res 7 » / rs +i il aa | 044 1 HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GRAY HERBARIUM Received \ % aavte ) \4 2S oma te >: . * p es t Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalho19roya Te iy IN) ACE OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY EDITED BY THE REV. W. WILKS, M.A. SECRETARY AND MR. JOHN WEATHERS ASSISTANT-SECRETARY WOT. 2eT xX: LONDON arinted for the aopal Ajorticultural Society BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE, E.C. 1896 ca ial a ar, 4 st Mn ra ry ‘ p ie Nie "i tg am Ly rl . ACR i “P : 4 oA re A) i Fi H ’ e ( “fer " - : : y = Ae 6 7 muh i] . oe Sout Fa 4, S Pelt! ray } btu Site ah i CONTENTS OF VOL. XIX. Hf XAMINATION IN HoRTICULTURE....... eee NOM Tee tisics ayia ape sem ence crabtree eine 1 Noves on THE WintER or 1895 1n THE Is~tE or Wicut. By Mr.S. ERATION. PRA S staal venice os ica otis cciciisse nanos Re NCR tae Se Sine dindtoie Macias cae oem 8 SEEDLING IVAN OTS MD am iace cnaeise aie atels ede on seh nie Mioniaiapsnialawiciletet on wipiclowrceisiemn sonia 11 Tomato Disease 1n GuERNSEY. By Mr. A. Connenerte, F.C.S. ......... 13 Tue “ Surepine Diszase”’ or Tomatos. By Mr. G. Masszz, F.L.S. ... 20 Terring xnar Trevs: ) By Mr. 'T. oH. Crasp, BOREAS. ....0600) onccoceosens! 24 THe Genus CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S Point or Virw. By Mr. J. WOOD ORME Sa Succes as sen sainc ss vsbascuteenduarersdestarcolsuiniaveuacensns 30 PrimvuLta ConFERENCE:-— 1. On tHe Boranican WorkK WHICH HAS BEEN DONE IN THE GENUS PRIMULA SINCE THE LAST ConFERENCE. By Mr. J. G. Baxer, LOA BS Ie ah su Cp, BGs Lok Sas 0 i RNa cae aR A CALE Ne ok URS 8 RR Ne a REE eT 41 2. THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF Primutas. By Mr. H. SEnre- LOCOS 3 bold Oh] 2, Len RR NS Nn a a 44 3. Tue Auricuna. By Mr. James Dovuetas, F.R.ELS. ...........0ceceeeeee 55 THe PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE Canary Istes. By Dr. Morris, CMG: MGA ID Ses BOs: hisicskeeer easese Ria nsw ee Sas aancee emeaasceecnees 60 Tue Cuiture or Roses unpER Guass. By Mr. Franx Cant, F.R.H.S.... 123 Fioran Demonstration. By the Rev. Gro. Henstow, M.A. ...........0688 135 Fruit CuLture In France. By M. Cuas. Bauret, F.R.HLS. .............4. 141 MANURES AND THEIR Uszes. By Mr. Gro. W. Watson, F.R.H.S. ......... 201 THe TERCENTENARY OF THE INTRODUCTION oF PotaTos InTO ENGLAND. By the Hon. T: H.W: Kricnaurr, FOR.HESS: ~.cciecseccss scene ss0 se 224 Crystau Patace Fruit Snow, 1895— PISO MES ORTBERS| 5c acess. see: seashensosvaroisdosarsanias povedeecusectean 229 ANAT STS OMG RUE EI XHEBUTEID, .caece.tteatanersds oeSeaparivaveivicusccessevesione 230 ME ELAR DES PPP ie ei Pe atunich wicae nan beuerek avast Nouba as baal hem see eens 235 Miss EUEANMOUGUEMEABITS ..o%.0.s0coyenevinnevientern nd aedhivacde .sherscteipeoed eee 254 fie OPENING AND LI NOHMON.. 2.csalesacesdaseevsarcesoercatsoucGiiaetnegeries o> 255 New Fruits or Recent InrRopvuction. By Mr. G. Bunyarp, F.R.H.S. 257 Pruning Fruit Trees. By Mr. A. H. Pearson, F.R.HLS. .........000008 270 * ll CONTENTS. PAGE Crystat Panace Fruit SHow, 1895— Prize Essays on THE CommeErcrAL ASPECT oF Harpy Fruit Growinc— ?. ‘By Mr. Lewis Castak «...cc.ccs0rdae.sensens oossnaecaaeeanad reese 2. By Mr. 8.0. Waieur, Fh B-ESaceeee ones ne Se cdatedeaeoucws oc dkceway pees aane so neine saaipremiasinamteneene KERNER & OLIVER’S Botany ERO BROS THO UA ROR eAee df nk IR ona OR mies on lel eee a nee Dr. SorAvER’sS PHystoLoGy OF PLANTS ........ delaidisak NOaeeem ETIOLATION AS A PHENOMENON OF ADAPTATION. By Mr. Francois Darwin, BURS.« BROWS. Geic cease cana Denne eee Racha he By-t: ya tuannaves 345 THE CARNATION IN ScoTLAND. By Mr. R. P. BRoTHERSTON..........5...00+ . 353 Harpy Bampoos. By My. A. B. Frerman-Mirtrorp, C.B.......... sis delat ae sie Sapo Cop1rums (Crotons) anp Dracznas. By the late Mr. C.F. Bausz, F.R.H.S. 374 Nut-Growinc In EncLAND. By Mr. J. Omer Cooper, F.R.H.S............. 381 Potatos. By Mr. A. W. Surton, F.L.S., F-R-ELS. .c........:ccedeeeene onc eseteee SusstiruTes ror Larcu. By Dr. MaxwexuT. Masters, F.R.S., F.R.H.S.,&¢. 430 Asparacus Cutturr. By Mr. James Mason ........... Ss cteaen ssceisastshes eee Brunswick Mretuop or Asparacus Cutture. By Mrs. Jounston, F.R.H.S. 443 A Frew Notes on Rock Garpens. By My. H. Sevre Leonarp, F.R.H.S. 446 EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY :— ANNUAL GENERAL Mretina: Report AND BALANCE SHEET..........- sade i TEMPLE SHow, 1895....... » sita'c a RE eR ste ee Je disurdasioaceend meee eave ScrenTIFIC COMMITTEE MEETINGS .........00008 aes re eee XVili & CXXXi Frouir CoMMITTEE MERETINGS......00000- sshiceutanhweee Sinake@as tae dant MRI OU ialany FLORAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS cicsscccsccsccccccsacecccccccenss ieoeg Sale Glens Orcuip ComMITTEE MEETINGS ..... saute ee ate Aeon cube scocsse LEIV GrOxOvL TRIALS AT CHISWICK : KIDNEY BEANS ......e0s. settee saan dace sila hGalioaeeRThAeee rR ehnie aes Cl CABBAGES. ..esssseee antec’ Goaate AGUS cule adale dias Stare ane RE REE ipaee NGS MEEKER TLE LUT VORB sisi. ceevecbes 16 Sead eats Susuaseas ea aven Miata akon a A iedee \ 250 Third Class. . Mr. W. H. Stevens, Ingestre Gardens, Stafford . » 146 . Mr. John Duff, 54 Chestnut Road, Bushey Mead, Merton . : d . 40 2. Mr. R. Jupp, Rose Villa, Pincha cane , . 140 . Mr. Edmund Smith, 4 Edgend, Brierfield, near 3urnley . : . 140 . Miss Louise Udall, Tiger nea Pevlecs Beauter a alBa Mr. C. George, Horticultural College, Swanley, Kent . 185 Mr. A. F. Turner, Horticultural College, Swanley ») lie . Mr. G. E. Bradbury, Black Shaw Moor, near Leek . 1380 . Mr. H. J. Cape, 2 Cawdry Buildings, tese Staffs +» 80 . Mr. W. Wicking, 1 Queen’s Road, Clarendon Park, Leicester 3 : : st. Low . Mr. William Pye, Made ‘ley, Gtaftordéliire . 130 . Miss Evelyn Windemer, Horticultural College, renier 130 . Mr. A. J. Ward, 3 Beaufort Villas, Kew Gardens LO . Miss Emelyn Atkyns, Horticultural College, Swanley. 130 15: 1: 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. Wo. 23. 23. 23. 23. 23. 25. 23. 50. 30. 30, 30. 30. 30. 36. 36. o6. 36. 30. 30. 36. 36. 36. 36. 36. EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE. Mr. C. E. W. Garner, The Horticultural College, — Kent Mads G. Pacheide, 33 Folmesdale oad Reteate Miss J. S. Dixon, Wickham Mills, Witham, Essex Mr. A. Girt, Epsom ; Mr. C. Berry, Goldrood Garabile. Aipenich ; Mr. H. Taphouse, Swanley Horticultural College Mr. M. Tucker, Horticultural College, Swanley : Mr. R. Bellarby, Askham Grange Gardens, Askham Richard, York ; My. T. Bonner, The Ganon: Wiewebont: Paviketn Mr. William Burgess, Mitchells Farm, Lingfield Mr. W. P. Selby, 7 Turnford Cottages, Turnford, near Broxbourne, Herts . Mr. George Sherman, Alderton, Woadhrides, Suffolk . ; Mr. L. L. Dunmall, Heath House Gardens, Headley, Kipsom . ; ; 3 Mr. C. Cundy, 9 King treet, Sedbery, Suffolk Mr. P. J. Gray, Newnham Paddox Gardens, Lutter- worth Mr. J. T. Newman, Madeley fife near Newranatle: under-Lyme, Staffs Mr. R. Kerr, The Gardens, Heaney Grove, mata Mr. C. E. Thomas, Aughton, near Liverpool Miss Eleanor Morland, Horticultural College, Swanley Mr. A. Baker, Farnham Miss M. Maud Prior, Moeihaltaeal Pallese. ‘Geanleys! Mr. C. D. Carter, Great Seabrights Farm, Gallewood, near Chelmsford, Essex . Mr. T. Whait, Sue Hall, Theieetor’ Mr. W. H. Walker, 5 George Street, Sutton, Serres . Mr. C. Eades, Fairfield, Leatherhead . Miss Marion Stuart, Horticultural College, seiniays Kent : Mr. W. Timbers, era Mr. G. B. Savage, Woking . My. H. Pearman, Horticultural Dollars Sailer Mr. R. Moss, Whiston-Froghall, Stoke-on-Trent . Mr. C. Lawrence, Horticultural College, Swanley Mr. W. Reader, Farnham . . : ; 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE. . Mr. H. Corlett, Woolton Wood Gardens, Woolton, Liverpool . Mr. H. O. Weddell, Haeratt Coline, Southiberoe Surbiton, Surrey . Mr. A. G. Ewens, West ERoeereen near cE ea . Mr. H. Miles, Park Villas, Ash, near Aldershot . Mr. J. Gilbert, Merrow, near Guildford . Mr. A. Ashley Broad, Madeley, Staffordshire . Mr. C. Wingrove, The Lodge, Firfield, Addlestone . Miss Mary Drewett, Shalford . Mr. J. Guy, Turnford Nurseries, Tienford . Mr. Isaacs Godbeer, 9 Turnford Villas, Turnford . Miss E. Clarke, Horticultural College, Swanley . Mr. J. Barkham, Myrtle Cottage, Haven Street, near Ryde pease i. ga. Dannie Horienliiral College Swaniee . Mr. J. T. Bridges, Deighton Lane, et Batley, eee . H. Cooke, Nuon House, (ee Farhan mee petra Ae Pentherttones Pebble Combe Healey, Epsom . My. E. J. Bedford, Teath opnene : : Mr. G. A. Jones, Greenford Place, pedbare Haron ’ Mr. J. Little, Turnford Miss Annie Geoghegan, Horticultural Galiees ay ‘inte Mr. A. KE. Normingson, Turnford ‘ Mr. J. R. Clapson, Horticultural College, a nlce Mr. 8. J. Tomlinson, Market Place, Chelmsford . Miss Marion Tomlinson, Market Place, Chelmsford Mr. F. : Ashdown, Godalming . : Mr. W. E. Case, 35 St. John’s Road, Wy akeclog. ris Se ene near Liverpool Miss Hannah M. Dixon, Wickham Mills, Witham No. of Marks gained. 110 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE. QUESTIONS. Tight questions only to be answered: four from Division A, including No. 5, which must be answered by every Candt- date, and four from Division B. Division A. ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES. 1.—(a) What substances do plants absorb by means of their roots? Explain the process of absorption by the root. (6) What elements do plants obtain from the air, and by what agency do they obtain them ? 2.—Explain the effect on flowering plants of an adequate, a deficient, or of an excessive, amount of heat. 3.—How are “cuttings” made? Describe the changes that occur during the process of “ striking.” 4.—What are the objects sought to be obtained in digging the soil ? 5.—Write as full and orderly a description as you can of any plant in common cultivation, through all stages of its growth, from the germination of the embryo to the formation of the seed. 6.—What organs of the plant are represented respectively by an onion, a cabbage, a potato, beet, turnip, and a pea-pod ? 7.—Describe the mode of growth of the common mushroom. 8.—What is meant by “green-fly’”? What is the best application to rid plants growing out of doors of this pest ? Division B. HorRTICULTURAL PRACTICE. 9.—Name six of the best species of hothouse flowering plants and give some of the general details of culture. Name some of the insect pests that infest such plants, and state the best method © to be adopted for their destruction. 10.—Give general details for growing Peas, and the method 8 EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE. of culture, time of sowing, &c., to give a supply for as long a period as possible. What is the use of the nodules on the roots ? 11.—What is an Alpine plant, as the name is generally understood in gardens? Describe the cultural requirements of such plants, and the best way to propagate them. 12.—What is the original parentage of Cauliflower and Broccoli? Give the method of culture, and the best varieties to obtain a succession all the year round. 13.—Give some details of the culture of Grape vines under glass. Describe the diseases to which they are subject, and the insect pests which attack them, and their cure. 14.—What kinds of fruit trees and bushes are best adapted for culture in small gardens? Briefly describe the best method of culture, and arrangement of the trees and bushes. 15.—In a walled garden what kind of fruit trees would you recommend to be planted on the four aspects—south, north, east, and west ? What distance apart should the trees be? Suggest the best width of the borders and height of the walls. 16.—(a) What do you consider the best class of soil for fruit trees, and how ought it to be prepared for them ? (b) Is there any method of culture likely to prevent canker in Apple trees or gumming in Apricots, Cherries, and Plums ? NOTES ON THE WINTER OF 1895 IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 3y Mr. Samurt Heaton, F.R.H.S. Tur past winter in the island has been unusually severe, and great damage has been done to many rare trees and shrubs. The fall of snow has not been so great as in 1881, when it fell in some places to a depth of from 6 to 9 feet; but the frosts have been more intense and the winds strong and sharp, whether blowing from the east, north-east, or north-west, from which quarters they principally came. The following comments are made by Mr. J. Dover, NOTES ON THE WINTER OF 1895 IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 9 F.R.Met.S., of Totland Bay, Isle of Wight: On January 11, 1895, the thermometer fell to 19° Fahr.: this is, with one exception, the lowest temperature recorded during the past nine years, and that was on January 5, 1894, when the ther- mometer fell to 14° Fahr. Snow fell on five days, and fog was present on two days. Rain fell on fifteen days in January, which was under the average (16°4 days), though the rainfall (3°42 inches) was above the average (2:19 inches). The month of february was more remarkable. Mr. Dover says: ‘ The temperature has not been up to the average warmth of a February day on any single day of the month.”’” On February 6 the temperature never rose above 24° Fahr.; and on the night of February 9 the thermometer fell to 16°°2. During January and ‘February there were twenty-seven frosty nights consecutively ; no records of a similar occurrence can be found. ‘There were two foggy days, four wet days, which was considerably under the average (13), and the rainfall (10 inch) was below the average (1°52 inch) for the month of February. The following are particulars I have been able to obtain from other parts of the island. Steephill Castle, Ventnor, which is situated from 100 to 130 feet above the sea level, with a southern slope towards the sea, had many of its trees and shrubs more or less injured during the past winter. The lowest temperature recorded by Mr. R. Scott, the gardener, was 18° ahr. some time during the month of February. The only plant killed was a Colletia horrida, but Podocarpus chilensis, Sweet Bays, Laurestinus, Benthanua fragifera, Hrica arborea, Myrtles, Garrya elluptica, Phornuwm tenax, and Ceanothus in variety were all very severely injured; Portugal and Common Laurels and Pinus imsigiis were slightly injured; while the Camellias, Quercus glabra, and Pittosporums were uninjured. ‘The soil is a good loam, though rather shallow in places. The large forest trees and overhanging cliifs afford more or less protection to the smaller plants on the estate. At Newport, which is in the centre of the island and lies low, much injury was done to vegetation, though no trees and shrubs were killed quite outright. Mr. A. E. Cave, F.R.H.S., of Newport Nursery, reports that on February 6, 1895, there were seven degrees of frost at mid-day, and the minimum on the night of February 9 was 28° Fahr. of frost, and on February 13 twenty 10 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. degrees of frost. Teas and Noisette Roses were in many places killed; while Junipers, Retinosporas, Thuias, Aucubas, Box, Holly, Kleagnus, Osmanthus, Andromeda, and Rhododendrons were uninjured. Avralia Sieboldu, Sweet Bays, Benthamia fragifera, Cotoneaster, Desfontainea, Kuonymus, Hydrangea, Griselinia macrophylla, Portugal and Common Laurels, Laurestinus, Phillyrea, Skimmia, Kalmia, Cedar of Lebanon, and Cupressus Lawsonana were slightly injured ; whilst Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus msignis, Arbutus, Berberis aquifolia and Darwin, Choisya ternata, Evergreen Oak, Wellingtonia, Pyracantha, Ceanothus, Veronica, Myrtles, and double Furze were severely injured. The soil is a black loam, resting on a gravelly and a clayey subsoil. Mr. Munson, of Brading, reports the following particulars : The garden is fully open, at an elevation of over 100 feet above sea level, and consists of clay loam and limestone on a clay subsoil. The minimum temperature registered in February 1895 was 9° Fahr., or twenty-three degrees of frost. Plants killed were Veronica Andersonu and Choisya ternata ; those severely injured were Hugema apiculata, Veromca Travers, and Buddleia globosa ; those slightly injured Laurestinus, Portugal and Common Laurels, Common Bays, and Spirea Thunbergu; those uninjured were Osmanthus ilcifolius, Olearia Haast, Irish Yews, Griselinia macrophylla, Aucubas, and Arbutus. Mr. F. Cleverley, Northwood Park Gardens, West Cowes, states that they had twenty-three degrees of frost, which did much damage. The garden is at a high elevation; the soil sandy loam, and subsoil gravel. Veronicas, herbs such as Sage, Thyme, and Parsley, Lettuce, Wallflowers, Violets, Violas, and Chrysanthe- mums were killed outright; whilst Ceanothus thyrsiflora, Benthamia fragifera, Garrya elliptica, Roses, Strawberries, and Quercus Ilex were severely injured; Common and Portugal Laurels, Bays, Aucubas, Laurestinus, and Huonymus were slightly injured; whilst the Hollies and Yuccas did not suffer in the least. Mr. W. Tribbick, F.R.H.8., Brooke House Gardens, reports his garden to be low, slightly undulating, facing south, close to the sea, exposed to the west and north-west winds. The soil is a clay loam. Though he registered twenty-five degrees of frost no plants were actually killed. ‘Those most severely injured were the Portugal SEEDLING NARCISSI. 11 and Common Laurels, Choisya ternata, Hscallona macrantha, Garrya elliptica, Cupressus macrocarpa, and Ligustrwm mar- ginatum aureum ; those slightly injured were Bays, Euonymus, Laurestinus, Kleagnus, Hypericum, Pinus insignis, and Salis- buria adiantifolia; those uninjured Olearia Haastu, Genista Andreana, Griselinia littoralis, Kalmias, Andromedas, Veronica Traversu, Diplopappus chrysophyllus, Skimmias, Cryptomeria elegans and yaponica, Taxus baccata, awrea, and elegantissvma, Lietinospora squarrosa, filifera, and plumosa, Juniperus neo- boracensis, Cupressus erecta viridis, Thopsis dolabrata, Cedrus atlantica, Deodara, and Libam, Abies nobilis robustus, Pinsapo, and Nordmannuana. SEEDLING NARCISSI. A conspicuous feature of the meeting of April 28 was the Rev. G. H. Eneleheart’s exhibit of hybrid and seedling Narcissi. The lateness of the spring, which brought early, mid-season, and late kinds into almost simultaneous bloom, made it possible to stage an unusual range of form and colour. A remarkable series of hybrids of N. triandrus was grouped separately in pots. These flowers are the offspring of the major or Glénan variety of triandrus and other Narcissi, and invariably possess great refinement of colour and shape. Perhaps the most beautiful is ‘“ Snowdrop”’ (N. triandrus x N. albicans), with large, Fuchsia-like, pendulous flowers of uniform ivory-white, the scape sometimes two-flowered. Similar white seedlings were the produce of N. cernuus and N. moschatus of the Pyrenees crossed with triandrus. EKmperor x triandrus yielded a drooping flower of an exquisite tone of pale sulphur, approach- ing Kmperor in size, while Horsfieldi gave a flower of the same delicate colouring, but more “ bicolor.”” Perhaps the outcome of N. poeticus x N. triandrus was as attractive as any other— clustered white blossoms with creamy cups on slender stems, the whole plant being very graceful. Other crosses of triandrus were shown. . The most striking flower of the whole collection was the new bicolor trumpet Daffodil ‘Ellen Willmott,’ which is 12 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. considered to be the finest Ajax yet raised. The corona is of deep gold, and expanded to a width of nearly 25 inches at the mouth ; the perianth-segments are of great substance and broadly over- lapping; the perianth is flat and firm, and the whole flower is of solid texture.. A large gathering was shown of Ajax Golden Bell, a seedling from Emperor, but of richer colour and very distinct character from its broad, drooping, and deeply toothed corona. “Sir Hvan” is a fine Ajax in the way of Glory of Leyden, and other yellow Ajax kinds were noticeable by reason of their proportions and depth of colour. A large representative gathering was included of white or pale trumpets, chiefly the result of intercrossing the old white sorts, albicans, cernuus, &c., with other forms of Ajax. These seedlings were much admired on account of their varied and delicate tints—almost pure white, cream, straw, sulphur, apricot, «ce. All the classes or groups of cross-bred Narcissi now in eulti- vation were reproduced in Mr. Enelecheart’s stand, varieties of N. mcomparabilis, Barru, Burbidger, Nelsom, &e., being shown in some quantity. The Leedsw section was represented by many seedlings between white trumpets and N. poeticus, many being wholly white or ivory-white in perianth and crown, while others were remarkable from the citron or apricot-colouring of the crown, derived from poeticus poetarum. Examples were shown of Tazetta x poeticus, the flowers being three or four on a scape, and intermediate in size, some having highly coloured cups. This last cross is of interest as showing beyond doubt the parentage of N. biflorus and such garden forms as orientalis, Bazelman major and minor. Some very substantial and ‘‘ finished ’’ flowers in the way of Nelsoni and Backhousei were exhibited. A number of ‘‘incomparabilis”’ seedlings (Ajax x poeticus) were grouped together in order to show the advance made in the depth of the red colouring. Very prominent among these were “ Torch,” in which the perianth is full yellow and gracefully twisted, the crown long and of rich orange-red, and ‘‘ Dorothy Yorke,” with broad white petals and a widely open cup of very perfect shape and vivid, glowing colour. A Silver Banksian Medal was awarded to Mr. Engleheart’s exhibit, and his flower “ Hllen Willmott ’’ gained the Silver Gilt Flora medal for the premier Narcissus of 1895. TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. 18 TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. By Mr. A. CotnEensrte, F.C.§S. [Read March 12, 1895.] GUERNSEY, as everyone knows, is a very small island, being only seven miles in its greatest length and five miles at its broadest, and, roughly speaking, is of a triangular shape. It contains about 36,000 inhabitants, and there is one large town having 16,000 inhabitants, and yet notwithstanding there are no fewer than 1,500 persons who grow crops for exportation, send- ing away hundreds of thousands of packages yearly, and returning a gross income of more than half a million of money. The chief crops placed in order of importance are: Indoor crops— Tomatos, Grapes, French Beans, Melons, and flowers. Outdoor crops—Harly Potatos, Broccoli, and flowers. And of these various crops there can be no doubt that the Tomatos are by far the most important item, and even at the present low prices are able to yield a fair profit to the grower. Tomatos are grown (with or without heat, according to the time of year) in glass houses, usually about 120 feet long and 30 feet wide : these are erected cheaply, over all sorts of land, and with more thought for convenience than aspect. The result is that a ereat many houses are working under somewhat unfavourable conditions as regards drainage of soil and aspect. Nevertheless, such is the indomitable energy and pluck of the average Guernseyman that many succeed under conditions which would seem to mean absolute failure to outsiders. Many persons come to Guernsey with an idea that the soil is one of the chief causes of success, but they are not with us long before they find out that Guernsey soil is not more productive, in itself, than that of other places, and is, indeed, inferior to that of Jersey, being hard rubbly stone (metamorphic gneiss, diorite, and syenite), covered over with a yellow brick clay so stiff as to make drainage a difficult matter, or with a deposit of sand (in the lower parishes) containing very little plant-food. I have seen many places with better average soil than ours not con- sidered worth working in England. Guernsey has, however, an unfailing source of plant-food (potash) in the seaweed of its 14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. coasts, which are carted up and laid on the soil and borders, considerably improving the soil by its decomposition, mecha- nically as well as manurially. The success of the Guernsey Tomato-grower cannot, there- fore, be placed to the credit of his natural advantages. In one thing only can he be said to have an advantage over an English grower, and that is his climate. The winter in Guernsey is mild as a rule; it has an average for the winter months of 43°°5 F., and an excessively small daily range of temperature—only about 10° F.—which is exceeded even in Jersey, and, of course, the range of temperature is very much greater in England. Here lies the chief advantage of Guernsey; the cold snaps, however bad they may be, are less bad here than else- where, and crops recover more rapidly than in England. But these advantages are not without their accompanying draw- backs, one of which—indeed the most serious—is the extreme suitability of the climate;to the growth of the lower forms of life, which, attacking the chief crops as parasites, cause an enormous loss to the growers. I have known men with only moderate areas under cultivation suffer losses amounting in a single season to more than £300; indeed, it may be said that an average house containing Tomatos will, if attacked by disease, suffer a loss of from £100 to £200 in a season; and, unfortu- nately, in cultivating a crop like the Tomato the grower, under present conditions, is not only cultivating the crop but the disease. There are two enemies at present devastating Tomatos—one a fungoid disease, the other an insect pest—-and to these two I shall devote the most of my remarks. Besides these two there are, of course, all the ordinary moulds and rusts which are more or less destructive, but which may also be more or less successfully combated. Among those of lesser importance I may just name two of the chief, “ Common yellow blight’ (Cladosporium fuluwm). This disease is to be found in almost every glass house, but if the gardener is alive to its importance he can generally keep it within safe bounds, and, as a rule, in Guernsey it does not very much inter- fere with the success of a crop. The chief treatment given is rapid changes of the heat and humidity of the house, giving the house attacked an occasional thorough drying-off. Where this TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. 15 is not successful the removal of the diseased plants will succeed in stopping the evil. The second of the diseases of lesser importance which I mention in passing is one to which the Guernsey grower has given the name of “ black stripe,” because it shows itself as a black stripe upon the stem of the Tomato plant. It is a ‘brand.’ The exact species has not so far been determined.* It is of recent introduction, and has probably taken to the Tomato asa host since its culture in glass houses. The re- moval of the diseased plants is in this case the only successful means of dealing with this disease. T come now to the disease, the disease of chief importance to which I alluded above : it is also caused by a parasite, which I am sorry to say that Iam not able to identify, nor am I aware that any experts have worked at it at all. It may exist elsewhere ; but, if so, | have not yet seen any scientific description of it.. It must be thoroughly understood that in rendering the following account of my own work upon it I am not posing as a fungo- logist. I certainly have made myself acquainted with a few of our local plant diseases, with a desire to help the growers, but being in full employment, and, in fact, a very busy man, I have been unable to devote the necessary time to exhaustively study either the diseases I meet with in particular or the fungi in general, Under these circumstances it must be understood that . Tam more than usually open to correction, and, indeed, if I am found to be wrong in any (or all) of my conclusions, I would still be pleased to find that this paper had been the means of opening up the subject to experts, and thus have had some in- fluence in obtaining a clearer insight into these obscure pests. This disease, which I look upon as the most fatal of all parasitical pests, is termed by our growers the “sleeping disease,’’ and the great difficulty with it is that when first it is recognised it is too late to adopt any means of cure. In fact the first outward appearance shows that the death sentence has already been passed. In a few cases the plants have been so benefited as to appear cured, but I think I can safely say that these are most rare. * Since the above was written the disease has been described under the name of Macrosporium tomati (Journal of Horticultwre, May 30, 1895, p. 481). 16 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The first thing noticed by the grower when his crop is attacked is that the leaves lose their bright appearance, assuming a dull and faded tint. The leaf branch then becomes limp and droops, the leaves also drooping, but apparently no further change takes place, that is to say, no leaf disease is to be noticed; the leaf does not become spotted at first. The next point, as regards external appearance, isa complete stoppage of growth: the young leaves and branches bend over, just as they would doif frozen, and cease altogether to grow. When this stage is reached the leaves are found to have left off forming chlorophyll and to have yellow patches, not due to fungoid growth, but to the absorp- tion of the existing chlorophyll. From this time the plant gradually ‘ goes off,’ having ceased to perform any of its func- tions. The fruit-spurs bearing green fruits are usually allowed to remain on the dying plant until the Tomatos are ripe, and then the whole plant is removed, and it is no uncommon thing to see a house allowed to die down with only one, two, or three fruit trusses to each plant. Now those fruits which outwardly appear good and ripe are in many cases put aside for seed, the remainder being sent away for consumption, all, to the eye of the grower, appearing unaffected by the sleeping disease, and no doubt the grower congratulates himself on the saving of at least. portion of his crop. Certainly the Tomatos are not unfit for sale, but it remains to be proved whether it is wise to keep them for seed. I early noticed that in planting seedlings a certain proportion of the strongest taken from the seed-boxes (where a number always remained as too weakly) reached a moderate height, in many cases bearing only three or four bunches of fruit, and then became attacked. I therefore commenced a series of observations, and noted first that the smallest seedlings died justin the same way as the larger plants; and on cutting sections of the stems and studying them under the microscope I was not long in find- ing out that as soon as the leaf begins to droop, whatever the age of the plant, the plant ceases to be supplied with the upward flow of sap, because already a serious and fatal condition of things has arisen in the stem. A series of microscopic sections made from diseased plants has proved that the following state of the root and stem occurs : The roof first suffers the loss of its smaller fibres, which rot away ; TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. 17 then the growing points of the larger root leaders become soft and brown, and higher up the cortex of the root becomes dis- coloured; and when this has come to pass the terminal leaves of the branches at once begin to droop. The stem sections show that at first, at a very early stage of the disease, a small portion of the cambium layer (or its equivalent in the Tomato) has become broken down and tinted brown; later on a second spot, probably on the side opposite the first, appears, and these gradu- ally grow until the whole circle of the cambium layer * becomes brown and rotten; and it is not until this ring of disease is nearly completed that the plant ‘‘ sleeps” ; and thus the outward manifestation of the disease comes too late to be of any use as a warning or indication of the danger, and a whole houseful of plants is often killed before it is known that the disease exists. The rotting of the cambium layer (including the inner cortex) is due to the presence of the mycelium of a fungus, which rapidly extends upwards, usually killing the plant when it has reached a height of from 12 to 18 inches up the stem. I wish now to draw attention to the fact that the growers in almost all cases ripen their fruit as far as possible upon the dying plants, and hence it is only reasonable to suppose that the Tomatos themselves, and probably also their seeds, contain the germs of the disease. After searching in vain for the fungus of this disease in the soil of a house freshly attacked, and after many ineffectual attempts at cures, I at last determined to test this question of the condition of the fruit. Sections of Tomatos from the diseased houses were made for me by Mr. Sinel, of Jersey, and these were sufficient to satisfy me that the disease may be perpetuated through the seed. I cannot, indeed, say that I have actually proved my point to the satisfaction of others, but I have opened up the question, and my hope is that it will now be taken up by experts, and my theory either confirmed or refuted.t The fruit chosen for my sections undoubtedly showed the presence of minute transparent hyphe; no spore-like bodies have been found on the hyphe, but Mr. Sinel, working with an * The term “ cambium layer” is incorrect, but is useful in describing the position of the first appearances. The fungus does not attack the xylem directly, but commences its attack in the formative layer on the outside of the xylem proper. + The presence of hyphe in the seeds has since been confirmed be Mr. G. Massee, of Kew. Cc 18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. oil immersion ,!; objective, reports spore-like bodies, separate, which gave him the impression of “bacteroids.” This I have not been able to confirm, as I have not examined the slides with a higher power than } inch, and I therefore may have missed them. I have, however, found a state of things which appears to me to be the result of the ravages of a rapidly growing mycelium. In many parts of the slides I see portions of minute hyphe, but I cannot as yet say that anything like a distinet branching or matted mycelium is present. The pulp is in many places broken down and the oil-cells lying loosely about (known by their refracting power). The cells have left remnants where attacked, to which the oil-cells still cling by the adhesion of the protoplasmic walls. Mucilaginous globules also lie about in dis- order. Within the ovules are in some cases bodies suspiciously like resting-spores, but I cannot say positively that they are such. My theory, then, is that the “sleeping” disease is really primarily propagated by the seed, and the first thing to be done is to refuse to save or use the seed derived from the diseased plants. Cases have come to my knowledge where the plants have, by means of special soil and new seed-boxes, been protected from the supposed infected soil, and yet have died, as seedlings, from the disease. No doubt at all exists in my mind that ultimately the disease is present in the soil, and I have always recommended the use of pots in an infected house; but it seems also certain that primarily the disease is absent from the soil, seeing that it makes its appearance in the protected seedling. But when once a house is thoroughly infected, Tomatos can only be successfuly grown in pots. The best method of treating an infected house, as far as my experiments have gone, is— 1. To grow plants in pots, and to let the natural soil of the house have a fallow season. 2. Give heat and water to the soil, in order to germi- nate any resting-spores. 8. T'o keep the soil loose, to assist the germination. 4. Apply lime thoroughly at least once during the fallow season. 5. Also apply 10 to 20 lb. of green copperas per perch during the fallow season. TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. 19 6. Avoid organic manures for as long a period as is convenient. Hivery plan fails, however, if seed from infected plants is used. The other important disease I wish to mention is the “ Kel- worm,’ which is committing awful havoc in Guernsey, practi- cally destroying whole crops, and producing in some cases real financial difficulty, the failure of the crop being so very certain. This disease is due to the presence of a small worm which penetrates the loosely fibred root of the Tomato, and, by encysting itself and its eges, produces root-galls. This disease is well known, indeed too well known, to need any elaborate description. The Nematoids attack Lettuce, Melons, Geraniums, Begonias, and many other plants frequently found in Guernsey hothouses, and are therefore very difficult to eradicate. A cure found very successful in America is to thoroughly freeze the soil. No doubt this plan would be practicable in England, but in Guernsey there is but little chance of a sufficiently severe frost to do any good, besides which such a succession of crops is kept up by heating the houses that if by chance such a frost should come it would not be allowed to act. The remedies recommended are the application of lime, sulphate of iron, salt, and heavy dressings of seaweed, but they are but partially successful. Tomato plants are also attacked and injured in a minor degree by a large number of grubs. In fact the houses are often happy hunting-grounds for minute forms of life. Many of these can be killed by a sudden change of temperature, and hence a good drenching with very cold water is often successful in mastering the evil; but I am persuaded that eventually the best way of fighting fungoid diseases will be the selection of disease- resisting plants and varieties, and saving seed exclusively from these. [Since the above paper drew attention to this “sleeping disease’ the following note has appeared in the Gardeners’ Chronicle for June 8, which we have the editor’s kind permission to reprint :—] 20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 29 THe “SLEEPING DISEASE’? OF TOMATOS. During the past two or three seasons a Tomato disease, far more destructive than any of the many diseases previously known as attacking the Tomato, has been noted in widely separated localities in Britain, although the headquarters of the disease appear to be in Guernsey and the Isle of Wight. As a rule, the plants are attacked while quite young, but the outward evidence of the disease does not usually manifest itself until the plant is full grown, or even not before the fruit is set. The first indica- tion that a plant is diseased is shown by the drooping of the leaves, which increases day by day, often accompanied by dis- coloration. If at this stage the root of the plant is split, the woody portion is seen to be of a dingy yellowish-brown colour, which becomes more marked after the root has been cut open for half a day. The above characters are the sure signs cf the presence of the disease, and all such plants should be removed and burnt at once, as they have reached the condition of being able to communicate the disease to adjacent healthy plants. The disease is caused by a minute fungus (fusariwm Lycopersict, Sace.) whose life history is as follows. Certain resting-spores of the fungus, present in the soil in which the young Tomato roots are growing, germinate and give origin to very delicate hyphe or threads of mycelium: these hyph, on coming in contact with the young Tomato rootlets, attack the outermost layers of living cells, and soon find their way into the vessels of the root, which they gradually fill with a weft of hyphe which spreads to the adjoining elements of the vascular bundles, causing the discoloration already alluded to. By degrees the hyphex of the fungus gradually grow up the stem, following the course of the vascular system, ultimately passing into the leaves and the fruit. The progress of the fungus up the stem of the Tomato can be readily determined by the discoloration of the vascular system caused by the parasite. When a plant has been attacked for about three weeks, the lower portion of the stem is usually more or less covered with a very delicate white bloom: this appearance is due to the presence of numerous fruiting branches of the fungus which have pushed through the decaying tissues of the stem for the purpose of producing their conidia or repro- ductive bodies at the surface, where they are readily dispersed TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. 91 when mature by wind or rain, or artificially during the process of syringing or watering the plants. In structure the fruiting branches described above agree with a genus of fungi called Diplocladium (fig. 1), and will, in future, be called the Diplo- cladium stage of the Tomato fungus, which produces three forms of fruit at least. The Diplocladium stage usually lasts for about a week, at the end of which period the Tomato stem has become very much decayed, especially near the root, and is then usually Fic. 1.—Tomato Funcus—Dreiocuapium Stace: SUPERFICIAL. studded with mere or less effused, subglutinous patches, which are at first whitish in colour, becoming pale dingy orange at maturity. If a portion of this gelatinous mass be examined under the microscope, it is seen to consist of myriads of crescent- shaped spores, as shown in fig. 2: these represent the conidia of the second or Fusarium stage of the fungus. Finally, the mycelium that has produced the Diplocladium and Fusarium stages of the fungus in succession at last bears numerous resting-spores (fig. 38), which tide the fungus over the winter, and until young Tomatos are again present, when 99, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, the cycle of development of the fungus is renewed. The resting- (@) GAR? ch Fic. 2.—Tomato Funaus—Fusarium Stace: SUPERFICIAL spores, or chlamydospores, are produced on the hyphe running in the tissues of the decaying stem, and not on its surface, as SARDCHROV Fia. 3, —ReEstTind-spores: IN THE Roors AND IN THE SOIL, TOMATO DISEASE IN GUERNSEY. 98 was the case with the two previous stages. Fig. 3, a, shows the formation of chlamydospores on the hyphe; 8, a mature free chlamydospore ; c, the same germinating, and producing the first or Diplocladium form of fruit. The resting-spores, as before stated, are present in the soil, and attack the roots of young Tomatos ; hence the importance of removing all diseased plants before the resting-spores are formed, as these pass into the soil when the Tomato roots, where they are principally formed, decay. It is not sufficient to simply pull up the diseased plants, but all the rootlets should be removed, as these are the parts first attacked by the fungus, and consequently contain the most matured hyphe, and, being surrounded by soil, the usual conidial stages are not produced; consequently the resting-spores are developed in greater quantities than in the above-ground parts of the plant. It is somewhat remarkable, and contrary to the general rule, that the conidia of the rapidly maturing summer phases of the fungus—Diplocladium and Fusarium—whose function is to effect the spread of the fungus, should be unable to attack the living tissues of the Tomato, but such is the case; the conidia of both forms germinate only as saprophytes, growing readily on rich humus, manure, &c., the conidia of the Diplocladium on germi- nation producing the Fusarium, the hyphe finally forming resting-spores in the soil, the Fusarium conidia giving origin to its like and resting-spores onthe byphe. Thus both stages, after extending their area during the summer months, agree in pro- ducing resting-spores in the soil, which renew the cycle of development by germinating and attacking young Tomatos during the spring following their formation. Fusarium Lycopersici was first described by Saccardo in 1882, from Italian specimens, growing on decaying Tomatos, but was not at that time connected with a disease. SUMMARY. From what has been said, it will have been gathered that the germinating resting-spore is the only condition of the fungus capable of attacking the Tomato; hence the characteristics of the disease—drooping of the leaves in succession from the base of the plant upwards, and the discoloration of the wood in the root—should be thoroughly grasped, and plants promptly removed 24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and burnt, on presenting the first symptoms of the disease. By this means the formation of resting-spores in the soil would be prevented. On the removal of a diseased plant from a bed the soil should be thoroughly mixed with quicklime, which destroys any mycelium or resting-spores left in the earth. Spraying with a fungicide is of no avail, as the roots are first attacked, and the parasite is internal. As much lime as the plants will allow should be mixed with the soil in which Tomatos are grown, more especially if the plants are grown during successive seasons in the same beds. If the plants in a house are badly attacked, all the soil should be removed, and the walls &c. sterilised by applying a wash of lime. Finally, the infected soil removed from a bed should not be thrown out at random, but should be sterilised by mixing with quicklime, otherwise the resting-spores present might find some other suitable host-plant, and thus furnish a new and unexpected centre for the diffusion of the disease. All the figures are magnified 450 times.—G. MASsEE. LIFTING LARGE TREES. By Mr. T. H. Crasp, F.R.H.S. [Read March 26, 1895.] LANDSCAPE gardeners very commonly recommend close planting to ensure immediate effect, and this is, of course, very necessary where the proprietor’s wishes have to be studied in that direction. Unfortunately, however, the thinning which is subsequently indispensable is often neglected until it is too late to avert the evil, and in the course of years the result is crowded plantations and many fine trees spoilt or partly hidden by others of much less consequence. ‘The only possible remedy after a long period of inattention is to undertake what appears so formidable to many people, namely, lifting and transplanting on a large scale. Again, pleasure grounds or parks may have to be extended or altered, new mansions or buildings are erected, or carriage LIFTING LARGE TREES. O5 drives formed, and in all cases plantations are required ; and to avoid a meagre and poor appearance for some years it frequently becomes necessary to obtain both trees and shrubs of as large a size as can be safely transplanted, and very often such trees may be found on the same estate in positions where they are really deteriorating, and whence they would be better in every way for transference to more open quarters. But the lifting and trans- planting large trees is so commonly regarded as such a serious, expensive, and risky work that the owners of estates too frequently let their plantations become practically weakened rather than resort to a measure that appears fraught with the danger of losing some valued old specimens. Perhaps the extreme course is adopted of cutting away trees that are crowding the finer specimens, but in many cases this is a costly and wasteful method which should only be entertained when other modes are impracticable or unadvisable. It would be difficult to understand why there should be so much reluctance to undertake the removal of large trees were it not for the fact that in the hands of inexperienced persons such work has proved to be very expensive, and attended by a large proportion of failures which always become more widely known and are longer remembered than the better results attainable with due care. Certainly it is possible now to point out many estates where, under efficient superintendence, enormous im- provements have been effected by the transplanting of large trees —cases amply sufficient to show what is really required for success, and to induce gentlemen to venture upon an experiment that should not be attended with more risk and loss than many other operations in gardening and estate work. When it is considered how much may be gained by such work, and what pleasure is reaped from watching the progress of handsome trees in suitable positions, as compared with the painful impression caused by observing the crippled giants of old crowded planta- tions, 1t is surprising that still more is not done in this way. I have recently had occasion to inspect one of the finest old parks in South Wales, where trees fifty to 100 years old are in many places crowded to such an extent that the struggle for existence has resulted in disfigured or disproportioned specimens where otherwise magnificent examples of arboreal beauty might have been ensured. The present proprietor is fully conscious of the 96 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. defects, and is anxious to correct the mistakes of his predecessors, though equally desirous of preserving his highly prized trees, and he is considering a carefully devised scheme to effect both pur- poses by an extensive removal of those that require more space. Where new gardens or parks are being formed, one great difficulty always is to provide a sufficient number of large trees and shrubs to avoid the bare, unfurnished appearance which for several years is so disappointing while the young shrubs or trees are assuming the size requisite to display their true characteristics. Modern millionaires who admire our old well-timbered parks and handsome avenues, and who wish to see something of the same kind in the estates they form, are beginning to realise that it is possible to greatly lessen the too conspicuous newness of their demesnes by the introduction of larger trees than are usually planted. Nor is the work only within the reach of the wealthy, for the expense can be reduced within much more reasonable limits than was at one time thought possible, while greater safety can at the same time be assured. It is often asked, What large growing trees can be lifted for removal with a fair prospect of success? The question is not easily answered in afew words. Not because the number of such is small, but because, in my experience, there are few which cannot be safely subjected to this treatment. I have lifted many kinds of Conifers and deciduous trees in different parts of the country, and under varying conditions of soil and climate, and the results have been so uniform that I can speak with confidence on the matter. Such Conifers as Thwja Lobli, Abies Albertiana, Picea nobilis, Picea cephalonica, Cupressus Lawsomana, Taa- odium sempervirens, Cedrus Deodara, and Cedrus Libani, of heights ranging from 20 feet to 50 feet and proportionate diameter, have been lifted, and in some cases conveyed a distance of several miles, without any realinjury. Magnificent Retinosporas, 12 feet to 15 feet in height, Portugal Laurels of great age, fine Hollies, Horse-chestnuts, and Copper Beech, withlarge Laburnums and Scarlet Thorns, and many others have also been lifted with equal success. W ith only one kind have I had any really serious trouble, and that is Abies Pinsapo, which, from some cause that T have not been able to ascertain, has proved very refractory and uncertain; and I should hesitate to advise the removal of very large specimens, except in a case of great urgency. ‘The trees LIFTING LARGE TREES. oF, occasionally do well, but at other times they fail quite un- accountably. With regard to the age of trees operated upon, there seems to be very little more difference in the result than with those of varying size; for while I have lifted very many at the age of twenty years and upwards, some few have been moved with equal success that were probably not less than 100 years old. I consider early autumn—say any time in September—the best month for lifting both Conifers and deciduous trees. In the case of the latter it is by no means necessary to wait until the leaves have fallen, or have even changed colour, for I have moved large examples in full leaf in early September when the weather has not been too hot and dry. In fact, such trees seem to recover more quickly, as the foliage no doubt assists in reviving the checked root-action, and there is time to recover before the soil becomes cold with the winter frosts. In briefly describing my method of operation it is needful first of all to carefully prepare, map out, and prepare the plan of the work and its details, not only selecting all the trees to be dealt with, and the site to which each is to be transferred, but also making all arrangements for the promptitude of the removal and the replanting, so that when the work is once com- menced there may be no hitch whatsoever, or occasion for any delay. The next important point is to decide upon the size of the ball of earth to be removed with the roots, and much doubt, or at least difference of opinion, seems to exist on this point ; for when a tree has attained a considerable size it is often thought that the “ ball’? must be of such enormous dimensions that removal would be a practical impossibility. Now I have found that, in proportion to the height, vigour, or habit of the tree, the ball of earth may vary from 4 feet to 8 feet square, the latter size being large enough for the majority of trees (even for very well-grown specimens) that are likely to be removed. Having marked out the size of the “ ball,” I next have a trench formed round the tree at the distance decided upon, 5 feet wide and 4 feet deep, not ruthlessly cutting off all roots, but preserving them from injury as far as possible, as they can be spread out in their fresh position when the soil is being again filled in round the ball. Three feet below the surface we carefully bore through the ball from one side, and pass a stout, strong plank 98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. through, each end of it resting firmly on brick pillars built up to the requisite height. This is continued until the whole of the ball and tree is supported entirely by the planks, which are, however, rendered firm by ramming soil under them as the work proceeds. A slope is prepared from this level on the side the tree is to be moved out, and after the roots are well matted round, a low, broad-wheeled trolley is backed up to the tree and underneath it as far as possible, the ball being lowered on to it by means of jacks. It is then pulled out of the hole with a windlass, as I have found that horses are apt to jerk and snap the chain or damage the tree or its roots. When the trolley is out of the hole and on the level, horses may be employed to move it any distance on good roads or over firm ground, provided that due care be exercised in securing the tree by stays of stout rope and chains over the ball. The site for the tree is prepared in the same way, allowing sufficient space to draw the trolley in and lower the tree into its position, disturbing the ball of earth as little as possible, the roots beyond the ball being spread out equally in soil carefully introduced, and made thoroughly firm. A good and ample supply of water then becomes necessary, and to ensure its penetrating the whole of the soil it is frequently necessary to bore a few holes through the old ball with iron rods, some judgment and care being essential in this part of the work to avoid damaging the roots. But I have found that more failures in moving large trees result from allowing the ball to remain or become dry after the moving, as the water naturally drains into the softer soil of the trench outside, much in the same way as it so often is with lately repotted plants. An occasional spraying over the foliage in the case of evergreens and trees in full leaf is most beneficial, and slight applications of manure also greatly assist some trees. With attention to these matters I have rarely found any serious difficulty, nor have the after-results been otherwise than highly encouraging and satisfactory. When moving trees of more moderate size that can be lifted and conveyed to their place entirely by hand power, I have employed a collar formed of four elm boards, 3 feet long and 9 inches wide, 14 inch thick, each hollowed slightly on one side. They are then secured by bolts at the corners, one side being left unfastened until secured round the ball of the tree. By LIFTING LARGE TREES. 29 means of corner loops and a strong pole on two sides four men can lift and carry a fairly heavy tree for a moderate distance, or it can be lowered on to a hand trolley. These few hints may serve to indicate the general methods adopted, but, as in everything else connected with horticulture, one of the greatest lessons we all have to learn is to adapt our knowledge to any particular circumstances that may arise. I should therefore modify my practice under different conditions, though in the main it would be unaltered, because it has proved so successful. DISCUSSION. Mr. J. CHeAL said that when plantations became overcrowded it was difficult to determine what to do with the trees in them— to know which should be cut down and which should be allowed to remain. Mr. Crasp had not touched upon the preparation of a tree prior to its removal bodily. His own practice was to have a trench dug round the tree about a year before the removal, and put some fresh soil in to induce the formation of new roots. When transplanted these would be of great benefit to the tree. Amongst the Conifer Mr. Crasp omitted Araucaria imbricata as being a tree suitable for removal, but he quite agreed that Abies Pinsapo was a difficult subject to transplant. As a rule, it would be found advisable when lifting trees to trim the roots cleanly with a sharp knife instead of tearing them. When freshly transplanted the trees should be firmly fixed so as to prevent them being shaken about by the wind, and plenty of water should be given when necessary until the roots took a firm hold in their new quarters. Mr. R. Cooke referred to the Yew tree in Buckland Church- yard, near Dover, as an example of a very old and large tree which had been successfully moved a few years ago from one spot to another without being injured. The tree, which he believed was mentioned in the Domesday Book, was well watered after transplantation, and was now in the best of health. 80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE GENUS CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S POINT OF VIEW. By Mr. J. Woop, F.R.H.S. [Read April 9, 1895.} It is from the gardener’s more than from the botanist’s point of view that I propose to speak of the Bellwort family. The genus Campanula has a world-wide representation, wild species being found in every continent, but chiefly in the Old World, though possibly this is because of its flora being more fully investigated. Gardens are said to take their complexions from the moods and minds of their owners, but, so far as one can judge, flower- lovers of all minds and moods otherwise have endorsed and accepted the Bellflowers as beautiful and desirable friends. One might seem by such words as these to flatter either the flowers or the gardener, or both, but it is not so, for though as a type of flower the Campanula is known all the world over, compara- tively little is known by many, even by numerous experienced gardeners, of the exceedingly rich store there is in this genus, as represented by the multitude of types and varieties, their exten- sive range of colour tints, their numerous forms and constant succession of flowering when brought under cultivation. It is not so much my intention to deal with the tender species, or even with the annuals and biennials, as to confine myself mainly, if not altogether, to the hardy perennials. When I speak of hardy I mean the capacity of the plant to withstand the rigors of even a severe winter like 1894-95 in any part of Great Britain, though one is aware that plants in captivity are largely influenced as regards hardiness by local conditions, such as rich, heavy, or light soils, wind-swept aspects, fairly elevated positions, or the warmer and closer and damper air of our river valleys. These things have all much to do with the hardiness and health of our garden plants, influencing them so much that a man must go to school afresh at every change of locality where he may do his gardening, even with the care of plants he has known and grown all his life. To leave out of our present thoughts such beautiful biennials | THE GENUS CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S POINT OF VIEW. $1 and annuals as C. Mediwm, alpina, Wanner, thyrsoidea, sibirica, attica, and Loreyi may seem unfair in more than one sense; but besides the fact that one cannot in a short paper deal quite ex- haustively with any one class, those I have named may also well be left out for the present, because I wish to speak of Campanulas placed under such conditions in a garden as to grow after the way of nature—spreading and mingling one with another year after year, and so becoming a united and beautiful whole. The various species of hardy Campanulas are pre-eminently adapted for special positions in the wild or in the rock garden. As a suggestion in passing, some are better for being used in big groups by woodland paths, others in the copse, and yet others never look more beautiful than when springing up from the moist ditch bank, or brightening the hedgerows with their tall spikes at midsummer. But I wonder if anyone has ever tried a garden of Bellflowers—Bellflowers to the exclusion of all other herbaceous plants, and with only a backing of trees or suitable everereen shrubs to break up that plainness of surface which inevitably comes about for several months of the year in all herbaceous borders. Ido not see why, with such an enormous number of species (and of varied forms) as belong to this genus, we should not try a Bellflower garden as well as a Lily garden, a Rose garden, Ferneries, or Peony breaks. It would have the merit of novelty and permanency, and its beauty and interest would be assured by the intrinsic merit and adaptability of the individual species throughout. As a matter of fact, I have tried it on a small scale, both in my own and in other people’s gardens, and, believe me, it is remarkable how the blues and whites, and the many shades of purple, mingled with the evergreen shrubs just referred to, and, dying back into the deeper shade of a wood or plantation, attract and please by their somewhat sombre effect, as distinct from the more ordinary garden effects produced by the stronger glare and more numerous colours dotted here and there. The effects are at once rich and restful to the eye, for it is not all colours that mingle well with the purples, more especially with the red-purples. Let us, for a moment at least, imagine a Campanula garden, and in so doing we may usefully find hints and svgeestions of a practical kind. And before we begin our word-picture let us reflect on what a Campanula garden essentially implies—namely, 82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, an ideal site. This should be fixed where there is suitable environment, because of its special character. I mean this in the sense that if we are to gather together in one place a special collection of flowers of one family, it will be worth while to do so with surroundings which may be expected to be conducive not only to the best scenic effects, but also to the best aecommoda- tion of the plants culturally. If we grow Campanulas in mixed borders, or mix them with other Alpines on our rockeries, as a matter of course the borders and rockeries are not, and need not, be specially selected so as to give the Campanulas all or even a maximum of the advantages ; but it could, and should, be other- wise with a Campanula garden, and my point is that they merit and warrant this special style of culture where the opportunity presents itself. Doubtless many of the species (such as the Alpines) are better for the rarefied atmosphere of the higher altitudes, but generally speaking this section of Campanulas flourishes in almost any position where they are not absolutely or too partially shaded. It is well known that Campanulas flourish in the vicinity of dwarf shrubs and trees; if these do not obstruct the direct sky- light they conduce to a more balmy condition of the atmosphere by reason of the amount of moisture evaporated from the abun- dance of leaf surface. I believe these are generally accepted facts, and, given an ideal position for a supposed Campanula garden, let us feebly attempt to imagine the picture. Coming round a bend where a slope rises from a small stream, the slope facing to the east, and by another bend facing to the south: the slopes furnished with dwarf shrubs a little distance up, presenting sometimes rounded, at other times forked points, tapering in dwarfness to within a few inches of the ground. A little beyond, the groups of shrubs become larger as well as the stature of the individuals higher, and beyond, again, are forest trees, common to our parks and woodlands. ‘Turning round and glancing at the irregular strip or stony bank between the walk on which you stand and the stream, your eye is caught at once by large patches, rambling between the boulders, of the delicate C. hederacea. OC. isophylla (both the white and blue forms) is far happier in these moist stony positions than you are wont to see it in drier places. Relieving the stones are the glorious spikes of the big- THE GENUS CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S POINT OF VIEW. 83 belled macrantha; and cespitosa, with its free habit and pleasing leaves, as well as its abundance of flowers, has posses- sion of a broad piece of the bank, and has rapidly encircled many of the big boulders. There are Ferns, both large and small, but these Campanulas by the waterside run around them; for- bidden by the darkness or the shadow of the spreading fronds, they have simply accommodated themselves by turning in other directions, and they seem grateful that they may ramble else- where. By the edges of the walk on both sides, and delightfully creeping into the gravel, are large masses of C. pusilla in various shades of colour, but, of course, including the white form. Allionz, a pigmy plant with giant flowers and bells erect, occupies a similar place. The pretty garganica, with its racemes of starry flowers—procumbent—and with each flower suggesting a white star in a blue foil, forms itself into charmingly rounded tufts, the centre cushions of delicate green being surrounded with a ring of starry inflorescence. In no case do these humble Bell- worts occur in line, but, on the contrary, break up the essentially line-character of the walk. Unless you watch your feet, you may tread on pretty tufts of mollis and muralis. Pulla you may easily overlook, as its herbage is so thin and scarcely con- spicuous when not in flower; then, however, you cannot miss it, for its comparatively large black-purple bells almost invite you to kneel down and closely examine and admire them. Here and there near the walk are more of these humble beauties, such as Waldsteiniana, with its hair-like stems, almost leading you to suppose that its sheeny bells are without supports. In the slight gutter on the walk side, and evidently loving the gravel, is the rare grey-foliaged Hainer, with erect cup-like flowers of a delicate heliotrope hue. In the warmer soil, by reason of its mixture with the gravel, is Portenschlageana, which in fatter soil might not delight you with its perennial appearance. There you see a deep green and shining mass of overlapping and somewhat rosetted cushions of foliage, with dumpy and stout, but very short flower-stems. That is surely the typical mitida, and by its side, of a paler green, and evidently not so robust, is its white form. In passing let me say this is one of the most exquisite of the dwarf Bellworts, and all too rare. Seldom are its flowers borne above 4 or 5 inches high: they D 84. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. are of ivory whiteness and stout substance, quite 2 inches across, and looking skywards. Cenisia and excisa are rare gems, flourishing only where the rooting medium and the con- ditions of moisture exactly suit them. Zoysii has a place in this open, sunny, and withal moist position, and suggests an inquiry whether it has not really got into wrong company in the Campanula garden, so unlike the Bellflowers are its con- tracted tubes with mitre-shaped limb—but, oh! how exquisite. Only 2 or 3 inches high at most, the flowers are in abundance, surmounting delicate tufts of spoon-shaped tiny leaves, com- pared with which the flowers of # inch long are large. The seeming white lines which really form the edges of the corolla, and which appear to cross symmetrically over the mouth of the tube, constitute the feature to most excite our curiosity in con- nection with this gem. We linger among the Alpine species, and directly we find valdensis. This seems to come somewhat near to pusilla, but it is more refined. Its flowers are so shell-like that they rattle in your hand, or when you draw your hand over them. fragilis is a delicate beauty, as implied by its name, and abietina, with a dense-growing matted habit, has three rather distinct features —-pale green herbage, glistening sky-blue flowers, and an abrupt ascending flower-spike. A little further back from the edge of the walk are species and varieties of somewhat stronger growth and higher stature. The lovely group of carpatica first attracts our notice. This comprises the three or four shades of twrbinata, two or more shades of the distinct pelviformis, the two (reputed) varieties of “CO, F. Wilson,” and the, so to speak, “false ’’? Maimeri—not Raineri vera. More or less near to turbinata are various other forms of carpatica, as alba and pallida, and where these plants have been allowed to seed themselves the natural hybrids of this type are delightfully confusing. There is also the aggregata group, 1 to 2 feet or more high, glomerata and dahwrica being conspicuous. There have been planted here also, according to the more ancient nomenclature, Campanula grandiflora and its varieties (known nowadays as Platycodons). These are distinct to a degree, as the change of name made by botanists would seem to imply ; but so lovely is this group of some four forms, in- THE GENUS CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S POINT OF VIEW. 35 cluding the dwarf and indispensable Platycodon Mariesii, that the planter has been justified in making a slight botanical devia- tion in the Campanula garden. There is the pleasing C. Hendersom, a sort of pigmy pyra- midalis, an almost ceaseless bloomer, and one of the best Bellworts—a hybrid itself, it somehow seems to be variable. How grandly that pair of Hosti show up!—the pure white and the deep blue side by side in big patches. This species literally produces sheaves of flowers. With the knife, in sickle- fashion, you may reap a handful of spikes 15 or 18 inches high, which fill a good-sized vase, and you may repeat the operation — for many days consecutively. Now we get a glance of a more homely group—the commonest of our native species—the Harebell, or the Bluebell of Scotland. How grandly this does in cultivation! And our interest is the more stimulated in connection with this from the fact that it has evolved many beautiful forms, more or less recognised now under botanical names, such as limifolia and alba, soldanelle- flora, major, and a double-flowered kind. Shomboidea and Rapunculus strike us by their profusion of flowers of deep blue. Persicifolia covers a large space, for not only do the root-stems wander quickly, but it varies greatly. There are five forms at least of white varieties—one, known as coronata, having a curiously puffed and puckered calyx. The type itself is by no means bad, but some of the varieties in both white and blue are great advances from the gardener’s point of view, notably the one known by the long name of C. persicifolia alba grandiflora, and you may see amongst chance seedlings several shades of blue to match this for size and shape of flowers. Nobilis is not so gay- looking a subject, but it strikes one by its peculiar arrangement of the flowers. Grandis and gemnufera are useful for their sheets of colour, and the white variety of the former is very telling. As you cast your eye still further back, you see the giants of the genus, with, in front of them, yet a few more of intermediate stature. These comprise americana, with, by its side, the distinct and very uncommon bononensis. We halt a moment whilst viewing this—it is so remarkable. It has long slender stems of 4 feet, arching outwards, and all the flowers for nearly the whole length are open at one time. They furnish the stem in a one- D2 36 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sided fashion like a Foxglove, and the flowers rather resemble the shape of the Foxgloves, but are much smaller. It isa telling plant as we see, especially viewed at a short distance. What is that lovely 5-foot strong-stemmed and diffusely branched kind, with myriads of flowers of medium size? The milk-white or pale blue flowers at once truly suggest it as lacti- flora. Latifolia among the shrubs and nearing the trees, common as it is, is pleasing. C. van Houwtter and Bowrgatti are a capital match. They have extravagantly large flowers, exceed- ing the common Canterbury Bells, with the rims of the bells ‘ deeply cut, and did they not by the weight of their big flowers bend themselves too lowly, they would perhaps be more con- spicuous. A wealth of beauty they undoubtedly possess, but it is not displayed to advantage. Still it were wise, I think, that these were placed here, as they constitute a somewhat distinct type. Sarmatica and even the common wrticefolia contribute their quota to the Campanula garden, as seen yonder in the deeper shade. But I fear we shall have to leave the imaginary garden without noticing many other worthy denizens. For whoever can go into a garden where there are such vast variety and so much individual beauty that could take note of all in a single visit ? Some of the names just mentioned may have but slender botanical authority, especially in reference to the varieties of the types. Still they have the sanction of the usage of gardeners, and so may be more or less justified apart from the stricter botanical point of view. Speaking of names in relation to the facility of identifying the plants, the genus Campanula doubtless has long puzzled, and still continues to puzzle, the gardener. When a man has had experience in growing a large number of species in one garden, and has noted the result of self-sown seed, he has no longer any wonder that many forms prove puzzling. The mere fact ofa large genus; the way in which some forms over- lap each other ; the difference in the habit of a given species as srown in captivity compared with its habit in a wild state; the large number of synonymous names, and the too frequent employment of obsolete nomenclature—all these things go to mystify our conclusions as to the identity of our material. I fancy | am not far wrong in saying that, generally speaking, gardeners do not realise how vast the variety of Campanulas is, THE GENUS CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S POINT OF VIEW. 87 and as a consequence of this the genus is not yet fully appreciated bythem. And the indubitable fact that to the average gardening mind the nomenclature of the Campanulas (at least as they are distributed in commerce) seems all in a muddle is hardly cal- culated to promote a larger employment of these decorative flowers. And yet it is precisely as a gardener that I would like to urge my humble opinion, that with a little pains the types may be fairly well recognised. As for the varieties, we cannot, even if we would, hope to master them in the sense of finality, for, besides natural hybrids, we get numerous garden varieties, especially where several types are growing close together as in collection. But when once one has reached the point of sufficient experience to be able to pick out the varieties, and eroup them around their respective types, then the haze of doubt in a great measure disperses, though even still, when you come to individuals, you may sometimes be long in doubt, and require more than one light by which to find your way out of the difficulty. As one thinks about these flowers the subject seems to open up wider and wider; in fact, we have allin the Campanulas that can interest alike the botanist and the gardener : there is scope for the exercise of all those thoughts and arts which render gardening so pleasurable, but time forbids me saying much more on the present occasion, although I have not yet touched on culture and propaga- tion. Suffice to say that, though generally the Campanulas have a robust habit, and are propagated by the very simplest and easiest means, there are some which are almost the reverse, and have special requirements and peculiarities. Whenever we investigate these plants it is always better to do so in relation to environ- ment, for it goes without saying how many and how varied are the conditions of different gardens, and it is often among these varying local circumstances that we find the real causes which alone account for the different results attained. Generally, too, the Campanulas flourish, and increase in size in all their parts, under cultivation as compared with wildlings, and no doubt many of the Alpines experience their greatest troubles from a too kind and generous treatment. I dare say that some Campanulas are practically impossible in some gardens, but such exceptions would be very few indeed could we but trace out and avoid the excessive artificialism of some gardeners’ cultural methods. 88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. This shifts the responsibility of non-success in great measure from the plant to the planter ; and, to make my meaning clear, IT will glance at one example. Take C. Rainer, a very dwarf Alpine with thickly pubescent herbage and somewhat thick underground stems. Its roots, to my mind, seem to have pecu- liar requirements both in regard to air and moisture, and their requirements may be met by keeping them near the surface, as on a moist stone ledge with a covering of well-consolidated soil, not more than 2 or 3 inches thick. With a deeper root-run I have found the roots to be rank in summer and to rot off in winter. On the stony ledge they seem to grow longer and faster, and to be much more wiry. We have, in fact, to humour a plant whose roots have very finely balanced requirements in the way of a freer atmosphere and moisture, whereas in regard to quality of soil it shows a corresponding amount of indiffer- ence. In the cultivation of Campanulas, whether in the style of a Campanula garden or otherwise, it would perhaps always be advisable to prevent the escape of seed, even if we sowed the seed otherwise, because when the seed is self-sown the unac- countable ways in which it comes up and develops will upset all our ideas of classification, and, worse still, the strongest and perhaps coarsest forms will obviously prevail, and in a very short time such self-sown seedlings will doubtless upset the best-arranged planting of carefully named varieties. So in- sidious do those seedlings seem to be that it almost appears as if they were actually conspiring to cheat you, especially when they implant themselves in the heart of a choice kind, or correctly named group, and in a comparatively short time might easily be taken by a casual observer to be the rightful owners of the positions and the names. In speaking of propagation I shall take the term in its more precise meaning, as the increase of a desirable variety by means of small parts taken from a common stock. I should hardly consider this analogous to “ propagation with a spade,” cutting off a slice of the matted roots of, say, such free growers as pusilla, carpatica, or turbinata. The increase of these implies no care or skill to speak of, for they carry a full complement of all the parts essential to free growth, without artful or helpful means: I think it is rather important for the propagator to keep these THE GENUS CAMPANULA FROM A GARDENER’S POINT OF VIEW. 89 distinctions in mind, because of the widely varying root habits of the sections, and even of the individuals. For instance, the taproots of C. Hendersoni being furnished with fine fibre, you may propagate it readily if the season of the year encourages growth by reason of its warmth and long light days; but you may not pull this plant asunder in the dormant season with impunity. Just the same may be said of pelviformis in the carpatica group, and there are others ; but I prefer those better- known and common forms as examples of my meaning, as then, if my words have any value, they will have a more extensive application and may easily be proved. There is another feature about the roots of many Campanulas that may have been observed by those who handle them in numbers; some of the fastest growers are remarkable for the way in which their roots become almost invisible or unfindable in winter. Instances of these are to be found in the carpatica eroup—e.g. ‘G. F. Wilson” and one or two nearly related hybrids. Likely enough they inherit this from one of their supposed parents—pulla—because pulla is as remarkable as any for this habit ; and may we not take it that, whenever a plant so closely reefs or contracts its physical parts, we may only deal with it for propagation purposes when the roots are in a growing state 2? Anyhow, it is a fact that we succeed with their propa- gation vastly better when in a sprouting or verdant condition, as opposed to the dormant state. DISCUSSION. Mr. H. Seure-LeonarD said he grew several kinds of Cam- panulas, and found little difficulty in regard to the treatment of most of them. He could hardly tell whether Mr. Wood treated C. alpina as an annual or a biennial, and C. pelviformis—which he regarded as the best form of C. carpatica or turbinata—he had no difficulty in protecting. C.mtida he found difficult to flower, while C. Rainert he considered the most charming of all. C. Zoysw was more easily grown with him than appeared to be the case with most other cultivators. In reply to Mr. Burroughes, who said he had lost C. Zoysi and C. cenisia, Mr. Leonard remarked that C. Zoysi would thrive in a chalky situation, and that it stood the winter of 1894-95 with the protection of a piece of glass only. As to dividing the clumps by means of the knife or 40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the spade, Mr. Leonard stated that the weapon employed would depend to some extent on the species. For example, C. persicifolia would stand division by the spade, but many other Campanulas would not, and, personally, he preferred using the knife for all. Dr. Maxwett Masters referred to the trial of Campanulas that was being made at Chiswick with a view to arriving at some definite results regarding habits and nomenclature. He alluded to a plant known as C. pseudo-Raineri, and demurred to apply- ing the word “pseudo” to any plant, which was either one thing or the other. If the plant in question was not C. Raineri, then why not give it a distinctive name of its own,' instead of mixing it up with C. Raineri? He had in his herbarium speci- mens of C. Raineri and the form known as “ G. F. Wilson,” but he really could not distinguish one from the other in a dried state. No doubt many variations were brought about by hybrid- ists. He had no objection whatever to intercrossing, provided the hybridist would only record his operations carefully, and indicate the parentage of the various hybrids produced by him. Dr. Masters then referred to C. isophylia, which was a familiar plant at Mentone, but he thought very few had seen it—as he had—beautifully grown as a window-plant in some of the poor dwellings in Whitechapel. PRIMULA CONFERENCE. HELD IN THE Drivt Hatt, JaAmEs STREET, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, APRIL 23, 1895. Tur Chairman, Professor MicuarL Fosrsr, F.R.S., in open- ing the proceedings, remarked that the Conference had been arranged with a view to increasing the amount of pleasure to be obtained from the culture of the various species of Primula. There were three ways of obtaining this result: (1) By pro- curing new plants from remote regions; (2) by practising the most successful methods of culture; and (3) by assisting Nature in the matter of hybridisation. Professor Foster expressed his love for the whole Primula family, from the common Primrose to the most “ civilised ”’ PRIMULA CONFERENCE. 41 Auricula, and hoped that cultivators who grew only one or a few species would not treat with contempt some smaller kinds, which, perhaps, were not so attractive to them individually. ‘In calling upon Mr. J. G. Baker, of Kew, to deliver his lecture on “ New Primulas,”’ the Chairman happily remarked that Mr. Baker was everywhere recognised as the Gardener’s Botanist, and as such was always most ready to impart the information which was so frequently sought from him. ON THE BOTANICAL WORK WHICH HAS BEEN DONE IN THE GENUS PRIMULA SINCE THE LAST CONFERENCK.* By Mr. J. G. Baxer, F.B.S., F.L.S., Keeper of the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew. WHEN Bentham and Hooker published the third volume of their “Genera Plantarum” in 1876 they estimated the number of known species of Primula at 70 to 80. At the present time we are acquainted with 150, so that within the last twenty years the number of species has been doubled. The external characters on which groups have usually been founded are taken from the leaves, which in some cases are folded towards the inside when young, and sometimes towards the back ; the bracts, which in some cases are conspicuously sibbous at the base; the comparative length of the calyx and corolla-tube, and the absence or presence of folds at the throat of the corolla-tube. In 1886 Van Tieghem and Douliot published in the Bulletin of the Botamcal Society of France a physiologeal classification of the genus, founded upon the structure of the stem, two main groups and seven sections; but as there are abundance of external characters to be found, this is not likely to be used either for purposes of horticulture or systematic botany. 7 The last Primula Conference was held in June 1886, and since that two separate books have been written which are entirely devoted to the genus. In 1888 Dr. Pax, one of the most able and industrious members of the new generation of * Copies of the Report of the PrrmutA CoNnFrERENCE, held at South Kensington in 1886, may still be obtained. (See Advertisements.) 492, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. systematic botanists in Germany, published in the tenth volume of Engler’s “ Jahrbuch ”’ a complete monograph of the genus, which was afterwards brought out as a separate work. By this date the greater proportion of new species discovered by the French missionaries in Western China had been described. He includes 185 species, which he classifies under twenty groups, two of which (Floribunde and Auricule) have the edges of young leaves involute, and all the others the edges of the young leaves revolute. He gives a key under each group show- ing the characters of the species, and traces out carefully their synonymy and geographical distribution, giving also an account of the hybrids and an historical review of the genus, and a full account of the range of character shown by the different organs. This work leaves little to be desired as a monograph, except that I think the number of groups might be reduced with advantage ; but, unfortunately, it is only accessible in German. I will return to the groups later on in my paper. Another work, also in German, is E. Widmer’s ‘‘ Monograph of the Kuropean Primulas and their Hybrids,” published at Munich in 1891. The author was a pupil of the celebrated Professor Naegeli, who contributes an introduction. This work deals with the European Primulas with characteristic German exhaustiveness, 154 pages being devoted to general remarks, and the description of 22 species, their varieties and hybrids. It is especially valuable, from the cultivator’s point of view, for the full account which it gives of the hybrids of the Auricula group. The following are the principal papers and local floras which contain an account of the new species which have been dis- covered during the last twenty years. Dr. Franchet’s first paper on the new species collected by the Abbé Delavay in Western China was published in 1885 in the 82nd volume of the Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France. In this 16 new species were described. In his second paper, published in the same journal a year later, 12 new species are added. In April 1888 he published in the Bulletin of the Philomathique Society of Paris a conspectus of the 11 Japanese Primulas. In the Jowrnal de Botanique for 1891, in a paper written in concert with M. Bureau, he described five new species discovered by Prince Henri d’Orléans and his companions in their travels in Western China and Tibet. In the third part of the third ON THE BOTANICAL WORK DONE IN THE GENUS PRIMULA. 43 volume of the “ Flora of British India,’’ published in 1882, Sir J. D. Hooker described and classified the 48 Himalayan species. In 1891, in the 26th volume of the Jowrnal of the Linnean Society, my colleague, Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, F.R.S., gave an enumeration and an account of the distribution of 48 Chinese species, and in the 29th volume of the same journal he described three new species discovered by Mr. Pratt on the confines of China and Tibet. A few additional species have been recently described and figured by Professor Oliver in Hooker’s “ Icones Plantarum,” and by the Japanese botanistsin the Japanese Journal of Botany. We have now in the Kew Herbarium specimens of 54 distinct species from China and Japan. The total number of species now known is about 150, of which, in round numbers, one-third are Himalayan, one-third Chinese and Japanese, and the other third spread through Europe, Northern Asia, and America. ‘The European species all belong to three out of the twenty groups recognised by Dr. Pax, and in the appended table I have shown how the Himalayan, Chinese, and Japanese species are distributed through these twenty groups. P.S.—In Part Il. of the Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History of Paris, just received, three new Chinese species are described: P. chartacea, allied to P. obconica ; P. sinuata, allied to P. Wattw; and P. breviscapa, allied to P. sonchifolia. Name of Group Type Species Total Ohina | Japan ene 1. Sinenses : | IPysinensis, Ui cc Oe |S i 1 9 2. Fallaces P. yesonana Miq. . t = 3 |; — 3. Monocarpice P. malacoides, Franch. 2 2, — | — 4. Floribunde P. verticillata, Forsk. . 3 5. Petiolares . P. petiolaris, Wallich . 3 il) 2 6. Bullatze P. bullata, Franch. 4 Ap iar == 7. Vernales P. veris, L. sees 3 = a = 8. Soldanelloides P. pusilla, Wallich 8 i hae 5 9. Auriculate P. auriculata, Lam. real 8 Ayes 2 10. Capitate . Pr capitate, Pook, .. (0) 7 3 | — 5 11; Farinose . Pe TariMOsa lS La ue. tee nek 3 i 3 12. Minutissime . P. minutissima, Jacq. 3 —- — 3 13. Tenelle P. tenella, King NER 2); — 4 14. Nivales Pe nivalis, Pall: 5g aces anit 6 | — 4 15. Barbate P. vinciflora, Franch. 3 1 | — 2 16. Macrocarpex P. macrocarpa, Max. . :| 7 1) 4 5y he 17. Calianthe P. obtusifolia, Royle . .| 11 5 | 5 18. Cordifolize P. reticulata, Wallich. .| 6 — | — 5 19. Prolifere . P. japonica, Gray . AU eas) Eek 1 20. Auricule . EPS OrIGUIA Mein te ive 6 fb Oo ah ee 147 | 46 | 11 | 50 44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMULAS. By Mr. H. Setre-Leonarp, F.R.H.S. [Read April 23, 1895.] May I be allowed to say a word in explanation and excuse of my appearance on the programme, and that the honour was unsought, indeed disclaimed by me, and was, I take it, the result rather of the paucity of Alpine Primula growers than of any other cause ? And may I also add, as regards the announcement of my subject, that it was not that of my own choosing as the title of a formal paper, though it certainly indicates the directions in which I am glad to offer a few observations, and desire to promote dis- cussion, in this Conference ? IT am almost appalled to find myself, for such purpose, alone in the same curricle, or rather carriage, with eminent botanical authorities like our Chairman and Mr. Baker, and with such a prince among cultivators as Mr. Douglas. And yet, on second thoughts, I can catch at the encouraging certainty that, if that same carriage held the four of us, and we were now nearing the summit of some Alpine pass, say Stelvio or Albula, or Furka, and were in sight of mountain Primulas and Ranunculi, we should, I believe, be a very easy and untimid company, however recent our acquaintance; and the last thing either Mr. Douglas or I would think about would be, whether we were wise enough for the company of those two encyclopedias of botanical learning we carried with us. And I am further consoled by the reflection (confirmed by perusal of the proceedings at the last Primula Conference—the first, I think, of its kind) that there is left something to be done which can, perhaps, be as well done by a mere practical and cultural enthusiast who has little or no botanical learning ; and that is, the subject of Huropean hardy Alpine Primulas, con- sidered from a gardener’s standpoint, and of their culture, whether under glass along with florists’ Auriculas, or in the open garden. Considering the charm and character of their beauty, the suitability of our climate to the great majority of the species THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMULAS. 45 and their comparative ease of culture, the small extent to which choice collections are found is remarkable. The more so for the reason that their more civilised sisters, the florists’ Auriculas, although all too seldom seen at their best, even in good gardens, are yet, by comparison, seen frequently; that wherever these can be grown, so can the wild species, with, on the whole, ereater ease; and that while all choice florists’ Auriculas need glass protection to do them any justice, with the majority of the Primula species this is not the case. I attribute this fact, myself, first to comparative ignorance of their beauty. The group has never ‘‘ boomed,’ so to speak, sufficiently to give it that publicity which should secure for it a permanent place among plant-lovers. Then, again, while the larger number of species are of easy culture, some are not so. A very few are not so even with winter shelter, and so the whole class has been discredited by the failure of a few. Finally, the nomenclature of the genus has been in so chaotic a state that it has repelled many from the subject. A word or two first on this question of nomenclature. The Report of the last Primula Conference, published by the R.H.S., and the perusal of which I may recommend to all, contains an elaborate synonymic list of the known species and forms of the genus put together by Mr. Dewar, lately of Kew Gardens. The number of names in this list with a botanist’s name attached to each is over 600, including hybrids and natural varieties named by botanists, but not including garden varieties named by nurserymen. Of this number no less than 865 or thereabouts (nearer two-thirds than one-half) are marked as mere synonyms or second names, thus reducing to about 800 the number of species, hybrids, and well-marked varieties known to the com- piler, and authorised by one botanist or another. The typical species alone are, of course, far fewer, for the hybrids and varieties are many; and these are sometimes, by-the-bye, the more beautiful plants. After all allowance made, I think all competent botanists allow that the confusion is extreme. They are fellow-sufferers with us gardeners in this matter, and such only. For let me say, in passing, that, while botanical nomenclature is in its 46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. present state, no worse use of time can, in my view, be pos- sibly made, either by gardener or botanist, than to occupy it in seeking to fasten on his brother plant-lover responsibility for the confusion. To the extent of this confusion the figures I have just given scarcely do justice. For it might be said that out-of-the-way and little known kinds were responsible for it all, and that in regard to others such confusion did not exist. The fact is otherwise. Take, for instance, Prumula integrifolia of Linneus, a well-known plant and a well-known name. Yet this name has been used by no less than five botanists as that for as many other and quite distinct species. I could multiply instances indefinitely, but it is needless. It is, I believe, a canon law in botanical nomenclature that the name rightly belongs to that plant to which it was first applied, and this rule may largely correct the mischief for those botanists—surely few, if any—who are learned enough in all plant history to apply it. But, for the bulk of us at least, the confusion remains. For this reason, and for others, I would strongly enforce on new students of the genus what was said by Mr. Baker at the last Conference, that it ‘‘is much the best plan to begin by learning thoroughly the clearly distinguishable species, and afterwards to work out the subordinate types.” I should venture to add that the nomenclature of some one leading botanist, an authority in the class, should alone be followed. Probably, as regards the genus Primula, this would be Kerner or Pax. And to those who are disposed to commence the cultiwation of these plants I should venture myself to give a piece of advice somewhat analogous to that given by Mr. Baker in regard to the study of them, namely, to commence with some of the most typical and distinct, and, | may add, with those most easy to grow, and to grow, at first at least, a fair number of each rather than single plants of many sorts. I shall presently enumerate kinds I can personally recommend. I have only to remind you, before leaving the subject of nomenclature, that in the Report of the last Conference, already referred to, will be found, in addition to the longer synonymous list of Mr. Dewar, a short synopsis, prepared by Mr. Baker, of most of the principal typical species; and another and larger one THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMULAS. 47 on similar lines, but extending to hybrids, by Herr Stein, of Breslau. From nomenclature I pass to more practical matter. When noting the reasons which make against the popularity of the group as garden-flowers, might I not have added the unnatural manner and “ setting’’ in which hitherto they have been generally shown ? I will own to a doubt which I think I have never yet been bold enough to breathe in Auricula committee (where I am already heretic enough on some matters), that even our best florists’ Auriculas, and especially our choice Alpines and Fancies, would look none the worse if we mended our ways in our mode of staging and exhibiting them. Granted, at least for argument’s sake, that skill in the pro- duction of fine specimens or of new varieties be the chief, or even the sole, thing for the judges to consider in their awards. I am not, therefore, completely convinced that the show should consist so largely of rectangular batches of pots, and that any- thing like setting or natural arrangement of the plants, or the provision of natural ‘‘ carpetters ”’ for them, should be almost or generally ‘“‘ tabooed”’ in every Auricula class. I am on delicate ground I know, but the subject wants ventilation, and that is why I raise it. I am bold enough to think that even our best named Auriculas would, to nine persons out of ten, look better if they rose from a bed of, say, moss or Saxifrages. Even an exhibit of noble silver-leaved ‘“‘ Show”’ Auriculas springing from a white silk carpet of Antennaria would please most of us more than when severely marshalled in rows—each pot ‘“‘ nakedly and shamelessly ”’ exposed. Be the case as regards florists’ Auriculas as it may, I argue with confidence that when we come to more natural flowers, like Primroses and Primula species, excuse for such modes of staging as at present obtain is, to say the least, very difficult. Surely, without affecting close imitation of nature, where such is impossible, we can suggest nature, and can often by simple means make an exhibit more pretty and natural as a whole; something approaching to a plant-picture, rather than so many “ plants in pots.’’ And the same plan of natural arrangement may well be carried also into the Alpine house, even to the frame. On the rockery it already largely obtains. 48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I should like, too, to put it to the Conference whether, on every ground, the different classes of Primula should not be better classified than at present for exhibition and other practical purposes. I am not, of course, speaking of mere botanical erouping. We seem to have at least three groups which should be, I think, more or less kept apart. First, the greenhouse species, nearly all from Asia, such as obconica, sinensis, mollis, erosa, and floribunda, with P. verti- cillata, which alone is from Africa. Secondly, the Jlarge-habited and coarser, harder species, invaluable for the open garden, and generally of easy culture, but not generally suited for close association with the third group. This third group will comprise the smaller and choicer high mountain sorts. The second and coarser group comprises some noble garden plants, such as P. denticulata in its many fine varieties; P. japonica in perhaps as many (a fine plant, by the way, for massing under trees). P. capitata in this group is a plant which should be again brought to the front for its splendid flowers of the richest purple. In addition to the type, which (with me at least) blooms in the majority of months in the year, there is a superb large-flowered variety, which seemingly only blooms in the late autumn. The bog-loving P. sikkimensis, the invaluable P. rosea, and the rarely seen P. Stuarts purpurea, and probably P. Poissoni from the Yunan, must be included in it. Whether the many other choice Primulas which have from time to time reached us from Asia should (if my notion of srouping for exhibition and for culture were followed) be distri- buted among the three classes suggested, or whether perhaps a fourth group be not needed to include them, I am not competent to judge, for I have had little experience with their culture. They have, Iam glad to see, to be treated of by others. The culture of many or most of them seems hitherto to have been but little understood, and it would seem either that they are naturally biennials—at least in this climate—or that their culture is difficult. Many once imported are no longer to be found. Such gems as P. Reidii and obtusifolia seem nearly lost, and P. petio- laris and amethystina wholly so. We have, I fancy, yet to learn almost everything about the culture of these choicer Asiatic THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMULAS. 49 species. Nothing that I know of would be a more welcom service to hardy horticulture than a fresh collection and distvri- bution of reliable seeds of the group in question. The reasons for some such grouping as I have suggested are evident enough. The greenhouse species, the subject of the first class, however beautiful and interesting in themselves, associate ill with the robust and hardy border kinds, while noble exhibits might be made of these latter in more natural and congruous company. And both classes are still more out of place side by side with the smal] and choice high Alpine sorts. These latter have a style of beauty altogether their own, which is overshadowed and obscured by the company of the grosser and more obtrusive species. IT am aware that at present Primulas are so little grown and shown that all that are at present sent to our shows can be accommodated all too easily in a single class. But I am not sure that the paucity of exhibitors may not be explained by the lack of classification which I have regretted. More would be erown, and so more be shown, with increased method in classification and in culture. The rest of what I would say to-day relates solely, or nearly so, to my third group, viz. Alpine species of Primulas. Nearly all of these have their habitat in Europe; and all, too, may with enough of correctness be termed “alpine,” for in the few cases like those of the Bird’s-eye Primrose, and of P. mis- tassinica (from extreme North America), which are found at low levels, either the plants are found as we move southwards, on mountains only, or their climatic conditions are alpine in character. You know, doubtless, that P. farinosa, the Bird’s- eye Primrose, is the one species of this group found in England. It abounds in Teesdale. Scotland has alone the rarer but allied P. scotica. As regards the culture of these Primulas less needs saying than looking at the paucity of growers of them might be supposed. Outside a few which are really difficult to suit, such as P. glutinosa, ‘ the blue speik ” of the Tyrol, some, like P. minima, being fairly easy to grow, but less so to bloom—outside such, I say, the general culture is simple, if indeed so serious a term as cultwre need be used at all. E 50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Broadly speaking, it is that of the Auricula, and thus need not be repeated. The only points of difference are that we do not allow them to go so completely to rest in mid-winter, and that the continuous care and studied culture which are generally needed to produce jigh quality in the Auricula are not needed for the Alpine Primula. It is to the needs of the hardier Alpine Auricula, rather than to those of the choicer Show Auricula, that I should liken those of these Primulas. And the benefits which they derive from glass protection from late autumn to early spring are about equal, I think, both in extent and character, to those derived: by Alpine Auriculas from the same, viz. finer quality in the flowers, protection from the mischief of excessive wet, and, I must add, preservation generally from oblivion and neglect. I am sceptical how far any of the species care for shelter from cold ; many value shelter from summer heat. The better opinion, I think, is that the matter of soil is not of the first importance. Avoid nostrums, of course. A good loam, with a little sand, but inclining to heavy rather than light— exactly such, indeed, as you would take for Auriculas—is the type of soil which suits most of them best. I think of none which prefer peat. Complete drainage is, of course, essential ; abundant moisture (not stagnant) in the growing season, and a fairly dry autumn and winter are desirable, unless the death-rate is to “‘ mount.”’ Full exposure in summer and free air practically at all times are important. The cooler sides of the rockery—east and north—suit them best, and at least partial shade from a really hot sun they prefer, but it must not be secured by overhanging trees. If kept under glass at all, between April and September inclusive (as they should be only if necessary to protect the bloom), shade will be then essential. The cooler climates of Northern Europe are far better suited to them than those of more southern parts. I notice how much better many of them are grown in the open in the cool air of Scotland and of the North of England than in the South. Some time back cultivators were much exercised on the subject of the benefit of chalk or calcareous soil for those kinds which in nature are only found upon such soil. The outcome of THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMULAS. 51 experience in that regard leads, in my view, to the conclusion, not only that we need not, but that we should not, trouble our heads about it. This for a reason which it will be well to give. A chalk soil is in no way essential to the culture of any Primula ; it is positively inimical to not a few, and even poisonous to some. And so, just as the tyro in horticulture is well advised to leave liquid manure alone, because, useful though it be in experienced, it is a dangerous tool in inexperienced hands, so the most of us, who have not enough knowledge of these plants to distinguish the calcareous from the non-calcareous species, will do well to leave chalk wholly alone, lest we give to some for food what may be in fact poison to them. The better opinion seems to be that the action of a chalk soil on the plants is only mechanical, and consists in its power of holding moisture. Thus those many plants which require much water will only be found in nature on soils which give it them. They may, so to speak, wander on to drier soils “on occasion,’’ but perennially they will not exist there. Nature seems, unlike many of us, only to grow what and where she can grow well and easily. But if we do not mind the trouble of otherwise supplying the required moisture, experience conclusively proves that those Alpine Primulas which in nature are only found on calcareous soils can be easily grown in our gardens without a particle of chalk or lime in the soil. On the other hand, and be the reason what it may, those Primulas which in nature are only found on granitic or other non-calcareous soils generally resent being planted on chalk. Iven the common P. viscosa will not live with me on my chalk, and has to be isolated from it in pots. In any other soil, how- ever ordinary, it grows with ease. Since writing I have been interested to see that Herr Kerner, who is a grower of these plants as well as a botanical specialist in regard to them, confirms pretty exactly the opinions I have just expressed. And now, in conclusion, I think I may perhaps usefully do, in regard to Alpine Primulas, what I recollect our Secretary, Mr. Wilks, once doing in regard to Daffodils, viz. commend a short selection of the best dozen or so—a “ Baker’s”’ dozen, I think, he appropriately chose for us. E2 52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Such first selection may well be about the same, whether for the rockery, or the frame, or alpine house, and whether for a representative set of single plants, or for a showy collection with a dozen or twenty plants of each sort in a mass. I would emphasise the fact that many, perhaps most of the best, happen to be the commonest, as well in nature as in commerce, and also to be the easiest to grow. Indeed, it is natural, of course, that plentifulness and ease of culture should be found together. First (not necessarily in order of value), I name the well- known golden-yellow P. Auwricula, which has the additional interest that it is certainly one of the original parents of our florists’ Auriculas. I believe it is rarely, if ever, found in nature off calcareous soil, but in the garden it grows with the greatest ease in ordinary loam. It has been much improved by cultiva- tion, and the strains vary greatly in beauty and value. Next, that loveliest of white Alpine Primulas, P. viscosa nivalis, not to be confounded with the rarely seen P. nwalis of the Himalayas. It and the viscosa group generally are unhappy on chalk, and I mostly grow them in pots. But elsewhere it is of fairly easy culture, and grows, I know, in Scotland “like a weed.”’ Thirdly, I will name P. rosea in its best varieties, grandiflora and splendens, Asiatic though it be, for inclusion with even the choicest European Alpines. Its colour is so unique, and its habit so neat, that it must be accorded a place among the best. Fourthly, if you want a large and robust Alpine species with crimson flowers to match with P. viscosa nivalis, take P. viscosa major (known to some, I think, as Peyritsch.). So great is the number of fine forms and hybrids of this well-known viscosa that the next five of my items must be taken from their ranks, viz. P. ciliata (of gardens), with a good blue-purple flower ; P. cihata purpurata, a brilliant red or erimson-purple; P. Balfowri, a beautiful Scotch hybrid of a rare tone of colour; P. Lindsayana, a scarce and fine hybrid from the same northern garden, I think; and P. ciliata coccinea, of a rare red shade, which has not been happily translated coccinea. These two latter plants are very scarce. There are, however, a number of fine hybrid forms of viscosa, and some of them commercially offered under the name itermedia, which THE CULTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMULAS. 53 will be thought to run the foregoing very close, and to need inclusion in any selection of the best. Passing from that group we come to a most recommendable plant in either P. spectabilis, P. Clusiana, or P. Wulfeniana. One is humbly thankful that, at last, these three kinds, formerly regarded as botanically distinct, are now generally classed under spectabilis or its varieties. They are from the 8. Austrian or N. Italian Alps, and the colour rose-purple, sometimes very rich. Wulfen’s Primrose is the smaller form, P. Clusiana, the largest. They seem of easy culture. P. calycina, alias glaucescens, from the same regions, and rather in the same way, as another easily grown, smooth- leaved species, may well be added next. Last, though far from least, let me name for completion of this collection No. 1, that perhaps most satisfactory of all, for either open-air rockery or frame, the charming Primula margin- ata of the Maritime Alps ; not, of course, to be confounded with the quite different P. Awricula marginata, which comes from far more northerly habitats. It abounds on the Sea Alps, and this time last year I collected some plants on the Gramont behind Mentone. As a show plant, or rather as a Primula show plant, it has one weak point in common with P. viscosa nivalis, P. villosa, and P. rosea, viz. that in the South at least these all bloom so early that it is often difficult to retard them until the middle of April. But for this very reason these four kinds are invaluable to lovers of the earlier Alpines. Of this P. marginata there are several varieties besides the type. One, often called, not quite happily, cwrulea, hasa purple- blue flower, the blue predominating in the bud, but later degenerating. There is a larger-flowered form called grandiflora, and still finer seedlings raised by Dr. Stuart and my friend Mr. Boyd. Foliage and habit vary greatly in the several varieties. This particular species, in as many of its best varieties as are to be had, must, in my judgment, be placed among the best and most easily grown Alpine plants in culti- vation. So much for my first ‘‘ Baker’s’’ dozen. They are a homo- geneous and even “ set,’’ differing sufficiently in character to be varied, but agreeing enough to be a thoroughly “ congruous ”’ exhibit. 54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. It would be almost, if not quite, as easy to name a second dozen at all points desirable. Say, P. farinosa for delicacy and interest ; its pretty little white variety, too seldom seen; P. Forsteri, an excellent hybrid of minima, which generally blooms twice a year; the fine new and scarce hybrid P. Sendineri, a rich- coloured hybrid between P. pedemontana and Auricula; the white or whitish form of this last-named species, as well as the cross between P. Awricula and P. viscosa nivalis, which has yielded a charming sulphur-coloured flower ; P. integrifolia of Linneus, for its distinctness; P. frondosa, from the Balkans, for its rarity; P. salisburgensis and P. Huteri, small hybrids of minima and glutinosa, which perhaps give us our nearest approaches to bluein Alpine Primulas; P. longiflora, like a giant farinosa, and P. Balbisi, for its dark yellow blooms. There, I think, is a second ‘“ Baker’s’’ dozen to be commended to those for whom a first is not enough. Nature thus far has been the chief hybridiser with this genus. Personally, I trust that by the many hybrids presently, no doubt, to be raised by man, the natural beauty and character of the original species will not be so obscured or overshadowed that our successors two hundred years hence will be in like doubt to that in which we find ourselves to-day as to what species were two hundred years ago the progenitors of our garden Auriculas. — I have found it difficult to find much to say which I could hope would be acceptable or useful to very many here. To botanists, as such, it was obvious that I could say nothing new; and to orthodox florists, little which they will think trwe; and the feeling of both, as regards my botany and my art, may perhaps resemble that of the friends of Artemus Ward for his picture of the moon in his showman’s diorama. ‘My art friends,’ said Mr. Ward, with admiring self-complacency, as the intentionally wretched daub of a dise struggled up the picture, “ say they never in their lives saw any- thing like that moon before, and,’ he added drily, ‘‘ they hope they never will again !”’ But if the feelings of botanists and florists are such, my notes may yet perhaps be found useful to those—for whom, indeed, alone they are intended—coming fresh to the subject of Alpine Primulas and their culture. And I have more confidently the hope that I have been able at least to raise questions—albeit, perhaps, old ones—worthy the attention of this Conference. THE AURICULA. 55 THE AURICULA. By Mr. James Dovetas, F.R.H.S. It is very difficult to say anything new about the Auricula, or in any way to add to the information placed before the Society at the Conference held on April 20 and 21, 1886. The full report of the Primula Conference of that year is given in Vol. VIL, Part 2, of the Society’s Jowrnal.* The introductory paper by the late Mr. Shirley Hibberd is a very able one on the “ Origin of the Florist’s Auricula.’’ But it will be remembered that in that paper Mr. Hibberd stated that the Alpine Auricula (Primula pubescens) and the Show Auricula (Primula Awricula) would not cross. This has been shown to be an error. The two distinct specific forms can be crossed, as I have since proved. There is nothing gained, however, by crossing the two classes of Auriculas, the resulting plant being far inferior in beauty to those of either the Show.or Alpine sections. As a garden flower the Auricula has been grown and esteemed in England since the later years of the sixteenth century, but not until the present century has the plant been divided into sections. Up to the end of the eighteenth century the Show Auricula produced parti-coloured flowers without any well- defined edge or ground colour: they were splashed through with stripes of green and yellow from edge to centre, but in the early years of the present century the florists gradually obtained a well-defined edge, white or grey, while self-edged flowers were then always predominant. The history of the Auricula is interesting, but it has been told more than once, and never better than by Mr. Hibberd in the paper alluded to. At the present time the flowers have taken on well-defined edges of green, grey, white, and self colour. 1. The green-edged Auricula has a well-defined margin of ereen on the upper surface of the comparatively flat corolla; inside of this margin of green it has a band of black, blackish maroon, or rarely of reddish colour. The centre is white, caused by a very dense coating of white powder (farina), whilst the eye of the flower is yellow, or ought to be yellow, and the stigma should * See Advertisement in this issue. 56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. not protrude from the eye, or, indeed, be visible amongst the anthers. None of the green-edged varieties have powdered leaves. 2. The grey-edged Auricula has farina coated over the edge sufficiently thinly to show the colour underneath, and it therefore has a greyish appearance. 3. The white-edged varieties have the coating of white powder so thickly laid on that the margin is white. 4, The selfs, or self-edged varieties, have the same pure white rounded centre, but they have an unshaded edge of blackish maroon, purplish blue, or red ; in fact, of any colour that can be obtained provided it is unshaded. There are also considerable variety and beauty in the foliage of the Auricula. Some varieties have foliage so thickly coated with farina as to appear quite white, and in many the freshly developed foliage is exceedingly beautiful. In Scotland this whiteness of the foliage has gained for the plant the local name of “ The Dusty Miller,” and a very appropriate name it is. There are other forms of the Garden Auricula exhibited to-day which should not be passed by without notice. In Class § of the Auricula Society's schedule prizes are offered for “ Fancy Auriculas.” These are of unequal merit; some of them are very beautiful, others are more notable for their oddity than for their beauty. Any variety produced by ordinary generation from the Garden Auricula, outside the four classes named above, may be described as a “ fancy” Auricula. The characteristic of the greater number of them is a yellow tube and white centre, with a margin of green or grey, but no ground colour. There are also the yellow and primrose selfs, which are sometimes included amongst the ‘ fancies,” though they ought not to be so, as they come in naturally amongst the selfs, and very beautiful they are, especially a very fine one named Buttercup, raised by the Rev. F. D. Horner. Before passing from the Garden Auriculas I may draw atten- tion to a panful of the true Primula Awricula of the Alps. The plant was collected by the President of the Auricula Society, Sir John T. D. Llewelyn, Bart., M.P., who kindly gave it to me. It was only a small plant when I received it some fifteen years ago, and it has been under garden cultivation in rich soil ever since; but, although it has increased a hundredfold, there has not THE AURICULA. 57 been the least alteration in the size or form of the flowers. The same plant was exhibited at the Auricula and Primula Conference in 1886. Thereisalsoa peculiar form of the wild Auricula exhi- bited in a box of Primulas and Auriculas arranged for effect in Class W. The flowers are striped with red on a yellow ground and it is curious to notice that one truss has produced flowers of the normal form and colour, pure yellow. Varieties of the Auricula proper have also been produced from seed with double flowers. I exhibited one at the last Conference held by the Society, but it was considered to be the ugliest flower in the entire exhibition, and I did not continue to cultivate it. I may be permitted at this point to draw more particular attention to the cause of the production of those Fancy Auriculas to which I have already briefly alluded. They are, of course, seminal variations from the edged flowers. Nowa young Auricula- crower wishing to obtain plants from seed is tempted to purchase a packet saved from edged flowers of the green, grey, or white edged varieties, and he naturally expects the same class of flowers to be produced, but he will be woefully disappointed ; half of them may be selfs so rough in character that they are hurried off to the rubbish heap as quickly as _ possible, others may be of the fancy type, and a few may be like the parents. These fancy varieties are, I believe, nothing more nor less than reversions or semi-reversions to the wild type, as they in many instances more nearly resemble the wild flower of the Alps than they do the garden Auricula. Even if the greatest care is taken to fertilise the flowers, and only the very best sorts are used for seed and pollen bearers, the cultivator may consider himself lucky if he obtains one really good Show Auricula in every hundred seedlings he raises. I am showing some green, grey, and white edged seedlings to-day of only moderate merit, but they are all from the very best crosses. The green-edged seedlings, for example, have been obtained by fertilising the flowers of the variety Francis D. Horner with the pollen of Abbé Liszt, and amongst these seedlings were numerous dark selfs with such badly formed flowers that I was glad to get them at once out of sight and buried in the rubbish heap. One naturally asks, Why this marked tendency to pro- duce purple selfs, and selfs of such inferior quality? My idea is that these inferior selfs are also reversions. But here we must 58 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. introduce another Alpine species or variety, Primula venusta. Thisis probably a variety of P. Awricula, but it has deep purple flowers, and from it we have the dark purple and maroon selfs ; and these poor varieties are quite likely reversions to it, as the fancy varieties are to the yellow type. By selecting the very worst seedlings, and crossing and recrossing them, it would not take long, I think, to get back to the source whence our best varieties have been derived. I come now to the Alpine Auricula, which botanists suppose to be derived from Primula pubescens. It was introduced to cultivation by Clusius some 200 years ago; but the whole matter was so exhaustively treated by Mr. J. G. Baker at the previous Con- ference (see page 213 of ‘‘ Report on Primula Conference’’*) that it would be presumption on my part to go further into the matter to-day. I will confine myself to the statement that it is easy to raise seedlings of good quality from the Alpine Auricula, there being really very few bad ones amongst them, and nothing like the variation that is to be found amongst the edged classes. I have already pointed out that there is no difficulty in obtain- ing crosses between the edged varieties and the Alpines, but such crosses as garden plants are of no value whatever. The cultivation of the Auricula has been fully described by competent authorities, and we do not find much fresh informa- tion on this point in recent years. The Auricula, as well as all similar Alpines, may be propagated either by seed, offsets, or division of the plants. The seed should be sown in pots or seed- pans as soon as it is ripe, and the pans set in a shady place, as the seed is usually ripe about midsummer and the seedlings suffer from excessive heat. A few plants will appear in about three weeks from the time of sowing, but the greater portion of the seed will remain dormant until spring, when it will vegetate freely. The plants are pricked out as soon as the first leaf, after the seed leaves, is formed, and when large enough are repotted singly. They flower strongly the second year after sowing. It requires anentire season to grow an Auricula plant to its full size from seed or from an offset. Offsets are the side- growths, which are removed from the parent plant as soon as roots are formed from their base. They are planted in very small pots. They should be put into close hand-lights, with the air almost excluded at first, and shaded from bright sunshine. * Journal of the R.H.S., Vol. VII., Part 2, 1886. THE AURICULA. 59 Repotting of the flowering plants should be attended to in May; and they ought to go into their summer quarters, on the north side of a building or fence, before they are repotted. Ordinary garden-frames are the best places for them. DISCUSSION. Mr. Mitne-REDHEAD referred to a Primula, which he showed, supposed to be the result of intercrossing between P. integrifolia and P. viscosa. He had been looking for it in the neighbour- hood of Luctron for some time (ten years since, Mrs. Milne- Redhead having picked up a flower by the wayside), and at last found the plant growing near the Pont du Diable. P. viscosa grew in the vicinity, but he never saw P. wntegrifolia there. He sent some of the plants to the Royal Gardens, Kew, but at that time no clear idea could be given as to its identity. Now it was generally regarded as a hybrid between the two species men- tioned. Primula scotica, as grown at Kew, seemed to have much longer flower-stalks than his plants (which came from the same habitat in Orkney), and the segments of the corolla much more divided. He believed it to be a biennial, as it disappeared in a mysterious way, and rarely lived until the third year. Primula farinosa, which grew in boggy places, he said, would sow its seeds in limestone or gravel walks. It was certainly a perennial. Prof. MicHaEL Foster, in bringing the Conference to a close, said that he hoped everyone had been interested in the possibilities opened up by the papers and discussion. There were possibilities of many things arising from the smaller species, and some of the finest forms yet had been derived from them. In regard to the nomenclature, something had been done, but there was still more, and he hoped the Society would one day issue an authentic list of Primulas. He thought Mr. Baker was right in calling the attention of collectors to the fact that they should give every information regarding the altitude at which plants were found, as it would be helpful to cultivators, but he (Prof. Foster) would like a little more than this. He had himself received many species with the altitudes at which they were found, but one very important item was generally lacking, namely, some information as to the kind of soil in which the plants grew. If this were also mentioned, he thought that growers would stand a far better chance of succeeding with new species. 60 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. By Dr. Morris, C.M.G., M.A., F.L.8., Assistant-Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. [Read May 14, 1895.] Tue Canary Islands consist of a group of seven islands lying off the coast of North-west Africa in lat. 28° N. They are in the same latitude as Florida, Egypt, and Southern Persia. The total area is about 2,800 square miles, and the population is 300,000, mostly of Spanish descent. The eastern islands, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, are 60 miles from Cape Juby, on the Africa coast. The most western islands, Palma and Hierro, are 800 miles away. The distance from the mainland of Africa, with the Sahara in the background, ‘“‘ modifies not only the climate, the aspect, the flora, and the produce of the islands, but also the customs and habits of the people.’”’* The eastern islands, Lanza- rote (880 square miles) and Fuerteventura (797 square miles), are comparatively flat, and have large tracts of land covered either with yellow sand or with lava-ashes. The latter island (highest elevation 2,770 feet) has less verdure, there are no forests, very few trees, and springs of water are so limited that cultivation is dependent on the precarious rain supply. In very dry seasons many of the inhabitants have to move with their cattle for a time to the western islands. In the northern part of Lanzarote (highest elevation 2,244 feet) there are springs of water used for irrigation. In other parts crops are entirely dependent on the winter rains. In Grand Canary (684 square miles) the moun- tains in the interior rise to an elevation of 6,400 feet. Large tracts of land round the coast are barren owing to want of water. In some parts cereal crops are raised during the winter months by means of irrigation. The water from the mountains is carefully stored in tanks, and in the neighbourhood of these large crops of Bananas, Tomatos, and Potatos are raised., Inland, where there is a heavier rainfall and less necessity for irrigation, there are flourishing plantations of Sugar-cane, Grapes, Sweet- potatos, and Cereals. ‘The island of Teneriffe (919 square miles) is divided along its whole length by a central ridge of high * « Health Resorts of the Canary Islands.” By J. Cleasby Taylor, M.D. London, 1893. FL) THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 61 mountains culminating in the celebrated Peak of Teneriffe, with an altitude of 12,180 feet. The north-western side of the island, with the Orotava Valley, is very fertile. The rainfall is slightly heavier than in the other islands, and there is less need for irrigation. The eastern side is drier and compara- tively barren. Gomera (172 square miles) is almost circular in outline, with the coast extremely precipitous. The highest elevation is 4,400 feet. There is an abundance of verdure, and the mountains are often covered with splendid woods. The island of La Palma (818 square miles) is remarkable for 18° 17° aI6e 15° 1A0 13° ALLEGRANZAL> Grlaciosa Arrecife 103M. sf ) TENERIFFE gee | ed FUERTEVENTURA #& © Las-Palmas feng YE —— yo ays * 103.4 Aye GRAN CANARIA Miles eee eee ee age ge 10 26 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 its enormous crater, which occupies a great part of its surface. The highest point is 7,730 feet. There is consider- able verdure, and the soil is fertile. Hierro (122 square miles) consists of a tableland in the interior, with cliffs rising suddenly from the sea. The highest elevation is 4,400 feet. There are no springs, and the people depend entirely on rain- water stored in tanks. The amount of vegetation in the several islands increases with their distance from the African mainland. It also depends on the proximity and height of the mountain ranges. The mean temperature during the winter months (December to February) at Las Palmas in Grand Canary, is 68° Fahr.; at 62 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Orotava, in Teneriffe, it is 60°°3 Fahr. The mean temperature on the Riviera at Mentone for the same months is 50° Fahr. The climate is therefore warm and mild, the air is usually dry, and there is abundant sunshine. The rainfall varies from 9 to 18 inches per annum. Of late years the Canary Islands have become more widely known, and they are fast becoming places of winter resort for invalids. They are within five days of Plymouth, six of London, seven of Liverpool, five of Genoa, four of Barcelona, and two of Cadiz. In addition, they are ports of call for passenger steamships bound for Montevideo, Valparaiso, the Cape, Australia, and New Zealand, while there is intercourse with the West Indies by way of Porto Rico and Cuba. The islands anciently bore the name of the Fortunate Islands. They were known to Pliny. Juba, King of Mauritania, despatched ships to visit them, and reported to Augustus Cesar that they were clothed with fire, He sent to Rome a present of two huge dogs obtained from the islands—hence probably the name Canary. After this they were forgotten. The Portuguese rediscovered them in the fourteenth century, and successive expeditions were fitted out until 1496, when Spain finally conquered them. All the original inhabitants had disappeared by the end of the seventeenth century. ‘The islands now form a province of Spain, aud the language is entirely Spanish. These islands have always been more or less noted for their produce. The Sugar-cane was cultivated as early as the fifteenth century by the aid of negro labour. Later the Vine was brought from Madeira, and Canary wine became in great request. ‘The Vine- mildew, however, nearly destroyed the vineyards, but they are now being again revived. In 1826 the cochineal culture was introduced. This became for many years a most prosperous industry, but the discovery of analine dyes has latterly driven cochineal out of the market. More recently Las Palmas and Santa Cruz have become important coaling stations, and the cultivation of Bananas, Tomatos, Potatos, and Oranges for the English market has almost taken the place of the cochineal, and given new life to the islands.* * A very practical and comprehensive guide to the Canary Islands (with nine maps), by Samler Brown, is published by Sampson Low, London, 1894. The descriptive parts are carefully compiled and thoroughly reliable. THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 63 From the geological point of view the Canaries are singularly interesting. They are almost entirely of volcanic formation, and are really the peaks of submerged mountains—a con- tinuation of the Atlas chain running westward into the Atlantic. The last eruptions took place in 1796 and 1798. Cones of ash and scoriee—veritable cinder-heaps—mounds of volcanic mud of various colours, and rugged masses of lava extending tor miles across the country bear abundant evidence of the origin of the islands. To get at the volcanic dust for soil it is often necessary, for instance in Teneriffe, to blast the solid lava and pile it up in heaps. This gives some parts of the country the appearance of an extensive stone quarry. In Grand Canary, where volcanic mud is more widely distributed, the cultivated areas are more easily reclaimed. The soil, where existing, 1s very rich and fruitful. The area suitable for cultiva- tion is, however, comparatively small. Only about one-seventh of Teneriffe is capable of bearing crops, and the proportion in the other islands is equally limited. The land is usually very steep and stony. In fact, along the coast the aspect is singularly barren and desolate. It is only in the interior valleys, under the influence of irrigation, that crops can be successfully cultivated. Green slopes with grass (monte verde) are met with in the cloud region at an elevation of 2,500 to 4,000 feet. This is the region of the evergreen trees and shrubs. In Teneriffe above this there is a sub-alpine region with a dry climate, where only a few plants flourish. Humboldt visited Teneriffe at the end of the last century. His review of the vegetation is given in his ‘‘ Personal Narrative’’ (chap. ii., Bohn’s ed., 1852). The first zone he termed that of the Vine, extending from the sea- shore to about 1,000 feet elevation. It is that which was most inhabited, and the only part carefully cultivated. The native plants found were tree-like Huphorbias, Dragon trees, House- leeks, and shrubby Sow-thistles. The cultivated plants were Date-palms, Bananas, Sugar-cane, Huropean fruit-trees, the Vine, and Corn. The second zone, in addition to the grassy slopes, comprised the Laurels of several species, a native Olive, Hollies an Arbutus, the Canary Ivy, numerous Ferns, Buttercups, and the native Foxgloves. The cultivated plants were chiefly Sweet Chestnuts and fodder plants. The third zone with the Candleberry Myrtle (IJyrica), the 64 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. beautiful Tree Heath, a Juniper, and the native Pine formed moderately large forests up to 6,000 feet. The fourth and last zone was the region of the singular Retama bush, found only on the plateau at the foot of the peak, and of a few herbaceous plants and grasses found only on the Peak itself. The Canary Islands have furnished facts of the most inter- esting character in regard to the distribution and migration of plants from the time of Humboldt to the present day. Webb and Berthelot published in 1889 their great work, ‘“ Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries,’’ which was long regarded as exhaustive. Other workers have, however, explored the islands more thoroughly, bringing forth many new facts. More recently Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, F.R.S., has reviewed the vegetation of the Canary Islands in an able paper in Science Progress, ii. pp. 879-398. He bases his conclusions chiefly on the writings of Dr. Christ, who has thoroughly studied the Canary flora. Dr. Christ distinguishes three regions or zones in the islands—namely, the coast, cloud, and uppermost regions. The coast region includes the barrancos, or ravines, and the culti- vated areas, ranging from the seashore up to about 2,000 feet. It is in this region that most of the introduced plants are found. The most abundant of the latter are the Cochineal Cactus (Opuntia coccinellifera) and the Spiny Cactus (O. Dillenii). They were purposely introduced in connection with the cochineal industry, and now that cochineal cultivation has been almost abandoned the plants remain as a scourge. ‘The cloud region is the zone above cultivation. It is almost constantly enveloped in clouds, engendering a green and leafy vegetation. Under the shade of trees grow many Ferns, the giant Buttercups the Geraniums, the Canary Foxglove, and clumps of the white downy-leaved Sideritis. Above this, in Teneriffe only, is the singular Alpine region already described. There is very little truly herbaceous vegetation in any of the Canaries. The plants met with are mainly the weeds of cultiva- tion. Of native bulbous plants specially noteworthy there are Pancratiwm canariense and two species of Lomulea. These practically exhaust the list. THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 65 INDIGENOUS VEGETATION. The deep ravines, known locally as ‘“ barrancos,’* that intersect the islands, often running many miles inland, are important features in the landscape. They may be volcanic fissures or formed by the wearing action of water. For a few weeks in winter they have a little water in them, or may even be rushing, roaring torrents. After that they are quite dry, and in some cases can be used as roads. When deep enough to afford shelter from the sun they are cool and agreeable places for afternoon rambles. To the botanist they are amongst the most interesting parts of the country. They give an asylum to numerous members of the native flora that would otherwise be ousted by cultivation. In the beds and along the sides of some of them there may be met with plants brought down by the winter floods from the highest mountains. For instance, in the Barranco San Filipe, near Puerto Orotava, plants from the Canadas at 8,000 feet brought down by the great flood of 1877 were pointed out to me by Dr. George Perez as still existing there in 1893. Of plants truly wild in the Canaries there are enumerated about 800 species. Of these, 414, according to Dr. Christ, are peculiar to them and the neighbouring islands of Madeira and the Azores, while 892 are also found on the adjoining parts of Africa, and a few extending to the South of Kurope. The Canary plants possess characters which distinguish them in many respects from the introduced plants. Those that inhabit the rocky coast have usually thick, fleshy leaves, a glaucous colour, and long tap-roots that reach immense depths into the cracks and crevices, where they obtain moisture. In these respects their vegetative characteristics enable them to hold their own against all intruders. Grisebach was of opinion that the endemic flora of the Canaries was dying out. This, happily, is not true. The native flora evidently survives in spite of the spread of cultiva- tion, and were it not for the wholesale cutting down of forests of Pine in the higher lands it is probable that the vegetation would be as extensive as it ever was. The Canary plants are slow in growth, and they lay up a large store of nutriment in * The word ‘ barranco ’’ literally means a mountain torrent. It is now generally applied to any ravine, gully, or deep glen. F 66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. their stems and leaves. They flower, in many eases, at long intervals ; but,as in the case of the Echiums and Sempervivums, the flower-panicles when produced are usually very large and many-flowered. The study of the adaptation of these plants to their environment is one of the most interesting problems connected with them. Many Canary plants are met with under cultivation in this country. There are over one hundred species at present under cultivation at Kew. Although some of them come from consider- able elevation—one or two being found on the Peak of Teneriffe at an elevation of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet—hardly one is truly hardy in the neighbourhood of London. During the late severe weather many were killed even in cold frames. The only species that stood the last winter in the open air were two interesting Umbellifere—viz. Ferula Linki and Feniculum Webbu. These were saved, as the stems die down after flowering, and the root- stocks were protected by mulching. Ranunculus cortusefolius is unquestionably the handsomest of all Buttercups; the flowers are 2 inches across, with a glossy yellow colour. It grows in damp woods at about 1,000 feet. Cheiranthus mutabilis, with variable flowers, is another attractive plant. Five species of Canary Laurinez flourish at Kew in the temperate house. These are Laurus canariensis, Apollomas canariensis, Phebe Barbusana, Persea indica, and Ocotea fetens. A Violet from the summit of the Peak, with glaucous leaves (Viola cheiranthifolia), is a singular species. There are eight species of Hypericums in the islands, some of them very handsome. Hypericum canariense and H. floribundum are at Kew. A native Mallow (Lavatera acerifolia) has white flowers with a purple centre. Visnea Mocanera is a handsome evergreen tree which bears its original Guanche name. A Catchfly from the Peak (Silene nocteolens) was killed at Kew during the recent severe weather. The Canary Euphorbias have at least two leafless species, 4. canariensis and E. aphylla. The others have tufts of leaves at the ends of the branches and succulent milky stems. . atropurpwrea has branches of a deep red colour, which present a contrast to the pale glaucous hue of the foliage. Although generally regarded as poisonous, the inner core of the stems of 7. canariensis, freed from the milk and rind, is, according to Berthelot, eaten by the natives. Amongst Crassulacem numerous representa- THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 67 tives belong to the genus Sempervivum alone. ‘There are fifty species, many of them most striking and showy. Fourteen of these are grown at Kew. Of the closely allied but peculiar genus Monanthes there are two species at Kew, IM. agriostaphys and WM. polyphylla. This genus was supposed to be confined to the Canary Islands, but Sir Joseph Hooker and Mr. John Ball found M.murale growing a few years ago on the Greater Atlas. A peculiar species of Rosaceze (Bencomia caudata) closely resembles in habit Poterwwm Sangwsorba. Of the Legu- minose there are several plants familiar to usin English green- houses. Amongst these are Cytisws canariensis, with yellow flowers, C. prolifer, with whitish flowers, and the beauti- ful Lotus Berthelotw (i. peliorhynchus), with red and yellow flowers and glaucous green linear leaves. Amongst shrubby Convolvulacee the Canary Rosewood or “ Guadil”’ (Convolvulus floridus) is a lovely plant, with glaucous leaves and magses of pure white flowers. The almost leafless Ceropegia dichotoma is a singular Asclepiad that is apparently somewhat rare in the islands. It has long been an inhabitant of the succulent house at Kew. Jasnunum odoratissimum, introduced to English gardens in 1656, is shrubby in habit and fairly hardy. The Canary Arbutus-tree (Arbutus canariensis) is found of large size in woods, the flowers are greenish white, and the berries are made into sweetmeats. Perhaps one of the most striking Canary plants is Canarina campanulata, a climber with a tuberous root and dark red flowers. There is another Campanula which I have not so far seen (Lawrentia canariensis). There are a dozen species of the boragineous genus Kchium found in the islands. EH. simplex, ‘“‘the Pride of Teneriffe,’ hasa single dense spike of flowers about 8 feet high; others are shrubby and some herbaceous. All have bright-coloured flowers, purple, with shades of red, white, or rosy. The Canary Foxglove is Isoplexis canariensis. This grows in woods under the shade of the Laurel and Arbutus trees. It is now in flower at Kew. The closely allied I. tsabelliana I saw once only in Barranco del Rio in Teneriffe. It does not appear to be in cultivation in this country. A peculiar genus of Labiateee with white woolly leaves (Sideritis) ig represented at Kew by a single species, S. canariensis. This KF 2 68 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. grows high up on the hills amongst Hypericums and the Tree Heaths. The Canary Thrifts (Statice) are mostly confined to the rocky coasts. They are sometimes shrubby, and attaining, as in S. arborea, a height of 6 feet. > S \S = wW “oltiws 2, “a \s NS Wie ZAIN “Ly ; ; A RNS tenara Me COMES = ofr RY Lem er yb Wy). = wi, yes i Wi , Fin NLA yy Wie SS Syl Wi Télde ° WFe. Ee = = oy | ery ae eee Gt Barranco of .. Ss, Nicdlas° Tejeda. WS SS Sy Zz z xe Zyw “ui \* : ey) fe! T\S SS os NN = =e uc Wr FB Ie Wh Ss . vw S Ss S + Ay PPT N\\ AW SS S Zz HAT yas | » nif) = Y, US ag ng Sgt imes = (AZ - = A NY, By E C. Descoloracdo Zz Y Ny PEI = = Bw zy My pee: yi Ui WSs £4 Lucia Ly, Ge Mii" “ZZ WMS Vs Lj Zz DOWWRw"” VS On 27°50 Vi, ZA W'S" & 27 50 : Mogan ~ Vi, eee % Z Vy SSE WS Oli (us Lh ear \ HCAS AWS Jf rguineguin e. Miles , 0 5 10 15 —=——. Carriage Road 50’ 40° 15 30’ 20’ Fie 6. Luz—with an excellent harbour—about three miles from the capital. The form of the island is circular, with the highlands in the centre, gradually falling away to the sea. The slopes are cut up into many deep ravines, longer than those in Teneriffe. The Caldera de Bandama, near Monte, the crater of an extinct voleano, is an immense basin-like depression, about a mile wide and a thousand feet deep. The bottom is cultivated, and con- tains some interesting plants. he Gran Barranco de Tejeda, THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 87 a vast succession of precipitous ravines on the western side, affords the grandest scenery in the island. The Barranco de Tirajana, opening towards the south-east, and starting from the shoulders of the Pico Pozos, the highest point in Grand Canary, presents some bold and rugged scenery. The only prominent vegetation in this part are the Pine trees (Pinars) which crown the distant ridges. The immediate neighbourhood of Las Palmas and the port is the least interesting part of Grand Canary. The native vegeta- tion is very scanty, and requires to be carefully sought for. On the Isleta, beyond the port, there are scattered amongst the lava heaps and ashes many plants that repay a visit. From Las Palmas the land rises in a succession of terraces, and each ledge brings the visitor nearer to the heart of the country, where streams and verdure afford a more refreshing aspect than the bare rocks and barren slopes of the coast region. There are good carriage roads to the west as far as Guia and Galdar, 25 miles, and in course of being carried on to Agaete, 31 miles distant. To the south there is an equally good road through Telde to Aguimes, 18 miles. To the interior the road to Galdar branches off beyond Tamaracite to Teror, 13 miles; a delightful little town under the Peak of Osorios, at an elevation of 1,750 feet. From Teror numerous fertile valleys are reached full of interesting plants, as well as the high mountains in the centre of the island. In a south-westerly direction a road leaves Las Palmas for Tafira, 1,080 feet; Monte, 1,820 feet ; within easy reach of Sta. Brigida, 1,580 feet ; and terminating at San Mateo, 2,680 feet. The latter place is 18 miles from Las Palmas. It is in the heart of the mountains. Both the western and southern parts of the island can be explored from this centre. As in Teneriffe, the coast region is chiefly characterised by species of Kuphorbia, the most striking being the columnar form of the “ Cardon’”’ (#. canariensis), and its almost inseparable companions the miniature Dragon-tree (Senecio Kleinia) and the graceful Plocama pendula. The more precipitous rocks are sprinkled with the rosettes of many species of Sempervivwn. In winter the yellow masses of flowers of S. holochryswm are very conspicuous. Between Las Palmas and the port is an expanse of sand blown over from the coast of Africa. In this srow large bushes, almost trees, of Tamarix gallica. There are 88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. also numerous plants of the Colocynth (Cztrullus Colocynthis). The fruits, like small melons, are plentifully distributed in winter over the surface of the sand. The pulp in the interior of these fruits is very bitter, and is the well-known medicine colocynth. It forms an important article of export from Jaffa and other places in the Levant. Among the special plants of Grand Canary not known in the other islands Hypericum coadunatum, with bright yellow flowers and broad, clasping leaves, is found sparingly on the banks of streams. Sempervivum cespitosum, a somewhat small tufted species with yellow flowers, is found in rocky woods on the Pozo de la Plata. The peculiar Monanthes purpurascens (of which there is no specimen in the Kew Herbarium) is said to erow in the valley of Tenteniguada, below Los Saucillos. M. tilophilum is found in Barranco de los Tilos. Cytisus congestus, with short, densely packed leaves and abundant white flowers, is found on the Cumbres. C. rosmarinifolius is a singular species with stiff leaves like Rosemary. It is said to be found at El Risco Blanco in Barranco de Tirajana. Lotus spartioides is a low, spreading plant with yellow flowers growing at “ La Calderita de la Cumbre.”’ Ipomea Preauaxii is given as a Canary plant growing in the lowlands. This is not in the Kew Herbarium. Ceropegia fusca is described by Bolle as growing in Barranco Seco, near Las Palmas, and also at Arucas. Of this too there is no specimen in the Kew Herbarium. The round, fleshy-leaved C. dichotoma, found on rocks and cliffs at Buena- vista in Teneriffe, is well known, and is growing at Kew. A very delicate Canary Campanula (Lawrentia canariensis), scarcely three inches high, grows at a spring in Barranco de la Virgen. This is of no interest as a garden plant. The other Campanula (Canarina campanulata) is well known as a very attractive plant. A very interesting species, confined to Grand Canary, is Echium callithyrsum, from the Cumbre de Tenteniguada. It is cultivated in this country. It has often been flowered at Kew, and there are specimens in the herbarium from Mr. Harper- Crewe’s garden in 1884. LH. onosmefolium, once at Kew, is a smaller plant from the Pozo de la Plata. Sideritis (Leucophaé) discolor, with white felted leaves, is common near Los Tuilos. Prenanthes pendula, closely allied to the Sow-thistles, with a striking habit, is found in sheltered places on rocks in the moun- ‘ THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 89 tains. It has broad, sinuous leaves and a large head of delicate yellow flowers. If not already in cultivation it certainly deserves to be introduced. It is a typical Canary plant. GARDENS IN GRAND CANARY. As in Teneriffe, the best cultivated gardens in the lowlands will probably be those attached to the new hotels established under English management. Although only lately started, the garden and grounds of the Hotel Métropole, between the Puerto and Las Palmas, promise to be very successful. The parts facing the sea will always suffer occasionally from wind and spray, but even here many plants, such as Araucaria excelsa, species of Ficus and Conifere, do well. In the more sheltered parts, with good soil and careful cultivation, a most luxuriant garden could be established. Irrigation is essential everywhere in the lowlands, so the supply of water must be continuous and plentiful. The grounds of the Catalina Hotel are well planned and tastefully laid out. The soil is, however, very poor, and the locality is exposed to strong sea breezes. A few plants have done well. In order to make a really good garden it would be neces- sary to supply an abundance of manure and well trench the whole area. Close by is a small garden belonging to Sefior Don Wood. Here are beautifully shaded walks under Date-palms and Olives, lined with beds of Iris. There is a very good specimen of the Royal Palm (Oreodoxa regia) and a handsome Liwwistona. There are two Dragon-trees, about fifty years old, planted by the proprietor himself. A decorative Aloe in flower was probably A. succotrina. The New Zealand Flax (Phormiwm tenax) grows freely; also the false Ipecacuanha (Asclepias curassavica), a Cassia, and the Mahoe tree of the West Indies (Hibiscus elatus). A venerable Pomegranate tree was 12 feet high, and with a trunk 36 inches in circumference. Almost adjoining this garden is that of Sefior Don Cayetano de Lugo, a descendant of one of the early Governors of the islands. This is a small grove rather than a garden. Here at sea-level, in a perfectly sheltered situation, there is a collection of tropical plants, almost identical with what would be found in any one of the West Indian islands. There were Cocoa-nut Palms, Mango (fruiting regularly every year), Mahogany, Sweet- 90 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sop, Sour sop, Silk Cotton, Mammee Sapote, Papaw, Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis), in fruit. Indiarubber (Ficus elas- tica), Camphor, West India Cedar, Mahoe, Wine-palm (Caryota), Frangipani (Plumeria), a fine tree of Podocarpus, or Cape Yew, Strelitzia regia, and the Blimbing (Averrhoa Bilimbi). Two interesting native trees were flourishing in this garden, the Bar- busano (Phebe Barbusana) and the Vinatico (Persea indica). The proprietor had spent many years in Brazil, and had brought with him and established in this tranquil and lovely spot many plants he had met with in his travels. The garden is freely open to visitors, for whose accommodation seats are provided under the shade of trees. In the town of Las Palmas there are several public squares planted with trees. Many graceful Palms are grown, mingled with the Oriental Plane, the Indian Laurel (ficus nitida), and a few native trees. The private gardens are small, but many are cultivated with great care. For instance, in Mr. Nelson’s garden there were Bamboos, a Dragon tree, a Red-fruited Banana, Wigandia macrophylla, Purple Guava, Arrowroot, the Sweet-cup (Passiflora edulis), a fine plant of Calosanthes indica, and quite large trees, with stems about eight inches in diameter, of the Castor-oil plant. In the adjoining garden there were Cecropia palmata, the handsome Sanchezia nobilis, Jacaranda ovalifolia, a good tree of the variegated Ficus Parcelli, Schotia latifolia, a Rondeletia (probably 2. odorata), and several Palms. Amongst them were species of Oreodoxa, Cocos, Areca, with a tall plant of Trachycarpus Martianus. The finest Tree-fern in the island was erowing in the courtyard (patio) of this house. Visitors to Telde (elevation 390 feet) are permitted to enter a pretty garden outside the town belonging to Senor Don Juan Leon y Castillo (brother of the ambassador at Paris), who, with true Spanish hospitality, has further provided seats and arbours for them. In this garden were some plants not noticed elsewhere. The chief attraction were the large masses of Bou- eainvillea, forming conspicuous objects for miles round. There were at least four shades of colour. A fine Calabash tree (Cres- centia Cujete) looked as much at home as if it were growing in the lowlands of Jamaica. So did a large Tamarind tree loaded with rusty-brown pods. An Argan tree, a Cotton plant, Grevillea robusta, Pandanus utilis, a Jamaica Walnut (Alewrites moluc- THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 91 cana), a Sea-side Grape (Coccoloba wvifera), a Purple Guava (Psidiwm Cattleianum), and many Palms, especially the Canary Date Palm, were in excellent health. Avracawria excelsa flourished here even better than at Las Palmas. The orange- flowered Bignonia venusta was a glorious plant. The nearest mountain scenery in Grand Canary is reached by a pleasant drive from Las Palmas to Tafira and Monte. The latter is only six miles distant, and forms an excellent centre for excursions. At Tafira (elevation 1,081 feet) is the lovely garden of Mr. James Miller. It is on a gentle slope facing south, and well sheltered from winds. It is the most carefully cultivated garden in the island. Its chief features are the fine collections of Palms and Roses. Amongst the former were species of Washingtoma, Cocos, Phemx, Livistona, Corypha, Caryota, Trachycarpus, Thrinax, Kentia, Chamedorea, Sabal, Eleis, and Jubea. Many of these were young as yet, but they looked very promising. The Roses comprised more than a hundred named varieties. Among the general collection were some rare species of ficws, including a tree of F’. Parcelli. The Bougainvil- leas were large and very striking. The Allamandas were gorgeous. A large plant of Heliotrope covered a wall nearly 20 feet high. This was supported by a trellis. Even at this elevation there were flourishing trees of the tropical Coccoloba wvifera and Calo- tropis procera. Pandanus utilis formed a large plant. Mr. Miller is very successful with his rock-gardens. These were covered with a superb collection of Ferns, Aroids, and succulents. The plants were watered by spraying from pipes hidden above. A very fine English Oak flourished near the entrance, and speci- men plants of Camellia and Tree-ferns were grown with great care. Thunbergia grandiflora and Bignonia venusta were most luxuriant. Beyond Monte there is an attractive garden belonging to Count Filipe Maseu. The plants were well grown, and formed a most interesting collection. I was unable to make a note of the species represented in it. In the remote little town of Agaete, 30 miles due west of Las Palmas, there is a charming little garden, established no doubt during the prosperous days of the cochineal industry, belonging to Sefior Don Antonio de Armas. This is well worth visiting. Mrs. Stone says: ‘Oranges, Mangos, and Guavas 92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. were dropping off the trees, and we trod upon them as we walked; while Bananas, Aguacates (Alligator Pears), and all kinds of fruit were growing in abundance. . . . The garden was in fact a wilderness of: luxuriant vegetation—coffee shrubs, Pomegranates, Daturas with white bell-flowers in full bloom, Peach trees, large Eucalyptus trees, and hosts of others.’ In addition to these I noticed a fine English Oak, the Cherimoyer, handsome clumps of Pampas Grass, the Pride of India (Melia Azedarach), the Mammee tree, the gorgeous Lagerstremia Flos- regine of Ceylon, Clerodendron fragrans, Hedychium corona- rium, and the Cassie tree (Acacia Farnesiana). Amongst bulbous plants in Canary Gardens the large Crinum augustwmis found in many places. The native Pancra- tium canarienseis seldom cultivated locally. It makes, however, an attractive greenhouse plant in this country, but should be flowered in late autumn or early winter. Amaryllis Belladonna is a weed in some old gardens. Strong plants of Furcrea gigantea are grown in dry situations, and in one locality, accord- ing to Worsley, this or a closely allied species forms regular copses between Monte and Teror. The leaves yield a valuable fibre. As they have no spines and prickles they are easier to handle than those of the common Aloe. Agave americana is extensively planted everywhere as a fence plant. In the moun- tains it attains an immense size. The pulpy portion of the leaves is fed tocattle. The leaves themselves are used as thatch. The variegated forms are not common. The green or normal form of this Agave, with the Tamarisk and double-red Gera- niums, are amongst the most familiar roadside plants in the Canaries. White Geraniums are not much seen. The climate encourages colour in everything. Species of Yucca, or Adam’s Needles, both with green and variegated leaves, are grown. Y. aloifolia is used for fences. A Garlick-looking plant (Nothoscordwm) is a weed in gardens. It is, however, not nearly so great a pest as Cyperus rotundus, the most troublesome and persistent weed of all warm countries. The chief garden Lily is Liliwm longifoliwm. Antholiza ethio- pica and Gladiolus segetwm (probably escapes from cultivation) are widely dispersed. The latter is a weed of cornfields. Species of Iris are used as edging for beds. The Florentine Iris is practically wild in the mountains. The common Taro, THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 93 E.ddoe or Coco of tropical countries (Colocasia antiquorum), with large sagittate leaves, is most abundant in damp situations. The roots are eaten, and after boiling are also given to pigs. Another Aroid sometimes seenis Amorphophallus Riviert (A. Konjac). Like all members of the genus the flowers give forth a most disagreeable odour. Dracunculus canariensis is not cultivated. It is, however, abundant near gardens, and deserves to be more widely known in this country. Arwndo Donazx is agriculturally of great importance. Large patches of it are srown in damp situations for the sake of the stems. These are used for making Banana baskets, for wattles for houses, light fences, and trellis for supporting Vines and Tomatos. The leaves are used for fodder. Variegated forms are often grown in gardens. Both the single and double forms of Oxalis cernua are found along roadsides. They also form a dense growth in pastures. The plant is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. It must have spread with great rapidity, for it is apparently a recent introduction to the Canaries. The double form is pro- pagated by means of tubers. FIELD AND GARDEN PRODUCE. The old industries of the Canaries were sugar, wine, and cochineal. From these islands were taken the first Sugar-canes that reached the New World in the beginning of the sixteenth century. According to Ovideo, Bananas were also taken from the Canaries by Father Thomas, of Berlangas, into San Domingo in 1516, whence they were introduced to the other islands and to the mainland. In return the Canaries received, from the New World, Tomatos, Potatos, Maize, Sweet Potatos, Cherimoyer, Guavas, Cochineal insect, and Cactus, Papaw, Chayota, Passion-fruits, Pine-apple, Cape Gooseberry, and many others. The cultivation in the Canaries, both in extent and character, is almost entirely garden cultivation. The ploughing is done with primitive wooden ploughs by oxen. The fields are all small: there are no large estates or farms. Land everywhere is very valuable ; in fact, houses and land are considered the only safe investments. First-class land may sell for £150 to £200 per acre. Including water rights the price may be even higher. The rest of such land may be £15 to £25 per acre, with £10 to £15 added for water. Even the best land 94 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. is valueless without water. Hence, large tanks in which to store the winter’s rains are indispensable. They constitute the basis of the whole prosperity of the country. Three and four crops a year are raised by means of irrigation, and a net return (after paying nearly £40 for rent and water) of £30 per acre is not unusual. The people are thrifty and laborious, or these results could never be obtained. When the ruin brought upon the cochineal industry by the discovery of aniline dyes had been fully realised it was fortunate that, owing to increased facilities for shipment, the attention of the people was directed to new industries, which from the first were ‘started and fostered by Englishmen, and maintained entirely by the English demand.’’ The Canary ports are free. They have of late years become great Atlantic coaling stations, and a “ half- way house between the Old and New Worlds.” It is owing to the growth of rapid communications between the islands and the great centres of population in other countries that the trade in fruit and vegetables has been so largely developed. Most of the fruit and vegetables, at present, are shipped to England, but some are shipped to Spain and Portugal, and in a lesser degree to France and Germany. Potatos and Onions are largely shipped to the West Indies, and there is besides a constant demand for supplies by the numerous passenger ships calling at the islands. It may be added that the rediscovery of the Canary Islands in a commercial sense has taken place during the last ten years. It is due in a large degree to the enterprise and energy of one man, Mr. Alfred L. Jones, of the firm of Messrs. Elder, Dempster & Co., of Liverpool. His name has been the dominant factor in persuading the people to start new industries. Mr. Samler Brown (Guide, 1894, p. 235) makes the following remarks on the value of the exports of fruits &c. for 1892 :— «“ Almonds, £7,361; Bananas, 68,601 tons, valued at £60,697 (59,508 tons to England); Vegetables, 96,842 tons, valued at £130,652 (59,124 tons to England and 27,970 tons to the West Indies). There is nothing to show which are Tomatos, Potatos, and Onions. Dried Vegetables, 13,804 tons, valued at £19,380 (319 tons to Mngland and 11,735 tons to the West Indies). The exports return does not state which is Grand Canary and which Teneriffe, but it may be taken for granted that most Bananas come from Grand Canary, and most Tomatos and Potatos from THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 95 Teneriffe.’ In all about 118,632 tons of fresh fruit left the islands for England in one year. The value of the other exports in 1892 was: Cochineal, £50,877; Wine, £20,785; Spirits, £5,761. Tobacco was exported in 1890 to the value of #30,064. None appears to have been exported since, owing to fiscal charges. Bananas are being largely grown in the islands of Grand Canary and Teneriffe. They flourish only on land that ig irrigated and in warm localities near the sea coast. The sort almost exclusively cultivated is the Chinese Banana (Musa chinensis). This is a shorter and stouter plant than the tropical Bananas, but produces very large bunches of fruit. There are often 150 to 250 “ fingers”’ to a bunch. The suckers are planted at 8 to 10 feet apart. The first crop is obtained in eighteen months after planting. After the fruit is gathered the stem is cut down, and suckers that have arisen at the base bear the succeeding crops. Banana growing is entirely in the hands of the Canarians. No Kuropeans seem to succeed so well owing to the complicated nature of the tenure of land and the difficulties with water and labour. The export of Bananas from the Canaries 1s assuming very large proportions. The exports in 1893 from Grand Canary alone were 217,095 bunches. Nearly all the Bananas consumed in this country come either from the Canaries or Madeira. ‘The trade is apparently capable of con- siderable extension, and, so far, there does not appear to be any competition from other countries. A few Bananas of other sorts are grown in gardens. A fine red Banana is grown sparingly at Las Palmas, and the “ Apple Banana” or “ Manzano,” with a tall stem, is found in the country districts. Oranges in Grand Canary are of excellent flavour. They recall the best sorts of St. Michael Oranges, now almost extinct. Strange to say, the trees are little cared for, and consequently are badly affected with disease. The Orange trees near Telde, in Grand Canary, and at Granadilla, in Teneriffe, are the best in the islands. They evidently require warm, sheltered situations. The land should be well drained, have a sweet subsoil, and receive liberal supplies of manure. There is a good opening for two or three men with experience in Florida to take up Orange- growing in Grand Canary. The small quantity of Canary Oranges that reach this country early in the season are readily taken up, and fetch good prices. The drawbacks appear to be that there 96 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. are so few of them, and that they reach this country so irregularly. The disease affecting the trees could easily be dealt with by careful cultivation and the use of insecticides. The Canary people have, however, no idea how to treat them, and Orange-growing in the future, if the business is to become esta- blished, will have to be done by skilful men from other countries. Besides Oranges there are grown a few Lemons, some Citrons, Shaddocks, and Limes. None of these can ever attain to the importance of Oranges. The Bergamot Orange yields a valuable essence from the rind of the fruit. For this purpose the fruits are gathered green. Very good Mandarin Oranges are grown in Grand Canary. These are easily recognised by the peculiar odour, similar to that of the leaves. The skin is very easily detached. Tomatos.—The industry in Tomatos in the Canaries is of recent date. The first cases were exported in 1887. It has, however, increased by leaps and bounds, and is now considered in good years to be the most profitable of any. The exports from Grand Canary in 1893 were 54,641 cases. In the half-year from January to June 1894 the exports were 85,000 cases. It is probable that the total exports from Grand Canary and Teneriffe will now amount to about 150,000 cases yearly. ‘The sort chiefly cultivated is the “‘ Perfection.’ The seed is imported every year from England and distributed amongst the growers, locally called contractors, who undertake to sell the produce to the shippers at a certain rate per cwt. The fruit is large and of good flavour. The earliest crop ripens in November and December ; the second, which is the best, in January to March. The fruit is gathered when green, carefully selected into different qualities, and then packed in paper with sawdust or peat-dust in wooden cases hold- ing, on an average, about 40 1b. The actual cost of growing, packing, and shipping Canary Tomatos is estimated at 2d. per pound delivered in London. The fruit is much liked in this country, and as it comes over when English-grown Tomatos are not obtainable the channels of trade are kept open all the year round, The disease in Tomatos in the Canaries is a serious draw- back to cultivation. In some seasons the whole crop is lost. It is caused in part, at least, by Phytophthora infestans, the Potato disease. There is a remedy for it, but systematic action is necessary, and the superintendence of Kuropeans who thoroughly THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 97 understand the nature of the disease and the treatment required. The Bordeaux mixture, consisting of copper sulphate and fresh lime, is undoubtedly a specific if applied at the right time and repeated two or three times before the plants are in flower. The Strawsons’ Co., Ltd., supply a knapsack machine for applying the mixture. This will dress one acre per day. If Tomato- growing is to be maintained as a leading industry in the Canaries, the treatment of the disease must receive serious and early attention. Potatos.—in the lowlands Potatos are planted in irrigable soils, and the first crops come in early in January. The seed Potatos, generally ‘‘ Magnum Bonum,” are received in October and November. The whole Potato is planted, and the manure used is chiefly artificial. The return in good years is six- to eight-fold. The Potato disease is prevalent, and the Bordeaux mixture as recommended for Tomatos should be regularly tried. The Canary Potatos received in this country are excellent, and sell readily up to the end of May. In 1898 there were exported 15,101 cases. In the first half of 1894 the exports were 32,600 cases. The total exports for Grand Canary and Teneriffe would be about 50,000 cases yearly. A very hardy and prolific Potato, of small size, grown for local consumption is known as the “ pal- mera.” Itis said to yield fourteen- to thirty-fold (Samler Brown). It is almost proof against the disease, and it may be regarded as an acclimatised sort—a survival of former importations thoroughly adapted to in the islands. Grapes and Wine.—Vines are grown on slopes above the zone devoted to the cultivation of Bananas and Tomatos. The land is not irrigated, and the fruit is chiefly made into wine. ‘‘ The grapes erown are the Tentilo and the Negra Molle, both black; the Moseatel, black and white; the Verdelho, Pedro Jimenez, Forastero, and Vija-riega, all white.’ There isa revival of Grape- growing for wine purposes, and it is possible that Red Canary and other wines will come into popular demand in this country in the place of cheap clarets. ‘The vine mildew is kept in check by means of sulphur. The White Lupin is grown in the winter, and dug in as a green dressing in the spring. The phylloxera is said not to be present in the Canaries (Samler Brown). Cochineal.—Although this industry is greatly reduced of late years, the exports are still of the annual value of about £50,000, H 98 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. In commerce, Cochineal appears in the form of reddish or black shrivelled grain, covered with a white powder. This grain is the dried body of the Cochineal insect (Coccws Cacti), and yields a beautiful crimson colour. The insect is carefully fed or raised on the flat, blade-like branches of the Cochineal Cactus (Nopalea coccinellifera and other species). The abundance of these plants everywhere in the Canaries indicates the great extent of the Cochineal industry in former days. The insects are trans- ferred to the plants on white rags, which are pinned to the branches by means of spines from the Spiny Cactus (Opuntia Dillenii). A Cochineal plantation, with the plants covered with white rags, looks as if it ‘‘ were yielding crops of white paper bun-bags.’”’ When the insects are fully grown they are brushed off into trays, and carefully cured by being dried in the sun. Considerable intelligence and skill are necessary in the successful treatment of the insects, as well as in the proper cultivation of the plants. Cereals.—A good deal of Wheat is grown in Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, and moderate quantities in the other islands. The bread from native Wheat, made into flour in the ‘‘ Gofio ”’ mills, is more palatable than any other. Good bread is a feature even in remote parts of the Canary Islands. Barley, Oats, Rye are also grown, but for the most part they are cut in the green state for fodder purposes. Nearly all the cattle and horses and pigs are stall-fed. Sheep only are pastured on the grassy slopes in the mountains, while destructive goats are allowed to roam everywhere on land not actually under cultivation. Maize (Zea Mays).—The Maize crops in the Canaries are amongst the most valuable of all the agricultural produce. ‘Two crops are raised on first-class land. Beans are often planted with Maize, and the returns are often very considerable. ‘The rent of land is, however, very high, and there is also a considerable sum to be paid for water for irrigation. Sweet Potato (Jpomea Batatis).—Although not much in evidence, Sweet Potatos are grown to a large extent. The land yields two and three crops annually. The leaves are given to cattle. Sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum).—The cultivation of the Sugar-cane is one of the oldest industries in the islands, Large areas are planted in Grand Canary, and under the measure THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 99 of protection afforded by the Spanish Government there are several sugar works in operation, turning out a very good quality of sugar. The Cane cultivated is the Otaheite, similar to that so largely grown in the West Indies. Where irrigated the Canes are very healthy and remarkably rich in sugar. The Canaries would serve as an excellent centre from which to obtain a fresh supply of healthy Canes for the West Indies and other places affected with disease. Date (Phenix dactylifera).—The Date Palm is widely culti- vated in dry districts in Northern Africa, Arabia, and Persia. It flourishes in the lowlands in the Canaries, but the fruit is seldom of the best quality. The choice sorts are propagated entirely by suckers from old trees. As the species is dicecious, that is, has the male and female flowers on different trees, it is necessary to take the suckers from female trees only. One or two male trees are sufficient in a moderately large grove. Sometimes the female flowers are fertilised artificially by dusting amongst them the pollen taken from male trees. If carefully cultivated and supplied with water, plants six or seven years old will begin to bear fruit. The best suckers, especially of the ceiebrated ‘ Deglet nour ”’ Date, if not already in the islands, could be obtained from Biskra through the Botanic Garden at Algiers. The finest fresh Dates I ever tasted were grown in an old garden at Jamestown, St. Helena. They were large, deliciously flavoured, pulpy fruits, with no kernel or stone. Suckers might be obtained also from this source. Date Palms will grow in extremely dry climates, but they require irrigation, or find water deep down in the soil. The roots travel immense distances in search of moisture. It is a mistake to suppose that absolute dry porous soils without moisture will support Date Palms. The native Date of the Canaries (P. canariensis) does not produce eatable fruit. Pomegranate (Punica Granatwm).—There are several varieties of this plant. Many dwarf sorts, bearing double red or white flowers, are very ornamental. The tree-like plants met with in Canary gardens bear globular fruits as large as an orange with a hard shell filled with seeds. The latter are covered with a pink juicy coating. The best sorts of fruits with abundant sweet juice are cool and refreshing in hot countries. ‘I'he rind is sometimes employed for tanning, and it gives the yellow colour to Morocco leather. H 2 100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Pine-apple (Ananas sativa).—This delicious tropical fruit will not thrive to perfection in the open air in the Canaries. Small stunted fruits only are produced. The chief supply of Pine-apples received in this country comes from the Azores, where they are grown under glass. They are packed with the husk of Maize in flat boxes, with a division across the middle, holding six Pines. There is no doubt that Pines under glass would do extremely well in the Canaries. The glass would afford shelter and warmth. No artificial heat would be neces- sary. The great point in growing Pine-apples is to secure a suitable soil. One of the most successful cultivators of Pine- apples in this country gave the followmg advice on this point: “From old pasture or meadow ground strip off the turf, and dig to the depth of six or eight inches according to the goodness of the soil; draw the whole together to some convenient place, and mix it with one-half of good rotten dung; frequently turn over for twelve months, and it will be fit for use. This is the only compost which I use for young and old plants.” This turfy loam could be obtained in considerable quantity from the erassy slopes above Teror in Grand Canary, and many places in Teneriffe. Pine-apple plants cannot stand fresh manure. They rot at once. To make Pine-growing a success, large well- favoured fruit only should be grown, and it should be shipped early in the year from February to the end of May. Common Fig (cus Carica) is practically wild in the islands. [t loses its leaves in the winter, and during that period its bare leaden-coloured branches are widely dispersed over the country. There is hardly any tree so abundant. It grows in the most rocky and unpromising situations. It is seldom, if ever, cultivated. The peasants practically live on Figs during the crop season, and at Hierro, where the best sorts are found, Figs are dried and exported to the other islands. They are, however, small and rather tough. Fresh Figs will not bear transit by steamer ; but it might easily be possible to improve their size and flavour, and ship them dried in the same way as Smyrna Figs. A thousand tons of Figs are received in the United Kingdom every year from Turkey and the Mediterranean regions. Cherimoyer (Anona cherimolia).—This is sometimes known in the Canaries and Madeira as the “Custard Apple.” It is not, however, the true Custard Apple, but a much superior fruit, THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 101 obtained originally from Peru. The tree is about 15 to 20 feet high, somewhat resembling a small Apple tree. The fruit is the size of a double fist, heart-shaped, with a yellowish tinge of green. Inside the pulp is snowy-white, with black almost flat seeds. The Sour-sop (A. muricata), the Custard Apple (A. reticulata), and the Sweet-sop, or Sugar-apple (A. sqwamosa), are closely allied to the Cherimoyer, but usually require a warmer climate. None of the latter is so good as the Cherimoyer. Alligator Pear (Persea gratissima).—This is grown largely in Madeira, and the fruit is often seen in the London market. The tree flourishes both in Grand Canary and Teneriffe. The fruit is a large pear-shaped body, either green or purple, with a large globular seed in the centre. The pulp is soft and creamy. It is used in the West Indies as a salad and as a substitute for butter. This fruit if carefully packed might prove valuable for export purposes on a small scale. Peach (Prunus Persica).—The Peach is not carefully culti- vated. The trees are, however, widely distributed. In early spring the blossom is very pretty. The fruit is inferior and seldom suitable for dessert. Some superior sorts have lately been introduced by Colonel Wethered and others into the Orotava Valley. Almond (Prunus amygdalus).—Widely distributed every- where. Almonds are largely exported in good season. ‘The exports in 1892 were of the value of £7,861. Melons (Cucwnis melo).—The best varieties of Melons require great care. They thrive better in newly broken land. This applies generally to Melons, Vegetable Marrows, Cucumbers, and all cucurbits. Water Melons reach England in immense quanti- ties from Malta; hence there is not much prospect for this fruit from the Canaries. Good, well-flavoured sweet Melons would do better. Guava (Psidiwm Guayava).—The apple and pear-shaped Guavas, of a yellowish-green colour, are common. They are not of good flavour, and are not much liked as a dessert fruit. They, however, make good jelly. The small purple Guavas (P. Cattlei- anuwnv) are a superior fruit when well cultivated. Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.).—This hardly deserves to be mentioned as a fruit. The inferior sorts produced on wild plants are only eaten by the poorer people and by animals. ‘The choice 102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sorts, similar to those received in this country from Malta, are unknown in the Canaries. Walnut (Juglans regia).—This tree is fairly common. It deserves to be still more largely planted. The fruit is cured, and shipped to a small extent. Loquat (Hriobotrya yaponica)—The Japanese Medlar, or Loquat, known locally as ‘‘ Nespero,”’ is one of the regular fruits of the country. They are usually of good quality, but many self-sown seedlings produce poor fruits. The best varieties with only one seed should be carefully cultivated. The Loquat makes excellent jelly. Papaw (Carica Papaya).—The Papaw tree, with its usually single stem surmounted by a crown of large palmate leaves, is not uncommon in the lowlands. The fruit is like a Melon in flavour, but, except in the very best sorts, is apt to be insipid. The juice has the singular property of rendering flesh tender. From the milk is prepared vegetable pepsine. Olive (Olea ewropea).—Many large Olive trees are scattered over the country. They appear to be semi-wild sorts, of little value commercially. If it were proposed to cultivate Olives of the best sorts it would be necessary to introduce grafted trees, and select those yielding large fruits known as Spanish Olives. Chayota (Sechiwm edule).—This is a pear-shaped fruit with a single seed borne by a large climber with the habit of a Vegetable Marrow. In fact, the fruit closely resembles a Vegetable Marrow in flavour, and is used in the tropics as a substitute for it. Itis a native of South America. There are two well-marked varieties, green and cream-coloured. The Jhayota, Chocho, or Christophine, is sometimes imported into this country from Madeira. It sells well during the winter months, and only requires to be more widely known to be in still ereater demand. Amongst the Passion-fruits the most common is the Sweet- cup (Passiflora edulis). This is sometimes, but erroneously, called Granadilla. The fruit is the size of a small apple, purple outside. The plant grows very readily everywhere. The true Granadilla (P. quadrangularis) is borne by a very vigorous climber with a square stem and large oblong leaves. The fruit is green, as large as a Vegetable Marrow, and filled with a jelly in which are numerous seeds. A plant of this was noticed grow- THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS, 1038 ing in Sefior Don Cayetano de Lugo’s garden, near the Catalina Hotel, Grand Canary. The Water Lemon (P. lawrifolia) is one of the best of the Passion-fruits, and might be suitable for export. Like the others, it is borne on a twining stem, and requires the support of a trellis or wall. Okro, or Gombo (Hibiscus esculentus).—This annual shrub produces the horn-like fruits which are largely eaten in the tropics for the sake of the mucilage they contain. They are useful also for making soup and pickles. The seeds yield oil and the stems a good fibre. Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa).—The fleshy involucres of the fruit have a sharply acid flavour and a rich red colour. They are used for making summer drinks, for preserves and jellies. The plant grows in almost any soil. Brinjal, or Kee-plant (Solanwm Melongena), allied to the Tomato.—The fruit is long, oval, or pear-shaped ; white, striped, or purple. It is an excellent vegetable, and might be produced for export. Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea).—Although not a Tomato, it belongs to the same family, and has somewhat the texture of a Tomato. The plant is a native of Peru. Itisa large shrub with leaves sometimes afoot long. The flowers are very fragrant, and succeeded by an egg-shaped fruit of a reddish- yellow colour. It has a fresh, piquant flavour, and is agreeable either fresh or cooked. It makes excellent jam and jelly. It is occasionally imported into this country from Madeira under the erroneous name of “ Granadilla.’’ It deserves to be more widely erown, both for local use as well as for shipment. Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana).—This is hardy enough to occupy almost any waste land without cultivation. The fruit is enclosed in a leafy bladder, and is most agreeable either fresh or made into jam. At the Cape it is very abundant, and makes ‘admirable preserve.” In Natal it is a valuable fruit; ‘‘ the jam made from it is hardly ever known to ferment.’’ Capers (Capparis spinosa).—A spiny shrub with the habit of a bramble, and bearing large white flowers. The flower buds, and sometimes the unripe fruits, pickled in vinegar, yield the capers of commerce. The chief supply comes from Sicily. The plant is occasionally grown in the Canaries. Carambola (dverrhoa Carambola) and the Bilimbi, or Tree 104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Sorrel (A. Bilimbz), yield acid fruits suitable for preserves. The first of these is grown in the neighbourhood of Las Palmas. Pod Peppers (Capsicum frutescens).—These pods are borne on somewhat low bushes about 2 to 8 feet in height. The fresh fruits are hot and pungent, and are used as seasoning and to supply some of the Cayenne Pepper of commerce. Some varieties are less pungent and almost sweet. Pod Peppers in the fresh state might be tried as one of the exports of the islands. Bird Peppers (C. annwuwm) would grow freely in dry, stony places. The pods picked when ripe, sun-dried, and packed in mat bags would fetch from 70s. to 140s. per cwt. Igname, T'aro, or Eddoe (Colocasia antiquorum).—This plant is common in damp situations. The leaves and the tuberous stems are extensively used as food in tropical countries. In the Canaries they are not specially cultivated, and probably they have deteriorated and become*semi-wild. Apples are grown in the mountains, and in some years the crops are considerable. Canary-grown apples are to be found in the public market at Las Palmas. ‘They are chiefly French sorts with a transparent skin, hard, and rather insipid. ‘The Pears are still less palatable. There are numerous Plums and some Cherry trees to be seen. The fruit of these is probably reserved for private use. The Strawberry is cultivated, but not largely. This delicious fruit might be produced in excellent quality during the early spring months. Besides the fruits above mentioned it might be added that a large number of tropical and sub-tropical fruits are grown in gardens in very small quantities. They are interesting to visitors. They also show the capabilities of the islands. There are to be met with: Tamarind, Jujube, Barbados Cherry, Baobab, Cape Gooseberry, Cashew-nut, Cocoa-nut, Star-apple, Date, Hog- plum, Jack-fruit, Kumquat, Litchi, Mango, Mulberry, Persimmon or Date Plum, Pine-apple, Pomegranate, Rose-apple, and Sapodilla Plum. Carob-tree (Ceratomia Siliqua).—This is grown in _ hedge- rows, very much like the Elm in England. It is a compara- tively low tree, with two or three pairs of oval leaflets of a leathery texture. ‘The small reddish flowers hang in clusters, The pods are 6 to 10 inches long, with many seeds embedded in pulp. The tree has many names. It is the Algaroba of the THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 105 Spaniards and Kharoub of the Arabs, whence comes our English name Carob-pods or Caroub-beans. These pods contain a quan- tity of agreeably flavoured mucilage and saccharine matter. They are employed for feeding horses, mules, and pigs. Occa- sionally they are seen in this country. The Carob-tree is valuable for dry countries, but as the species is dicecious, both the male and female plants should be grown, or no pods would be produced. The timber is of a pretty pink colour. Tagasaste (Cytisus prolifer, var. palmensis).—This is a valuable fodder plant, first brought into notice by the late Dr. Victor Perez, of Orotava. It is a native of the island of Palma. The ordinary plant of Teneriffe is the ‘‘ Kscobon.”’ The variety is a large bush, often attaining a height of 12 to 15 feet, and covered with trifoliate leaves. In many instances Tagasaste is the only plant that will thrive in loose volcanic ash and cinders. It yields large quantities of green fodder, makes excel- lent hay, and its abundant sweet flowers render it a valuable bee-plant. Both in the Canary Islands and in other countries with a sub-tropical climate Tagasaste should prove of great value. It requires no irrigation, and when overgrown and cut down it yields excellent firewood. Dr. George V. Perez, M.B. (Lond.), the accomplished son of the advocate of Tagasaste, and now the leading medical authority at Puerto Orotava, takes a deep interest in this plant. He has lately republished his father’s writings on the subject. (See Appendix ITI.) Canary Rosewoods.—These were at one time in great request. The root was known as rose-root or lignum rhodiwm. The plants yielding them are shrubby species of Convolvulacez. One, the “‘ Guadil”’ (Convolvulus floridus), is a most attractive plant. When in flower it appears as if covered with newly fallen snow. It is one of the few native plants which awaken the enthusiasm of the local residents. It is grown at Kew from seed received from Dr. George V. Perez. The other plant, more correctly known as Rosewood, is Convolvulus scoparws, called ‘‘ Lena Noel.’ This has become very rare owing to the excessive digging of the roots many years ago. Piesse states: ‘‘ When Rosewood is distilled a sweet-smelling oil is procured, resembling to some slight degree the fragrance of the Rose; hence the name. One hundredweight of wood yields about three ounces of oil. Ground Rosewood is valuable as a basis in the manufacture of sachet powders.”’ 106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. List oF Canary PLANTS UNDER CULTIVATION AT THE Royan Garpens, Kzw, May 1895. Ranunculus cortusefolius, Willd. Cheiranthus (Dichroanthus) muta- bilis, L’ Hérit. Laurus canariensis, Webb & Berth. Phebe Barbusana, Webb & Berth. Apollonias canariensis, Nees. Ocotea (Oreodaphne) fcetens, Benth. & Hook. f. Persea indica, Spring. Cistus osbeckieefolius, Webb Hypericum canariense, Linn. 7 floribundum, Dryand. Lavatera acerifolia, Cav. Visnea Mocanera, Linn. f. Geranium anemonefolium, L’ Hérit. Silene nutans, Linn. » nocteolens, Webb & Berth Kuphorbia aphylla, Bross. E canariensis, Linn. - piscatoria, Act. rf mauritanica, Linn. és mellifera, Azt. 4 balsamifera, Ait. - Regis-Jube, Webb ¢€& Berth. hxematodes, Boiss. Ferula Linkii, Webb & Berth. Feniculum tortuosum, HTook. f. 30wlesia (Drusa) oppositifolia, Buch. Sempervivum tabulweforme, Haw. sg elaucum, T'enore : elutinosum, Ait. balsamiferum, Webb & Berth. “6 marginatum ( barbatum, C. Smith (lineolare, Haw.) ne youngianum, Webb & Berth. u ciliatum, Willd. Ji Haworthii, Tlort. Angl. P urbicum, C. Smith = *aivee, Bolle - cuneatum, Webb & Berth. ~ holochrysum, Webb & Berth. Benth. | Monanthes agriostaphys [Webb & Berth.| - polyphylla, Haw. 9 atlantica, Ball (muralis, Hook. f.) Bencomia caudata, Webb & Berth. Adenocarpus foliolosus, DC. Cytisus fragrans, Lam. (Spartiwm supranubium, Linn. f.) Cytisus filipes, Webb & Berth. canariensis, Steud. Lotus Berthelotii, Masf. (L. pelio- rhynchus, Hook. f.) Convolvulus floridus, Linn. Ceropegia dichotoma, Haw. Jasminum odoratissimum, J,177. Arbutus canariensis, Duham. Canarina campanulata, Linn. Tournefortia (Messersmidia) fruti- cosa, Ker-Gawl. Echium callithyrsum, Webb ‘ Auberianum, Webb & Berth. (H. bourgeanum, Webb) 3 bifrons, DC. s strictum, Linn. f. Isoplexis (Callianassa) canariensis, Steud. Lavandula pinnata, Linn. f. Salvia canariensis, Lin. Sideritis (Leucophas) canariensis, Linn. Statice Bourgei, Webb 5» puberula, Webb » fruticans, Webb (S. arbores- cens, Brouss.) » Halfordi, Hort. x Viburnum rigidum, Vent. (V. raugo- sum, Pers.) Chrysanthemum frutescens, Linn. ” ,, var. flavidum - » », chrysaster . anethifolium, Brouss. (C. faniculacewm, Steud.) i Broussonetii, Balb. re erandiflorum, Willd. ~ pinnatifidum, Linn. Gonospermum fruticosum, Less. Senecio Heritieri, DC. (Cinerarva lanata, Lam.) THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS, 107 Senecio cruentus, DC. (Cineraria | Dracena draco, Linn. cruenta, Mass.) Aloe vera, Linn. (A. vulgaris, Lam.) Senecio populifolius, DC. (Cime- | Luzula Forsteri, DC. raria populifolia, L’ Hérit.) » canariensis, Pou. Senecio maderensis, DC. (Cineraria | Pinus canariensis, C. Smith aurita, L’ Hérit.) | Juniperus Cedrus, Webb & Berth. Senecio Kleinia, Less. (S. nerti- | Adiantum reniforme, Linn. folius, Baill.) Cheilanthes pulchella, Bory. Sonchus radicatus, Azt. Dicksonia Culcita, L’ Hérit. » gummifer, Link. Asplenium Ceterach, Linn. » leptocephalus, Cass. 5 var. aureum » Jaciniatus, 7’. Moore Asplenium canariense, Willd. » tenerrimus, Linn. (S. pecti- , Newmani, Bolle natus, DC.) oe umbrosum, J. Smith Myrica Faya, Dryand. (Athyrium wnbrosum, Pres.) Dracunculus canariensis, Kunth. | Nephrodium Filix-Mas, Desv. Pancratium canariense, Ker-Gawlh. | » var. canariense Semele (Ruscus) androgyna, Kwnt. | Ophioglossum lusitanicum, Linn. APPENDIX II. A Seuect List or tur NAtTIvE AND INTRODUCED PLANTS OBSERVED IN THE Borantc GARDEN NEAR OroTavaA, TENERIFFE, IN Marcu, 1893. Abrus precatorius, Linn. . Wild Liquorice . . Tropics Abutilon indicum, Sweet ; . Old World Tropics » Mmegapotamicum, Sf. ‘Hil. & ‘Naud. : . Trop. America Acacia albicans, Kunth. . . =Pithecolobium albicans » arabica, Willd. . . Gum Arabic Tree . Africa, Trop. Asia a SarMata hears, . Kangaroo Thorn . Australia » celastrifolia, Benth. . =A. myrtifolia » Cultriformis, A. Cunn. . j , : . Australia » dealbata, Link. . . Silver Wattle . . Australia » decurrens, Willd. . Black Wattle . . Australia » Farnesiana, Willd. . Cassie : . Tropical Regions » dulibrissin, Willd. . =Albizzia Tulibrisain » Lebbek, Willd. . . =Albizzia Lebbek » leptophylla, DC.. . =Acacia Farnesiana » linearis, Sims. rae ‘ , ‘ . Australia » longissima, Wendl. . =A. linearis » lophantha, Willd. . =Albizzia lophantha » myrtifolia, Willd. mtitz . j ; . Australia » Speciosa, Willd. . . =Albizzia Lebbek »» | Spectabilis, Ai Cunn. . . , : r . Australia » trinervia, Desv. . Bo : ; ‘ . Nat.country unknown verticillata, Willd. . Prickly Wattle . . Australia Achras Sapota, Linn. . . Sapodilla Plum. . South America Adamia versicolor, Fortune . =Dichroa febrifuga Adenocarpus anagyrus, Spreng. ‘ ‘ 5 . Canary Is. A frankenioides, =A, anagyrus Choisy Adiantum _Capillus-veneris, ‘ Culantrillo,” Maiden- Trop. & Temp. Zones Linn. hair mn reniforme, Linn. ‘“‘ Verva tastonera,” |§Madeiraand Teneriffe Kidney Fern Agathis australis, Sted. . Kauri Pine F . New Zealand 108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Agathis loranthifolia, Salisb. . ‘ . Malaya Agati grandiflora, Desv. . — Sar banin evandiflora Agave americana, Linn. . American Aloe . . Trop. America var. variegata Ailanthus clandulosa, Desf. . Tree of Heaven . . China Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazz.. . : . Asia, Trop. Africa », Lebbek, Benth. . “Bois Noir, > Woman’ s Old World Tropics Tongue » lophantha, Benth. . . é , : . Australia Aleurites triloba, Horst. . . Jamaica Walnut . Trop. Asia, Pacific Is. Aloe vera, Linn. . : . Common Aloe . . Mediterranean Region Aloysia citriodora, Orteg. . =hippia citriodora Alpinia nutans, Rose. . . Wild Ginger. . India Amaryllis Belladonna, Linn.. . : 5 : . South Africa Amorphophallus Rivieri, Dur. . : . Cochin China& Japan Angophora lanceolata, Cav. . Rusty Gum , . Australia Anona cherimolia, Mill. . . Cherimoyer , . Trop. America » microcarpa, Rwiz. & Pav. : : : . Peru 5, squamosa, Linn. . Sweet-sop . ; . West Indies Anthocercis elliptica . . ‘ Transparens ” ss picta . : . =Myoporum erystallinum Antholyza xthiopica, Linn. . Anteliza . ‘ . South Africa Antigonon leptopus, Hook. d Arn. . ‘ 5 . South America Apollonias canariensis, Nees. . . : ; : . Canary Is. Aralia Guilfoylei, Cogn. d March . ; . Pacific Islands. » papyrifera, Hook. . =Fatsia papyrifera , reticulata, Willd. . = Oreopanax reticulatum , Schefflera, Spreng. . =Scheftlera digitata Araucaria Bidwillii, Hook. . Bunya-Bunya . . Australia a brasiliana, Rich. .. : : : . Brazil fe brasiliensis, Loud. . =A. brasiliana 7 Cookii, R. Br. 3s Ae a : 3 . New Caledonia Cunninghami, Sweet Moreton Bay Pine’ . Australia excelsa, R. Br. . Norfolk Island Pine . Australia, Norfolk Is. ” Arbutus canariensis, Duham .‘*Madrono” . . Canary Is. Areca lutescens, Bory. . =Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Argania Sideroxylon, Roem. Argan Tree 2 . Morocco & Schult. Arisarum vulgare, Targ. Toz. : : . Mediterranean Region Aristolochia brasiliensis, Mart. r Zuce. : . Brazil = ornithocephala, =A. brasiliensis ; Hook. Arum italicum, Mill... . Italian Arum . . Kurope + v. canariense, Hingl. Arundinaria japonica, Sieb. d Zuce. . ; : . Japan Simoni, A. € C. Riviere. , . China Arundo Donax, Linn. : ‘ : . . Orient & Mediter. Region » Vv. variegata Asclepias curassavica. Linn. . Wild Ipecacuanha . South America pe linifolia, Lag. tat : : ‘ . Mexico Asparagus seaber, Drign. . Asparagus ; . Mediterr. & Caucas Region : scoparius, Lowe . : ; ; . Morocco & Madeira Is. Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn. . Asphodel . ‘ . Orient and Mediter. Region ve ramosus, Linn. . . . I : . South Hurope Aspidium aculeatum, Sv. smaenines rs ochroleuca, Hort. a speciosa, R.Grah. . . ‘ : 2 5p stans, Linw. . = Tecoma stans be variabilis, Jacq. 7a t A ; a velutina, DC. sae : : P venusta, Ker-Gawl . . : , é Billbergia zebrina, Lindl. ae . Bougainvillea glabra, Choisy Bougainvillea : spectabilis, Willd... : : var. lateritia Brachychiton acerifolium, F’. Muell. Gregorii, #’. Muell. 5s populneum, f. Br. Bragsaiopsis speciosa, Decne. & Planch. ”? =§. diversifolia =§. diversifoha Himalayan Aralia 99 Bromelia sp. Brownea Ariza, Benth. . Brownea - Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb. Plant of Life Bursaria spinosa, Cav. . . Box Thorn 109 . N. & S. Temp. Zones Europe & Temp. Asia . Cosmopolitan S. Hurope & N. Africa Kurope . Kurope * Trop Trichomanes, Lin2.Common Spleenwort. Temperate Regions & Sub- Mrop. Regions Temperate Regions Canary Is. . Madeira . New Granada . East Indies - Unknown = Arundinaria japonica . =Phyllostachys nigra . Australia India, Burmah, China Chili Kurope, Temp. Asia North America . Brazil . Brazil . Argentina New Granada . Brazil . Venezuela Brazil . Brazil . Brazil = Sterculia acerifolia . Brazil Brazil Himalayan Region Trop. America . New Granada . Mexico Australia 110 Bystropogon punctatus, L’ Hérit. Cesalpinia Gilliesii, Wall. . pulcherrima, Sw. x tinectoria, Domb. Calla ethiopica ‘ : Callistemon speciosus, DC. : Callitris cupressioides, Schrad. 7 quadrivalvis, Vent. Campanula Vidalii, 7.C.Wats. Canarina campanulata, Luv. ” Capparis spinosa, Linn. ‘ Carapa guianensis, Awb. : Carica Papaya, Linn. . : Carlina salicifolia, Cav. . ; Caryota urens, Linn. . : Cassia arborea, Macfad. : , bacillaris, Lann.. . : bicapsularis, Linn. . brasiliana, Lam. . fistula, Linn. grandis, Lim. . mimosoides, Linn. 2 occidentalis, Linn. polyantha, Moe. & Sess. siamea, Lam. : Castanospermum australe, A. Cunn. & Fras. Casuarina equisetifola, Linn. elauca, Sieber. pyramidalis . stricta, Dryand. . Catha cassinoides, Webb & Berth. Cecropia palmata, Walld. : Cedrela odorata, Linn, Cedronella canariensis, Webb & Berth. Cedrus atlantica, Manetti : » Libani, Barrel . Cercis Siliquastrum, Linn. Ceropegia dichotoma, Haw. Cestrum aurantiacum, Lindl. elegans, Schlecht. Ny nocturnum, Li. Ceterach officinarum ; , “ v. aureum Chameerops corulescens, //ort. 99 phe - Bulleoalk ©. quadrivalvis, Labill. . West Indian Cedar . Cedar of Lebanon . Judas Tree . “ Cardoncillo ” JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . Madeira Is. South America Tropics New Granada = Richardia africana Bottle Brush Tree . Australia South Africa North Africa Azores Is. . Canary Is. India, Orient, Medit. Region Trop. Africa, Guiana Trop. America Madeira Trop. Asia Arar Tree . E ; “ Bicararo ” Caper Plant Crab-oil Tree . é Papaw Tree : ‘‘Cardodelos Montes”’ Wine Palm =C. siamea Trop. America Trop. America =C. grandis “ Amaltas ’’ or Indian Trop. Asia Laburnum : : : : . Panama : : : ; , Lropics . Negro Coffee . . Tropics : : : : . Mexico . India, Malaya Moreton Bay Chestnut Australia ‘“‘Filao.” Beefwood . Malaya, Pacific Is. Australia =C. stricta “‘ She-oak ” Coast She-oak . . Australia = Gymnosporia cassinoides .» Brazil . South America ‘“‘ Algaritofe,” ““Neta’”’? Canary Is. Snake Tree ; =C. Libani . Asia Minor, Syria, Algeria, Himal. Reg. . Hurope, Orient . India, Canary Is. . Guatemala Mexico South America = Asplenium Ceterach = Var. aureum ” = §; ‘ial coerulescens " Fortunei, //ook. - Trachycarpus es macrocarpa, Linden * : ; Unknown Cheilanthes fragrans, Sv. Scented Fern Kurope &e. maderensis, Lowe pulchella, Lory ” ” Cheiranthus mutabilis, L’ //érit. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, JJ. . Lip fern C. fragrans , . Madeira & Canary Is. Changeable Wallflower Madeira & Canary Is. Wendl. ‘ ‘ Madagascar THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. Chrysanthemum frutescens, Marguerite Linn. anethifolium, Brouwss. . Broussoneti, Ball erandiflorum, Welld. pinnatifidum, Linn. Cineraria cruenta, Mass. = Senecio cr uentus Cinnamomum camphora, 7. Camphor . Nees et Hiberm. zeylanicum, Nees Cinnamon . . “ Jarra,’? Fiddle Wood ” Cistus vaginatus [Dryand.] Citharexylum quadrangulare, Jacq. Citrus aurantium, Linn. . Orange medica, Linn. . Citron » nobilis, Lowr. . Mandarin Orange Clematis Jackmani x, Van Houtte Clerodendron fragrans, Vent. fragrantissimum =C. fragrans speciosum x, Teym. & Bin. _ Thomsone, Balf. . Clethra arborea, Soland Clianthus Dampieri, A. Cun. Cobexa penduliflora, Hook. » scandens, Cav. Cocos australis, Mart. flexuosa, Mart. » nucifera, Linn. Coffea arabica, Linn. » iberica, Hiern. Colocasia antiquorum, Colvillea racemosa, Boj. , Combretum Loeflingii, Hichl. micropetalum, IDG es Loeflingii pincianum, Look. “‘Correhuelo de los Montes” Canary Convolvulus ‘SGuacul” % Cabbage Tree ” ” ” ° . . . Parrot Flower “ . . . . -. Cocoa-nut Palm . Common Coffee . Liberian Coffee . Schott Taro “‘ Igname ” ” . ° ” ” Convolvulus canariensis, Linn. e floridus, Linn. Cordyline indivisa, Steud. ke robustum, fort. Cornus capitata, Wall. Coronilla glauca, Linn. . » viminalis, Salisb. Corypha australis, fh. Br. » Gebanga, Blume Coulteria tinctoria, H. B. K. Coussapoa dealbata, André Crategus Azarolus, Linn. Crescentia Cujete, Linn. Cryptolepis longiflora, Regel Cryptostegia madagascariensis, bo). . Cuphea eminens, Planch. & Lind. =C. micropetala .. Micropetalayen bb K, Cupressus Benthami, Hind. elegans excelsa, Scott . Goveniana, Gord. horizontalis, Ml. s ~eBamora, 2 . e . =Livistona australis . =Cwsalpinia tinctoria Azarole Calabash Tree . . . . . . . = 0. Lindleyi =C. Benthami = C. sempervirens . tee Canary Is. Canary Is. Canary Is. Canary Is. Madeira . China, Japan . India, Malaya ‘Teneriffe West Indies Trop. Asia » Erop: Asia . Trop. Asia Japan China, Sumatra, Java . Trop. Africa Madeira Australia Venezuela Mexico Paraguay Brazil Tropies . Arabia, Trop. Africa Trop. Africa Trop. Asia . Madagascar Trop. America Trop Africa Canary Is. Teneriffe New Zealand Himalaya Region Mediterr. Region . North Africa . Malaya . Brazil . Asia Minor, Persia . Trop. America . Unknown Madagascar . Mexico . Mexico . California 112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzsch . . : : 3 . Mexico a MecNabiana, Andr.-Murr. . 3 : . California 7 pisifera, Koch ie : : : . Japan as pyramidalis, Targ.. =C. sempervirens - sempervirens, Linn. . : : é . Europe, Orient As torulosa, D. Don. . . : : . Himalaya Region Tournefortii, Tenore =C. torulosa Cycas revoluta, Thunb. . . Sago Palm : . Japan Cyperus alternifolius, Linn. . . : 3 : . Madagascar - Papyrus, Liv. . . Papyrus or Paper Sicily, Syria, Trop. Reed Africa Cyphomandra betacea, Sendin. Tree Tomato. . South America Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. . Bladder Fern. . Cosmopolitan Cytisus canariensis, Steud. . . : ‘ : . Canary Is. » filipes, Webb & Berth.. . : : : . Canary Is. » fragrans, Lam. . . “ Retama” : . Teneriffe » proliferus, Linn. f. .“Escobon” . . Canary Is. a v. palmensis “ Tagasaste ”’ Dammara alba, Lam. . . =Agathis loranthifolia - australis, Lamb. . =A. australis Dasylirion glaucophyllum, Hook. A : : . Mexico x glaucum, Carr . =D. glaucophyllum Datura arborea, Linn. . . White Datura . . South America aS yo oe plas . Double White Datura » Oecined —. : . =D. sanguinea » sanguinea, Ruizd Pav. . , 5 : . South America » Wallisii, Hort. Davallia canariensis, S172. . Hare’s-foot Fern . Europe & Canary Is. Delphinium staphisagria, Linn. “ Albarras”?. . Mediterr. Region Dichroa febrifuga, Lowr. . vate 4 5 - . Malaya,China,Himal. Dicksonia Culcita, L’Hérit. . . : , ; . Madeira, Azores, and Spain Diervilla florida, Sicb. @ Zuce. . ; : ; . China Digitalis canariensis, Linn. . =Isoplexis canariensis Dioon edule, Lindl. ; san : ; : . Mexico Diosma ericoides, Linn. . . “ Braza de olor” . South Africa Diospyros Kaki, Linn. . . Date Plum : . Japan Dolichos acinaciformis, Ses : : : : . Philippine Is. re y. purpureus a Jacquini, DC: a ; ; ; . West Indies - lignosus, Jacq. . ; . =D. Jacquini Dracena Draco, Linn. . . Dragon’s Blood Tree. Canary Is. i indivisa, Horst. . =Cordyline indivisa a marginata, Lam .. - : ; . Madagascar Dracunculus canariensis, “Tacarontilla” ‘ Tara- Canary Is. Kunth — gontia”’ Duranta elegans - Kllisia, Jacq. . . =D. Plumieri # Plumieri, Jacq. . id's ‘ : - . Trop. America Dypsis madagascariensis, f/ort. . : , ; . Madagascar Echium aculeatum, /’oir. ; . . Canary Is. = Auberianum, Webb & Berth. ; ; : . Canary Is. i callithyrsum, Weep’... ; ‘ ; . Canary Is. , a sandicans, Linn. f. . . : : cf . Madeira - fastuosum, Jacq. f. . . ; 4 . . Canary Is. n giganteum, Liamn. f. . . ; ; ; . Teneriffe ie lineatum, Jacq. f. +) ; ; ; . Canary Is. » simplex, DO. . . ‘* Arrebol ’’ Pride . Canary Is. of Teneriffe Echium strictum, Linn. f. virescens, DC. Eleis guineensis, Jacq. ” THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. Embothrium coccineum, Horst. Ephedra altissima, Desf. . Epiphyllum grandiflorum ” truncatum, Haw . Equisetum ramosissimum, Erica arborea, Linn. Eriobotrya japonica, Lindl. Eryngium bromelizfolium, Delar. Erythrina bogotensis, Hort. Desf. caffra, Thunb. . Taginaste ”’ . =H. candicans - Oil Palm . 4 Burning Bush = KE. truncatum Horse Tail. Tree-heath ‘“‘ Brezo’’. . Japanese Medlar or Loquat ‘‘ Nespero ” . Mexico : Maniuboom corallodendron, Linn. Crista-galli, Lan. . Humeana, Spreng. . Humei, #. Mey. insignis, Tod. . laurifolia, Jacq. . Vespertilio, Benth. . Hetailonin floribunda, H.B.K. Eucalyptus amyegdalina, Labill. ) ” Eulalia, j japonica, 77in. colossea, H’. Muell. diversicolor, FI’. Muell. Globulus, Labill. . Gunnii, Hook. f. hemastoma, Si. Lehmanni, Preiss. . =K. Humeana = ld Crista-galli Peppermint Tree = K. diversicolor Karri Gum Tree Blue Gum . . Cider Gum . Spotted Gum Yate. leucoxylon, #’.Muell. Iron Bark resinifera, Sm. salicifolia, Cav. Stuartiana, F. Muell. viminalis, Labill. . Eugenia australis, Wendl. Jambos, Linn. . : myrtifolia, Sims Pimenta, DC. rubicunda, Wight rubricaulis, Duthie uniflora, ioe - Red Gum Turpentine Tree Swamp Gum . =H. myrtifolia . = Pimenta officinalis . Brazil Cherry . = Miscanthus sinensis Kupatorium aromaticum, Linn. . conyzoides, Vail. floribundum, Jala le WAG ianthinum, Femsl. macrophyllum, Linn. Euphorbia aphylla, Browss. ” ”? atropurpurea, Brouss. balsamifera, Ait. . = HK. conyzoides a Tabayba. ‘“Tolda?’ 118 . Canary Is. . Trop. Africa . Magellan Region . North Africa . Brazil . Erop, and “Temp. Regions Medit. and Caucas Regions . China and Japan . New Granada . South Africa N. America, W. Indies . Brazil . South Africa . Unknown . Australia . New Granada . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia . Australia Trop. Asia . Australia . India . Burmah, Malaya Tropical America . North America - North. and _ Trop. America . Mexico . Trop. America selvaje, ” Teneriffe “'Tabayba majorera’”’ Teneriffe “Tabayba dulce ” . Canary Is. 114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Euphorbia canariensis, Linn. . ‘ Cardon ” . Canary Is. a. mauritanica, Linn. . : . South Africa i piscatoria, Ait. .. “Figueiro de Inferno” Canary Is. oe pulcherrima, Willd. ‘‘ Flor de Pascua,” or Mexico Easter Flower Regis-Jubxe, Webb “ Higuerilla,” “'Tabayba Teneriffe ? cd Berth. selvaje ”’ Fabricia levigata, Gaertn. . = Leptospermum levigatum . China Fatsia papyrifera, Benth. & Hook. f. Rice-paper Tree Ferdinanda eminens, Lag. . =Podachenium paniculatum . India, Trop. Africa . Society Is. Ficus benghalensis, Lin. . Banyan . . Trop. America » Canon, NEBr. ok - ,, Chauvieri, Hort. », Cooperi, Hort. : Soe ‘ é ,» dealbata, Hort. : . =Coussapoa dealbata , elastica, Roxb. A . Indiarubber Tree » toveolata, Wall. . a : » glomerata, Roxb. . hg ; » . birta, Voki: » Imperialis. ‘ ,» nitida, Blame : vege ; » Porteana, Regel . st : » Yeligiosa, Linn. . . Peepul. » Roxburghii, Wall. . Pa : » Suringari,Carr . ree é F » vesea, F’. Muell. . » Wrightii, Benth. . Fragaria indica, Andr. . : Fraxinus australis, Mont. oxyphylla, Bieb. Freesia refracta, Klatt . ies Fuchsia boliviana, Carr . ae ; . 5 coccinea, Soland. ! : : corymbiflora, Ruiz d Pav. . ; v. alba ” ” Furerea gigantea, Vent. Genista canariensis, Linn. 4 ephedroides, DC. florida, Linn. . be ‘ - monosperma, Lam. . . : : Geranium anemonfolium, Geranium . L’ Hérit. FA canariense, Rewt. . . , Ginkgo biloba, Linn. . Ginkgo Gladiolus segetum, Ker-Gawl. “ Ajillo” . Gleditschia triacanthus, Linn, Honey Locust Globularia salicina, Lam. Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Rk. Br. Gossypium arboreum, Linn. Tree Cotton Grevillea asplenifolia, R. Br... : : yy Hilliana, #’. Muell. . White Ziel = longifolia, fk. Br. . =G. asplenifolia +$ robusta, A. Cunn. . Silky-oak Grewia orientalis, Linn. ' Greyia Sutherlandii, /look. ¢ Flarv. . : =F. Roxburehii =F. celomerata =F. foveolata & B; oxyphylla Mauritius Hemp . =Cytisus canariensis . Burmah, Trop. Asia China, Himalaya. India, Burmah . Trop. Asia, Malaya Java . Mexico India Burmah, Himalaya. Amboina Is. India, Malaya, China Tauria South Africa Bolivia Brazil ? . Peru . Trop. America . I. of Sardinia . W. Mediterr. Region . W. Mediterr. Region . Fortune Is. . Teneriffe . Japan . Mediterr. Region . North America “‘Lentisco”’ “* Mosquera”’ Canary Is. . Mediterr. Region . Tropics . Australia . Australia Trop. Asia, Trop. Australia South Africa THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS, Guilielma speciosa, Mart. = Bactris asepery Gymnogramme leptophylla, Desv. ; : Gymnosporia cassinoides, « Peralillo ” , Masf. Gynerium argenteum, Nees. . Pampas Grass v. variegata Habr othamnus aurantiacus, Seem. elegans, = Cestrum elegans Brongn. Hiigeli, Regel . Hakea ferruginea, Sweet. 2 : ; : >» repanda, A. Br. = H. ferruginea Hardenbergia Comptoniana, Benth. é - digitata, Lindl.. =H. Comptoniana Hedera Helix, Linn. Ivy : ” = Cestrum elegans v. canariensis . “‘ Yedra”’ ” . Europe, 115 . Cosmopolitan . Canary Is. - Brazil = Cestrum aurantiacum . Australia . Australia N. Africa and Temp. Asia ? . Canary Is. Hedychium coronarium, Koen. . India Es Gardnerianum, Griff. . India Helianthemum canariense, Pers. . N.W.Africa,CanaryIs. Heliotropium peruvianum, Linn. . Peru Hernandia Sonora, Linn. . India Hibiscus elatus, Sw. . Mahoe metallicus, Hort. ” rosa-sinensis, Linn. . Hovenia dulcis, Thunb. . Humea elegans, S77. ane : P Hymenophyllum tun- Filmy Fern bridgense, Sm. 9 Shoe Flower 5 unilaterale, =H. tunbridgense Bory Hymenosporum flavum, F’. Wollum-Wollum Muell. Hypericum floribundum, Dryand. 7 erandifohium, Choisy Hypocalymma robustum, Schau. . W. Indies - Old World Tropics . China, Japan, Himal. . Australia - Cosmopolitan . Australia . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Australia Tlex canariensis, Poir. , “ Acebino,” Canary . Canary Is. Holly », platyphylla, Webb & Berth. “ None salvage ’’ Canary Is. Illicium anisatum, Linn. . Star Anise . Japan Indigofera tinctoria, Linn. . Indigo . Cultivated in Tropics Iochroma coccinea, Schied. . Mexico - tubulosa, Benth. . New Granada Ipomcea biloba, Forsk. . Tropics ee Bona-nox, Linn. ‘ . , =I. biloba . Trop. America t brasiliensis, G. H.W. Mey. be kryseides, Ker-Gawl. . 5 . Trop. Asia and Trop. Australia 3 Horsfallix, Hook. .. ; ; . India “ Leati, Pari. . P) ‘ ; 3 purptrea, Roth. . Whish-whish - Quamoclit, Linn. .. ‘ ‘ 3 versicolor, Meissn. .. 3 3 : Is soplexis canariensis, Steud. . Canary Foxglove Jacaranda mimosefolia, D. Don = J. ovalifolia A: ovalifolia, R. BTM os é : : . Trop. America . Trop. America . Tropics . Trop. America . Canary Is. . South America 12 116 Jacobinia pauciflora, Benth. d Hook.f. . ; Jambosa Korthalsii, Blame .. - vulgaris, DC. . . = Eugenia Jambos JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . Brazil Malaya Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn. . . : : . Himalayan Region Jatropha Curcas, Linn. . — : : : . Tropics Jubaea spectabilis, H. B. K. . Coquito Palm . . Chili Bermuda Cedar. Cedro, Canary Juniperus bermudiana, Lindl. 3 Cedrus, Webb & Trop. America Canary Is. Berth. Juniper ‘4 virginiana, Linn. . Pencil Cedar . . North America Kleinia neriifolia, Haw. . . =Senecio Kleinia Lagunaria Patersonii, G. Don. . : : : . Australia Lantana Camara, Linn. . : : : : . Trop. America ¥ Sellowiana, Link & Otto : : a Lapageria alba, Decne . =. rosea " rosea, Ruiz d Pav.. . . , : Latania Commersonii, J. #'. Gimel. s ss rubra, Jacq. ‘ ae Commersonii . South America Chili . Mascarene Is. Laurus canariensis, Webb & Laurel : : . Canary Is. Berth. a) regia. ; . = Umbellularia californica Lavandula abrotanoides, Lam. “Romanillo ” . Canary Is. Lavatera acerifolia, Cav. ee : : ‘ . Canary Is. Lawsonia alba, Lam. : . Henna : ; . Orient te inermis, Linn. . - =. alba Leptospermum australe, = L. pubescens Salis. i levigatum, Australian Tea Tree . Australia F’. Muell. # pubescens, Lam. : . Australia ns robustum, = Hypocalymma robustum Endl. * scoparium, Horst. . : : . Australia, New Zealand Leucophaé canariensis, Webb =Sideritis canariensis & Berth. Libonia floribunda, C. Koch . =Jacobinia pauciflora Lippia citriodora, H. B. K. . . : ; : . South America Liquidambar styraciflua, Linn. . North America Liriodendron tulipifera, Linn. . . N. America, China Livistona australis, Mart. . Australia 4 chinensis, #. By, . . . China Lobelia laxiflora, H. B. K. . Mexico Lomaria Spicant, Desv. . N. Temp. Zone Lonicera japonica, Thunb. . Honeysuckle. . Himalayan Region f sinensis, Wats... L. japonica Lophospermum scandens, D. Don Lotus Bertholetii, Masf. . sah ; ico di Paloma ” » peliorhynchus, /ook. f. = L. Bertholetii Luzula canariensis, Poir. ; Tulip Tree. plard Pern . Mexico . Canary Is. . Canary Is. Magnolia acuminata, Linn. . Magnolia . , . North America grandiflora, Linn. . Large Magnolia. . North Americe ” Malva acerifolia, Alef. . Mammea americana, Linn. . = Lavatera acerfolia . South American Apricot Trop. America Manettia bicolor, Pazt. . . =M. luteo-rubra = luteo-rubra, Benth. . ; : . Brazil Marsilea diffusa, Lepriewr . . : ; ‘ . N. and Trop. Africa, Mascar. Is. THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. als lly; Maurandia Barclaiana, Lindl. Melaleuca hypericifolia, Smith . Melia Azedarach, Linn. sian Lilac Melianthus major, Linn. . Honey-flower Mesembryanthemum speciosum, Haw. Metrosideros speciosa, Sims . splendens, DC. . Micromeria teneriffee, Benth. Mina lobata, Cerv. . Miscanthus sinensis, Anderss. Mitraria coccinea, Cav. . Monanthes agriostaphys [Webb é Ber aval + atlantica, Ball .. os muralis, Hook. Bes - polyphylla, Haw. . = M. atlntiea . Pride ‘of Tiadia, Der = Tpomeea ver sicolor . Mexico . Australia . Himalayan Region . South Africa . South Africa . =Callistemon speciosus cecaiereqane lanceolata . Teneriffe . China, Japan . Chiloe Is. . Canary Is. . Morocco . Madeira Is. Montbretia crocosmizflora x (M. Pottsii x Crocosma aurea) Muehlenbeckia platyclada, Meissn. Murraya exotica, Linn. . =M. chinensis Chinese Banana Musa Cavendishii, Lambert » chinensis, Sweet . » Ensete, J. #. Gmel. » Martini, André 5, rosacea, Jacq. . », rosea, Hort. Caleutt. ; : 5, sapientum, Linn. . The Banana e » paradisiaca, &. Br. The Plantain zebrina, Van Houtte . =M. sapientum Myoporum erystallinum, Hort. . ‘ 5 : Myrica Faya, Dryand. i ayes” Myrtus communis, Linn. 3 Uegni, Molina Narcissus canariensis, Burbidge Ne Tazetta » Lazetta, Linn. . Nephrodium Filix-Mas, Desv. . Male Fern . v. canariense “5 - v. elongatum . 2 molle, Desv. uA spinulosum, Desv. Fe hs v. maderense Nerium Oleander, Linn.. . Oleander Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. Nicotiana affinis, Hort. . - alata, Taine & Oto - - colosses : > glauca, FR. Grah. = Tabacum, Linn. ss tomentosa, Ruiz &d Pav. . wigandioides, C. Koch & Fint. bb) ” =N. late . Tree Tobacco Nopalea coccinellifera, Salm.Dyck Cochineal Cactus . Notelza excelsa, Webb é& Berth. “Palo Blanco ”’ Nothochlena lanuginosa, Desv. Marante, R. Br. Cloak Fern Ocotea footens, Benth. & Hook. okt Tal? ik Odontospermum sericeum, Sch. Bip. Olea fragrans, Thunb. Ophioglossum lusitanicum, Adder’s Tongue Linn. Abyssinian Ensete. . Common Myrtle . =N. tomentosa - Common Tobacco . Solomon Is. . Polynesia, Trop. Asia, Trop. Australia . China . Trop. Africa . Trop. Africa . Trop. Asia . Unknown . Trop. Asia ” ” . New Zealand (?) . Canary and Azores Is. . Orient, South Kurope . Chili . Mediterr. Region . Temp. Regions . Canary Is. Canary Is. . Cosniopolitan . N. Temp. Zone . Canary Is. . Orient, Mediterr. Reg. 6. Peru . Brazii . Argentine . South America . Peru New Granada Mexico . Canary Is. . 8S. Europe &c. . S. Hurope &c. . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . =Osmanthus fragrans . Mediterr. Reg. and Guinea Coast 118 Opuntia cochinelifera, Mill. or Dillenii, Haw . Oreodaphne feetens, Nees , Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart. repia, H. BK. . ” Osmanthus fragrans, Lowr. Oxalis cernua, Thunb. - “ v. fii pl. Pancratium canariense, Gawl. Pandanus utilis, Bory . : Parkinsonia aculeata, Linn. Passiflora cardinalis, Hort. Ker- as edulis, Sims. : 5 maliformis, Linn. . Pavetta borbonica, Hort. . : » caffra, Linn. f. . Pavonia hastata, Cav. . F Pereskia aculeata, Mill. . < Persea gratissima, Gaertn. » indica, Spreng. Petrophyes agriostaphis, Webb & Berth. Phaseolus Caracalla, Linn. . Phebe Barbusana, Webb & Berth. Phoenix canariensis, Chabaud dactylifera, Linn. : Jubse, Webb. é leonensis, Lodd. . ; reclinata, Jacq. . ” tenuis, Hort. ‘ Phormium tenax, Horst. . tO @oleaes: Phyllis Nobla, Linn. Phyllostachys nigra, Munro Physalis peruviana, Linn. Phytolacca dioica, Linn. Picconia excelsa, A. DC.. Pimenta officinalis, Lindl. Pinus halepensis, Mill. insignis, Dowgl. pinea, Linn. ” ” Pithecolobium albicans, Benth. . Pittosporum coriaceum, Dryand. crassifolium, Soland. - é Mayi, Hort... Tobira, Dryand. . Bs undulatum, Vent. Platanus occidentalis, Linn. ie orientalis, Linn. Plumeria alba, Linn. ss rubra, Linn. . j Podachenium paniculatum, Benth. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL . Spiny Cactus. . Cabbage Palm . : - Royal Palm Oreopanax reticulatum, Decne. & Planch. 3 Yellow Oxalis . Avocado Bene . * Barbusano” spinosa, Schum. & Thon. . New Zealand Flax . Capitana ”’ . Cape Gooseberry . “ Belle Sombra ”’ . Pimento or Allspice . tenuifolium, Gaertn. . American Plane . Kastern Plane . Frangipani SOCIETY. = Nopalea coccinelliiera . South America = Ocotea foetens West Indies Cuba, Panama South America China, Japan, Himal. South Africa ° . ° . Canary Is. . Madagascar Trop. America . Unknown . Brazil . West Indies I. of Bourbon . South Africa . Brazil . West Indies . Trop. America ‘“‘ Vinatico ”’ . Canary Is. = Monanthes agriostaphis Passion-fruit Sweet-cup : . . e e . Tropics . Canary Is. Canary Date Palm Date Palm ; = P, canariensis =P. reclinata . Canary Is. . N. Africa, Arabia Trop. and South Australia =P. reclinata =P, canariensis . New Zealand . ” . Canary Is. . China and Japan . Tropics . South America = Notelwa excelsa West Indies . Aleppo Pine . Mediterr. Region . Monterey Pine . . California . Stone Pine . Mediterr. Region . Mexico . Madeira . New Zealand . Unknown . New Zealand . Japan, China . Australia . N. America . S. Hurope, Orient . W. Indies ° : , ; . Trop. America Tree Daisy ; . Mexico THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 119 Poinciana Gilliesii, Hook. pulcherrima, Linn. ” regia, Boj. ” . =Cesalpinia Gilliesii = Cxsalpinia pulcherrima . Flamboyante Polygala virgata, var. speciosa, T’hwnb. Polypodium vulgare, Linn. Populus alba, Linn. Prosopis juliflora, DC. siliquastrum, DC. Psidium Cattleianum, Sabine . Guajava, Linn. . pomiferum, Linn. Psoralea angustifola, L’Hérit. . bituminosa, Lin. ” ” 99 %” Pteris aquilina, Linn. » arguta, Ait. ” Ptychosperma elegans, Blume Punica granatum, Linn. Ve tell v. Legrellia v. nana. Quercus glabra, Thunb. ; macrocarpa, Michx. . tomentosa, Willd. Raphiolepis indica, Lindl. ovata, Briot Ravenala madagascariensis, J. F. Gmel. 9 ” ” ” ” ” ” Retinospora squarrosa Rhamnus crenulata, Azt. 55 glandulosa, A7t. Rhodocistus Berthelotianus, Spach. longifolia Linn. . Common Polypod . White Poplar . Cashaw =P. julitiora Purple Guava . * Cabazina’’ Guava. . =P. Guajava me Nederats { ‘¢ Helecho,”’ . Madagascar . South Africa . N. Temp. Zone . Europe, N. Asia . Trop. America . Brazil Trop. America . 8S. Africa . Arabia, Medit. Reg. Common Bracken { Cosmopolitan . Pomegranate Bare Oak ; Traveller’s Tree . =Cupressus pisifera . ‘Lena negra ”’ . * Sanguino ” = Cistus vaginatus Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight. Rhus rufa, Teysm. & Binn. . 8. Europe and Azores . Trop. and sub-Trop. Regions . Australia . S. Europe, Mauritius . Japan . N. America . Mexico . China . Japan . Madagascar . Teneriffe . Canary Is. . India, Malaya . Java Rhynchospermum Re, = = Trachelospermum jasminoides Richardia africana, Kunth Rivina humilis, Linn. Robinia Decaisneana, Verlot Pseud-acacia, Linn. Rogiera cordata, Planch. ” - White Arum . =R. Pseud-acacia . False Acacia . =Rondeletia cordata . Mediterr. Region Romulea Bulbocodium, Sebast. & Mauri Rondeletia cordata, Benth. Rosa indica, Linn. . » levigata, Michx. ” 99 ” multiflora, Thunb. polyantha, Siebb é Z wee. semperflorens, Cwrt. Ruscus androgynus, Linn. ty @heealkes Roce ; iy rulers . =Semele androgyna Sabal Blackburniana, Glazebrook » Mexicana, Mart. » Palmetto, Lodd. princeps, Hort. Versch. . coorulescens, Hort. ae . 8. Africa . Trop. America . N. America . Guatemala . China . N. America . China, Japan . China . W. Indies . New Granada . Mexico . N. America . Unknown 120 Sabal umbraculifera, Hort. . =S. mexicana Saccharum officinarum, Linn. Sugar-cane ; Salix babylonica, Linn. . sae ‘ ; ‘ » Canariensis, Sm. . . Canary Willow, ‘Sauce ” Salyia canariensis, Linn. aSalviay? e ‘ » eardinalis, 7. B. K..* . = S:tulgens » tulgens, Cav. ; sou é : ‘ : . “*¢ Sauco,”’ Sambucus palmensis, Link. . Canary mee Sapindus indicus, Poir. . on : : , ss saponaria, Linn. .Soap-berry , Schefflera digitata, Vorst. ings ; ; Schinus molle, Linn. . . Pepper Tree . Schotia latifolia, Jacq. . Da : : : JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . Cultivated in Tropics . N. Asia, Caucasus Morocco, Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Mexico . Canary Is. . India . N. and S. America . New Zealand . Trop. America . 8. Africa Scutellaria Ventenati, Hook. . : . New Granada Seaforthia elegans, &. Br. = ~ Ptychosperma elegans Sechium edule, Sw. . “ Chayota ”’ ; . W. Indies Selaginella denticulata, Link. : ; : ‘ . Europe Semele androgyna, Kunth . . ; ; ‘ . Canary Is. Sempervivum barbatum, C. Sim. : : : . Canary Is. - canariense, Linn. . ; F . Canary Is. 55 ciliatum, Willd. . : . Canary Is. ‘ cuneatum, Webb & Berth. . Canary Is. 2 dodrantale, Willd. ; : . Canary Is. - glutinosum, Ait. . ; . Madeira holochrysum, Webb & Berth. ~ . Canaryls. ss lineolare, Haw. = 8. barbatum eo Paive, Lowe .. é : : . Canary Is. F tabuleforme, Haw. : ; : . Madeira Bs, urbicum, C. Smith % : : . Canary Is. Senecio cruentus, DC. . ee : : ; . Canary Is. » Ghiesbreghtii, Hort. . =S8. grandifolius » grandifolius, Less. a : ; : . Mexico 55 Meriter, DC. \: blvs . ; ‘ . Canary Is. _; Wkletnia, ese) 4 ..“ Berode”’ ‘ . Canary Is. », populifolius, DC. we : . Canary Is. Sesbania grandiflora, Poir . . - . India, Malaya, =§. rhombifolia tite: wort. es Canarias” Sideritis canariensis, Linn. . f : i Silene nocteolens, Webb & Borin Siphocampylos bicolor, G. Don = Lobelia laxiflora Sida canariensis, Willd. . », Yhombifolia, Linn. dle Australia Tropics . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Mauritius . Trop. America Brazil . Brazil . Brazil . Brazil . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Madeira Smilax mauritanica, Poir. ‘‘Cerrajuda” . Solandvra grandiflora, Sw. ‘ Solanum Capsicastrum, Link 9 cyananthum, Dum. . . by jasminifolium, Sendin. & Mart. 7 jasminoides, Paat. .« Wallisii , =O) yphomandra betacea Sonchus congestus, “illd. . “Ce rrajon’ , » gummifer, Link. ; : , wacauini, DO, . . =5S. congestus », pinnatus, Ait. . Sais ; ; » leptocephalus, Cass. . ‘ Balillo ” ,» macranthus, Poir. . ©8. congestus . Canary Is. THE PLANTS AND GARDENS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. Sophora japonica, Linn. . Spartium supranubium, Linn. ft. "= Cytisus tragrans Spirea cantoniensis, Louwr. ; ,, Yreevesiana, Lindl. Statice arborea, Brouwss. . », arborescens, Browss. » Bourgei, Webb. », frutescens, Hort. » fruticans, Webb » macrophylla, Browss. . . ; : » pectinata, Ait. . “ Siempreviva ” »» puberula, Webb . Stephanotis Thouarsii, Brogn. . Sterculia acerifolia, A. Cun. » diversifolia, G. Don. . Stifftia chrysantha, Mikan. Strelitzia augusta, Thunb. 3 Reginre, Banks ; Sutherlandia frutescens, R. Br. : Swietenia Mahagoni, Jacq. . Mahogany Tacsonia exoniensis x Hort. Veitch. . » Wan Volxemii, Hook. . . ; : Tamarix anglica, Webb je b. calhics cs gallica, Linn. Taxodium distichum, Rich. Taxus baccata, Linn. . ie v. pendula iieeorta stans, Juss. Terminalia elegans, Linden Teucrium heterophyllum, Ly Heérit. Thuja gigantea, Nutt. » orientalis, Linn. . Thunbergia alata, Boj. . =S. Caniemencis . =S. fruticans . =S. fruticans : a S. fruticans . Swamp Cypress . Common Yew ( * Joeama,’’ ‘ Sal- via de India ”’ ; @uinese ebor Vite 0 fragrans, Roxb. 2, erandiflora, Roxb. Trachelospermum jasminoides, Lin. Trachycarpus excelsus, H. Wendl. ei Martianus, 7. Wendl. Tradescantia discolor, L’ Hérit. Oyster Plant Trichomanes radicans, Sw. . Bristle Fern Tristania conferta, R. Br. Tropeolum Lobbianum, Hort. Veitch. Moritziannm, Klotzsch. Umbellularia californica, Nutt. Veronica speciosa, R. Crmn. Viburnum rigidum, Vent. a rugosum, Pers. Vitis heterophylla, Thunb. .. Washingtonia filifera, H. Wendl. : ‘ Weigelia amabilis, Hort. . . =Diervilla florida 5 rosea, Lindl. . =Diervilla florida Wigandia macrophylla . a y : : Wistaria frutescens, Poir. . =W. speciosa Hollao?. . = V. rigidum 121 . Japan, China . China . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Canary Is. . Madagascar . Australia . Australia . Brazil . ». Africa . ». Africa . 8. Africa . 8. America . 8. America . New Granada . Europe, Asia, Africa . N. America . N. Temp. Zones . N. and 8. America . Madagascar | Canary Is. . N.W. America . China, Japan . Cultivated in Trop. Africa and India . India, Malaya, Australia . East Indies . China . Japan . Himalayan Region . Trop. America Le Erop. and sub-Trop. Regions Australia . New Granada . Venezuela . N.W. America . New Zealand . Canary Is. . China, Japan . California . Caracas 1D, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Wistaria speciosa, Nutt. . : : . N. America Woodwardia radicans, Sm. . Chain Fern ‘ . N. Temp. Zone Yucca aloifolia, Linn. . . Dagger-plant . . N. America, W. Indies as * v. gloriosa v. tricolor i - v. variegata Waccala, Lown a. ya : 3 : . N.W. America, Mexico , filifera, Hort. : . =Y. baceata » gloriosa, Lian. . . Adam’s Needle . . N. America APPENDIX III. ‘ List or Works TREATING OF THE PLANTS oF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 1. Von Humpoupr. Personal Narrative of Travels. (Bohn’s Ed. 1852.) Vol. i. pp. 29-125. [Contains many references to the native and intro- duced plants of the islands existing in 1799.] 2. Barker Wess and §8. Bertrgaentor. Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries. Paris, 1839-1846. (With numerous plates and illustrations.) 3. Remarks on the Botany of Madeira and Teneriffe. By Sir Cuarnes J. F. Bunpury, F.R.S. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. vol. i. 1856. 4. A. GrisEBAcH. Die Vegetation der Erde, ii. p. 512. 5. C. Botte. Zeitschrift fiir Erdkunde. Berlin, 1861. 6. Perez et Sacor. De la Végétation aux Iles Canaries. Jowrnal de LV’ Agriculture des Pays Chauds. Paris, 1865-1866. 7. VirrA y Cuiaviyo. Un Diccionario de Historia Natural de las Canarias. Las Palmas. 1868-1869. 8. F. Saver. Catalogus Plantarum in Canariensibus Insulis sponte et sub sponte crescentium. 1880. 9. H. Curisr. Euphorbia Berthelotii, Bolle. Engler’s Jahlrbiicher, xiii. pp. 10-14. (Contains a special account of the Canary species of Kuphorbia.) 10. H. Curisr. Vegetation und Flora der Canarischen Inseln. Engler’s Jalrbiicher, vi. pp. 458-526. 1885. 11. H. Curisr. Spicilegium Canariense. Engler’s Jasrbiicher, ix. pp. 86-172. 1887-1888. 12. I. Bayreny Banrour. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh. Vol. xxxi. 1888. [Contains striking comparisons between the flora of Socotra and the Canary Islands. | 13. C. Borie. Florula Insularum olim Purpurariarum nune Lanzarote et Fuerteventura &c. Engler’s Jahrbiicher, xiv. pp. 230-256. 1891-1892. 14. Pernz et Sacor. “ Le Tagasaste,’’? fourrage important, publié sous la direction de Georges V. Perez. Paris, 1892. 15. C. Boutin. Botanische Riickblicke auf die Inselm Lanzarote und Fuertaventura. Engler’s Jahrbiicher, xvi. pp. 224-261. 1892-1893. 16. D. Morris. ‘Tagasaste. (Cytisus prolifer, L., var. palmensis, Chr.) +. (OOO aN ae Crystal Palace Fruit Shea avs Boe is), POLS 1B 0. Advertising ... aoe 350 ore 508 wr KS 119 Prizes and Medals _... ane one dere ome) BOOED CO uma Printing &e, ~... in He a we a3 og 19° Labour ... P i Sen ae Sof ee TOoa yy oe Repairs to Tents (Oe = ose Bae ae 30 18 0O Superintendent of Flower Tae tas een aes 50 0 O es aa eee » CHISWICK GARDENS— Rent, Rates, Taxes, and Insurance ... AS we SOO OP Superintendent’s Salary cae tee one eek Pane. OOO Labour ... is ee nel OL Oe 9 Implements, iain Sail Panes a, ae hy an ey @) Coal and Coke . jn sa ie ins Ry li a Repairs, Grainaey oat is ea to Fi BOS 6 » special nae shes we ote lane lee. “6G Water and Gas... rae es re we ints LO bie So Miscellaneous ... aie an e soy pao 87 13: 3 es | 1 994 DD » BALANCE TO GENERAL REVENUE ACCOUNT 472 9 2 £5,550 15 7 for the YEAR ending 31st DECEMBER, 1894. Cr. Se aiiGs fi) Sas By ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS... aa saa nae 3,318 18 0 » TEMPLE SHOW ee “ae AG ast van gO Zar A 149 0 3 » SALE OF JOURNAL en aoe ae kiss 57 16 6 » LINDLEY LIBRARY te ine sale ane 22) lO » MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS ... ists aise 1i3%, 8.9 » DIVIDENDS— Davis Bequest and Parry’s Legacy ... bald “ide 5618 4 Consols, £1,000 he aes Bae ine Bes Pay ah te) os) eaten a fle | Interest on Deposits ... me ca she ae 616 § » PRIZES AND MEDALS ree eee Acc “ae 42 8 6 » CHISWICK GARDENS— Produce Sold ... a iets vas stars oer LOM 3 Admissions ... ‘eis ae mer ses Baie Zeb 0 Miscellaneous ... awe on Abe ene Ace 200 6 et AON 9 wo £5,550 15 7 We have examined the above Accounts, and find the same correct. (Signed) HARRY TURNER, a HENRY Suit tees) Auditors. January 7, 1895. HARPER BROS., Chartered Accountants. ‘sUDUNODOY posajuvy) “SOUT WHdUVH MONEY| “Saad AAV (paubis)) —_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_— 9 GI L83‘tF Oia ose = L¢ 0 ADA aiaia nate “** SOLMSITS) Zot e er eco see 20YO prof f‘SWVITTIM AUNAH ‘1 havnuve ‘7001100 oes 84} Puy pue ‘s}UNODDW da0qe ayy paurmMeVxa OAR 9A, —(CNVH NI HSYO. “ i Zi 92S ee ii JUNOOOY JUsIINGY UO —MNVE AINNOO GNV NOGNO'T LV HSVO “ Gel aoe Gs 9.. 7. G26 700 °™* O00'TF ‘sTosuog % FZ Cbsq ‘staveq ‘f oqvy ou} JO [[IM 943 Jo suorstaoid 913 0} yoolqns £yo1I00g ayy Aq prey ST WMS SITY} JO "PG “Sg *ZZO CF), € IL 368'T 7809 “pG ‘sg ‘GZL‘SF ‘stosuog % £g —SLNAWLISAANI “ GQ Qi we Se sie oss DOUVAP® Ul pred (4orastyO) SOxV], pus soqeiy Go We wa ree ; “* g0poIg Uspiey 0: OF OG te 3 “ye pezyeutyse ‘SUIPULYS}NO SuoTydisosqug [enUUYy —SsuoLldad AWYaNaS 4a I A 9 1LSL82'8F > 9 90'S Z 6 BLP JANoooY sinjyIpuedx yg puv snusaoy qed sve ‘fggt avaf 9Y3 JOZ DoULleg “ 19 ee be sjqoq peg ssaT PEST ‘Arenuve ys] ‘vourleg EON GAONAAGY TVYENAD “ SNOILISOdNOO GAIT “ Rr Satey hae MOIMSTIHO ~ * QOUBAPL ‘SNOTLdIuoOsaas “ ul se I " SHOLIGHYO APCANDS OL 8 SH ‘b6gI AMAAGWAOA II ‘LAAHS AONV IVA GENERAL MEETINGS. KY. GENERAL MEETING. Marcu 12, 1895. Mr. Jas. Douauas in the Chair. Fellows elected (28).—G. H. Adcock, Lord Barnard, W. D. Bason, A. K. Basu, W. O. Campbell, W. Colchester, J. Omer Cooper, H. Croom-Johnson, G. H. Dean, Dr. W. Firbank, Dr. John Falconer, Ar. Gibson, D. M. Grimsdale, H. W. Grigg, Mrs. Gutch, J. W. Harker, Rev. P. D. Hawker, Mrs. Johnstone, Miss M. J. King, J. T. Marsden, Francis G. Powell, EK. R. Ramsbotham, G. H. Richards, F. W. Sharp, Mrs. E. Thackwell, W. G. Watson, H. W. Wilson, A. C. Wrinch. Societies affiliated (4).—Cheshunt, Wormley, and District Horticultural Society; Hampton Hill and Hampton Horticul- tural Society ; Pinner Horticultural Society ; Woolwich, Plum- stead and District Horticultural Society. The Assistant Secretary read a paper by Mr. A. Collenette on “The Diseases of Tomatos.”’ (See page 13.) GENERAL MEETING. Marcu 26, 1895. Mr. JosEPH CHEAU in the Chair. Fellows elected (8).—Mrs. J. Blake, H. J. Chalwin, W. ‘I. Crosweller, Mrs. Walpole Eyre, Jas. H. Morgan, Septimus Pye, Miss Radcliffe, R. Trengrouse. Society affiliated (1).—Cardiff Horticultural Society. A paper on “ Lifting Large Trees and Shrubs,” by Mr. T. Crasp, was read by the Assistant Secretary. (See page 24.) GENERAL MEETING. Aprit 9, 1895. Mr. H. Sewre-LEonarp in the Chair. Fellows elected (11).—Chas. Burgin, F. W. Burt, W. Drover, Lady Du Cane, EK. Godfrey, W. C. Hayles, J. MacPhail, W. Noakes, W. C. Pleasants, Rev. J. Simmance, W. S. Tighe. A paper on ‘“‘ Campanulas from a Garden Point of View,” by Mr. J. Wood, was read by the Assistant Secretary. (Sec page 30.) Xvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. GENERAL MEETING. ApriL 23, 1895. Professor M. Fostrr, F.R.S., in the Chair. Fellows elected (13).—L. Bentall, Miss A. Blenkiron, Mrs. A. B. Bryans, H. W. Bryans, W. Atlee Burpee, John EK. Barnes, H. Ford Hillier, Miss J. Lindley, C. W. B. Moore, Thomas Reidpath, Alf. Tate, Lieut.-Colonel W. N. Turnor, Spencer Whitehead. Associate (1).—D. Kemp. Society affiliated (1).—Waterhouses and Esh Horticultural Society. A Conference on Primulas and Auriculas was held. The following papers were read: ‘‘ New Primulas,’ by Mr. J. G. Baker; ‘The Auricula,’’ by Mr. James Douglas; ‘‘ Culture and Classification of Primulas,’ by Mr. H. Selfe-Leonard. (See page 40.) GENERAL MEETING. May 14, 1895. Dr. MaxweEtt T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair. Fellows elected (81).—-Hon Percy Allsopp, Jas. Backhouse, C. J. Backhouse, John H. Billing, G. Brace Colt, A. Bray, Major G. A. Chapman, A. F. Charrington, R. H. Clarke, Mrs. G. T. Doveton, Sam. G. Gadd, Herbert Green, E. C. Griesbach, N. P. Hodgson, Rev. James Holmes, Mrs. EH. J. Husey, Joseph Leete, Guy Lushington, Keith Maitland, Colonel Ed. Maltby, K. I. Marks, F. V. Marment, S. Marshall, J. McBean, F. Page, Mrs. Selwyn Payne, E. A. Rehder, J. R. Roberts, Mrs. L. Snowden, E. G. Sumner, Mrs. Trinmis. Associate (1).—K. H. Harry. Society affiliated (1).—Devon and Exeter Gardeners’ Mutual Improvement Association. Dr. Morris gave a lecture (illustrated by magic-lantern views) on ‘Tho Plants and Gardens of the Canary Islands.” (See page 60.) GENERAL MEETINGS. XVil THE TEMPLE SHOW, 1895. May 21, 22, and 28. By the kind permission of the Treasurer and Masters of the Bench, the Society held for the eighth time its Great Flower Show in the gardens of the Inner Temple on Tuesday, Wednes- day, and Thursday, May 21, 22, and 28, 1895. Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales had graciously consented to visit the show, but at the last moment was prevented from doing so owing to ill-health, which necessitated her moving from London to Sandringham. The weather was somewhat threatening on the first day, but despite this fact there was a very large and fashionable gathering —much larger than on any previous occasion. The Temple Gardens, which on ordinary occasions lie in quiet repose on the side of the Thames, were during the show transformed into a brilliant scene of human vivacity and floral splendour. The exhibits, which were from all parts of the country, and quite up to the usual standard of excellence, occupied five large tents. It would be impossible to describe in detail all the fruit and floral triumphs of the show, and we can only refer our readers to the respective reports of the Fruit, Floral, and Orchid Com- mittees for the more noteworthy exhibits. (See pages xxix-c.) During the day musical selections were performed by the following highly efficient bands, viz.: First day, the Royal Horse Guards (Blues), under the direction of Mr. Chas. Godfrey, R.A.Mus.; second day, the Second Life Guards, under the direc- tion of Mr. Leonard Barker ; and the third day, the First Life Guards, under the direction of Mr. Joel Englefield. GENERAL MERTING. JUNE 11, 1895. Sir TREvor Lawrence, Bart., in the Chair. Fellows elected (41).—Walter P. Abbott, R. Arkwright, W. Atkinson, A. W. Boodle, Cecil Boyle, T. Bradshaw, J. H. Brazendale, W. E. Budgett, Lady Calthorpe, R. Carlyon Coode, J.P., Mrs. Cunliffe, H. Deverill, C. E. Easton, Francis Fox, Miss M XVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Gregory, T. Morgan Harvey, Jas. John Joicey, Ed. Jones, Rey. G. Laycock, Thomas C. Line, H. W. Mathias, Lady Ann Murray, G. Nobbs, C. W. Dyson Perrins, G. J. Pritchard, Jas. Pulham, Francis Ransom, Jno. Wm. Reid, Alf. G. Renshaw, Jno. Rider, Duchess of Roxburgh, Chas. EK. Rudd, Mrs. H. F. Shattock, H. F. Shattock, Miss Willoughby Smith, Mrs. Spratt, E. Stevens, Miss Vasey, Jno. Waldram, Chas. H. Ward, Mrs. Wickham. Associate (1).—J. R. Chard. The President (Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.) presented Veitch Memorial Medals to James Bateman, Esq., of Worthing, author of the “ Orchidacexr of Mexico and Guatemala,’ &c., and to F. W. Moore, Esq., Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. A third medal was ready for presentation to M. Victor Lemoine, of Nancy. He was, however, unable to be present, and Mr. Harry Veitch undertook to convey to him the medal on behalf of the Trustees. Mr. Frank Cant gave a lecture on ‘‘ Rose Culture under Glass.” (See page 123.) GENERAL MERTING. JUNE 25, 1895. R. McLacuuay, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair. Fellows elected (10).—Rev. W. Bentley, G. Bullen, Mrs. W. Burnside, F. Macmillan, A. Parris, Lady Reay, Mrs. Richmond, A. J. Sanderson, Major C. H. Santi, Rev. Robert Usher. Professor Geo. Henslow gave a conversational lecture on some of the most interesting plants exhibited. (See page 135.) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE. JANUARY 15, 1895. A. Micnant, Esq., in the Chair, and three members present. Primula obconica and P. sinensis causing Eczema.—Further observations were made upon this subject brought before the last meeting. The fact that the Chinese Primrose occasionally SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 15. X1x produces the same effect as P. obcomica has been ascertained by Messrs. Sutton, of Reading, Messrs. James, of Farnham Royal, and others; but the ill effects appear to be only observed in the case of very few of the persons who handle the plants. It was the variety known as P. s. alba plena, in which the irritant property had been noticed. As a contrary case, it was observed that with regard to the very poisonous Neilgherry Nettle, none at Kew could touch it except one person, to whom it was innocuous. Mr. Michael added that very similar differences occur when hairy caterpillars are handled. Fertilisation of the Chrysanthemum.—An interesting com- munication was received from Mr. H. Briscoe-Ironside, of Burgess Hill, on this subject. It had been thought by some writers, following Darwin a little too implicitly perhaps, that “the anthers of the Chrysanthemum ... as of all members of the Composite ... are proterandrous ... and naturally adapted for cross-fertilisation ’’’ (Burbidge). Mr. Ironside, quoting this passage, observes that as far as his own observations in Italy went, the Chrysanthemum is quite, if not more, readily self-fertilised than naturally crossed. He finds, too, that the seed resulting from the self-fertilisation of the disk-florets give very poor results from a horticultural point of view, and he thinks it to be ““most probable that thisis the seed which is advertised and sold, and which, as we learn, gives such poor results.” It has now been generally recognised that the Composite depend quite as much on self-fertilisation in nature as on intercrossing, and, although the florets are seemingly adapted to the latter process, the former is quite as likely to take place, many inconspicuously flowering species, as Wormwood and Groundsel, being in all probability never visited by insects at all. With reference to the “ inferiority’ of the flowers resulting from self-fertilisation, this is the rule; hence arises the importance of intercrossing for floral improvements. But the difficulties involved in trying to avoid self-fertilisation in the Composite are very great, in con- sequence of the minuteness and proximity to each other of the florets. Mr. Ironside proceeds to quote the following observation of Mr. Burbidge: “The Chrysanthemum had, ages ago, become naturally adapted for cross-fertilisation, and to that fact, no doubt, is due its variability in nature and in our own gardens; ” and he thereupon asks: “Why does history refer con- M 2 p< PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. spicuously to the varieties raised by their comparatively few raisers? Surely if cross-fertilisation were natural, the raising of new varieties would seem acommon event not worth chronicling.”’ This question might be asked of all other plants as well. The reply is, that Mr. Burbidge here refers to one cause of variability, intercrossing, and omits the commoner one, a change of environ- ment, which may give rise to it as well. With regard to the former, there is always the antagonistic process of self-fertilisa- tion to overcome. ‘This fixes, or tends to fix, characters, while the other tends to alter them. Self-fertilisation, however, is the rule in nature, notwithstanding the numerous contrivances for intercrossing. Mr. Ironside adds the further question: ‘ Do our English authorities, when describing the seeding or fertilisa- tion of flowers not indigenous to the soil of Great Britain, give their opinions of experiences based on their having seen them in their native state, or otherwise?’’ Perhaps some author will reply to this question. ScrentiFIC ComMITTEE, Marcu 12, 1895. Dr. M. T. Masters in the Chair, and seven members present. Dendrobium Wardianum.—A plant was exhibited by Mr. Hugh Low, lately received from Burmah, remarkable for having four flowers, two on one stem and two on a second stem, each pair of flowers being quite distinct, but arising from the same point, and all four flowers with two lips. Dr. Masters undertook to examine and report upon them. Libocedrus decurrens.—Dr. Masters exhibited specimens re- ceived from Mr. Meehan, of Germantown, Philadelphia, in which the terminal portions of the shoots had been attacked by some grub (Cecidomyia). The consequence was that the leaves, instead of being minute, with mucronate tips and adherent to the axis, were broad at the base, free and lanceolate, thus bringing about what would seem to be a reversion to a more ancestral state of the foliage. Pholidota sp. (?) diseased.—Dr. Masters showed some Orchid leaves with rows of circular spots, having a central hole due to some fungus. The specimen was interesting from an SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 12. Xxl historical point of view, because a similar one was figured by Gerarde (‘‘ Herball,” page 1,168), in 1597, under the name of Viscum indicum L’Obelli. Being an epiphyte, this and a Til- landsia, called V. peruvianum L’Obelli, were supposed to be para- sites, like the Mistletoe. Gerarde describes the leaf of this Orchid as having ‘“ certaine round eies, such as are in the haft of a knife.’ Chinese Prinvrose x The Lady.—Some umbels of flowers were received from Mr. Cannell, stated to bea cross, originally effected by Mr. C. Green, of Reigate, between the original wild form of Primula sinensis, from N.W. China, and a garden form of the same plant. The wild form has never been known to be crossed. It is figured in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, March 16, 1895, p. 327. Photos from New Jersey.—Dr. Masters exhibited a series of photographs illustrative of Nelumbiums, Nympheas, &c., grow- ing in the open in ornamental waters, from Mr. 8. C. Nash, of Clifton, N.J. Pinus cubensis with Androgynous Catkins.—Dyr. Millichamp, of Blufton, South Carolina, forwarded some catkins of one par- ticular tree, which apparently produces this phenomenon every year. Larch Canker.—Mr. Rogers sent a very characteristic speci- men of this disease caused by Peziza Wilckommi. It appears to be due to the attack of this fungus after some injury, and then spreads throughout the tree. When this occurs no remedy can be applied, and the tree must be cut down. If, however,:it be perceived early enough the infected part can be cut out, and coal tar or carbolic acid be applied to the wound; the fungus may then be killed and the canker arrested. Orchid Leaves decayed.—Some Cypripedium leaves were sent by Mr. O. O. Wrigley for examination. No fungus was apparent on a superficial examination. They were forwarded to Kew for further investigation. Trachymene, fasciated—Baron Ferd. von Mueller sent a specimen of this plant with this common deformity, from near Coolgardie, W. Australia. Xxll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, Marcu 26, 1895. Dr. M. T. Masters in the Chair, and five members present. Orchid Leaves decayed.—The report from Kew upon the specimens brought to the last meeting was as follows: ‘“ Fungi and bacteria are absent from all the specimens, and the disease is entirely physiological, being caused by the substance of the © leaf at particular points becoming saturated with water. This causes the formation of numerous oil globules, followed by degeneration of the chlorophyll corpuscles and cell contents.” This disease is caused by the activity of the roots being in excess of that of the leaves. Less moisture at the roots, and a circu- lating with a not too damp atmosphere, is the remedy. Dendrobium with Two Lips.—Dyr. Masters had examined a flower of the plant exhibited at the last meeting, and found that the extra lip was accompanied with a bifurcation ot the single central cord belonging to a normal labellum, so that it was not due to a fusion of two organs, but to multiplication by chorisis of one. Ferns injured by Mice-—Mr. Mclachlan described the injuries done to Ferns during the hard frost by mice. Mr. Morris attributed it to a want of water, as he had experienced a similar trouble on board ship when a consignment of Cin- chonas and other plants were sent from Jamaica to New Orleans, and was much injured by rats and mice. By placing pans of water among them, however, no further injury occurred. Aspidistra attacked by Fungt.—Dr. Masters exhibited a leaf much decayed in parts, with peculiar black marks uponit. It was referred to Kew for examination. Odontoglossum cirrhoswm.—A specimen was sent by Mr. Smee, remarkable for the flowers being associated with leafy bracts. Hyacinth malformed.—A peculiar specimen was sent by Sir Charles Strickland, Bart. The stem was exceedingly slender, the flowers remote, small, double, and campanulate; probably an accidental variation from impoverishment. Galls on Leptospermum.—Dr. Masters showed a specimen of these received from Baron von Mueller from Australia. Mr, McLachlan undertook to examine them. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 26, XX1il Schinus molle-—A photograph of a remarkably fine tree, apparently some 25 feet in height, growing in Grahamstown, was shown by Dr. Masters. Bulbophyllum grandiflorum.—This remarkable Orchid was exhibited by Sir Trevor Lawrence. It is probably by far the largest flowering species of this genus. Its peculiarity, however, consists in having only rudimentary petals, and three large green sepals, the posterior one being spotted with white. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 23, 1895. Professor MicHAEL Fostsr, F'.R.S., in the Chair, and six members present. Fasciated Lilyw—From Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller came a photograph of a fasciated specimum of Lilium auratum, which bore 208 more or less developed flowers. Superposed Bulb in Leucojum.—Dr. Lowe, Wimbledon, sent a specimen of Leucojum with one bulb superposed on another. The older of the two bulbs had produced a cylindrical stem or rootstock about an inch in length, which bore at its extremity the new bulb, so that the two bulbs resembled beads strung on a necklace. Cuscuta on Pelargoniwm.—Dr. Masters exhibited a plant of Pelargonium densely covered with a mass of long fine threads, which had been taken for aérial roots, but which were clearly the thread-like stems of a species of Dodder, probably introduced with the peat made use of in potting. Androgynous Willow.—The same gentleman showed speci- mens of Willow catkins, the lower portions of which bore female flowers, the upper male flowers. Between the two were several flowers in which one stamen was perfect, whilst its neighbour in the same flower was half anther, half carpel. In some cases three catkins, one terminal, two lateral, merged from the same node. ‘The catkins and the branches in the vicinity in some, but not in all cases, were marked by irregular swellings. These, when cut open, were each found to contain the larva probably of some beetle. It is thus a matter for speculation whether the irritation set up by the puncture of the insect had anything to do with the morphological changes observed. XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Saintpaulia ionantha.—Dr. Masters showed flowers received from Mr. Ernst Benary, of Erfurt, showing a considerable range of variation in size andincolour. With reference to this matter, the proposal to refer this Hast African genus to the Chinese Petroxosmea was mentioned, and the opinion of Mr. C. B. Clarke, ‘the monographer of the order, was cited to the effect that until the ripe fruit of Saintpaulia was examined, and the numerous new forms of this order lately introduced carefully investigated, it was considered better to retain for the present the genus Saint- paulia—though, in all probability, it would eventually have to be merged into some other genus. Cattleya Lawrenceana.—Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., sent a raceme of this species bearing six flowers, all of which presented the same peculiarity. The two lateral petals were joined at their inner edges, and adherent also to the back of the column. Lindley Library.—My. Arthur Sutton obligingly presented to the Lindley Library a fine copy of L. Plukenet’s ‘‘ Opera Omnia,”’ six volumes in two. Plukenet’s volumes have an historical interest, as they serve to fix the date of introduction of many garden plants. Plukenet was botanist to Mary, Queen of William III., was Superintendent of the Gardens at Hampton Court, and at one time had a botanic garden of his own not far from the present site of the offices of the Royal Horticultural Society in Victoria Street, Westminster. ScrENTIFIC ComMITTEE, May 14, 1895. Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair, and five members present. Wellingtonia with Tuberous Growth.—Mr. Bunyard sent a specimen of a young plant which had produced a large globular woody growth at the base. It was perforated by some beetle, but this was apparently of subsequent occurrence, and had nothing to do with the cause. A very similar structure had formerly been sent ina Taxodium. It was forwarded to Mr. Blandford for further examination. Fungi in Soil.—A sample of soil was received from Mr, Hooper, Cambridge, Waikato, New Zealand, with a communica- tion stating that the roots of fruit trees which penetrated the SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MAY 14. XXV places where the fungus appeared to reside became infected, the fungus penetrating the tree from base to summit, and ultimately killing it. It was referred to Kew for investigation. Nemophila Seedlings——Dr. Masters called attention to a peculiarity in the cotyledons and some of the leaves of this plant—in that the epidermis appears to become detached in places from the underlying tissue, and gives the appearance of white spots as the chlorophyll becomes invisible. Cattleya malformed.—He also exhibited a flower reduced to its lowest terms in having two sepals only, an anther with two (instead of eight) pollen masses, and no pistil, the “ inferior ovary ” being represented by a stalk only. Rhododendron hirsutum.—Sir Edward Loder sent a specimen apparently dying, with the observation that others appear to be in the same condition. Mr. Michael remarked that he had observed how this species is confined to limestone districts, while R. ferrugineum is indifferent, and grows both on limestone and granite in the Alps of Switzerland. It is possible, therefore, that the plants require lime, if it be deficient in the garden in question. Black Currant “ jaundiced.’’—Mr. Fish sent specimens having a very yellow-green foliage, with a communication of ~ which the following is an abstract :—After referring to several assumed causes—e.g. “ sudden changes from heat to cold, drought to drowning, &c.’’—he says this case differs from most in the following particulars : “‘ The jaundice is limited to Black Currants of two or three years of age. The cuttings last year were free from the disease. The field is well drained, and of excellent quality for fruit trees and bushes. I hear at Meldreth that this new disease is more or less prevalent over very wide areas in Cambridge- shire.” The best remedy to be tried was thought to be a solution of sulphate of iron, and, if this failed, only to grow those kinds which appear to resist the complaint—e.g. Black Champion, Lee’s Prolific, and the Cut-leaved Black Currant. Colours of Flowers.—Some discussion arose as to the question of the influence of mineral salts in the soil upon the colours of flowers, Dr. Russell observing that many interesting and profit- able results would undoubtedly follow from experiments in this direction. The change from blue to red in Hydrangeas when they are removed from maritime to inland places was spoken of, XXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the general experience being that blue specimens grew mostly by the seaside, and were not altogether attributable to iron in the soil. Dr. Russell suggested the use of a dilute solution of ferro-chloride to test the conversion of the red to a blue colour. Influence of Salt.—A further discussion arose on the effect of salt. That on maritime plants is well known, being a cause of succulency in many of them; but the injury due to its presence in the case of S.W. winds has been felt at great distances inland, as at Bagshot, upwards of fifty miles away. Dr. Masters described the remarkable result on a Japanese Maple in Mr. Waterer’s grounds, in that while one-half of the tree, on the leeward side, grew vigorously and never flowered, the other half, exposed to the wind, was greatly checked, and, as a consequence, blossomed every year subseauently, and so enabled seed to be procured from it. Tulip, abnormal.—Mr. M. Mills, of The Gardens, Coombe House, Croydon, sent a Tulip of abnormal size and growth, con- sisting of three peduncles fused together, with leaves 15 inches by 5 inches, the whole being nearly 3 feet in height. Primroses, blue-tinted.—Mr. Wilson exhibited a fine bowl- ful of the best of the blue-tinted Primroses, showing a great improvement upon the original forms when first raised. Photo of Fig.—Dr. Masters showed a photograph of a Fig, possibly F. Tsiela, Roxb., with its roots forming a perfect net- work over the stem of a Mango. It was taken in a grove near Lanowlee, Western Ghauts, by Mr. G. Marshall Woodrow, College of Science, Poona. Rosa nuultiflora.—Dr. Masters showed a photograph, sent by M. de Vilmorin, of a dwarf variety of this Rose, the growth of which was so precocious that, although the seed was only sown on January 15, the plant was in blossom on April 11 of this year. Tendrils on Vines.—Dr. Masters showed the results of some observations on the occurrence of tendrils on shoots of Vines. The tendrils of a Vine are potentially inflorescences ; in other words, they are abortive bunches. Their position is therefore a matter of something more than botanical interest. Although essentially terminal, they become lateral in course of growth, each one being eventually placed opposite to a leaf. It is, therefore, a matter of practical interest to ascertain whether they occur SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MAY 14. XXVll opposite to any particular leaf or leaves on the shoot, or whether their position is indeterminate. Again, it is desirable to know if there is any variation in this respect in particular varieties. With this view a considerable number of young Vine shoats from the gardens at Chiswick and elsewhere were casually examined, and in seventeen special cases, ‘which seemed to be more or less characteristic, the number of leaves on the shoot, counting from the base upwards, was ascertained, as well as the relative position of the tendril in each case. Hach of the seven- teen shoots noted bore seven leaves. In no case did every leaf have a tendril opposite to it, but the arrangement may be expressed in the following manner :— Occurrence of tendril Leaves in opposite leaf numerical order Twice opposite . : : : ; : Ist Four times opposite . 2 : : 7 > ond Five times 1 : 5 : : : brd Six times “ : : : obey Five times rs J ; ; , : 5th Six times b ; : : : oe) 6th Six times _ , : / 5 Pda 0 The number of cases examined is, of course, far too small to justify any inference being drawn other than this, that the position of the tendril with reference to any particular leaf in the shoot is variable. It is desirable to submit many more examples to examination to ascertain how far the position of the tendrils opposite particular leaves may be the result of differences in the amount of vigour of growth as dependent on favourable or unfavourable circumstances, and how far, if at all, it ig characteristic of particular varieties. ScrENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 11, 1895. Dr. M. T. Masrsrs in the Chair, and six members present. Injury by Salt.—With reference to this subject, discussed at the last meeting, Mr. Dod observed that it was reported from Lancashire that, while evergreens had been uninjured during the severe frost, yet they succumbed to a storm which conveyed much salt from the sea. Asparagus, fasciated.—My. Arthur Sutton sent a remarkably XXVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. fine specimen of this not uncommon phenomenon in Asparagus. Mr. Dod observed that it was probably the result of over-nourish- ment, as he had fertilised Primula rosea with superphosphates, and fasciation resulted from it. Beetles and Orchids.—Some specimens of cockroaches were received, said to be very destructive to Orchids and Ferns. Mr. McLachlan named them as Blatta lapponica and germanica. They were doubtless imported with the plants. Any method usually adopted for destroying cockroaches should be applied. Dried Orchid Flowers.—Mr. Chapman, gardener to Mr. Measures, sent some remarkably well-prepared specimens of dried and varnished Orchid-blossoms retaining their colours. “ Barbarossa’’ Grape.—Dr. Masters exhibited specimens of Grapes which had burst, and apparently showing another in the interior. This has been the usual interpretation; but an examination of the monstrosity in the young state proved that the interior ‘‘Grape’’ was really a seed, but coated with a succu- lent membrane, something like the seed of a Gooseberry. Dr. Masters observed that Robert Brown had noticed the same phenomenon to occur in Leontice, Berberis, and Crinum. Double Daisies—Some fine specimens of double white Daisies on very long peduncles were received from MM. Lambert, Tréves. It was suggested that they may have been derived from Bellis sylvestris, which has very similar scapes, and not from B. perennis. Ustilago primulina disappearing.—Mr. Dod remarked that plants formerly badly infested with this disease gradually recovered, and were now quite free from it. He observed that the remedy so often given, of total destruction by burning of plants infected by certain fungi, might be sometimes too drastic a measure. Dr. Masters corroborated this observation, as he had heard of a similar recovery in Lilies. Infected Soil from New Zealand.—With reference to this matter the report from Kew is as follows:—‘‘ The root fungus sent to Kew for investigation from Cambridge, New Zealand, is known as Dematophora necatrix, Hartig, the cause of the much- dreaded ‘ root disease ’ in vineyards and orchards, and is widely distributed throughout France, Italy, Austria, and South-west Germany. The fungus also attacks young Maples, Oaks, Beeches, Pines, Spruces, and Laburnums; Beans and Beet are also SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE lt. XxXix attacked. The fungus can live in the soil as a saprophyte, and there forms at least two forms of reproductive bodies, which are dispersed by wind, birds, or small animals. When the mycelium comes in contact with the rootlets of a living tree it becomes parasitic, and spreads rapidly in the living tissues. ‘‘ All diseased plants should be burned, and the soil where infected plants have grown should be thoroughly mixed with quicklime, if available ; if not, the soil should be burnt, so as to destroy all remnants of roots which contain the mycelium. Diseased patches of ground should be isolated by digging a trench about 1 foot deep, and left open. Wood ashes or manure con- taining potash, but no acid, dug into the soil among the roots is a preventive. ‘The disease has probably been imported with trees from Europe. If the roots of imported trees are made very moist, and kept in a warm place for three days, the fungus, if present, will show itself under the form of snow-white strands and tufts of mycelium.” A vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to Mr. Massee for his important investigation. FRUIT COMMITTEE. JANUARY 15, 1895. P. Crowtey, Esq., in the Chair, and eighteen members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Knightian Medal. To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Lowfield Crawley, for a collection of seventy varieties of Apples and Pears of good appearance and quality, the most noteworthy varieties being Golden Noble, King of the Pippins, Royal Russet, and Dutch Mignonne. Silver Banksian Medal. To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a collection of forty dishes of Apples, the most noteworthy varieties being XOX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Lane’s Prince Albert, Bismarck, Striped Beefing, Bramley’s Seedling, Sandringham, Lord Derby. Other Exhibits. Sir G. E. Meyrick, Bart., Bodorgan, Anglesea (gr. Mr. Gray), sent a dish of 'Tomatos. Mr. W. Gradwell, Manor Road, Tottenham, sent some good sticks of Rhubarb, named Tottenham Early, which was recom- mended to be tried at Chiswick. Fruit CoMMITTEE, Frpruary 12, 1895. P. Crow ey, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Gilt Knghtian Medal. To Messrs. 'T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, for a collection of Oranges and Lemons, grown at Sawbridgeworth. The fruits were of good quality and were extremely interesting. Silver Banksian Medal. To Major Thornhill, Stanton Hall, Bakewell, Derby (gr. Mr. Harvey), for large and fine examples of Seville Oranges, grown in pots, showing superior cultivation. Other Exhibits. Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, Norwood Road, §.E., sent a collec- tion of Apples. Mr. A. J. Nichols, Nuneham Park Gardens, sent good examples of an Onion named Nichols’s Favourite. Fruit CommiTtrEr, Marcy 12, 1895. P. Crowtey, Hsq., in the Chair, and nineteen members present. Award Recommended :— First Class Certificate. To Strawberry, Stevens’s Wonder (votes, unanimous), from Mr. J. R. Stevens, Clayton, Hassocks. Twelve plants in pots were shown, all laden with ripe fruit. Plants very dwarf. Fruit of FRUIT COMMITTEE, MARCH 12. XXxl medium size, conical, of a pale rose colour. Flesh pale, some- what soft, moderately rich. Said to have been selected several years ago. (Fig. 7.) Other Exhibits. Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes), sent some ripe fruit of Fig, St. John’s Day ; a very early variety. SSS \ \ l | SS ! vin ti Mh \\ \\ Fic. 7.—SrrawBerry, StEvENs’s WonpDER. (Journal of Horticulture.) Death of Mr. George Taber, member of the Committee.—The following resolution, proposed by Mr. Dean and seconded by Mr. Saltmarsh, was carried unanimously :— “The members of the Fruit Committee, having learned with deep regret of the death of their esteemed and valuable colleague, Mr. George Taber, desire to give to that expression of regret the fullest publicity, and also request that the purport of this resolu- tion may be embodied in the minutes of the Committee’s proceedings,”’ XXXli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Fruit CoMMITTEE, Marcy 26, 1895. P. Crow ey, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen members present. Award Recommended :— Cultural Commendation. To Earl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), for a bundle of Asparagus. Other Exhibits. Lord Wolverton, Iwerne Minster House, Blandford (gr. Mr. Patrick Davidson), sent a dish of good Tomatos. H. Balderson, EKsq., Hemel Hempstead, sent Onions, Ailsa Craig and Rousham Park, to show their keeping qualities. Fruit ComMITTEE, APRIL 9, 1895. T. F. Rivers, Esq., in the Chair, and eighteen members present. Award Recommended :— Silver Knghtian Medal. | To Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes), for a very comprehensive and complete collection of Vegetables fit for use, almost every kind being represented, the examples of Asparagus, Seakale, Leeks, Potatos, and Broccoli being excep- tionally good. Other Exhibits. Earl Percy also exhibited Spinach Victoria, a large, fleshy- leaved, deep green variety, which it was requested should be tried at Chiswick. Some fine examples of Strawberry, La Grosse Sucrée, also came from Syon. Sir E. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee, Horsham, sent some good sound handsome Apples, named Burfield. FRUIT COMMITTEE, APRIL 23. XXXIll Fruit CoMMITTEE, APRIL 28, 1895. T. F. Rivers, Esq., in the Chair, and fourteen members present. Awards Recommended :— First Class Certificate. To Tomato, All the Year Round (votes, unanimous), from A. Pears, Esq., Spring Grove, Isleworth (gr. Mr. Farr). Fruits small, somewhat oblong in shape, resembling Chiswick Red, borne freely in great clusters. A good winter bearing variety. Award of Merit. To Sutton’s Hearting Curled Kale (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading. Hearts full, close, of a deep green colour. To Kadish, Sutton’s Earliest Frame (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Sutton & Sons. Bulbs of a clear scarlet, solid, with a very small top; very early ; an excellent sort. Cultural Conmendation. To Earl Perey, Syon House (gr. Mr. Geo. Wythes), for Grape, Foster’s Seedling (votes, unanimous). To Earl Percy, for Potato, Sharpe’s Victor (votes, unani- mous). A good forcing variety. To Earl Percy, for Seakale (votes, unanimous), grown in the open ground. To A. Henderson, Esq., Buscot Park (gr. Mr. Meades), for Melon, The Countess (votes, unanimous), - To the Horticultural College, Swanley, for Strawberry, Sir Joseph Paxton, and Strawberry, Royal Sovereign (votes, unanimous). Royal Sovereign was recommended as a forcing variety. Other Exhibits. Messrs. Sutton also exhibited an extremely interesting and well-grown collection of nine varieties of Radishes, having small tops, which are suitable for forcing, and thirteen varieties, having larger tops, suitable for general cultivation. The whole exhibit was very highly commended. Sir E. Loder, Bart., Leonardslee, Horsham, again exhibited N XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the Apple named Burfield, which it was proposed should be sub- ~ mitted in a cooked state when in condition. Mr. B. 8. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, sent a seedling Bean which it was requested should be tried at Chiswick. Fruit ComMItTTEE, May 14, 1895. T. F. Rivers, Esq., in the Chair, and nineteen members present. Award Recommended :— First Class Certificate. To Strawberry, Leader (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Laxton Brothers, Bedford. Fruit of large size, pale crimson ; flesh firm, pale, of rich, sprightly flavour ; excellent quality. Cultural Commendation. To Earl Percy, Syon House, for Peach, Amsden June (votes, unanimous). One of the very earliest Peaches. Other Exhibits. J. R. Morgan, Esq., Dover House, Roehampton (gr. Mr. McLeod), sent a fine bundle of Asparagus. Mr. 8. Mortimer, Swiss Nursery, Farnham, sent examples of Cucumber Marvel, a short, smooth, pale green variety, re- sembling the old Syon House. Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent Cucumber Allan’s Favourite, a large, handsome variety, which received an Award of Merit in July, 1890. Mr. J. Vert, Audley End, Saffron Walden, sent Cucumber Vert’s Improved Favourite. The Committee recommended that, if practicable, a trial of Cucumbers should be made at Chiswick next year. From the Karl of Shrewsbury, Ingestre Hall, Stafford (gr. Mr. Gilman), came a new hybrid Melon of promise. The Horticultural Travelling Structures Company, White Street, London, exhibited models and photos of movable houses &c. The Committee reeommended that workable models of the structures be erected at Chiswick. FRUIT COMMITTEE, MAY 21. XXXV THE TEMPLE GARDENS. Fruit CommittTEr, May 21, 1895. Mr. GrorGE BunyarD in the Chair, and twenty-nine members present. Awards Recommended :— Cultural Commendation. To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading, for Tomato, Sutton’s Best of All (votes, unanimous). To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Tomato, Princess of Wales (votes, unanimous). To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Seedling Pea Infant (votes, unanimous). To Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Climbing Bean, Tender and True (votes, unanimous). Other Exhibits. Thomas Statter, Fsq., Stand Hall, Manchester, sent bunches of Black Hambro’ and Foster’s Seedling Grapes. Messrs. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, sent examples of the new Grape, Lady Hutt, which was Certificated in December, 1890. Mr. J. Friend. Godstone, sent six bunches of Black Hambro’ and Foster’s Seedling Grapes. Mr. E. Trollope, Combe Bank, Reading, sent a bundle of Asparagus. The Earl of Shrewsbury (gr. Mr. Gilman) sent Melon, Early May. A. Pears, Esq., Isleworth, sent Beauty of Patshull Melon. Special Awards : — Gold Medal. To Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, for Nectarines in pots. Silver Cup. To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., The Old Nurseries, Maidstone, for Kentish Apples. Silver Gilt Knightian Medal. To the Right Hon. Karl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (er. George Wythes), for Figs, Peaches, Grapes, Melons, vegetables. To Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill House, Beds (sr. W. J. Empson), for Vegetables. N 2 XXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Silver Knightian Medal. To L. J. Baker, Esq., Ottershaw Park, Chertsey, for Grapes. To the Earl of Radnor, Longford Castle, Salisbury (gr. Mr. H. W. Ward), for Cucumbers &c. Silver Floral Medal. To Sir J. W. Pease, Bart., M.P., Hutton Hall, Guisborough (gr. J. McIndoe), for Melons, Nectarines, Peaches, Tomatos. Silver Gilt Banksian Medal. To C. H. Berners, Esq., Woolverston Park, Ipswich (gr. W. Messenger), for Black Grapes. Fruit CoMMITTEE, JUNE 11, 1895. T. F. Rivers, Esq., in the Chair, and twelve members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Knightian Medal. To Mr. 8. Mortimer, Swiss Nursery, Farnham, Surrey, for a very beautiful collection of Tomatos and Cucumbers. Bronze Medal. To Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes), for an extensive and excellent collection of vegetables, including the White Milan Turnip, Veitch’s Early Longpod Bean, Carter’s Cardinal Turnip, &c. To A. J. Howard, Esq., Worton Hall, Isleworth (gr. Mr. Pentney), for a large and excellent collection of vegetables of good appearance and quality. To Messrs. Laxton Brothers, Bedford, for a collection of their new seedling Strawberries Royal Sovereign, Leader, and Monarch, beautiful in appearance and of superior quality, Award of Merit. To Spinach Longstander (or Lente 4 monter of Vilmorin), (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Carter & Co. & 4 v \\" q A ys \ i R \ e f ha Fig. 11.—Cyrrierpium, Mrs. Frep Harpy. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.) To Cypripedium x Minosa superba (C. Spicerianum 2 x '. x Arthurianum 2) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, A distinct improvement on C. ORCHID COMMITTEF, JANUARY 15. Ixvil x Arthurianum. In the upper half of the dorsal sepal there is a good display of white. To Cypripedium x Norma (C. Spicerianum? x C. x Niobe g) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. In this the form of C. x Niobe and its wavy petals appear, but the colouring is nearer to that of C. Spicerianum. To Odontoglossum nebulosum candidulum (votes, unanimous), from Fred Hardy, Ksq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. T. Stafford). The unspotted white form. Botanical Certificate. To Maxillaria ochroleuca (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans. A well-known old species with numerous cream-white flowers. To Dendrobium bursigerum album (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans. A close ally of D. secundum, but with white flowers. To Dendrobium Wattianum (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. White). Flowers white with orange throat. Resembling D. longicornu. To Dendrobium dicuphum (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). The flowers of this pretty species are of the D. bigibbum class, but white with rose lip. To Cypripedium (Selenipedium) Boissierianum (votes, unani- mous), from Thos. Statter, Ksq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (gr. Mr. R. Johnson). Cultural Commendation. To the Right. Hon. Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill), for a noble example of Phalenopsis x F. L. Ames (P. amabilis @ x P. intermedia ¢). To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White), for a fine specimen of the little Epidendrum polybulbon, with over forty flowers. Other Exhibits. Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White), staged a number of hybrid Dendrobiums, principally crosses between D. Findlayanum and D. x Ainsworthii; Masde- vallia x Courtauldiana; Cypripedium x Sallierii Hyeanum, with six flowers ; cut spikes of Phalenopsis &e. PZ lxviil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Messrs. Linden, Pare Léopold, Brussels, sent a fine collection of cut spikes of Cattleya maxima varieties. De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. 8S. Cooke), sent the handsome Liha anceps, Rosefield var., and Odontoglossum Andersonianum pulvereum, yellow with numercus red spots. Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons showed Cypripedium x Alson (C. insigne @ x C. Druryii ¢). EK. Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire (gr. Mr. H. Holbrook), showed Lela anceps alba, L. a. Amesiana, L. a. Schréderii, and other varieties ; Lelio-Cattleya x exoniensis, L. autumnalis, Zygopetalum Mackaii major, &c. Fred Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. T. Stafford), exhibited Leelio-Cattleya x Pallas superba; Cypripedium x Swinburnei magnificum, and other Cypripediums, Leela anceps Dawsonil, &c. Walter Cobb, Esq., Dulcote, Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr. J. Howes), showed Cypripedium Boxallii, Cobb’s var. A fine form, in which the upper sepal is nearly black. Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (gr. Mr. R. Johnson), staged several hybrid Cypripediums. A. H. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Wallington (gr. Mr. Cummins), sent Lelia autumnalis gigantea. CO. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond), showed Leelia Percivaliana alba. S. G. Lutwyche, Ksq., Beckenham (gr. Mr. Paterson), sent varieties of Cypripedium insigne. Mr. J. Prewett, Hammersmith, showed Cymbidium Traceyanum. J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Northchurch, Berkhampstead, sent Cypripedium tonsum. OrcHID CoMMITTEE, FrBRUARY 12, 1895. Harry J. Veircon, lsq., in the Chair, and eleven members present. Awards Recommended :— Silver Banksian Medal. To Baron Schroder, The Dell, Staines (er. Mr. H. Ballantine), (votes, unanimous), for a fine collection of cut Orchids of rare kinds, including the new Calanthe x Baron Schréder and several ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 12. lxix forms of C. Regnierii ; Phaio-Calanthe x Sedenu, P.-C. x Arnold- iana, Cypripedium insigne Sanderiana, C. Charlesworthii, C. x Calypso, C. x Lathamianum, C. x Sallierii, C. x Harrisianum superbum, Arachnanthe Cathcartii, Catasetum barbatum, &c. To Mr. H. J. Chapman, gardener to R. I. Measures, Esq., Fic. 12.—PuaLmnopsis Youneiana. (Journal of Horticulture.) Camberwell (votes, unanimous), for a collection of fifty-five dried specimens of Orchids, mounted in picture form. Bronze Banksian Medal. To Mons. Seavy, 164 Camberwell New Road, London, 8.E., (votes, unanimous), for an excellent collection of photographs of Orchids. First Class Certificate. To Phalenopsis x intermedia Portei (votes, unanimous), from lxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill). To Phalenopsis x Youngiana (votes, unanimous), from Baron Schroder, The Dell, Staines (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine). This is supposed to be a natural hybrid. The flowers resemble P. srandiflora, but are suffused with rose-pink, the lip and lower halves of the lateral sepals being spotted with crimson. (Fig. 12.) To Cymbidium x eburneo-Lowianum superbum (votes, unani- RAS SOV SSS . \“s¥ a yy, ad Fic. 13.—CymprpiuM EBURNEO-LOWIANUM. (Journal of Horticultwre.) mous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea. The flowers of this form are larger than the original, and inside the margin of the lip is a band of purple colour. (Hig. 18.) Award of Merit. To Calanthe x masuco-tricarinata (votes, unanimous), from ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 12. lxxi Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. The cross was effected between the species indicated in the name, and a great improve- ment on C. tricarinata made. The flowers are cream-white tinged with rose. Cultural Conmendation. To Phalenopsis x inten edia Portei (votes, unanimous), from the Right Hon. Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. EK. Hill). a \ Pt f, « e| We 7 4] yr Te vk u. ry - , Zs) YY i’, fe aia yy. | 4 ¢ 6249 Fia. 83. CIRRHOPETALUM RotuscHILDIANUM. (from the Gardeners’ Magazine. ORCHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 15. CCX1 Award of Merit. To Sobralia Lindenii (votes, unanimous), from C. J. Lucas, Ksq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr. Mr. Duncan). A species having smaller flowers than those of S. macrantha ; blush white with purple markings in the Jip. To Lelio-Cattleya x Gottoiana rosea (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans. Summer, 274 Pseudotsuga Douglasi, 431 >! Drymes1S3 Pteris cretica Wimsettit, xlviii bordelaise 9) 2 Quince, 154 Radish, XXXL tailway rates, 307 Sutton’s Earliest Frame, CCXXXV Raspberries, 157, 289 FS Weevil, 337 Renanthera Imschootiana, xciv Rhododendron Numa, exe i ponticum, foliis purpureis, xl Rock Gardens, 446 fb Plants for, 457 Rosa multiflora precocious, xxvi » rugosa, Blanche de Coubert, lx Rose, Bridesmaid, xlviii », Haileybury, clxix », Marchioness of Londonderry, xlviil » Mrs. Pierpont Morgan, xl Roses under glass, Culture of, 123 Saintpaulia tonantha, xxiv Salt, Influence of, xxvi » Lopury by, xxvil » Manure, 220 Sambucus racemosus plumosus, ft. aur., li Saxifraga Boydii alba, xlvi Schomburgkva undulata, \xxx Seaweeds as manure, 219 Sequoia sempervirens, 432 gugantea, 402 Shortia galacifolia, xlii Sibthorpia europea aurea, liv Sinningia caulescerns, 139 io speciosa, 139 Sobralia Linden, ecexi Soil from New GZealand, Infected, XXVUl Solanun, Dulcamara, 412 a etuberosum, 404 3 Maglia, 411, 414, 415, 416, 420 is nigrum, 412 9 tuberosum, 417 Sophronitis grandiflora, 1xxiv Spinach, Longstander, xxxvi Stable manure, Fermentation of, 209 Strawberries, 288, 333 Strawberry, Leader, xxxiv + Monarch, xxxvill Fe Stevens’s Wonder, xxx Streptocarpus x gratus, xliv x nultiflorus, clxix Sti -eptosolen Jameson, clxxiv Sunflower, Stoke Park favourite, elxxxull Superphosphate of Lime, 213 Sweet Pea Cupid, Ixii » Williams, Reversion of,cxxxiv CCXXXVI1 Taber, Mr.,Geo., Death of, xxxi Tacca cristata, xlvi Tea Rose Enchantress, exclii Thomas’s Phosphate, 215 Thuiopsis borealis, 433 Thuya gigantea, 433 ~ Tomato, All the year round, xxxiii » Corbett’s Excelsior, xxxvi », Disease in Guernsey, 13 » Duke of York, cxlvii » Flowers, 423, 424 » grafted with Potatos, 427, 428, 429 Sleeping disease of, 20 Tomatos, Report on, cxiv Trichopilia brevis, ccxx Tricyrtis hirta, elxxxvi Tropeclum Coolgardie, xlviii Tulipa elegans alba, li Tulip Society, exxvi INDEX. Ustilago primulina, Disappearance of, xxvlll _ Vine stems, Malformed, exlii » Lendrils, xxvi » ine; 1:85 Violet, Princess Beatrice, xlii Walnut, 162 _ Wellingtonia with tuberous growth, XXIV Willow, Androgynous, xxiii Winter of 1895 in Isle of Wight, 8 » Moth, 337 Zygopetalum Schroderianwm, xxviii