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BRITISH APPLES.

APS Rea | volay nena cc ee
Vol. X. Harvard University 1888.

i,

gc; JOURNAL

Royal horticultural Society

EDITED BY

D. MORRIS, Hsq., M.A., F.L.8., Treasurer ;
AND
The Rev. W. WILKS, M.A., Secretary.

De tC

CONTENTS.
APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888. Tee
Preface is at He ae 4g Sad ie ee Ph 8

Part 4.
Address by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P. ... a jee We 13
Apples for Profit. By Mr. George Bunyard ... See st os 17
Fruit Culture for Profit in the Open Air. By Mr. W. Paul, F.L.S.... 23
Dessert Pears. By Mr. W. Wildsmith ... rah a pei és 30

On Pruning. By Mr. Shirley Hibberd . 3 a ack 32
Canker in Fruit Trees. By Mr. Edessa: Foti: B.CLL. iil ae 39
Canker: its Cause and Cure. By Mr, James Douglas a os 47
Enemies of the Apple and Pear. By Mr. J. Fraser ... ie is 51
Apples for Sussex. By Mr. J. Cheal .«.. h ie i 62

Orchards in the West Midlands. By Mp. W. Coleen Soh cee 2 68
Apples and Pears for Scotland. By Mr Malcolm Dunn ~... Sey 75
Cultivation in Jersey. By Mr. C, B. Saunders ie ag SEs 82
Production and Distribution. By Mr. F. J: Baillie ... is aN 85
Compensation for Orchard Planting. By Mr. W. F. Béar ... ‘ 93
The Railway Difficulty.. By Mr. D. Tallerman to ie Kee: OG

Part Ii.
Statistics relating to Apples. By Mr. A. F. Barron ... ee viii AOS

Part Ill.
Descriptive Catalogue and Synonyms. By. Mr. A. F. Barron ... disecr eat

Index of Contents of Parts If. and Il. +e ue xe me fee be

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OFFICES: 117 VICTORIA STREET, S.W.
GARDENS: CHISWICK.

Printed for the Royal Horticultural Society
: BY
SPOTTISWOODE & CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE, LONDON.

¢

PRICE (TO NON-FELLOWS) SEVEN SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.

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ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. _

Tuer Royal Horticultural Society was incorporated by Royal Charterin the year
1809, and as a National Institution for more than a hundred years it has -
devoted itself to the advancement of Horticulture in all its branches.

_Its Gardens at Chiswick are devoted to useful and scientific experiments
and trials connected with the growth and value of new and different varieties
of fruit, flowers, and vegetables, as well as of other plants of garden
value and interest. These Gardens, maintained at an annual cost of £1,500,
afford to all lovers of Horticulture an opportunity of watching the most
interesting cultural experiments carried on in this country.

The Chiswick Gardens are open daily (Sundays and holidays excepted)
at 9 A.m., and close at sunset. During the summer months (7.e., from
May 1 to October 81) the Gardens are open on Sundays from 1 p.m. till
sunset.

Floral Meetings are held in the Drill Hall of the London Scottish R.V.,
in James Street, Victoria Street, Westminster, on an average, bi-monthly,
when Committees adjudicate on the merits of new introductions, and a short
Lecture is given on some subject of general Horticultural interest.

A Journal of the Society is published, and forwarded to all subscribing
Fellows, in which an account of the Lectures and Meeting’s is given,
together with reports of plant trials at Chiswick. These Journals will be
found full of most valuable information derived from actual experience.
They are of very great interest to all lovers of gardens and amateurs no
less than to skilled horticulturists.

The Society is entirely maintained by the subscriptions of its Fellows.
Any lady or gentleman desirous of joining the Society and thus promote the
Practice and Science of Horticulture in these Islands may obtain Nomina-
tion Forms and full particulars on application to the Secretary at the
Society’s Offices, 117 Victoria Street, S.W.

The general privileges of Fellows are as follows :

All Fellows are entitled to attend and to vote at all meetings, and, subject
to the necessary regulations and hours, to personal admission to the Gardens,
Exhibitions, &¢., and to the use of the Society's Rooms and of the Libraries,
at 117 Victoria Street; to a copy of the Society’s Journal, and also to
purchase fruit and vegetables grown at Chiswick, at specially reduced rates.

The special privileges of Fellows, varying according to the rate of
subscription, are as follows : |

Fellows subscribing £4. 4s. a year are entitled to a personal Fellow’s
Pass, and to a Family Ticket admitting five persons to Chiswick Gardens,
and to all the Society’s Exhibitions and Meetings at 12 o’clock, being an
hour earlier than the general public. :

Fellows subscribing £2. 2s. a year are entitled to a personal Fellow’s
Pass, and to.a Transferable Ticket admitting two persons to all Exhibitions
and Meetings at 12 o’clock; and admitting three persons to Chiswick
Gardens on all ordinary days, including Sundays.

Fellows subscribing £1. 1s. a year are entitled to a personal Fellow’s
Pass for all Meetings and Exhibitions at 12 o'clock, which Pass may also be
used to admit three persons to Chiswick Gardens on all ordinary days,
including Sundays. »

W. WILKS, Secretary.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

i Von. X. 1888.

eR 0) he DE

OF THE
APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE
HELD IN THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT CHISWICK

OcToBER 16 to 20, 1888,

With which are combined certain statistics obtained at the

Soctety’s APPLE ConGREss held at Cuiswick in 1883.

Nore: The statistical portion of this Report (Parts II. and III.) embraces
Apples only, but it was not found possible in Part I.—the report of the
actual Conference—to separate the portion relating to Pears only.
It has, therefore, been thought better to publish the report of the
Conference together with the statistics relating to Apples, and to let the
statistics relating to Pears form a separate volume.

|

APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE,

PREFACE.

Ever since the holding of the first Apple Congress, at Chiswick,
by the Royal Horticultural Society, in October 1883, an impres-
sion of the importance of Hardy Fruit Culture, both in gardens
and also as an appanage to agriculture, has been steadily growing
in the public mind, and there has been an increasing demand for
information as to the best sorts to grow, the most skilful methods
of culture, and the conditions under which a reasonable return
may be looked for. In order to assist in the elucidation of these
matters, and to correct up to the present date the Reports of the
Society’s Apple Congress, 1883, and Pear Conference, 1885, the
Council of the Society decided to hold a Conference on Apples
and Pears in their Gardens at Chiswick in 1888.

In the 1883 Congress it had been thought desirable to secure
the representation of all the varieties of apples in cultivation,
whether valuable or otherwise, so as to arrive by comparison at
an estimate of their worth. But this having been once done, and
the results duly recorded, it was not now considered necessary to
go over the same ground again; it was only proposed therefore
to invite the exhibition of such varieties as find favour, or may be
considered thoroughly worthy of cultivation. And one object of
the Conference being to illustrate by facts and examples the
present state and future prospects of commercial fruit culture in
this country, it was desired that contributors should endeavour, as
far as possible, to furnish samples of fruits that are in favour in
the markets of their several localities. All fruit growers, whether
private gardeners or growers for market, were invited to exhibit,

and it was pointed out in the schedules that the wider the area
A2

: Nop

4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from which the collections were procured the greater would be
the value and interest of the exhibition.

It was requested that every collection of fruit should be
accompanied with as much information as possible with regard
to the soil, exposure, and physical conditions of the districts in
which they had been grown. For this purpose the following
form was enclosed, and the information so obtained has been
incorporated in the body of this Report :—

Form sent out to be filled wp by Exhibitors.

NATIONAL APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888.

APPLES.
1. Exhibitor’s Name and Address.
2. Class or Classes for exhibition.
3. Selection of twenty-four varieties most suited for culture in the dis-

trict, named in order of succession.

4. Selection of twelve varieties most suited for culture in the district,
named in order of succession.

5. Selection of ten varieties suited for market culture, stating to what
extent they are grown in the district.

6. Situation :—Sheltered or otherwise.
7. Character of soil, sub-soil, &c.
8. General remarks as to modes of cultivation, stocks, pruning, &c.

In order to carry out the objects of the Conference in various
parts of the country, the following gentlemen were requested to
act as a Committee, those marked with an asterisk forming the
Executive :—

Barre, E. T., Messrs. Dickson &

Sons’ Nurseries, Chester.
BAnNISTER, W., The Gardens, Cote

*CueEaL, J., The Nurseries, Crawley,
Sussex.
*ConemMAN, W., The Gardens, East-

House, Westbury-on-Trym
Barr, Perer, 12 King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C.
*BreppomeE, CoLonren, Sispara, West
Hill, Putney.
Brackmore, R. D., Teddington.
BREEZE, G., The Gardens, Petworth
Park, Petworth.
*Bunyarp, Georcre, The Nurseries,
Maidstone.
Bunyarp, T., The Nursery, Ash-
ford.
Burnett, J.. The Gardens, The
Deepdene, Dorking.

nor Castle, Ledbury.
Cornu, Purr Lz, High View Nur-
series, St. Heliers, Jersey.

Crump, W., The Gardens, Madres- —

field Court, Great Malvern.
CRANSTQN, JoHN, The Nurseries,
Hereford.
Crowley, Pump, Waddon House,
Croydon.
Cummins, G. W., The Gardens,
The Grange, Wallington.
*Deran, A., Bedfont, Hounslow.
Denninc, W., Heathfield Nursery,
Hampton.

~

ak a~e
a |

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 5

‘Dickson, W. A.,
Street, Chester.
*Douatas, J., The Gardens, Great
Gearies, Ilford.
Dunn, M., The Gardens, Dalkeith
Palace, N.B.
Forp, S., The Gardens, Leonardslee,
Horsham.
GaRLAND, J., The Gardens, Killer-
ton, Exeter.
Grauam, J., Cranford, Hounslow.
Harrison, J., The Nurseries,
Leicester.
*Haycock, C., Goldings, Hertford.
Haywoop, T. B., Woodhatch Lodge,
Reigate.
*Hersst, H., Kew Road, Richmond.
*HippeRD, S., 1 Priory Road, Kew
Green, Kew.
*Hoae, Dr. R., 171, Fleet Street.
Howe, C., Benham Park Gardens,
Newbury.
*Hupson, J., The Gardens, Gunners-
bury House, Acton.
Incram, W., The Gardens, Belvoir
Castle, Grantham.
JEFFERIES, W. J., The Nurseries,
Cirencester.
Jonzs, T., Royal Gardens, Frogmore.
*LanE, F. Q., The Nurseries, Great
Berkhampstead.
Lez, W., The Nurseries, Hammer-
smith.
Lez, J., 78, Warwick Gardens, W.
MaAnsELL, Rev. J. L., Guernsey.
MarsHatt, Wiiuiam, Auchinraith,
Bexley.

108 Eastgate

Metyr1£, D., The Gardens, Elliston ©

House, St. Boswell’s, N.B.

Murs, G. T., The Gardens,
Wycombe Abbey, High Wy-
combe.

*Monro, G., Covent Garden.
*Morris, D., Royal Gardens, Kew.
Morr, J., The Gardens, Margam
Castle, Taibach, South Wales.
Norman, G., Hatfield House Gar-
dens, Hatfield.
*Paut, G., The Nurseries, Cheshunt.
*PauL, W., The Nurseries, Waltham
Cross.
*Prarson, A. H., The Nurseries,
Chilwell, Notts.
Pownatu, M., Lenton, Nottingham.
PracGnNELL, W. G., The Gardens,
Sherborne Castle, Dorset.
Renwick, J., The Nurseries,
Melrose, N.B.

*Rivers, T. F., The Nurseries, Saw-
bridgeworth.
*Roperts, J.. The Gardens, Gun-
nersbury Park, Acton.
Ross, C., The Gardens, Welford
Park, Newbury.
*Rust, J., The Gardens, Eridge
Castle, Tunbridge Wells.
SattmarsH, T. J., The Nurseries,
Chelmsford.
Saunpers, C. B., The Nurseries,
St. Saviour’s, Jersey.
Suinetes, T., The Gardens, Tort-
worth Court, Gloucester.
ScrateR, C. G., Fruit Grower,
Heavitree, Exeter.
*Smitru, J., The Gardens, Mentmore,
Leighton Buzzard.
SurrH, R., The Nurseries, Wor-
cester.
Smiru, C., Caledonia Nurseries,
Guernsey.
STRICKLAND, Sir C. W., Bart., Hil-
denley, Malton.
Surron, ArTHUR W., Reading.
THomas, O., The Gardens, Chats-
worth, Chesterfield.
Tomson, W., The Vineyard,
Clovenfords, Galashiels, N.B.
*Turner, A., Royal Nurseries, Slough.
*VertcH, H. J., Royal Exotic Nur-
series, Chelsea, S.W.
VertcuH, P., The Nurseries, Exeter.
*WALKER, J., Whitton, Middlesex.
WARDEN, C., The Gardens, Claren-
don Park,:Salisbury.
Warren, W., Worton Gardens,
Isleworth.
Watxrns, J., Pomona Farm, With-
ington, Hereford.
“WEBBER, J., Covent Garden, W.C.
WEBsTER, J., The Gardens, Gordon
Castle, Fochabers, N.B.
WEIR, Harrison, Sevenoaks.
WHEELER, A. C., The Nurseries,
Gloucester.

*WitpsmitH, W., The Gardens,
Heckfield Place, Winchfield.
*Wiuxs, Rev. W., Shirley Vicarage,

Croydon.
Wittarp, Jesse, Holly Lodge .
Gardens, Highgate, N.
*WriGHT, JOHN, 171 Fleet Street,
E.C.

Barron, A. F., R.H.S. Gardens,
Chiswick, Secretary.

6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-_ Although the season 1888 was not by any means a favourable

one—the crops of fruit throughout the country being in general
considerably below the average—the exhibition at the Conference
was nevertheless one of great merit, and proved a decided suc-
cess both as regards the quantity and the quality of the fruit.
Seventy-three of the most prominent fruit-growers, both among
amateurs, market-gardeners, and nurserymen, took part in the
exhibition ; and the number of dishes of apples staged amounted
to 2,690, filling the large conservatory and the greater portion of
a tent on the lawn.

The Committee, being divided into sections, made a careful
examination of the different exhibits, and corrected any errors
of nomenclature that were observed. The general correctness in
this respect was especially noticeable, and as being, to a great
extent, the result of the Society’s labours in the 18838 Con-
gress, this was extremely gratifymg. Special Certificates were
also awarded by the Committee to the most noteworthy ex-
amples of culture selected from the whole of the exhibits. A
- list of these awards will be found in the body of the Report.

Of necessity the varieties staged by the exhibitors in the
various classes were, in many instances, repetitions one of
another, but it has not been considered necessary in this Report
to enumerate these repetitions.

An audit of the varieties exhibited places Warner’s King at
the top of the list—78 dishes of this variety having been staged
as against Blenheim orange 74, and King of the Pippins 71.
The total number of distinct varieties exhibited amounted
to 1,496. Of the newer varieties which seem to be steadily
advancing in public favour may be named Prince Bismarck, The
Queen, Bramley’s Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert, Annie Eliza-
beth, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Lady Henniker, and Peasgood’s
Nonesuch.

The Report of the 1888 Congress, entitled ‘‘ British Apples,”
prepared by Mr. A. F. Barron, having been for some time out of
print, and many of the most valuable statistics that it contained
having been incorporated with the present Report, it may be
well to point out that that Congress owed its origin to the
unusually abundant crop of all sorts of Apples in the year 1888.
So large was the crop and so fine the fruit that it attracted
attention on all sides, and it was at once recognised by the
R. H. §. to be an opportunity which should not be lost for
correcting any mistakes in the names, &c., of the large and im-
. portant standard collection of Apples in the Society’s Gardens
at Chiswick. At the same time it was felt that if, for the pur-
pose of such verification and comparison, examples of fruit could
be gathered together from all parts of the country and be
exhibited publicly, the occasion might be made one of the
greatest value and interest to all Apple growers in the United
Kingdom.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR OONFERENOE. 7

To develop and carry out this idea the Council of the Society
appointed a large and representative General Committee of
fruit-growers, consisting of the following gentlemen; those
marked * forming the Executive Committee at Chiswick, of
which Mr. John Lee was the Chairman :—

COMMITTEE OF 1883.

Buackmoerez, R. D., Teddington.

Brircuer, G., Tonbridge.

BrotHerton, R. P., Tyninghame.

Bunyarp & Co., Nurseries, Maid-
stone.

Burnetr, J., The Gardens, The
Deepdene, Dorking.

Cueat & Sons, Nurserymen, Craw-
ley, Sussex.

Cranston & Co., Nurserymen,
Hereford.

Dancer, F. N., Little Sutton,
Chiswick.

Dickson, F. & A., 106 Eastgate
Street, Chester.
Dickson, JAMES,
Street, Chester.
Dickson A. & Sons, Newtownwards,
Belfast.
Dunn, M., The Gardens, Dalkeith
Palace, N.B.
FisHer, Son, & Srpray, Nursery-
men, Sheffield.
GARLAND, Joun, The Gardens, Kil-
lerton, Exeter.
Grupert, R., The Gardens, Burgh-
ley, Stamford.
GotpsmitH, G., The Gardens, Hol-
landen, Tonbridge.
GRAHAM, JoHN, Cranford, Hounslow.
Grieve, Peter, Bury St. Edmunds.
Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen,
Leicester.
Haycocx, Cuas., The Gardens,
Barham Court, Maidstone.
Hisserp, SuHirtey, Brownswood
Park, Stoke Newington.
*Hoaa, Dr. Rosert, 171 Fleet
Street, E.C.
JEFFERIES, JoHN & Sons, Nursery-
men, Cirencester.
JEFFERIES & Sons, Nurserymen,
Oxford.
Jones, T., The Royal Gardens,
Frogmore.
*Krnnick, Lewis A., Langley, Maid-
stone.
Lane, H., & Son, Nurserymen,
Berkhampstead.

108 Eastgate

Laxton, T., Bedford.
Lee, Cuas., & Son, The Nurseries,
Hammersmith.
as Dia 78 Warwick Gardens,
Mus, G. T., The Gardens, Wy-
combe Abbey, High Wycombe.
Ormiston & Renwick, Nurserymen,
Melrose.
Pearson, J. R., The Nurseries,
Chilwell, Notts.
Paunt & Son, The Nurseries, Ches-
hunt.
Pavu, Wu., & Son, The Nurseries, -
Waltham Cross.

Poynter, Ropert, Nurseryman,
Taunton.

Rivers & Son, The Nurseries, Saw-
bridgeworth.

*Roserts, J., The Gardens, Gunners-

bury Park, Acton.

Ross, Cuarues, The Gardens, Wel-
ford Park, Newbury.

Rutianp, F., The Gardens, Good-
wood, Chichester.

SautmarsH & Sons, The Nurseries,
Chelmsford.

Suinates, Tuomas, The Gardens,
Tortworth Court, Gloucester.
Smit, James, The Gardens, Ment-

more, Leighton Buzzard.
Smitu, R., & Sons, The Nurseries,
Worcester.
Stevens, Z., The Gardens, Trent-
ham, Stoke-on-Trent.
Srricknanp, Sir CHarues, Bart.,
Hildenley, Malton, Yorkshire.
TURNER, CHARLES, Slough.

Veitch & Sons, Nurserymen,
Chelsea.

WHEELER & Son, Nurserymen,
Gloucester.

*WooDBRIDGE, JoHN, The Gardens,
Sion House, Brentford.

Secretary: A. F. Barron, Royal
Horticultural Gardens, Chis-
wick.

8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-~ This Committee at once drew up and circulated a letter
stating the objects of the proposed Apple Congress, and inviting
co-operation from all fruit growers in the United Kingdom, and

the response to this invitation far exceeded the most sanguine

anticipations of the Council, promises of support and consign-

ments of fruit being received from all parts of the country, com-.
pletely filling the great conservatory, as well as several other of
the houses in the Gardens. The following figures will show the

extent of the interest displayed :—

Number of Exhibitors ... ae cme 236
Number of Dishes, or separate lots of ‘Apples acs 20,150

In the arrangement of the various collections received, the
different counties and districts were grouped together, so far as
possible, thus illustrating to some extent the general character
of the produce of different parts of the country, and forming
some indication of the varieties most suited to different
localities.

Kent contributed the greatest number of dishes, viz., 918,
Middlesex being second with 908.

The following form was also sent out by the Committee :—

“NATIONAL APPLE CONGRESS, 1883.

‘‘RormM TO BE FILLED uP BY EXHIBITOR.

** Name of Exhibitor ix
Number of sorts exhibited ...
Situation where grown, sheltered or “otherwise
Character of soil, sub-soil, &c. sak
Stocks on which grafted a
Character or form of trees, Standard, Bush ; age.. :
Best Culinary sorts suited to district, not exceeding twelve
Best Dessert sorts suited to district, not seats twelve
General remarks ”’ a ps

Upon the returns thus obtained the rent of 1883 was
chiefly based.

The Committee met on several occasions during the Congress,
and, working in sections, made careful examination of the ex-
hibits, with a view to the correction of nomenclature, &c., which
corrections were in each case forwarded to the exhibitor.

The number of different names applied to the Apples
exhibited, including synonyms, amounted to 2,020, and the
number of varieties described as presumably distinct to 1,445.

In drawing up the Report of 1883 it was found desirable to
form separate groups or divisions of the different districts of the
country, corresponding to the arrangement of the exhibits at the
Congress. For example, Group I. The SourHERN CounrTIEs,
comprising Berks, Hants, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex,

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 9

and Wilts, which, being subject to similar climatic influences,
readily afford means of comparison.

From the selections of the varieties of Apples made by the
exhibitors, as best suited to their respective localities, three
valuable tables were compiled, which have been re-inserted in
this present Report, viz. :

1. Poll taken of the selections for each county.

2. Poll taken of the selections for each division, or group of
counties,

8. Poll of the selections for the whole of Great Britain.

A distinctive feature of the 1888 Conference, which was
absent from the 1883 Congress, and which makes the present
Report peculiarly valuable, was the reading of papers relating to
Hardy Fruit Culture, and the discussions following thereon.
This part of the Report (Part I.) has been prepared for the press
by the Secretary of the Society, the Rev. W. Wilks, and Parts II.
and III., the statistical and descriptive portions, are the work of
Mr. A. F. Barron, Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens at
Chiswick.

ae oe Mh) wi He Se
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Aa

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'
7

AP Ps Eis

PART —f.

Consisting of the Papers read and a Report of the
Discussions which took place at the Apple and
Pear Conference, held in the Royal Horticultural
Society’s Gardens at Chiswick, October 16 to 20,
1888.

‘
REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 13

APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888.

The Conference, which was held in the Great
Vinery of the Society’s Gardens at Chiswick, was
opened on Tuesday, October 16, 1888. The pro-
ceedings commenced at 3 P.M. with an address from
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., M.P., President of the
Society, who spoke as follows :—

It is my duty, and I think it is a most agreeable duty, having
the honour of holding the office of President of the Royal Hor-
ticultural Society, to make a few—and I promise they shall be
very few—Zintroductory remarks in opening the exhibition of this
very extensive collection of fruit. I should desire in the first
place to disclaim in the strongest possible way any pretension
whatever to be entitled to express an opinion on the subject of
fruit cultivation myself. At the same time avery large amount of
interest is being at the present moment brought to bear ~
upon the question of fruit cultivation, I believe in some measure
due to the observations that have been made by gentlemen occu-
pying positions in the political world, very often somewhat at a
loss for a subject. I think I may venture to remind you that an
address of some considerable length was delivered lately at Hawar-
den by Mr. Gladstone, but I am not quite sure that those per-
sons who read the accounts of the ladies who kept thirty or forty
chickens and made £5 per annum out of them, or of the persons
who made £40 from 1 acre of Strawberries, will not be disap-
pointed if they expect to repeat so remarkable a success. It is
a, matter of importance in dealing with this subject that we shall
not pitch our anticipations too high, and it should not be sup-
posed that in extending, as reasonably as may be extended, the
cultivation of hardy fruit, any real panacea for the troubles
which have been afflicting the agricultural classes of this country

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

will be found. The utmost that can be done will be to give
the agricultural classes some help where intelligence and skill
are brought to bear. As long as we continue to import such
large quantities of fruits and vegetables as we do—between six
and seven millions in value annually—that fact will be pointed
to as indicating a direction in which more may be done in this
country; but it must not be forgotten that the total includes
some fruits that cannot be cultivated in this country, and it is
a further matter for consideration that it is by no means clear at
the present moment that where hardy fruits such as Pears and
Apples can be successfully cultivated, that can be done to bring
in anything like a satisfactory profit. Since I have been in the
gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society I have asked two
authorities what they thought on that subject. One gentleman,
who is a most successful cultivator of fruit, told me that with all
the care and intelligence which could be brought to bear in the
cultivation of Apples and Pears, the profit to be made would not
perhaps be more than 6d. a sieve. If it be so, it is not a very
good profit. The other gentleman said he was quite certain that
for all the hardy fruit that could be grown in this country a good
market could be found. I trust the latter is the correct view.
The present Conference has a different object from those of
1883 and 1885. On the previous occasions an attempt was
made to collect every description of known Apple with the
view, to a certain extent, of eliminating those varieties that
were of little value for purposes of cultivation. And that was
also the case with Pears. ‘The present Conference proposes to
invite the exhibition of such varieties only as find favour, or
may be considered thoroughly worthy of cultivation; and one
object of this Conference is to illustrate by facts and examples
the present state and future prospects of commercial fruit culture
in this country. I venture to think that our object is a thoroughly
practical one, and when you pass through this conservatory, and
the tents which are adjuncts to it, you will see that, having
regard to the exceedingly unfortunate season which we have
passed, the exhibition made by the leading fruit growers of the
country is one which is eminently satisfactory. It appears to
me that what the Conference can most wisely do, and that which
the papers to be read promise to do, is to draw attention to the
varieties which can best be cultivated, both of Apples and Pears,
throughout the country, having regard to the various conditions
of climate and soil. Having read the programme for the week,
which had been published, and remarked that the Chairmen
for the three last days of the Conference were all excellent
men, who would bring additional light to bear on the subjects
of discussion, Sir Trevor went on to say :—One matter of im-
portance has been dealt with by the House of Commons, and
that is the question of railway charges for carriage. As Mr.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 15

Gladstone justly pointed out in justification of the preferential
rates that they have been charging, it was owing to the fact that
in dealing with the foreign producer they dealt with a trainful
of baskets or hampers, whereas when they came to deal with
the local producer, they had to collect the fruit, which puts them
to considerable expense. At the same time I think the Legisla-
ture has acted perfectly right in deciding that these preferential
rates shall be considered and revised by the Board of Trade, for,
as we all of us are sometimes painfully aware, the railway com-
panies have had given to them a monopoly of the means of
transport of this country. I have observed in the newspapers
that as a result of one of the Conferences that have lately taken
place, someattacks have been made on those who devote themselves
to the calling of nurserymen. We are told that nurserymen keep
large quantities of worthless varieties of Apples and Pears. I
have no doubt that this is the case, but what I should think
would be ground for blaming them would be if they represented
those worthless varieties as good varieties. I have not the least
doubt that there is no gentleman connected with the trade who,
if I were to get him to recommend me the very best variety for
my soil, would not honestly and judiciously recommend the
best varieties. There are. persons who desire to make experi-
ments for themselves, and they will not be satisfied that such
and such varieties are worthless unless they have tried them
themselves. I cultivate a good many Orchids, some of which
are considered by my friends to be worthless varieties. At the
same time I always cultivate them, and when I go to other
gentlemen to purchase them, I should not like to be told that
they were worthless. It is really a matter of trade, and I think
the attacks which have been made are ungenerous and uncalled
for. I am quite certain that with regard to the cultivation of
hardy fruit exactly the same conditions are necessary for success
as with every other description of gardening, that is to say, you
must display skill, care, and intelligence, and I think you will
find that has a good deal more to do with the result than climate.
I remember at the Conferences which took place in 1883 and
1885 a good many of the best exhibits came from the North
of Scotland, where the climate is represented to us who live in
the South as somewhat severe. However that may be, we have
got to make the best we can of our climate, and taking one year
with another I think on the whole it is a very good climate, and
if we do not succeed, we shall be wiser if we place the fault on
our own shoulders than on the shoulders of the climate. I do
not think I can add anything else, except to say that the Royal
Horticultural Society is extremely indebted to the very large
number of persons who have contributed to this show.’ It is a
most satisfactory and numerous one, and one which is most
creditable to the exhibitors. The Society has been most

16 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

anxious to do all it could to promote the undertaking, and it
hopes to do something to lead the public in wisely making use of
the feeling which exists at present in favour of the cultivation
of hardy fruits. I trust the Conference will bear good fruit both
practically and figuratively.

Mr. SurrteY HrisBerpD moved a hearty vote of thanks to the

Council for inaugurating the exhibition. It had been attended
with considerable difficulty, but up to the present everything
seemed to have passed off smoothly, and he congratulated them
on the success attained. While they had been organising this
exhibition other persons had been busy in the same kind of
work, and those persons appeared to him sometimes to be freer
in their mode of operation. This Society appeared to be more
fettered—it might be to their advantage—but he had no con-
fidence in any of the associations which had been started lately,
and he thought the Royal Horticultural Society rendered them
unnecessary. Political, economical, and commercial questions
were involved in the question of fruit culture, but this Society
was content for the present to determine the merits of varieties.
This Society should be the last to convert itself into a political
agency. They did not want that; but he thought their Fruit
Committee should have their powers extended to deal with such
things as market tolls, the conveyance by railway, and other
difficulties which stood in the way of the seller.
‘Mr. CuEeat seconded the motion, and expressed his gratifica-
tion that the Council had stepped forward at this moment to
place before the country in a practical form what ought to be
done, and the best way of doing it.

The CHarrRMAN, on behalf of the Council, returned thanks
for the vote, and added that the Council were most anxious to
give all assistance to growers in all branches of horticulture.
As to whether the questions referred to were within the province
of the Society, it was a matter about which opinions might
differ. He was one of those persons who believed that the more
the cobbler kept to his last, the better he was likely to do his
work. The questions were important to the subject of fruit
erowing, but they wanted to give every assistance to persons who
devoted themselves to the cultivation of hardy fruit—that was
clearly within their province. One great advantage of the Con-
ference was that it showed that the collections were more
accurately named than was the case in either 1883 or 1885,
which proved that the people understood their business a good
deal better now than then.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR UONFERENCE. 17

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 17.

The chair was. taken at 1.30 p.m. by Dr. Hoae, F.L.S.,
F.R.H.S., who remarked that for some time past they had been
treated to the observations of the theorist and doctrinaire as to
what was the best way of developing fruit culture in this country,
but they had now come to the practical part of the subject,
from which he had no doubt great good would result. He would
now call on the reader of the first paper.

APPLES FOR PROFIT.
By Mr. Grorce Bunyarp, F.R.H.S., Maidstone.

The commercial growth of apples for market is frequently
entered upon in a wrong manner, because many start on the
enterprise without sound information. Beginners fight shy of
the growers of trees for sale under the unfair notion that they
would recommend those kinds of which they held a stock; they
then procure the ‘‘tip’’ from the salesmen in the various
markets, who, as far as they can (and in good faith), give them
the names of the kinds that sell well—fruits, so to speak, which
dispose of themselves by their names or appearance. Many of
the choicest apples produce but a small crop, or are so long in
coming to a state of profitable production, that planters get dis-
couraged ; others are recommended which are very slow growers,
or rarely make good orchard trecs, and thus land is not fully
utilised. As the markets are supplied from a large area the
salesmen have but a general idea of the suitability of sorts to a
district, and henze much valuable time is lost. In the short time
at my disposal I propose to give a few hints as to the formation
of a profitable Apple orchard, or plantation, where the return
shall be speedy, and yet in the future for a century shall yield
a good result. The first operation is the procuring of suitable
land. In a district where little fruit is grown an idea can be
gained from the growth of the few fruit trees in the cottage
gardens, and perhaps the orchards near gentlemen's seats. If
the apples show a kindly and clean growth, with an absence of
lichens and canker, and if elm trees flourish, it will so far be
favourable. Exposure to prevailing winds is to be avoided, -
either by shelter planting, or, better still, by taking advantage of
existing woods or hedges, and a slope to the south or west is to
be preferred ; but, in order to secure a permanent orchard, care
must be taken to get deeply cultivated, or rich deep soil, or a

B

18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

few years of fertility will only be the precursor of decay and
disappointment.

Having settled on suitable land, the tenant or purchaser next
proceeds to put the land in order for planting, either by steam
cultivation or by thorough digging or trenching—the latter,
though expensive at the start, is of permanent benefit. This
operation is best done before the frosts set in, that the land may
be purified and sweetened by exposure. The ground should then
be set out, and standard trees, on the crab or free stock, of the
following sorts, planied 24 ft. apart, requiring 75 to an acre.

APPLES FOR STANDARD ON WARM LoaAmy Solits.*

1. Dessert Apples; to pick and sell from the tree :

August. September.

Devonshire Quarrenden. Lady Sudeley.

Sugar-loaf Pippin. Yellow Ingestrie.
2. To store; October to Christmas:

King of the Pippins. Cox’s Orange.

Mabbot’s Pearmain. Blenheim Orange.
3. Kitchen Apples; to sell from the tree; August and September :
: Karly Julien. Counsellor.

Keswick Codlin. Grenadier (true).

Lord Suffield. Keklinville.

Duchess of Oldenburg.
4, To store ; October to December:

Warner’s King. Golden Noble.
Schoolmaster. Tower of Glamis.
Lord Derby. Waltham Abbey.

5. To keep from January to May:
Wellington. Lady Henniker.
Winter Queening. Bramley’s Seedling.
Norfolk Beaufin. Annie Elizabeth.

’ Tf the soil is cold, but rich, omit Lord Suffield and add
Lord Grosvenor, and omit Cox’s Orange and King of Pippins.
So far for the top crop, the space between being utilised by
placing three two or three year old dwarf trees between each
standard, others at six feet apart, which, less 75 for standards,
will be 1,185 per acre, until the plantation is filled up. These
dwarfs will produce the best fruit from trees on the Paradise or
surface rooting stock, and may consist of the following:

APPLES FoR BusH OR FREE PYRAMIDAL STYLE TO BE
GROWN ON PARADISE STOCKS.

6. Dessert kinds; to sell from the tree.

* The list of fruits given is more extended than is advisable, but it may only be possible
to obtain a part of the sorts given in the planters’ locality ; the fewer xinds used the better

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 19

Early :
Gladstone. Red Juneating.
September.
Colonel Vaughan. Duchess of Oldenburg.
Duchess’s Favourite. Yellow Ingestrie.

Worcester Pearmain.
7. To store for sale October to February :

Cox’s Orange. Gascoigne’s Scarlet.
Cox’s Pomona. Beauty of Kent.
Peasgood’s Nonesuch. Baumann’s Reinette.

Ifthe soil is cold, omit Cox’s Orange and Worcester Pearmain,
and if very rich and good warm land, add Adams’ and Hubbard’s
Pearmains, Ross, Nonpareil, and Gipsy King; while for very

late keeping Golden Knob, Sturmer, and the smaller fruit of
Dutch Mignonne are useful.

8. Kitchen Apples of large size to sell from the tree (on Dwarfs) :

Lord Grosvenor. The Queen.
Keklinville. Small’s Admirable.
Manks’ Codlin. Grenadier.

Golden Spire. Counsellor.

Pott’s Seedling. Stone’s.

Stirling Castle.
9. Fine Kitchen Apples to store (on Dwarfs) :

Lord Derby. Bismarck.
Murfitt’s Seedling. Winter Peach.
Lane’s Prince Albert. Dutch Mignonne.

In six years’ time the trees immediately beneath the standards
can be transferred to other land, and will, if removed with care
(in October or early in November), suffer little from lifting, and
in the second year will produce heavy crops. After the sixth
season the orchard should be left with a permanent crop of dwarf
apples, and standards at 12ft. apart. The dwarfs at some future
time could be cut away, and the standards, which would then be
established and strong, should be laid to grass, and thus fodder
for sheep and a top crop of apples could be secured annually.
Until the six-feet trees cover the land, potatoes may be grown
between the rows, or lily of the valley, or daffodils. But if land
is cheap, the space may remain without crop, and the roots will
benefit greatly from the run of all the land. Weeds must be .
kept down, and if standards only are planted no corn crop must
be taken, but in this case soft fruit may be placed between them.
The plantation should be dug in December or January each year,
and be knocked over with a prong hoe in March.

Oxen and horses should not be allowed in young orchards.
Shelter can be quickly obtained by planting Damsons or Bush
plums (the latter a Kent sort), with Crawford or Hessell Pears as
an inner line at 12 ft. apart, and this screen would pay its way.

B2

20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If desired, plums could be placed between the apple standards, or
gooseberries and currants, omitting the dwarf apples. If theland
is properly prepared the apples should need no manure for some
years, as the use of stimulants while the trees are young is
prejudicial by inducing a sappy unripened growth which lays the
tree open to damage by frost. When the trees are carrying a
heavy crop, mulching may be carried out in June, or liquid
manure can be used with advantage in the growing time. Such
a plantation as described would commence to bring a return from
the dwarfs in two years, and the fruit, with a little care in thinning,
would command a ready sale, because, when grown in this
manner, it is cleaner in appearance and much larger in size. In
three or four years the standards would commence to fruit, and
a much larger return would annually be made, and if properly
managed, at the end of fourteen years the crop would buy the
fee simple of the land outright.

In order to make the highest price, all fruits should be
‘‘ oraded,’’ as the Americans say, and be of an even sample
throughout; be properly named, and packed carefully, so that the
baskets open clean and bright at the market. In the case of
choice dessert kinds it would probably pay to pack them in light

card boxes, such as those introduced by Mr. Tallerman for -

cherries, &c., and manufactured by Messrs. Johnson. In fact,
we should take example from the French, and put our produce up
in an attractive form. The pruning of the apples in February or
March is of the simplest; no apples should be pruned the first
year of planting. For the first two years commence to form the
standard trees by taking out all the inner wood to obtain a bowl
shape, and cut back the young growth to four or six eyes, to a
bud pointing outward; the fourth or fifth year shorten the wood
of the current year to six or twelve inches, and keep the centres
clear, and after that time let them grow as they like, merely
shortening the tips to procure an evenly balanced head, and
taking out any crossing pieces of growth. The dwarfs can be cut
in to form pyramids or basins, as desired, for two years, and
after that be allowed to grow freely. Other matters, such as
securing the limbs in a heavy crop, and staking the standards,
will have to be attended to, and the stakes must be removed from
the standards in the winter as soon as the trees can do without
support, as the ties are apt to cut into the bark and produce canker.

For apple growing, land need not be contiguous to a railway
station, as they will travel well if carefully packed. Storing
enables a grower to realise a high price at a time when good apples
are scarce ; where proper stores, such as the hop oasts of Kent, do
not exist, a frost-proof shed will do, and if care is taken to store
all sound fruit, a thick covering of straw will effectually exclude
frost, and keep the fruit plump and heavy. If 1,100 trees bore
half a gallon each, at three years old the crop would be about 70

’
Ae

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 91

bushels per acre, which, at 4s. nett (carriage and salesman’s
charges deducted), would give a return of £14 per acre; at five
years one gallon each would double the produce, and so on.
When the top and bottom crop come to pick, an average of half
a bushel per tree would give a return of about £120 per acre.
The risk of loss by wind is small with dwarf trees, and the cost
of picking is less than in tall trees, and they can be readily thinned
and attended to.

A word as to old existing orchards. My motto is—Woodman,
spare that tree. If such old trees are well manured, in two years
they would be either producing good fruit, or, if cider apples, they
would so benefit from the improved culture that they should pay
for re-grafting with superior kinds. I believe much may be done
in this way, as the roots soon respond to generous treatment, and
the foundation of success rests upon them. Suitable kinds for
grafting on old trees would be—Stone’s, Lane’s Prince Albert,
Small’s Admirable, the new and splendid Bismarck, or the smaller
Dessert Apples, such as Duchess’s Favourite and Yellow Ingestrie.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Le Maitre asked whether he should prune back every
year, or let the tree grow in its own fashion ?

Mr. SurrtEy Hisserp asked whether Mr. Bunyard re-
commended The Queen as a market apple ?

Mr. Wricut questioned Mr. Bunyard’s dictum that no apple
should be pruned the first year. He had always held it to be
most important to preserve the balance of roots and branches.
_ If, therefore, you dig up a tree you spoil this balance for a time,
and very frequently, if the tree be not pruned, it will develop
flower buds on the points of the shoots, and if these are left to
bear fruit the tree will often be ruined for life. He, therefore,
thought it best to prune after planting. If you dig up a rose and
replant without pruning you get certainly no good growth, and
perhaps a few miserable flowers. Therefore he asked whether,
instead of letting it go forth as a dogma never to prune the first
year, it would not be better to say ‘‘ Prune lightly, and always
back to a wood bud pointing outwards.”’

Mr. Bunyarp said he had every faith in The Queen be-
coming a very marketable apple. It had one objection—that of
being flat—and he knew market people had a preference for
conical apples. It was, however, extremely beautiful and fertile,
which placed it in the first rank. As to pruning pyramids, the
remarks which applied to standard trees after the second and
third year were also intended to apply to dwarf trees. It would
be necessary to preserve the dwarf trees by pruning, and it must
be left to the judgment of the grower and the state of his soil as
to whether he pruned in four or five years or not. In Kent it

29, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

was the custom to prune very hard indeed, and he thought it
was carried too far. He was of opinion that they might allow
Nature to have her own way more. A tree placed in the hands
of a thoroughly competent man might no doubt sometimes be
advantageously pruned the first year, but in a paper like this
one must speak generally, and he had often seen whole orchards
ruined by inconsiderate pruning. As a general rule no apples
should be touched with the knife the first year. Plums may be
pruned, but not apples and pears. Root pruning is a very
different matter, and he would always, when he had dug up a
tree, prune its roots but not its top.

Mr. RovpEtt suggested that the moving of trees occasionally
throws them into bearing, and so obviates the need of pruning.

Mr. Bunyarp replied that removing was practically the same
as root pruning, because you get a full view of all roots, and no
one would ever dream of replanting without a careful look over
the roots and shortening the strong ones.

Mr. Surrtey Hisperp: [I object in toto to removal being the
equivalent of root pruning. Lifting with care may bring trees
into bearing, but root pruning as it is generally practised is a
most cruel and barbarous proceeding.

Mr. Pearson: I venture to take exception to Counsellor,
sometimes called New Northern Greening, and sometimes York-
shire Beauty, as a good market sort, as it is not, in my county at
least, to be depended on for a good crop. It often looks well, and
you think you are going to have a fine crop, but when you come
to gather it, you find that the under branches have died, and
the yield is thin. I should lke to add Improved Northern
Greening as being one of the most profitable apples we have for
Nottinghamshire. In grafting on old worthless apple trees it is very
important to use grafts of very free-growing sorts, e.g., Duchess
of Oldenburg, otherwise the experiment will prove a failure,
Old pears will stand regrafting well, but apples are somewhat
impatient of the process. I thoroughly agree as to the import-
ance of stormg. Many growers lose quite half their profit by not
storing. We find late apples will keep very well in any old
rooms, and even if they should get frozen, they recover if only
they be left alone till a thaw comes.

Mr. J. Woop: I should lke to support Counsellor as a
thoroughly good market apple. I grow seven acres of it in Kent,
and do not know anything better; I would plant seven more if I
had the land. —

Mr. Bunyarp: I used not to believe so highly in Counsellor,
but I soon found there was a large market demand for it; the
planters would have it, and I fancy that is a pretty good proof
of an apple’s market value. Improved Northern Greening is an
apple I entirely believe in as having a great future, but I felt
bound in my paper only to speak from my own experience, and

.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 23

as yet I have not known Improved Northern Greening long
enough to warrant my giving it a character. Stone’s is, in my

~ opinion, a very reliable apple, and very valuable. I have known

it fetch 6s. to 8s. a bushel.

FRUIT CULTURE FOR PROFIT IN THE OPEN AIR IN
ENGLAND.

By Mr. Wruu1am Pavt, F.L.S., F.R.H.S., Waltham Cross.

I think I may safely assume that a much larger quantity of
English fruit would meet with a ready sale if put before the public
in a tempting state. I think I may also assume that there are
thousands of acres of land in Great Britain at present, bringing
little or no profit to owners or occupiers, which, if planted with
fruit trees, migh$ be made to return a good profit to both. Not
that I think large fortunes are to be made by the venture, but
a fair remuneration for the outlay of capital and the application
of industry and skill.

To give these opinions a practical application, I propose to
say a few words on the subject under the following heads :—

1. Climate. 3. Holdings. —
2. Soils. 4. Sorts.

1. Cuimate.—A mild, equable climate, free from sudden
changes of temperature, and storms of wind or rain, should be
preferred. Ido not believe in planting apples, pears, cherries,
and plums in the bottom of valleys. This is often done on
account of the quality of the soil. But it is of little benefit
to the grower to realise a good growth and abundant flowering
if his crop is destroyed in the flowering state by the spring frosts.
During the last few years there has been a wonderful show of blos-
som on the fruit trees in the Valley of the Lea, but little fruit
has followed owing to the destruction of the embryo by the
severity of the spring frosts in this low situation. This is the
one point in climate that would seem to render it unsuitable for
culture for profit, as it can be but partially amended by shelter
or any other means.

It seems to me that many important points desirable to secure
success, which are well known to those who are thoroughly
versed in these matters, have not yet taken hold of the general
mind, and they cannot be too often repeated till they do this.
Only a few years ago I was surprised to meet with an orchard
newly planted in the bottom of a moist valley, the climate of
which in spring was trying in the extreme for early buds and
blossoms. The sorts, too, were indifferently chosen. Neverthe-

24. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

less the planter persevered with their culture, until he found that
for three or four years in succession he got plenty of blossom but
little or no fruit. He has recently destroyed them and cropped
the ground with vegetables. But what a waste of time and
money, and what a source of vexation and disappointment !

I believe in planting on slopes or uplands, where the spring
frosts are less destructive, with distant shelter to be provided, if
not already existing. If cheap quick-growing trees are planted
for shelter within a few yards of the boundaries of the planta-
tions, at the time young fruit trees are planted, the former will
afford the necessary shelter by the time the fruit trees come into
bearing. I would emphasise to the utmost of my power the
necessity of a favourable climate and shelter.

On a farm of 200 acres there may be a difference of climate

that would render fruit culture profitable or unprofitable, ac-
cording to the position in which the trees are planted. In the
Valley of the Lea I find that in some years the crop is mainly
or wholly on the bottom, and in others on the top of the trees.
This I attribute to the frost beimg more severe in the one case
near the ground, and in the other at a greater elevation during
the period of flowering.
2. Sorns.—A light or medium loam of good depth and well
drained is generally accepted as the most favourable for the pro-
duction of an abundance of good fruit. It matters not if it be
poor, provided manure can be obtained at an easy distance or at
a cheap rate. A bad soil in a good climate often yields the
grower more profitable results than a good soil in a bad climate.
If the ground be wet, thorough and deep drainage is an essential
condition of land to be employed in fruit culture, for it improves
the climate as well as the soil. Chalk or gravel would seem to
be a better subsoil than clay, as the latter, especially if wet,
favours the development of canker.

As to the soils for the different fruits I would prefer for apples
«2 medium loam; for plums, pears, and cherries a light warm
loam. For strawberries, a light rich loam, cool and moist, with
ready access to water. For raspberries, a deep, light loam, also
cool and moist. For gooseberries and currants, a deep, strong
loam. But I would not convey the impression that these soils
are necessary; in well-drained soils cultivation may be safely
extended even to strong or clayey loams.

Of course, the working of the soil is, or should be, much more
costly than in ordinary farm operations, and the cultivation of
the trees by pruning and keeping free from insects is also an
item of cost in labour which must not be lost sight of. In
estimates of profits lately put forward, it appears to me that
these facts in connection with the cultivation of trees and soil
have not been sufficiently allowed for. The practice of ‘‘ sticking
in” a few trees, by which is often meant merely digging a hole
large enough and deep enough to admit and cover the roots, in

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 95

the way one would stick in a post, cannot be too loudly con-
demned. However good the soil, however careful the after
culture, no satisfactory results can follow. The soil should be
well prepared, and the trees carefully planted and cultivated
according to the recognised methods of intelligent and ex-
perienced horticulturists.

3. Hoxpines.—It is often said one should not plant fruit
trees for profit except on his own land. But this would un-
necessarily limit the number of growers. A long lease, however,
is indispensable. According to the calculations I have made,
but with which I need not trouble you, thirty years is the
shortest lease I should advise anyone to plant under. If the
lease be for a shorter period, I think the tenant should expect
from the landlord either a renewal at the same rent as before, or
that his trees be taken at a valuation, or some equitable arrange-
ment made for compensation if the lease is not renewed.

It may be thought by some that this is asking too much from
the owner of the soil, but I do not think it is more than it is his
interest to give. By such concession he may secure a good
tenant and a good rent, and there is ample security for his rent
in the value of the trees on the soil. Iwill read a brief extract
from a recent number of the Sussex Advertiser in reference to
land tenure in Kent, and without offering any opinion on the
course taken by the tenant, as I know nothing of the case
beyond what is here stated, I think you will all agree with me
that such a state of things is to be deplored :—

‘* LAND TENURE IN KEntT.—One of the results of the unsatis-
factory system of land tenure now prevailing in this country is to
be seen at Knockholt, Kent. The lease held by Mr. Edwin
Bath, of Curry Farm, in that parish, expires at Michaelmas, and
he is not allowed to renew his tenancy, nor can he recover com-
pensation from his landlord for a valuable plantation of thirty
acres of raspberries on the farm. Consequently the extra-
ordinary spectacle may now be seen of a reaping machine cutting
down and a steam plough following it rooting up this plantation,
which has cost a very large expenditure of time and money to
produce. When it is considered that the produce of the planta-
tion in question realised in the present year upwards of £1,690,
and that the plantation was vigorous and in full bearing, some
idea may be formed of the sacrifice of property involved.”’

Further: It has often struck me that the manner in which
the charges on land are levied is not equitable, and is calculated
to discourage rather than encourage the planting of fruit trees for |
profit. A few words will, I think, make this plain. A man
plants fruit trees not looking for any quantity of fruit for four
years. During that period he receives nothing, or next to nothing,
in the shape of produce, although rent charges on land and
expenses of cultivation are going on and have to be met. Then
when his crop brings him a larger return than ordinary farm

26 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

produce would bring, the charges on the land are raised! Now
it would seem only fair, if the charges on land are calculated
according to the value of the annual crop, the planter of fruit
trees should pay nothing the first four years.

4. Sorts.—Of large fruits grown for profit apples would
seem to stand first, plums next, then pears, then cherries. Of
small fruits, strawberries, raspberries, currants, and gooseberries
are the most important ; filberts may also be planted to give a
profitable crop in odd sheltered spots where other fruits would
not grow well. But these different fruits do not all require pre-
cisely the same climate and soil. The apple is perhaps the least
particular in these respects, some varieties of which will thrive
and produce large crops of good fruit in almost any well-drained
soil when grafted or budded on the crab or apple stock; the
Paradise stock I have found next to useless under field culture on
the clayey soils of Sussex. There are twenty-four sorts of apples
which I should plant in preference to others in my own county
(Hertfordshire), having an eye to the disposal of the crop as
well as to its production. They are: Blenheim Orange, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Cox’s Pomona, Devonshire Quarrenden, Ecklin-
ville, Duchess of Oldenburg, Irish Peach, Keswick, King of
the Pippins, Lord Suffield, Small’s Admirable, Stirling Castle,
Sturmer Pippm, Warner’s King, Wellington, Hawthornden,
Cellini, Beauty of Kent, Dutch Mignonne, Northern Greening,
Early Julien, Golden Spire, Worcester Pearmain, and Pott’s
Seedling.

I can speak favourably of the Ecklinyille from experiments
made both in Herts and Sussex. I planted in Sussex four years
ago two hundred Ecklinville apples that had been cut back as
maidens to 25 ft. The soil (a quarter of an acre) was good, and
had been subsoiled 18 in. deep a few years previously. They
grew well. The third year they produced five bushels, the fourth
year seventeen bushels, which sold on the ground at 5s. a bushel.
They were planted about 6 ft. by 6ft., but strong growers
might be planted 9 ft. by 9 ft., and small fruits or vegetables
might be grown between the trees for a few years. I estimate
the expenses of planting and cultivating these two hundred
Ecklnville apple trees on a quarter of an acre of ground in
1884 as follows :—

Cost of trees, 200 at 50s. per 100 .................200e £5 0 0
Planting and tiggimg (023. 6 AUR, SARs 015 0
Four years’ cultivation, at 15s. per year ............ 3 0 0
Rent, rates, &c., at 10s. per year ........ececesveeeees 20.0
#10 15 0
Returns in 1888:
Twenty-two Bushels of Apples sold on the ground,
at 6s. per-bushel ! #363. sh AA £510 0

t
or
nr
o

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 27

Next year I expect to get the outlay back, and look to the future
for profits.

In exposed situations pyramid or bush trees are preferable
to standards, because the fruit is not so liable to be blown down,
and in large orchards, if the trees have stems 24 to 3 ft. high,
sheep could run under them to feed, and thus help the returns.

Puums.—The Early Prolific, Early Orleans, The Czar,
Belgian, Orleans, Diamond, Belle de Septembre, Pond’s Seed-
ling, Prince Englebert, and the Victoria are good ones. Purple
and Pershore damsons also, of which the Farleigh is well to the
front, are usually a profitable crop.

PEARS want a better climate and a warmer, richer, and
deeper soil than apples, and are not usually so profitable a crop
as apples. They do well as a rule on a subsoil of chalk. Of
pears, Aston Town, Eyewood, Hessle, Williams’ Bon Chrétien,
Beurré de Capiaumont, Beurré d’Amanlis, Mons. le Curé, or Vicar
of Winkfield, Doyenné d’Eté, Madame Treyve, and Marie Louise
d’Uccle, are the most profitable sorts to grow in Hertfordshire ;
Louise Bonne of Jersey, where it will grow, and Marie Louise,
where it will bear freely, are also good varieties.

CHERRIES like a lighter and deeper soil than apples. The
May Duke, Bigarreau, Napoleon, White Heart, Governor Wood,
Frogmore Early Bigarreau, and Kentish are good sorts.

STRAWBERRIES.—Vicomtesse Héricart de Thury, Sir J.
Paxton, Elton Pine, President, Sir Charles Napier, Oscar,
Premier, Dr. Hogg, James Veitch, Loxford Hall Seedling.

RASPBERRIES.—Carter’s Prolific, Fastolf, Fillbasket, Red
Antwerp.

CurRRANTS.—Black Naples, Red Dutch, White Dutch, Raby
Castle, La Versaillaise, Cherry, Lee’s Prolific Black.

GoosEBERRIES.— Whitesmith, Warrington; Companion, Lion’s
Provider, Roaring Lion, Broomgirl, Dublin, Crown Bob, Lanca-
shire Lad.

In selecting sorts of fruits it should not be lost sight of that
some sorts flower later than others, and the blossoms of some
sorts are more frost-proof than others, and thus the crop is often
saved by late-flowering or frost-resisting blossoms. If I were
about to plant fruit trees for profit, I should look closely to these
matters in the selection of sorts. I would also examine all the
fruit trees, and-talk to all the practical gardeners in the neigh- .
bourhood whom I could persuade to listen to me, to ascertain
which sorts produced the best and most certain crops in the
district.

In conclusion, let me say that the grower’s work is only partly
done when he gathers his crops. He has to sell them as a

28 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

matter of profit. Like other men of business, he must be suffi-
ciently intelligent, industrious, and energetic to find the best
market for them, and to pack them properly, if packing is needed,
or he misses the reward of his skill and labour. A crop may
often be disposed of to advantage in the neighbourhood where
erown, and when this is the case the cost of packing, carriage,
and commission is saved.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Tonks asked why Jefferson was omitted from the list of
plums ?

Mr. W. Pauw: It is excellent for gardens, but not a suffi-
ciently sure bearer for planting for profit.

Mr. Pearson: Was it legal to destroy the raspberries as
described ?

Mr. Woop: A market gardener is under precisely the same
law as a nurseryman, who may destroy all the ground crops like
raspberries and strawberries, but may not destroy apples and
pears unless he replants.

Mr. A. Drawn considered gooseberries very valuable as a
‘bottom crop, because they could be used green as well as ripe,
and were in that way superior to other ground crops, giving
the grower a much longer time during which to put them on
the market. Trees should not be looked to to return a profit under
four or five years, during which time an income might be derived
by planting under them violets, wallflowers, &c.

Mr. SurrtEy Hrpserp, speaking on the subject of frost,
said its effects were different according the strata of the
atmosphere. At 10 ft. above the surfa st was usually less
intense than immediately in contact with the surface. There
was more risk up to 10 ft. than above it.

Mr. Pauu said that was not so always, as sometimes they
had a better crop of fruit at the bottom of trees than at the
top. But as a rule the frost was more severe close to the
ground, especially in spring and autumn, than it was at certain
heights ; but he did not think it was universally so.

Mr. Rovupsrtt said that a cutting wind at the top was worse
than a frost at the bottom. A Duchess of Oldenburg apple was in
full bloom in 10° of frost, and remained uninjured, while taller
trees were very much more affected, because of the wind blowing
a gale.

Mr. Le* Marrre asked why British Queen was omitted
from the list of strawberries ?

Mr. Pauw replied that he had a high opinion of British
Queen, but he should not plant it for market. He preferred Dr.
Hogg, which was not only a better cropper, but commanded a
better price also.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 29

Mr. Tonks could quite understand why it was left out. He
grew a large number of strawberries, but he could not get
the British Queen to fruit at all on his ground.

Mr. T. Bunyarp spoke as to the effect of climate on fruit
trees. Everything had been considered but dew. He had
noticed on fruit trees, that while the lower branches had been
saturated with dew the upper branches were quite dry. He
thought frost would have a more injurious effect on dew-saturated
blossoms than on the dry ones. The water got in and ruptured
the germ, and there was an end of the fruit.

Mr. GrorGE Bunyarp remarked that no one could help being
struck with the different effects of frost on different varieties
of fruit. If you look on an orchard in blossom you will notice
that some trees hold the flowers much more upright than
others, and in some the blooms quite hang down, e.g., Jargonelle
Pear; and this might be a point worth noticing with regard
to the varying effects of frost. He would also recommend planters
to have an eye to the habit of different varieties. The Czar
Plum, for instance, he considered better than the Prolific, if
there was to be an under crop between, for the Czar grows
‘erect like a Lombardy Poplar, whereas in a very few years
Prolific would come down on to the undergrowth.

Mr. PEARSON said that after fruit trees were once planted, if
anything went wrong it was always the nurseryman who was
blamed and never the planter ; whereas if you examined into the
matter you would find nine times out of ten that the trees had
been thoroughly good trees to start with, but that they had
been either simply stuck into a hole or planted too deep.
As a general rule he thought trees were planted nearly always
three times too deep. He could not consider anything more
unjust to the fruit tree than to have its roots buried so deeply
that they could not get sun or air. He was against deep
planting, and he would even suggest that on heavy strong Jand
planting should be done on a mound, and the more they prepared
the land the better would be the result. Replying to a question
as to how deep he would plant, he said there was always a mark
round the tree as it grew in the nursery, and if they planted to
the same point again they could not go wrong.

Mr. SHirLtEY Hizserp said he should like to point out a
source of danger in private gardens where ‘sticking in’’ was
done. Wherever a tree had been for any considerable length of
time it was a dangerous matter to plant another in the same spot,
for nine times out of ten there would be in the soil a number of
the old roots, which would breed a mass of fungus.

Mr. Dean said his rule was to plant plums where apples
had been, as while plums took one constituent out of the soil,
apples took another.

80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DESSERT PEARS.

Toe Fewest NEecEssary To Suppty Ries Fruit rrom
Auaust To Marca.

By Mr. W. Wicpsmira, F.R.H.S., Heckfield, Hants.

The subject of this paper was suggested to my mind by the
controversy about a reduction of the number of the varieties
of pears that took place in one of the horticultural journals
a few months since. The general tone of that discussion went
to show that there was a unanimous feeling in favour of reducing
the number of varieties, but to what extent, opinions differed
oreatly, twelve being suggested by more than one writer as the
maximum number of varieties—a proposition that in some re-
spects I had a good deal of sympathy with, but the number twelve
ended, so far as I was concerned, simply because I knew from
years of experience that no twelve kinds that could be named by
the greatest expert in pear lore would suffice to give an.
unbroken succession of ripe fruit throughout the pear season—
_ say from the beginning of August to the middle of March. That
twelve kinds might be selected that would extend over the pear
season is quite another matter. I have long had the honour to
serve an employer whose favourite fruit is the pear, and, conse-
quently, have had to give special attention to it ; and if one point
more than another has had to be studied, it is that of quality, a
solitary flavourless fruit of an otherwise good variety has not
unseldom been the cause of the condemnation of the variety
generally. I name this to show that my experience has been
gained at some cost of labour and anxiety; and at the risk of
being considered egotistical I think this entitles me to speak
with some degree of confidence about this matter of limitation of
sorts. Every fruit grower knows how precarious and how
variable the pear is in different soils, aspects, and positions, and
no twelve kinds, however good they may be in one garden or
district, will be equally so in another, even but a mile or two
away, nor even in the same garden can they be relied on to be
of the same excellence any two consecutive years; and it is this
precariousness that I think renders it necessary to grow a good
number of varieties. For the purpose of this paper I have
closely examined the pear notes in my diary for several years, in
which are noted the dates of gathering and ripening, and the dura-
tion, z.e., the time they continued fit for table, and from these
notes I have compiled a list of twelve that, supposing I was
compelled to grow only that number, would be likely to give me
the most regular (not constant) succession of fruit. They are

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 81

placed in the order in which they ripened here: Williams’ Bon
Chrétien, Fondante d’Automne, Beurré Superfin, Marie Louise,
Thompson’s, Doyenné du Comice, Glou Morceau, Winter Nelis,
Josephine de Malines, Huyshe’s Victoria, Easter Beurré, and
Bergamotte d’Esperen.

These twelve kinds constitute the cream of all the varieties
(nearly one hundred) that are grown here, and out of the twelve
there are but two that are at all liable to prove of doubtful
quality, and this from a cause over which we have no control,
namely, a sunless season. The two kinds in question are Easter
Beurré and Bergamotte d’Espéren, both of them late varieties, and
requiring a longer season of sunshine than the others. I may,
however, add that I have occasionally in a sunless season had
recourse to means that have tended to make both of the kinds
palatable, namely, by wrapping the fruit separately in tissue
paper, and placing them in shallow baskets in a dry, warm
room for ten days or a fortnight before the fruit were required
for use. And now with respect to the question of the number of
varieties ‘‘ necessary to ensure a continuous supply of ripe fruit.”
I have, after considerable deliberation, founded on the practical
experience of many years, come to the conclusion that it is next
to impossible to accomplish the feat with a less number than
twenty-five varieties. To some this number may appear
excessive, and to such I ought to explain that my experience is
given from the standpoint of a private gentleman’s gardener—
say of a large garden—and from which liberal supplies of pears
are demanded all the season through, and therefore it is necessary
to have, as it were, two strings to one’s bow; as, for instance, if
Williams’ Bon Chrétien Pear run short, I ought to have Beurré
de l’Assomption to supply the lack; or if Marie Louise be searce,
I must eke out with Beurré Bosc; and so on, to the end of the
chapter.

I regret that I have not practically tested with how few it is
possible to keep up a constant supply, but I am sure I should
fail if I undertook the task with a less number than twenty-five,
and the following are their names, and placed in order of ripen-
ing :—Souvenir du Congrés, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Beurré
d’Amanlis, Fondante d’Automne, Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Madame Treyve, Beurré Hardy, Beurré Superfin, Seckle, Marie
Louise, Doyenné du Comice, Thompson’s, Duchesse d’Angouléme,
Glou Morceau, Winter Nelis, Comte de Lamy, Beurré Bachelier,
Josephine de Malines, Winter Crassane, Huyshe’s Victoria,
Olivier de Serres, Haster Beurré, Ne Plus Meuris, Knight’s
Monarch, and Bergamotte d’Ksperen. All these are generally ~
well-known varieties in most parts of Britain—proof sufficient, I
think, of their excellence ; and I can vouch for their reliability
for this district in respect of constant and free bearing, and their
high quality.

82, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The least meritorious in the list are:—Madame Treyve
(quickly over), Duchesse d’Angouléme (gritty), Beurré Bachelier
(mealy), and Ne Plus Meuris (gritty), yet I know no other four
kinds that can—all points considered—replace them. Lest any
one should conclude from what I have said as to the number of
kinds to ensure a regular succession of useful fruit, that that is all
that is required to make certain of the supplies, I will undeceive
them at once by saying, No. There is no fruit that gives better
returns for labour expended, and none that more quickly resents
the ‘let alone’’ policy that one is occasionally compelled to
behold. As regards the former, nearly all our trees are grafted
on the quince, from which stock it is no exaggeration to say
that we get at least double the fruit that we do from trees on
the pear stock, and high feeding is therefore a matter of
necessity ; but the labour of applying these manurial mulchings
we place as a set-off against that of the time expended in root
pruning that nearly all trees on the pear stock require about
every alternate year, and the fruit is neither so numerous nor so
well coloured, and not superior in quality. No, if good crops of
fruit are expected annually, water and mulch, mulch and water,
must be the order of the day all through the fruit-swelling
_ season. They who by reason of restricted space can only grow
a few varieties, and whose demands for fruit are, as a matter of
course, proportionately restricted, may do something towards
lengthening out the supply of ripe fruit by gathering the same
variety of pear at varying intervals of from a week to ten days.
The fruit of most varieties—more especially the earlier kinds—
will then ripen at similar intervals, and thus the season of ripe
fruit may be considerably extended. To those who have unlimited
room, and can therefore grow the required number of varieties
to ensure supplies, this piece-meal gathering is not of so much
consequence, nevertheless I strongly advise its being done with
any varieties that ripen rapidly, such as Citron des Carmes,
Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, and Fondante d’Automne.

ON PRUNING.
By Mr. Surrtey Hisperp, F.R.H.S.

It is commonly asserted in books, and forms part of the
faith of mankind, that pruning tends to augment the vigour of
trees, and as a consequence much of the pruning that is done
has in view to promote the end predicated for it. There can no
longer be entertained by observant men a doubt of the fact that
pruning, so far from augmenting, actually diminishes the vigour
of the subjects operated on, and the one sole reason that the

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 83

fact is not strikingly illustrated in the outdoor world is that
Nature is generous, and accomplishes much in compensation for
the injuries that are inflicted by the pruning knife. And because
Nature is generous and compensative, a certain amount of prun-
ing may be done without harm, and, as regards the objects we
have in view in pruning fruit trees, with positive benefit. But
so long as we keep in mind that pruning in the abstract is objec-
tionable, we shall be careful to prune in a way to ensure a
maximum of the advantage for ourselves, with a minimum of
disadvantage to the trees.

Keeping this in mind, we may at once compare the several
forms of trees with a view to arrive at conclusions as to their
relative values. For the present we will compare standards,
pyramids, and bushes. We must deal with them generally,
and make broad comparisons, for particular cases would require
particular consideration, that would be scarcely possible in con-
nection with this Conference.

We will begin with standard orchard trees that bear abun-
dantly, as many orchard trees do. It will be observed that
pruning neither augments the vigour of these trees nor does it
promote their fruitfulness, for as, generally speaking, they are
not pruned at all, they teach a bold lesson of the non-necessity
of pruning. Now we will turn to the perfect pyramids, say of
apples and pears, formed to an ideal model by long years of
pruning and pinching. As pyramids they are perfect, being of
even contour, dense with foliage, with scarcely room anywhere
to allow one to thrust a hand in, and they are healthy and bright
from the ground line to the summit. It has to be remarked of
these compact, leafy trees that they produce so little fruit as but
rarely to pay a fair return for the land they occupy. They do,
indeed, occasionally present their owner with a crop, and often
he is satisfied. Butifwe are to take measures for increasing
the production of fruit we shall rather avoid than accept trees of
this form, or, if we must have them, we shall, having fruit in
view, rather promote an open growth with room to thrust one’s
head in at many places, this form of tree being favourable to
fruit production. We have in our collections many kinds of
apples and pears that will not, no matter what we do to them,
conform to our ideal of the perfect pyramid. It is usual, there-
fore, to suffer these to grow as open loose bushes, and the
difference between them and the pinched pyramids is seen not
only in the form and furnishing, but in their superior fruit-
fulness.

Pursuing the comparison, it will be observed that pruning
tends to promote secondary growth which is often immature
when the season closes. This growth, therefore, has been
obtained by a false system, and its uselessness is a proper com-
mentary on the violence done to nature. The perfect pyramid

C

34 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is for ever loaded with immature wood that earns nothing, and
the density of the foliage so completely excludes the light and
air from the wood that fruit spurs are few and commonly unpro-
ductive. The free bushes that are not pruned at all, or but
moderately pruned, are, as a rule, vastly more fruitful than the
pyramids, and the free standards are more fruitful than either.
Thus, as a matter of fact, the order of fruitfulness is in an
inverse ratio to the order of the pruning, and we may conclude
that the pruning knife is a deadly enemy to apples and pears.

The natural growth of a fruit tree is definite and orderly, but
much of our practice appears to proceed on the hypothesis that it
is a matter of accident. There is sent forth a certain number of
long rods. If these are cut back, secondary rods appear, and by
stopping these we obtain a lot of soft spray, and so on for ever.
But the long rods left to themselves throw out a few side
branches and form fruit spurs the greater part of their length.
In due time the fruit appears. Often, where the soil and climate
favour the business, and the varieties are naturally free-bearing,
the fruit may be seen to hang like ropes of onions, while at the
same time pruned trees of the self-same sorts are thinly dotted
with fruit, so that we can actually count them, which in the
other case is impossible. The unpruned standards and bushes
are free to follow the course of nature, and-we see them fruiting
abundantly and frequently, while the pruned trees fruit scantily
and seldom. ‘The obvious lesson is that long rods admitting
light and air freely are more serviceable than rods systematically
cut back, and thereby compelled to become densely furnished,
forming compact trees impervious to light and air, as compared
with the free trees, that delight to display their fruits in the
fullest exposure. The leading shoots, therefore, should never be
shortened except for some special reason.

In the year 1876 I had the honour of reading before the
Society of Arts a paper on ‘Fallacies in Fruit Culture.’’ One
of my objects was to demonstrate that systematic pruning and
pinching of open ground fruit trees deferred and limited the pro-
duction of fruit, although these operations were intended to
hasten and augment fruit production. AndI placed before the
meeting for inspection and criticism a number of trees that I had
in the first instance selected for their ugliness, but which, having
for some years occupied a good soil in a suitable situation, had
acquired symmetry, and proportion, and fruitfulness without aid
from the pruning knife, one great point in the matter being
that every annual growth had been allowed to acquire maturity,
no secondary growth being promoted by summer pinching, and
no superabundance of furniture resulting from winter pruning.
Some of you will remember that in doing this I exposed myself
to what I may now recall as a shower of hot shot ; but I live still,
and repeat the story, and if another dose of hot shot is ready for

| * «=

SS.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 85

me I will not flinch so much as to move my eyelids, so sure am
Ithat common sense will at last prevail, and that it will be
agreed all round that Nature has something to do with the pro-
duction of fruit.

I have the consolation, however, of knowing that common
sense has prevailed. The horticultural papers altered their tone
on the subject of pruning from that date; practical gardeners
who lead by intelligence and example saw and acknowledged I was
right, and to their advantage they have used the knife less freely
than formerly. Moreover, since the year 1876 we have had a suc-
cession of Apple and Pear Conferences, and their collective lesson
appears to be Magna est veritas et prevalebit, for have we not
entered on a new career in fruit culture, common sense guiding
the way, because only where common sense prevails does Nature
prove herself in every sense the friend of man. While we re-
pudiate reason, Nature destroys our false work, and does not even
stop there, for she destroys man himself, and history is in great
part the record of the price that man has paid for adherence to
unreason, superstition, and folly.

Amongst the many persons who have carried out my proposals,
I will name Mr. James Hudson, the gardener at Gunnersbury
House, who is known to you, and whose work is near at hand.
He had long lamented the unfruitfulness of a collection of good
varieties of dessert pears, but he saw no way to improve them
but to continue the practice of pruning. He saw my sample
trees in 1876, and from that time he allowed the trees to manage
their own affairs, since which they have been constantly and

‘abundantly fruitful. Mr. J. James, then gardener ‘at Redlees,

took a similar course, and secured equally happy results. In
this garden of the Royal Horticultural Society you may see
collections of pyramid pears that have been systematically
‘summer pruned for any number of years, and have borne
moderate crops intermittently. But you may also see a collection
of apple trees in the form of free bushes that have only been
lightly winter-pruned to keep them somewhat in order, and they
have been constantly and abundantly fruitful, and, in fact, have
‘every year for several years past illustrated my idea of fruits dis-
played like ropes of onions. In the famous garden at Calcot,
near Reading, where the late Mr. Richard Webb had every year
finer crops of fruit than probably could be found in any garden
of similar extent in all the home counties, there was absolutely no
pruning practised.; the trees never made more than a moderate
growth, though in land of great strength, and the fruit was of
such quality that Mr. Webb took a high place in great exhibi-
tions as well as in Covent Garden Market. When lately at
Heckfield, Mr. Wildsmith pointed out some pear trees under
“‘reverse’’ training that proved more than ordinarily fruitful. This
reverse training does not pay when it is carried out in a severe
c2

86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

manner by the aid of the knife and a multiplicity of ligatures,
for that system is a mere warfare against nature which can
never pay. It is in this case practised in a coaxing kind of way;
the trees know but little of the knife, and the long rods are
brought down gently, as I suggested years ago in what I termed
‘pulley pruning.’’ Many fruitful trees acquire a half-weeping
habit from the mere effect of the weight of the fruit, which brings
down the branches. There is no merit in observing this, but
there is merit in taking from the fact a lesson in cultivation.
The reverse position of the branch checks growth, exposes the
wood and the fruit most completely to the sun and the air, and
we may say the mere fact of fruitfulness is promotive of fruitful-
ness, the half-weeping habit that the law of gravitation enforces
on the tree exactly suits its constitution as a fruit-producer.
Very much of the prevailing practice in pruning promotes rigidity
of growth, and compels the tree to be a mere leaf-producer.

Now to conclude. Observation and experience have taught me
that summer pruning is too promotive of useless secondary growth
to beadvantageous ; and it tends also to keep the roots in action
until late in the year, when they ought to be at rest. The effort of
the tree to ripen useless wood is detrimental to its more profitable
duties. Prune immediately after the fruit is gathered, first cut-
ting out all dead wood, then cutting out cross and ill-placed
shoots that would interfere with the free play of light and air,

and then conceal the pruning knife lest anyone should venture ©

to cut back the long rods, and so renew the old warfare between
useless wood and useful fruit.

Pyramid trees of many sorts of pears will acquire beauty of
contour, and become regularly furnished, and will produce abun-
dance of fruit without any pruning whatever, as I have shown
by my trees that for fifteen years continuously were never touched
with the knife. The lower branches of pyramid trees never bear
fruit, probably from proximity to the ground and its exhalations,
as well as from the low temperature that often prevails at that
level. When left to form themselves, or aided in quite an infini-
tesimal degree, they remain open to light and air, and soon
become well clothed with spurs that ripen perfectly and do their
duty. The dense, leafy pyramids are useless in proportion to
their leafiness, and very often it may be said that the free bushes
and standards are useful in proportion to their leanness, and it
must be owned that many of the lean trees are amongst the most
profitable. Long rods pay, short rods are more plague than

rofit.
3 A most instructive contrast between the useless pyramids and
the profitable standards has occurred in the garden planted many
years since by my friend Mr. J. B. Saunders, then of The
Laurels, Taunton, now of Teignmouth. Mr. Saunders was proud
of his pinched pyramid trees, and managed them with orthodox

,
;

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 37

care. They were but moderately fruitful, though models of
form, and as handsome in leafage as camellias. In the course of
time, my friend having left Taunton, a portion of his beautiful
garden, of which many of the pyramid trees were occupants,
came into the possession of Mr. Godding, nurseryman, of that
town. This gentleman soon discovered that the pyramids would
neyer pay rent for the land they covered, and he determined that
they should pay liberally, and cover no land at all. He cut them
back to sheer stems, of seven to ten feet or so, according to their
form and stature, and allowed them to form free heads over the
gravel walks. They have done this; he crops the borders under
them to their very stems, and they arch over the walks, forming
rustic bowers, and their fruitfulness is such that it is necessary
to provide artificial support to save them from self-destruction.
You have never seen pinched pyramids in the deplorable con-
dition of needing artificial support.

Of wall and cordon trees I do not propose to say anything at
this time, except that they must be amenable to common sense,
and nature must have some freedom even where the trees are so
fettered. Of one thing I am satisfied, that any system of pruning
that promotes a late summer growth is pernicious, for it is not
possible in this climate that fruit trees can make and mature
useful wood after the passing of Midsummer day.

DISCUSSION.

. Mr. Pearson thought Mr. Hibberd rather meant to talk about
bad pruning v. good pruning than the non-necessity of any prun-
ing at all; indeed, his own arguments proved that the pruning
knife is required. What use was it to have pears hanging like
ropes of onions, for if they were as thick as all that they would
certainly not be worth much when you had got them. To get
really good fruit it was absolutely necessary to give a space of
nine inches between the branches, both of wall and bush trees,
and to do this the side shoots must be pruned off to let in air and
light. The trees Mr. Hibberd condemned were not “‘ pruned,’’
but clipped more like yews for a hedge. If the pear trees in the
Society’s gardens had been left as Mr. Hibberd would have them
they could not possibly have borne better crops; for he noticed,
in passing through to the Conference, that although they had
many of them been somewhat severely pruned, they were bearing
very heavy crops of excellent fruit.

Mr. Wricut said the longer he lived the less he should use
the knife in pruning if his object was to get the greatest possible
amount of fruit; but if pruning was skilfully conducted, you cer-
tainly obtained finer fruits. He referred to the pear trees at
Cardiff Castle, planted on the pear stock, and said they had been
allowed to assume their natural habits, the only pruning they had

38: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ©

undergone being the taking out of a few branches here and

there so that the sun could shine through. Those trees were
bearing three or four bushels of fruit as good as could be found
in the exhibition. The great object was to let light shine
through the trees, which would then form natural spurs. There
were, however, in the garden some good examples of pruning and
non-pruning. Onthe whole, for commercial fruit-growing people,
Mr. Hibberd, he considered, was right. He would only add that
the autumn, when the leaves were still on, was the right time to
prune, as you then could see where the trees were most crowded,
So as to let in sun and air.

Mr. Cannon remarked that he had often been called in to
examine the pyramid trees that were now so much the fashion in
the villa gardens round London, and he had come to the con-:
clusion that bad pruning, not pruning, was the cause of their

bearing no fruit. If a pear tree were pruned into shape like an:

Trish yew, no wonder if it were barren.
Mr. HissBerp agreed entirely in cutting out the side growths

to keep the trees open and let in air and light, but he thought we.

did want fruit like ropes of onions if they were good. No power
on earth could put fruit on a tree, but it was easy enough to take
a few off. The matter of quality was entirely in the gardener’s
hands by feeding the roots and thinning the crop, but thinning-
was too long a process ever to pay the market grower. If first-
rate samples are wanted, you must prune lightly, and feed and
thin heavily.

Mr. Wm. Pav said that, whilst to some extent he agreed

with Mr. Hibberd, he should be sorry for people to go away from
this Conference under the idea that there was no need to prune
fruit trees. Many a fruitful tree would become comparatively
barren if from henceforth it was left altogether unpruned,
whereas many a barren tree might, by experienced pruning, be
at once thrown into bearing. All, therefore, should remember
that pruning was necessary, and that it was only injudicious or
excessive pruning that was condemned.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 39

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18.
SHIRLEY HipsBerp, Esq., F.R.H.S., in the Chair.

The Conference was resumed at 1.30 o’clock.

CANKER IN FRUIT TREES.

By Mr. Epmunp Tongs, B.C.L., F.R.H.S., Knowle,
Warwickshire.

I have been requested to contribute a short paper for

discussion at this. meeting, and as the results of some experi-

ments recently made by me appear to indicate that there may be
a remedy for that worst of all diseases affecting fruit trees-—
canker, which is described in the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona’”’ as
“ the terror of all orchardists and the bane of most orchards,” I
thought it right to comply with the request. As my own
experience scarcely extends beyond my garden, and numerous
duties have prevented me from devoting even there that close
and continued observation which is necessary for the proper
study of such a subject, I should have hesitated to intrude my
crude notions in antagonism to the authorities if their views had
been clear and definite ; but as these are very vague, both as to
the cause and the cure of the disease, I venture to state my own.
Thompson, in the “ Gardener’s Assistant,’ says: ‘‘ The cause is
imperfectly understood, and so consequently is an effectual cure; ”’
Mr. Fish, in ‘“ Cassell’s Popular Gardening,” says: “In fact, it
may almost be said to be incurable;’’ and the “ Dictionary of
Gardening,”’ the most recent publication on the subject, says:
** Were the causes better known, the remedy might generally be
much easier found.’’ Yet these, and most of the other writers
on the subject, according to my idea, indirectly indicate both the
cause and the remedy for the disease, the cause being mal-nutri-
tion, the consequence of an imperfect provision in the soil of
the food required by the plant; the remedy, the supply of the
food which is deficient. These writers inferentially indicate this
remedy : for instance, Thompson recommends that “the soil be
ameliorated by trenching and other means;”’ Mr. Fish, in
** Popular Gardening,”’ says: “Lift the root into higher places -
of warmth, and better and more immediately available supplies
of food;”’ and the “ Dictionary of Gardening” says: ‘“ Trees
that are badly cankered may be improved by lifting and replant-
ing in improved or better drained soil.”’

40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Perhaps the most convenient method of dealing with the
subject in detail is to analyse, paragraph by paragraph, all that
is stated relating to canker by some recent and recognised autho-
rity ; that splendid work, the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona,” is possibly
the best for the purpose, as it may be assumed to contain a
summary of the most recent knowledge of all that relates to
orchard growth. The first paragraph of the passage in that
work relating to canker states that ‘it is always due to direct
injury.’ In a controversy a clear and definite issue is most
satisfactory, therefore, with all submission, I venture to assert
that it is never due to such cause. That canker may appear in
parts which have been injured is no proof that the injury caused
the canker, although the injury may determine the particular
spot where the disease makes itself visible. A well-nourished
and consequently healthy tree may be injured to any extent
without development of canker, while an ill-nourished tree, or,
to avoid begging the question, a tree infected with the disease,
will develop in all parts the external signs without the slightest
injury or abrasion of any kind, and very frequently on parts
where, from their well-protected position, such as the angles of
the branches with the main stem, it is almost impossible that
injury could take place. The coincidence of canker and an
injured part is no more proof of the former having been caused
by the injury than a hole in a building through which the flames
of a conflagration are first visible is the cause of the fire.

The second paragraph states that ‘‘ weakness is at the bottom
of the canker.’’ This weakness cannot be want of apparent
vigour of growth, for I have frequently observed trees attacked
which for a number of years have made the strongest growth,
yet the disease has appeared before any external signs of weak-
ness were visible; the very vigour of the growth in some cases
appearing to hasten the attack in a soil containing too limited
a supply of the necessary food, as that supply is sooner exhausted,
and the time arrives when the large tree can no longer find
within reach of its roots sufficient for its maintenance. It may
be that only one element of food is failing, but every element is
indispensable for perfect growth of the whole tree, and that
failure would fully account for arrest of growth in parts, weak-
ness, and consequent disease.

The third paragraph is ‘the tree is old.” This may be
expressed in other words—the tree has for a long time been
growing in the same soil. It is not difficult to realise that in the
course of many years a tree may exhaust the most fertile soil.
Many seem to overlook the necessity of restoring to the soil
what is taken away year after year by large crops of fruit. How-
ever rich the soil may have been originally, each crop takes away
a definite quantity of the food required by the tree, until in time
insufficient remains; then the tree fails, not through age, but

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 41

through inanition. The same gardeners who leave their fruit
trees unfed would think it most unreasonable to expect them to
grow their crops of vegetables without manure.

The fourth paragraph is, ‘“‘or the variety is very old or very
delicate.” This raises the much-vexed question whether a
seminal plant has a finite life, or one which can be prolonged
indefinitely by propagation. Experience seems to prove that
individual life has a limit, though there is evidence that many
seminal plants have a very prolonged existence ; however, the
limits of this paper do not allow the present discussion of the
question. It may be sufficient to say that observation does not
lead me to believe that the age or delicacy of a variety renders
it more liable to canker when the soil contains what it requires.

The fifth paragraph suggests ‘‘ that the soil is not sufficiently
drained.’’ Canker, according to my observation, occurs equally
on well-drained as on ill-drained soils; it is not a question of
condition of roots.. My own garden formerly contained several
trees rapidly succumbing to canker, which, when grafted with
other varieties, at once put on healthy growth, made fine heads,
and have since for many years been perfectly free from the
disease. Each variety requires its own appropriate food; straw-
berries afford a very good illustration of this. I have among my
friends the reputation of growing this fruit to perfection, yet I
had the greatest difficulty in finding varieties which would do
fairly in my soil, and after trial of many more than a hundred,
have so far discovered only about half a dozen which are
moderately successful. British Queen refused to fruit; Dr.
Hogg bore fairly as an annual, but did not survive to the second
season ; in fact, all the Queen race and many other kinds only
do more or less ill. Such being the case, it is not unreasonable
to believe that some varieties of fruit trees find in some soils
what they require, while others do not, and in consequence
become subject to canker.

The sixth paragraph is, ‘‘ or it (the soil) may be too poor.”
I quite agree with this, as I believe a deficiency in the soil of the
necessary food of the tree is the cause of canker.

Seventhly, ‘‘ The wood may be weak, and is not well ripened,
when a sudden frost, especially after rain, ruptures the vessels,
and this forms the chief cause of canker.’? Unripe wood, which
is, however, often the result of imperfect nutrition, is productive
of much mischief of a temporary nature; but as canker attacks
well-matured wood, I cannot believe it to be in any case its cause,
although when its real cause is at work it may appear on such
wood.

In the eighth paragraph the author repeats himself. ‘ Any
direct injury, however, to the bark of a tree, as from friction of
one branch upon ancther, the pressure of a clothes line tied from
tree to tree, or injury from a ladder in fruit gathering, may all

49, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cause it, even in healthy trees.’’ This calls for no further reply
than that given to the first paragraph.

Finally, the author states that ‘‘ Canker commences with an
enlargement of the vessels of the bark, more apparent, by the
way, in apple than in pear trees, and continues to increase until
in the course of a year or two the alburnum dies, the bark cracks,
rises in large scales, and falls off, leaving the trunk dead, and
ready to break off with the first wind if not before removed.
The canker shows itself quickly, and if the cause be sought for
it will often admit of a remedy. The most usually effective is a

good supply of nourishment to the trees affected, together with

the removal of the parts injured.’’ I confess that the preliminary
symptoms described as the enlargement of the vessels of the bark
have escaped my observation; but there appears to-be some
contradiction in the statement, as while the first symptoms of
the disease are described as extending over a year or two, further
on it is stated that canker shows itself quickly. However,
although I differ so much from the writer of the article in the
** Pomona’’ as to the causes of canker, we are agreed on the
remedy, namely, ‘‘ a good supply of nourishment to the trees.’’
In 1886 my attention was specially directed to ‘plant food,
having been requested to write a paper on that subject for the
‘Birmingham Gardeners’ Association. In the same year, having
noticed that a number of apple trees in my collection had become
unsightly through canker, I marked about a dozen of them for
destruction ; but while studying the subject of plant food, which
involved the consideration of the analysis of various plants, I was
very much struck with those of the fruit and wood of the apple
in Wolff’s “‘Aschen Analysen,” the great authority on plant
analysis. I found that the fruit contained an exceptionally large
proportion of soda, andthe wood of lime. This at once suggested
the idea that my soil might not contain sufficient of one or both
of these elements to supply the wants of the apple tree; therefore
I resolved, instead of destroying the marked trees, to give them
and all my apple trees a good dressing of a complete artificial
manure which contained full proportions of soda and lime. In
the following season, 1887, which was exceptionally hot and dry,
either through the drought, the manure, or some other cause,
not a spot of active canker could be found; all the edges of the
old wounds on the marked and other trees, almost as badly
affected, had put out granulations and healed over, and the trees,
many of which had previously ceased to extend, made healthy
and vigorous growth. Last winter the trees were again dressed
with the same manure; this season they have been exposed to
the most unfavourable conditions: the soil to a great depth was
almost dust dry when they were making their first growth, while
an army of caterpillars ruined what foliage was made. Then
followed the most continuous cold weather and rain experienced

si) te,

RREPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 43

for many years. Notwithstanding conditions so conducive to the
extension of disease, there is at the present time still no appear-
ance of active canker. The trees have been carefully inspected
by some experienced pomologists, who, doubtless, will confirm
my statement. Short as is the time during which the trees have
been submitted to the treatment, I can only conclude that the
arrest of the disease is due to the supply of elements of food
required by the trees, of which a sufficient quantity was not
previously contained in the soil.

The food required by a plant is a complicated mixture of
many elements, all of which are necessary for its well-being; the
complete absence of one of them would be fatal; a deficient
supply of one would arrest its development, and render it subject
to disease. Nothing is more instructive and conclusive on this
point than the copies of photographs of plants grown for the
purpose of testing the effect of manures more or less complete,
to be found in treatises on the subject. That of “ Ville on
Artificial Manures,’’ published by Longmans, contains many such
illustrations, which clearly show that when the soil contains
every element of fertility but one it remains absolutely barren.
For instance, in a soil without potash, the vine makes no growth.

It remains to say that the manures necessary to restore a tree
to health vary as the soils; although the ashes of the wood of the
apple tree contain 71 per cent. of lime—an exceptionally large
quantity—it would not be necessary to supply this element on a
lime formation ; nor would soda be required in a soil near the
sea, although on other geological formations or situations a
deficiency of one or both may be the cause of canker. Like
conditions apply to the other elements.

Various soils require such manures as will supply their
various deficiencies; but, as it is most difficult to ascertain even
by analysis what may be the deficiencies of a soil, the practical
way of dealing with the subject is to study the analysis of the
ashes of the plant in question, and to use a manure which is
composed of these elements ; for instance,

The ashes of the wood of the apple tree contain :

_ Potash Soda Magnesia Lim Iron Phosphorus Sulphur Silica Chlorine
12:0 16 a7 71:0 _- 4°6 2°9 1:8 0-2

and those of the fruit:
apd 2671 8°8 4-1 1°40 13°6 6-1 4°3 —

Ville lays down the rule that soils generally contain sufficient of
all the mineral elements except potash, lime, and phosphorus,.
and the gaseous element nitrogen, and says it is only necessary
to supply to the soil manures which contain these four. This
may be sufficient for the general purposes of cultivation, but more
recent experiments have conclusively proved that the addition of

44. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

a small quantity of iron largely increases the development of
foliage, and consequently of the plant. In dealing with a myste-
rious disease such as canker, I should not leave out either iron
or magnesia.

The following formula, which may be varied as circumstances.
require, is suitable for the apple-tree :—

Superphosphate of Lime... ee iy ... 12 parts.
Nitrate of Potash ... ee cit i. ck ere
Chloride of Soda ... jae iv ae adi akwme;
Sulphate of Magnesia... oa ite Sabicea Fue
Sulphate of Iron ... oe Bas ies Pee are
Sulphate of Lime. ee : psy ae pin as

This may be used at He rate of 3 + lb. to the square yard over
the whole extent of soil within reach of the roots. It need not be
dug in; one effect of the manure may be relied on—if it does not
cure canker, it will, at any rate, most certainly benefit the trees.

I hope you will excuse me for having questioned some of the
conclusions of great horticultural authorities, but it seems to me
that some of these conclusions have been accepted without suffi-
cient examination, as being time-honoured traditions handed
down through many generations. Gardeners are, in this respect,
perhaps a little too conservative.

- I think much may be learnt by occasionally departing from
these traditions and making independent experiments in cultiva-
tion; my own experience proves that many such experiments
resulted in failures, but there is full compensation if only one
useful discovery be made, or one error exploded.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. CotemaN asked if lime should be used in a caustic state?

Mr. Tonks replied that gypsum and lme rubbish were con-
venient forms, but lime in any state would serve the same
purpose.

Mr. Rovrrtu presumed the lime should be slaked. He
had used lime freely to trees in conjunction with soot, and he
found the mixture imparted a much deeper red to the fruit and
a darker green to the leaves, and generally improved and bene-
fited the trees. Did he understand Mr. Tonks to say that it was
impossible for canker to be introduced to healthy trees through
a wound ? Or did he only mean that a healthy tree resists the
disease better than a weakly one? For his own part, he con-
sidered that in this respect there was an analogy between plant
and animal life, and it was a well-known axiom in surgery that
if a wound was left open to the settlement and action of atmo-
spheric germs, it was far more liable to catch a disease than if it
was bound up. Hence he considered that any wounds made in
the bark of a tree by clumsy pruning, bad staking, by a ladder,

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 45

by gun shot, &c., were always liable to produce canker; in healthy
trees, however, it made little progress, whilst trees rendered un-
healthy through inferior soil or insufficient nourishment quickly
succumbed. His advice, therefore, was to carefully protect all
bark wounds from atmospheric disease germs.

Mr. Tonxs did not believe canker to be due to germs of any
sort, nor that wounds of any kind could produce it, although, no
doubt, it might be that the disease developed more readily in
injured parts.

Mr. Cuarxk asked how it was that canker attacked one sort
and not another, when perhaps there was only a roadway between
the different varieties?

Mr. Tonxs: Because the food which one tree wants is quite
different to that required by another. Years ago I had a tree of
Citron des Carmes which grew excellently and bore well. After
a time it showed signs of an attack of canker. I at once budded
it with Pitmaston Duchess. Jn process of time the Citron des
Carmes languished and ceased altogether to bear, and became a
most miserable object. I then sawed off all but the bough budded.
Hitherto the growth of the Pitmaston Duchess had been entirely
pendulous, but it now took an upright habit of growth and
became laden with fruit, though nothing whatever else had been
done, thus proving that roots and soil which could not maintain
Citron des Carmes were perfectly able to support Pitmaston
Duchess in utmost luxuriance.

Mr. CrArK related how some years ago he took eighteen acres
of meadow land and well trenched it, and planted 250 each of
Cellini, Wellingtons, Early Juliens, &. The Wellingtons grew
well and prospered, but the Cellini all cankered after bearing
for one or two years. He therefore cut off the heads of them
all, and grafted the stems with Manks’ Codlin, which at once
started well, had no sign of canker, and bore well. The canker
even disappeared from the stems. The Early Juliens were
almost as bad as Cellini. So that it would appear as if canker
attacked certain sorts, but was not in the soil, and the only cure
for it was to cut clean out all the wood and every particle of bark
that was suffering from it.

Mr. GEorGE BunyarpD thought that the effect of frost in
producing canker had been overlooked. There were some sorts
of apples did well and were in great request in Kent up till the
severe frost of 1881, since which time the market growers had
entirely given them up because they had cankered so badly.
When the frost comes in spring, just as the sap is rising and
tthe bark swelling, it is specially liable to cause canker. He
knew of an orchard of young Cellini producing magnificent
crops, but in 1882 they were all cankered, which he believed
was all due to the frost, for the ground was an old hop garden
which had been for years well manured. He had often noticed

46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when scions had been sent him to graft with they were ofteh
cankered, in which case the growth always kept cankered; but
if one healthy bud could be found on the scion, and was trans-
ferred to a Paradise stock, it would be perfectly healthy, and
seemed to rejoice in the fresh blood. The old Ribston, again,
used to be noted for canker, but anyone might examine whole
breadths of it now in his nursery and they would not find any
tanker where they were worked on the Paradise stock. He
believed that those sorts and varieties which had the largest
wood cells were the most easily hurt by the frost and induced to
canker, the cells being ruptured through the excess of moisture
that they contain.

Mr. CHEAL considered it to be most important to select
thoroughly healthy trees from which to take grafts. He had
been able to obtain a perfectly healthy stock of Ribstons by
always selecting the healthiest grafts and the healthiest stocks,
and in this way he had almost eradicated the disease.

Mr. FRAsER said there could be no doubt that as certain
diseases in animals were due to disease germs, so it was also
with plants. A German savant had shown that a particular
fungoid growth was always to be found in specimens of canker;
he had also experimented with the germs of this fungus, growing
‘them in some sort of broth, and then had inoculated trees with
the product, and every one of the trees cankered. The name of
the fungus was, he believed, Nectria ditissima, the same as was
often found in the ash and the beech, and can be communicated
from them to the apple and pear. They would probably all
agree that fruit trees required feeding, and if the feeding did not
destroy the disease it would at least help them to resist it, or
assist them in throwing it off. wok

Mr. Tonxs thought that Mr. Bunyard’s remarks quite con-
firmed his experience, viz., that trees will grow well and bear
well for a certain number of years and then become cankered.
They do find sufficient root food for a time, but when it is ex-
hausted canker is sure toensue. With regard to the bacteria germ
theory, no doubt it was just now very popular, and for anything he
could tell bacteria might be at the bottom of many diseases, but
the highest authorities are by no means agreed on the subject
as yet—one man always finds what another equally clever cannot.
Moreover, individual experiments are extremely unreliable, and
do not deserve much attention until they have been confirmed by
-several independent observers. He was not prepared to deny the
experiments that had been referred to, but he thought they were
at least liable to the possibility of mistake, and he was not pre-
pared to admit on such evidence that all canker was due to. some
low form of fungoid disease. The great advantage of his own
remedy was that if it did not cure the canker it would do the
trees good; it could do no harm, and it might do much good. -

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. AT

CANKER: ITS CAUSE AND CURE.
By Mr. James Dovatas, F.R.H.S., ford, Essex.

This troublesome disease in fruit trees has very frequently
been the subject of discussion in the gardening periodicals and
elsewhere. Nearly every gardener has had to deal with it in his

experience of the details of fruit culture, and as I had consider-

able experience of it, some twenty-five years ago, in an old Essex
garden, I may at least claim some practical knowledge of the
subject.

At the outset it may be taken for granted that it is absolutely
necessary to ascertain the cause of a disease before any attempt
can be made to find aremedy. The late Mr. Robert Thompson,
author of the ‘‘Gardener’s Assistant,’? and Superintendent of
the Royal Horticultural Society’s Garden at Chiswick, writes on
canker with considerable diffidence. In the work above cited, page
581, he says: ‘‘ The cause of canker is imperfectly understood,

and so consequently is an effectual remedy.”’

His idea of the causes of canker, as summarised in his admir-
able work, are :—

1. Sudden checks to the vegetation of the tree, especially in
spring and the early part of summer.

2. Derangements of the flow of sap from vicissitudes of heat
and cold, as well as of moisture and dryness.

3. Unskilful and severe pruning. .

4. Vitiation of the sap by deleterious substances in the soil or
subsoil. :

5. Dryness at the root doubtless gives rise to a species of
canker, which manifests itself on the younger branches and on
the shoots.

Referring also to Lindley’s ‘‘ Theory of Horticulture,’ page
110, it is stated that a Mr. Reid, of Balcarras, had shown ‘‘ that
one of the causes of canker and immature fruit even in orchards
is the coldness of the soil. He found that in a cankered orchard
the roots of the trees had entered the earth to the depth of three

feet; and he also ascertained that during the summer months

the average heat of the soil at six inches below the surface was
61 degrees ; at nine inches, 57 degrees; at eighteen inches, 50
degrees ; and at three feet, 44 degrees. He took measures to
confine the roots to the soil near the surface, and the conse-
quence was the disappearance of canker and perfect ripening of
the fruit. |

Another cause has been suggested, viz.: Insect agency. But
this view of the matter will probably not be sustained by prac-
tical gardeners generally. ‘That insects of various kinds, includ-

ing that troublesome pest American blight (Aphis lanigera), will

48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

penetrate into the cankered part for shelter is likely enough.
Indeed, I can assert they do; but they are not there as the cause
of canker, but because the cankered part affords a secure resting-
place, which the smoother, healthier portion of the bark does
not. Indeed, I can also assert that cankered trees may be found
in the garden with insects upon the affected part, and others
near them also cankered with no insects upon them.

My contention is that canker is caused in two ways, and
affects two different parts of a tree. Perhaps the most serious
disease is that which affects the trunk or larger branches of the
tree. This I hold is caused by the roots pushing downwards
into cold, undrained, or unsuitable soil. The other aspect of the
disease is that which lays hold of the twiggy portion of the tree,
for even the one-year old shoots do not escape. The immediate
cause of this is probably owing to the rupture of the sap vessels
by frost, when the sap is in an active state. But I have a firm
belief that the primary cause is to be found in the condition
of the roots, which, being in an inactive state owing to unsuitable
soil or their penetration to a great depth, prevents the perfect
ripening of the wood, or maturation of the blossom buds in the
autumn.

_ I come now to my own experience in our old garden twenty-

five years ago. There were upwards of one hundred trees of
various sizes, some only a few years old, others a hundred years
planted at least. Most of them were cankered, and in places
where the old trees had been removed and young ones planted,
canker showed itself in a few years.

The soil was light, over a gravel subsoil, and was naturally
drained ; the water did not stand on the surface for any length of
time, even in very wet weather. I was confident that want of
drainage had nothing to do with it, and that the fault was in the
cultivation. Young trees seldom do any good planted amongst
old ones, even if the soil has been well dug up and enriched with
manure where the roots are to be placed. They require a wider
and better field for their ramifications. I found I had to make
gravel paths as well as fruit borders, and as most of the old trees
were on the wane, and the young ones of but little value owing
to their cankered state, it was thought best to remove them.
But they were not all removed at once, as it was necessary to
keep up a supply of fruit for household use. A space about
thirty feet wide was lined off through the whole length of the
garden, and was cleared of all trees and bushes. In the middle
was a space six feet wide fora gravel path. The borders on each
side, about twelve feet wide, were trenched, where possible, two
feet deep, and we found the gravel cropped up in places within
a foot of the surface. Where this was the case the gravel was
taken out and used to make the path, the soil from the path
being used to fill up the space-from whence the gravel was

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 49

removed. A good dressing of decayed farmyard manure was
worked in with the operation of trenching, and as we could
obtain good clayey loam, a barrow-load of it was spread out over
two square yards, and six inches below the surface ; a thin layer
of decayed manure was placed on the ground before the loam.
This was easily done as the work proceeded; one man could
wheel in the loam and manure to two at work trenching.

When the work was finished we had a good gravel path with
box edging on each side, and the borders, through the trenching
and manuring, were about eight inches higher than the sur-
rounding ground level. I had to plant the trees soon after the
trenching was finished ; they were apples, pears, and plums, on
various stocks and in considerable variety. We planted them
but six feet apart at first, and when they were planted a portion
of good decayed turfy loam was placed round the roots. With
this treatment, as might be expected, the trees made good clean
erowth even the first year.

As we manured rather too heavily by placing in two layers of
fat stuff, I thought it best to retrench the ground the next year,
lifting the trees as the work proceeded. I found they had made
_a mass of fibrous roots into the loam, and when the trees were
replanted again quite another barrow load of loam was placed
round the roots, but no manure this time. However, round the
roots of each tree some decayed frame manure was placed to keep
the frost from them.

The trees made good clean growth again, and formed plenty
of blossom buds. But I found six feet was too close even for
apple trees on the Paradise stock, and they had ultimately to be
removed from nine to twelve feet apart. In the course of the next
ten years other borders were made, and in some cases the trees
which were too close to each other were thinned out to furnish
them. Many of the old cankered trees remained in proximity to _
the young ones for quite ten years, and with some two or three
unimportant exceptions none of the young trees cankered. This
shows, I think, if the disease had been caused by insects they
might have travelled from the old diseased trees to the young
ones. It was some seven or eight years before any canker appeared,
and then only on Dumelow’s Seedling or Wellingtcn. These
trees were lifted, the canker cut out, and they were replanted
again with fresh loam under and above the roots. The cut out
portions soon healed over, and I saw no more of the disease.

The object I had in view was to encourage the roots up to the
surface, and to keep and feed them there. The entire border
quite close to the surface was full of roots, because it was not dug
over, but merely scratched with a fork or hoe; and during winter
and summer there was a thin layer of manure over it. Within
the borders were the kitchen garden squares, well manured, to
be cropped with vegetables, and the roots ran into this freely.

D

ot Lee
, :

50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

We were well within the London fogs, being less than seven
miles from the Bank of England. In our new garden not much
further out we had to do the same sort of work, but the soil was
much better, being a medium clay of considerable depth, and
nothing more was necessary than to trench the ground twice over
in order to incorporate the top and bottom soil well together.
We had to drain it, and find a good outfall for the water. In
such a case the drains should be about six yards apart.

I have brought this subject forward as much in the interest
of amateurs who own small gardens, and who do most of the
work themselves as a relaxation from sedentary occupations, as
in that of gardeners. It is quite true that some classes of soils
are more suitable to fruit culture than others, but my experience
is that some soils are condemned when neither the soil nor the
climate, but the culture alone is to blame. Only the other day
I met a person who has several hundreds of fruit trees in his
garden, most of them young ones, and a considerable portion are
showing canker on the larger branches. I examined the soil,
and found that it had not been broken up more than ten inches
deep ; and, further, all sorts of vegetable crops were planted close
up to the trees. This system of culture can satisfy no one, and it
cannot be profitable. I fancy many good gardeners will bear me
out when I say that want of preparation of the soil, and sub-
sequent neglect of the special requirement of each class of trees,
is the sole cause of canker.

Having found a cause, I would suggest the remedy.

In the first place, it may be remarked that heavy clay soils
nearly always require to be drained, and a free outfall provided
for the water. Three feet depth of drains is sufficient, with a main
drain at the lowest part of the garden three feet six inches deep.

Secondly, trenching, or at least stirring, the soil to a depth
of about two feet is necessary. But I would not invariably throw
the subsoil up to the surface, but would always stir up the bottom
to the depth of eight or nine inches with a fork; and if the soil
could be trenched twelve months before planting all the better.

In the third place, good healthy trees should be selected ; they
ought to be carefully lifted, and planted as soon afterwards as
possible. Care must be taken to keep the roots in a moist state
from the time they are lifted until they are again in the ground.
Spread the roots out carefully when planting them, and work the
soil well in amongst them. ‘Trees on the free stocks should be
planted the same depth as they were before. Those on the Para-
dise and Quince stocks, or, in fact, any dwarfing stocks, should
be planted to the union of the stock and scion. It is also of
great advantage to the trees to have a mulching of decayed
manure around the roots after planting ; and if they are exposed
to high winds, they ought to have some artificial support until
they are well established.

eo ee Pe. iS

7 <a aed

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 51

Lastly, as to the pruning and training. I seldom do any
pruning in winter. It is a more pleasant occupation in summer,
and is a very simple operation, merely consisting in thinning out
the young wood when it is too much crowded, and pinching off
the points of any vigorous young growths that are likely to run
out too far for the others. If they grow too much it is easy to
dig round the circumference of the roots, and to cut underneath
to sever any roots that are running directly downwards. This
will be enough to throw any tree into bearing. To allow a fruit
tree to form a thicket of wood in the summer, and then to cut it
all off in the autumn, is the right treatment for a pollard-willow,
but will not do for fruit trees of any kind. There should be more
reverence for life in the mind of the pruner, and then such reck-
less pruning would not be possible.

It is quite time that a better system of fruit-tree culture
should be adopted in small as well asin large gardens. Why
should amateurs purchase fruit when they can grow it them- ©
selves, and have all the pleasure as well as the profits? It is
useless to sit down and blame the climate, the soil, or anything
else, when the real cause is a bad selection of varieties, or bad
cultivation. Let the old worn-out cankered trees be rooted out
from old gardens, and their places be filled with approved sorts
likely to do well in the neighbourhood, for each district has its
special varieties.

Preparation of the ground by trenching and manuring is
necessary, and whether the soil is hght over gravel or a clay soil
over heavy clay, the results will be satisfactory, and justify all
the expenditure. |

ENEMIES OF THE APPLE AND PEAR.
By Mr. J. Fraser, F’.R.H.S., Kew.

Both animal and vegetable enemies are numerous, but the
former probably outnumber the latter considerably. They range
from the minute gall mites, about one-hundredth of an inch in
length, up to birds, hares, rabbits, and cattle. Vegetable enemies
are, however, none the less destructive sometimes, and certain
kinds are very difficult or impossible to exterminate on account of
their microscopic size, and more especially when hypodermal,
that is, living beneath the epidermis of the host plant.

CANKER,

All diseases are attributable to some cause or other, even if it
is difficult to detect what that may be. Science may yet deter-

mine the true cause of canker, even if it fail to suggest a cure.
D2

; = <a
. ; 7 ae

rd

52. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

That canker is something of the nature of a parasite, we have
evidence in its spreading and attacking previously uninjured
tissue.

CANKER IN APPLES, SHOWING THE PRESENCE OF A FuNGUS, Nectria ditissima.

Decay itself is brought about by the action of living organisms
on matter that is already dead, and effects the changes that crumble
organic substances into dust. There is some truth in the statements
that cold and undrained soil, severe pruning, extreme variations
of temperature, late growth, and unripened wood, give rise to
canker, just as bad treatment will undermine the constitution of
a human being and prepare the way for disease. The real enemy
does but take advantage of the weakened state of the victim.
Some varieties of apples and pears are more prone to canker than
others, and especially in some soils that may be cold, undrained,
or are underlaid by a gravelly subsoil. Here,again, we may point ~
to the natural constitution of the trees in question. Great im-
provements have been effected by drainage, by ameliorating or
supplying fresh soil, all of which point to the fact that more or
better nourishment is needed to enable the trees to make healthy
growth in order to contend against an invisible but powerful
foe. The baneful effects of canker may to a great extent be

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 58

evaded by planting in good well-drained soil, and by superior cul-
tivation. It is not sufficient that the right materials are present
in a soil, but they must also be in a soluble condition, so that the
roots may be able to appropriate them. Good tilth promotes
early vegetation, an early maturation of the wood, and by im-
parting a greater constitutional vigour to the tree enables it the
better to ward off disease even when accidentally or otherwise
injured. With this preliminary I proceed to classify the other
enemies.

ANIMALS.

Numerous as these are, they may be roughly divided into a
few groups, such as insects, birds, and other animals. Kalten-
bach, a German entomologist, says that 183 species of insects
prey upon the apple, of which 115 are lepidoptera, 7.e. moths and
butterflies, 32 beetles, 20 aphides, and 16 others belonging to
different families. Of these I can only mention a few of the
more important or destructive in the limited time at my disposal,
with the view of directing attention to the fact that their success-
ful destruction can only be effected by proceeding against them
by intelligent and scientific methods. Haphazard raids are mostly
useless and attended by failure, while passive and indolent indif-
ference is but too plainly evident in many a neglected old garden
or orchard. Scientific research is frequently sneered at by the
practical man, but until the habits and life-histories of some
particular foes are thoroughly investigated there can be no intel-
ligent, sensible, or effectual attack made upon them.

The Apple Grub (Carpocapsa pomonella) is the larva of a
small moth which lays its eggs in the calyx of the young and
growing apple in the month of June or July according to the
season. The larva when hatched is white, with a black head and
neck and four rows of black spots. It gnaws its way down
the fruit, keeping clear of the core till it reaches the rind, which
is pierced to permit the escape of its excreta. When nearly full
grown it sometimes pierces the core and feeds upon the pips,
generally causing a great number of the fruits to fall pre-
maturely. Soon after this it leaves the fruit, and finding a
secure retreat in crevices of the bark or other hiding-place, com-
mences to spin itself a cocoon, and after resting a time becomes
transformed into the chrysalis state, which it retains till spring.
Soon after completing their development, the moths pair, and
ege-laying commences as formerly.

The grubs may be trapped in great numbers by tying bands
of hay or straw round the trunks of the trees so as to afford the
grubs a place of shelter in which to form their cocoons. Collect
the bands in autumn and burn them. All fallen apples should
- be assiduously collected and given to pigs or destroyed. The

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Codlin Grub trap is a special structure consisting of several
boards of a convenient length fastened together in the middle,

THE APPLE GRUB AND MOTH.

and the respective pieces kept apart by means of thin laths. The
erubs readily take to this, and from four to eight hundred traps
can be examined by a man per day and the grubs collected in a
vessel, |

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 55

The American Blight is the work of Schizoneura lanigera, an
insect closely allied to the aphis or greenfly of gardens, but
differing in the absence of the ‘‘honey-dew”’ secreting glands

INSECTS CAUSING AMERICAN BLIGHT.

possessed by the latter. When plentiful it proves very destruc-
tive, causing swellings of the external tissues resembling can-
kerous wounds. The insects take up their abode in the crevices
of the bark, from which they are difficult to eradicate. Soft
soap, Gishurst compound, or, better still, petroleum, will effect

THE APPLE WEEVIL.

a cure if rubbed into the crevices of the bark every time the
insects make their appearance during the course of the season.
Petroleum is the most effectual, and should be applied by means
of a hard brush, such as is used by painters. The insect hiber-
nates in the soil during winter if the trunk of the tree does not

56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

afford sufficient accommodation, and it may be destroyed by the
application of quicklime a little beneath the surface. The Apple
Blossom Weevil (Anthonomus pomorum) is a beetle, the female
of which lays her eggs in the bloom buds of both apple and pear
trees, and the grub, when hatched, eats the stamens and pistil,
rendering them completely useless. Kgg-laying lasts for two or
three weeks, during which time great numbers of the weevil may
be caught by shaking the tree, beneath which a white cloth has
been spread, as they drop down on being alarmed. The weevil
attains perfect development in a month’s time from the laying of
the egg, and feeds on the foliage during the rest of summer.
It hibernates in the same way as the American Blight, and
similar methods for its destruction may be employed. Bands of
tarred cloth may also be put round the trunk of the trees affected
to intercept and catch the females on their way from the ground
to the tree, as they seldom fly. Good husbandry also applies
here; rubbish of all. kinds should be rigidly cleared away, and
crowding of the trees prevented.

The Apple Mussel Scale (Aspidiotus conchiformis) is allied to
the true scale, and attacks the bark of apple and pear trees alike,

APPLE MUSSEL SCALE.

affecting them in a similar way to that of the American Blight.
The eggs are never laid, but hatched in the body of the mother
when she dies. The latter is wingless, while the male is minute
and winged. If the scale is numerous the tree becomes un-
healthy and unfruitful. The scale is brown, and in shape like
the half of a mussel shell. Scrub the branches with a hard
brush just kept moist with petroleum, and persevere for two,
three, or more seasons, as the scale is most difficult to eradicate
when once it obtains a footing.

Gall Mites (Phytoptus pyri) are small acari about the one-
hundredth of an inch long by one five-hundredth broad, that
produce blisters on the pear leaves. The tissues of the leaves
are torn asunder, forming large cavities, the cells often forming
strings holding on by their ends. There is a small opening on

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 57

the under surface for the egress or ingress of the mites. My
specimens of blistered leaves are from Kelso, the first record to
my knowledge of gall mites in Scotland. I received them in
August last. The mites hibernate in the buds of the tree in
winter, and are most difficult of extermination. Collect all

PEAR MUSSEL SCALE.

affected leaves in spring, when the mites are still in them, and
burn them. When once badly affected the trees continue so
from year to year, and unless they are valuable kinds should be
grubbed up and burnt to prevent the pest from spreading. Plant
healthy trees in their place. I had specimens from another
source affected with gall mites, mussel scale, and apparently
canker as well.

Slugworms are the grubs of certain sawflies, differing in
colour, and in the nature of the secretion covering their bodies ;
but the slugworm proper is the grub of Hriocampa limacina (or
the Selandria cerasi of Miss Ormerod). It derives its name
from the black slime covering its hairy body till the last moult,
when the resinous dark coat is thrown off. The grubs have large
heads, and in the earlier stages, when slimy, bear considerable
resemblance to a black slug. Hence the derivation of the name
slugworm. I collected my specimens on pear trees at Holwood,
Kent, the other week. Autumn is the time they make their ap-
pearance. They are very voracious, and eat away the upper
surface of the leaves, which become brown and ultimately drop,
causing the trees to become unhealthy. The fruit was affected
with the fungus which causes cracking, were very much split,
and entirely useless. The slugworms under notice attack most

58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the fruit trees belonging to the natural order Rosacee. They.
may be destroyed with hellebore powder mixed with water, and.
applied through the rose of a watering-pot. As they hibernate

SLUGWORM OR SAWFLY.

in the first three or four inches of soil, that depth should be
taken off and burnt. Both grubs and flies are extremely slug-
gish, and the latter may be shaken down on a white cloth and
destroyed.

Breps. :

The feathered enemies are more easy to deal with than any
of the above; but, with the exception of the bullfinch and the
sparrow, I would not advise the shooting of them. Even the latter
has much to recommend him to mercy. If the birds are killed
wholesale we destroy the balance of nature, and get afflicted with
a plague of insects far more difficult or impossible to exterminate.
The gun should be employed during the ripening of the fruit to
scare, not to kill. The warning cry has been heard from many
an orchard in Kent during the past summer. Of the larger
animals, rabbits and hares are the most destructive during severe
weather. They soon destroy an orchard by barking the young
trees. To prevent injury, protect the stems of the trees with
branches of blackthorn or furze; but the most sure and effective
plan is to use a guard of wire netting. Tar, grease, and oils
should not be employed, as they are injurious by stopping up the
air passages in the bark.

VEGETABLE ENEMIES.

These are of two kinds, namely, parasites and epiphytes.
The former are the most to be dreaded, since they attack and
destroy the living tissues of the host plants by feeding on their

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 59

substance. Parasites may again be divided into those of a fun-
goid nature and those that are green.

Mildew affecting the apple is a white mould belonging to the
group Erysiphe, and in this, the early stage, it is referred to
the genus Oidiwm. It is one of the most easily destroyed of
parasitic fungi, from the fact that it lives on the surface and does
not penetrate its host. Sulphur alone, or various preparations

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MILDEW ON APPLES.

containing sulphur, will completely destroy the fungus. Should
a large number of trees in a garden or orchard become affected,
the application of sulphur would be a tedious and costly opera-
tion; but if a few isolated trees only are attacked, the remedy is
more easily applicable.

Cracking is caused by Cladosporium dendriticum, a too widely
prevalent fungus, that grows on the leaves, young shoots, and
flowers of the apple, often preventing the formation of fruit. In
severe cases the latter becomes partially or completely covered
with blotches, crippling and preventing it from attaining full
size, and in all cases the fungus reduces the market value of the
produce by disfiguring or causing it to crack. The disease com-
mences as black spots, branching from the centre like a small
tree, while on fruit the patches soon become irregularly rounded,
with a depressed black spot in the centre, surrounded by a white
line, and that again by a black border. The pear is attacked in |
the same way by a variety of Cladosporiwm dendriticum, generally
known amongst fungologists under the name of Cladosporium
pyrorum. No remedy is known, and means to prevent it spread-
ing must be adopted by destroying badly affected trees and fruit.

60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
4

Here again good cultivation greatly tends to palliate the evil by
encouraging a healthy vigorous growth of the trees. Marie Louise

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CLADOSPORIUM ON APPLES.

and Louise Bonne of Jersey pears are very subject to it, and
should not be planted in places infested with the disease.

Rust on the pear is caused by Restelia cancellata, as well
as some other parasitic fungi. The Restelia produces rugged
swellings on the leaves, the blotches finally becoming red, and
showing themselves on both surfaces of the leaves attacked. It
is believed to be an early stage of Gymnosporangium Sabine,
which completes its life cycle on Juniperus Sabina. As in the
rust of wheat, there is an alternation of generations on different
host plants, and described as heterecism. It is not common in
England, is not, I believe, recorded from Scotland, but is very
destructive on the Continent. Hand-picking the leaves as the
spots make their appearance, and before the spores are shed, is
the only remedy, and no juniper bushes should be allowed to
grow near them. On a large scale it is more profitable to uproot
badly-affected specimens and plant afresh.

Mistletoe in this country is the only chlorophyll-bearing
parasite that need be noticed. It is very injurious to orchards
in Herefordshire from its great prevalence, and prevents the
branches infested by it from thickening properly below the union
of the parasite with them, ultimately causing the trees to become
stunted and unproductive. Cut down the mistletoe about
Christmas, when a market will be found for it to defray the
expenses of the operation.

Epiphytes, such as lichens and mosses, can be removed by
scraping or scrubbing the bark of the trees, or they may be
destroyed by sulphuric acid much diluted in water. The evil is
but half remedied, however, and the lichens will soon grow again

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 61

unless measures are taken to remove the cause by draining or
otherwise ameliorating the land, as the case may require, and so
induce a healthy, vigorous erowth, thereby enabling the trees
to thrive, increase in thickness, and throw off the old bark.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Rovupett noticed that Mr. Fraser had omitted to men-
tion the Lackey moth, which was the parent of those nests of
brownish maggoty creatures called social caterpillars, which had
lately been one of the greatest possible plagues in his neighbour-
hood. He had spent three days picking these pests off his trees,
but his neighbours, who had not done the same, had no leaves
left at all on their trees, and consequently no fruit. These
creatures could only be removed by hand picking. As to spar-
rows, they were very abundant near him, but they never did the
least harm, because poultry yards were so numerous, and he never
knew a sparrow touch fruit as long as there was corn to be got or
an old bone to be picked. He should like to caution gardeners
against planting potatoes too near to apples, as he had a very
strong fancy that the potato communicated fungoid diseases to
fruit.

Mr. Cuarx said that with the Lackey moth grub he had -
found it an excellent plan to put a little powder into a gun and
fire it at the colonies of social caterpillars. The shock seems
to alarm them, and they at once throw themselves on to the
ground, when they can be easily crushed with the foot. With
regard to the gooseberry caterpillar, he had seen whole gardens
absolutely cleared of every leaf they possessed, and he was con-
fident that the best remedy was toget up early, while the dew
was yet on the leaves, and dash a mixture of soot and lime both
over and under the leaves. This he had always found most
effective.

Mr. Pearson thought the shooting at the caterpillars would
be a very long business. He found that both with the socialists
and the gooseberry grubs one good syringing with soft soap and
quassia got rid of them all. He did not think that the cracking
of apples and pears was caused by fungoid growth, but by cold,
and hence a reason why the later varieties always suffered the
most. He imagined the cracks caused by cold formed convenient
resting places “for fungus germs, where they could grow and
develop at leisure.

Mr. R. Dean said he must prefer a very strong bill of
indictment against sparrows. He had fed them and given them
water, but they seemed to him thoroughly heathenish birds, quite
unaccustomed to do unto others as they were done by, for they
never lost any opportunity of attacking his fruit; nor were they
even content with the fruit, for this year he had an Easter Beurré

62, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

tree full of bloom, and the sparrows tore every blossom to bits
with their beaks. .

A gentleman asked whether the use of petroleum for removal
of American blight and such things was likely to injure the
trees ?

Mr, Fraser replied that petroleum in very small quantity
did no harm to the trees, but care should be taken that the
brush was only just moistened with it. He considered helebore
powder dusted over the leaves when damp was the best cure for
caterpillar,

VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR SUSSEX, AND THEIR
CULTIVATION ON HEAVY SOILS,

By Mr. JosepnH Curan, F.R.H.8., Crawley.

As the subject of supplying our own markets with fruit grown
at home is rightly claiming much attention, it is important to
know where to plant, how to plant, and what to plant; and in
this paper I will try to give in compact form a few facts relating
to apple culture upon heavy soils that have been gleaned from a
number of years of close observation, in the hope that it may be
a guide and a warning to those who may be entering upon this
industry without much practical knowledge of the subject,

In Sussex and the southern parts of Surrey the soil consists
almost entirely of the wealden clay, and this being of a some-
what close, retentive nature, it is necessary to exercise care in
the selection of the varieties best suited to the district to ensure
the best results.

In the following selection I am supposing that the object is
the growth of apples for profit, therefore I mention only those
that are found to make vigorous, healthy growth, produce good
and regular crops, and of such a quantity and size as to com-
mand a ready sale in the market.

In the first place I will name twelve varieties that can be
recommended for growing as orchard standards, placing them in
the order of ripening :—

Duchess of Oldenburg.—A very handsome fruit, striped
with crimson, and carrying a delicate bloom. It is an early and
abundant bearer, a moderate grower, with a somewhat spreading

habit.

Worcester Pearmain.—A medium-sized, conical, and very
handsome apple, covered with bright crimson. Useful for kitchen
or dessert, a good cropper, and its showy appearance commands

for it a ready sale. Tree, an upright grower.

“

fs?
.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 63

Ecklinville Seedling—A large and fine apple, flat, and
slightly angular, a greenish yellow, changing to pale yellow, and
dotted with brown specks; its only fault being that it is very
soft and requires careful packing for market. Tree, a vigorous
grower, with a somewhat erect habit.

Pott’s Seedling.—A large angular shaped fruit, slightly flat-
tened, skin pale yellow. A very free cropper. Tree, a good
grower, with a slightly spreading habit.

Warner’s King.—A very large and fine apple, round, and
somewhat flattened, skin pale green; tree, a vigorous grower,
with very large foliage, and, considering the size of the fruit, a
free bearer. The tree has a spreading habit.

Golden Noble.—A large and, as its name implies, a truly
noble apple, round and even in shape, with a beautiful clear
yellow skin. Tree, a vigorous grower, with a spreading habit.

King of Pippins.—A well-known dessert fruit of medium

size and good quality. Tree, a vigorous grower, with an upright

habit, a free and certain cropper, and when well grown one of
the best for market purposes.

Coz’s Orange Pippin.—The king of dessert apples, medium
in size, rich in colour, luscious and juicy in texture, delicious in
flavour; there is no apple in the wide world that can equal it in
quality. Tree, a moderate grower, with a spreading habit.

Blenheim Orange.—The king of apples when grown as a
standard, the large fruits being suitable for kitchen, and the
small ones for dessert. The greatest drawback to this variety is
the length of time that elapses before it comes into bearing,
eight or ten years being the usual period: a long time for this
age of speed. But itis one that we cannot do without, and can
afford to wait for, there being plenty of others which step in to
supply the gap during the period of probation. Tree, a vigorous
grower, with a spreading habit.

Winter Quoining or Ducksbill of Sussex—A medium-sized
conical fruit, covered with deep crimson. It is grown largely in
Sussex, especially by cottagers and small growers, and called by
them the Winter and the Scarlet Pearmain. The tree has a
spreading habit and crops well; a valuable late apple.

Wellington.—A large and well-known fruit, one of our most
valuable kitchen apples for late use, and coming in as they do
when fruit is scarce, good samples command high prices. Tree
of a spreading habit and fruit in season from November to April,
and even later when well kept.

Norfolk Beefing.—Medium size, round and flattened, colour
a very dull deep red. Tree, a vigorous grower, with an upright -
habit. Valuable on account of its extreme lateness, being in
use until June.

Beyond the foregoing twelve varieties, I may mention a few
more as a supplemeutary list of sorts that also do well as stand-

64 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ards: Annie Elizabeth, Dutch Mignonne, Schoolmaster, York-
shire Beauty, Nanny, and Claygate Pearmain. Golden Knob
also does well, and is considerably grown, and it realises a high
price ; but the fruit is too small to recommend.

I must not pass the standard trees without mentioning a
variety that is grown more largely than any other in the northern
parts of Sussex and south Surrey. I allude to the Forge. The
tree thrives remarkably well on the clays of the district, making
short but sturdy and healthy growth. It crops enormously, but
almost invariably on alternate years only when left unpruned.
The fruit is then very small and almost worthless. Trees, how-
ever, that are pruned and well thinned crop more regularly and
bear larger fruit, the quality being excellent. But they must be
grown considerably above the usual size to be of any value for
market.

Now I will give a selection of twenty-four varieties suitable
to grow in the pyramid or bush form between orchard standards.
Time will not permit me to do more than mention the names,
which are given in the order of their ripening: Professor,
Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Golden Spire, Lady Sudeley,
Manks’ Codlin, Ecklinville, Yorkshire Beauty, Worcester Pear-
main, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Frogmore Prolific, The
~ Queen, Northern Dumpling, Loddington, Lord Derby, New
Hawthornden, King of Pippins, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin (on Paradise), Lane’s Prince
Albert, Horner’s Pearmain, and Duke of Devonshire. I may
add that Lord Suffield is not good on heavy soils.

From this list may be selected varieties for early, mid-season,
or late use. Cooking or dessert fruit according to requirements.

PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR PLANTING.

As my paper deals with heavy soils, I will presume that it is
intended to plant such land with apples. The question is asked
by those not much acquainted with the subject, What prepara-
tion is needed to plant ?

This much depends upon the state of the ground, as to the
cultivation and manure it has received, the state of the drainage,
and the nature of the preceding crop.

The point of the first importance is the drainage. The best
is undoubtedly pipes, the depth and distance apart of these being
regulated according to the soil. Straw or bush drains are also
sometimes used, and last for many years in a clay soil, but pipes
will be found the most economical in the end.

As to the preceding crops, one of the best preparations for fruit
planting is to grow a root crop on land that has been deeply
cultivated and well manured. The ground is then left in a
mellow and friable condition, with the remains of the manure

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 65

left in the soil, and left in such a condition that it is in the best
possible state for the roots to assimilate. Land that has been
so dealt with the season previously will require but very little
other preparation for planting.

Should, however, the land to be dealt with be a clover lay or
following a cereal crop, I would advise that it be well broken up
and pulverised. And it is most important that this breaking up
should be done to an even, uniform depth. If it has to be done
by hand, let it be double dug, the bottom spit being merely turned
over or loosened with a fork, and on no account bring the subsoil
to the top.

If the work is to be done by horses, it may be done by turning
a deep furrow by an ordinary plough, followed along each furrow
by a subsoil plough.

But the best and most economical way where a considerable
quantity is to be dealt with is to use the steam cultivator. This
implement passed twice over the land in opposite directions, to
a depth of fifteen to eighteen inches, leaves the soil in a light
open condition, allowing free filtration of water, a quick passage
through the soil, followed by the air with all its fertilising and
beneficial effects. Three years ago we prepared in this way a
five-acre field of our own for planting with apples as a permanent
orchard. The subsoil was a somewhat heavy clay, but the trees
are thriving well, and we have this autumn been trying a new
steam digger, which promises to be a useful tool for breaking up
heavy land.

PLANTING.

The ground having been prepared for the reception of the
trees, proceed to plant by digging very shallow holes, and placing
the tree almost on the surface, bank up the soil round the roots.
This allows a space of loose aérated soil below the tree, in which
the roots can grow and spread laterally, thus encouraging the
development of fibrous roots near the surface, discouraging and
delaying the tree from sending down tap-roots into the cold and
ungenial subsoil, with the usual, and as regards many varieties
the certain, result of unhealthy erowth, canker, and other

diseases.

The foregoing remarks apply equally to the ordinary standard
or to pyramid trees upon the free stock. Some varieties, however,
that will under any treatment persist in penetrating the subsoil

to their own detriment and destruction, may be successfully

grown upon the Paradise stock, when they will not only fruit
early, but continue to flourish in health and fruitfulness for
many years.
Where it is required to plant standard trees on grass land
without breaking up the turf, there is no alternative but to dig
E

66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

holes. In this case be careful to see that a drain is laid from
the bottom of each hole to ensure an escape for water and to
prevent it from standing in the hole.

MANURE.

Land that has been prepared by a heavy dressing of manure
for a previous crop will not require any more when planted; but
if it requires manure, apply in small quantities to the hole,
thoroughly mix with the soil, and after just covering the roots
with soil apply another small quantity of manure, and then
cover with the remaining soil.

As to the quantity required: but very little is needed at
planting, and it is better to err on the side of too little than too
much.

AFTER TREATMENT.

Little can be done towards ground cultivation of ordinary
standard trees on grass beyond periodically top-dressing with
stable manure, bones, rags, &c., or fattening sheep on the
ground. This on most soils, however, is found necessary and
very beneficial.

I would, however, strongly urge the benefit derived from
occupying the whole ground with trees and keeping the surface
open by top cultivation. If treated thus on heavy land the trees
will make more growth, produce much finer fruit, and keep clear
from lichen, &c. Whilst the trees are small, the cultivation may
be done by horse, either with the horse hoe or shallow ploughing.
After the first two or three years, however, the growth of the
trees will prevent this. It must then be done by hand.

Manure should be applied at least every alternate season,
and should be spread over the surface, and be forked in during
the winter or early spring cultivation.

THINGS TO BE AVOIDED.

It is very desirable to avoid digging holes in unbroken ground
for the reception of young apple trees. Such holes are very
liable to hold stagnant water, and to become mere graves for the
trees. If possible the holes should not go below the depth of
actual cultivation.

Above all things avoid planting too deeply.

Avoid the use of the spade in digging too deeply near the
trees, as great damage is sometimes done by cutting the fibrous
roots. It is therefore safer to use the fork.

CONCLUSION.

To those who may be contemplating fruit-growing upon
heavy soils who may not have much practical acquaintance with

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 67

the subject, I would remind them of the words “‘ In the multitude
of councillors is safety ;”’ but, on the other hand, the more homely
saying equally applies, that ‘‘ Too many cooks spoil the broth.’’ In
_ other words, hear all sides, get all the advice that you can, weigh
the evidence, arrange your plans, and then proceed according to
your own judgment and common sense.

Do not imagine that success is gained by careful prepara-
tion and planting alone, but ever bear in mind that fruit trees
require continual watching as to their varied needs, according to
seasons and soils, and the ravages of insect pests. But where-
ever. vigilance, common sense, and persevering labour are be-
stowed upon apple culture, even upon some of the poorer and
heavy land it will be found a safe and most profitable industry.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Heap said he was convinced that apple-growing was
profitable, and he instanced two cases in Sussex where the
farmers had made 13 per cent. after all expenses had been paid.
Even: with the large number of comparatively worthless sorts
that were grown a profit was realised, and if people would only
plant such good sorts as had been mentioned the profit would be
ten times as much.

Mr. Ivart asked whether it was better to plant varieties to
sell straight off the tree or sorts that would store ?

Mr. Cannon replied that there was a great loss in growing
such sorts, as all came in at one time. In the early part of the
autumn you may see every little shop-window full of English-
grown apples, but after the early part of November all the fruit
to be seen was foreign; he, therefore, advised to grow: several
varieties, and particularly such as prolonged the season. A few
bushels of late apples would in their season sell for more money
than many bushels of early ones when the markets were glutted.

Mr. CuarkeE said he had attended Covent Garden Market for
the last thirty years, and the apples that always fetched the most
money were Manks’ Codlin, Early Julien, and Wellington. Of
Manks’ Codlin he could always sell any quantity, and of Karly
Julien also. Of plums he found Pond’s Seedling the most
profitable, it would generally sell for 18s. a bushel, and that was
indeed making money. He always took his fruit to market him-
self, and never employed a salesman.

Mr. Cuxat said that the question of planting early or late
sorts was one which each man must determine for himself, ac- |
cording to his own market. It seemed, however, in reason to
plant a proportion of early and Jate—the early to catch the
market before the Americans came, and the late to keep up a
supply when the Americans were gone; but probably the late
ones, if carefully stored, would give the most profit.

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68 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

RENOVATION OF OLD AND FORMATION OF NEW
ORCHARDS IN THE WEST MIDLANDS.

By Mr. W. Coteman, F.R.H.S., Eastnor Castle Gardens.

Five years having passed since the R.H.S. inaugurated the
first comprehensive Apple Conference, the present Council has
wisely decided upon testing the result of that important step by
again calling together the friends of Pomona. A small minority
in 1883 thought the exhibition of thousands of plates of apples
would not benefit the growers, but overlooked the fact that
these exhibits would bring together, not only the growers, but the
consumers also. Since that time the growers’ prospects have not.
improved, owing, they say, to the prevalence of low prices brought _
about by gluts and foreign competition. Buyers, on the other
hand, say the supply is unevenly and irregularly distributed, and
the price is too high when they purchase from the retailer.
Growers say fruit culture will not pay until the land each man
holds or occupies is as good as his own, or let to him on a very
long lease indeed; but present owners of the soil somehow do
not seem to see the force of their argument, consequently the
most important work the present gathering has before it is the
framing of a scheme of open markets in which consumers can
buy first hand at fair remunerative prices. This is all very well,
but supposing each householder is in a position to buy apples, say,
from day to day, where are those apples to come from? Why,
we must import them. Actually, we must trust to the Colonies
for the produce of a tree which is indigenous to our soil, whilst
thousands of acres of land capable of producing the finest fruit
is going out of cultivation. To the R.H.S. should attach the
honour of taking the initiative in working out this problem, but
before the body can move, we must learn from reliable men the
progress which has been made in the great fruit-growing dis-
tricts. Living as I do in the county of Hereford, boasting its
27,000 acres of orcharding, where, in days gone by, thousands of
tons of good fruit were lost, wasted, or converted into indifferent
cider, I am able to form a pretty correct opinion of our own pro-
egress, and although less rapid than I could wish, I may say it is
fairly satisfactory. Cider drinking amongst the working classes
since I first knew the county has gradually decreased, conse-
quently small parcels of the rosy Tom Putt and other useful
apples, alike good for cooking or vintage, are now stored for daily
use by all the members of the grower’s family. If not wanted,
then they are sold to dealers, who make a profit, for conveyance
to retailers, who also make another profit, and that a heavy one, ~
from their customers. Although a slight step forward, this state
of the case is not quite satisfactory, neither will it be until a

ere

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 69

powerful fruit-growers’ association, which should be the outcome
of this Conference, has established a network of markets in all
provincial towns as well as in London—markets in which pro-
ducers, as in all parts of Paris, can meet face to face with con-
sumers without the aid of so many middlemen. In fruit-growing
counties like Hereford, Worcester, Gloucester, Kent, Devon, and
Somerset, these local markets should be well supported, as we
gather from statistics that three-quarters of a million of money
is sent out of England annually for apples alone. If landowners,
hitherto blind to their own interests, and legislators now tale up
the matter, I see no reason why growers should not go forth to
the production of an article which the public must and will have,
and so keep the money at home. Our climate is all that can be
desired for the growth of fresh, crisp fruit, not quite so highly
coloured or so large as picked samples from the Colonies, but

- large enough to command top prices when well grown and
packed, and properly marketed. There must be no shaking from
the trees, but the cream of the crop must be hand-picked, and
honestly packed as firsts and seconds. The residue or refuse,
which added to the best would increase expenses and pull down
prices, would then remain at home for various purposes.

Mr. Knight, the great physiologist and hybridist, who worked
so much in Hereford and Salop, proved by analysis that some
soils, even in these favoured counties, were preferable to others
for producing apples of dense gravity and full of saccharine
matter. The late Dr. Bull, of whom Hereford should be proud,
following in his wake, corroborated all that Knight had said,
proving, I think satisfactorily, what past generations of shrewd
men had found out for themselves, both as regards the quality of
the fruit and the constituents of the soil which should be chosen
for apples, also for pears. Theconclusions at which they arrived
were these: The light thin soils will not grow the best apples,
therefore, those who would plant a successful orchard must
choose a deep stiff sandstone loam if they have the opportunity
of doing so. All the orchard land in this county is not alike
good; indeed, some is very bad, but the soil here, as in Devon-
shire, which produces the best fruit, owes its fertility to the
plentiful supply of lime from the marl or cormstone; to its
ereat depth and sustaining nature. Scientists who will may
peruse the first part of the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona,”’ or they may
follow Mr. Rivers through his exhaustive address delivered at the
Crystal Palace, but my remarks, necessarily brief, will guide
plain practical planters to the best spots for new plantations.

Having been honoured by an invitation to contribute a short -
paper upon the Apple, I have determined to confine myself to the
West Midland orchards, in which, I am pleased to repeat, some
progress has been made since the first Conference was held in
1883. Draining, grubbing, grafting, and planting are still going

70 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on, but much remains to be done-before we can invite inspection. —

Although the apple is a long-lived tree, and perfectly hardy in
all its parts save its flowers, the occupants of many of our oldest
orchards, crippled by age, bad usage, and neglect, are past re-
covery, and should be cleared away, but the ground they occupy
should not be replanted if better or equally good sites can be
found for new plantations. Other orchards again, containing
thoroughly sound young trees, although of inferior sorts, after
the grubber’s axe has passed over the land, may be converted by
erafting and resuscitated by draining and top-dressing. Some of
our oldest orchards, which date back to the Wars of the Roses,
contain a great number of wildings or kernel fruits of no value
to the owners even, whilst younger plantations are crowded with
healthy, vigorous trees, at one time supposed to be Norman, but
now proved to be English seedlings, no better than the stocks
used in large nurseries. Upon the first I would not spend money,
as they are too old for grafting, too old to pay rent, too old for
anything save loss and disappointment. The second I would
behead and regraft with choice varieties which have been proved
in the locality. Confining myself. to old orchards now existing
or languishing in the Western Counties, I may close my remarks
upon this head by saying: cut down all useless trees, thin out
‘the heads of those worth keeping; cleanse the branches and
stems from moss and insects; regraft sound, healthy trees into
good market sorts, and see that the drainage is satisfactory. I

will not presume to inform practical men who may deign to read _

my remarks that sound, deep, naturally-drained orchards are
better than others which require artificial treatment, and that a
certain quantity of moisture in the soil is absolutely necessary,
but on no account must it be stagnant. All gardeners are well
acquainted with the fact that soils too dry produce fruit that is
small and mealy, whilst water-logged soils are several degrees
colder than others of similar texture that are free from this root-
chilling poison. They know, moreover, that warm summer rains
run off the surface, whilst the sun acts very slowly in raising the
temperature of the wet subsoil, in which deeply-seated roots soon
perish, and those nearest the surface are little better off, as they
do not commence fresh action much before Midsummer. Drain-
age, all good cultivators assert, is the first essential in the pre-
paration of new orchards or in the renovation of old ones, and
why ? Well, simply because the removal of stagnant, if not
putrid, water and the introduction of fresh air raises the tem-
perature of the soil from three to five degrees, a condition which
not infrequently forms the dividing line betwixt success and
failure.

So far my remarks have been confined to old orchards, planted
haphazard upon all sorts and conditions of badly prepared land,
as well as in unfavourable situations. The best of these may be

él

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 71

retained for a time, upon the principle that half-a loaf is better
than no bread; but the majority of them must go, and young
ones must spring up before we can hope to realise an average
£10 an acre, or compete with the colonists in our own markets.
Some years, as many present know, have passed since horticul-
turists commenced agitating, but the good seed which was intended
to put three-quarters of a million of money into the British farmers’
pocket for a long time fell upon stony ground. Some recently
has taken root, and far-seeing landowners are now putting our
theory into practice by offering land upon conditions that will
induce capitalists to invest in fruit culture precisely as they do in
coal and iron. In this and the adjoining counties good landlords
are raising and distributing to their tenantry apple and pear trees
by thousands. These mostly are standards on free stocks, the
only class of tree suited to pasture and arable land. Nursery-
men, again, who have brought propagation up to a fine art, are
producing standards and dwarfs by the million, and these surely
in a few years should make their mark. Meantime, a complete
network of markets, I insist, must be created throughout the
kingdom.

From the preceding remarks those who run may gather the
fact that I do not set much value on the thousands of acres of
ragged, decrepit moss and lichen laden trees, but until the new
plantations come into bearing we must make the best of them.
Then, with Gladstonian vigour, we may hew them down, and let
the apple-sick sites go back to hops, corn, and pasture. Upon
this principle change of site may be worked precisely as gardeners
now manage their strawberry plantations, and with similar
results. AndI venture to say, one acre of modern orcharding will
beat ten of the old—at least, in the West Midland Counties.

Already I am afraid my paper is too long, but having warmed
to my subject, I should now like to say a few words upon the
formation of a modern orchard. I might divide them into
several parts, such as aspect, site, soil, preparation, planting, the
best style of tree, manuring, mulching, pruning and protection,
gathering, storing, packing and marketing, but, my time being
limited, my words must be brief and general.

Aspect and site being so closely dovetailed together, these I
will not attempt to separate. All gardeners, I believe, are pretty
well agreed that a south aspect is best, as trees in this position
ripen their wood well, and produce fruit of the highest colour and
quality. The apple, however, being perfectly hardy, the quality
of the soil must not be lost sight of; neither must altitude and
shelter from north and east winds be repudiated. Under these
circumstances, the soil being deep sandstone loam resting on
marl, and naturally drained, I should not object to a point east,

_ or any other aspect round with the sun to full west. The latter,
’ however, I should prefer, and for these reasons: although western

72 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gales in this part of the country do some damage, it is well
known that if plants are exposed to the first rays of the morning
sun when they are frozen they will suffer, but if they are shaded
until they are gradually thawed by the rising temperature of the
air, they will stand a few degrees with impunity. An orchard
open to the east or south-east is almost sure to suffer after an
attack of spring frost when in full flower or setting, whereas one
with a western aspect, which does not receive the sun until the
temperature has risen and dispelled the frost, often sets and
carries full crops to maturity. Hardly a year passes in which the
gardener does not find early crops of all kinds are safer and finer
upon west borders than upon others, therefore I think few will
deny that his experience is of great value to the planter. The
site, I may say, should be above the line of fog, and it should
not be too near or on a level with water. If naturally drained
much time and expense will be saved, otherwise this operation
must be well carried out as a preliminary preparation. This may
be performed in two ways, viz., by trenching two spits deep for
pyramids or bushes, or by taking out large circular stations on
orass or arable land for standards. If trenching is decided upon,
the bottom spit, if heavy and inferior, should not be brought to
the surface, but it may be ameliorated by the addition of burnt
- clay from the drains, by road scrapings, or any other fresh friable
material short of rich animal manure. ‘This, unless the staple
be very poor, I would keep back for use as a mulch after the trees
are planted. On all ordinary loams young trees grow fast enough
at first, but the time comes when they must be fed, otherwise
they cannot be expected to yield year after year fruit of the
finest quality.

In the preparation of stations for standards on grass or
tillage ground, I would throw off the top spit nine feet in diame-
ter, break up the bottom, and throw out clay or bad material to
be carted away or burned. If cold and at all unfavourable to
root growth, exposure of the soil for a few weeks or months would
sreatly improve its quality. Otherwise, after correcting the
bottom spit, that thrown off first, turf included, with anything
in the way of road scrapings or old lime rubble added, may be
chopped in until the hole is quite full; or a little above the general
eround level. A stout stake should then be driven down to the
solid bottom as a support for the tree when planted.

Planting may be performed at any time from the beginning,
of October up to the end of April. Autumn, however, is best,
as the roots at once take to the soil, and the trees make a fair
growth the following summer. October and November undoubt-
edly are the best months, that is, provided the land is in perfect
condition and the weather favourable ; but so important is
getting the trees into the ground when it is fairly warm and dry,
that I would rather defer planting until April than risk placing

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 73

the roots in a pasty medium. Trees of home growth—that is, from
one’s own nursery, which every fruit grower should have—may be
planted much earlier than others brought in direct from a dis-
tance. All trees should be carefully divested of faulty or injured
roots by a clean cut with a sharp knife; they should never
be allowed to become dry, and each root and fibre should be
spread out in a horizontal position, lightly covered, and watered
home.

In the arrangement of trees, the rows, if convenient, should
run from north to south or north-east to south-west, as three out
of the four sides then receive an equal share of sun and light.
The old fault of planting them too close should be carefully
guarded agaizist, as good fruit cannot be expected when the heads
grow into each other and the roots are constantly shaded.
Standards of upright-growing varieties may be placed thirty
feet apart each way, whilst forty feet will not be found too much
for spreading trees like Flanders Pippin and Blenheim Orange.
Trees, again, of one variety, or a similar habit of growth, and
which ripen their fruit at the same time, should be kept together,
or in rows, alternating with others of a spreading or upright
character. By observing this rule at the outset the general and
orderly appearance of the nursery will be greatly improved, and
much time and labour will be saved when gathering the fruit.
The same rule applies also to pyramids and bushes, which, by the
way, should have plenty of room for extension in every direc-
tion, as no extensive planter can afford to prune close home
upon villa garden principles, especially when the best of the
fruit is cut away by the process. Thinning the shoots and

_ branches annually, of course, is necessary, but beyond this and

maintaining the balance by tipping a gross shoot, I should let
each tree go. The distance apart will depend upon the kind of
stock, as trees on the French Paradise may be grown for years
at distances of four to six feet apart each way. On the English
Paradise or Doucin, which I like best, they grow stronger, con-
sequently more room is required. ‘Twelve feet from row to row,
and six feet from tree to tree, will give them room for a long
time, but eventually it may be necessary to transplant every
alternate tree, when those left will stand equidistant, viz., twelve
feet from stem to stem. Some I know plant much closer, but
when itis borne in mind that a well-developed head turns off not
only more, but better fruit than a small one, abundance of room
is a decided advantage. Moreover, plenty of space favours a
spreading growth, which keeps the heads nearer the ground, safe
from wind and easy of access for pruning, manipulating, and
gathering. When standards are planted they should be well
secured to the stakes previously driven, but in a way that will
allow them to settle with the subsiding soil, otherwise the roots
will drag and strangle. If on pasture land, they should be well

7A JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

protected from sheep and cattle, and the orchard itself must be
fenced and wired round to keep out hares and rabbits.

Varrieties.—The only point I must now venture to touch
upon is the selection of varieties for special soils, situations, and
purposes. A few years ago we planted very early sorts for
coming in before the American importations, but this is now over,
as the quick run across, and summers hotter than our own, com-
bined, enable our friends to be abreast of us at the beginning, as
for a long time they have been at the end of the season. Our
only way out of this dilemma, as I have before observed, is high
cultivation. We have a climate which ripens fruit crisp, tender,
and juicy, not quite so highly coloured perhaps, but in my
opinion superior to the general run of American. We have the
soil, which, thanks to yearly tenancies, nobody cares to till, and
we have the ability. All we want is quality, then it matters
little whether we market early or late, always provided we con-
fine ourselves to a few of the best sorts which do well in the
locality. This hackneyed phrase for a long time puzzled would-
be growers, who said, Where must we look for anything better
than a Suffield or a Blenheim? Well, [am not sure that anyone
requires anything better, but if they do, they must just look into
any of the great well-known nurseries about the end of September,
-and there they will find thousands of trees of all the leading
kinds carrying fruit of the highest quality. Some of these on
dwarfing stocks—just the thing for the garden or home nursery—
will be loaded with large, bright fruit, of which at the present
time we ought to have one hundred thousand tons ready for
storing. They will find also standards on free stocks specially
prepared for planting on pasture and arable land. From these
they may select scores or hundreds of trees of one sort, and so
on of another, but on no account must they select one or two
trees each of a hundred sorts, as this plurality is a great draw-
back in commercial culture. Very early sorts generally go direct
from the trees to the market ; medium and late sorts must be
stored in dark, cool fruit-rooms or dry cellars, and this accom-
modation, or the want of it, must be the guide in making a
selection.

Gathering, storing, and marketing hitherto in the western
counties has not received proper attention ; but a great improve-
ment is now taking place, and the day, I hope, is not far distant
when ruthless shaking the boughs will be looked upon as a
barbarous custom of the past. Apples worth growing are worth
hand-picking, and when hand-picked they are worth sizing—that
is, dividing into two classes before they are stored or sent to
market. ‘The best only should be sent away; seconds may be
retained for home use, or consumption in the neighbourhood.
There should be no mixing of sorts, or good and bad together,
but one uniform quality should prevail. Buyers in this part of

a REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 75

the country still stick to their pots. I do not mean earthenware,
but wicker, which hold from five to seven pecks each; but
invariably they sell by weight, and this, I think, is the fairest
Way, as anyone can compute the value of a tonof apples. Before
apples are hand-picked for storing they should be ripe, that is to
say, the kernels should be brown and somewhat loose in their
cells. The fruit, moreover, should be perfectly dry and free from
spot or blemish, as one black sheep soon demoralises the flock.
Once put away, the less they are turned or handled the better,
especially when sweating or during frosty weather.

If the store-room is fitted with lath shelves, the choice varie-
ties should be placed one, or at most two layers, thick, but late
sorts grown in great quantities may be laid upon dry floors
in greater bulk. ‘They may be stored also in dry flour-barrels,
which should be labelled and put away in a low even temperature
for the winter. Good aristocratic store-rooms are rather expen-
sive; but a cutting driven into a dry bank and covered with
thatch, with double doors at one end, will make a store equal to
the best and most elaborate in the kingdom. Resinous wood
should never be used in the manufacture of shelves. Neither
should hay or straw be admitted within the walls, as all these
materials impart a disagreeable flavour. Dry fern, on the other
hand, may be used for covering purposes, but very little of this
will suffice where frost, and, more especially, heat-proof stores are
properly constructed.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Cuar&E considered a little practice worth a great deal of
theory, and the best planters always planted early apples so as
to gather from the trees and take them straight off to market.
Planting Jate sorts involved a considerable outlay in sorting and
storing. He once grew a hundred bushels of Wellingtons, and
eee them went rotten before it was time to take them to
market.

SELECTION OF APPLES AND PEARS FOR SCOTLAND.

By Mr. Matcortm Dunn, F.R.H.S., The Palace Gardens,
Dalkeith, Midlothian.

In drawing up the following lists of the best apples and pears
for growing in Scotland, for the National Conference, I have
aimed at selecting those varieties which are of a hardy and
vigorous constitution, free-bearing, and large-sized fruit of their
respective kinds, and particularly varieties that are generally
found doing well wherever theyare grown throughout the country.
Generally speaking, the best dessert apples are of rather a

76 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

smail type, and there is much room for improvement in their
average size. Blenheim Pippin and Worcester Pearmain, when
at their best, make very handsome dishes of dessert ; while all
those of the Golden Pippin type are, as a rule, not a profitable
crop, and, although of fine flavour, are insignificant in appear-
ance. Court of Wick, Court Pendu Plat, Kerry Pippin, Scarlet
Nonpareil, Thorle, and Yellow Ingestrie, are all first-rate apples
in every point except: size. Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston
Pippin, Claygate Pearmain, Duke of Devonshire, Mannington’s
Pearmain, are generally of a fair size, and first-rate dessert
apples in their seasons.

Of culinary apples there is a much more satisfactory choice ;
and all of the first twenty varieties usually attain to over medium
size, and may be profitably grown in all districts suitable for
apples. There are also a number of very fine culinary apples
among the ‘‘ next thirty varieties,’”’ especially some of the newer
varieties, and several of them may prove equal to, or better than
some in the first “twenty,’’ in favourable localities, or under
peculiar circumstances. In cold districts, and at high altitudes,
the following are among the best varieties that are generally
found to thrive well: Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Oslin,
Thorle, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Golden Reinette,
- Cambusnethan, Paradise Pippin, Downton Pippin, Court of
Wick, Court Pendu Plat, dessert apples; and Early Julien,
Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Ecklinville, Aitkin’s
Seedling, Cellini, Stirling Castle, Tower of Glamis, Warner’s
Eng, Yorkshire Greening, Alfriston, and Wellington, culinary
apples.

The selections given are by no means exhaustive of the good
varieties of apples; and there are some excellent local varieties
which thrive well in their native districts, and a few of which,
as they become wider known, will probably become popular in
other parts of the country. Many varieties with a good reputa-
tion in more southern latitudes are quite worthless in Scotland,
and are never met with in anything like their best form. Not-
ably so is this the case with such fine English apples as Bess
Pool, Hoary Morning, London Pippin, Welford Park Nonesuch,
Belle Josephine, Winter Majetin, and others of a like nature,
which are seldom if ever seen in a passable state of either size
or quality.

The best pears require special treatment and the highest
cultivation to have them in first-rate perfection in most parts of
Scotland. In a few favourable districts, such as the best parts
of the valleys of the Tweed, Clyde, Forth, and Tay, and in a few
other parts lying below 300 feet of altitude, many first-rate
varieties of pears thrive well and bear freely in the open ground,
as bushes, pyramids, and standards; but in all other parts they
require the protection of walls to bring them to perfection.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 77

Some of the hardiest varieties are occasionally met with bearing
freely jn the open in exposed places, but generally they are not

-profitable to cultivate, and invariably they are poor in quality,

and of very little service as dessert fruit. For cold localities the
best varieties are Crawford, Fair Maggie, Black Achan, Hessle,
Jargonelle, Doyenné d’Eté, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Beurré
d’Amanlis, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Swan’s Egg, Hacon’s Incom-
parable, and Easter Beurré ; and all should be grown on walls,
except perhaps the first four, which are very hardy.
_ There are not many pears grown specially for stewing pur-
poses, as the dessert varieties are too often found to be only fit
for stewing; but the varieties named in the list are all good and
fairly prolific, especially Catillac, which is one of the most pro-
fitable of standard pears.

The following selections of apples are the most suitable for
cultivation in Scotland :-—

Tae Best Twexty Dessert Appizs.
Arranged in the usual Order of Succession.

Early Margaret.—A good bearer, and the best of the very early apples.
*Trish Peach.—Does well almost everywhere; free bearer, and good.

Devonshire Quarrenden.—Generally does well, even in cold localities.
*Oslin.—A favourite old variety; bears freely; not quite first-rate in

quality.

*Thorle.—Another favourite old apple; bears moderately; of first-rate
quality.

¢* Kerry Pippin.—A well-known prolific variety, and always good.

t* Worcester Pearmain.—A fine dessert apple; tree hardy and vigorous;

succeeds everywhere.
Yellow Ingesirie—A beautiful dessert apple; rather small, but very
prolific.
}* King of the Pippins.—A sure bearer.and a useful apple, but not of first-rate
quality. ;
t* Coz’s Orange Pippin.—A first-rate variety; good bearer, and of the
highest quality.

*Ribston Pippin.—Does moderately well; on walls is generally first-rate.
* Blenheim Pippin.—Free bearer, and one of the best and most useful of
apples.
T* Court of Wick.—A sure bearer; rather small; generally first-rate quality.
Adams’ Pearmain.—A useful apple and a sure bearer, but not always
first-rate.
Mannington’s Pearmain.—aA good bearer, and generally first-rate.
¢* Claygate Pearmain.—One of the best late varieties, and an excellent
bearer.

Scarlet Nonpareil.—Moderate bearer; first-rate in good seasons.
Court Pendu Plat.—A useful late variety; moderate bearer; good quality.
* Duke of Devonshire——Good bearer; always fine quality; the best of very
late apples.
Sturmer Pippin.—Generally bears freely, and in good seasons is of fair
quality.
* Best twelve varieties marked with an asterisk,
7 The best six varieties are mrxed with a dagger.

738 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tue Next Best Tuirty Dessert APPLeEs.
Arranged Alphabetically. 7

American Mother.—Free bearer ; fine size; first-rate quality.

Ashmead’s Kernel.—Good bearer; small; late; excellent quality.

Baddow Pippin.—Good bearer; medium size; late, and first-rate.
Barcelona Pearmain.—Good bearer; small; excellent quality.

Braddick’s Nonpareil.—Regular bearer ; tree hardy; quality first-rate.
Cambusnethan.—A free bearer; good size, and fine quality.

Cockle Pippin.—A prolific variety ; rather small; generally first-rate.
Cornish Aromatic.—A good bearer, and first-rate in most seasons.

Cornish Gilliflower.—Moderate bearer ; first-rate in good seasons.

Downton Pippin.—Prolific bearer; small, but the best of the Golden Pippin

Sib | SE prolific; medium size; requires a fine season to be
first-rate.

Early Harvest.—A prolific early variety, and generally of good quality.

Fearn’s Pippin.—Good bearer, and of excellent quality.

Golden Harvey.—Good bearer; small, but first-rate.

Golden Reinette-—Regular bearer, and a first-rate variety.

Gravenstein. —Good bearer; large; tree hardy; fine refreshing flavour;
first-rate.

Hubbard’s Pearmain.— Moderate bearer; medium size; fine quality.

Lemon Pippin.—Regular bearer; medium size; late; first-rate.

Margil.—Good bearer, and of first-rate quality.

Old Nonpareil._Good bearer; small; requires a good season to be first-
rate. .

Paradise Pippin.—Prolific old variety; handsome shape, and good quality.

Pineapple Russet—Good bearer; large; fine flavour; first-rate.

Ravelston Pippin.—A prolific variety; large, and fine autumn apple.

Red Astrachan.—Good bearer; large and very handsome, good quality.

Red Margaret.—Good bearer; medium size; very early; fine quality.

Red Winter Reinette.—Prolific bearer; very handsome; good quality.

Reinette de Canada.—Good bearer, and generally first-rate.

Rosemary Russet.—Constant bearer ; fine size; first-rate quality.

Scarlet Pearmain.—Very prolific; smallish; very pretty; good quality.

Wyken Pippin.—Good bearer; small; of first-rate quality.

Tue Best Twenty Cunmary ApPLEs.
Arranged in the usual Order of Succession.

* Keswick Codlin.—A sure bearer, very hardy, and the most useful very -
early apple.

Duchess of Oldenburg.—A free-bearing and very handsome variety.
+*Lord Sufjield.—One of the best, and thrives well in most parts.
+t*Ecklinville.—Very hardy and prolific, and probably the best of autumn

culinary apples.

Cellini.—Very prolific and useful, bears well in cold districts; tree liable

to canker.
* Hawthornden.—An excellent and prolific variety ; liable to spot in cold
and wet places.

Manks’ Codlin.—A useful free-bearing variety.

Cox’s Pomona.—A fine free-bearing variety, of good quality.

Loddington.—Free-bearing, large, and excellent.

= The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk.
{7 The six best varieties are marked with a dagger

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 79

t* Stirling Castle.—One of the best and most prolific of culinary apples.
New Hawthornden.—A free-bearer, large and excellent variety.
*Tower of Glamis.— Generally a good bearer, vigorous grower, and useful.
+* Warner’s King.—Vigorous growing and free-bearing ; one of the best.
*Golden Noble.—Good bearer; tree hardy and vigorous; a very fine
variety.
+* Blenheim Pippin.—A free bearer, vigorous grower, and first-rate variety.
Yorkshire Greening.—A regular bearer, and a useful apple.
*Alfriston._—A free bearer; hardy and vigorous, and a first-rate apple.
Striped Beefing.—A good bearer, and a fine late-keeping apple.
t* Wellington.—Free bearing ; thrives well in most parts, and generally first-
rate.
*Northern Greening.—A prolific variety, and first-rate keeper; tree grows
slowly.

Tue Next Best Turrtry Cunimary APPLeEs.
Arranged Alphabetically.

Aitkin’s Seedling.—Very prolific, hardy, medium size, excellent quality.
Annie ElizabethGood bearer ; hardy and vigorous; large; first-rate
uality.

ee of eae bearer; large and handsome; first-rate.

Beauty of Moray.—Prolific bearer; good size; first-rate quality.

Bedfordshire Foundling.—Good bearer ; tree hardy; excellent quality.

Brabant Bellefleur.—Good bearer ; large and fine; first-rate quality.

Catshead.—Moderate bearer ; large and useful; good quality.

Doctor Harvey.—Free bearer ; large and very fine; first-rate quality.

Dutch Codlin.—Good bearer ; large and handsome, of good quality.

Early Julien.—Very prolific ; rather small ; the earliest good variety.

Emperor Alexander—Good bearer; large and very handsome; good
quality.

Frogmore Prolific.—A free bearer; handsome, and of first-rate quality.

Galloway Pippin.—Good bearer; smooth, yellow, handsome apple; first-
rate.

Gloria Mundi.—Rather shy bearer; occasionally very large and fine.

Golden Spire.—A sure and very prolific variety; handsome fruit; first-rate.

Grenadier.—Free bearer ; large and fine fruit; first-rate quality.

Hanwell Souring.— Good bearer ; useful late variety ; first-rate quality.

Kentish Fillbasket—Good bearer ; large and useful; good quality.

Lord Derby —Excellent bearer; large and handsome; of good quality.

Lord Grosvenor.—Very prolific; large and fine; early and first-rate
quality.

Malister.—A sure and free bearer; medium size, and excellent quality.

Meére de Ménage.—Moderate bearer; very large and handsome; first-rate

uality.

Nelson Dati !rée bearer; large, and of excellent quality.

Norfolk Beefing.—Good bearer ; a useful late variety; excellent quality.

Peasgood’s Nonesuch.—Shy bearer; large and exceedingly handsome ; first-
rate quality.

Poti’s Seedling—Excellent bearer; large and handsome; of first-rate
quality.

Prince Albert (Lane’s).—Prolific bearer; fine size; keeps well; first-rate
quality.

Ringer.—A sure and prolific bearer; large, and of good quality.

Round Winter Nonesuch.—Good bearer ; large and fine; first-rate quality.

Yorkshire Beauty.—Free bearer; large and handsome ; first-rate quality.

* The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk.
7 The six best varieties are marked with a dagger.

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80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tue Best Twenty Desserr Pears.
Arranged in the usual Order of Succession.

Doyenné d’ Eté.—F ree bearer; good quality; the best very early pear.
+* Jargonelle.—An old favourite variety, and thrives well generally.
* Williams’ Bon Chrétien.—A sure bearer, and a useful autumn variety.
Hessle.—A very hardy and prolific variety, and one of the best orchard
pears. °
t*Beurré d’Amanlis.—Very free bearing; large and handsome; of good
quality.
Pitmaston Duchess.—A good bearer ; large, and of excellent quality. -

t* Lowise Bonne of Jersey.—A prolific bearer; hardy, and first-rate.
*Doyenné du Comice.—F ree bearing; large and fine, and of good quality.
t* Marie Louise.—Does well generally ; fine size, and of the highest quality.

Thompson’s.—A moderate bearer; of first-rate quality.
Beurré Diel.—A prolific variety; large; but often gritty at the core.
* Beurré Bosc.—Good bearer; large and fine; first-rate.
*Beurré d’ Aremberg.—-Very prolific; medium size; generally very good.
*Winter Nelis.—Good bearer; small; but of first-rate quality.
+*Hacon’s Incomparable.—Very hardy; prolific, and generally first-rate.
Napoleon.—F ree bearer, and in most seasons an excellent pear.
*Glow Morceau.—Prolific ; keeps long in use, and generally first-rate.
Josephine de Malines.—Medium size, and in good seasons first-rate.
+*Easter Beurré.—Free bearer; hardy; sometimes gritty, but generally
first-rate.
Beurré Rance.—Prolific bearer; fine size; in good seasons excellent.

Tue Next Best Tuarrty Dessert Pears.
Arranged Alphabetically.

Autumn Berganwt.—Free bearer; small; tree hardy; generally good:
quality.

Autumn Nelis.—Good bearer; small; early ; of first-rate quality.

Bergamot d’Esperen.—Good bearer; medium size; late; and generally
first-rate.

Beurré Bachelicr.—Moderate bearer ; large ; requires a good season.

Beurré de Capiawmont.—Prolific bearer; medium size; useful; not first-
rate quality.

Beurré Hardy.—Good bearer ; fine size, and generally of good quality.

Beurré Superfin.— Good bearer; large and fine; first-rate quality.

Brown Beurré.—Moderate bearer; sometimes gritty at the core; in good
seasons first-rate.

Colmar d’#té.—Prolific bearer; a very good early pear; excellent quality.

Count de Lamy.—-Good bearer ; medium size, and generally of fine quality.

Duchesse d’ Angouléme.—Moderate bearer; large, and occasionally first-
rate.

Dumnmore.—F ree bearer ; medium size; generally excellent quality.

Favourite (Clapp’s).—Free bearer; fine size; excellent quality.

Fertility.—Prolific bearer ; medium size ; fine quality.

Flemish Beauty.—Free bearer; tree hardy; good size; sometimes first-
rate.

Fondante d’ Automne.—Moderate bearer; medium size; first-rate quality. |

Gansel’s Bergamot.—Good bearer; nice size; sometimes gritty; excellent

flayour.
* The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk,
7 The six Lest varieties are marked with a dagger,

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 81

Jersey Gratioli.—Free bearer ; medium size ; occasionally gritty ; generally
first-rate.
Madame Treyve.—Good bearer ; large and fine; of first-rate quality.
Monarch (Knight’s).—Irregular bearer ; medium size ; occasionally fine, and
good quality.
Muirfowl’s Egg.—Good free bearer; very hardy; medium size, and of good
uali

quality.

Ne Plus Meuris.—Free bearer; good size; sometimes gritty; generally

_ good quality. ; ;

Olivier de Sévres——Good bearer; medium size; fine late variety ; excellent
quality.

Passe Colmar.—Prolific bearer; fine size; in good seasons of first-rate
quality.

Passe Crassane.—Free bearer; large and fine; requires a good season.

Red Doyenné.—Free bearer ; medium size; generally of good quality.

Souvenir du Congrés.—Free bearer; large and useful; generally first-rate

quality. ‘ ; ;
Swan’s Egg.—Prolific bearer; medium size; tree hardy; of excellent
quality.
White Doyenné—Full bearer; good size, and generally of good quality.
Zéphirin Grégoire.—Good bearer; medium size; late; excellent quality.

Tue Best Twenty Orcuarp Pears.
Arranged Alphabetically.

ftAston Town.— Hardy and free bearing ; small; generally of good quality.
Autumn Bergamot.—Good bearer; small; sometimes gritty; generally
good.
+Black Achan.—Prolific ; hardy; good size; a favourite old variety, but
only second-rate.
{* Beurré d’ Amanlis.—Prolific; tree hardy and vigorous; large and fine; of
first-rate quality.
+Beurré de Capiaumont.—Free bearer; medium size; of moderate quality.
*Beurré Diel—Free bearer ; large size; often gritty; occasionally very

good.
t*Catillac.—Prolific ; large and fine; best of stewing pears; quality, first-
rate.
¢Crawford.—Very prolific; smallish; favourite early variety; of moderate
uali

quality.
tCroft Castle.—Prolific; small; tree hardy; a useful variety, of good
quality.
*Doyenné d’ Eté.—F ree bearer; medium size; very early; good quality.
Eyewood.—Good bearer; medium size; excellent quality.
tFair Maggie.—Very prolific; hardy tree; medium size ; a popular variety ;
of good quality. 5
*Favourite (Clapp’s).—Free bearer; good size ; good quality.
+* Fertility Prolific bearer; good size; excellent quality.
+* Hacon’s Incomparable.—Prolific bearer ; fine size ; first-rate quality.
¢*Hessle-—A prolific and sure bearer; moderate size; the most popular
orchard pear.
*Jargonelle.—Good bearer; fine size; first-rate quality.
*Louise Bonne of Jersey.—Free bearer, large and fine, and of first-rate

quality.
* Marie Louise.—Free bearer; excellent size; first-rate quality.
t* Williams’ Bon Chrétien.—Very prolific; large, and of excellent quality.
# The twelve best varieties are marked with an asterisk.
¢ The twelve most prolific varieties are marked with a dagger.
F

82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tue Best Srx Srewine Pears.
Arranged Alphabetically.

* Bellissime d’ Hiver.—Free bearing ; excellent quality; a useful variety.

*Catillac.—Tree vigorous, hardy, and prolific ; first-rate quality; the best
stewing pear.

Gilogil.—Hardy and prolific; an excellent variety.

Uvedale’s St. Germain.— Moderate bearer; large; good quality ; requires
a good season.

*Verulam.—Free bearing ; hard and vigorous; of excellent quality.
Vicar of Winkfield.—Good bearer ; large and useful.

CULTIVATION IN JERSEY.

By Mr. Cuartes B. Saunpers, F.B.H.S.,
St. Saviour’s, Jersey.

The Island of Jersey, being so noted for the growth and
cultivation of fine fruit, especially apples and pears, I venture to
offer a few remarks upon the modes of culture, and the varieties
cultivated, thinking they might be acceptable to the Conference,
- and also to the general body of horticulturists interested in the
production of these health-giving and palate-pleasing fruits.

Jersey being the most southerly of the group of islands in
the Bay of St. Michael’s, and the slope of the land being from
north to south-west, enjoys a very favourable climate, the general
moisture, owing to its position and the saline air, which almost
always may be felt blowing over its surface, renders it peculiarly
adapted to the growth of pears. The soil is a good loam, upon
a substratum of clay retentive of moisture, which suits the
Quince stock, upon which most of the pear trees are budded or
grafted. There are localities along the coasts of which the soil
is much mixed with sand, owing to the continuous drift in stormy
weather, whilst some parts of the western side of the island are
so much exposed to the Atlantic Ocean as to be entirely unfit
for fruit culture, and scarcely worth cultivating, the cereals and
root crops growing upon them being very often subject to serious
injury from the force of the westerly gales. Now, it is easy to
understand why the most protected and best sheltered situations
are selected for the growth of the finest and best kinds of fruit.
Apples are grown on the higher and drier parts of the island,
where the land is stiff enough and the drainage good, hence the
orchards, where the more ordinary kinds are grown for the
manufacture of cider and general consumption, are generally
surrounded by hedgerows from five to eight feet high, and
planted with elm and other descriptions of forest trees. The

* The three best varieties are marked with an asterisk.

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 83°

apple trees in these orchards are generally grafted six feet from
the ground, and have spreading circular heads, which are
perfectly beautiful when in bloom. Very many of us can
recollect when the Weigelas of sorts were first introduced that
their great recommendation was that they were as ‘‘ beautiful as
apple blossoms.’’ Were not apple blossoms beautiful before
then ?

These orchard trees, which make such a beautiful display of
flowers, and produce in favourable seasons such an abundance of
fruit, are much neglected, and allowed to grow in a confused
mass of branches. To scientific horticulturists it seems a pity
that, where nature does so much, man should do so little in the
way of pruning, so as to give the trees a more regular form and
better appearance. You will, I think, gentlemen, agree with
me that judicious pruning—.e., removing weak and superfluous
branches, would have the good effects of improved appearance,
more healthy growth, and finer fruit. The general character of
the growth is so vigorous as to render it unnecessary to prune
the extremities of the shoots, except for the sake of shaping the
trees and balancing the heads, but ‘‘ thinning out”’ is the style
of pruning requisite.

The finer descriptions of apple fruit are grown in gardens
sometimes against the walls, on espaliers, or on the long cordon
system. The dwarf cordon is not much practised, nor is it
desirable, inasmuch as the growth, in spite of the Paradise stock

upon which the trees are usually worked, becomes so strong

that it requires constant cutting back to keep it within the
desired limits, and this constant repression of growth is not
conducive to fructification.

The finest Ribston Pippin apples are grown upon south walls
in sheltered gardens, trained upon the fan system, the strong
radiative shoots being selected to form the frame of the trees,
and the lateral and weaker branches being pinched and pruned
off, so as to get fruit spurs to form. It is an excellent system,
barring the disadvantage of the early maturity of the fruit.
Very few other sorts are thought worthy of wall culture. The
dwarf bush, the open standards, the rider or tall standard trees,
are all acceptable forms of garden trees, where the space is
sufficient; and such varieties as Early Stibberd, Red Astrachan,
Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Red Quarrenden, Hooper’s Seedling,
Downton, King, Golden and Walton Pippins, Grand Alexander,
Cox’s Pomona and Orange Pippin, Court of Wick Pippin,
English and Dutch Codlins, &c., are grown freely on Paradise
a8 well as other stock, and take but little space. It is not
unusual to see crops of fruit considerably above the weight of
the trees producing them. Planting Paradise stock apple trees
in rows six feet apart, and the trees at three feet apart in the
rows, suggests a system of culture which might be made re-

¥F2

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

munerative, and were it not for the constant changing of tenants
from one piece of land to another, might be advantageously
practised. It is not so here; most of the fine fruit is produced
on accidental trees, either found in gardens on taking possession,
or planted by incoming tenants. ‘Taking into consideration the
time necessary to get a stock of trees into a good bearing state,
few tenants would care to adopt any system of planting or
training from which they would not derive some immediate
advantage,

The cultivation of the pear has been so very remunerative
for years past, that it has been made a subject of more general
study and system. Many of the old gardens, established half a
century or more ago, offer evidence of the walks having palisades
on both sides, for the purpose of training pear trees upon them,
and in some cases the palisading has been double, so as to admit
of trees being trained on both sides, one foot or less being the
intervening space between the rows of palisades. Trees planted
in this way are generally productive ; the main lateral branches
being trained and supported horizontally, a regular and con-
tinuous supply of sap is provided during the growing season for
the development of the fruit. This system has and does answer
well, and as long as the trees continue healthy they bear good
crops of fruit, the size of which much depends upon the amount
of thinning practised. Against walls, both horizontal, fan, and
cordon styles of training are practised, all of which answer well
in the hands of careful attendants. Dwarf bush and pyramidal
trees are also grown, many acres of ground being devoted to the
cultivation of the celebrated Chaumontel Pear. The great
number of excellent varieties grown, and their exquisite though
varied flavours, make the pear a fruit of general acceptance,
though few varieties are much grown. Citron des Carmes,
Jargonelle, Williams’ Bon Chrétien, Louise Bonne, Maréchal de
Cour, Beurrés d’Amanlis and Diel, Duchesse d’Angouléme,
Doyenné du Comice, Chaumontel, Glou Morceau, and Haster
Beurré are more often met with than other varieties; and
amongst culinary pears, the Belle de Jersey (syn. Belle Ange-
vine), and Catillac, or pound pear, are considered the best.

A rich, strong loam suits the Quince stock best, a lighter soil
suits the free stock for pears. The advantage of growing pears
on the quince as a stock is early fructification, whereas the
generally-accepted axiom respecting pears grafted on the free or
pear stock is, that—

He who plants pears,
Plants for his heirs. :

There are but few large pear trees on the island; occasionally
one or two are met with, towering above the apple trees in the
orchards, but such trees are the exception; and land is so ex-

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 85

pensive in Jersey that no room can be spared for unproductive
trees (which is the case whilst the tree is growing).

The Jersey farmer, cultivating twenty acres of land, and
making a comfortable living off so small a surface, cannot afford
to allow a single perch of it to remain unproductive, and every
square yard is made to contribute towards the general expenses.
The space allotted to kitchen gardening and fruit culture is
generally near the homestead, the pathways being planted on
either side by bush apple and pear trees, currant and gooseberry
trees filling up the intervening spaces in the rows until the trees
have grown sufficiently large to cover the whole space. These
highly-cultivated and richly-manured pieces of ground are made
to produce crop after crop in rapid succession. No sooner is
one crop off the ground than another replaces it (organic, and
not artificial manures being used). The trees get the benefit of
these repeated dressings and the manipulation of the soil.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 19.
Harry J. Veriton, Ksq., F.L.S., F.R.H.S., in the Chair.

FRUIT PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION FROM A
PROVINCIAL POINT OF VIEW.

By Mr. F. J. Batuuiz.

I feel some explanation is needful for the introduction of a
paper which does not profess to be technical before such an
audience and upon such an occasion, but I have long held the
belief that, whilst we pay strict attention to the practical points
or strictly technical details which rightly claim the closer atten-
tion of the specialist, we ought to give some prominence to
particulars which, we may say, constitute the fringe of a subject.

Whilst these are, perhaps, of a too general character to
possess much charm for the person intent upon some particular
detail, they serve to put us in touch with the public, and thus
are helpful in removing popular prejudices ; or there is a sense
of separation somehow between those to whom we look for fruit
consumption and those to whom we look for fruit production.

I knew, too, that there would be gentlemen of wide practical
experience, whose names are in the front rank of the honourable
record of present-day horticulture, taking active part in these
proceedings, andI thought that they would treat of particular
phases of the subjects irresistibly suggested by a ‘‘ National
Fruit Conference.”’

86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL: SOCIETY.

In this I was perfectly right. Whether I was right in my
choice of a subject, for the reasons already stated, remains to be
seen, but I venture to think, from what I know of the good-nature
of those connected with garden pursuits, I can claim your in-
dulgence if I fail to gain your approval; and if any remarks of
mine are such as to provoke hostility of thought, you must please
put them down to provincial prejudice, or, may I say, to that
simplicity which is one of the most prominent attributes of raw
rusticity.

I appreciate the difficulty of saying anything new on the
question, but I shield myself behind the fact that the reitera-
tion of a truth is not a needless undertaking until precept is
put into practice. So long as we pay our millions of money
into other hands for produce which could come from ourselves,
we are quite safe in assuming that there is yet reason for
action.

Coming up from pastoral pursuits to this great centre of
crowding, clamouring life, how can one express the feelings that
somehow naturally force themselves to the front? They may be
said to be somewhat thus: Here you have in your great crowded
centre somewhere approaching 5,000,000 of souls. This area,
with its vast population, has practically grown nothing but
bricks and mortar save the trees and flowers in its beautiful
pleasure parks and its promenades; andif this great centre were
dependent upon its own resources for market produce for its
daily needs, it would very quickly have to answer its children’s
cry for bread by giving them stones.

This great multitude must take some feeding. The open
country of the shires gives garden ground enough for all. ‘The
earnings of the provinces find their way largely into the pockets
of the landowners, and they, in the natural order of present-day
methods, spend a large portion of their time and the greater
part of their wealth in London. There is a kind of feeling that,
seeing so much of the wealth of the country comes here, more
might be done for us and less for the foreign coquettes who court
your favour and gain your sympathy and support for such things
as we can grow quite satisfactorily at home.

I do not at all fear the bogey of foreign competition. This is,
IT remind myself, a National Conference, but the subject is really
universal. The idea involved in fruit production and distribution
is too large for a nation. We cannot, for instance, grow the
orange. We should not like to dispense with it, therefore we
invite the foreigner to send it to us; but we can produce pippins :
then why should you raise your eyes above the beautiful fertile
plains, say, of Kent and Sussex, and with the telescope of a false
economy find beyond the seas, in the broad acres of America,
Canada, Australia, and elsewhere, the admitted beauty of fruit-
ful plains, but also an added imaginary beauty, really nothing

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 87

- beyond what you could have seen without the glasses within the

confining hedgerows of our British orchards ?

We must, however, get somewhat nearer the chief points to
be considered. We must drop figure-and get to facts. We think
we may safely start with an aphorism. Cultivation of the land

- is the basis of all economy. Mother Earth, after all, nurtures

the whole family of the human race. ‘The profit of the earth
is for all; the king himself is served by the field.’’ The political
economist and the social scientist can touch no profounder
problem than the problem of production, and we cannot escape
the consideration of the threefold aspect of the laws of life which
all rightly civilised people recognise :—

1. The population must be properly employed.
2. The people must be clothed and fed.

8. As a necessary condition, the land must be cultivated and
cropped.

Now we have already reminded ourselves that we have to take
ourselves outside the limit line of streets and alleys, and get into
the open country, where we find agriculture and horticulture side
by side, sometimes overlapping each other, but always mainly
concerned with these four phases of occupation :—

1. Cattle production, under which I would include the rearing
and breeding of all animals for slaughter or other purposes.

2. Wheat production, under which head I would include all
arable farming.

8. Dairy farming, under which I would include all milk,
cheese, and dairy products.

4. Fruit farming, including the production of vegetables and
other market produce of this character.

The consideration of the question of supply immediately
brings before us the question of demand. We ask ourselves—
What is demand? Why is it needful to produce ? An elementary
question, truly, but one which has been handled peculiarly by the
jugglers of political and other economists. Briefly, produce is
needed for the maintenance of life. It was easy for the French
wit to say, ‘‘Give me the luxuries of life, let who will take its
necessities;’’ but necessities are—necessities! We then ask
ourselves, upon what can good health and happy life be best
maintained ?

Well, I fear we should here quickly get into conflict of opinion.
Doctors differ. I am justified, however, upon the grounds of
science and experience, in asserting that men can live, and live |
healthfully and happily, on cereals and fruit, so that a wheat farm -
and a fruit farm would meet all national needs. Cattle farming
we are not now concerned about.

I know I strike a chord which may not be one entirely of

88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

harmony in a meeting of this character, when I say that man
can derive all needful sustenance from the cereals and fruit; that is
to say, humanity has in fruits—for cereals are fruits—all that it
needs. Mark, please, I dos not say it has therein all that it
craves, but all that it needs.

Now, if in any other machine than that of man (if you permit
him to be so considered for a moment), heat, essential for its going,
could be got from deal logs, and it was being fed by the engineer
with French polished mahogany and refined oils, we should
consider it strange. Of course, he might do it if he liked; but,
should we wonder why ? Man, so far as his means permit, may,
too, feed on what he likes, but the economist must first consider
essentials, not preferences or prejudices. But I find I must push
forward, for I dare not pursue fancy too far in a paper of twenty
minutes’ length.

After the determination of what is essential for the mainte-
nance of life we must consider the labour question. Which of
the four systems under which we have divided the question of
cultivation employs the largest amount of labour, and in which
are our labourers the most happily and healthily engaged? Un-
hesitatingly, with firmest decision, we answer, in fruit production.
Quite lately I, by chance, became the travelling companion of one
of the largest agriculturists in our county, whose farm lands had
been laid down to grass. He had given up corn for cattle, and
he told me that as a result fifteen cottages were at that moment
standing empty so far as farm labourers are concerned. He had
no further use for them, and they had gone—where? He did
not know, but in all probability to swell the already congested
population of the towns. How are we to get our open-faced,
honest-hearted country population back to the green lanes and
the gardens ?

One of the best methods is the development of the industry
of fruit production. But is our climate such as to encourage
safely the cultivation of hardy fruits? Let us not commit the
often rash errors of a too eager enthusiasm. I do not know
which most to pity or blame—the blind optimist who to every
question suggesting the possibility of big profits, Arcadian delights,
and a contented population always basking in the sunshine of
ease and unconcern, replies, ‘‘ I answer enthusiastically—Yes ;”’
or the poor pessimist who says our apples are only crabs, that
there is a worm at every core, that the glory has departed, and
we are all tumbling into the Slough of Despond.

But there is a via media. It is possible to make the crooked
straight, and the rough places plain, if we only set ourselves
- heartily to find the more excellent way.

Hardy fruits can be grown, and well grown, in this much
despised climate of ours; but, like everything else, it must be
done properly. No more subtle sweetness, crispness, and alto-

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 89

gether right flavour can lurk beneath the skin of apple or pear

than can be found in the flesh of a British-grown Cox’s Orange

or Ribston Pippin, or some of our best pears; and no sprightly

sauciness of brisk acidity can be found in the often insipid flavour

of many of the foreign sub-acid apples to compare with that of a
: Northern grown Keswick or Lord Suffield.

‘ There are those about us, and apparently warmly interested
in this movement, who go to extremes in both directions. In this
problem of production let us remember we have all tastes to suit,
all palates to please, and therefore a wide range for our catering.
One cannot help being amused to read of somebody’s pippin,
which is the apple of the future for the essence of its sweetness
and syrupy juiciness, to which sugar would be a superfluity if not
an absolute detraction ; and in another week’s issue of the same
journal the merit of somebody else’s seedling, which is to be the
apple of the future, is found in and founded on the fact that its
beautiful tartness of flavour is such as absolutely to defy the
seductive influence of sugar or syrup, bringing it to the dull level
of the popular palate which can only take its strawberries when
reduced to a kind of saccharine paste, which can only take
currants as preserves, or cherries in brandy.

So long as opinions differ so widely we need not fear the
unavoidable influence of climate in any of the home districts upon
the qualities of our British-grown fruits.

Whilst admitting of a certain amount of healthy variation in
the quality of the fruits, I would venture to say that the error of
the past has been rather in the multiplication of kinds than in
the other direction. Some people have prided themselves upon
having as many varieties as they can count trees in their orchards,
but I could never see the full force of the benefit of such possession.
It is well to choose but few kinds, letting them be such as are
suitable to the district and such as commend themselves as
market favourites.

For instance, in the larger Lancashire towns apples of a brisk
sharp flavour find much readier sale than the sweeter fruits, for
which there may probably be greater demand in the south. If
you can sell at Cottonopolis Keswicks or Lord Suffields by the
ton, why not grow them by the acre rather than coddle with
somebody’s new seedling said to surpass the Newtown Pippin in
its sugary flavour when the season is favourable enough for it to
fruit? Meet the demand of the district, and proceed cautiously ;
extend as rapidly as you like, but carefully.

If it is worth doing at all, it is worth doing well. Do away
with worthless incumbrances of the ground. A good fruit is as
readily grown asa bad one. This is the crux in the provinces.

If time permitted me to draw you a picture of the typical
farmer’s orchard, you would not wonder that fruit-growing was a
feeble industry in many places. Such so-called orchards are, many

“ a 2

90 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of them, excellent hunting-grounds for the entomologist or the
cryptogamic botanist, whose special attraction is amongst mosses
and lichens. Most of the trees are favourable specimens of artistic
antiquity. The only evidence of anything approaching a pruning
process which I have ever witnessed amongst some of them was
the wreckage of the storm or the broken boughs at apple-tide
which had snapped asunder under the weight of the ladder
against them.

If the orchards are carelessly kept—or carefully unkept—it
is an equally peculiar fact that when fruit is borne by the trees
it seems to suggest no necessity for right handling. Mark Twain
in one of his sketches enlarges, I think, upon his experience in
days when he was assumed to have the editorial charge of an
agricultural paper, and in reply to a correspondent, he told him
he thought he had himself to blame for the condition of his
turnip crop, the defects of which he had just described. ‘‘ You
should wait,’’ said Mark, ‘“‘ until they are nearly ripe, then get up
the tree and shake them down.’’ He found that was not the way
turnips were treated, but the editor had probably seen a county
farmer gathering his fruit, for that is precisely the method he
follows on such an occasion. All this and much more must be
changed before British fruit-growing takes the important place
to which it is entitled.

The present position of the fruit question in the public mind
seems to be that fruit is now used to grace the tables of the
wealthy, or to add a kind of fashionable finish to the dinner of
the fairly well-to-do; but it is seldom regarded as food pure and
simple, though such it really ought to be.

Let anyone having an interest in philanthropic work cause
district visitors or City missionaries to make inquiries amongst
the poor of the large cities, and you will find that fruit is almost,
if not entirely, absent from the list of dietary articles from which
the food-supply of those who live in the narrow streets and the
crowded alleys is derived. I have gathered statistics in our own
district, and was startled to find how the poor live even in a
provincial town, where a person placed at its centre might get be-
tween the hedgerows and into the fields well within half an hour.
Ignorance and prejudice have helped to maintain this condition
of things, for they have only the bare idea that fruit is palatable,
and have no idea that it is also invigorating and healthful.

For the proper and complete development of the fruit move-
ment in this country we must have all our forces to the front.
There is a really steady demand, we are told, for the best fruits
carefully gathered and well packed at most remunerative prices.
That seems to meet the want in cértain directions, but we must
encourage those educational and moral movements which have
for their aim and object the inculcation of habits of thrift and
health amongst the masses of the people.

—— ee

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. . 91

There should be, and there must be, a very largely increased
demand for the home product, and the home product will be
then forthcoming; and this brings us closer to some of the
features we have to face in the question of distribution.

This opens up as many avenues of thought as the question of
production—perhaps more, for in the question of production we
deal largely with matters of conjecture, for we can never know
the end of an unfollowed course, and if you advocate two methods
or fifty you would find followers for each ; but the question of dis-
tribution brings us at once face to face with problems of # s. d.,
and with the conditions of market operations and regulations.

I do not intend to take up the time of this meeting by
attempting to deal with one of the most damaging conditions
which we meet with as a most serious obstruction in the very

; outset, that, namely, of the railway rates; nor do I attempt to
touch upon that other forcible deterrent—the question of land
tenure. Both this and the railway question will, I find, be dealt
with in separate papers; but until some sweeping change is
made in the present system of railway charges, it seems that the
British fruit-grower will find his industry shackled and weighted
to such an extent as to prevent his making a profit at all com-
mensurate with that which he is helping to put into the pockets
of the railway shareholders.

Next to the railway question, we require the establishment of
some responsible agency or agencies to take up, in combination,
the conditions which cannot be successfully fought smglehanded,
and this agency should not be merely commercially protective, _
but also educational. Amongst other matters, it should collect
and publish careful data as to districts, climatic influences,
meteorological notes, and such other intelligence as would serve
to guide. This body would have to be influential and potent,
for the power of monopoly is, as matters now stand, almost
invariably against the producer and the consumer, and in favour
of some intermediate agent, whose name is legion, apparently,
and whose presence may be necessary for the discharge of com-
mercial enterprises, but who ought to be regarded more in the
capacity of a carrier or an agent rather than a trader or mer-
chant.

Next we require the provision of centres of sale. Endless
time is lost by the producer in his effort to find a market, and
neglect at home is consequently unavoidable. It is essential that
persons having produce to sell should be brought into contact with
persons requiring to purchase, but we have at present no such
facility. Cheshire has its cheese fairs, established by the order
of a Council, and the staple product of the county therefore holds
its own in spite of foreign competition. Birmingham has its
onion fair ; but I do not know of a town in ——o that has its
fruit fair.

92 - JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

'Fhen we ought to be able to purchase fruits by name as to
variety. To the farmer’s mind not so many years ago everything
green upon the face of the field was grass. To the mind of the ©
average citizen or citizen’s wife anything that is round, and that
has been plucked from a tree in an orchard, is an apple; it
matters not whether it be a flavourless Crab or a Golden Pippin
—it is anapple; but we want to initiate the public into a know-
ledge that certain apples carry with them certain qualities and
certain flavours, and we want then to show that precisely what
they want can be supplied. There are advertisements in con-
nection with domestic commodities which seem to suggest the
grave importance of your being sure you get somebody’s starch
when you ask for it. The same caution should be applied in the
pomological department, and when the cook finds out that a
certain kind of apple can be depended upon for a certain quality,
we should find the beginning, too, of a more definite order of
things.

Another great impetus to the home product might be insured
if, at railway stations and other places where the public gather
themselves in masses, English fruit could be obtainable instead
of the everlasting French pears and American apples. And I
should like, if those ugly iron impedimenta called ‘‘ automatic
deliveries,’’ or some such wonderful name, are to be tolerated,
that they should, in response to the penny and the push, give
orchard plums instead of sugar plums, and apples and pears in
preference to chocolate or candy.

Another idea that has long possessed me is the idea of the
selling of fruits from sample. According to present methods of
distribution a producer gathers his fruit and carries it away to
the markets, there to stand with a load of it until it is distributed.
Those who have learned the art of modern marketing have found
out that prices decline as the day wears on, for the grower does
not desire to cart part of a load home again. On the other
hand, there may be a system of ‘‘ topping ’’—I may be excused if
I explain (for of this my present audience is doubtless ignorant)
that this implies a process, possibly accidental, by which the
larger, better fruits in a basket gravitate towards the top! This
is, of course, open to the suggestion of unfairness on the other
side ; but if the grower submitted samples of his fruit just in the
way the farmer does who has grain or seeds to sell, an imme-
diate relief would result.

A farmer does not think of carting the yield of his grain
fields to the open markets, but asks the merchant to buy upon
the sample placed before him in the market; and he can sell or
hold as he then thinks best. He would then be in a less likely
position for the imposition of injustice.

Then I think, in the interests of distribution, our leading
agricultural and horticultural societies—agricultural societies

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 93

especially—should recognise the industry, and admit home fruit
products into their schedules of subjects for competition. I am
glad to observe that the Royal Agricultural Society of England
has taken up the matter, and hope other agricultural societies

| may now be induced to follow. It is likely that more good will

L200, » Gi odtee. 2

woe

arise from sources of this character than through minor efforts of
less prominent bodies, as the subject would then be considered
along with the problems of land cultivation in their more impor-
tant and varied aspects.

I must not forget to include the all-powerful Press. We have
natural friends in the editors of horticultural publications, but I

am glad to see the general Press of the country is now taking

an interest in the question. Whilst many newspaper readers are
evidently competent to take an intelligent view of the matter,
there are some who seem to discern in the agitation something
like the sectarian movement of a new faith, for which they have
quickly set themselves to imvent the name of the ‘“‘ Faddist.”
Well, let it be so.

If we are to get public attention called to the question, we
may hope that the long delayed interest will be fairly and fully
aroused ; and whilst we rejoice in the peace and prosperity of a
nation preferring pruning-hooks and ploughshares to swords and
spears, we shall yet the more rejoice when we gain the greater
victory and proclaim the wider conquest of the sickle and the
spade.

COMPENSATION FOR ORCHARD PLANTING.
By Mr. Wizi1am F. Bear, Streatham.

It is, no doubt, solely because of the great interest which, for
many years, I have taken in compensation for tenants’ improve-
ments, that I have been invited by the Committee of this Con-
ference to read a paper upon a subject of the practical details of
which I probably know less than any person in this room. I
must confess that I felt a strong disinclination to place my views
before a body of experts, and if anyone but your worthy secre-
tary, who has been very obliging to me on more than one occasion,
had asked me to come forward, I should have declined ; for,
should anyone ask me what I know about orchard planting, I
should have to reply, Next to nothing. When I tooka farm some
years ago, I planted some fruit trees, and had them in fine bear-
ing condition by the time that I quitted the holding, to the ad-
vantage of my successor. More recently I have planted some
apples and pears in a suburban garden, and have scarcely seen a
blossom on any of them for the last three years. However, my
subject is not planting, but compensation for planting, and upon

94 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that topic I have very decided views, and few persons, I believe,
have given more thought to it. Still, as my object is to elicit
discussion rather than to air my own opinions, I shall be as brief
as possible in my remarks.

Cultivators of the soil are constantly being told that they
should grow more fruit. Ordinary farming does not pay, and is
not likely to pay, it is contended, and farmers should turn their
attention to the production of vegetables and fruit. Now, there
is no reason to fear that too many farmers will take that advice,
the rank and file of the class being very slow to make any im-
portant changes in their routine. Itis obvious that if even a
twentieth part of the land of the United Kingdom were devoted
to the growth of culinary vegetables and fruit, the market would
be glutted, unless the nation were converted to Vegetarianism.
But, as I have said, there is no reason to fear that too many
farmers will become market gardeners and fruit-growers, and
there will be all the less reason to expect this, as I believe a turn
in the tide of ordinary farming as a business has set in—whether
for a long or for a short period it would be rash to predict. The
fear is—to confine myself to fruit-growing—that, in spite of the
‘‘boom”’ which appears to have been started in that industry, its
development will be slower than is desirable. There are many
reasons why it should be so. Enough has been said in recent
years, and said over and over again, to prove that it is desirable to
srowmore fruit, and especially more choice apples and pears, in this
country. The question is, How to doit ? Now, in my opinion,
Mr. Rivers, in his speech as chairman of the Fruit Growers’
Conference held the other day in the Crystal Palace, went the
right way to work to show how not to do it. Alluding to the
obstacles to fruit-growing, he is reported to have said that land-
lords, land laws, railway rates, and middlemen have nothing to
do with them. A more astounding assertion I have seldom read.
In my opinion, they have pretty well all to do with them. It is
our land laws which render fruit-planting an unsafe speculation,
and high railway rates and a bad system of distribution (the
middleman element) which render fruit-growing less profitable
than it should be. Ithink my friend Mr. Atbert Bath was on
the right tack in the paper which he read at the first Crystal Palace
Conference, and not Mr. Rivers, who declared ignorance to be the
fundamental hindrance to extended fruit culture. No one isa
more earnest advocate of agricultural and horticultural education
than I am, and no one is less disposed to say anything to under-
rate the advantages of either branch of instruction. But, in my
opinion, for one cultivator of the soil prevented from growing
fruit by ignorance, there are twenty who are deterred from lack
of security to capital invested in planting, high railway rates,
which render it unprofitable to grow anything except high-priced
early produce if it has to go a long distance by rail, and our

* : , eS oe

- REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 95

abominable system of distribution, which gives more profit to the
middleman for a day’s, or sometimes for an hour’s, work in hand-
ing fruit on to customers, than to the producer who spends a
year in growing it.

Returning to the question, How is fruit-growing to be in-
creased ? I must pass by, as beyond the range of my subject, all
details relating to such obstacles as high railway charges and the
middleman’s undue share in the amount paid by consumers
for fruit. In considering how to answer the question asked,
another at once crops up—Who isto plant? Now, our land laws
are directly opposed to planting, as far as they go. By encourag-
ing limited ownership through the settlement of estates they
render it disadvantageous to most landowners to plant, because
the limited owners, who form the great majority of the landlord
class, by sinking their capital in orchard planting, would reap
only a transitory benefit themselves, and that only if they lived
several years, while they would enrich the already too highly-
favoured heirs to their lands at the expense of their younger chil-
dren or other relatives. Forreasons which it would take me very
wide of my mark to-day to state, I am not in favour of increasing
the powers and privileges of the owners of land by making
them absolute owners, and I allude to limited ownership merely
to show that under it there is no reason to expect extensive
orchard planting by landlords. We come now to the tenants,
and are thus brought within the precise confines of the subject
of this paper.

Mr. Rivers appears to argue that the land laws have nothing
to do with the indisposition of cultivators to plant fruit, because
in suitable situations and under proper management fruit-plant-
ing will pay with laws and rents as they are. No doubt it will,
provided that the planter has a long lease and lives long enough
to reap the fruits of his enterprise, or if—and this is a very large
‘‘if’’—he can induce his landlord to consent to the planting, so
that he will be entitled to compensation under the Agricultural
Holdings Act, or to arrange otherwise to compensate him or his
heirs when he quits his holding or dies. These ‘‘ifs’’ and ‘ ors,”
however, are shadowy particles, and a substantial and disagree-
able ‘‘but’’ nearly always comes in to put them to flight.
Without the consent of the landlord in writing, the law fails to
afford the fruit-planter, whether he be a large farmer or an allot-
ment holder, a halfpenny of compensation for capital sunk in
the planting of fruit; and I doubt whether that consent can be
obtained by one out of a hundred tenants. The tenant, then, has
no legal security for fruit-planting, and if he plants without ©
security, he incurs a very serious risk. It may be contended,
perhaps, that a long lease affords sufficient security; but that I
entirely dispute, because a man may die before he has reaped any
benefit from his expenditure, and it may be inconvenient for his

96 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.-

executors to carry on his business, or he may be obliged to re-
move, either from getting into difficulties, or from some less dis-
agreeable cause. Therefore a lease is but a delusion as security,
unless it contains compensation clauses or embodies a right of
consignment. Moreover, a lease never affords adequate security
unless it is a very long one, even if the holder of it farms it out.

Even then, at the end of the lease, the improving tenant—or
rather, the law—hands over to the landlord property which
rightly belongs to himself.

It is not necessary to say before my present audience that the
expense of orchard planting is no light one, or to point out that
some years must elapse before the planter can hope to obtain a
satisfactory return on his outlay. Probably there is no gentle-
man here who could not tell me a great deal more about the cost
of planting than I can tellhim. But as there may be readers of
this paper who are not experts, and who may like to have the
estimates of experts on the cost of planting different kinds of
fruit, I submit such estimates. There is no lack of them in
print ; but most of those in my possession are two, three, or
more years old, and expenses vary with the times. I therefore
asked Mr. Charles Whitehead to give me his estimate for the
_ present time, and I have to thank him, a busy man—though for

that matter, busy men are generally the most obliging in afford-
ing information—for kindly complying with my request. In
giving Mr. Whitehead’s estimates, I must point out that they do
not include the cost of preparing the land, or any portion of the
rent, tithe, rates, and labour expenses after planting which fall
due before the trees come into profit.

Cost oF Puantinc One AcRE oF Fruit.

£6 @.: B52
Standard Apple Trees, 22 ft. sect (90 eee): ee ee | Be
Planting and staking... >. Pag ee BP,
817 6
Plums or Damsons, 18 ft. apart oars oS a2 eee oO
Planting and staking... 1 cre Soe
1110 0
Apples and Plums mixed, 20 ft. init oe trees) ae Gok |S
Planting and staking “ see ee ee
10 5 O
Bush Fruit Trees and Apples, co: to the acre, 5} ft.
apart, at 13s. per 100 ss ee i) 8. Oe
Planting bush trees . ss a <on (BaD
90 apples, and planting and staking PO by wa
20 12 6
Bush Fruit with Plums or Damsons—1,440 bush fruit
trees ... gl 9 0s
Planting ditto... 215 0
134 Plum or Damson Trees, and planting and staking 1115 0

23 10 0

bee -

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 97
£8 dz -His &
Strawberries, 30 in. x 18=11,616 ii ad ers 12s. 6d.
per 1,000 Aes 7 4 8
Planting ... ae of des Betts ass Ay, ae
—— 819 8
Strawberries, 30 in. x 12=17,424 ENG. at 12s. 6d.... 1018 6
Planting ... anh be is. pay eele
13 6 0
Raspberries, i in rows 4 ft. apart, 3 plants to a hill or
centre = 10,890 +h ee Se “a ots eee a
Planting ... des Gs mm wf a, 8 @
—— 13 2 6

Mr. Whitehead adds: ‘All these rates are according to
present cost of fruit trees and present labour wages. The land,
of course, must be deeply ploughed, and in many cases a subsoil
plough should follow the ordinary plough. Harrowing also is
necessary to get a level surface. Upon land in cultivation a
good dressing of manure would be necessary, say 20 tons per
acre. Some land would require trenching.”

Mr. Albert Bath, of Sevenoaks, has also kindly sent me some
estimates, which represent the actual cost of planting now being
carried out under his superintendence.

Cost oF Manurine, Piovenrtne, Supsominc, TREES, AND PLANTING

PER ACRE.
£ s.d
Apple plantation, trees 20 ft. x 20 ft. Baa a is ocasy jake te ae
Plums, 20 ft. x 20 ft. ae: ea ie », 18: 2648
Pears, about same as apples... 21 0 0
Mixed plantation of Apples, Pears, ‘Plums, 20 ft. x 20 ‘ft., with
bottom fruit—currants and gooseberries ime 35 8 O
Raspberries (manuring-and cultivation as above, excepting
subsoiling) each ae re as Ses oe den eee
Strawberries, ditto ... ni “a ee ‘bien Re cn ee Le

Mr. Bath remarks that fruit trees and raspberry canes are as
cheap as they were six years ago, but that apple trees are in
great demand, and will soon be dearer. Some growers, he also
remarks, may prefer planting plums 10 ft. x 11 ft., and in that
case the cost would be £34. 13s.

Although the planting of strawberries and raspberries does
not come under the head of orchard planting, the estimates for
these crops are allowed to appear in the list. I may add that
Mr. William Vinson, of Orpington, Kent, has kindly given his
estimates of the cost of planting of an acre of these varieties of
soft fruit. Including the first year’s cultivation, rent, rates, &c.,
he says, raspberries “cost about #15 an acre, and strawberries
about £10.

The veriest outsider must see from these figures—and Saami
from those relating to orchard planting—that it would be very
risky for a tenant to engage in that enterprise without security
as to compensation for the unexhausted value of his improve-

G

* 7 =~ 8 _ a ate: _= =

98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ments; and it is to be borne in mind that Mr. Whitehead’s
totals should be larger than they are, because they do not
include additional expenditure incurred while waiting for the
trees and bushes to bear.

How, then, should compensation be given? Personally, Iam
a strong advocate of the plan of allowing the tenant to sell his
improvements in the market, with pre-emption to the landlord.
Elsewhere, and on many occasions, I have shown how I would
safeguard the just claims of landlords in making the necessary
arrangements for free sale. There is not time to allow of my
going into details upon that topic to-day. Moreover, to do so
would be needless repetition, for are they not written in the
chronicles of the Farmers’ Alliance ?—an association which would
have done great things for the farmers and fruit growers of the
country if they had sufficiently supported it. In my opinion,
free sale is far superior to the valuation system. When told
that it involves dual ownership in land, I always say, in reply,
that where two persons invest their capital, and inextricably mix
it, in the same piece of land, you must have dual ownership or
confiscation. There is absolutely no other alternative ; and if
you have a right to compensation by valuation, you have dual
_ownership just as much as if you have free sale. Again, lam
told that free sale has not succeeded in Ireland; but the reply
to that is, that it was a splendid success in Ulster before Mr.
Gladstone meddled with it, and, in my opinion, muddled it.
Having visited Ulster, I say that the results of free sale there
are wonderful. Considering the disadvantages in respect of
situation, climate, and often of soil also, under which the farmers
in that province laboured, what they did, stimulated by the
security afforded to them by free sale, long before the Land
Acts were passed, is a striking proof of the value of the
principle.

It must be confessed, however, that free sale is not popular
in this country. It may further be admitted that the system of
compensation by arbitration and valuation can be carried out
more satisfactorily in relation to fruit trees than in the case of
ordinary farm improvements. The trees are on the ground, and
can be counted and valued, and their condition indicates how
they have been manured and otherwise treated. In some parts
of Italy it is the practice to make an inventory of all the trees
on a holding when the tenant enters, describing the number of
trees of each kind in each enclosure, indicating the condition of
the whole in general, if not of each, and valuing them. When
the tenant quits, a similar inventory is made, and he is entitled
to receive, or required to pay, any difference in the two valua-
tions, according to whether he has caused appreciation or
deterioration during his tenancy. Whether or not any allow-
ance is made for natural improvement on the one hand, or

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 99

deterioration, similar to the reasonable ‘‘ wear and tear’’ in a
house, on the other, I cannot say. Perhaps some such plan
could be adopted in this country.

The simplest reform, however—and I believe that fruit
growers and farmers can get it if they will but act together—
would be that of striking out the stipulation in the Agricultural
Holdings Act which requires the landlord’s consent to entitle the
tenant to compensation for planting fruit trees and for other
permanent improvements. But as I have always been a friend
—an unappreciated friend—-to landlords, I must state one objec-
tion to this proposal. It would be hard to come down upon a
poor, embarrassed landlord, or upon one fairly well-to-do, but
only a tenant for life, for £20 an acre or more on 100 or 200
acres, in the form of compensation to an outgoing tenant.
Therefore, it seems to me that if the tenant is to be entitled to
compensation for costly improvements made without his land-
lord’s consent, the latter should have the option cf presenting
the right of free sale to the former. Or, perhaps, as landlords
have always opposed free sale, it will be but a fitting lesson to
them to make the amendment in the Agricultural Holdings Act
just suggested, and to leave them to sue for free sale, which, I
fancy, under the altered circumstances, many of them would
very quickly demand. At any rate, in one way or another, I
contend it is the right and the duty of the public to insist that
the law of the land shall be so altered as to encourage instead of
hindering the greatest profitable development of the resources
of the soil. They should not recognise the right of a man who
is allowed to ‘‘ hold an estate in land ’’—the nearest approach to
absolute ownership recognised by the law of this country—to
keep it as a desert waste, or anything like a desert waste, if it
will pay for improvement, and there are capitalists able and
willing toimproveit. Or, to limit the application of this principle
of public right and duty to the subject before us, I say that the
people of this country, desirous as they are to see planting in-
creased, should insist on their representatives in Parliament,
without unnecessary delay, so amending or adding to the statutes
as to afford to every cultivator of the soil full security for the
unexhausted value of any improvement in the planting and
culture of fruit which he is able and willing to carry out.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Rovrett pointed out that the owner of land was not
always an ogre, and might occasionally be expected to act with
both common sense and consideration. Sometimes, however,
the ownership vested in trustees, or in the guardians of infants,
who had a very real difficulty in going outside the strict letter of
the law, it was therefore very advisable that in any alteration

of the law. it should be made to act automatically. The best
G2

100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

position, however, for anyone to be in, was to hold under an
intelligent and enlightened landlord, who would go hand in
hand with his tenant, and facilitate the transfer of improvements.

THE RAILWAY DIFFICULTY IN RELATION TO FRUIT,
AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT.

By My. D. Tatterman, F.R.H.S.

The railway difficulty and how to deal with it presents a
social problem for solution of such immense magnitude, involv-
ing interests of so vast a character, that to justly determine it
with due regard to the rights of all parties demands the most
serious and earnest attention. On the one hand we have the
enormous sum of £845,972,000 sterling invested as a paid-up
railway capital in a movement ostensibly for the benefit of the
public, which sum is entitled to a reasonably fair interest, while,
on the other hand, the natural development of the resources of
_ the nation are largely interfered with by the courses that have
been followed by those having the control of the internal traffic
incidental to the distribution of home-grown produce.

The full extent to which the agricultural classes as a body
suffer by this course of procedure is beyond the scope of our pre-
sent Conference, which, as far as possible, should be confined
specially to the interests of fruit-growers.

That these may be clearly understood I have prepared a map
of England and Wales, showing each county with its population,
its total area, and the extent of that area devoted to fruit-grow-
ing and its allied industry, market gardening. The facts thus
disclosed are of a most startling character, as they show that in
the major portion of the country there is little or no fruit or
green foods locally produced to supply the requirements of the
people. There may be different opinions as to the cause or
causes of this alarming condition of things, but there will be a
consensus of opinion upon one point, which is, that the charges
of our railways for the carriage-of home-grown produce and the
general arrangements for its transmission have been of such a
nature and extent as to render the cultivation of these commodi-
ties unprofitable where it has been carried on, and to deter the
extension of cultivation in other districts by reason of the want
of facilities to despatch the produce when grown to centres of
consumption for profitable sale, thereby failing to encourage the
production of a supply of home-grown food for the people.

With every regard for the rights of investors to a legitimate
interest upon their capital, the question must be removed from
that comparatively narrow sphere of consideration to the far

fa 5 gibt dia

POPULATION &
Comparative Area.in each County
: DEVOTED TO
MARKET GARDENS &

ORCHARDS.

867,258 SS POPULATION. — Brack FicuRes
f = ~~ r
\ OrcH anos. a
\_ Marner Garvens. @
@ @ \\ennvine THE INADEQUATE SUPPLIES OF

FRUIT & VEGETABLES IN MANY DENSELY
O POPULATED DISTRICTS.

fas cae Desicneo ey D.TALLERMAN, KFJ. FRHS

LINCOLN \

469,919

STAFFORD

og EICE STER( iad NORFOLK
321256 |2h489-— 444,749

576,434 $5
ZN

Nn J
A T= 03) CL7
a] gf) 572,433 2 5 = Mi
21,267 1 : . a s)))
Beg VZ
4 A a Xs =—S y
, ee) q .

LY

| GILBERT & RIVINGTON,L® PrintrRs, LONDON.
(COPYRIGHT) ,

i)
&

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 101

wider one as to the duties that were imposed on the railways
when the rights to construct their undertakings were conferred
upon them.

There can be no misunderstanding on this point, for, leaving
the general subject and dealing with it in its particular charac-
ter, it will be,found that every application to Parliament for a
Bill to acquire land and construct a railway has been based
upon the ground that it was for the public benefit that it should be
granted. )

Sight must not be lost of the fact that every Railway Act con-
tains a schedule of the maximum tolls and rates that it is allowed
to make for its services. But at the same time it should be
borne in mind that a large number of the subsequent railway
privileges were granted upon the assumption that there would be
a legitimate competition for traffic within reasonable limits.

This result has certainly not been brought about, for it will
be found that a most extraordinary condition of things exists with
our railway system, as while there is the keenest possible com-
petition among the principal lines to obtain the traffic, there is
at the same time the strongest possible union amongst them as to
the rates and charges they shall levy on that traffic.

The position of the metropolis in this matter is the most
anomalous one conceivable, and will be discovered in the fact
_ that it has been left to the eight railway companies that convey
the daily food of its four million inhabitants, together with the
Corporation, who conduct the markets so as to render them
monopolies in the hands of a few favoured traders, to continue
levying charges in the form of excessive rates, commissions, and
middle-mer.’s profits that are gigantic in proportion to the ‘‘ octroi’”’
collected on the boundaries of most continental cities, which we
look upon as excessive, but which, in any event, is legitimately
collected and expended as public money in the public service.

With us home-grown produce is, beyond all question, the
food of the people for the people, and its economical and ready
transmission from the fields of production to the centres of
consumption is a matter that directly affects, for good or ill,
producers and consumers. ‘The excessive charges now made are
found to so largely influence the welfare of the nation, that the
question of railway rates has forced itself forward as a subject
of general consideration.

The policy of the railway companies is both short-sighted and
cruel; the former, because if farmers had the inducement to cul-
tivate their lands, by the chance of a reasonable outlet, they
would undoubtedly do so, and the railways would have the con-
veyance of the produce, which would furnish them with a large
revenue from a source where they now receive nothing; the
latter, because it is well known that the bulk of the money
realised by home produce is expended in home labour, and the

102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

whole of it remains in the country for re-expenditure, mostly in
wages of other industries in some form or another.

But the most serious effect that this course of procedure has
is the deprivation of the people of the large supply of vegetable
and fruit foods that would be raised and available for consump-
tion if the railways faithfully carried out the engagements made
by them, upon the faith of which the privileges they now possess
was accorded to them.

Meanwhile, good service may be done in another direction,
which would, in any event, result in preventing the continual
extension that is taking place of the condition of things
from which we suffer. The great difficulty that presents itself
in attempting to carry out any reform for the general good is
the plea that is set up by the railway companies of the rights
conveyed to them by their Acts of Parliament, whith Acts they
every year apply to have extended and increased. So large are
the rights thus continually assigned to them, that in 1887 they
required an addition to capital of no less a sum than £17,628,000
sterling; and it appears to be a very great oversight to allow
these continual and large additions to be made to our railway
system without making some provision for relief in the direction
in which it is so urgently required. Granted that the railway
companies have some rights in their existing Acts, that can be
no reason why those conditions, which are now found to be
detrimental to public interests, should be continued in the new
Acts they apply for every successive session ; on the contrary,
the occasions should be utilised for obtaining some relief from
our difficulties.

To enable arrangements of a beneficial character to be made,
and ensure the establishment of a system that would render
nugatory the efforts of the railway combination, and result in the
establishment of reasonable rates for home-grown produce, it is
advisable to pass such a general Act of Parliament as would
enable local authorities to provide open spaces for use as markets,
and to make connections with railways in their several districts,
so that trucks with produce could be run direct into them, and
their contents disposed of by the owners without incurring the
cost of loading or unloading, and thus defeat the right to charge
for terminals, unnecessary services, &c. Also to enable local
authorities to make auxiliary lines or tramways in their several
districts, such lines or tramways to be in connection with the
railways, over which they should have running powers.

Collections of farm and garden produce would thereby
gradually be formed from each area, and could be despatched by
the producers to the markets, and be disposed of direct to the
retailers or others.

A market of such a kind in each quarter of London would
bring the whole agricultural population of the adjacent country

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 1638

into direct communication with the consumer, and by being
brought into communication with the existing system of tram-
ways, the saving in the expense of cartage and delivery, which
are at all times serious items in the cost of vegetable foods,
would reach a total of several millions annually. Thus, not only
would there be a considerable saving to the community, but at
the same time a large amount of nutritive food would be
brought within the reach of the working classes, of a better con-
dition and fresher quality than they now receive, and the
receipts of the agricultural classes would be largely increased.

It is an open question whether or not fruit growers have
given any thought to the matter of railway rates and charges,
and the conditions upon which their produce should be dealt with
in future by those who conduct and control our inland traffic.
The subject is not only of the utmost importance, but it demands
their urgent and incessant consideration.

The outlet for fruits will be found in two directions, which
have a widely different character and necessitate different treat-
ment—the supply to London and the few very large towns in the
north, and the supply to the small towns and villages throughout
the kingdom. In the first we have the large concentration of
fruiterers, greengrocers, and costermongers, who have hitherto
furnished the means for reaching the public. In the second
they have to a great extent done without fruit, as it could not be
supplied in a fresh condition. Whether the fruit is intended
for London or the country districts, railway companies should be
compelled to provide effective refrigerator trucks for its con-
veyance, in order that its fresh condition may be fully maintained.
Growers know the condition of the fruit when it leaves them,
but they are not aware of the serious deterioration that takes
place in transit before reaching its destination, and the conse-
quent enormous depreciation that takes place in values. A few
hours make a great difference in the appearance and flavour of
fruit, and there can be no possible justification for the unneces-
sary loss thus caused to the grower, when the fruit could be
readily and inexpensively delivered in a fine and fresh condition.

To ensure equitable arrangements in the matter of railway
rates, so far as fruit growers are concerned, it is not only neces-
sary, but of the utmost importance, to look into the various
descriptions of traffic, and study the absolute conditions that
are required to be complied with to effectively transfer their
produce from the orchards to consumers with the least possible
handling.

To convey coals, strawberries, iron, eggs, wood, meat, mine- ©
rals, fish, and other articles of a widely distinctive character
by the same trains, to a great extent in the same trucks, and
deliverable by the same vans, and claim varying rates of pay-
ment, not according to the service rendered, but on the basis of

104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

what the traffic will bear, is not only unreasonable, but in reality
furnishes the railway companies with the power to indirectly
levy a tax upon the food of the people, which they have exercised
to a very great extent.

Had the companies, for the extra charges they have made,
provided any of the additional accommodation or facilities that
perishable goods require, either in transit or delivery, the addi-
tional charges might have been excused; but it has been an
invariable rule of all the companies not to undertake any respon-
sibility in respect to perishable goods, unless a special additional
rate was paid. ‘‘Owner’s risk’ and ‘‘Company’s risk”’ are
terms well known to every consignor of produce. Many have
often, to their cost, been advised that their goods arrived an hour
late for market, or just after the market was over, and therefore
made no price at all.

Thus, a special feature in this matter that fruit growers must
bear in mind for traffic purposes is, that their especial produce is
divided into two classes—the perishable and the non-perishable,
and that these need different treatment. In connection with
the former, in which soft fruits take a front rank, effective collec-
tion, safe transport, and speedy delivery are matters that require
much greater consideration than even the actual rates charged ;
therefore I propose to direct attention to two points :—

First: What the railway companies should do in connection
with perishable food transport.
Second: What they should charge for doing it.

Under these circumstances it will be wise for the fruit
farmers to look upon themselves as one of the branches of our
national agricultural industry, and determine the absolutely
necessary conditions that are essential for the effective transport
of their produce; at the same time those engaged in grazing,
dairy farming, market gardening, and the other branches of
agriculture should do the same, and then make a combined effort
to obtain the facilities that are necessary for each, to enable
them to profitably carry on their operations. |

The traffic in home-grown perishable foods possesses a
remarkable characteristic feature in being largely composed of
comparatively small consignments. This is not only the neces-
sary outcome of our system of production, but promises to -
largely increase with the growing tendency to small holdings,
allotments, &c. This traffic should not only be encouraged, but
every possible facility should be furnished to enable it to develop
itself; for in that system will be found the means by which pro-
ducers and consumers will naturally drift into more direct
communication with each other. And it is to aid the growth
of this condition of things that it is advisable for such provision
to be made as will inherently develop a traffic by the facilities it

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 105

furnishes to producers for reaching the retailers in outlying
districts.

In this matter, so far as fruit is concerned, facilities for its
effective collection, safe transport, and speedy delivery are of a
much greater consideration than the actual charge made for the
services rendered, but this should certainly be a figure within
reason; but the principal thing that the agricultural classes
generally, as a body of producers, should seek to obtain, is a
ready means for reaching consumers in all districts through the
existing retail traders. For this purpose they should seek for
the establishment of a ‘‘ farm produce train ’’—a service to
be carried out on the lines of the ‘‘ parliamentary train”’ and
the ‘‘ van train,’’ which was in existence for a number of years,
and only recently abandoned. By the parliamentary train the
passenger rate for one train daily was fixed by law. ‘The van
train was for parcels,.and the rates were made by the railway
companies themselves, being one-half the ordinary parcel rates,
with a minimum of 6d. At the present time, a parcel traffic is
in existence on all railways by passenger trains, and this is
governed by radius of distance—up to thirty miles being 3d.
per lb.; up to fifty miles $d. per lb. ; up to 100 miles 2d. per lb.,
with a minimum rate of 6d. for a parcel. A moderate exten-
sion of this parcel system to goods packages, with half a cwt. as
a minimum, and with wider radius, on the basis of the van train
charge—that is, one-half the current parcel rates—would prove
advantageous to farmers, and bring the railway a large and
remunerative traffic.

This should be sought for, and would probably be conceded
by the railway companies without difficulty.

The time has arrived when, as a result of the protracted
agitation upon which producers have been for years engaged, the
subject is about to be dealt with by the Board of Trade, who
have been appointed to act as arbitrators between the public
and the railway companies.

It is therefore essential that the vast network of producers
throughout the United Kingdom should, in their several and
separate spheres, determine the actual requirements of their par-
ticular commodities, and then by united action place themselves
in a position to approach the Board of Trade in a tangible and
effective manner, so as to be able to put forward and substantiate
simple and definite claims in every instance.

To this end the agricultural classes should, individually,
collectively, and promptly study the subject in all its bearings,
in order to see where their particular interest is affected, and
how it may be remedied. Even then the contest is a most
unequal one, for the railway companies are few in number, but
united as one body, having an unlimited command of capital
for their purpose, coupled with the best practical legal and com-

106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mercial experience that can be procured. They will also receive
the indirect support of all the vested interests that have grown
into existence with, and profit by, the present enormous importa-
tions of food products that now reach us from foreign countries.

And these combined forces will be confronted, so far as
farmers are concerned, by a disunited, and consequently weak,
body of individuals, without any representative organisation to
determine what they should claim, and without means to take
the necessary steps to contend for their views.

The question of station terminals is still an open one, and the
railway companies will probably avail themselves of the oppor-
tunity and endeavour to surround all traffic with such conditions
as will enable them to continue to levy the existing or similar
charges on the goods placed with them for transport, while the
farmers have not arrived at any definite conclusions as to what
they require to improve their condition in this direction. The
result may be anticipated from the position. Therefore, unless
the course indicated is adopted, there is a strong probability
that the present deplorable condition of things will, in a great
measure, continue to exist for another long term of years, to the
detriment of the great producing and consuming classes of the
country.

To attain the desired end steps should at once be taken to
prevent by legislation any extension of the present position, and
Parliament should, immediately upon reassembling, be asked to
pass a standing order that no Railway Act authorising the con-
struction of any new lines or the extension of existing ones
should be passed, unless a clause providing for a truck and train
rate, a farm produce train, and the provision of refrigerator
trucks, is embodied init. This, in any event, and an amended
schedule of rates, would stop further encroachments and lay the
foundation of future legislation.

After referring to the existing difficulties, and what should
be done in respect to them, the consideration of who is to do it
follows as a natural sequence; and it will be evident that the
most influential and effective representative that fruit-growers
can secure, and one that would inspire confidence throughout the
country, and be most likely to prove successful on their behalf,
is the Royal Horticultural Society; and the Council of the
Society, who have largely contributed to the success of this Con-
ference, should be requested to nominate a Committee to act in
this direction.

It now remains for me, in conclusion, to summarise the
main points of my paper, and I do so by submitting—

1st. That the development of our fruit-growing industry has
been retarded by the conduct of those having the control of the
international traffic of the kingdom.

SSE
“| {

Wwe

REPORT OF THE APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE. 107

2nd. That, in addition to reasonable rates, facilities for effec-
tive collection, safe transport, and speedy delivery of all soft
fruits are material elements for consideration.

3rd. That it is essential that these be provided for in all
fresh Railway Acts that may be granted, and that no further
addition or extension be made to any existing railway system
until, as a consideration for such privilege, reasonable conces-
sions are granted to public requirements.

4th. That the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society be
requested to form a Committee to act on behalf of the fruit-growers
of the United Kingdom, and that such Committee enlist the
fullest possible amount of Parliamentary support to carry out its
views.

Mr. Surrtey Hisperp proposed the following resolution,
which was seconded by Mr. Jonn Corner :—

“That in view of the great public advantages that have
accrued from previous Conferences held in these Gardens,
and the marked success of the present one, members of the
Executive Committee of this Conference, Fellows of the
Royal Horticultural Society, and other Horticulturists here
assembled, who are deeply interested in the Royal Horticul-
tural Society’s welfare, and in the important question of
developing the progress of scientific and economical Horticul-
ture, including especially the fruit-growing capabilities of
the country, respectfully submit for the earnest consider-
ation of the Council of the Society the desirability of con-
centrating the Society’s resources to the utmost practicable
extent upon the maintenance of the Chiswick Garden, so as to
enable it to fulfil its mission as the national exponent of
practical and experimental Horticulture.”

On a show of hands being taken, the resolution was carried

with four only dissenting.
The Conference concluded with the usual votes of thanks to

the Readers of Papers, to the Chairmen, to Mr. Barron, and to
the Secretary of the Society.

APPLES.
Bie PART IL

Statistical and other information relating to the
Cultivation of Apples in Great Britain and
Ireland.

110 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

INDEX OF CONTENTS

APPLES—
Abbreviations, &c. ...
Audit of 1888
Catalogue of..
Certificates awarded .

(Parts II. anv IIL).

PAGE
293
133
295
131

Culinary, Selection of Great

Britain “A
Dessert, Selection of
Britain
Diagrams or Plates of
Exhibition of, 1888
List of Exhibitors ant
Schedule, &c., 1888...
Selection of—
Bedfordshire
Berkshire... cp
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire ...
Cheshire ...
Devonshire
Dorsetshire
Durham ,
Eastern Counties
Essex ;
Gloucestershire ...
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Huntingdonshire...
Jersey
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Middlesex...

289
Great

| ApPLES—
Selection of—continwed—

+

PAGE

Midland Counties, South 187,283
es North 201,284

Monmouthshire fat 229
Norfolk 184
Northamptonshire ws woo
Northern Counties 237, 286
Nottinghamshire... 208
Oxfordshire sha 198
Rutlandshire oas paaae
Scotland ... ics 247, 287
» Southern Division
247, 254
» Midland », 257, 262
» Northern _,, 265, 268
Shropshire .. 230
Somersetshire ne eee
Southern Counties 141, 280
Surrey coe: en
Sussex a ee fit)
Wales ‘on aia 269, 271
Warwickshire sae! 4 ae
Western Counties 215, 285
Westmoreland 241
Wiltshire 173
Worcestershire 233
Yorkshire . os 23
Remarks on, exhibited from :—
Hampshire 146
Treland F 279
Staffordshire 212
Synonyms 369

111

LIST OF EXHIBITORS

AT THE

NATIONAL APPLE CONGRESS, 1883,

AND AT THE

APPLE AND PEAR CONFERENCE, 1888,

Those marked * were Exhibitors on both occasions.
Those marked f exhibited in 1888 only.
The remainder were Exhibitors in 1883 only.

Aldridge, Mr., Blewbury.
yAllan, Mr. W., Gardener to Lord Suffield, Gunton Park,
Norwich.
Allen, Mr. G., The Gardens, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford,
Wilts,
Apthorpe, Mr. W. H., Albion Brewery, Cambridge,
Armfield, Mr. J., Croham Mount, Croydon.
Austin, Mr. R., 87 Addington Street, Ramsgate.
Badger, Mr. E. W., Merton Villa, Moseley, Birmingham.
Bancroft, Mr. J., Audlem, Cheshire.
Barclay, Mr. J., The Gardens, The Durdans, Epsom.
Barden, Mr. D., The Gardens, Offchurch, Bury, Leamington.
Barkway, Mr. B., East Dereham, Norfolk.
Bates, Mr. C., Prittlewell, Essex.
Beaton, Mr. G., The Gardens, Yotes Court, Maidstone.
Behrens, Mr. E. F., Forest Hill, S.E.
Benson, General C. B., Fairy Hill, Swansea.
Binney, Rey. D. §., Culham Vicarage, Abingdon.
Bishop, Mr. W., Boston, Lincolnshire.
‘Bognall, Mr.W., Clyde Cottage, Doncaster Road, Rotherham.
Bourne, Mr. J., The Gardens, Longhill, Guisborough.
Bradley, Mr. H., The Nursery, Southwell, Notts.
Brain, Mr. E., Gardenerto Mr. Joseph Bennett, The Cedars,
Louth,
Brand, Mr. P., Glaisnock House, Old Cumnock, N.B.
Bray, Mr. R., Bedfont.
Breese, Mr. G., The Gardens, Petworth Park, Sussex.

112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bridgman, Mr. A. G., The Gardens, Thames Bank, Marlow.
Britcher, Mr. G., Oak Lodge, Tonbridge.
Bretherston, Mr. R. P., The Gardens, Tynninghame,
Prestonkirk.
Brown, Mr. C., The Paddocks, Swaffham, Norfolk.
Brunton, Mr. G., The Gardens, Gilmerton, Drem, N.B.
Bryan, Mr. G., Southleigh, Witney, Oxon.
Bull, Mr. A., Barnard House, Cottenham, Cambridgeshire.
Bull, Mr., Ramsden, Essex.
*Bunyard & Co., Messrs. G., Old Nurseries, Maidstone.
{Bunyard, Mr. T., The Nursery, Ashford, Kent.
Burbury, Mr. E., The Gardens, Cossey Park, Norwich,
Burnett, Mr. J., The Gardens, The Deepdene, Dorking.
Butler, Miss, 39 The Gill, Ulverstdne,
Cairns, Mr. te The Gardens, Hirsel, N.B.
Cakebread, Mr. Ht he Gardens, Rayners, Amersham,
Bucks.
Cameron, Mr. J., The Gardens, Auchterarder House, Perth.
Campbell, Mr. W. §., The Gardens, Cowarth Park, Ascot.
Campsie, Mr. R., Grange of Erroll, N.B.
— Castle, Mr. §., West Lynn, Norfolk.
*Cheal & Sons, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Crawley.
Chester, Mr. H. M., Poyle Park, Tongham, Surrey,
;Chettleburgh, Mr. W., Gardener to Colonel Rous, Worsted
House, Norwich,
Chisholm, Mr. W., The Gardens, Oxon Heath, Tonbridge.
Chorley, Mr. G., Coaster’s Nursery, Midhurst.
+Christie, Mr. A. D., Gardener to the Earl of Warwick,
Castle Warwick.
*Chuck, Mr.;W., The Gardens, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.
Clark, Mr. J., The Gardens, Brodie Castle, Morayshire.
+Clarke, Colonel R. T., Welton Place, Daventry.
Clarke, Mr., Oxford.
Clayton, Mr. H.J., The Gardens, Grimston Park, Tadcaster.
Cleaver, Mr. W. D., Greaveley, Huntingdon.
Cockbill, Mr. E., Wick House Gardens, Pershore.
*Cocker & Son, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Aberdeen,
tCoomber, Mr. T., Gardener to J. A. Rolls, Esq., The Hendre,
Monmouth.
Coombes, Mr. J., The Gardens, Sheen House, Mortlake.
Cranston Nursery Company, The, Hereford.
Crossland, Mr. C., Beachwood Gardens, Arnside, Wisnbinome:
land.
Cruickshank, Mr. G., The Gardens, Cortes, Lonmay, N.B.
+Crump, Mr. W., Gardener to Karl Beauchamp, Madresfield
Court, Malvern.
*Cummins, Mr. G. W., Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esq.,
The Grange, Wallington, Surrey.

, 2. ea

LIST OF EXHIBITORS. 118

Davis, Mr. W., The Gardens, Blankney Hall, Lincolnshire.
*Day, Mr. J., The Gardens, Galloway House, Garlieston, N.B.
Dean, Mr. J., The Gardens, Titsey Park, Godstone, Surrey.
*Dean, Mr. R., Ranelagh Road, Ealing.
Dick, Mr. W., The Gardens, Pavilion, N.B.
Dickson & Son, Messrs. F. & A., Upton Nurseries, Chester. !
Dickson & Son, Messrs. James, Newton Nurseries, Chester. !
+Dickson & Co., Messrs., The Nurseries, Edinburgh.
*Dicksons, Limited, Chester.
Divers, Mr. W., The Gardens, Wierton House, Maidstone.
{Divers, Mr. W. H., Gardener to J. T. Hopwood, Esq.,
Ketton Hall, Stamford.
Doig, Mr. D., The Gardens, Rossie Priory, Inchture, N.B.
Druce, Mr. J., Eynsham, Oxford.
7Drummond & Sons, Messrs. W., The Nurseries, Stirling.
*Dunn, Mr. M., The Gardens, Dalkeith Palace, N.B.
yDyer, Mr. W. T. T., C.M.G., Royal Gardens, Kew.
Kekford, Mr. H., The Gardens, Boreatton Park, Shrewsbury.
Edgar, Mr. G., Crossgar, Co. Down, Ireland.
Fairbairn, Mr. J., The Gardens, Makerstoun, N.B.
Fairgrieve, Mr. P. W., The Gardens, Dunkeld House,
Dunkeld.
Farquhar, Mr. E., The Gardens, Langlee, N.B.
Finlay, Mr. W., The Gardens, Wroxton Abbey, Banbury.
Fisher, Mr. Ismay, Scawby, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
Fletcher, Mr. J., The Gardens, Coppins, Iver, Bucks.
Forbes, Mr. A., The Gardens, Pitfour Castle, Perthshire.
Ford, Mr. F. C., Secretary, Gardeners’ Institute, Darlington.
Ford, Mr.§., The Gardens, Leonardslee, Horsham, Sussex.
Fowler, Mr. J., Lee Manor, Great Missenden, Bucks.
Fowler, Mr. W., The Gardens, Mertoun, N.B.
7Frettingham, Mr. W. H., The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts.
Frost & Sons, Messrs. T., The Nurseries, Maidstone.
7Gallop, Mr. W., Gardener to H. N. Middleton, Esq.,
Bradford Peverill, Dorchester.
Gandy, Mr. R., Boughton Monchelsea, Maidstone.
*Garland, Mr. J., Gardener to Sir T. D. Acland, Bart.,
Killerton Gardens, Exeter.
Gee, Mr. John, Oxford.
Gilbert, Mr. R., The Gardens, Burghley House, Stamford.
7Gleeson, Mr. M., Gardener to the Duke of Newcastle,
Clumber, Worksop.
- Goldsmith, Mr. G., The Gardens, Hollanden, Tonbridge.
Goodall, Mr. W., Errol, N.B.
Goodwin, Mr. 8. H., Smartswell, Mereworth, Kent.
Gould, Mr., The Gardens, Streatley Court, Reading.

' These two firms were united as Dicksons, Limited, before tke
Conference of 1888, when they exhibited under thaf name.
H

114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

_ Graham, Rey. M. H., Maxton Manse, N.B.
*Greaves, Mr. B., The Gardens, Broome Hall, Holmwood.
Grey, Mr. G., The Gardens, Gladswood, N.B.
Grey, Mr. J., Gardener to Lord Aveland, Normanton Park,
Stamford.
*Griffin, Mr. G., The Gardens, Slebeck Park, Haverfordwest.
Griffith, Mr. M., Hamlet Court, Southend.
Harding, Mr. A., The Gardens, Orton Hall, Peterborough
Harlock, Mr. J., The Gardens, Lilford Hall, Oundle.
Harrison & Sons, Messrs., The Nurseries, Leicester.
Hartland, Mr. J., The Gardens, Canon Frome House
Ledbury.
Hathaway, Mr. J., Lathom House Gardens, Ormskirk.
Haycock, Mr. C., The Gardens, Barham Court, Maidstone.
Haywood, Mr. T. B., Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate.
Herrington, Mr. W., The Gardens, Betteshanger Rectory,
Sandwich.
Hiam, Mr. J., Astwood Bank, Redditch.
Hobbs, Mr. D., The Cross Gardens, Hill Falfield, Glou-
. cester.
Hobbs, Mr. T., Lower Easton, Bristol.
Hogg, Mr. Thomas, Hope Park, Coldstream.
Holloway, Mr., Cowley.
Hooke, Mr. T., Norton, Worcester.
Hooke, Mr. B., The Tower, Hillingdon, Uxbridge.
Hope, Mr. B., The Gardens, Middleton Park, Bicester.
Horsefield, Mr. J.. Heytesbury House Gardens, Heytesbury,
Wilts.
tHowe, Mr. C., Gardener to Sir R. Sutton, Bart., Benham
Park, Newbury.
*Hudson, Mr.J., The Gardens, Gunnersbury House, Acton, W.
Jardine, Mr. P., The Gardens, Allerley, N.B.
* Jefferies & Son, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Cirencester.
Jefferies & Co., The Nurseries, Oxford.
Jenkins, Mr. W., The Willows, Abergavenny.
Johnson, Mr. A. §., The Moor Farm, Scawby, Brigg.
Jones, Mr. T., Royal Gardens, Frogmore.
Kemp, Mr. A. 8., Haughton Gardens, Shifnal, Salop,
Kidd, Mr. G., The Gardens, Megginch Castle, N.B.
Killick, Mr. L. A., Langley, Maidstone.
*King, Mr. W., Dalzell Gardens, Motherwell, N.B.
Lacaille, Mr. A., Gourdie Hill, by Errol, N.B.
Laing, Mr. A.A., The Gardens, Walworth Castle, Darlington.
*Laing & Sons, Messrs. J., The Nurseries, Forest Hill,
S.E.
fLaird & Sons, Messrs. R. B., The Nurseries, Edinburgh.
*Lane & Son, Messrs. H., The Nurseries, Great Berk-
hampstead,

LIST OF EXHIBITORS. 115

~ Langley, Mr. C., Crabble House, Dover.
Langridge, Mr. W. B., Mereworth, Maidstone.
Latta, Mr. J., Bury Gardens, Welwyn, Herts.
Laxton, Mr. T., Bedford.
Ledsham & Son, Messrs. S., Green Lanes, Tarvin Road,
Chester.
*Liee & Son, Messrs. C., Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammer-
smith, §.W.
tLucombe, Pince, & Co., Messrs., The Nurseries, Exeter.
tManning, Mr. W. T., Ludgate Circus, London.
Maries, Mr. R., The Nursery, Lytham, Lancashire.
Martin, Dr. H. A., M.D., The Lodge, East Cosham, Hants.
{Martin, Mr., Norwood.
Matthews, Mr. H., Betchworth, Surrey.
Maylett, Mr. G., Heath Villa, Maithsey Road, near Wor-
cester.
*McDonald, Mr., Woodlands House, Perth.
McDonald, Mr. J., Angeston Gardens, Dursley, Gloucester.
McDonald, Mr. T., Balfour Castle Gardens, Orkney.
McIndbe, Mr. J., The Gardens, Hutton Hall, Guisborough,
Yorks.
McIntosh, Mr. J., Duneevan, Oatlands Park, Weybridge
(Gardener, Mr. T. Taylor).
McIntyre, Mr. M., The Gardens, The Glen, Innerleithen,
N.B :

McKinnon, Mr. A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth.
McLean, Mr. Stevenson, Gardens, Haddington, N.B.
Melliar, Mr. W. F. M., North Aston Hall, Oxford.
“Melville, Mr. A. 8S. D., Branston, Lincolnshire (Gardener,
Mr. G. Picker).
*Merryweather, Mr. H., The Nursery, Southwell, Notts.
Miles Mr. G. T., The Gardens, Wycombe Abbey, High
Wycombe. .
{Miller, Mr. H., Barrowgate Road, Chiswick.
Miller, Mr. R., Southdown Nursery, Shoreham, Sussex.
Milner, Mr. R., Gardener to J. D. Corbett, Eisq., Sundorne.
Castle, Shrewsbury.
Moorhouse, Mr. T., Leyswood Gardens, Groombridge.
Morris, Mr. J., Sherwood, Winchfield, Hants.
Morrison, Mr. J. B. B., Murie House, Errol, N.B. (Gar-
dener, Mr. Benvie).
Mortimer, Mr. §., The Gardens, Purley Park, Reading.
tMoss, Mr. F., Didsbury, Manchester.
Mundell, Mr. J. C., The Gardens, Moor Park, Rickmans-
worth.
Neighbour, Mr. J., The Gardens, Bickley Park, Kent.
TOclee, Mr. H. G., Gardener to the Marchioness of Lothian,
Blickling Hall, Norwich.
H 2

116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ormiston & Renwick, Messrs., The Nurseries, Melrose, N.B.
Ormiston, Mr. A., Mayfield, Gattonside, N.B.
Oxford Town District, per Messrs. Jefferies & Co.
Parker, Mr. F. G. 8., Westbere House, Canterbury.
Parker, Mr. T., The Gardens, Moreton Court, Hereford.
*Paul & Son, Messrs. William, Paul’s Nurseries, Waltham
Cross, N.
*Paul & Son, Messrs., The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.
Pearse, Mr., Gardener to Major-General Desborough, Mili-
tary College, Oxford.
Pearson & Sons, Messrs. J. R., The Nurseries, Chilwell,
Notts.
Peed & Sons, Messrs. J., Roupell Park Nurseries, Streat-
ham, S.W.
*Penny, Mr. C., The Gardens, Sandringham, King’s Lynn.
Plowright, Mr. E., Swaffham, Norfolk.
Pollett, Mr. H. M., Fernside, Bickley, Kent.
Poynter, Mr. R. +H. The Nursery, Taunton.
Powell, Mr. J., Gardener to W. E. Brymer, Isington
House, Dorchester.
Pownall, Mr. N. H., Linton Hall Gardens, Nottingham.
*Pragnell, Mr. W.G., Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset.
Read, My. J., 28 Kirkgate, Newark.
Redington, Mr. J., The Gardens, Littlecote, ae ars |
Reid, “Mr., Gardener to Hon. Mrs. Trotter, Ballindean,
N.B.
Ridley, Mr. C. R., Oxford.
Ritchie, Mr. H., Kardiston Gardens, Worcester.
*Rivers & Son, Messrs. T., The Nurseries, Sawbridge-
worth.
Roberts, Mr. B. C., Oakfield, Chester.
*Roberts, Mr. J., The Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, Acton,
W.
Roberts, Mr. W. P., Cuerden Hall Gardens, Preston.
Robertson, Mr. W., Bourton Hall Gardens, Rugby.
Robertson, Dr., Fern Bank House, Errol, N.B.
Robinson, Mr. Joseph, Lewins, Edenbridge.
Rogers, Mr. A. P., Furzebrook, Axminster.
Rollo, Mr. W., The Gardens, Harleyburn, N.B.
tRose, Mr. J. H., Gardener to Lord Wantage, Lockinge
Park, Wantage.
*Ross, Mr. C., The Gardens, Welford Park, Newbury.
+Roupell, Mr. W., Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.W.
Rowson Bros., Messrs., West Torrington Gardens, Wragby,
Lincoln.
*Royal Horticultural Society, Chiswick.
*Rust, Mr. J., The Gardens, Eridge Castle, ada
Wells.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS. 117

Salt, Mr. J., The Gardens, Aston Hall, Shifnal.
*Saltmarsh & Sons, Messrs., The Nurseries, Chelmsford.
Sander, Mr., Gardener to J. Hast, Esq., Longstock House,

Stockbridge, Hants.
*Saunders, Mr. C. B., The Nursery, St. Helier’s, Jersey.
7Sclater, Mr. C. G., The Nurseries, Heavitree Bridge,
Exeter.

Scott, Mr. H., The Gardens, Abbotsford, N.B.

Scott, Mr. J., The Nurseries, Merriott, Somerset.

Selwood, Mr. T., The Gardens, Eaton Hall, Chester.

Sharp, Mr. W., Prior Wood, N.B.

Shepherd, Mr. H. A. Graham, Redwick, Port of Menteith,

Stirling.
Shingles, Mr. J., Gardener to Lord Hastings, Melton Con-
stable.
*Shingles, Mr. T., The Gardens, Tortworth Court, Glou-
cester.

Shortt, Mr. T., Gardener to Sir E. G. Loder, Bart., Floore,
Weedon, Northampton.
Slater & Sons, Messrs., The Nurseries, Malton, Yorkshire.
Smart, Mr. Chas. F., Rainham, Kent.
Smith, Mr. J., The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard.
+Smith, Mr. R., Gardener to Lady Frances Fletcher, Ken-
ward, Yalding.
*Smith & Co., Messrs. R., The Nurseries, Worcester.
tSouthall, Mr. T., South Bank, Worcester.
Stacey, Mr. J., Seaford Grange, Pershore.
Stevens, Mr. Z., The Gardens, Trentham Hall, Stoke-on-
Trent.
Styles, Mr. W., Brampton Bryan Hall, Hereford.
Summers, Mr. G., The Gardens, Sandbeck Park, Rother-
ham.
Taylor, Miss Watson, Oxford.
Thomas, Mr. J., Gardener to Mrs. Drake, Bicester.
+Thompson, Mr. G., Gardener to Messrs. W. & E. Wells,
Croxby House, Hounslow.
Thompson, Mr. G., The Gardens, Croxby House, Houn-
slow.
Thompson, Mr. G., The Gardens, Littlemore, Oxford.
Thompson, Mr. J., The Gardens, Eildonhall, N.B.
Tidy, Mr. W., The Gardens, Stanmore Hall, N.
Turner, Mr. C., Mostyn Hall Gardens, Flintshire.
*Turner, Mr. C., Royal Nurseries, Slough.
Twinberrow, Mr. J., Great Witley, Stourport.
*Veitch & Sons, Messrs. James, The Nurseries, Chelsea,
S.W.
*Veitch & Sons, Messrs. R. T., The Nurseries, Exeter
TVertegans, Mr. R. H., Chad Valley Nurseries, Edgbaston.

118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —

Walker, Mr. H., Derry, Ireland.
Ward, Mr. W. O., Harwich, Essex.
*Warden. Mr. C., Clarendon Park Gardens, Salisbury.
Warland, Mr., Kidlington, Oxford.
Warner, Mr. Robert, Broomfield, Chelmsford.
*Waterman, Mr. A., The Gardens, Preston Hall, Aylesford.
Watkins, Mr. J., Pomona Farm, Hereford.
Way, Dr., Landport, Hants.
Webster, Mr. J., The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers,
N.B.
Wheeler & Son, Messrs. J. C., The Nurseries, Gloucester.
White, Mr. G., Fairlawn, Maidstone.
Whyte, Rev. W. W., U.P., Manse, Pitrodie, Perth.
Wilks, Rev. W., Shirley Vicarage, Croydon.
Wilson, Mr. G. F., F.R.S., Heatherbank, Weybridge
Heath, Surrey.
Winkworth, Mr. T., The Gardens, Childwall Hall, Liver- ©
ool.
Wood, Mr. R., Gardener to Mrs. Saunders, Duke’s Avenue,
Chiswick.
Wood & Ingram, Messrs., The Nurseries, Huntingdon.
Woodbridge, Mr. J., The Gardens, Syon House, Brentford.
Wright, Mr. A., Gardener to Mr. E. H. Watts, Devon-
hurst, Chiswick.
Wyatt, Mr. A., Hatton, Middlesex.

CONFERENCE, 1888.

Toe Exhibition of Apples was invited in the following
classes :—
I. Fifty varieties of APPLES most worthy of cultivation.
II. Twenty-four varieties of APPLES best adapted to the Exhibitors’
district.
III. Twelve varieties of APPLES best adapted to the Exhibitors’ district.
IV. Six varieties of APPLES 5 5
V. Twelve varieties of Dessert APPLES.
VI. Twelve varieties of Culinary APPLES.
VII. Six varieties of Dessert APPLES.
VIII. Six varieties of Culinary APPLES.
IX. APPLES from Cordon, Bush, or Pyramid Trees (not to exceed twelve

varieties).
X. APPLES from Standards in Orchards (not to exceed twelve varieties).
XI. = (not exceeding twelve varieties) grown on Special Stocks, of
which particulars must be given.
XIL.- zs as grown and sent to Market, One Peck of each (not to exceed

twelve varieties).
XIII. New, recently introduced, or little known varieties of merit.
XIV. Miscellaneous.

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EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 119

Crass I.
Fifty varieties of Apples most worthy of cultivation.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co., The Nurseries, Maidstone, Kent.

A very fine collection, all true to name, with tickets giving a
great amount of useful information. The examples of Warner’s
King, Lord Suffield, Ribston Pippin, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville
Seedling, The Queen, Cox’s Pomona, Prince Bismarck, Lady
Henniker, Blenheim Orange, Golden Noble, Beauty of Kent, &c.,
being wonderfully fine. Some examples of Emperor Alexander,
which had been grown under glass, were very large and extremely
beautiful.

2. Messrs. T. Bunyarp & Co., The Nurseries, Ashford, Kent.

Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance, Beauty of Kent, Golden Noble,
Waltham Abbey Seedling, Schoolmaster, Prince Albert, Cox’s
Orange, and a variety named Belle Joseph were the most note-
worthy. A generally good sample.

3. Messrs. Coeat & Sons, Low/ield Nurseries, Crawley, Sussex.
A good collection, true to name. The examples of Pott’s

Seedling, Warner’s King, Emperor Alexander, Lord Grosvenor,

Kcklinyille Seedling, and Stirling Castle were specially noted.

4, Messrs. Dicxsons, Limited, Nwrserymen, Chester.

This for a northern collection was considered remarkably
good. The examples of Grenadier, Ringer (here named Bell
Ringer) and others were extremely fine.

5. Mr. S. Grirrin, Gardener to Baron de Rutzen, Slebeck Park,
Haverfordwest.
Fairly good. Some very fine examples of Adams’s Pearmain,
Gloria Mundi, Ecklinville Seedling, and Bess Pool.

6. Messrs. Lane & Son, The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead.

A fairly good collection ; examples rather small. Those of
Prince Albert, Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, Mrs. Barron,
and Schoolmaster very fine.

7. Messrs. C. Lez & Son, The Nurseries, Hammersmith.

Examples large and good. ‘Those of Golden Noble, Lord
Derby, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Dumelow’s Seedling,
Warner’s King, Adams’s Pearmain, &c., specially noted. ;
8. Messrs. Paut & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

A good collection. Some very fine examples of Cockle’s
Pippin, Grenadier, Stone’s, Warner’s King, Lord Suffield, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Cheshunt Pippin, Ribston Pippin, and Cox’s
Pomona.

120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

9. Messrs. Wint1AmM Paut & Son, The Nurseries, Waltham Cross.

Examples clearand good. Some fine fruit of Mabbott’s Pear-
main, a very fine dessert apple, Cox’s Pomona, Golden Spire,
Hoary Morning, Stirling Castle, and Northern Spy.

10. Mr. W. G. Pragnety, Castle Gardens, Sherborne, Dorset.
Examples below average size for this district. A variety
named Ducat was noted.

11. Mr. J. H. Ross, Lockinge Gardens, Wantage, Berks.
Fruits small and below the average.

12. Royvat Horticutturau Socintry, Chiswick.

A good representative collection of medium size. The most
noted examples being Golden Noble, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Frog-
more Prolific, Cox’s Pomona, Yellow Ingestrie, Cellini, Stone’s,
and Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

13. Messrs. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth, Herts.
The greater part of the examples shown in this collection
were grown under glass, and, therefore, presented a very strik-
ing appearance from their large size and delicate colouring.
The following were specially noted: King of Tomkins Co.,
Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange, Lady Henniker, Reinette de
Canada, Warner’s King, Mannington’s Pearmain, Betty Geeson.

14. Mr. W. Rooprty, Roupell Park, S.W.

This collection was remarkable as having been grown within
the five mile London radius. The examples were both large
and good. Specially noted: Peasgood’s Nonesuch, The Queen,
Grenadier, Annie Elizabeth, Stone’s, Blenheim Orange, and
King of the Pippins.

15. Mr. C. G. Scnater, The Nurseries, Heavitree Bridge,
Lixeter.

A very fine collection, highly coloured. Blenheim Orange,

Annie Elizabeth, Lady Henniker, and King of the Pippins noted.

16. Mr. C. Turner, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

A fairly good collection : examples rather under average ;
well and distinctly labelled, the cards stating the stock on which
the fruit had been grown. Pott’s Seedling, Ringer, Lord Derby,
Blenheim Orange, Golden Noble, Mére de Ménage, Frogmore
Prolific, Cellini, noted.

17. Messrs. JAMES VuItcH & Sons, Royal Hxotic Nursery,
Chelsea.

Fruit grown at Langley, Bucks. One of the finest and most even
‘collections staged, the following being specially noted: Winter
Hawthornden, ‘Lord Grosvenor, The Sandringham, Seaton House,
‘Tyler’s Kernel, Bismarck, Bramley’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific,
Cellini, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Cox’s Pomona, Cockle’s Pippin,
Stirling Castle, Lady Henniker, Striped Beefing, Tom Putt,
Warner’s King.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 121

18. Messrs. R. Verrcn & Son, Nurserymen, Exeter.

A nice even collection, Peasgood’s Nonesuch being very
fine, also a variety named Kentish Fillbasket, resembling the
Catshead.

19. Mr. J. Warxins, Pomona Farm, Withington, Hereford.

Examples large and remarkably highly coloured. Tyler’s
Kernel, Grenadier, Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Dumelow’s
Seedling were specially noted.

Cuass II.

Twenty-four dishes of Apples best adapted to the
Exhibitors’ district.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co., The Nurseries, Maidstone.
Examples extra fine. Highly commended: Worcester Pear-
main, New Hawthornden, The Queen, Cox’s Orange, Tower of
Glamis, Golden Noble.
2. Messrs. J. CoeAL & Sons.
Examples large and finely grown. Commended: Hormead’s
Pearmain, The Queen, Dumelow’s Seedling, Duchess of Olden-
burg. Pott’s Seedling specially noted.

8. Mr. A. D. Curistie, Castle Gardens, Warwick.

Moderately good. Adams’s Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Blenheim Orange, Broad-eyed Pippin, Warner’s King; Bess Pool
being the most noted.

4. Mr. W. Cuucr, The Gardens, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster.

Fruit small and much greener than most others.

5. Mr. T. Coomper, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth.
Examples fairly good, but deficient in colouring.

6. Mr. G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esq., Hack-
bridge, Surrey. |

A very fine collection, generally of high colour and clear
skin. The following were noted: Cox’s Pomona, Waltham
Abbey Seedling, Striped Beefing, Nelson’s Codlin, Court of Wick,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Beauty of Kent.

7. Mr. W. H. Frettincuam, The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts.

A very good collection, rather wanting in colour. The fol-
lowing were noted: Domino, Beauty of Herts, Lord Suffield,
Kcklinville Seedling. .
8. Mr. W. Gator, The Gardens, Bradford Peverill, Dorchester.

A good selection, examples rather small.

9. Mr. Jonn GARLAND, The Gardens, Killerion, Exeter.

A moderately good collection. The examples mostly highly

coloured, although small.

122 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

10. Mr. GunEson, The Gardens, Clumber, Notts.
Examples very good.

1. Mr. Jonn Grey, Normanton Gardens, Stamford.

Moderately good. A fine dish of Mére de Ménage noted.

12. Mr. C. Howz, The Gardens, Benham Park, Newbury.

Examples small and not in good character.

13. Messrs. JEFFERIES & Son, Nurserymen, Cirencester.

An interesting collection containing good examples of the
leading varieties.

14. Messrs. J. Lamina & Son, Nurseries, Forest Hill.

Examples moderately good. Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield,
Emperor Alexander, Stirling Castle, Prince Bismarck, Warner’s
King, Gloria Mundi, specially noted.

15. Messrs. Lane & Son, Berkhampstead.

A good even lot of fruit. Blenheim Orange, Schoolmaster,
Emperor Alexander, The Queen, Baumann’s Red Winter
Reinette, Ecklinville Seedling, specially noted.

16. Messrs. Lucomsg, Pinon, & Co., Nurserymen, Exeter.

Moderately good examples throughout. Tibbet’s Pearmain
noted.

17. Messrs. Wm. Pavi & Son, Waltham Cross.

Moderate size. Tower of Glamis, Warner’s King, Golden
Spire, Rostocker, Waltham Cross Seedling, Worcester Pearmain,
noted.
18. Messrs. J. Prep & Sons, Rowpell Park Nurseries, Streatham.

Examples large and well grown. Beauty of Kent, Worcester
Pearmain, New Hawthornden, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Emperor
Alexander, The Queen, and Washington being noted.

19. Mr. J. Powretu, The Gardens, Ilsington House, Dorchester.

Examples even and moderately good. Manks’ Codlin and
Royal Pearmain noted.

20. Mr. J. Roperts, The Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, Acton.

A very meritorious collection, the examples large and well
erown. Peasgood’s Nonesuch very fine; also Alfriston, Lord
Derby, Hawthornden, Mére de Ménage, Cox’s Pomona, Clay-
gate Pearmain.

21. Royvat HorticuntTuRAL Society, Chiswick.

Examples of fair size; wanting in colour. The following
were noted: Yellow Ingestrie, Golden Noble, Gascoigne’s
Seedling, Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, Lord Suffield, The
Queen, Stirling Castle.

22. Mr. J. Rust, Gardener to the Marquis of Abergavenny,
Eridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.

Examples moderately good. The following were noted:

Betty Geeson, Hall Door, Roundway, Magnum Bonum, Crimson
Queening, Wadhurst Pippin, White Paradise, Lady Henniker.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 128

23. Messrs. SantmMarsH & Sons, Nwrserymen, Chelmsford,
Hissex.

Moderately good examples. The Queen specially noted; also
Cellini, Summer Orange, Emperor Alexander, Royal Russet,
Cox’s Orange, Cox’s Pomona, Peasgood’s Nonesuch.

24, Mr. T’ Suinaues, Gardener to Earl Ducie, Tortworth Court,
Gloucester.

Examples large and well grown.

25. Messrs. R. Smit & Co., Nurserymen, Worcester.

Examples of moderate size, well coloured. Hollandbury
and Mére de Ménage noted as very fine.

26. Mr. R. Surry, The Gardens, Kenward, Yalding, Maidstone.

Some very fine examples. Beauty of Kent, Winter Quoining,
Reinette de Canada, Grand Duke Constantine, and Tom Putt
specially noted.

27. Mr. T. SouTHany, South Bank, Worcester.

Moderately good, rather small.

28. Messrs. VerircH & Sons, Chelsea.

The examples in this collection were exceptionally fine.
Those of Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Emperor Alexander,
Mannington’s Pearmain, Reinette de Canada, American Mother,
noted.

29. Mr. A. WarermAn, The Gardens, Preston Hall, Aylesford,
Kent. '

Examples large and well coloured, with clear skin. Grayen-
stein, Queen Caroline, Lady Henniker, Reinette de Canada,
Stone’s, Cox’s Orange, were specially noted.

30. Mr. J. Warxins, Pomona Farm, Hereford.

Remarkably highly-coloured examples throughout. Duchess

of Oldenburg specially noted.

Cuass ITI.

Twelve varieties of Apples best adapted to the
Exhibitors’ district.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Mr. W.H. Divers, Gardener to J.T. Hopwood, Esq., Ketton
Hall, Stamford.
Small but good examples ; Carlton Seedling, Duke of Glou-
cester, and Golden Noble being the best.
2. Mr. J. Hupson, Gardener to H. J. Atkinson, Esq., Gunners-
bury House, Acton.
Examples of Golden Noble remarkably fine.

124 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

. Mr. W. GAwor.
Mr. R. Minner.

. Messrs. Paun & Son, Cheshunt.
Examples well grown. —

or 60

6. Messrs. J. Verrcn & Sons, Chelsea.
A wonderfully fine and well grown collection of fruit.

. Mr. C. WarvEn, Gardener to Sir F. Bathurst, Bart., Clarendon
Park, Salisbury.
The varieties staged in this class were in almost every
instance repetitions of those exhibited in Classes I. and IL., and,
therefore, do not require any special notice.

~I

Cuass IV.
Six varieties of Apples best adapted to the Exhibitors’
district.
EXHIBITORS.

1. Mr. Srpney Forp.
2. Mr. GaLLop.
Examples very fine.
8. Messrs. Vetrcu & Sons, Chelsea.

The,examples of Prince Albert, Loddington Seedling, and
Frogmore Prolific were extremely fine.

Cuass VY.
Twelve varieties of Dessert Apples.

EXHIBITORS.
1. Mr. W. Crump, Gardener to Earl Beauchamp, Madresfield
Court, Great Malvern.

A beautiful collection. Fruits finely grown, very highly
coloured. Blenheim Orange, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Strawberry, specially noted.

2. Mr. W. Gaxwopr.

Some fine examples of Devonshire Quarrenden.

3. Mr. J. Powretu, Gardener to E. Brymer, Esq., Ilsington, Dor-
chester.

Some examples of American Mother noted.

4. Messrs. J. Peep & Sons, Roupell Park Nurseries, S.W.
5. Messrs. SAantMARSH & Sons.

6. Mr. C. TuRNER.
Some extra fine examples of Adams’s Pearmain noted.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 125

7. Messrs. J. VertcH & Sons, Chelsea.
A very fine selection.

8. Messrs. R. VertcH & Sons, Hzeter.

9. Mr. A. WateRMAN, Gardener to H. A. Brassey, Esq., Preston
Hall, Aylesford.

Crass VI.
Twelve varieties of Culinary Apples.

EXHIBITORS.
Mr. W. Crump.
A very fine lot of fruit, highly coloured. Lane’s Prince Albert’
Lord Derby, and Warner’s King being specially noted.

2. Mr. W. H. FretrtincHam, The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts.
Examples of Bramley’s Seedling, Domino being specially
noteworthy.

8. Mr. W. GALLop.

4, Mr. J. RoBerts.
Examples extra fine, especially Beauty of Kent, Cox’s
Pomona, Pott’s Seedling, and Peasgood’s Nonesuch.

5. Mr. C. TURNER.

6. Mr. A. WATERMAN.
Examples very good.

Cuass YII.
Six varieties of Dessert Apples.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co.
Some fine examples of Melon Apple, Margil, and King of the
Pippins were noted.
2. Mr. W. H. FRETTINGHAM.
8. Mr. W. GALLOP.

4, Mr. J. Hupson, Gunnersbury.
The examples of Gravenstein, Court of Wick, and Blenheim
pa were conspicuous.

. Messrs. Paut & Son, Cheshunt.
The examples of Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins
and Worcester Pearmain very fine. ;

6. Mr. J. Roperts, Gunnersbury.
Moderately good.

126. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

7. Mr. C. B. SaunpErs, St. Helier’s, Jersey.
Examples very fine ; highly ripened. Those of Ribston
Pippin and Pine Apple Russet specially so.

8. Messrs.. VErrcH & Sons, Chelsea.
Examples of leading sorts very good.

9. Mr. C. WarpeEy.
Moderately good.

Crass VIII.
Six varieties of Culinary Apples.

EXHIBITORS.
. Mr. J. Coeat & Sons, Crawley.
. Mr. W..H. FRETTINGHAM.
. Mr. W. GALwLor.

4. Messrs. VerrcH & Sons.

The examples throughout were good, and mostly of the
leading sorts. Warner’s King, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Blenheim
Orange, &c.

Co bo

Crass IX.

_ Apples from Cordon, Bush, or Pyramid Trees (not to
exceed twelve varieties).

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. J. Cozan & Sons.

2. Mr. J. Grey, Gardener to Lord Aveland, Normanion Park,
Stamford. |

3. Mr. G. THompson, Gardener to Messrs. Wells, Croxby House,
Hounslow.

4, Mr. J. Watxrns, Pomona Farm, Hereford.

The exhibits in this Class were not remarkable, and did not

illustrate to any extent the object aimed at. Those marked as

being grown on the bush trees were, if anything, the cleaner

and finer. Messrs. Cheal showed some fine examples of Lady

Sudeley from a cordon.

Crass X.

Apples from Standards in Orchards (not to exceed
twelve varieties).
EXHIBITORS.
1. Mr. R. Dean, Bedfont and Ealing.

2. Mr. B. Greaves, Gardener to F. Remington, Esq., Broome
Hall, Holmwood.

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 127

Mr. H. MERRYWEATHER.
Mr. G. THOMPSON.

Mr. J. WATKINS. |

The examples contributed in this class were highly credit-
able, Mr. Dean staging some very fine Cox’s Orange, Mr.
Watkins Warner’s King, and Mr. Merryweather remarkably
fine fruit of Bramley’s Seedling, Domino, and Clarke’s Seedling.

Cuass XI.

Apples grown on Special Stocks, of which particulars
had to be given (not exceeding twelve varieties).

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. R. Vertcu & Sons, Exeter.
Examples sent were all from trees grafted on the English
Paradise, which by themselves were of no value.

Cuass XII.

Apples as grown and sent to market, one peck of each
(not exceeding twelve varieties).

This Class formed rather an attractive feature, and was found
of great interest.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co.

These were staged in neat shallow baskets, the samples being
large, full of colour, and uniform in size. The sorts were Pott’s
Seedling, Cox’s Orange, Stirling Castle, Baumann’s Red Winter
Reinette, Lord Suffield, Duchess of Oldenburg, Worcester
Pearmain, Warner’s King, Cellini, Ecklinville, Beauty of Kent,
The Queen.

2. Mr. G. THompson, Gardener to Messrs. Wells, Hounslow.
These were put up in the ordinary market style, in small
round baskets with blue paper. The sorts were: Small’s Admir-
able, Stirling Castle, Dumelow’s Seedling, Warner’s King, Alma
Pippin, King of the Pippins, and Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance.
8. Messrs. Paun & Son
Staged theirs in square shallow trays, which displayed the
fruit well. The sorts were Claygate Pearmain, Dumelow’s Seed-
ling, Red Hawthornden, Yorkshire Beauty, Stirling Castle, Blen-
heim Orange, King of the Pippins, Fearn’s Pippin.

128 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cuass XIII.

New, recently introduced, oo known varieties of
merit.

The exhibits in this Class were not so striking or meritorious
as might have been expected, and many that should have been
entered as New, &c., were to be found among the Miscellaneous,
and could not, therefore, be so readily compared. The descriptions
of the greater number of these will be found in the “General
Descriptive Catalogue,”’ p. 295.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Messrs. Geo. Bunyarp & Co. sent Akera, a variety received
from Sweden, the fruits of a uniform dull red colour, with pure
white flesh, sweet and pleasant; Cardinal; Opetien, a large pale
sort ; Belle Pontoise; Wealthy, a new highly coloured American
sort, likely to prove useful, resembling the Snow Apple; Bis-
marck, very handsome; and Lady Sudeley. .

2. Messrs. T. Bunyarp & Son also sent Akera in fine
character. )

_ 8. Messrs. J. Cozan & Sons sent The Professor, a pretty,
clear-skinned, culinary variety, Ottershaw, Northern Dumpling,
Bramley’s Seedling, Lady Sudeley, Bismarck.

4, Mr. W. Cuucxk, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster, sent
Charlestown Pippin.

5. Mr. W. Crump, Madresfield Court, sent May Queen.

6. Mr. W. H. Divers, Ketton Hall, Stamford, sent Carlton
Seedling, a large, pale-skinned fruit, resembling Warner’s King.

7. Messrs. Dickson & Co., Edinburgh.

8. Messrs. Drummonp & Sons, Stirling, sent Cardross
Green, Dunmore, Beauty of Menteith, Inchmahone, and Ochil-
tree—all apparently good sorts for Northern districts.

9. Mr. M. Dunn, Dalkeith, sent Cortes Apple and Annat
Scarlet.

10. Mr. W. FrettincHam sent Bramley’s Seedling, Domino,
Improved Northern Greening, Stent’s Incomparable, and
Clarke’s Seedling. .

11. Messrs. R. B. Larrp & Son, Edinburgh, sent Lady Kin-
loch, a very pretty, clear-skinned fruit, somewhat streaked, appa-
rently well suited for Scotland.

12. Mr. G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esq., sent
Queensborough, which greatly resembled King of the Pippins.

13. Messrs. W. Paun & Son.

14, Messrs. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell Nurseries, Notting-
ham, sent examples of New Northern Greening, a very fine late
culinary variety.

= . Na ie

EXHIBITORS IN CLASSES. 129

15. Mr. C. Penny, Sandringham, sent examples of a variety
unnamed, greatly resembling Winter Pearmain.

16. Mr. C. Ross, Welford Park, sent some fine examples of
Evagil, Gospatrick, Lady Alice Eyre, Strange’s Seedling,
Baumann’s Reinetie.

17. Mr. C. G. ScuatEer, The Nurseries, Heavitree, Exeter,
sent Red-ribbed Greening, Hollow Core, Sweet Reinette.

18. Mr. T. Sournanyn, South Bank, Worcester, sent May
Queen, a very highly-coloured fruit.

19. Mr. Coartes Turner, Slough.

20. Messrs. J. VerrcH & Sons sent September Beauty,
Domino, Tyler’s Kernel, King Harry, Niton House, Bismarck,
The Sandringham Ringer, Mrs. Barron, King of Tomkins County,
Calville Boisbunel, and Castle Major, all very good examples.

21. Messrs. R. VertcH & Sons sent several new sorts,
amongst which may be named Smiling Beauty, Towsington, St.
John’s Favourite, Ottery, Red Peach, &c.

22. Mr. R. H. Vertecans, Chad Valley Nurseries, Birming-
ham, sent examples of the old Hall Door Apple, under the name
of the New Weeping Apple. |

Crass XIV.
Miscellaneous.

EXHIBITORS.

1. Mr. W. Atuan, Gardener to Lord Suffield, Gunton Park,
Norwich, sent a collection of 28 varieties very well grown,
the most noteworthy being Warner’s King, Pott’s Seedling,
Gravenstein, and Peasgood’s Nonesuch.

2. Mr. Batt, Ramsden, Essex, sent examples of Apple
Blanders, a very distinct variety.

3. Mr. W. CHETTLEBURGH, Gardener to Colonel Rous,
Worsted House, Norwich, sent six varieties of Applesof moderate
character.

4. Colonel R. T. CuarKxe, Welton Place, Daventry, sent fruit
of a Wild Apple (Crab) found growing in the hedgerows. The
fruits were of medium size, prettily flushed with crimson.

5. Mr. J. Day, Gardener, Galloway House, Garlieston,
Scotland, sent three varieties of Apples.

6. Mr. A Duan, Bedfont, sent a collection of Apples.

7. Messrs. Dicxsons & Co., Hdinburgh, a collection of 50
varieties of Apples of wonderfully good appearance, and highly
meritorious. The following were specially noted: Stirling Castle,
Keklinville Seedling, Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, and Ochiltree,

I

180 - JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a Scotch variety, of which good examples were shown from a tree
stated to be 200 years old.

8. Messrs. Dicxsons, Limited, sent a collection of about 40
varieties of average merit.

9. Mr. Matcozum Dunn, Dalkeith, sent a collection of 70
varieties, very effectively and instructively labelled. Examples not
large, and many badly bruised during transit; the most note-
worthy were—Warner’s King, Loddington Seedling, Lord Suffield,
Alfriston, Worcester Pearmain, Cellini, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Rosemary Russet, Cox’s Pomona, and Annat Scarlet, a variety
greatly resembling Devonshire Quarrenden.

10. Mr. W. T. T. Dyer, Royal Gardens, Kew, sent examples
of a few varieties to be named.

11. Mr. W. Kine, Dalzell Gardens, Motherwell, N.B., sent a
collection of 25 varieties, amongst which were several of the old
Scotch sorts. |

12. Mr. McDonaup, Perth, N.B., sent 10 varieties of apples
from trees worked on the French Paradise; the specimens of
fair size, clear skinned, and excellent. Peasgood’s Nonesuch,
Lady Henniker, Tower of Glamis, and Cox’s Orange Pippin
were very fine.

13. Mr. W. T. Mannine, Ludgate Circus, sent 8 varieties,
amongst which Emperor Alexander and Golden Noble were
prominent.

14. Mr. Martin, Norwood, sent a variety named Summer
Orange.

15. Mr. Henry Minter, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, sent
a very fine apple, resembling Domino.

16. Mr. F. Moss, Didsbury, Manchester, sent 6 sorts.

17. Mr. H. G. Ocurr, Blickling Hall, Norfolk, sent 36
varieties, very large, and remarkably well grown, specially
noticeable being Gravenstein, Mére de Ménage, Peasgood’s
Nonesuch, Striped Beefing, and Warner’s King.

18. Mr. C. B. SaunpErs, St. Helier’s, Jersey, sent beautiful
examples of Ribston Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Jacques Lebel,
Golden Noble, and Pine Apple Russet, &c.

19. Mr.J.Suinauss, Gardener to Lord Hastings, Melton Con-
stable, sent 5 varieties, well grown.

20. Mr. R. Smrru, Yalding, sent Hyslop Crab.

21. Messrs. R. Verrcu & Sons, Exeter, sent examples of 21
sorts.

22. The Rev. W. Witxs, Shirley Vicarage, Croydon, sent
some very large and remarkably handsome fruit of Cox’s Orange
Pippin from a tree in a pot.

a= SP
Ps ke ;
- ;

.. LIST OF APPLES—CERTIFICATES OF MERIT. 181

:. LIST OF APPLES TO WHICH CERTIFICATES OF MERIT
4 WERE AWARDED AS EXAMPLES OF CULTURE.

NAME. EXHIBITOR. NAME. EXHIBITOR.
Adam’s Pearmain ... G. Griffin. Duchess of Olden- 7
a s ...C. Turner. burg .. J. Watkins.
Alexander ...G. Bunyard & Co. Duchess of Olden-

+ ...d. Veitch & Sons. burg ir J. Cheal & Sons.
Alfriston... .... ...M. Dunn. Kcklinville Seedling G. Bunyard & Co.
Alma Pippin... ...W. & E. Wells. i et. Ns ane
Annie Elizabeth ...C. G. Sclater. mo » Dicksons & Co.

2 a .. W. Roupell. Egremont Russet ...G. Bunyard & Co.
Baumann’s Red: C. Ross. ¥ » «ee 0. Cheal & Sons.

Reinette Fearns’ Pippin... C. Howe.
Baumann’s Red Frogmore Prolific ... J. Veitch & Sons.

Reinette } Se-Tisveh & Bode. Gascoigne’s Seedling Royal Horticul. Soc.

Beauty of Kent

ri,
Bismarck

.. T. Bunyard.
... J. Roberts.
..G. Bunyard & Co.

... J. Veitch & Sons.

Blenheim Pippin i.
... salimarsh & Sons.
..C. G. Sclater.

3? ”?

Bramley’s Seedling

G. W. Cummins.

J. Cheal & Sons.
J. Veiteh & Sons.

Ae Scarlet G. Bunyard & Co.

Golden Noble... ...J. Hudson.
.. «Royal Horticul. Soc.

... [. Bunyard.
... C. Lee & Son.
.. A. Waterman.
.. C. Ross.
... G. Bunyard & Co.
.. A. Waterman.

Golden Spire ia
Gospatrick

” ase
Gravenstein ...

‘ re W. H. Frettingham. é .«. EL. G. Oclee.

Ss "i H. Merryweather. Grenadier .. Jd. Watkins.

pt as R. Veitch & Son. ‘3 oe «- Paul & Son.
Cellini .. J. Veitch & Sons. .. W. Roupell.

* M. Dunn.

Horcforistiads

3 Lee tis. >
Cockle’s Pippin... Paul & Son. Beefing ... f J. Veitch & Sons.
*. i? ...d. Veitch & Sons. Hormead’s Pearmain J. Cheal & Sons.
..H. G. Oclee. a A G. Bunyard & Co.
Court Pendu Plat . . W. Crump. Kerry Pippin... ...J. Jefferies & Son.

Cox’s Orange Pippin M. Dunn. King Harry ..d. Veitch & Sons.
+ 4 » Paul & Son. King of Tomkins
i Ms » . Rivers & Son. County oh T. Rivers & Son.
‘ s. » W. Crump. King of the Pippins W. Crump.
“S Ps » Ra Dean. Lady Henniker .. [T. Rivers & Son.
” ” » W. Wilks. ” fe .. A. McDonald.

A. McDonald.
A. Waterman.

..d. Roberts.
.. G. W. Cummins.

... C. G. Sclater.
.. J. Cheal & Sons.

.G. Bunyard & Co.
Landsberger Reinette Royal Horticul. Soc.

Lady Sudeley...

9 7 °
= 5 ...G. Bunyard & Co. Lane’s Prince Albert H. Lane & Son.
* es ..M. Dunn. | W. Crump.
zi fi ...d. Hudson. Loddington Seedling J. Veitch & Sons.
Domino ... ... W. H. Frettingham. ie”. M.. Der,
= ..H. Merryweather. _Lord Derby ee oe C. Lee & Son.

132

NAME.
Lord Derby
Lord Grosvenor

EXHIBITOR.

.. W. Crump.
.. J. Veitch & Sons.

.-d. Watkins.

Lord Suffield :..

--G. Bunyard & Co.
.. Dicksons & Co.

.. W. King.

.. W. H. Frettingham.

.- Paul & Son.
M. Dunn.

Se Se W. Paul & Son.

Mannington’s |

Pearmain {
Melon Apple ...
Mére de Ménage
Mother

.. T. Rivers & Son.

.-G. Bunyard & Co.
-.d. Rust.
-- A. Waterman.

.. J. Powell.

9 eer eee
Mrs. Barron ...

New Hawthornden..
New Northern ‘a
Greening f "
New Northern] |
Gresainat
Northern Dumpling .

Northern Greening |
(improved) .. J
Okera or Akera

9 ”

-- Royal Horticul. Soe.

..J. Veitch & Sons.
J. Peed & Sons.
..G. Bunyard & Co.

” ”

- J. R. Pearson & Sons.

J. Cheal & Sons.
W. H. Frettingham.

.. T. Bunyard.
..G. Bunyard & Co.
. J. Cheal & Sons.

Peasgood’s Nesiderich W. Roupell.

Reinette de Canada

Ribston Pippin...
... [. Rivers & Son.
... R. Milner.

... W. King.

9 ... C. B. Saunders.
Rosemary Russet ...
_C. Turner.

Scarlet Nonpareil ..

R. Veitch & Sons.
A. Waterman.

J. Roberts.

H. G. Oclee.

..d. Veitch & Sons.
... 0. Roberts.
... 0. Jefferies & Son.
... Dicksons & Co.

. C. Lee & Son.

T. Rivers & Son.
G. Bunyard & Co.

M. Dunn.

. Tibbett’s Incom-

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ;

Name. EXHIBITOR.
Scarlet Pearmain ... J. Veitch & Sons.
Schoolmaster... ... T. Rivers & Son.

. we oe de Veitch & Sons.
Seaton House... ... - “2
Small’s Admirable... J. Laing & Sons.
Stirling Castle ...W. King.

... Dicksons & Co.
...d. Veitch & Sons.
... C. Lee & Son.
..G. Bunyard & Co.

iy a" A. Waterman.
Stone’ B. whe ... Paul & Son.
Striped Beefing ..H. G. Oclee.

...J. Cheal & Sons.
...G. Bunyard & Co.
.-. W. Roupell.

.. Saltmarsh & Sons.
The Sandringham.. -J. Veitch & Sons.

The Queen

“
-
-
~~

.

parable } G. Bunyard & Co.

Tibbett’s pastain Lucombe,Pince & Co
% C. G. Sclater.

Tower of Glamis ... A. McDonald.
Tyler’s Kernel _... J. Veitch & Sons.

zs eer) ...d. Watkins.

... G. Bunyard & Co.
.. G. W. Cummins.
.. Paul & Son.

..-. L. Rivers & Son.

... A Waterman.

ay iy ...d. Cheal & Sons.

...G. Bunyard & Co.
..J. Watkins.

... H. G. Oclee. ©
.. M. Dunn,

.-. W. Crump.

” ”
Warner’s King

Wellington — .. J. Cheal & Sons.
= «» od. Laing & Sons.
S se =e AR. Smith & Co.

wt ii. C. Lee & Some
WinterHawthornden J. Veitch & Sons.
Worcester Pearmain J. Cheal & Sons.
: G. Bunyard & Co.
= » . A. Waterman.
H. Merryweather.
an M. Dunn.
Yellow Ingestrie ... Royal Horticul. Soe.

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888. 133

AUDIT OF THE APPLES EXHIBITED AT
THE CONFERENCE, 1888.

No. of

Name. Dishes.

Warner’s King, 76; syn. Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, 2 ... 78
Blenheim Orange, 62; — Blenheim Pippin, 8 ; Beauty

of Hants,4_.... . 74

King of the Pippins, 69; ‘syn. Golden Winter. Pearmain, 2... 71
New. Hawthornden, 33; syns. Winter Hawthornden, 12:

Hawthornden, 19; Red Hawthornden, 8 .. 67
Dumelow’s Seedling, 34 ; ae Wellington, 30 ; Normanton

Wonder, 1... ip we - it .-. 65
Cox’s Orange Pippin ... ss oe =e be xb Ae
Ribston Pippin ... 25 sk e Fi uy ... 54
Cox’s Pomona ... ae eo ae si pos re
Stirling Castle ... sa ee i We a - 58
Cellini... 52
Keklinville Seedling, 31; syns. ‘Ecklinville Pippin, 5; Ecklin-

ville, 16 : «. 52
Emperor Alexander, 29 ; “syn. Alexander, 17 se ..» 46
Worcester Pearmain... de Let
Lane’s Prince Albert, 24; syn. “Prince ‘Albert, Sa en
Alfriston .. aug og zh ts is ty
Peasgood’s Nonesuch... ee “a te oh . 32
Beauty of Kent ... ee Rey es me ta vax 80
Lord Derby se ag dt ek va ae axel ae
Golden Noble _... ey: eae if “3 ti mor
Pott’s Seedling ... site a oe ~~ oe ... 29
Tower of Glamis... ahd a Boe 3 i ie ee
Gloria Mundi, 26; syn. Belle Dubois, 2 ef ae at eo
Keswick Codlin ... si a x aS ve ... 28
Mere de Ménage... ie rat ot v- ve
Duchess of Oldenburg, 2 23 ; syn. Borovitsky, 1 ai ... 24
Annie Elizabeth Sat ust a: Be 1.28
Small’s Admirable sae Ae Se ws is ut BS
Fearn’s Pippin ... the La oes = .. 22
Gravenstein re Ke ae 3
Lord Grosvenor, 19; syn. Jolly Beggar, ete L. aoa
Manks’ Codlin ... 1s ... 22

Stone’s Apple, 13; syn. ‘Loddington § Seedling, Diteedt —
Golden Spire... “A re ecu

184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name.
Lady Henniker ...
Grenadier :
Sturmer Pippin ...
Reinette de Canada __....
The Queen, 12; syn. Queen, as
Dutch Mignonne, 17; syn. Reinette de ‘Caus, $i
Northern a
Hollandbury Ze F
American Mother, 9; syn. Mother, 6.
Frogmore Prolific aie se 7.
Kerry Pippin
Cockle’s Pippin ...
Schoolmaster
Adams’ Pearmain é
Bedfordshire Foundling-
Bramley’s Seedling

Devonshire Quarrenden, 9; syns. ‘Red Quarrenden, ‘ 3;

Quarrenden, 1
Duke of Devonshire :
- Queen Caroline, 11; syn. Spencer’ S Favourite, 2
Rosemary Russet

mann, 1 ued
Claygate Pearmain, 11; s syn Ribston Peatmain, ' Eres
Court of Wick : ce a 25
Court Pendu Plat
Royal Russet
Tom Putt...
Yorkshire ae
Domino
Hanwell Souring
Yorkshire Beauty
Scarlet Nonpareil
Winter Queening ae
Yellow Ingestrie, 8; s yn. ‘Summer Golden Pippin, 2

Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette, 11; syn. “Reinette Bau- .

Catshead ..

Cornish Aromatic

Mannington’s Pearmain...

Margil ...

Norfolk Beefing ..

Striped Beefing ..

Betty Geeson

Braddick’s Nonpareil a ar saa
Hambledon Deux Ans, 7; ei Deux Ans, 1...
Hawthornden, Old A ae ae re
Kentish Fillbasket

Lemon Pippin

DmMDMDMDMDODADDOCUOSO SO

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888.

Name.
Melon Apple
Bess Pool...
Brabant Bellefleur, 5 : syn. Bellefleur Brabant, 2
Herefordshire Pearmain is
Maltster ...* ..
The Sandringham a
Waltham Abbey Seedling
Downton Pippin...
Flower of Kent ...
Hoary Morning ...
Hormead Pearmain
Nonesuch..
Prince Bismarck
Ringer...
Round Winter N onesuch |

Tibbet’s Pearmain, 3; syn. Tibbet’ S Incomparable 3

Wadhurst Pippin

Washington

Brownlee’s Russet

Forge...

Golden Pippin .

Golden Reinette...

New Northern Greening

Old Nonpareil :

Winter Peach :

Atkins’ Seedling...

Caraway Russet .. i 2 oy
Duchess’s Favourite, 3; syn. Duchess of York, 1
Egremont Russet rs

Herefordshire saat e

Mrs. Barron, 3; syn. Large American, A
Pearson’s Plate ... ; Le ug
Rymer

Scarlet Pearmain —

Tyler’s Kernel

Akera ...

Barchard’s Seedling

Boston Russet

Cornish Gilliflower

Dutch Codlin

Forfar Pippin

Gascoigne’s Seedling

. Gipsy King

Grand Duke Constantine

Hall Door

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance
Keddleston Pippin

Wea WU WAN WWW WWOOR EE REPRE OANA AAMARAMRRARRRARMROANNNNYUO

186 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Name.

King Harry :

London Pippin ...

Lord Burghley

Nanny

Northern Dumpling
Northern Spy
Norfolk Bearer
Pineapple Russet
Stackpool... hs
Summer Orange...
Winter Pearmain

Wyken Pippin, 2; syn. Warwickshire Pippin, 1

Alma Pippin _....
Beauty of Waltham
Beauty of Wilts ...
Burchardt’s Reinette
Cambusnethan Pippin ...
Carlisle Codlin sp
Cobham ...

Colonel Harbord...

Crimson Queen ...
Devonshire Queen

Doctor Harvey ...
Kvagil

Galloway Pippin...
Gospatrick a
Grange’s Pearmain
Green Pippin

Hick’s Fancy

Jefferson .

Lady Sudeley =

Lamb Abbey Pearmain ..
Lord Paulett’s Pearmain
Magnum Bonum...
Nelson’s Codlin ...
Nelson’s Glory

Newtown Pippin...

Old English Codlin
Orange Pippin

Pigeonette

Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil
Red Bough ste
Reinette Wen Mons
Royal Somerset .

Russet Pippin... “
Seaton House, 1; syn. Niton House, 1
Strawberry Pippin

No. of
Dishes.

DDD DPPH HYPDPHPHYDPHPHYNHYNHNHYNNYPNHYNYPNHNHYNYPHYNHYPNNYNNHNHNHNNMWWWWW WW HWW WH

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888.

Name.
Syke House Russet
Thorle Pippin
Twenty Ounce
Warner’s Seedling
Wheeler’s Russet
Winter Strawberry Be
Withington Fillbasket ...
Woodley’s Favourite
Wormsley Pippin
Abbé Soger
Annat Scarlet
Annie’s Kernel ...
Alphington a
Archduke Antoine
Ashmead’s Kernel
Astrachan
Autumn Pearmain
Barnack Beauty ...
Baxter’s Favourite
Beauty of Moray
Belle Bonne
Belle Gloire
Belle Josephine ...
Belle Pontoise
Benoni...
Bishop’s Hero
Blanders
Brickley Seedling
Bristol Apple
Brown’s Codlin ...
Buckingham
Cardinal . ‘
Carlton Seedling |
Carse o’Gowrie ...
Caldwell .
Calville Boisbunel
Calville Malingre :
Calville Rouge Précoce ...
Calville St. Sauveur
Castle Major
Cheshunt Pippin
Clarke’s Seedling a
Cluster Golden Pippin ...
Colonel becca
Cornish Costard ..
Cortes Apple
Crown Apple

137
No. of

=)
. &
BS
B

paar ee en en ee et ell ell ell ell eel ell el el ee

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name.
Curltail ...
Dartmouth Crab ..
Doctor Hogg
Doux Argent
Dredge’s Emperor
Dredge’s Fame ...
Duke of Beaufort
Duke of Gloucester
Karly Nonpareil...
Egg Apple
Eldon Pippin
Eve Apple
Fall Pippin -
Fletcher’s Seedling
French Crab
Friar’s Pippin
Fullwood
Golden Ball ren
Golden Harvey ...
Golden Knob...
Golden Monday ...
Golden Pearmain
Golden Russet

Goodenough Nonesuch a

Gooseberry Pippin
Glory of the West
Graham Russet ..
Grand Sultan
Greaves’ Pippin ...
Hall Door

Henri Decaisne ...
Hubbard’s Pearmain

Hughes’ Golden Pippin. ¥

Hunthouse

Hyslop Crab
Inchmahone
Incomparable

Trish Peach

Trish Pitcher:
Jacques Lebel
Jetofsky .

Kentish Broading
Kentish Orange Goff

King of Tomkins County

Kingston Pippin...
Kirke’s Fame .
Lady Alice Eyre...

No. of
Dishes.

a ee

Se ee ee ee ee et a eo

APPLES EXHIBITED, 1888. 139

No. of

Name. ' Dishes.

Lady Apple oes 1
Lady Kinloch 1

Landsberger Reinette

Leicester Burton Pippin

Lewis’s Incomparable ...
Liver’s Imperial ... ee
Long-stemmed Pippin ...
Longville’s Kernel

Lord Lennox ‘ ee =F oe ies
Marigold ... ae a ini nee eet
May Queen a ‘aa ne ae
Melrose ...

Minchall Crab

Missouri Pippin ..

Moss’s Tneomparable

Nelson ...

Newland’s Sack ..

Ochiltree .. is

Old Orange Pippin

Oslin tee

Ottershaw

Ottery...

Peck’s Pleasant .

Pinder Apple

Pitmaston Russet

Pomme Royale ..

Pounds ei

Prince’s Pippin ...

Quatford Aromatic

Red Astrachan ...

Red Autumn Calville

Red Julien

Red Peach

Reinette Grise

Reinette Grise d’ Automne ie
Reinette Rambour de Melcher ...
Remborough

Ross Nonpareil ...

Rostocker

Rougemont

Royal Codlin

Royal Jubilee

Rushock Pearmain

Russet Pearmain

Russian Transparent

St. Lawrence...

Scarlet Admirable

Preh fr teek fk fk fk fk fk fk fk fk frmk fk fk fred feed feed Peak feed femk femk eed femeh freed fod free fd fem fred fod feed fed fed feed Red bed pak fed fed feed ed ed Week Red Bd

140 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name.
Scotch Bridget ...
Sharleston Pippin
Sharper’s Apple ...
Silver Saturday ...
Sir John’s Favourite

Smart’s Prince Arthur “

Smith’s Pippin ...
Spring Ribston ...
Stamford Pippin...
Stent’s Incomparable
Stoup Leadington
Strange’s Seedling
Sugar Loaf Pippin
Summer Nonpareil
Sweedish Reinette
Sweet Reinette ...
Tewkesbury Baron
The Professor
Transparent
Trumpington
Uncle Barney
Waltham Cross ...
Wareham Russet
Wealthy ..

Welford Park Nonesuch ¥

White Calville
White Paradise ...
Wippel’s Seedling
Worcester Fillbasket

No. of
Dishes.

Fh bak femah ek fk fk fk fk ek ek fk fk fk fk fk ek fk ek ek kk fet ft tk fe et el et

GROUP I.
SOUTHERN COUNTIES.

-

Sn ee
SURO ePOMESHIER 3 te ee Oe

I
| SS
EE i
ES a eS
MPOWTTSHIRE 0 kl

. ee (7 eae
S383 bobs hid, 6: UE

ttHeYyNM AHL,

<
‘
Lai
én
» 1
ps
es!» 40%

i
nll

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : BERKSHIRE. 148

BERKSHIRE.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. W. S. Campseut, Cowarth Park, Sunningdale, Ascot.

Exhilitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standards and Espaliers,
grafted chiefly on the Paradise. Situation sheltered. Soil, a light
sandy loam; subsoil, sand and gravel.

2.—Mr. T. Jonus, Royal Gardens, Frogmore.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The specimens not quite so large as
usual, owing to the greater number of the trees having been
lifted last winter. The majority of the trees were planted by the
late Mr. Ingram, so they are now getting old.

3.—Mr. 8. Mortimer, Purley Park, Reading.

Exhibitor's Remarks.——Some of the trees are very old
Standards, which bear abundantly, but we get our choicest fruit
from bushes that have been planted about eight years. Some of
them are grafted on the Paradise, some on the Crab. Situation,
in a valley entirely surrounded with tall trees. Soil, a light
shallow loam, on a gravelly subsoil. A good many of the better
kinds canker badly, for example, Lord Suffield. Cellini bears
well, but the fruit is always very small; but no Apples grow
very fine on this thin soil.

4,—Mr. C. Ross, Gardener to Charles Eyre, Esq., Welford
Park, Newbury.

Observations.—A remarkably fine, well grown lot, specimens
of good size, very clear skinned.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Three-fourths of the trees are grown
in Bush form, the average age being about 12 years. The other
part consists of Standards of about 21 years standing. Keswick
Codlins, Northern Greening, and a few others are 60 years old.
The Bush trees are on Paradise, the Standards on Crab. Situation
is exposed to the north-east, with no shelter except a very few
trees. Soil, old garden over 200 years in cultivation; subsoil
sravelly. The sorts named are those which are most to be de-
pended on for a crop, within a radius of 7 miles from here. Some
of them do not always bear in this garden, for many sorts

ie 3.
rR
Ld att ?

144 . JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

canker as soon as their roots get -into the subsoil. To keep
the trees healthy they require to be planted shallow, and top-
dressed every two years, with a mixture of fresh loam and old
manure.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Worcester Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Blenheim Orange, King of the Pippins, Margil, Baumann’s
Reinette, Mannington’s Pearmain, Cockle’s Pippin, Cornish
Aromatic, Sturmer Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Gospatrick,
Ecklinville Seedling, lLoddington, Stirling Castle, Lane’s
Prince Albert, Lord Derby, Mére de Ménage, Brabant Bellefieur,
Betty Geeson, Dumelow’s Seedling, Annie Elizabeth, Northern
Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Worcester Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange,
Mannington’s Pearmain, Cornish Aromatic, Sturmer Pippin,
Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Seedling, Stirling Castle, Lane’s
Prince Albert, Annie Elizabeth, Northern Greening.

5.—Mr. J. H. Rost, Lockinge Gardens, Wantage.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Devonshire Quarrenden, Irish Peach, Berkshire
Glory, Fearn’s Pippin, Warner’s King, Beauty of Hants, Beauty
of Kent, Golden Noble, Bess Pool, Alfriston, Cox’s Pomona,
Grenadier, Cellini, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Scarlet
Russet, Hanwell Souring, Catshead, Yorkshire Beauty, Lemon
Pippin, Wellington, French Crab, Jacks’.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Fearn’s Pippin, Beauty of Kent, Alfriston,
Cellini, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Hanwell Souring,
Lemon Pippin, Wellington, French Crab, Jacks’.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : BERKSHIRE. 145

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Berkshire Glory, Fearn’s
Pippin, King Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Hanwell Souring,
Lemon Pippin, Wellington, French Crab. These sorts are
largely grown here.

Some orchards very exposed, others partly sheltered. Soil,
rather light, resting on chalk.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Mostly all trees in this district are on the Crab stock, and
grown as Standards on grass, which is mown, and fed off by
sheep and cattle. Orchards are fairly attended to, as to keeping
the centres of the trees open, all dead and useless wood being
cut out, old sorts being discarded, and grafting and planting the
sorts most in demand for the markets, by the more energetic
fruit growers.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Berkshire.

SELECTED (1883) By Mr. 8. Mortimer, Purley Park, anp
Mr. C. Ross, Welford Park.

Dessert APPLES.

No. of No. of

Name Votes ae Votes
Cockle’s Pippin. . . Duke of Devonshire .
Cox’s Orange Pippin Fearn’s Pippin .
King of the eer . +| 2 || Lord Burghley .
Margil . . : Mannington’sPearmain
Ribston Pippin lhe ed Pine Apple Russet. 1
Astrachan, Red. . .- Pine Golden Pippin
Blenheim Orange . . Pitmaston Russet .
Claygate Pearmain. . 1 | Sturmer Pippin

Cornish Aromatic . . Worcester Pearmain .
Devonshire Quarrenden

146. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

*s No.of z No.
Nera Votes Name Votes
Alfriston . . re: 9 Keswick Codlin. . .
Brabant Bellefleur . Lane’s Prince Albert.
Annie Elizabeth . . Loddington Seedling .
Bedfordshire saned Lord Derby . sie
mews Fool. 5!) Mére de Ménage
Betty Geeson. . . . Northern Greening . 1
Blenheim Orange . . 1 || Stirling Castle. . .
Cox’s Pomona ... Waltham Abbey
Dredge’s Fame . . . Seedling . ...
Keklinville Seedling . Wellington (Dume-
Emperor Alexander . _ low’s Seedling) .

Hambledon Deux Ans.

HAMPSHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. Henry Martin, M.D., The Lodge, East Cosham.

Observations.—Fair examples; those of Gloria Mundi very
large.

2.—Mr. J. Morris, The Lodge, Sherwood, Winchfield.
Observations.—Very fine examples of Hollandbury.

3.—Dr. Way, Cambrian House, Landport.

Observations.—Fairly good fruit. Rosemary Russet very fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees about 20
years old. Situation, in a walled garden, sheltered, close to the
sea. Soil, gravelly.

KENT.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. G. Beaton, Yotes Court, Mereworth, Maidstone.

Observations.—Fruit of fair average quality.

Exlilitor’s Remarks.—The greater part of our trees are Stan-
dards, a few Bush form, andmostly old. Situation, where grown
on a high level, well exposed. Soil, good, light, and clayey to

SOUTHERN COUNTIES KENT. 147

a great depth. Cox’s Orange Pippin, in this district, is very

‘liable to canker, scarcely a tree being clear, yet it bears

enormously, and is planted extensively. Margil is not very
generally grown, yet, where it is, it always bears a good character.
Cornish Gilliflower is even a greater favourite as a late dessert
Apple. For ‘kitchen use, Winter Quoining is much grown here,
and bears very well. Wellington (Dumelow’s Seedling) is being
largely planted in this district, but a great many object to it as a
cropper. Gooseberry Apple, named Golding now, is an indis-
pensable variety, keeping long into summer. It will indeed keep
for nearly two years, but it is not grown to any extent. Round
Winter Nonesuch is one of the best, as it never fails to crop,
whether it be a good season or bad. Forge Apple is very good,
though not a general favourite. The Apples named are general
favourites, and recommended to be planted for market use.

2.—Messrs. GEorGE BunyarD & Co., Nurserymen, Maidstone.

Observations.—A very complete and representative collection
of the Apples cultivated in Kent. Fruit of fair size.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
GARDEN CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF
SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Devonshire Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, King of
the Pippins, Grenadier, Loddington, Ribston Pippin, Peasgood’s
Nonesuch, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Mother, Blenheim Orange,
Orange, Ross Nonpareil, The Queen, Warner’s King, Lord Derby,
Braddick’s Nonpareil, Gascoigne’s Seedling, Golden Noble,
Beauty of Kent, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington, Annie Eliza-
beth, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR GARDEN
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Grenadier, Margil,
Mother, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s Orange, Warner’s King,
Beauty of Kent, Blenheim Orange, Gascoigne’s Seedling,
Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Karly Julien (largely), Lord Suffield (largely), Yellow Inges-
trie (locally), Worcester Pearmain (a favourite), Loddington
(grafted on old trees), Counsellor (largely in Mid Kent), King of the
Pippins (many acres), Blenheim Orange (largely in old orchards),
Wellington (extensively), Winter Quoining (in heavy lands).

K 2

148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gyrown on Standard trees, 25 to 80
years old, in sheltered orchards or nursery, and on Pyramids,
from 38 to 7 years old, in open nursery quarters. The Standards
are grafted on the Crab, and the Pyramids on Broad-leaved and
Nonesuch Paradise. Soil, a sandy loam, resting on the Kent
ragstone (Upper Green-sand).

3.—Mr. W. CuisHoum, The Gardens, Oxon Heath, Tonbridge.

Observations.—Examples large, and of uniformly fine quality.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Espaliers and Bush trees,
4 years of age, 3 years grafted when planted, and all on the
Paradise. Situation where they are grown is within a walled
garden. Soil, a heavy loam, on a clay subsoil. In planting
young Apple trees I do not find it advisable to use manure; but
its application two or three years.afterwards is, in a decomposed
state, most beneficial.

4.—Mr. W. Divers, The Gardens, Wierton House, Maidstone.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Some grown on Standards about 50.
years old; others on Bush trees planted about 12 years, grafted
principally on the Crab. Situation, sheltered from all cold winds.
by forest trees. Aspect, due south. Soil, a thick, light, and
sharp loam, on the ragstone rock. The trees are much covered
with lichens, both on pasture and cultivated land; trees of many
kinds are badly cankered. We are subject to very heavy fogs
and late spring frosts, also to the American blight.

5.—Mr. Sipney H. Goopwin, Smartswell, Mereworth.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Hoary Morning makes a good orchard
standard, grows quickly and never cankers. ‘This Apple will
hang very late, when it gets a deep colour. Royal George is a
very free-growing variety, with the wood wonderfully clear and
free from canker. It will hang until November, and is a good
cooking apple. Soil, loam, on ragstone.

6.—Mr. G. Gotpsmitu, The Gardens, Hollanden, Tonbridge.

Exhibitor's Remarks. — Situation exposed. Soil, a very
heavy and wet loam; subsoil, a stiff clay. Reinette de Canada
is a variety not grown so much as it deserves to be, being
useful either for dessert or for kitchen use.

7.—Mr. C. Haycocr, Gardener, Barham Court, Maidstone.

Observations.—A very fine collection, the examples being all
very large, and remarkably fine in appearance, giving evidence
of very careful cultivation. Stated to have been grown on
Cordons and other trained trees on the French Paradise and
Doucin stocks.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : KENT. 149

8.—Mr. W. Herrinaton, The Gardens, Betteshanger Rectory,
Sandwich.

Observations.—Examples, large, clear skinned.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Fruit from young Bush and Pyramid
trees, grafted on the French Paradise (?) stock, which seems
specially suited to this soil. Situation high, and exposed to all
winds. Soil, a thin, poor loam, on hard chalk.

9.—Mr. L. A. Kituicx, Langley, Maidstone.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Chiefly grafted on the Apple stock-—
a few on Paradise. Situation, exposed. Soil, partly loam, marl,
and red pebbly pinnock. Many varieties of Apples worthy of
cultivation canker in this district, so that we are limited in
choice. The Paradise stock does not produce a tree large
enough for market purposes. Standard trees, when about 10 to
12 years old, are considered sufficiently established to allow us
to lay down the soil with grass to be fed off by sheep.

10.—Mr. Cuartes LAanatey, Crabble House, Dover.

Observations.—A very fine lot of fruit.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Pyramids planted about
25 years, some in 1881; stocks, unknown. Situation, sheltered
by chalky hills. Soil, a chalky mixture, a vein of which runs
up the Dover valley. The Apple trees used to suffer in hot
summers, there being plenty of fruit, but small, so I dug large
holes down to the chalk, and replanted the trees in good turfy
loam. The trees now grow well and ripen their wood properly.
The great secret is to mulch well with good manure ; the better
manure I use, the better the fruit. In very dry weather I water
the trees with house sewage. My sole study since 1846 has been
to cultivate the Apple and Pear here, and I have been very
successful.

11.—Mr. T. Moornovuse, Gardener to J. W. Temple, Esq.,
Leyswood, Groombridge, Tunbridge Wells.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Fruit from Bush trees 13 years old,
grafted on the Crab. Situation in a kitchen garden, sheltered.
Soil, heavy; subsoil, a yellow clay. The samples are of an
average size. All the sorts make strong growth, while most of
them fruit very freely, excepting Blenheim Orange, which is
shy, and has small fruit.

12.—Mr. J. Neiaupour, Bickley Park, Bromley.

Exhibitor’s Remarks. — Fruit gathered from trees not
pruned, but thinned out occasionally. Age, from 6 to 50 years ;

150 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mostly grafted on the Crab. Situation, exposed to south-west
winds. Soil, rather sandy, with a mixture of clay. Some of
the apples here are grafted on the Apple stock, having sown the
seeds myself and grafted them. IfI have any sorts that are not
true to their names, or which the locality does not suit, I graft
them with better kinds, provided the stocks are healthy. When
planting, I always like to have the ground trenched, and some
manure, or even old garden refuse, to be mixed with the soil, as
the subsoil here is very poor. I think our fruit would be much
larger if the trees were more sheltered.

13. Ropert Suir, Gardener to The Lady Frances Fletcher,
Kenward, Yalding, Maidstone.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DistRicT, NAMED IN ORDER OF §SuUC-
CESSION.

Red Juneating, Irish Peach, Red Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin,
Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley, Margil, King of the Pippins,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Claygate Pearmain, Scarlet Nonpareil,
Gascoigne’s Scarlet, Golden Knob, Keswick Codlin, Duchess ot
Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Stone’s or Loddington, Peasgood’s
Nonesuch, Blenheim Orange, Golden Noble, Beauty of Kent,
Wellington, Winter Quoining, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Lady Sudeley,
Duchess of Oldenburg, Stone’s or Loddington Seedling, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Wellington, Lane’s Prince
Albert, Gascoigne’s Scarlet, Queening, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Duchess of Oldenburg,
Stone’s, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Kerry Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch,
Wellington, Northern Greening, New Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Worcester Pearmain.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, many orchards are fully
exposed, few sheltered. Most gardensare sheltered. Soil, loam,
part light, many heavy. Subsoil, rock, stone, andclay. Stocks:
The younger trees no doubt are on the Paradise, but the older
trees are on the Crab. The orchard trees are pruned to form open

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : KENT. 151

heads. Many growers prefer the middle of the head taken out
when young so as to form basin-shape, as it is called here, which
seems to answer well. Driving through this district a few days
ago, I was much struck with a lot of good trees of Wellington in
full bearing about 10 to 20 years old. The branches had been
shored up, so heavy was the crop of fine, clean fruit. Some of
the growers said they should store a thousand bushels of Welling-
ton. The largest fruit of the Wellington Apple I saw was on
turf, fed by sheep fatted with oil-cake. Cox’s Orange Pippin
Apple is not so clean in many plantations as in former
years. The best and cleanest fruits are from trees on heavy
soil. Worcester Pearmain Apple on young trees is good and
clean, but lacking colour. The birds are very troublesome with
this variety, pecking holes in the fruit. Older orchard trees
have suffered very much from maggots this season. To get good
Apples from orchard trees manure requires to be used freely as
top dressing, otherwise many trees become exhausted.

14.—Mr. A. WateRMAN, Preston Hall Gardens, Aylesford.

Observations.—Examples pale in colour and small.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees about 34
years old, pruned every year, the branches being spurred in. Soil,
a light loam, about 3 feet deep, resting on Kentish rag and
gravel.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Red Astrachan, Red Quarrenden, Lord
Suffield, Gravenstein, Ecklinville, Stirling Castle, King of
the Pippins, Stone’s, New Hawthornden, Small’s Admirable,
Mother, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Tower of
Glamis, Warner’s King, Lady Henniker, Lane’s Prince Albert,
Scarlet Nonpareil, Annie Elizabeth, Wellington, Yorkshire
Greening, Sturmer Pippin, Court Pendu Plat.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville
Seedling, Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Stone’s, New
Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Tower
of Glamis.

152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, Stirling Castle,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Stone’s, Tower of Glamis,
Small’s Admirable, Wellington.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered north, east, and
south by trees. Soil, loam, resting on the Kentish ragstone.

General Remarks.—Orchard trees are regularly pruned as well
as all trained trees. The fruit is much finer and clearer on the
Paradise stock, but the trees do not grow so large, but come into
fruit much sooner. I prefer the Bush or Pyramid form.

15.—Mr. Grorce Waite; Fairlawn, Maidstone.

Observations.—Fruit good.

Exhilitor’s Remarks.—Grown on very old Standard trees,
grafted on the Crab. Situation where grown, sheltered by a
hedge. Soil, stone shatter, overlying Kentishrag. The Orchards
are cultivated, having a crop of currants and cobnuts beneath
the Apples, though some are grown on turf. Those Orchards
are the best where the grass is fed off by sheep.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Kent.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. G. Beaton, Yokes Court, Mereworth.

», G. BritcHer, Oak Lodge, Tonbridge.

Messrs. G. Bunyarp & Co., Maidstone.

Mr. W. CuisHoi~m, Oxon Heath, Tonbridge.
», W. Divers, Wierton House, Maidstone.

Messrs. T. Frost & Sons, Maidstone.

Mr. G. GoupsmitH, Hollanden, Tonbridge.
», W. Herrineton, Betteshanger Rectory, Sandwich.
», L. A. Kinuicx, Langley, Maidstone.

» ©. Laneuery, Crabble House, Dover.

», L. MoorHouse, Groombridge.

,, J. NericHBour, Bickley Park, Kent.

», A. WaTERMAN, Preston Hall, Aylesford.
» G. Wuire, Fairlawn, Tonbridge.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : KENT. 1538
Dessert APPLES.
= No. of y YO.
rie Votes iin ara
Cox’s Orange Pippin . | 12 | Hick’s Fancy
King of the Pippins 11 || Hoary Morning
Ribston Pippin . 9 || Hubbard’s Pearmain .
Scarlet Nonpareil 7 || Juneating d
Court Pendu Plat Lord Burghley .
Mr. Gladstone 6 || Mabbott’s Pearmain .
Claygate Pearmain . Allen’s Everlasting
Devonshire Quarrenden Boston Russet .
Kerry Pippin . Braddick’s N onpareil .
Margil. . 5 || Cobham. . ,
Sturmer Pippin . : Coe’s Golden Drop
Worcester Pearmain Cornish Gilliflower
Cockle’s Pippin . Duchess of /York’s
Fearn’s Pippin 4 Favourite . :
Yellow Ingestrie Dutch Mignonne .
Blenheim Orange Karly Harvest . 1

Golden Knob.
Trish Peach

Mannington’s Pearmain

Wyken Pippin .
Duchess of Oldenburg
Lemon Pippin

Old Nonpareil
Reinette de Canada
Russet Nonpareil

Summer Golden Pippin

Syke House Russet .
Fenouillet Rouge
Gipsy King
Gravenstein .
Golden Pippin
Golden Noble

2]
ee
fe
|
|
3]

|
Herefordshire Peactaa

Karly or Summer Non-
pareil .

Melon.

Mother

Nonpareil . .

Northern Spy .

Oslin Pippin

Powell’s Russet

Pearmain ‘

Rambour d’ Amerique
or Mere de Ménage

Red Astrachan .

Royal Russet

Summer Nonpareil

Wheeler’s Russet .

Winter Quoining .

164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL socTETY,

Cuninary APPLES,

Dr, Harvey .

Duchess of Oldenburg
Dutch Codlin ;
Emperor Alexander .
Frogmore Prolific, .

Dumelow's “ibe
Lord Suffield. .
Blenheim Orange
Keswick Codlin .
Northern Greening .

Loddington Seedling . Gloria Mundi
Warner's King . Hall Door
Golden Noble Hambledon Deux Ans

Hawthornden . :
Hoary Morning . .
Hollandbur / at
Hubbard’s Pearmain .
Beauty of Wilts

Beas Pool .. sss
Betty Geeson . . .

Cheshunt Pi
Cobbett’s Ful Pippin
Lamb’s Favourite .

Winter Quoining
Cellini . ‘
Cox's Pomona . .
Keklinville Seedling
Manks’ Codlin
Gooseberry Apple .
Hanwell Souring

New Hawthornden .
Peasgood’s Nonesuch .
Stirling Castle

Tower of Glamis | Lady Henniker .
Winter Hawthornden. ; | Lewis’s Incomparable
Alfriston . . ; | Mare de Ménage
Annie Elizabeth . | Nelson’s Glory. .
Beauty of Kent . Old Hawthornden.
Dutch Mignonne _-Pile’s Russet. . .
Flower of Kent . 'Rambour d’Amerique
Grenadier . | Waltham Abbey Seed-
Lord Derby : ling.

Round Winter Nonesuch W ellington (or Dume-
Small’s Admirable .. _ low’s Seedling) .
Worcester Pearmain . Yorkshire Beauty .

Yorkshire Greening . / |

MIDDLESEX.
Exhibitors.
1—My, R. Bray, Bedfont Villa, Bedfont.

Observations. —Examples large, wonderfully clear skinned,
and well coloured, Some examples of Manks’ Codlin grown on

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 155

gravel, and others grown on clay, were very remarkable, the
latter being twice the size, very highly coloured, and very hand-
some, thus proving the superiority of the clay soil.

Ezlubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees planted
40 years ago, and grafted on the Crab. Situation, on high
ground, with no shelter. Soil, rather sandy in places; subsoil,
gravel. Sixty years ago a quantity of gravel was taken out of
the land where my orchard now stands. The ground was
levelled about 43 years since, and planted. The Queen’s river
runs within 20 feet of our northern hedge, and keeps our ground
moist during the dry season.

2.—Mr. R. Dean, Bedfont and Ealing.

Observations.—Examples large and fine.

Ezhibitor’s Remarks.—Examples grown chiefly on tall Bush
and Pyramidal trees, from 14 to 20 years of age. Their growth
is generally free and healthy, being worked on the free stock.
Situation, in no respect sheltered. Soil, a very stiff loam; sub-
soil, clay. This is quite a market orchard district, where to grow
kinds that will crop freely and early is the first consideration.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FoR MARKET CULTURE.

Karly Julien, Manks’ Codlin, Lord Suffield, Blenheim Pippin,
and Wellington (culinary); Duchess’s Favourite, Yellow Ingestrie,
King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, and Cockle’s Pippin,
all considerably grown in this district, but especially Kings and
Wellingtons. Situation, sheltered by trees on the north.

3.—Mr. J. Hupson, Gardener to H. J. Atkinson, Esq.,

Gunnersbury House, Acton.

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Mostly grown on Orchard Standards
some on cultivated ground, others on grass. Ages, from 20 to
40 years. Situation, exposed. Soil, a light loam on gravel.
Our trees suffered much from the wet season of 1879, and since

then they have been more disposed to canker.

4.—Messrs. C. Lez & Son, Nurserymen, &c., Hammersmth and
Haling.

Observations.—A very fine and most interesting collection of
the best varieties.

156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown at our Ealing Nursery, mostly
on Pyramid and Bush trees, grafted on the English Paradise
and Crab stock. Situation, exposed. Soil, a heavy loam. Apples
do well in this district, grown as Standards on the Free seedling
Apple stocks, the best results are from those worked on the English
Paradise as Bush, Pyramid, and Espalier formed trees.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach, Red Astrachan, Lord Suffield,
Stirling Castle, Pott’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Cellini,
King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Warner’s King,
Golden Noble, New Hawthornden, Claygate Pearmain, Adams’
Pearmain, Golden Reinette, Cockle’s Pippin, Ribston, Blenheim
Orange, Northern Greening, Margil, Alfriston, Wellington,
Sturmer.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Pott’s Seedling,
King of the Pippins, New Hawthornden, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Cellini, Warner’s King, Blenheim, Dutch Mignonne, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET
CULTURE.

Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Ecklinville, Stirling Castle,
Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins, New Hawthornden,
Warner’s King, Blenheim, Wellington.

5.—Mr. J. Roprerts, Gardener to the Messrs. Rothschild,
Gunnersbury Park, Acton.

Observations.—Examples of fair average quality.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Early Harvest, Keswick Codlin, Lady Sudeley, Duchess of
Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Stirling Castle, Mabbot’s
Pearmain, Golden Noble, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Emperor

a?
vs

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 157

Alexander, Adam’s Pearmain, Pott’s Seedling, Claygate Pearmain,

The Sandringham, Court Pendu Plat, Blenheim Orange, Sturmer

Pippin, Lane’s Prince Albert, Annie Elizabeth, Bramley’s

Seen Bismarck, Wellington, Northern Greening, Rosemary
usset.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Harly Harvest, Keswick Codlin, Lady Sudeley, Duchess of
Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain, Golden Noble, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Stirling Castle, Blenheim Orange, Court Pendu Plat,
Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET
CULTURE.

Keswick Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Worcester Pearmain,
Cockle’s Pippin, Stirling Castle, Emperor Alexander, Blenheim
Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Bramley’s Seedling, Wellington,
Five-Crowned Pippin.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered. Soil, the top
spit a friable loam; subsoil, a light clay, resting on gravel. My
own experience leads me to the conclusion that the Paradise
stock is the best for the early Kitchen Apples, but the Crab for
late keepers ; while for dessert kinds, I decidedly prefer Standard
trees on the Crab stock, as the fruit is more fully exposed to
the sun, and always eats crisper than from Pyramids on the
Paradise stock. Our best Kitchen Apples are from Pyramid
trees 12 to 14 feet high, on the free stock. Before planting
the ground was deeply trenched and liberal supplies of
manure added. In addition to this about three barrow-loads of
maiden loam and burnt ashes was placed around the roots of
each tree at planting time.

These trees are mulched once during the early summer, and
receive an occasional watering from the hose in dry weather.
Very little in the way of root-pruning has been needed, as, the
position being sheltered, we seldom fail in securing good crops of
fruit. Pruning has consisted in regulating the main branches
thinly, so that the sun and air have free access to the centre of
the trees.

6.—RoyaL HortTicuLTuRAL Society, Chiswick.

Observations.—The examples in this collection, although not
so large and highly coloured as some others, were specially

158 - JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

valuable on account of the correct nomenclature, thus serving as
tests for comparison with others in the determination of the
names. The labels attached indicated whether the fruit was for
dessert or culinary purposes, and when in season; also the kind
of stock on which grown.

Superintendent’s Remarks.—The examples shown were all
grown on Bush and Pyramid trees, the greater number being about
18 years old, and grafted on the Free stock; while the others
were from trees 6 to 8 years old, grafted on the French Paradise and
Doucin stocks. Situation, sheltered, but very subject to spring
frosts. Soil, a heavy loam, bordering on clay; subsoil, gravel.
The trees are not subjected to much pruning, the long straggling
shoots being simply shortened, and the others thinned out so as
to allow all parts of the tree to be fully exposed to the direct
influence of the sun’s rays and the action of the weather. .This
is a point of special importance, and is one which seems to be
very much overlooked by those who have to grow their trees
within restricted areas, and subject them to much pruning and
summer pinching.

The finest fruits were gathered from small trees about 3 feet
high and 6 years old, planted 8 feet apart, and grafted on the
French Paradise and Doucin stocks, each tree bearing, on an
average, about 25 fruit of good size. Of the stocks, those grafted
on the Doucin make much the larger trees, and seem to be more
vigorous, but both bear equally good crops. Experience here
points to the use of these stocks, in small gardens especially, as
being of the very utmost value and importance.

7.—Mr. W. Tipy, Gardener, Stanmore Hall, Middlesex.

Observations.—F air average examples.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees 50 years
old. Situation, partially sheltered. Soil, a dark vegetable
mould resting on clay. Blenheim Orange and Wyken Pippin are
much used for comfits and mincemeats.

8.—Messrs. J. VertcH & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea.

Observations.—A remarkably well-grown, varied, and interest-
ing collection, and correctly labelled.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The Apples exhibited by us were all
grown at our Nursery at Southfields, Fulham. The Nursery is
situate within a quarter of a mile of the River Thames, and is
surrounded by a neighbourhood which is rapidly being built

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 159

upon, and is, in fact, entirely within the influence of the London
smoke and fogs. Within a short distance from the Nursery is
one of the largest gasworks in the metropolis; also several large
breweries and factories of various descriptions. The soil of the
Nursery is about 18 inches in depth, and is very light, consisting
entirely of sand and humus (vegetable mould) on a layer of
yellow adhesive sand, beneath which is a rather thick stratum of
yellow sandy gravel. The whole series is very quickly permeated
by water. The fruit was grown upon dwarf Pyramid trees
grafted on the Paradise stock, none of which exceed 5 years of
age, but the greater part of it was gathered from trees 2 and 8
years old.

TWELVE VARIETIES BEST ADAPTED TO ExHrIpitors’ District.

Lord Suffield, Warner’s King, Winter Hawthornden, Alfriston,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Baumann’s Red Reinette. Dessert.—Devon-
shire Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Lord Burghley, Cockle’s Pippin.

9.—Mr. G. THompson, The Gardens, Croxby House, Hounslow.

Observations.—Large and fine examples.

Exiubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standards, Pyramids, and
Cordons, the finest fruit being from the Pyramids. The trees
are from 8 to 10 years old, being grafted on the Paradise stock.
Situation, in orchard, open. Soil is very ight; subsoil, gravel.
In the market gardens in this district the Keswick and Mank’s
Codlins are the varieties chiefly depended on. Keswick Codlin is
not so liable to canker, and is a sure bearer. Many sorts canker
very badly, especially Wellington (Dumelow’s Seedling). They
were so bad the last few years that many of the growers have
done away with them altogether. A great many King of the
Pippins are grown, as they are sure bearers, but canker very
much. Lord Suffield is the best early Kitchen Apple we have
for either private or market use, but the branches die a good deal.
A sort called Duchess’s Favourite is grown about Cranford, which
bears very heavy crops every other year. The trees seem to keep
healthy, and it is a good market Apple.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE DistRict, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Early Julien, Duchess’s Favourite, King of the Pippins, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin,
Stirling Castle, Manks’ Codlin, Warner’s King, Harvey’s Wilt-
shire Defiance, Dumelow’s Seedling.

a

160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Karly Julien, Duchess’s Favourite, King of the Pippins, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin,
Stirling Castle, Manks’ Codlin, Dumelow’s Seedling. King of the
Pippins is the chief kind grown in the market gardens. Situation,
partly sheltered. Soil, very light, gravelly.

General Remarks.—In the market gardens the trees are all
planted as Standards, with Gooseberries, Raspberries, and
Currants in between. In the well-kept gardens the trees are
kept well thinned out every winter, and useless sorts are grafted
every spring.

10.—Mr. R. Woop, Gardener to Mrs. Saunders, Duke’s
Avenue, Chiswick.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Nearly all were gathered from old
Standard orchard trees, worked on the Crab. Situation, very
sheltered by large houses and tall trees. We have had very
large crops this season and for several years, owing to the shelter,
but the fruit has been small. The trees have been very much
neglected for many years.

11.—Mr. J. WoopsrinGe, Gardener, Syon House, Brentford.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush and Standard trees of
various ages, grafted on the Crab and Paradise stocks. Situation,
sheltered, in walled garden. Soil, light and sandy, on gravel.
I find that trees grown in a Bush form, on the Paradise or
Dwarfing stock, are very suitable for the borders of kitchen
gardens. They bear better fruit, require less pruning, and can
be allowed to grow in a more natural way. Trees on the Crab
or Free stock I consider more suitable for orchards.

12.—Mr. A. Wricut, Gardener to Mr. E. H. Watts, Chiswick.

Observations.—Examples of fair average size.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on very healthy and clean
Standard and Bush trees, grafted on the Crab. Age, from 10 to
12 years. Situation where grown, sheltered. Soil, a medium
black loam, on gravel.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES : MIDDLESEX. 161

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation
in Middlesex.

SELECTED (18838) By

Mr. R. Bray, Bedfont.

» L. Dean, Bedfont.

,, J. Hupson, Gunnersbury House, Acton.
Messrs. C. Lez & Son, Hammersmith.
Mr. J. Roperts, Gunnersbury Park, Acton.
Roya HortricuttTuraL Society, Chiswick.
Mr. G. THompson, Croxby House, Hounslow.

» W. Tipy, Stanmore Hill, N.

» R. Woon, Duke’s Avenue, Chiswick.

ate Woopsripge, Syon House, Brentford.

» A. WRIGHT, Devonhurst, Chiswick.

» A. Wyart, Hatton, Hounslow.

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of |

Votes |

Name Name

Cox’s idee pate 'y Pippin

King of the Pippins

Lemon Pippin. . .
7 Sturmer Pippin 2

Ribston Pippin . Winter Pearmain .
Blenheim Orange 6 Beachamwell

Yellow Ingestrie. Boston Russet . .
Kerry Pippin . 5 Coe’s Golden Drop
Scarlet N onpareil . Golden Nonpareil .
Cockle’s Pippin . Keddleston Pippin

Fearn’s Pippin

4 Lewis’s Incomparable
Trish Peach

%

:

“ Mr. Gladstone .
Worcester Pearmain Norfolk Bearer . i
Court Pendu Plat . Old Nonpareil . . . ||
Court of Wick . Omar Pacha... . (|
Duchess’s Favourite Powell’s Favourite . ||
Duchess of Oldenburg . 3 || Red Juneating .
Devonshire pareceneen Reinette de Caux .
Gravenstein . Rosemary Russet .

Red Astrachan . Royal Russet

Adams’ Pearmain . Stone Pippin
Braddick’s N onpareil . Winter Russet .

Dutch Mignonne panes Pippin .
Lamb Abbey Pearmain

162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name

—_—_——_—_ ,
_—$ |}

Dumelow’s Seedling
Lord Suffield .
Manks’ Codlin
Stirling Castle

| Norfolk Beefing
Blenheim Orange . .

| Yorkshire Greening .
| Beauty of Hants

11 | London Pippin. . . 5

| Bess Pool
Golden Noble 7 || French Crab
Keswick Codlin . Gravenstein. .
Warner’s King . 6 | Hambledon Deux Ans
Beauty of Kent . 5 Hollandbury

Lane’s Prince ‘Albert
Landsberger Reinette
4 | Lord Derby . ;

Celli...»
Keklinville Seedling
Mére de Ménage

New or Winter Haw- Nonesuch ;

thornden ‘ Northern Greening I
Alfriston . . Old Russet .
Emperor Alexander Peasgood’s Nonesuch
Gloria Mundi. . 3 || Pott’s Seedling. :
Waltham Abbey Seed. Russian Transparent .

ling . Stock Leadington .
Annie Elizabeth Striped Beefing . :
Karly Julien . ‘ 9 || Stone’s or Teast
Frogmore Prolific . Lf | Seedling ,
Old Hawthornden . | Winter Pearmain. .

/

SURREY.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. J. Burnett, Deepdene Gardens, Dorking.

Observations.—An interesting collection.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Gathered mostly from large orchard
trees, some being from Espaliers and Bushes. Many of the
trees are old. A few of the young trees are grafted on Paradise,
but the greater number on Crab. Situation, sheltered. Soil, a
light loamy sand; subsoil, a stiff clay. I find the varieties
selected to be sure average bearers every year; and possibly the
most certain are Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Stirling
Castle, Ecklinville Seedling, and Cox’s Orange Pippin. Ribston
Pippins are grown largely in this district in farm orchards, and
are much more appreciated than softer fruit, though they only
bear once in two or three years.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SURREY. 163

2,—Mr. G. W. Cummins, Gardener to A. H. Smee, Esq., The
Grange, Wallington, Surrey.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The fruits were grown on Standards
and on Bushes, or hollow bowl-shaped trees, which are preferred
here, where many are grown upon a small extent of ground.
They are from 6 to 25 years of age. Standards are worked on
Crab, small Bushes on Paradise. Situation, damp, sheltered by
large forest trees. Soil, a peaty bog, but improved by long
cultivation; subsoil, wet inferior gravel. Ribston Pippins
generally bear well, but the trees are more subject to canker than
any other sort. When the roots reach the wet gravel, they
seldom fruit satisfactorily.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Kitchen.—Cellini, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, New Haw-
thornden, Lord Derby, Golden Noble, Blenheim Orange, Warner’s
King, Beauty of Kent, Wellington, Lane’s Prince Albert, Winter
Peach. Dessert.—EHarly Harvest, Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin,
Worcester Pearmain, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Brownlee’s Russet, Scarlet Nonparerl, Duke of Devonshire,
Cornish Aromatic, Court Pendu Plat, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Kitchen.—Cellini, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, New Haw-
thornden, Blenheim Orange, Wellington. Dessert.—Irish Peach,
Kerry Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Duke of
Devonshire, Court Pendu Plat.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, New Hawthornden, Blenheim
Orange, Wellington, Cox’s Pomona, Devonshire Quarrenden,
Gravenstein, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Exlubitor’s Remarks.—Very few apples are grown in this
district specially for market.

In planting young trees we take out all the old soil from
the space needed, break up the gravel, putting in a quantity
of coarser brick rubbish, which is covered with a thick layer
of turf. We add two barrowsful of strong yellow loam, one
of burnt garden refuse, and the same quantity of lime rubbish, .
the whole being turned and mixed together. The hole is
filled level with the surface of the ground, and then the tree is
placed in position, and some richer soil is worked in among
the roots, finished off with a heavy mulching of stable manure.

L 2

164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Older trees which do not fruit properly are lifted, root pruned,
and replanted in the same manner, generally with the best
results. Bush and Standard trees only are grown, the former
are worked on Paradise and the latter on Crab stock.

3.—Mr. J. Dean, Gardener to Granville W. “Fp Gower,
Titsey Place, Godstone.

Observations. —Examples small, but well ee!
Exhibitor’s Remarks.—The old orchard trees show great
exhaustion, having made scarcely any young growth for years.
The others in kitchen garden are all Bushes, trained open or
cup-shaped. They are mostly on the Crab, a few being on
Paradise, but on this stock the Ribston Pippin cankers very
much. Situation, well sheltered and facing south, 400 feet
above sea-level. Soil prepared, consisting of road scrapings with
loam, being mulched annually with stable manure. A great
many varieties of Apples canker very badly here, whether the
season be wet or dry; and every spring we have to cut out
cankered wood. It seems hopeless to try to obtain a good-
shaped tree in the prepared soil; but on the real chalk, which
is very dry, we have two specimen trees, a Ribston Pippin and a
Blenheim Orange planted 50 years, growing vigorously, without

a spot of canker, but they give no fruit. Why is this?

4.—Mr. B. Greaves, The Gardens, Broome Hall, Surrey.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exiubitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Orchard Standards, many
of stunted growth. ‘The trees are old. Situation, sheltered.
Soil, a heavy loam; subsoil, a stiff clay. The trees are much
covered by lichen caused by the undrained soil. The Apples
here are only of moderate quality, caused, no doubt, by want of
better draining and cultivation. The blossoms often suffer from
spring frosts, and the leaves from myriads of caterpillars. All
Apples grown here are Orchard Standards, and receive very little
attention. A new orchard is being prepared, which will be
drained and trenched.

5.—Mr. T. B. Haywoop, Woodhatch Lodge, Reigate. Gardener,
Mr. J. Ripovurt.

Observations.—Fruit of fair average quality.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Pyramid
trees, the Standards being old trees, and the Pyramids about 12
years of age; about equal portions on the Crab and Paradise.
Situation, fairly sheltered. Soil, sandy; subsoil, sand with
ironstone gravel. The Ribston Pippin, Cellini, Old Hawthornden,
and a few others on the Paradise are in this neighbourhood
much subject to canker every year.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SURREY. 165

6.—Mr. H. Marruews, Betchworth Park.

Observations. —Examples very good, especially those of Cox's
ee and Yorkshire Beauty—the latter named Palmer’s
ory.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Fruit grown on Standards chiefly,
being good, large, healthy trees, in open orchards. Soil, in
some parts light and sandy, in others heavy with a clay subsoil.
Ribston Pippin cankers very much, also Dumelow’s Seedling,
the young wood dying every year as soon as the roots reach the
gravel. Ground, rather wet in this district. Being in the
valley of the Mole, we are subject to spring frosts.

7.—Mr. J. M‘Intosu, Duneevan, Weybridge, Surrey. Gardener,
Mr. T. Taytor.

Observations.—Examples very fine, remarkably clear skinned.

Exhibitors Remarks.—Trees grown mostly as Pyramids,
varying in age from 6 to 20 or more years, grafted on the Crab
and Paradise. Situation, sheltered. Soil, light; subsoil, wet
sand. King of the Pippins, Court of Wick, and Pearson’s Plate
bear best in this soil as Standards, also Dumelow’s Seedling ;
and as Pyramids, Alfriston, Landsberger Reinette, and Ecklinville.
The Pyramids every second year are cut round 2 feet 6 inches
from the stem, roots raised,~fresh soil being added, which is
trodden firm and mulched on the surface, thereby producing
fine fruit.

8.—Messrs. J. Peep & Sons, Roupell Park Nursery, Tulse Hull.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach, Duchess of Oldenburg, Kerry
Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Cellini, Blenheim Orange, The Queen, Schoolmaster,
Scarlet Nonpareil, Sturmer Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield,
Ecklinville Seedling, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Small’s Admirable,
New Hawthornden, Pott’s Seedling, Domino, Tower of Glamis,
Warner’s King, Bramley Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert,
Wellington.

Situation, very exposed. Character of soil, 2 feet sandy
loam resting on about 2 to 8 feet of strong loam, under that 10.
feet of gravel.

General Remarks.—We use generally for Espaliers, Cordons,
Bushes, or Pyramids, the English Paradise stock; and for Standard

166 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

trees, a Free stock, but not the Crab. We believe frequently lifting
the trees to be productive of fruitfulness, also in feeding them
well while swelling their fruit, and in keeping a sharp look-out
after American blight and other apple pests. All the varieties
named fruit here very freely, specially so when grafted on the
English Paradise stock, either as Cordons, Bushes, or Espaliers.
This is a cold exposed situation. Soil, sandy loam, 2 feet;
subsoil, 2 feet strong loam; under that, gravel.

9. Mr. W. Rouprrety, Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, S.W.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Juneating, Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Keswick
Codlin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling,
Cellini Pippin, Kerry Pippin, Worcester Pearmain, Lady
Sudeley, Ecklinville Seedling, Grenadier, Stirling Castle, Lod-
dington or Stone’s Apple, Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Blenheim Orange, King of Pippins, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, The
Queen, Golden Noble, Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Juneating, Irish Peach, Quarrenden, Lord Suffield,
Cellini Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, The Queen, Ribston Pippin, —
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert,
and Wellington.

SELECTION oF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FoR MARKET CULTURE.

Irish Peach, Quarrenden, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord
Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Cellini Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, and Wellington.

N.B.—The new and approved varieties are not much known
in the district, and both gardeners and their employers need
guidance.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, top of Brixton Hill, rather
exposed, but not so liable to spring frosts as lower ground.
Character of soil, ordinary kitchen garden improved by the
addition of soot, lime, &c. Subsoil, gravel, sand, and clay, with
good drainage.

General Remarks.—The fruit exhibited is from Bushes and
Pyramids on the Paradise, slightly pruned in summer, and again
in January or February. The Standard trees in the neighbour-
hood are much neglected. They are old, infested with insect
pests, and no one can say with certainty what the stocks are.
They are generally considered to be on the Crab stock.

a

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SURREY.

167

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Surrey.

SELECTED (1883) By

r. J. Barcuay, The Durdans, Epsom.

ds BURNETT, The Deepdene, Dorking.
y, J. CoomBEs, Sheen House, Mortlake.

+ re WW. Cummins, The Grange, Wallington.

» J. DEAN, Titsey Place, Surrey.

alls GREAVES, Broome Hall, Holmwood.
» Jd. Rrpovut, Woodhatch Lodge, fieigate.
» H. Matrruews, Betchworth.

» L. Taytor, Duneevan, Weybridge.

DEssERT APPLES.

Name

King of the Pippins
Cox’s Orange Pippin .
Blenheim Orange
Kerry Pippin.
Ribston Pippin .
HerefordshirePearmain
Court Pendu Plat .
Court of Wick
Claygate Pearmain.
Cockle’s Pippin .
Devonshire Quarrenden
Fearn’s Pippin .
Golden Reinette
Gravenstein .

Trish Peach . :
Mannington’ sPearmain
Melon Apple .

Pearson’s Plate .
Adams’ Pearmain .
Beauty of Kent .

Benom. .. 7.
Braddick’s N onpareil .
Boston Russet J
Cellini . md
Cornish Aromatic .

if
:

No. of
Votes
9
7

5

Name

Cornish Gilliflower .

Downton Pippin .
Edmund Jupp. . .
Franklin’s Golden

Pippltines ‘
Golden Knob
Juneating

Landsberger. Reinette |

Leyden Pippin.

Lord Burghley.
Mareil ,
Mother Apple .
Northern Greening
Northern Spy .
Ord’s Apple ‘
Pitmaston Pine Apple
Red Juneating . :
Reinette de Canada .
Scarlet Nonpareil .
Scarlet Pearmain .
Scarlet Russet .
Sturmer Pippin
Seigende Reinette.
Summer Strawberry .
Wyken Pippin .
Yellow Ingestrie .

No. of
Votes

GC

168 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CuLINARY APPLEs.

No. of | | se No. of
Votes | Name Votes

Name

}

Dumelow’s Seedling . ‘- Cheshire Codlin

Lord Suffield . 8 | Cox’s Pomona .
Warner’s King . 6 | Curltail Pippin
Blenheim Orange . 5 | Edmund Jupp .
Cellini. . | French Crab
Keklinville Seedling 4 | Frogmore Prolific.
Keswick Codlin . | Gloria Mundi .

| Hoary Morning
New Hawthornden . 3 Hollandbury

Loddington Seedling .
Lord Gwydyr . .
Mére de Ménage .
Minchall Crab .
Nelson’s Glory.

Pott’s Seedling .
Alfriston .

Beauty of Kent .
Emperor Alexander

Bedfordshire ere:
Golden Noble y

Hawthornden | Northern Greening
Lemon Pippin 9 Nonesuch . . . .
Lord Derby . . Palmer’s Glory, or
Norfolk Beefing . ‘ | Yorkshire Beauty .
Reinette de Canada . Round WintérNonesuch
Stirling Castle . .. | Rymer .. f
Waltham Abbey Seed- | Tower of Glamis .

ling , Wormsley Pippin .
Pry Elizabeth . . | | Winter Peach .
Bess Pook’ i=*9"% ; 1 Winter Quoining .
Brabant Bellefleur. . }

SUSSEX.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. G. Breese, The Gardens, Petworth Park, Sussex.

Observations.—Examples remarkably highly coloured and of
excellent quality.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly as Standards. Some
trees are young, which produce the finest fruit; the older trees
give the best-coloured fruit. Age of trees from 5 to 50 years.
They are grafted on the Crab. Situation, in orchard, well
sheltered from north and north-east. Soil, a heavy loam on clay.
There are many kinds grown in this neighbourhood that fruit
remarkably well. Igrowa quantity on the Paradise stock, and
sodo my neighbours. L[advise people to plant the Paradise stock
freely, as a great number of sorts do wonderfully well on it.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SUSSEX. 169

2.— Messrs. CHEat & Sons, Lowfield Nurseries, Crawley.

Observations.—A varied and extensive contribution, repre-
sentative of most of the varieties of Apples grown in Sussex.

Exhilitor’s Remarks.—The best and handsomest fruits are
from Cordons on the French and English Paradise. Situations,
varied, generally fairly exposed. Soil, a stiff loam; subsoil, the
Weald of Sussex clay, varying from bright yellow to blue marly
clay, all more or less impregnated with iron. The Weald of
Sussex lying principally flat, and the soil being of a retentive
nature, it becomes saturated with water during the winter and
spring months. Apples generally succeed well with care, but in
most cases the orchards are left to nature, and no means are
taken to increase their fertility or improve the quality of the
fruit: Some kinds will not succeed, and canker the first year,
such as Lady Henniker. Cox’s Orange Pippm—a most accom-
modating Apple—would not grow or fruit in one orchard so as to
be worth cultivating. Claygate Pearmain is found in most of
the orchards in Sussex, and bears well.

General Remarks.—A considerable number of our Apples are
grown on Cordon and Bush trees, worked upon the English Paradise
stock. The Cordons we prune in July, and again in September,
occasionally cutting out unfruitful spurs in sprmg. We occa-
sionally root-prune strong growers or unproductive trees, and the
result of this we find very beneficial. There are, however, a few
varieties that have to be treated on the extension system, such
as Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Red Juneating, &c.; also the Blen-
heim Orange does best as a Standard. The Orchard Standards
upon the Free stock require to have weak and unfruitful branches
thinned out to admit sun and air, and we firmly believe in the
extension system for this class of tree.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Astrachan, The Professor, Worcester Pearmain, Keswick
Codlin, ‘Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville,
Pott’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Stirlimg Castle, Warner’s
King, New Hawthornden, King of Pippins, Lord Derby, Golden
Noble, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Cox’s Orange,
Mannington’s Pearmain, Duke of Devonshire, Winter Quoining,
Wellington, Norfolk Beefing, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.
Professor, Worcester Pearmain, Duchess of Oldenburg,
Ecklinville, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Warner’s King,
King of Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Lane’s Prince Albert, Cox’s
Orange, Wellington.

170 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Worcester Pearmain, Duchess of Oldenburg, Kcklinville,
Stirling Castle, King of Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange,
Lane’s Prince Albert, Wellington, Norfolk Beefing. Warner’s
King, King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Wellington, and
Norfolk Beefing are grown to a considerable extent in the
district.

8.—Mr. Sipney Forp, Gardener, Leonardslee, Horsham.

Observations.—A very interesting collection, containing many
local varieties of merit.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The collection sent consists of about
one half the varieties grown here in these gardens and orchards
as Bush and Standard trees. Situation, 273 feet above sea-level,
on a gentle slope, facing south. Soil varies much, from a sandy
loam to stiff clay; the subsoil consisting of sandy gravel and
sand rock. There are a great number of local kinds very little
known elsewhere, viz., Edmund Jupp, First and Last, Treadcroft
Seedling, Langley’s Seedling, St. Leonard’s Seedling, and 50
others I could name, all good, useful kinds.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Blenheim Orange, Warner’s King, Tower of Glamis, Beauty
of Kent, Lady Henniker, Bedfordshire Foundling, Yorkshire
Greening, Cellini Pippin, Golden Noble, Dr. Hogg, Winter Quuin-
ing, Ribston Pippin.

4,—Mr. R. Miniter, Southdown Road, Shoreham, Sussex.

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Bush trees
from 20 to 50 years old, grafted onthe Crab. Situation sheltered.
Soil, heavy; subsoil, clay. Early Harvest bears a good crop in
alternate years; Keswick, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Welling-
ton, Cockle’s Pippin, and Cellini fruit more or less every year,
and are generally good; Northern Greening bears well, but
the trees being very old, and subject to high winds, the fruit is
generally small. Apples are not much grown in this neighbour-
hood, being too much exposed to the sea and to high winds in
the autumn.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: SUSSEX. 171

5.—Mr. J. Rust, The Gardens, Eridge Castle, Tunbridge
Wells.
Observations.—Fruit small, highly coloured.

Exhubitor’s Remarks.—About one half are grafted on the
Free stock, many being very old trees; the others are on the
Paradise. Situation of orchard 400 feet above the sea-level, very
much exposed to high winds. Soil, a stiff loam, resting on marl.
For orchard planting on grass, my experience is in favour of the
Free stock ; whilst for cultivated land, the Paradise has much the
advantage, especially in exposed places, and the trees are best in
the Bush form.

I do not approve of hard pruning; prefer thinning out the
branches. The Paradise stock is best for dessert kinds, and the
Crab stock for culinary kinds.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Worcester Pearmain, Kerry Pippin, Fearn’s
Pippin, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Lady Henniker,
Stirling Castle, Lady Sudeley, Golden Noble, Peasgood’s Nonesuch,
Tower of Glamis, Betty Geeson, New Hawthornden, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Adams’ Pearmain, Bedfordshire
Foundling, Lemon Pippin, Hall Door, White Paradise, Mére de
Ménage, Winter Queening, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Red Astrachan, Fearn’s Pippin, Lord Suffield, Cox’s Orange,
Stirling Castle, Warner’s King, Blenheim Pippin, Wellington,
Lane’s Prince Albert, Bramley’s Seedling, Sturmer Pippin,
Golden Knob.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Emperor Alexander, Duchess of Oldenburg, Nanny, Peas-
good’s Nonesuch, Sandringham, The Queen, Worcester Pearmain,
Lady Sudeley, Golden Noble, White Paradise.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Sussex.
SELECTED (1883) BY -

Mr. G. Bressz, Petworth Park, Petworth.
Messrs. CHHAL & Sons, Crawley.
Mr. S. Forp, Leonardslee, Horsham.
» BR. Minuer, Southdown Nursery, Shoreham.
» J. Rust, Hridge Castle, Tunbridge Wells.

172

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DESSERT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin . 5
Cockle’s Pippm. . . 4
Irish Peach... . \} 2
Devonshire Quarrenden j

Sturmer Pippin .

Claygate Pearmain.
Court Pendu Plat .

. |

_ Dutch Mignonne. .
| Early Harvest .

Cellini .

Cox’s Pomona
Keswick Codlin .
Kcklinville Seedling
Emperor Alexander
Hawthornden, New
Hawthornden, Old .
Lord Suffield

Mére de Ménage
Northern Greening.
Annie Elizabeth
Beauty of Kent .
Bedfordshire Foundling
Dumelow’s Seedling

|
Hee
i
H| 2
|
mAs

King of the Pippins 2
Mannington’ ii |
Ribston Pippin .
Winter Queening
Adams’ Pearmain .
Astrachan Red . 1
Blenheim Orange . -
Cornish Gilliflower
CULINARY

Name Votes
Warner’s King. . . 5
Alfriston . ry ees
Blenheim ORPE- é

Duteh Codlin.- v4. cas

No. of

Name Votes

Egremont Russet .
Emperor Napoleon . |
Fearn’s Pippin.

Golden Harvey . . |
Golden Knob
Kerry Pippin

Mr. Gladstone .
Rosemary Russet .

| Scarlet Nonpareil.

Sops in Wine .
Wyken Pippin .
Yellow Ingestrie .

APPLES.

No. of

Name Votes

Forge.

Grenadier ;
Hanwell Souring .
Hawthornden of Sussex
Lady Henniker 4
Loddington Seedling.
Lord Derby. :
Norfolk Bearer.
Norfolk Beefing
Pomeroy of Sussex
Royal Russet

Winter Coleman .
Winter Nonesuch .
Yorkshire Beauty .
Yorkshire Greening .

ant
H

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: WILTSHIRE. 173

WILTSHIRE.

Exubitors.
1.—Mr..G. AtLEN, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford.
Observations.—Examples large and fine.

Exhubitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly on very old Standard
and Espalier trees. Those grafted on the Crab appear to grow
best in this soil. Situation, in a valley close to the River
Kennet, sheltered from S.E. winds. Soil, a strong loam, resting
on chalky flint, and gravelly subsoil. Most of the Apples were
planted here 30 years ago, and they all appear to do well. The
Lemon Pippin crops very well on very old Standard trees and
Kspaliers. Ribston Pippin, Margil, and that class of apples are
not grown ; they do not fruit, and what little growth they make
dies in the winter, no doubt from their roots getting into the wet
subsoil, this being nearly level with the water. People in this
part of the country are now taking to plant Bush and Pyramid
trees instead of Standards.

2.—Mr. J. HorsEeFIELD, Heytesbury, Wilts.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Gathered from old Standard and
_ Pyramid trees, grafted on the Crab, at Heytesbury in the Wylye
Valley. Situation, sheltered, low and damp. Soil, chalk marl
on chalk.

8.—Mr. J. Repineton, The Gardens, Littlecote, Hungerford,
Wilts.

Observations.—Fruit small.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on old Standard trees that
have been planted 65 years, grafted on the Crab. A few of the
newer sorts are from Espaliers on the Paradise. Situation, north
aspect, sheltered on south and west by high hills and large trees.
Soil, a deep loam. They are all large trees, and have fine heads,
and are very healthy. Several of them are over 50 feet in height
now. They were higher, but as I found the wind left few fruit
on the higher branches, I had them shortened two years ago. A
good many of the trees had the wood killed back by the frost in
the winters of 1880 and 1881, but they seem to be recovering
now.

174 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4,—Mr. C. WarpEn, Gardener to Sir F’. Hervey Bathurst,
Bart., Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

Observations.—Fruit small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The majority of our trees are
Standards, but some are trained as Espaliers, the former having
been planted about 50 years, the latter about 30 years. They
are grafted on the Crab. Situation, sheltered on north and
north-west by lofty trees. Soil, a strong loam, resting on clay,
styled here London clay, which is not inviting. When the roots
of the trees are allowed to get down, the fruits are generally
scabby and spotted, and, besides deteriorating them in their
appearance, they do not keep so well. Many of the kinds that
are met with in this locality are more adapted for cider-making
than as culinary or dessert. ‘‘ Ducket’’ (Ducat) is an excellent
Apple for cooking, and an abundant bearer generally. The
orchards in this district contain too many inferior varieties.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Ecklinville Seedling, Cox’s Pomona, Pott’s
Seedling, Emperor Alexander, Stirling Castle, Reinette de
Canada, New Hawthornden, Warner’s King, Bedfordshire Found-
ling, Golden Noble, Dumelow’s Seedling, Cellini, King of the
Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange, Ribston, Scarlet Non-
pareil, Bedfordshire Foundling, King of Tomkin’s County, Mére
de Ménage, Lane’s Prince Albert, Lady Sudeley, Stone’s Apple.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Lord Suffield, Bedfordshire Foundling, Emperor Alexander,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Cox’s Pomona, New
Hawthornden, King of Tomkin’s County, Mére de Ménage, Lane’s
Prince Albert.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Wiltshire.
SELECTED (1883) By

Mr, G. AuLEN, Ramsbury Manor, Hungerford.
,, J. HoRSEFIELD, Heytesbury.
», REDDINGTON, Littlecote, Hungerford.
», C. Warden, Clarendon Park, Salisbury.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES: WILTSHIRE.

175

DEssERT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin .
Blenheim Orange .
Golden Pippin
Trish Peach .

King of the Pippins . }| 2
Lemon Pippin ,
Ribston Pippin . :
Sturmer Pippin . :
Wormsley Pippin :
Ashmead’s Kernel . . } 1
Court Pendu Plat . . |
CULINARY
No. of
Name Votes
Keswick Codlin . ; 4
Lord Suffield. . ..
Hawthornden, Old. . 3
Hawthornden, New .
Blenheim Orange . .
Dumelow’s Seedling . 2
Manks’ Codlin . :
Annie Elizabeth :
Beauty of Kent . : !
Bess Pool. : 1
Betty Geeson : |
Catshead . , |
Cellini . ;

No. of

Name Votes

Devonshire Quarrenden
Downton Pippin .
Golden Reinette :
Isle of Wight Pippin .
Magnum Bonum .
Margil :
Newtown Pippin .

| Rosemary Russet .

Syke House Russet

| White Juneating .
| Worcester Pearman .

APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Pomona. . ., |
Crimson Queening )
Dutch Mignonne .
Emperor Alexander . |
Jolly Beggar . . . ||
Kentish Fillbasket . |
Mere de Ménage . . }
Norfolk Beefing
Northern Greening . | '-
Prophetic a as fehl
Royal Russet . )
Stirling Castle . reed
Warner’s King. . . |

= GROU PYF.

a EASTERN COUNTIES.
1, CAMBRIDGESHIRE oe eae
2 ae a eT ar
Mee. LINCOLNSHIBE ... cc eee es
ae ae or

ee ee

4

EASTERN COUNTIES : CAMBRIDGE, ESSEX. 179

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
Exhibitor.

1.—Mr. Artur Butt, Bernard House, Cambridge.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, grafted
mostly on the Crab stock. Situation, open. Soil, a brick loam;
subsoil, blue clay. When I visited the Show, I noticed a great
scarcity from Cambridge and Hants. On these grounds I beg
to call attention to our local sorts :—Murfitt’s Seedling, a pro-
lific variety, in use from November till late spring. Histon
Favourite, a very prolific variety, in use from July to November.
For kitchen and dessert we have nothing to equal this in our
neighbourhood. In the selection made, I should have liked to
have included Dumelow’s Seedling, but of late years it has been
so much blighted that it has become useless to grow it. Mr.
Gladstone, so far as I can see at present, will do well,

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation
in Cambridgeshire.
SELECTED By Mr. A. Buu, Bernard House, Cottenham,
Cambridge.
DESSERT APPLES.

Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Histon Favourite,
Trish Peach, Kerry Pippin, Lord Lennox, Mr. Gladstone, Red
Juneating, Red Quarrenden.

CuLINARY APPLES.

Kceklinville Seedling, Histon Favourite, Keswick Codlin, Lord
Suffield, Murfitt’s Seedling.

ESSEX.
Exhibitors.
1.—Messrs. SautmarsH & Sons, Nurserymen, Chelmsford.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Grown on various forms of trees,
chiefly on the Crab stock. Situation in and near Chelmsford, for
the most part low and sheltered. Soil, a rich loam, free from
sand; subsoil, varying from loamy gravel to brick earth.

M 2

180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR DESSERT VARIETIES MOST SUITED
FoR CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF
SUCCESSION.

Red Juneating, Red Astrachan, Devonshire Quarrenden,
Trish Peach, Summer Orange, Duchess of Oldenburg, Garrett’s
Pippin or Borsdorffer, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Scarlet Pearmain, Wyken
Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Ribston Pippin, Cockle’s Pippin,
Cornish Gilliflower, Old Nonpareil, Court Pendu Plat, D’Arcy
Spice, Duke of Devonshire, Lemon Pippin, Bess Pool, Sturmer
Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE KITCHEN VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Keswick Codlin, Hawthornden, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle,
Lord Grosvenor, Warner's King, The Queen, Winter Hawthorn-
den, Ecklinville Seedling, Waltham Abbey Seedling, Blenheim
Orange, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Keswick Codlin, Garrett’s Pippin,
Stirling Castle, Lord Suffield, King of the Pippins, The Queen,
Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Wellington.

2.—Mr. W. O. Warp, Market Gardener, Ramsey, Harwich,
Essex.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Fruit grown on various forms of trees,
many of them planted 40 years ago, others 25 years, and some
about 4 years. They are mostly on the Apple stock. Situation,
open, in the most eastern part of Essex, and nearly the most
eastern part of England. Soil, a good loam; subsoil, London
clay. My experience as a market gardener is this: that if I were
to plant again, I would grow but few sorts, that I know to be
the best and most productive, and I would prune but very little,
only thinning out the branches.

8.—Mr. Rospert WarnER, Broomfield, Chelmsford.
Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The greater portion of the fruit is
grown on young Standard and Pyramid trees, grafted on the
common Apple stock. Situation, open. Soil, a poor friable
loam, sticky when wet; subsoil, water-clay, @.e. a clay im-
pervious to the passage of water. The soil is in general rather
poor. Trees are in very good health on the whole. Warner’s
Seedling takes the first place for good cooking, keeping much
longer than Warner’s King, to which the habit of growth is very
similar.

EASTERN COUNTIES : ESSEX.

181

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Essex.

SELECTED (1883) By

Messrs. SAuTMARSH & Sons, Chelmsford.
e Mr. W. O. Warp, Harwich.
» ROBERT WARNER, Chelmsford.

DEssERT APPLES.

7 No. of *

Name Wated Name
Court Pendu Plat . . Golden Pippin .
Cox’s Orange Pippin . Howard’s Pearmain .
Golden Harvey. . . 2 || Hubbard’s Pearmain .
Kerry Pippin .. . Trish Peach . F
Summer Orange . . King of the Pippins .
Adams’ Pearmain.. . Lemon Pippin. .
Baddow Pippin. . . Reynolds’ Peach .
BROS OOL. 2-0 es Rosemary Russet .
Court of Wick .. . Royal Russet
D’Arcy Spice. . 1 Russet Nonpareil .
Devonshire Quarr enden Scarlet Nonpareil .
Downton Pippin . . Striped Juneating
Garrett’s Pippin... Sturmer Pippin
Snoey ing. Wyken Pippin .

Cuninary APPLES.
Name “WAS Name

Kentish Fillbasket
Kirke’s Fame . :
London Pippin, im-

Dumelow’s Dumelow's Seodling « }
Warner’s King .
Blenheim Orange .

Keswick Codlin . proved

Lord Suffield Lord Derby . ;
Sturmer Pippin. ce © orthern Green-
Dr. Harvey . Norfolk Bearer.
Duchess of Oldenburg. Pott’s Seedling

The Queen . ;
Tower of Glamis. .
Wellington (Dume-
low’s Seedling) .
Winter Quoining. .
Woodstock Pippin
(Blenheim Orange)

Forge Apple .
Goff

Green Beefing
Grenadier .
Hawthornden
Hawthornden, New
Hawthornden, Winter.

Beauty of Kent . |

No. of
Votes

No. of
Votes

182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LINCOLNSHIRE.
Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. A. 8. Jonnson, The Moor Farm, Scawby, Brigg,
LInncoln.

Observations.—Examples small, and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, of various
ages. Situation, rather open. Soil, sandy, with a clay subsoil.
Out of 545 trees, about 50 have died since they were planted
five years ago; some of the trees are growing very well, but in
general growth is very slow. —

2.—Mr. G. Pickrr, Gardener to A. S. Leslie Melville, Esq.,
Long Hills, Branston, Lincoln.
Observations.—Examples small, and poor in quality.

- EHehibitor’s Remarks.—Apples were grown on Standards on
the Crab. Situation, sheltered. Soil, on limestone rock, not
more than 6 inches in depth. Trees in bad health through
crowding and neglect. We grow about 50 sorts of Apples here.

8.—Messrs. Rowson Brotuers, West Torrington Gardens,
Wragby.

Observations.—Fruit small, and deficient in colouring.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Our trees are mostly Standards, and ~

have been planted from 15 to 20 years. They are all on the
Crab stock. Situation,on a small hill. Soil, sandy to the depth
of 2 feet; subsoil, a gravelly clay. We grow many sorts here, as
our father, when he planted the orchard 20 years ago, selected
those that he knew would answer well in this neighbourhood.
We beg to call special attention to Shepherd’s Fame. It is a
splendid Apple, and is bearing a good crop on over 80 large
trees; our stock came from a tree 40 years old growing near
here. King Apple (Warner’s King) is a good sort, but not hardy
enough for us, as the trees die back very much. Cockpit and
Winter Red Streak are the two best regular bearers we have ; all
the sorts grown in this neighbourhood are old, but the newer
ones will get introduced by degrees. Trees on the Paradise are
rarely seen, but we intend planting some totry them. Our trees
gor freely but do not bear much, and many of the shoots die
ack,

EASTERN COUNTIES : LINCOLNSHIRE. 188
Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Lincolnshire,

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. A. 8. Jonnson, Scawby, Brigg.
» PICKER, Long Hills, Branston.
Messrs. Rowson Broruers, West Torrington, Wragby.

DESSERT APPLES.

+ No. of :
Name Votes Name Votes
Sturmer Pippin. . . 2 || Lord Lennox. . .
American Summering. Magnum Bonum .
Blenheim Orange . . Moss’s Incomparable
- €ox’s Orange Pippin . Old Man. . ag
Duke of Devonshire . Peter Smith
Karly Julien. . . 1 Ribston Pippm .. 1
Garrett’s Golden Pippin Scarlet Nonpareil. .
Golden Winter Pear- Shepherd’s Fame .
oS | Small’s Admirable
Peigh Peach - . c: .: Winter Red Streak
Kerry Pippn .. . Wyken Pippin. ...
CuLInaRy APPLES.
No. of || . Yo.
Name = sha Name Fale
Dumelow’s Seedling . Hunt House Pippin .
Greenup’s Pippin . 2: || Lord Suffield . . «
Yorkshire Greening Manks’ Codlin .
Beanty of Kent. . . New Hawthornden
Catshead. ... . Norfolk Bearer. ‘
Corepe See Normanton Wonder
Conare 2G (Dumelow’s Seedling) i
Cox’s Pomona .. . Northern Greening
Domino . 1 Pike’s Pearmain .
D. T. Fish (or Warner’s Kitchen Reinette .
King) ; Ringer .-. :
Ecklinville Seedling : Sleeping Beauty .
Gloria Mundi... Stirling Castle. .
Golden Noble .. . Striped Beefing
Gravenstein . :

184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NORFOLK.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. CotvitE Brown, The Paddocks, Swaffham, Norfolk.

Observations.—Examples small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, very much exposed to
gales. Soil, a sandy loam, with poor sand, and very dry. Growth
appears to be at a standstill in the heat of summer. Our so-called
Baxter’s Pearmain, being thin skinned, spots very much. The
Norfolk Stone Pippin withstands gales well, owing to the short
stalk, and also to the stiff, upright growth of the trees. As far
as my limited experience goes, | think it would be very unwise to
discard the old favourites, although small, in favour of larger
Apples, which would either be blown down by the gales or
bruised on the trees. I am now planting a few Cordon Espaliers,
with a view to obtain some of the larger kinds of fruit.

2.—Mr. E. Bursury, Cossey Park, Norwich.

Observations.—A fairly well-grown collection.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All grown on Standards, principally
on the Crab, so far as I am able to judge. Situation, sheltered.
Soil, a sandy loam; subsoil, red sand. The Ten Shillings Apple
is considered to be one of the best dessert Apples here. ‘The
Hail Apple, a local variety, is excellent for kitchen use.

8.—Mr. H. G. Octzx, Blickling Hall Gardens, Aylsham,
Norfolk.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED 1N ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Gravenstein, Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, Kentish Fillbasket, War-
ner’s King, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Hawthornden, Lane’s Prince
Albert, Mére de Ménage, Golden Harvey, Striped Beefing,
Colonel Harbord’s Pippin.

Situation, sheltered from north and north-east. Soil, sub-
soil, &c., sand and gravel.

General Remarks.—Apples trained as Espaliers and Bush
trees preferred.

EASTERN COUNTIES :

NORFOLK.

185

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Norfolk.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr, C. Brown, The Paddocks, Swaffham.
: », EK. Bursury, Cossey Park, Norwich.

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of

Name Votes

Cox’s Orange Pippin . 2

Blenheim Orange .

Braddick’s Nonpareil .

Cornish Gilliflower.

Devonshire Quarrenden

Early Nonpareil

Golden Harvey .

Golden Russet . :

Golden Winter Pear-
main. ‘ :

No. of

z
Name Votes

Gravenstein.

Irish Peach .

London Pippin.

Nonpareil ‘
Nonpareil Russet . 1
Red Astrachan .

Ribston Pippin

Sturmer Pippin’. ..
Ten Shillings Apple .

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of | L :

Name Votes

Baxter’s Pearmain.
Blenheim Orange . . 9
Ss ©) ne
Norfolk Beefing .

Cox’s Pomona

Gravenstein . ge 43

feu Apple . . : 1
Hawthornden

Kentish Pippin .

No. of
Name Votes
Keswick Codlin
Lord Suffield
New Hawthornden
Norfolk Stone se : 7
Patrick :

Warner’s King.
White Pippin .
Winter Majetin

bal a...aher

P — .3 af re
gy ee eat
=

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MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH.

. BEDFORDSHIRE -
. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE ...
. HERTFORDSHIRE a
MEUMNTINGDONSHIRE .... 0... cos sks
. OXFORDSHIRE ... ae eee

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MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH: BEDFORD, BUCKINGHAM. 189

BEDFORDSHIRE.
Exhibitor.
1.—Mr. Tuomas Laxton, Girtford, Bedford.

Exhibitor's. Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees, 2 to 8 years
old, grafted on English Paradise. Situation, exposed, and sub-
ject to spring frosts. Soil, a sandy loam on gravel. The
majority of those named bear very freely every year. Irish
Peach, the Blenheim Orange, and Ribston Pippin rarely fruit
well. The Old’: and New Hawthornden and Annie Elizabeth,
good elsewhere, suffer here from canker, and do not fruit.

Varieties of Apples suited to Bedfordshire.
SELECTED By Mr. THomas Laxton, Bedford.

DESSERT APPLES.

Court Pendu Plat, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Early Julien,
Franklin’s Golden Pippin, Margaret, Mr. Gladstone, Quarrenden,
Scarlet Pearmain, Stamford Pippin, Sturmer Pippin, Worcester
Pearmain, Wyken Pippin.

CuLINARY APPLES. ;

Cellini, Ecklinville Seedling, French Crab, Grenadier, Golden
Noble, Keswick Codlin, Lord Derby, Lord Suffield, Peasgood’s
Nonesuch, Schoolmaster, Warner’s King, Wellington (Dumelow’s
Seedling),

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. A. Bripeman, Gardener to T. S. Cocks, Esq.,
Thames Bank, Marlow.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The best dishes in my collection were
erown on young trees planted during the last 10 years, mostly
Dwarf, Bush, or Espaliers, grafted on the Crab. Situation,
sheltered by garden walls. The soil of the Thames valley
varies in this locality from clay and marl to gravel and sand,
sometimes all four occurring within a distance of a few yards.
Apples planted in the marl make vigorous growth and large
trees, bearing crops in favourable seasons; on a subsoil of
gravel, however, they make less growth, bear far more freely,
and soon wear out.

190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2.—Mr. H. CAKEBREAD, Gardener to Sir T. P. Rose, Bart.,
Rayner’s Place, Amersham.

Exhibitor's: Remarks.—Grown chiefly on Bush trees on the
Paradise from 12 to 15 years of age, from which the finest fruit
is obtained. Situation, very exposed, Soil, a heavy clay.
Golden Spire is an Apple that ought to be noted as a thoroughly
good kitchen variety; Hcklinville is a constant cropper in all
seasons; Warner’s King is also generally very fine. We are
very much exposed to wind, being, I suppose, situate on the
highest part of Buckinghamshire.

8.—Mr. James FLETCHER, Iver, Bucks.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on tall Standard trees from
10 to 15 years old, grafted on the Crab. Situation, somewhat
sheltered. Soil, light and gravelly; subsoil, sand and gravel.
We have a few young Pyramid Apples on the Paradise stock,
such as Manks’ Codlin, Yellow Ingestrie, Cockle’s Pippin, Cellini,
and Margil, that scarcely produce anything like a crop, and the
shoots canker very much.

4.—Mr. Jonn Fowter, Lee Manor, Great Missenden, Bucks.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The village of Lee is on the summit
of the beech-clad Chiltern Hills, in Bucks. Soil, a stiff red clay,
mixed with large flints, resting on chalk. Apple No. 1 is locally
called ‘‘ The Bazeley,’’ or Lee Apple, and seems indigenous to
this district.

5. Mr. G. T. Mites, Gardener to Lord Carington, Wycombe
Abbey, High Wycombe.

Observations.—Special interest was attached to this collection,
Mr. Miles having instructively arranged the varieties grown on
different stocks in distinct groups; those stated to have
been grown on Cordons and Bush trees on the Paradise stock
being much larger.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, in garden, sheltered. Soil,
a light dark loam; subsoil of vegetable peat, and very moist.
The trees grown under the foregoing conditions produce fruit
abundantly, very clear and good, and above the ordinary size.
The old-fashioned table-topped trees are remarkably stiff and
make vigorous growth, therefore the fruit is never damaged by
wind on such trees. The trees which produce the finest fruit
are on Paradise stocks, but these have special attention in regard
to thinning the fruit, &e.

‘te ee

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : BUCKINGHAM. 191

6.—Mr. J. Surrz, Gardener to Lord Rosebery, Mentmore,
Leighton Buzzard.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Our largest and finest fruit are from
small Bush trees on the Paradise stock. Trees all grow freely
and are free from canker or blight of any sort. Situation,
exposed to east and south, sheltered from north and west. Soil,
a strong loam on clay.

7.—Mr. C. Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Gladstone, Astrachan, Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Stirling
Castle, Frogmore Prolific, Keswick Codlin, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini
Pippin, Grenadier, Duchess’s Favourite, King of the Pippins,
Blenheim Orange, Scarlet Pearmain, Winter Hawthornden,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Beauty of Kent, Kentish Fillbasket, Fearn’s
Pippin, Rosemary Russet, Scarlet Nonpareil, Prince Albert,
Hanwell Souring, Wellington.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Quarrenden, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville,
Cellini Pippin, Blenheim, Cox’s Orange, Rosemary Russet,
Fearn’s Pippin, Prince Albert, Scarlet Nonpareil, Wellington.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown in all kinds of situations, and
grafted on the Crab and Paradise stocks ; soil heavy.

8.—Messrs. James Vertox & Sons, Langley.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DISTRICT.

Lord Suffield, Pott’s Seedling, Stirling Castle, Worcester
Pearmain, Warner’s King, Cellini, Blenheim Pippin, Northern
Greening, Dumelow’s Seedling, Alfriston, Baumann’s Red
Reinette, Reinette de Canada, White Juneating, Devonshire
Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin, American Mother, King of the Pippins,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Mannington’s Pearmain,
Adams’ Pearmain, Lord Burghley, Cockle’s Pippin, Old Non-
pareil.

Situation, very open and exposed; subsoil, heavy loamy soil
about 12 inches in depth, over a pan 8 feet to 6 feet of brick
earth with gravel underneath.

“14
te .

7 fay
COUNTY
.
>
5

General Remarks. All Apples exhibited are from young —
trees, pyramid and horigontal, pringipally on English Paradise,
Which receive the usual treatment as to pruning, that is to say,
being pruned into shapely trees in the winter, and having the —
long shoots shortened in the summer,

102 ss JOURNAL OF THR ROYAL HORTIOULTURAD 80

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Buckinghamshire,

Senowerny (1888) py

Mr, A, Barpeman, Marlow,
» H. Caxwpnnan, Rayner's Place, Amersham.
» J. Fentonsn, ver,
» GT. Minna, High Wyeombe.
»» J. Sart, Mentmore, Leighton Buzzard,
» O, Tunnin, Slough,

Drssent Aprnrs.

Fi aa

‘

Ashmead's Kernel . Wyken Pippin, . . 4

Blenheim Orange

i
King of the se R Braddick's Nonpareil ;
Cox's Orange Pippin . ownton Pippin . . ~
Ribston Pippin... Emperor Napoleon.
Kerry Pippin, . 6. Frogmore Nonpareil . r
Trish Peach ee ea ne Gol on Russet ve PSs r
Adama’ Pearmain .. Mannington’s Pear- a
Claygate Pearmain. . main. 4 1 8 '
Cockle’s Pippin... Margil 1... 8 6 7
Court of Wick 1. . My, Gladstone... 1 2
Court Pendu Plat . . Parry's Pearmain. . 7
Devonshire Quarrenden Pearson's Plate. . ©
Kearn's Pippin... Pitmaston Pine Apple
Golden Remette . . Rosemary Russet...
Searlet Nonpareil .. Searlet Pearmain. .
Worvester Pearmain . Sturmer Pippin. .
Astrachan (Red). . ) Summer Pearmain (?) :

ae ae ee at es 4

‘
wore o &

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : HERTFORDSHIRE. 1938

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of ,
Name Votes Name Votes

Lord Suffield ~. Beauty of Kent
Blenheim Orange . 5 || Betty Geeson .
Dumelow’s Seedling . Calville Boisbunel
Golden Noble .. . 4 || Frogmore Prolific.
Keswick Codlin. . . Golden Spire
ee Grenadier ;
Cox’s Pomona . . . Hanwell Souring .
Keklinville Seedling . g || Hollandbury wee
Emperor Alexander . Kentish Broading. . 1
Hawthornden Lady Henniker
Lord Derby . Lane’s Prince Albert
Lord Grosvenor. New Hawthornden
Manks’ Codlin ; Norfolk Beefing
Mére de Ménage . 2 || Peasgood’s Nonesuch
Warner’s King . . Rosemary Russet. .
Alfriston . Waltham Abbey Seed-

Tago, Che

Yorkshire Greening . |
HERTFORDSHIRE.
Exhibitors.
1.—Messrs. H. Lane & Son, The Nurseries, Great
Berkhampstead.

Exhibitors’ Remarks. —Situation of orchards, on high grounds,
sheltered only by hedges and other fruit trees. Soil, vegetable
mould 10 inches deep, with flint stones ; subsoil, a strong yellow
clay with flint. In the selection of sorts, the following are
omitted as being tender, viz.:—Emperor Alexander, Calville
Blanche, Cellini, Flower of Kent, Golden Noble, Lord Suffield,
Pott’s Seedling, Reinette de Canada. ‘Trees mostly grown in
the Bush form.

2.—Mr. J. Larva, Bury Gardens, Herts.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standards probably 50 years
old, grafted on the Crab. Situation, low and well sheltered, but
liable to late spring frosts. Soil, medium ; subsoil, gravelly in
some places, clay and chalk in others. Apples this season have
been small, poor in colour, and badly spotted.

N

194 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3.—Mr. J. C. Munpet, Moor Park, Rickmansworth.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees, trained with
open centre, which I find the best. They are grafted chiefly
on the Paradise stock. Situation, in walled garden, sheltered
_by trees, with aspect SS.H., and 340 feet above sea level. Soil,
varied. I find the trees growing on light.soil, with gravel sub-
soil, do the best. Fruit, especially Apples, do remarkably well
in this locality.

4,—Messrs. Pau & Son, Nurserymen, Cheshunt.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown mostly on Pyramids and
Espaliers, 5 to 8 years old, grafted on Crab and Paradise, but
chiefly on Paradise. Situation, about 100 feet above sea-level,

in several parts of the nursery fairly sheltered. Soil, a deep °

alluvial loam (brick earth), with gravel subsoil. Apples do well
here (Cheshunt), seldom failing to carry a good crop. There are
only two market orchards exceeding two acres, our own and one
of 20 acres on the Roupell estate, but considerable quantities of
fruit are sent to market from cottage gardens, and trees planted
in accommodation paddocks on grass. In fresh planting here,
and in the whole valley of the Lea, it is desirable to select late
flowering sorts, as Adams’ Pearmain, the valley being subject to
spring frosts, which these sorts escape. We prune twice a year,
once in March, again in September.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

These are selected from kinds doing best as Pyramids in the
nursery, the only test applied.

Cox’s Orange, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Blenheim
Orange, Keklinville, King of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Peas-
good’s Nonesuch, Stone’s Pippin, Golden Noble, Wellington,
Keswick, Paul’s, New Winter Hawthornden, Cox’s Pomona,
Ribston, Courcelles, Fearn’s Pippin, Cheshunt Pippin, Tibbet’s
Incomparable, Adams’ Pearmain, Alfriston, Cellini, Mére de
Ménage, Lady Henniker.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Cox’s Orange Pippin, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Blenheim
Orange, King of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Peasgood’s None-
such, HEcklinville Seedling, Stone’s Apple, Golden Noble;
Wellington, Keswick Codlin.

—

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : HERTFORDSHIRE. 195

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET: CULTURE.

Keswick, Blenheim Orange, Dredge’s Fame, Wellington,
Lord Suffield, Tower of Glamis, King of the Pippins, Tibbet’s
Incomparable, are the sorts in the only two considerable orchards
in Cheshunt; King of the Pippins and Keswick Codlin are also
largely grown in the adjoining parish of Enfield.

5.—Messrs. Wu. Paut & Son, Nurserymen, &c., Waltham Cross.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—We grow our fruit principally on
young Pyramids, grafted on a variety of stocks—Apple, Crab,
Doucin, and Paradise. Situation, open, low, and moist. Soil, a
strong loam; subsoil, gravel. Ground dug over and manured
annually. We have found it no easy matter to reduce the
number of Apples (of which there are, in our judgment, scores of
first. class quality) to so small a compass. In doing this we
have taken the earliest and the latest, and then filled in the
interval with sorts furnishing a succession, so that Apples may
be in use nearly the whole year round. Hardiness of sorts, with
freedom and constancy of bearing, have also largely influenced
us in our selection.

6.—Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Nurserymen, Sawbridgeworth,
Herts.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown on Pyramids, Cordons,
and Bushes, grafted on the Nonesuch Paradise stock and on the
Crab. Situation, exposed. The soil of this parish consists
generally of drift clay and calcareous gravel, fertile but not rich.
The climate is too keen to secure the size and colour of the
Kentish Apple Orchards. The crops are good and abundant
this season. |

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Hertfordshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Messrs. H. Lane & Son, The Nurseries, Berkhampstead.
Mr. J. C. Munpreuu, Moor Park, Rickmansworth.
Messrs. Paut & Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.
Fs Wo. Paut & Son, The Nurseries, Waltham Cross.
» L. Rrvers & Son, The Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.
ne ae

196

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY...

DrssERtT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin .
King of the Pippins
Adams’ Pearmain . .
Braddick’s Nonpareil .
Claygate Pearmain
Kerry Pippin.
Ribston Pippin .
Fearn’s Pippin .
Trish Peach .
Mabbott’s Pearmain
Mr. Gladstone
Scarlet Nonpareil .
Wyken or Warwickshire
Worcester Pearmain .
Sturmer Pippin. .
Allen’s Everlasting
Blenheim Orange .
Boston Russet

:

fad

Name

Court Pendu Plat.
Court of Wick .
Devonshire Quarren-
aan. 5
Duchess of Oldenburg
Karly Julien ..
Karly Red Margaret .
Golden Harvey
Lemon Pippin .
Mannington’s
main
Margil
Moor Park Pippin
Pine Golden Pippin .
Scarlet Golden Pippin
Summer Pippin .
White Nonpareil .
Wormsley Pippin .

Pear-

Cuninary APPLES.

Name

Keswick Codlin .
Blenheim Orange .
Lord Suffield
Cellini .

Dumelow’s Seedling
Stirling Castle .
Alfriston . .
Kcklinville Seedling
New Hawthornden .
Lord Derby .

Lord Grosvenor .
Manks’ Codlin
Rymer. ..
Tower of Glamis
Warner’s King .
Alexander (Emperor) .
Beauty of Kent .

4
:
|

No.of
Votes

Name

Betty Geeson .
Cox’s Pomona .
Dredge’s Fame . .
Duchess of rage
Grenadier ;
Golden Noble .
Golden Stranger .
Hawthornden .
Hoary Morning

Jolly Beggar

Norfolk Beefing
Northern Greening
Lane’s Prince Albert
Small’s Admirable
Stone’s or Lodding-

| ton Seedling.

No. of
Votes

No. of
Votes

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 197

HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. A. Harpine, Gardener to the Dowager Marchioness of
Huntly, Orton Hall, Peterborough.

Ezxhilitor’s Remarks.—Grown principally on old orchard
Standards ; but a few of the largest kinds are from pruned
Bushes about 10 years old, and mainly on the Crab stock.
Situation, partially sheltered. Soil, a loam, resting on gravel.
If only two kinds of Apples were to be grown here, the palm
would certainly be with Keswick Codlin as a culinary kind, and
King of the Pippins as a dessert sort. For annual bearing and
general usefulness they are not to be surpassed.

2.—Messrs. Woop & INGRAM, Nurserymen, Huntingdon.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—All grown on Standards, grafted on
the Crab in the orchards and market gardens in Cambridgeshire
and Huntingdonshire. Situation not sheltered. Soil, a light
loam ; subsoil, principally gravel, but in some parts clay. The
growers in Cambridgeshire are planting principally Murfitt’s
Seedling and Histon Favourite.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Huntingdonshire.
SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. A. Harpine, Orton Hall Gardens, Peterborough.
Messrs. Woop & INaram, Nurserymen, Huntingdon.

DEssERT APPLES.

No. No.

Name Votes| Name Votes
King of the Pippins . Latour’s Golden Pippin,
Ribston Pippin . 2 || Lord Lennox ‘
Yellow Ingestrie | Old Nonpareil . .
Blenheim Orange . . Pine Apple Russet . 1
Court of Wick .. . Red Quarrenden .
Cox’s Orange Pippin . 1 || Scarlet Nonpareil .
Golden Pippin .. . Sturmer Pippin
Kerry Pippin ... Worcester Pearmain .

198 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of of
icine Votes pane yotes
Dumelow’s Seedling . | 9 Minchall Crab... |
Keswick Codlin . : Murfitt’s Seedling
Baldwin... ; New Hawthornden
Barton's Free Bearer . Nonesuch . .
Bedfordshire Foundling Normanton Wonder
Blenheim Orange . . (Dumelow’s Seed-
Borovitsky (Duchess of ling) . aah 1
Oldenburg) .. . Norfolk Beefing sind
Brabant Bellefleur. . 1 || Royal Pearmain
ROC Ss aia | eee Striped Beefing
Dutch Codlin ~ . 7. Warner’s King.
Histon Favourite . . Wellington (Dume-
Huntingdon Codlin . low’s Seedling) .
Lord Suffield ... Winter Greening .
OXFORDSHIRE.
Exhibitors.

1.—Messrs. J. Jerreries & Co., Nurserymen, &c., Oxford.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Collected from many and widely distant
localities of the county, a large proportion being the production
of orchards which are exclusively Standards that have borne fruit
for many generations. These are chiefly on the Crab, but those
exhibited from garden collections are from Espalier or Pyramidal
trees of various ages, mostly on the Paradise. The soil varies
from a fertile tenacious loam—a decomposed stone-brash or
limestone, or a light sandy loam—with subsoils of clay or chalk.

The varieties of apples most extensively grown in the
orchards of this county are Blenheim Orange and Hanwell
Souring; of the former variety there are many trees that have
been obtained from kernels, and these produce fruit varying more
or less from what is regarded as the typical sort. There are
certain trees that have gained a local fame on account of their
producing uniformly juicy, rich, sugary-flavoured Apples, by
which they are distinguished from fruit of the same kind from
trees growing under precisely similar conditions that do not
partake of these qualities in a corresponding degree. The vigour
manifested by many of the most aged trees serves to indicate not
only the situations eminently suitable for forming new orchards,

MIDLAND COUNTIES, SOUTH : OXFORDSHIRE. 199

but illustrates a successful method of planting, as understood
generations back; and the trees cannot but be regarded as
memorials of a spirit of enterprise that once existed among
those who achieved something wherewith to benefit posterity.

The acreage of the county is 470,095 acres, and of this total
1,870 acres only are devoted to orchards. With these figures
in view, it cannot be doubted that a greatly extended cultivation
of Apples would be attended with the most satisfactory results.

It cannot be too forcibly impressed on planters that it is not
sufficient to make a good selection of well-grown trees, to convey
them carefully to their allotted places, there to plant them, and,
after securing them to stakes, abandon them to the elements.

In many instances the operation of planting Apple trees is
performed by those insufficiently tutored to the task; due attention
is not given to a proper disposition of the roots, or to the surface
on which they are placed; and it too frequently happens that
the process of planting would be more fitly described as that
of unconscious burying; moreover, the attention afterwards
bestowed on them is often occasioned by the necessity of remedy-
ing defects arising from neglect or mismanagement.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Oxfordshire.

SELECTED By Messrs. J. JEFFERIES & Co., Nurserymen, Oxford.

Dessert Apples.—Borsdorffer, Cockle’s Pippin, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Devonshire Quarrenden, Fearn’s Pippin, Golden Winter
Pearmain, Kerry Pippin, Margil, Ribston Pippin, Sturmer Pippin,
Wyken Pippin, Yellow Ingestrie.

Culinary Apples.—Beauty of Kent, Blenheim Orange, Cellini,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Golden Noble, Han-
well Souring, Hawthornden, Lord Suffield, Mére de Ménage,
Stirling Castle, Warner’s King.

3
by

i.

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ota
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Ct Ot rv

— *

MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH.

1. CHESHIRE Se eT ee amen Me ee ents
MMS ERTOBSTERSHIRE 0.00 cu) wee wees et OG

3. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE Pie eens oe
ae MOPTINGHAMSHIRE ... 0 42 on ove ty Sao BOE
5. RUTLANDSHIRE Mor 2 PR A ee
6, STAFFORDSHIRE ee ee ee a ae ee
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» ss r . i
a PO

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : CHESHIRE. 208

CHESHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. J. BANcrort, Audlem, Cheshire.

Observations.—Examples small. and deficient in colour. A
well-prepared table, stating use, season, where grown—in garden
or elsewhere—kind of tree, &c., accompanied this collection,
which added much to the interest.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown in gardens and orchards, on
old Standard trees, grafted on stocks raised chiefly from Apple
“‘ Pippins.” Situation, exposed. Soil, a brown loam, with a
clay subsoil. Apples in this neighbourhood are frequently called
by many different names; also one name is frequently given to
many distinct varieties of apples. I know personally that there
are ten distinct varieties all called ‘‘ John”’ Apples, so that local
names cannot be relied on. ,

2.—Messrs. F. & A. Dickson, Nurserymen, Chester.

Observations.—A remarkably fine collection, the examples
large and well grown.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Gathered from Bush and Pyramid
trees, from 3 to 6 years old, grafted on the Paradise stock.
Situation, open, fully exposed to winds. Soil, a light loam, on
sandy subsoil.

It is very evident that the Paradise stock is the best suited
for the forms of trees which produce such fine fruit, and it is
certainly so for small gardens.

8.—Messrs. JAMES Dickson & Son, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown on Bush and Pyramid
trees from 2 to 7 years old. Situation open, and exposed: to all
winds. Soil, a friable loam, suitable for all kinds of fruit trees ;
subsoil, a stiff red clay.

Trees in this district grow freely, and generally bear fair, and
sometimes very heavy crops. The spring frosts occasionally
destroy the early blossoms, which the late blooming kinds

usually escape.

4.—Messrs. 8. Lepsuam & Son, Green Lanes, Tarvin Road,
Chester.

Observations.—Examples well grown.

/

\ ‘ ,; oe eee ae

904 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SCCIETY.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Fruit grown on half Standard and
Bush trees, grafted on the Crab stock; some -being on inferior
sorts of Apples. Situation exposed. Soil, strong, with a clay
subsoil.

For miles around the country is level and well covered with
trees. ‘There are many other good sorts in this district besides
those named, which we grow. In Cranston’s catalogue we find
Maltster described as a large and excellent culinary Apple.
We have never found it to cook well here.

5.—BeEngAmin C. Roserts, Esq., Oakfield, Chester.
Mr. J. Mappocks, Gardener.

Observations.—Examples large and well grown.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush and Espalier trained
trees, the dessert varieties being on the former, the culinary on
the latter ; mostly on Crab stocks. Situation, sheltered on the
west. Soil, a stiff loam, 15 inches; subsoil, ‘‘ ramel ’’ and clay.

6.—Mr. Srnwoop, Gardener to the Duke of Westminster,
Eaton Hall, Chester.

Observations.— Specimens large and well grown, but some-
what deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Most of the dessert varieties grown
on Kspaliers, the others on Bush trees 7 years old. Some
trees are very old, but still bear fine fruit, the bulk being
worked on the Crab stock, a few on Paradise. Situation, shel-
tered. Soil, heavy, rich but shallow, with a wet clay bottom,
making close draining necessary. This is a good Apple neigh-
bourhood, and a crop more or less can generally be depended
on.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Cheshire.

SELECTED (1888) By

Mr. J. Bancrort, Audlem.
Messrs. J. Dickson & Son, Chester.
» F.& A. Dickson & Son, Chester.
» 8. LepsHAmM & Son, Chester.
C. Roperts, Esq., Oakfield, Chester.
Mr. J. S—euwoop, Haton Hall, Chester.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : CHESHIRE.

Name —-

Irish Peach... -
Blenheim Orange .

Cox’s Orange Pippin .

Ribston Pippin .
Kerry Pippin.
Adams’ Pearmain .
Court of Wick
Early Margaret .
Golden Pippin .
Golden Reinette

DESSERT APPLES.

| No.of

| Votes Name

Christie’s Pippin .
Coe’s Golden Drop
Congleton Pippin .

8 Court Pendu Plat .
Karly Harvest .
Fearn’s Pippin
Forge Apple
Juneating ty
Mannington’s Pear-

Golden Winter Pear- main .
main. . 2 Margaret

King of the Pippins Margil

Maltster ‘ Oslin .

Mr. Gladstone
Newtown Pippin
Nonpareil .
Sturmer Pippin .
American Mother .
Barchard’s Seedling

Name

Lord Suffield.
Cellini .
Dumelow’s Seedling
Keswick Codlin .
Alfriston...
Keklinville Seedling
Golden Noble
Warner’s King .

Winter Hawthornden

Annie Elizabeth
Cox’s Pomona
Hawthornden

Lord Grosvenor .
Mére de Ménage
Minchall Crab
Stirling Castle .
Wareham Russet .

} Gloria Mundi .

Pine Golden Pippin ‘
Red Astrachan
Russet :
Scarlet Pearmain F

: 1 || Whorle Pippin.

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name

6 || Betty Geeson .
Blenheim Orange .
4

| Emperor Alexander

Greenup’s Pippin .

John Apple.

8 || Long Keeper
Lord Derby. .
Manks’ Codlin .
Nelson’s Glory
Norfolk Beefing
Open Hearts

9 Pott’s Seedling

Queen Caroline

Small’s Admirable

Yorkshire Greening .

Braddick’s Nonpareil |

205

No.of
Votes

206 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LEICESTERSHIRE.
| Exhibitors.
1.—Messrs. Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen, Leicester.

Observations.—A fairly well-grown and representative collec-
tion, but small and deficient in colour. A list of the varieties,
stating the locality where grown, kind of subsoil, &c., was sub-
mitted, adding interest to the display.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The greater part of the fruit from
aged Standards, some few being from young trees growing in a
natural manner, and mostly grafted on the Crab. Situation,
moderately exposed. Soil, gravel in most cases, in others red
clay. This is not a county in which Apples are grown exten-
sively or considered of much importance, as they are planted in
orchards kept in grass for many years. In gardens they are
allowed to grow into Standard trees, without either manure or
management. In some parts, where planted on gravelly subsoil,
they succeed fairly ; but the red clay predominates here, and this
is too cold for Apples in most seasons.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Leicestershire.
SELECTED BY Messrs. Harrison & Sons, Nurserymen.

Dessert.—Blenheim Orange, Court Pendu Plat, Court of
Wick, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Golden Russet,
Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Old Bess Pool, Ribston
Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil, Wyken.

Culinary.—Annie Elizabeth, Cellini, Costard, Duchess of
Oldenburg, Dumelow’s Seedling, Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin,
Lord Suffield, Northern Greening, Queen Caroline, Rymer,
Warner’s King.

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. R. GinBert, Gardener to the Marquis of Exeter,
Burghley, Stamford.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Of the varieties exhibited, 23 are
seedlings raised here. They have been grown on Bush and
Standard trees in the gardens, mostly grafted on the Crab.
Situation, very high and flat, with little shelter excepting from
the garden walls. Soil, a sandy loam 2 to 3 feet deep, resting on
red sand and ironstone in some places, in others on small
gravelly stones. A great many of the trees are very unhealthy,
and have died back a good deal in the kitchen garden; whilst
those planted in the new orchard three years ago are remark-
ably healthy and vigorous, although much more exposed. Apples
do not attain such a high colour here as they do in most places.

a

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

207

9.—Mr. T. SHortt, Gardener to Sir E. G. Loder, Floore,
Weedon.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—This parish is remarkable for having
crops of Apples when few are to be found elsewhere. There are

many old varieties grown here having curious local names.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Northamptonshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. R. GinBert, Burghley, Stamford.
» J. Harztocg, Lilford, Oundle.

DrssEert APPLES.

Name

Claygate Pearmain.
King of the Pippins
Wyken Pippin
Barnack Beauty
Cockle’s Pippin .
Court of Wick .
Cox’s Pomona . .

No. of
Votes
e 2.
P 1

Devonshire Quarrenden

Dutch Mignonne .

Name

Blenheim Pippin
Keswick Codlin .
Warner’s King .
Alfriston . :
Beauty of Hants
Betty Geeson

Catshead . ee
2 ie
Costard

Duke of Gloucester
Dumelow’s Seedling
Ecklinville Seedling

Name

Fearn’s Pippm ..
Hicks Pahoy. |. os)
Lady Lennox . ‘
Lemon Pippin. . .
Maltster . il ati he
Sell’s Prolific . . .
Sturmer Pippin :
The March Queen

Worcester Pearmain .

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of
Votes

|

Name

Emperor Alexander .
Golden Noble . . .
Loddington Seedling
Lord Grosvenor . .
Lord Suffield

Manks’ Codlin .

Mére de Ménage . .
Wellington (Dume-
low’s Seedling) .
Yorkshire Greening .

No of
Votes

No. of
Votes

at

208 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. H. Braputery, Nurseries, Halam, Southwell, Notts.

Observations.—A very fine lot of fruit, each sort being ex-
hibited in a small box prominently labelled with the name of
the variety, and stating whether the specimens were of average
size or not, also the nature or kind of stock on which they were
grafted; thus affording great interest.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on different kinds of trees and
on various stocks. Situation, in a somewhat sheltered valley at
the foot of the northern slope of hills, about four miles north-
west of the River Trent. Soil, a deep rich loam with a clay
subsoil.

2.—Mr. Hy. Frettincuam, The Nurseries, Beeston, Notts.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Domino,
Worcester Pearmain, Maltster, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Lord Derby,
Spencer’s Favourite, Lady Henniker, King of the Pippins, Kerry
Pippin, Lord Lennox, Warner’s King, Blenheim Orange, Caldwell
Improved, Stent’s Incomparable, Northern Greening Improved,
Ribston Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Bess Pool Improved, Nor:
manton Wonder, Bramley’s Seedling, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Duchess of Oldenburg, Domino, Peasgood’s
Nonesuch, King of the Pippins, Kerry Pippin, Warner’s King,
Blenheim Orange, Stent’s Incomparable, Northern Greening
Improved, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Bramley’s Seedling.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Duchess of Oldenburg, Domino, Lord Grosvenor, Spencer’s
Favourite, Lord Lennox, Warner’s King, Northern Greening
Improved, Blenheim Orange, Stent’s Incomparable, Bramley’s
Seddling.

Exhibitor's Remarks. — Situation moderately sheltered.
Character of soil, variable, from light sandy soil to heavy
loam ; subsoil, mostly gravelly.

General Remarks.—Stocks, mostly Crab. Standards grown
in orchards. Pruning not much practised.. Several of the varie-
ties named above are local sorts, but are popular in this district.

.MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 209

8.— Mr. Henry MERRYWEATHER, The Nurseries, Southwell, Notts.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Bramley’s Seedling Apple was raised
at Southwell by Mr. Bramley, and has been grown in the neigh-
bourhood for years. We believe it to be the finest marketing
Apple in cultivation. It is a very free-bearing variety, having a
bold, hardy blossom. It is ready for use as soon as gathered,
and will keep good until June.

4.—Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Son, Chilwell Nurseries, Beeston,
Notts.

Observations.—A very instructive contribution, illustrative of

pure orchard culture.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The greater part of the fruit is from
Standard orchard trees, from 50 to 60 years old, grown on the
Crab stock; a few from the nursery, on Paradise. Situation, on
the south slope of a hill, but not otherwise sheltered. Soil,
clay—both soil and subsoil.

5.—Mr. N. H. Pownatt, Linton Hall Gardens, Nottingham.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—About Nottingham, Spencer’s Seedling
is the common name of the Apple sent ; an older local name
given to it is Spencer’s Favourite. Brown’s Queen Caroline, or
Brown’s Seedling, is said about Birmingham to be the right
name, as it was raised by a nurseryman at Measham, near
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and came into bearing when Queen Caroline’s
cause was in the law courts—hence its name.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Nottinghamshire.

SELECTED (1883) By Mr. H. Brapuiey, Southwell, and
Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell.

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of No. of
Nanie Votes | — Votes
Blenheim Orange . . | King of the phi :
Cox’s Orange Pippin . 2- | Margil +n: ;
Lord Lennox aS Mr. Glaaiene..
Bess Pool. . . : Muss Russet
Bridgewater Pippin : New Bess Pool 2
Court Pendu Plat . . Old Nonpareil. . . 1
Eve (or Trumpington) Pearmain, Golden .
Herefordshire _ Pear- 1 || Pike’s Pearmain .
main’ .°. : | Scarlet Nonpareil .

Sturmer Pippin

Improved Bess Pool
d Woolaton Pippin .

Irish Peach
Juneating White

210 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

Rasen No. of atone No. “ity git Gil GL Gane tod ged lee cembereat st UT Yet awe ae
es ae Ee oe ke me

Votes

New Caldwell .
New Hawthornden
Keswick Codlin . New Northern Green-

Domino . :
Duchess of Oldenburg 2
Alfriston .

ing. :
American Grindling Northern ‘Greening ; 1
Beauty of Kent . Oslin (Golden Noble)
Bramley’s Seedling 1_ || Pott’s Seedling :
Cellini . S. B. Seedling. .
Dumelow’s Seedling Small’s Admirable |
Keklinville Seedling . Spencer’s Seedling . ||
Lord Suffield. . ,

RUTLANDSHIRE.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. W. H. Divers, The Gardens, Ketton Hall, Stamford,
Rutlandshire.

SELECTION OF T'WENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE 1N THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Karly Margaret, Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville
Seedling, Manks’ Codlin, Costard, Duke of Gloucester, Worcester
Pearmain, Prior’s Red, Cox’s Pomona, King of Pippins, Golden
Noble, Carlton Seedling, Blenheim Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Kentish Fillbasket, Wyken Pippin, Hereford Pearmain, Reinette
de Canada, Dumelow’s Seedling, Dutch Mignonne, Alfriston,
Barnack Beauty, Duke of Devonshire.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Early Margaret, Ecklinville Seedling, Duke of Gloucester,
King of Pippins, Golden Noble, Carlton Seedling,, Blenheim
Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Hereford Pearmain, Dumelow’s
Seedling, Barnack Beauty, Duke of Devonshire.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Keswick Codlin, Lord Grosvenor, Ecklinville Seedling,
Costard, Duke of Gloucester, Golden Noble, Carlton Seedling,
Blenheim Pippin, Dumelow’s Seedling, Barnack Beauty.

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : RUTLANDSHIRE. 211

Exhibitor's Remarks.—None are grown expressly for market
in this district. Situation, sheltered, at the bottom of a valley
close to the river Chater—the coldest place in the neighbourhood.
Apple trees are well sheltered by forest trees. Soil, part old
garden, part clayey loam; subsoil, limestone, containing a lot of
ironstone in many places.

General Remarks.—Standard trees are preferred if the situa-
tion is not too much exposed; very little pruning is done, except
when in a young state, to obtain a well balanced head, and
when large, a few of the weaker branches are thinned out about
once in four years. When the situation is much exposed, Bush
trees are considered the best, restricted to 10 or 12 feet in
height, by pruning at midsummer, and again in autumn or early
spring.

Manure is given when the trees give indications of requiring
a stimulant, by removing the soil until the roots are found, placing
a good layer of farmyard dung all over, and returning the soil
on the top as before; this is done in the autumn. [If any of
these Bush trees get unfruitful through growing too vigorously,
we take out a trench all round at 4 feet from the stem of the
tree, and deep enough to cut off all the principal roots, and in
extreme cases we lift the tree, prune the roots, and replant. All
our trees are on the Crab stock.

2.—Mr. Joun Grey, Normanton Park, Stamford, Rutland.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Cox’s Pomona,
Stirling Castle, Ecklinville, Gravenstein, Manks’ Codlin, Wor-
cester Pearmain, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Pinder’s Apple, Small’s
Admirable, Golden Spire, Kirke’s Fame, Alfriston, Nelson

_ Codlin, New Hawthornden, Dumelow’s Seedling, Tower of

Glamis, King of the Pippins, Schoolmaster, Ribston Pippin,
Annie Elizabeth, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Ecklinville, Peasgood’s None-
such, Pinder’s Apple, Kirke’s Fame, Alfriston, Small’s Admirable,
Schoolmaster, Northern Greening, Annie Elizabeth, Dumelow’s
Seedling.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation: ground inclining to the
north, but sheltered on all sides by trees. Soil, old garden;
subsoil, red conglomerate.

02

212 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

General Remarks.—Except a few old Standard trees, our
apples are all grown as Cordons, Bushes, and Pyramids on the
Paradise stock. They are transplanted, and the roots pruned
when over vigorous; very little top pruning required. Nursery-
men graft the Paradise stock too near the ground. There ought
to be sufficient length of stem to prevent the scion rooting into
the ground, &c.

STAFFORDSHIRE.
Exhibitor.

1.—Mr. Z. Stevens, Gardener to the Duke of Sutherland,
Trentham, Staffordshire.

Observations.—Examples of fair average merit.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—The Apples exhibited have all been
grown on arched trellises and small Bush trees about 10 years
old, grafted on the French Paradise. The trees all bear abund-
antly. Apples grafted on other stocks, such as the Crab, do not
produce good fruit in this locality. We therefore strongly advise
growers of Apples in similar districts to Trentham to use the
French Paradise stock. The soil here is loamy, on the New Red
Sandstone formation. Situation, low but sheltered, and very
damp. This is a very poor fruit district.

WARWICKSHIRE.
Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. D. Barpen, Gardener to the Hon. C. W. Winch,
Offchurch, Bury, Leamington.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Espaliers and Standard.
trees from 25 to 80 years of age. Situation, very damp, close to
the River Trent, and often enveloped in fog, well protected to the
south and west, but exposed on other sides. Soil, of a light
sandy nature; subsoil, gravelly. The trees in the orchard have |
been much neglected ; but I hope by judicious thinning to obtain
better fruit.

2.—Mr. Atex. D. Curistie, Castle Gardens, Warwick.
SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR .
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.
Kerry Pippin, Keswick Codlin, Fearn’s Pippin, Manks’ Codlin,
Alexander, Ecklinville Seedling, Lord Suffield, Lord Grosvenor, ©

MIDLAND COUNTIES, NORTH : WARWICKSHIRE. 213

Cox’s Pomona, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim
Orange, Stirling Castle, Hawthornden, Beauty of Kent, Warner’s
King, Nonesuch, Broad Eyed Pippin, Adams’ Pearmain,
Dumelow’s Seedling, King of the Pippins, Bess Pool, Hanwell
Souring, Northern Greening.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, sheltered fairly well all
round. Soil, sandy ; subsoil, gravel or sandstone.

General Remarks.—All grown as Standards, Bushes, and
Pyramids, on the Crab stock. Root pruned as required. Not
confined to spurs in pruning, but leave young wood two or three
feet long, according to strength, from which we get the best fruit.
All large fruiting sorts, such as Kcklinville, Lord Suffield, and
Warner’s King, should be grown as Bushes or Pyramids, other-
wise the fruit is blown down or damaged before it is fit to be
gathered.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Warwickshire.

SELECTED By Mr. D. Barpen, Offchurch, Leamington, Warwick.

Dessert Apples.—King of the Pippins, Ribston Pippin, Wyken
or Warwickshire Pippin.

Culinary Apples—Hanwell Souring, Kentish Fillbasket,
London Pippin, Mére de Ménage, Northern Greening.

3 ) GR OWE.

WESTERN COUNTIES.

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WESTERN COUNTIES : DEVONSHIRE. 217

DEVONSHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. J. GARLAND, Gardener to Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P.,
Killerton, Exeter.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The trees are of all ages; as old ones
fail, young ones are planted to fill up the vacancies. They are
all Standards, and grafted on stocks raised from Apple-pips,
sown as they come from the cider press. It is the general rule
in this county to raise stocks in this way. Situation, exposed to
south-west winds. Soil, a red loam on Red Sandstone subsoil.
As we have extensive orchards to gather from, very few Apples
are grown in the garden. Young, healthy trees are very quickly
changed into any new sort, by being headed back moderately short,
and 20 or 30 grafts put on them. The trees are periodically
pruned, and the heads thinned, to ensure a better bearing
throughout the trees; and they also suffer less from the effects
of gales, which are smartly felt here, coming straight off the
Dartmoor Hills. The young stocks raised from the pips are
locally termed ‘‘ Gribbles,’’ and are raised chiefly by small market
gardeners. The strongest are first selected, and planted back
for a year or two, when they are usually bought by the tenant
farmers, who plant them out about 3 feet apart, where they
remain for one or two years, according to the strength and
progress they may have made when they are headed back and
grafted. The same season they will make shoots 4 feet or 5 feet
long. These are shortened in winter to the required height for
Standard trees, and have sufficient room allowed them to make
fine healthy heads. Finally, they are transplanted into the
orchard, or sold to other farmers, or those who do not raise
theirown. Tremlett’s Bitter is usually grafted on another tree
headed down ; being such an enormous bearer, it does not make
a good young tree in the ordinary way.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Dessert.—Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, King of the
Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Adams’ Pear-
main, Wyken Pippin, Sturmer Pippin.

Culinary.—Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden,
Tom Putt, Warner’s King, Frogmore Prolific, Pott’s Seedling,
Cox’s Pomona, Cellini, Lady Henniker, Winter Hawthornden,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Betty Geeson, Mere de Ménage, ey
Royal Russet.

218 JOURNAL OF THE. ROYAL HORTICULTURAL: SOCIETY. —

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Dessert.—Devonshire Quarrenden, King of the Pippins, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Blenheim Orange.

Culinary.—Lord Suftield, Hawthornden, Tom Putt, Warner’s
King, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini, Winter Hawthornden, Dumelow’s
Seedling.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

King of the Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Lord Suffield, Haw-
thornden, Tom Putt, Warner’s King, Cox’s Pomona, Cellini,
Winter Hawthornden, Dumelow’s Seedling. The first six named
are generally grown in this locality, the four last named are not
so well known. Dumelow’s is rapidly growing into favour, some
farmers growing them by hundreds, it being one of the most
profitable sorts if the produce is not sent to market until March.

2.—Mr. A. Roaers, Axminster.

Observations.—An interesting collection of East Devonshire
Apples from the valleys of the Axe and Yarty; mostly unknown,
or bearing local names.

Hzxlbitor’s Remarks.—Situation, in the Valley of the Axe,
exposed to south-west winds. Soil, alluvium, on blue lias marl
beds. A great variety of Apples are grown in this district, the
majority being Cider Apples of inferior quality, and unnamed,
owing to the practice of buying trees to fill gaps in the
orchards at the local market, regardless of any quality except
strong growth. Some of these are, after a few years, re-grafted
with sorts which flourish in that particular orchard. The Apple
most commonly met with is that named “Round Apple.”
Several distinct Apples are called ‘‘ Haccombe.”’ Tom Putt is by
some called ‘‘ Red Haccombe.”’

Much advantage would accrue to the farmers if the small and
worthless sorts were replaced by trees bearing larger-sized fruit.
At present, when there is an abundant crop, the excess remaining
after the necessary cider is made is unsaleable, although there is
a main line of railway running through the district. Were the
quality better, these would find a ready market in London or
Bristol. It is reckoned to take 14 bushels of Apples to make a
hogshead of cider, which, in a plentiful year, is not worth more
than £1. The labour and interest on value of utensils and
machinery may be estimated at 5s., so that it is a question whether
cider-making would pay at all. If the Apples cultivated were of
marketable sorts, properly picked and packed, the profits would
be much greater. At present the fruit is not picked, but allowed to
fall, and gathered up into heaps when there is nothing else to do.

“WESTERN COUNTIES : DEVONSHIRE. 219

8.—Mr. Coartes Goutp Scrater, Devon Nurseries, Heavitree
Bridge, near Exeter.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, very exposed to the winds
from Dartmoor ; soil of two kinds, viz., one a light sand, the other
a red gravel resting on the New Red Sandstone.

General Remarks.—The trees are of all ages; as old ones fail,
young ones are planted to fillup. They are all Standards, some
of them very old. The trees are pruned and thinned every two
or three years as they require it; they are principally worked on
‘** Gribbles.’”’ I find the soil of the Red Sandstone formation is
better adapted for apples than the sandy soil, the first being
much cleaner and of a better colour.

4.—Messrs. R. T. Vertcu & Sons, Nurserymen, Exeter.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The Cider varieties are mostly grown
in orchard, the others in nursery, on small Pyramid trees on the
Crab and English Paradise. The trees are frequently lifted, and
get little pruning excepting insummer. Situation exposed, facing
the north. ‘Soil, a heavy loam, one foot deep; subsoil, clay.

SELECTION .OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER .OF SUCCESSION.

- Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Borovitzky, Keswick
Codlin, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, King of Pippins, Blenheim,
Cellini, American Mother, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Cox’s Pomona,
Warner’s King, Reinette de Canada, Beauty of Wilts, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, Cornish Gilliflower, Ribston Pippin, Dumelow’s
Seedling, Lane’s Prince Albert, Adams’ Pearmain, Ashmead’s
Kernel, Sturmer, Lord Burghley.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Blenheim, Ribston Pippin, Lane’s Prince Albert,
Keswick Codlin, King of Pippins, Reinette de Canada, Adams’
Pearmain, Ecklinville, Cox’s Orange, Cox’s Pomona, Dumelow’s
Seedling.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Blenheim, Hollow Core, Warner’s King, Dumelow’s Seedling.
Many orchard trees are now being grafted with these sorts.

220 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in .
Devonshire.
SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. J. Gartann, Killerton, Exeter.
, A. P. Rogers, Arminster.
Messrs. R. T. VertcuH & Sons, Hzeter..

DrEssERT APPLES.

. of + v
Name ee | Name aha
Cox’s Orange Pippin . 8 || Golden Reinette
Cornish Gilliflower. . \ | Golden Vining. .
Irish Peach . . . Hubbard’s Pearmain.
King of the Pippins ; 2 || Lemon Pippin .
Margil. ... ; Mannington’s Pear-
Sturmer Pippin . sith main je .2 ,
Ashmead’s Kernel . . McLean’s Favourite . 1
Autumn Pearmain. . Pine Apple Russet
Blenheim Orange . . Ross Nonpareil
Claygate Pearmain . 1 || Ribston Pippin
Court of Wick . . . | Summer Golden
Devonshire Queen. . Pippin.
Golden Ball... . | Winter Russet .
CULINARY APPLES.
Name Votes Name Votes
Hawthornden .. . 3 | Gravenstein
Alfriston . ; | John .
Dumelow’s Seedling | Lincoln. .
Keswick Codlin . 9 | Manks’ Codlin .
Lord Suffield No Core .* <3:
Warner’s King . . Peasgood’s Nonesuch
Winter Hawthornden . | Pomeroy. . : 1

Bedfordshire Foundling | Royal Somerset
Blenheim Orange Somerset

| Wellington (Dume-
low’s Seedling) .

Ecklinville Seedling
Emperor Alexander

Beauty of Kent. . . | Reinette de Canada .
Cellini 1 | Tom Putt
Golden Ball .

WESTERN COUNTIES : DORSETSHIRE. 221

DORSETSHIRE,
Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. Joun Powe tt, Gardener to W. E. Brymer, Esq.,
Ilsington House, Dorchester.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Cox’s Pomona, Emperor Alexander, Mother Apple, Cellini,
Royal Pearmain, King of the Pippins, Ribston Pippin, Gloria
Mundi, Warner’s King, Blenheim Orange, New Hawthornden,
Mére de Ménage, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Ecklinville Pippin, Beauty
of Kent, Lady Henniker, Tower of Glamis, Bedfordshire Found-
ling, Prince Albert, Green Pippin, Hoary Morning, Betty Geeson,
Striped Beefing, Dumelow’s Seedling.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE.
IN THE DistRicT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Mother Apple, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Ribston Pippin, Cornish Aromatic, Old Nonpareil, Blenheim
Orange, Bristol Apple, Duke of Devonshire, Melon Apple, Clay-
gate Pearmain, Royal Russet.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, in walled-in garden, very
low and damp. Soil, very light and chalky; subsoil, chalk.

General Remarks.—Grown as Espaliers, Bushes, and Cordons,
on the Paradise stock. Pinched twice in summer. The greater
part of our Apple trees are planted in heavier soil than the natural.
garden, as the trees soon turn yellow, and are subject to canker
in the ordinary soil.

2.—Mr. Wm. Gator, Gardener to H. N. Middleton, Esq.,
Bradford Peverill, Dorchester.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DistRiIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Oslin, Cellini, Emperor Alexander, Golden Spire, Maltster,
King of the Pippins, Golden Winter Pearmain, Forge, Hawthorn-
den, Cobham, Cockle’s Pippin, Lemon Pippin, Syke House Russet,
Golden Pippin, Alfriston, Winter Peach, Boston Russet, Rose-
mary Russet, Duke of Devonshire, Northern Spy, Forfar Pippin,.
Braddick’s Nonpareil, Golden Harvey, Sturmer Pippin.

999 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Lord Suffield, Ringer, Paradise Pippin, Cellini, Golden Spire,
Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Pippin, Wadhurst Pippin, Hanwell
Souring, Rosemary Russet, Duke of Devonshire, Dumelow’s
Seedling.

Fixhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, exposed to north-east and
east; sheltered from west and north-west by tall forest trees.
Soil, light and very thin, but trenched with the chalk to about
2 feet; subsoil, a bed of solid chalk.

General Remarks.—Apples are mostly grown here on Bush
and Pyramid trees, the greater part of which have been planted
from 16 to 20 years, with few exceptions, on a piece of ground
set apart for an orchard, which is very poor. We have a few
Espaliers round the vegetable quarters with a little better soil,
which generally crop well. They are principally grafted on the
Paradise stock, a few on the Crab. I find the Pommier du
Paradis a good stock for this light thin soil, it being surface-
rooting. Apples are not much grown in this neighbourhood, it
is not a fruit district. The markets about here draw their
supplies chiefly from Somerset and from the Channel Isles.
There are a few orchards in the valleys, the fruit of which is
principally used for making cider. We are situated here some-
thing like 200 feet above the bed of the river, and rather exposed
to the south-west gales from off the English Channel, which are
often very destructive to the fruit crops, and the trees are very
subject to be covered with lichens. The Apples in this neigh-
bourhood are very small this year, some varieties being not more
than half their average size.

3.—Mr. W. PraGneEtu, Gardener to J. D. Wingfield Digby, Esq.,
Sherborne Castle, Dorset.

Observations.—A very fine collection of good fruit.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit chiefly from the Cordon trained
trees, nearly all being grafted on the French Paradise. All are
pruned summer and winter. The neighbourhood generally is
too exposed for market purposes, but, in sheltered spots, Apples
could be cultivated to the farmer’s advantage. Situation, in
walled garden, well sheltered from the east, but very exposed to
the north-west winds. Soil, heavy and retentive, about 2 feet
in depth, on limestone subsoil. |

General Remarks.—I am greatly in favour of the Cordon
training principle. Here we have a small walled-in garden, 70
yards square, laid out in four squares, with three rows of trees

WESTERN COUNTIES : GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 923

round each, the first being 1 foot from the walk and 1 foot high;
the second, 2 feet behind the front one and 18 inches high; the
third, 2 feet behind the middle one and 2 feet from the ground,
which gives the garden a very neat appearance, as may be imagined,
when they are in full bloom, as also when in fruit. They with-
stood the storm’ of Saturday, April 29, 1882, remarkably well,
and gave us a splendid crop; in fact, we gathered more fruit
from them than there was in all the gardens for miles round
Sherborne, and we have a grand crop again this year.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION. .

Benoni, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Kerry Pippin,
Manks’ Codlin, Yellow Ingestrie, Ecklinville, Cox’s Pomona,
Golden Winter Pearmain (or King of the Pippins), Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Lady Henniker, Scarlet Nonpareil, Golden Noble, Lemon
Pippin, Northern Greening, Claygate Pearmain, Blenheim Pippin,
Beston Russet, Lord Burghley, Dutch Mignonne, Dumelow’s
Seedling, Brickley’s Seedling, Alfriston, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Kerry Pippin, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville, Golden Winter Pear-
main (or King of the Pippins), Cox’s Pomona, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Lemon Pippin, Lord Burghley, Dutch Mignonne, Dume-
low’s Seedling, Alfriston, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Duchess of Oldenburg, Manks’ Codlin, Kcklinville, Cellini,
Cox’s Pomona, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Lady Henniker, Golden
Winter Pearmain (or King of the Pippins), Blenheim Pippin,
Tom Putt.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Exhibitors.

1.—Messrs. J. JEFFERIES & Sons, Nurserymen, Cirencester.

Observations. —Examples very large and finely grown.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The Apples were grown on Standards
and Pyramids, on the Crab and Paradise stocks, respectively.
Situation, much exposed. Soil, principally stone brash.

924 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE DistRIcT, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Quarrenden, Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Cellini,
Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Warner’s King, Grenadier,
Pott’s Seedling, Kerry Pippin, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Small’s
Admirable, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, Mére de
Ménage, Blenheim Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Reinette de Canada,
Tower of Glamis, Wellington, Margil, Hanwell Souring, Dutch
Mignonne, Wyken Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord Suffield, Cellini, Stirling
Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Pott’s Seedling, Kerry Pippin,
Cox’s Orange, King of Pippins, Blenheim Pippin, Ribston Pippin,
Wellington.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Very few Apples are grown for market in this district; the
following would be profitable: Duchess of Oldenburg, Lord
Suffield, Cellini, Stirling Castle, Worcester Pearmain, Pott’s
Seedling, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, Warner’s King,
Wellington.

2.—Mr. T. SHinauss, Gardener to the Earl of Ducie, Tortworth.
Observations. —A remarkably fine, well-grown lot of fruit.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situation, sheltered by plantations
of tall trees ; soil, a sandy loam resting on the Old Red Sandstone.

General Remarks.—Most of the trees are on the Crab stock,
part grown as Bush trees, part as Standards. Bush trees are
generally closely pruned, Standards are annually thinned.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Manks’ Codlin,
Ecklinville Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Kerry Pippin, Cellini,
King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Stirling Castle, Warner’s
King, Adams’ Pearmain, Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange,
Bess Pool, Tower of Glamis, Golden Noble, Winter Haw-
thornden, Stone’s Apple, Round Winter Nonesuch, Duke of
Devonshire, Ashmead’s Kernel, Annie Elizabeth.

WESTERN COUNTIES : GLOUCESTERSHIRE, 225

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Ecklinville Seedling, Frogmore
Prolific, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Dumelow’s
Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Bess Pool, Tower of Glamis,
Winter Hawthornden, Stone Apple.

_ §SEnEectTion oF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE,
Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, King of Pippins, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Blenheim Orange, Warner’s King; Bess Pool, Tom
Putt, Dumelow’s Seedling, Stirling Castle. Generally speaking
this is not a marketing district.
3.—Messrs. WHEELER & Sons, Nurserymen, Gloucester.
Observations.—A very clear-skinned, well-grown collection.
Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Grown on Pyramid and Bush trees
from 3 to 5 years of age, grafted on the Paradise stock.
Situation, in open quarters in nursery; soil, light; subsoil,
gravel. Trees grown in the form of Pyramids or Bushes occupy
but a small space in the garden, and at the same time are very
productive, and of an attractive appearance. They are worthy
of extended cultivation in this form.

List of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Gloucestershire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Messrs. J. JEFFERIES & Sons, Cirencester.
Mr. T. Suinapes, Tortworth Court, Gloucester.
Messrs. J. C. WHEELER & Sons, Gloucester.

DESSERT APPLES.

No. of 4
Name Votes | its vole

Ashmead’s Kernel . DevonshireQuarrenden
Cox’s Orange Pippin . Duke of Devonshire .
King of the eae : 9 Fearn’s Pippin. .
Margil . “ee : Lamb Abbey Pear-
Ribston Pippin. . main ~. :
Court Pendu Plat . London Pippin aces 1
Trish Peach 2. Old Nonpareil .
Kerry Pippin Scarlet N onpareil ‘
Wyken Pippin Sturmer Pippin
Adams’ Pearmain. . 1 Wormsley Pippin .
Braddick’s Nonpareil . Yellow Ingestrie .

926 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of No.
Mande Votes | cies Tons

Blenheim Orange . . | Mére de Ménage .
Dumelow’s Seedling 3 || Peasgood’s Nonesuch
Lord Suffield Reinette de Canada .
Warner’s King . é Bymeriie. wee
ee Stone’s Apple .
Keklinville Seedling . 9 Tower of Glamis . . 1
Keswick Codlin . Wadhurst Pippin .
Stirling Castle . : Waltham Abbey
Annie Elizabeth . . Seedling. ...
Brabant Bellefleur. . | Wellington. (Dume-
Golden Noble .. . 1 low’s Seedling) .
Hawthornden .. . Yorkshire Beauty .
Lord Derby . ¢

HEREFORDSHIRE.
Exmibitors.

1—TuHe Cranston Nursery Company, Hereford.

Observations.—A most comprehensive and complete collec-
tion, inclusive of the Cider varieties, many of the examples being
of large size and very handsome in appearance.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—The finest and best fruits exhibited
by us were from young Bush and Pyramid trees, from 6 to 8
years old; but some were taken from ordinary orchard Stand-
ards from 15 to 20 years old. Some are grafted on English
Paradise, but chiefly on ordinary Crab stock. Situation, rather
exposed, with a north aspect. Soil, strong retentive loam, on
clay subsoil.

2.—Mr. J. Hartnanp, Canon Frome Court, Ledbury, Hereford.

Observations. —Examples excellent, and finely coloured.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The soil here is a very heavy clayey
loam. ‘The situation is low and damp, on the River Frome,

WESTERN COUNTIES : HEREFORDSHIRE. 227

barely out of the reach of floods, consequently fruit trees do
not thrive. Some varieties, especially the Ribston*Pippin, canker
badly.

No Apples are specially grown for market in this neighbour-
hood, but dealers from Birmingham and elsewhere now buy upa
quantity of the finest Cider Apples. ‘The varieties are mostly of
small size, but any of medium size that will boil well are bought.
The only well-known variety grown is Blenheim Orange, and
that not largely ; it is rather an uncertain bearer, but the fruit
always commands a good price. Other varieties are sold at a
very low price.

General Remarks.—There is practically no cultivation, the
orchards around here being in a sadly neglected state, mostly
large standard trees on grass land, grazed by cattle. Little or
no pruning is done, and the trees in most cases are densely
covered with moss and lichen. Crop very uncertain and
irregular.

38.—Mr. T. Parker, Moreton Court, Hereford.

Observations.—Examples very fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—These Apples were grown in the
Tugg Valley; situation sheltered. Soil, a deep loam, on a sand-
stone rock. The variety named Tyler’s Kernel was, I believe,
sent here from the neighbourhood of Ledbury. It has been
bearing some splendid fruit for the past two years; the tree is a
strong grower, and the fruit keeps well till April.

4.—Mr. W. Srytzs, The Gardens, Brampton, Bryan Hall,
Hereford.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All grown on old Standards. Situa-
tion, sheltered. Soil, very light; subsoil, gravel. Our Apples
are always small.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Herefordshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

THE Cranston Nursery Company, King’s Acre, Hereford.
Mr. T. ParKer, Moreton Court, Hereford.
» W. Stryzes, Brampton, Bryan Hall, Hereford.
P2

228

Dessert APPLES.

No. of

rT Ni
Name olen Name

Adams’ Pearmain .
Court Pendu Plat .
Crimson Queening .
King of the Pippins

Karly Nonpareil
Fearn’s Pippin

9 Golden Pippin.
Hughes’ N —

. . . .
— Fea

Old Nonpareil : | Oslin .
Ribston Pippin . - Red J uneating .
Blenheim Orange . Red Streak .

Royal Pearmain
Royal Russet
Scarlet Nonpareil .

Brownlee’s Russet .

Cockle’s Pippin .

Devonshire Quarrenden 1
Downton Nonpareil

Downton Pippin

Yellow Ingestrie .
Pa See AOE ee Harvest

CULINARY APPLES.

No. of

pramie Votes

Name

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Syke House Russet

Blenheim Orange .
Warner’s King .
Catshead .

Dumelow’s Seedling 9 || Northern Greening .
Tom Putt Old Hawthornden
Winter Greening Parker’s Greening
Bess Pool. . % Red Hawthornden
Duchess of Oldenburg : | Ringer .. ;
Keklinville Seedling 1 Stirling Castle .

Golden Noble
Hawthornden, New

Herefordshire Beefing .

Lord Derby.
Lord Grosvenor
Lord Suffield

Tyler’s Kernel .
Tower of Glamis .

WESTERN COUNTIES : MONMOUTHSHIRE. 229

MONMOUTHSHIRE.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. THomas CoomsBeEr, The Hendre Gardens, Monmouth.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Red Astrachan, Lady Sudeley, Lord Suffield,
Keswick Codlin, Golden Noble, Stirling Castle, Hawthornden,
Cellini, Cox’s Pomona, Warner’s King, Ecklinville Seedling,
Emperor Alexander, Mére de Ménage, Blenheim Pippin, Cox’s
Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins, Dumelow’s Seedling, Man-
nington’s Pearmain, Northern Greening, Reinette de Canada,
Court Pendu Plat, Scarlet Nonpareil, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Hawthornden,
Cellini, Warner’s King, Mére de Ménage, Blenheim Pippin,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of Pippins, Court Pendu Plat, Stur-
mer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Cellini, Warner’s
King, Blenheim Pippin, King of the Pippins, Cox’s Orange
‘Pippin, Golden Noble, Mére de Ménage.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—There are but few Apples grown for
market in this district. Situation moderately sheltered. Soil,
cold clayey loam ; subsoil, marl.

General Remarks.—The Apples exhibited were mostly grown
upon Standard trees 20 and more years old, in an orchard which is
moderately sheltered from the north and west, otherwise exposed.
Very little manure is afforded other than that derived from sheep
or calves when grazing the grass. The stock employed is the
ordinary Crab, upon which growth is freely made. In pruning,
all dead wood is removed, and superfluous growths are cut away.
In this neighbourhood much cider fruit is cultivated, whilst
dessert varieties are neglected. The trees in many orchards
are old, and young ones are not planted to the extent they ought
to be.

2.—Mr. W. Jenntns, The Willows, Abergavenny.
- Observations—Remarkable for the high colouring of all the
specimens.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Fruit gathered from trees of various
ages, some of them 70 years old, and grafted on the Crab; some

230 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the younger trees being on the French Paradise. Situation
of garden, sheltered from the north, with south aspect. Soil, a
light loam, with a subsoil of Old Red Sandstone formation.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Monmouthshire.

SELECTED BY Mr. W. JENKINS, Abergavenny.

Dessert.—Court Pendu Plat, Devonshire Quarrenden, Fearn’s
Pippin, Guernsey Pippin, Irish Peach, King of the Pippins, Mon-
mouthshire Beauty, Pearmain, Pitmaston Pine Apple, Reinette de
Canada, Scarlet Nonpareil, Worcester Pearmain.

Culinary.— Blenheim Orange, Cellini, Dumelow’s Seedling,
Emperor Alexander, Lord Suffield, London Codlin, Monmouth-
shire Beauty, New Hawthornden, Warner’s King, Western
Seedling, Yorkshire Beauty.

SHROPSHIRE.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. Ricuarp Mitner, Sundorne Gardens, Shrewsbury.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Blenheim Pippin, Claygate Pearmain, Cornish Gilliflower,
Fearn’s Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, King of the Pippins, Ribston
Pippin, Lord Burghley, Margil, Irish Peach, Sam Young,
Pearson’s Plate, Lord Suffield, Hawthornden, Stirling Casile,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Mére de Ménage, Waltham Abbey Seedling,
Emperor Alexander, Cellini, Golden Noble, Manks’ Codlin,
Kentish Fillbasket, Beauty of Kent.

Situation, sheltered from the north, east, and west winds.
Soil, heavy ; subsoil, clay.

2.—Mr. A. 8. Kemp, Gardener to P. J. Brooke, Esq., Haughton,
Shifnal, Shropshire.

Observations.—Fruit small, and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—We grow our trees in a great variety
of forms, Standard, Bush, Pyramid, Espalier, Cordon, &c.; the
average age would be about 30 years, many being much older.
Situation of orchard, partially shaded by tall trees from the after-
noon sun, hence the deficiency in the colour of the fruit. Soil,
a good strong loam, upon gravelly subsoil.

WESTERN COUNTIES : SOMERSETSHIRE. 231

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Shropshire.

SELECTED By Mr. A.8. Kemp, Shifnal.

Dessert.—Aromatic Russet, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange
Pippin, Cornish Gilliflower, Herefordshire Pearmain, King of the
Pippins, Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Royal Russet, Whorle
Pippin, Wyken Pippin, Yellow Ingestrie.

Culinary.—Bess Pool, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Pomona,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Kcklinville Seedling, Greenup’s Pippin,
Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Manks’ Codlin,
Norfolk Bearer, Norfolk Stone Pippin, Tower of Glamis,
Waltham Abbey Seedling.

SOMERSETSHIRE.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. R. H. Poynter, Nurseryman, Taunton.

Observations.—A remarkably fine and most interesting col-
lection, many of the examples being large and very highly -
coloured.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown mostly on old Standard
trees, in the orchards in this district. Situation, generally
exposed. ‘The greater portion of the Apples are here grafted
on what is called “The Morgan Sweet” Apple, which is, when
young, a very strong grower, and makes a fine young market
tree; our Apple-tree nurserymen growing the grandest trees
for sale in England, and chiefly of this variety, Morgan Sweet.
Trees are offered of all sorts, but the farmer generally finds
he has to re-graft if he wants a good kind. The Seedling
Apple stocks are grown on good but thin soil, on a gravel sub-
soil, heavily mulched with rotted gorse and fern, and carefully
attended to for about 4 or 5 years from first grafting. The
marketable tree is, in roots and tops, as near perfection as is
attainable, having a nice clean trained head, a straight, smooth
stem, and fine spreading fibrous roots. ‘This is, no doubt, a fine
district for Apple growing, and there are numberless very fine old
orchards; but there are no growers so-called, and when the farmers
renew old trees, it is almost ‘“ Hobson’s choice,” viz., Morgan
Sweet; as from 25 years’ experience here, I have rarely heard
of ‘‘ wildings,”’ z.c. Apples raised from the pips, being specially
grown and prepared for orchard renewals; but which, I believe,
is the custom for Cider orchards in Worcester, Gloucester, &c.
Devonshire follows suit with us. I believe there has been less
inquiry for named best sorts of Apples hereabouts than in any
other district in England.

ea

232 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2.—Mr. J. Scorr, Crewkerne Nurseries, Somerset.

Observations.—Examples very small.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All gathered from small Bush trees
(with the exception of the Cider kinds) from 8 to 5 years old,
mostly grafted on the Crab stock; a few from trees grafted on
Scott’s Pommier du Paradis. Situation, exposed, with not the
slightest shelter, and open to north and east winds. Soil, very

sandy and easily worked ; subsoil, to the depth of 20 to 80. feet,
a yellow sand.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Somersetshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. R. H. Poynter, The Nursery, Taunton.
» J. Scorr, Merrioti, Crewkerne.

DrEssERT APPLES.

Scien No. of

Blenheim Orange .
Cox’s Orange Pippin .
King of the ere 2
Nonpareil . :
Ribston Pippin. . .
Ashmead’s Kernel. .
Colla, tae a Va os 1
Court of Wick :

Fry’s Pippin . ; |

Votes

| London Pippin

No.of

Name Votes
Golden Ducat .
Golden Winter Peay:
rit ae
Trish Peach.

;
}

| Mannington’s

main .
| Powell’s anced
| Tom Putt

Pear-

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name

Blenheim Orange .

Hawthornden

Keswick Codlin .

Alfriston .

Cellini. .

Duke of Wellington
(Dumelow’s Seedling)

Flanders Pippin

Frogmore Prolific .

Golden Noble . . .

No.of

ray Votes

Lord Derby. .

Lord Suffield .

Manks’ Codlin .

New Hawthornden

Pott’s Seedling 2a

Roundway eee
Bonum

Tom Putt

WESTERN COUNTIES : WORCESTERSHIRE. 233

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. E. Cocxsityt, Wick House, Pershore.

Observations.—Examples large, and remarkable for high
colouring.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees, grafted
high, so as to be out of the reach of cattle; chiefly on very old
stocks. Situation, exposed, slightly inclining to the north.
Soil, a sandy loam resting on gravel.

2.—Mr. Winu1Am Crump, Madresfield Court, Malvern.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Culinary.—Lord Suffield, Stirling Castle, Cellini Pippin,
Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Lord Derby, New Hawthornden, Pott’s
Seedling, Warner’s King, Lane’s Prince Albert, Flanders Pippin,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Newland Sack.

Dessert.—Worcester Pearmain, Strawberry Pippin, King of
Pippins, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Blenheim Pippin,
Golden Reinette, Adams’ Pearmain, Carraway Russet, Brownlee’s
Russett, Sturmer Pippin, May Queen.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, exposed, 185 feet above sea-
level. Soil, heavy, strong, approaching to clay.

General Remarks.—All from Free or Crab stocks, which are
frequently lifted. About 160 kinds are grown; many of the
samples are from Orchard-grown trees on grass, a few kinds
from Bush and Pyramid trees.

3.—Mr. J. Hiam, Astwood Bank, Redditch, Worcestershire.

Exlubitor’s Remarks.—The Apples are from various forms of
trees, chiefly of the Crab stock. Situation, mostly exposed.
Soil, variable, chiefly a light sandy loam, in part on a tenacious
red clay subsoil.

4.—Messrs. Ricnarp, Suitu, & Co., Nurserymen, Worcester.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees on the Apple
stock. Situation, exposed. Soil, a sandy loam; subsoil, red
sand and gravel. The majority of the orchards in this county—
and it is hardly necessary to say there are very many—are out
of date. Smith’s Pippin we think very highly of. It is a
wonderful keeper, and its flavour in tarts is exquisite. The tree
is a sure and abundant bearer.

234 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

_Senecrion oF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Irish Peach,
Yellow Ingestrie, Lord Suffield, Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville
Seedling, Cellini, Cox’s Pomona, Emperor Alexander, Golden
Winter Pearmain, Golden Noble, Yorkshire Beauty, Beauty of
Kent, Lane’s Prince Albert, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin,
Ashmead’s Kernel Improved, Adams’ Pearmain, Blenheim Orange,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Warner’s King, Annie Elizabeth, Sturmer
Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Devonshire Quarrenden, Worcester Pearmain, Irish Peach,
Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville, Cellini, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Golden
Winter Pearmain, Golden Noble, Dumelow’s Seedling, Warner’s
King, Annie Elizabeth.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR Market CULTURE.

Worcester Pearmain, Keswick Codlin, Lord Suffield, Warner’s
King, Ecklinville Seedling, Worcester Fillbasket, Emperor Alex-
ander, Dumelow’s Seedling, Golden Winter Pearmain, Cox’s
Orange Pippin.

5.—Tuomas SourHarn, South Bank, Worcester.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Baxter’s Favourite, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Emperor Alexander, Forfar Pippin, Forge, Golden Winter Pear-
main, Tom Putt, Worcester Pearmain, Court Pendu Plat,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Keddleston Pippin, Rushock Pearmain,
Winter Peach, Winter Quoining, Gravenstein, Hawthornden,
Maltster, May Queen, Prince’s Pippin, Pitmaston Russet, Cellini,
Stirling Castle.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation, rather sheltered. Soil, good
loam, with a subsoil of marl.

General Remarks.—All grown on Standards in orchard

used as kitchen garden. Planted about 28 years ago, and pruned
occasionally,

WESTERN COUNTIES : WORCESTERSHIRE,

235

outs of Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Worcestershire.

Name

SELECTED (1888) By

Messrs. R. Surru & Co., Worcester.
Mr. E. Cocxsiut, Pershore.
» J. Hiram, Astwood Bank, Redditch.

Drssert APPLES.

Cox’s Orange Pippin .
Devonshire Quarrenden

Irish Peach .
Kerry Pippin
Red Astrachan .
Ribston Pippin .

Worcester Pearmain .

Blenheim Orange .
Duke of Devonshire
Karly Strawberry .
Golden Nonpareil .

Golden Winter Pear-

main .

Name

Blenheim Orange .
Keswick Codlin .
Lord Suffield.

CULINARY

Dumelow’s Seedling .

Golden Noble
Stirling Castle .
Beauty of Kent .
Cobham . .
Keklinville Seedling
Forester . .
Golden Spire

—--"

No.of ||
Votes |,

Name

King of the Pippins .
| Mannington’s

main .
Mareil

; No.of |
| Votes |!

| Prince’s Pippin
Scarlet Pearmain .
Sturmer Pippin

Woodhill (Local) .
Wyken Pippin .
Yorkshire Beauty .

APPLES.
Name

Gloria Mundi .

Hanwell Souring .

Nelson’s Glory
(Warner’s King)

| Red Hawthornden
Tom Putt

Tower of Glamis .
Warner’s King

Pear-

White Transparent .

| Normanton Wonder .
| Peasgood’s Nonesuch

White Hawthor widen

No:of
Votes

No. of
Votes

1

Cr ey Debs NV. &:

NORTHERN COUNTIES.

1. DURHAM ...
2. LANCASHIRE
3. WESTMORELAND
4, YORKSHIRE

PAGE,

.. 239
Joao
én
... 242

MA TEICLS

NORTHERN COUNTIES : DURHAM, LANCASHIRE. 239

DURHAM.
Exhibitor.

1.—Mr. F. C. Forp, Durham Gardeners’ Institute, Darlington.

Exhibitor's Réemarks.—Grown in garden—part of which lies
rather low—exposed to south and west, but sheltered on other
sides. Soil, a heavy clay, in some parts not more than 6 inches
deep. This has been much improved by trenching, and the
application of liberal dressings of lime and farmyard manure ;
the subsoil is a very heavy blue and yellow clay, with stones.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Durham.

SELEcTED By Mr. F. C. Forp, Gardeners’ Institute, Darlington.

Dessert Apples.— Adams’ Pearmain, Blenheim Orange,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Fearn’s Pippin, Golden Pippin, Golden
Winter Pearmain, Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins,
Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Warner’s Pippin.

Culinary Apples.—Bedfordshire Foundling, Cellini, Dume-
low’s Seedling, Ecklinville Seedling, Emperor Alexander, George
the Fourth, Hawthornden, Lord Grosvenor, Lord Suffield, Melon,
Pott’s Seedling, Warner’s King.

LANCASHIRE.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. J. Hatwaway, Lathom House Gardens, Ormskirk.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Most of the trees here are about 30
years old, of Bush shape, on the Crab stock. A few planted
since are Standards on the Paradise. Situation, low and damp,
well sheltered by belt of forest trees, and shaded on the south-
east. Soil, poor, black, and very sandy, about 18 inches deep ;
subsoil, a strong yellow and very adhesive clay. I consider King
of the Pippins the best all-round Apple for this district, as it
scarcely ever misses cropping. I think trees do better here on
the Crab than on any other stock.

2.—Mr. R. Mares, Mythop Nurseries, Lytham, Lancashire.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Apples mostly grown on Standard
trees, about 14 years old. Situation, open, half a mile from the

240 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sea. Soil, a light sandy loam. The varieties I have named I
consider the best dessert and culinary kinds for this neighbour-
hood. Bitter Sweet, so called from having the rind slightly
bitter, is a good eating Apple; and Royal Shepherd is one of the
best late kitchen I have or know.

3.—Mr. W. P. Roserts, The Gardens, Cuerden Hall, Preston.

Observations.—Fruit small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—-Our trees are all Bush or Dwarf
Standard, and are mostly old. Situation, well sheltered Soil,
a sandy and rather wet clay, which is aggravated by the absence
of surface drains for the walks, the water percolating into the
ground where not wanted. The soil round our Apple trees had
been dug one spade in depth and no more, and cropped up to
their stems until three years ago; since then, the ground has
been trenched 2 feet deep, or dug, as required, to within 5 or 6
feet of their stems, and the other part simply hoed. I believe
that the trees have benefited by this. Trenching allows the
water to pass through more freely, and conducts it so much
further away from the surface.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Lancashire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. J. Hatrwaway, Lathom House, Ormskirk.
R. Mariss, Nurseryman, Lytham.

99

DEssERT APPLES.

No.of No.
Name Votes Namo Votes

King of the Pippins . 3 || Juneating
Early Margaret. . . 2 || Lady Derby
Alms House Pippin . Lemon Pippin .
Bitter Sweet. . . . Lord Lennox :
Blenheim Orange . . Manks’ Codlin. . . 7
Claygate Pearmain. . Mannington’sPearmain
Court of Wick . . . 1 || Ribston Pippin
Court Pendu Plat. . Sturmer Pippin
Cox’s Orange Pippin . Winter Calville
Golden Drop .. . Yellow Ingestrie .

Trish Peach .

NORTHERN COUNTIES: WESTMORELAND. 241

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of No.of
Namie Votes yanis Votes
Lord Suffield .-. . 3 Grenadier
Keswick Codlin. . . Hawthornden .
Livesey’s Scotch Lord Derby
0 eer ee 9 Loomis Tes 6.20, -.
Manks’ Codlin New Hawthornden
Pott’s Seedling. . . Norfolk Bearer. 1
Warner’s King. . . Ringery... i. \-%
re Royal Shepherd
Court Pendu Plat . . Ryland Surprise .
Cox’s Pomona . . . 1 Tower of Glamis. .
Emperor Alexander . White Calville (Scotch
Golden Noble Bridget) . ‘
WESTMORELAND.
Exhibitor.
1.—Mr. CHARLES CROSSLAND, Gardener, Beachwood, Arnside,
Westmoreland.

Observations.—An extremely interesting collection of old
English Apples now seldom to be met with. The examples
were all small, very deficient in colouring, being green and
unripe looking, and all more or less acid.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on old Standard trees, planted
in the year 1776, and grafted on the Crab stock. Situation, on
the seashore, with a north aspect, very much exposed, suffering
much from west winds, and receiving no sun before midday.
Soil, 12 inches of moderate loam ; subsoil, a reddish clay, wet
and poor. The orchard at Beachwood does not at present show
a great amount of culture. It had been allowed to run almost
wild until a few years ago. The Apples I have sent may not be
as fine as might be anticipated, but as they are gathered from
such old trees, much finer could not be expected. The Apples
named are varieties I should select if I were going to plant a
new orchard, provided they were all worked on the Crab stock.
I consider the Crab stock the only one fit for this locality, as
several varieties on other stocks canker very much here. The
same varieties have been grown on the Beachwood estate for
over 200 years, and yielded some remarkably heavy crops and
fine fruit when cultivated by a Mr. Saul, a great lover of orchard
culture, and a former owner of Beachwood. Mr. Saul always
used the Crab stock.

Q

i eet at Sa eee
oT ix 2 a)

949, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Westmoreland.

SELECTED By Mr. C. Crossnuanp, Beachwood, Arnside.

Dessert Apples.—Court Pendu Plat, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Irish Peach, Kerry Pippin, King of the Pippins, Margil, Newtown
Pippin, Red Astrachan, Ribston Pippin, Scarlet Nonpareil,
Sturmer Pippin, Syke House Russet.

Culinary Apples.—Bedfordshire Foundling, Keswick Codlin,
King Apple, Lord Suffield, Nelson’s Glory (Warner’s King),
Normanton Wonder (Dumelow’s Seedling), Northern Greening,

Northern Spy, Prussian Pippin, Ringer, Royal Russet, Scotch
Bridget.

YORKSHIRE.
Exhibitors.
| 1.-—Mr. J. Bournz, Priory Gardens, Longhill, Guisborough.

Observations.—Examples small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Bush trees,
some of them being very old. Situation, rathersheltered. Soil,
a sandy loam ; subsoil, gravel. Our garden is situated near the
town of Guisborough. It is a very old garden, on some parts of |
which stood the Guisborough Priory. The Cockpit does very well
here; also Lord Suffield and Keswick Codlin. Really good-
flavoured Desert i are very difficult to obtain in the
open.

2.—Mr. W. Cuucs, The Gardens, Brodsworth Hall, Doncaster,
Yorks.

Observations. —Fruit small and deficient in colouring.

Exhibitor s Remarks.—Most of the trees are 27 years old,
being nearly all Bush or Pyramid, chiefly grafted on the Paradise
stock. Some of the varieties are very free bearers, but subject
to canker. Situation, in a valley running east and west, subject
to very sweeping gusty winds. Soil, calcareous, resting upon
magnesian limestone. The trees are subject very much in
seasons to red spider attacks. We have many good varieties in
our collection of 100; Peasgood’s Nonesuch was very good last
year, but our trees being young they bore no fruit this season.
Northern Spy is now beginning to bear freely, having hitherto
been shy; it keeps well. Some of our trees are cankering badly ;

NORTHERN COUNTIES : YORKSHIRE. 248

Ribston Pippin, Alfriston, St. Sauveur, Lord Burghley, Pearson’s
Plate, Hawthornden, and Lord Suffield being about the worst in
that respect,

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Dessert.—Red Astrachan, Devonshire Quarrenden, King of the
Pippins, Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Ribston Pippin
Mannington’s Pearmain, Reinette de Canada, Fearn’s Pippin,
Scarlet Nonpareil, Duke of Devonshire, Sturmer Pippin.

Kitchen.—Lord Suffield, Ecklinville Pippin, Stirling Castle,
Keswick Codlin, Cox’s Pomona, Peasgood’s Nonesuch, Mére de
Ménage, Nonesuch, Tower of Glamis, Alfriston, Northern Green-
ing, Dumelow’s Seedling.

3.—Mr. H. J. Crayton, The Gardens, Grimston Park, Tadcaster,
Yorks.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown mostly on Standard and dwarf
Bush-shaped trees, slightly pruned, and not hard spurred in.
Taking all points into consideration, we consider this form the
best, both for private use and market. The best fruit is obtained
from young trees 10 to 12 years old. The trees are all on the
Crab stock. Situation, sheltered from north and east. We find
that if it be fully exposed to the south-west much fruit is lost
by the winds. Soil, one part good and loamy, resting on mag-
nesian limestone, the other on alluvial soil; subsoil, sandy, in
some cases a deep warpy loam, just above the water mark of
periodical flooding of the River Wharf. Grown in the latter
condition the fruit is generally very fine for the north. I have
known 40 stones of fruit picked from a tree of so-called Red
Balsam, or Scarlet Cockpit. To-day, October 12, we have
picked 35 stones from a Standard tree of Lewis's Incomparable.
There is a good deal of fruit grown hereabouts considering the
latitude. I have been trying to induce those most interested to
plant more Apples for some years past. Standards are the most
liked, because the ground beneath can be cropped or laid down
in grass, the cattle not damaging the trees to any extent. For
my own part I prefer Bush-shaped trees, if the fruit alone is to
be considered, because of the ease in gathering the fruit, and
because the trees are ready of access, they can be more
regularly pruned, and will consequently produce finer fruit—an
important advantage. Further, there would not be such heavy
losses by winds in the autumn. For choice dessert Apples I do
not think there is a more profitable way to grow them than by
Espaliers. Pyramidal-shaped trees we do not care much about,
unless the natural habit of the tree causes it to grow in that

Q2

944 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

form. I ought to mention that we are here much more favour-
ably situated than others in many other parts of Yorkshire as to
altitude, being about 100 feet above the sea-level.

4,—Mr. J. McInvor, Gardener to Sir Joseph Pease, Bart.,
M.P., Hutton Hall, Guisborough.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard trees about 10
years old, grafted on the Crab stock. Hutton Hall Gardens are
comparatively new. The situation is seven miles inland, 400 feet
above sea-level, and we have no old timber in the park. The
gardens are much exposed to gales off the North Sea. The
average rainfall is 89 inches per annum. The soil may be
described as argillaceous, pure and simple; the subsoil consists
of hard blue and yellow clay. By draining, trenching, lmeing,
manuring, and adding large quantities of sea sand, it has been
much improved, and now grows excellent vegetables as well as
Apple trees. The cold and sunless weather we had during July
and the last four weeks will account for the want of colour in

the fruit.
5.—Messrs. J. SuateR & Sons, Malton, North Yorkshire.

Observations.—An interesting representative collection of the
most approved Apples of North Yorkshire. Explanatory tickets
were attached stating the nature of the soil in which grown,
habit and growth of trees, bearing properties, &c.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—All fruit from open Standards, many
of them from old trees, grafted on the Crab, mostly grown in the
valleys of Derwent and Rye, and partially sheltered. Soil, a rich
alluvial loam and clay on the Kimmeridge clay, lying between
oolite ranges of hill and chalk. The Cockpit and Keswick Codlin
are the most universally grown as culinary Apples in the district;
both are very hardy, bear abundantly, and thrive in almost all
situations. Lord Suffield requires shelter, likewise Alexander,
but. in good situations both are fine, early kinds. Ecklinville is
one of recent introduction in the district, is very hardy, and likely
to prove a useful variety for early autumn. For dessert sorts the
Ribston Pippin requires a well-drained soil. Golden Reinette
bears abundantly, and is a hardy and vigorous tree. Blenheim
Orange is much grown; the tree is a very vigorous grower, but
only a moderate bearer, and the quality of the fruit varies much
according to its situation. Golden Russet is a good hardy sort,
and bears well. Adams’ Pearmain is a very abundant bearer,
of moderate growth. The rich alluvial valley of Ryedale is well
adapted for Apples; orchards are numerous, and have produced
much fine fruit. Many of the trees are now getting old, and
should be renewed with young ones.

/

NORTHERN COUNTIES : YORKSHIRE. 945

6.—Mr. G. Summers, Sandbeck Park, Rotherham.

EHahibitor’s Remarks.—The soil here is heavy, on the magne-
sian limestone. Cockpit is a useful Apple, being very much
grown in the old orchards in this county, but inferior to many of
the new varieties. ~Kcklinville Seedling promises to be one of
the best Kitchen Apples grown in this locality. Sturmer Pippin
is one of our best dessert. King of the Pippins is one of the best
croppers; we have not failed to obtain a crop for the past six
years. Warner’s King I consider to be one of the hardiest and
best Kitchen Apples grown here. Emperor Alexander is also
good.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
Yorkshire.

SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. J. Bourne, Longhill, Guisborough.

» W. Cuuck, Brodsworth, Doncaster.
H. J. Cuayton, Grimston, Tadcaster.
» MclInpox, Hutton Hall, Guisborough.
», SLATER & Sons, Malton.

DrEssERT APPLES.

No.of No. of
Name Votes Name Votes
Cox’s Orange Pippin . 5 || Fearn’s Pippin
Blenheim Orange . Golden Russet .
Devonshire Quarrenden Golden Reinette

8 | Green Balsam (or
King of the Pippins French Crab)
Ribston Pippin. . Mannington’s Pear-
Claygate Pearmain i‘ main . Seve

Kerry Pippin

Early Margaret. Margil . . ae

Trish Peach . Red Astrachan . . 1
Adams’ Pearmain . Scarlet Nonpareil

Beauty of Hants Stamford Pippin .
Charlestown Pippin Summer Rose. . .
Cockle’s Pippin . Syke House Russet .

Duke of Devonshire Warner’s King

Emperor Napoleon Worcester Pearmain

Eve (Trumpington) Yellow Ingestrie .

946 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CuLINARY APPLES.

| No. of

Name whites Name

Keswick Codlin. . . 4 || Beauty of Kent
Lord Suffield Blenheim Pippin .

Cockpit .. ‘ Galloway Pippin .

Dumelow’s Seedling , Green Balsam...
New Hawthornden . 3 Hambledon Deux Ans
Stirling Castle . . . Lewis’s Incomparable
Warner’s King . . . Manks’ Codlin. . .
AITStOD 6 a ai es New Large Cockpit .
Callin: « ved ener eetietin « Northern Greening .
Cox’s Pomona .. . Ringer ;

Keklinville Seedling

9 Tower of Glamis
Emperor Alexander .

Winter Hawthornden

Greenup’s Pippm . . Winter Strawberry
Nancy Jackson (or Bess Yorkshire Greening .
Pool) -« pg

|
¢ Se

No. of
Votes

OBO ue VEL.

~ SCOTLAND—SOUTHERN DIVISION,

INCLUDING

| na _ EAST LOTHIAN, LANARKSHIRE, MIDLOTHIAN, | i!

_ PEEBLESSHIRE, ROXBURGHSHIRE, anv WIGTONSHIRE.

SCOTLAND—SOUTH : EAST LOTHIAN, WIGTON. 249

SCOTLAND-—SOUTHERN DIVISION.
Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. P. Brann, Glaisnock, Old Cumnock.

Observations.—Examples small and green.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Gyrown on dwarf Standards, the trees
being about 12 years old, grafted on the Crab. Situation,
sheltered. Soil, heavy and retentive; subsoil, brick-earth. This
is anything but an Apple district, being too cold and bleak,
and at an altitude of 600 feet. Our best bearers are Lord
Suffield, Keswick, and Manks’ Codlin.

2.—Mr. R. P. Brotuerstoy, Tynninghame Gardens, Prestonkirk.

Observations.—A very interesting and representative collec-
tion of Apples, some of the examples being large and fine.

Exiibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees, having the
centre open, from 10 to 80 years old, and mostly grafted on the
Crab. Situation, in kitchen garden, sheltered by trees on the
north-west and east. Soil, naturally ight, but enriched and
deepened through long cultivation ; subsoil, gravel.

8.—Mr. J. Brunton, Gilmerton Gardens, Drem, East Lothian.

Observations.—A remarkably well-grown collection, many of
the examples vying in size and excellence with those grown in
the county of Kent. A carefully prepared tabulated list of the
varieties sent accompanied this collection, denoting the form and
habit of tree, bearing properties, stock, soil on which grown, &c.,
which added greatly to the interest and value.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—All the varieties grown in the gardens
at Gilmerton are grafted on the Paradise stock. Situation, well-
sheltered, with a southern exposure. Soil, good and heavy,
depth 3 feet; subsoil of clay 6 inches, then gravel.

4,—Mr. James Day, The Gardens, Galloway House, Garlieston,
Wigtonshire.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees generally,
planted about 6 years, and believed to be on the Paradise stock.
Situation, within garden walls, low, damp, and sheltered. Soil,
a clayey loam, on gravel or rock. The Galloway Pippin I con-
sider the most reliable of any, being a constant cropper and
good keeper; the fruit is of good size, and suitable for either
culinary purposes or late dessert. The original tree was standing
until a few years back in the grounds or orchard attached to
an old monastery at Wigtown (near here), but is now removed.

250 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5.—Mr. M. Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith, Midlothian.

Observations.—One of the most complete representative
collections submitted ; examples small, and, by comparison with
those grown in more southern and warmer localities, very green
and wanting in colour, and much more acid in flavour. A very
carefully prepared list of the entire collection was submitted by
Mr. Dunn, giving the names, space for name as corrected by
Committee, age of tree, use, season, and quality, &e. Example :—
‘© 90.—Macdonald’s Apple, 70 years, K., free bearer, Decr., raised
at Dalkeith 70 years ago ;’’ such information being of the greatest
importance and value.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Trish Peach, Keswick Codlin, Devonshire Quarrenden, Oslin,
Lord Suffield, Eeklinville, Thorle, Hawthornden, Worcester
Pearmain, Stirling Castle, Kerry Pippin, Tower of Glamis, King
of the Pippins, Warner’s King, Cox’s Orange, Golden Noble,
Ribston, Blenheim, Yorkshire Greening, Court of Wick, Alfriston,
Wellington, Duke of Devonshire, Northern Greening.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Irish Peach, Lord Suffield, Worcestershire Pearmain, Ecklin-
ville, Kerry Pippin, Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Warner’s
King, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Blenheim Pippin, Court of Wick,
Wellington,

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Commonest Varieties—Keswick Codlin, Hawthornden, Lord
Suffield, Manks’ Codlin, Ecklinville, Cellini, Stirling Castle.
Less Common—King of the Pippins, Tower of Glamis, Aitkin’s
Seedling.

General Remarks.—The cultivation has been much improved
in this district within recent years, and a greater interest is being
taken in it by both private and market gardeners. The best
varieties of Apples are in good demand, and everyone is anxious
to adopt the best possible means to grow them to the greatest
perfection. The Free stock is generally found the best for the
soil and climate, but in cold situations the Crab is the hardiest
and most productive. In kitchen gardens, and by amateurs,
Apples on the Paradise stock are commonly grown, and, with

SCOTLAND—SOUTH : MIDLOTHIAN, ROXBURGH. 251

good management and high cultivation, they usually produce
good crops of fine fruit, although when neglected and starved they
quickly get barren and worthless. In all well-managed gardens
and orchards a regular system of annual pruning is followed, and
with all Wall, Bush, and Pyramid trees in gardens summer pinching
of the young shoots is generally practised, although it is not
always done at the proper time and in the systematic manner
which is necessary to produce the best results. Mulching of the
roots of Dwarf trees on the Paradise stock is highly beneficial,
and the application of liquid manure at proper times helps much
to produce the finest fruit. Cordons are grown on a limited scale,
and are useful in small gardens where variety and a few fine
fruit are the chiefobjects. Protection of the blossom of Apples in
spring from late frosts is seldom practised, but with Wall trees
and low Bush trees on the Paradise stock it is an advantage in
cold springs. For market, the largest varieties of Apples, such
as Eicklinville, Lord Suffield, and Warner’s King, find a ready
sale at remunerative prices, and such varieties are now taking
the place of many of the old, small favourites.

6.—J. G. C. Hamitton, Esq., M.P., Dalzell, Motherwell,
Clydesdale. Mr. W. Kina, Gardener.

Observations.—A very interesting contribution of the Apples
of Clydesdale, many of the varieties being unknown to the
Committee. Examples smalJl in comparison with those grown
in the south, very green, deficient in colour, and more acid in
flavour.

Ezhbitor’s Remarks.—Grown principally on old Standard
trees, planted 1823. Situation, south aspect, well sheltered.
Soil, clay ; subsoil, stiff clay.

8.—Messrs. Ormiston & Renwick, The Tub Nurseries, Melrose.

Observations—An extremely interesting and representative
collection of Tweedside Apples ; a printed catalogue of the whole
being on distribution, indicating the sorts, kind of stock, form,
age, &c., of trees from which gathered, with particulars as to the
situation of gardens, soil, &c.

Exhibitors’ Remarks.—With very few exceptions the trees are
grown in the kitchen gardens, around or across the breaks used
for ordinary cropping. All the Culinary sorts mentioned in the
list are successfully grown along Tweedside on both Standards
and Pyramids. The dessert sorts should be grown on walls with
good exposure. On Standards and Pyramids they are generally:
very small,

252 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following collections from the Kitchen Gardens of Tweed-.

side were sent per Messrs. OnmisToN & RENWICK :—

1.—Lady Brewster, Allerley. Mr. P. J ARDINE, Gardener.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Situated on the north side of the
Tweed, opposite Melrose, at an altitude of about 380 feet, with a
southern exposure. Soil, ordinary loam on a gravelly subsoil.

2.—ALEXANDER CURLE, Esq., Priorwood, Melrose. Mr. Wm.
SHARPE, Gardener.

Observations.—A remarkably fine contribution.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The Apple trees are grown as Stand-
ards, Bush, and Pyramids, grafted on the Free and Paradise
stocks. They are about 6 years old. None of them have been
root-pruned yet, but this season we shall go over most of them.
They are summer pinched, and pruned early in spring. The
garden is situate close to Melrose Abbey, 280 feet above the sea-
level, and partlysheltered. Soil, a good sound loam, with gravelly
subsoil. This is a splendid district for fruit, especially in the
immediate vicinity of Melrose Abbey.

8.—JamEs Cure, Esq., Harleyburn. Mr. W. Rouwo, Gardener.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Garden situate 330 feet above the sea-
level, and exposed to the west and north-west winds. Soil, a heavy
red clay (greatly improved by large quantities of ashes dug in),
with a cold tilly subsoil. }

4,—The Rev. M. H. Granam, Maxton Manse.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situation on the south bank of the
Tweed, 260 feet above sea-level. Soil, heavy clay, 15 inches
deep, with a cold, stiff subsoil. Here Lord Suffield and Stirling
Castle canker very early. The trees are summer pinched, and
pruned early in spring.

5.—Lieut.-Gen. Henry, C.B., Pavilion. Mr. W. Dick, Gardener.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Situated 150 yards from the north
side of the Tweed, at an altitude of 455 feet. Soil, a sandy loam,
with a gravelly subsoil. The trees are growing in grass, formerly
cultivated as a kitchen garden.

6.—The Eart or Home, Hirsel, Coldstream. Mr. Joun Carrs,
Gardener.

Observations.—Most of the examples large and well grown,

paler in colour, but otherwise equal to the best fruits grown in

the south.

SCOTLAND—SOUTH : ROXBURGH. 258

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Our Apple trees are grown on the
Standard, Pyramid, and Bush form, principally the former, being
trained with spreading heads and close pruned; those trained
otherwise are also kept close pruned. Root-pruning is regularly
attended to, so many trees being done every year. They are
grafted mostly on the Crab, a few Bush trees being on the
Paradise. Situation, partly sheltered. Soil, a good strong loam ;
subsoil, inclined to clay. Weare about a mile from the River
Tweed, and fourteen from the sea. We suffer much from spring
frosts, the blossom being often destroyed. For small gardens we
would recommend the Paradise stock.

7.—Miss Scorr Macpoucatu, Makerstoun. Mr. JAMES
FAIRBAIRN, Gardener.
Observations.—Examples large and very well grown.
Exhnbitor’s Remarks.—The garden is situate on the north
bank of the Tweed. It is flat, and well sheltered on all sides.
Soil, a good loam ; subsoil, gravelly.

8.—The Hon. J. C. Maxwexuu-Scort, Abbotsford. Mr. Henry
Scort, Gardener.

Observations.—Examples very fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Trees mostly grown as Pyramids.
Garden situate on the south side and close to the Tweed, 400
feet above the sea-level, with south-west exposure. Soil, a light
loam on a gravelly subsoil.

9.—Mrs. Meixiam, Gladswood. Mr. GrorcE Grey, Gardener.
Observations.—Examples of good size.
Exhibitor's Remarks.—The garden is situate 500 feet above

the sea-level, on a high bank, 260 feet above and close to the
Tweed. Soil, a strong, stiff clay, with cold, tenacious subsoil.

10.—Lord Potwartsu, VMertoun, St. Boswell’s. Mr. WinbIAM
FowLeR, Gardener.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Our trees may all be termed Dwarf
Standards, from 18 to 20 years of age, grafted on the Crab. The
garden is situate on the north side of the Tweed, on a sloping
bank, facing southwards. Soil, a good ordinary loam ; subsoil,
gravelly.

TH, oe) para TENNANT, Esq., The Glen, Innerleithen. Mr. M.
McInrvre, Gardener.
Observations.—Examples of fair average size.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—Examples grown on walls. The
gardens are 800 feet above the sea-level, with a southern
exposure. Soil, a heavy clay; subsoil, rock and till.

254

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY fs

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Scot-

land—South Division.
SELECTED (1888) By

Mr. R. P. Brotuerston, Tynninghame, Prestonkirk.
Brunton, Gilmerton, Drem.

», Catrns, Hirsel, N.B.

J. CurxLE, Esq., Harleyburn.

99.

_Mr. J. Day, Galloway House, Garlieston.

M. Dunn, Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith.
W. Fowter, VMertoun, St. Boswell’s.
» .W. Kina, Dalzell, Motherwell.
Messrs. OrnmiIsTON & Renwick, Melrose.

9

+B]

DrEssERT APPLES.

Name Votes Name Votes
King of the Pippins . 7 Cox’s Orange Pippin.
Ribston Pippin . Cox’s Pomona. ...
Kerry Pippin 6 || Dalzell Manse . ‘
Blenheim Orange . 5 Duchess of Olden-
Devonshire Quarrenden burg

Cambusnethan rae
Trish Peach .

|
:
:

Dutch Mienonne why.
Fearn’s Pippin

Thorle . Friar Pippin
Claygate Pearmain . Galloway Pippin .
Karly Harvest Golden Monday
Egg or White Paradise 3 || Golden Reinette .
Gravenstein . Golden Pearmain .
Worcester Pearmain Hubbard’s Russet
American Apple. . Lady Apple. . . . 1
Kast Lothian Beedling | Lady Henniker
Margil . : Margaret

Oslin %. a ‘ 9 || Nonpareil

Red Astrachan . Nonesuch . .
Sturmer Pippin . Old Golden Pippin
Wyken Pippin Pomeroy ..
Yellow Ingestrie Red Calendar .
Adams’ Pearmain . Royal Pearmain .
Beauty of Kent . Royal Somerset
Boston Russet . Silver Saturday
Cellini Pippin 1 Stone Pippin . .
Cornish Aromatic . White Moncrieff .
Court Pendu Plat Winter Strawberry
Court of Wick Winter Pearmain .

Name

Lord Suffield ,
Keklinyille Seedling
Stirling Castle .
Warner’s King .
Alfriston .
Dumelow’s Seedling .
Keswick Codlin .
Cellini .

Cox’s Pomona .
Manks’ Codlin .
Duchess of Oldenburg
Fullwood .

Golden Noble
Hawthornden

Mére de Ménage
New Hawthornden
Northern Greening
Small’s Admirable.
Stoup apa ;
Atkin’s No. 2
Baltimore

Betty Geeson
Blenheim Orange . :
Carse o’ Gowrie
Dolphin

Duke of Devoushire
Dutch Fullwood

SCOTLAND—-SOUTH.

CuLINARY APPLES.

3
aa

No. of
Votes

9

Name

Emperor Alexander .
Galloway Pippin .
Grenadier .
Improved
Codlin .
Kentish Fillbasket
Lauder Lud
Late Marrow
Leadington. . .
Luffness Matchless
Nelson’s Codlin
Norfolk Storing
Pott’s Seedling
Red Ingestrie .
Royal Codlin

Keswick

Reinette de Canada

Sheep’s Head .
Stone’s Apple .
Tower of Glamis .
Violette .

Waltham Abbey 8 Seed-

ines 5 ey 2
White Melrose.
Winter Fullwood .
Willy Bonny
Yorkshire Greening .

255

No. of
Votes

SROUE. VIET.

_ $COTLAND—MIDLAND DIVISION.

FORFARSHIRE AND PERTHSHIRE.

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ort; Fay « a a ~ ih 4 Fw
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. ’

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND. 259

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND DIVISION.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. J. Cameron, Auchterarder House, Perthshire.

Observations.—Examples small and deficient in colour, ex-
cepting those grown on walls.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standards in borders
inside a walled garden, varying in age from 20 to 50 years.
Situation, sheltered, facing north. Soil, stiff black loam,
approaching clay. ‘Trees are much given to canker if bruised,
and very much covered with moss in winter. The sun’s rays
strike but a very small portion of the ground, and in mid-winter
the sun is not seen. Stirling Castle, King of the Pippins, Lord
Suffield, and Hawthornden bear well almost every year.

2.—Mr. D. Doe, The Gardens, Rossie Priory, Inchture,
Perthshire.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush trees from 6 to 15
feet high, planted in the borders by the sides of the walks in a
Intchen garden. Those which are grafted on the Free stock are
about 50 years old; the others, on the Paradise, are about 12
years; upon this stock some varieties do not succeed, the trees
becoming cankered. The gardens are well sheltered by trees,
and are situated at the bottom of a hill, about 80 feet above the
sea-level. Soil, a black loam 18 inches deep; subsoil, a sandy
gravel, very deep. The lowest part of the ground is subject to -
hoar frosts and fog. Both trees and fruit are very subject to the
growth of lichen.

3.—Mr. P. W. Farreritve, The Gardens, Dunkeld, Perth.

Observations.—Examples mostly small and deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on dwarf Standard and Bush
trees 8 years old, mostly grafted on the Paradise. Situation,
sheltered, with a south aspect, 176 feet above sea-level. Soil,
hight; subsoil, gravel.

4,—Mr. A. McKinnon, Gardener, Scone Palace, Perth.

Observations.—A very interesting and excellent contribution.
Many examples large and fine.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Bush, Pyramid, and Espa-
lier trees, grafted on the Paradise and Free stocks. Situation,
low, but sheltered on all sides. Soil, a heavy rich loam, resting
on a clay bottom. Apples in this part of Scotland are very late
and very small.

R2

260 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5.—Mr. McDonatp, Woodlands House, Perth.

Observations.—Exxamples of Cellini, very large and fine,
stated to have been grown on Cordon on Paradise stock.

6.—My. Joun Rep, Gardener to The Honourable Mrs. Trotter,
Ballindean, Inchture.

Observations—A fairly good collection, the fruit being of
good size, but wanting in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standard and Bush trees
about 50 years old, but little interfered with in the way of prun-
ing, and allowed plenty of room. They are mostly grafted on
the Free stock, some on Paradise, and grown in open orchard on
grass. Soil, a good loam, with clay subsoil. I sent a very small
collection of Apples, some 20 sorts, but they comprise nearly all
the kinds of real value in the East of Scotland ; at least all that
have come under my observation, and I happen to have had a
good deal to do with Apples. The orchard, which I have had for
30 years under my charge (some 8 or 10 acres), was planted by
my father-in-law about 60 years ago; and he, being a great
fancier of Apples, gathered together all the varieties he could
secure. Many of these I have regrafted with others, but still
we have about 100 sorts, specimens of which I might have for-
warded. As I have sold fruit in the Dundee Market, which is
perhaps the largest market in Scotland for home-grown Apples,
I am able to assert that there are not more than 20 or 30 sorts
of any value that ever appear in the market. One-half of our
present kinds of Apples ought to be swept out of the list altogether,
as small Apples are a perfect drug in the market. I find that
any good soft eating Apple will sell in the summer months,
but the kinds that are the most valuable are the Codlins, and
Apples of that sort. They can be sold in large quantities, big
and little, just as they come off the trees, for making jelly.
Eating or table Apples are but little sought after in August or
September, as there are plenty of other fruits, but in October
such sorts as Irish Green, Winter Strawberry, Lady’s Finger,
and King of the Pippins sell fairly well. Thirty years ago there
was scarcely any use for cooking Apples, good eating Apples
being all that was required ; now the whole demand is for large
cooking Apples, while eating or dessert Apples (for winter
especially) are driven out of the market by the American kinds.
Warner’s King, Stirling Castle, Manks’ Codlin, Hawthornden,
and Cellini are varieties that pay well for autumn use; and
Yorkshire Greening, Tower of Glamis, and Grey Cheek for winter
use, the latter being a very valuable sort. These Apples I have
named were the leading sorts 80 vears ago, and they are the
leading sorts stall.

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND, 261

7.—Dr. Rosertson, Fern Bank House, Errol.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on Standards and Bush trees,
from 12 to 100 years old; the Standard trees on the Crab stock,
the others on the Paradise. Situation, in walled garden, sheltered.
Soil, a pretty good black loam; subsoil, a useless clay, red in
colour, and entirely unfit for vegetation. The Ribston Pippin
requires a wall here and a southern aspect, otherwise it is apt
to canker. Ina cold subsoil the New Hawthornden is very apt
to canker, otherwise it is an excellent sort. In the numerous
Carse orchards here, I am sorry to say, fruit culture has been
much neglected, both as to root and top pruning, as well as in
manuring and in the proper selection of kinds, many large
orchards getting no attention whatever. The Carse of Gowrie
is a splendid fruit district. I have known samples of Lord
Suffield grown here by amateurs, on the Crab stock, 174 ounces
in weight. In my opinion fruit is not half so well cultivated
here as it might and ought to be. We want, in fact, more
enlightened cultivation.

8.—Mr. GEoraE Kipp, The Gardens, Megginch Castle, Errol.

Observations.—Examples of good size and quality.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Apples grown as Standards, from 7 to
20 years old, grafted on the Paradise stock. They are planted in
the borders round the garden. Soil, a heavy clay, trenched, and
manured round the roots all the winter. I have over 170 trees,
and I lift a number of them every year, give them new soil, and
then plant them again where they were. Each tree is lifted every
third year in rotation. If weather permits, I begin replanting
them about the 1st of November.

9.—Mr. BENvie, Gardener to J.‘B. Morrison, Esq.,
Murie, Errol.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Apple trees are mostly large Standard,
from 50 to 100 years old, on the Crab stock. A few Dwarf trees
on the Paradise. Situation, good, with a south exposure, and
on the highest part of the Carse. They are grown on pasture
and on cultivated ground. Soil, clay and a rich loam; subsoil,
partly sand and partly clay.

10.—The Rev. W. Wuyrte, U.P., Manse, Pitrodie, Perth.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on large Standard trees, from
50 to 100 years old, grafted on the Crab or Free stock. Situation,
sheltered, with a good southern exposure. Soil, a strong damp
clay.

262, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Scotland—
Midland Division.

SELECTED (1888) BY

. J. CAMERON, Auchterarder House, Auchterarder.
» D. Dore, Bossie Priory, Inchture.
P. W. Farrarieve, Dunkeld House, Dunkeld.
,, A. Forbes, Pitfour Castle, Perth.
», G. Kipp, Megginch Castle.
», A. McKinnon, Scone Palace, Perth.
,», J. Rew, Ballindean, Inchture.
Dr. Rosertson, L7rrol.

DrEssERT APPLEs.

No. of
Votes

No. of

:
Votes Name

King of the Pippins . 7 || Early Margaret
Ribston Pippin . “ 6 Emperor Alexander .
- Golden Pippin . , Kye, or Irish Pitcher
Kerry Pippin : 4 || Fearn’s Pippin
Summer Whorle ; Golden Russet .
Court of Wick : } Gravenstein Pippin .
Devonshire Quarrenden 3 Irish Green.
Winter Strawberry. . Lass o’ Gowrie
Arbroath Pippin (Oslin) Majestic . he"
Blenheim Orange . Mannington’s Pear-
Cambusnethan Pippin main . aie
Claygate Pearmain. . Mother
Cox’s Orange eee ; Oslin...
Irish Peach : ; 2 || Paradise, or Lady's s
Orange Pippin , Finger
Ravelston Pippin : Paradise Pippin
Sturmer Pippin . : Pearson’s Plate
Summer Strawberry . Pine Golden Russet .
Worcester Pearmain . Professor : ,
Cellini . ants : Red Ingestrie . . .
Cockle’s Pippm. . . Red Astrachan F
Court Pendu Plat . . Reinette Jaune Hative
Cupar Market : J] Scarlet Nonpareil .
Downton Pippin ; Striped Beefing
Duke of Devonshire . Trumpington . .
Dutch Mignonne ‘ White Juneating .
Karly Julien. . . . Wyken Pippin .

SCOTLAND—MIDLAND. 268

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name ote Name Votes
Stirling Castle . . . 8 Dunmore Pearmain .
Tower of Glamis 7 7 Dutch Codlin . j
Lord Suffield. . .. 6 Early Julien ..
Warner’s King. . . Eve, or Manks’ Codlin

ert P Hambledon Deux Ans
Dumelow’s Seedling . 4 || Hill’s Seedling. . .
Keklinville Seedling Jolly Beggar . .
Keswick Codliin. . . Lady Henniker .
Emperor Alexander . Lord Derby. . .
Hawthornden Nelson’s Glory .

Lord Dunmore. . . 3 Norfolk Bearer. . . 1
Manks’ Codlin ; Old Golden Pippin .

New Hawthornden. . Phillip’s Seedling

Yorkshire Greening (Cellimy . ss <s
LS a a 2 || Pott’s Seedling ..
[A a cr Ringer .

Baldwin Foe Round Winter ‘None-

Betty Geeson nae sich. «

Blenheim Pippin . . 1 Small’s Incomparable
Carlisle Codlin . . . White Codlin .. .
Catshead . tor Winter Hawthornden

Cox’s Pomona :

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3

- SCOTLAND—NORTHERN DIVISION.

MORAYSHIRE AND ORKNEY.

SCOTLAND—NORTH. 267

SCOTLAND—NORTHERN DIVISION.
Exhibitors.

1.—Mr. JoHn Crark, Gardener, Brodie Castle, Morayshire.

Observations.—Examples small, but the contribution interest-
ing as containing many of the earlier Scottish Apples.

Exhibitor’s Remarks.—All grown on Standard trees, with
one exception, viz., Paradise Pippin, or Adams’ Apple, which is
from an old Espalier. The trees are about 25 years old, and
mostly grafted on the Crab, with a few on the Paradise. Situa-
tion, sheltered. Soil, a black sandy loam; subsoil, gravel, with
oxide of iron in it. On comparing notes with others, I have
come to the conclusion that Apples do not grow to the same size
nor ripen so well in thenorth as they used to. A neighbour was
telling me that he was rooting out all the tender kinds, and
substituting Kitchen sorts, such as Lord Suffield, Stirling
Castle, and Tower of Glamis. Lord Suffield is one of the most
constant bearers we have, as also is Brown Codlin, a sort that
does well here, and is esteemed for a fine aromatic flavour when
cooked. Golden Pippin (? Downton) grows without any trace
of canker, but the fruit has been so small of late years that it is
comparatively worthless. The same may be said of all the small
sorts. Hawthornden and Ribston Pippin both canker very much,
so also does Cellini and Stirling Castle on the Paradise stock.
I consider the subsoil here very bad for fruit trees, being so very
much impregnated with iron and a black hard substance locally
called Pan or Moray crust.

2.—Mr. THomas McDonatp, Balfour Castle Gardens,
Kirkwall, Orkney.

Observations.—An extremely interesting contribution from so
northern a latitude; the examples small, very green, hard, and
acid.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on trained trees, on walls, from
8 to 30 years of age, and generally bear a very fair crop.

268

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Scotland—
North Division.
SELECTED (1883) By

Mr. J. Cuark, Brodie Castle, Morayshire.
», L.McDonaxp, Balfour Castle, Orkney.

Name

Golden Pippin

(? Downton) .
Ribston Pippin. .
Adams’ Apple (or Para-

dise Pippin) . .
Blenheim Orange :
Boston Russet .
Brabant Bellefieur .
Early Harvest

Name

Lord Suffield
Stirling Castle .
Alexander

Brown Codlin .
Carlisle Codlin .
Dutch Codlin
Hawthornden ..
Kentish Fillbasket .

Dessert APPLES.

No. of |!
Votes

No. of
Name Votes
_Gogar Pippm . .
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
| Late eee
Oslin. .
_ Peach ‘Apple 1

Pitmaston Nonpareil

| Red Astrachan

Strawberry Pippin
Summer Thorle

APPLES.
Name

Keswick Codlin

Lady Apple (?).
Nonesuch .

Norfolk Beefing
Northern Greening
Tower of Glamis . .
Yorkshire Greening .

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WALES. 271

SOUTH WALES.
Exhibitors.

1.—General Benson, C.B., Fairy Hill, Swansea.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Gathered mostly from Standard trees
about 20 years old, and others from old trees on the farm.
Situation, 24 miles from the sea, on the Gower Coast, and much
exposed to wind. Soil, limestone, also sandstone and clay.
Ribston Russet is the common Apple of the country. Old trees
are great bearers, such as Hoary Morning and Bevan’s Seed-
ling, a variety raised from Hoary Morning 20 years ago.
Ribston Pippin will not do well here, as it cankers.

2.—Mr. G. Grirrin, Slebeck Park, Haverfordwest.
Observations.—A very fine, well-grown collection.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—These Apples are the produce of the
orchards here, which contain nearly every variety grown in the
county. They are grown on Standard and Bush trees on the
Crab ; some are aged, slow-growing trees, and very fruitful,
but are very subject to the growth of lichen, which is kept under
by dusting with fresh lime on damp days in winter. Situation,
bank of tidal river, 10 miles from sea, and exposed to the south-
west gales off the Atlantic. Soil, heavy, rather shallow, on clay
mixed with broken Silurian rock; well drained. Few Apples
are grown, there not being a sufficient quantity for the demand.
When there is a full crop in England, the local fruiterers receive
large consignments. The soil appears to be too cold and damp,
and the trees canker; but here the soil is well-drained, and
good varieties are planted, and there is a good return.

SELECTION OF TWENTY-FOUR VARIETIES MOST SUITED FOR
CULTURE IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Culinary.—Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Kentish Fill-
basket, Alfriston, Hcklinville Seedling, Tower of Glamis,
Warner’s King, Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Mére
de Ménage, Striped Beefing, Hanwell Souring. Dessert.—Early
Harvest, Irish Peach, Devonshire Quarrenden, Kerry Pippin,
Fearn’s Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Wyken Pippin, King of the
Pippins, Claygate Pearmain, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Dutch
Mignonne, Sturmer Pippin.

SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES MOST SUITED FoR CULTURE
IN THE District, NAMED IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION.

Culinary.—Hawthornden, Kentish Fillbasket, Alfriston,
Dumelow’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Hanwell Souring.
Dessert.—Early MHarvest, Devonshire Quarrenden, Fearn’s

Pippin, Ribston Pippin, Wyken Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin.

272

~

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SELECTION OF TEN VARIETIES SUITED FOR MARKET CULTURE.

Hawthornden, Keswick Codlin, Kentish Fillbasket, Blen-
heim Orange, Striped Beefing, Alfriston, King of Pippins,
Hanwell Souring, Wyken Pippin, Devonshire Quarrenden. These

are all heavy croppers here.

There is no systematic growing

of fruit for market in this county.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in
South Wales.

SELECTED (1883) By

General Benson, C.B.,

Fairy Hill, Swansea.

Mr. GrorcE GrirFin, Haverfordwest.

DESSERT

No. of |
Votes |

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin . 2
Blenheim Orange .
Carraway Russet ; |
Cockle’s Pippin . , ;

Devonshire Quarrenden
Fearn’s Pippm . . .
Kerry Pippin . |
CULINARY
. No. of |
Rinse Votes |
|
Atistor ys sehr
Keswick Codin. . . | |
Wellington (Dumelow’s | |

)
|
Seedling) . . . )
Beauty of Kent. . ., )
Blenheim Orange |
Catshead Codlin
Dredge’s Emperor. . 1 |
Gloria Mundi ate |
Gravenstein . )
Hanwell Souring )
Hawthornden |

APPLES.

Name yoies

:
King of the Pippins . |
Lodgemore Nonpareil | |
Pitmaston Russet |
Nonpareil . . . 1

Red Astrachan
Scarlet Nonpareil .
Wyken Pippin .
APPLES.

Name Votes

Hoary Morning

| Lord Suffield

Minchall Crab .

New Hawthornden
Northern Greening .
Reinette de Canada . 1
Royal Pearmain

Royal Russet

Warner’s King

Winter Greening

(Freneh Crab) .

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JERSEY.
Ss

\ r

CHANNEL ISLANDS. 275

JERSEY.
Exlubitor.

Mr. C. B. SaunpDERS, Cesarean Nurseries, St. Helier’s, Jersey.

Observations.—These, as representative of the Apples grown
in Jersey, which are generally supposed to be greatly superior
to those grown even in Kent, were of great interest.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—Grown on dwarf Bush and Pyramidal
trees, some of the Ribston Pippins being against walls. They
are mostly grafted on Paradise stock. Situation, elevated, but
sheltered by trees and hedges. Soil, a strong loam, upon a clay
subsoil. Apple trees thrive and are very productive in the island
of Jersey wherever a good stiff soil and an airy situation are at
command. Shelter is necessary, both for the protection of the
blossoms from the cold winds of spring, and the crops from the
autumnal gales. Many of the smaller dessert sorts produce
large quantities of excellent fruit on the Paradise stock, whilst
the stronger growing and more vigorous kinds, producing the
larger fruits, thrive best on the Crab stock. These last are
mostly culinary kinds, and may be kept upon a damp dark floor,
or in a cold airy loft. I give preference to the former, as it
preserves the flavour of the fruit, if they do not keep so long.
Covering dessert Apples whilst in store with large sheets of
white paper greatly improves the appearance, whether intended
for the dessert table or for sale.

Varieties of Apples suitable for Cultivation in Jersey.

SELECTED BY
Mr. C. B. Saunpers, St. Helier’s, Jersey.

Dessert Apples.—Court of Wick, Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Downton Pippin, Hicks’ Fancy, Hooper’s Seedling, King of the
Pippins, Pigeonette, Reinette de Versailles, Red Astrachan,
Ribston Pippin, Stibbert, Yellow Ingestrie.

Culinary Apples.—Blenheim Orange, Cox’s Pomona, English
Codlin, Golden Noble, Grand Alexander, Emperor Alexander,
Hawthornden, Jacques Lebel, Lord. Suffield, Monstrous Pippin,
Reinette de Canada, Royal Russet, Scarlet Pearmain.

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GROUP. XII.

IRELAND.

IRELAND. 279

IRELAND.

Exhibitors.
1.—Mr. GrorGe Epaar, Gardener, Crossgar, Co. Down.
2.—Mr. H. Waker, Derry.

Observations.—Examples deficient in colour.

Exhibitor's Remarks.—The two finest dessert Apples here are
the Irish Peach and Summer Strawberry; the former is a fine
habited tree, and a sure bearer, but the fruits are not large; the
latter is a thin bearer, but equal in quality to any of the
American kinds. In our windy climate both are deserving of
walls; they are not pruned, the shoots being simply laid in.
Ecklinville and Keswick Codlin are very fine free-bearing sorts.
Lord Suffield, as a dwarf tree, bears a greater weight than any
other, and the fruit are larger. King of the Pippins bears very
freely, the fruit being of splendid colour, hanging lke ropes of
onions, and at a distance resembling a crop of oranges. Our
local ‘‘ Ballyfatten’’ is a constant bearer, of a dry, mild flavour,
and is an excellent baker. ‘‘Green Chisel,” ‘‘Green Sweet,’* and
“ Red Kane” are local sorts of repute. The “Jane Moyle”
(Jennet Moyle), brought by the monks to Mongavelin Castle,
near here, is as fine as a Ribston. I would say that single
vertical Apple trees on walls would supply high-class fruits,
without spurring or ‘“pinching,’’ as it is called here, as this
treatment has decimated everything in our soft climate. Long-
wooded kinds require space and time to mature; cutting back
closely is productive of immature shoots, and pinching is infi-
nitely worse.

280 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

List of Varieties selected by the Exhibitors as best
suited for Cultivation. Arranged in Order of
Selection ; those receiving only One Vote being
omitted.

GROUP I.
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).
Number of Voters... nts ae 22 we we 46

DESSERT APPLES.

/
Name Votes Name Voies
Cox’s Orange Pippin . 37 | Adams’ Pearmain. . 4
King of the Pippins . 34 | Reinette de Canada .
Ribston Pippm. . . 27 | Lord Burghley.
Blenheim Orange . . 19 | Winter Quoining .
Kerry Pippin. .. . 18 | Golden Pippin .
Cockle’s Pippm. . . Old Nonpareil .
Devonshire Quarrenden 15 | Golden Reinette
Court Pendu Plat . Winter Pearmain . S
Sturmer Pippin. . . Rosemary Russet .
Scarlet Nonpareil . | 14 Cornish Gilliflower
Trish Peach . ; Boston Russet .
Yellow Ingestrie Syke House Russet
Fearn’s Pippn . . . 12 | Melon ;
Worcester Pearmain . 11 | Northern Spy .
Claygate Pearmain. . |) 49 Summer Pippin
Margil. . . : | Juneating
Mannington’s Pearmain 8 Downton '
Mr. Gladstone . . . | Cornish Aromatic .
Red Astrachan. . . Pearson’s Plate
Lemon eit <i Bak | | Red Juneating . 4
Court of Wick \| g | Russet Nonpareil. . 2,

Coe’s Golden Drop
Early Harvest .
Wormsley Pippin .
Golden Knob 5 Early or Summer
Herefordshire Pearmain Nonpareil

Wyken Pippin |
Duchess’s Favourite * Reinette de Caux

Duchess of Oldenburg
Gravenstein .

Dutch Mignonne 4 | Lamb Abbey Pearmain
Braddick’s N onpareil .

SELECTED APPLES 281

CuLINARY APPLES.

Name Votes Name Votes
Dumelow’s Seedling . 88 || Round WinterNonesuch
Lord Suffeld .. . 36 || Frogmore Prolific |
Warner’s King. . . 27 || Gloria Mundi . 4
Keswick Codlin. . . 26 || Pott’s Seedling
Blenheim Orange . . 25 || Peasgood’s Nonesuch :
New or Winter Haw- Tower of Glamis .

a 21 || Gooseberry Apple .
Selmi. . . ; 18 || Hollandbury
Kceklinville Seedling - las Yorkshire Beauty .
Stirling Castle . | Grenadier .

Golden Noble . .. }| 14 Hambledon Deux Ans
Manks’ Codlin . } Brabant Bellefleur

Cox’s Pomona 12 || Betty Geeson .

Alfriston . Royal Russet
Hawthornden 11 || Lane’s Prince Albert

Mére de Ménage Dutch Codlin .

Loddington Seedling . Worcester Pearmain .
Beauty of Kent . 10 || Lady Henniker

Emperor Alexander French Crab :
Annie Elizabeth . . 8 || Hoary Morning . . | 9
ne 7 || Reinette de Canada . /
Lord Derby . Flower of Kent

Northern Greening . 13 || Dutch Mignonne .

Norfolk Beefing i mt 6 || Small’s Admirable
Winter Quoining Bn London Pippin
Bedfordshire F oundling Nonesuch

Bess Pool. 5 || Lemon Pippin .
Yorkshire Greening ‘3 Hubbard’s Pearmain
Hanwell Souring . . 4 || Norfolk Bearer

NoTE.—B!enheim Orange—-Dessert, 19 votes | yy. ae
Culinary, 25 ,,

3? ”

282 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GROUP IT.
EASTERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Voters... nae wa ae es 9

DESSERT APPLES.

. No. of y No.of

Name Votes Name Ras
Cox’s Orange Pippin . 6 | Red Quarrenden . | 3
Blenheim Orange . . Golden Winter Pearmain |
Kerry Pippi.” . pjeu Lord Lennox . . . |
Ixidh Poach 7/.4)..% iv"? ‘|| Russet Nonpareil . ) 2
Sturmer Pippin. . . Scarlet Nonpareil. . |
Golden Harvey. . . 8 || Ribston Pippin . . | |

{
Cutinary APPLES.

A No. of | : No.of

Name Vokes | Name Wide
Lord Suffield... Beauty of Kent |
Dumelow’s Seedling . 5 || Cox’s Pomona. . .
Warner’s King. . . | Ecklinville Seedling . 9
Blenheim Orange . . 4 | Gravenstein ae
Keswick Codlin . |Hawthornden. . .

Hawthornden .. . 8 | Norfolk Bearer

NotEeE.—Blenheim Orange—Dessert, 4 votes

” ” Culinary, 4. ,, , 8 votes.

; _“-nee € cv
¢ o -
Fe °

SELECTED APPLES.

GROUP ITI.
MIDLAND COUNTIES—SOUTH (ENGLAND).

Number of Voters

DrEssERT APPLES.

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin
King of the Pippins
Ribston Pippin .
Kerry Pippin.
Devonshire Quarrenden
Sturmer Pippin .

Irish Peach

Fearn’s Pippin .
Claygate Pearmain .
Adams’ Pearmain .
Scarlet Nonpareil .
Wyken Pippin ae
Court of Wick . . .
Court Pendu Plat .

No.of )
Votes )

iF

4 |

CULINARY APPLES.

| No.of
Votes,

Name |
Lord Suffeld. . .. )
Keswick Codlin .
Blenheim Orange .
Dumelow’s Seedling
UO eS
Golden Noble a:
Ecklinyille Seeding . |
Hawthornden ‘

. Cox’s Pomona « . . }
Lord Derby . J
Lord Grosvenor.

Stirling Castle .

New or Winter Haw- \!
thornden

Manks’ Codlin

NotTE.—Blenheim Orange—Dessert,
Culinary, 12 _,,

” ”

Or “10 © =

283
15
Name (SS
Mr. Gladstone . :
Braddick’s Nonpareil 4
Worcester Pearmain. |
Blenheim Orange. . ‘
Margil sae 9
Cockle’s Pippin A
Yellow Ingestrie .
Karly Margaret
Golden Reinette
Scarlet Pearmain . 9
Mannington’s Pearmain
Early Julien ;
Mabbot’s Pearmain . |
{
+ No.of
Sain Votes
| Emperor Alexander . ioe, 4
| Norfolk Beefing
| Alfriston . :
Mere de Ménage ; 3

y
| Duchess of Oldenburg i

Grenadier
Beauty of Kent

Betty Geeson .
Tower of Glamis .

| Hanwell Souring .
| Rymer .
) lized S Basti Adina

Peasgood’s Nonesuch
French Crab

| Rosemary Russet .

3 votes : 15 votes,

284

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GROUP LV.

MIDLAND COUNTIES—NORTH

Number of Voters

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin .

Blenheim Orange
King of the Pippins
Ribston Pippin .
Irish Peach

Court of Wick "
Court Pendu Plat .
Kerry Pippin.
Sturmer Pippin .
Fearn’s Pippin .
Maltster

Mr. Gladstone .
Nonpareil. .
Wyken Pippin

Name

DEssERT APPLES.

No. of

Votes

Votes

Lord Suffield.
Keswick Codlin .
Dumelow’s Seedling
Cellini . ;
Warner’s King .
Keklinville Seedling
Golden Noble
Alfriston . :
Blenheim Orange .
New or Winter
Hawthornden
Queen Caroline .
Annie Elizabeth
Hawthornden
Duchess of Oldenburg
Northern Greening

NoTE.—Blenheim Orange—Dessert, 7 votes
Culinary,4 ,,

”

”

(ENGLAND).
11
2 No. of
Name Votes

Adams’ Pearmain.
Karly Margaret

_ Golden Pippin .
| Golden Reinette .

Golden Winter Pear-

main

Juneating

Margil .
Newtown Pippin .

' Old Bess Pool .

“
; 6
i P

4

}

3 |

|

CULINARY

No. of

ot 9
? 8
alse
| 5
|
3

Improved Bess Pool
Claygate Pearmain
Scarlet Nonpareil .

APPLES.

Name.

Lord Grosvenor
Mére de Ménage .
Betty Geeson .
Cox’s Pomona . ,
Emperor Alexander .
Costard .

Rymer

Domino. .

Manks’ Codlin .
Minchal Crab .

Pott’s Seedling ‘
Small’s Admirable
Stirling Castle .
Wareham Russet .
Yorkshire Greening .

to

} 11 votes.

SELECTED APPLES.

285

GROUP V.

WESTERN COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

Number of Voters

DEssERT APPLES.

No. of

a Votes

Cox’s Orange Pippin . 12
King of the Pippims .

Ribston Pippin . ‘ 11

Trish Peach . 8

Margil . 6

Court Pendu Plat .
Devonshire Quarrenden
Kerry Pippin.

Blenheim Orange .
Ashmead’s Kernel .
Sturmer Pippin .

Scarlet Nonpareil
Yellow Ingestrie
Wyken Pippin

Cornish Gilliflower .

4

i
]

3

Name

Fearn’s Pippin.
Worcester Pearmain .
Red Astrachan .
Adams’ Pearmain.
Mannington’s Pearmain
Crimson Queening
Old Nonpareil .
Nonpareil :
Golden Winter Pear-
main . t
London Pippin
Duke of Devonshire .
Cockle’s Pippin
Court of Wick .
Claygate Pearmain

CuLINARY APPLES.

No. of
Name Votes
Blenheim Orange . .
Dumelow’s Seedling . 14
Keswick Codlin . ‘
Lord Suffield ; 13
Warner’s King . 10
Hawthornden é 8
New or Winter Haw-
thornden i
Golden Noble G
Tom Putt.
Cellini. .
Keklinville beodline

Stirling Castle .
Tower of Glamis

NorTEe.—Dienheim Orange—Dessert,
Culinary, 14

” ”

Name

Manks’ Codlin .
Peasgood’s Nonesuch
Lord Derby . é
Alfriston .

Cox’s Pomona .
Northern Greening
Yorkshire Wasi
Bess Pool

Catshead .

Red Hcethorndor:
Reinette de Canada .
Beauty of Kent

5 || Kmperor Alexander .
val

5 votes nod 19 votes.

286

NORTHERN

Number of Voters

Name

Cox’s Orange Pippin
King of the Pippins
Ribston Pippin. .
Blenheim Orange .
Trish Peach . -
Kerry Pippin .

Early Margaret .
Claygate Pearmain .

Name

Lord Suffield. .
Keswick Codlin. .
Dumelow’s Seedling
New Hawthornden .
Warner’s King .
Emperor Alexander
Cellini . _—
Cox’s Pomona
Manks’ Codlin
Pott’s Seedling .

|

DESSERT

No. of |

| Votes

|
Devonshire Quarrenden

GROUP VI.

COUNTIES (ENGLAND).

APPLES.

Name

| Red Astrachan .

Co —-™ oO oD @W

| Yellow Ingestrie .

Adams’ Pearmain.

| Court Pendu Plat.
| Fearn’s Pippin .

| Margl . ‘
| Scarlet Nonpareil :

Sturmer Pippin
Syke House Russet

CuLInARY APPLES.

Name

| Stirling Castle .
Found.

Alfriston. .
Bedfordshire
ling... «0 f>

| Cockpit :
| Ecklinyille Seedling .

| Greenup’s Pippin .

Hawthornden .

| Ringer

Tower of rei esos

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

10

SELECTED APPLES, 287
GROUPS VII. TO IX.
SCOTLAND.
Number of Voters ... ee as He aa 7 18
DESSERT APPLES.
Name ~~ i. Name ibe:

Ribston Pippin. . . 15 || Karly Harvest .

King of the Pippins . 14 || Sturmer Pippin 4
Kerry Pippin. ... 10 || Winter Strawberry
Summer Thorle. . 9 || Cox’s Orange Pippin. 3
Blenheim Orange | 8 Wyken Pippin . ‘
Devonshire Quarr enden Adams’ Pearmain. .
Golden Pippin a 7 || Dutch Mignonne. .
Irish Peach . Boston Russet . :
Cambusnethan Pippin . ) g || Cellini. . ,
Onin. «.... ier Court Pendu Plat. 9
Claygate Pearmain. . ) Fearn’s Pippin.
Egg, or White Paradise 5 || Nonpareil
Worcester Pearmain 4 Gogar, or Stone
Court of Wick | Margil :
Gravenstein . 4 || Yellow Ingestrie L
Red Astrachan .
CuLINARY APPLES.
Name aoe Name Sared

Stirling Castle . .. 18 || Emperor Alexander . 5
Lord Suffeld .. . 17 || Small’s Admirable .
Warner’s King . . . 14 || Lord Dunmore

Kceklinville Seedling . 12 || Betty Geeson

Keswick Codlin. . . 10 || Blenheim Orange .

Sema SS. Carlisle Codlin .

Dumelow’s Seedling 9 || Dutch Codlin

‘Tower of Glamis Rymer

Manks’ Codlin 8 Bitches! of Oldenburg 9
New, or Winter Haw- Fullwood ...
thornden UP 7 || Golden Noble . .
merreston A. 6 Kentish Fillbasket
Hawthornden Mére de Ménage .
5

Northern Greening .

Yorkshire Greening
: Stoup Leadington

Cox’s Pomona

—

NOTE.—Blenheim Orange—Dessert, 8 votes iivarce
é Culinary, 2 bi

* “fees 2
A . ¥ v

tr

288 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

List of 120 Apples selected by 130 Exhibitors.
taken for the whole of Great Britain.

Number of Returns from Exhibitors

60 DrssERT APPLES.

No. of

— Votes
King of the Pippms . | 98
Cox’s Orange Pippin . | 89
Ribston Pippn . . . |.78
Kerry Pippm . sas‘) « 56
Blenheim Orange . . 52
Trish Peach: aaj 2 48
Devonshire Quarrenden 42
Sturmer Pippm. . . | 41
Scarlet Nonpareil . . | 31
Court Pendu Plat . . | 29

Yellow Ingestrie
Fearn’s Pippin . . . }| 27
Claygate Pearmain . J

Worcester Pearmain . 26
Mared'. ~ - |} 98
Wyken Pippin oy)
Cockle’s Pippm . . . | 22
Court of Wick .«.... 21
Red Astrachan . . . 19
Adams’ Pearmain . . 18
Mr. Gladstone .. . 15
Golden Pippin .. . 13
Mannington’sPearmain | 11
Gravensten . .. . 10
Summer Thorle. . . 9
Lemon Pippin .

Braddick’s N onpareil . | 8
Karly Margaret .

Old Nonpareil
Golden Reinette :
Duchess of Oldenburg 6

Name

Dutch Dis ee ee :
Cambusnethan Pippin
Oslin. .
Cornish Gilliflower
Early Harvest .
Nonpareil
Golden Knob
Herefordshire Pear-
main
Boston Russet .
Syke House Russet
Russet Nonpareil .
Ashmead’s Kernel
Egg or White Paradise
Winter mentee |
Lord Lennox .
Juneating |
Duchess’s Favourite ‘
Reinette de Canada .
Lord Burghley.
Winter Pearmain .
Rosemary Russett
Melon.
Downton .
Golden Harvey.
Scarlet Pearmain .
Mabbott’s Pearmain .
Pine Golden PADD
Pine Apple Russet
Pearson’s Plate

Poll

130

SELECTED APPLES. 289

60 Cuninary APPLES.

No. of |

Votes Name

Name

Lord Suffield. . °. . | 101 || Hanwell Souring .

Dumelow’s Seedling . 93 || Small’s Admirable

Keswick Codlin. . . 84 || Duchess of Oldenburg | a

Warner’s King .. . 70 | Lord Grosvenor

Blenheim Orange . . 63 | Grenadier p j

New or Winter Haw- Reinette de Canada .
thornden : 52 || Tom Putt ; 6

Cellini. . f Rymer .. ;

Ecklinville Seedling 4 49 || Winter Quoining :

Stirling Castle . .. 48 || Gloria Mundi P

Hawthornden .. .. | 41 || French Crab 2

-Manks’ Codlin .. . 37 || Round Winter None-

Golden Noble .. . 86 || such . ;

Cox’s Pomona .. . 39 | Frogmore Prolific.

Alfriston ; esi Royal Russet . . 4

Emperor Alexander. 98 || Lane’s Prince Albert.

Northern Greening. . o1 Dutch Codlin :

Tower of Glamis ; Norfolk Bearer .

Mére de Ménage . . 19 || Queen Caroline

Beauty of Kent. . . 18 || Gooseberry Apple .

Lord Derby . ... . 15 | Hollandbury

Yorkshire Greening 12 | Yorkshire Beauty .

Annie Elizabeth . 11 || Hambledon Deux Ans

Norfolk Beefing . 10 | Dutch Mignonne .

Loddington Seedling | Hoary Morning .. 3

Pott’s Seedling 5B +e Gravenstein .
Peasgood’s Nonesuch . | Lord Dunmore .
Betty Geeson . 8 | Minchal Crab

Waltham Abbey Seed- | | Lady Henniker
|

|
)

ling . 7 Lemon Pippin . ; |
Sitadabire Foundling PORNO ve cc vent
Bess Pool . | |

Note. —Blenheim Orange—Dessert, 52 votes
” Be Culinary, 63 ,, : 115 votes.

These Returns are valuable as showing the extent of apprecia-
tion in which certain varieties are held throughout the country.
They cannot, however, be altogether accepted as complete lists
of the best or most desirable sorts to cultivate in all cases. For
example, many excellent varieties of Apples, through being com-
paratively unknown, are placed much lower in the lists than

T

290 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their merits otherwise entitle them ; among others, the following
may be named, Pearson’s Plate, Melon, Grenadier, Lane’s Prince
Albert, Bramley’s Seedling, Frogmore Prolific, Lady Henniker,
Golden Spire, Schoolmaster, The Queen, &c., &e.

The most popular Culinary Apple—or that which has received
the greatest number of votes (101 of a possible 180)—is Lord
Suffield ; King of the Pippins, as a Dessert variety, being second
(98). The most popular Dessert Apple in England is Cox’s
Orange Pippin ; but it is evidently not so well known in or so well
suited for the colder climate of Scotland. Blenheim Orange
occupies an exceptional position, being selected in every district
both as a Dessert and Culinary variety, thus receiving in the
aggregate a greater number of votes (115) than any other Apple.
With this exception the returns are singularly uniform, the
varieties selected as most suitable for the north being also held
in the same appreciation in the south. Thus, the varieties of
Apples that are really worthy of cultivation may be reduced to
comparatively narrow limits.

It may be remarked that the Committee consider many of
the Dessert Apples as too small for general use; and since there
are now so many good ones, it would seem useless to cultivate
such as Sam Young, Golden Harvey, Lamb Abbey Pearmain,
Court of Wick, Redleaf Russet, Guernsey Pippin, Downton
Pippin, &c.; and in regard to Culinary Apples, since so many
excellent varieties of large size, &c., are now in cultivation, all
those under the standard of ‘large, > he, .. “three inches in dia-
meter,’’ might be with advantage at once discarded, excepting
always a few sorts that are specially adapted to certain localities.

Ae PP tka

———Ee

PAE “Et.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

APPLES EXHIBITED 1883 AND 1888.

72

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. 293

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES, AND EXPLANATION
OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING THE FRUITS.

FIRST.—PurposEs FOR WHICH GROWN.

1.—D. Dessert or Table Use.
2.—C. = Culinary or Kitchen Use.
3.— Cider.

SECOND.—SzEAson oF RIPENING OR BEING FIT FOR USE.

1.— First Early.—Fit for use during August and September.
2.—Harly.—Fit for use during September and October.
3.—Mid-season.—Fit for use from October to January.

4.-—Late.— Fit for use from January to March, &e.

THIRD.—S1zE.—See Plates.

1.—Small.cUnder two inches in diameter.
2.—Medium.—From two to three inches in diameter.

3.—Large.—Above three inches in diameter.

FOURTH.—GEnNERAL ForM orn SHAPE.

1.—Round.—Globose—Diameter and height about equal.
2.—Oblong.—Height or length of fruit greater than the diameter.
3.—Flat.—Oblate—The diameter greater than the height.

4.— Conical.—Tapering from base to apex.

5.—Ovate.- -Oval—Tapering to both ends.

‘ : ‘ ee. “7 bas Pay iat ‘ ss
294 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

7

FIFTH.—Svurrace or Fruit.

-1.—Angular.—Ribbed and uneven.
2.—Smooth.—Even.

SIXTH.—Coxrovur.—--(Very variable.)
A.—Normal or Ground Colour.

1.—Green. | a
2.— Yellow. "6
38.—Red. at
4.—-Bronze.
5.— Russet.

B.—Supplementary Colours, or Colowrs chiefly derived from -
exposure. ae

1.—Red-streaked.

2.—Red-flushed.

The diagrams or plates are intended to convey, as clearly as
may be possible, what is meant by the terms ‘‘ conical,” “oblong,”
&c., as applied, and the relative gradations of size. Thus an ~
Apple which may be described as “medium, conical’’ is of the
size and form represented in Fig. 2, Plate IY., and so on.

‘TTeag *s

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.
‘ ‘ay
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DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES EXHIBITED. 295

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

N.B.—TuHE VARIETIES MARKED * WERE EXHIBITED IN 1883 AND
ALSO In 1888.

THe VARIETIES MARKED + ARE NOTICED FOR THE
FIRST TIME, NOT HAVING BEEN EXHIBITED 1x. 1883.
THe NAME OF THE EXHIBITOR FOLLOWS THE NAME
OF THE FRUIT.

For Abbreviaiions and Explanation of Terms, see p. 293.

7 Abbé Sojer (Peed), Large, flat, angular, deep green, eye
large, closed.

Acklam Russet (Haywood), see Wheeler’s Russet.

Ackland Vale (Ford), see Goff.

Adam’s Apple (Clark), see Ege or White Paradise.

* Adams’ Pearmain, D. Medium, conical, greenish yellow,
streaked with red and russet, firm, sweet, mid-season,
first quality, moderate cropper.

Adams’ Pearmain (Jefferies), see Winter Striped Pearmain.

Adams’ Reinette (Brunton), see Adams’ Pearmain.

Admirable, see Small’s Admirable.

Aitkin’s Seedling (J. Veitch & Sons), see Atkin’s Seedling.

7 Akera (Bunyard), D. Medium, round, angular, of a uniform
dull pink, flesh white, tender, second quality, mid-
season.

Alderton (Fairbairn), D. Small, conical, green, flushed red,
mid-season ; worthless.

Alexander, see ‘Emperor Alexander.

* Alexandra (Harrison), C. or D. Large, oblong, angular,
orange yellow, streaked red with russet, soft, mid-season.

Alford Prize (Rivers), see Wyken Pippin.

* Alfriston, C. Large, oblong, angular, green, streaked with
russet, very firm, acid, mid-season, first quality, a
moderate bearer.

Algarkirk Seedling (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, red with
pale yellow, firm, sweet, early, second quality; a very
pretty apple.

Allan Bank Seedling (F. C. Ford), C.

296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

=

Allends, D. or C. Medium, round, angular, flushed bronze,
late, third quality. .

Allen’s Everlasting (Rivers), Medium, flat, very angular
near the eye, bronzy green, very firm, late, first quality.

Allman’s Scarlet Pippin (5. Ford), see Rymer.

Alma Pippin (Wells), Large, conical, even, green flushed,
and covered with large spots, giving the fruit a singular
appearance, flesh dry, sweet, third quality, mid-season.

Alms House (Hathaway), C. Medium, round, yellow, streaked,
mid-season; worthless.

Alphington (R. Veitch), see Tibbett’s Pearmain.

American Apple (King), C. Medium, flat, green, acid, late ;
worthless.

American Baldwin (Ritchie), C., see Baldwin.

American Catkin (Kemp), see Alexandra.

American Crab (Paul & Son), C.

American Early Harvest (Turner).

American Golden Reinette.

American Golden Russet (Cummins), D. Small, conical,
pale yellow with russet, sweet, mid-season, first quality ;
resembles Rosemary Russet.

. American Grindling (Bradley), C. Large, flat, angular,

tT

*

yellow, flushed red, soft, early ; resembles Hollandbury.

American Mother, D. Medium, conical, angular, red,
streaked yellow with russet, sweet, briskly flavoured,
mid-season, first quality ; handsome.

American Nonesuch (Jones), D. Medium, round, yellow,
sweet, early, second quality.

American Orange (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, pale yellow,
mid-season, flesh very white.

American Peach (Harding), C. Large, round, red flushed,
soft, early ; very handsome.

American Pippin (Ward), D. Small, conical, greenish
russet, mid-season, sweet ; worthless.

American Pippin, see Yorkshire Beauty.

American Summering (Pearson), Cider. Medium, round,
angular, streaked yellow, flesh tinged with red.

American Wothorpe Prolific (Gilbert).

Amiens Long Keeper, see French Crab.

Andrew’s Invincible (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, angular,
light copper, acid, mid-season ; handsome.

Annat Scarlet (Dunn), resembles Devonshire Quarrenden.

Annie Elizabeth, C. Large, conical, angular, green, bronze
flushed, streaked russet, firm, solid, mid-season, first
class; good cropper.

t+ Annie’s Kernel (Brassey).

Ansell’s Cider (Wheeler), Cider. Small, round, red russet.
Api Etoillé (Haycock), D. Small, flat, flushed yellow ; pretty.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 297

Api Grosse (Haycock), D. Small, flat, red flushed; very
pretty, but worthless ; a large variety of the Lady Apple.

Api, or Pomme @’Api, D. Very small, red flushed; very
pretty and ornamental; great cropper; requires warm
season to develop colour.

Api Rose, very similar to Api.

Apple Royal (Saltmarsh), see Sturmer Pippin.

April Pippin (Griffin), D. Small, round, green, acid, mid-
season, third class; worthless.

Arbroath Oslin, D., see Oslin.

Arbroath Pippin, see Oslin.

Archduc Antoine (Rivers), very similar to King of the
Pippins.

Archerfield Pearmain (Ritchie), see Claygate Pearmain.

Argyll (5. Ford), D. Small, conical, angular, green, flushed
red.

Ariadon (Rivers), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, firm,
mid-season.

Arnold’s Wothorpe Prolific (Gilbert), C. Large, conical,
angular, green, hard, acid, late.

Aromatic (Brunton), see Cornish Aromatic.

Aromatic’ Russet (Dicksons), D. Small, round, light russet,
streaked red, firm, sweet, first quality, stalk long,
slender ; resembles.Ross Nonpareil.

Ashmead’s Kernel (Wheeler), D. Small, round, light russet,
firm, sweet, first quality; excellent for late or spring use.

Ashridge Pine Apple, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Astrachan, see Red Astrachan.

Atkin’s Seedling, C. Medium, round, greenish yellow,
streaked, acid, soft, mid-season.

Atkin’s No. 2, see Atkin’s Seedling.

Autumn Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Medium, conical, greenish
russet, streaked, early, acid, third quality.

Autumn Pearmain (Garland), C. or Cider. Large, conical,
mottled bronzy russet, mid-season.

Ayrshire Court Pendu (Ross), D. Small, ovate, green,
streaked red, mid-season; worthless.

Baby Apple (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Medium, oblong, pale
ereen, flushed red, mid-season ; worthless.

Bachelor’s Seedling (Pollett), D. medium, round, red, sweet,
mid-season ; very handsome.

Baddow Pippin (Jones), D. Medium, round, greenish russet,
sweet, firm, late, first quality.

Badger’s Green (Ritchie), C. Large, round, angular, light
ereen, flushed red, mid-season; worthless.

Badger’s Whelps, Cider. Medium, round, purplish streaked.

Bailey’s Sweet (Rivers), D. or C. Large, round, angular,
red streaked, sweet, early, third quality.

298 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. en

Balchin’s Pearmain (Burnett), D. Medium, conical, angular,
streaked yellow, firm, mid-season, second quality.

Baldwin, D. or C. Medium, round, angular, bronzy green,
late, first quality.

Balgonie, see Ringer.

Baltimore, see Gloria Mundi.

Barcelona Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, green, rus-
sety, with numerous brown spots, mid-season, first quality.

Barcelona Pippin, D.

* Barchard’s Seedling (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, streaked with dark red, firm, mid-season, second
quality ; a free and constant bearer.

Bardfield Defiance (Saltmarsh), see Waltham Abbey
Seedling.

Barful Pippin (Turner), C. Medium, flat, angular, streaked
yellow, mid-season, second quality ; pretty.

Barker’s Seedling, see Warner’s King.

Barley Pippin (Rogers), C. Medium, round, red, mid-season,
eye large, open.

Barn Apple (Ritchie).

* Barnack Beauty (Gilbert), C. or D. Medium, ovate, streaked

red, very firm, late, second class; handsome.

Barndoor (Rogers), D. Medium, round, red, sweet, eariy, ;
second quality ; a very pretty Apple. :

Baron Ward (Paul & Son), D. Small, round, green, streaked,
late, second class ; pretty. /

Barton’s Free Bearer (Pearson), D. or C. Small, round,
streaked red, acid, mid-season; worthless.

Barton’s Incomparable (Veitch), D. Small, conical, greenish
yellow, mid-season, second quality; free bearer.

Barton’s Noble (Hobbs).

Bascombe Mystery (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, angular,
sreen, late, second class.

Bath Apple (Cranston), Cider. Medium, conical, greenish
yellow, flushed, firm.

* Baumann’s Red Winter Reinetie (R.H.S.), C. or D.
Medium, flat, red, firm, late, second class; handsome ;
free bearer.

+ Baxter’s Favourite (Southall).

Baxter’s Pearmain, D. or C. Large, oblong, slightly
angular, green, tinged with russet and streaked red,
acid, mid-season, first quality. '

Bazeley or Lee Apple (Fowler, J.). |

Beachamwell (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, dull green,
covered with minute grey spots, very firm, sweet, first
quality, mid-season.

Beat’s Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, yellow, mid-
season, sweet, second quality.

*
*

T

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 299

Beaufinette (Cummins).

Beaumaris (Jones), D. Medium, conical, angular, reddish
russet, mid-season, third quality.

Beautiful Stripes (Pearson), C. Small, conical, streaked
orange, acid, mid-season.

Beauty of Bath (Cooling), Small, flat, greenish yellow,
flushed and streaked, early, sweet, and pleasant; a
pretty early Apple, second quality; resembles Jefferson’s.

Beauty of Bath, C. Large, round, yellow, flushed red, mid-
season, first quality ; resembles Small’s Admirable.

Beauty of Bedford (White), D. Medium, round, angular,
bronzy green, acid, late; worthless.

Beauty of Hants, see Blenheim Orange.

Beauty of Kent, C. Large, round, angular, greenish yellow,
streaked, mid-season, first quality; a free and constant
bearer.

Beauty of Moray (Webster), C. Large, round, angular,
ereenish yellow, mid-season; a favourite Apple in the
north of Scotland.

Beauty of Monteith (Drummond), resembles Lord Suffield.

Beauty of Wallington (Cummins), C. Medium, round,
angular, green, streaked red, firm, acid, late.

Beauty of Waltham (W. Paul), D. or C. Medium, conical,
yellow, streaked red, soft, acid, mid-season ; handsome.

Beauty of Wells, see Grange Pippin.

Beauty of Wells (Pragnell), C. Large, conical, yellow,
sweet, mid-season ; a very fine Apple.

Beauty of Wilts (R.H. S.), C. Medium, flat, green, flushed
red, mid-season, second quality ; somewhat resembles
Blenheim Orange.

Beauty of Wilts, see Round Winter Nonesuch.

Bedfordshire Foundling, C. Large, oblong, angular, pale
ereen, flushed with russet, mid-season, first quality ;
a fine handsome Apple.

Bell Apple (Rogers), see Sweet Sheep’s Nose.

Belle Agathe (Scott), D. Small, flat, angular, green, flushed
red, sweet, late ; worthless.

Belle Bonne (Pearson), C. Large, round, greenish yellow,
streaked, solid, acid, second quality.

Belle d’Angers (Pragnell), D. or C. Medium, flat, angular,
pale yellow with russet, fiushed red, sweet ; worthless.

Belle de Boskoop (Rivers), D. Large, round, yellow,
streaked, brisk acid, mid-season, first quality; a very
pretty Apple. :

Belle Dubois, see Gloria Mundi.

Bellefleur Brabant, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Belle Gloire (Peed), Small, ovate, greenish yellow, late;
worthless.

300 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

%

Belle Imperiale, see Imperial.
Belle Joseph (Bunyard), C. Large, conical, pointed and
angular, pale green, flushed, mid-season ; somewhat

resembles Catshead.

Belle Josephine (Bunyard), C. Large, conical, green, firm,
mid-season, eye very large; very handsome.

Belle Mousseuse (J. Scott), D. Small, conical, yellow,
flushed, mid-season ; worthless.

Belle Norman, Cider.

Belle Pontoise, Large, flat, green, flushed red, eee open
eye ; handsome.

Bellwood Pippin (McKinnon).

Belmont, see Manks’ Codlin.

Ben Joys (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, red.

Bennet’s Defiance, see Fearn’s Pippin.

Benoni (Dunn), D. Small, flat, angular, bronze red, streaked,
mid-season ; pretty, but worthless.

Benwell’s Large, see Pine Apple Russet.

Berkshire Gloire (Cheal), small, round, green, streaked.
Bess Pool, D. or C. Medium, conical, angular, green,
russety red, streaked, very firm, late, second quality.

Bess Pool Improved (Frettingham).

Betsey (R.H.S.), D. Small, fiat, greenish russet, mid-season,
first quality.

Betty Geeson (Riv ers), C. Large, round, flat, pale green,
mid-season, eye large, deeply set, first quality.

Bevan’s Seedling (Benson), D. or C. Medium, flat, pale
yellow with red streaks, early, acid, second quality.

Bidet (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, russet, flushed red, mid-
season, third quality; worthless.

Bijou (Rivers), D. Small, round, red, dry and inferior, early.

Billy Berry (Ritchie), C. Medium, conical, pale yellow,
flushed red, acid, late; very pretty.

Bishop’s Hero (Gleeson), ‘resembles Lord Suffield.

Bishop’s Kernel (Ritchie), C. Small, round, green, flushed
red, very acid, late.

Bishop’s Thumb (Ward), see Coe’s Golden Drop.

Bisingwood Russet, see Byson Wood Russet.

Bismarck (Bunyard), Large, flat,- dark red flushed, eye
closed, flesh firm, great cropper, first quality; October.

Bitter Scale (J. Scott), Cider. Small, conical, pale green.

Bitter-sweet (Rogers), Cider. Medium, round, yellow flushed.

Black-a-moor (Poynter), C. Medium, flat, angular, red
streaked, mid-season ; a very pretty Apple.

Black Apple of Somerset (Cranston), C. Medium, round,
bronzy green flushed, sweet, late.

Black Bess (Rowson), C. Small, flat, bronzy green, very
acid ; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 801

Black Bitter-sweet (Graham), Cider. Small, flat, angular,
yellow flushed.

Black Elenheim, see Bess Pool.

Black Colvin (Ormiston), D. or C. Medium, round, angular,
bronze, acid, late; worthless.

Black Crab (Miles), C. Small, flat, dark red, acid, late;
worthless. °

Black Jack (Cheal), Cider.

Black Norman (Cranston), Cider. Small, round, dark
red, flushed.

Black Norman, see Barcelona Pearmain.

Black Prince (Cranston), Cider. Medium, round, dark red.

Black Rind (Haywood), C. Small, ovate, green flushed,
acid ; worthless.

Black Taunton (Cockbill), Cider. Small, round, red-streaked.

Black Wilding (Cranston), Cider. Medium, conical
angular, red.

Blanders (Saltmarsh), D. Small, flat, pale yellow, acid,
mid-season, third quality; resembles Wyken Pippin.

Bland’s Summer, see Hollandbury.

Blenheim Orange, D. or C. Large, flat, occasionally oblong,
orange, streaked red, sweet, tender, mid-season, eye large,
open; first quality and very handsome, shy bearer on
young trees.

Blenheim Pippin, see Blenheim Orange.

Blood Red (Lacaille), D. or C. Medium, round, deep red,
soft, mid-season, third quality, flesh tinged with red;
very pretty.

Bloody Ploughman (Campsie), D. Medium, conical, deep
scarlet, very acid, mid-season; handsome, but worthless.

Blue Pearmain (R.H.8.) D. or C. Large, round, streaked,
dark purple with bluish bloom, sweet but not brisk,
second quality ; very handsome.

Bluestone Pippin, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Blushing Bride (Robertson), C. Large, ovate, angular,
pale yellow, flushed, firm, mid-season.

~ Bohmer (R.H.S.) D. Small, round, pale golden, mid-season ;

*

worthless.

Bonbonnier (Haycock), D. Medium, round, angular, green,
flushed, late ; worthless.

Bonrouge, see Hollandbury.

Borovitsky, see Duchess of Oldenburg.

Borsdorffer (R.H.S.), D. Small, roundish, pale yellow,
flushed red, firm, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Bosberry (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Bossom, see Queen Caroline.

Boston Russet, C. Medium, conical, angular, greenish russet,
slightly flushed, late, first quality.

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502 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ca

Boutigny (Scott), D. Small, round, yellow, firm, late;
worthless.

Bower Ainton Broadcap (Scott), Cider. Small, round,
yellow, flushed.

Brabant Bellefleur (R.H.S.), C. Large, oblong, angular,
ereenish yellow, streaked red, firm, mid-season, often
covered with a fine bloom, first quality ; handsome.

Braddick’s Nonpareil, D. Medium, flat, slightly angular,
green and flushed bronzy russet, very brisk, mid-season,
first quality ; a great bearer.

Bradley’s Favourite (Ritchie), Cider. Small, ovate, streaked
russet, extremely acid.

Bradley’s Golden Pearmain (Wheeler), D. Medium,
conical or oblong, streaked yellow, mid-season, sweet,
second quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Bradley’s Golden Pippin, see Golden Harvey.

Bradley’s Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Bramley’s Seedling (Merryweather), C. Large, flat, angular,
green, streaked red, large open eye, firm, acid, late,
first quality ; a very excellent culinary Apple.

Bran Rose (Cranston), Cider. Medium, oblong, mottled
red, flesh tinged red.

Brandy Apple, see Golden Harvey.

Brazier’s Fame (Saltmarsh), D. Small, conical, yellow

_ streaked with russet, very acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Brickley Seedling (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, bronzy-green
streaked, firm, sweet, late, second quality.

Bridgewater Pippin (Turner), D. or C. Medium, round,
greenish yellow, early ; worthless.

Brietling (Cummins), D. or C. Medium, even, green, sweet,
mid-season ; worthless.

Bringewood Pippin (Stacey), D. Small, conical, golden,
very firm, late, second quality; resembles Yellow
Ingestrie, but later.

Bringewood Pippin (Turner), C. medium, conical, even,
pale green flushed, acid, mid-season; a very pretty
and distinct Apple. |

Bristol Apple (Brymer), small, round, green, Nonpareil
class.

Broad Eyed Pippin (Cockbill), C. Small, flat, with broad
open eye, red streaked, mid-season ; pretty.

Broad Eyed Pippin (Garland), Cider. Medium, conical,
green.

Broad Eyes (Cheal), C. or Cider. Medium, flat, very
angular, red streaked, mid-season.

Broad Nosed Pippin (Warden).

Broad Tail (Cranston), Cider. Medium, round, with broad
base, flushed yellow.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 503

Brockhead Seedling (Poynter), D. or C. Medium, round,
streaked yellow, brisk, mid-season.

Bromley (Cranston), Cider. Medium, flat, red streaked.

Broughton Pippin (Cummins), D. Small, round, red
streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Brown Cockle’s Pippin, see Cockle’s Pippin.

Brown Eyes (Poynter), D. Small, conical, green russet,
sweet, mid-season; worthless.

Brown’s Caroline (Saunders), see Summer Strawberry.

Brown’s Codlin (Veitch), D. or C. Small, conical, bronzy
green, flushed ; worthless.

Brown’s Codlin, see Queen Caroline.

Brown’s Imperial Russet (R.H.S.), see Mononisten Reinette.

Brown’s Pippin, see Claygate Pearmain.

Brown’s Queen Caroline, see Queen Caroline.

Brown’s Seedling, see Queen Caroline.

Brownlee’s Russet (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, uniform
light russet, firm, mid-season.

Brunswick Codlin (Cockbill), C. Large, conical, even,
pale green flushed bronze, dry flesh, mid-season, second
quality; a very handsome Apple.

Buckingham (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, oblong, green,
streaked, mid-season, second quality; a very handsome
Apple.

Buff (Scott), Cider. Small, conical, dark green, streaked.

Bullet Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Medium, conical, greenish
russet, mid-season ; worthless ;

Bull’s Golden Reinette (Saltmarsh), D. Medium, oblong,
large open eye, greenish, streaked, mid-season, first
quality ; very handsome.

Bulster Hill (Lacaille), C. Small, flat, angular, flushed
red, soft, early ; worthless.

Burchardt’s Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, pale
yellow, netted with russet, acid, mid-season, second
quality.

Burchardt’s Seedling, see Burchardt’s Reinette.

Bures Sweet, Cider. Medium, flat, green.

Burford Red (Cranston), C. Medium, flat, dark red, streaked,
acid, late; a handsome Apple.

Burgin (Pearson), C. or D. Small, conical, pale yellow,
flushed, acid, late ; worthless.

Burn Apple, Cider. Small, round, green.

Burr Knot (Cranston), C. Medium, round, angular, green,
flushed bronze, acid, mid-season.

Butcherin, Cider. Medium, conical, angular, deep red,
streaked, early, flesh streaked red.

Byson Wood Russet (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, greenish
russet, late, second quality, long stalk.

i ee
¥ +

304 . JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cabbage Apple (Rogers), D. small, flat, streaked yellow;
worthless.

Cadbury, see Winter Fullwood.

Calander (Pragnell), C. Medium, round, flushed yellow,
soft, acid, yellow; worthless.

Calcot’s Seedling (Turner), D. or C. Medium, flat, red
streaked, mid-season ; resembles Nonesuch.

* Caldwell, see Rymer.

Calf’shead, C.

Calville, C. Small, ovate, streaked red, late; worthless.

Calville Blanche, D. or C. Large, flat, angular, greenish
white, flesh very tender, sweet; requires to be grown on
walls or under glass ; first quality.

Calville Blanche d’Hiver, see Calville Blanche.

* Calville Boisbunel (Veitch), D. or C. Large, round, streaked,
bronzy green, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Calville du Dantzig (Veitch), D. Small, round angular, red,
sweet, early, second quality.

Calville du Haire (Veitch), see London Pippin.

Calville Garibaldi (Veitch), C. Medium, flat, green, soft,
sweet, mid-season, second quality.

_ Calville Gloire de Doué (Scott), D. Small, round, bronze;
worthless.

* Calville Malingre (Haycock), C. or D. Large, round, pale
bronze, red streaked, very firm, late, first quality ; a very
handsome and distinct Apple.

Calville Pippin (King), D. Small, flat, red; worthless.

Calville Rouge (Dunn), C. Large, roundish angular, streaked
and spotted with bright red, soft, early, flesh tinged red ;
very handsome.

Calville Rouge d’Automne (Dunn), C. or Cider. Large,
conical, angular, dark purplish red, soft, mid-season, flesh
deeply tinged red.

Calville Rouge d’Hiver (Moorhouse), C. Large, oblong,
angular, deep red, late, flesh tinged red.

* Calville Rouge Précoce (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, red,
beautifully spotted throughout, sweet, early, second
quality ; a very handsome Apple.

* Calville St. Sauveur, C. Large, conical, angular, pale green,
flushed, mid-season, cooks well, first quality.

Calville Vineux (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, oblong, angular,
pale yellow, sweet, firm, mid-season, first quality.

Cambridge Pippin (Rivers), C..Large, oblong, angular, pale
green, mid-season, first quality.

* Cambusnethan Pippin (Dunn), D. or C. Medium, fiat, large
open eye, streaked yellow, sweet, early ; a favourite Scotch
Apple.

Savona Red (Mundell), C. Small, round, angular, bronzy
green, firm, late.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 805

Canterbury, see Mabbott’s Pearmain.
Cap of Liberty, Cider. Small, round, red, streaked.

* Caraway Russet (Lee), D. Small, flat, light russet, large
open eye, late, first quality.

* Cardinal (Cheal), D. Small, round, streaked yellow ; worthless.

{ Cardross (Drummond), green.

Carel’s Seedling, C.

* Carlisle Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, oblong, angular,
greenish yellow, flushed, very acid, mid-season; an ex-
cellent culinary Apple.

7 Carlton Seedling (Divers), Large, flat, pale green; resembles
Warner’s King ; mid-season, first quality.

Carnation (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, green, streaked, acid,
late, third quality.
Caroline, C.

* Carse o’ Gowrie (King), C. Large, flat, angular, pale green,

flushed, firm, acid, late; resembles Tower of Glamis.
Castle Leno Pippin, see Red Astrachan.

* Castle Major (Goldsmith), C. Very large, round, angular, pale
yellow, flushed red, late; very handsome.

* Catshead, C. Very large; oblong, angular, deep green, flushed,
firm, acid, mid-season; an excellent culinary Apple,
moderate bearer.

Catshead (Garland), Cider. Large, conical, angular, yellow,
streaked.

* Cellini, C. Large, conical, even, greenish yellow, streaked,
soft, acid, early, first quality, eye large, open; handsome,
great cropper.

Chancellor (Neighbour), C. Medium, round, green, streaked,
acid, soft ; worthless.

Chapel, or Fullwood (Graham), D. Small, round, bronzy
green ; worthless.

Charleston Pippin, resembles Irish Peach.

Chaze (Scott), D. Small, round, light russet, sweet, mid-
season ; worthless.

_Cheat Boys, Cider. Small, conical, angular, red, streaked.

Chelston Pie Maker (Poynter), C. Medium, ovate, yellow
streaked, firm, mid-season, brisk flavour.

Chelston Pippin, Cider. Medium, round, yellow.

Chelston Long Keeper, see Red Winter Pearmain.

Cherry Norman, Cider. Medium, round, bright red, streaked,
acid, soft; worthless.

Cherry Orchard, see Norfolk Paradise.

Cherry Pearmain, D. or C. Medium, round, red, streaked,
sweet, mid-season; worthless.

* Cheshunt Pippin (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, flat, red
streaked, large open eye, soft, mid-season, second quality,
handsome.

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806 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chester Pearmain (Scott).

Chester Pippin (Griffin), C. Medium, flat, angular, light
copper, streaked, firm, acid, late; very pretty and dis-
tinct.

Child’s Perfection.

Chisel Jersey (Scott), see Jersey Chisel.

Christie’s Pippin (Wheeler), D. Small, flat, greenish yellow,
russety, brisk acid, firm, mid-season, first quality.

Christie’s Russet.

Christie’s Woodstock Pippin (Ford), D. or C. Large,
conical, angular, streaked yellow, firm, acid, mid-season,
first quality.

Cider House Russet, C. Small, flat, light russet, late, second
quality.

Clark’s Pippin, see Downton Nonpareil.

Clark’s Pippin (J. Dean), D. Small, flat, yellow, acid;
worthless.

Clarke’s Peason (Saltmarsh), D. Small, round, streaked red,
early ; worthless.

Clarke’s Pippin (Bunyard), D. Small, flat, greenish russet
open eye, sweet, mid-season.

+ Clarke’s Seedling (Merryweather), C. Medium, flat, deep
green, flushed, large eye, hard, late.

Clary Pippin (Saltmarsh), D. Small, round, green, russety,
sweet, late, second quality.

Claudius Friiher Spitz Apfel (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium,
round angular, greenish yellow, very sweet, early.

* Claygate Pearmain, D. Medium, conical, greenish russet,
streaked, mid-season, first quality ; resembles the Ribston
Pippin in flavour; free bearer.

Cliff Pippin (Pearson), C. Medium, round, green, dry, acid ;
worthless.

Cliffey Seedling (Cranston), D. Small, round, red, sweet,
early, third quality ; somewhat resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Clifton Nonesuch, see Old Nonesuch.

Clove Pippin (Cummins) D. or C. Large, long, conical,
greenish yellow, mid-season, second quality.

* Cluster Golden Pippin (Rivers), D. Small, round, greenish
yellow, acid, mid-season, third quality ; some of the fruit
are produced with double crowns, or in united pairs, hence
the name.

Cluster Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.

Coalbrook, Cider. Large, flat, red streaked ; resembles Tom
Putt.

Coalbrook or Marrow Bone, see Tom Putt.

* Cobbett’s Fall Pippin, see Warner’s King.

Cobham, see Golden Ducat.

* Cockle’s Pippin, D. Medium, ovate, pale green, freckled with

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 307

russet, mid-season, first quality ; a very excellent Sussex
Dessert Apple.

Cockpit (Slater), C. Small, ovate, angular, pale green, slightly
flushed, brisk acid, late; a very favourite sauce Apple in
Yorkshire ; certain cropper.

Cock’s Seedling (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round, green,
flushed, mid-season, third quality, stalk very long.

Coe’s Golden Drop (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, green, firm,
sweet, late, first quality.

Cogswell (R.H.S.), early, second quality.

Colonel Harbord.

* Colonel Vaughan, D. or C. Small, ovate, angular, red, flushed
and streaked, acid, early, third quality; a pretty, free-
bearing Apple. .

Comey, Cider. Small, conical, greenish yellow, flushed.

Constanzer (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, yellow, flushed with
russet, very firm, sweet, late ; worthless.

Contor, see Dutch Mignonne.

Contor, D. Small, round, greenish yellow, acid, late ; worthless.

Convent Nonpareil (Poynter), D. Medium, round, greenish
russet ; worthless.

Coole’s Seedling (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, yellow
streaked, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Cooper’s Ambition (Gilbert), D. Medium, conical, angular,
pale yellow streaked, sweet, mid-season; a very pretty
Apple.

Cooper’s Favourite.

Copmanthorpe Crab, see Dutch Mignonne.

Copmanthorpe Russet.

Cornish Apple (Griffin), C. Small, ovate, yellow, first early.

* Cornish Aromatic (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, angular,
streaked russet, sweet, mid-season, second quality.

Cornish Crab, C. Large, ovate, green, very acid.

* Cornish Gilliflower (Haycock), D. Medium, ovate, angular,
greenish yellow, streaked russet, firm, sweet, mid-season ;
very highly flavoured, shy bearer.

Coronation Pippin (Ford), see Grange’s Pearmain.

{7 Cortes (Dunn), Small, ovate, green flushed red; a pretty

: Apple.

Costard (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Very large, oblong,
green, soft, early ; a fine culinary Apple.

Costard (Jefferies & Son), C. Small, conical, tapering, angular,
yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season, third quality.

Counsellor, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Counter Pippin (Cummins), D. Small, ovate, green ; worthless.

Countess Howe (Harrison & Sons), D. Medium, round,
angular, red, sweet, early, second quality.

* Court Pendu Plat (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, with open eye,

v2

308 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

greenish russet, streaked red, very firm, sweet, late, first
quality ; late flowering, good cropper.

* Court of Wick, D. Small, oblong or conical, pale yellow,
streaked red with russet, firm, sweet, mid-season, first
quality ; a very excellent Apple.

Court of Victoria.

* Cox’s Orange Pippin (R.H.5S.), D. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, streaked red and russety, tender, sweet, rich, and
excellent, mid-season, first quality.

* Cox’s Pomona (R.H.S.), C. or D. Large, flat, angular, pale
green, red flushed and streaked, very beautiful, tender,
brisk acid, mid-season, first quality, moderate cropper.

Cox’s Redleaf Russet (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round,
russet, flesh green, sweet, late, first quality.

Cowan’s Quoining (Griffin), Cider. Medium, ovate, angular,
streaked yellow.

Cowan’s Victoria (Cheal), D. Small, round, red streaked, soft,
early ; worthless; resembling in appearance Forge.

Cowarne Red, Cider. Small, round, bright red streaked, very
pretty.

Crackling Pippin, see Golden Reinette.

- Crackling Pippin, Cider. Medium, round, red streaked ;
somewhat resembles Tom Putt.

Cranston’s Seedling (Cranston Nursery Co.), C. Medium,
round, green, flushed red, late.

Creech Pearmain (Poynter), see Sturmer Pippin.

Crimson Caraway Russet (Griffin), D. Small, flat, angular,
large open eye, reddish russet, mid-season, flesh tinged
red; in appearance like Trumpington.

+ Crimson Costard (Watkins).

* Crimson Queen.

Crimson Quoining (Turner), C. or Cider. Medium, conical,
angular, deep red, sweet, mid-season ; very pretty.

Croft Angry, see Dutch Mignonne.

Crofton (Paul & Son), D. Small, flat, light russet, brisk, mid-
season, first quality.

Crofton Pippin, see Scarlet Crofton.

Crofton, Scarlet, see Scarlet Crofton.

Croisette (Benson), C. Medium, round, red, mid-season, third
quality ; handsome.

Crockstalk, Cider. Small, conical, green russet; stalk ter-
minating in a fleshy curled knob.

* Crown Apple (Cranston Nursery Co.), C. Medium, conical, red
streaked, firm, acid, mid-season.

Crump, Cider. Medium, round, red streaked.

Crystal Palace (Pearson), C. Large, flat, angular, very pale
green, acid, mid-season, flesh very white.

Crystal Pippin (King), D. Small, flat, red streaked, mid-
seascn, inferior.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 809

Cullen (Lane & Son), C. Large, round, angular, green, late,
first quality ; good culinary.

Culver Russet (Scott), see Syke House Russet.

Cumberland Favourite, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Curltail (Cheal), C. Medium, round and ovate, angular, pale
green, mid-season, second quality; stalk inserted in a
peculiar curled fleshy knob.

Curry Codlin (Poynter), C. Very large, conical, angular,
flushed red, soft, dry flesh, early ; resembles Hollandbury.

Custard Apple (Fairgrieve), C. Small, long conical, pale
green, early; worthless.

D. T. Fish, see Warner’s King.

Dacre (Crossland), C. Medium, oblong, angular, green, flushed
red, acid, very late.

Dalton’s Exquisite (Gilbert), D. Medium, conical, angular,
streaked yellow, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Dalzell Manse Codlin, C. Medium, long, tapering, angular,
flushed.

Danvers’ Bitter-sweet, Cider. Medium, flat, greenish, red
streaked, late; worthless.

Danvers’ Winter Sweet (Turner).

D’Arcy Spice (Saltmarsh), see Baddow Pippin.

Darlington, D. Small, round, pale green ; worthless.

Dartmouth Crab, see Hyslop Crab.

Dean’s Codlin (Haycock), see Pott’s Seedling.

Debtsling Pippin (Killick), D. Medium, conical, streaked
golden russet, flesh soft, acid, early, third quality.

D’Eclat, see Scorpion.

Dedham Russet (Ward), D. Medium, ovate, greenish russet,
mid-season, second quality.

Deepdene Pearmain (Matthews), see Claygate Pearmain.

Deitzer’s Gold Reinette (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, yellow,

_ sweet, early, first quality.

Derbyshire Crab (R.H.§S.), C. Medium, ovate, pale green,
acid; worthless.

Deux Ans (R.H.S.), D. or C. Small, conical, angular, green,
flushed dull brown, very hard, firm, acid, late; worthless.

Deux Ans Hambledon, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Devonshire, Cider. Large, round, streaked yellow, early.

Devonshire Bitter-sweet, Cider. Medium, flat, angular,
green, late.

Devonshire Buckland (R.H.S8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, wide
eye, very pale green, nearly white, firm, solid, late, second
quality.

Devonshire Court Pendu.

Devonshire Nine Square, resembles Tom Putt.

* Devonshire Quarrenden (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, dark red,

early, second quality, great bearer.

-

810 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY. -

Devonshire Queen (Jefferies), C. or Cider. Large, round, red
streaked, early ; a very handsome Apple.

Devonshire Red, Cider. Medium, round, angular, dark red.

Devonshire Striped (Cockbill), C. Medium, conical, russet,
streaked red, dry, mid-season.

Dicksey’s Greening, C. Small, conical, greenish yellow,
firm, acid, late ; worthless.

Doctor, see Ringer.

Doctor Harvey (J. Veitch & Sons), C. or D. Large, round,
pale yellow, soft, sweet, tender, mid-season, first quality;
greatly resembling in appearance Waltham Abbey Seed-
ling.

Doctor Hogg (Ford), C. Large, long conical, angular, pale
ereen, firm, mid-season, second quality.

Dog’s Snout (Crossland), D. or C. Small, conical, pale yellow,
flushed bronze, mid-season; worthless.

Dolphine (King), resembles Norfolk Storing.

Domine (Scott), C. Medium, conical, greenish yellow, very
acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Domino (Bradley), C. Large, oblong, angular, greenish yellow,
flushed red, soft, early; a fine, early Codlin ; first quality.

Donabety, see Kerry Pippin.

Doncaster Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Doonside (Dunn), C. Small, round, angular, green, streaked,
acid, mid-season.

Dorchester, C. Medium, conical, green, streaked, late ; worth-
less.

Doux Argent, Medium, flat, pale green, flushed, late.

Doveton Seedling (R. Veitch & Son), D. Medium, round,
yellow, streaked, early ; worthless.

Downe’s Jersey, D. Small, conical, streaked yellow, russet ;
worthless.

Downton, see Downton Pippin.

Downton Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, green with .
russet, firm, brisk acid, late, first quality.

Downton Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, greenish yellow,
brisk acid, mid-season, second quality ; a great bearer.

Drap d@’Or (Lee & Son), D. Small, round, pale yellow, early,
second quality, long stalk. :

Draper’s Pippin (Ward), Small, round, even green; worth-
less.

Dredge’s Emperor (Griffin), C. Small, round, yellow, streaked,
mid-season, flesh very white.

Dredge’s Fame (W. Paul & Son), C. Large, flat, greenish
yellow, streaked, briskly acid, late, first quality.

Dredge’s Fame, resembles Blenheim Orange.

Drilly Pippin (King), D. Small, round, yellow, early; worth-
ess.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 811

Drumlanrig Castle, see Warner’s King.

Duchess (Grey), C. Medium, round, angular, green, soft, acid,
mid-season ; worthless.

Duchess of Glo’ster, see Duchess’s Favourite.

Duchess of Oldenburg (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, yellow,
streaked red, brisk acid, early, first quality ; great bearer.

Duchess of York (Thompson), see Duchess’s Favourite.

Duchess’s Favourite (Killick), D. Small, round, red, early,
flesh white tinged red ; a fine early Apple, great bearer.

Duck’s Bill (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, bronzy-red with
russet, firm, acid, late, second quality ; a pretty Apple,
great cropper.

Ducket, see Golden Ducat.

Duhalder (Paul & Son), C. Medium, conical, angular, greer,
late.

Duke of Beaufort (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, angular, dark
green, streaked red, firm, acid, late.

Duke of Devon (Grey), see Red Astrachan.

Duke of Devonshire (Lane), D. Medium, round, flat,
greenish russet, firm, sweet, first quality, mid-season.
Duke of Glo’ster (Gilbert), C. Medium, flat, green, firm,

acid, late, first quality.

Duke of Glo’ster (R.H.S), D. Medium, oblong, streaked
yellow, acid, mid-season ; resembles King of the Pippins.

Duke of Wellington, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Duke William (Crossland), D. Medium, round, yellow, acid,
early ; worthless.

Dumelow’s Seedling, C. Large, round, clear pale green,
occasionally flushed, firm, very acid, late, large open eye,
first quality.

Dumpling Apple (Rogers), C. Medium, roundish, green, mid-
season.

Dumpling Apple, C. or Cider. Large, round, green, flushed.

Duncombe’s Seedling (Gilbert), D. or C. Small, conical,
pale green, mid-season.

Dundee (R.H.S), D. Small, flat, light russet, dry, mid-season
first quality.

Dunmore (Drummond), Medium, oblong, angular.

- Dunmore Pearmain, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Dunning’s Russet (Poynter), D. or C. Large, round, streaked
yellow, soft, early, inferior.

Dunster Bitter-sweet, Cider. Large, round, angular,
greenish yellow.

Dunster Cider, Cider.

Dunster Codlin (Poynter), see Tower of Glamis.

Dutch Codlin, see Royal Codlin.

Dutch Fullwood (Lee & Son), C. Medium, oblong, greenish
yellow, flushed, firm, sweet, midcnchstn,

312 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

Co

Dutch Kernel, C. or Cider. Large, round, angular, streaked
yellow, early.

Dutch Mignonne, D. or C. Medium, round, green russety,
streaked, very firm, late, long stalk, second quality; a
ereat bearer.

Dyer (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, pale yellow, soft, mid-
season; worthless.

Early Apple, see Irish Peach.

Early Cob (Griffin).

Early Cooker (Poynter), C. Medium, round, flattened, very
pale green, sweet, dry, first early.

Early Harvest (Pearson), D. Small, round, pale green, sweet,
first early, first quality.

Early Joe (Clark), D. Very small, conical, red, pretty, like
a Crab, first early.

Early Joe, see Darke of Oldenburg.

Early Julien, C. Small, flat, angular, pale green, very
acid, first early, second quality ; ereat bearer.

Early June, see Karly Julien.

Early Kent.

Early Margaret (Clark), D. Small, conical, red streaked,
sweet, soft, first early ; a nice early Apple.

Early Nonpareil, see Hicks’ Fancy.

Early Nonesuch, see Nonesuch.

Early Pippin (Ritchie).

Early Strawberry (Cranston Nursery Company), D. or C.
Medium, conical, angular, flushed red, second quality, first
early.

Early Yellow, see Yellow Ingestrie.

East Lothian Pippin (Brunton), C. Medium, round, flattened,
pale yellow, soft, early.

East Lothian Seedling (Brotherston), see East Lothian
Pippin.

Easter Pippin, see French Crab.

Ebner’s Tapt Apfel, D. Small, round, pale yellow, mid-
season ; worthless.

Eccleston Pippin (Selwood), D. or C. Medium, round,
angular, bronze green, soft, mid-season.

Ecklinville, see Kcklinville Seedling.

Ecklinville Pippin, see EKcklinville Seedling.

Ecklinville Seedling, C. Large, flat, angular, pale straw,
soft, early, first quality ; great and constant cropper.
Ede’s Beauty (Cheal), D. Large, round, streaked yellow,

sweet, soft, early, second quality ; pretty.

Edging (Goldsmith), C. Small, conical, angular, green, mid-
season ; worthless.

Edinburgh Cluster (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, roundish,
pale straw, mid-season, first quality.

*

DESCRIFTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 813

Edmund Jupp (8. Ford), C. Medium, conical, yellow, acid,
soft, early, second quality.

Egg Apple (King), see Egg or White Paradise.

Egg or White Paradise (Dunn), D. Small, ovate, greenish
yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season, second quality ; a great
bearer.

Egremont Russet (Pragnell), D. Small, round, flattened,
large open eye, light russet, mid-season, first quality.
Eldon Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, flat, orange

yellow, streaked, sweet, mid-season, first quality.

Eldon Pippin (R.H.S.), see Drap d’Or.

Elford Golden Pippin (Cummins), D. Small, round, greenish
yellow, firm, mid-season, third quality.

Elletson’s Pine Apple (Saunders), C. Medium, flat, greenish
yellow, flushed, soft ; worthless.

Ellis’s Bitter (Garland), Cider. Small, round, green, streaked.

Elsinore (Cummins), D. or C. Medium, conical, pale yellow,
mid-season ; a very pretty Apple.

Elton Pippin (Ward).

Emberson’s Apple (Warner), see Waltham Abbey Seedling.

Emperor Alexander (R.H.S.), C. Large, conical, greenish
yellow, streaked red, soft, acid, mid-season, second quality ;
extremely handsome.

Emperor Napoleon (F. C. Ford), C. Medium, flat, green,
acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Empress Eugenie (J. Scott), see Claygate Pearmain.

Empress of Russia (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, flat, angular,
yellow, flushed red, sweet, early, very long stalk, second
quality.

Enamel, C. Medium, round, green streaked.

Englische Winter Gold Pearmain, see King of the Pippins.

English Codlin (Jefferies), see Old English Codlin.

English Konig Pearmain (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angu-
lar, streaked, green, very acid, mid-season,second quality.

English Orange (Ritchie), D. small, flat, flushed russet,
early, third quality.

English Pitcher (King), see Manks’ Codlin.

English Red Lemon Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, conical,
angular, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season ; resembles
King of the Pippins.

Esopus Spitzenberg (Lane), D. Small, flat, angular, flushed
russet, firm, sweet, late, second quality.

Essex Pippin (Rivers), D. Medium, conical, angular, yellow
flushed, mid-season ; worthless.

Essex Spice, (Burnett), see Ribston Pippin.

Evagil (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, pale yellow, brisk acid, mid-
season, third quality ; handsome.

Evagil Pippin (Lane), see Evagil.

314 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Five, see Mank’s Codlin.

Eve Apple, see Trumpington.

Even Pearmain.

Evenden (Langridge), C. Medium, round, angular, bronze
green, very acid, late.

Everbearing (Poynter), see Keswick Codlin.

Exhibition (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular, yellow,
streaked, firm, mid-season.

Exhibition Banks (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, yellow, flushed
sweet, late; worthless.

Fail me Never (Jefferies), C. Large, round, very angular,
pale yellow, soft, dry, early ; worthless.

Fail me Never, D. or C. Medium, conical, yellow, early;
third quality.

Fail me Never, see Benoni.

Fair Maid, resembles Keswick Codlin.

Fair Maid of France (Kidd), D. or C. Medium, round, red
streaked, acid, first early ; third quality.

Fair Maid of Kent (R.H.S8.), C. Large, round, green, flushed
and streaked, soft, mid-season; somewhat resembles
Beauty of Kent.

_ Fair Maid of Taunton (Poynter), C. Medium, flat, angular,
pale green, flushed, acid, late.

Fair Maid of Taunton, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Fair Maid of Windsor (J. Scott), D. Small, round, yellow,
streaked, very sweet, early, second quality.

Fairy (Pearson), D. Very small, round, pale yellow, flushed
red; very pretty, a sort of Crab.

Fairy Apple, see Fairy.

Fall Harvey (Cummins), C. Large, round, angular, green,
sweet, soft ; handsome.

* Fall Pippin (Haycock), C. Medium, oblong, angular, dark
red, streaked, mawkish sweet; worthless.

Fallwater (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, green, sweet,
dry, mid-season.

Fall Wine (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Small, flat, red streaked ;
worthless.

Fameuse, see Pomme de Neige.

Farleigh Pippin (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. Medium, ccnical,
ovate, greenish yellow, red streaked, very firm, mid-season ;
ereat cropper; second quality, a handsome Apple.

Farmer’s Glory (Thomas), C. Medium, round, green, flushed
copper colour, acid, mid-season.

Fat Ox, see Royal Codlin.

Fearn’s Apple, see Cox’s Pomona.

* Fearn’s Pippin, D. Small, flat, greenish yellow, red streaked,
brisk, firm; mid-season ; first quality; a very pretty
Apple, good cropper.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 815

Fearnought (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Large, conical, angular,
greenish yellow, flushed, mid-season; handsome, coloured
like Hollandbury.

Federal Pearmain, resembles Claygate Pearmain.

Fenouillet Rouge (Moorhouse).

Ferndale, C. or Cider. Medium, round, red streaked.

Fieftblithe (R.H.§8.), D. Small, conical, pale green, flushed
firm, late.

Field’s Favourite (Ward), D. Medium, roundish, greenish
yellow, acid, mid-season.

Fillbasket, see Kentish Fillbasket.

First and Last (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, ovate,
greenish yellow, flushed, acid, mid-season, very pretty.

First and Last (Lane), C. Medium, round, angular, pale
yellow, soft, early.

Fish’s Golden Pippin (Clayton), D. Small, ovate, pale green,
brisk, hard, late; worthless.

Fish’s Pippin (R.H.§8.), D. Small, round, bronze streaked,
mid-season ; worthless.

Five Crown, see London Pippin.

Five Crowned Pippin, see London Pippin.

Flanders Pippin (Hooke), C. Large, flat, angular, bronzy
red, streaked, brisk, sweet, first quality, late ; a very fine
handsome Apple.

Flat Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, green, firm ;
worthless.

Flemish Beauty (Mundell), D. Medium, flat, green russet,
bright red flushed, very firm, late ; somewhat resembles
Court Pendu Plat.

Fletcher’s Seedling (Dickson), Medium, deep green.

Flower of Herts (Jones), C. Medium, round, flattened, green,
streaked, soft, late.

* Flower of Kent (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Large, flat, angular,

large eye, bronzy green russet, streaked red, firm, mid-
season.

Flowery Town (Crossland), C. Medium, flat, angular, green,
streaked, acid, late.

Ford’s Pippin.

Forest Styre, Cider. Small, round, pale yellow, flushed.

Forester (Jones), C. Large, oblong, pale green, flushed russet,
firm, mid-season.

Forfar Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, ovate, green,
mid-season ; second quality.

Forge (S. Ford), C. or D. Small, round, red streaked, early ;
second quality ; a pretty coloured Apple.

Forman’s Crew (R. Veitch & Son), D. Small, conical, green
russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Forman’s Crew, see Wadhurst Pippin.

816 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Formosa, see Pomme de Neige.

Formosa Nonpareil, see Claygate Pearmain.

Formosa Pippin (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, yellow,
flushed, early ; third quality.

Formosa Pippin, see Claygate Pearmain.

Four Square (Bancroft).

Fowler’s Pippin, see Claygate Pearmain.

Foxwhelps, Cider. Medium, conical, yellow streaked,
Francis Joseph (Paul & Son), C. Small, conical, angular,
bronze green, acid, late. |
Franklin’s Golden Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, round,
greenish yellow with grey spots, very brisk, acid, mid-

season ; second quality.

Freask’s (R.H.S.), C. Large, firm, round, green, faintly
streaked red, late ; resembles Rhode Island Greening.

French Bitter-sweet, Cider. Small, round, greenish yellow.

French Codlin, Cider. Small, conical, orange, streaked red.

French Codlin (R.H.8.), C. Small, long ovate, very pale
yellow, early, long stalk; second quality; very pretty.

* French Crab, D. or C. Small, round, green, very firm, hard ;
will keep two years.

French Pippin (Doig), see Scarlet Pearmain.

French Quoining (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Medium, ovate,
angular, deep red, firm, mid-season, flesh tinged red.

French Reinette, see Scarlet Pearmain.

French Reinette (Pragnell), D. Small, conical, light russet,
late ; second quality.

French Royal Russet, see Royal Russet.

* Friar’s Pippin (King), D. Small, round, yellow, early, acid;
third quality.

Frogmore Golden Pippin (Turner), D. Small, round, yellow,
acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Frogmore Nonpareil (Turner), D. Small, flat, pale yellow,
brisk flavour, mid-season ; first quality; a very pretty
Apple. }

* Frogmore Prolific (Jones), C. Large, round, pale yellow,
soft, early ; first quality ; a great bearer. |

Frognell’s Kernel (Ritchie), C. Medium, ovate, pale green ;
worthless.

Fullwood, see Dutch Fullwood.

Furnell’s (Cheal), C. or Cider. Large, round, green, flushed
red ; worthless.

Gadd’s Seedling, see Beauty of Kent.

Gallibro Pippin, see Galloway Pippin.

Galloway Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, flat,
even, open eye, very clear pale yellow, firm, acid, late;
first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Galloway’s Apple, see Galloway Pippin.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 317

Galway’s Pippin, see Galloway Pippin.

Ganges, see Rhode Island Greening.

Gardener’s Pippin (Wright), C. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, firm, mid-season.

Garrett’s Golden Pippin (Rowson), D. Small, round, yellow,
early, acid ; third quality.

Garrett’s Pippin, see Garrett’s Golden Pippin.

Gascoigne’s Scarlet Seedling (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. or C.
Small, conical, scarlet flushed, mid-season ; second
quality.

Gascoigne’s Seedling (Killick), D. or C. Medium, oblong,
pale yellow streaked and flushed rosy pink, with a thick
bloom, mid-season ; first quality, very handsome.

Gascoigne’s Seedling (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, greenish
yellow with broad streaks and splashes of dark brown,
soft white watery flesh ; second quality, mid-season.

Gay’s Harvest Reinette, see Eccleston Pippin.

Gelber Richard (R.H.S.), C. Small, conical, pale yellow,
firm, mid-season ; worthless.

Gelber Winter Stettiner (R.H.S.), D. or C. Small, round,
green, flushed, mid-season ; third quality.

General Johnson, see Hoary Morning.

German Apple (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Large,
round, flattened, green, streaked red, acid, late; resembles
Striped Beefing.

German Codlin (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Large,
conical, angular, streaked yellow, soft ; first quality.
German Nonpareil, D. Small, round, greenish russet, late,

brisk ; second quality.

German Nonpareil, see Wyken Pippin.

Gestreifter Herbst Siisse (R.H.S.), C. Small, oblong, curved,
angular, pale green, streaked red; worthless; a very
singularly formed Apple, sometimes very highly coloured.

Gestreifter Reinette (R.H.S.), D. or C. Small, conical,
angular, green, red flushed ; ‘third quality ; worthless.

Gipsy King (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round, flattened,
bronzy russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Gipsy Queen (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, flat, golden
russet, flushed, brisk acid, mid-season ; second quality.

Glamis Castle.

Glass of Wine, see Court of Wick.

Gloria Mundi (R.H.S.), C. Very large, flat, sometimes oblong,
angular, pale green, firm, acid, very solid, mid-season ;
second quality ; a somewhat shy bearer.

Glory of Charlwood (Cheal), D. Small, round, red, mid-
season; third quality ; resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Glory of England (Haywood), D. Medium, round, red
streaked, very sweet, first early; second quality.

va ee ie
&
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318 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bd

“

Glory of England (R.H.S.), see Gascoigne’s Seedling.

Glory of Hants, see Ecklinville Seedling.

Glory of the West (Cummins), C. Large, round, angular,
green russet, dry, mid-season.

Glory of the West (Lane), C. Medium, conical, pointed,
yellow, flushed, soft, early.

Gloucester Pippin, see Blenheim Orange.

Gloucester Underleaf (Cranston Nursery Company), |
Medium, round, angular, green, flushed red, dry, mid-
season ; worthless,

Glow of the West, see Golden Noble.

Godolphin (Saunders), C. Small, conical, pale yellow,
streaked acid, mid-season.

Goff (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Small, round, pale yellow, flushed
and streaked red, firm, acid, late; second quality; much
grown in Kent.

Gogar or Stone (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow,
firm, late; second quality.

Gogar Pippin, see Gogar or Stone.

Gold Apple ( Saltmarsh), D. Small, round, angular, golden
yellow, acid, early ; second quality.

Gold Hill Red (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small,
round, very dark red, almost black.

Golden Ball (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow, very
firm, acid, mid-season ; resembles Cluster Golden Pippin.

Golden Ball, see Devonshire Buckland.

Golden Ball, Cider. Small, round, yellow.

Golden Ball (Amer) (Rivers), D. or C. large, round, greenish
yellow; resembles Waltham Abbey Seedling.

Golden Cluster (Graham), C. Medium, conical, angular,
green, flushed red, very acid, late.

Golden Cluster Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.

Golden Drop, see Coe’s Golden Drop.

Golden Ducat (Pragnell), D. or C. Large, round, angular,
pale yellow, streaked, brisk acid, mid-season ; first quality;
resembles a pale Blenheim Orange.

Golden Farmer (J. Scott), D. Small, conical, golden, mid-
season ; first quality.

Golden Harvey (Wheeler), D. Small, conical, open eye,
light russet, flushed red, sometimes streaked, fiesh firm,
yellow, rich, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Golden Knob (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. Small, round, grey
russet, firm, acid, mid-season; second quality ; much
grown in Kent.

Golden Monday (King), D. or C. Large, round, angular,
yellow, streaked, early; third quality.

Golden Noble (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, clear pale yellow,
firm, solid, acid, mid-season; first quality; a very hand-
some Apple, and great cropper.

*

*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 819

Golden Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, golden russet,
very hard, late; third quality.

Golden Orange (Clark), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular,
pale-green, flushed, mid-season ; resembles Golden Winter
Pearmain.

Golden Pearmain, see Golden Winter Pearmain.

Golden Pine Pippin.

Golden Pippin, see Old Golden Pippin.

Golden Pippin, Summer, see Summer Golden Pippin.

Golden Pitmaston, see Pitmaston Golden Pippin.

Golden Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, inclining
to conical, large open eye, greenish orange streaked with
red, mid-season ; first quality; resembles King of the
Pippins ; very handsome.

Golden Russet (Turner), D. Small, conical, golden russet,
sometimes flushed crimson, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first
quality.

Golden Russet Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil.

Golden Russet Nonpareil (W. Paul & Son), D. Small, flat,
grey, russet, dry, sweet, yellow flesh, mid-season.

Golden Russet Pearmain (Goldsmith), D. Small, flat, green-
ish russet, hard, late; worthless.

Golden Spire (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Medium, tall, conical,
angular, very clear orange yellow, soft, early ; first quality ;
a very handsome Apple.

Golden Stranger (Mundell), see Golden Noble.

Golden Vining, D. Small, conical, yellow russet, mid-season ;
third quality.

Golden Winter Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round,
greenish yellow, hard, mid-season; third quality ; some-
what confused with King of the Pippins, but distinct.

Golding, see Gooseberry Pippin.

Golph.

Goodmore (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Small, flat, red-streaked,
acid, mid-season.

Goodenough Nonesuch (Rivers), see Goodenough Pippin.

Goodenough Pippin (Lane), D. or C. Medium, round, yellow,
streaked red, early ; second quality.

Goose Apple (Ritchie), C. Large, conical, pale green, soft,
mid-season.

Goose Green (Garland).

Gooseberry Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Large, oblong,
angular, sometimes flat, green, very firm, solid, late;
first quality.

Gooseberry Pippin (Dickson), C. Small, conical, even, green,
late.

Gooseberry Pippin, Cider.

Gospatrick (Ross), C. Medium, long conical, angular,
grecnish yellow, soft, mid-season ; first quality.

820 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gossing’s Codlin (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, pale green,
soft, acid, mid-season.

Gough’s Seedling, see Golden Noble.

Goygad Pippin.

Graham’s Apple (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, round,

green streaked, late; third quality.

Graham’s Giant, see New Hawthornden.

Graham’s Pippin (King), D. Small, ovate, green, late; third
quality.

+ Graham’s Russet (Fletcher’s).

Grand Alexander, see Emperor Alexander.

Grand Duke, see Grand Duke Constantine.

* Grand Duke Constantine (Pragnell), C. Very large, conical,
flattened crown, pale straw, soft, early ; second quality ;
somewhat resembles Emperor Alexander.

* Grand Sultan (R. Veitch & Son), D. or C. Large, conical,
angular, streaked yellow russet, flushed pink, soft, sweet,
mid-season ; second quality; resembles Cornish Gilliflower.

Grange (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, red streaked, late;
second quality.

Grange Pippin (Paul & Son), C. Medium, flat, angular, pale
green, flushed, flesh white, soft, mid-season, skin very
smooth and greasy.

* Grange’s Pearmain (Dickson), C. Medium, flat, angular,
green, streaked red, firm, late; first quality.

Grange’s Pearmain (Selwood), see Winter Pearmain.

Granny Gifford (S. Ford), C. Medium, round, green, acid,
mid-season ; second quality.

* Gravenstein (R.H.S.), D.orC. Large, flat, angular, pale
yellow, streaked red, very sweet, rich, early ; first quality;
a very handsome and high-flavoured Apple.

Greasy Apple (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Medium, conical,
yellow, streaked, skin very greasy.

* Greaves’ Pippin (Shingles), C. Medium, angular, dark green
bronzy russet, firm, late ; resembles Alfriston.

Greaves’ Wonder (Wood & Ingram), D. Small, round, red
streaked, acid, early.

Green Apple (Clark), C. Medium, conical, angular, green,
acid, late.

Green Balsam, see Rymer.

Green Codlin (Clark), C. Large, flat, angular, greenish
yellow, mid-season ; resembles Calville Blanche.

Green Beefing, see French Crab.

Green Bitter-sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Large, round, angular,

streaked, greenish yellow ; resembles Beauty of Kent.

Green Blenheim, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Green Chisel (Walker), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow,
soft, early, very long stalk.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 821

+ Green Costard (Watkins), see Catshead.

Green Dumpling (Cheal), C. Medium, round, angular, green,
flushed, very acid, late.

Green Fullwood (Rivers), D. Medium, round, pale green,
firm, mid-season ; worthless.

Green Goose, see Alfriston.

Green Goring (Pearson), D. or C. Small, ovate, green, acid ;
worthless.

Green Gribble (Poynter), C. or Cider. Medium, conical,
angular, pale green, mid-season.

Green Kitchen, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Green Leadington, see Catshead.

Green Nonpareil, see Petworth Nonpareil.

Green Norman, Cider. Small, conical, dark green.

Green Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Medium, round, green
bronzed, late; third quality.

Green Pearmain (Poynter), D. or C. Medium, conical, green,
streaked, brisk, mid-season.

Green Pippin (Powell), Medium, round, deep green, flushed,
late.

Green Soldier (Crossland), C. Medium, round, angular,
green, streaked, acid, late; like Yorkshire Greening.
Green Sweet (J. Scott), Cider. Small, flat, angular, pale green.

Green Wilding.
Greening or Transparent, see Transparent. -

* Greenup’s Pippin, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Greenwood Russet, see Wareham Russet.

* Grenadier (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large, oblong, angular,
greenish yellow, mid-season; first quality; a very fine
handsome Apple.

Grey Cheek.

Grey Leadington, C. Large, oblong, angular, green, soft, early.

Grey Pippin (Saltmarsh), C. or D. Medium, round, green,
netted with russet, late.

Grimes’ Golden (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Small, oblong,
angular, yellow, sweet, mid-season.

Gros Fenouillet (Haycock), C. Medium, conical, green,
streaked, late; second quality.

Gros Papa (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, round, green,
flushed ; worthless.

Gros Pigeonet, see Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

Grosse Cuisse (Saunders), C. Medium, round, yellow, flushed,
acid, mid-season.

Grosser Béhmer Apfel (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, green,
flushed red, very firm, sweet, late.

Grosser Casselar Reinette, see Dutch Mignonne.

Griiner Fiirsten Apfel (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round,
even, greenish yellow, flushed, very firm, mid-season.

¥

822 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Guernsey Pippin, see Golden Harvey.

Haddow Pippin, D. Medium, conical, angular, yellow
streaked, early; resembles Duchess of Oldenburg.

Haggerstone Pippin, D. Small, conical, streaked, yellow,
very hard, late.

Hagloe Pippin (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, streaked red,
mid-season ; second quality.

Haigh Pippin.

Hail Apple, C.

* Hall Door (Rust), C. Medium, long, conical, orange, much

*

streaked with red, flesh dry, acid, mid-season ; third
quality; a very pretty Apple.

Hambledon, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Hambledon Deux Ans (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, even, green-
ish russet, streaked, flesh dry, acid, late; second quality.

Hamilton’s, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Hammond’s Jersey Pippin (Parker), D. Small, flat, light
russet, mid-season.

Hammond’s Pearmain (Rivers), see Hammond’s Pippin.

Hammond’s Pippin (Saunders), D. Medium, conical, green,
soft, mid-season.

Hampshire Nonesuch (Brunton), D. or C. Small, conical,
angular, streaked yellow, mid-season.

Hamsell, C. or Cider. Medium, round, angular, red streaked,
early ; third quality.

Handsome Norman, Cider. Small, conical, green, russet.

Hangdown Pippin, Cider. Medium, round, angular, red
streaked.

Hangdowns (S. Ford), D. or C. Medium, conical, yellow,
streaked red, flesh dry; a very pretty Apple, but worthless.

Hanwell Souring (R.H.S.), C. Large, conical, even, greenish
russet, red streaked, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

Hard Bearer, Cider. Medium, yellow, streaked.

Hard Iron (S. Ford), D. Small, flat, green, russet, very
firm, late; worthless.

Harold Pippin (W. Paul & Son), D. Small, round, even,
red streaked.

Harryman, see Gravenstein.

Harvey’s Everlasting, see Allen’s Everlasting.

Harvey’s Russet (Brunton), D. Small, conical, pale russet,
mid-season ; second quality.

Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance (Dickson), see Scorpion.

Hawley, see Hawthornden.

Hawthornden (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, flattened, pale
green, flushed red at times, flesh white, acid, early ; first
quality ; a great bearer, tree subject to canker.

Hawthornden New, see New Hawthornden.

Hawthornden Old, see Hawthornden.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 823

Hawthornden Red, see Hawthornden.

Hawthornden Winter, see Winter Hawthornden.

Hay’s Seedling (McKinnon). Medium, flat, pale green,
mawkish sweet; worthless.

Henry Apple, Cider. Very small, conical, green, very firm.

Henri Decaisne (Peed), Large, flat, angular, deep green,
eye closed, stalk deeply inserted.

Hereford Russet (Pearson), D. Small, round, russet, late ;
third quality.

Herefordshire Beefing (Cranston Nursery Company), C.
Small or medium, flat, dark purplish red, firm, late;
third quality ; a very pretty Apple, and great bearer.

Herefordshire Crimson Quoining (G. Bunyard & Co.), C.
or Cider. Medium, ovate, angular, bright red, sweet, mid-
season.

Herefordshire Pearmain (Cranston Nursery Company), D.
or C. Medium, conical, even, greenish russet, streaked
red, firm, sweet; first quality, somewhat of the Ribston
flavour; resembles Claygate Pearmain.

Herefordshire Pippin. Small, round, yellow, flushed;
worthless.

Herefordshire Sack Apple, see Sack.

Hertford Sweet (Rivers), D. Medium, round, green, sweet,
late; third quality.

Hicks’ Fancy (R.H.S.), D. small, round, greenish yellow
with a little russet, firm, brisk acid flavour, early, stalk
long ; first quality ; a great bearer.

Higgs’ Seedling (R.H.S.), Medium, conical, angular, pale
straw, soft, early.

Hill’s Seedling, see Cox’s Pomona.

Histon Favourite (Wood & Ingram), C. Medium, conical,
even, greenish yellow, flushed, mid-season ; a very hand-
some Apple, much grown in Cambridgeshire.

Hoary Morning, C. Large, round, even, bright red streaked,
with dense grey bloom, mid-season; second quality; a
very handsome Apple.

Hoffner’s Golden Reinette (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round,
flattened, open eye, greenish orange streaked, sweet, mid-
season; second quality; a very handsome Apple.

Holbert’s Prince Albert, D.

Holbert’s Victoria (Paul & Son), D. Small, conical or ovate,
light grey russet, firm, rich, sweet, late ; resembles Golden
Harvey.

Hole Apple (Ritchie), resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

Holker Pippin, see Duke of Devonshire.

Holland Pippin (Woodbridge), D. Medium, conical, green,
flushed, mid-season. .

Holland Pippin, see Pott’s Seedling.

x2

3824 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

* Hollandbury (R.H.8.), C. Large, conical, angular, pale
ereen, flushed bright scarlet, “soft, very white flesh, acid,
mid-season ; second quality ; an extremely handsome
Apple.

Holncote, Sweet (Garland), Cider. Medium, round, yellow,
streaked.

* Hollow Core (R. Veitch & Son), C. Medium, conical, red,—~>\
russet streaked, mid-season.

Hollow Crown Pippin (Paul & Son), D. or C. Medium,
flat, green, late ; worthless.

Holtzen’s Herbst Apfel, see Edmund Jupp.

Honeycomb (J. Scott), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, red
streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Hook Street Pippin.

* Hormead Pearmain (Dickson), C. Large, conical, even,
ereenish yellow, russety, brisk flavour, mid-season; first
quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Horner (J. Scott), D. Small, round, yellow, mid-season;
inferior.

Hornson (Rogers), C. Medium, conical, angular, greenish
yellow, firm, brisk, early.

Hotchkin Pippin (Rivers).

Howick King (Rollo), C. Medium, conical, angular, green,
flushed bronze, late.

Hubbard’s Pearmain (Saltmarsh), D. or C. Medium, conical,
ereen, mid-season; third quality.

* Hubbard’s Pearmain (Lee), D. Small, flat, yellow, firm,
mid-season ; first quality.

Hubbard’s Russet Pearmain (Brunton), D. Medium, conical,
angular, reddish russet, mid-season ; third quality.

Hubbardstone’s Nonesuch (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round,
copper coloured, streaked, sweet, late.

* Hughes’ Golden Pippin (Goldsmith), D. Small, flat,
ereenish yellow, firm, mid-season ; first quality.

Hughes’ Nonpareil, D.

Hulbert’s Victoria (Paul & Son), see Holbert’s Victoria.

* Hunthouse (Pearson), C. Small, conical, angular, green,
russety, firm, acid; great bearer.

Hunthouse Pippin (Rowson), D. or C. Small, conical, pale
ereen ; worthless.

Huntingdon Codlin (Wood & Ingram), C. Large, long
conical, angular, pale orange, mid-season; first quality; a
very fine- looking Apple.

Hunt’s Deux Ans (Lee & Son), D. or C. Small, conical, pale
green, bronze flush, very firm, late; will keep two years ;
worthless.

Hunt’s Duke of Glo’ster (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, flat,

* russet, mid-season; first quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF AP®?LES. 825

Hunt’s New Green Newton Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Medium,
round, green, flushed, firm, late.

Hunt’s Nonpareil (Benson), D. Small, round, light russet,
late ; second quality.

Hunt’s Royal Nonpareil (Rivers), D. Small, round, green,
russet, flushed, late; resembles Old Nonpareil.

Hunt’s Royal Red (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, bronze red,
sweet, firm, late.

Hurmann’s or Herman’s Pippin (Poynter), C. or D.
Medium, conical, even, green, streaked, acid, late.

Hussey’s Pearmain (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, round,
flushed yellow, acid, mid-season; a very handsome Apple.

Hutton Square (Crossland), C. Large, roundish ovate,
angular, greenish yellow, flushed, late.

Hyslep Crab, Deep crimson fruit, very prolific and ornamental.

Hyslop Pippin, see Hyslop Crab.

Imperial (Paul & Son), D. Small, flat, angular, red streaked,
firm, late ; second quality.

Improved Ashmead’s Kernel (Lee & Son), D. Medium, flat,
greenish russet, flushed, acid; greatly resembles Brad-
dick’s Nonpareil.

* Improved Bess Pool (Pearson), D. Medium, oblong, greenish
russet, flushed and streaked dark red, late; a larger and
improved form of the Old Bess Pool.

Improved Keswick Codlin (Harrison), Medium, roundish,
angular, pale straw, acid ; later and of more rounded form
than the Keswick Codlin.

Improved Red Cap (J. Scott), Cider. Medium, conical, red
flushed.

+ Inchmahone (Drummond), Medium, round, green streaked,
red, firm, acid, late; resembles Rymer.

* Incomparable, see Lewis’s Incomparable.

Incomparable Red (Jefferies), C. or D. Medium, conical,
yellow, flushed red, mid-season ; very pretty.

Ingestrie, see Yellow Ingestrie.

Irish Cluster (King), D. Small, round, angular, flushed,
yellow; worthless.

Trish Codlin, see Carlisle Codlin.

- Irish Giant (Turner), C. Very large, round, angular, pale
green, streaked ; somewhat resembles Beauty of Kent.

Irish Greening (Reid), D. Small, round, angular, greenish
yellow, sweet, early ; third quality.

{ Irish Peach (Dickson & Co.); D. Medium, flat, warm yellow,
streaked, sweet tender flesh ; first quality; first early.

* Trish Pitcher (Dunn), C. Small, round, greenish vellow, acid,

early ; like Hawthornden.

Irish Russet, see Sam Young.

Iron Apple, see Brabant Bellefleur.

826 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

Iron Jack (Haywood), D. Small, round, angular, yellow,
streaked, with numerous white spots, sweet ; worthless.

Iron King, see hoes Crab.

Ironsides (Poynter), C. Medium, round, binea green, late.

Isle of Wight Pippin (R.H.S), D. Small, round, greenish
yellow, sweet, mid-season.

Izod’s Kernel (Cranston Nursery Company), C. or Cider.
Large, flat, red streaked, early, handsome; see Tom Putt.

Jacques Lebel (Saunders), C. Medium, flat, large, open eye,
orange flushed, sweet, dry, mid-season.

Jacquin (J. Scott), C. Medium, flat, pale green, flushed, acid,
mid-season.

James’s Pearmain (Ritchie), D. or C. Medium, round, flushed
yellow, acid, mid-season ; second quality, pretty.

Jamie Brown (Crossland), Medium, conical, angular, green,
flushed, acid, late.

January Tom Putt (Poynter), see Tom Putt.

Jean or Jan Apple (Rogers), C. Small, conical, yellow,
streaked, acid, mid-season.

Jefferson (R.H.8.), D. Small, flat, streaked yellow, early,
sweet ; second quality; a pretty early Apple.

Jeffrey Seedling (Goldsmith), C. Medium, conical, flattened,
pale yellow, flushed, dry, early.

Jennet Moyle (Rivers), D. Medium, round, red streaked, soft,
acid, early; handsome.

Jenny Hubert (Ritchie), C. Small, round, streaked yellow,
mid-season.

Jenny Oubury, see Old Pomeroy.

Jenny Sinclair (Clark), C. Small, tall conical, streaked
yellow, early; third quality.

Jersey Chisel (J. Scott), Cider. Small, conical, streaked
yellow.

Jersey Lemon Pippin, D. or C. Medium, long conical, pale
green, flushed bronze, mid-season ; worthless.

Jersey Monarch (Saunders).

Jersey Nonesuch, D. or C. Medium, flat, angular, green,
russet, acid, late.

Jersey Pippin (Saunders), see Hammond’s Jersey Pippin.

Jersey Pippin (Rivers), D. Small, round, russet, sweet, mid-
season ; first quality.

Jews’ Hands (Gee), see Pile’s Russet.

John Apple (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green, slightly
flushed, firm and fresh, sweet; first quality; retains its
freshness until May.

John Apple (Ritchie), D. or C. Medium, round, red streaked,
sweet, mid-season; resembles Tom Putt.

John Apple (Pearson), C. Medium, round, bronze green,
late ; worthless.

John Apple, see Northern Greening.

&

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 827

John Brown.

John Landon (Robertson), C. Medium, pointed, conical,
green; worthless.

John Thompson (Graham), C. Large, flat, very angular,
streaked yellow, acid, mid-season.

Jolly Beggar, see Lord Grosvenor.

Jolly Gentleman, see Emperor Alexander.

Jolly Miller (Bull), C. Medium, flat, angular, flushed red,
soft, acid, mid-season ; handsome.

Jonathan (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale
green, flushed red, acid, mid-season.

Jones’s Favourite (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Large, conical,
angular, pale straw, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

Joseph de Brichy (J. Scott), D. Medium, conical, streaked
yellow; worthless.

Julien, see Early Julien.

June Gilliflower (Cummins), D. Small, round, yellow, soft,
early ; first quality.

Juneating, see White Juneating.

Keddleston Pippin (Lee & Son), D. Small, round, greenish
yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Keen’s Seedling (T. McDonald), D. or C. Small, ovate,
angular, dark green, flushed bronze, very acid, late.

Kemp’s Orange, see Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Kempston (Druce), C. Large, conical, green, russety, firm,
mid-season.

Kentish Beauty, see Beauty of Kent.

Kentish Broading, see Beauty of Kent.

Kentish Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, conical, angular,
greenish yellow, flushed, early; first quality ; very closely
resembles Old English Codlin.

Kentish Codlin, resembles Carlisle Codlin.

Kentish Fillbasket (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large round,
angular, pale green, flushed and streaked, mid-season.

Kentish Golden Knob, see Golden Knob.

Kentish Orange Goff, see Goff.

Kentish Pearmain.

Kentish Pippin, see Colonel Vaughan.

Kernel Apple, Cider. Small, long, conical, yellow, flushed.

Kerry Pippin, D. Small, ovate, streaked orange, firm, sweet,
early; first quality.

Keswick Codlin, C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale yellow,
sometimes flushed orange, soft, brisk, tender, early ; first
quality ; a great bearer.

Killerton Sweet (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Small, round,
angular, yellow.

King, see Warner’s King.

King Apple (Wheeler), D. Medium, conical, bronzed, green,
mid-season ; third quality.

828 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

King Charles’ Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Medium, conical,
golden russet, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

* King Harry (R.H.S.), D. Medium, conical or oblong, even,
greenish yellow, with small russety spots, tender, sweet,
brisk, early ; first quality; a fine Apple.

King Noble, see Stirling Castle.

King of the Orchard (Cheal), see Baxter’s Pearmain.

* King of the Pippins, D. Medium, oblong, open eye, greenish
yellow, streaked and flushed red, mid-season ; first quality ;
a great and certain cropper.

* King of Tomkins County (Rivers), D. or C., very large,
round, angular, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, mid-
season ; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

King’s, see Warner’s King.

King’s Sauce (Griffin), C. Large, oblong, angular, red flushed,
soft, mid-season.

Kingston Black, Cider. Small, round, dark red, streaked.

+ Kingston Pippin (Frettingham).

Kinnoul Pippin (Reid), C. Small, round, pale yellow, acid,
firm, mid-season.

* Kirke’s Fame (Harrison), C. Large, round, streaked orange,
dry, mid-season.

Kirke’s Lord Nelson (Wheeler), D. or C. Medium, round,
yellow, streaked, mid-season, sweet; first quality.

Kirke’s Schone Rambour (R.H.S.), D. or C. Large, flat,
angular, pale yellow, red flushed, soft, mid-season ; very
closely resembles Cox’s Pomona.

Kirkfield Pippin (King), C. Small, round, greenish yellow,
flushed ; worthless.

Kirton, see Keen’s Seedling.

Kitchen Pippin (Pearson), C. Small, round, angular, bronze
ereen, late; worthless.

Kitchen Reinette (Rowson), C. Medium, flat, bronze green,
very firm, late.

Knight’s Fame (Saltmarsh), C. Medium, conical, green,
flushed bronze, dry; a fine handsome Apple.

Knight’s Lemon Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, very
small eye, greenish russet, flushed red, very firm, sweet,
late. ;

Knight’s No. 1 (R.H.S.), C. Small, conical, pale yellow, soft,
early.

Kroon Apfel (R.H.S.), D. Small, ovate, greenish yellow,
streaked and spotted bright red, sweet, mid-season ; third
quality ; some seasons very beautiful.

Ladies’ Everlasting, D. Medium, round, angular, green, red
flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Ladies’ Sweeting (Rivers), D. or C. Round, green, flushed,
sweet, soft ; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALCGUE OF APPLES. 329

{ Lady Alice Eyre (Ross). Medium, round, flattened, pale
green, flushed, sweet, second early ; second quality.

Lady Apple, see D’Api, or Pomme d’Api.

Lady Apple (King), D. or C. Small, conical, very angular,
greenish russet, flushed red ; worthless.

Lady Derby (Haycock), see Summer Whorle.

Lady Duncan (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angular, bronze
ereen, acid, mid-season.

Lady Hayes (Cummins), C. or Cider. Large, round,
streaked yellow, acid, early ; third quality ; very handsome.

* Lady Henniker (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Large, oblong,
angular, streaked yellow with russet, mid-season ; first
quality ; a very handsome Apple.

| Lady Kinloch (Laird). Medium, oblong, pale green streaked
with red, firm, solid; second quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Lady Lennox (Gilbert), C. Small, flat, streaked yellow, very
acid, late.

Lady Lovers (Smith), D. Small, ovate, yellow, streaked ;
worthless.

yj Lady Sudeley (Bunyard). Medium, obiong, or conical,
greenish yellow, streaked red, first early; first quality ;
great cropper.

Lady Sutherland, see Lord Suffield.

Lady’s Blush (Pearson), C. Small, round, pale green, hard,
mid-season ; worthless.

Lady’s Finger, see Smart’s Prince Arthur.

Lady’s Finger (Cranston Nursery Company), D. or C.
Small, very long ovate, greenish yellow, streaked, firm,
dry, mid-season ; very distinct, but worthless.

Lady’s Finger (Morrison), D., see Egg or White Paradise.

La Fameuse, see Pomme de Neige.

Laidlaw Right Keeper (Graham), C. Medium, conical,
angular, green, flushed, acid, hard, very late.

* Lamb Abbey Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Small, oblong, green,
flushed, very firm, sweet, late; first quality.

Lamb Brook Pippin (J. Scott), D. or C. Small, flat, green,
streaked, late; worthless.

Lamb’s Favourite, see Small’s Admirable.

Lamb’s Nose (Ward), D. or C. Medium, conical, angular,
yellow, flushed red; worthless.

Lammas Apple (McKinnon), C. Small, ovate, greenish
yellow ; second quality, early.

Lancashire Pippin (Crossland), C. Small, long ovate, pale
ereen, flushed, mid-season.

Landmere Russet, see Hanwell Souring.

* Landsberger Reinette (R.H.S8.), D. or C. Medium, conical,
angular, pale straw, occasionally flushed, brisk, fresh,
early; first quality ; very handsome, and a good bearer.

830 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

H

Lane’s Prince Albert (Lane & Son). Large, roundish, even,
pale green, streaked and flushed bright red, late; first
quality ; a very handsome Apple, great cropper.

Lane’s Prolific (Lane), D. or C. Medium, conical, even,
greenish yellow, mid-season ; very pretty.

Lanterne, see Rymer.

Large Russet, see Royal Russet.

Large Yellow Bough, see Yellow Bough.

Lass 0’ Gowrie (Doig), C. Large, round, angular, yellow,

early.

Late Marrow (King), D. Small, flat, angular, bronze red;
worthless.

Lauder Lud (Sharp), D. or C. Small, flat, angular, green
bronze.

Lawrence’s Seedling, see Hanwell Souring.

Lawson’s Pearmain (Burnett), C. Medium, round, green,
acid, mid-season; worthless.

Leadington Monstrous, see Catshead.

Leadington Stoup, see Stoup Leadington.

Leather Jacket.

Leathercoat, see Old Leathercoat Russet.

_Leathercoat Brown Russet (Rowson), see Old Leathercoat.

Leicester Burton Pippin (Frettingham), Medium, oblong,
pale green, streaked ; like Old Nonesuch.

Lemon.

Lemon Apple (Woodbridge), D. Medium, ovate, yellow,
russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Lemon Pippin (R.H.8.), D. or C. Small or medium, ovate,
with a peculiar fleshy knob in which the stalk is inserted,
yellow, occasionally streaked russet, sweet, mid-season ;
first quality.

Lemon Square (Crossland), D. Small, oblong, angular, .

yellow, early; worthless.

Leppard’s White Pippin (S. Ford), D. or C. Medium, flat,
yellow flushed, mid-season.

Lewis’s Incomparable (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Large,
conical, streaked yellow, russety, sweet, mid-season ;
a very handsome Apple.

Leyden, see Early Julien.

Leyden Pippin (Harding), C. Medium, conical, angular,
green, flushed bronze, mawkish sweet; worthless.

Liddon’s Prolific (Poynter), C. Medium, conical, orange,
streaked, firm, acid, mid-season.

Lilac, see M‘Lellan’s.

Lincoln (Rogers), Cider. Small, pointed, conical, yellow,
flushed.

Lincoln Holland Pippin, see Wadhurst Pippin.

Lincoln Pippin (Haycock), C. Large, long, conical, angular,
pale green, mid-season. .

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.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 881

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin (Benson), C. Medium, ovate,
angular, yellow, flushed, very acid, mid-season; third
quality.

Lincolnshire Pippin, see Hawthornden.

Lincolnshire Reinette, see Braddick’s Nonpareil.

Linneus Pippin (J. Scott), D. Small, round, green, russet,
hard, late; worthless.

Lippair Wilding (R.H.S.).

Little Dick (Ward), D. Very small, flat, red flushed.

Little John (Campsie), C. Medium, round, yellow, flushed,
dry, acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Littlewick White (Bridgman), C. Small, conical, green,
spotted, acid, mid-season ; worthless.

Liver Pearmain (Ritchie), D. or C. Small, conical, green,
flushed dark bronze or liver colour, late ; worthless.
Liver’s Imperial (Pearson), C. Large, conical, streaked

yellow, soft, very acid, early; handsome, but worthless.

Livesay (Hathaway).

Livesey’s Imperial, see Hollandbury.

Livesley’s Imperial, see Lord Suffield.

Loan’s Pearmain (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, green,
streaked, russety, late; somewhat resembles small
examples of Claygate Pearmain.

Loddington Seedling (Killick), C. Large, round, angular,
pale green, flushed, firm, mid-season; first quality; a
fine handsome Apple, much grown in Kent.

Lodgemore Nonpareil (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small,
round, golden russet, late.

Loggerhead, see Catshead.

London Peach (Pearson), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow,
bronzed, acid, late ; worthless.

London Pippin (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, flat, very
angular, green, flushed red, late; first quality.

Long Peeler (Matthews), Small, ovate, green, red flushed ;
worthless.

Long Reinette (J. Fowler).

Long Start (Crossland), C. Small, round, streaked yellow,
mid-season.

Long Stemmed Pippin (Garland), D. or C. Medium, conical,
even, green, red streaked, mid-season ; stalk remarkably
long.

Longville’s Kernel (R.H.S.) D. or C. Medium, round,
streaked yellow ; second quality; early.

Lopen Never Blight (J. Scott), Cider. Small, round, red ©
streaked.

Lord Burghley (R.H.S.), D. Medium or Small, flat, angular,
green, russet bronzed, firm, late; first quality; resembles
Sturmer Pippin.

Lord Clyde (Rivers), see Golden Noble.

832 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

+

Lord Combermere (Melliar),

Lord Derby (Lane & Son), C. Very large, oblong, angular,
greenish yellow, mid-season; first quality; a fine hand-
some Apple and great bearer.

Lord Duncan, C. Medium, round, angular, pale yellow, acid,
soft, early; Codlin type.

Lord Duncan, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Lord Dunmore (Robertson), C. Large, conical, angular, pale
yellow, flushed red, soft, acid, early.

Lord Elgin (Chuck), C. Large, conical, angular, green, acid,
late ; like Yorkshire Greening.

Lord Exeter’s Favourite, see Hicks’ Fancy.

Lord Granville (Fairbairn), C. Large, conical, very angular,
light green, soft, acid, mid-season.

Lord Grosvenor (Mundell), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale

* yellow, early ; first quality.

Lord Gwydyr’s (Coombes), C. Medium, round, pale yellow,
mid-season.

Lord Hampton’s Wonder, C. Medium, round, angular,
bronze green ; worthless.

Lord Hampton’s Wonder (Hathaway), see Dumelow’s
Seedling.

Lord Kingston, see Hawthornden.

Lord Lennox (Harrison), D. Small, flat, orange, red
streaked, brisk, early; second quality; greatly resembles
Fearn’s Pippin.

Lord Paulett’s Pearmain (Lucombe), Medium, oblong,
streaked green.

Lord Raglan (McKinnon), C. Large, flat, angular, pale
green, flushed, very firm, dry, late; resembles a flat
Yorkshire Beauty.

Lord Raglan, see Loddington Seedling.

Lord Suffield, C. Large, conical, very pale yellow, soft,
first early ; first quality; a very fine Culinary Apple, and
a great cropper.

Lord Suffolk (J. Scott), D or C. Small, flat, bronze green,
late; third quality.

Lord Wolseley (Britcher), see Devonshire Buckland.

Lucombe’s Pine (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical, clear pale
yellow, very firm, sweet ; first quality, mid-season.

Lucombe’s Pine Apple, see Lucombe’s Pine.

Lucombe’s Seedling (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, flattened,
greenish yellow, streaked, soft, acid; second quality, mid-
season.

Luffness Matchless, C. Medium, oblong, angular, green,
flushed red, acid, mid-season.

Luffness Pippin (Brunton), Small, round, yellow, flushed
red; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 333

* Mabbott’s Pearmain (W. Paul & Son), D. Medium, conical,
even, orange yellow, streaked red and minutely spotted,
brisk, acid, mid-season ; first quality ; very handsome.

Macdonald’s Apple (Dunn).

Macdonald’s Favourite (Cairns), C. Large, round, angular,
yellow, flushed red, mid-season, greatly resembles
Yorkshire Beauty.

M‘Clellan’s, American (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular,
streaked yellow, soft, mid-season ; second quality.

M‘Lean’s Favourite (W. Paul & Son), C. Medium, round,
greenish yellow, soft, sweet, early.

Maclellan, see M‘Clellan’s.

Maclery’s Pippin (Neighbour), C. Medium, round, light
green, acid, late.

Madame Hayes (J. Scott), D. Medium, round, streaked
yellow, sweet, early ; second quality.

Madeline (J. Scott), D. or C. Medium, round, angular,
streaked red, mid-season ; worthless.

* Magnum Bonum, see Roundway Magnum Bonum.

Magpie (Langridge), D. or C. Large, round, yellow, streaked,
acid, early; second quality.

Maiden, see Nonesuch.

Maiden Apple (Cheal), D. Medium, conical, angular, yellow,
streaked red, acid, firm, mid-season; second quality.

Maiden’s Blush (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, small eye,
greenish yellow, beautifully flushed pink, sweet; second
quality ; mid-season.

Majetin, see Winter Majetin.

Majestic, see Downton Pippin.

Major Hemming (Brunton), D. Medium, conical, angular,
green, flushed bronze, hard, late.

Mala Kovna (R.H.S8.), D. Small, round, dark red, firm, acid,
mid-season ; third quality ; pretty, but worthless.

* Maltster (Selwood), C. Medium, flat, angular, greenish yellow,
flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Mammoth Pippin, C. Medium, flat, green, late.

Manchester Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season, very firm ; greatly
resembles Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Mango Pippin (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, round, green,
streaked, soft, mid-season ; second quality.

* Manks’ Codlin (R.H.5.), C. Medium, round or conical,
pale yellow, sometimes flushed pink, skin very greasy,
firm, acid, early; first quality; great cropper. ;

* Mannington’s Pearmain (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium,
conical, even, greenish orange, streaked and russety,
mid-season ; first quality.

Margaret, see Early Margaret.

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B84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Margaret Henrietta (S. Ford), D. Small, round, angular,
bright red, sweet, white flesh, mid-season; pretty, but
worthless.

Margaret Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, green, sweet,
mid-season; worthless.

* Margil, D. Medium, round, angular, greenish yellow,
streaked dark red, firm, sweet, somewhat dry, mid-season ;
first quality; a great favourite.

* Marigold (King).

Marriage Maker (Poynter), Cider. Small, conical, deep
scarlet ; very handsome.

Mark Marshall (Cheal), Medium, flat, angular, bronze, flushed.

Marmalade Pippin (Pragnell), D. or C. Medium, ovate, red
streaked, soft, first early ; second quality ; handsome.

Marshall’s Seedling (Rivers), Medium, round, pale yellow,
streaked ; second quality ; pretty.

Martin Nonpareil (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round,
greenish russet, sweet, late; first quality.

Mary Greeds (R.H.5.), D. Medium, round, yellow, early;
first quality.

Mason’s, see Claygate Pearmain.

+ May Queen (Southall), Medium, oblong, angular, deep red,
streaked, late.

Maynack’s Pippin (Rivers), C. Medium, conical, yellow,
soft, first early; worthless. |

Maynard’s Bearer (Britcher), Cider. Medium, flat angular,
orange streaked.

May’s Seedling (Turner), D. Small, conical, red streaked,
mid-season ; second quality ; resembles Colonel Vaughan.

Mead’s Broading, see Irish Giant.

Mealy Late Blossom (Poynter), D. or C. Small, conical,
ereenish yellow, flushed, acid, late; worthless.

Mee’s Seedling (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale
green, very firm, acid, late.

Mela Carla (Haycock), D. Medium, round, yellow, flushed,
sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

* Melon Apple (Rivers), D. Large, round, orange yellow,
streaked, sweet, tender, mid-season ; first quality; a very
pretty Apple.

* Melrose, see White Melrose.

Melville Pippin, see Scarlet Pearmain.

Menagére, see Brietling.

* Mére de Ménage (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, angular, large
open eye, reddish bronze, sometimes streaked, firm, acid,
late ; first quality ; a very handsome solid Apple.

Mickleham Pearmain (Burnett), D. Medium, conical, even,
reddish bronze, firm, mid-season ; second quality ; a hand-
some Apple, resembles Duck’s Bill.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 535

Mignonne Rouge (Haycock), D. Small, round, purplish
red, soft early ; pretty, but worthless

Milford Pippin, see Golden Pippin.

Milford Pippin, C. Large, conical, greenish russet, flushed,
acid, mid-season.

Miller’s Glory (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, flattened, bronze
green, streaked, hard, late ; resembles Norfolk Beefing.
Miller’s Liiken Hagen (R. H.8.), D. Medium, round,

yellow, flushed, mid-season ; third quality.

Millpeck Apple, C. Medium, oblong, pale green, flushed
russet, mid-season.

Minchall Crab (R.H.S.), C. Large, flat, large eye, greenish
yellow, streaked, firm, acid; first quality ; late; a fine
culinary ed

Mincing Pippin (Rust),C. Medium, round, green, stecilied,
acid, mid-season.

Minier’s Dumpling, see Warner’s King.

Minshul Crab, see Minzhall Crab.

Minsterworth’s (Wheeler), Cider.

* Missouri Pippin (W. Paul & Son), D. Small, round,
green, flushed red, late; third quality.

Mistayer (J. Scott), Small, conical, green, streaked, dry;
worthless.

Mitchell’s Red (S. Ford), D. or C. Small, round, green,
flushed, acid, late.

Mitchell’s Seedling (S. Ford), see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Monarch (Saunders).

Monmouth Green, C. Small, round, green, late; worthless.

Monmouth Pippin (Rivers), C. Small, flat, green, hard;
worthless.

Monmouthshire Beauty (Jenkins), D. Medium, ovate,
angular, red streaked, sweet, mid-season; first quality ;
resembles American Mother.

Mononisten Reinette (R.H.8S.), D. Medium, round, even,
greenish yellow, brid Wey firm, late; second quality.

Monstrous Leadington, see ‘Catshead.

Monstrous London Pippin.

Monstrous Pippin, see Gloria Mundi.

Monymusk, see Margil.

Monymutt’s Paradise (Pearson), C. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, streaked, acid, late; in appearance like Wad-
hurst Pippin.

Moody’s Jersey, Cider. Small, round, streaked, yellow.

Moor Farm (Hathaway), Medium, round, orange flushed,
acid ; worthless.

Moor Park Pippin (Turner), D. Medium, round, even,
red streaked, mid-season ; third quality.

Morgan, see Morgan’s Sweet.

~.

336 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

-h

Morgan’s Sweet (Poynter), C. or Cider. Large, conical,
angular, pale yellow, early, sweet, dry flesh ; third quality ;
a favourite Apple in Somerset.

Morgewell Pippin (Cummins).

Morningthorpe Pippin.

Morris’s Court of Wick (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, greenish
yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season ; second quality.

Morris’s Russet (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, light grey
russet, flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Moss’s Incomparable (Pearson), C. or D. Medium, flat, very
deep eye, very angular, greenish russet, streaked, acid, late.

Mother Apple (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, round,
streaked yellow, acid, early ; third quality.

Mother Apple, Cider. Small, conical, pale green, flushed.

Moxhay, see Sturmer Pippin.

Mr. Gladstone, D. Small, conical, angular, reddish crimson,
streaked, soft, first early, sweet ; second quality.
Mrs. Barron (R.H.S.), C. Large, oblong, angular, yellow,
sweet ; first quality ; mid-season.
Mrs. Parrott (Lane), C. Medium, round, angular, green,
flushed red, firm, late; second quality.

Muckenham Pearmain (Burnett), see Manchester Pippin.

Muckenham Rother Winter Koenig (R.H.S.), C.
Medium, round, angular, purplish red, firm, late; third
quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Mumm’s Red (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Round,
even, streaked yellow ; pretty.

Munches Pippin (Dunn), C. Medium, round, angular,
bronzy red, late; third quality.

Murdy Apple (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small,
conical, yellow flushed.

Murfitt’s Apple, see Murfitt’s Seedling.

Murfitt’s Seedling (Bull), C. Large, round, angular, uniform
pale green, very greasy, acid, mid-season ; first quality ;
a favourite Apple in Cambridgeshire.

Murie Seedling (Morrison), D. Small, conical, greenish yellow,
flushed bronze; somewhat resembles King of the Pippins.

Musk Appke, see Carlisle Codlin.

Muskirke Gelbe Reinette, see Bess Pool.

Muss Russet, see Pine Apple Russet.

Myatt’s George the Fourth (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat,
angular, yellow flushed red, mid-season.

Naked Apple (King), C. Round, yellow flushed; resembles
Yorkshire Beauty.

Nancy Jackson (Rivers), C. Large, round, russety, yellow,
streaked, acid, late; first quality.

Nancy Jackson (Cheal), C. Medium, conical, large open
eye, green streaked, acid, late.

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DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 337

* Nanny (Chorley), D. Medium, round, orange yellow, streaked,
red, firm, sweet, early ; first quality; a favourite Sussex
Dessert Apple.

* Nelson Codlin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Large, conical, angular,
greenish yellow, very greasy, mid-seagon ; first quality.

* Welson’s Glory,,see Warner’s King.

Nelson’s Prolific (Haycock).

Never Fail (Dunn). Small, round, angular, bronze.

New Apple (Cummins), D. Large, round, angular, streaked
yellow, brisk, mid-season; first quality; a very hand-
some Apple.

New Bess Pool (Pearson), D. Medium, conical or ovate,
red streaked, late ; first quality; a large, highly coloured
variety of Bess Pool.

New Blandon, see Autumn Calville.

New Comb (Ritchie), C. Medium, round, green, streaked
red, mid-season. -

New Green Nonpareil (R.H.S.) D. Medium, round, bronzy
green, brisk acid, late; second quality.

* New Hawthornden, C. Large, flat, angular, green, flesh
soft, acid, early; first quality; a very free bearer when
young; Winter Hawthornden of some.

New Large Cockpit (Slater), C. Medium, flat, angular,
pale green, streaked red, acid, firm, mid-season ; first
quality ; quite distinct from Cockpit.

New lLiver’s Imperial (Pearson), C. Medium, conical,
angular, pale green, streaked, soft, mid-season.

* New Northern Greening (Pearson), C. Medium, round,
ovate, open eye, even, green, streaked, very firm, acid,
late ; first quality; handsome.

New Scarlet Pearmain, see Brabant Bellefleur.

‘New Ribston Pippin (Jones), D. Medium, roundish,
orange russet, flushed, firm, sweet, Ribston flavour, —
mid-season ; first quality.

New Rock Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, angular, greenish
yellow, russet, firm, late; second quality.

New Rollisson’s (Hathaway).

+ Newland’s Sack (W. Crump).

* Newtown Pippin (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, round,
angular, green, late ; first quality.

Newtown Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small,
flat, golden russet, dry, mid-season; pretty, but use-
less.

Ney-Mi, see Wadhurst Pippin.

Nicolayer (Rivers), D. Medium, round, pale green, sweet,
mid-season ; first quality. :

Wine Square Pippin (Chisholm), C. Large, round, angular,
yellow, flushed red, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Y

8388 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nine Squares (Cockbill), see Nine Square Pippin.
+ Niton House (Veitch), see Seaton House.

No Core (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, greenish yellow, flushed
red, solid, mid-season.

No Core (J. Scott), Small, conical, greenish yellow, streaked ;
worthless.

* Nonesuch, C. Medium, flat, greenish yellow, red streaked,
soft, very acid; third quality ; ; first early; a very pretty
Apple and a free bearer.

Nonesuch (Saunders), D. or C. Large, round, angular, streaked
yellow, mid-season ; handsome.

Nonesuch, Early, see Nonesuch.

Nonesuch Paradise (Rivers), C. Small, conical, yellow ;
worthless; makes an excellent dwarfing stock, for which
purpose it is much grown.

Wonesuch Park (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, even, greenish
yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Nonpareil, see Old Nonpareil.

Nonpareil (Ritchie), D. or C. Large, round, angular, streaked
yellow, sweet, mid-season ; third quality.

Nonpareil D’Angleterre, see Ribston Pippin.

Nonpareil Early, see Hick’s Fancy.

Nonpareil Headcorn (Britcher), D. Small, ovate, light
russet, late; third quality.

Nonpareil, Petworth, see Petworth Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Ross, see Ross Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Russet, see Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Scarlet, see Scarlet Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, Sweeney, see Sweeney Nonpareil.

Nonpareil, White, see White Nonpareil.

* Norfolk Bearer, see Norfolk Beefing.
* Norfolk Beefing, C. Medium, round, dull bronze, very
firm, acid; second quality; late; an excellent late Apple.

Norfolk Colman, see Norfolk Beefing.

Norfolk Paradise (Rivers), D. Small, flat, even, pale
green, flushed, firm, acid, late ; closely resembles Wyken
Pippin

Norfolk Stone Pippin (W. Paul & Son), C. Small, ovate,
ereen flushed, acid, late.

Norfolk Stone or White Pippin (Browne), D. Small, ovate,
green, late; third quality.

Norfolk Storing, see Golden Ball.

Norfolk Storing (Brunton), C. Medium, conical, angular,
bronze green, acid, late.

Normandy Pippin (Haycock), D. Small, round, greenish

yellow, sweet, mid-season ; third quality.

Normanton Bitter-sweet.

+ Normanton Broading (Milne), any oblong, deep green,
streaked, late.

-+

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 339

Normanton Wonder, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

North Britain (Ormiston), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow,
flushed, soft, early ; somewhat resembles Yorkshire Beauty.

Northampton, see Blenheim Orange.

Northend Pippin (Lee), C. Medium, round, angular, green,
hard, very acid, late.

Northern Dumpling (Roberts), C. Medium, flat, green,
flushed bronze, firm, acid, mid-season.

Northern Greening, C. Medium, ovate, green, flushed,
firm, acid, late; first quality ; a very fine late Apple.
Northern Greening Improved (Frettingham). Medium,

ovate, green, late; first quality.

Northern Spy (Wilson), D. Medium, round, red-streaked
and flushed, brisk, sweet, white flesh; first quality; a
very handsome Apple.

Norton Bitter, Cider. Medium, round, bronze green.

Notch Kernel, Cider.

Notts Seedling, see Pott’s Seedling.

Nutmeg Pippin, see Cockle’s Pippin.

Oak Apple (Killick), C. Medium, round, angular, greenish
yellow, flushed, sweet, mid-season ; stalk very long.

Oakley Grove Pippin.

Oberdieck’s Winter Tauben Apfel (R.H.8.), D. or C.
Small, conical, even, pale green, late; worthless.

Ochiltree (Drummond). Small, deep green.

Odelson’s, see Kerry Pippin.

Ogle Grove Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Medium, ovate,
pale green, flushed, acid, late.

Okera, see Akera.

Old Apple. Small, ovate, light russet.

Old Bess Pool, see Bess Pool.

Old Bromley (Cockbill), D. or C. Small, conical, yellow.

Old Caldwell, see Rymer.

Old English Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, conical, angu-
lar, pale greenish yellow, flushed, early ; first quality.

Old Fox-whelps, Cider. Medium, round, red-streaked.

Old Gilliflower (Moorhouse), D. Large, long conical, even
yellow, light bronze, soft, mid-season.

Old Golden Pippin (R.H.S.). Small, conical, even, greenish
yellow, with russet markings, flesh yellow, firm, sweet,
mid-season ; first quality; often confused with Yellow
Ingestrie and Downton.

Old Golden Reinette, see Golden Reinetite.

Old Golden Russet, see Golden Russet.

Old Leathercoat Russet, C. Medium, round.

Old London Pippin, see London Pippin.

Old Man (Rowson), D. Small, round, green, russet, firm,
late ; third quality.

x¥2

340 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Old Neddie (Crossland), D. or C. Small, round, angular,

bronze green, very firm, late.

* Old Nonesuch, see Nonesuch.

* Old Nonpareil, D. Small, round, green russety, very firm,
brisk, sweet, late ; first quality.

Old Northern Greening, see Northern Greening.

* Old Orange Pippin (Wood & Ingram).

Old Pomeroy (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, conical, pointed,
streaked yellow with russet, flesh dry, sweet, mid-season ;
third quality ; very distinct.

Old Queening (Cranston Nursery Company), C or Cider.
~Medium, ovate, angular, yellow, flushed red, russet,
very firm, very acid.

Old Rollisson’s (Hathaway), C. Small, ovate, green.

Old Russet (Saltmarsh), D. or C. Small, conical, angular,
yellow, russet, mid-season ; second quality.

Old Seek no Further (Rivers), D. or C. Large, oblong,
angular, green, flushed red, mid-season.

Old Stone Pippin (Killick).

Old Wife (S. Ford), Small, conical, angular, light russet ;
worthless.

Old Winter Pearmain (Turner), D. or C. Medium, conical,
reddish russet, acid, late.

Old Winter Russet (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular,
flushed russet, acid, mid-season.

Omar Pacha (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, greenish yellow,
flushed bronzy red, dry, mid-season ; second quality.
Onion Apple (Ritchie), C. Small, round, pale green, flushed,

~ acid, late; resembles Dumelow’s Seedling.

Onion Rope (Warden).

Open Heart (Bancroft), Medium, conical, bronze; worth-
less.

Opetien Pommiers (Wood & Ingram), C. Large, round, bright
ereen, early; second quality; very peculiar stalk.

Orange (Way), D. Small, flat, orange, mid-season; third
quality ; resembles Oslin.

Orange Apple (Rogers).

Orange Goff, see Goff.

Orange Pearmain (8. Ford), C. Medium, round, green, soft ;
worthless.

* Orange Pippin (Graham), D. Small, flat, pale orange, red
streaked, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Orange Pippin (Ritchie), D. Small, round, light russet, mid-
season; third quality ; worthless.

Orange Quince (Garland), C. Large, round, angular, streaked
yellow, soft, early.

Orange Russet (Gould), D. Small, round, light russet, flushed,
dry, mid-season ; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 841

Orange Wilding (Rogers), Cider. Small, pointed, conical,
yellow, flushed bronze.

Oranier Pepelin (R.H.8.), D. Medium, flat, angular, orange,
fiushed, firm, sweet, mid-season. |

Ord’s (R.H.8.), D. Small, ovate, angular, deep green,
sometimes.‘flushed red, with large dark brown spots,
brisk and fresh, sweet; first quality, late; a very fine
late Dessert Apple.

Orme, see Manks’ Codlin.

Ornament de la Table (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, green,
flushed bright red, sometimes streaked ; pretty, but worth-
less.

* Oslin (Brunton), D. Small, flat, orange yellow, with russet
specks, firm, sweet, early; second quality; a very free
cropping variety.

Ostendon (Way), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, dark
purple, late.

Ostogotha (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, yellow russet, firm,
sweet, mid-season.

Ostogotha (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, flat angular, pale
ereen, flushed, flesh white, sweet, mid-season.

+ Ottershaw (Cheal), Medium, oval, pale green.

Oxford Peach, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Pace’s Seedling (Morrison), C. Small, conical, angular, pale
yellow, firm, mid-season.

Packhorse Pippin (Cummins), resembles Pearson’s Plate.

Painted Lady (Rowson), C. Large, conical, angular, streaked
yellow, very hard, late.

Palmer’s Glory, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Paradise Pippin, see Kgg or White Paradise.

Parker (J. Scott), D. Small, conical, light russet, acid mid-

eason ; third quality.

Parker’s Fame (Saltmarsh), D. Medium, conical, flushed
red, mid-season ; third quality.

Parker’s Glory Pippin (J. Scott), Medium, round, yellow
flushed ; worthless.

Parry’s Pearmain (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, green russet,
mid-season ; second quality.

Parson’s, see Rymer.

Passe Bohmer (J. Scott), C. Small, conical, yellow, flushed
red, acid ; worthless.

Paternoster, resembles Dutch Mignonne.

Pat’s Seedling (Gilbert), D. Small, flat, angular, red streaked,
acid, mid-season ; resembles Fearn’s Pippin.

Patrick’s (Brown), C. Small, conical, green, streaked, sweet ;
worthless.

Pattiswick Seedling (R.H.S.), C. Small, round, very angular,
bronzy red; worthless,

Te ; |.
oS peau © é . ~ i <

342 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pawn Apple (J. Scott), D. Small, round, greenish yellow,
sweet, mid-season ; third quality.

Paymaster, Cider. Medium, round, yellow.

Peach (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, angular, rosy pink, flesh white,
firm, mid-season ; second quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Peach (R. Veitch & Son), D. Large, conical, angular, red
streaked, soft, early; first quality; a handsome early
Apple.

Peach (Saunders), C. Large, flat, red streaked, acid, early
handsome.

Peach Bloom (Beaton), see Winter Peach.

' Pear Apple (Rogers), Cider. Medium, round, yellow, flushed.

Pearmain Chester, see Golden Raney

Pearson’s Apple (Graham).

* Pearson’s Plate (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical or oblong,
greenish russet, flushed orange red, firm, sweet, mid-
season ; first quality : resembles Golden Harvey.

'y Peasgood’s Nonesuch (Haycock), C. Very large, conical,
even, greenish yellow, flushed and streaked red, soft,
acid, mid-season ; first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

* Peck’s Pleasant (Rivers), D. Large, round, green, late;
first quality.

Pennington Seedling (Dickson), D. Medium, flat, green or
yellowish green, russety, brisk, late ; first quality.

Pennock’s Red Winter (Rivers), C. Medium, round, angular,
ereen streaked, acid, late.

Penny Loaf (R.H.8.), C. Medium, flat, angular, flushed
yellow, mid-season ; resembles Old English Codlin.

Perkins’ Seedling (F. C. Ford), C. Medium, round, angular,
ereen, very acid, late.

Peter Smith (Paul & Son), D. Small, yellow, conical, mid-
season ; third quality.

Peter the Great (Idd). .

Petit Jean (Saunders), C. Small, round, small eye, streaked
yellow, mid-season.

Petworth Nonpareil (Dean), D. Small, round, uniform,
grey russet, flesh green, sweet, mid-season.

Pheasant’s Eye, see Wyken.

Phillip’s Pippin (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Medium,
round, greenish yellow, streaked, hard, mid-season.

Phillip’s Seedling, see Cellini.

Pickering’s Pearmain (Brunton), D. Medium, flat, flushed

russet, acid, late; second quality.

Pie-finch, Cider. Large, flat, red streaked.

Pigeon or Wax Apple, see Wax Apple.

Pigeon Rouge (J. Scott).

Pigeon’s Heart (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, green, streaked ;
worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 3438

* Pigéonette (Rivers), D. Small, conical, light bronze, white

flesh, mid-season ; third quality.

Pig’s Nose (J. Veitch & Sons), Cider. Medium, conical,
with peculiar flattened sides, pale green, flushed red.

Pike’s Pearmain, see King of the Pippins.

Pile’s Russet, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Pile’s Russet (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, flat, angular, grey
russet, late ; second quality.

Pile’s Victoria, see Devonshire Buckland.

Pinder’s Apple (Grey), resembles Keswick Codlin.

Pine Apple Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, ovate,
bronzy red, soft, acid, mid-season; pretty, but worth-
less.

Pine Apple Pippin, see Hambledon Deux Ans. |

Pine Apple Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D.
Large, round, angular, light grey, flaked with russet,
flushed, soft, very tender, sweet, early; first quality ;
also called Pomeroy.

Pine Apple Russet, see Pine Golden Pippin.

Pine Golden Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, roundish, angular,
light grey russet, flesh white, tender, sweet; first quality,
mid-season.

Pippin Kuculies (J. Scott), Cider. Small, round, red-
streaked.

Pippin Morningthorpe (J. Scott).

Pitcher Burr Knot (Griffin), D. Small, flat, yellow, early;
worthless.

Pitmaston Golden Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, conical,
pale yellow, flaked with russet, firm, sweet, mid-season ;
first quality.

Pitmaston Pine Apple (R.H.S.), D. Small conical, even,
pale golden netted russet, fesh yellow, firm, sweet, mid-
season ; first quality.

Pitmaston Russet (Penny), see Pitmaston Russet Non-
pareil.

Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round,
flattened, pale green, flaked with russet, flushed, sweet,
mid-season ; first quality.

Pittsburg Seedling (Turner), D. Small, conical, yellow,
flushed, firm, late; worthless.

Please Lady (Doig), D. Small, ovate, pale green, mid-
season ; second quality.

Plum Apple (Kidd), C. Small, conical, angular, pale red,
flushed ; worthless.

Plum Vite (Rogers), C. Small, conical, yellow flushed.

Plum Water (Shortt), C. Medium, conical, angular, ‘red
flushed, soft, early ;. inferior.

Pomeroy, see Red Astrachan,

344 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

+

Pomeroy of Somerset (W. Paul & Son), see Old Pomeroy.

Pomeroy Russet, see Pine Apple Russet.

Pomme d’Api, see Lady Apple.

Pomme de Lippé, see Ornament de la Table.

Pomme de Neige (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, white,
flushed bright scarlet, fiesh white, soft, sweet, mid-season ;
second quality; exceedingly pretty.

Pomme de Paque (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, conical,
streaked yellow russet, acid, mid-season.

Pomme Grise (W. Paul & Son), D. Medium, conical,
angular, streaked yellow, acid, mid-season; worthless.
Pomme Poire Blanche (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular,

green, late; stalk very long.

Pomme Royale, see Royal Russet.

Pomme Russet, see Reinette de Hollande.

Pomme Violette (Pragnell), C. Large, flat, open eye, dark
purple, late ; resembles Mére de Ménage.

Pomme Water (R.H.S), D. or C. Medium, round, angular,
green, late, mawkish sweet ; worthless.

Pomona, see Cox’s Pomona.

Pompone Pippin, see Bringewood Pippin.

Pond Pippin (Britcher), D. Small, round, red, streaked,
sweet, early; third quality.

Ponto Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green russet,
late; third quality.

Poor Man’s Friend, see Warner’s King.

Poor Man’s Profit (Garland), D. or C. Small, round, yellow,
streaked ; worthless. .

Pope’s Apple (Lane), D. or C. Medium, conical, even, eye
large, pale yellow, flushed, soft, mid-season; a very
handsome Apple.

Porter’s Pippin (Saltmarsh), C. Large, conical, even,
streaked yellow, firm, acid, late; very handsome.

Portugal ‘Blue (Ritchie), Cider. Medium, flat, angular,
bronze green, late.

Postans (Ritchie), Small, conical, flushed yellow; worthless.

Postrophe, see Blenheim Orange.

Pott’s Seedling (Lane), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale
yellow, early; first quality ; a very free bearer.

Pound Apple (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium, flat, light,
copper-coloured, flushed, sweet.

Pound Apple, see Whittle’s Dumpling.

Pounds, see Pound Apple.

Powell’s Favourite (Wright), D. Medium, conical, even,
yellow, acid, mid-season ; third quality; a pretty little
Apple.

Powell’s Russet (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, green, russet, —

dry flesh, mid-season.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 845

Pratt’s Pudding, see Pott’s Seedling.

Premier (Killick), D. or C. Medium, flat, red, streaked,
soft, mid-season.

Président de Fays-Dumonceau (Paul & Son), C. Large,
conical, angular green, late, mawkish sweet.

Price’s Rolly ‘Crown (Pearson), Cider. Medium, round,
green flushed.

Pride of Easton (Gilbert), D. or C. Large, conical, yellow,
streaked, soft, mid-season; handsome.

Pride of Normandy (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider.
Small, conical, flushed bronze.

Pride of the Mill (Cheal).

Pride of the Orchard (Chorley).

Prince Albert, see Lane’s Prince Albert.

Prince Bismarck (McIndoe), see Bismarck.

Prince Henry (Slater), D. or C. Medium, round, streaked,
yellow, soft, sweet, mid-season.

Prince Lippo (Paul & Son), Small, flat, red, streaked,
mid-season ; worthless.

Prince of Wales (Jones), C. Medium, round, even, pale
ereen, flushed, acid, late, flesh white; somewhat like
Dumelow’s Seedling.

Prince of Wales (Miles), resembles Blenheim Orange.

Prince’s Pippin, see King of the Pippins.

Prince’s Pippin (Poynter), Cider. Large, flat, even, bright
red ; very beautiful.

Princess Augusta (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Medium,
round, yellow, mid-season ; third quality.

Princess Royal (R.H.§S.), D. Small, round, russet, late;
second quality. | ;

Prinzen Apfel (R.H.§.).

Prizetaker (Turner), C. Medium, flat, yellow, soft, acid ;_
resembles Ecklinville Seedling.

Profit Apple (Saunders), Cider. Large, round, angular,
yellow streaked.

Prolific July Apple (Cummins), D. Very small, conical,
yellow, streaked, early ; second quality.

Prophet.

Prussian Pippin (Crossland), D. Small, ovate, yellow, very
hard, late.

Puckrupp’s Pippin (Dicksons), D. Medium, conical, grey
russet.

Pudding Apple, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Puffin Sweet, or Come Bear and Tear (Poynter), Cider.
Large, broad, conical, streaked, greenish yellow; re-
sembles Emperor Alexander.

Purpurother Agat-Apfel (R.H.8S.), C. Medium, ovate,
greenish yellow, streaked, acid, late.

346 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pursemouth (King), Small, conical, ‘very angular, pale

yellow, flushed red, dry, mid-season ; worthless. 3

- Pym Square (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Large,
flat, red, streaked ; a very beautiful Apple.

* Quarrenden, see Devonshire Quarrenden. .

Quart Apple (Slater), D. Medium, flat, greenish yellow
flushed orange; worthless. This variety has frequently
double crowns. .

* Quatford Aromatic (R.H.S.), D. Medium, conical, angular,

flushed yellow russet, brisk, sweet, mid-season.
Queen, The, see The Queen.

* Queen Apple (Shingles), D. or C. Large, oblong, eye large,
deep, streaked, yellow russet, soft, mid-season; a very
distinct looking Apple.

Queen Apple, see Fairy.

* Queen Caroline (Jones), C. Medium, flat, even, large open
eye, pale yellow, dry; second quality; early; somewhat
resembles Golden Noble.

Queen Mary, see Duchess of Oldenburg.

Queen of England (Graham).

Queen of the Pippins (Cairns).

Queen Victoria (Fletcher). |

Queen’s (R. Veitch & Son), C. or Cider. Medium, oblong,
dark red, streaked, soft, flesh tinged red.

Queen’s Crab (Crossland), C. Medium, oblong, angular,
yellow flushed, dry, early ; worthless.

Queen’s Russet (Pearson), D. Small, round, light russet; —
worthless.

Queenstown (Crossland), C. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, very acid, late.

Quetier (Rivers), C. Medium, round, very small eye, greenish
yellow, soft, mid-season.

Radford Beauty (R. Veitch & Son), C. Medium, round,
bronze green, streaked, firm, acid, late.

Ramboro (Cummins), D. or C. Medium, conical, flushed
yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Rambour (Cheal), C. or Cider. Large, flat, dark red,
streaked, mid-season. |

Rambour d’Amérique (Moorhouse), D. or C. Medium,
conical, green flushed, very firm, late; Mére de Ménage
of some.

Rambour d’Hiver (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large, flat,
angular, very large deep eye, green, acid, late.

Rambour Lattischers’ (J. Scott), C. Medium, round,
bronze green, russet, very firm, late; worthless.

Rambour Pepelin (Rivers), C. Medium, oblong, green,
flushed, very acid, mid-season.

Ramsdell’s Sweet (Rivers), D. Small, conical, angular,
yellow, sweet, mid-season ; worthless.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 347

Ramsden’s, see Norfolk Beefing.

Ranson (Harrison), C. Medium, round, green, streaked, soft,
mid-season ; third quality.

Rawle’s Reinette, see Dutch Serene

Ravelston Pippin (McKinnon), D. or C. Large, roundish,
angular, greenish yellow, red, streaked with russet, mid-
season ; a favourite Scotch Apple.

Red American, see Pomme de Neige.

Red Astrachan, D. Medium, round, deep est lis with
dense grey bloom, flesh white, firm, brisk acid, first early ;
second quality; a very handsome Apple, but shy bearer.

Red Autumn Calville (Garland), see Calville Rouge
d’Automne.

Red Beefing, see Norfolk Beefing.

Red Bitter Sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Small, conical, pale
yellow, flushed.

Red Blandon, see Calville Rouge d’Automne.

Red Bough (Dunn), D. or C. Medium, long conical, yellow,
red streaked, flesh soft, white.

Red Busbelly (Garland), Cider. Small, conical, angular, red
flushed.

Red Cadbury (8. Ford), D. Small, conical, red streaked,
soft, early.

Red Calendar (Brunton), D. or C. Small, conical, red
streaked, early ; third quality; pretty, resembles Colonel
Vaughan.

Red Cluster (Garland), Cider. Small, flat, angular, red.

Red Coachman, see Colonel Vaughan.

Red Dick (Lane), Cider. Medium, conical, angular, bright
red, very acid.

Red Flanders, see Hollandbury.

Red German, see Mére de Ménage.

Red German (Cranston Nursery Company).

Red Hawthornden, see Old Hawthornden.

Red Itterly Bitter Sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Very small,
round, even, yellow, flushed.

Red Julien (Dickson & Co.)

Red Juneating (Ormiston), D. Small, ovate or conical, red
streaked, sweet, first early ; a very nice early Apple.
Red Kaine (Walker), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale

green, streaked red, soft, early.

Red Leadington, D. or C. Medium, conical, pale green,
bronzed, late.

Red Must (Cheal), D. Small, conical, red, flushed, acid, mid-
season ; pretty, but worthless.

Red Norman, Cider. Small, conical, flushed, yellow.

Red Norman Bitter Sweet, see Yorkshire Beauty.

J Red Peach (R. Veitch), Medium, conical, streaked.

- ~~
.
, —

848 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Red Quarrenden, see Devonshire Quarrenden.

Red Rawlings (Harrison), Cider. Round, even, dark red,
streaked, flesh tinged red.

Red Ribbed Greening (R. Veitch & Son). Large, conical,
angular, green flushed, bronze, acid, mid-season ; worth
less.

Red Ribbed Queen (R. Veitch & Son), C. or Cider.
Medium, ovate, angular, deep red, streaked, mid-season.

Red Russet (Rivers), D. Large, round, angular, red russet,
mid-season ; second quality.

Red Shannon, see Hanwell Souring.

Red Soldier (Ritchie), Cider. Small, conical, angular, yellow,
flushed red.

Red Stone (Robertson), D. or C. Large, flat, angular,
red, streaked, mid-season ; third quality.

Red Strawberry (Ritchie), Cider. Medium, round, streaked
yellow. |

Red Streak Pippin, see Kerry Pippin.

Red Streaks (8. Ford), Cider. Medium, round, dark red,
streaked.

Red Styre (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Small,
round, even, yellow, streaked.

Red Winter Bitter Sweet, Cider. Small, conical, yellow,
flushed.

Red Winter Pearmain (Roberts), C. or D. Medium, conical,
even, green, streaked, acid, late.

Red Winter Reinette of Schmidtbergen (R.H.S.), D.
Medium, round, yellow, streaked, mid-season ; worthless.

Redding’s Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, light
russet, late.

Redleaf Russet (W. Paul & Son), see Cox’s Red Leaf
Russet.

Reinette d’Ananas, see Pitmaston Pine Apple.

Reinette d’Allebearer (?) (J. Scott), D. Medium, round,
yellow streaked.

Reinette Baumann, see Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

Reinette Blanche d’Espagne (Dickson), C. Large, round
or flattened, angular, greenish yellow, flushed, mid-season
first quality.

Reinette de Breda (Pragnell), D. Medium, round, greenish
yellow, russety, firm, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette de Canada, D. or C. Large, flat, angular, green-
ish yellow, flaked, russet, firm, sweet, mid-season;
first quality; a very fine Apple, if grown in good situa-
tions.

Reinette de Canterbury (Rivers), C. Medium, round,
angular, green, very firm, late.

Reinette Carmelite, see Downton.

“<> ule La
i ar -
-—’ ‘

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 349

* Reinette de Caux, greatly resembles Dutch Mignonne.
Reinette Damies (J. Scott), D. Small, round, greenish
yellow, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette Doré (Rivers), D.orC. Medium, round, green, late ;
worthless. .
Reinette d’Espagne (Haycock),’D. Small, round, light

russet, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.
Reinette Franche, see Old Nonpareil.
Reinette Gaesdouk (J. Scott), Small, round, greenish
. yellow ; worthless.
Reinette de Granville (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, round,
greenish yellow, mid-season ; second quality.
Reinette de Greville (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular,
: greenish yellow, firm, sweet, early.

* Reinette Grise (Rivers), D. Medium, round, flattened,
greenish yellow, russet, late; first quality.

Reinette Grise d’Automne, see Reinette de Canada.

Reinette Grise de Canada, see Reinette de Canada.

Reinette Grise de Champagne (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C.
Medium, flat, uniform, light grey russet, flesh greenish,
sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette de Hollande (Haycock), D. Medium, round, orange
yellow, streaked, mid-season; lke a small King of the
Pippins.

Reinette Impératrice, see Dutch Mignonne.

Reinette Jaune Hative (Kidd), resembles Gravenstein.

Reinette Kapuziner (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, light grey
russet, flushed, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette Livery (J. Scott), C. Medium, conical, green, acid,
soft, mid-season ; worthless. ;

Reinette Luisante (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Medium,
round, yellow, mid-season ; second quality.

Reinette de Madére (Rivers), D. Medium, round, yellow,
early ; second quality.

Reinette du Nord, resembles Old English Codlin.

Reinette Oberdieck (Pragnell), C. Small, round, greenish
yellow, late ; worthless.

Reinette Ontz (Lane), D. Medium, round, uniform grey
| russet, acid, mid-season ; very poor.
Reinette Ontz (J. Veitch & Sons); resembles an early
Claygate Pearmain.
Reinette Perle, see Golden Winter Pearmain.
Reinette Petite Grise (Cummins), D. Medium, round,
ereen, late; third quality.
+ Reinette Rambour de Melcher (Rivers), Large, round, pale
yellow, firm, late.
Reinette Roequin (Rivers), D. Medium, flat, yellow, russet
sweet, late ; worthless.

*

arse
be eae

350 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Reinette Superfin (J. Scott), D. Medium, flat, angular,
ereen, late ; first quality.

Reinette Thorley (Haycock), D. or C. Medium, conical,
yellow, firm, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette trés tardive, see Winter Pearmain.

* Reinette Van Mons (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medivii,
round, yellow, russet, brisk acid, early.

Reinette de Versailles, see Lemon Pippin.

Reinette de Vervaene (J. Scott), Small, flat, green, bronze ;
worthless.

Reinette du Vigan (J. Scott), D. Medium, flat, angular,
flushed red, mid-season ; third quality.

Reinette von Zongoliet (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, greenish
russet, late; third quality.

+ Remborough (Cummins), resembles King of the Pippins.

Rendell’s Pippin (Poynter), see Court of Wick.

Rhode Island Greening (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium,
round, angular, green, firm, acid; first quality; a very
fine, late keeping Apple.

Rhydd Court Seedling (Cranston Nursery Company).
Similar to Golden Reinette.

Rib Apple (S. Ford), Small, oblong, yellow, flushed ; worth-
ess.

* Ribston Pippin. Medium, round, angular, greenish yellow,
flushed and streaked red, flesh yellow, firm, mid-season ;
first quality ; very highly flavoured.

Ribston Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Richard Gilbert (Gilbert), D. Medium, round, reddish
orange, soft, mid-season ; pretty.

+ Ringer (Smith), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale yellow, soft,
early ; first quality.

Risomer (Britcher), D. Small, round, red streaked, sweet,
early; third quality.

Robinson’s Pearmain (Pragnell),C. Medium, conical, yellow,
acid, mid-season ; third quality ; pretty, but worthless.

Robinson’s Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Small, round green,
russet, late; first quality.

Rock (J. Scott), D. Small, round, yellow flushed, late ; worth-
less.

Rock Apple (King), D. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

Roi d’Angleterre (Haycock), C. Medium, round, green, late.

Rolland Apple (J. Dean), D. or C. Large, conical, angular,
yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Romeril (Saunders), D. or C. Medium, flat, green, flushed,
mid-season ; worthless.

Ronald’s Orange Pippin (R.H.§.), D. Small, round, yolem:
mid-season ; third quality.

Ronald’s Royal Pearmain, see Autumn Pearmain,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 851

Rosehili Pearmain (Griffin).
* Rosemary Russet, D. Medium, conical, greenish yellow,
russet, flushed pod firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality.
Rosenhager (R.H.S8.), D. or C. Medium, flat, reddish bronze,
firm, sweet, late ; first quality.

* Ross Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, pale russet,
flushed and streaked red, very firm, brisk, sweet; first
quality.

* Rostocker (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, bright red
shaded, very firm, late; first quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Rosy Red (J. Scott), D. Small, flat, red, mid-season; third
quality.
Rother Eisen, see Huni’s Royal Red.

+ Rougemont (R. Veitch).

Rough Coat Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small,
flat, russet, flushed, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

Rough Pippin, see Adams’ Pearmain.

Rough Thorn, Cider. Small, round, angular, greenish russet-

Round Apple (Rogers).

Round Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, greenish
yellow, firm, mid-season.

Round Winter Codlin, see Round Winter Nonesuch.

'* Round Winter Nonesuch (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, angular,
with large prominent eye, greenish yellow, streaked, late ;
first quality ; a fine handsome Apple, and a free bearer.

Roundway Magnum Bonum (Rivers), C. Medium, round,
pale yellow, covered with minute grey spots, soft, early ;
very distinct.

Rowell’s Captain (Gilbert), D. or C. Medium, round, red
streaked, mid-season ; a very pretty Apple.

Rowell’s Lieutenant (Gilbert), D. or C. Medium, conical, pale
green, mid-season.

-Rowell’s Middy (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, even, greenish
yellow, flushed, firm, acid, late.

Roxbury Russet (Riv ers), D. Small, flat, greenish russet,
firm, sweet, late.

* Royal Codlin, C. Large, conical, angular, greenish yellow,
flushed red, early ; first quality; a very handsome Apple.

Royal George (Poynter), C. Large, conical, angular, purplish
red streaked, soft, white flesh, mid-season, ” first quality ; :
very handsome.

Royal Jersey (Poynter), Cider. Medium, conical, red
streaked.

_ J Royal Jubilee (Bunyard), C. Large, conical, pale yellow,
flushed, firm, melting, mid-season ; first quality ; ; resembles
Manks’ Codlin.

Royal Pearmain, see Old Winter Pearmain.

Royal Red Streak (Crossland).

352 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

*

*

Royal Russet, C. Large, round, grey russet, mid-season ; first
quality.

Royal Shepherd (Cockbill), Medium, conical, green, flushed
red ; worthless. 2

Royal Somerset (Garland), C. Medium, flat, even, very pale
green, acid, late; first quality; handsome; somewhat
resembles Dumelow’s Seedling.

Royal Wilding (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, flat,
streaked russet, mid-season ; third quality.

Royal Wilding, Cider. Medium, conical, green, flushed.

Ruck’s Late Nonesuch (Pollett), D. or C. Medium, oblong,
green, streaked, acid, mid-season; third quality; resembles
King of the Pippins.

Rushout, D. Small, round, greenish yellow, dry, late; third
quality.

Rushock Pearmain, resembles Sturmer Pippin.

Russet Nonpareil, see Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.

Russet Pearmain (Ritchie), D. Small, flat, russet, acid, late ;
worthless.

Russet Pine, see Pine Apple Russet.

Russet, Pine Apple, see Golden Reinette.

Russet Pippin, see Cox’s Orange Pippin.

Russian Emperor, see Emperor Alexander.

Russian Transparent, see Scorpion.

Rust Cove (Beaton), Medium, conical, angular, reddish russet;
worthless.

Rusty Coat (Rogers), D. Small, flat, netted russet, late;
worthless.

Rutlandshire Foundling, see Golaen Noble.

Rymer (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, large open eye, greenish
yellow, streaked and flushed red, firm, acid, late; first
quality; a great cropper.

Sack Apple, Cider. Small, conical, angular, streaked yellow.

Sack Apple (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, streaked red.

Sage, No. 1 (R.H.S.), C. Medium, oblong, angular, yellow,
occasionally flushed, early ; second quality.

Salmon Apple (King), C. Large, flat, angular, streaked yellow,
early.

Sam Young (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, large open eye, light
grey russet, flesh yellow, sweet, mid-season ; first quality;
in appearance like a Medlar.

-Sam/’s Crab (Cranston Nursery Co.), D. or C. Medium, round,

ereenish yellow, streaked red, mid-season ; third quality.
Sarah Sinoy (Rivers), D. or C. Medium, round, flattened,
greenish yellow, flushed, very firm, acid, mid-season.
Saunders’ Jersey Pippin, see Hammond’s Jersey Pippin.
Saville’s Seedling (Pollett), D. Small, round, angular,
greenish yellow, sweet, mid-season ; worthless.

aa -

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 358

Saxon (Dunn), C. Small, ovate, pale yellow, soft, early;
worthless.

Scarlet Admirable (Lane), D. Small, round, streaked yellow,
early ; third quality; resembles Duchess of Oldenburg.

Scarlet Crofton (Wheeler), D. Small, flat, yellow russet,
flushed, mid-season ; first quality.

Scarlet Golden Pippin (Rivers), D. Small, conical, golden
russet, streaked, dry, sweet, mid-season ; resembles Court
of Wick.

Scarlet Incomparable, see Colonel Vaughan.

Scarlet Leadington (Turner), C. Medium, conical or angular,
greenish yellow, flushed scarlet, firm, acid ; first quality ;
like a small Red Catshead.

Searlet Nonpareil, D. Medium, round, greenish yellow,
flushed deep scarlet, firm, sweet, late ; first quality; a very
fine and handsome Apple.

Scarlet Pearmain (Selwood), C. Medium, conical, angular,
red streaked, mid-season; worthless.

Scarlet Pearmain, D. Medium, conical, red, acid, mid-season ;
third quality ; very handsome.

Scarlet Pearmain, D. Small, ovate, red streaked, mid-season ;
resembles Colonel Vaughan.

Scarlet Pippin (Gilbert), D. Medium, conical, yellow,
streaked red, acid, mid-season; second quality; resembles
Autumn Pearmain.

Scarlet Pippin (Cockbill), D. or C. Medium, conical, flat-
tened, large open eye, scarlet, acid, mid-season; third
quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Scarlet Reinette (Cockbill), D. Medium, conical, even, large
eye, red streaked, sweet, mid-season; first quality ; very
handsome.

_ Scarlet Russet (Harding), D. Small, conical, yellow russet,
flushed red, firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Schlesvig Jordbaereeble (R.H.8.), D. or C. Medium, conical,
even, greenish yellow, streaked, early, sweet; first quality;
somewhat resembles Cellini.

Schoolmaster (Layton), C. Large, oblong, pale yellow, flushed,

flesh white, soft, acid, mid-season ; first quality ; handsome.

Scotch Bridget (Hathaway), C. Medium, conical, angular,
ereen, streaked and flushed red, flesh white, tender, sweet
mid-season ; a favourite Scotch Apple.

Scorpion (G. Bunyard & Co.), C. Large, flat, angular, stalk
deeply set, greenish yellow, mid-season ; first “quality ; a
very fine Culinary Apple.

Scranch Apple (Ritchie), Cider. Large, round, angular,
streaked yellow.

Screveton Golden Pippin (R.H.S.),D. Small, round, yellow,
flaked russet, firm, sweet, mid-season.

Z

354 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

--f

Seacliffe Hawthornden (Gilbert), C. Small round, angular,
yellow, firm, sweet, juicy, mid-season.

Seale’s Beauty '(Britcher), resembles Macdonald’s Favourite.

Seale’s Winter Pippin, see Tower of Glamis.

Seaton House (Veitch), C. Large, round, flattened, pale
green, streaked, mid-season; a very pretty Apple.

Seek no Further, see King of the Pippins.

Seigende Reinette (R.H.S), D. or C. Large, conical, even,
greenish yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season ; first quality.

Sell’s Bainton Seedling (Gilbert), resembles Yorkshire
Beauty.

Sell’s Prolific (Gilbert), C. Small, conical, red-streaked, acid,
mid-season ; worthless.

Selling Pippin, see Cellini.

Selwood’s Reinette (Lane), D. or C. Medium, round, angular,
yellow, firm, sweet, mid-season.

September Beauty (Veitch), Early, red, streaked.

Serinkia (Rivers), D. Small, round, clear pale yellow, sweet,
mid-season ; first quality ; a very pretty Apple.

Serinkia, see Rhode Island Greening.

Sharleston Pippin (Chuck), Small, green.

Sharp’s Apple (Cheal), C. Medium, flat, light russet, acid,
late ; worthless.

Sharp’s Favourite (Britcher), D. Small, round, be
flushed ; worthless.

Sharp’s Pippin (Griffin), D. Small, round, yellow, flushed ;
worthless.

Sharper’s Apple (Garland), D. Small, ovate, red streaked.

Sheep’s Head (King), C. Large, conical, very angular, pale
green, flushed red, soft early. Resembles Royal Codlin.

Sheep’s Nose (J. Scott), C. Medium, long, conical, angular
green, streaked red, mid-season.

Sheep’s Nose, C. or Cider. Medium, conical, angular, bright
red, streaked, soft, sweet, mid-season.

Sheep’s Nose, Cider. Medium, conical, pale green.

Shepherd’s Fame (Rowson), C. Large, conical, pale green,
fiushed, acid, mid-season.

Shepherd’s Newington (R.H.S.), C. Medium or large, flat,
greenish yellow, streaked, soft, mid-season.

Shepherd’s Seedling (Gee), D. or C. Medium, conical, green,
russet, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Shepherd’s Wilding (Cockbill), Cider. Medium, round, green.

Sherlocks (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, even, greenish russet,
streaked, sweet, mid-season.

Shiner (Bancroft).

Shipley Pippin (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, green; worth-
less.

Shoreditch Whites, see Hawthornden.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 855

Shorter. Small, round, green; worthless.

Short’s Favourite (Rowson).

Showet.

Siberian Crab (Paul & Son). Small, ovate, orange, flushed
red ; @ very ornamental fruit.

Siberian Sugar.

Silver Pippin, see Small’s Admirable.

Silver Saturday (King), C. Small, conical, yellow, streaked,
acid ; worthless.

Silver Tankard (Ritchie), C. Large, oblong, angular, pale
green, acid, mid-season.

Silverton Pippin, see Warner’s King.

Sir John’s Favourite (R. Veitch). Medium, oblong, green
flushed.

Sir Walter Blackett’s Favourite (Grey), C. Medium, flat,
angular, large open eye, green, bronzed, firm, acid, mid-
season.

Skinner’s Seedling (Cummins), D. Small, conical, green,
mid-season ; second quality.

Skyrme’s Kernel, Cider. Small, round, yellow streaked.

Slack-my-Girdle (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Large, round,

~ greenish yellow, streaked red; a very pretty Apple.

Sleeping Beauty (Rowson), C. Small, conical, pale green,
acid, late ; first quality.

Sleeping Beauty (Latta), Cider. Small, round, yellow, mid-
season.

Small Catshead (Poynter).

Small’s Admirable (R.H.8.), C. Medium, round, pale green,
acid, mid-season; first quality; a very free cropping
variety.

Small’s Golden Pippin (Bridgman), D. Small, flat, yellow
russet, flushed, firm, brisk, mid-season ; first quality.

Small’s Imperial, see Small’s Admirable.

Small’s Incomparable (Kidd). Small, ovate, greenish yellow;
worthless.

Smart’s Prince Albert, see Smart’s Prince Arthur.

Smart’s Prince Arthur (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. or C. Large,
long ovate, angular, green, red streaked, very firm, late; a
handsome Apple.

Smiling Beauty, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Smiling Mary, see Fearn’s Pippin.

Smith’s Pippin (R. Smith & Co.) C. Medium, flat, pale green,
flushed, acid, mid-season.

Smith’s Seedling, see Tibbett’s Pearmain. -

Snort Apple (Ritchie).

Soger Jersey (J. Scott), Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Soldier (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Medium, round, red streaked.

Somerset, see Royal Somerset.

z2

856 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SocreTy,

—

“S lq Sa ae ©

Somerset Apple Royal, see Winter Pearmain.

Somerset Lasting, see Royal Somerset.

Somoersetshire Doux Ans, see Hambledon Deux Ans,

Sops in Wino (R.H.5.), D. or C. Small, round, angular, searlet,
with thick bloom ; flesh streaked red, soft; third quality ;
early, pretty. .

Sour Reinette (Garland), D. Small, conical, yellow russet,
brisk acid, mid-season.

Souring Apple, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

South Carolina (Shingles), ©. Large, round, green, red
streaked, late ; resembles Hoary Morning.

South Carolina Pippin (Pearson), D. Small, round, yellow
flushed, acid, mid-season; third quality.

South Quoining (Ritchie), Cider. Medium, conical, red
streaked.

South Quoining, Cider. Medium, ovate, streaked yellow.

Sovereign (Morrison), D. Small, conical, yellow russet, flushed,
mid-season,

Spaniard (Benson).

Spanish Green (Crossland),

Spanish Pippin, see Gloria Mundi.

Spanish Pippin, see Sellwood's Reinette.

Spencer’s Favourite, see Queen Caroline.

Spencor’s Groon Seedling Seaport D. Small, flat, green,
bronze, sweet, mid-season; second quality.

Spoencer’s Seodling, see Queen Caroline.

Spice Apple (Jefferies), Cider. Medium, round, angular, grey
russet.

Spice Applo of Burntisland (McKinnon), D. Small, conical,
angular, grey russet, soft, sweet, mid-season.

Spice Russet (Warland), C. Medium, round, angular, grey
russet; worthless.

Spreading Norman (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider.
Small, conical, yellow, flushed, russety.

Spring Grove Codlin (Pearson), C. Medium, conical, angu-
lar, pale green, flushed, early; third quality.

Spring Ribston, see Baddow Pippin.

Springfield Pippin (Cummins), C. Small, conical, angular,
green, late.

Squire’s Codlin (J. Scott), C. Small, roundish ovate, pale
green, sweet ; worthless,

St. Alban’s Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. Medium, conical, —

eye large open, green russet, firm, late; second quality.
St. Lawrence (C. Turner), C. Medium, flat, red, streaked, soft,
sweet, early.
St. Lawrenco (R.H.S.), C. Medium, round, angular, green,
flushed red, acid, mid-season.

St. Loonard’s Nonparoil (8. Ford), D. Medium, round,

russet, soft, mid-season; third quality.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 857

St. Mary’s Street (Gilbert), D. Medium, round, angular,
‘ russet, streaked, soft, acid, mid-season; greatly resembles
Cornish Aromatic.
St. Sauveur, see Calville St. Sauveur.

* Stackpool Apple (Saltmarsh), D. or C. Small, conical, green,
very late ;. will keep for two years fresh.

Stadden’s Pippin (Poynter), Cider. Small, round, angular,
dark red, flesh tinged red.
Stadway Pippin, see Bess Pool.

* Stamford Pippin (Pearson), C. Medium, round, green, late ;
first quality.

Stamford Pippin (Robertson), C. or D. Medium, round, red
streaked, early. .

Stamford Pride (Gilbert).

Stark (Jones), D. Medium, round, green, late; second quality.

Staten (Poynter), D. Medium, round, greenish yellow, late;
third quality.

Stead’s Reinette (Wood & Ingram), D. Medium, round, red,
sweet, early; third quality; a very pretty Apple.

Stenkyrsaeble (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round, angular,
greenish yellow, tender flesh, early ; first quality.

{7 Stent’s Incomparable (Frettingham). Small, round, green
flushed, red, late, large open eye.

Stewart’s Kernel (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider.
Medium, flat, dark red, streaked.

Stewart’s Reinette (Cranston Nursery Company).

Stewart’s Seedling (Fairgrieve), C. Medium, conical, green,
soft; worthless.

* Stirling Castle (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, flattencd, eye
deeply set, greenish yellow, acid, soft, mid-season ; first
quality ; a wonderfully free cropper.

Stock Leadington, see Catshead.
Stoffell’s Michlin (R.H.S.), D. or C. Medium, round, even,
pale green, very solid, late.
Stone Blenheim, see Hambledon Deux Ans.
Stone Pippin, see Gogar.
* Stone’s Apple, see Loddington Seedling.
Stone’s Seedling, see Loddington Seedling.

-* Stoup Leadington (Brunton), C. Large, oblong, angular,

: frequently with fieshy knob one side of the stalk, deep
green, flushed, acid, mid-season ; resembles Catshead.

Stradbrooke Pippin, see Bess Pool.

+ Strange’s Seedling (Ross), Large, round, green, somewhat

resembles Stirling Castle.

Strawberry Beauty.

Strawberry Bitter-sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Small, conical,
angular, pale green, flushed.

Strawberry Norman, Cider. Medium, conical, green, streaked
red.

858 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.»

* Strawberry Pippin (Slater), D. or C. Medium, flat, very

pale, streaked, mid-season; second quality.
Strawberry or Red Streak atric D. Medium, round,
red, streaked, firm, juicy, sweet, early ; second quality,

Stringer’s Red (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round, dark red, —

flesh tinged red, mid-season.

Striped Beefing (R.H.8.), C. Large, flat, open eye, green,
streaked red, late; first quality ; very handsome; a pro-
lific bearer.

Striped Calville (Saunders), C. or Cider. Large, flat, angular,
red, streaked, sweet, mid-season.

Striped Coalhouse (King), Cider. Small, ovate, yellow,
streaked. Mee

Striped Monster Reinette (Paul & Son), see Round Winter
Nonesuch.

Striped Pitcher (Griffin), Cider. Small, round, even, red
streaked.

Striped Ribston (Clayton), D. or C. Medium, ovate, angular,
yellow, streaked, mid-season ; first quality.

Stubton Nonpareil (Lee & Son), D. Small, conical, greenish
russet, brisk, late; first quality.

Sturmer Pippin (R.H.8.),D. Small, flat, green, russet bronzed,
firm, sweet, late; first quality ; a free cropper.

Styre’s Bitter-sweet, Cider. Small, oblong, pale flushed
bronze.

Sudbury Beauty (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, yellow, russet,
firm, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

Sugar and Cream (Gee), Small, ovate, light russet.

Sugar and Cream (Hiam), Cider. Small, conical, red, streaked.

Sugar Apple (Cranston Nursery Company).

Sugar Pippin (Wheeler & Son), D. Small, round, yellow,
sweet, mid-season; third quality.

Sugarloaf Pippin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, oblong, angular, pale
yellow, tender, sweet, first early; first quality; a great
cropper.

Summer Golden Pippin, see Yellow Ingestrie.

Summer Golden Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, conical, greenish
yellow, flushed, tender, sweet, first early; first quality.

Summer Nonesuch, see Nonesuch.

Summer Nonpareil (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, pale yellow,
brisk acid, early ; second quality.

Summer Orange (Saltmarsh), D. Medium, flat, orange yellow,
flushed, sweet, early; third quality.

Summer Pearmain (J. Scott), D. or C. Small, conical, angu-
lar, streaked, yellow, acid, mid-season.

Summer Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Summer Queen (Cheal), D. Small, round, yellow, streaked,
early ; second quality.

teas Fe -
: ~ a

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 359

Summer Queen (Pragnell), D. Large, flat, angular, streaked
yellow, very sweet; third quality.

Summer Quoining (Ritchie), C. Medium, conical, angular,
light bronze red, early.

Summer Rose (McIndoe).

Summer Strawberry (Paul & Son), D. or C. Large, round,
angular, red streaked, firm, mid-season ; handsome.

Summer Strawberry (Whyte), D. Small, ovate, red streaked,
sweet, first early.

Summer Strawberry (Lee & Son), D. Medium, conical,
angular, red streaked, soft, early ; a pretty, early Apple.

Summer Sweet (Crossland), D. Small, round, yellow, early ;
third quality.

Summer Thorle (Mundell), D. Small, flat, very clear, red
flushed and streaked, flesh white, sweet, first early; first
quality; a great cropper; much grown in Scotland.

Summer Whorle, see Summer Thorle.

Sunflower, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Surpasse Reinette d’Angleterre, see Reinette de Canada.

Surrey Nonpareil, see Sweeney Nonpareil.

Sutton Beauty (Rivers), D. Medium, round, streaked orange,
sweet, mid-season ; first quality ; resembles Cox’s Orange
Pippin.

Swaar (McIndoe), D. Small, round, yellow, very hard, mid-
season ; third quality.

Swaar (R.H.5.), resembles Rhode Island Greening.

Swedish Pearmain, see Swedish Reinette.

Swedish Reinette (R.H.§8.), D. or C. Large, conical, even,
small eye, bright rosy red, streaked, acid, soft, mid-season ;
second quality ; an extremely pretty Apple. :

Sweet Achan (J. Scott), C. Medium, round, streaked yellow,
sweet; worthless.

Sweet Albert, C. or Cider. Medium, conical, angular, pale
ereen flushed, sweet. 3

Sweet Alfred (R. Veitch & Son), Cider. Small, round,
flushed yellow, sweet.

Sweet Buckland (Garland), C. Medium, flat, bronze green,
very dry; worthless.

Sweet Haccombe, Cider. Small, conical, angular, yellow,
streaked.

Sweet Hangdown, Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

Sweet Kingston, Cider. Small, flat, angular, dark red,
streaked.

Sweet Laden, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Sweet Lading, sce Brabant Bellefleur.

Sweet Leydon, see Brabant Bellefleur.

Sweet Pennard, Cider. Small, round, yellow, flushed bronze.

Sweet Pomeroy, see Old Pomeroy.

~

360 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

_ Sweet Portugal, Cider. Small, conical, yellow, flushed.

* Sweet Reinette, D. Small, flat, golden russet, sweet, late ;
resembles Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.

Sweet Russet Coats (Poynter), D. Medium, flat, yellow,
russet, flushed ; worthless.

Sweet Sheep’s Nose (J. Scott), C. or Cider. Medium,
conical, pointed, pale green, streaked, mawkish sweet;
worthless ; resembles Old Pomeroy.

Sweeney Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Medium, flat, green,
russet, very acid, late.

Sweesley Imperial (Paul & Son).

* Syke House Russet (J. Veitch & Son), D. Small, flat,
orange yellow, flaked russet, firm, sweet, mid-season; first
quality ; a very pretty and distinct Apple.

“Tankard, see Royal Codlin.

*Tartnell, see Cardinal.

Taylor’s Apple (Ritchie).

“Taylor’s Seedling, see Clove Pippin.

Ten Shillings (Dunn), D. Medium, round, angular, red
streaked, acid, early ; third quality.

Ten Shillings, see White Square.

Terwin’s Goliath, see Catshead.

* Tewkesbury Baron (Wheeler), C. or Cider. Large, round,
large open eye, greenish yellow, flushed and streaked
bright crimson, acid, mid-season; a very handsome
Apple.

The Butcher (Gilbert), very closely resembles Andrew’s
Invincible.

‘The Fairy, see Fairy.

“The Maiden (McKinnon), C. Medium, flat, green, russet,
streaked, acid, late ; resembles Hambledon Deux Ans, but
with large open eye.

“The March Queen (Gilbert), D. Small, flat, rounded, green,
russet, late, acid; third quality.

The Miller’s Thumb (King), D. or C. Small, ovate, green,
flushed ; worthless.

The Parcel Post (Gilbert), D. Small, round, angular, streaked
yellow, sweet, early; third quality.

The Post Office (Gilbert), C. Medium, conical, yellow, flushed,
acid, mid-season ; worthless.

The Professor (Fairgrieve), C. Small, round, ovate, greenish
yellow, acid, mid-season; second quality.

* The Queen (Saltmarsh), C. Large, flat, even, greenish yellow,
streaked, soft, acid; first quality ; mid-season; a large and
very handsome Apple.

The Old Trumpeter, see Trumpington.

* The Sandringham (Penny), C. Large, conical, light green,
flushed, tender, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

are
av
é

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 861

The Ten Commandments (Badger), D. or Cider. Medium,
round, dark red, flesh brisk acid, streaked with red; mid-
season.

The Woodman (Gilbert), C. Small, round, yellow, flushed,
acid, mid-season.

Thickwood, Cider. Small, flat, red, streaked.

Thomage Seedling (J. Scott), D. Small, round, bronze green,
late; third quality.

Thomason (8. Ford), C. or D. Medium, conical, angular, red,
flushed, soft, early.

‘Thomason (Cheal).

Thompson’s Seedling, see New Northern Greening.

Thoresby Seedling, see Grange’s Pearmain.

Thorle, see Summer Thorle.

Thorle Pippin, see Summer Thorle.

Three Years Old, see French Crab.

Tibbett’s Incomparable, see Tibbett’s Pearmain.

Tibbett’s Pearrnain (Killick), C. Very large, conical, angular,
greenish bronze, streaked, flesh dry ; second quality, mid-
season ; a handsome distinct Apple.

‘Tiffen (Crossland), C. Small, round, red, streaked, flesh white,
mid-season.

Tiltwood Pippin (Gandy), C. Medium, ovate, large eye, pale
ereen, flushed, acid, mid-season.

Tobut’s Red Streak (S. Ford), C. or Cider. Large, round,
angular, green, streaked, soft, acid.

Toker’s Incomparable (Saunders), C. Large, round, angular,
greenish yellow, flushed, dry flesh, mid-season; somewhat
like a pale Hollandbury.

Tom Harryman (Beaton), C. Medium, round, yellow, soft,
early.

Tom Montgomery (Forbes), C. Medium, flat, angular, light
copper, dry, mid-season.

Tom Putt, C. or Cider. Large, round, angular, dark red,
streaked, firm, acid; second quality, mid-season ; a very
handsome Apple.

Tom Tadpole (Chuck), D. Small, round, yellow, acid, early;
third quality.

Top Apple, see Goff.

Tower of Glamis (R.H.S.), C. Large, conical, angular, pale
ereen, flushed, firm, acid, mid-season; first quality; a
handsome Apple and a great cropper.

Tower’s Glory (R.H.S8.), C. Medium, round, even, green,
flushed, very firm, late.

Transcendent Crab (Cheal), Small, ovate, yellow, flushed ;
a very ornamental fruit.

* Transparent (King), Small, round, angular, pale green,

flushed ; worthless.

362 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,» n
Transparent Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Medium, conical, angular, ,
geist yellow, flushed, soft, early; resembles Old English
Codlin.

Transparent de Croncelles (Paul & Son), D. or C. Large, |
round, yellow, soft, early; second quality, clear skin, im
pretty.

Traveller’s Pippin, see Herefordshire Pearmain.

Treadcroft’s Seedling (J. Veitch & Sons), Small, conical,
even, yellow, flushed, acid, late; resembles Edmund Jupp.

Tremlett’s Bitter (Garland), Cider. Medium, oblong, red.

Trumpeter (Lane), C. Medium, round, green, streaked, soft,
acid, early; worthless.

* Trumpington (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, flat,
angular, large open eye, red, streaked, sweet, mid-season;
third quality.

Tudball Russet, see Wareham Russet.

Tun Apple (Saltmarsh), D. Large, oblong, reddish russet,
mid-season ; first quality. |

Turbanks (Bull).

Turk’s Head, see Round Winter Nonesuch.

* Twenty Ounce (R.H.5S.), C. Medium, round, pale green, soft,
mid-season. ~

Twenty Shillings (S. Ford), C. Small, conical, even, pale
yellow, soft, mid-season ; worthless.

Twin Cluster Golden Pippin, see Cluster Golden Pippin.

Twining’s Apple (Haycock), D. Small, flat, green, russet,
late; third quality.

Twining’s Pippin (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. Small, round,
even, green, russet, late.

Two Years Old (Ritchie), D. Small, flat, russet, flushed, dry ;
worthless.

* Tyler’s Kernel (Parker), C. Large, conical, greenish yellow,
flushed, deep red, firm, acid, mid-season; first quality ;
a very handsome Apple.

Uellner’s Golden Reinette (Cummins), D. Medium, flat,
large open eye, clear yellow, flushed russet, dry, mid-
season ; first quality.

* Uncle Barney, see Lucombe’s Seedling.

Underleaf (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Small, conical,
angular, light russet ; worthless.

Upright French, Cider. Conical, angular, yellow, russet,
flushed.

Vale Mascal Pearmain (R.H.8.), D. Small, round, flattened,
red, russety, firm, brisk, acid, mid-season.

Valleyfield, Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Van Houtte, see Evagil.

Van Mons Reinette (Rivérs), D. Small, round, yellow, russet,
mid-season ; second quality.

*

%*

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 863

Vaun’s Pippin (Rivers).

Veitch’s Cluster, see Warner’s King.

Ventmus Ellicott Pippin, see King of the Pippins.

Vermilion d’Espagne, see Fearn’s Pippin.

Victoria, see Holbert’s Victoria.

Vineyard Pippin, see Hanwell Souring.

te oc. Pippin (Lee & Son), Greatly resembles Fearn’s

ippin. «

Wadhurst Pippin (R.H.S.), D. or C. Large, round, yellow,
streaked, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality.

Wagener (Rivers), D. Medium, round, green, streaked, mid-
season ; second quality.

Wagner (R.H.S), D. Medium, flat, angular, greenish yellow,
flushed, sweet, mid-season.

Walker’s Summer Broading (Pearson), D. or C. Medium,
flat, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season ; a great cropper.

Walsgrove Blenheim, see Bess Pool.

Walsgrove Wonder, see Yorkshire Beauty.

Walter Blackett’s Favourite, see Sir Walter Blackett’s
Favourite.

Waltham Abbey Seedling (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, pale
yellow, soft, tender, mid-season; first quality; a great
cropper.

Waltham Cross (W. Paul & Son), D. or C. Medium, flat,
even, greenish yellow, red streaked, soft, sweet ; pretty.

Waltham Pippin (R.H.S.), D. Medium, round, angular,
green, flushed red, soft, sweet, mid-season; second quality.

Ward’s Pippin, see Blenheim Orange.

Ward’s Red (Wright).

Wareham Russet (Dickson), C. Large, flat, angular, green,
russet, flushed bronze, firm, late ; a very fine Apple.
Warner’s King (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Very large, round,
flattened, pale green, soft, tender, early; first quality.
Warner’s Pippin (Ross), C. Large, oblong, pale green,

flushed, mid-season.

Warner’s Seedling (Warner), C. Large, flat, green, flushed
red, firm, acid, late; first quality ; resembles Bramley’s
Seedling.

Warwickshire Pippin, see Wyken Pippin.

Washington (G. Bunyard & Co.), D. or C. Large, round,
yellow streaked, soft, mid-season ; first quality; a very
fine looking Apple.

Water Pippin (S. Ford), C. Small, conical, green, acid, mid-
season ; worthless.

Water’s Crab, Cider. Small, round, green.

Waterford Nonpareil (Saunders), D. Small, conical, green,
russet, late; third quality.

Waterloo, see Fearn’s Pippin.

364 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

—+

Waterloo Pippin (J. Scott), C. Small, round, flushed, yellow,
late ; third quality.

Watson’s Dumpling (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Medium,
conical, angular, yellow, streaked, sweet, mid-season.

Watson’s Nonesuch, see Thorle Pippin.

ee oe (S. Ford), Small, conical, golden ; an ornamental

rab.

Waxwork (Bates).

Wealthy (Bunyard), D. Medium, round, flushed red, flesh
white, tender ; first quality ; mid-season, pretty.

Weaver’s Kernel, Cider. Small, round, red streaked.

Webb’s Russet (Cummins), C. Large, flat, green, russet,
acid, late.

Webster’s Harvest Festival (Britcher), see Hoary Morning.

Welford Park Nonesuch (Ross), C. Large, round, flattened,
even, greenish yellow, streaked, soft, acid, mid-season ;
first quality ; a very handsome Apple.

Well Apple (Ritchie), Cider. Large, round, red streaked;
resembles Tom Putt.

Well’s Sweet (Rivers), D. Medium, conical, green flushed,
sweet ; worthless.

Wellington, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Wellington Pippin, see Dumelow’s Seedling.

Wellington (Bradley).

Werder’s Golden Reinette (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, even,
large open eye, pale yellow, fiushed, sweet, mid-season ;
first quality; a very pretty Apple; resembles Hofiner’s
Golden Reinette.

Wesleyan (White), resembles Grey Pippin.

Western Seedling (Jenkins), D. or C. Small, round, angular,
yellow, streaked, firm, mid-season ; worthless.

Westland (Beaton), D. Small, round, yellow, acid, early;
third quality.

Wheeler’s Kernel, see Hawthornden.

Wheeler’s Late Keeping (Moorhouse), D. Small, conical,
reddish russet, acid, mid-season ; second quality.

Wheeler’s Russet (Cranston Nursery Company), D. Medium,
round, russet, firm, sweet, late; first quality.

Whistleberry (King).

Whitby Pippin (Ritchie).

White Acid (J. Scott), Small, conical, pale green, acid, mid-
season ; worthless.

White Apple (Warden).

White Astrachan (Dunn), D. or C. Small, conical, angular,
very pale yellow, soft, first early ; second quality.

White Bitter-sweet, Cider. Small, round, pale yellow.

White Blenheim (Hiam), C. Medium, round, green, acid,
mid-season.

be:

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 865

White Buckland, see Devonshire Buckland.

White Busbelly (Garland), Cider. Small, conical, angular,
yellow flushed.

White Calville, see Calville Blanche.

White Calville, see Scotch Bridget.

White Cluster (Garland), Cider. Small, flat, angular, very
pale yellow.

White “ian (Clark), C. Medium, ovate, angular, pale yellow,
early.

White Devonshire (S. Ford), C. Large, conical, angular,
greenish yellow, soft, mid-season ; worthless.

White Dumpling, resembles White Melrose.

White Dutch Mignonne, see Dutch Mignonne.

White Hawthornden, see Hawthornden.

White Holland Pippin (S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, pale
green, flushed, firm, acid, late.

White Itterly Bitter-sweet (Ritchie), Cider. Small, round,
pale yellow.

White Jersey.

White Juneating (Kidd), D. Small, round, flattened, green-
ish yellow, faintly flushed, very sweet, first early; a nice
and very early Apple.

White Loaf (Slater), C. Small, flat, angular, pale green,
flushed red, dry, mid-season.

White Melrose (Hogg), C. Large, broad, conical, angular,
pale yellow, soft, early; a fine Apple.

White Moloscha (R.H.S8.), see Wyken Pippin.

White Moncrieff (King), C. Medium, conical, angular, pale
yellow, early.

White Musk (Cranston Nursery Company), Round, greenish
yellow, soft, early.

White Nonpareil (R.H.S.), D. Small, flat, green, russet, flesh
white, tender, sweet, mid-season ; first quality.

White Norman, Cider. Very small, round, pale.

White Paradise, see Egg.

White Pippin, see Devonshire Buckland.

White Pippin (Hathaway). Small, conical, angular, pale
green ; worthless.

7 White Quarrenden (R. Veitch), Medium, round, pale,

streaked red, soft ; worthless.

White Russet (Pearson), C. Large, oblong, angular, flushed
orange russet, dry, mid-season ; worthless.

White Russet (Wood & Ingram), D. Medium, flat, angular, -
bronze flushed, sweet, late.

White Square (Crossland), C. Large, flat, angular, yellow,
flushed, dry, early.

White Tom Putt (Pragnell), Cider. Small, round, pale yellow,
very long stalk.

866 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

White Winter Pearmain (Rivers), see Golden Winter Pear-
main.

White’s Newtown Pippin, see Newtown Pippin.

Whiting Pippin (Ritchie), C. Medium, flat, angular, yellow,
sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Whittle’s Dumpling (Poynter), C. or Cider. Large, fiat,
angular, pale yellow, flushed bright red, very acid, mid-
season ; resembles Hollandbury.

Whorle Pippin, see Summer Thorle.

Wilding’s Bitter-sweet (Haywood), Cider. Small, conical,
yellow, flushed.

Wilding’s Kernel, Cider. Small, round, yellow, streaked red. .

Wilding’s Red Streak (J. Scott), C. Small, conical, greenish
yellow, streaked, acid, mid-season.

William Richardson (8. Ford).

Willie Bonny (King), C. Medium, round, angular, streaked
yellow, acid, late.

Wilson’s Codlin, see Nelson Codlin.

Wilson’s Prolific (Pragnell), D. Small, round, angular, red,
early, mawkish sweet ; third quality.

Wilson’s Prolific (Killick), D. Small, round, large open eye,
red, acid, late; second quality.

Wiltshire Pippin, C. Medium, round, streaked yellow, sweet,
mid-season.

Windsor Castle (Dickson), D. or C. Large, flat, red flushed,
sweet, mid-season ; second quality ; a pretty Apple.

Wine Sour, Cider. Round, yellow, streaked.

Winnett’s Apple, C. Medium, oblong, pale yellow, soft,
early.

Winter Ballyfatten, see Sir Walter Blackett’s Favourite.

Winter Beefing, see Norfolk Beefing.

Winter Bellefleur, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Winter Bellefont (R. Veitch & Son), D. Small, round, green,
streaked, hard, late ; third quality.

Winter Codlin (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, angular, pale
green, very firm, late.

Winter Coleman, see Norfolk Beefing.

Winter Fullwood (Brunton), C. Medium, conical, angular,
green russet, flushed, very dry flesh, late.

Winter Golden Pearmain, see Golden Winter Pearmain.

Winter Greening, see French Crab.

Winter Hawthornden (R.H.5S.), C. Large, flat, very pale
yellow, almost white, firm, acid, mid-season ; first quality,
handsome; a great cropper; distinct from New Haw-
thornden.

Winter Hillier, see Hambledon Deux Ans.

Winter Lawrence (Poynter), D. Small, conical, even, yellow,
brisk, mid-season ; first quality; very handsome.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF APPLES. 867

Winter Majetin (R.H.S.), D. Small, round, angular, green,
bronze, firm; second quality, mid-season.

Winter Nonesuch (Pragnell), D or C. Medium, ovate, pale
yellow, streaked, dry, early ; pretty, but worthless.

Winter Peach, see Devonshire Buckland.

Winter Peach, D. or C. Medium, flat, open eye, pale green,
flushed, firm, late; first quality; a very pretty Apple.

Winter Pearmain, see Old Winter Pearmain.

Winter Pearmain, see Dredge’s Fame.

Winter Pearmain, see Claygate Pearmain.

Winter Quoining (J. Veitch & Sons), C. Small, oblong, very
angular, especially near the crown, light russet, flushed,
dry, mid-season.

Winter Red Streak (McKinnon), C. Medium, round, flattened,
red streaked, late.

Winter Red Streak (Dunn), resembles Cambusnethan
Pippin.

Winter Ribston, see Baddow Pippin.

Winter Ruby (Graham), C. Medium, flat, angular, bronze,
streaked, acid, firm; somewhat resembles Yorkshire
Greening.

Winter Russet (8S. Ford), C. Medium, conical, green, russet,
late; third quality.

Winter Strawberry (Brunton), C. Medium, conical, angular,
pale green, streaked, acid, mid-season.

Winter Streak (Graham), C. Medium, conical, angular,
green, red streaked, hard, late. .
Winter Striped Pearmain (Gilbert), D. or C. Medium,
conical, greenish yellow, russet streaked, acid, mid-season ;

third quality ; greatly resembles Adams’ Pearmain.

Winter Stubbard (Rogers), Small, conical, pale yellow,
flushed, acid ; worthless.

Winter Wynd (Morrison), C. Medium, round, angular, green
streaked, firm, acid, late.

Wippell’s Seedling (R. Veitch & Son), D. or C. Medium,
conical, even, greenish yellow, streaked, mid-season, acid;
second quality ; a handsome Apple, not unlike Cellini.

Withington Fillbasket (R.H.S.), C. Very large, round, angu-
lar, greenish yellow, flushed, soft, mid-season.

Witney’s Kernel (Ritchie).

Woodbine Pippin (Pearson), D. Medium, round, green,
streaked, acid, late, third quality.

Woodhill (Rivers), D. Medium, conical, angular, streaked ©
yellow, sweet, mid-season ; second quality.

Woodley’s Favourite (Wood & Ingram), C. Large, round,
angular, greenish yellow, mid-season.

Woolaston Pippin (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Small,
conical, pale yellow, acid; pretty, but worthless.

868 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Woolaton Pippin, see Court Pendu Plat.

Woolaton Pippin, resembles Dutch Mignonne.

Wooling’s Favourite, see Beauty of Kent.

Worcester Fillbasket.

Worcester Pearmain (R. Smith & Co.), D. small, round, red,
early; first quality; a very pretty Apple, and a free bearer;
resembles Duchess’s Favourite.

Wormsley Grange (Cranston Nursery Company), C. Large,
round, angular, greenish yellow; first quality, mid-season.

Wormsley Pippin (J. Veitch & Sons), D. or C. Large, round,
angular, greenish yellow, brisk, sweet, early; first quality;
a very free bearer.

Wyken Pippin (R.H.8.), D. Small, flat, even, pale green,
mid-season ; first quality; a pretty Apple.

Yellow Beefing (R.H.S.), C. Medium, flat, angular, green,
acid, mawkish; worthless.

Yellow Bellefileur, see Mrs. Barron.

Yellow Bough (R.H.§.), D. or C. Large, conical, even, pale
yellow, flushed, soft, sweet, early; first quality; a very
pretty Apple.

_ Yellow Coalbrook (Rogers), Cider. Medium, round, angular,

*

orange, flushed.

Yellow Ingestrie, Small, conical or oblong, even, bright
golden yellow, sweet, early ; first quality ; a pretty Apple
and a great cropper.

Yellow Newtown Pippin (Lee & Son), D. Medium, fiat,
angular, bronze green, late; third quality.

Yellow Norman (Cranston Nursery Company), Cider. Medium,
conical, angular, flushed yellow.

Yellow Strawberry (Ritchie), C. or Cider. Medium, round,
yellow streaked, acid, mid-season ; third quality.

Yellow Styre, Cider. Ovate, greenish yellow.

York Glory (R.H.S.), C. Large, round, flattened, red
streaked, late; somewhat resembles Hoary Morning.
Yorkshire Beauty (R.H.8.), C. Large, round, angular, orange
yellow, flushed bright red; second quality, mid-season ;

a very heavy cropper.

Yorkshire Beefing, see Winter Majetin.

Yorkshire Cockpit, see Cockpit.

Yorkshire Goose Sauce, see Yorkshire Greening.

Yorkshire Greening (R.H.8.), C. Large, flat, angular,
green, streaked red, acid, late; first quality; a very fine
sauce Apple.

Yorkshire Pippin, C., see Round Winter Nonesuch.

Yorkshire Queen, C., see Hambledon Deux Ans.

369

SYNONYMS.

(AS NOTED AT

Adams’ Pearman. |

Adams’ Reinette.

Rough Pippin.

Winter Striped Pearmain.
Alexandra.

American Catkin.

Allen’s Everlasting.
Harvey’s Everlasting..
Api. :
Lady Apple.
Atkin’s Seedling.
Atkin’s No. 2.

Autumn Calville.
New Blandon.

Autumn Pearmain.
Ronald’s Royal Winter.

Baddow Pippin.
D’Arcy Spice.
Spring Ribston.
Winter Ribston.

Barcelona Pearman.
Black Norman.

Baumann’s Red Winter Reinette.

Gros Pigéonet.
Reinette Baumann.

Baxter’s Pearmain.
King of the Orchard.

Beauty of Kent.
Gadd’s Seedling.
Kentish Beauty.
Kentish Broading.
Wooling’s Favourite.

Benoni.
Fail me Never.

THE CONGRESS.)

Bess Pool.
Old Bess Pool.
Stadway Pippin.
Stradbroke Pippin.
Black Blenheim.
Muskirke Gelbe Reinette.
Walsgrove Blenheim.

Blenheim Orange.
Beauty of Hants.
Blenheim Pippin.
Dredge’s Fame.
Gloucester Pippin.
Northampton.
Postrophe.

Prince of Wales.
Ward’s Pippin.

Brabant Bellefleur.
Bellefleur Brabant.
Tron Apple.

New. Scarlet Pearmain.
Sweet Laden.

Sweet Lading.

Sweet Leyden.

Winter Bellefieur.

Braddick’s Nonpareil.
Lincoinshire Reinette.
Brietling.
Menagére.
Bringewood Pippin.
Pompone Pippin.
Burchardt’s Reinette.
Burchardt’s Seedling.
Byson, Wood Russet.
Bisingwood Russet.

Calville Blanche.
White Calville. 4

AA

370

Calville Rouge d’ Automne.
Red Autumn Calville.
Red Blandon.

Cambusnethan Pippin.
Winter Red Streak.

Cardinal.
Tartnell’s.

Carlisle Codlin.
Trish Codlin.
Musk Apple.

Catshead.
Green Leadington.
Leadington Monstrous.
Loggerhead.
Monstrous Leadington,
Stock Leadington.
Terwin’s Goliath,

Cellini.
- Phillip’s Seedling.
Selling Pippin.
Claygate Pearmai.
Archerfield Pearmain.
Bradley’s Pearmain.
Brown’s Pippin.
Empress Eugénie.
Deepdene Pearmain.
Doncaster Pearmain.
Formosa Nonpareil,
Formosa Pippin.
Fowler’s Pippin.
Mason’s.
Ribston Pearmain.
Summer Pearmain,
Winter Pearmain.
Clove Puppin.
Taylor’s Seedling.
Cluster Golden Pippin,
Cluster Pippin.
Golden Cluster Pippin.

Twin Cluster Golden Pippin.

Cockle’s Pippin.
Brown Cockle Pippin,
Nutmeg Pippin.
Cockpit.
Yorkshire Cockpit.

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Coe’s Golden Drop.
Golden Drop.
Bishop’s Thumb.

Colonel Vaughan.
Kentish Pippin.
Red Coachman.
Scarlet Incomparable.

Cornish Aromatic.
Aromatic.

Court Pendu Plat.
Woolaton Pippin.

Court of Wick.

Glass of Wine. \
Rendell’s Pippin.

Cox’s Orange Pippin.
Kemp’s Orange.

Cox’s Pomona.

Fearn’s Apple.
Hill’s Seedling.
Pomona.

Red Ingestrie.

Cox’s Redleaf Russet.
Redleaf Russet.

Devonshire Buckland.
Golden Ball.

Lord Wolseley.
Pile’s Victoria.
White Buckland.
White Pippin.
Winter Peach.

Devonshire Quarrenden.
Quarrenden.

Red Quarrenden.

Downton.

Majestic.
Reinette Carmelite.

Downton Nonpareil.
Clarke’s Pippin.

Drap d'Or.

Eldon Pippin.

Dredge’s Fame.

Winter Pearmain.

Duchess’s Favourite.
Duchess of York.
Duchessof York’s Favourite.
Duchess of Glo’ster.

Duchess of Oldenburg.
Borovitsky.

Karly Joe.
Queen Mary.

Duke of Devonshire.
Holker.

Dumelow’s Seedling.
Duke of Wellington.
Fair Maid of Taunton.
Lord Duncan.

Lord Hampton’s Wonder.

Normanton Wonder.
Souring Apple.
Wellington.
Wellington Pippin,
Dutch Fullwood.
Fullwood.
Dutch Mignonne.
Croft Angry.
Contor.
Copmanthorpe Russet.

Grosser Casselar Reinette.

Rawle’s Reinette.
Reinette de Caux.
Reinette Impératrice.

White Dutch Mignonne.

Early Julien.
Julien.
Karly June.

Early Margaret.
Margaret.

East Lothian Pippin.
East Lothian Seedling.

Eccleston Pyppin.

Gay’s Harvest Reinette.

Ecklinville Seedling.
Ecklinville Pippin,
Eceklinville.

Glory of the West.

Edmund Jupp.

Holtzen’s Herbst Apfel.

Egg or White Paradise,
Adam’s Apple.

Egg Apple.
Lady’s Finger.

SYNONYMS,

Paradise.
White Paradise.

Emperor Alexander.
Alexander.
Grand Alexander.
Jolly Gentleman.
Russian Emperor.
Ewagil.
Evagil Pippin.
Van Houtte.
Farry.
Fairy Apple.
Queen Apple.
Fearn’s Pippin.
Bennet’s Defiance.
. Smiling Mary.

Vermilion d’Espagne.

Waterloo.
French Crab.

Amiens Long Keeper.

Easter Pippin.
Green Beefing.
Tron King.
Winter Greening.

Galloway Pippin.
Gallibro.
Galloway’s Apple.
Galway’s.

Garret’s Golden Pippin.
Garret’s Pippin.

Gloria Mundt.

Baltimore.
Belle Dubois.
Monstrous Pippin.
Spanish Pippin.

Glory of England.

Gascoigne’s Seedling.

Goff.
Ackland Vale.
Kentish Orange Goff.
Orange Goff.
Top Apple.
Gogar or Stone.
Gogar Pippin.
Stone Pippin.

AA2

871

872

Gold Russet.
Old Golden Russet.
Golden Ducat.
Cobham.
Ducket.
Golden Harvey.
Brandy Apple.

Bradley’s Golden Pearmain.

Guernsey Pippin.

Golden Knob.
Kentish Golden Knob.
Golden Noble.
Glow of the West. >
Golden Stranger.
Gough’s Seedling.
Lord Clyde.

Rutlandshire Foundling.

Golden Pippin.
_ Milford Pippin.
Golden Reinette.
Old Golden Reinette.
Russet Pine Apple.
Golden Winter Pearmain.

Golden Pearmain.
Reinette Perle.

White Winter Pearmain.

Winter Gold Pearmain.
Grand Duke Constantine.
Grand Duke.
Grange Pippin.
Beauty of Wells.
Grange’s Pearmain.
Coronation Pippin.
Thoresby Seedling.
Gravenstein.
Tom Harryman.
Hambledon Deux Ans.
Blue Stone Pippin.
Deux Ans.
Hambledon.
Green Blenheim.
Green Kitchen.
Hamilton’s.
Mitchell's Seedling.
Pine Apple Pippin.

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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, :

Pile’s Russet.
Pudding Apple.
Smiling Beauty.

Somersetshire Deux Ans.

Stone Blenheim.
Winter Hillier.
Yorkshire Queen.

Hammond's Jersey Pippin.
Jersey Pippin.

Saunders’ Jersey Pippin.

Hammond’s Pippin.
Hammond’s Pearmain.

Hanwell Souring.
Landmere Russet.
Lawrence’s Seedling.
Red Shannon.
Vineyard Pippin.

Hawthornden.
Hawley.
Hawthornden Red.
Lincolnshire Pippin.
Lord Kingston.
Shoreditch Whites.
Wheeler’s Kernel.
White Hawthornden.

Herefordshire Pearmain.
Traveller’s Pippin.

Hicks’ Fancy.
Early Nonpareil.
Lord Exeter’s Favourite.
Nonpareil Early.

Hoary Morning.
Honeymoon.

Webster’s Harvest a

Holbert’s Victoria.
Hulbert’s Victoria.
Victoria.

Hollandbury.

Bon Rouge.
Bland’s Summer.
Livesey’s Imperial.
Scarlet Admirable.

Hunt's Royal Red.
Rother Eisen.

Imperial.

Belle Imperiale. ._— -

Se

SYNONYMS,

Trish Giant.
Mead’s Broading.

Irish Peach.
Early Apple.

Ji ersey Chisel.
Chisel Jersey.

John Apple.
Northern Greening.

Keens’ Seedling.
Kiston.

Kentish Fillbasket.
Fillbasket.

Keswick Codlin.
Everbearing.

King Pippin.
Donabety.

Odelson’s.
Red Streak Pippin.

King of the Pippins.
English Winter Gold Pear-
main.
Prince’s Pippin.
Pike’s Pearmain.
Seek no Farther.
Ventmuss Ellicott...

Lady Apple.
Pomme d’Api.

Lane’s Prince Albert.
Prince Albert.

Lemon Pippin.
Reinette de Versailles.

Lewis’s Incomparable.
Incomparable.

Loddington Seedling.
Lord Raglan.
Stone’s.

Stone’s Seedling.

London Pippin.
-Calville du Haire.
Five Crown.
Five Crowned Pippin.
Old London Pippin. |

873
Lord Suffield.

Lady Sutherland.
Livesley’s Imperial.

Lucombe’s Pine.
Lucombe’s Pine Apple.
Lucombe’s Seedling.
Uncle Barney.
Mabbott’s Pearmain.
Canterbury.
McLellan.
Maclellan.

Manchester Pippin.
Muckleham Pearmain.

Manks’ Codlin.
Belmont.
English Pitcher.
Eve.

Orme.

Margil.

Monymusk.

Meére de Ménage.
Red German.

Minchal Crab.
Minchall Crab.

Monowsten Rewnette.
| Brown’s Imperial Russet.
Morgan Sweet.
Morgan.
Murfitt’s Seedling.
Murfitt’s Apple.

Nelson Codlin.
Wilson’s Codlin.

New Hawthornden.
Hawthornden New.
Graham’s Giant.

New Northern Greening.
Thompson’s Seedling,

Newtown Pippin.

White Newtown Pippin.

Nine Square Pippin.

Nine Square.
Devon Nine Square.

374 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Nonesuch.
Early Nonesuch.
Maiden.
Nonesuch, Early.
Old Nonesuch.
Summer Nonesuch.

Norfolk Beefing.
Norfolk Bearer.
Norfolk Coleman.
Ramsden.

Red Beefing.
Winter Coleman.
Winter Beefing.

Norfolk Paradise.
Cherry Orchard.

Norfolk Storing.
Dolphine.
Golden Ball. -

Old English Codlin.
English Codlin.

Old Golden Pippin.
Golden Pippin.

Old Leathercoat Russet.

Leathercoat Brown Russet.

Old Nonpareil.
Golden Russet Nonpareil.
Nonpareil.

Old Pomeroy.
Jenny Oubury.
Pomeroy of Somerset.
Pomeroy.
Sweet Pomeroy.

Old Winter Pearmain.
Winter Pearmain.

Ornament de la Table.
Pomme de Lippé.

Oslin.
Arbroath Pippin.
Arbroath Oslin.

Petworth Nonpareil.
Green Nonpareil.
Nonpareil Petworth.

Pile’s Russet.
Jews’ Hands.

Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil.
Pitmaston Russet.
Russet Nonpareil.
Nonpareil Russet.

Pine Apple Russet.
Benwell’s Large.
Muss Russet.
Pomeroy Russet.
Russet Pine.

Pine, Golden Pippin.
Pine Apple Russet.

Pitmaston Golden Pippin.
Golden Pitmaston.

Pitmaston Pine Apple.
Reinette d’Ananas.
Pomme de Nevge.
Fameuse.
Formosa.
La Fameuse.
Red American.

Potts’ Seedling.
Dean’s Codlin.
Holland Pippin.
Notts Seedling.
Pratt’s Pudding.
Queen Caroline.
Bossom.
Brown’s Codlin.
Spencer’s Favourite.
Spencer’s Seedling.
Red Astrachan.
Castle Leno Pippin.
Duke of Devon.
Pomeroy.

Red Winter Pearmain.
Chilston Long Keeper.
Femette de Canada.
Reinette grise d’Automne.
Reinette grise de Canada.
Surpasse Reinette
d’Angleterre.
Reinette de Hollande.
Pomme Russet.

SYNONYMS.

Ribston Pippin.
Essex Pippin.
Formosa.
Nonpareil d’ Angleterre.
Ringer.
Balgonie.
Doctor.

Ross Nonpareil.
Nonpareil Ross.
Lawson Pearmain.

Round Winter Nonesuch.
Beauty of Wilts.
Round Winter Codlin.
Turk’s Head.

Striped Monster Reinette.

Yorkshire Pippin.

Roundway’s Magnum Bonum.

Magnum Bonum.

Royal Codlin.
Dutch Codlin.
Fat Ox.
Tankard.

Royal Russet.
French Royal Russet.
Large Russet.
Pomme Royale.

Royal Somerset.
Somerset.
Somerset Lasting.

Rymer.
Allman’s Scarlet Pippin.
Caldwell.
Green Balsam.
Lanterne.
Old Caldwell.
Parsons.
Sack.
Herefordshire Sack.

Sam Young.
Irish Russet.

Scarlet Crofton.
Crofton Scarlet.

Scarlet Nonpareil.
Nonpareil Scarlet.

~ Scarlet Pearmain.
French Pippin.
Melville Pippin.
Scorpion.
D’Eclat.

Harvey’s Wiltshire Defiance.

Russian Transparent.

Scotch Bridget.
White Calville.

Sir W. Blackett’s Favourte.
Winter Ballyfatten.

Small’s Admirable.
Adumirable.
Lamb’s Favourite.
Silver Pippin.
Small’s Imperial.

Smart’s Prince Arthur.
Lady’s Finger.
Smart’s Prince Albert.

Stirling Castle.

King Noble.

Stoup Leadington.
Leadington Stoup.

Sturmer Pippin.
Apple Royal.
Creech Pearmain.
Moxhay.

Summer Strawberry.
Brown’s Codlin.

Summer Thorle.
Lady Derby.
Thorle.
Thorle Pippin.
Summer Whorle.
Watson’s Nonesuch.
Whorle Pippin.

Swedish Reinette.
Swedish Pearmain.

Sweeney Nonpareil.
Nonpareil Sweeney.
Surrey Nonpareil.

Sweet Sheep’s Nose.
Bell Apple.

876 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~

Syke House Russet.
Culver Russet.

Tibbet’s Pearmain.
Tibbet’s Incomparable.
Smith’s Seedling.
Alphington.

Tom Putt.
Devonshire Nine Square.
January Tom Putt.

Tower of Glamis.
Dunster Codlin.
Seale’s Winter Pippin.

Transparent.

Greening or Transparent.

Trumpington.
Eve Apple.
The Old Trumpeter.

Wadhurst Pippin.

_ Forman’s Crew.
Lincoln Holland Pippin.
Ney-Mi.

Waltham Abbey Seedling.
Golden Noble.
Dr. Harvey.
Bardfield Defiance.
Emberson’s Apple.
Wareham Russet.
Greenwood Russet.
Tudball Russet.
Warner’s King.
Barker’s Seedling.
Cobbet’s Fall.
Cobbet’s Fall Pippin.
David T. Fish.
Drumlanrig Castle.
King’s.
Minier’s Dumpling.
Nelson’s Glory.
Poor Man’s Friend.
Silverton Pippin.
Veitch’s Cluster.

' Wheeler’s Russet.
Acklam Russet.

White Juneating.
Juneating.

White Melrose.
Melrose.

White Nonpareil.
Nonpareil, White.

Whittle’s Dumpling.
Round Apple.

Winter Fullwood.
Cadbury.

Winter Hawthornden.
Hawthornden, Winter.

Winter Mayetin.
Majetin.
Yorkshire Beefing.

Winter Peach.
Peach Bloom.

Winter Pearmain.
Grange’s Pearmain.
Reinette trés tardive.
Somerset Apple Royal.

Wyken Pippin.

Alford Prize.

German Nonpareil.
Pheasant’s Eye.
White Moloscha.
Warwickshire Pippin.

Yellow Bough.

Large Yellow Bough.

Yellow Ingestrie.
Karly Pippin.
Ingestrie.
Summer Golden Pippin.
Yorkshire Beauty.
American Pippin.
Cumberland Favourite.
Counsellor.
Dunmore Pearmain.
Dalzell Manse Codlin.
Greenup’s Pippin.
Oxford Peach.
Palmer’s Glory.
Red Hawthornden.
Sunflower.
Red Norman Bitter-sweet.
Walsgrove Wonder.
Yorkshire Greening.
Yorkshire Goose Sauce.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 1

ey USED AT THE NOR
5" ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS AT KEW AND PS
DUBLIN, AND AT HYDE PARK AND REGENT’S PARK.

INVALUABLE FOR

Fruit, Flowers, s* Vegetables.

DR. VOELCKER’S ANALYSES GUARANTEED.

AM AAMAAAAARNR AO’

PERFECTLY PURE AND CONCENTRATED.

JENSEND

GUANOS.

SIX PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED IN 1888.

DO NOT EXHAUST, BUT ENRICH THE SOIL.

JENSEN’S GUANOS are rich in Organic Ammonia
and Phosphates, and are most economical in use.

For full particulars, Testimonials, &c., write to

JENSEN & CO., Limited,

109 Fenchurch Street, Pe: ess

LON DON. 543

2 ADVERTISEMENTS,

J. CHEAL & SONS.

NINOS

Nurseries Eighty Agente in extent.

ee a ee ee ee ee a ee el

FRUIT TREES,

Ornamental Crees and Sbrubs,
ROSES, RHODODENDRONS, &c.

VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS, —

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

Catalogues of the different Departments post-free.

J. CHEAL & SONS, Crawley.
RICHARD SMITH & CO,,

WORCESTER.

BULBS "rey. Foves mm | ROSES IN POTS (80,000)

for Conservatory, Forcing, &c., 15s.

ROSES (20 acres) Push 2: | _ * 38s per dor.
60s. 100; packing and ) al rg for ALPINE & Herbaceous Plants

cash with order.

ITS (74 acres) *% TPAWR 0
FRUITS AC and kind of neier ab STR AWBERRIE “300, ae
prices. 16s. to 25s. per 100.

SHRUBS, &c, (91 acres), | VINES “CANEs\3s-02.:5 0. ou cach
contra AVENUE. TREES) CLEMATIS, Yin.” Dus Sup
50s. per 100), FOREST TREES. 12s. to 24s. per doz.

Three Acres of Glass for Greenbouse Plants, &c.

VEGETABLE, FLOWER, AND FARM SEEDS.

DESCRIPTIVE LISTS, containing an immense amou amount of useful
information, free on application.

4s. per doz., 25s. per 100 (R.S.& Co’s

‘
¢

—”"
’

ADVERTISEMENTS. 3

NEW ROSES FOR 1889.

PAUL & SON,
Che ‘Old’ Bhirseries,
CHESHUNT, HERTS, N.

OFFER IN POTS

NEW. HYBRID TEA ROSES,

Raised by HERR RECTOR DROGEMULLER of Neuhaus.

PRD Ln Da EE wn

H.T. KAISER FRIEDRICH (Gloire de Dijon x Comtesse d’ Oxford).

Vigorous habit of Gloire de Dijon, large reddish-green foliage ; large flowers, well upstanding,
produced singly, opening well, perfectly full, beautiful in form; colour brilliant china red
with transparent yellowish bloom, keeping its colour until the flower falls; sweetly scented.
An entirely distinct departure in the Dijon family.

TEA KAISERIN FRIEDRICH (Gloire de Dijon x Perle des Jardins).

Very strong Gloire de Dijon habit, but of straighter, stronger growth ; greenish-brown foliage

and shoots; flowers produced singly on long erect stalks; large, very full, opening well, very

beautiful, and always regular, with fine stiff petals. Colour very clear shining yellow, bright

yellow or darker according to situation; petals shaded and tinted with bright carmine, under-

a ae yellow with carmine. May be called a Marie Van Houtte coloured Gloire de Dijon.
ery hardy.

H.T. PROGRESS (Madame Berard x Louis Yan Houtte),

The raiser having instructed us to retain until 1890, we cannot now supply.

PPP PL LLL ILIV

Prices from June 1, 1889, to April 1, 1890, in Pots, 5s. each.

NEW CHESHUNT ROSES FOR 1889.

-H.P. JOHN D. PAWLE—(2auit 4 Son).

Rich velvety crimson, with maroon shading, cupped flower, thoroughly perpetual, distinct in
its colouring and shape from existing kinds.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.—‘ A seedling with massive petals of dark colour shaded with a purplish
hue.’— Report of National Rose Society’s Show, from THE GARDEN.

H.P. PAUL’S CHESHUNT SCARLET—cPawi 3 Son).

Beautiful in the bud, but only semi-double—colour, especially in bud, the most vivid scarlet
crimson, so bright as to be dazzling—for cutting it will be invaluable. First-class Certificate
Royal Horticultural Society as a decorative rose. This is not an exhibition rose.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.—GARDENERS’ MaGazine.—‘ One (seedling) of such a brilliant scarlet
hue as to remind one of Tom Thumb pelargonium, which did so much to bring the bedding system into
favour. —Report of Nurseries.

#AL P. MARGARET HAYWOOD—cz 2. Haymnood, Esq., and Paul § Son).

A thoroughly fixed sport of Mad. Cl. Joigneux, of which sort it inherits the good vigorous growth
and mildew proof character ; flowers very large, bright rosy pink, full, globular—will be a fine

early show rose.
In Pots, 7s. 6d. each; 3 for 21s.

rarer

Descriptive Catalogues of New French and English Roses post-free on application.

THE ROSES AT CHESHUNT are now in Bloom, and this
Season very interesting.

4 ADVERTISEMENTS.

RICHARDSON’S

HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS

ea =
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222-6 Hi’ $e s-
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Numerous PRIZE MEDALS at Exhibitions.

W. RICHARDSON & CO,,
Horticultural Builders & Hot-Water Engineers,

DARLINGTON.

SAYE HALE THE CosT!

BEDFORDSHIRE

SILVER SAND.

COARSE AND FINE,

Is admitted by the leading Nurserymen to be the Best Quality obtainable i in the Trade. /
Consumers should buy direct from the owner of these Celebrated and Extensive Pits, which contain a
practically inexhaustible supply of splendid Sand, and thus save half the ordinary cost.

NO TRAVELLERS OR AGENTS.
APPLY DIRECT TO THE PROPRIETOR FOR SAMPLES AND PRICES,
FREE ON RAIL OR CANAL. ;
BEST BROWN FIBROUS PEAT AT LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICE FOR CASH

Orders executed with the utmost promptness, and under personal supervision.

GEORGE GARSIDE, Jun., F.R.H,S.

LEIGHTON BUZZARD, BEDS.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 5

SOHN PEED & SONS,

Seedsmen & Florists,

F :.. and Importers of Bulbs and Plants,

ROUPELL PARK NURSERIES,
NORWOOD ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

_ Fruit and Forest Trees, Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs,
Roses, Hardy and other Climbers, Herbaceous and Rock
Plants, are grown at our Nurseries,

_ MITCHAM ROAD, STREATHAM, S.W..,

_ Where the Senior Member of the Firm resides, and who can be seen and consulted
at any time.

Some of the Specialties grown at Roupell Park are comprised in the following, viz. :

' VINES, GLOXINIAS, DAHLIAS, BEDDING PLANTS in large

numbers, ANTHURIUMS (for which we recently secured a

Silver Medal from the Botanic Society), PALMS, ORCHIDS,
DRACZNAS, and other Miscellaneous Plants.

* OUR BULB CATALOGUE for Autumn 1889 is now ready,
and will be found to contain all the Home-grown and best-flowering Continental
Bulbs at lowest cash prices.

OUR FRUIT CATALOGUE has been spoken of by an eminent
BS: authority as being one of the most concise, illustrated, and descriptive lists ever
¥ issued on Fruits.

OUR SUNDRIES LIST is replete with every conceivable Garden
requisite, and we venture to say is the most complete Illustrated Catalogue of its
_ kind ever issued by any retail firm.

OUR ROSE CATALOGUE will be found very serviceable, and the stock
_ Of these cannot positively be equalled for quality.

ALL CATALOGUES POST-FREE ON APPLICATION

6 ADVERTISEMENTS.

ESTABLISHED 1818.

HENRY HOPE,

Horticultural Builder and hot-Water Engineer, —

55 LIONEL STREET, BIRMINGHAM.

Sl

4 ‘TT ‘ Cast ltty

7 Tiiiy ANS
lawn FA

EW atie WF Rane unPURCOM;
Sees TPT

CONSERVATORY ERECTED AT DREWSTEYNTON, DEVON.

SEND FOR NEW PRICED ILLUSTRATED
CATALOGUE. te and Estimates

GREENHOUSES, GARDEN FRAMES, &c.
Fully Priced and Illustrated, will be sent post-free to
any Address on reference to this Advertisement.

TREES, SEEDS, PLANTS, BULBS, &c.

Stock quite unequalled for ‘‘ QUALITY,” ‘‘ VARIETY,” and ‘“‘ EXTENT.”

Priced Catalogues post free on application.

DICKSONS

(LIMITED)

“ROYAL” NURSERY & SEED ESTABLISHMENT.
CHESTER.

suncient, ages tees | DICKSONS, CHESTER.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.

Our name has for many years been associated with these almost universal
favourites, and we may claim to have raised a large majority of the best kinds in
cultivation. The march of improvement has been well sustained, and our novelties
are again a distinct advance upon all previous introductions. Our Catalogue (which
will be sent post free on application) also contains selections of Show and Ivy-
Leaved Pelargoniums and CHRYSANTHEMUMS, which last have been a
leading speciality with us for some years, and our autumn show has been acknow-.
ledged to be the finest in the country. All plants, unless otherwise directed, are

sent out in pots, carefully packed upright, and will travel safely to any part of the
kingdom.

J. R, PEARSON & SONS, Chilwell Nurseries, near Nottingham.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 7

WRINCH & SONS,

ST. LAWRENCE WORKS, IPSWICH;

And 57 pn rec VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS.

id
a

REGISTERED DESIGN, No. 15,518. REGISTERED DESIGN, No. 15,522,

ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATORIES
Are OUR SPECIALITY. Lowest Prices, Best Designs and Materials in the trade,

Purchasers are invited to inspect our Illustrated Catalogue (sent post free on application) before
placing orders elsewhere. This Oatalogue contains a very large number of Designs of Buildings in every
style of architecture. Intending purchasers waited upon by competent Surveyors in any part.

SPAN ROOF
GREENHOUSE, REGISTERED DESIGN,
WITH No. 6,516.

EXTENDED EAVES,

—————— - == I)

GREENHOUSES, VINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, ORCHID HOUSES, &c. &.

Built and Heated upon the most approved method, Satisfaction guaranteed.
PRICES LOWEST IN THE TRADE. BUILDINGS UNSURPASSED.

References given to any part of the country. Catalogues free on application. Intending purchasers
waited upon in any part of the Kingdom.

MELON OR CUCUMBER FRAME.
No. 158.
llight,4ft.x6ft. .. £117
9 Dix a te.» te) 3 §
PRICES. i ee. xee, 4 6
4 ,, 16 ft. x6 ft. oh Bus
GARDEN AND PLANT FRAME
In great variety.
CATALOGUE FREE ON APPLICATION.

WRINCH & SONS { § fgrrs,wons wsmen,

8 ADVERTISEMENTS.

eu
A REVISED AND ENLARGED CHEAP EDITION OF

VINES AND VINE-CULTURE.

‘The most complete and exhaustive Treatise on Grapes ever published.’ ©

By ARCHIBALD F. BARRON,

Saperintendent of the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick ; Secretary of the Fruit Committee
Author of British Apples, Pears, &c.

Copiously Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Handsomely bound in cloth, price 5s., post free, 5s. 6d.

CONTENTS.
Chapter 1I.—Historical Sketch. Chapter XV.—The Pot Culture of Vines.

= II.—Propagation of the Vine. a XVI.—Fruiting Vines in Pots.
» ill.—Hybridising and RaisingVines from Seed. », _XVII.—Pot Vines as Decorative Table Plants. ©
vi IV.—Vine Borders: their formation, soils, &c. » X&VIII.—Ground Vineries.
a V.—Structures for Grape Growing. = XIX.—The Great Grape Conservatory at
a ViI.—Heating of Vineries. Chiswick.
» VIl.—Planting of Vines: when and how to “4 XX.—Vines on Open Walls.

do it. - XXI.—Commercial Grape Culture.
», VIII.—The General Management of Vineries. »» _XXII.—Diseases and other Injuries.
a IX.—Pruning and Training the Vine. », XXIII.—Noxious Insects. ¥
3 X.—Disbudding and Stopping the Shoots. » XXIV.—Selections of Grapes for Special
> XI.—Setting the Fruit. Purposes.
» __XII.—Thinning the Fruit. ms XXV.—The Classification of Grape Vines.
», NIII.—Keeping the Fruit. » _XXVI.—The Varieties of beds ras Grapes.
» XIV.—Packing Grapes. », XXVII.—The Varieties of American Grapes.

Plates I—XXX.—Illustrations of the best kinds of Grapes.
Opinions of the Horticultural Press.

The JO yee fale ig i pelea says :—‘It is the most complete, and it will be accepted as the standard |
work on the Vine.’ $

The GARDENERS’ CHRONICLE says :—‘ It is eminently practical and useful.’

The eps a A — ‘It is undoubtedly the most exhaustive volume upon Vines and Vine-culture ever
published.’

The GARDENERS’ MAGAZINE says: —‘It will certainly take, and probably keep, a leading place in the class
of literature to which it belongs.’

Opinions of Horticulturists.

Dr. HOGG says :—‘ It is the best monograph on the subject in our language.’

Mr. E. W. BADGER says :—‘No intelligent person can read this book without understanding all that a book

; can tell about Vines and Grape-growing.’ . i

Mr. W. THOMPSON writes:—Your book on the VineI consider the most exhaustive on the subject that has

yet been published.’ 3 :

Mr. M. DUNN says :—‘ The practical instructions are plain, concise, and in accordance with the best practice
and opinions of the day.’ Pete

Mr. E. PYNAERT VAN GEERT writes :—‘ The more I read your excellent book, the more I am pleased with it.’

Mr. T. F. RIVERS says :—‘ It supplies a need which has been long felt, and is a thorough practical guide, not
only to the amateur, but to the professional Grape-grower.’ wr

To be had of A. F. BARRON, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Chiswick, near London ; also at the

‘JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE ' OFFICE, 171 FLEET STREET, LONDON.

CM E La REGISTERED.

Gardening Papers.

%
«>

& Highly commended by all the
74

" SPECIMENS AND PRICES
Re _BLENHEIM @) Labels for :
~~ ORANGE: y Roses and Orchids —

Sa OTe kept in Stock.

FOR FRUITS. OTHER LABELS MADE TO ORDER.

NO WRITING REQUIRED.

Raised Letters on Black Ground made in Hard Rolled Zine.

“
*

SOLE MANUFACTURER—

JOHN PINCHES, 27 Oxendon Street, LONDON, 8.

rt . as? ee .
. A, palo 5

UPWARDS OF 3,000 IN OPERATION.

ADVERTISEMENTS. 9

oo AeA ce dee eRe. E-ATTISIN 2.

WEEKS’S PATENT

Duplex Compensating Upright Tubular Boiler,

WITH PATENT DIAPHRAGM AND FUEL ECONOMISER,

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Bains aia
GARDENERS [HII MAN) EMPLOYERS

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For full particulars and Coloured Lithographs of Boilers, also 13TH ENLARGED
EDITION of Illustrated Catalogue, and particulars of their new Hydro-Caloric
Warming and Ventilating Apparatus, post-free, apply to—

J. WEEKS & CO.,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS & HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,

KING’S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.
BB

10 \ ADVERTISUMENTS.

‘PROFITABLE FRUIT.

Every Autumn planters for profit want to know the best sorts.
The best late Orchard Apple is—

‘BRAMLEY’S SEEDLING’

(raised here by Mr. M. Bramuzy and sent out by me), and evidently
a cross between ‘ Blenheim Orange’ and ‘ Normanton Wonder.’ |

Requires no pruning, is very hardy, grows freely, bears heavily,
and the fruit always makes top prices in markets.

Order early, plant by the dozen, hundred, or thousand, and
time will prove the truth of my advice.

The price of young trees the same as for sorts that bear no
comparison for money-making by sale of fruit.

The best two early Apples for our English climate are ‘ Domino’
and ‘Duchess of Oldenburg’ (Russian). For further particulars
send for Catalogues, free by post.

HENRY MERRYWEATHER,
THE NURSERIES, SOUTHWELL, NOTTS.

FRUIT TREES A SPECIALITY:

All Varieties of Hardy Fruit Trees in all forms suitable to grow for Market or
Private Consumption. ‘
THE LARGEST STOCK IN THE COUNTY. ALL THE LEADING VARIETIES IN COMMERCE.
STOCKS TRUE. PRICES REASONABLE.
Prize Winner -. all the Chief Fruit Shows, including 8 Gold and St af Medals within
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rhea) CATALOGUE (CONTAINING NAMES OF MOST USEFUL) FREE
Full Descriptive Catalogue (one of the most complete in the Trade), containing Description, Seasons,
Size, Use, and Lists for various purposes, and much other useful information, 6d.

SEED POTATOES.

ONE OF THE LARGEST COLLECTIONS IN THE VTRADE.
Before buying elsewhere, send for Descriptive Catalogue (the most complete issued), which contains De-
scription and Prices of about 200 varieties, including nearly all theold and new varieties worth cultivating.

JOHN WATKINS, Fruit and Potato Grower,* Nurseryman,
POMONA NURSERIES, WITHINGTON, HEREFORD.
ALL APPLICATIONS FOR ADVERTISEMENTS IN
THE JOURNAL

AND

SCHEDULE OF ARRANGEMENTS
OF
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

SHOULD BE MADE TO
Messrs. ADAMS & FRANCIS,
GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT AGENTS,
And Agents by Appointment to the above Society,

59 FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.

‘ADVERTISEMENTS, 11

INS 8033 |
YY) YY ty UX QR

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MC \\ NX

Yn
MMe WU IN

| Fees r
SS SS

aN SECS
IN SS

MESSENGER & COMPANY

Beg to call attention to their Improved

FHORTICULTURAT, BUILDINGS,

Which have won a world-wide repute for their great

EFFICIENCY, ELEGANCE, AND ECONOMY.

Competent rsicntitives sent out to make Surveys in any part of the Country.
Richly Illustrated Priced Catalogues, containing some hundreds of Illustrations of Conservatories and
every description of Plain Greenhouse, including a number specially adapted for Nurserymen’s use, Boilers,
Heating Apparatus, Coil Cases, and all sundries required for Greenhouses and for Heating, by post for 2s.
Three Medals of Royal Horticultural Society awarded in 1882, Three in 1886.

Gold Medal of the Society of Architects awarded in 1886.

MESSENGER & COMPANY,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HOT WATER ENGINEERS,
LOUGH BOROUGH.

- ORCHIDS—A_ SPECIALTY.

The Stock at the Clapton Nursery is of such magnitude that, without seeing it, it is
not easy to form an adequate conception of its unprecedented extent.

HUGH LOW & CO.

- Very cordially and respectfully solicit an inspection by all lovers of this interesting
and beautiful class of plants, whether purchasers or not.

: on,

H. L. & Co. also invite inspection, by purchasers, of the immense and well-growr
Stock, growing in their Nurseries, at

CLAPTON, ‘AND BUSH HILL PARK, ENFIELD,

. COMPRISING
% BeACISS, AZALEAS, BOUVARDIAS, CAMELLIAS, CARNATION (TREE), CLEMATIS,
4 .. CYCLAMEN, DRACZENAS, ERICAS, EPACRIS, FICUS, FERNS,
GENISTAS, GARDENIAS, GREVILLEA ROBUSTA, GREENHOUSE PLANTS in variety
-* JASMINUM, LAURUSTINUS, LATANIA BORBONICA,
PALMS AND DECORATIVE FLOWERING PLANTS in variety, PELARGONIUMS,
SHRUBS, SOLANUMS, STOVE PLANTS, &c.

FRUIT TREES & ROSES IN LARGE QUANTITIES OF SPLENDID QUALITY.

The Glass Structures cover an area of upwards of 300,000 superficial feet.

.CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, E.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

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Dairoraben fel .
HER MAJESTY

H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES,
16,000 OF , THE . NOBILITY, .GENTRY, AND CLERG®

TRADE abe
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ENTERED AT T STATIONERS AALL.

RECOMMENDED FOR INTERIORS OF

OUTDOOR WORK

And has been proved, after a test ef 90 years, to surpass any other paint

CARSONS

NON-POISONOUS PAINT,

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PREPARED IN DRY COLOURS, GROUND IN OIL, OR AS A LIQUID PAINT

ALT, COLOURS. BAS ILY AYP rie
PARTICULARS AND PATTERN CARDS POST-FREE.

LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.C
BACHELOR'S WALK, DUBLIN.

ADVERTISEMENTS,

EXTENSIVE. NURSER/ES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, CONIFERS, &c.

| PE PR ay Ra a Ee et ee I IE
Liberal Terms. Free Carriage. Discounts.

a 6 Gc @- Gc WH BS E23 ic @ - §

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— yy,
apr — = SS ~ Bs.2 Se

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REGISTERED.

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- PEARS on the PROPER ‘QUINCE’ ONLY.

Personal Inspection. solicited.

CEORCE BUNYARD & CO.

FRUIT TREE GROWERS,
General Burserpmen, Seedsmen, Slorisfs, &c.

MAIDSTONE, KENT.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ae > ee ee ee eee

a i a a agente Lan

nwt” None is genuine that-does not bear our Name on the Sack. _ &,

THOMSON’S

IMPROVED

YINE, PLANT, AND VEGETABLE MANURE,

STERUATION AL FEXMIBITION/
i Jeousrey ScienczeARyy

S {33 ep waYREeY Ms Z
SS ~~ ~J 886° © igen

For ARTIFICIAL MANURES at
EDINBURGH INTERNATIONAL EXKIBITION, 1386.

AWARDED ONLY MEDAL

This Manure, on its own merits, has conie rapidly into extensive use. The
materials it is composed of are of the highest manurial value, and so balanced as to
combine immediate with lasting effects. It is a safe and certain Manure for every
fruit-bearing plant from: the Vine downwards, as well as for Pot Plants and

Vegetables.
‘J? GBS Be. IME SS:
1ton ... £18 0.0; 1ewt, .. £1 0 0) 7b. tins... £0 36
10 ewts. ... 910 0: 56lbs. .. 010 0)8 5 doe Oi a
Wake rs 8 OO 28 gs HO 8 y OFF 93 are a
Directions for use are placed in each Sack, and printed on the Tins.

Orders above 1t cwt. Carriage Paid to all Stations. Can be had of all
Nursery and Seedsmen.

AGENT FOR LONDON: <
Mr. JAMES GEORGE, 10 Victoria Road, Putney,
SOLE AGENT FOR CHANNEL ISLANDS:
Mr. J. H. PARSONS, Market Place, Guernsey.

REFERENCE CAN BE MADE TO

Mr. Jonks, Royal Garderis, Windsor Castle. | Mr, LAIne, Salisbury Green, Edinburgh:

Mr. Henperson, Thoresby Park, Nottingham. | Mr. Kay, Long Lane Nursery, Finchley, N.

Mr. MURRAY, Culzean Castle, Maybole. | Mr. MACKENZIE, Eriska, Oban,

Mr. Lyon, Ossington Hall, Nottingham. | Mr. M‘LEop, Brentham Park, Stirling,

Mr. BAILIiE; Luton Hoo, Luton. ). Mr, TEMPLE, Carron House; Falkirk.

Mr. GoueH, Harefield Grove, Uxbridge, | Mr, JOHN ’BAYNR, Patshull Gardens, Wolver-

Mr, M‘Inpor, Hutton Hall, Yorkshire. hampton. :

Mr. BuRNRrT, Deepdene, Dorking. | Mr. Merray, The Gardens, Park Hall, Polmont,

Mr, M‘Inryrer, The Glen, Innerleithen, N.B. ¢

Mr. GEORGE MONRO, Covent Garden, London, Mr. J. WITHERSPOON, Red Rose Vineries, sg gid

H. Picgeort, Esq.. Tunbridge Wells. le-Street.

Mr. Grossart, Oswald House, Oswald Road, | Mr.J. McKenzie, Linton Park, Maidstone.
Edinburgh. And many others.

SOLE MAKERS: .

WM. THOMSON & SONS, tweed Vineyard, Clovenfords, Galashiels,

ORCHIDS.
WM. THOMSON & SONS have a very Large Stock of High-Class ORCHIDS, whieh they.
are prepared to offer on very reasonable terms. These may be had on application. ne

Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, London.