ; first quality ; resembles a pale Blenheim Orange.

Golden Farmer (J. Scott), D. Small, conical, golden, mid- season ; first quality.

Golden Harvey (Wheeler), D. Small, conical, open eye, light russet, flushed red, sometimes streaked, flesh firm, yellow, rich, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Golden Knob (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. Small, round, grey russet, firm, acid, mid-season; second quality ; much erown in Kent.

Golden Monday (King), D. or C. Large, round, angular, yellow, streaked, early; third quality.

Golden Noble (R.H.8.), C. Large, round, clear pale yellow, firm, solid, acid, mid-season; first quality; a very hand- some Apple, and great cropper.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 819

Golden Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, golden russet, very hard, late; third quality.

Golden Orange (Clark), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, pale-green, flushed, mid-season ; resembles Golden Winter Pearmain.

Golden Pearmain, see Golden Winter Pearmain.

Golden Pine Pippin.

Golden Pippin, see Old Golden Pippin.

Golden Pippin, Summer, see Summer Golden Pippin.

Golden Pitmaston, see Pitmaston Golden Pippin.

Golden Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, inclining to conical, large open eye, greenish orange streaked with red, mid-season ; first quality; resembles King of the Pippins ; very handsome.

Golden Russet (Turner), D. Small, conical, golden russet, sometimes flushed crimson, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Golden Russet Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil.

Golden Russet Nonpareil (W. Paul & Son), D. Small, flat, erey, russet, dry, sweet, yellow flesh, mid-season.

Golden Russet Pearmain (Goldsmith), D. Small, flat, green- ish russet, hard, late; worthless.

Golden Spire (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Medium, tall, conical, angular, very clear orange yellow, soft, early ; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Golden Stranger (Mundell), see Golden Noble.

Golden Vining, D. Small, conical, yellow russet, mid-season ; third quality.

Golden Winter Pearmain (R.H.§S.), D. Medium, round, ereenish yellow, hard, mid-season; third quality ; some- what confused with King of the Pippins, but distinct.

Golding, see Gooseberry Pippin.

_Golph.

Goodmore (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Small, flat, red-streaked, acid, mid-season.

Goodenough Nonesuch (Rivers), see Goodenough Pippin.

Goodenough Pippin (Lane), D. or C. Medium, round, yellow, streaked red, early; second quality.

Goose Apple (Ritchie), C. Large, conical, pale green, soft, mid-season.

Goose Green (Garland).

Gooseberry Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Large, oblong, angular, sometimes flat, green, very firm, solid, late; first quality.

Gooseberry Pippin (Dickson), C. Small, conical, even, green, late.

Gooseberry ae Cider.

x Gospatrick (Ross), C. Medium, long conical, angular,

greenish yellow, soft, mid-season ; first quality.

320 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gossing’s Codlin (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, pale green, soft, acid, mid-season.

Gough’s Seedling, see Golden Noble.

Goygad Pippin.

Graham’s Apple (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, round,

ereen streaked, late; third quality.

Graham’s Giant, see New Hawthornden.

Graham’s Pippin (King), D. Small, ovate, green, late; third quality.

Graham’s Russet (Fletcher’s).

Grand Alexander, see Emperor Alexander.

Grand Duke, see Grand Duke Constantine.

Grand Duke Constantine (Pragnell), C. Very large, conical, flattened crown, pale straw, soft, early; second quality ; somewhat resembles Emperor Alexander.

Grand Sultan (R. Veitch & Son), D. or C. Large, conical, angular, streaked yellow russet, flushed pink, soft, sweet, mid-season ; second quality; resembles Cornish Gilliflower.

Grange (R.H.S.), C. Large, round,’ red streaked, late ; second quality.

Grange Pippin (Paul & Son), C. Medium, flat, angular, pale green, flushed, flesh white, soft, mid-season, skin very smooth and greasy.

Grange’s Pearmain (Dickson), C. Medium, flat, angular, ereen, streaked red, firm, late; first quality.

| Grange’s Pearmain (Selwood), see Winter Pearmain.

Granny Gifford (S. Ford), C. Medium, round, green, acid, mid-season ; second quality. Gravenstein (R.H.8.), D.orC. Large, flat, angular, pale yellow, streaked red, very sweet, rich, early ; first quality; a very handsome and high-flavoured Apple. Greasy Apple (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Medium, conical, yellow, streaked, skin very greasy. Greaves’ Pippin (Shingles), C. Medium, angular, dark green bronzy russet, firm, late; resembles Alfriston. Greaves’ Wonder (Wood & Ingram), D. Small, round, red streaked, acid, early. Green Apple (Clark), C. Medium, conical, angular, green, acid, late. Green Balsam, see Rymer. Green Codlin (Clark), C. Large, flat, angular, greenish yellow, mid-season ; resembles Calville Blanche. Green Beefing, see French Crab. Green Bitter-sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Large, round, angular, streaked, greenish yellow ; resembles Beauty of Kent. Green Blenheim, see Hambledon Deux Ans. Green Chisel (Walker), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, soft, early, yery long stalk.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 821

+ Green Costard (Watkins), see Catshead.

Green Dumpling (Cheal), C. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed, very acid, late.

Green Fullwood (Rivers), D. Medium, round, pale green, firm, mid-season ; worthless.

Green Goose, see Alfriston.

Green Goring (Pearson), D. or C. Small, ovate, green, acid ; worthless.

Green Gribble (Poynter), C. or Cider. Medium, conical, angular, pale green, mid-season.

Green Kitchen, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Green Leadington, see Catshead.

Green Nonpareil, see Petworth N ae ae

Green Norman, Cider. Small, conical, dark green.

Green Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Medium, round, green bronzed, late; third quality.

Green Pearmain (Poynter), D. or C. Medium, conical, green, streaked, brisk, mid-season.

Bro Pippin (Powell), Medium, round, deep green, flushed, ate.

Green Soldier (Crossland), C. Medium, round, angular, green, streaked, acid, late; like Yorkshire Greening. Green Sweet (J. Scott), Cider. Small, flat, angular, pale green.

Green Wilding. Greening or Transparent, see Transparent.

* Greenup’s Pippin, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Greenwood Russet, see Wareham Russet.

* Grenadier (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large, oblong, angular, greenish yellow, mid-season; first quality; a very fine handsome Apple.

Grey Cheek. ~

Grey Leadington, C . Large, eee angular, green, soft, early.

Grey Pippin (Saltmarsh), C. or D. Medium, round, green,

- netted with russet, late.

Grimes’ Golden (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Small, oblong, angular, yellow, sweet, mid-season.

Gros Fenouillet (Haycock), C. Medium, conical, green, streaked, late; second quality.

Gros Papa (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, round, green, flushed ; worthless.

Gros Pigeonet, see Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

Grosse Cuisse (Saunders), C. Medium, round, yellow, flushed, acid, mid-season.

Grosser Bohmer Apfel (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, green, flushed red, very firm, sweet, late.

Grosser Casselar Reinette, see Dutch Mignonne.

Griiner Fiursten Apfel (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round, even, greenish yellow, flushed, very firm, mid-season.

x

822 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Guernsey Pippin, see Golden Harvey.

Haddow Pippin, D. Medium, conical, angular, yellow streaked, early; resembles Duchess of Oldenburg.

Haggerstone Pippin, D. Small, conical, streaked, yellow, very hard, late.

Hagloe Pippin (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, streaked red, mid-season ; second quality.

Haigh Pippin.

Hail Apple, C.

* Hall Door (Rust), C. Medium, long, conical, orange, much

*

ae

streaked with red, flesh dry, acid, mid-season ; third quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Hambledon, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Hambledon Deux Ans (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, even, green- ish russet, streaked, flesh dry, acid, late; second quality.

Hamilton’s, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Hammond’s Jersey Pippin (Parker), D. Small, flat, light russet, mid-season.

Hammond’s Pearmain (Rivers), see Hammond’s Pippin.

Hammond’s Pippin (Saunders), D. Medium, conical, green, soft, mid-season.

Hampshire Nonesuch (Brunton), D. or C. Small, conical, angular, streaked yellow, mid-season.

Hamsell, C. or Cider. Medium, round, angular, red streaked, early ; third quality.

Handsome Norman, Cider. Small, conical, green, russet.

Hangdown Pippin, Cider. Medium, round, angular, red streaked.

Hangdowns (S. Ford), D. or C. Medium, conical, yellow, streaked red, flesh dry; a very pretty Apple, but worthless.

Hanwell Souring (R.H.8.), C. Large, conical, even, greenish russet, red streaked, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

Hard Bearer, Cider. Medium, yellow, streaked.

Hard Iron (8. Ford), D. Small, flat, green, russet, very firm, late; worthless.

Harold Pippin (W. Paul & Son), D. Small, round, even, red streaked.

Harryman, see Gravenstein.

Harvey’s Everlasting, see Allen’s Everlasting.

Harvey’s Russet (Brunton), D. Small, conical, pale russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance (Dickson), see Scorpion.

Hawley, see Hawthornden.

Hawthornden (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, flattened, pale green, flushed red at times, flesh white, acid, early ; first quality ; a great bearer, tree subject to canker.

Hawthornden New, see New Hawthornden.

Hawthornden Old, see Hawthornden.

OO ————

—

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 323

Hawthornden Red, see Hawthornden.

Hawthornden Winter, see Winter Hawthornden.

Hay’s Seedling (McKinnon). Medium, flat, pale green, mawkish sweet; worthless.

Henry Apple, Cider. Very small, conical, green, very firm.

Henri Decaisne (Peed), Large, flat, angular, deep green, eye closed, stalk deeply inserted.

Hereford Russet (Pearson), D. Small, round, russet, late ; third quality.

Herefordshire Beefing (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Small or medium, flat, dark purplish red, firm, late; third quality ; a very pretty Apple, and great bearer.

Herefordshire Crimson Quoining (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. or Cider. Medium, ovate, angular, bright red, sweet, mid- season. .

Herefordshire Pearmain (Cranston Nursery Company), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, greenish russet, streaked red, firm, sweet; first quality, somewhat of the Ribston flavour; resembles Claygate Pearmain.

Herefordshire Pippin. Small, round, yellow, flushed; worthless.

Herefordshire Sack Apple, see Sack.

Hertford Sweet (Rivers), D. Medium, round, green, sweet, late; third quality.

Hicks’ Fancy (R.H.S.), D. small, round, greenish yellow with a little russet, firm, brisk acid flavour, early, stalk long ; first quality ; a great bearer.

Higgs’ Seedling (R.H.S.), Medium, conical, angular, pale straw, soft, early.

Hill’s Seedling, see Cox’s Pomona.

- Histon Favourite (Wood & Ingram), C. Medium, conical,

even, greenish yellow, flushed, mid-season ; a very hand- some Apple, much grown in Cambridgeshire.

Hoary Morning, C. Large, round, even, bright red streaked, with dense grey bloom, mid-season; second quality; a very handsome Apple.

Hoffner’s Golden Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, flattened, open eye, greenish orange streaked, sweet, mid- season; second quality; a very handsome Apple.

Holbert’s Prince Albert, D.

Holbert’s Victoria (Paul & Son), D. Small, conical or ovate, light grey russet, firm, rich, sweet, late ; resembles Golden Harvey.

Hole Apple (Ritchie), resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

Holker Pippin, see Duke of Devonshire.

Holland Pippin (Woodbridge), D. Medium, conical, green, flushed, mid-season.

Holland Pippin, see Pott’s Seedling.

x 2

324 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Hollandbury (R.H.8.), C. Large, conical, angular, pale ereen, flushed bright scarlet, soft, very white flesh, acid, mid-season; second quality; an extremely laundsome Apple.

Holncote, Sweet (Garland), Cider. Medium, round, yellow, streaked.

* Hollow Core (R. Veitch & Son), C. Medium, conical, red, russet streaked, mid-season.

Hollow Crown Pippin (Paul & Son), D. or C. Medium, flat, green, late ; worthless.

Holtzen’s Herbst Apfel, see Edmund Jupp.

Honeycomb (J. Scott), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, red streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Hook Street Pippin.

* Hormead Pearmain (Dickson), C. Large, conical, even, ereenish yellow, russety, brisk flavour, mid-season; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Horner (J. Scott), D. Small, round, yellow, mid-season; inferior.

Hornson (Rogers), C. Medium, conical, angular, greenish yellow, firm, brisk, early.

Hotchkin Pippin (Rivers).

Howick King (Rollo), C. Medium, conical, angular, green, flushed bronze, late.

Hubbard’s Pearmain (Saltmarsh), D. or C. Medium, conical, ereen, mid-season; third quality.

* Hubbard’s Pearmain (Lee), D. Small, flat, yellow, firm, mid-season ; first quality.

Hubbard’s Russet Pearmain (Brunton), D. Medium, conical, angular, reddish russet, mid-season ; third quality.

Hubbardstone’s Nonesuch (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, copper coloured, streaked, sweet, late.

* Hughes’ Golden Pippin (Goldsmith), D. Small, flat, greenish yellow, firm, mid-season ; first quality.

Hughes’ Nonpareil, D.

Hulbert’s Victoria (Paul & Son), see Holbert’s Victoria.

* Hunthouse (Pearson), C. Small, conical, angular, green, russety, firm, acid; great bearer.

Huntingdon Codlin (Wood & Ingram), C. Large, long conical, angular, pale orange, mid-season; first quality; a very fine-looking Apple.

Hunt’s Deux Ans (Lee & Son), D. or C. Small, conical, pale green, bronze flush, very firm, late; will keep two years ; worthless.

Hunt’s Duke of Glo’ster (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, flat, russet, mid-season; first quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 825

Hunt’s New Green Newton Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, green, flushed, firm, late.

Hunt’s Nonpareil (Benson), D. Small, round, light russet, late; second quality.

Hunt’s Royal Nonpareil (Rivers), D. Small, round, green, russet, flushed, late; resembles Old Nonpareil.

Hunt’s Royal Red (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, bronze red, sweet, firm, late.

Hurmann’s or Herman’s Pippin (Poynter), C. or D. Medium, conical, even, green, streaked, acid, late.

Hussey’s Pearmain (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, round, flushed yellow, acid, mid-season; a very handsome Apple.

Hutton Square (Crossland), C. Large, roundish ovate, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, late.

Hyslop Crab, Deep crimson fruit, very prolific and ornamental.

Hyslop Pippin, see Hyslop Crab.

Imperial (Paul & Son), D. Small, flat, angular, red streaked, firm, late; second quality.

Improved Ashmead’s Kernel (Lee & Son), D. Medium, flat, ereenish russet, flushed, acid; greatly resembles Brad- dick’s Nonpareil.

* Improved Bess Pool (Pearson), D. Medium, oblong, greenish russet, flushed and streaked dark red, late; a larger and improved form of the Old Bess Pool.

Improved Keswick Codlin (Harrison), Medium, roundish, angular, pale straw, acid; later and of more rounded form than the Keswick Codlin.

Improved Red Cap (J. Scott), Cider. Medium, conical, red flushed.

7 Inchmahone (Drummond), Medium, round, green streaked, red, firm, acid, late; resembles Rymer.

* Incomparable, see Lewis’s Incomparable.

Incomparable Red (Jefferies), C. or D. Medium, conical, yellow, flushed red, mid-season ; very pretty.

Ingestrie, see Yellow Ingestrie.

Irish Cluster (King), D. Small, round, angular, flushed, yellow; worthless.

Irish Codlin, see Carlisle Codlin.

Irish Giant (Turner), C. Very large, round, angular, pale green, streaked ; somewhat resembles Beauty of Kent.

Irish Greening (Reid), D. Small, round, angular, greenish yellow, sweet, early; third quality.

+ Irish Peach (Dickson & Co.), D. Medium, flat, warm yellow, streaked, sweet tender flesh ; first quality; first early.

* Trish Pitcher (Dunn), C. Small, round, greenish yellow, acid, early ; like Hawthornden.

Irish Russet, see Sam Young.

Iron Apple, see Brabant Bellefleur.

326 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

Iron Jack (Haywood), D. Small, round, angular, yellow, streaked, with numerous white spots, sweet ; worthless.

Iron King, see French Crab.

Ironsides (Poynter), C. Medium, round, bronzy green, late.

Isle of Wight Pippin (R.H.S), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, sweet, mid-season.

Izod’s Kernel (Cranston Nursery Company), C. or Cider. Large, flat, red streaked, early, handsome ; see Tom Putt.

Jacques Lebel (Saunders), C. Medium, flat, large, open eye, orange flushed, sweet, dry, mid-season.

Jacquin (J. Scott), C. Medium, flat, pale green, flushed, acid, mid-season.

James’s Pearmain (Ritchie), D. or C. Medium, round, flushed yellow, acid, mid-season ; second quality, pretty.

Jamie Brown (Crossland), Medium, conical, angular, green, flushed, acid, late.

January Tom Putt (Poynter), see Tom Putt.

Jean or Jan Apple (Rogers), C. Small, conical, yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Jefferson (R.H.8.), D. Small, flat, streaked yellow, early, sweet ; second quality; a pretty early Apple.

Jeffrey Seedling (Goldsmith), C. Medium, conical, flattened,. pale yellow, flushed, dry, early.

Jennet Moyle (Rivers), D. Medium, round, red streaked, soft, acid, early; handsome.

Jenny Hubert (Ritchie), C. Small, round, streaked yellow, mid-season.

Jenny Oubury, see Old Pomeroy.

Jenny Sinclair (Clark), C. Small, tall conical, streaked yellow, early; third quality.

Jersey Chisel (J. Scott), Cider. Small, conical, streaked yellow.

Jersey Lemon Pippin, D. or C. Medium, long conical, pale ereen, flushed bronze, mid-season ; worthless.

Jersey Monarch (Saunders).

Jersey Nonesuch, D. or C. Medium, flat, angular, green, russet, acid, late.

Jersey Pippin (Saunders), see Hammond’s Jersey Pippin.

Jersey Pippin (Rivers), D. Small, round, russet, sweet, mid- —

season ; first quality. Jews’ Hands (Gee), see Pile’s Russet.

John Apple (R.H.§8.), D. Small, round, green, slightly.

flushed, firm and fresh, sweet; first quality; retains its freshness until May.

John Apple (Ritchie), D. or C. Medium, round, red streaked, sweet, mid-season; resembles Tom Putt.

John Apple (Pearson), C. Medium, round, bronze green, late ; worthless.

sohn Apple, see Northern Greening.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 327 »

John Brown.

John Landon (Robertson), C. Medium, pointed, conical, green ; worthless.

John Thompson (Graham), C. Large, flat, very angular, streaked yellow, acid, mid-season.

* Jolly Beggar, see Lord Grosvenor.

Jolly Gentleman, see Emperor Alexander.

Jolly Miller (Bull), C. Medium, flat, angular, flushed red, soft, acid, mid-season ; handsome.

Jonathan (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale ereen, flushed red, acid, mid-season.

Jones’s Favourite (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Large, conical, angular, pale straw, dry, mid-season; worthless.

Joseph de Brichy (J. Scott), D. Medium, conical, streaked yellow; worthless.

Julien, see Karly Julien.

June Gilliflower (Cummins), D. Small, round, yellow, soft, early ; first quality.

Juneating, see White Juneating.

Keddleston Pippin (Lee & Son), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Keen’s Seedling (T. McDonald), D. or, C. Small, ovate, angular, dark green, flushed bronze, very acid, late.

Kemp’s Orange, see Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Kempston (Druce), C. Large, conical, green, russety, firm, mid-season.

Kentish Beauty, see Beauty of Kent.

Kentish Broading, see Beauty of Kent.

Kentish Codlin (R.H.8.), C. Medium, conical, angular, ereenish yellow, flushed, early; first quality ; very closely resembles Old English Codlin.

Kentish Codlin, resembles Carlisle Codlin. _

Kentish Fillbasket (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large round,

angular, pale green, flushed and streaked, mid-season.

Kentish Golden Knob, see Golden Knob.

Kentish Orange Goff, see Goff.

Kentish Pearmain.

Kentish Pippin, see Colonel Vaughan.

Kernel Apple, Cider. Small, long, conical, yellow, flushed.

Kerry Pippin, D. Small, ovate, streaked orange, firm, sweet, early; first quality.

Keswick Codlin, C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale yellow, sometimes flushed orange, soft, brisk, tender, early ; first quality ; a great bearer.

Killerton Sweet (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Small, round, angular, yellow.

King, see Warner’s King.

King Apple (Wheeler), D. Medium, conical, bronzed, green, mid-season ; third quality.

828 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

King Charles’ Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Medium, conical, golden russet, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

* King Harry (R.H.S.), D. Medium, conical or oblong, even, ereenish yellow, with small russety spots, tender, sweet, brisk, early ; first quality; a fine Apple.

King Noble, see Stirling Castle.

King of the Orchard (Cheal), see Baxter’s Pearmain.

King of the Pippins, D. Medium, oblong, open eye, greenish yellow, streaked and flushed red, mid-season ; first quality ; a great and certain cropper.

* King of Tomkins County (Rivers), D. or C., very large, round, angular, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, mid- season ; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

King’s, see Warner’s King.

King’s Sauce (Griffin), C. Large, oblong, angular, red flushed, soft, mid-season.

Kingston Black, Cider. Small, round, dark red, streaked.

+ Kingston Pippin (Frettingham).

Kinnoul Pippin (Reid), C. Small, coun pale yellow, acid, firm, mid-season.

* Kirke’s Fame (Harrison), C. Large, round, streaked orange, dry, mid-season.

Kirke’s Lord Nelson (Wheeler), D. or C. Medium, round, yellow, streaked, mid-season, sweet; first quality.

Kirke’s Schone Rambour (R.H.S.), D. or C. Large, flat, angular, pale yellow, red flushed, soft, mid-season ; very closely resembles Cox’s Pomona.

Kirkfield Pippin (King), C. Small, round, greenish yellow, flushed ; worthless.

Kirton, see Keen’s Seedling.

Kitchen Pippin (Pearson), C. Small, round, angular, bronze ereen, late; worthless.

Kitchen Reinette (Rowson), C. Medium, flat, bronze green, very firm, late.

Knight’s Fame (Saltmarsh), C. Medium, conical, green, flushed bronze, dry; a fine handsome Apple.

Knight’s Lemon Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, very small eye, greenish russet, flushed red, very firm, sweet, late.

Knight’s No. 1 (R.H.8.), C. Small, conical, pale yellow, soft, early.

Kroon Apfel (R.H.S.), D. Small, ovate, greenish yellow, streaked and spotted bright red, sweet, mid-season ; third quality ; some seasons very beautiful.

Ladies’ Everlasting, D. Medium, round, angular, green, red flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Ladies’ Sweeting (Rivers), D. or C. Round, green, flushed, sweet, soft ; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALCGUE OF APPLES. 829

7 Lady Alice Eyre (Ross). Medium, round, flattened, pale green, flushed, sweet, second early ; second quality.

Lady Apple, see D’Api, or Pomme d’Api.

Lady Apple (King), D. or C. Small, conical, very angular, ereenish russet, flushed red ; worthless.

Lady Derby (Haycock), see Summer Whorle.

Lady Duncan (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angular, bronze ereen, acid, mid-season.

Lady Hayes (Cummins), C. or Cider. Large, round, streaked yellow, acid, early ; third quality ; very handsome.

* Lady Henniker (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Large, oblong, angular, streaked yellow with russet, mid-season ; first quality; a very handsome Apple.

| Lady Kinloch (Laird). Medium, oblong, pale green streaked with red, firm, solid; second quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Lady Lennox (Gilbert), C. Small, flat, streaked yellow, very acid, late.

Lady Lovers (Smith), D. Small, ovate, yellow, streaked ; worthless.

| Lady Sudeley (Bunyard). Medium, oblong, or conical, ereenish yellow, streaked red, first early; first quality ; ereat cropper.

Lady Sutherland, see Lord Suffield.

Lady’s Blush (Pearson), C. Small, round, pale green, hard, mid-season ; worthless.

Lady’s Finger, see Smart’s Prince Arthur.

Lady’s Finger (Cranston Nursery Company), D. or C. Small, very long ovate, greenish yellow, streaked, firm, dry, mid-season; very distinct, but worthless.

Lady’s Finger (Morrison), D., see Egg or White Paradise.

La Fameuse, see Pomme de Neige.

Laidlaw Right Keeper (Graham), C. Medium, conical, angular, green, flushed, acid, hard, very late.

* Lamb Abbey Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Small, oblong, green, flushed, very firm, sweet, late; first quality.

Lamb Brook Pippin (J. Scott), D. or C. Small, flat, green, streaked, late; worthless.

Lamb’s Favourite, see Small’s Admirable.

Lamb’s Nose (Ward), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, yellow, flushed red; worthless.

Lammas Apple (McKinnon), C. Small, ovate, greenish yellow ; second quality, early.

Lancashire Pippin (Crossland), C. Small, long ovate, pale ereen, flushed, mid-season.

Landmere Russet, see Hanwell Souring.

* Landsberger Reinette (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, pale straw, occasionally flushed, brisk, fresh, early; first quality ; very handsome, and a good bearer.

330 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Lane’s Prince Albert (Lane & Son). Large, roundish, even, pale green, streaked and flushed bright red, late; first quality; a very handsome Apple, great cropper.

Lane’s Prolific (Lane), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, greenish yellow, mid-season ; very pretty.

Lanterne, see Rymer.

Large Russet, see Royal Russet.

Large Yellow Bough, see Yellow Bough.

ass 0’? Gowrie (Doig), C. Large, round, angular, yellow,

early. * Late Marrow (King), D. Small, flat, angular, bronze red; worthless, Lauder Lud (Sharp), D. or C. Small, flat, angular, green bronze.

Lawrence’s Seedling, see Hanwell Souring.

Lawson’s Pearmain (Burnett), C. Medium, round, green, acid, mid-season; worthless.

Leadington Monstrous, see Catshead. |

Leadington Stoup, see Stoup Leadington.

Leather Jacket.

Leathercoat, see Old Leathercoat Russet.

Leathercoat Brown Russet (Rowson), see Old Leathercoat.

|} Leicester Burton Pippin (Frettingham), Medium, oblong,

pale green, streaked ; like Old Nonesuch.

Lemon.

Lemon Apple (Woodbridge), D. Medium, ovate, yellow, russet, mid-season ; second quality.

* Lemon Pippin (R.H.S.), D. or C. Small or medium, ovate, with a peculiar fleshy knob in which the stalk is inserted, yellow, occasionally streaked russet, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Lemon Square (Crossland), D. Small, oblong, angular, yellow, early; worthless.

Leppard’s White Pippin (S. Ford), D. or C. Medium, flat, yellow flushed, mid-season.

* Lewis’s Incomparable (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Large, conical, streaked yellow, russety, sweet, mid-season ; a very handsome Apple.

Leyden, see Karly Julien.

Leyden Pippin (Harding), C. Medium, conical, angular, ereen, flushed bronze, mawkish sweet; worthless.

Liddon’s Prolific (Poynter), C. Medium, conical, orange, streaked, firm, acid, mid-season.

Lilac, see M‘Lellan’s.

Lincoln (Rogers), Cider. Small, pointed, conical, yellow, flushed.

Lincoln Holland Pippin, see Wadhurst Pippin.

Lincoln Pippin (Haycock), C. Large, long, conical, angular, pale green, mid-season. 7

*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 881

Lineolnshire Holland Pippin (Benson), C. Medium, ovate, angular, yellow, flushed, very acid, mid-season; third quality.

Lincolnshire Pippin, see Hawthornden.

Lincolnshire Reinette, see Braddick’s Nonpareil.

Linneeus Pippin (J. Scott), D. Small, round, green, russet, hard, late ; worthless.

Lippair Wilding (R.H.S.).

Little Dick (Ward), D. Very small, flat, red flushed.

Little John (Campsie), C. Medium, round, yellow, flushed, dry, acid, mid-season; worthless.

Littlewick White (Bridgman), C. Small, conical, green, spotted, acid, mid-season; worthless.

Liver Pearmain (Ritchie), D. or C. Small, conical, green, flushed dark bronze or liver colour, late ; worthless. Liver’s Imperial (Pearson), C. Large, conical, streaked

yellow, soft, very acid, early; handsome, but worthless.

Livesay (Hathaway).

Livesey’s Imperial, see Hollandbury.

Livesley’s Imperial, see Lord Suffield.

Loan’s Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, green, streaked, russety, late; somewhat resembles small examples of Claygate Pearmain.

Loddington Seedling (Killick), C. Large, round, angular, pale green, flushed, firm, mid-season; first quality; a fine handsome Apple, much grown in Kent.

Lodgemore Nonpareil (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, golden russet, late.

Loggerhead, see Catshead.

London Peach (Pearson), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow, bronzed, acid, late ; worthless.

London Pippin (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, very

angular, green, flushed red, late; first quality.

Long Peeler (Matthews), Small, ovate, green, red flushed ; worthless.

Long Reinette (J. Fowler).

Long Start (Crossland), C. Small, round, streaked yellow, mid-season.

Long Stemmed Pippin (Garland), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, green, red streaked, mid-season ; stalk remarkably long.

Longville’s Kernel (R.H.8.) D. or C. Medium, round, streaked yellow; second quality; early.

Lopen Never Blight (J. Scott), Cider. Small, round, red

streaked.

Lord Burghley (R.H.8.), D. Medium or Small, flat, angular, ereen, russet bronzed, firm, late; first quality; resembles Sturmer Pippin.

Lord Clyde (Rivers), see Golden Noble.

33!

2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lord Combermere (Melliar),

Lord Derby (Lane & Son), C. Very large, oblong, angular, greenish yellow, mid-season; first quality; a fine hand- some Apple and great bearer.

Lord Duncan, C. Medium, round, angular, pale yellow, acid, soft, early; Codlin type.

Lord Duncan, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Lord Dunmore (Robertson), C. Large, conical, angular, pale yellow, flushed red, soft, acid, early.

Lord Elgin (Chuck), C. Large, conical, angular, green, acid, late ; like Yorkshire Greening.

Lord Exeter’s Favourite, see Hicks’ Fancy.

Lord Granville (Fairbairn), C. Large, conical, very angular, light green, soft, acid, mid-season.

Lord Grosvenor (Mundell), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale yellow, early ; first quality.

Lord Gwydyr’s (Coombes), C. Medium, round, pale yellow, mid-season. |

Lord Hampton’s Wonder, C. Medium, round, angular, bronze green; worthless.

Lord Hampton’s Wonder (Hathaway), see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Lord Kingston, see Hawthornden.

Lord Lennox (Harrison), D. Small, flat, orange, red streaked, brisk, early; second quality; greatly resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Lord Paulett’s Pearmain (Lucombe), Medium, oblong, streaked green.

Lord Raglan (McKinnon), C. Large, flat, angular, pale green, flushed, very firm, dry, late; resembles a flat Yorkshire Beauty.

Lord Raglan, see Loddington Seedling.

Lord Suffield, C. Large, conical, very pale yellow, soft, first early ; first quality; a very fine Culinary Apple, and a great cropper.

Lord Suffolk (J. Scott), D or C. Small, flat, bronze green, late; third quality.

Lord Wolseiey (Britcher), see Devonshire Buckland.

Lucombe’s Pine (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, clear pale yellow, very firm, sweet ; first quality, mid-season.

Lucombe’s Pine Apple, see Lucombe’s Pine. |

Lucombe’s Seedling (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, flattened, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, acid; second quality, mid- season.

Luffness Matchless, C. Medium, oblong, angular, green, flushed red, acid, mid-season.

Luffness Pippin (Brunton), Small, round, yellow, flushed red; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 333

* Mabbott’s Pearmain (W. Paul & Son), D. Medium, conical, even, orange yellow, streaked red and minutely spotted, brisk, acid, mid-season ; first quality ; very handsome.

Macdonald’s Apple (Dunn).

Macdonald’s Favourite (Cairns), C. Large, round, angular, yellow, flushed red, mid-season, greatly resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

M‘Clellan’s, American (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular, streaked yellow, soft, mid-season ; second quality.

M‘Lean’s Favourite (W. Paul & Son), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, soft, sweet, early.

Maclellan, see M‘Clellan’s.

Maclery’s Pippin (Neighbour), C. Medium, round, light ereen, acid, late.

Madame Hayes (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, streaked yellow, sweet, early ; second quality.

Madeline (J. Scott), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, streaked red, mid-season ; worthless.

* Magnum Bonum, see Roundway Magnum Bonum.

Magpie (Langridge), D. or C. Large, round, yellow, streaked, acid, early; second quality.

Maiden, see Nonesuch.

Maiden Apple (Cheal), D. Medium, conical, angular, yellow, streaked red, acid, firm, mid-season; second quality.

Maiden’s Blush (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, small eye, ereenish yellow, beautifully flushed pink, sweet; second quality ; mid-season.

Majetin, see Winter Majetin.

Majestic, see Downton Pippin.

Major Hemming (Brunton), D. Medium, conical, angular, ereen, flushed bronze, hard, late.

Mala Kovna (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, dark red, firm, acid, mid-season ; third quality ; pretty, but worthless.

* Maltster (Selwood), C. Medium, flat, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Mammoth Pippin, C. Medium, flat, green, late.

Manchester Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, greenish yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season, very firm; greatly resembles Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Mango Pippin (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, round, green, streaked, soft, mid-season ; second quality.

* Manks’ Codlin (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round or conical, pale yellow, sometimes flushed pink, skin very greasy, firm, acid, early; first quality; great cropper.

* Mannington’s Pearmain (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, conical, even, greenish orange, streaked and russety, mid-season ; first quality.

Margaret, see Karly Margaret.

9

Vv

*

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Margaret Henrietta (S. Ford), D. Small, round, angular, bright red, sweet, white flesh, mid-season; pretty, but worthless.

Margaret Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, green, sweet, mid-season; worthless.

Margil, D. Medium, round, angular, greenish yellow, streaked dark red, firm, sweet, somewhat dry, mid-season ; first quality; a great favourite.

Marigold (King).

Marriage Maker (Poynter), Cider. Small, conical, deep scarlet ; very handsome.

Mark Marshall (Cheal), Medium, flat, angular, bronze, flushed. Marmalade Pippin (Pragnell), D. or C. Medium, ovate, red streaked, soft, first early ; second quality ; handsome. Marshall’s Seedling (Rivers), Medium, round, pale yellow,

streaked ; second quality ; pretty.

Martin Nonpareil (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, ereenish russet, sweet, late; first quality.

Mary Greeds (R.H.§.), D. Medium, round, yellow, early; first quality.

Mason’s, see Claygate Pearmain.

May Queen (Southall), Medium, oblong, angular, deep red, streaked, late.

Maynack’s Pippin (Rivers), C. Medium, conical, yellow, soft, first early ; worthless.

Maynard’s Bearer (Britcher), Cider. Medium, flat angular, orange streaked.

May’s Seedling (Turner), D. Small, conical, red streaked, mid-season ; second quality ; resembles Colonel Vaughan.

Mead’s Broading, see Irish Giant.

Mealy Late Blossom (Poynter), D. or C. Small, conical, ereenish yellow, flushed, acid, late; worthless.

Mee’s Seedling (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale ereen, very firm, acid, late.

Mela Carla (Haycock), D. Medium, round, yellow, flushed, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Melon Apple (Rivers), D. Large, round, orange yellow, streaked, sweet, tender, mid-season; first quality; a very pretty Apple.

Melrose, see White Melrose.

Melville Pippin, see Scarlet Pearmain.

Menagére, see Brietling.

Mére de Ménage (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, angular, large open eye, reddish bronze, sometimes streaked, firm, acid, late ; first quality ; a very handsome solid Apple.

Mickleham Pearmain (Burnett), D. Medium, conical, even, reddish bronze, firm, mid-season ; second quality ; a hand- some Apple, resembles Duck’s Bull.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 535

Mignonne Rouge (Haycock), D. Small, round, purplish red, soft early ; pretty, but worthless

Milford Pippin, see Golden Pippin.

Milford Pippin, C. Large, conical, greenish russet, flushed, acid, mid-season.

Miller’s Glory (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, flattened, bronze ereen, streaked, hard, late; resembles Norfolk Beefine.

Miller’s Liken Hagen (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, yellow, flushed, mid-season ; third quality.

Millpeck Apple, C. Medium, oblong, pale green, flushed russet, mid-season.

* Minchall Crab (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, large eye, greenish yellow, streaked, firm, acid; first quality; late; a fine culinary Apple.

Mincing Pippin (Rust),C. Medium, round, green, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Minier’s Dumpling, see Warnev’s King.

Minshul Crab, see Minchall Crab.

Minsterworth’s (Wheeler), Cider.

* Missouri Pippin (W. Paul & Son), D. Small, round, ereen, flushed red, late; third quality.

Mistayer (J. Scott), Small, conical, green, streaked, dry; worthless.

Mitchell’s Red (8S. Ford), D. or C. Small, round, green, flushed, acid, late.

Mitchell’s Seedling (S. Ford), see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Monarch (Saunders).

Monmouth Green, C. Small, round, green, late; worthless.

Monmouth Pippin (Rivers), CG. Small, flat, green, hard; worthless.

Monmouthshire Beauty (Jenkins), D. Medium, ovate, angular, red streaked, sweet, mid-season; first quality ; resembles American Mother.

Mononisten Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, even, ereenish yellow, streaked, firm, late; second quality.

Monstrous Leadington, see Catshead.

Monstrous London Pippin.

Monstrous Pippin, see Gloria Mundi.

Monymusk, see Margil.

Monymutt’s Paradise (Pearson), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, streaked, acid, late; in appearance like Wad- hurst Pippin.

Moody’s Jersey, Cider. Small, round, streaked, yellow.

Moor Farm (Hathaway), Medium, round, orange flushed, acid; worthless.

Moor Park Pippin (Turner), D. Medium, round, even, red streaked, mid-season ; third quality.

Morgan, see Morgan’s Sweet.

336 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

—

Morgan’s Sweet (Poynter), C. or Cider. Large, conical, angular, pale yellow, early, sweet, dry flesh ; third quality ; a favourite Apple in Somerset.

Morgewell Pippin (Cummins).

Morningthorpe Pippin.

Morris’s Court of Wick (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, greenish yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season ; second quality.

Morris’s Russet (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, light grey russet, flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Moss’s Incomparable (Pearson), C. or D. Medium, flat, very deep eye, very angular, greenish russet, streaked, acid, late.

Mother Apple (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, round, streaked yellow, acid, early ; third quality.

Mother Apple, Cider. Small, conical, pale green, flushed.

Moxhay, see Sturmer Pippin.

Mr. Gladstone, D. Small, conical, angular, reddish crimson, streaked, soft, first early, sweet ; second quality.

Mrs. Barron (R.H.8.), C. Large, oblong, angular, yellow, sweet ; first quality ; mid-season.

Mrs. Parrott (Lane), C. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed red, firm, late; second quality.

Muckenham Pearmain (Burnett), see Manchester Pippin.

Muckenham Rother Winter Koenig (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, purplish red, firm, late; third quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Mumm/’s Red (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Round, even, streaked yellow ; pretty.

Muneches Pippin (Dunn), C. Medium, round, angular, bronzy red, late; third quality.

Murdy Apple (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small, conical, yellow flushed.

Murfitt’s Apple, see Murfitt’s Seedling.

Murfitt’s Seedling (Bull), C. Large, round, angular, uniform pale green, very greasy, acid, mid-season; first quality ; a favourite Apple in Cambridgeshire.

Murie Seedling (Morrison), D. Small, conical, greenish yellow, flushed bronze; somewhat resembles King of the Pippins.

Musk Apple, see Carlisle Codlin.

Muskirke Gelbe Reinette, see Bess Pool.

Muss Russet, see Pine Apple Russet.

Myatt’s George the Fourth (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow flushed red, mid-season. |

Waked Apple (King), C. Round, yellow flushed ; resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

Waney Jackson (Rivers), C. Large, round, russety, yellow, streaked, acid, late; first quality.

Nancy Jackson (Cheal), C. Medium, conical, large open eye, green streaked, acid, late.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 387

* Wanny (Chorley), D. Medium, round, orange yellow, streaked, red, firm, sweet, early ; first quality; a favourite Sussex Dessert Apple.

* Nelson Codlin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Large, conical, angular, ereenish yellow, very greasy, mid-season; first quality.

* WNelson’s Glory, see Warner’s King.

Welson’s Prolific (Haycock).

Never Fail (Dunn). Small, round, angular, bronze.

New Apple (Cummins), D. Large, round, angular, streaked yellow, brisk, mid-season; first quality; a very hand- some Apple.

New Bess Pool (Pearson), D. Medium, conical or ovate, red streaked, late ; first quality; a large, highly coloured variety of Bess Pool.

New Blandon, see Autumn Calville.

New Comb (Ritchie), C. Medium, round, green, streaked red, mid-season.

New Green Nonpareil (R.H.S.) D. Medium, round, bronzy ereen, brisk acid, late; second quality.

* New Hawthornden, C. Large, flat, angular, green, flesh soft, acid, early; first quality; a very free bearer when young; Winter Hawthornden of some.

New Large Cockpit (Slater), C. Medium, flat, angular, pale green, streaked red, acid, firm, mid-season ; first quality ; quite distinct from Cockpit.

New lLiver’s Imperial (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale green, streaked, soft, mid-season.

* New Northern Greening (Pearson), C. Medium, round, ovate, open eye, even, green, streaked, very firm, acid, late ; first quality; handsome.

New Scarlet Pearmain, see Brabant Bellefieur.

New Ribston Pippin (Jones), D. Medium, roundish, orange russet, flushed, firm, sweet, Ribston flavour, mid-season ; first quality.

New Rock Pippin (R.H.S8.), D. Small, flat, angular, greenish yellow, russet, firm, late; second quality.

New Rollisson’s (Hathaway).

+ Newland’s Sack (W. Crump).

* Newtown Pippin (Haycock), D. or CO. Medium, round, angular, green, late ; first quality.

Newtown Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, flat, golden russet, dry, mid-season; pretty, but use- less.

Ney-Mi, see Wadhurst Pippin.

Wicolayer (Rivers), D. Medium, round, pale green, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Wine Square Pippin (Chisholm), C. Large, round, angular, yellow, flushed red, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Y

338 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nine Squares (Cockbill), see Nine Square Pippin. + Niton House (Veitch), see Seaton House.

No Core (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, flushed red, solid, mid-season.

No Core (J. Scott), Small, conical, greenish yellow, streaked ; worthless.

* Nonesuch, C. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, red streaked, soft, very acid ; third quality ; first early; a very pretty Apple and a free bearer.

Nonesuch (Saunders), D. or C. Large, round, angular, streaked yellow, mid-season; handsome.

Nonesuch, Early, see Nonesuch.

Nonesuch Paradise (Rivers), C. Small, conical, yellow ; worthless; makes an excellent dwarfing HOB for which purpose it is much erown.

Nonesuch Park (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, even, greenish yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil.

Nonpareil (Ritchie), D. or C. Large, round, angular, streaked yellow, sweet, mid-season; third quality.

Nonpareil D’Angleterre, see Ribston Pippin.

Nonpareil Early, see Hick’s Fancy.

Nonpareil Headcorn (Britcher), D. Small, ovate, light russet, late; third quality.

Nonpareil, Petworth, see Petworth Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Ross, see Ross Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Russet, see Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Scarlet, see Scarlet Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Sweeney, see Sweeney Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, White, see White Nonpareil.

* Norfolk Bearer, see Norfolk Beefing. * Norfolk Beefing, C. Medium, round, dull bronze, very firm, acid; second quality; late; an excellent late Apple.

Norfolk Colman, see Norfolk Beefing.

Norfolk Paradise (Rivers), D. Small, flat, even, pale ereen, flushed, firm, acid, late; closely resembles Wyken Pippin.

Norfolk Stone Pippin (W. Paul & Son), C. Small, ovate, ereen flushed, acid, late.

Worfolk Stone or White Pippin (Browne), D. Small, ovate, ereen, late; third quality.

Norfolk Storing, see Golden Ball.

Norfolk Storing (Brunton), C. Medium, conical, angular, bronze green, acid, late.

Normandy Pippin (Haycock), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, sweet, mid-season ; third quality.

Normanton Bitter-sweet.

+ Normanton Broading (Milne), Medium, oblong, deep green, streaked, late.

. ‘ ; ' ‘

eat.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 3389

Normanton Wonder, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

North Britain (Ormiston), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow, flushed, soft, early; somewhat resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

Northampton, see Blenheim Orange.

Worthend Pippin (Lee), C. Medium, round, angular, green, hard, very acid, late.

Northern Dumpling (Roberts), C. Medium, flat, green, flushed bronze, firm, acid, mid-season.

Worthern Greening, C. Medium, ovate, green, flushed, firm, acid, late; first quality ; a very fine late Apple. Northern Greening Improved (Frettingham). Medium,

ovate, green, late; first quality.

Northern Spy (Wilson), D. Medium, round, red-streaked and flushed, brisk, sweet, white flesh; first quality; a very handsome Apple.

Norton Bitter, Cider. Medium, round, bronze green.

Notch Kernel, Cider.

Notts Seedling, see Pott’s Seedling.

Nutmeg Pippin, see Cockle’s Pippin.

Oak Apple (Killick), C. Medium, round, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, sweet, mid-season ; stalk very long.

Oakley Grove Pippin.

Oberdieck’s Winter Tauben Apfel (R.H.S8.), D. or C. Small, conical, even, pale green, late; worthless.

Ochiltree (Drummond). Small, deep green.

Odelson’s, see Kerry Pippin.

Ogle Grove Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, ovate, pale green, flushed, acid, late.

Okera, see Akera.

Old Apple. Small, ovate, light russet.

Old Bess Pool, see Bess Pool.

Old Bromley (Cockbill), D. or C. Small, conical, yellow.

Old Caldwell, see Rymer.

Old English Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, conical, angu- lar, pale greenish yellow, flushed, early; first quality.

Old Fox-whelps, Cider. Medium, round, red-streaked.

Old Gilliflower (Moorhouse), D. Large, long conical, even yellow, light bronze, soft, mid-season.

Old Golden Pippin (R.H.§8.). Small, conical, even, greenish yellow, with russet markings, flesh yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season; first quality; often confused with Yellow Ingestrie and Downton.

Old Golden Reinette, see Golden Reinette.

Old Golden Russet, see Golden Russet.

Old Leathercoat Russet, C. Medium, round.

Old London Pippin, see London Pippin.

Old Man (Rowson), D. Small, round, green, russet, firm, late ; third quality.

7

340 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Old Neddie (Crossland), D. or C. Small, round, angular,

bronze green, very firm, late.

* Old Nonesuch, see Nonesuch.

* Old Nonpareil, D. Small, round, green russety, very firm, brisk, sweet, late ; first quality.

Old Northern Greening, see Northern Greening.

* Old Orange Pippin (Wood & Ingram).

Old Pomeroy (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, conical, pointed, streaked yellow with russet, flesh dry, sweet, mid-season ; third quality ; very distinct.

Olid Queening (Cranston Nursery Company), C or Cider. Medium, ovate, angular, yellow, flushed red, russet, , very firm, very acid. )

Old Rollisson’s (Hathaway), C. Small, ovate, green.

Old Russet (Saltmarsh), D. or C. Small, conical, angular, | yellow, russet, mid-season ; second quality. |

Old Seek no Further (Rivers), D. or C. Large, oblong, | angular, green, flushed red, mid-season.

Old Stone Pippin (Killick).

Old Wife (S. Ford), Small, conical, angular, light russet ; worthless.

Old Winter Pearmain (Turner), D. or C. Medium, conical, reddish russet, acid, late.

Old Winter Russet (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular, flushed russet, acid, mid-season.

Omar Pacha (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, flushed bronzy red, dry, mid-season ; second quality.

. Onion Apple (Ritchie), C. Small, round, pale green, flushed, acid, late; resembles Dumelow’s Seedling.

Onion Rope (Warden).

Open Heart (Bancroft), Medium, conical, bronze; worth- less.

Opetien Pommiers (Wood & Ingram), C. Large, round, bright ereen, early; second quality; very peculiar stalk.

Orange (Way), D. Small, flat, orange, mid-season; third quality ; resembles Oslin.

Orange Apple (Rogers).

Orange Goff, see Goff.

Orange Pearmain (S. Ford), C. Medium, round, green, soft ; worthless.

* Orange Pippin (Graham), D. Small, flat, pale orange, red streaked, sweet, mid-season; first quality.

Orange Pippin (Ritchie), D. Small, round, ight russet, mid- season ; third quality ; worthless.

Orange Quince (Garland), C. Large, round, angular, streaked yellow, soft, early.

Orange Russet (Gould), D. Small, round, hight russet, flushed, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

my

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 841

Orange Wilding (Rogers), Cider. Small, pointed, conical, yellow, flushed bronze.

Oranier Pepelin (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, angular, orange, flushed, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Ord’s (R.H.S.), D. Small, ovate, angular, deep green, sometimes flushed red, with large dark brown spots, brisk and fresh, sweet; first quality, late; a very fine late Dessert Apple.

Orme, see Manks’ Codlin.

Ornament de la Table (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green, flushed bright red, sometimes streaked ; pretty, but worth- less.

Oslin (Brunton), D. Small, flat, orange yellow, with russet specks, firm, sweet, early; second quality; a very free cropping variety.

Ostendon (Way), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, dark purple, late.

Ostogotha (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, yellow russet, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Ostogotha (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, flat angular, pale ereen, flushed, flesh white, sweet, mid-season.

Ottershaw (Cheal), Medium, oval, pale green.

Oxford Peach, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Pace’s Seedling (Morrison), C. Small, conical, angular, pale yellow, firm, mid-season.

Packhorse Pippin (Cummins), resembles Pearson’s Plate.

Painted Lady (Rowson), C. Large, conical, angular, streaked yellow, very hard, late.

Palmer’s Glory, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Paradise Pippin, see Kge or White Paradise.

Parker (J. Scott), D. Small, conical, ight russet, acid mid- season ; third quality.

Parker’s Fame (Saltmarsh), D. Medium, conical, flushed red, mid-season ; third quality. |

Parker’s Glory Pippin (J. Scott), Medium, round, yellow flushed ; worthless.

Parry’s Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Parson’s, see Rymer.

Passe Bohmer (J. Scott), C. Small, conical, yellow, flushed red, acid ; worthless.

Paternoster, resembles Dutch Mignonne.

Pat’s Seedling (Gilbert), D. Small, flat, angular, red streaked, acid, mid-season ; resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Patrick’s (Brown), C. Small, conical, green, streaked, sweet ; worthless.

Pattiswick Seedling (R.H.8.), C. Small. round, very angular, bronzy red; worthless,

342 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pawn Apple (J. Scott), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, sweet, mid-season ; third quality.

Paymaster, Cider. Medium, round, yellow.

Peach (R.H.8.), C. Medium, flat, angular, rosy pink, flesh white, firm, mid-season ; second quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Peach (R. Veitch & Son), D. Large, conical, angular, red streaked, soft, early; first quality; a handsome early Apple.

Peach (Saunders), C. Large, flat, red streaked, acid, early handsome. |

Peach Bloom (Beaton), see Winter Peach.

Pear Apple (Rogers), Cider. Medium, round, yellow, flushed.

Pearmain Chester, see Golden Reinette.

Pearson’s Apple (Graham).

* Pearson’s Plate (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical or oblong, ereenish russet, flushed orange red, firm, sweet, mid- season ; first quality ; resembles Golden Harvey.

Peasgood’s Nonesuch (Haycock), C. Very large, conical, even, greenish yellow, flushed and streaked red, soft, acid, mid-season ; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Peck’s Pleasant (Rivers), D. Large, round, green, late ; first quality.

Pennington Seedling (Dickson), D. Medium, flat, ereen or yellowish green, russety, brisk, late ; first quality.

Pennock’s Red Winter (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular, ereen streaked, acid, late.

Penny Loaf (R.H.8.), C. Medium, flat, angular, flushed yellow, mid-season ; resembles Old English Codlin.

Perkins’ Seedling (Ff. C. Ford), C. Medium, round, angular, ereen, very acid, late.

Peter Smith (Paul & Son), D. Small, yellow, conical, mid- season ; third quality.

Peter the Great (Kidd). - ;

Petit Jean (Saunders), C. Small, round, small eye, streaked yellow, mid-season.

Petworth Nonpareil (Dean), D. Small, round, uniform, ervey russet, flesh green, sweet, mid-season.

Pheasant’s Hye, see Wyken.

Phillip’s Pippin (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, streaked, hard, mid-season..

Phillip’s Seedling, see Cellini.

Pickering’s Pearmain (Brunton), D. Medium, flat, flushed

russet, acid, late; second quality.

Pie-finch, Cider. Large, flat, red streaked.

Pigeon or Wax Apple, see Wax Apple.

Pigeon Rouge (J. Scott). 3

Pigeon’s Heart (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, green, streaked ; worthless. Be

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES, 348

* Pigéonette (Rivers), D. Small, conical, light bronze, white flesh, mid-season ; third quality.

Pig’s Nose (J. Veitch & Sons), Cider. Medium, conical, with peculiar flattened sides, pale green, flushed red.

Pike’s Pearmain, see King of the Pippins.

Pile’s Russet, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Pile’s Russet (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, flat, angular, grey russet, late ; second quality.

Pile’s Victoria, see Devonshire Buckland.

+ Pinder’s Apple (Grey), resembles Keswick Codlin.

Pine Apple Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D.. Small, ovate, bronzy red, soft, acid, mid-season; pretty, but worth- less.

Pine Appie Pippin, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

* Pine Apple Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Large, round, angular, light grey, flaked with russet, flushed, soft, very tender, sweet, early; first quality ; also called Pomeroy.

Pine Apple Russet, see Pine Golden Pippin.

Pine Golden Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, roundish, angular, light grey russet, flesh white, tender, sweet; first quality, mid-season.

Pippin Kuculies (J. Scott), Cider. Small, round, red- streaked.

Pippin Morningthorpe (J. Scott).

Pitcher Burr Knot (Griffin), D. Small, flat, yellow, early; worthless.

Pitmaston Golden Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, pale yellow, flaked with russet, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Pitmaston Pine Apple (R.H.58.\), D. Small conical, even, pale golden netted russet, flesh yellow, firm, sweet, mid-

_ season ; first quality.

* Pitmaston Russet (Penny), see Pitmaston Russet Non- pareil.

Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, flattened, pale green, flaked with russet, flushed, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Pittsburg Seedling (Turner), D. Small, conical, yellow, flushed, firm, late; worthless.

Please Lady (Doig), D. Small, ovate, pale green, mid- season ; second quality.

Plum Apple (Kidd), C. Small, conical, angular, pale red, flushed ; worthless.

Plum Vite (Rogers), C. Small, conical, yellow flushed.

Plum Water (Shortt), C. Medium, conical, angular, red flushed, soft, early ; inferior.

Pomeroy, see Red Astrachan.

344 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

—-

Pomeroy of Somerset (W. Paul & Son), see Old Pomeroy.

Pomeroy Russet, see Pine Apple Russet.

Pomme d’Api, see Lady Apple.

Pomme de Lippe, see Ornament de la Table.

Pomme de Neige (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, white, flushed bright scarlet, flesh white, soft, sweet, mid-season ; second quality; exceedingly pretty.

Pomme de Paque (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, conical, streaked yellow russet, acid, mid-season.

Pomme Grise (W. Paul & Son), D. Medium, conical, angular, streaked yellow, acid, mid-season; worthless. Pomme Poire Blanche (R.H.58.), C. Medium, round, angular,

ereen, late; stalk very long.

Pomme Royale, see Royal Russet.

Pomme Russet, see Reinette de Hollande.

Pomme Violette (Pragnell), C. Large, flat, open eye, dark purple, late ; resembles Mére de Ménage.

Pomme Water (R.H.S), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, sreen, late, mawkish sweet ; worthless.

Pomona, see Cox’s Pomona.

Pompone Pippin, see Bringewood Pippin.

Pond Pippin (Britcher), D. Small, round, red, streaked, sweet, early; third quality.

Ponto Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green russet, late; third quality.

Poor Man’s Friend, see Warner’s King.

Poor Man’s Profit (Garland), D. or C. Small, round, yellow, streaked ; worthless.

Pope’s Apple (Lane), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, eye large, pale yellow, flushed, soft, mid-season; a very handsome Apple.

Porter’s \ippin (Saltmarsh), C. Large, conical, even, streaked yellow, firm, acid, late ; very handsome.

Portugal ‘Glue (Ritchie), Cider. Medium, flat, angular, bronze green, late.

Postans (Ritchie), Small, conical, flushed yellow; worthless.

Postrophe, see Blenheim Orange.

Pott’s Seedling (Lane), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale yellow, early; first quality; a very free bearer.

Pound Apple (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, flat, light, copper-coloured, flushed, sweet.

Pound Apple, see Whittle’s Dumpling.

Pounds, see Pound Apple.

Powell’s Favourite (Wright), D. Medium, conical, even, yellow, acid, mid-season ; third quality; a pretty little Apple.

Powell’s Russet (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green, russet, dry flesh, mid-season.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 345

Pratt’s Pudding, see Pott’s Seedling.

Premier (Killick), D. or C. Medium, flat, red, streaked, soft, mid-season.

Président de Fays-Dumoncgeau (Paul & Son), C. Large, conical, angular green, late, mawkish sweet.

Price’s Rolly Crown (Pearson), Cider. Medium, round, green flushed.

Pride of Easton (Gilbert), D. or C. Large, conical, yellow, streaked, soft, mid-season ; handsome.

Pride of Normandy (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small, conical, flushed bronze. :

Pride of the Mill (Cheal).

Pride of the Orchard (Chorley).

Prince Albert, see Lane’s Prince Albert.

Prince Bismarck (McIndoe), see Bismarck.

Prince Henry (Slater), D. or C. Medium, round, streaked, yellow, soft, sweet, mid-season.

Prince Lippo (Paul & Son), Small, flat, red, streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Prince of Wales (Jones), C. Medium, round, even, pale ereen, flushed, acid, late, flesh white; somewhat like Dumelow’s Seedling.

Prince of Wales (Miles), resembles Blenheim Orange.

Prince’s Pippin, see King of the Pippins.

Prince’s Pippin (Poynter), Cider. Large, flat, even, bright. red; very beautiful.

Princess Augusta (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Medium, round, yellow, mid-season ; third quality.

Princess Royal (R.H.§8.), D. Small, round, russet, late ; second quality.

Prinzen Apfel (R.H.S§.).

Prizetaker (Turner), C. Medium, flat, yellow, soft, acid ;. resembles Ecklinville Seedling.

Profit Apple (Saunders), Cider. Large, round, angular, yellow streaked.

Prolific July Apple (Cummins), D. Very small, conical, yellow, streaked, early ; second quality.

Prophet.

Prussian Pippin (Crossland), D. Small, ovate, yellow, very hard, late. ;

Puckrupp’s Pippin (Dicksons), D. Medium, conical, grey russet.

Pudding Apple, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Puffin Sweet, or Come Bear and Tear (Poynter), Cider. Large, broad, conical, streaked, greenish yellow; re- sembles Emperor Alexander.

Purpurother Agat-Apfel (R.H.S.), C. Medium, ovate, greenish yellow, streaked, acid, late. j

346 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pursemouth (King), Small, conical, very angular, pale yellow, flushed red, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

Pym Square (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Large, flat, red, streaked ; a very beautiful Apple.

* Quarrenden, see Devonshire Quarrenden.

Quart Apple (Slater), D. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, flushed orange; worthless. This variety has frequently double crowns.

* Quatford Aromatic (R.H.8S.), D. Medium, conical, angular, flushed yellow russet, brisk, sweet, mid-season.

Queen, The, see The Queen.

* Queen Apple (Shingles), D. or C. Large, oblong, eye large, deep, streaked, yellow russet, soft, mid-season; a very distinct looking Apple.

Queen Apple, see Fairy.

* Queen Caroline (Jones), C. Medium, flat, even, large open eye, pale yellow, dry; second quality; early; somewhat resembles Golden Noble. ,

Queen Mary, see Duchess of Oldenburg.

Queen of England (Graham).

Queen of the Pippins (Cairns).

Queen Victoria (Fletcher).

Queen’s (R. Veitch & Son), C. or Cider. Medium, oblong, dark red, streaked, soft, flesh tinged red.

Queen’s Crab (Crossland), C. Medium, oblong, angular, yellow flushed, dry, early ; worthless.

Queen’s Russet (Pearson), D. Small, round, light russet ; worthless.

Queenstown (Crossland), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, very acid, late.

Quetier (Rivers), C. Medium, round, very small eye, greenish yellow, soft, mid-season.

Radford Beauty (R. Veitch & Son), C. Medium, round, bronze green, streaked, firm, acid, late.

Ramboro (Cummins), D. or C. Medium, conical, flushed yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Rambour (Cheal), C. or Cider. Large, flat, dark red, streaked, mid-season.

Rambour d’Amérique (Moorhouse), D. or C. Medium, conical, green flushed, very firm, late; Mere de Ménage of some.

Rambour d’Hiver (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large, flat, angular, very large deep eye, green, acid, late.

Rambour [Lattischers (J. Scott), C. Medium, round, bronze green, russet, very firm, late; worthless.

Rambour Pepelin (Rivers), C. Medium, oblong, green, flushed, very acid, mid-season.

Ramsdell’s Sweet (Rivers), D. Small, conical, angular, yellow, sweet, mid-season ; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 347

Ramsden’s, see Norfolk Beefine.

Ranson (Harrison), C. Medium, round, green, streaked, soft, mid-season ; third quality.

Rawle’s Reinette, see Dutch Mignonne.

Ravelston Pippin (McKinnon), D. or C. Large, roundish, angular, greenish yellow, red, streaked with russet, mid- season ; a favourite Scotch Apple.

Red American, see Pomme de Neige.

* Red Astrachan, D. Medium, round, deep scarlet, with dense grey bloom, flesh white, firm, brisk acid, first early ; second quality ; a very handsome Apple, but shy bearer.

* Red Autumn Calville (Garland), see Calville Rouge d’Automne.

Red Beefing, see Norfolk Beefing.

Red Bitter Sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Small, conical, pale yellow, fiushed.

- Red Blandon, see Calville Rouge d’Automne.

* Red Bough (Dunn), D. or C. Medium, long conical, yellow,

red streaked, flesh soft, white.

Red Busbeilly (Garland), Cider. Small, conical, angular, red flushed.

Red Cadbury (8. Ford), D. Small, conical, red streaked, soft, early.

Red Calendar (Brunton), D. or C. Small, conical, red streaked, early ; third quality; pretty, resembles Colonel Vaughan.

Red Cluster (Garland), Cider. Small, flat, angular, red.

Red Coachman, see Colonel Vaughan.

Red Dick (Lane), Cider.. Medium, conical, angular, bright red, very-acid.

Red Flanders, see Hollandbury.

Red German, see Mére de Ménage.

Red. German (Cranston Nursery Company).

* Red Hawthornden, see Old Hawthornden.

_ Red Itterly Bitter Sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Very small, round, even, yellow, flushed.

7 Red Julien (Dickson & Co.)

Red Juneating (Ormiston), D. Small, ovate or conical, red streaked, sweet, first early ; a very nice early Apple.

Red Kaine (Walker), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale ereen, streaked red, soft, early.

Red Leadington, D. or C. Medium, conical, pale green, bronzed, late.

Red Must (Cheal), D. Small, conical, red, flushed, acid, mid- season ; pretty, but worthless.

Red Norman, Cider. Small, conical, flushed, yellow.

Red Norman Bitter Sweet, see Yorkshire Beauty.

| Red Peach (R. Veitch), Medium, conical, streaked.

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348 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Red Quarrenden, see Devonshire Quarrenden.

Red Rawlings (Harrison), Cider. Round, even, dark red, streaked, flesh tinged red.

Red Ribbed Greening (R. Veitch & Son). Large, conical, aneular, green flushed, bronze, acid, mid-season ; worth less.

Red Ribbed Queen (R. Veitch & Son), C. or Cider. Medium, ovate, angular, deep red, streaked, mid-season.

Red Russet (Rivers), D. Large, round, angular, red russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Red Shannon, see Hanwell Souring.

Red Soldier (Ritchie), Cider. Small, conical, angular, yellow, flushed red.

Red Stone (Robertson), D. or C. Large, flat, angular, red, streaked, mid-season ; ‘third quality.

Red Strawberry (Ritchie), Cider. Medium, round, streaked yellow.

Red Streak Pippin, see Kerry Pippin. ~

Red Streaks (S. Ford), Cider. Medium, round, dark red, streaked.

Red Styre (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small, round, even, yellow, streaked.

Red Winter Bitter Sweet, Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

‘Red Winter Pearmain (Roberts), C. or D. Medium, conical, even, green, streaked, acid, late.

Red Winter Reinette of Schmidtbergen (R.H.§.), D. Medium, round, yellow, streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Redding’s Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, light russet, late.

Redleaf Russet (W. Paul & Son), see Cox’s Red Leaf Russet.

Reinette d’Ananas, see Pitmaston Pine Apple.

Reinette d’Allebearer (?) (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, yellow streaked.

* Reinette Baumann, see Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

Reinette Blanche d’Espagne (Dickson), C. Large, round or flattened, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, mid-season first quality.

Reinette de Breda (Pragnell), D. Medium, round, greenish yellow, russety, firm, mid-season ; third quality. |

* Reinette de Canada, oy or: Large, flat, angular, green-

ish yellow, flaked, russet, firm, sweet, mid-season ; ! first quality; a very fine Apple, if grown in good situa- tions. _

Reinette de Canterbury (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular, green, very firm, late. Reinette Carmelite, see Downton.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 849

* Reinette de Caux, greatly resembles Dutch Mignonne. Reinette Damies (J. Scott), D. Small, round, greenish

yellow, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette Doré (Rivers), D.orC. Medium, round, green, late ; worthless.

Reinette d’Hspagne (Haycock),"D. Small, round, light russet, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette Franche, see Old Nonpareil.

Reinette Gaesdouk (J. Scott), Small, round, greenish yellow; worthless.

Reinette de Granville (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, round, ereenish yellow, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette de Greville (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, angular, ereenish yellow, firm, sweet, early.

* Reinette Grise (Rivers), D. Medium, round, flattened,

ereenish yellow, russet, late ; first quality.

* Reinette Grise d’Automne, see Reinette de Canada. Reinette Grise de Canada, see Reinette de Canada. Reinette Grise de Champagne (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C.

Medium, flat, uniform, light grey russet, flesh greenish, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette de Hollande (Haycock), D. Medium, round, orange yellow, streaked, mid-season; like a small King of the Pippins.

Reinette Impératrice, see Dutch Mignonne.

Reinette Jaune Hative (Kidd), resembles Gravenstein.

Reinette Kapuziner (R.H.5.), D. Small, flat, light grey russet, flushed, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette Livery (J. Scott), C. Medium, conical, green, acid, soft, mid-season ; worthless. :

Reinette Luisante (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Medium, round, yellow, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette de Madére (Rivers), D. Medium, round, yellow, early ; second quality.

Reinette du Nord, resembles Old English Codlin.

Reinette Oberdieck (Pragnell), C. Small, round, greenish yellow, late ; worthless.

Reinette Ontz (Lane), D. Medium, round, uniform grey russet, acid, mid-season ; very poor.

Reinette Ontz (J. Veitch & Sons); resembles an early Claygate Pearmain.

Reinette Perle, see Golden Winter Pearmain.

Reinette Petite Grise (Cummins), D. Medium, round, ereen, late; third quality.

+ Reinette Rambour de Melcher (Rivers), Large, round, pale

yellow, firm, late.

Reinette Roequin (Rivers), D. Medium, flat, yellow, russet sweet, late ; worthless.

350 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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Reinette Superfin (J. Scott), D. Medium, flat, angular, oreen, late ; first quality.

Reinette Thorley (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, conical, yellow, firm, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette trés tardive, see Winter Pearmain.

Reinette Van Mons (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, round, yellow, russet, brisk acid, early.

Reinette de Versailles, see Lemon Pippin.

Reinette de Vervaene (J. Scott), Small, flat, ereen, bronze ; worthless.

Reinette du Vigan (J. Scott), D. Medium, flat, angular, flushed red, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette von Aongoliet (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, ereenish russet, late; third quality. ;

Remborough (Cummins), resembles King of the Pippins.

Rendell’s Pippin (Poynter), see Court of Wick.

Rhode Island Greening (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, green, firm, acid; first quality; a very fine, late keeping “Apple.

Rhydd Court Seedling (Cranston Nursery Company). Similar to Golden Reinette. :

Rib Apple (S. Ford), Small, oblong, yellow, flushed ; worth- less.

* Ribston Pippin. Medium, round, angular, greenish yellow,

flushed and streaked red, flesh yellow, firm, mid-season ; first quality ; very highly flavoured.

Ribston Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Richard Gilbert (Gilbert), D. Medium, round, reddish orange, soft, mid-season ; pretty.

Ringer (Smith), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale yellow, soft, early ; first quality.

Risomer (Britcher), D. Small, round, red streaked, sweet, early; third quality.

Robinson’s Pearmain (Pragnell),C. Medium, conical, yellow, | acid, mid-season; third quality ; pretty, but worthless.

Robinson’s Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round green, russet, late; first quality.

Rock (J. Scott), D. Small, round, yellow flushed, late; worth- legs.

Roek Apple (King), D. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.:

Roi d’Angleterre (Haycock), C. Medium, round, green, late.

Rolland Apple (J. Dean), D. or C. Large, conical, angular, yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Romeril (Saunders), D. or C. Medium, flat, green, flushed, mid-season ; worthless.

Ronald’s Orange Pippin (R.H. S.), D. Small, round, yellow. mid-season ; third quality.

Ronald’s Royal Pearmain, see Autumn Pearmain.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 851

Rosehill Pearmain (Griffin).

Rosemary Russet, D. Medium, conical, greenish yellow, russet, flushed red, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

Rosenhager (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, flat, reddish bronze, firm, sweet, late; first quality.

* Ross Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, pale russet, flushed and streaked red, very firm, brisk, sweet; first quality.

Rostocker (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, angular, bright red shaded, very firm, late; first quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Rosy Red (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, red, mid-season; third quality.

Rother Hisen, see Hunt’s Royal Red.

Rougemont (R. Veitch).

Rough Coat Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, flat, russet, flushed, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

Rough Pippin, see Adams’ Pearmain.

Rough Thorn, Cider. Small, round, angular, ereenish russet.

Round Apple (Rogers).

Round Codlin (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, angular, greenish yellow, firm, mid-season.

Round Winter Codlin, see Round Winter Nonesuch.

Round Winter Nonesuch (R.H.8.), C. Large, round, angular, with large prominent eye, greenish yellow, streaked, late ; first quality ; a fine handsome Apple, and a free bearer.

Roundway Magnum Bonum (Rivers), C. Medium, round, pale yellow, covered with minute grey spots, soft, early ; very distinct.

Rowell’s Captain (Gilbert), D. or C. Medium, round, red streaked, mid-season ; a very pretty Apple.

Rowell’s Lieutenant (Gilbert), D. or C. Medium, conical, pale ereen, mid-season.

Rowell’s Middy (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, even, greenish yellow, flushed, firm, acid, late.

Roxbury Russet (Rivers), D. Small, flat, greenish russet, firm, sweet, late.

* Royal Codlin, C. Large, conical, angular, greenish yellow, flushed red, early ; first quality; avery handsome Apple.

Royal George (Poynter), C. Large, conical, angular, purplish red streaked, soft, white flesh, mid-season, first quality ; very handsome.

Royal Jersey (Poynter), Cider. Medium, conical, red streaked.

Royal Jubilee (Bunyard), C. Large, conical, pale yellow, flushed, firm, melting, mid-season ; first quality ; Hegemliles Manks’ Codlin.

Royal Pearmain, see Old Winter Pearmain.

Royal Red Streak (Crossland).

352 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Royal Russet, C. Large, round, grey russet, mid-season ; first quality.

Royal Shepherd (Cockbill), Medium, conical, green, flushed red ; worthless..

* Royal Somerset (Garland), C. Medium, flat, even, very pale green, acid, late; first quality; handsome; somewhat resembles Dumelow’s Seedling.

Royal Wilding (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, flat, streaked russet, mid-season ; third quality.

Royal Wilding, Cider. Medium, conical, green, flushed.

Ruck’s Late Nonesuch (Pollett), D. or C. Medium, oblong, green, streaked, acid, mid-season; third quality; resembles King of the Pippins.

Rushout, D. Small, round, greenish yellow, dry, late; third quality.

* Rushock Pearmain, resembles Sturmer Pippin.

Russet Nonpareil, see Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.

Russet Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Small, flat, russet, acid, late ; worthless.

Russet Pine, see Pine Apple Russet.

Russet, Pine Apple, see Golden Reinette.

* Russet Pippin, see Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Russian Emperor, see Emperor Alexander.

* Russian Transparent, see Scorpion.

- Rust Cove (Beaton), Medium, conical, angular, reddish russet; worthless.

Rusty Coat (Rogers), D. Small, flat, netted russet, late; worthless.

Rutlandshire Foundling, see Golaen Noble.

* Rymer (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, large open eye, greenish yellow, streaked and flushed red, firm, acid, late; first quality; a great cropper.

Sack Apple, Cider. Small, conical, angular, streaked yellow.

Sack Apple (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, streaked red.

Sage, No. 1 (R.H.S.), C. Medium, oblong, angular, yellow, occasionally flushed, early; second quality.

Salmon Apple (King), C. Large, flat, angular, streaked yellow, early.

Sam Young (R.H.8.), D. Small, flat, large open eye, light erey russet, flesh yellow, sweet, mid-season; first quality; in appearance like a Medlar.

Sam’s Crab (Cranston Nursery Co.), D. or C. Medium, round, ereenish yellow, streaked red, mid-season; third quality.

Sarah Sinoy (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, round, flattened, ereenish yellow, flushed, very firm, acid, mid-season.

Saunders’ Jersey Pippin, see Hammond’s Jersey Pippin.

Saville’s Seedling (Pollett), D. Small, round, angular, ereenish yellow, sweet, mid-season ; worthless.

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*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 853

Saxon (Dunn), C. Small, ovate, pale yellow, soft, early ; worthless.

Scarlet Admirable (Lane), D. Small, round, streaked yellow, early; third quality; resembles Duchess of Oldenbure.

Scarlet Crofton (Wheeler), D. Small, flat, yellow russet, flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Scarlet Golden Pippin (Rivers), D. Small, conical, golden russet, streaked, dry, sweet, mid-season; resembles Court of Wick.

Scarlet Incomparable, see Colonel Vaughan.

Scarlet Leadington (Turner), C. Medium, conical or angular, ereenish yellow, flushed scarlet, firm, acid ; first quality ; like a small Red Catshead.

Searlet Nonpareil, D. Medium, round, greenish yellow, flushed deep scarlet, firm, sweet, late ; first quality; a very fine and handsome Apple.

Searlet Pearmain (Selwood), C. Medium, conical, angular, red streaked, mid-season; worthless.

Scarlet Pearmain, D. Medium, conical, red, acid, mid-season ; third quality ; very handsome.

Scarlet Pearmain, D. Small, ovate, red streaked, mid-season ;

resembles Colonel Vaughan.

Searlet Pippin (Gilbert), D. Medium, conical, yellow, streaked red, acid, mid-season; second quality; resembles Autumn Pearmain.

Scarlet Pippin (Cockbill), D. or C. Medium, conical, flat- tened, large open eye, scarlet, acid, mid-season; third quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Scarlet Reinette (Cockbill), D. Medium, conical, even, large eye, red streaked, sweet, mid-season; first quality; very handsome.

Scarlet Russet (Harding), D. Small, conical, yellow russet,

flushed red, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Schlesvig Jordbaereeble (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, greenish yellow, streaked, early, sweet ; first quality; somewhat resembles Cellini.

Schoolmaster (Layton), C. Large, oblong, pale yellow, flushed, flesh white, soft, acid, mid-season ; first quality; handsome.

Scotch Bridget (Hathaway), C. Medium, conical, angular, ereen, streaked and flushed red, flesh white, tender, sweet mid-season ; a favourite Scotch Apple.

Scorpion (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large, flat, angular, stalk deeply- set, greenish yellow, mid-season ; first quality; a very fine Culinary Apple.

Scranch Apple (Ritchie), Cider. Large, round, angular, streaked yellow.

Screvetoa Golden Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, yellow, flaked russet, firm, sweet, mid-season.

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354 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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Seacliffe Hawthornden (Gilbert), C. Small round, angular, yellow, firm, sweet, juicy, mid-season.

Seale’s Beauty (Britcher), resembles Macdonald’s Favourite.

Seale’s Winter Pippin, see Tower of Glamis.

Seaton House (Veitch), C. Large, round, flattened, pale green, streaked, mid-season ; a very pretty Apple.

Seek no Further, see King of the Pippins.

Seigende Reinette (R.H.S), D. or C. Large, conical, even, greenish yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season ; first quality.

Sell’s Bainton Seedling (Gilbert), resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

Sell’s Prolific (Gilbert), C. Small, conical, red-streaked, acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Selling Pippin, see Cellini.

Selwood’s Reinette (Lane), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season.

September Beauty (Veitch), Early, red, streaked.

Serinkia (Rivers), D. Small, round, clear pale yellow, sweet, mid-season ; first quality ; avery pretty Apple.

Serinkia, see Rhode Island Greening.

Sharleston Pippin (Chuck), Small, green.

Sharp’s Apple (Cheal), C. Medium, flat, light russet, acid, late; worthless.

Sharp’s Favourite (Britcher), D. Small, round, yellow,

flushed ; worthless.

Sharp’s Pippin (Griffin), D. Small, round, yellow, flushed ; worthless.

Sharper’s Apple (Garland), D. Small, ovate, red streaked.

Sheep’s Head (King), C. Large, conical, very angular, pale ereen, flushed red, soft early. Resembles Royal Codlin.

Sheep’s Nose (J. Scott), C. Medium, long, conical, angular ereen, streaked red, mid-season.

Sheep’s Nose, C. or Cider. Medium, conical, angular, bright red, streaked, soft, sweet, mid-season.

Sheep’s Nose, Cider. Medium, conical, pale green.

Shepherd’s Fame (Rowson), C. Large, conical, pale green, flushed, acid, mid-season.

Shepherd’s Newington (R.H.8.), C. Medium or large, flat, ereenish yellow, streaked, soft, mid-season.

Shepherd’s Seedling (Gee), D. or C. Medium, conical, green, russet, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Shepherd’s Wilding (Cockbill), Cider. Medium, round, green.

Sherlocks (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, even, greenish russet, streaked, sweet, mid-season.

Shiner (Bancroft).

Shipley Pippin (8S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, green; worth- less.

Shoreditch Whites, see Hawthornden.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 355

Shorter. Small, round, green; worthless.

Short’s Favourite (Rowson).

Showet.

Siberian Crab (Paul & Son). Small, ovate, orange, flushed red ; a very ornamental fruit.

Siberian Sugar.

Silver Pippin, see Small’s Admirable.

* Silver Saturday (King), C. Small, conical, yellow, streaked, acid ; worthless.

Silver Tankard (Ritchie), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale ereen, acid, mid-season.

Silverton Pippin, see Warner’s King.

Sir John’s Favourite (R. Veitch). Medium, oblong, green flushed.

Sir Walter Blackett’s Favourite (Grey), C. Mediun, flat, angular, large open eye, green, bronzed, firm, acid, mid- season.

Skinner’s Seedling (Cummins), D. Small, conical, green, mid-season ; second quality.

Skyrme’s Kernel, Cider. Small, round, yellow streaked.

Slack-my-Girdle (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Large, round, greenish yellow, streaked red; a very pretty Apple.

Sleeping Beauty (Rowson), C. Small, conical, pale green, acid, late ; first quality.

Sleeping Beauty (Latta), Cider. Small, round, yellow, mid- season.

Small Catshead (Poynter).

Small’s Admirable (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, pale green, acid, mid-season; first quality; a very free cropping variety.

Small’s Golden Pippin (Bridgman), D. Small, flat, yellow russet, flushed, firm, brisk, mid-season ; first quality.

Small’s Imperial, see Small’ gs Admirable.

Small’s Incomparable (Kidd). Small, ovate, greenish yellow: worthless.

Smart’s Prince Albert, see Smart’s Prince Arthur.

Smart’s Prince Arthur (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. or C. Large, long ovate, angular, green, red streaked, very firm, late; a handsome Apple.

Smiling Beauty, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Smiling Mary, see Fearn’s Pippin.

Smith’s Pippin (R. Smith & Co.) C. Medium, flat, pale green, flushed, acid, mid-season. |

Smith’s Seedling, see Tibbett’s Pearmain.

Snort Apple (Ritchie).

Soger Jersey (J. Scott), Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Soldier (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Medium, round, red streaked.

Somerset, see Royal Somerset.

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356 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ,

Somerset Apple Royal, see Winter Pearmain.

Somerset Lasting, see Royal Somerset.

Somersetshire Deux Ans, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Sops in Wine (R.H.58.), D. or C. Small, round, angular, scarlet, with thick bloom ; flesh streaked red, soft; third quality ; early, pretty.

Sour Reinette (Garland), D. Small, conical, yellow russet, brisk acid, mid-season.

Souring Apple, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

South Carolina (Shingles), C. Large, round, green, red streaked, late ; resembles Hoary Morning.

South Carolina Pippin (Pearson), D. Small, round, yellow flushed, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

South Quoining (Ritchie), Cider. Medium, conical, red streaked.

South Quoining, Cider. Medium, ovate, streaked yellow.

Sovereign (Morrison), D. Small, conical, yellow russet, flushed,. mid-season.

Spaniard (Benson).

Spanish Green (Crossland).

Spanish Pippin, see Gloria Mundi.

Spanish Pippin, see Sellwood’s Reinette.

* Spencer’s Favourite, see Queen Caroline.

Spencer’s Green Seedling (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, green, bronze, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Spencer’s Seedling, see Queen Caroline.

Spice Apple (Jefferies), Cider. Medium, round, angular, grey russet.

Spice Apple of Burntisland (McKinnon), D. Small, conical, angular, grey russet, soft, sweet, mid-season.

Spice Russet (Warland), C. Medium, round, angular, grey russet; worthless.

Spreading Norman (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed, russety.

Spring Grove Codlin (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angu- lar, pale green, flushed, early; third quality.

* Spring Ribston, see Baddow Pippin.

Springfield Pippin (Cummins), C. Small, conical, angular, ereen, late.

Squire’s Codlin (J. Scott), C. Small, roundish ovate, pale green, sweet ; worthless.

St. Alban’s Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, conical, eye large open, green russet, firm, late; second quality.

* St. Lawrence (C. Turner), C. Medium, flat, red, streaked, soft, sweet, early.

St. Lawrence (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed red, acid, mid-season.

St. Leonard’s Nonpareil (S. Ford), D. Medium, round, russet, soft, mid-season ; third quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 357

St. Mary’s Street (Gilbert), D. Medium, round, angular, russet, streaked, soft, acid, mid-season; greatly resembles Cornish Aromatic.

St. Sauveur, see Calville St. Sauveur.

* Stackpool Apple (Saltmarsh), D. or C. Small, conical, green, very late; will keep for two years fresh.

Stadden’s Pippin (Poynter), Cider. Small, round, angular, dark red, flesh tinged red.

Stadway Pippin, see Bess Pool.

* Stamford Pippin (Pearson), C. Medium, round, green, late ; first quality.

Stamford Pippin (Robertson), C. or D. Medium, round, red streaked, early.

Stamford Pride (Gilbert).

Stark (Jones), D. Medium, round, green, late; second quality.

Staten (Poynter), D. Medium, round, greenish yellow, late; third quality.

Stead’s Reinette (Wood & Ingram), D. Medium, round, red, sweet, early; third quality; a very pretty Apple.

Stenkyrsaeble (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, round, angular, ereenish yellow, tender flesh, early ; first quality.

+ Stent’s Incomparable (Frettingham). Small, round, green flushed, red, late, large open eye.

Stewart’s Kernel (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Medium, flat, dark red, streaked.

Stewart’s Reinette (Cranston Nursery Company).

Stewart’s Seedling (Fairerieve), C. Medium, conical, green, soft; worthless.

* Stirling Castle (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, flattened, eye deeply set, greenish yellow, acid, soft, mid-season ; first quality ; a wonderfully free cropper.

Stock Leadington, see Catshead.

Stoffell’s Michlin (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, round, even, pale green, very solid, late.

Stone Blenheim, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Stone Pippin, see Gogar.

* Stone’s Apple, see Loddington Seedling.

- Stone’s Seedling, see Loddington Seedling.

* Stoup Leadington (Brunton), C. Large, oblong, angular, frequently with fleshy knob one side of the stalk, deep ereen, flushed, acid, mid-season ; resembles Catshead.

Stradbrooke Pippin, see Bess Pool.

+ Strange’s Seedling (Ross), Large, round, green, somewhat resembles Stirling Castle.

Strawberry Beauty.

Strawberry Bitter-sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Small, conical, angular, pale green, flushed.

Strawberry Norman, Cider. Medium, conical, green, streaked red.

358 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Strawberry Pippin (Slater), D. or C. Medium, flat, very pale, streaked, mid-season; second quality.

Strawberry or Red Streak (Mundell), D. Medium, round, red, streaked, firm, juicy, sweet, early ; second quality. Stringer’s Red (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, dark red,

flesh tinged red, mid-season.

* Striped Beefing (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, open eye, green, streaked red, late; first quality ; very handsome; a pro- lific bearer. |

- Striped Calville (Saunders), C. or Cider. Large, flat, angular, red, streaked, sweet, mid-season. Striped Coalhouse (King), Cider. Small, ovate, yellow,

streaked.

Striped Monster Reinette (Paul & Son), see Round Winter Nonesuch.

Striped Pitcher (Griffin), Cider. Small, round, even, red streaked.

Striped Ribston (Clayton), D. or C. Medium, ovate, angular, yellow, streaked, mid-season ; first quality.

Stubton Nonpareil (Lee & Son), D. Small, conical, greenish russet, brisk, late; first quality. .

Sturmer Pippin (R.H.8.),D. Small, flat, green, russet bronzed, firm, sweet, late; first quality ; a free cropper.

Styre’s Bitter-sweet, Cider. Small, oblong, pale flushed

: bronze.

Sudbury Beauty (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, yellow, russet, firm, sweet, mid-season; first quality.

Sugar and Cream (Gee), Small, ovate, light russet.

Sugar and Cream (Hiam), Cider. Small, conical, red, streaked.

Sugar Apple (Cranston Nursery Company).

Sugar Pippin (Wheeler & Son), D. Small, round, yellow, sweet, mid-season; third quality.

* Sugarloaf Pippin (R.H.8.), C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale yellow, tender, sweet, first early; first quality; a great cropper.

Summer Golden Pippin, see Yellow Ingestrie.

* Summer Golden Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, greenish

yellow, flushed, tender, sweet, first early ; first quality. Summer Nonesuch, see Nonesuch. * Summer Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, pale yellow, brisk acid, early ; second quality. | Summer Orange (Saltmarsh), D. Medium, flat, orange yellow, flushed, sweet, early; third quality. Summer Pearmain (J. Scott), D. or C. Small, conical, angu- lar, streaked, yellow, acid, mid-season. Summer Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain. Summer Queen (Cheal), D. Small, round, yellow, streaked, early ; second quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 359

Summer Queen (Praenell), D. Large, flat, angular, streaked yellow, very sweet; third quality.

Summer Quoining (Ritchie), C. Medium, conical, angular, light bronze red, early.

Summer Rose (McIndoe).

Summer Strawberry (Paul & Son), D. or C. Large, round, angular, red streaked, firm, mid-season; handsome. Summer Strawberry (Whyte), D. Small, ovate, red streaked,

sweet, first early.

Summer Strawberry (Lee & Son), D. Medium, conical, angular, red streaked, soft, early ; a pretty, early Apple.

Summer Sweet (Crossland), D. Small, round, yellow, early ; third quality.

Summer Thorle (Mundell), D. Small, flat, very clear, red flushed and streaked, flesh white, sweet, first early; first quality; a great cropper; much grown in Scotland.

Summer Whorle, see Summer Thorle.

Sunflower, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Surpasse Reinette d’Angieterre, see Reinette de Canada.

Surrey Nonpareil, see Sweeney Nonpareil.

Sutton Beauty (Rivers), D. Medium, round, streaked orange, sweet, mid-season ; first quality ; resembles Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Swaar (McIndoe), D. Small, round, yellow, very hard, mid- season ; third quality.

Swaar (R.H.8.), resembles Rhode Island Greening.

Swedish Pearmain, see Swedish Reinette.

Swedish Reinette (R.H.S.), D. or C. Large, conical, even, small eye, bright rosy red, streaked, acid, soft, mid-season ; second quality ; an extremely pretty Apple.

Sweet Achan (J. Scott), C. Medium, round, streaked yellow, sweet ; worthless.

Sweet Albert, C. or Cider. Medium, conical, angular, pale ereen flushed, sweet.

Sweet Alfred (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Small, round, flushed yellow, sweet.

Sweet Buckland (Garland), C. Medium, flat, bronze green, very dry; worthless.

Sweet Haccombe, Cider. Small, conical, angular, yellow, streaked.

Sweet Hangdown, Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

Sweet Kingston, Cider. Small, flat, angular, dark red, streaked. |

Sweet Laden, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Sweet Lading, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Sweet Leydon, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Sweet Pennard, Cider. Small, round, yellow, flushed bronze.

Sweet Pomeroy, see Old Pomeroy.

860 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sweet Portugal, Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

* Sweet Reinette, D. Small, flat, golden russet, sweet, late ;

resembles Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.

Sweet Russet Coats (Poynter), D. Medium, flat, yellow, russet, flushed ; worthless.

Sweet Sheep’s Nose (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, conical, pointed, pale green, streaked, mawkish sweet ; worthless ; resembles Old Pomeroy.

Sweeney Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, green, russet, very acid, late.

Sweesley Imperial (Paul & Son).

* Syke House Russet (J. Veitch & Son), D. Small, flat, orange yellow, flaked russet, firm, sweet, mid-season; first quality; a very pretty and distinct Apple.

Tankard, see Royal Codlin.

Tartnell, see Cardinal.

Taylor’s Apple (Ritchie).

Taylor’s Seedling, see Clove Pippin.

Ten Shillings (Dunn), D. Medium, round, angular, red streaked, acid, early ; third quality.

Ten Shillings, see White Square.

Terwin’s Goliath, see Catshead.

Tewkesbury Baron (Wheeler), C. or Cider. Large, round, large open eye, greenish yellow, flushed and streaked bright crimson, acid, mid-season; a very handsome Apple.

The Butcher (Gilbert), very closely resembles Andrew’s Invincible.

The Fairy, see Fairy.

The Maiden (McKinnon), C. Medium, flat, green, russet, streaked, acid, late; resembles Hambledon Deux Ans, but with large open eye.

The March Queen (Gilbert), D. Small, flat, rounded, green, russet, late, acid; third quality.

The Miller’s Thumb (King), D. or C. Small, ovate, green, flushed ; worthless.

The Parcel Post (Gilbert), D. Small, round, angular, streaked yellow, sweet, early; third quality.

The Post Office (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, yellow, flushed, acid, mid-season ; worthless.

‘The Professor (Fairgrieve), C. Small, round, ovate, greenish yellow, acid, mid-season; second quality.

* The Queen (Saltmarsh), C. Large, flat, even, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, acid; first quality ; mid-season; a large and very handsome Apple.

The Old Trumpeter, see Trumpington.

* The Sandringham (Penny), C. Large, conical, ight green,

flushed, tender, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 861

The Ten Commandments (Badger), D. or Cider. Medium, round, dark red, flesh brisk acid, streaked with red; mid- season.

The Woodman (Gilbert), C. Small, round, yellow, flushed, acid, mid-season.

Thickwood, Cider. Small, flat, red, streaked.

Thomage Seedling (J. Scott), D. Small, round, bronze green, late; third quality.

Thomason (8. Ford), C. or D. Medium, conical, angular, red, flushed, soft, early.

Thomason (Cheal).

Thompson’s Seedling, see New Northern Greening.

Thoresby Seedling, see Grange’s Pearmain.

Thorle, see Summer Thorle.

* Thorle Pippin, see Summer Thorle.

Three Years Old, see French Crab.

* Tibbett’s Incomparable, see Tibbett’s Pearmain.

Tibbett’s Pearinain (Killick), C. Very large, conical, angular, greenish bronze, streaked, flesh dry ; second quality, mid- season ; a handsome distinct Apple.

Tiffen (Crossland), C. Small, round, red, streaked, flesh white, mid-season.

Tiltwood Pippin (Gandy), C. Medium, ovate, large eye, pale ereen, flushed, acid, mid-season.

Tobut’s Red Streak (S. Ford), C. or Cider. Large, round, angular, green, streaked, soft, acid.

Toker’s Incomparable (Saunders), C. Large, round, angular, ereenish yellow, flushed, dry flesh, mid-season; somewhat like a pale Hollandbury.

Tom Harryman (Beaton), C. Medium, round, yellow, soft, early.

Tom a (Forbes), C. Medium, flat, angular, ight copper, dry, mid-season.

* Tom Putt, C. or Cider. Large, round, angular, dark red, streaked, firm, acid; second quality, mid-season ; a very handsome Apple.

Tom Tadpole (Chuck), D. Small, round, yellow, acid, early; third quality.

Top Apple, see Goff.

* Tower of Glamis (R.H.8.), C. Large, conical, angular, pale green, flushed, firm, acid, mid-season; first quality; a handsome Apple and a great cropper.

Tower’s Glory (R.H.5.), C. Medium, round, even, green, flushed, very firm, late.

Transcendent Crab (Cheal), Small, ovate, yellow, flushed ; a very ornamental fruit.

* Transparent (King), Small, round, angular, pale green, flushed ; worthless.

362 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Transparent Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, conical, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, soft, early ; resembles Old English Codlin.

Transparent de Croncelles (Paul & Son), D. or C. Large, round, yellow, soft, early; second quality, clear skin, pretty.

Traveller’s Pippin, see Herefordshire Pearmain.

Treadcroft’s Seedling (J. Veitch & Sons), Small, conical, even, yellow, flushed, acid, late; resembles Edmund Jupp.

Tremlett’s Bitter (Garland), Cider. Medium, oblong, red.

Trumpeter (Lane), C. Medium, round, green, streaked, soft, acid, early; worthless:

Trumpington (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, flat, angular, large open eye, red, streaked, sweet, mid-season; third quality.

Tudbail Russet, see Wareham Russet.

Tun Apple (Saltmarsh), D. Large, oblong, reddish russet, mid-season ; first quality.

Turbanks (Bull).

Turk’s Head, see Round Winter Nonesuch.

* Twenty Ounce (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, pale green, soft,

mid-season.

Twenty Shillings (8. Ford), C. Small, conical, even, pale yellow, soft, mid-season ; worthless.

Twin Cluster Golden Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.

Twining’s Apple (Haycock), D. Small, flat, green, russet, late; third quality.

Twining’s Pippin (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. Small, round, even, green, russet, late.

Two Years Old (Ritchie), D. Small, flat, russet, flushed, dry ; worthless. |

* Tyler’s Kernel (Parker), C. Large, conical, greenish yellow,

flushed, deep red, firm, acid, mid-season; first quality ; avery handsome Apple.

Uellner’s Golden Reinette (Cummins), D. Medium, flat, large open eye, clear yellow, flushed russet, dry, mid-

; season ; first quality.

* Uncle Barney, see Lucombe’s Seedling.

Underleaf (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, conical, angular, ight russet; worthless.

Upright French, Cider. Conical, angular, yellow, russet, flushed.

_ Vale Mascal Pearmain (R.H.§8.), D. Small, round, flattened,

red, russety, firm, brisk, acid, mid-season. Valleyfield, Cider. Small, round, red streaked. Van Houtte, see Evagil.

_ Van Mons Reinette (Rivers), D. Small, round, yellow, russet,

mid-season ; second quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 863

_ Vaun’s Pippin (Rivers).

%

Me

%

Veitch’s Cluster, see Warner’s King.

Ventmus Ellicott Pippin, see King of the Pippins.

Vermilion d’EHspagne, see Fearn’s Pippin.

Victoria, see Holbert’s Victoria.

Vineyard Pippin, see Hanwell Souring.

Vineyard Pippin (Lee & Son), Greatly resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Wadhurst Pippin (R.H.8.), D. or C. Large, round, yellow, streaked, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

Wagener (Rivers), D. Medium, round, green, streaked, mid- season ; second quality.

Wagner (R.H.S), D. Medium, flat, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, sweet, mid-season. ;

Walker’s Summer Broading (Pearson), D. or C. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season; a great cropper.

Walsgrove Blenheim, see Bess Pool.

Walsgrove Wonder, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Walter Blackett’s Favourite, see Sir Walter Blackett’s Favourite.

Waltham Abbey Seedling (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, pale yellow, soft, tender, mid-season; first quality; a great cropper.

Waltham Cross (W. Paul & Son), D. or C. Medium, flat, even, greenish yellow, red streaked, soft, sweet ; pretty.

Waltham Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, angular, green, flushed red, soft, sweet, mid-season; second quality.

Ward’s Pippin, see Blenheim Orange.

Ward’s Red (Wright).

Wareham Russet (Dickson), C. Large, flat, angular, green, russet, flushed bronze, firm, late ; a very fine Apple. Warner’s King (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Very large, round, flattened, pale green, soft, tender, early; first quality. Warner’s Pippin (Ross), C. Large, oblong, pale green,

flushed, mid-season.

Warner’s Seedling (Warner), C. Large, flat, green, flushed red, firm, acid, late; first quality ; resembles Bramley’s Seedling.

Warwickshire Pippin, see Wyken Pippin.

Washington (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. or C. Large, round, yellow streaked, soft, mid-season ; first quality; a very fine looking Apple.

Water Pippin (S. Ford), C. Small, conical, green, acid, mid- season ; worthless.

Water’s Crab, Cider. Small, round, green.

Waterford Nonpareil (Saunders), D. Small, conical, green, russet, late; third quality. Waterloo, see Fearn’s Pippin.

364 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Waterloo Pippin (J. Scott), C. Small, round, flushed, yellow, late ; third quality.

Watson’s Dumpling (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, yellow, streaked, sweet, mid-season.

+ Watson’s Nonesuch, see Thorle Pippin.

Wax Apple (8. Ford), Small, conical, golden ; an ornamental Crab.

Waxwork (Bates).

| Wealthy (Bunyard), D. Medium, round, flushed red, flesh white, tender ; first quality ; mid-season, pretty.

Weaver’s Kernel, Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Webb’s Russet (Cummins), C. Large, flat, green, russet, acid, late.

Webster’s Harvest Festival (Britcher), see Hoary Morning.

Welford Park Nonesuch (Ross), C. Large, round, flattened, even, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, acid, mid-season ; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Well Apple (Ritchie), Cider. Large, round, red streaked; resembles Tom Putt.

Well’s Sweet (Rivers), D. Medium, conical, green flushed, sweet ; worthless.

* Wellington, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Wellington Pippin, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Wellington (Bradley).

‘Werder’s Golden Reinette (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, even, large open eye, pale yellow, flushed, sweet, mid-season ; first quality ; a very pretty Apple; resembles Hoffner’s Golden Reinette.

Wesleyan (White), resembles Grey Pippin.

Western Seedling (Jenkins), D. or C. Small, round, angular, yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season ; worthless.

Westland (Beaton), D. Small, round, yellow, acid. early ; third quality.

Wheeler’s Kernel, see Hawthornden.

Wheeler’s Late Keeping (Moorhouse), D. Small, conical, reddish russet, acid, mid-season; second quality.

* Wheeler’s Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Medium, round, russet, firm, sweet, late; first quality.

Whistleberry (King).

Whitby Pippin (Ritchie).

White Acid (J. Scott), Small, conical, pale green, acid, mid- season; worthless.

White Apple (Warden).

White Astrachan (Dunn), D. or C. Small, conical, angular, very pale yellow, soft, first early ; second quality.

White Bitter-sweet, Cider. Small, round, pale yellow.

White Blenheim (Hiam), C. Medium, round, green, acid, mid-season.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 868

. White Buckland, see Devonshire Buckland.

White Busbelly (Garland), Cider. Small, conical, angular, yellow flushed.

White Calville, see Calville Blanche.

White Calville, see Scotch Bridget.

White Cluster (Garland), Cider. Small, flat, angular, very pale yellow.

White ee (Clark), C. Medium, ovate, angular, pale yellow, early.

White Devonshire (S. Ford), C. Large, conical, angular, sreenish yellow, soft, mid-season ; worthless.

White Dumpling, resembles White Melrose.

White Dutch Mignonne, see Dutch Mignonne.

White Hawthornden, see Hawthornden.

White Holland Pippin (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, pale ereen, flushed, firm, acid, late.

White Itterly Bitter-sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, pale yellow.

White Jersey.

White Juneating (Kidd), D. Small, round, flattened, green- ish yellow, faintly flushed, very sweet, first early; a nice and very early Apple.

White Loaf (Slater), C. Small, flat, angular, pale green, flushed red, dry, mid-season.

White Melrose (Hogg), C. Large, broad, conical, angular, pale yellow, soft, early; a fine Apple.

White Moloscha (R.H.S.), see Wyken Pippin.

White Moncrieff (King), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale yellow, early.

White Musk (Cranston Nursery Company), Round, greenish yellow, soft, early.

White Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, flat, green, russet, flesh white, tender, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

White Norman, Cider. Very small, round, pale.

* White Paradise, see Kge.

White Pippin, see Devonshire Buckland.

White Pippin (Hathaway). Small, conical, angular, pale ereen ; worthless.

White Quarrenden (R. Veitch), Medium, round, pale, streaked red, soft; worthless.

White Russet (Wood & Ingram), D. Medium, flat, angular, bronze flushed, sweet, late.

White Square (Crossland), C. Large, flat, angular, yellow, flushed, dry, early.

White Tom Putt (Pragnell), Cider. Small, round, pale yellow, very long stalk.

8366 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

White Winter Pearmain (Rivers), see Golden Winter Pear- main.

White’s Newtown Pippin, see Newtown Pippin.

Whiting Pippin (Ritchie), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow, sweet, mid-season; second quality.

Whittle’s Dumpling (Poynter), C. or Cider. Large, flat, angular, pale yellow, flushed bright red, very acid, mid- season ; resembles Hollandbury.

Whorle Pippin, see Summer Thorle.

Wilding’s Bitter-sweet (Haywood), Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

Wilding’s Kernel, Cider. Small, round, yellow, streaked red.

Wilding’s Red Streak (J. Scott), C. Small, conical, greenish yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season.

William Richardson (8. Ford).

Willie Bonny (King), C. Medium, round, angular, streaked yellow, acid, late. |

Wilson’s Codlin, see Nelson Codlin.

Wilson’s Prolific (Pragnell), D. Small, round, angular, red, early, mawkish sweet ; third quality.

Wilson’s Prolific (Killick), D. Small, round, large open eye, red, acid, late; second quality.

Wiltshire Pippin, C. Medium, round, streaked yellow, sweet, mid-season.

Windsor Castle (Dickson), D. or C. Large, flat, red flushed, sweet, mid-season; second quality ; a pretty Apple.

Wine Sour, Cider. Round, yellow, streaked.

Winnett’s Apple, C. Medium, oblong, pale yellow, soft, early.

Winter Ballyfatten, see Sir Walter Blackett’s Favourite.

Winter Beefing, see Norfolk Beefing.

Winter Bellefieur, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Winter Bellefont (R. Veitch & Son), D. Small, round, green, streaked, hard, late; third quality.

Winter Codlin (R.H.S.), C.. Large, round, angular, pale green, very firm, late.

Winter Coleman, see Norfolk Beefing.

Winter Fullwood (Brunton), C. Medium, conical, angular, sreen russet, flushed, very dry flesh, late.

Winter Golden Pearmain, see Golden Winter Pearmain.

Winter Greening, see French Crab.

* Winter Hawthornden (R.H.8.), C. Large, flat, very pale yellow, almost white, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality, handsome; a great cropper; distinct from New Haw- thornden.

Winter Hillier, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Winter Lawrence (Poynter), D. Small, conical, even, yellow, brisk, mid-season ; first quality; very handsome.

*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 367

Winter Majetin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, angular, green, bronze, firm; second quality, mid-season.

Winter Nonesuch (Pragnell), D or C. Medium, ovate, pale yellow, streaked, dry, early ; pretty, but worthless.

Winter Peach, see Devonshire Buckland.

Winter Peach, D. or C. Medium, flat, open eye, pale green, flushed, firm, late; first quality; a very pretty Apple.

Winter Pearmain, see Old Winter Pearmain.

Winter Pearmain, see Dredge’s Fame.

Winter Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Winter Quoining (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Small, oblong, very angular, especially near the crown, light russet, flushed, dry, mid-season.

Winter Red Streak (McKinnon), C. Medium, round, flattened, red streaked, late.

Winter Red Streak (Dunn), resembles Cambusnethan Pippin.

Winter Ribston, see Baddow Pippin.

Winter Ruby (Graham), C. Medium, flat, angular, bronze, streaked, acid, firm; somewhat resembles Yorkshire Greening.

Winter Russet (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, green, russet, late; third quality.

Winter Strawberry (Brunton), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale green, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Winter Streak (Graham), C. Medium, conical, angular, ereen, red streaked, hard, late.

Winter Striped Pearmain (Gilbert), D. or C. Medium, conical, greenish yellow, russet streaked, acid, mid-season ; third quality ; greatly resembles Adams’ Pearmain.

Winter Stubbard (Rogers), Small, conical, pale yellow, flushed, acid ; worthless.

Winter Wynd (Morrison), C. Medium, round, angular, green streaked, firm, acid, late.

Wippell’s Seedling (R. Veitch & Son), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season, acid; second quality ; a handsome Apple, not unlike Cellini.

Withington Fillbasket (R.H.S.), C. Very large, round, angu- lar, greenish yellow, flushed, soft, mid-season.

Witney’s Kernel (Ritchie).

Woodbine Pippin (Pearson), D. Medium, round, green, streaked, acid, late, third quality.

Woodhill (Rivers), D. Medium, conical, angular, streaked yellow, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Woodley’s Favourite (Wood & Ingram), C. Large, round, angular, greenish yellow, mid-season.

Woolaston Pippin (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Small, conical, pale yellow, acid; pretty, but worthless.

868 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Woolaton Pippin, see Court Pendu Plat. Woolaton Pippin, resembles Dutch Mignonne. Wooling’s Favourite, see Beauty of Kent. Worcester Fillbasket.

* Worcester Pearmain (R. Smith & Co.), D. small, round, red, early; first quality; a very pretty Apple, and a free bearer; resembles Duchess’s Favourite.

Wormsley Grange (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Large, round, angular, greenish yellow ; first quality, mid-season.

* Wormsley Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Large, round, angular, greenish yellow, brisk, sweet, early; first quality; a very free bearer.

* Wyken Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, even, pale green,

mid-season ; first quality ; a pretty Apple.

Yellow Beefing (R.H.8.), C. Medium, flat, angular, green, acid, mawkish; worthless.

Yellow Bellefieur, see Mrs. Barron.

Yellow Bough (R.H.8.), D. or C. Large, conical, even, pale yellow, flushed, soft, sweet, early; first quality; a very pretty Apple.

Yellow Coalbrook (Rogers), Cider. Medium, round, angular, orange, flushed.

Yellow Ingestrie, Small, conical or oblong, even, bright golden yellow, sweet, early; first quality ; a pretty Apple and a great cropper.

Yellow Newtown Pippin (Lee & Son), D. Medium, flat, angular, bronze green, late; third quality.

Yellow Norman (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Medium, conical, angular, flushed yellow.

Yellow Strawberry (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Medium, round, yellow streaked, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Yellow Styre, Cider. Ovate, greenish yellow.

York Glory (R.H.8.), C. Large, round, flattened, red streaked, late; somewhat resembles Hoary Morning.

* Yorkshire Beauty (R.H.S8.), C. Large, round, angular, orange

yellow, flushed bright red; second quality, mid-season ; a very heavy cropper.

Yorkshire Beefing, see Winter Majetin.

Yorkshire Cockpit, see Cockpit.

Yorkshire Goose Sauce, see Yorkshire Greening.

* Yorkshire Greening (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, angular, green, streaked red, acid, late; first quality; a very fine sauce Apple.

Yorkshire Pippin, C., see Round Winter Nonesuch. Yorkshire Queen, C., see Hambledon Deux Ans.

369

SYNONYMS.

(AS NOTED AT

Adams’ Pearmain. Adams’ Reinette. Rough Pippin. Winter Striped Pearmain.

Alexandra. American Catkin.

Allen’s Everlasting. Harvey’s Everlasting. Apt. Lady Apple.

Atkin’s Seedling. Atkin’s No. 2.

Autumn Calville. New Blandon.

Autumn Pearmain. Ronald’s Royal Winter.

Baddow Puppin.. D’Arcy Spice. Spring Ribston. Winter Ribston.

Barcelona Pearmain. Black Norman.

Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette. Gros Pigéonet. Reinette Baumann.

Baxter's Pearman. King of the Orchard.

Beauty of Kent. Gadd’s Seedling. Kentish Beauty. Kentish Broading. - Wooling’s Favourite.

Benoni. Fail me Never.

THE CONGRESS.)

Bess Pool. Old Bess Pool. Stadway Pippin. Stradbroke Pippin. Black Blenheim. Muskirke Gelbe Reinette. Walsgrove Blenheim.

Blenheim Orange. Beauty of Hants. Blenheim Pippin. Dredge’s Fame. Gloucester Pippin. Northampton. Postrophe.

Prince of Wales. Ward’s Pippin.

Brabant Bellefleur. Bellefleur Brabant. Iron Apple.

New Scarlet Pearmain. Sweet Laden.

Sweet Lading.

Sweet Leyden.

Winter Bellefleur.

Braddick’s Nonparet!. Lincoinshire Reinette. — Brietling. Menagéere. Bringewood Pippin. Pompone Pippin. | Burchardt’s Reinette. | Burchardt’s Seedling. Byson Wood Russet. Bisingwood Russet.

Calville Blanche. White Calville.

AA

370 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Calville Rouge d’Automne. Red Autumn Calville. Red Blandon.

Cambusnethan Pippin. Winter Red Streak.

Cardinal. Tartnell’s.

Carlisle Codlin. Trish Codlin. Musk Apple.

Cellini. Phillip’s Seedling. Selling Pippin. Claygate Pearmain. Archerfield Pearmain. Bradley’s Pearmain. Brown’s Pippin. Kmpress Eugenie. Deepdene Pearmain. Doncaster Pearmain, Formosa Nonpareil. Formosa Pippin. Fowler’s Pippin. Mason’s. Ribston Pearmain. Summer Pearmain. Winter Pearmain. Clove Pippin. Taylor’s Seedling. Cluster Golden Pippin. Cluster Pippin. Golden Cluster Pippin.

Twin Cluster Golden Pippin.

Cockle’s Pippin. Brown Cockle Pippin, Nutmeg Pippin. Cockpit. Yorkshire Cockpit.

Coe’s Golden Drop. Golden Drop. Bishop’s Thumb.

Colonel Vaughan. Kentish Pippin. Red Coachman. Scarlet Incomparable.

Cormish Aromatic. Aromatic.

Court Pendu Plat. Woolaton Pippin.

Court of Wick.

Glass of Wine. Rendell’s Pippin.

Cox’s Orange Puppin. Kemp’s Orange.

Coxz’s Pomona. Fearn’s Apple. Hill’s Seedling. Pomona.

Red Ingestrie.

Coxz’s edleaf Russet. Redleaf Russet.

Devonshire Buckland.

Golden Ball.

Lord Wolseley.

Pile’s Victoria.

White Buckland.

White Pippin.

Winter Peach. Devonshire Quarrenden.

Quarrenden.

Red Quarrenden. Downton.

Majestic.

Reinette Carmelite. Downton Nonpareil.

Clarke’s Pippin. Drap d'Or.

Eldon Pippin. Dredge’s Fame.

Winter Pearmain. Duchess’s Favourite.

Duchess of York.

Duchessof York’s Favourite.

Duchess of Glo’ster.

SYNONYMS.

Duchess of Oldenburg. Borovitsky. Karly Joe.

Queen Mary.

Duke of Devonshire. Holker.

Dumelow’s Seedling. Duke of Wellington. Fair Maid of Taunton. Lord Duncan.

Lord Hampton’s Wonder.

Normanton Wonder. Souring Apple. Wellington. Wellington Pippin.

Dutch Fullwood. Fullwood.

Dutch Mignonne. Croft Angry. Contor. Copmanthorpe Russet.

Grosser Casselar Reinette.

Rawle’s Reinette. Reinette de Caux. Reinette Impeératrice. White Dutch Mignonne.

Harly Julien. — Julien. Karly June.

Harly Margaret. Margaret.

Hast Lothian Pippin. Hast Lothian Seedling.

Eccleston Pippin.

Gay’s Harvest Reinette. Licklunville Seedling.

Keklinville Pippin.

Keklinville.

Glory of the West. Edmund Jupp.

Holtzen’s Herbst Apfel. Egg or White Paradise.

Adam’s Apple.

Kge Apple.

Lady’s Finger.

Paradise. White Paradise. Emperor Alexander. Aijexander. Grand Alexander. Jolly Gentleman. Russian Emperor. Hvagil. Evagil Pippin. : Van Houtte. Farry. Fairy Apple. Queen Apple. Fearn’s Puppin. Bennet’s Defiance. Smiling Mary.

Vermilion d’ Espagne.

Waterloo. French Crab.

Amiens Long Keeper.

Kaster Pippin. Green Beefing. Iron King. Winter Greening. — Galloway Pippin. | Gallibro. Galloway’s Apple. | Galway’s. Garret’s Golden Pippin. | Garret’s Pippin. Gloria Mundi. Baltimore. Belle Dubois. Monstrous Pippin. Spanish Pippin. Glory of England.

Goff. Ackland Vale. Kentish Orange Goff. Orange Goff. Top Apple.

Gogar or Stone. Gogar Pippin. Stone Pippin.

AA2

Gascoigne’s Seedling. |

ov1

372 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gold Russet. Old Golden Russet. Golden Ducat. Cobham. Ducket. Golden Harvey. Brandy Apple.

Bradley’s Golden Pearmain.

Guernsey Pippin.

Golden Knob. Kentish Golden Knob.

Golden Noble. Glow of the West. Golden Stranger. Gough’s Seedling. Lord Clyde.

Rutlandshire Foundling.

Golden Pippin. Milford Pippin. Golden Reinette. Old Golden Reinette. Russet Pine Apple. Golden Winter Pearmain. Golden Pearmain. Reinette Perle.

White Winter Pearmain.

Winter Gold Pearmain. Grand Duke Constantine. Grand Duke. Grange Pippin. Beauty of Wells. Grange’s Pearmain. Coronation Pippin. Thoresby Seedling. Gravenstewm. Tom Harryman. Hambledon Deux Ans. Blue Stone Pippin. Deux Ans. Hambledon. Green Blenheim. Green Kitchen. Hamilton’s. Mitchell’s Seedling. Pine Apple Pippin.

Hammond’s Jersey Pippin. Jersey Pippin. Saunders’ Jersey Pippin. Hanmond’s Pippin. Hammond’s Pearmain.

Hanwell Souring. Landmere Russet. Lawrence’s Seedling. Red Shannon. Vineyard Pippin.

Hawthornden.

Hawley. Hawthornden Red. Lincolnshire Pippin. Lord Kingston. Shoreditch Whites. Wheeler’s Kernel. White Hawthornden.

Herefordshire Pearmain. Traveller’s Pippin.

Hicks’ Fancy. Harly Nonpareil. Lord Exeter’s Favourite. Nonpareil Early. Hoary Mormng. Honeymoon.

Webster’s Harvest Festival.

Holbert’s Victoria. Hulbert’s Victoria. Victoria.

Hollandbury.

Bon Rouge. Bland’s Summer. Livesey’s Imperial. . Scarlet Admirable.

Hunt’s Royal Red. Rother Hisen.

Imperial.

Belle Imperiale.

Irish Giant.

Mead’s Broading. Irish Peach.

Karly Apple. Jersey Chisel.

Chisel Jersey. John Apple.

Northern Greening. Keens’ Seedling.

Kiston.

Kentish Fillbasket. Fillbasket.

Keswick Codlin. Everbearing.

King Pippin. Donabety. Odelson’s.

Red Streak Pippin.

King of the Pippins.

English Winter Gold Pear-

main. Prince’s Pippin. Pike’s Pearmain. Seek no Farther. Ventmuss Ellicott.

Lady Apple.

Pomme d’Api. Lane’s Prince Albert. ~ Prince Albert.

Lemon Pippin.

Reinette de Versailles.

Lewis’s Incomparable. Incomparable.

Loddington Seedling. Lord Raglan. Stone’s.

Stone’s Seedling.

London Pippin. Calville du Haire. Five Crown. Five Crowned Pippin, Old London Pippin.

SYNONYMS,

Lord Suffield. Lady Sutherland. Livesley’s Imperial.

Lucombe’s Pine. Lucombe’s Pine Apple. Lucombe’s Seedling. Unele Barney. Mabbott’s Pearmain. Canterbury. McLellan. Maclellan,

Manchester Pippin. Muckleham Pearmain.

Manks’ Codlin, Belmont. English Pitcher. Eve.

Orme.

— Margit.

Monymusk.

Mére de Ménage. Red German.

Minchal Crab. Minchall Crab.

Monousten Reimette. Brown’s Imperial Russet.

Morgan Sweet. Morgan. Murfitts Seedling. Murfitt’s Apple. Nelson Codlin. Wilson’s Codlin. New Hawthornden. Hawthornden New. Graham’s Giant. New Northern Greening. Thompson’s Seedling. Newtown Pippin. White Newtown Pippin. Nine Square Pippin. Nine Square. Devon Nine Square.

373

o74 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nonesuch. Karly Nonesuch. Maiden. Nonesuch, Early. Old Nonesuch. Summer Nonesuch.

Norfolk Beefing. Norfolk Bearer. Norfolk Coleman. Ramsden.

Red Beefing. Winter Coleman. Winter Beefing.

Norfolk Paradise. Cherry Orchard. Norfolk Storing. Dolphine. Golden Ball, — Old English Codlin. English Codlin. Old Golden Pippin. Golden Pippin.

Old Leathercoat Russet.

Leathercoat Brown Russet.

Old Nonparetl. ~ » Golden Russet Nonpareil. Nonpareil.

Old Pomeroy. Jenny Oubury. Pomeroy of Somerset. Pomeroy. Sweet Pomeroy.

Old Winter Pearman. Winter Pearmain.

Ornament de la Table. Pomme de Lippé.

Oslin. Arbroath Pippin. Arbroath Oslin.

Petworth Nonpareil. Green Nonpareil. Nonpareil Petworth.

Pile’s Russet. Jews’ Hands.

Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil. Pitmaston Russet. Russet Nonpareil. Nonpareil Russet.

Pine Apple Russet. Benwell’s Large. Muss Russet. Pomeroy Russet. Russet Pine.

Pine, Golden Pippin. Pine Apple Russet.

| Pitmaston Golden Pippin.

Golden Pitmaston.

Pitmaston Pme Apple. Reinette d’ Ananas.

Pomme de Nevge. Fameuse. Formosa.

La Fameuse. Red American.

Potts’ Seedling. Dean’s Codlin. Holland Pippin. Notts Seedling. Pratt’s Pudding. Queen Caroline. Bossom. Brown’s Codlin. Spencer’s Favourite. Spencer’s Seedling. Fed Astrachan. Castle Leno Pippin. Duke of Devon. Pomeroy.

Red Winter Pearmain. Chilston Long Keeper.

Femette de Canada. Reinette grise d’Automne. Reinette grise de Canada. Surpasse Reinette d’ Angleterre.

Reinette de Hollande. Pomme Russet.

SYNONYMS. 375

Ribston Pippin. Essex Pippin. Formosa. Nonpareil d’ Angleterre. Ringer. Balgonie. Doctor.

Ross Nonpareil. Nonpareil Ross. Lawson Pearmain.

Round Winter Nonesuch. Beauty of Wilts. Round Winter Codlin. Turk’s Head.

Striped Monster Reinette.

Yorkshire Pippin.

Roundway’s Magnum Bonum.

Magnum Bonum.

Royal Codlin. Dutch Codlin. Fat Ox. Tankard.

Fioyal Russet. French Royal Russet. Large Russet. Pomme Royale.

Foyal Somerset. Somerset. Somerset Lasting.

Fymer. Allman’s Scarlet Pippin. Caldwell. Green Balsam. Lanterne. Old Caldwell. Parsons.

Sack. Herefordshire Sack.

Sam Young. Irish Russet.

Scarlet Crofton. Crofton Scarlet.

Scarlet Nonpareil. Nonpareil Scarlet.

Scarlet Pearmain. French Pippin. Melville Pippin. Scorpion. D’ Kelat. Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance. Russian Transparent.

Scotch Bridget. White Calville.

Sir W. Blackett’s Favourite. Winter Ballyfatten.

Small’s Admirable. Admirable. Lamb’s Favourite. Silver Pippin. Small’s Imperial.

Smart’s Prince Arthur. Lady’s Finger. Smart’s Prince Aiberk

Stirling Castle. King Noble.

Stoup Leadimgton. Leadington Stoup.

Sturmer Pippin. Apple Royal. Creech Pearmain. Moxhay.

Summer Strawberry. Brown’s Codlin.

Summer Thorle. Lady Derby. Thorle. Thorle Pippin. Summer Whorle. Watson’s Nonesuch. Whorle Pippin.

Swedish Reinette. Swedish Pearmain.

Sweeney Nonparewl. Nonpareil Sweeney. Surrey Nonpareil.

Sweet Sheep’s Nose. Bell Apple.

876 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Syke House Russet. Culver Russet.

Tibbet’s Pearmain. Tibbet’s Incomparable. Smith’s Seedling. Alphington.

Tom Putt. Devonshire Nine Square. January Tom Putt.

Tower of Glamis. Dunster Codlin. Seale’s Winter Pippin.

Transparent. Greening or Transparent.

Trumpington. Eve Apple. The Old Trumpeter.

Wadhurst Pippin. Forman’s Crew. Lincoln Holland Pippin. Ney-Mi.

Waltham Abbey Seedling. Golden Noble.

Dr. Harvey. Bardfield Defiance. Emberson’s Apple.

Wareham Russet. Greenwood Russet. Tudball Russet.

Warner’s King.

Barker’s Seedling. Cobbet’s Fall. Cobbet’s Fall Pippin. David T. Fish. Drumlanrig Castle. King’s.

Minier’s Dumpling. Nelson’s Glory. Poor Man’s Friend. Silverton Pippin. Veitch’s Cluster.

Wheeler’s Russet. Acklam Russet.

White Juneating. Juneating.

White Melrose. Melrose.

White Nonpareil. Nonpareil, White.

Whittle’s Dumpling. Round Apple.

Winter Fullwood, Cadbury.

Winter Hawthornden. Hawthornden, Winter.

Winter Mayetin. Majetin. Yorkshire Beefing.

Winter Peach. Peach Bloom.

Winter Pearmain. Grange’s Pearmain. Reinette trés tardive. Somerset Apple Royal.

Wyken Pippin.

Alford Prize.

German Nonpareil. Pheasant’s Eye. White Moloscha. Warwickshire Pippin.

Yellow Bough. | Large Yellow Bough.

Yellow Ingestrie.

Karly Pippin. Ingestrie. Summer Golden Pippin.

Yorkshire Beauty. American Pippin. Cumberland Favourite. Counsellor.

Dunmore Pearmain. Dalzell Manse Codlin. Greenup’s Pippin.

Oxford Peach.

Palmer’s Glory.

Red Hawthornden. Sunflower.

Red Norman Bitter-sweet. Walsgrove Wonder.

Yorkshire Greemng. Yorkshire Goose Sauce.

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