LIBRARY

OF THE

GRAY HERBARIUM

i

=
.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

EDITED BY THE

REV. W. WILKS, M.A.
SECRETARY
AND

MR. JOHN WEATHERS.

ASSISTANT-SECRETARY ~

Oe,

LONDON

Qrinted for the Royal Horticultural Society
BY

SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE, E.C.
1896-7

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2014

https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalho20roya

CONTENTS OF VOL. XX.

—_eSe—_—_

PAGE

MELONS By Wiare dA EEA. ED, Sic oo). acreameetes vaetcecheenccenrasetse i
SUMMER SALADINGS. By Mr. W. IGGULDEN, F.R.H.S. ............00. 8

CULTURE OF THE PINH-APPLE. By Mr. H. W. WARD, F.R.H.S: ... 16
THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF TULIPA. By Mr. J. G. BAKER,

EES VERVE S21. ccswesissisenns siedelotstcias Neltcincensib Ne Memanternes eaten nancies 24
PRISH See Ve WEP a WN sds © AR AMENG Pe con sclawecedsssoccondes ootenseecdcecdecsbetecen es 26
THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS. By the Rev. GEo. HENSLOW, M.A.,

MMs oie ARMM E VOR recjaice uiaiorersetacctealae ae nee tne nn eeetce soc on aocateldedeac'e sbiews 34
GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. By Mr. 8S. HEATON,

RPE Otg trans Che ecvate focatdasece Bn uN a adeeb oid Toe ataener tes etos ceneevee 40
REVIVAL OF THE OLDER Roses. By Mr. GEO. PAUL, F.R.H.S. ... 53
MXAMENATION. IN HORTICULEURBRE, USOC! oo gacccdeenesd cis lanes scsessdceees 58
REPORT ON PEAS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896 ..........e00 san bowers sate 64
REPORT ON SPINACH GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896 ............ccc0ssse0 69
REPORT ON STRAWBERRIES GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896 .........006 a
DETAT SP ROPOSED Al CHISWICK, V897) j icici cockecocacensioassie'stdaveacees (Os
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BySir TREVOR LAWRENCE,

Alte, EROS Chis MEEL Sai crtcemaadtpitecen\ sth nac@ eau ciasiet ov ieeaeelsvevecdad ke
GARDEN ORAFT. By the Very Rev. Dean HOLE, F.R.HLS. ............ 89

GARDEN LITERATURE. By Mr. F. W. BURBIDGE, M.A., F.R.H.S.,&c. 100
REFERENCE BooKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. By

Bite We BWR TOG NEAT MAR oSr ccsinuosenseciensdeneessssasesacnen 109
GARDEN LIBRARIES. By Mr. F. W. BURBIDGE, M.A., F.R.H.S. ...... 126
CEYSTAn PARACE WRUIT SHOW, [896 \....ccsccccscccesccnccscsvenes cate nee 128

IMPORTANCE OF BRITISH FRUIT-GROWING FROM A Foop PoINnt

OP VIEW by Mrs J: BATELEE, WLS... sch esiesnscnne Seren 167
THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. By Mr. C. W. RADCLIFFE

CE OO ahi recs ae ranca cen ouiiclneaivaees s/oisie seis sss vnbaic’s gaiei casa eeaeiteardanite 181

GATHERING, STORING, AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF
APPLES AND PEARS. By Mr. JOHN WATKINS, F.R.H.S. ... 200
AE ASUS Ui Cit NSE Es MOVIN UP SON 5 oe cis aia'vele a n:atiaiv aoa vieaieclone adele ee eoamcece reap .ecs 213
GUND REN IEN EP ANEVE rarer siya sssiatfoWotpes cess taken Raisins aati Dade soa oiaasaesoancsecde 214

lV . CONTENTS OF VOL. XX.

PAGE
REPORT ON TOMATOS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1897 ........ ihe mene ccve lie
REPORT ON BEETROOT GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896 ............ ceeseel | ee
REPORT ON POTATOS-GBOWN AT CHISWICK,’ [896% c.tc.0..c-ce sone = Bae
REPORT ON TURNIPS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896 ....:...0...cc0eeeeee 232
NEw RossEs.. By the Rev. H. J. PEMBERTON, M.A. ........0.-000cse00s - Bat
FEEN GENHRATION.. By Mr. C.oT, DBUEBRBY, FY GIS. 4.0. ike ds-haeeps os See
FoRcING LILIES OF THE VALLEY. By Mr. T. JANNOCH............ ss 200
GhADIOLI....By Mr. J. BURRWWLiaia cree. .-seeo-eeeaseeeeee ficne cas seid seaee sae ee
HARDY SUMMER FLOWERS. By Mr. E. BURRELL..................00086. 266
CHERYSANTHEMUMS. (By Mr. W. El WUHES. 25. comcenn seme seats ae atin . 273
PEED-GROWING.. By Mr. Re WIPE? S.c5.00s.taseteseseencs: enema Getter: ite bee
FLORAL DEMONSTRATION. By the Rev. G. HENSLOw, M. A., F.R.H.S. 294
EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY :— ‘
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, REPORT, AND BALANCE SHEET i
GENEBAL -MBETINGS) fii.s:ccsdeceseosecovscn0e sss cetest) ICSI RS (C MxeeIVERGUERIEN
TEMPLE SHOW, 1896...cbc-.buscre-besseet thee bar tN Le eis tae dao XVili
DEPUTATION T0' YORK GALAGL cs. ee Ae eek ee fl alt ae
DEPUTATION TO CHESTER SHOW........0. Lenktateekeet shee oats CXXX
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE MEETINGS.......css0e-00. .». “EEK, CExEv rclexy
FRUIT COMMITTBE . MEBTINGS..cccloteees Saree xlvi, cxxxvii, clxxxv
FLORAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS .......... Jb. sseebes 2 LEVEL, Clava exevat
ORCHID COMMITTER MERTINGS ,..dc0.c.kisianetscesn es . xcili, clxiv, ccix
NARCISSUS. COMMITT EH (MBB TINGE. C8 s saves acs aarti’ shee) COREY

INDEX.

JOURNAL

OF THE

RoyvaL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Von. »& 42.1896,

Part I,

MELONS.

By Mr. James Barxuam, F.R.H.S.
[Read March 10, 1896.]

Tue Melon (Cucumis melo), Natural Order Cucurbitacee, is an
annual climber where its tendrils meet with support, trailing
where this is not the case, and a native of the hottest parts of Asia,
and probably also of Africa. It is said to have been carried from
Armenia to Rome by Lucullus, and according to M. Jacquin, the
Cantaloup varieties were originally brought from the same region
by some missionaries to Cantaluppi, a villa belonging to the
Pope, and situated a few miles from Rome. Afterwards they
were introduced into France in 1495 ; thence they passed into
- Spain, and from that country into England. In Persia, Melons
are exceedingly plentiful, and their cultivation in the open air in
the plains of Ispahan and at Bokhara is considered unsurpassed.
According to Downing, the climate of the Middle and Southern
States of America is remarkably favourable to Melons; con-
sequently they are raised as field crops by market gardeners,
who sow the seeds in the open air early in May, and obtain ripe
fruit in August. In our climate Melons cannot be successfully
erown without artificial heat.
Hence we have to resort to such means as heated structures
for producing early crops, such as properly constructed Melon
A

2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

houses, or frames placed on prepared hot beds composed of
fermenting materials such as leaves and stable manure; although
for later crops ordinary pits and frames may be utilised for their
cultivation. In very favourable seasons, some of the more hardy ~
varieties can be grown and ripened in the open air. In the
summer of 1876 I ripened in the open air fruits of Munro’s
Little Heath weighing six pounds each; also fruits of Golden
Perfection, it being an exceptional season. Generally speaking,
our seasons are far too short and uncertain for the successful
cultivation of this fruit in the open. Of late years much has
been written on Melons and their culture, and a number of first-
class varieties have been raised in the Scarlet, Green and White
fleshed sections.

And as the Melon takes an important position among the
choicest of our dessert fruits, perhaps a few practical remarks
on its cultural requirements would be acceptable to those, the
uninitiated, by whom the question is so often asked, How can
Melons be successfully grown ? !

It is to such as these that need and ask for information that
I shall endeavour to detail as briefly as possible my method of
cultivation.

The following remarks apply to the cultivation of Melons
generally :—

Sow1nc.—The seeds for the earliest crops should be sown
early in January, using perfectly clean pots and crocks ; for this
3-inch pots are the most suitable size. Put a crock hollow side
downwards over the hole, then a layer of small crocks; on this
place a little moss, which will insure perfect drainage, three
parts filling the pots with a mixture consisting of three parts of
fibrous loam, one of leaf-soil and sand. Place one seed to the
depth of a half-inch in the centre of each pot. In making the
hole for the reception of the seed a little silver-sand should be
used to imbed the seed : this prevents decay, especially in the case
of very early sown seeds. I prefer this method to sowing several
seeds in a pot, as when the young plants require potting the
roots get disturbed in the process, which often causes a check
to the plants. The pots should be plunged in a bottom heat of
70 to 80 deg. As soon as the seedlings appear remove them toa
shelf near the glass, so as to allow the young plants all the light
possible; shift into larger pots as the plants require more root

MELONS. 3

space, now using a stronger compost. The leaf-soil may be dis-
pensed with, using a little manure from an old Mushroom bed.
Those for planting in the houses should be allowed to grow with-
out stopping, placing a neat stick to each plant as a support, and
those plants intended for planting in pits and frames will require
stopping at the second rough leaf, or rather the growing point
should be taken out before a third leaf is developed. If sowings
are made at intervals of ten days it will afford a supply of young
plants for succession. We plant from January to July; the first
date for planting will give fruit for cutting in May, and the latter
date for cutting in October.

Soru.—With regard to soil for Melons, I am convinced that
without suitable soil good crops cannot be had, as Melons require
a good substantial loam. The top spit from an old pasture is
what I prefer if such is obtainable, soil such as a good strong
yellow loam being most suitable. This should be broken up
with the spade to about the size of a duck’s egg. Do not use
any manure, but to every cartload of loam add two barrowloads of
old mortar or plaster, broken up and run through an inch mesh
sieve, and one barrowload of half-decayed leaf soil, turning the
whole two or three times so as to thoroughly mix it. Mistakes
are often made in preparing soil for Melons by making it too rich
by adding manure, which encourages a too luxuriant growth.
When this is so it is an impossibility to obtain satisfactory results,
as the growth becomes so succulent that instead of the fruit
setting it turns yellow and decays.

PraNtTING.—Whether preparing beds in the houses or pits a
good quantity of Oak and Beech leaves and long stable manure
should be prepared and put in to the depth of 2 or 3 feet,
-according to the depth of the beds or pits. On this should be
placed fresh-cut turves 2 inches in thickness, the grass side down-
wards. On this the prepared compost is put from 10 inches
to 1 foot in depth; it should be fairly dry, so as to allow its
being made firm by treading, as a firm soil is conducive to a firm
and short-jointed growth. Planting should not be done until
the soil has become sufficiently warmed, which will be in a day
or two. By this time its temperature will be nearly the same as
that of the house or pit in which the plants are growing.

Planting on the ridge is to be preferred to planting on the flat,

as it allows the water to pass away more readily from the stem
A 2

4 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and base of the main shoots of the plants. These parts being
somewhat elevated keeps them drier, and this being so wards off
an attack ofcanker. This applies more especially to pit and frame
culture, when the growths have to be trained over the surface of
the beds.

I adopt the plan of placing pieces of tough fibrous loam or
peat when planting and surfacing around the stem of the plants
so as to encircle each plant: this prevents any superfluous
moisture settling at the base or collar of the plants through
watering and syringing during the season, which so often pro-
duces canker, thereby causing the death of the plant and loss of
the crop. From 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet apart is a good distance
for house work, and for pits and frames one plant placed in the
centre of each light will be sufficient, as this distance allows the
plants to extend without the growth being crowded—a most im-
portant point to be considered.

REGULATING THE GRrowTH.—Train the plants toa neat stake
until the trellis is reached; rub off all growths as they show
from the stem below the trellis; train the growths right and left
and allow the leading stem to grow up without stopping to within
a foot of the top. If the side shoots are likely to be crowded,
pinch out some at first sight, as the Melon will not endure thinning
so severely as the Cucumber; therefore the growths should be
stopped and thinned early enough for those remaining to just
cover the trellis with well-developed foliage and no more.

The first laterals which are formed at the bottom of the trellis
should be stopped at the second or third leaf, and by the time
the sub-laterals show fruit other fruits will be showing on the
first laterals higher up. The plants, whether growing in houses
or pits, should be gone over twice or three times a week for the
purpose of stopping and removing any superfluous growth so as
to allow of the principal leaves being fully exposed to the light,
Stop at the first joint beyond the fruit and remove all weak
erowths and laterals not showing fruit.

Overcrowding is the greatest evil in Melon culture because
the excessive foliage must be thinned, and its removal results in
exudation from the wounds, gangrene sets in, and the affected
parts perish through “ wet-rot’’ (bacteria and bacillus growths).
To arrest these, antiseptics must be used: the safest is quicklime,
rubbing it well into the affected parts, and repeating as necessary.

MELONS. 5

But the worst effect of removing a large quantity of growth is
giving a check to the fruit, not unfrequently causing it to cease
swelling, and it becomes hard in the flesh; fungoid germs
fasten upon the exudation, and the fruit decays when it should
ripen. These disasters are generally preventible by attending
to the thinning and stopping of the growths in time.

SETTING THE FRvuIT.—The Melon is moneccious, that is, it
bears male and female flowers on the same plant; the former are
essential for the fertilisation of the latter, therefore a sufficient
portion of them should be retained for that purpose. When the
weather is fine and plenty of air can be given, the female
blossoms usually become fertilised without artificial means being
resorted to, but the process of setting the fruit, that is, fertilising
the blossoms, is generally thought necessary. This operation
should be performed when both male and female flowers are
fully expanded, and consists in taking some of the pollen when
it can be readily dusted from the anthers, and applying it by
means of a camel-hair pencil to the stigma, or a male blossom
may be stripped of its corolla and inverted over the female one ;
this should be done if possible when the weather is fine and
bright—between the hours of eleven and two o’clock will be
found the best time for this operation. Never commence ferti-
lising the blooms until there is a sufficient number ready at one
time, or within an interval of three days, to furnish the crop. If
one or two fruits are allowed to swell off first, the later set fruit
will not swell, but die away. Indeed, if only one fruit is set in
advance of the rest, it will monopolise all the strength of the
plant, and prevent any more fruit appearing. When a sufficient
number of fruits are set, select the largest and best shaped,
_ taking off all small and misshapen ones. If large fruits are
wanted, leave from four to six fruits to each plant, or if smaller
fruits are desired, allow eight or ten to remain.

WatERING.—Melons do not require much water until the
fruit begins to swell, and then they must have liberal supplies.
When the young fruits have attained to the size of pigeon’s
eggs, give the beds a good watering with liquid manure; repeat
this once or twice a week according to the weather—in very hot
and sunny weather the plants naturally require more moisture
at their roots—also give the beds a good sprinkling of bone-
meal; over this place a layer of fresh loam pressed down firmly.

6 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Surface roots will now multiply freely, and if the hillocks are
surface-dressed about every ten days with bone-meal and loam,
it will keep the surface roots active, which will greatly assist in
keeping the foliage fresh and green—a great point in Melon
erowing. I like the foliage to remain as fresh as possible until
the last fruit is cut. In cases where the foliage decays prema-
turely, I have seen the fruits cut when not half matured and
placed upon shelves, exposed to the sun to ripen, but the flavour
has been poor and insipid.

Syrincinc.—Although syringing is supposed by some to
cause the foliage to decay, I must say that I have never found
it to act injuriously, but to have the desired effect of keeping
the foliage clean and healthy ; which is of. vital importance, as
without good, healthy foliage well-flavoured fruit cannot be
obtained. During bright, warm weather the plants should be
syringed twice and three times a day, for if the atmosphere of
either houses, or pits, or frames is allowed to become arid, red
spider will soon make its appearance, and when this formidable .
enemy once gains a footing, it is very difficult to entirely eradi-
cate it, whole crops often being destroyed by its ravages. During
periods of dull, sunless weather syringing should be discontinued,
and the walls, paths, and other available surfaces’ may be
damped down, which will insure the requisite degree of atmo-
spheric moisture. Water should never be given direct from wells
or the main, but should be used as nearly as possible of the same
temperature as that in which the plants are growing ; both for
watering and syringing purposes, cold water is most injurious
to the roots of the Melon.

TEMPERATURE.—For early crops fire-heat or fermenting
materials are absolutely necessary. If a temperature of 55
to 60 deg. can be maintained at night, and from 65 to
70 deg. through the day, during January and February,
it will be sufficient, increasing it as the season advances.
Later on fire-heat may be dispensed with by economising the
solar heat, but during damp, sunless weather a little fire-heat
should be given to maintain a buoyant atmosphere. As the
- season advances admit as much air as can be given without
causing a draught. It is a good plan to leave a little air on at
night, and increasing it early in the mornings on fine days, when
the temperature advances to 75 deg., and gradually increase it

MELONS ft
with the rising heat, keeping it through the day at from 80 to
90 deg., and closing sufficiently early to rise to 95 or 100 deg.
Before nightfall admit a little chink of air at the top of the
house: this is very beneficial when the fruit is setting, to pre-
vent the disposition of moisture on the fruit or blossoms through
the night. When the fruit is ripening both front and top air
should be constantly left on. Of course this will need regu-
lating according to the weather. Before the fruits become too
heavy they will need supporting, most growers having their own
method of doing so. Some prefer using strips of bass, or wire
netting ; the nets made for this purpose make good supports, as
they are not likely to mark or injure the fruits when swelling ;
being of a soft, elastic nature, they expand with the growing
fruits. Weuse pieces of deal wood about four inches square, with
a hole of one inch in diameter in the centre to allow the moisture
to pass away from the crown of the fruit. As the fruit approaches
the ripening period less moisture will be required both in the at-
mosphere and at the roots. Only sufficient water should be given
to prevent the plants from flagging. At this stage also, when
syringing must be discontinued, take about a half-pound of the
flowers of sulphur and well stir it in a three-gallon can of water,
using it to syringe the under sides of the foliage. I have found
this to be an excellent prevention of red spider. The time for
cutting is when the stem commences to part from the fruit, or
when the aroma is first perceived. When cutting, if possible,
leave a good length of stem to the fruit, as this adds greatly to
its appearance. Any fruits, as they mature, that are not required
for immediate use should be taken to the fruit room, placing
them on patent wood wool or dried moss, where they wili keep
_ for a week or ten days.

Insects.—Black aphis and red spider are two destructive
pests. Iumigating will destroy the former, and sulphur will
check and destroy the latter. _

CANKER is a disease dreaded by most cultivators of the Melon,
and is very disastrous in its effects, often destroying the entire
crop. Severe pruning and a too humid atmosphere, with a low
temperature, is often the cause of this disease, although it is
inherent in some varieties. Prompt measures should be taken
on its first appearance to prevent its spreading. Apply fresh
slaked lime to the parts affected, or powdered charcoal. I have

8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

found the former remedy very effectual. In the case of plants
growing in pits or frames great care should be taken in watering,
and especially at closing time not to syringe too heavily, only
just damping around the edges of the frames or walls of the pits.
Increase the temperature by renewing the linings.

VARIETIES OF Metons.—Scarlet Flesh Varieties.—Blenheim
Orange, Triumph, Al, Hamstead Park seedling, and Beauty of
Sion, the last-named variety being excellent for pot culture.
Green Flesh.—Monarch, La Favorite, Golden Perfection, and
High Cross Hybrid. White Flesh Varieties—Hero of Lock-
inge, Longleat Perfection, and Osmaston Manor Hybrid. Two
good Melons for market purposes are Hero of Lockinge and
Sutton’s Al.

SUMMER SALADINGS.
By Mr. W. IaaurpsEn, F.R.H.S.
[Read March 24, 1896.}

We are not a salad-eating nation, or, at any rate, we cannot
compare ourselves in this respect with some of our Continental
neighbours; we are, for instance, immeasurably behind the
French both in our appreciation of saladings and also in our
methods of culture. But, for all that, a good salad, composed of
a few well-grown materials, and accompanied by a dressing not
over-done with oil, never goes a-begging among us; and if it
were more often forthcoming, it would tend to still further
popularise saladings. It is during the summer months that
salads are most appreciated, and when too, fortunately, there is,
or ought to be, a wealth of suitable materials for making them
within an easy reach of all. What these materials are, and how
to produce them, is to form the subject of this lecture. They
consist principally of Lettuce, Onion, Mustard and Cress, Cucum-
ber, and Tomato; and Lettuce, forming as it does the basis of
almost all good salads, must be spoken of first.
As far as the metropolitan and principal provincial markets
are concerned we may safely assume that they are well supplied
with good Lettuces all through the summer. So also are the
majority of private places where professional gardeners are

SUMMER SALADINGS. 9

employed. But the case is very different in cur small country
towns and with amateur gardeners, and even with the owners of
the majority of small gardens. in these the supplies are fitful,
and the quality after hot weather has set in for a few weeks
decidedly inferior. There is probably an undesirable glut at
one time, and no Lettuces worthy of the name for days and weeks
later on.

In order to have a continuous supply of perfect Lettuces
something more than ordinary or haphazard cultivation is
required. Poor ground will not grow them satisfactorily at any
time of the year. What they appear to stand most in need of is
rich food, warmth, and moisture—at any rate if grown on the
level—though, curiously enough, some of the very finest Lettuces
are obtained from the flat-topped ridges between early-dug Celery
trenches. In ‘these positions they get no fresh manure, and
moisture is none too plentiful; yet when once well established
they thrive amazingly during quite the hottest weather. But if
Lettuces succeed thus well on ridges they must have an abund-
ance of solid manure when planted on the level. Market growers
appreciate this fact, and act upon it to a greater extent than do
the majority of private gardeners. A medium soil rather than a
cold, retentive one best suits Lettuces, and they ought always to
be grown in the full sunshine. The earlier sowings for early
plants to grow on sheltered sunny borders should be made under
glass early in March. If sown thickly in pans or boxes they
ought to be first pricked out in other boxes or else in nursery
beds, where they can be taken care of; but those raised more
thinly in frames may be hardened off and planted out direct in
April, where they are to grow to their full size. If the selection
- comprise quick-hearting Cabbage varieties, good hearts ought to
be available from these early-raised plants in May or the early
part of June, according to circumstances. The next sowing
should be made on a warm border early in April in drills five
inches apart, and the seedlings protected from slugs by means of
- occasional dustings of soot and lime. The plants thus obtained
ought, in common with those earlier raised, to be planted out
rather extensively, as they will heart in at a time when Lettuces
are in universal demand, and when they will not run to seed so
quickly as they do later in the season. Those left standing
moderately thinly on the seed bed will be the first fit to cut, and

10 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

probably do good service. Yet another sowing may be made on
a border three weeks later, and transplanting take place; but it
should be remembered that Lettuces move badly in hot, dry
weather.

The simplest and best plan, therefore, to pursue is to
frequently sow seed (in one or more long or short rows, according
to the requirements of the place) where the plants are to attain
their full size. If this is done during April, May, and June, at
intervals of about three weeks, and the plants duly thinned out,
there is not much fear of Lettuces being scarce even during quite
the hottest summers. Cos Lettuces may be grown in rows one
foot apart and thinned to distances of from 6, 9, or 12 inches
apart in the row, according to whether they are wanted small,
medium-sized, or large. Cabbage varieties require rather less
room. The rows of the compact growers may be 10 inches apart
and 6 inches to 9 inches between the plants in the rows; while
the Neapolitan types require nearly the same space as Cos
varieties. Early Paris Market, Golden Queen, and Commodore |
Nutt are very quick growers, the first ready to cut, and are all of
superior quality. All the Year Round and Perfect Gem give a
good succession, the last named being particularly good in every
respect. For hot weather the Neapolitan, Marvel and Continuity
are reliable and good. The two last named have coloured outer
leaves. Good selections of either Paris White or Paris Green
Cos are suitable for summer culture, but in my estimation are
both inferior to the old Black-seeded Brown Cos. Those who
have not yet tried the latter as a summer Lettuce have a treat in
store. Sown and planted with one or more Cos varieties, the
Brown Cos will give a natural succession and be slower in run-
ning to seed. It sometimes requires to be tied up in order to
have perfectly blanched hearts, but it well repays one for the
trouble. The hearts are nearly white and crisp, and the flavour
is the most delicate of all. It more nearly approaches the ideal
than any other variety I know, and must have been known to
the American who wrote: ‘Lettuce is like conversation—
you scarcely notice the bitter in it. Lettuce, like most
. talkers, is, however, apt to run rapidly to seed. Blessed is that
sort which comes to a head, and so remains, like a few people I
know, growing more solid and satisfactory and tender at the
same time, and whiter at the centre, and crisp in their maturity.”

SUMMER SALADINGS. 11

The Onion comes next on my limited list of salad vegetables,
and I may perhaps be blamed for including it. Young Onions,
however, are popular in some establishments, either for eating
separately or for flavouring salads. For either purpose they
must be young, and if more small Onions were forthcoming
many more would be eaten, especially as they are said to be good
for the blood. Of these, again, the American writer just alluded
to makes some sprightly remarks, a few of which I shall venture
to quote. This is what he says :—‘‘I doubt not that all men and
women love the Onion; but few confess their love. Affection
for it is concealed. Some people have days on which they eat
Onions, which you might call ‘retreats.” The act is in the
nature of a religious ceremony, an Eleusinian mystery; not a
breath of it must get abroad. On that day they see no company ;
they deny the kiss of greeting to the dearest friend; they retire
within themselves, and hold communion with one of the most
pungent and penetrating manifestations of the moral vegetable
world. Happy is said to be the family which can eat Onions
together.’’ I shall not attempt to combat the not unreasonable
prejudice against the Onion, but will merely repeat that if more
young Onions were grown more would be eaten, in spite of their
admitted drawbacks. ‘They ought to be used when from 6 inches
to 9 inches in height, and preference should be given to white-
skinned varieties. Sow a pinch of seed every fortnight or three
weeks, from March to August inclusive, on rich ground, as they
must be grown quickly.

Mustard and Cress, though popular enough, is not often seen
good during the summer, and, in any case, I prefer it served
separately as a morning salad to having it with other salad
- ingredients saturated with dressing. The reason why it is so
often short, and none too free of grit, is because those who are
responsible either use stale or too poor soil, or else they fail to
shade heavily. Sow once a week all through the late spring and
summer months on freely manured soil. Old Mushroom bed
manure forked into the surface, rather than burying it deeply,
answers well. Thick sowing on a fine, level, well-moistured sur-
face is advisable, pressing in the seed, and covering the Mustard
only, and that very lightly, with soil. Cover the beds with
benders and mats until the Mustard and Cress is nearly 2 inches
in height, and then gradually expose it to the light. Treated in

i= JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this way the stems will be long, crisp, and blanched, thereby
adding not a little to the value of this small salading.

The Cucumber is, perhaps, the least wholesome of any kind
of salad vegetables, no one, to my knowledge, venturing to
ascribe any very good properties to it, at any rate as an article
of diet. In spite of its doubtful reputation the Cucumber is
very popular, few people accepting a certain doctor’s advice, that
Cucumbers ought to be skinned, sliced, salted, and then thrown
on therubbish heap. Fresh, quickly grown fruits only should be
used, over-grown or stale ones not digesting properly.

A paper on saladings is scarcely the place to speak very fully
or at length on the cultivation of Cucumbers; I shall therefore
content myself with offering a few brief hints only. During the
summer months Cucumbers can be most successfully grown in
pits and frames, where they are less liable to be overrun with
red spider and other insect pests than they are in forcing-houses.
The old Rollisson’s Telegraph would appear to be still one of the
best for frame culture, but what now passes for Tender and True
is more robust, and is a favourite variety with many growers.
About the middle of April sow seeds singly in 38-inch pots, and
place them to germinate in a warm frame or pit, rather than in
a house where insect pests probably abound. At the same time
some stable manure should be shaken out and thrown together into
a heap to ferment with a view to getting rid of its rank heat and
foul gases. ‘Two or three turnings are needed, each time before
the centre of heap attains a fierce or ‘‘ white’’ heat. Dead leaves
mixed with the manure will increase the bulk and serve to
moderate the heat. A solid hotbed from 8 feet to 4 feet deep at
the back with a gentle slope to the south is required, setting the
frame on this and placing a layer of short manure inside. In the
centre of each frame-light place about ‘a bushel of light loamy
soil, or a mixture of the best loam procurable, nearly fresh horse
droppings, and “burn bake.’ ‘Trial stakes ought to be kept
plunged in the centre of the bed and drawn out, and the heat
tested occasionally. If they can be comfortably borne in the
hand the plants may be put out directly the heap of soil is well
warmed through; but if the bed is violently hot, form a few deep
holes in it, and let out vapour at the back of the frame, planting
when the heat has sufficiently declined. Open out holes with
the hand, laying a single plant in each heap in a sloping direction,

SUMMER SALADINGS. 18

and then there will be less likelihood of snapping them when
training. If not already done, stop the plants beyond the
second rough leaf, and train the four resulting shoots two up
and two down the bed, stopping these again at the fourth joint.
In this way abundance of fruiting haulm will be obtained, none
of which should be allowed to travel far before it is stopped
otherwise much haulm will have to be cut out occasionally
which represents so much wasted energy. In the meantime
more soil should have been placed in the front of the frame or
pit, as the case may be, to warm through, in readiness for dis-
tributing lightly over the roots as these spread outwards and
onwards, a thin layer eventually covering the whole of the bed.
Never let the plants suffer for want of water, and never use
eold water. Ventilate from the back, sparingly at first, never
admitting rushes of cold air. Shade lightly from strong sun-
shine, removing it in the afternoon and gradually reducing the
air, and closing after watering or freely syringing the plants in
time for the temperature to run up to about 90°. Cover the
frames with mats during cold nights and renew the heat in the
bed by means of linings of prepared manure, this being especially
needed during dull summers. The fruits must be kept cut
closely whether wanted for use or not, as the leaving them on
the plant after they are fully grown causes a needless strain.
Tomatos are a great improvement to a summer salad, though
they are more often eaten by themselves with simple dressings
only. They are at their best directly they are cut from the
plants, losing acidity and richness of flavour according as they
become soft and flabby. Red varieties are, as a rule, superior to
yellow ones in point of flavour, but the latter add to the appear-
- ance of a salad, and the variety Blenheim Orange is of good
quality too. House-grown Tomatos are generally to be pre-
ferred to those ripened in the open air, though when we have
American summers the quality of the latter is by no means to
be despised. In order to have ripe Tomatos in June strong
plants ought to be ready for planting out or shifting into
fruiting pots early in March, and it need hardly be added that a
considerable amount of fire-heat will have to be expended over
them. They will give early and heavy crops if trained up
narrow span-roofed houses. A narrow ridge of good loamy soil
will be sufficient for them, placing the plants 15 inches or rather

14 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

less apart in it. In wider, higher houses the heaviest weight
of fruit is had by planting in deep borders, putting the plants
15 inches apart, in rows 3 feet apart, across the house, and
training them up bamboos or strings until the roof is reached.
Those who cannot devote a house wholly to Tomatos might yet
grow a few in pots or boxes along the front of greenhouses, and
placing them in their fruiting quarters early in May. Tomatos
may also be successfully grown in newly planted vineries and in
the lighter positions in older vineries. A temperature ranging |
from 55 deg. to 70 deg., accompanied by a chink of air when
the nights are warm, and a good circulation of air whenever the
outer temperature permits, suits Tomatos well. There must be
no stewing or keeping them closely boxed up after the manner
that suits Cucumbers so well, or heavy crops will fail to set, and
disease will soon be rampant. Starvation, again, is a mistake.
Feed those in pots and boxes liberally long before they give
signs of wanting extra assistance, and let those which are
planted out be also fed frequently and have a mulching of ~
manure. Keep all superfluous side shoots closely pinched out,
but do not greatly reduce the size of the primary leaves, as too
much zeal in that direction has a most weakening effect, and
also impairs the quality of the fruit. I ought perhaps to add
that a perfect set of fruit can be most readily effected by smartly
tapping the stems with a padded stick towards noon on dry
days, or after the pollen has become dry enough to distribute.
Tomatos can be had ripe on open-air plants in August. Plant
early in June against sunny walls and fences or quite in the
open, treating the plants much as advised in the case of those
cultivated under glass.
Beet is not much in demand during the summer, but affords
a good change to Tomatos. Tender, richly coloured roots can
easily be had in June by sowing seed of the Crimson Ball or
other form of Turnip-rooted Beet in heat, hardening them off
and planting out ona warm border late in April or early in May.
More seed of the same type should be sown any time during
April.
As before hinted, a summer salad should be largely composed
of well-grown Lettuce, with only just enough Onion and Tarra-
gon leaves to give it a sprightly flavour. Some people prefer
Cabbage Lettuce, as it is the tenderest, and it also absorbs the

SUMMER SALADINGS. 15

oil or dressing to a greater extent than Cos Lettuce does.
Others, again, prefer the Cos as being crisper, and occasionally a
mixture of the two is used. Mustard and Cress I would not
use in a summer salad, but either Tomatos, Cucumbers, or Beet
(only one of them at a time), sliced and distributed on the
surface or asa garnish. The materials, notably the Lettuces,
cannot well be too fresh, and the best portion of them, that is
to say the blanched heart, ought to be broken up coarsely in
preference to using a knife or mincing it, as is sometimes done
mistakenly; but keep out the stalks and tougher portions of
the leaves. Ifa salad must be prepared some time before it is
wanted for use, put it into the bowl, then pour in the dressing, SO
that this collects at the bottom, and not stirring it up until it is
served. It should be kept cool and closely covered. Those who
take extra pains with their salading dry the Lettuce by swinging
it in a cloth before they place it into the bowl, andin not a few
cases the dressing is sent to the table in a separate vessel to be
used at the discretion of those caring for it.

For the benefit of those who like to make a good quantity of
salad dressing at a time and store it for daily use I append one
of the best recipes I have yet met with. Put into a basin the
yolks of two raw eggs, add a teaspoonful of salt, and whisk well
together. Then, by small quantities, a drop or two at a time,
add one pint of the finest Florence or salad oil. Give plenty of
time over this, as everything depends upon the thorough mixing
and blending of the eggs with the oil. It ean only be accom-
plished by very slow degrees. Next add one tablespoonful of
nicely made mustard, one tablespoonful of Tarragon vinegar, the
same quantity of elder vinegar, and three tablespoonfuls of the

‘best ordinary vinegar; mix all well and add a small spoonful of
caster-sugar, a little Cayenne pepper (which must be regulated by
quality and taste), and a little salt, continuing to mix each in-
eredient with diligence and care. Then bottle for use, or use at
once if required ; but it improves by being kept a few days.

16 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CULTURE OF THE PINE-APPLE.

By Mr. H. W. Warp, F.R.H.S.
[Read April 21, 1896.]

THe Pine-apple (Ananas sativus) is a native of the West
Indies. It is grown extensively in Jamaica and the other
islands, where the mean temperature of the year is about 80°, -
the mean of the hottest month being about 83°, and that of the
coldest 77°. It also succeeds fairly well in Southern Florida and
Southern California. It was introduced into England by way of
Holland by a Mr. Bentinck as far back as 1690, and since then
it has been cultivated with more or less success in the principal
gardens in Great Britain and Ireland, no garden of any size
being considered complete that does not include pineries among
its forcing-houses.

In recent years, however, Pine-growing has been abandoned
in not a few places on the ground of the expense incurred in
the production of British Pines being excessive when compared
with the price at which fine fruits of foreign growth can now be
purchased of all the leading fruiterers all over the kingdom.
But this idea of great expense being necessarily incurred in the
production of British-grown Pines is more imaginary than real,
and is not in accordance with facts based upon practical ex-
perience, inasmuch as the annual cost of production (after the
initial expense) is comparatively small, so that, considering their
quality, the value of British-grown Pines is far above that of
any imported fruits, from which the bright colour, rich aroma,
and fine flavour characteristic of all well-developed British
Pines when ripe are almost invariably absent.

In order to secure the most satisfactory results of cultivation
suitable accommodation must be provided for the growth of the
plants, and a sound knowledge of their cultural requirements in
all stages of growth must be possessed by the cultivator. If
these two things are supplied Pine-growing is an easy and
simple matter, involving less trouble and attention than any
other kind of fruit grown under glass ; and when once a small
stock of plants is established, the number is easily and quickly
increased.

CULTURE OF THE PINE-APPLE. 17

Structures——Low span-roofed houses running north and
south are the best, with a raised bed about 12 feet wide down
the middle, and a pathway a little more than 2 feet in width on
either side. Hach house should be provided with four rows of
4-inch pipes fixed on each side close to the front and end walls
for top heat, four similar pipes being laid along the bottom of
_ the central bed at about 24 feet from the side walls, the same
distance separating pipe from pipe, which should be covered
with brickbats. This will suffice to produce and maintain the
necessary degree of heat in the material into which the pots
containing the plants in their several stages of growth are to be
plunged to the rims. Ventilation should be provided in roof
and front-lights.

Houses thus constructed are suitable for the summer growth
of fruiting and successional plants. But for the remaining nine
months of the year, when artificial means have to be employed
to produce and maintain the necessary degree of heat, the expense
incurred in the consumption of fuel is in proportion to the
area of glass exposed to external influences. So, on the whole,
lean-to houses of the following dimensions are to be recom-
mended :—For succession and fruiting plants I prefer lean-to
houses, running east and west, about 9 feet high at the back and
4 feet high in front from the ground-line, with a raised bed,
10 feet wide, running along the middle of the house, and a path-
way 8 feet wide at the back and 2% feet wide at the ends and
front, the latter being 2 feet lower from the ground-line than
the former, with three steps descending thereto at each end of
the central bed, thus giving a space of 9 feet from floor to glass
at back, and 6 feet in front, and a roof angle of about 34°. The
surface of the bed should be about 3 feet from the roof-glass,
and from 25 to 3 feet deep inside, a space of one foot being
allowed for the bottom-heat pipes, and their covering of brick-
bats (broken somewhat small on the top), to allow of the heat
percolating through the plunging material, the remaining space
being reserved for tan or fermenting leaves for plunging the pots
to the rim.

The length of individual houses should be governed by the
number of plants which it is intended to grow and fruit each
year, and this is simply a question of demand and supply.
However, I may say, for the guidance of any who may feel disy osed

B

18 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

to add a pinery to their existing ranges of glass structures,
that a house of this kind, 120 feet long, in four compartments,
three of 32 feet each for summer fruiters, succession plants, and
suckers, and one (nearest the heating apparatus) of 24 feet for
winter fruiters, would meet all ordinary requirements for Pines.
It is an easy matter to double, treble, or quadruple the number
of houses if necessary. The three first-mentioned divisions
should be provided with four rows of 4-inch pipes, set at equal
distances along the bottom of the central bed for supplying
bottom-heat to the plants when plunged therein, and three rows of
piping in front and two at the back for top-heat; adding two
extra pipes, one in the front and one at the back, for extra top-
heat in the house set apart for winter fruiters. The division set
apart for suckers should be the farthest from the heating
apparatus, and be 2 feet lower at the back and 1 in front than
the three preceding compartments. It should also have a space
ranging from 18 inches in front to 2 feet at the back between
the surface of the bed and the roof-glass, in order to bring the
suckers well up to the glass when plunged in the bed. There
should be a screw-down valve in the flow-pipes in each of the
four divisions of the house, and also in the flow-pipe at the point
where it enters the bed in the first division, to enable the
gardener to regulate the bottom-heat.

There are various kinds of thoroughly reliable heating appara-
tus to choose from nowadays, from the plain saddle, gold medal,
Trentham, Cornish, Horizontal Monarch, Champion Horizontal
Tubular, up to the celebrated Patent Duplex Upright Tubular
Boiler, any one of which, of sufficient capacity for the piping
attached thereto, will give more or less satisfaction if DngDEEY set
and well stoked.

There can be no question in the minds of practical men as to
the advantages which modern pineries have over the old-fashioned
structures for growing and fruiting the plants in, although some
of these are still doing fairly good service in different parts of
the country. At the same time there is no doubt whatever but
that men of equal ability in the culture of Pines, but one having
old-fashioned pineries and the other houses such as I have
described, are unequally matched, and the man who has the
most approved appliances will produce the better Pines, simply
as the result of superior accommodation.

CULTURE OF THE PINE-AFPLE. 19

In arranging the plants in old-fashioned Pine pits towards
the end of July or early in August, fresh fermenting leaves (of
the previous autumn’s gathering), to the depth of 5 or6 feet,
are placed in the pit and trodden firmly together. The plants
freshly potted in the pots in which they are to fruit are then
plunged up to the rim, with their leaves within an inch or so of
the glass. But long before the following April, when the plants
generally have to be rearranged for the summer, owing to the
decomposition and consequent subsiding of the leaves, the
plants will have sunk perhaps as much as 38 feet from the
glass. They must therefore be taken out, 3 feet deep of fresh
leaves added to the bed, and the pots replunged in order to bring
them up to the glass again; thereby subjecting the plants to a
more or less unavoidable check whilst the work is in progress,
not to mention the disadvantage resulting from their having
been so far from the glass, and from the beneficial influence of
ample light during the winter and early spring. In the case of
modern pineries, all this is reversed, for when once the plants are
placed into their fruiting pots and plunged into the bed of tan,
there they remain until the fruit is cut, and instead of sinking
away from the glass they get closer to it, if anything, making
sturdy and robust growth in consequence.

A very important point in the successful culture of the Pine-
apple (or, indeed, of anything else) is the obtaining of clean
stocky young plants to begin with. Great care should therefore
be exercised in procuring suckers only from perfectly clean,
healthy, sturdily grown plants. These should have the jagged
ends cut off, and a few of the short leaves which surround the
base removed with the hand, so as to liberate the young
brownish roots concealed beneath. In doing this, it is as well
to place the suckers in separate lots, according to their respective
Sizes, in readiness for potting up forthwith.

A compost, consisting of sound fibrous sandy loam, which
has been cut and stacked for twelve months, mixed with fresh
soot, 4-inch bones, and fine charcoal, in the proportion of an
8-inch potful of each to an ordinary-sized wheelbarrowful
of the loam, the whole being well mixed before being used, will
prove congenial to the requirements of the plants in all stages
of growth. The loam should be simply chopped down with a
spade, and for use at this time of year (April) several barrows of

B2

20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it should be stood in one of the hottest houses for twenty-four
hours to get warmed through before being used. More especially
is the observance of this precaution necessary in the case of
potting established plants, as the bringing of their roots in con-
tact with soil much colder than that in which they are growing
gives them a serious check.

In potting the plants in every stage of their growth, it is
absolutely essential that they should have good drainage and
clean pots. This being so, potsherds to the depth of from
1 inch in 6-inch pots up to 2 or 25 inches in the case of the
fruiting (10 to 12-inch) pots should be used, putting a large
piece of crock, hollow-side down, over the hole or holes, and
over this smaller pieces to the required depth, placing the
smallest ones (those which have been passed through a 4-inch-
and 3-inch sieves) on the top, following these with a sprinkling
of fresh soot (to prevent the ingress of worms) and a covering
of thin turves, grass-side down, or dry moss, thereby securing
perfect drainage.

The potting of the suckers, as well as of larger plants, should
be proceeded with according to size, beginning with the largest
and finishing with the smallest, the plunging of the pots being
done in the same order, keeping the plants in all cases within
1 or 2 inches of the roof-glass, and allowing sufficient space
between the individual plants to ensure sturdy growth. Pots
from 6 to 8 inches in diameter and depth should be used
for the strong rootless suckers, and the ends of these should
be buried from 2 to 3 inches, making the soil firm about
them with a wooden rammer, and allowing a space of rather
more than half an inch from the rims of the pots for water
when its application at the roots is considered needful. As soon
as the roots begin to push freely into the soil, supplies of diluted
liquid manure, at a temperature of about 85°, should be given at.
the roots up to the time the fruit begins to change colour; and
occasional surface dressings of some good artificial manure,
immediately before giving clear tepid water during the fruit-
swelling period, will greatly assist in the development of large
handsome fruit. Change of diet with plants, as with men,
sharpens the appetite, and so promotes and maintains a healthy
and vigorous constitution. The plants should not be allowed to
become pot-bound before being placed in the fruiting pots. Those

CULTURE OF THE PINE-APPLE. oT

put into 8-inch pots in the spring may, as a rule, be shifted
into their fruiting pots the following August, the plants in
6-inch pots being given a shift one or two sizes larger, according
to circumstances, loosening the soil round the balls a little
with a pointed stick to liberate any roots that may have
become matted, but in every case ramming the fresh soil
firmly with flat and round rammers. After being potted,
and plunged at from 1 foot to 2 feet apart, according to size,
the plants should be shaded during the heat of the day
for a fortnight or three weeks, and syringed slightly overhead
and between the pots with tepid water before putting on the
shading in the morning and after removing it in the afternoon,
until signs of fresh growth are observed, when the shading may
(except for two or three hours—say from eleven to two o’clock—
in the hottest part of the day during very strong sunshine)
be dispensed with, and instead a gradually increasing free cir-
culation of fresh air should be admitted during the heat of
the day, that is, from the time the thermometer registers
80° in the morning until it indicates 85° or 90° in the afternoon,
say from half-past two in March up to four o’clock in June,
July, and August, when the houses and pits should be closed,
the plants dewed overhead, and the plunging material and
house generally well damped over.

A bottom-heat of 85° should be aimed at during the first nine
months of the year, but it may be allowed to drop 5° or 10° (ex-
eeptin the case of winter-fruiters) during October, November, and
December. The plants should be kept uniformly moist at the
roots during the same nine months; but water should be applied
very sparingly in any form during October and the two following
months—a time when the plants should be resting. The night
temperature should range from 60° in October to 55° and 50° in
November and December, with a rise of 5° by day with fire-heat,
and 10° by sun-heat. The minimum temperature during the first
nine months of the year should range from 65° to 70°. Winter-
fruiters should, asa matter of course, be afforded a night tempera-
ture of 70° to 75° by day with fire-heat, and 80° to 85° with sun-
heat, running it up to 90° at closing time when the sun is
sufficiently powerful, and distributing moisture in the house at the
same time. The plants, too, should be kept well supplied at the
roots with stimulating fare in a liquid state at a temperature of 85°,

99 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Each fruit should be secured to two sticks—one on each side
—by two or three ties, the top ties being at an angle of about
35° from the top of the fruit, to prevent its upright growth being
hampered.

In distributing moisture in the house, avoid letting water get
into the crowns of the fruits, as this encourages the production
of unduly large crowns, which detract from the size and general
appearance of the fruit. On the other hand, should any of the
crowns give promise of being under-sized—that is, not in pro-
portion to the size of fruit, tepid water may be purposely applied
to such crowns with a view to increasing their size.

The Queen Pine naturally produces suckers with great free-
dom ; therefore in applying water at the roots of successional
plants care should be taken to only pour the water over the soil;
and not into the axils of the leaves, as this would unduly tend to
the production of suckers. In the case of the Smooth-leaved
Cayenne, Providence, and Charlotte Rothschild varieties, which
are shy in producing suckers, there is no necessity for this pre-
caution being observed. On the contrary, water may be poured
into the axils of the leaves in watering as an inducement to the
production of suckers. The latter should, however, be removed
as soon as they appear from all successional plants, so as to con-
centrate all the energies of the individual plants into the build-
ing up of good fruiting specimens, potting up the suckers if
necessary. ‘Tepid liquid manure or weak guano water may with
advantage be poured into the axils of the plants in watering
fruiters, as the young roots coiled round the stems of the in-
dividual plants beneath the leaves will benefit thereby. When
cills appear on the stems at the base of the fruit, they should be
removed forthwith. Plants of the three last-named varieties
should have their leaves trimmed:back to the stems after the
fruit is cut, and be kept in heat to produce suckers, affording
water sparingly at the roots in the meantime.

The ripening of Pine-apples can be retarded, and the fruits
kept nice and fresh for three weeks or a month, by removing the
plants to a vinery, in which the grapes are ripe or ripening, as
soon as the fruits begin to change colour, standing the pots on
inverted ones, as a precaution against mice. In such a position
I have frequently kept back Pine-apples for fully a month longer
than could otherwise have been done. ‘The fruits thus retarded

CULTURE OF THE PINE-APPLE. 93

generally assume a brighter colour than those ripened in the
pine-stove in the ordinary way, the drier and airier atmosphere
maintained in the vinery at this particular time contributing to
this result. .

Varieties.—The best sterling varieties are The Queen,
Smooth-leaved Cayenne, Charlotte Rothschild, Black Jamaica,
- Lady Beatrix Lambton, White Providence (a variety remarkable
for the size of its fruit), Enville, and Prince Albert, and of
these the first five are the best. Three years ago I received by
post from a friend engaged in fruit-growing in the neighbourhood
of Waldo, Florida, three small gill-like suckers of a variety called
Porto Rico, which is said to yield fruit, averaging 8 lb., of good
quality. I have succeeded in saving two of these plants, one of
which I hope to fruit this year. It is strong, tall, and erect in
erowth. At Longford Castle I used to fruit twenty-three plants
of Providence every year until I was unfortunate enough to get
white scale through infested “ crowns ’”’ from fruit received from
another place having been unwittingly sent up to the gardens
from the Castle, as was customary with “‘crowns”’ of our own
Pine-apples. These, in blissful ignorance of the fact, were placed
among our, until then, perfectly clean stock of plants, with the
result stated, and having tried several supposed remedies quite
unsuccessfully, I destroyed all the plants and made a fresh start
with clean ones; but I have not been able to obtain any plants
of Providence since then. JI may remark that a fruit of the Pro-
vidence Pine-apple, said to have weighed 14 1b., was sent to Her
Majesty the Queen by the late Karl of Radnor many years ago.

Insects.—The Pine-apple is subject to the attacks of white
and brown scale and mealy-bug. Therefore great care should
be exercised not to introduce stove or greenhouse plants into
the pine-stove. Pot-strawberries, French Beans, Melons, and
Cucumbers may, however, be safely grown on any available space
in hip-roofed pine-stoves.

Brown-scale may be got rid of without very much trouble,
but mealy-bug (of which I have not had experience in any way
during the last twenty-five years) and white-scale are most
destructive and difficult pests to eradicate without at the same
time destroying the plants in the process. My experience of
white-scale on Pines is such as to lead me to strongly recommend
any gardener who may be unfortunate enough to get it to obtain

24 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

clean suckers at once and make a fresh start, growing the plants
in pits or houses by themselves away from the affected plants,
and destroying the latter as soon as they have fruited. I am of
opinion that whatever nostrum is applied strong enough to kill
white-scale on Pines, as in the case of vines infested with
Phylioxera vastatriz, will also prove fatal to the plants. In my
case, I had the affected plants immersed in lime-wash at a tem-
perature of 130°, hanging them up by the heels for six hours to
drain and dry before being potted up, but without effecting a cure. |
Some weeks previous to dipping the plants in liquid-lime I had
them dusted over while damp with a mixture of fine new soot
and sulphur with a like absence of any good result.

ON THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF TULIPA.

By Mr. J. GiInBERT Baker, F.R.S., Keeper of the Herbarium, Kew,
[Read May 5, 1396.]

Tse genus Tulipa, unlike its near neighbours Lilium, Fritillaria,
and Krythronium, is entirly confined to the Old World, whilst
Calochortus is confined to the New World. The Tulips which
have been cultivated for a long time in gardens belong to a
limited number of species, but within the last generation a great
number of new species have been discovered, principally through
the explorations of the Russians in Central Asia. There are at
the present time not less than 100 specific names to be taken
into account, and I propose here to briefly enumerate the groups
into which the species are classified.

The first separate group is that of the true Tulips from
Orithyia. Of the latter sub-genus eight species are now known,
and as the flowers are small and not brightly coloured these are
only worth cultivating as curiosities. They all come from Japan,
China, and Siberia, and differ from the true Tulips in having
the ovary narrowed into a distinct style, as in Gagea ; whilst the
true Tulips have stigmas sessile on the ovary.

The Tulips may be divided into two sections, according to

ON THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF TULIPA. 25

the absence or presence of the tuft of hairs at the base of the
filament.

The section Hriostemon, of which sylvestris may be taken
as the type, possesses this. tuft of hairs; and the section Leio-
stemon, of which Gesneriana may be taken as the type, is without
the tuft.

The Leiostemes may be separated into four groups as
follows :—

I.—Hriobulbe, which has woolly outer bulb-coats, compara-
tively broad leaves, and bright red flowers with a large patch of
black at the base. The old well-known species of this group are
Oculis-solis, precox, and montana. Of this latter chrysantha
and Lehmanniana are only yellow-flowered varieties. Little
known species of this group are maleolens and lanata, the
latter closely allied to Ocwlis-solis and lately discovered in
Central Asia. TZ. sogdiana, Boiss, is a doubtful species, of which
I have only seen a small and incomplete specimen.

II.—Clusiane, which has woolly bulbs, narrow leaves, and
clabrous stamens. Only two species are known, Cluszana and
stellata, which perhaps. may run one into another. Stellata is
Himalayan, and Clusiana extends from Portugal to Persia.

Ill.—The Gesneriane, to which group the great mass of
garden Tulips belong. This group is marked by its glabrous
leaves and peduncle, and by the outer bulb-coats having only a
few short adpressed hairson the inner side. Of this group there
are two sets of species, one with acute and the other with
obtuse perianth-segments. The two best known garden species
of this group are Didieri, a native of Savoy, of which Billietiana
is a yellow-flowered variety, and acwminata or cornuta, the
Turkish Tulips, with its very narrow, acuminate perianth-seg-
ments. Two fine new Central Asian species are allied to
Didiert, viz. Kolpakowskiana (B. M. t. 6710) and Kesselringu
(B. M. t. 6754) and ZT’. violacee (B. M. t. 7440) lately introduced
into cultivation from Southern Persia by Leichtlin. Less known
species or garden forms allied to Didieri are retroflexa, elegans,
undulatifolia, Sintenesti, concinna, Dammanniana, EHlwesi,
cruciata, vitellina, viridiflora, ciliatula, brachystemon, triphylla,
aristata, and oxypetala. Gesneriana is distinguished from
Didiert by its later flowering and by having its perianth-
segments rounded at the apex. It is very variable, and has been

96 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cultivated for s6 many years that it is impossible to decide with
certainty which of its near allies are true species and which are
mere garden forms. Amongst the allies of Gesneriana I may
enumerate macrospila, platystigma, Ostrowskiana (B. M. t. 6865),
Mazximowiczu, Batalim, Korolkowi, Schrenkii, Boissieri, and
tetraphylla.

IV.—The Scabriscape differ from the Gesnerianz by their
pubescent leaves and peduncles. The best known garden species
of this group is suaveolens, to which belong many of our dwarf.
early-flowering forms with glaucous hairy leaves. 7’. pubescens
comes midway in character between pubescens and Gesneriana,
and is probably a garden hybrid. Many garden forms fall under
pubescens, such as the Brides of Haarlem and the Duke of York,
of taller habit and less acute segments than suaveolens. Other
species of this group are strangulata, betica, Kolpakowskiana
(B. M. t. 6887), altaica, maculata, Eichleri, Alberti, and Greigi
(B. M. t. 6177). The last named of these has bright, orange-
scarlet fiowers and distinctly spotted leaves, and is the finest of
the new Russian discoveries.

Of the true Tulips with hairy stamens there are two groups,
one with red or lilac and the other with yellow flowers.

To the first group belong Haageri, Sprengeri, saxatilis,
bithynica, pulchella, polychroma, violacea, and Aucheri, and to
the latter sylvestris and its very numerous allies, some of which
have the flowers tinged with green and the others with red on
the back. I have not mentioned all the published species. My
main object has been to indicate what are the principal characters
of the seven groups under which they may be arranged.

x

A SHORT PAPER ON IRIS.
In CONNECTION WITH THE E|}XXHIBITION OF A LARGE NUMBER
OF PAINTINGS OF THE GENUS. May 5, 1896.

[By W. J. Cararn.]

WE all know the Iris as an historical flower under its name of
Fleur de Lis, Fleur de Luce, perhaps flower of Louis. Louis VII.
of France adopted it as the emblem of his shield during the

A SHORT PAPER ON IRIS. 27

Crusades, and strewed it on the mantle of his son when conse-
crated at Rheims.

After the battle of Crecy it was united with the arms of
England, and remained so until, on the union with Ireland, the
shamrock took its place. But from the earliest times it was the
symbol of power in Eastern countries. A fleur de lys, exactly
like that of the emblem of the French Monarchy, was found
surmounting a sceptre on a monument of the highest antiquity
at Dendera in the heart of Egypt. Herodotus and Strabo relate
that the kings of Babylon formerly bore it at the extremity of
their sceptres. Montfaucon also speaks of that of David found in
the miniature of a tenth-century manuscript which is surmounted
by an Iris. It was placed on the brow of the Sphinx, and the
ancients regarded it as the emblem of eloquence.

A glance at the geographical distribution of the species of
Tris will, I think, assure us of their adaptability to our climate
and our gardens.

There is, I believe, no meridian of longitude in the land of
our northern temperate zone untenanted by Ivis in one, at least,
of its many forms and species. In latitude the greatest abun-
dance appears towards the warm temperate region of 40°, whilst
they rapidly thin out below 30° or beyond 60°. This gives us
the knowledge that the majority of Irises are hardy plants. I
am not sure that I could find half-a-dozen that are not perfectly
hardy as far as our cold is concerned; and with the exception
of some of the Asiatic section, notably the Oncocyclus group,
which inhabit a peculiar climate of extremes to which they seem
especially adapted, and without which they cannot go through
life, they are, on the whole, very reliable plants to grow.

- Starting from England, we have two native species, Pseuda-
corus and fetidissima, both of which spread right across the
continent as far as Afghanistan and Northern India, in fact seem
happy anywhere or, as they say in catalogues, ‘“ will grow under
trees.” In France and towards its southern coasts we find at
least ten species. Portugal and Spain soon add to the list with
bulbous ones. The drier and warmer the soil in summer the
greater need for the bulb form of plant. Morocco, Algeria, and
Northern Africa add more bulbous ones, to which summer
roasting, sun, and light are essentials of culture ; but they thin off

298 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to a couple of varieties of J. alata in the Atlas Mountains and
I. dwersifolia in Abyssinia.

As this bulbous group goes eastward, its character of fibrous,
annual, dying-away roots changes more into the thick, fleshy,
persistent, nourishing roots of the Juno section. Towards Syria,
Palestine, and Asia Minor begins the reticulata group with
netted, handsome bulbs and quaint, strange flowers.

Again, starting from Spain along the northern shores of the
Mediterranean, France, Riviera, Switzerland, Tyrol, Italy,
Austria, Hungary, Turkey, and Greece, we find a race of dwarf
spring flowering Iris mostly mountainous plants, of whose great
garden value I will speak later on. Germany, the Black Forest,
Austria, Hungary, South Russia, Turkey, and Turkey in Asia
give us the tall summer flowering species, many of whose hybrids
and varieties are to be seen in English gardens, but by no means
too plentifully. The largest development of these seems to
culminate in Asia Minor, which has furnished those enormous
flowers of Germanica, Amas, Sivas, Orientalis, and Kharput or
Asiaticus. In Asia Minor these give way to the very curious,
beautiful, and extraordinary types of the Oncocyclus, many of
which, thanks to Dr. Foster’s and the Rev. H. Ewbanks’ success
with them, and personal kindness, I have been able to represent,
though as yet I cannot say that they like my care in the garden.
Together with these Irises that I have mentioned is a race, more
numerous perhaps in the northern part of our zone, characterised
by narrow long leaves, narrow segmented long flowers, wiry and —
not fleshy roots, and without that particular character of a beard
which we shall come to speak of afterwards. These, I say, are
thinly scattered towards our side of the hemisphere, but they
increase greatly in number as we go eastward through Russia,
Siberia, China, and Japan, and reach their greatest development
in America, a country in which the other or old-world forms, of
which we have hitherto spoken, are scarcely, if at all, represented.
Throughout the southern temperate zone there are other genera
of bulbous and rhizomatous plants which have often somewhat
similar flowers, and which may be called Ivrids, as Gladiolus,
Morea, Dietes, Ixia, but amongst which no true Iris is to be
found. Thus we see that Iris is an entirely northern genus of
temperate limits.

Mr. J. G. Baker, in his admirable text-book, the ‘ Monograph

A SHORT PAPER ON IRIS. 99

of Iris,” published first, I believe, in the Gardener’s Chronicle
during 1876, but since revised and enlarged, gives, as a suitable
method of distinguishing the various groups into which Ivis falls,
the varying characters of that very conspicuous raised line running
along the middle of the outer or drooping petal-fall of the flower.
In the two groups of bulbous and “ beardless ”’ this line is a raised
or convex ridge. In two other groups there is a more or less
thick line of hair-like bristles, coloured to attract attention, and
making believe that it is covered with pollen. In a fifth, the
Oncocyclus group, the ridge of hair is spread out as a broad, flat
cushion. Joining in with this are one or two which have hairs
ridged upon both falls and standards, outer and inner petals re-
spectively. A sixth section has the line produced into a crest or
comb, cut and frilled very much in the same manner as a
cock’s. In each and all of these groups there are slight
exceptions, as you might expect, which serve, perhaps, to
unite the whole. Bulbous Iris, for instance, as Dr. Foster’s
work * upon this branch of the subject shows us, develops a
crest in one or two species in the South Caspian region; in
one species, that of Iris Boissert in Spain, it develops hair ;
and, lastly, in I. nepalensis, its bulb is reduced to a resting bud.
This has also a branched inflorescence, which connects it in a
manner to the beardless rhizomed species. The beardless again
makes a change in J. hexagona, which is furred as though
connecting with the true bearded. The bearded Irises again
connect with Oncocyclus in lawpina, which has the hairs collected
to a ridge, but its inner petals have scattered hairs towards the
base, asin other members of that section. A tendency to the same
is observable in germanica, pallida, and other tall bearded Iris.

_ The real use in all these varying developments of this, one
might almost say, organ is apparently to make an insect step
high upon entering the flower (although I have observed small
flies feeding apparently in a persistent manner upon some pos-
sible exudation at the base), so that its back shall perforce rub
against the just pouted lip of the overhanging stigma, and so
deposit any pollen it might have previously collected upon it
before entrance into the flower itself. In my own garden,
when I first grew Iris, no humble-bee in my locality could
understand the flower at all, and after climbing all over the

* See Advertisement pages.

30 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

outside for a minute together, it would fly away in dudgeon,
and, having failed to find any good in such an object, would
never again waste time upon it. This I found very advantageous,
for I could always count upon the fact that an Iris would
never set seed with me unless I fertilised it myself; but I
grow many Iris now, and the Bombi who now resort to my
garden have very greatly increased in numbers and species,
and, what is more, have learnt the lesson perfectly. So that
Iris now seeds freely, and especial care has to bea observed
with fertilised flowers to prevent insects undoing my work of
hybridising.

To return. In Bearded Iris there are two very distinct and
well-defined groups, one having solitary or few flowers to a stem,
which is short, so that the whole plant in flower is seldom more
than one foot in height in the largest of this section. The flowers
in nearly every case are large for the size of the plant, and, alas!
fugitive. The majority of Iris blooms have a three days’ span
of existence. Some few bulbous and early spring and summer
flowering ones have six days’, and one species, J. sesyrynchiwm,
a real gem, the oldest Iris, as far as is known or surmised,
and the one with greatest geographical range, blooms from
mid-day to three o’clock, when, worn out with old age, and
perhaps effort in beauty, it curls and dies. Of course other
individuals keep up the show, and especially when there are,
as in most species, many buds to a stem, for as long a season
as the majority of other plants, but you never will have Iris
flowers to tire of; it is a pageant that is always changing.

Members of this dwarf group of Iris are always spring
bloomers, that is to say, they begin in March, with the little
pumila, or one of its varieties, a plant two inches high at
flowering time, and covered—so covered that nothing but a blaze
of colour is to be seen, no leaves or plant—with blossoms of
red purple in the type, pale blue, white, indigo, and yellow;
and as these charming little spring varieties have every year a
neck-and-neck race for earliness, sometimes one, sometimes
another coming in first, they must all be grown for an early
show of bloom in March or April. Following upon these are
virescens, ® Vigorous garden plant which has given me excellent
results; Chameiris, biflora, Statelle, olbiensis, italica, Pieberi,
and, in fact, the whole race of these dwarf-bearded ones. They

A SHORT PAPER ON IRIS. 31

give such a profusion of flowers, and light up the garden with
masses of bloom, in a way one cannot describe. They like a
very sunny spot, a bank for choice; soil not very particular, but
perhaps light; and for climate, a wet spring with no frosts, a
hot, dry summer, the hotter the better, and a hard, dry winter.
I have, by way of experiment, taken up a number, and kept them
exposed to air in a covered shed from November to February, no
soil whatever about them, and they flourished after it as though
they liked it. This is not their culture, observe ; it is simply
an illustration of dry winter. But when they are happy they
erow in such a cumulative way that, being hungry plants, they
must be taken up and divided, and given fresh soil every three or
four years, their chief enemies being autumn and winter wet, wood-
lice, which burrow under the rhizomes and eat the growing points
of the new roots, and snails, which are very fond of the flowers.
In raising hybrids in this section my aim has been (1) to extend
the range of colour, (2) to add to the number of flowers on
a, stem, (3) to extend the season of blooming and make it con-
tinuous. The size of flower I place last.

The other beardless group is very different in manner of
erowth, as well as in inflorescence, and time of blooming, being
of much larger stature and distinctly summer blooming, com-
mencing the latter half of May, through June, and ending in
July. These are for the most part comprised in half-a-dozen
species, of which Germanica is the earliest, and blooms in end
of May and early June. Well known by the typical Blue Flag
of gardens, it has several varieties, the greatest flowers and
most remarkably vivid colours being found in those forms which
come from Asia Minor.

Following these are the half-dozen marked species—pallida,
squalens, variegata, amana, sambucina, neglecta—marked
always by manner of inflorescence, character of spathe valves,
the green or, in pallida, paperlike envelope to the unopened
flower bud. The width of leaf is great and colour glaucous in
Pallida, ribbed and green in Ameena and neglecta, strongly tinged
with purple at base in Variegata, which is the smallest and
latest plant of this group; and under one or other of these heads
chiefly are to be found the numerous beautiful varieties that
go to make garden Irises so beautiful. They have wonderful
developments of colour harmonies—a greater range perhaps than

32 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

any other flower—the texture of their petals and the variety of
surface in the same petal make up a picture that I believe one
must have a few failures in trying to represent before properly
appreciating. One sees sometimes a mass of rhizomes and but
few blooms in gardens, but that is not the fault of the plant,
in all Iris the blooming point, and making of seed after it, is the
end of life for that individual, be it rhizome or bulb, and no
plant of them will flower again unless a reserve of strength has
been built up for the support of a previously developed progeny.
In bulbous Xiphions often several, in rhizomes at least two,
capable of separate existence are produced, one on each side
of the parent which is soon to terminate existence. To make
the plant flower each full-grown rhizome must be matured
and ripened by exposure to direct sunshine; this means no over-
crowding, and I fear that from its power of being able to exist,
even under trees, it has often been ruthlessly planted there,
to lead a spoilt life, for it is essentially a child of the sun, and
that has something to answer for in the want of popularity in
Tris as a flower.

With the next group, the Oncocyclus, we find that sun is such
an all-powerful factor that any trifling neglect on our part to
get, store, preserve, or imitate the effects of his Asiatic rays
quickly ends in collapse and direful loss. When we get their
rhizomes they are not very much to look upon, but if we are not
careful they will be very much less before long, though from the
prices which now obtain for them we see that this very wild
child of the desert 7s being made to perform in some gardens.
April and May, with those happy people who can grow the
Oncocyclus group of Iris, is the cream of the whole flower year.
The plants all seem to live within a certain radius of the Caspian
Sea, and develop most in number around what is sometimes
called the Cradle of the World. A glance at the table of distri-
bution at once shows us the jump in number of species, not
only of Oncocyclus, but of others, that takes place in Persia,
Mesopotamia, Armenia, Syria, &c. When we look at the flowers
themselves of these species and see that here of all places are
congregated the most refined, perfect in form and colour, of all
this great family of plants (their colours are not by any means
so gay as their neighbours on either hand), we can well realise
that when those early potentates gave the flower the place of

A SHORT PAPER ON IRIS. 33

honour upon their sceptres, they did it rightly and with good
sense of appreciation, and in a country where there was no lack
of material to compare with in other flowers.

There is still remaining the small group of Crested Iris, of
about half-a-dozen species, the largest of which, I. tectorwm,
Miles, and yaponica, or fimbriata, may be to the majority of
us considered greenhouse plants, will not stand hard frost, and
like their own treatment. J. tectorwm, whichis planted on the
top of thatch in Chinese houses, requires a wet spring growing
time, a hot summer, and a quite dry winter under glass.
I. japonica requires wet or damp perhaps all the year through,
also under glass for success. Such, at least, is my experience.

I. cristata and J. lacustris are charming dwarf plants, the
first from the hills of Kentucky and Carolina, the second
from the shores of Lake Huron. Finally there is the group
of Beardless Iris, having, as we saw before, the most extensive
range of any. Though limited in number of species it has great
variety in form and size of plant and flower, from the quite
dwarf J. ruthenica and curious I. hunulis to the Ochreoleuca
gigantea, six feet high, and, needless to say, treatment varies
with them. A light and well-drained soil suits some species—
notably the smaller ones—while the taller ones require a strong
soil, with here and there the chance of getting their feet in
water, as in the case of Iris Kempferi, which the Japanese have
done so much with from I. lavigata as a garden flower.

Irises are, I believe, on the whole averse to manure, but like
rich soil, with frequent division and replanting, that is, every
three or four years: this gives their rhizomes full chance for
sturdy growth and maturation. The moving, too, is best done,
at any rate for all beardless Irises, immediately after flowering,
as the plant then begins to send out its new roots, which build
up the flower of the next year, and if these roots then go down
to their right soil, there is no fear of check at transplanting or
loss of time in getting established.

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS.
By Rev. Grorce HEnstow, M.A., F.L.S., &e.
[Delivered June 9, 1896.]

Intropuction.—The old distinction between animals and
plants, that the former could move and the latter could not, was
based on very limited observations. For, not only have very
many of the lower forms of vegetable life motile reproductive
bodies, as the zoospores of the Potato fungus and Alge, but even
all the higher plants can move their various organs, though they
be rooted in the ground. The object of the lecture was to
illustrate this fact by a small selection of characteristic examples.

Motions of plant-organs can be either the result of and during
growth, as in the development of leaves during the expansion of
leaf-buds; or the result of certain irritations taking place
periodically or otherwise, after the organ is completely formed,
as in the foliar sleep of plants, in flower-stalks, &c. Excepting
the bursting of capsules and other cases, where usually life ig
extinct, the motions are due to the inherent properties of living
protoplasm.

GEOTROPISM AND CIRCUMNUTATION.—The first evidence of
germination in seeds is seen in the protrusion of the radicles, and
in all ordinary dicotyledons growing in the soil the apex elongates
and forms the tap-root which grows downwards, 7.¢. in the
direction of the action of gravity, this being the exterior exciting
force. Darwin found that the tip of the radicle of a cabbage
seed was only acted upon by gravity upon its “‘ growing point,”
i.e. for a length of from ‘02 to ‘03 inch; but the influence can
be conducted to some higher point where the bending may take
place. The property of an organ growing or bending under
the influence of gravity is called “Geotropism,”’ or “ turning
earthwards.’’ When the cotyledons appear above the soil by the
growth and elongation of the radicle (the plumule being for a
time arrested), the radicle now takes the name of ‘ hypocotyl,”
being “‘ below the cotyledons.” If the radicle be arrested while
the plumule begins at once to grow, as in the bean, the plumule
is now called the ‘ epicotyl,” as it is “ above the cotyledons.”

THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS. oD

In either case the young stem issues from the seed-coat more or
less in the form of an arch.

The radicle soon begins to “ circumnutate,” 2.¢e. ‘ bows
around,’’ causing the tip of the root to move more or less in a
circular manner, enabling it to find a point of least resistance.
The apex of the root would seem to continue to grow with a
circular motion, as far as possible, beneath the soil, as is indicated
by the spirally-twisted condition which sometimes obtains
between two roots in close approximation.

As long as the arching stem is below the soil this motion aids
the ascent by freeing it from the pressure of the earth. As soon
as it is free the concave side grows more rapidly than the convex,
so that it soon becomes straight.

Hyprotrorism.—This term, signifying ‘turning water-
wards,’ is given to roots, &c., which are influenced by the
presence of moisture, and are thereby induced to grow in the
direction of it. An experiment of Sachs’ of growing beans, &c.,
in a sieve full of damp materials, through the meshes of which the
roots protruded at first vertically, but then applied themselves to
the wet surface of the sieve again, proves that water more
powerfully influences the tips than does gravity. It is due to
this property that roots of trees have been known to grow to
ereat lengths to reach a distant water supply, the vapour coming
from the source having apparently induced the root to grow in
the direction of it.

PHOTOTROPISM AND HELIOTROPISM.—Turning ‘ lightwards ’’
and “turning sunwards”’ are the terms indicating the well-
known property of plants being ‘drawn to a source of light.’’
The first term applies to the growth of stems upwards towards the
generalillumination of the sky ; the second term to every case when
an organ is illuminated more in one direction than another. The
first is probably the original cause of the erect growth of stems;
for an experiment made by Mohl* of growing plants in a box on
a, perforated shelf and illuminated solely from below showed that
they now grew vertically downwards. Erect growth is generally
attributed to “ negative geotropism,”’ or “ apo-geotropism,”’ fT as
being in the opposite direction to the action of gravity ; but there

* The Vegetable Cell, p. 146.

+ It must be remembered that these and other like terms only express
observed facts, but in no way account for them.

C 2

86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is no such force-action from above (other than light), as gravity
acts from below.*

REPULSION BY OBSTRUCTION.—According to Darwin, the tip
of a root will try to turn away from an obstruction. He showed
this by fastening a piece of card to one side of root-tip, as well as
by other methods. This gave rise to a good deal of criticism,
the idea of his critics being that the motion was a result of injury
to the delicate tip. The root, however, is deflected away from
the obstruction, so that it looks as if the irritation causes a
greater growth to take place on the same side as the obstruction.
If so, this would imply an increased vigour at the spot. Moreover,
this would be quite in keeping with what takes place in climbing
stems, &c., that as soon as pressure is exerted at any point the
tissues begin to thicken in response to it. The enormous power
which roots acquire to overcome obstructions, as, e.g., when grow-
ing under a wall, is probably the result of the effort induced by
the obstruction itself, which causes it to develop tissues in
response to the pressure.

If, therefore, Darwin’s peas had been able to have a fulcrum,
instead of growing in air, results perhaps might have been
different; but this suggestion requires experimental verifica-
tion. |

CrIMBING Puants.—These supply an abundance of illustra-
tions of motion. The climbing property of stem-twiners is the
result of their circumnutation, perhaps coupled with some slight
degree of sensitiveness to contact. In the greenless stem of the
parasitical dodder both properties are in evidence, and some
branches, as of Strychnos, are known to be modified like tendrils,’
which both circumnutate and are sensitive ; but it is not certain
whether the latter property is possessed by ordinary green-
stemmed twiners. Circumnutation is‘ well seen in long slender-
stemmed plants as the hop. The motion appears to be the
result of a combination of forces. First, there is, or believed to
be, the spiral growth of the stem itself, so that the apex is, so to
say, being continually pushed over to the opposite side by growth
at one point at a time; as the successive points of growth are
supposed to take place in order round the stem, the ultimate result

* T would refer the reader, for a further discussion of this subject, to

my Origin of Plant Structures, p. 197 seqq.
+ See a paper by F. Miiller, Jowrn. Linn. Soc., ix. p. 344.

THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS. Si

is a continual ‘‘ bowing around” of the apex.* At the same time
gravity is always trying to pull the tip to the ground. This in
turn tries to stiffen itself by putting on tissues of wood in opposi-
tion to the strain. Then,.if the plant happen to be unequally
illuminated, there will be another ‘ pull ’’ in the direction of the
stronger source of light. The result is that the shoot moves in
irregular ovals, zigzags, &e.

As a leaf-climber, Solanwm jasminoides may be taken.
Darwin tells us that a long shoot made four revolutions against
the sun at an average rate of 3hrs. 26 mins. In a hothouse a
stick was clasped by a petiole in seven hours. After three or
four days the petiole increased much in thickness, the three
isolated fibro-vascular cords becoming united and forming a
cylinder like that in a stem. ‘This increase is due to response to
the strain felt. An analogous but not identical growth is seen
in a horse-chestnut petiole ; for in this there is a complete cylinder
of wood, but the three cords, usually only occurring in petioles,
are embedded in the middle of the pith. Im all cases the extra
growth of wood indicates the amount of strain to be met by the
petiole.

GiLoriosA.—This plant has a stem which describes an
irregular oval in about three hours. The leaves are horizontal,
the end of each forming a slender hook-like extension. If it
catch anything, it at once anchors the plant, which is somewhat
over-weighted above, and stops the circumnutation. The inner
surface of the hook is sensitive, so that in from one to three hours
it curls inwards and permanently seizes an object in from eight
to ten hours. If it does not catch anything, after a time the tip
curls up into a helix and loses its sensibility.

- TENDRILS are the results of modifications of more than one
kind of organ. They are generally metamorphosed leaflets ;
but in vines and Ampelopsis they are homologous with flowering
branches. Strychnos may have its branches in the form of
tendrils; while Dissocheta has adventitious roots similarly
metamorphosed. Circumnutation coupled with a sensitiveness
to contact are the usual means by which these organs effect
their purpose.

VERNATION.—This term is given to the way the young leaves

* If a hazel shoot be split vertically, the surfaces are never flat, but
show a twist.

38 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

are packed up within the bud. As the buds open and the leaves
begin to grow, they endeavour to secure two objects, viz. to
protect their upper surfaces and to grow in as perpendicular
direction as possible. The advantage derived from this position
is to reduce or counteract the ill effects of a chill by radiation,
which is much greater from a horizontal surface than a vertical
one. The leaves and leaflets are generally conduplicate, 7.e.
folded together, with their upper surfaces inwards. This results
from the lower surface growing faster than the upper in the
earliest stages of development; so that the two upper halves of
a leaf are pressed together. The vertical position is acquired
by one side of the petiole growing faster than the other; so
that half-developed leaves are either erect or dependent. Sub-
sequently the rates of growth are reversed, so that the leaf
assumes its final and horizontal position with the upper surfaces
most exposed, more or less at right angles, to the light.

SieEP.—The positions assumed by growth in young leaves
are analogous to those which are sensitive to varying degrees of
intensity in the solar radiations. In Clover, e.g., the three leaflets
are conduplicate, and they are all compressed together in the
immature stage and hang down vertically; but when mature
and “going to sleep’ at sunset the two lateral leaflets rotate
till they are vertical. They then approach each other and press
their upper surfaces together, while the terminal leaflet passes
through half a circle and comes down over their upturned edges
like a roof.

THAumMoTROPISM.—If the soil be warmer than the air just
above it, plants will often grow with their stems and branches
prostrate upon the ground, and so become creeping plants.
Thus the common Mallow is usually erect when surrounded by
other plants ; but in the barren, rocky soil of Malta it is quite
prostrate, creeping over the ground to considerable distances by
road-sides. Similarly, plants with a rosette of leaves as Plan-
tains and Daisies on lawns, Blue-bells in early spring, &c., have
their foliage flat upon the ground from a similar cause, “ turning
heatwards.” The same peculiarity is particularly common in
dry Alpine regions.*

MovreMENTS OF FLoRAL OrGans.—These are very numerous,
and may occur in the flower-stalks or among the floral organs,

* See Origin of Plant Structures, p. 104.

THE MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS. 89

&e. Thus in Szlene nutans the petals unfold and curl up, re-
opening again as night approaches. It thus renders the flower
visible to nocturnal visitors, as moths. In some leguminous
plants, as Genistas, the corollas “explode.” This is due to the
claws of the petals being in a high state of tension when the
flower is just ready to expand. Others, as in the Medicagos,
the staminal tube is irritable, and causes the flowers to burst
open in an analogous but not identically the same way. In
Berberis and Helianthemum vulgare, the rock Rose, the stamens
are highly irritable to a touch, approaching the pistil in the
former, but receding from it in the latter case. Inthe Musk and
allied plants the two flap-like stigmas move together if touched,
while in Stylidiwm the style swings violently from one side of
the flower to the other if it be irritated at the base.

Complicated movements occur in the fruiting stages of 7’771-
folium subterranewm, fully described by Darwin.*

MovVEMENTS DURING THE DEHISCENCE OF F'Ru1TS.—These
cases are mostly of a quite different class of phenomena, and are
not characteristic of living protoplasm; for the organs are
quite dead and the movements are due to loss or gain of water,
elasticity of tissues, &c., and are mechanical. This is well seen
in the twisting of the awns of the fruit of Hrodiwm, in the
elastic and twisting valves of Balsams and of Cardanune
hirsuta, as well as in the bursting of anthers and sporanges of
Ferns.

Conctusion.—All the movements referred to, excepting the
last, and many more might be described, illustrate but one of
the many properties possessed by living protoplasm, viz. its
sensitiveness or irritability, by which it can respond to external
forces ; and, while doing so, it proceeds to build up tissues which
permanently supply the plant. with highly adaptive structures.
For all the phenomena of climbing, of the metamorphoses of
organs into climbing structures, have undoubtedly come into
existence in response to the direct action of the environment.
Since there is no evidence that any structure in plants has ever
been originally developed before its use existed, or in anticipation
of such use, but solely in consequence of it.

* Movements of Plants.

40 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE.
By Mr. 8. Heaton, F.R.H.S.
[Read June 23, 1896.]

I nreepD not here apologise for stating that my experience and
observations convince me that the Horticulturists in general
expect something novel and something tangible from the gentle-
men who from time to time read papers at the meetings of the
Royal Horticultural Society.

They look to this the leading horticultural society in the world
(and to which all similar societies ought to be affiliated, so as to
bring the people in every county, in every town, and in every
village, into closer contact with the work it is doing, and to the
facilities it offers to the horticultural aspirant, be he amateur,
cottager, or professional) for wrinkles, ideas, and suggestions on
the various subjects dealt with that are not common to every
cultivator; therefore, along with other essayists, I find a diffi-
culty that can be better imagined than expressed to meet the
wants of a critical gardening fraternity. Criticisms have been
common in all ages, to all peoples, in every position of life, and
upon all subjects, and undoubtedly if they are rightly and justly
expressed may be productive of much good, though we cannot.
overlook the fact that oftentimes those who have the most to say
know the least; nor must we forget that all good work will be
subject to storms of abuse, but if rightly established and properly
conducted will live and prosper. Through it all ‘ truth and right
must prevail.”

The object of the present paper is to put forth a plea for a
better training and education of our present journeymen and
apprentices in whatever branch of gardening they may under-
take; whether it be as florist, market gardener, seedsman, land-
scape gardener, nurseryman, park and gentleman’s gardener, or
_ even the humble and often despised jobbing gardener, who is
generally “jack of all trades,” and is supposed to know and to
do anything or everything.

It is essential to so equip the rising generation, who will
become the future gardeners, that they may be able to retain the

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 41

reputation already earned by the past and present gardeners, and
to successfully compete against the importations of foreign
produce which are gradually on the increase. Hvery opportunity
should be given and concession made so as to develop the
horticultural industry of the old country. The education of
foreign gardeners is much superior to our own; they not only
possess a knowledge of horticultural and kindred subjects, but.
they have a good all-round education, and every assistance is
given them if they show special abilities for learning, and
becoming useful men in their profession.

When the writer was an apprentice he was told that he
wanted more back work and less head work; and, when ajourney-
man, that if he didn’t stop writing to the papers he would have
to find a fresh place. Is such treatment rational? Is it
encouraging and advantageous to an individual or the nation ?
Is it English? If our young men had the training and the
education that their foreign rivals have, I believe they would
hold their own against any country in the world; for their
energy, perseverance, and determination is unequalled, much
less surpassed.

In all trades and professions may be found second- and third-
rate workmen; but these have not, as a rule, had a special
desire for the work they are engaged in, and for which they seem
totally unfitted; but force of circumstances, favouritism, and
premiums are generally the cause of the glut of inferior
workmen.

GARDENERS—PAST.

We are told that previous to the Roman Conquest gardens
worthy of recognition in our own country were conspicuous by
their absence; consequently we can logically argue that
gardeners of special ability would be equally as conspicuous by
their absence. Horticultural progress from this period till the
17th century was very slow and little, through the invasions,
agitations, and local wars which kept the country more or less
upset and unsettled. In times of peace and plenty there would
be, undoubtedly, as in our own day, an increase of gardens,
which, along with those already in existence, would be kept in
an efficient state; but at the relapse of trade and the appearance
of an approaching war the efficiency of the gardens would be

49, JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the first to suffer. The wages in those early times were even
smaller than in our day, for in the majority of instances they are
now much below that of an ordinary mechanic (though there are
two sides to the wage question) ; for digging and ordinary garden
work twopence to threepence per day was paid, and for the head
gardener about £5 per year with many perquisites, which would
most probably make it a fair situation in those early times. We
are told in Miss Amhersi’s ‘‘ History of Gardening”’ that the
earliest original known work written in English on gardening is
by John Gardener ; the MSS., which is dated 1440, is still to be
found at Trinity College, Cambridge.

It may not be altogether without interest to briefly refer
to a few of the more prominent gardeners of the past, the
work they have done, and the difficulties they had to fight
against. In the writings of Thomas Hill, who was a compiler
of books and a prolific writer on all subjects, we find many
absurdities on horticultural matters which need pointing out
to those who are totally uninitiated in the art of gardening.
In one of his works he states that ‘‘ when the first of Januarie
beginneth on the Wednesday, then shall the winter be warm and
calme, the spring wette, and disposed to sicknesse, the summer
hotte, and the harvest unprofitable. Yet plentie of oyle and
wines.” In referring to grafting he says that if the small end
of the scion is inserted in the stock the “ fruit shal have no
core,’ and that ifapples be grafted on elm or elder “it shal
beare red apples.’”’ He also recommended planting when the
moon was in Taurus; and the “ sowing of pepins and kernels,”
so that the end which was next the root should be placed to
point north-east. From his writings we should imagine he was
more theoretical than practical.

John Gerarde, who was born at Nantwich, Cheshire, 1545,
and died 1607, was undoubtedly the most practical gardener of
the 16th century. He founded the first regular establishment
for the scientific cultivation of plants, and laboured unceasingly
for many years in the true interests of horticulture. He was for
many years gardener to Lord Burleigh, to whom he dedicated
his great work on the “ History of Plants.’’ The principles
he adopted in the cultivating of plants, the objects he aimed at,
and the assiduousness with which he laboured are worthy
examples for present and future gardeners to adopt. Speaking

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 48

of himself he says: ‘‘Myself one of your servants (referring to
Lord Burleigh), and under your lordship, I have served now by
the space of twenty years. To the large and singular furniture
of this noble island I have added from foreign parts all the variety
of herbs and flowers that I might any way obtain. I have
laboured with the soil to make it fit for plants, and with the
plants to make them delight in the soil, that so they might live
and prosper under our climate as in their native and proper
country ; what my success hath been and what my furniture is
I leave to the report of them that have seen your lordship’s
gardens, and the little plot of my special care and husbandry.”
Again, speaking of his own garden in Holborn, which was then
a village outside the walls of London, Gerarde says: ‘I have
here set down not only the names of sundry plants, but also
their natures, their proportions, and properties, their affects and
effects, their increase and decrease, their flourishing and fading,
their distinct varieties and several qualities, as well as those
which our own country yieldeth, as of others which I have
fetched further.”’ What better example can be recommended
or adopted, or one more likely to result in success, than that
practised by John Gerarde ?

The names of London and Wise will ever be connected with
the gardening of the 17th century.

Of the birth and education of George London little is known ;
but during the four years he was under Mr. Rose, gardener to
Charles IL, he was obliging, energetic, and persevering, so much
so that Mr. Rose sent him to France to improve himself in the
various branches of horticulture. On his return he was appointed
gardener to Dr. Compton, Bishop of London, whose gardens con-
tained the finest collection of plants of any horticultural
establishment then in England. But it was in connection with
the Brompton Park Nursery and as superintendent of all the
Royal Gardens that his name became famous. He and Wise, a
fellow pupil whom he took into partnership after the death and
retirement of his former partners, seem to have had at that time
the charge of nearly all the gardens and parks of note in the
kingdom, in addition to the aforementioned nursery, which we
are told covered over one hundred acres, and that if the plants
had been sold at one penny each the stock would have realised
nearly forty thousand pounds.

44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

London was a skilful cultivator of all vegetable produce; a
man of perseverance and industry ; whose labours and works
will be an impetus to those who are beginning to flag in the
good work in which they are engaged. In the execution of his
duties, we are told, he was accustomed to ride fifty to sixty miles
a day on horseback. This activity and continued exertion
brought on a fever which caused his death after a short illness
of a fortnight’s duration.

Stephen Switzer, though born in the 17th century, did not
really become prominent as a horticulturist till about the year
1702. He was for many years employed under London and Wise,
and in 1706 assisted in laying out Blenheim. He afterwards held
several situations as ‘gardener, and finally became a general
gardener and seedsman at Milbank. During his early years he
tells us that cucumbers were seldom seen before the end of May,
and melons had rareiy been cut before the middle of June; but
still the more industrious were striving to outvie each other as
to the earliest date at which these subjects could be obtained.
The backward state of horticulture in general in his day he
attributed, so we are told, to the ignorance of its practitioners,
and that ignorance to the want of encouragement by their
employers and the people in general. Many, he says, there are
in good places ‘who never open a book, nor can they either read,
spell or pronounce rightly the names of the plants and herbs
they every moment have in view.” His works and labours are
undoubtedly evidences that he was a thoroughly sound and
practical gardener. But even in the time of Switzer we find that
jealousy and un-English spirit present which is still to be found ;
and his opinion of London’s abilities as a designer was not very
great, nor the abilities of Scotchmen as gardeners, about which he
says: ‘These Northern lads, which whether they have served
any time in this art or not, very few of us know anything of,
yet by the help of a little learning and a great deal of impudence,
they invade these Southern provinces, and the natural benignity
of this warmer climate has such a wonderful influence on them,

that one of them knows, or at least pretends to know, more in
~ one twelyemonth than a laborious, honest Southcountryman does
in seven years.”’

The position Philip Miller, author of the “ Gardeners’
Dictionary,”’ attained is an example of what some of our young

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 45

men and apprentices may attain if they only receive the timely
and kindly help of some friend, along with their own endeavours
and exertions. Born of humble parents, his father being a
market gardener near Deptford or Greenwich, he was cradled in
the craft for which he afterwards became famous. Working his
way through many difficulties and hindrances, he eventually
became Curator of the Chelsea Botanic Gardens, which position
he held for forty-nine years.

The reading of biographies of such men is encouraging, and
of a stimulating nature, so that an impetus is given to the reader
which develops new life and zeal, oftentimes of permanent
endurance, which results in the success and fame of a life
which at one time may have appeared blighted through in-
difference to grasp the golden opportunities offered. No calcu-
lation can be made as to the amount of good that would be done
by placing within the reach of the young gardeners of to-day
the chief incidents connected with the success of their prede-
cessors in the craft who have made themselves famous.

Time forbids further reference to gardeners of the 18th
century, and I shall conclude my remarks on gardeners of the
past by a brief mention of a few who lived in the 19th century.

John Claudius Loudon is a name that will ever be asso-
ciated with horticulture and its literature. From his earliest
years he had a love for plants and flowers, paying special at-
tention to their requirements, and to the making of beds and
walks in the little garden given to him by his father. This
natural taste was fostered and encouraged, and every oppor-
tunity possible was given to him for acquiring knowledge that
would help him on his selected course. At fourteen he was
placed under a nurseryman and landscape gardener. In 18038,
being then twenty years of age, he moved from Scotland, his
native country, to London, and obtained a situation as a land-
scape gardener. He afterwards became an agriculturist of note
and a voluminous writer. He had that energy, determination,
and perseverance which are found in few men, and no small
obstacles would thwart him from attaining the object he had in
view. His “ Encyclopedia of Gardening” appeared in 1822,
followed by encyclopedias on agriculture, plants, and architec-
ture, the last of which appeared in 1832. Mrs. Loudon says:
‘““The labour was immense, and for several months he and I

46 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

used to sit up the greater part of every night, never haying
more than four hours’ sleep, and drinking strong coffee to keep
ourselves awake.’’ In 1826 he established the ‘‘ Gardeners’
Magazine,’ and the “ Magazine of Natural History,” followed in
1884 by the “Architectural Magazine,” and in 1836 by his
‘Suburban Gardener.’’ In addition to editing these periodicals,
he sent out in 1838 his ‘‘ Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum,” a
_ work containing a mass of valuable information on the trees and
shrubs, native, or introduced into this country. Here is a life
worthy of imitation. Is it possible for a man to have more
energy, determination, and enthusiasm than John Claudius
Loudon, and to attain a higher and more noble position against
such obstacles and hindrances as loss of. money, sickness, and
amputation of his right arm ?

Sir Joseph Paxton was not only an excellent engineer, but a
very able horticulturist, who rose from the ranks to one of the
highest positions in the profession. The then Duke of Devon-
shire seems to have had a very high opinion of him, for we are
told that he said, “I never knew Mr. Paxton (afterwards Sir
Joseph) resolve to undertake what he did not fully accomplish.”

Shirley Hibberd, an eminent horticulturist and _ prolific
writer, possessed many virtues worthy of imitation; but along
with many others of gardening fame we could mention, he has
passed away, but left us a store of valuable information in the
books he wrote, which will be handed down to posterity as useful
and reliable guides in the cultivation of horticultural produce.

GARDENERS—PRESENT.

During the past fifty years great and rapid strides have been
made in the cultivation of horticultural produce in general, and
we have amongst us many eminent gardeners of all classes who
are deeply interested in the development of horticulture. In the
more northern and smoky towns we find a gradually increased
interest being taken in gardening; so much so that school
gardens are becoming very numerous, even in such a manufac-
turing district as the West Riding of Yorkshire, where there are
several horticultural specialists; notably Messrs. Bb. Simonite
(Sheffield) and T. Lord (Todmorden) for Carnations, and Charles-
worth & Co. (Bradford) for Orchids. The number of exhibitions
are becoming more numerous throughout the country every year,

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 47

and the exhibits grown and staged are gradually improving in
quality, and the exhibitors are steadily on the increase, till, in a
few years’ time, there will scarcely be a village, much less a town,
without its horticultural show. Such exhibitions are either the
outcome of or lead to the formation of Horticultural Improvement
Associations, where meetings are held periodically for the reading
of papers and the discussion of horticultural subjects. Such
organisations for the development of gardening are backed up or
assisted by an increased number of gardening journals, which
are at such a price as to be within the reach of all (however poor)
who love a garden. The more energetic and persevering can
now avail themselves of the examinations held annually under
the auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society ; which, under
proper management, can be placed within the reach of all
desirous of being examined. These examinations will undoubtedly
become more popular and useful as their value becomes appre-
ciated and gardeners in general have a better elementary education
than at present. It may scarcely be credited that near the close
of the 19th century there are many gardeners who can neither
read nor write, and who look upon any organisation for the
improvement of future gardeners as a farce and a fraud. What
they know they think is sufficient for all time and all people, and
what they do not know they think is not worth knowing.

Of the gardeners of to-day one can say a great deal by having
practical experience amongst and observations of their labours,
customs, and manners. Many of the cottage gardeners have
great taste and skill in the cultivation of horticultural produce,
and at their respective local shows will succeed with distinction,
oftentimes staging produce that would be a credit to a profes-
sional gardener. Of such energetic and persevering men we
cannot speak too highly, particularly when we take into considera-
tion the long hours many of them have to work and the small
wages they receive. Any working man who shows such taste
and love for the cultivation of plants should receive every
encouragement and assistance from those more favourably
situated. On making enquiries we find many instances of cottage
gardeners developing into prosperous horticultural tradesmen.
All honour is due to such men.

My opinion of the amateur gardener is very considerable ; for
with such men we generally find they have leisure to devote to

48 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

their pet subjects and ample means to procure every essential
requisite for their cultivation. Many of them are also of an
experimental turn of mind, and do incalculable good towards the
development of horticulture by recording in the various gardening
periodicals the results of their labours.

Of market gardeners we observe a wonderful difference as
regards tact, energy, and perseverance in the acquiring of know-
ledge, and putting that into practice so as to increase the turn-
over at little or no extra expense. Foresight is a great factor in
the success of such a business, and for a person to enter the race
with any chance of success he must either have had a good
practical training or be especially endowed with business abilities.
Of all the various branches of horticulture this is one which
demands our greatest attention, particularly if we are to hold
our own against the increased importations of foreign produce. It
is not for me to say what can or ought to be done to encourage the
development of home-grown produce at such a price as to ensure
the support and patronage of our own people. But I can say
that, even amidst the keen foreign competition of the present
time, I know many English growers who are making a living,
and who are from time to time enlarging their business pre-
mises. As Englishmen we cannot afford to be daunted by the
depressed state of commercial horticulture, but must fight
against it with renewed energies, and eventually victory will be
ours.

As to the gentleman’s gardener, I look upon him, if properly
trained and interested in his work, as an all-round man, and one
that can undertake the management of any branch of horticulture
with credit to himself and satisfaction to his employers.

Perhaps it would be invidious to individualise, as there are so
many good men and true who have done invaluable service in
the interests of horticulture. But I may be pardoned for stating
what a gentleman’s gardener’s qualifications are expected to be.
First of all, his character must be able to bear the strictest in-
vestigation ; his integrity and uprightness irreproachable. His
general appearance should have a commanding influence, and
his countenance of a drawing rather than of a repulsive nature ;
a man you can approach with the confidence and assurance of
having meted out to you justice tempered with mercy. As to
his abilities, he must not only be thoroughly practical in all

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 49

branches of the profession, but he must have good managing
abilities, and be thoroughly educated so as to converse on any or
all subjects with the ease and comfort of a barrister-at-law. A
typical gentleman’s gardener I look upon as one of England’s
greatest sons.

As to the prospect of women gardeners I cannot speak with
- any practical experience, but the following points may be worth
discussing, viz.:—(1) What influence will they have on the
future prospects of young men gardeners? (2) Will their
physical strength allow them to become thoroughly practical in
all branches of gardening? (3) What are their prospects for
positions as head gardeners and managers ?

GARDENERS—FUTURE.

The principal object of this paper, as already stated, is to put
in a plea for the better training and education of the apprentices
and journeymen of to-day, who will in the future become the
head gardeners and managers of our various horticultural
establishments.

Many of the points raised may be contentious; but it will
undoubtedly amply repay for any discussion there may be on
such an important subject, if it leads to a greater interest being
taken in the welfare of our young men by their employers and
head gardeners.

If the integrity and calibre of the profession are to be main-
tained, nay, improved, we must endeavour to bring the best men
to the front without fear or favour, and with the manliness of
true Englishmen. Some gardeners, unfortunately, immediately
suppress any signs of enthusiasm or special ability any of their
subordinates may display, thinking that their ideas are premature
and considerably in advance of their years and practical expe-
rience, and that they want to override their superiors. This is not
always the case, and they may be nipping in the bud what would
have developed into a valuable bloom and a great acquisition to
the profession. It certainly requires a great amount of tact and
judgment to manage a number of men judiciously. Head
gardeners have a great influence on the future of their young
men, and ought to treat them and be as interested in their future
welfare as if they were their own sons, rejoicing in their successes
and sympathising with them in their misfortunes.

D

50 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A thorough education of our young gardeners should be of a
threefold nature: /There must be an education of the head.
Every young man ought to be taught to think and reason for him-
self, and not work like a machine, a system which unfortunately
is much too common amongst all classes of artisans: they are
set on and off either with a bell or whistle, they go through the
same or similar operations day after day without adding one
scrap of knowledge to their store, and take it as a matter of
course.

Then a thorough education of the hands is indispensable to
the future of any young man; it is necessary we should be taught
to work, or else how can we teach others? Our horticultural
establishments are excellent schools, as a.rule, in which to receive
a practical training in the various branches of gardening.

Finally, we must have an education of the heart, a branch of
education which is too much neglected; the example shown the
apprentices by the journeymen and even by the head gardener in
a good many places is to be deplored. A good moral character is
a valuable testimonial to the young gardener: he must be
sober, honest, and trustworthy. To be trained under a good
gardener who is a disciplinarian is an advantage young men ought
to prize. .

We may now profitably note a few of the hindrances to a
young gardener obtaining such an education, however anxious
and persevering he maybe. Tirst, there may be the indifference
of the head gardener to his future welfare; second, the in-
ability of the head gardener, who may have taken up gardening
through force of circumstances, and consequently never had a
proper training; third, the long hours which are worked in most
gardens give little time for study in the summer, without saying
anything of the recreation which ought to be an important factor
in his training. ‘All work and no play makes Jack a dull
boy.” Fourth, isolation or the inconvenient distance from towns
some gardens are situated, thereby making it impossible for the
young men to attend the various classes held on subjects of
material value, with which every gardener ought to make
himself acquainted. Fifth, domestic circumstances have more
or less influence on the education of a young man. If he has a
small wage, and a portion of it has to go towards supporting his
parents or relatives, it prevents him from obtaining the necessary

¢

GARDENERS—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 51

books to pursue a course of study, or from attending lectures and
classes on subjects in which he is interested, and this will have
an influence on his future position in life. Sixth, a deficient
elementary education is one of the greatest hindrances to the
success of any young gardener, and it must be a source of
eratification to all interested to see the improved system of
elementary education compared to that of even twenty years ago
as given in country schools. Not only is there an improved
method of teaching, but the scholars must be regular and
punctual in their attendance, in addition to a longer school
period.

The future prospects of those who are indifferent and half-
hearted in their work are handicapped by having a limited ex-
perience. They may go as a boy to help a single-handed
gardener, and instead of moving at the end of two years they
remain till manhood is reached, and then they are thrown into
competition with those who have had a varied experience in
many horticultural establishments of note throughout the country,
to find, to their disgust, they must either remain as journeymen,
or at the best be contented with a single-handed place where
the gardener is expected to make himself generally useful.

The company a youth keeps will have a great influence on
his succegs or failure. If he becomes associated with those who
frequent music-halls and gin-shops his chances of attaining an
honourable position in his profession are few and very uncertain.
The leisure time any young gardener may have should be well
and judiciously utilised, and not wasted in frivolity and sin.

Early marriages are not always conducive to the future
success, prosperity, and happiness of a gardener, and it would be
well for every young man to give the matter his serious con-
sideration before entering the matrimonial state. For he will
find many of the advertisements for gardeners close with a special
request that there be no family, or if a family is allowed it must
be a small one.

Among the many facilities for obtaining horticultural in-
struction, I would particularly recommend those interested to
take every advantage of horticultural improvement associations,
local exhibitions (which from an educational point of view can be
greatly improved, and it is for some prominent society to lead the
way), county council lectures, which can be attended with little

D2

52 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or no expense, and horticultural literature, which is so plentiful
and cheap. )

To those who have the privilege or can afford it, I should re
commend a two years’ experience at either Kew, Chiswick, or a
horticultural school. But, alas! the majority of those who enter
the gardening profession have no such golden opportunities ;
therefore, in addition to accepting the general privilege above
named, make as many visits to horticultural establishments of
note as you can afford, and, above all, two hours a day at the very
least should be devoted to the study of such subjects as draw-
ing, botany, geography, &c.

In conclusion, I may be pardoned for suggesting that the
Council of the Royal Horticultural Society consider the question
of improving the educational conditions of our young gardeners.
It is true that the bona fide gardener can be a Fellow of the
Society with all its advantages for a small fee, but I am afraid
this is not sufficiently well known; therefore it might be an
advantage to have this information placed on a fly-sheet and
posted to every known gardener in the United Kingdom.

Then, again, as to the Society’s examinations, I have found
many young gardeners who would like to go in for a certificate
or scholarship, but having had no coaching and never having sat
at an examination they felt afraid.

If the Council could make arrangements for Fellows of the
Society to give preparatory lessons and conduct examinations in
every town and parliamentary division in the country, I feel
convinced that not only the examinations would be better appre-
ciated, but the success of the Royal Horticultural Society would
be assured. By such an arrangement the examinations could be
made more practical, which would greatly enhance their value,
and book knowledge alone would not be sufficient to obtain the
Society’s certificate.

It is pleasing to note a deputation from the Council visiting
provincial shows and making awards according to the merits of
the produce shown.

53

REVIVAL OF THE OLDER ROSES.
By Mr. Gro. Paut, F.R.H.S.
[Read before the Horticultural Club, 1896.]

THOSE who have read Mr. Jeans’s interesting and learned articles
in the Quarterly Review on ancient Rose growers need not fear
that I shall weary them by helping to trace back the varieties
which supplied the florists’ shops of Rome in the time of the
Emperors, or which were grown by the florists of Pestum and
Palestrina to send to the Roman Covent Garden—Palestrina, a
Florentine suburb, the scene of one of Ouida’s idyllic stories—
‘‘a, winter city’’ where (as she describes it) for. a few francs, in
midwinter, every corner of her heroine’s rooms was filled with
pot Roses, and the atmosphere scented with their perfume.

I suppose the only Rose Mr. Jeans identifies as coming down
to us from that ancient town is the old R. centifolia, single or
double, of which the old Red Burgundy Rose and the miniature
Burgundy are the existing representatives, which reached us, so
he says, and I am told that Dean Stanley in his letters confirms
it, by means of the Crusaders via Provence, of which, however,
somewhat more anon.

My subject is rather the revival of the taste for the old-
fashioned garden Roses, which were put on one side by reason of
the florists’ zeal or other causes, and have recently been rescued
from their hiding places and brought again into general
cultivation.

I shall speak first of the Roses which grew in English gardens
from Gerarde’s time, about 1600, to the close of the last century,
and secondly of the Roses which were the favourites, and the
products of the raisers’ skill, of the first forty years of the present
century ; produced in the earlier years by Vilmorin, Cels, and
Dupont, and later on by Victor Verdier and Laffay in France,
and by Rivers in England, up to the days of the elder Guillot
and Lacharme, including also the later Roses recorded in Redoute,
and by Andrews and Miss Lawrence in England.

The seventeenth-century Roses are given, several of them, in
Gerarde, but I have not had time to search his volumes. Aiton,
however, quotes him in his “ Hortus Kewensis”’ (1789), and I
find he grew so many of the Kew sorts that I feel inclined to

54 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

think that not much progress was made with the production of
new ones to interest us between Gerarde’s and Aiton’s time.

Of kinds now sought after and much in request then growing
at Kew, we find of Moss Roses only one, the common mosgsed
form of the Provence. This was cultivated by Farber in 1724,
and has been more asked for during the last two years than for
many years past.

Of the Musk Roses the double white has been regained, and
is well deserving of culture. Of the Alba section, the first of
which is reputed to be a natural hybrid, the large Maiden’s
Blush has become suddenly asked for. We can understand its
popularity from its beautiful colours; it never left old-fashioned
gardens for this. reason. The small form which Aiton grew is,
I fear, lost. Gerarde grew the Austrian briar in 1596, and they
had f. sulphwrea, the old yellow Provence, both at Kew and at
Versailles. De la Quintinie gives its culture much as Gilbert
grew it at Burleigh, and its old name of Yellow Provence
(though it has nothing to do with Provence Roses proper) points
to its having reached us through Provence. I would suggest to
Mr. Jeans that he should turn his scholarly attention to the
Provence poets, as it is in the poems of the langue d’oc that he
would probably find more of the poetry of the{Rose than in either
the Greek or Roman poets.

In the Cabbage or Provence Rose proper we are no richer
now than then. The Red, blush, and white, and:the De Meauwa
and large De Meaux (our Spong), have, though never lost, risen
again into favour. It is understandable. What makes a more
lovely vase decoration than a handful of Cabbage Roses with
long stalks? I believe skilled Rose botanists, such as Crépin,
think Lf. centifolia (Provence) and &. gallica almost one. I
have quoted the Single Burgundy ag a type of the old Provence,
but this July we have flowered the Single Provence; of &. gallica
a typical form is the old Red Damask, and its striped form Rosa
Mundi—Queen Rosamund’s Rose.

Closely related is the York and Lancaster Rose, of which
Mr. Jeans speaks. The red and white are from the same 2 qouaee
grafted plants from one original plant.

Somerset.—“ Let him that is no coward, nor no flatterer,

But dare maintain the party of the truth,

Pluck a red Rose from off this thorn with me.’’
Warwick.— I pluck this white Rose with Plantagenet.”’

REVIVAL OF THE OLDER ROSES. 55

Poor Louis XIV. was richer in Carnations, of which he had
three hundred sorts, than in Roses. De la Quintinie, in 1727,
erew only &. centifolia of Holland (I wonder if this is the
Rose des Peintres or Rose de Cels of Redouté), Damask,
Gallica, Alba, Provence, Rose de tous les mois, Double Yellow
_(R. sulphwrea)—not a large collection for so great a monarch.
In England we had the marbled and double white and red
Sweetbriars; and Janet’s Pride, refound by Mrs. Whitwell of
Denbigh, seems to be the double sweetbriar of Aiton’s collection.

Of the second series, the old Roses which since the beginning
of the century came and went, and have recome, we owe much
to the monumental work of Redouté, unquestionably the finest
book on Roses ever published. We have in Miss Lawrence’s and
Andrew’s Roses no reason to be ashamed of our Rose literature of
that period. One is pleased to find Redouté quotes them with
approval. Ido not know if the Versailles Rose de tous les mois
was Li. semperflorens or Ft. indica, or the later received China
Rose, but I find the common double pink China Roses were
introduced in 1793 into a Hertfordshire garden, and I have
heard my father say that it was by means of the successful
culture of this and the later coming crimson China Rose that
my grandfather, Adam Paul, in the first years of the century,
made the early reputation of the Cheshunt nursery for Roses.

In Redouté’s times the Gallica Roses were what the Hybrid
Perpetuals have been to the growers from 1840 to now. He has
a long enough list to fill the whole of the Greek alphabet, and at
the end to begin numbering, and when in 1845 you turn to the Rose
catalogues of the period, and find the culmination of the family
from 1807 to 1845, there are three pages of names. The Pope,
King Louis Philippe, and William IV. grace, or are graced by
their names being attached to Roses; there are Grands and
Glories, tragediennes and heathen gods in the Gallica Roses as
well as among the H.P.’s.

I came just as they were disappearing. I recollect Ohl,
which mostly had a green eye; Boule de Nanteuil, which had
shorter petals towards the edge of the flower. As far as lam
‘concerned, I do not wish to see any of them back again. In the
words ot the Mikado, ‘‘ They’ll none of them be missed.”’

The Provence Roses had become nearly as numerous as the
Gallicas. ‘To the old kinds had been added Crested, the Lettuce-

56 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

leaved Rose. We have regained this, and the smaller flowered
Provence. The Crested Moss Rose was raised by Colvile.
Imagine Roses in the King’s Road, Chelsea !

The Damask Rose and Alba were of this period. One regrets
them for their charming colouring, and is glad to find that the
Painted Damask (Leda), Madame Hardy, and Madame Zoetman
(whites), amongst the Damasks, and Blush Hip and Feélicité
amongst the Albas with the single and semi-double forms, have
been regained from cottage gardens of our own neighbourhood.

The Hybrid Chinas were a special product of the early years
of the nineteenth century, and have been retained and brought
greatly into notice again for pillar Roses.

The finer sorts, like Blairii No. 2, raised on Stamford Hill,,
Coup d’Hébé, Madame Plantier (of which there is an old Cheshunt
legend to the effect that a big bush frightened a timid Londoner
back to town—ghosts being frequent in those days), Fulgens,
and General Jacqueminot: to the last we owe an obligation, for
my father always thought that his Duke of Edinburgh, still one of
the most brilliant H.P.’s, was the result of crossing the hybrid
perpetual General Jacqueminot with the old hybrid China of like
name, Wolsey, the foreman who did it, being evidently a man in
advance of his time. We have refound besides those named
Paul Perras, Paul Ricaut, and Brennus.

Double Scotch Briars I have tried to get back, but if they are
not lost they have lost their names even in the far north, and
though we have got now the double white, purple, pink, blush,
and yellow, we have only been able to trace of named sorts James’
purple and William IV. The fine single FR. altaica of Kew (and
F. grandiflora of Canon Ellacombe) looks like a large variety of
the Burnet Rose of the West Welsh and Scotch coasts. The
Austrian Roses have developed Harrisonii and Persian Yellow,
the only doubles produced.

I am always a strong supporter of the climbing Roses, their
uses are so manifold. The Boursaults and Ayrshire clothe our
tumbledown buildings. Evergreen Roses cover up the ugly
wires on which we base our arches, and the Multifloras (or
Polyanthas) have produced Turner’s Crimson Rambler.

I will not weary you with the earlier H.P.’s. They played
their part, and do not want recalling. But amongst the smaller
classes, the big single Macartney Rose (bracheata alba simplex

REVIVAL OF THE OLDER ROSES. 57

is one of the best south wall clothers. R. microphylla with its
hedgehog bud is curious, especially the double form.

The Perpetual White Moss (Moussewx des quatres saisons) has
the prettiest buds of any Rose. Stanwell Perpetual is the first
Rose to flower of any. Of the Damasks we have old Du Roi
back again.

Old Phillipe Noisette, when he raised the Crimson Noisette
in America, and sent some plants east to France, little thought
the family would culminate in Maréchal Niel. The man will live
rather through being chairman of the day when the Rose was first
shown in Paris than through his martial achievements.

Bourbons have begun again since their first hybrid was found
in an island in the Indian Ocean. Malmaison has never retired.
Armosa is par excellence the dwarf hedge Rose. Sir Joseph
Paxton and Bourbon Queen have been found and propagated.

Lastly we come to the Chinas and Teas. To the first I have
already alluded. The early forties added Mrs. Bosanquet, still
the best light China, Archduke Charles, Cramoisie, and Abbé
Miolan Fellenberg and La Vesuve have been recalled.

Of Tea Roses we have no revival. I should hke to find
Originale. It existed in 1854, and is, I believe, identical with
Redouté’s “Tea.” Of older Teas, except Adam, and perhaps
Vicomtesse de Cazes, there does not seem to be much worth
revival.

There is a moral to everything. This is mine. Wanted a
refuge for old Roses, where they may be found again when tastes
change.

When at the Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society a plant occurred that did not suit the florist’s taste ; it
was met by “Send it up to the Scientific Committee.” May I
suggest that botanic gardens would be useful as custodians of the
‘old Roses,”’ keeping them ready for the next change of fashion
in flowers ?

EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE

May 6, 1896.

EXAMINERS’ REPORT.

To the President and Council of the Royal Horiicultural Society.

Gentlemen,—We beg leave to report that we have examined
the papers submitted to us—in all 152.

Of these we selected 16 as worthy to be placed in the first
class, 58 in the second, and 49 in the third. The remainder
were passed over.

The candidates were distributed over the whole of Great
Britain, but no papers were received from Ireland.

The Examination, as a whole, shows, in our opinion, that a
more intelligent appreciation of the principles underlying prac-
tical horticulture is prevalent than was the case in previous
years; nevertheless there is abundant evidence to show that if
the hands are trained to work, the eyes are not correspondingly
taught how and what to see. Correct observation of the most
common objezts is still rare except among those who have had
the advantage of adequate training.

We have the honour to be, Gentlemen, »
Your obedient servants,
MaxwkEtu T. Masters,
JAS. Douauas.
June 20, 1896.

The names andaddresses of the successful candidates, together
with the number of marks assigned to each, are given in the
following Class List, to which is appended the questions set by
the Examiners :—

STS St BR a bo

co @

10.
i,
12.
13.

13.
le
16.

_

OWINIWNN NP RP Ree

EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE.

Cuass List.

Maximum number of marks obtainable, 300.

First Class.

Mr. EK. T. Hearn, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford
Mr. W. Pratchett, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford
Mr. W. H. Patterson, me

Mr. W. G. Martin, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford
Mr. Joseph Mitchell, Haslington, Crewe

. Miss Gertrude Cope, Horticultural College, Syanlay
. Mr. Frederick J. Chittenden, Central ye ORE

Chelmsford

. Mr. J. W. Dupré, National Schaal Handforth i
. Miss F. M. G. Micklethwait, Horticultural raneee

Swanley : ‘
Mr. H.:° Ward, Eromlall Brie. Deuee .
Mr. Fredk. C. Stacey, Central Laboratory, helene
Mr. Arthur H. Beeby, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford
nr oe L. Seen, Central yd cmee Chelms-
or
Mr. H. W. Heten. Horeetienny Calidad, Sirariley
Mr. John R. Giles, Swindon, near Dudley .
Miss A. Geoghegan, Horticultural College, Swanley

S ee Class.

. Mr. J. Laws, Church Road, Wimbledon

Mr. J. H. Annear, Central Laboratory, Cheeawiend
Mr. A. Owens, St. Clere Gardens, Kemsing, Sevenoaks

. Miss Lloyd Saunders, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford
. Miss Lina Barker, Horticultural College, Swanley

Mr. C. J. Langley, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford

. Mr. J. Hyatt Williams, Great Sanghall, Chester

Mr. H. Swain, Glynne, Kingswinford, Dudley .
Mr. E. W. Cork, 83 Dale Street, Leicester .
Mr. Jas. Hill, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford

. Miss O. Field, Horticultural College, Swanley
. Miss EK, Malden, Slad Road, Stroud, Gloucester .
. Mr. B. F. Mason, Wordsley, Stourbridge

* Wins the Society’s Silver Gilt Medal.

59

No. of
Marks
gained.

255
240
237
235
230
227

225
yD f

215
213
210
207

205
205
205
200

195
195
195
195
195
195
190
190
190
190
190
190
185

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No. of
Marks
gained.

. Mr. H. Brook, Every Street, Nelson, Lanes. : 8S
. Mr. R. Bellerby, Grange Gardens, Askham Richard,

York 2 2 185

. Mr. A. D. Henderson, Hortons Galieue. Braley" 185
. Miss E. A. Ford, Horticultural College, Swanley. > 185
. Mr. W. E. Stevens, New St., Brierly Hill, Stourbridge 180
. Mr. J. Poulter, Clayton-le-Moors, Accrington . 2180
. Mr. J. Child, 61 Navigation Road, Altrincham . 2w.180

. Miss N. Quinn, Horticultural College, Swanley . =e.1 88
. Miss H. N. Payne, Horticultural College, Swanley . 180
. Miss L. A. Dunington, Horticultural College, kgs 175
. Mr. N. Warren, 3 Pitville Street, Darwen . : 175
. Miss L. Udall, Horticultural College, Swanley . ae Sf
. Mr. Edmund Smith, Edgend, Brierfield, ia LF
. Mr. A. Randall, Aigburth . 5 170
. Mr. Hans Trier, 6 The Terrace, Ghalipion ‘Hill, 8. E. 170

. Mr. M. Paton, Rigg Street, Stewarton, Ayrshire, N.B. 165
. Mr. W. J. Butler, Horticultural College, Swanley ,. 165
. Mr. R. Oddie, Long Butt, Lymm : 160
. Mr. A. D. Thompson, Horticultural Gallezer Swanley 160
. Mr. Arthur A. Stevens, Hale, Farnham ; » 60
. Mr. G. Sherman, Alderton, Woodbridge, Suffolk . ; os , #60
. Mr. E. Jackson, Aigburth . ‘ -) oO
. Mr. H. 8. Langford, Horticultural Gilles, Swanley s/ £60

. Mr. A. J. Cocks, Horticultural College, Swanley . +, 160

. Mr. G. Atkey, Horticultural College, Swanley . 160
. Mr. J. Ettle, Glais House Gardens, Swansea Valley . 157
. Mr. C. Lawrance, Horticultural College, Swanley 186
. Miss E. M. Groome, Horticultural College, Swanley . 155

40. Mr. Isaac Godber, Hill Top House, Palterton, Chesterfield 155
40. Mr. G. W. Brookbank, 62 Queen’s Road, Wimbledon. 155
40. Mr. A. N. Pierce, Redhill, Surrey . 0 165
45. Mr. H. Greenfield, Horticultural College, mene «180
45. Miss Elsie A. Benians, Horticultural College, Swanley 150
45. Mr. A. George, Pear Cottage, Milton, Cambridge . . 150
45. Mr. A. D. Morris, Barrowmore Hall Gardens, near
Chester . : . 150
45. Mr. F. Pownall, ileal Elise: Gicwsi Hagetisails »- 150
45. Mr. W. Bygrave, Royston, Herts ; > ‘ » 1650

45.
45.
45.

ADAG rer He

EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE.

Mr. J. Slack, Jodrell Hall Gardens, Holmes Chapel
Mr. C..E. Walter, Horticultural College, Swanley
Mr. Joseph Read, Jodrell Bank, Holmes Chapel .

Third Class.
Mr. Leo Farmar, Horticultural College, Swanley

. Mr. J. Collett, New Street, Wordsley, Stourbridge

Mr. H. J. Smith, Royal Promenade, Clifton
Mr. C. H. Burden, Horticultural College, Swanley
Mr. C. J. George, Horticultural College, Swanley

. Mr. E. Allard, Botanical Gardens, Cambridge

. Miss C. L. Verney, Kingston Hill

. Mr. T. Lyon, Grassendale, near Aigburth . :

. Mr. G. H. Wicking, Montague Road, Clarendon Park:

Leicester

. Miss Margaret White, @ehtral abo vatony; Chéluford
. Mr. G. P. Selden, Reigate . A

. Mr. §.. Andrews, Heatherdene, racic

. Mr. H. Phillips, Kingswinford, Dudley

. Mr. F. R. Willey, Pearcefield Avenue, Forest Hill, oe E.
. Mr. T. Woof, Wall Heath, Dudley

. Mr. A. Evans, Grappenhall, Warrington

. Mr. F. Lazenby, Cambridge

. Mr. Arthur Jewell, Horticultural @olibad: ae

. Mr. Martyn Tucker, Horticultural College, Swanley

. Miss E. Barratt, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford

. Mr. J.C. Scammell, South Street, Wilton, Salisbury .
. Mr. J. W. Thompson, Holywath Cottage, Coniston,

Fv.0-0),

. Mr. H. Blundell, EFoutigulbticel Colleze, Se dnleys

. Mr. J. W. Bamforth, Swindon, near Dudley

. Mr. John Sutton, Old Swinford, Stourbridge

. Mr. G. Underwood, Leicester ’

. Mr. John Snell, Grimston Park Gardens, Tadcaster

. Mr. O. D. Carter, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford

. Mr. W. Walker, Lacey Cottage, Coulsdon

. Mr. G. Cole, Bulbridge Lodge, Wilton, Salisbury :
. Mr. N. E. Hopkins, 81 Peterborough Road, Fulham, §.W.

61
No. of

Marks
gained.

150
150
150

145
145
145
145
145
149
140.
140

140)
140
140
140
135
135
135
135
135
130
130
130
130

130
125
125
125
125
120
120
120
120
129

62 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

32. Miss A. Morison, Horticultural College, Swanley 1 ESS
32. Mr. A. Sowman, Woodbridge, Suffolk . é : ‘. as
32. Mr. W. Pascoe, Hamble, near Southampton ‘ « 115
32. Mr. Francis Holt, 9 Hollins Lane, Accrington . 115
36. Mr. James Barkham, Haven Street, Ryde, I. of Wight 112
37. Miss N. V. M. Baker, Central Laboratory, Chelmsford 110
37. Mr. G. H. Hodgson, Elsham House Gardens, Grantham 110
37. Mr. W. G. Cole, 2 Dynevor Place, Richmond, Surrey . 110
37. Mr. W. Jennings, Middlewich Road, Holmes Chapel . 110
37. Mr. Jos. Loder, Abingdon Union, Abingdon : » 110
37. Mr. J. 8. Thompson, Horticultural College, Swanley . 110
37. Miss Jessie Newsham, Horticultural College, Swanley. 110
44, Miss A. N. Roach, Warford, eo Bdge, near

Manchester . 105
45. Mr. Walter Pilcher, Ethetaenlbaenl Colldpe; Swanley 280
45. Mr. W. Sproston, Great Haywood, Stafford P « 100
45. Hr. H. D. Prosser, Glasbury, Breconshire . r -' 100
45. Mr. J. K. Elsie, Merstham, Surrey . : ; a 0010)

45. Mr. G. F. Dale, Little Haywood, Stafford . ! - 100

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY’S EXAMINATION
IN HORTICULTURE, MAY 1896.

QUESTIONS.

Fight questions only to be answered : four from Division A and
four from Division B.

Division A.
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES.’

1.—What are the objects sought to be obtained by digging
the soil? Of what use is it to the crops ?

2.—What do plants do when exposed to bright sunshine, and
what takes place when they are subjected to total darkness ?

8.—Of the elements and compounds that go to make up the
constitution of plants, a few occur in much larger proportion
than others. Which are they, and whence are they obtained ?

4.—What are the “ reserve materials’’ of plants? Where
are they stored? What use is made of them ?

EXAMINATION IN HORTICULTURE. 63

5.—What are the essential points in the structure of roots as
contrasted with that of stems ?

6.—What are the special effects produced by nitrogenous
manures and by mineral. manures respectively ?

7.—Describe the shoot of a Peach tree and the arrangement
of its buds.

8.—What part of the plant furnishes the vegetable known as
Asparagus ?

9.—What are the main differences between the “ seed’’ of a
flowering plant and the “ spore”’ of a fungus ?

Division B.
HorTICULTURAL PRACTICE.

1.—Describe the preparation of the ground for the Onion
crop; the method of sowing the seed and subsequent treatment ;
also the most suitable soil.

2.—What are the circumstances which should regulate the
frequency of watering and the amount of water to be given to
plants in pots ?

3.—Describe the most suitable soil, and the method of
culture, for such tap-rooted vegetables as the Carrot and Parsnip.

4,—Say what you know about the origin of the Cherry and
Apricot ; the soil and manure most suitable to each ; the diseases
they are subject to, and the most effective remedies.

5.—Give the names of the best varieties of Strawberries.
What is the most suitable soil for their culture? Describe the
culture (in detail) for forcing and the open garden.

6.—What is the origin of the Carnation and the garden
Pink ? How maya supply of flowers be obtained from these
plants all the year round ? Describe the diseases and the methods
of prevention and cure.

7.—Describe the culture of the Daffodil; its propagation ;
the diseases and other enemies that attack the plants, and the
best treatment.

8.—Describe the general details of Orchard House Culture,
and state whether there are any advantages in growing fruit
trees in pots.

9.—What are the best methods for ventilating hothouses
and for shading the plants? Give general details.

64 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT ON PEAS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896.

Sixty varieties of Peas were sent to the Gardens for trial,
and, with two exceptions (seed received very late), they were all
sown on March 17 on ground that had been trenched three
feet deep, and well manured. The season being so dry proved
very trying, and no doubt if the usual amount of rain had fallen
the haulm would have been taller. On the whole the growth
was very satisfactory, and the crops a success. Two meetings
were held by the Fruit and Vegetable Committee to examine the
stocks. The first was held on June 15, to inspect the early
varieties, and the second on June 29, to examine the later sorts.

x X X =HiaHLty COMMENDED. xX X =COMMENDED.

(1) The Sutton Forcing (Sutton & Sons). Good cropper ;
haulm, pods, and peas pale green, averaging five peas in a pod; of
good flavour. Height of haulm 9 inches. Ready for use June
15. Seed wrinkled.

(2) Selected American Wonder (Sutton & Sons). A good type
of this well-known variety, averaging five peas in a pod. Height
9 inches. Ready for use June 15. Seed wrinkled. :

(3) Sutton’s Excelsior (Sutton & Sons). Moderate cropper ;
haulm, pods, and peas light green, averaging six pea3 in a pod; of
good quality. Height of haulm 9 inches. Ready for use June
15. Seed wrinkled.

(4) Sutton’s Seedling Marrowfat x x (Sutton & Sons). Excel-
lent cropper, the best of the very dwarf section ; haulm, pods,
and peas pale green, averaging eight large peas in a pod ; very
sweet in flavour. Height 9 inches. Ready for use June 15.
Seed wrinkled. r

(5) English Wonder (Sutton & Sons). Much like American
Wonder, but taller and a heavier cropper, averaging six peas in
a pod; of good flavour. Height 15 inches. Ready for use June
15. Seed wrinkled.

(6) William Hurst ( Sutton & Sons). Good cropper; haulm,
pods, and peas light green, averaging five peas in a pod; sweet
in flavour. Height 12 inches. Ready for use June 13. Seed

wrinkled.
(7) Sutton’s May Queen (Sutton & Sons). Heavy cropper ;

REPORT ON PEAS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896. 65

haulm, pods, and peas pale green, averaging six peas in a pod;
of good flavour. Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 18. Seed
wrinkled.

(8) Sutton’s A 1 (Sutton & Sons). Profuse bearer; haulm,
pods, and peas pale green, averaging eight peas in a pod;
of good flavour. Height 8 feet. Ready for use June 12. Seed

~ wrinkled.

(9) Exonian (Sutton & Sons). Great bearer; haulm, pods,
and peas dark green ; pods small but well filled with an average
of eight peas; quality fair. Height 3 feet 6 inches. Ready for
use June 15. Seed wrinkled.

(10) Sutton’s Bountiful x x x(Sutton & Sons). An abun-
dant bearer ; haulm, pods, and peas grass green ; pods well filled
with an average of seven peas in each; flavour sweet and
excellent. Height 3 feet 6 inches. Ready for use June 15.
Seed slightly wrinkled.

(11) Kelipse (Sutton & Sons). Very similar in appearance
to Exonian, but a little earlier than that variety, and the seed
more wrinkled. Ready for use June 13.

(12) Sutton’s Productive Marrowfat (Sutton & Sons).
Heavy cropper ; haulm, pods, and peas pale green ; podsin pairs,
averaging five peas in each; flavour sweet and good. Height
2 feet. Ready for use June 17. Seed wrinkled.

(13) Sutton’s Favourite Marrowfat (Sutton & Sons). Moderate
cropper ; haulm, pods, and peas light green ; pods. usually single,
with an average of five large peas in each; flavour sweet and
good. Height 2 feet. Ready for use June 18. Seed wrinkled.

(14) Advancer (Sutton & Sons). Heavy cropper; haulm,
pods, and peas light green; pods small, averaging four peas in
each; flavour fairly good. Height 2 feet 3 inches. Ready for
use June 23. Seed wrinkled.

(15) Sutton’s Prizewinner x x x (Sutton & Sons). Moderate
bearer, pods single; haulm, pods, and peas a beautiful dark green ;
pods long, straight, and averaging six large peas in each ; flavour
excellent; a fine exhibition variety. Height 2 feet. Ready for
use June 24. Seed wrinkled.

(16) Sutton’s Eurekax x x(Sutton & Sons). Profuse
cropper, pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas grass green; pods
long and averaging eight peas in each; flavour very good.
Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 25. Seed wrinkled.

E

66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(17) Yorkshire Hero (Sutton & Sons). Excellent bearer,
pods in pairs; haulm and produce pale green; flavour good; a
well-known old favourite. Height 2 feet. Ready for use June
24. Seed wrinkled.

(18) Sutton’s Magnum Bonum Marrowfat (Sutton & Sons).
Good cropper, pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas dark green ;
pods well filled with an average of seven in each; flavour good
and sweet. Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 29. Seed
wrinkled.

(19) Sutton’s Exhibition Marrowfat (Sutton & Sons).
Moderate cropper, pods in pairs; haulm and produce dark green ;
pods straight, averaging seven large peas in each; flavour fair ;
fine exhibition sort. Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 29.
Seed wrinkled. ‘

(20) Dr. McLean (Sutton & Sons). <A well-known old
variety. Height 2 feet 6 inches. Ready for use June 26. Seed
wrinkled.

(21) Sutton’s Late Queen (Sutton & Sons). Good cropper,
pods in pairs ; haulm, pods, and peas dark green ; flavour excel-
lent. Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 29. Seed wrinkled.

(22) Walker’s Perpetual Bearer (Sutton & Sons). Good
cropper, pods in pairs, dark green, and averaging five large peas
in each; of good flavour; an old variety. Height 3 feet. Ready
for use June 29. Seed wrinkled.

(23) Hundredfold (Vilmorin). Great bearer, pods in pairs ;
haulm, pods, and peas dark green; pods short and well filled
with an average of five medium-sized peas of fair flavour.
Height 4 feet 3 inches. Ready for use June 24. Seed round.

(24) Tall Butter Sugar x x x (Vilmorin). Good cropper,
pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas a pale green. The
peculiarity of this pea is that it is intended to be cooked and
eaten exactly as it is gathered, pods and all. When cooked for
the Committee they considered the pods and peas of excellent
flavour, and the variety to be of considerable merit. Height
4 feet. Ready for use June 24.

(25) Serpette Express (Vilmorin). Good cropper, pods in
pairs, small but well filled, with an average of six peas in each ;
flayour second-rate. Height 8 feet 6 inches. Ready for use
June 22. Seed slightly wrinkled.

(26) Dwarf Bebarbieux Edible-podded (Vilmorin). Moderate

REPORT ON PEAS GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896. 67

cropper; haulm and pods light green; flavour fairly good.
Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 29.

(27) Early Dwarf Clamart (Vilmorin). Profuse bearer, pods
in pairs ; haulm, pods, and peas dark green ; pods short, with
four peas in most ; flavour moderately good. Height 18 inches.
_ Ready for use June 23. Seed round.

(28) Pluperfect Marrow (J. Veitch & Sons). Heavy cropper,
pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas a light grass green ; pods
straight, and well filled with an average of six peas of good
flavour. Height 4 feet. Ready for use June 24. Seed
wrinkled.

(29) Carter’s Michaelmas (J. Carter & Co.)x x x. Heavy
cropper, pods in pairs ; haulm, pods, and peas a very dark green ;
very robust ; pods large, and well filled with an average of seven
large peas; of first-rate quality. Height 3 feet. Ready for use
June 29. Seed wrinkled.

(80) Carter’s Springtide (J. Carter & Co.). Crop light, and
not a success. Height 2 feet. Ready for use June 17. Seed
wrinkled.

(81) Orchard’s King William (Orchard). Good cropper, pods
in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas light green; pods well filled
with an average of five peas in each; flavour fair. Height
3 feet 6 inches. Ready for use June 22. Seed round and slightly
wrinkled.

(82) Longford Queen (Ward). Good cropper, pods single ;
haulm, pods, and peas light green; pods long, averaging eight
peas in each; of fairly good flavour. Height 3 feet 6 inches.
Ready for use June 29. Seed wrinkled.

(88) Boston Unrivalled x x x (Johnson). Heavy cropper,
pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas pale green; pods large,
and well filled with an average of seven peas in each; of large
size and superior quality. Height 4 feet. Ready for use June 25.
Seed wrinkled.

(84) Pollett’s Early Marrow (Pollett). Same as No. 28.

(85) George Cleland (Dobbie & Co.). Moderate cropper,
podsin pairs; haulm, pods, and peas dark green, averaging six large
sweet peas in a pod. Height 2 feet Ginches. Ready for’ use
June 27. Seed wrinkled.

(86) The Gladstone x x x(Holmes). l[ixcellent cropper,
pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas very dark green; pods very

BE 2

68 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

long, often containing eleven peas of large size in each; of
fine flavour. Height 3 feet 6 inches. Ready for use June 25.
Seed wrinkled.

(87) Compactum (Laxton), (88) Primum (Laxton), (89)
Laxton’s Possible (Laxton), (40) Early Laxton (Laxton), (41)
Thomas Laxton (Laxton), and (42) Laxton’s Profit (Laxton).
All these varieties were full of promise, but sufficient seed was not
received to enable the Committee to properly judge of their
merits.

(48) Lord Mayor x x x(Nutting). Great bearer, pods in
pairs ; haulm, pods, and peas a bright grass green ; pods of good
size, averaging six large peas in each; of the finest flavour.
Height 4 feet. Ready for use June 20. Seed wrinkled.

(44) Stokes’s Hero of Trowbridge x x x (Stokes). Profuse
cropper, pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas light green ; pods
well filled with an average of seven fine peas in each; flavour
excellent. Height 4 feet 6 inches. Ready for use June 23.
Seed wrinkled. |

(45) Wonder of America (Dammann). Same as American
Wonder.

(46) Prince Albert (Dammann). Light crop, and stock
mixed.

(47) Express (Dammann). Moderate crop; pods small and
peas; deficient in flavour. Height 2 feet 6 inches. Ready for
use June 22. Seed round.

(48) Givacrino (Dammann). Poor cropper; pods small,
averaging four peas in each; of indifferent flavour. Height 2
feet. Ready for use June 29. Seed slightly wrinkled.

(49) Corata (Dammann.) Stock very mixed.

(50) Caractus (Dammann). Good cropper ; haulm, pods, and
peas light green ; pods well filled, with an average of five peas in
each; flavour fair. Height 4 feet. Ready for use June 23.
Seed vont

(51) Fascination (Harrison). Heavy cropper, pods in pairs ;
haulm, pods, and peas light green ; pods large, averaging seven
peas each; flavour good. Height 2 feet 6 inches. Ready for
use June 29. Seed slightly wrinkled.

(52) Early Dawn (Harrison). Moderate cropper, pods in
pairs ; haulm, pods, and peas very pale green ; pods rather short,
averaging five peas in each; flavour second-rate. Height 4 feet.
Ready for use June 20, Seed slightly wrinkled.

REPORT ON SPINACH GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896. 69

(58) Lord Granby x x x(Harrison). Profuse cropper, pods
in pairs ; haulm, pods, and peas light green ; pods of good size,
containing six large peas on the average; flavour first-class.
Height 4 feet. Ready for use June 26. Seed wrinkled.

(54) Veitch’s Perfection (Watkins & Simpson). Good cropper;
- haulm, pods, and peas dark green ; flavour excellent ; a favourite
old variety. Height 2 feet 6 inches. Ready for use June 29.
Seed wrinkled.

(55) Improved Telegraph (Watkins & Simpson). Same as
the ordinary variety. See No. 58.

(56) Rentpayer (Watkins & Simpson). Moderate cropper,
pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas dark green; pods long
and well filled, with an average of seven peas each, and of good
flavour. Height 18 inches. Ready for use June 29. Seed
wrinkled.

(57) Improved Queen (Watkins & Simpson). Heavy cropper,
pods in pairs; haulm, pods, and peas dark green; pods of good
size, usually six peas; flavour very sweet. Height 2 feet.
Ready for use June 29. Seed wrinkled.

(58) Telegraph (Watkins & Simpson). Profuse bearer, of
good quality. A well-known and popular variety. Ready for
use June 26. Seed wrinkled.

(59) Veitch’s Gold Finder (R. Veitch). Moderate cropper ;
deep green haulm, pods, and peas; pods short and well filled,
with an average of four large peas each; flavour excellent.
Height 3 feet. Ready for use June 29. Seed wrinkled.

(60) Notts Excelsior (Yates). Good cropper; haulm, pods,
and peas light green; pods short and well filled; flavour very
good. Height 1 foot. Ready for use June 17.

(61) Emperor of Japan (Harrison). (62) Unnamed variety
(McClure). Seed received late; will be tried again in 1897.

REPORT ON SPINACH GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896.

THIRTY-THREE stocks of Spinach were received for trial, and
were all sown on April 4. In spite of the dry weather the seed
germinated freely, and the plants grew well. The result of the
trial proved that there are really only a very small number of

70 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

varieties, and also that the round dark-leaved sorts are the true
Longstanding, and the ight-green-leaved are not. Seeds were
received from the following donors:—Mr. F. C. Heinemann,
Erfurt; Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, Exeter Street, Strand,
W.C.; Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading; Messrs. J. Veitch &
Sons, Chelsea; Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay ; Messrs. Dam-
mann & Co., San Giovanni, Naples, Italy; Messrs. Nutting &
Son, 106 Southwark Street, London, §.E.; Messrs. Vilmorin,
Paris; Messrs. Barr & Son, King Street, Covent Garden,
London; Messrs. Carter & Co., 287 High Holborn, London.

x X x =HiaHty COMMENDED.
Prickly-seeded.

(1) Large Round Prickly (Heinemann). Ordinary prickly
Spinach.

(2) Improved Prickly x x x (Watkins & Simpson). Fine
large fleshy leaves; stands well, after the ordinary type has run
to seed.

(8) Sutton’s Longstanding Prickly (Sutton & Sons). Large
foliage, dark green colour, stands well.

(4) Prickly Winter (J. Veitch & Sons). Same as No. 1. |

(5) Longstanding Prickly (J. Veitch & Sons). Same as
No. 3.

(6) Prickly (Dobbie & Co.). Same as No. 3.

(7) Longstanding Prickly (Dobbie & Co.). Same as No. I.

(8) Extra large Prickly (Dammann & Co.). Same as No. 3.

(9) Longstanding (Nutting & Son). Same as No. 3.

- Round-seeded Varieties.
(10) Longstanding Round (Nutting & Son).. The old variety

of round-seeded Spinach with ight green leaves.

(11) Large Round-leaved (Heinemann). Same as No. 10.

(12) Sutton’s Longstanding Round (Sutton & Sons). Similar
to No. 20; stock not quite so good.

(13) Longstanding Round (J. Veitch & Sons). Same as
No, 22,

(14) Round-leaved Thick Crumpled (Watkins & Simpson).
Same as No. 10.

(15) Longstanding Round (Dobbie & Co.). Same as No. 10.

(16) Round (Dobbie & Co.). Same as No. 10.

REPORT ON STRAWBERRIES GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896. 7 ia!

(17) Round-leaved large (Veitch; and Dammann & Co.).
Same as No. 10.

(18) Lettuce-leaved (Vilmorin). Closely resembles No. 20.

(19) Longstanding late-seeding (Vilmorin). An improved
form of the ordinary type.

(20) Longstanding x x x (Heinemann). Large, dark, thick
leaves, with a short foot-stalk ; plants dwarf and very productive,
with little inclination to run to seed.

(21) Longstander (Barr). Same as No. 10.

(22) Victoria (Dobbie & Co.). Same as No. 12.

(23) Victoria (Vilmorin). Same as No. 12.

(24) Broad Flanders (Dammann & Co.). Sameas No. 10.

(25) Round Flanders (Barr). Same as No. 10.

(26) Monstrous Viroflay (Heinemann). Same as No. 10.

(27) Monstrous Viroflay (Vilmorin). Same as No. 10.

(28) New Zealand (Dobbie). Practically a failure.

(29) The Carter (Carter & Co.). Same as No. 12.

(30) Lent 4 Monter (Vilmorin). Some as No. 10.

(81) A Feuille de Laitue (Vilmorin). Same as No. 10.

(82) Pareseux de Catillon (Vilmorin). Same as No. 10.

(33) D’Hollande (Vilmorin). Same as No. 10.

REPORT ON STRAWBERRIES GROWN AT CHISWICK,
1896.

THe Fruit and Vegetable Committee examined sixty stocks
of Strawberries planted in the autumn of 1895. The plants had
made good growth generally, in spite of the exceptionally dry
winter and spring. No watering or other artificial means to
produce any extra good results had been adopted, except a mulch
of strawy manure applied late in the season to keep the fruit
clean. The rows were 2 feet 6 inches apart, and 18 inches from
plant to plant in the rows, a distance which permits full develop-
ment of the plants, and also free access to gather the fruit. All
planted August 29, 1895.

F.C.C.=First Cuass CERTIFICATE.
x X X =HIGgHLY COMMENDED.
(1) Hautbois. Small purplish fruit, with white flesh

72 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

- possessing a rich aromatic flavour; ripe on June 11. A variety
worthy of more extensive culture, as the plants crop very well
under good culture.

(2) President x x x. A great cropper; trusses large and
footstalks strong; fruit large, conical in shape, bright red in
colour, with scarlet flesh, and very good flavour. Ripe June 11.

(83) Countess. Heavy cropper, with fine bold trusses; fruit
long cockscomb shape, darkened in colour; flesh scarlet and
firm, with a distinct Pine flavour, and a peculiarly luscious aroma.
Ripe June 11. F.C.C. June 1896 (Chiswick).

(4) British Queen. Moderate cropper, trusses rather small ;
fruit large and conical in shape, deep scarlet in colour; flesh
white, with a rich delicious Pine flavour.’ Ripe June 15.

(5) Duc de Magenta. A form of British Queen, but no *
improvement on the old variety. Ripe on June 11.

(6) John Ruskin. A moderate cropper, with weak trusses ;
fruit small, roundish, dark red in colour; flesh scarlet, and of
poor quality. Ripe June 38.

(7) Wilson’s Improved. Light cropper; plants very dwarf;
fruit round, small, and dark red, with dark red flesh, and a
peculiar acid refreshing flavour. Ripe June 8. |

(8) Dr. Morére. Light bearer with a weak habit, producing
small, round, scarlet fruit, with white flesh; flavour decidedly
poor. Ripe June 11.

(9) General McMahon (McDougall). Indifferent cropper ;
fruit of fair size, conical in shape, dark red in colour; seeds
deeply seated ; flesh scarlet; flavour poor. Ripe June 11.

(10) Jennings’ White. Crop light; fruit round and small,
light red in colour; flesh a creamy-white; flavour only third-
rate. .Ripe June 11.

(11) Prince Teck. Crop moderately heavy; fruit conical,
medium size, dark red in colour, with a light scarlet flesh ;
flavour excellent. Ripe June 11.

(12) Latest of All (Laxton). Heavy cropper; trusses large
and strong; fruit of great size, cockscomb-shaped, dark red in
colour; flesh deep red and firm, flavour good. Ripe June 1d.
F.C.C. July 1894.

(18) Triomphe de Paris. Crop light; fruit round to conical
in shape, rather small, bright scarlet both in colour and flesh ;
flavour somewhat acid, but agreeable. Ripe June 11.

REPORT ON STRAWBERRIES GROWN AT CHISWICK, 1896. 78

(14) Martha Nicaise. Good cropper; fruit large, conical in
shape, with very prominent red seeds; colour a deep scarlet ;
flesh white, with a rich Hautbois flavour. Ripe June 11.

(15 and 35) Aberdeen Late (?) (Bunyard). Moderate cropper,
with long conical fruit, deep red in colour; flesh scarlet, and
flavour poor. Ripe June 5, proving the variety to be early, and
not late as its name would indicate.

(16) Newton’s Seedling x x x. Very heavy cropper ; fruit
of medium size, firm, deep scarlet in colour, with red flesh, and
excellent flavour. Ripe June 15.

(17) George Lesueur. Heavy cropper; fruit very large,
cockscomb or wedge-shaped, dark red in colour; flesh scarlet ;
flavour not good. Ripe June 11.

(18) Wonderful (Bunyard). Good cropper; fruit large and
elongated, bright scarlet in colour; flesh creamy-white, with a
slight Pine flavour. Ripe June 11.

(19) White Knight. Light bearer ; fruit large, light or pale
red in colour, with a very white flesh; flavour fairly good.
Ripe June 11.

(20) Princess Royal (Vilmorin) x x x. Moderate to heavy
cropper; fruit roundish and of average size, deep red both in
colour and flesh; flavour rich, and very refreshing. Ripe
June 11.

(21) Souvenir de Bossuet (Vilmorin). Good cropper; fruit
roundish and deep red, with a pink flesh; flavour pleasantly
acid. Ripe June 11.

(22) Docteur Vieillard (Vilmorin). Moderate cropper; fruit
below the average in size, round in shape, deep scarlet in colour ;
flesh red, and flavour poor. Probably an inferior form of the old
Keen’s Seedling, which it resembles closely in foliage and fruit.
Ripe June 5.

(23) Edouard Lefort (Vilmorin; Letellier). Great bearer,
trusses large; fruit perfectly smooth near the sepals, shape
roundish, bright crimson in colour; flesh light red; flavour
delicious, with a rich Hautbois taste. Ripe Junell. F.C.C.
June 1896 (Chiswick).

(24) Monarch (Laxton). Heavy cropper; fruit very large,
of conical shape, deep scarlet colour and flesh; seeds very
prominent; flavour good. Ripe June 10. F.C.C. June 1895.

(25, 48, and 49) Acquisition (Laxton) x x x. Enormous

7 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bearer ; fruit of great size, somewhat soft, pale red in colour;
flesh red, roundish shape; flavour second-rate. Ripe June 8.

(26) Unnamed variety (Austin & McAslan). Same as
No. 2. Ripe June 11.

(27) Dr. Vieillard (Laxton). Same as No.22. Ripe June 5.

(28) White Knight (Laxton). SeeNo.19. Ripe June 11.

(29) Wonderful. See No. 18. Ripe June 11.

(80) Royal Sovereign (Laxton). Great cropper ; fruit large,
conical in shape, scarlet in colour, with pale red flesh, very
firm, and of good flavour. Ripe June 4. F.C.C. June 1892.

(831) Auguste Boisselot. Good cropper; fruit of nice size,
conicalin shape; seeds deeply seated, deep scarlet in colour ; flesh
red and juicy witha Pine flavour. Ripe June 11. F.C.C. July
1890. :

(82) Pioneer. Light cropper; fruit conical, of moderate size
light red in colour, with a deep red flesh; flavour poor. Ripe
June 10.

(83) Duke of Edinburgh. Crop poor; fruit of fair size,
roundish, deep scarlet in colour ; flesh red, and flavour third- rate.
Ripe June 11.

(84) Reeves’ Kelipse. Crop moderate ; fruit round and rather
small, deep red in colour; flesh also red; flavour second-rate.
Ripe June 11.

(86) Bonny Lass. Crop light; fruit round and large, with
prominent scarlet seeds; fruit and flesh aeee red, firm, and of
good flavour. Ripe June 11.

(87) Boule d’Or. Crop moderate; fruit round and small,
deep crimson in colour; flesh dark red and of inferior flavour.
Ripe June 15. ji

(88) Bridehaugh (McDougal). Fair cropper, fruit large and
conical in shape, deep red in colour, with a scarlet flesh ; juicy
and of a pleasant flavour. Ripe June 11.

(89) Trollope’s Victoria (Bunyard). A failure.

(40) Sir Charles Napier. Heavy cropper ; fruit rather large
and conical in shape, seeds very prominent, red in colour,
with light red flesh, very firm, and a rich acid and pleasing
flavour. Ripe June 10.

(41) Leader (Laxton). Good cropper ; fruit very large, conical
or wedge-shaped, bright scarlet in colour, light red flesh, with a
poor flavour. Ripe June 11.

TRIALS PROPOSED AT CHISWICK 1897. 15

(42) Bothwell Bank. Very similar if not synonymous with
No. 2. Ripe June 11.

(48) Pauline. Crop very light and practically a failure.
Ripe June 10. .

(44) Crown Prince. A failure.

(45) Duc de Malakoff. Moderate crop with fine bold round
berries covered with prominent seeds ; fruit scarlet in colour with
a white flesh, and rich flavour.

(46) Kimberly (Bunyard). A failure.

(47) Hammonia. Crop and fruit very small; practically a
failure. Ripe June 11.

(50) May Queen. Good cropper ; fruit roundish ; dark red in
colour ; flesh also dark red ; flavour poor. Ripe June 6.

TRIALS PROPOSED AT CHISWICK 1897.

VioLAs.—Growers are invited to send to the Superintendent,
R.H.S. Gardens, Chiswick, in October 1896, any Violas
they wish tested, subject to the following rules, and bearing
in mind that the object of the trial is Nor to decide on the
prettiest individual flower, but to discover the best varieties
for massing wm beds or borders :—

(a) Six plants (not more or less) of each variety to be sent.

(6) Not more than 20 varieties from any one grower.

(c) Not more than two varieties of each self of the same
shade or colour. The grower must decide for himself
which is his best (or two best) self of any one shade of
colour and only send it or the two best at most.

GERMAN AsTERS.—Seeds to be sent as above not later than
March 1, 1897.

AnnuaLs.—Hardy and half-hardy, carefully distinguishing
between the two. Seeds must be sent as above not later
than March 1, 1897.

New Cannas.—One plant of each should be sent as above on or
before February 1, 1897.

FrEencH Buans, for forcing.—Seeds to be sent as above on or
before January 1, 1897. Not more than six varieties from

76 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

any one grower. The merits will only be considered from a
forcing point of view.
Ontons.—Seeds should be sent to Chiswick IMMEDIATELY.

The object of this trial is twofold, 1st, to experiment
whether autumn sown seeds are more free from the maggot,
than others ; 2nd, to prove the value of different varieties for
standing the winter.

Potatos.—New early ones only. Tubers to be sent as above by
February 1, 1897.

The object is to test the varieties with a view to determin-
ing the earliest varieties to dig, combined with good cropping
and cooking qualities.

Pras.—New varieties only. Seed to be sent as above on or before
February 1, 1897.

BoreEcoutes.—Old and new varieties. Seed to be sent as above
on or before February 1, 1897.

-

Quantities of seeds, &c., to be sent when required for trial
at Chiswick.

Broad Beans, Dwarf Beans, Scarlet Runner Beans—Half a pint
of seed of each variety. |
Peas, Cabbages, Kales, Cauliflowers, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts,
Savoys, Carrots, Celery, Beet, Parsnip, Turnip, Leeks,
Lettuce, Onions, Radish, Parsley—Half an ounce of each.
Potatos—20 tubers of each variety.
Tomatos—25 seeds of each variety.
Cucumbers, Gourds, Marrows—Six seeds of each variety.
Strawberries—20 runners of each.
New fruits, &c., one or two trees, plants, or bushes of each.
Flower seeds—Sufficient of each variety of its kind to ensure a
fair trial.

JOURNAL

OF THE

RoYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“Vou. Xx. 1896.

Part II.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
By Sir TrEvor Lawrence, Bart., President, R.H.S.
[Read at Chester, August 4, 1896.1]

Tue inhabitants of Great Britain have, during the last half-
century, and especially of late years, grown so accustomed to be
surrounded by flowers, in town and country alike, that they have
come to regard the present state of British horticulture as a
matter of course. But no one who carries his mind back to the
beginning of the century can fail to be struck by the extraordinary
progress which gardening and gardens have since made. It has
often been remarked that the world has advanced more rapidly
during Her Gracious Majesty the Queen’s long and happy reign in
all that contributes to the health, comfort, and convenience of
life—that is to say, to its happiness—than during the preceding
500 years. While the sciences generally have progressed with giant
strides, horticultural science has not lagged behind. During the
century now near its end trees and shrubs, annuals and perennials,
flowers and fruits, have been introduced from foreign countries
in vast numbers; while the abilities of several generations of
gardeners have found full scope for their exercise among a garden-
loving people in improving old and raising new varieties of
B

78 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

plants and fruits by cultivation, selection, hybridisation, and in
other ways.

It was not until the year 1804 that the idea of founding a
society to bring together British horticulturists occurred to the
mind of Thomas Andrew Knight, F.R.8.,a name associated with
the Horticultural Society during a long course of years, and ever
regarded with the highest honour by all connected with it. Mr,
Knight, whose name and virtues are commemorated by the
Knightian Medal of the Society, had devoted much attention to
acientific horticulture and vegetable physiology, on which subjects
he had communicated several papers to the Royal Society. He
lived in Herefordshire in the midst of a cider and perry country,
and had been struck by the unskilful and unscientific manage-
ment of the surrounding orchards. He put himself into com:
munication with Sir Joseph Banks, P.R.S.,* the eminent botanist,
Mr. R. A. Salisbury, Messrs. Aiton and Forsyth, the royal
gardeners, and others; the result being that on March 7, 1804,
the new society was founded. Its objects were defined to be “to
collect every information respecting the culture and treatment of
all plants and trees, as well culinary as ornamental ’”’; “ to foster
and encourage every branch of horticulture, and all the arts con-
nected with it’’; and “to give premiums for improvements in
horticulture whenever it shall be judged expedient to do sgo.”’
In the first paper of the “ Transactions ” of the new society Mr.
Knight says: ‘“ The establishment of a national society for the
improvement of horticulture has long been wanted ; and if such
an institution meet with a degree of support proportionate to the
importance of its object, if it proceed with cautious cireumspec-
tion to publish well-ascertained facts only, to detect the errors
of ignorance, and expose the misrepresentations of fraud, the
advantages which the public may ultimately derive from the esta-
blishment will probably exceed the most sanguine hopes of its
founders.”’ It is interesting to note that, much as London has
changed during the nineteenth century, the meeting at which the
Horticultural Society was founded took place on ‘the premises of
Messrs. Hatchard, booksellers, 187 Piccadilly, a firm which still

* Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., was President of the Royal Society for forty-
one years. He died in 1820. A new edition of his Journals, during his
voyage with Captain Cook, has lately been published, edited by Sir Joseph

Hooker.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 79

occupies the samepremises. The Society commenced work at once,
and Vol. I. of its “‘ Transactions’’ contains numerous interest-
ing and practical papers read before it in 1805 and subsequent
years, among them being contributions by Sir Joseph Banks,
President of the Royal Society, on ‘‘ The Introduction of the
Potato into the United Kingdom,” “‘ The Management of Straw-
berries,” ‘‘ The Forcing-houses of the Romans,” &c.; by Mr.
Knight, F.R.S., on “ Producing New and Early Fruits,” ‘‘ New
and Early Potatos,” ‘Grafting,’ “Traiming Fruit Trees,”
“ Forcing Grapes,” “ Management of the Onion,” &c.; by Mr.
Salisbury, F.R.S., on the ‘‘ Cultivation of the Tuberose,’’ ‘‘ The
Dahlia and its Cultivation,’’ ‘‘ The Cultivation of Rare Plants,” &c.

In 1809 a Royal Charter of Incorporation was granted to
the Society, whose object is therein briefly described to be ‘“ the
improvement of horticulture in all its branches, ornamental as
well as useful.” The Earl of Dartmouth was nominated first
president, Charles Greville first treasurer, and Richard Anthony
Salisbury first secretary ; the Council comprising, among others,
Earl Powis, the Bishop of Winchester, Sir Joseph Banks, P.R.S.,
W.'T. Aiton, gardener to the King, and author of the “ Hortus
Kewensis,’ and T. A. Knight. In 1812 Volume I. of the
“Transactions,” previously referred to, was published, though
the Society had as yet no local habitation, sharing with the
Linnean Society such accommodation as it could offer in
Gerard Street, Soho, at a rent of twenty-five guineas. In
1811, on the death of the Earl of Dartmouth, Mr. Thomas
Andrew Knight, the founder of the Society, was elected presi-
dent—a post he occupied for twenty-seven years, to the signal
advantage of the Society, and of horticulture generally. Mean-
while the number of Fellows had increased but slowly, and the
claims of the Society to the support of all interested in gardens
and gardening were hardly recognised. But in 1816 the first
bye-laws were passed, and the affairs of the Society ordered
on a businesslike footing—practical steps leading to such a rapid
increase of prosperity that in 1818 the income was £1,791, the
expenditure £1,719, and there were surplus assets valued at
£4,400.

In 1818 and the following years an experimental garden was
established at Kensington, with a nursery at Haling; and per-
manent offices were acquired by the purchase of No. 21 Regent

BQ

80 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Street, at a cost of £4,200. About this time the annual sub- |
scription, which had originally been £2. 2s., was raised to £38. 8s.;
a rise which seemed rather to encourage than to check elections,
845 new Fellows having joined the Society in 1819-21. In 1822
the gardens of the Society were moved from Kensington and
Ealing to Chiswick, where a thirty years’ lease of thirty-three
acres had been obtained from the Duke of Devonshire, the lease
being renewed in 1852 for a like period. The gardens of the
Society have continued at Chiswick ever since, but their area
has been reduced from thirty-three acres to twelve.

A valuable feature of the Society’s work—one which has had a
ereat and enduring influence on British horticulture—may well
be referred to here. As early as 1818 it was recognised that,
funds permitting, a horticultural society could not do better than
take steps to obtain from countries beyond the borders of
Europe valuable and interesting trees, shrubs, plants, and seeds.
The earliest arrivals came from China, through an active and
energetic Fellow of the Society, Mr. John Reeves; and from
India, through the East India Company. In this way many
valuable ornamental plants were introduced into Great Britain,
such as Azaleas, Peeonies, Roses, Camellias, Chrysanthemums, &c.
One of Mr. Reeves’s introductions was the lovely Wistaria
sinensis, which reached England in 1818. The large tree of
this climber at Chiswick is probably a relic of the original intro-
duction. ‘The success of these early efforts encouraged the
Society to send out collectors at its own cost. This they did
with such success that, to quote Mr. Andrew Murray,* ‘the
results have affected the appearance of all England. Nowhere
can a day’s ride now be taken where the landscape is not beauti-
fied by some of the introductions of the Horticultural Society.”
The first collector sent abroad was Mr. Don in 1821: he was
accompanied by Mr. Forbes, who, landing at the mouth of
the Zambesi, unfortunately succumbed to the climate. In 1828
Mr. David Douglas was employed as a collector on the recom-
mendation of Sir William Hooker, then Professor of Botany at
Glasgow. In 1824 and subsequent years Mr. Douglas visited
North America down to California, and his explorations bore rich
and valuable fruit. Amongst trees we owe to him Pinus Lam-
bertiana, P. insignis, P. nobilis, P. grandis, P. ponderosa, and

* “ The Book of the Royal Horticultural Society, 1862-1863,” p. 15.

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 81

last, but not least, the beautiful Abies Douglasii; among shrubs,
the coloured Ribes; and among border plants, Clarkias,
Kscholizias, Gaillardias, Godetias, Lupines, the musky Mimu-
lus, Pentstemons, and many other universal favourites. Douglas
subsequently visited the Sandwich Islands, where he was killed
by a bullock. It is unnecessary to refer in detail to the labours
of all the collectors who did good work for the Society, though
their names should be recorded. Mr. McRae was sent to Brazil
and Chili, whence he introduced the Araucaria; Mr. John Potts
to India and China, and Mr. John Damper Parkes to China in
the third decade of the century. In 1836 Herr Theodor Hartweg
was dispatched to Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, &c., where he col-
lected a vast number of plants, 2,000 of which have been
described by the late Mr. Bentham in his “ Plante Hartwegiane.”’

The selection of Robert Fortune as a collector by the Society
in 1848 is a memorable event in its history. For not only did
he send home many beautiful and valuable plants, but his
employment by the Society led directly to the introduction of the
great tea industry into India, and subsequently into Ceylon and
other countries. This introduction has caused, as is well known,
a complete industrial revolution in Eastern Asia, and the transfer
of the bulk of the tea trade from China to India and Ceylon,
to the enormous advantage of our Indian Empire. It would
occupy too much time to give a list of Fortune’s introductions ;
but mention may be made of Gardenia Fortunei, Dielytra
spectabilis, Wistaria sinensis alba, Berberis Fortunei, Weigela
rosea, Jasminum nudiflorum, Indigofera decora, Cryptomeria
japonica, Moutan or tree Pxonies, &c. It may be mentioned, as
evidence of the cost and value of this work, that Hartweg’s and
Fortune’s expeditions alone cost the Society £3,837 from 1841
to 1845. During this period there were distributed from
Chiswick 42,584 plants, 31,874 parcels of cuttings, 308,371
packets of seeds. The last collector employed by the Society
was Mr. John Weir, who went in 1861 to New Granada, whence
he sent several important consignments of Orchids before he
unfortunately fell a victim to the climate.

A detailed account of the ups and downs of the Society
between the dates of the establishment of its gardens at Chiswick
and its move to South Kensington would be tedious and of little
interest. It would, however, enforce the lesson that societies, as

82 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

well as individuals, if they are to prosper, must stick to their last
and cut their coat according to their cloth. No doubt the work
undertaken and carried out at Chiswick and elsewhere was
beyond the resources which the Society could permanently count
upon, and this notwithstanding a voluntary subscription of nearly
£7,300 towards the expenses of laying out the Chiswick Gardens.
The election of new Fellows, which had been 828 in 1821,
steadily declined, due no doubt in part to the imposition of a
heavy entrance donation and an increased subscription, these
being £6. 6s. and £4. 4s. respectively. Other causes of a decline
in the popularity of the Society were the distrust created by
a serious defalcation in 1826, and the discontinuance, in 1827, of
the annual anniversary dinner—dinners not being so numerous
then as to be the unmitigated nuisance they now are. Chiswick
fétes or déjetiners were established to take the place of the
dinner; but after four had been held they made way for the
exhibitions in Regent Street and at Chiswick, with which the
name of the Society is inseparably connected. It was mainly
at the instance of the celebrated botanist Lindley that these
shows were established. Lindley, who had been appointed
assistant-secretary to the Society in 1822, was ultimately elected
a member of council and honorary secretary in 1858. Though
the large room of No. 21 Regent Street could hold a display of
but very moderate dimensions, it served in those days for the
Fortnightly Shows, which have ever been an important and
enduring feature of the Society’s life.

The first Chiswick show was held in 18838, the last in 1857.
It is no exaggeration to say that these displays not only delighted
the vast multitudes who visited them, but did much to advance
British horticulture, and to guide the efforts of the kindred
societies which now flourish in every part of the United Kingdom.
Those who can remember these shows at the zenith of their
prosperity will readily admit that nothing has ever been seen to
compare with them, either in the variety of the collections shown
or in the horticultural skill they evinced. A large class of beau-
tiful plants, from the Antipodes, the New Holland plants as they
were called, then shown in specimens of great vigour and perfec-
tion, have almost gone out of cultivation. Where can anyone
now see the beautiful Pimelias, Chorizemas, Hoveas, Gompholo-
biums, Leschenaultias, &c., exhibited in such splendour in the

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 83

forties and fifties? Where the magnificent Cape heaths, which
rivalled them in beauty and perfection of cultivation? Where
the striking tall Cacti ?

It is impossible to trace, however imperfectly, the history
of the Royal Horticultural Society without touching upon the
financial vicissitudes, not to say misfortunes, which it has expe-
rienced. At an early date not a few Fellows were in default
with their subscriptions, and between 1824 and 1855, Mr. Andrew
Murray states nearly £13,000 of arrears had to be written off
as irrecoverable. For several years between 1840 and 1855
both income and expenditure had exceeded £7,000, though the
regular income from subscriptions averaged. but £3,000. As
long as fine weather and fashion favoured the Chiswick shows,
large profits accrued from them, and up to 1851-2 the Council
had been able to effect some reduction of debt, large or small, in
most years. But fashion is essentially fickle, and the weather
which had almost persistently smiled on Chiswick from 1833 to
1846 began to show its seamy side, and the shows to entail
heavy losses. Itshould be mentioned that Mr. George Bentham
was secretary from 1830 to 1841, and that Mr. Knight died in
1838. He was succeeded as president by the Duke of Devonshire,
who did his utmost to promote the interests of the Society during
his twenty years’ tenure of office. The Duke added much to the
attractions of the Chiswick shows by opening his beautiful grounds
adjoining to the Fellows and their friends on show days. It is
weary work to follow, however rapidly, the declining fortunes of
the Society down to the death of the Duke of Devonshire in 1858,
and the election of the Prince Consort as his successor. Suffice
it to say that, notwithstanding all possible retrenchments, schemes
of reorganisation, the sacrifice of valuable collections of plants at
Chiswick, of the Society’s herbarium, and of an unrivalled botanical
library ; notwithstanding the sale of 21 Regent Street and the
descent to the occupation of a small office at £80 a year; not-
withstanding the discontinuance of the Chiswick shows and efforts
to revive public confidence and interest in the Society by exhibi-
tions in the grounds of Gore House and in St. James’s Hall,
decline and misfortune dogged the Society’s steps until, on May 1,
1858, the final crisis came ; the number of Fellows being reduced
to 985, and there being a debt of nearly £10,000 to face. It was
eminently fortunate that even during these dark days Chiswick

84 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gardens were retained and some part of the labour of halfa
century saved.

Before briefly recounting the more recent history of the Society,
Imay quote the claims justly advanced on its behalf by the Council
in their report of May 1, 1857 :—‘ For more than half a century
the Society has endeavoured to pursue the path traced out by its
charter. It hasexamined the qualities, and reduced to order the
names, of fruit trees and succulent plants; it has directed the
attention of scientific as well as of practical men to the improve-
ment of the arts of cultivation; it has introduced at much cost
ereat numbers of exotic plants to decorate our gardens; it has
published many volumes filled with important treatises upon
almost every subject in which the gardener is interested ; it has
formed an extensive garden and orchard, in which have been
collected from time to time numerous plants, valuable for their
utility or beauty ; it has given a great impulse to cultivation by
its public exhibitions of garden produce; it has been a school
from which have sprung some of the most distinguished
gardeners of the century; and it has given away to its Fellows
and to public establishments above a million and a half of plants,
packets of seeds, and cuttings. In effecting this about £240,000
has been expended, of which £40,000 has been consumed in the
creation of the garden; more than £2,000 in forming collections
of drawings, models of fruit, &c.; £13,000 in the mere cost of
procuring new plants and seeds; while above £20,000 has been
directly applied in the form of medals and money prizes for the
encouragement of horticulture.”

On the election of H.R.H. the Prince Consort as President in
1858 it was hoped, and for a time it seemed, that the Society’s
difficulties were at an end. Under his auspices a lease of twenty
acres of land at South Kensington for thirty-one years was
arranged between the Royal Commissioners of the Exhibition of
1851 and the Society, the terms and conditions being embodied
in an original and two supplementary agreements, dated 1860 and
1861. By these the Royal Commissioners undertook to spend
£50,000 on arcades and earthworks, the Society agreeing to spend
a like sum on laying out the garden with fountains, aqueducts,
and statuary in the Italian style. Of the £50,000 to be provided
by the Society, £10,000 was obtained from donations, life com-
positions, &c.,and £40,000 was raised on debentures. Her Gracious

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 85

Majesty the Queen gave a donation of £1,000, the Prince Consort
£1,500 in cash and debentures, and many other members of the
Royal Family gave encouraging help. The new charter, under
which the Society is still governed, was granted in 1861, in which
year, on June 5, the formal opening of the new garden by Her
Gracious Majesty the Queen, the Prince Consort, and the King of
the Belgians took place. On December 14, 1861, the Prince Consort
passed away, greatly beloved and regretted. It may have been
that the scheme which his fostering care had elaborated and
developed contained in itself the germs of decay. It may be
doubted whether the resources of the Royal Horticultural Society
would have enabled it permanently to bear the charges of a
heavy bonded debt, of the maintenance of their South Kensington
grounds, and of a costly experimental garden at Chiswick. But
when the support and influence, the judgment and guidance, of
His Royal Highness, together with the interest and pleasure he
took in the work, were lost, difficulties soon began to accumulate.
It would be an unprofitable task to refer more than cursorily to
these matters. As it turned out, while the Royal Commissioners
rarely received any rent for their very valuable land, the Royal
Horticultural Society could make no profit out of it, either in
money or repute. In the years 1862 and 1871 only—the years of
international exhibitions—was the Society able to meet its
engagements. A veil must be drawn over the later years of the
South Kensington connection ; years marked by disputes between
the Royal Commissioners and the Council, attempts to convert
the gardens at South Kensington into a recreation ground for the
neighbourhood, dissensions in the Council, and growing discredit.
The Society dragged on at South Kensington an existence of
little use and less dignity or credit up to the end of the year 1887,
when a move was made which will ultimately, there is good
reason to hope, have the effect of entirely rehabilitating it in
public opinion.

It should be mentioned that the Duke of Buccleuch succeeded
H.R.H. the Prince Consort as president, and that Dr. Royle, the
distinguished author of “ Plant Asiatice Rariores,’’ was secre-
tary from 1852 till his death in 1858, when he was succeeded by
John Lindley, whose long connection with the Society, com-
mencing in 1822, is in itself enough to make it illustrious.

Before making a few concluding remarks as to the present

86 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

position of the Royal Horticultural Society, a brief reference
must be made to the publications for which it has been respon-
sible from time to time. The “ Transactions ’’ of the Society are
contained in ten quarto volumes, three of which belong to the
second series. They contain many papers of great interest and
value by the most eminent British botanists and horticul-
turists of the time. Sir William Hooker’s name first appears in
Vol. L., in 1808; John Lindley’s, in 1820, in Vol. IV. The
‘‘Transactions”’ were illustrated by numerous hand-coloured
plates, superior in every way to the coarse lithographic illustra-
tions of modern botanical works. These plates still retain their
freshness and brilliancy absolutely unimpaired. The “ Trans-
actions’’ were discontinued after the publication of the tenth
volume in 1848.

The first series of the “ Journal of the Horticultural Society ”’
comprises nine volumes, extending from 1846 to 1855. The first
paper is an account of an ‘‘ Orchideous House’’ at Penllergare by
J. D. Llewellyn, whose son, Sir J. D. Llewellyn, Bart., M.P.,
is now a member of Council. This series contains numerous
papers of much interest. Among the contributors may be
noticed Dean Herbert (a contributor to the “‘ Transactions ’’ also),
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, the cryptogamic botanist, Sir J. B. Lawes,
Dr. Thompson, subsequently curator of the Calcutta Garden,
Dr. Wallich, Sir Robert Schomburgh, whose Venezuelan ‘line ”
we are now so keenly discussing, and last, but not least, our
great botanist, Sir Joseph Hooker. To this series also Lindley
communicated many papers.

After this series had come to an end in 1855 there was a gap
of ten years. The current series, of which the nineteenth volume
has been published this year, commenced in 1866. It is so
recent that little need be said about it. It contains many
valuable practical papers, and is indeed a mine of horticultural
information. Among its more important contents are the
Reports, Proceedings, and Discussions of the numerous “ Con-
ferences’’ which have been held under the Society’s auspices,
and the Papers read at them. These comprise among others
the following: viz., 1884, ‘‘ Conference on British Apples”’ ;
1885, ‘‘ Orchid Conference’’; 1886, ‘‘ Primula Conference ”’ ;
1887, “ National Pear Conference’’; 1889, ‘ National Rose
Conference ’’ ; 1890, “‘ Vegetable Conference,” “ Chrysanthemum

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 87

Conference,’ ‘‘ Daffodil Conference,’’ ‘‘ Carnation Conference,’
‘‘Hern Conference’’; 1891, ‘Conference on Hardy Summer
Perennials and Small Hardy Fruits’’; 1892, “ Conifer Confer-
ence ’’; 1898, “‘ Begonia Conference”’; 1895, ‘ Conference on
British-grown Fruit,” ‘‘ Primula Conference.’”’ The Society has
also published an admirable monograph on “ Bulbous Irises,’”’ by
Professor Michael Foster, F.R.S., and a list of the plants certifi-
cated by the Society from 1859 to 1893, extending to 266 pages.

Few words are necessary in dealing with the present position
of the Royal Horticultural Society. Ifit has done anything to
retrieve the errors of the past, and to inspire confidence in the
future, it has been by sticking resolutely to its last ; by bearing
constantly in mind that the function of a horticultural society
is to promote horticulture ; by a successful attempt to clear off
all outstanding liabilities, and a fixed determination to avoid
debt.

In reducing the minimum subscription to £1. 1s. in 1888,
the Society was actuated by a desire to enrol amongst its
Fellows as large a proportion as possible of the vast number of
their fellow subjects who are interestedin gardens. The result of
this and other changes has been, on the whole, eminently success-
ful, the average annual net increase in the number of Fellows
being 280, the total number 3,300, against a maximum of, so far
as can be ascertained, about 2,500 in the old Chiswick show days.
The Journal is published with regularity, thanks to the unre-
mitting labours of the editors, the Rev. W. Wilks, secretary,
and Mr. John Weathers, assistant-secretary. The Committees of
the Society include in their several departments a large number
of the principal horticultural experts in the kingdom, and their
certificates and awards are eagerly sought for, and practically
meet with unanimous acceptance. The great shows of the
Society, held now for several years in the gardens of the Inner
Temple by the continued kindness of the Benchers, have been
in many respects the finest ever seen in Great Britain. The
Fortnightly Shows are now largely attended, and attract such
a number and variety of exhibits as to make it increasingly
difficult to find room for them. They are rendered additionally
interesting by the valuable papers read before them. The
Society’s Fruit Show at the Crystal Palace bids fair to become
an important annual event. The shows in 1894 and 1895,

88 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the papers read at them, taught valuable practical lessons
both in horticulture and economics. In 1895 the show was
visited by considerably over 36,000 people.

For several years the Society has held, concurrently in
different parts of the kingdom, examinations in the principles
and practice of horticulture, and has granted certificates of three
classes to qualified candidates. The numbers presenting them-
selves at these examinations have been considerable. The
Council have long felt that there was difficulty in interesting in
its work horticulturists at-a distance from London, and unable
to visit its shows, meetings, and garden. ‘To overcome this they
have devoted special attention to the Journal, and have taken
steps to bring local societies into affiliation with the parent
society; with the result that there are now eighty provincial
societies affiliated. It has been with the same object that
invitations have been accepted to send deputations, such as the
present, to shows in the provinces; and that efforts are being
made to distribute plants and seeds of value among the
Fellows, so far as may be done without interfering with the
horticultural trade. Finally, the Council have endeavoured to
carry out the wishes of the Fellows by putting the garden and
plant-houses at Chiswick into thorough order, and by maintain-
ing the grounds there in the best way as a practical and experi-
mental garden. It should be added that the Lindley Botanical
Library, consisting of about 4,000 volumes, is in the custody
of the Society and open to Fellows. A printed catalogue of it is
being prepared.

The Royal Horticultural Society has spent during the ninety-two
years of its existence not less than £400,000. ‘That it has made
mistakes and wasted money its best friends will not deny. But
it may confidently be asserted that it has done, and is doing,
good work, which no other society could do—good work of great
value to the community. The same may be said of it as was
said of Wren, “ Si monumentum queris, circumspice ”’; for the
introductions of the Society and the lessons it has taught have
embellished the land, and smile on the visitor from every park
and garden in the kingdom.

Ladies and gentlemen, the hearty thanks of the Society are
due to his Grace the Duke of Westminster for his support
on this occasion. ~He was one of those who had promised

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 89

- £1,000 towards the project of a Horticultural Hall and offices
for the Society in London. It is impossible to conclude
without tendering to the amateurs and to the horticultural trade
of the kingdom the warmest acknowledgments of the Society for
the hearty and unfaltering support they have ever accorded to
it in days of adversity, no less than in those of prosperity.

GARDEN CRAFT.

By the Very Rev. 8. Reynoups Hotz, Dean of Rochester.
[At Chester, August 4, 1896.]

WHEN a benevolent florist said to me that he wished every
man in England to have a garden of his own, and I made
answer, “‘ Heaven forbid!’ I was surveyed with a pitiful disdain.
“‘ Because,’ I continued, ‘‘ three-fourths of the recipients would
abuse the gift. A large portion of your gardens would be
ultimately covered with groundsel, like his who did not think it
right to prejudice the soil in favour of strawberries. If you will
modify your benevolent suggestion, and express it thus, ‘I would
that every man who loves a garden had a garden to love,’ why
then with heart and voice I will sing a sevenfold Amen.”
Alas! for this toilsome, weary world,

By suffering worn and weary,
Yet beautiful as some fair angel still,

the love of a garden, though it is, as Lord Bacon wrote, the
purest of human pleasures and the greatest refreshment to the
spirit of man, is rare, very rare, among us.

And yet it is innate, a sad memory of Paradise Lost, or a
glad prevision of Paradise Regained, in us all. There is a tradi-
tion in my family that in my early babyhood I seized and
plucked, with an admiration which was almost ferocious, an
artificial rose from the Sunday bonnet of my nurse. And who
does not remember how by the stream and in the mead, in the
lanes and in the woods, we cherished with a like fatal affection
in our warm little hands the violet and the primrose, the campion,

90 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the honeysuckle, and the wild hedgerow rose? Who has
forgotten the cowslip-balls and daisy-chains ?
And by the brook, and in the glade,
Are all our wanderings o’er ?
Oh! while those dear ones with us stayed
Would we had loved them more.
And our little flower-beds, in which we sowed pippins and planted
twigs, and expected apples and trees next day. Hard by, the
cemetery, in which a beloved white mouse was solemnly
interred, with a cigar-box for a coffin, and the dinner-bell tolled
at intervals !

Fascinations follow, which, like the Baron all covered with
jewels and gold, attract our affections so light and so vain, and
lure us from our first love. Although “the goddess Diana, sir,
who calls aloud for the chase,’ may be “ as partickler in her
behaviour as Miss Sophie Wackles,” she does not hesitate to
beguile us from our loyalty to Flora; and the jumping pony
and the new gun, the fishing-rod and the bat, seem to monopolise
our leisure hours and to exclude all other recreations.

Such is the rule, and happy are the exceptional few who
retain amid these later excitements that appreciation of a garden
which makes our homes more beautiful and our lives more
bright ; or who, having lost it awhile, are mercifully restored (as I
was more than fifty years ago, on leaving Oxford) to a better
mind.

Once for all—for when this love of a garden possesses us in
our maturer years, 15 leaves us only with life.

The love of field sports comes and goes. There is a time
when the big stile, and the broad stream, and the high wall and
the awkward double seem to warn us, as sermons in stones and
books in the running brooks, that for the sake of others, in con-
sideration for our kinsfolk and friends, for the best interests of
the country, as husbands, as fathers, as members of the County
Council, we are forbidden to submerge ourselves in watery
graves, or to dislocate our spinal cord. Personally, we should
revel in the risk, but we can no longer disobey the stern voice of
Duty, which commands us, as parents and patriots, to remember
our responsibilities and go at once to the gate.

Too soon the time comes when that rocketing pheasant crows
derisively, as your shot passes three feet behind his tail ; when the

GARDEN CRAFT. 91

cricket-ball hits you more frequently than you hit the ball, when
the bails are off before the bat is down, and the impudent
spectator, as you miss the catch, makes derisive inquiries as to
the price of butter.

Yes, we lose our zest for these diversions on flood and field,
but the love of a garden, like Tennyson’s brook, goes on for ever.
Age cannot wither it, nor custom stale its infinite variety. That
grand old gardener, Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, said to
me, ‘ You will gradually lose your enjoyment of those pastimes
which require great strength and agility, but your love among
the roses never.”’

It is not only that “a thing of beauty is a joy for ever,” but :

Its loveliness increases ; it will never
Pass into nothingness, but still will keep

A bower, quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams and health.

Nature never did betray
The heart that loved her. ’Tis her privilege
Through all the years of this our life to lead
From joy to joy.

Intermediate between those who have lost and those who
have retained or recovered their love of the beautiful, there is a
mixed and miserable multitude which pretends that it is fond of
flowers. Their perceptive powers are just strong enough to
acknowledge the attractiveness of form and colour, and to allow
that a garden is “the sort of thing which a fellow must have,
don’t yer know.” I feel for them as I feel for the blind, hoping,
so long as they keep silence, that they are conscious of their
ignorance, and are anxious not to expose it; but when, em-
boldened by the possession of a conservatory or a few thousand
plants for bedding out, or in imitation of some noble neighbours,
who are devoted to their gardens, they suddenly lay claim to a
like enthusiasm, why then the milk of human kindness is apt to
turn a little sour. These pseudo-florists have no more resem-
blance to the true philanthist than a schoolboy’s kite to a
flying eagle, or a tin soldier to a lifeguardsman; and yet they
have the effrontery to tell you that they are awfully gone on
gardens in general, and would give anything in the world to see
yours in particular ; and when you invite them, good, easy man
full sure, and they come to see, they won’t even look at your

92 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

favourites, but begin to talk about the big wheel at Earl’s Court,
or Marshall and Snelgrove’s summer sale, or Gwendolen’s baby,
or Charley’s aunt, or the Pope’s encyclical, or the Eton and
Harrow match.

In the garden, as elsewhere, this development of genteel
humbug may be contemplated in manifold forms—in those who
tell you that they dote upon flowers, but only care for such as
are rare and costly, or promise to win prizes at the show; in
those who limit their admiration to one flower only, and ignore
the rest ; who only desire them as decorations for their tables, or
as exciting outside their windows the admiration of their neigh-
bours in the square; who regard them without gratitude and
reverent love towards Him ‘‘ Whose breath perfumes them and
Whose pencil paints,” who have never a thought of Him Who
said, ‘‘ Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow, they toil
not, neither do they spin: and yet I say unto you, That even
Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.”’

Let us ‘‘ring out the false, ring in the true,’ and leaving
pretence for reality and shadows for substance, let us consider
what help we old gardeners can render to those who have our
zeal but not our experience.

What is meant by Garden Craft? The art surely of obtaining
the greatest possible enjoyment from our garden by making it a
place which shall refresh our spirit with its restful quietude, and
delight our senses with its graceful outlines, its varied colours,
sweet fragrance and singing birds. It should be a place of
reverent admiration, cheerful exercise, happy intercourse, tender
memories, immortal hope.

How is this art, this craft, to be acquired? Manifestly it is
impossible, seeing that gardens vary so largely in site, and soil,
and size, to give special or minute directions, but there are
certain general rules which are for universal obedience, and
which, like the laws of the Medes and Persians, alter not.
There should be, as far as possible, a correspondence, an adapta-
tion of the garden with its surroundings. Horticulture, archi-
tecture, and agriculture should blend in triple alliance, by gradual
accommodation producing uniformity without formalism, a
concert of many instruments in perfect harmony, a combination

Where order in variety we see,
And where, tho’ all things differ, all agree.

GARDEN CRAFT. 93

And so the terraces, with their walls and steps and balustrades,
adapt themselves as pleasingly to the front of a palace as the
simple little porch of laurel and honeysuckle to the lowly cottage
door.

This happy coalition between horticulture and architecture,
the garden and the home, will be gracefully promoted by adorning
the walls of the house with the flowers and foliage of climbing
plants, such as the Ampeilopsis Veitchii and the Clematis (I
name them together because they will grow in a very charming
conjunction), the Wistaria, the Passion Flower (Lady Con-
stance), the Ivies, Simmonds’ Cotoneaster, Honeysuckles, not
omitting Aureo-Japonica, Bignonia, Escallonia, such Roses as
the Banksian, the Ayrshire, and Sempervirens, Gloire de Dijonand
her daughter Madame Berard, Réve d’Or, Reine Marie Henriette,
the hybrid Chinas and Bourbons, Blairii II., Charles Lawson,
Paul Perras, and, on a warm wall, Fortune’s Yellow. I hardly
dare to include the Magnolia; its loss is so deplorable, and yet
‘tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved
at all.”

Between horticulture and agriculture the diversities may
gradually disappear by the planting of shrubberies and trees,
and by passing from the highly cultivated to “ the wild’ garden.

And what shall the gardener put into his garden? All things
pleasant to the eye and good for food for which there is room
and which will thrive in it. It must be such as Tennyson

describes : The daughters of the year,

One after one, through that still garden passed,
Each, garlanded with her peculiar flower,
Danced into light, and died into the shade.

The Christmas Rose (so precious under the handglass laden with
snow), the Aconite, the Snowdrops, of which Keble sang :
They twinkle in the wintry morn,
And cheer the ungenial day,
And tell us all will glisten soon
As bright and green as they.
And then the Crocus, like the cohorts of the Assyrians, all
gleaming in purple and gold; the Scillas, including the exquisite
Chionodoxa Lucilliz, the splendid scarlet Anemone; and then

The Daffodils begin to peer,
And then comes in the sweet 0’ the year.

94 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Emperors and Empresses, the Duchess of Westminster and Sir
Watkin Wynn; the Hyacinths and Tulips, the long series of
lovely Iris, beginning with Bakeriana and Reticulata; then the
Ponies, the Roses, the Larkspurs, the Poppies, Pyrethrums,
Phloxes ; the Carnations (I have to express my gratitude to the
Messrs. Dickson, of Chester, for the popularity conferred on my
wife, ‘‘Mrs. Reynolds Hole,’’ which made her ‘the pink of
fashion,’’ even in the buttonhole of princes), and beside all these
‘‘an innumerable company of angels’’—are not our flowers the
fairest messengers of our heavenly Father’s love ?—and then
the Lilies and Cannas, Gladioli, Daisies, the Hollyhocks and
Helianthus, Asters, Dahlias, and hardy Chrysanthemums; and we
return once more to our Christmas Rose, mourning the absence
of our beloved, and singing dolefully, “‘ Tell me, shepherds, have
you seen my Flora pass this way ?’’ though we know, and the
shepherds know, that she never comes out in the snow.

I may not forget the flowering trees and shrubs, the Lilacs,
the Laburnums, the charming Malus floribunda, with its tiny
fruit, suggestive of a doll’s dessert or a pomological show in
Liliput, the Ribes, Pyrus japonica, the Prunus Pissardi, with its
bright white flowerets amid its rich bronzy leaves, the blue
Ceanothus ‘Gloire de Versailles,’ Forsythias, Weigelas, white,
pink, and scarlet Thorns, the Almonds, the Cherries, and the
Crabs, the Brooms and Gorses, the Azaleas and Rhododendrons,
the Syringas, Cistus, Daphnes, Indigoferas, and Spireas.

Nor can I omit the “Annuals.” We must have our Sweet
Peas, of which there are now such exquisite varieties, our
Mignonette, and Stocks, Dianthus, Godetia, Phlox Drummondii,
Saponaria, Salpiglossis, Sweet Sultan, and a bevy of fair com-
panions, as bright and beautiful as they.

And what shall I say about that system of floriculture which
goes by the name of ‘‘ Bedding Out’’? I have already said a
good deal and written a good deal against it, because I have
seen the great harm which it has done in so many of your
gardens, by the expulsion of flowering shrubs and our favourite
hardy flowers to make way for geometrical beds of more brilliant
hues, or tender plants, which were at the mercy of a thunder-
storm; which left an unsightly display of bare soil, when they
were removed in autumn, and occupied a large portion of the

GARDEN CRAFT. ; 95

gardener’s time and glass for their annual multiplication. I
speak from personal, shameful experience, because—

In my sallet days,
When I was green in judgment,

when I would not heed the caution

O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori,

I offered sacrifice to this gaudy idol, and, like a daddy-long-
legs hovering round a lamp on a summer’s night, was scorched
by the dazzling flame.

Nevertheless, when there is space, and taste, and money, these
bedders-out are introduced on those plateaux and terraces of
which I spoke in front of palaces, and castles, and great
mansions with admirable effect, and the graceful combinations
which we see in the parks of London never fail to refresh and
charm. They may also be effectively arranged here and there
on the borders of shrubberies; but the huge spaces which they
sometimes occupy in kitchen gardens, with long lines of brilliant
colours, suggesting such aribbon as a lady in Brobdingnag might
have selected for a sash, would be far more satisfactorily occupied
by a border of herbaceous plants. They are too gorgeous these
dazzling displays, and I recall the smiling assent of a brother
gardener when, after we had been more than satisfied with one
of these splendid scenes, I suggested that “we should go among
the vegetables and cool our eyes on the lettuce.”’

Were I asked to name the best of these flowers for beds, I
should select, first of all, the Begonia in varied colours, the
Clematis, light and dark, Cannas and Lilies intermixed.

As to the arrangement of a garden, Pope has given us all the
information we require in two simple lines:

He wins all points, who pleasingly confounds,
Surprises, varies, and conceals the bounds,

instead of exhibiting all he has at once, as is the case with
the owner of a small garden, who makes a large display of
bedding-out, or where there is a straight gravel walk on the four
sides of the grass plot with a narrow border on three sides
between walk and wall, and the house on the other.

; The garden next your admiration calls—

On every side you look behold the wall !

96 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No pleasing intricacies intervene.

No artful wildness to perplex the scene.

Grove nods at grove, each alley has its brother
And half the platform just reflects the other.

So that the sarcastic old gentleman when it was said to him,
“Shall we go and have a look at the garden?” was justified in
his reply, ‘‘ Oh, thanks; I can see it here.”

I love best the old English arrangement—clumps of trees and
shrubs, bordered by flowers of diverse shapes and at irregular
intervals, so that you can have a continual change of form and
colour, light and shade—a garden where we may read or think
in unobserved and unmolested peace ; in which children may play
at hide-and-seek, without being as conspicuous as Royal Charles
represented on the sign of the public-house in his crown and
robes about half as large as the oak; a garden in which lovers
can gaze upon each other, with other signs of endearment, with-
out being pestered by brothers and sisters who are watching from
the window of the house.

If his garden is large, I would advise the young gardener to
choose from his general collection some flower which seems to
succeed more than others in his soil, and to make them a
speciality in his garden, Roses, for example, or Lilies, Iris,
Narcissus, Carnations. At all events let me advise him to
cultivate most largely those flowers which thrive with him best,
and not to persevere with those which assure him by continual
failure that they dislike either the site or the soil. Few spectacles
are more depressing than the skeletons and cripples which we
sometimes see in a garden—the Rhododendron, for example,
‘lank and brown,”’ moribund in a cold clay soil.

If he has a few large stones within reach, let him order my
friend William Robinson’s little book on Alpine flowers and make
himself a rock-garden. In no other form can he obtain so
large a delight from so small a space. If he

Spake full well, in language quaint and olden,
One who dwelleth by the castled Rhine,
When he called the flowers all blue and golden,
Stars, which on earth’s firmament do shine,
here he would behold a constellation. Surely the rock-garden,
if it be well cared for and kept from weeds and slugs, is a fasci-
nation to the florist in the sweet gpring-tide. It is
A miniature of loveliness, all grace,
Summed up and clothed in little.

GARDEN CRAFT. 97

What can be more delectable than the silvery and roseate
Phloxes, the Sempervivum with the spider’s web, the glowing
Gentian, and a hundred more? The smallest garden may have its
little Alp, and the largest can have nothing more beautiful than
the rock-garden at Kew, or that triumphant combination of
Nature and Art, the most perfect form of an Alpine garden
which I have ever seen, in the nurseries of Messrs. Backhouse at
York.

And I would note here, referring to collections large and
small, that, whenever the gardener really loves his garden and
his craft, he has the same amount of enjoyment. I venture to
assert that a window plant may give as much satisfaction as
the most costly Orchid to its owner. I know that there are no
more earnest or successful gardeners in England than the
artisans of Nottingham in their little plots outside the town.
Yes, He who has given to all alike the admiration of the
beautiful has given us this beauty to admire. The Giver of all
good gifts is no respecter of persons, but He designed the pure
light, and the pure air, and the pure water, and all things
pleasant to the eye, and good for food, for all. He maketh His
sun shine on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain upon the
just and on the unjust, whether they will use or abuse His
gifts. Happiest of men are they who act as God’s almoners
in the distribution of these gifts. Most miserable of men are
they who would withhold or pollute. When I was in Baltimore
an incident was related to me which occurred at a dinner party
in that city. George Peabody was present, and was asked by
one of the guests whether he derived gratification from his
donations in proportion to their munificence. He replied that
for a time he had a disinclination to give away money, but that
as he grew richer he felt more and more the duty of helping
others. “ Finally,” he said, ‘‘ I determined to make an experiment
on a small scale, and so I built the first of the model tenement
houses in London. It cost me a great effort, but when I went
some time afterwards, and saw the improvement in comfort and
eleanliness and health, I was delighted and encouraged to do
more, and now I do not hesitate to say that, much as I enjoyed
making money, I have far more enjoyment in giving it away.”’
He found the true happiness of making others happy.

And part of that happiness was in their window-plants, for

98. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when, some years after, I went to a Flower Show for poor
gardeners in Dean’s Yard, Westminster, the principal prizes
were won by the occupants of ‘‘ Peabody’s Buildings,’ and to
George Peabody, and to all others who seek to make more
homelike the houses of working men, let us award first prizes

for garden craft.
The weary woman stays her task
The perfume to inhale ;
The pale-faced children pause to ask,
‘* What breath is on the gale?”

And none that breathed that sweetened air
But had a gentle thought—

A sense of something good and fair
Across the spirit brought.

Other interesting supplements might be added, such as a
collection of Japanese plants, the Maples especially, some of
which I prophesy will hereafter, hke many other importations
from Japan, be established in our gardens, to the satisfaction of
the purchaser who ran the risk, and to the envy of those who
“Let I dare not wait upon I will.” I speak from hopeful
experience of specimens which outlived the winter of 1894-95 in
my Midland garden.

Reverting to my visit to America, I saw near Albany a
collection which had been made by a lady after reading ‘‘ The
Plant-lore of Shakspeare,” by our famous fellow-craftsman, the
Rev. Canon Ellacombe. A small slip of our common English
Gorse, anxiously nursed in a pot under glass, first amused me,
and then suggested to an old sportsman melancholy regrets on
the impossibility of establishing in America the best of all
coverts for the fox !

In Shakspeare’s own county, at Warwick Castle, there is, lam
told, a most interesting collection of the flowers mentioned in his
works, accompanied by quotations.

There may be a garden of sweet odours, a collection of the
most fragrant flowers, such as I remember in the grounds of one
of our Nottinghamshire squires, to whom, their devoted admirer,
they offered, when he had lost his eyesight, the only solace they
could bring.

A collection of plants having beautiful foliage : the Acanthus,
Golden and Silver Hollies, Huonymus, Bamboos, Eulalias,
Grape-vines.

GARDEN CRAFT. 99

There is the Garden of Friendship—of plants given to us by
our friends ; the Garden of Memories—of places visited, and of
interesting events; and when there are plantations adjoining
there should be what is called “'The Wild Garden,” by which I
mean the planting in open spaces here and there of such flowers
as are most likely to flourish. Again I must refer to a book on
this subject by my friend, and dedicated to me, William Robin-
son. An infinite number of lovely plants may be thus intro-
duced, to the continual surprise and delight of the rambler:
Roses, Honeysuckles, Clematis, Spirzeas, Lilacs, Laburnums,
Cherries, Crabs, Thorns, and at intervals bright patches of
flowers, bulbous and perennial. Every garden must have its
fernery, large or small.

Let me utter, in conclusion, a few words of warning to the
younger disciples. Don’t be too anxious to improve Nature, or
you may impoverish instead of enriching creation. Beware of
incongruities, beware of brickdust, powdered gypsum, clinkers,
and bottle-ends. I am fond of sailors and of ships, but the
figurehead of Nelson in a cocked hat, or of Britannia in a helmet,
or of a mermaid, with immense blue eyes and flowing hair, set up
in a garden, seem to me about as appropriate as a lighthouse
ina millpool! I once saw in a tea-garden near London the
imitation of an Araucaria imbricata in cast iron, and painted a
gaudy green. I felt indisposed; and I am sure that, if I were
inadvertently to swallow poison, the glimpse of that Araucaria
would be the most powerful emetic I could find. Such mon-
strosities are as hideous as the heraldic animals, on poles painted
with the Tudor colours, which King Nebuchadnezzar—I beg
pardon, King Henry the Kighth—-set up in his garden at Hampton
Court. The ships of the Wise King went to Tarshish, and, once in
three years, they came back and brought, with other treasures,
apes and peacocks; but Solomon, Iam convinced, was too good a
gardener, for he spake of trees from the Cedar Tree which is in
Lebanon unto the Hyssop which springeth out of the wall, to
copy them in clipped Yew.

Statues should be used abstemiously. When their Roman
noses begin to crumble, and their togas are covered with moss,
and irreverent boys adorn them with billycocks, they do not
embellish the scene.

Be cautious with regard to artificial water; beware of mud
banks and stagnant waters.

100 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Be generous. Freely ye have received; freely give duplicates,
roots, cuttings, pipings, buds, and seeds.

Promote that reciprocity and sympathy which you will find
in all true florists. I have had and have “ troops of friends,”
royal and rough, high and low, rich and poor, social, ecclesias-
tical, literary, artistic, sporting (I followed foxes and partridges
for more than half a century), but I have found no class of men
more genial or more generous than those who love their gardens.
I once asked the head gardener, in the absence of the owner, of
one of the most beautiful gardens in England whether I could
walk through the grounds, and I added that my name was Hole.
And when he inquired “ Mr. Reynolds Hole?” and I replied in
the affirmative, I was first of all astonished by the abrupt manner
in which he turned his back upon me and then elated by the
words which he spoke to one of his subordinates, “ John, set the
fountains playing!’ And a few thousand miles away on the
other side of the Atlantic there was scarcely a city in which we
were not welcomed by florists, scarcely an hotel in which we did
not find some boxes of beautiful flowers. The love of gardening
makes the whole world kin.

I ask those who know much more of gardening than I do, to
pardon, for the sake of those who know less, suggestions which
may have seemed to them prolix, superfluous ; and I desire to offer
my most hearty thanks to all for the kind, patient sympathy with
which they have listened to my words.

GARDEN LITERATURE.

By Mr. F. W. Bursipas, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.
[Read at Chester, August 4, 1896.]

“They set great store by their gardiens.”’ Sir Thos. More (Lord
Chancellor), 1480-1535,

We are told that ‘‘ words make haste to follow things,’ and so
there must have been gardens before books about gardening
appeared. The art or craft of gardening has existed in some
form or other from the earliest and rudest times. The most

GARDEN LITERATURE. 101

imperative and primitive of all desires, viz. those for food and
medicine, were doubtless those that prompted the earliest
experiments in gardening. Our first parents are said to have
lived in the first garden, and no doubt one situated in a more
genial clime than ours; but of one thing we may rest assured,
viz. that in all ages and in all countries gardens have existed
side by side with the earliest evidences of refinement and of
civilisation.

So far as our own land is concerned, we find constant
references to Kale-yards, Garths, Herbaries, Orchards, and
Cherry-yards in old records, in chronicles, chartularies, and
leases, wherever such records have been preserved. There is
ample proof of the existence of gardens in England from very
early times, but its literature is very scanty until we reach the
middle of the fifteenth century and the printing press appeared ;
then Bibles and herbals come in a continual stream.

As a matter of course agriculture and horticulture had really
existed as an unknown quantity in England at least from the
date of the Roman invasion, during and after which time our
native fruits and vegetables were augmented by better kinds
from Southern Europe and even from Western Asia. Again,
there were Orchards and Cherry-yards, in feudal times, outside
the castle walls, and herbaries inside for choice herbs and fruits
and vegetables and flowers ; and after the Conquest, the Norman-
French, who were used to such luxuries at home, would naturally
wish to augment the supplies they found then existent in
England.

In Domesday Book (p. 127) not only are private houses with
their gardens recorded, but at Fulham, in Middlesex, still a
market-garden centre, eight cotarii and their gardens are
enumerated. The Crusaders are also credited with adding
materially to our garden stores by collecting and bringing home
useful and beautiful plants they had met with on their return
from the Holy Land.

In the reign of Henry II. (1154-1189) the gardens of the
citizens of London are described by Fitzstevens as being large
and beautiful and fertile ‘‘ to a degree.”’

From the introduction of Christianity up to the Reformation
the best gardeners were those who lived quietly and peaceably in
the monasteries and other great religious houses, as at Ely,

102 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Norwich Priory, and the great Abbey at Abingdon.* The monks
had communication with Italy, France, and Spain, and through
them our gardens must have gained much in many ways
(‘‘ Hist. Gardening in England,’’ p. 8).

Although we had no real gardening books until the middle
of the fifteenth century, the art itself, as I have already hinted,
had long been practised, and this more especially in Southern
and Western England. The following extract from records of
the fourteenth century, in the Guildhall Library, throws a very
interesting side light on gardening in and near London in the
time of Edward III.

“Previous to 1345, the gardeners of the Earls, Barons, Bishops, and
Citizens of London had a market for ‘ pulse, cherries, vegetables, and other
wares’ on a plot of ground opposite the Church of St. Austin, near the
gate of St. Paul’s Churchyard. This market grew and became so crowded
and noisy as to interfere with passengers, and the ‘ scurrility, clamour, and
nuisance of the gard’ners, and their servants became so obnoxious to
reputable people dwelling near, and so annoying to the priests, clerks, and
laymen, singing matins and mass in said Church of St. Austin, that the
mayor and aldermen were petitioned to interfere and abate the nuisance
as we should say.’ ”’

The market was eventually restricted, but seems to have been
but little more seemly than before. This paragraph also shows
us that the present-day market gardening is no new thing, but
really a respectable old institution.

Fruit culture especially seems to have received a great
stimulus in Tudor times, since it is recorded that Harris, gardener
and fruit-grower to King Henry VIII., obtained great store of
erafts of Apples and Cherries, &c., from France and the Low
Countries, not only for the king’s own gardens at Hampton
Court and elsewhere, but with which to originate and plant the
orchards now sofamousin Kentand Surrey. MHarris is described
as of London, though he is said to have been ‘‘ borne in Ireland,”
and he rented seven score acres of ground from his royal master
at Tenham in Kent, and planted it with choice and lasting fruits.
Woolf, a French priest and gardener to Henry VIIL., travelled
on the Continent and introduced Salad Herbs, Apricots, Musk
Melons, and fine Cherries to the gardens at Nonesuch, near

* The garden accounts of Norwich Priory from 1340 to 1529, and those
of Abingdon Abbey from 1369 to 1370, have been preserved (v. “ Hist. of
Gardening,” p. 9, Amherst).

GARDEN LITERATURE. 108

Cheam in Surrey, about the year 1524 (v. Gough’s “ Brit.
Topog.,’’ v. i. p. 183.)

After the year 1500 all our records go to prove that the evolu-
tion of gardening and of gardening literature went on side by
side, each acting and reacting most beneficially on the other.

Our garden literature may be said to have originated from
two springs or sources at about the same time, and was of no
ereat or public importance until printing furnished thought with
wings, and books became common objects of commerce, and
then, as D’Israeli tells us, the treasures of the human mind
became “as free as air, and as cheap as bread.” ‘Then came
the earlier Latin or French translations, and the Herbals such as
Macer’s in 1487, the Great Herbal 1526, and Ascham 1550.
These Herbals in the main dealt with plants from a botanico-
medical point of view, but they collectively exerted a most
beneficial influence on the rise and progress of English gar-
dening, seeing that the care and attention devoted to the growth
of Herbs or “simples’’ naturally led to the culture of many
other useful and beautiful things. Wecan see that this really
was the case by studying the evolution of the Herbals them-
selves. At first purely astrologo-medical and pedantic, they
alter gradually until in later years we find those of Gerarde,
Johnston, and Parkinson becoming more essentially horticul-
tural in character. Itis to Herbals and to Cookery Books that
we must look for vivid side-lights on early gardening.

In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries not
only gardening proper, but its literature, had become firmly and
extensively established. So general had become the taste for
and interest in horticulture, that men of leisure and of literary
talent directed their ability to its literature, collected information
at home or abroad, and gave the results for the public benefit.
This is a decisive proof of the attention aroused, for no author
would have written a book, and certainly no publisher would
have printed it, unless readers were also expectant and expected,
and no one would read a work on plant culture for mere amuse-
ment, so that there must have been a demand from those who
wished to practise what they read.

But the earliest of all garden works are in MS., and no
doubt there are many MS. works on our craft actually in
existence, if they could be found and edited for more general

104 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

perusal. Neckham, of Cirencester, and Grossheade, of Lincoln,
both wrote on gardening prior to 1250, and Felton mentions
Alfred the Philosopher, ‘‘an Englishman much respected at
Rome,” as being one of our earliest authors on gardening.
Alfred is said to have died in 1270, and left amongst other MS.
one on vegetables, which now appears to be unknown. Perhaps
one of the very first works on the cultivation of our native soil
after Grossheade’s was written in the reign of Edward III. (7.e.
before 1377), by Walter de Henly, entitled, ‘‘ Yeonomia sive
Housbrandia.’”’ This work is mentioned in Pulteney’s ‘‘ Sketches
of Botany,’ and Bishop Tanner, who had seen the manuscript,
thought the subject well treated after the manner of the time.
Again in 1379, or thereabouts, Henry Daniell, a Dominican,
left a manuscript on herbs and fruit trees. Pulteney* gives a
list of several manuscripts as existent in the Bodleian Library
and elsewhere, and states that he could easily have extended the
list, only that it would have out-swelled the article he was then
writing. Some of these MSS. may prove to be mere transla-
tions from the Latin, but others may be original and well worth
bringing to light; and I hope some one with leisure will under-
take a search amongst the buried treasures in our best and
richest libraries, and do for the really English MS. literature of
gardening what has already been done by several authors here-
after to be named for its printed books.

But apart from MS. gardening books that reached us from
Kurope either in Latan or as translations into English, we had a
native spring—a spring that has never run dry. One of the
best known MS. works on gardening in English is a complete
manuscript of five pages (125 in. x 43 in.) in the library of
Trinity College, Cambridge. It is entitled, ‘‘ Mayster Jon
Gardener.’ The actual identity of the author or dictator, as the
case may be, is not known, but he was undoubtedly a sound,
practical gardener, and one who for the period was singularly
free from superstitious beliefs in astrology, and other fancies
current at that date.

The early poetic work alluded to commences thus :—

Ho so wyl a gardener be
Here he may both hyre and se

* “ Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany.”
London, 1790.

GARDEN LITERATURE. 105

Every tyme of the year and of the mone
And how the crafte shall be done

Y" what maner he schall delve and sette
Both Y" drowth and Y" (the) wette

How he schall hys sedys sowe

Of every moneth he must knowe

Both of wortys and of leke

Ownyns and of garleke

Percely, clary, and eke sage

And all other herbage.

At the conclusion, under “ Saferowne,”’ the last four lines are
as follows :—
W‘t a dybble pu schalt ham sette
That pe dybble before be blunt and grete
Three ynches depe they most sette be
And thus sayde Mayster Jon Gardener to me.

The directions throughout are clear and reasonable, and set
forth in a rude rhyme; and the last line of all, viz. :—

And thus sayde Mayster Jon Gardener to me,

may suggest that the writer was a scribe merely, and not the actual
author. The headlines or cross-titles to the parts or divisions of
the piece, and indicating the contents, are in a later hand, such
as “The Feate of Gardening,’ “Of Settyng and Rerying of
Treys,’’ ‘‘Of Graffyng,” in which place he says of Pears, you
are to “ eraffe hym apon a Hawthorn.” There are chapters on the
‘“‘cuttyng and settyng of Vynys,” ‘of settyng and sowyng of
Sedys and Wurtys,” “of Perselye and other maner Herbys, and
of the kynde of Saferowne.’’ The probable date of this MS. is
1440-1450, and it may be taken not only as our best early
Enelish (2.e. written in English) work on gardening, but also as
the prototype and precursor of such rhyming works as Tusser’s
“Husbandry,” and it was also a forerunner of the early calendars
on gardening. This MS. has been transcribed in full and anno-
tated, by the Hon. Miss Amherst (to whom we are all indebted
for her valuable ‘History of Gardening in England ”’), and it
may be found in “ Archelogia,’”’ Vol. 54 (Part I.), pp. 157-172.
There is a small quarto treatise of two pages only on gardening
of about this date (1450) by Nicholas Bollar, or Bollardo, in the
British Museum (B.M. Sloane MS. No. 7). Bollar is described
by Johnson as an Oxonian of skill, and it is probable that he

106 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

belonged to some monastic order of about the middle of the
fifteenth century.

As early as the year 1500 there was a “ Boke of Husbandry ”
actually printed in London by Wynken de Worde. It isa quarto
of twelve pages only. It commences, “ Here begyneth a Treatyse
of Husbandry, which Mayster Groshede, sometyme Bisshop of
Lyncoln, made and translated out of Frensshe into Englysshe,
whiche teacheth all maner of men to governe theyre Londes,
Tenements, and Demenes ordinately.’’ It concludes with, “‘ Here
endeth the Boke of Husbandry and of Plantynge and Graffynge
of Trees and Vynes.”” Although not printed until the year 1500
this work had been written or translated by Grossheade prior to
1250.

List or PrincrpaAL AUTHORS AND PRINTED WoRrKS ON GARDENING.
1500 to 1860.

1500. Boke of Husbandrie. W.de| 1705. Bradley, Kensington; Fair-
Worde. . child, Hoxton.
1516. The Great Herball. French.) 1714. John Lawrence.
1521. Arnold’s Chronicles. - 1715. Stephen Switzer.
1530. Macer-Linacre. Damask 1724. Phillip Miller.
Rose. 1754. Justice.
1532. Fitzherbert’s Husbandry. 1763. Prof. Martyn.
1550. Ascham’s Herbal. 1767. John Abercrombie.
1563. Hill’s ‘‘ Howe to dress, sowe, | 1777. C.Loddiges. Great Nursery,
and sette a garden.” Hackney.
1557. Tusser’s ‘‘ Husbandrie.”’ 1787. William Curtis, Garden Bota-
1565. Bulleyn. nist. Bot. Mag.
1568. Turner’s Herbal. 1790. Pulteney. Sketches, etc.
1597. Gerarde. 1797. CE. A. Knight, E-R.S:;
1608. Sir G. Plattes. 1803. J.C. Loudon.
1613. Markham (Gervase). 1804. Hort. Soc. Established.
1625. Bacon. 1812. T. Hogg. Florists’ Flowers.
1629. Parkinson. 1818. Sweet Ger. Cist. Fl. Gard.
Ralph Austen, ) p14, 1820. John Lindley, F.R.S.
1653.1 Jobn Beale (8. lr ‘Onin | 1821. Dean Herbert.
| Hartlib), J (Oajord). 1825. Bn. Maund. Bot. Garden.
1658. John Evelyn. 1828. Felton, Portraits, Authors,
1665. Royal Soc. Phil. Trans. EK. G.
1683. John Read. Scotch Gardener. | 1831. Sir Joseph Paxton.
1699. Loudon and Wise. First) 1850. Thos. Moore, Chelsea.
Great Nursery. 1859. Charles Darwin.

If you study a chronological list of the printed books on gar-
dening, you will find more chaff than golden grain—a large
quantity of literary sack as compared with a small quantity of
really nourishing bread. But after printing became general you
get a good gardening book on an average every ten years. There
is a sort of backbone of good books, and to this main column is

GARDEN LITERATURE. 107

attached many adventitious works of far less originality and
merit, often mere echoes of better things. Again, a very slight
study of early garden books themselves shows that the earlier
printers and publishers were adepts at printing new and more
attractive title pages for what are now called “remainders,” or
unsold stock, and also proves that they could lend or borrow
blocks, and even pirate their woodcuts from older continental
books in quite an up-to-date manner.

I have said that a good gardening book appears about every
ten years, but the really great gardening books are much more
rare. Thus after Gerarde’s ,‘‘ Herbal’? (1597), and Parkinson’s
“‘ Paradisus ’’ (1629), there was no really great work until Miller’s
“‘ Dictionary ”’ appeared a century or more later (1731), and it is
another century before Loudon’s encyclopedias of gardening
and plants (1827, &c.) and Lindley’s “‘ Vegetable Kingdom,” &c.
appeared. Modern horticultural literature really dates from the
beginning of our present century, the great authors being Loudon,
Lindley, T. A. Knight, and Dean Herbert; and upon all of them
the influence of the newly-established Royal Horticultural Society
of 1804 was both great and beneficial.

PERIODICALS.

I need scarcely say that gardening owes a great deal to its perio-
dical and pictorial literature. First comes the “ Botanical Maga-
zine,” started by W. Curtis in 1787, and still published. Next we
have “‘ The Botanical Register,” 1815 to 1847 (83 vols.). Loddiges’
“ Botanical Cabinet’’ was begun in 1818, and ended in 1824
(20 vols.). Harrison’s “ Floral Cabinet’ (in two series) began
1883, and ended in 1846 (17 vols.). Paxton’s “ Magazine of
Botany,” began in 1834, and ended 1849 (16 vols.). At
Birmingham Messrs. Knowles and Westcott started the “ Bir-
mingham Botanical Garden and Midland Floral Magazine”’ in
1836 to 1837 (1 vol.), and this was succeeded by the “Floral
Cabinet,’’ begun in 1837 and ended in 1840 (8 vols.). Other
periodicals issued with coloured plates were “The Florist and
Pomologist ’’ and “‘ The Floral Magazine.”’

Amongst modern periodicals there are some of pre-eminent
value. Veitch’s ‘““Manual of Orchidaceous Plants,”’ part X.of which,
at page 154, contains a good and full bibliography; William’s
“ Orchid Album,” and last, but finer than allin its superb plates,

i}

108 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

is Sander’s “ Reichenbachia,’”’ containing the most faithful
pictures of Orchids ever printed in England or elsewhere.

Amongst weekly newspapers devoted to the craft, of which
there are now eight or ten, we must mention ‘“‘ The Gardeners’
Chronicle,’ started in 1841, and still our best representative
garden newspaper. ‘ The Cottage Gardener,’ now the “ Journal
of Horticulture,’ “The Gardeners’ Magazine,’ and “The
Garden ” (1871). These weekly periodicals really represent and
contain the history of our gardening to-day.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.—Landscape gardening literature
especially deserves mention, since it is a decorative art, which if
not actually born in England, has been developed here to its
fullest and greatest extent. ‘In Garden and Forest,” March 12,
1890, there is a bibliographical list of about two hundred and
sixty works on this subject, ranging from Bacon’s essay of
1625 to 1890. In glancing over * this list, it strikes one as very
peculiar that such names as those of Kent 1755, Bridgman
1780, ‘‘ Capability ” Brown 1760, Sir Joseph Paxton 1831, and
Robert Marnock 1850 are absent. In a word, these men, who
did so much to make English gardens beautiful, made but slight
if any contributions with their pens on this subject to our garden
literature. Bridgman concealed boundary lines, and is said to
have in that way first employed the sunk fence or “ha ha”’;
while both he and Kent sounded the death knell of “ Noah’s
Arks in Holly; or George and the Dragon in Yew or Box.” And
of Kent it was especially said that ‘‘ he leaped the fence and saw
that all nature was a garden.’’ Addison (1712), Horace Walpole
(1762 to 1771), Whately (1770), W. Gilpin (1782), Steele (1793),
Sir Uvedale Price (1798), H. Repton (1795), Sir W. Scott (1828),
J. C. Loudon (1807 to 1840) are the principal authors on land-
scape gardening in England of the past. To-day the names of
Mr. W. Robinson and Mr. Goldring, in England; M. Edouard
André, in France; and Mr.’ Frederick Law Olmstead and Mr.
Samuel Parsons, jun., in America, suggest themselves as our
greatest literary authorities. The importance attached to the
English or natural style of landscape gardening in France is
attested by the English gardens at Chantilly, Fontainebleau, and
elsewhere.

* This bibliographical list is compiled by Mr. Henry Sargent Codman,
and deserves the attention of those interested in this subject.

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 109

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING
LITERATURE, WITH NOTES ON THEIR AUTHORS.

By F. W. Bursiver, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.ELS.

| Read at Chester, August 4, 1896. ]

I vo not wish to inflict a lengthy bibliographical list upon
you, but those who wish to get a bird’s-eye view of British
garden literature from 1516 to 1836 will find a capital list in the
Hon. Miss Amherst’s “ History of Gardening in England”
(pp. 828 to 379), a work itself that is full of interest
to all lovers of literature and of gardening (Quaritch, 1895).
There is another modern work entitled ‘‘Gleanings in Old
Garden Literature,” by W. Carew Hazlitt (Ehott Stock, 1887).
There is also a very interesting ‘‘ History of English Gardening ’”’
by George W. Johnson (1829), and another on “ Portraits of
English Authors on Gardening ”’ by 8. Felton (2nd edition, 1830),
while older still, but none the less readable and interesting, are
Pulteney’s sketches (1790). There are also the bibliographer’s
“Manual of Lowndes,” 1857 to 1864; Pritzel’s “ Thesaurus,”’
1872; and Jackson’s “ Guide to the Literature of Botany,’’ 1881;
all well-known finger-posts on the highway and cross-roads of
our garden literature.

But horticulture has also been greatly aided by the general
poetry and literature of our country. Gower, Chaucer, Spencer,
and all the Elizabethan poets, including Shakespeare, allude to
flowers; and one of the most interesting books I know is the
Rev. Mr. Ellacombe’s work on the “ Plant-Lore and Garden
Craft of Shakespeare.” Our poet-laureate of to-day (Austin) is,
as I need scarcely mention, a well-known author on gardening,
and every line that Ruskin has written on trees, or grass, or flowers
deserves attention. All the great story-tellers have in one way or
another used the garden asa stage. And, indeed, many of us who
love books are beginning to feel that a good garden is after all only
another name for ‘‘a beautiful book, writ for us by the finger of
God. Every flower and leaf is aletter. You have only to learn
them ...and join them, and then go on reading and reading, and
you will find yourself carried away from much that is sordid
and mean by the beautiful story you are going through.

D

110 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A SHort List or AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS THAT HAVE
MOST INFLUENCED HORTICULTURAL PURSUITS IN ENGLAND.

Alexander Neckham, Abbot of Cirencester (1213) (1157-1217)
and Bishop Grosseteste or Grossheade of Lincoln (1175-1258)
were two of the earliest English writers on gardens and their
contents. Both studied in the University at Paris, and were
no doubt also influenced by the work of Palladius, “De Re
Liustica.”’

Grossheade (sometime Bishop of Lincoln), 1500. ‘A Boke
of Husbandry.”’ A quarto of twelve leaves only printed at London
by Wynken de Worde.

As to our native fruits and vegetables England was no doubt
well supplied in British and Saxon times, Apples, Pears,
Cherries (two species, sweet and bitter), Raspberries, Straw-
berries, and Gooseberries, being all wild in Britain.

Amongst vegetables also wild there is Cabbage, Carrot, and
Seakale, Alexanders (supplanted by Celery), Asparagus, Sea Peas,
and Beets, all of which would be available in quantity, while Leeks,
Onions, and Garlic, if not really native, were always carried by
the earliest of travellers and voyagers, as they are all the world
over at the present time (see Earle’s ‘Karly English Plant
Names,’ 1880).

1516-1561. ‘‘ The Great Herbal”’ folio. From the French.
Several editions. Haylit and Miss Amherst both name five and
seven respectively, viz. 1516, 1526, 1529, 1539, and 1561. (This
work was no doubt in part founded on the “ Ortis Sanitatis,” of
which there are many editions.)

1525-1526. “The Little Herbal,” quarto. From the Latin.

1523-48. ‘“ Fitzherbert’s Husbandry,”’ small quarto, several
editions. Pynson and Berthelet were the printers.

1525. ‘* Walter Cary’s (W.C.) Herbal,” small quarto, “a boke
of the properties of Herbes’’; several editions printed by
R. Banckes 1525. Robert Redman? 1530, small 8vo.
W. Copland for J. Wright? 1552, small 8vo., and there are
others by Skot and Kitson undated.

1527. ‘‘ Master Jerome Brunswick,’’ folio, “newly translate
out of Duyche into Englysshe,”’ by the printer Laurence Andrew,
London. This is scarcely a herbal proper, but is entitled ‘The

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 111

vertuose boke of Distyllacyon of the Waters of all maner of
Herbes,” an old ‘“ still room ”’ guide in fact.

1580-40. ‘‘ Macer’s Herbal,’’ octavo, London (Wyer), ‘‘ prac-
tysidly doctor Linacre,”’ two editions (Linacre died in 1524, and
is said to have first introduced the Damask Rose from Italy to
English gardens). ;

1550. A Little Herbal ‘‘of the Properties of Herbes,’’ by
Antony Ascham, 8vo.

1538-68. Turner, William, ‘“ Libellus de Re Herbaria
Novus,” 4to, 8 leaves. J. Byddellum, London, 1538: a reprint
in facsimile and a life of Turner was edited by Mr. B. O. Jackson
in 1877, privately printed.

1568. The first complete Herbal in English was the work of
William Turner, a clergyman born in 1588. His work was com-
pleted and printed at Collen in 1568, and is dedicated to the
Queen. It is in black letter and has many wood-cuts, accurately
drawn and well placed. Turner had studied botany at Bologna
and elsewhere on the Continent, to which he had been driven in
part by the religious dissensions of the time. His object, as he
tells us in an earlier work called ‘“‘ The Names of Herbes ”’ (1548),
was to set out ‘‘an herbal in Englishe, as Fuchsius did in Latin,
with the descriptions, figures, and properties of as many herbes as
Thad sene and knew.”’

1570. William Bulleyn, a physician and divine, wrote on
gardening about this date, and he deserves mention as having
always strenuously upheld the soil and climate of his native
land. He wasbornat Ely, then a great centre of gardening and
of fruit culture, and he travelled both at home and on the
Continent, studying natural history with zeal and success, at a
time when it was not always a popular pursuit.

1563. Hill, Thomas, “ A most briefe and pleasaunt treatyse,
teachynge howe to dress, sowe, and set a garden.’ Small 8vo.:
London, T. Marshe. Other enlarged editions appeared in 1568,
1574, and in later years, under the title “‘ The Proffitable Arte of
Gardening,” and his latest work, ‘‘ The Gardener’s Labyrinth,
containing a discourse of the Gardener’s Life,” was finished by
Henry Dethick, and printed by Henry Bynneman : London, 1577.
Small quarto.

Hill was a literary man rather than a practical gardener, yet
to him belongs the credit of having produced the first practical

D Z

112 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gardening book, as distinguished from the herbals. His last
work, ‘‘ The Gardener’s Labrinth,”’ was said to be by ‘‘ Didymus
Mountain,” a pun on his own name common at the time. His
designs and descriptions for herb borders of intricate figures were
so popular as to be adopted in the Chelsea Botanical Garden in
later years, and Hill’s notions about ‘‘ divers herbers, knots, and
mazes,’ cunningly handled for the beautifying of gardens,
survived even Bacon’s sarcasm, and exist to-day in too many of
our public gardens in the shape of bedding-out and carpet-bed-
ding designs.

1557. The next popular author appears to have been Thomas
Tusser, who wrote ‘‘ A Hundredth Pointes of Good Housbandrie ”’
in 1557, but he is much better known by his amplification of
this work called the “ Five Hundredth Pointesof Good Husbandry,
united to as many of Good Huswiferie,’”’ published in 1573.

Tusser, like Arthur Young, failed as a farmer, though he gave
very good advice about it in his books. His jingling rhymes no
doubt lent themselves to ready memory, and were in their way a
revival of ‘‘ Jon the Gardenev’s’”’ poem, already alluded to in this
paper as existent in the library at Trinity College, Cambridge.
It would be very interesting if it could be shown that Tusser,
who was for some time at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1574,
imbibed his idea of poetical agriculture from the old MS. on
poetical gardening. At any rate, I ask the question: Is it
possible that Tusser, before he lived at Cambridge in 1574, could
have seen or heard of the old MS. alluded to ?

We now come to the golden days of Elizabeth and her Lord-
Treasurer Cecil, the epoch in which Shakespeare himself
appears. In 1596 Gerarde published the first English catalogue
of garden plants, and in 1597 his ‘‘ Great Herbal’ was issued
fresh from the printer’s hands. The manner in which this work
was produced is this: John Norton, the Queen’s printer, had
commissioned a Dr. Priest to translate the ‘‘ Pemptades”’ of
Rembert Dodoens from Latin into English, but he died; and in
some way Gerarde appears to have obtained the translation and
actually used it as the backbone of his book. To mask the fact,
however, he rearranged the manuscript, using the system of
Lobel instead of that of Dodoens. Then, to further buckram out
the work, Norton obtained wood blocks from the continent, some
say from Frankfurt, but more probably from the then celebrated

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. LHS

press of Christopher Plantin, or Plantain-Moretus, at Antwerp,
an establishment still existent as a museum and of wonderful
interest as a sixteenth-century palace and workship combined.
These wood blocks were used sometimes correctly, but often
wrongly, and so the borrowed work of Dodoens was Lobelised,
and illustrated by 1,800 or so of borrowed engravings, and thus
Gerarde’s ‘‘magnum opus”’ first saw the light in 1597. Johnson’s
edition of 1633 is a far better book.

Gerarde was born at Nantwich, Cheshire, in 1545, and settled
in London prior to 1577, as he speaks in the “ Herball ” (preface)
of having superintended the gardens of Lord Burleigh in the
Strand, and also at Theobald’s in Hertfordshire, for twenty years.
The climate of this date, 1596, was unpropitious, a series of wet,
cold summers having spoiled the crops, and wheat was five
guineas the quarter, and this at a date when money went five or
six times as far as it does now. Lord Burleigh spent ten pounds
per week in giving the poor employment in his gardens under
Gerarde’s management, and he prides himself on giving wages and
liveries to all the servants or gardeners employed. At an early
age he travelled northwards, probably to the Baltic, as a ship’s
surgeon, since he speaks of Denmark, Sweden and Norway,
Poland and Russia (Livonia) as places in which he had been.
In 1595 he was elected a member of the Court of Assistants of
the Barber Surgeons Company, of which he eventuaily became
Master, and he had a house and a garden in Holborn. The
Barber Surgeons held a charter from King Henry VIII., an
event recorded by Holbein in his great picture now in the Guild-
hall Gallery.

Gerarde’s great work, patched up and defective though it was,
undoubtedly exerted a great influence on the garden practice of
its time, and it will always be interesting as one of the books
possibly seen by Shakespeare and other authors of the Eliza-
bethan era. One can easily imagine the effect it would have in
country houses everywhere. Never before had such a richly
illustrated and instructive book on vegetable life been seen. It
was a great book that appeared at a great and propitious time,
a living fountain in a sunny place, and even to-day it is a work
that must have its niche in all good garden libraries.

1633. Thomas Johnson, M.D. Oxon, is credited by Wood as
being the best herbalist of his time, and he initiated those

/

114 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

herborising excursions that afterwards formed a feature of the
Apothecary’s Society, and led eventually to the compilation of
local and county floras. His list of the plants found growing
on Hampstead Heath in 1632 is, perhaps, the first local flora ever
printed in England.

His great work was his much improved and corrected edition
of Gerarde’s ‘‘ Herbal’’ of 1638, to which he added 800 plants and
700 figures, and above all he very clearly points out where he
altered or augmented the original Gerarde of 1597.

He was also a soldier in the Civil War, and acting as lieu-
tenant-colonel he received a shot in the shoulder at Basing House,
and died a fortnight afterwards.

Not infrequently wills and bequests and other memoranda
are found inside the cover or on the fly-leaves of this fine old
“ Herbal.”” In my own copy of the first edition is the book-
plate of Kdw. Eyton of Eyton, Ksq., and beneath it is written in
a clear, bold hand: ‘‘ I bought this book at auction in the Isle
of Wight, bidding against Doctor Joseph Warton, headmaster
of Winchester School: price, 19s. 6d., unbound ; binding cost
me 10s. 6d.; total, £1. 10s. Anno domini, 1782. Edw. Eyton,
aged 24. N.B.—I give this and all my other books to my son,
Henrie Edw. Eyton, who was born in the Isle of Wight
February 7, 1784. Hd. Kyton.’”’ I have also a copy of John-
son’s edition of 1633, on the stout leather binding of which both
back and front is stamped, ‘‘The gift of P. M. to M. M. and
S. B., ano. 1706’; and another copy of the same edition, which
I gave to a friend, had a deed of gift drawn up on one of its fly-
leaves.

1604. ‘‘The Fruiterers’ Secrets,” by R. B., solde by Roger
Jackson, London; small quarto: was a work dealing with fruits
and fruit trees, and was again issued in 1808-9 as ‘The
Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard.”

1618. Gervase Markham was a most prolific hack-writer of
this epoch. He was born at Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, about
the middle of the sixteenth century, being a younger and
portionless son of Robert Markham, Hsq. When in the prime
of life he acted as champion and gallant of the Countess of
Shrewsbury 1591, and in her cause he was dangerously wounded
in a duel with Sir John Halles. His numerous works show that
there must have been a strong desire at the time for books deal-
ing with gardening and other rural affairs.

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 115

Gervase Markham, “ The English Husbandman,’’ together
with the art of planting, grafting, and gardening, by G. M.,
London. T. 5S. for John Browne, 16138, quarto.

The second booke of ‘“‘ The English Husbandman,”’ contain-
ing the ordering of the kitchen-garden. London, T’. §., 1614,
quarto. Again reprinted and enlarged by the author in three
parts, 4to., in 16385.

Maison Rustique, 1616. See 1600. Estienne and Liebault,
Surflet.

The ‘‘ Country Housewife’s Garden,” with the husbandry of
bees, with divers new knots for gardens, by G. M., 1617, quarto.
Again re-issued in 1618 with Lawson’s ‘“‘ New Orchard,” and
alone in 1620, and again in 1623.

Markham’s “‘ Farewell to Husbandry, or the Inriching of all
sorts of Barren and Sterile Grounds.” ... J.B. for Roger Jackson,
1620, quarto.

The ‘“ Inrichment of the Weald of Kent.” ... G. P. for R.
Jackson, 1625, quarto.

“The Whole Art of Husbandrie,” by C. Heresbach, translated
by B. Googe, enlarged by Gervase Markham 1631, quarto.

1618-38. “A Way to Get Wealthe, or Cheap and Good
Husbandry,’ quarto, 1688-48. <A _ collection of Markham’s
quartos bound together. My own copy contains in all nine of
these quartos that had previously been issued separately—viz.,
“A Way to Get Wealth,” ‘‘ Country Contentments,”’ ‘‘ The
English Housewife,” ‘‘ The Inrichment of the Weald of Kent,”
‘“‘ Farewell to Husbandry,’’ Lawson’s ‘‘ New Orchard and Garden,”’
‘The Country Housewife’s Garden,’ Harward’s “ Art of Propa-
gating Plants,’ and ‘The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard.”’
These collected works are very interesting, dealing as they do
with most of the aspects of country life of the time, such as soils,
horse and cattle and poultry, breeding, hunting, angling, cocking,
hawking, fish and fish-ponds, diseases and medicines for men
and animals, cookery and distillation of herbs, &c., brewing ales
and wines, gardening, orchards and bees, «ce.

‘‘The Countryman’s Recreation, or the Art of Planting,
Grafting, and Gardening,’ London, 1840, quarto. Again
reprinted and reissued in 1658 and in 1654.

1629. After Gerarde comes John Parkinson, who published
his delightful folio “‘ Paradisus Terrestris,’ or a Garden of

116 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pleasant Flowers, in 1629. Parkinson was herbalist to the
ill-fated King Charles I., and his book is dedicated to the Queen
Henrietta Maria at this date, as indeed long before it; gardening
was considered as belonging to the housewife’s department or
charge ; hence we find that riot only Gerarde and Parkinson, but
many earlier authors, make very conciliatory remarks about ladies
in their works.

There is a sparkling freshness and originality about
Parkinson’s work, and it must always find a corner in the
garden library. The late Mrs. Ewing pays a charming tribute
to its worth in a book for children called ‘‘ Mary’s Meadow,”
which is itself full of garden lore.

Parkinson was an herbalist and apothecary, who received
Royal Patronage from James I., and Charles I. made him
‘‘Botanicus Regius Primarius.”” The Tradescants were active
collectors and gardeners of this epoch. John Tradescant (father)
was gardener to the first Lord Salisbury, and there is a manu-
script at Hatfield enumerating purchases made in Holland and
Paris for his employer’s garden. The date is 1611.

The Tradescants (grandsire, father, and son) had a house and
museum of curiosities, and a garden at Lambeth, of which the
remains were extant in 1749 (Phil. Trans., vol. 46, p. 160).
When the son died in 1662 he left the museum, &e., to Mr.
Elias Ashmole, who bequeathed it to the University at Oxford,
where it in part now exists as the Ashmolean Museum. The
Tradescants were Dutch, the grandsire coming over in James I.’s
time, and though they did not contribute any works to our
garden literature directly, they undoubtedly exerted a great
influence on the gardening art of their time.

1653. Ralph Austen published ‘‘ A Treatise on Fruit Trees”
at Oxford that went through several editions; and in the same
year Dr. John Beale also produced at Oxford ‘‘ A Treatise on
Fruit Trees for Cider and Perry,’ and four years later (1657) he
published, in London, ‘‘ The Hereford Orchards as a Pattern for
the whole of England.”’

1658. We come to John Evelyn, who translated ‘“‘ The French
Gardiner,” followed in 1664 by the immortal “ Sylva,” to which
is annexed ‘‘ Pomona,’ concerning [Fruit Trees; and_ his
‘“‘ Kalendarium Hortense’’; and in 1666 the ‘ Kalendarium
Hortense,’ or “The Gardener’s Almanac,’’ was published

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. TL

separately, directing what he is to do monthly throughout the
year. It is impossible to overrate the inspiriting influence
Evelyn exercised on the gardening and wood craft of his time.
His diary contains a good many references to the horticulture of
the period.

1660. Fuller, who wrote on Gardening in Surrey in 1660,
says: ‘Gardening was first brought into England for profit
about seventy years ago, before which we fetched most of our
cherries from Holland, apples from France, and had hardly a
mess of rath ripe peas but from Holland, which were dainties
for ladies—they came so far and cost so dear.’’ He adds:
“‘ Since gardening hath crept out of Holland (Flanders) to Sand-
wich, Kent, and thence to Surrey, where, though they have given
£6 an acre and upwards, they have made their rent, lived com-
fortably, and set many people on work.”’

1665. The Royal Society was established, and in the earlier
volumes of the “ Philosophical Transactions” (7.e. up to 1700)
there are valuable papers on horticultural affairs by Hvelyn,
Cuningham, Merret, Petiver, Sir Hans Sloane, and many
others.

1667. Abraham Cowley’s poem on “The Garden” was
printed at the end of some other poems by Jeremiah Wells, and
it may be taken as an index of the interest attached to gardens
at the time.

1669. John Worlidge published his ‘‘ Systema Horticultura,”’
or Art of Gardening.

1670. Leonard Meager published several works, entitled
“The English Gardener,’ 1670 ; ‘‘ The New Art of Gardening,”
with “ The Gardener’s Almanack,” 1697.

1682. Samuel Gilbert sent out ‘“ The Florists’ Vade Mecum,”’
which went through two other editions, and illustrate the then
growing taste for florists’ flowers. Gilbert also wrote a “ Gar-
dener’s Almanack,’” in which he gives a full and accurate
description of the Garden Roses of the time, 7.e. just before the
reign of Queen Anne.

1699. We come to the reign of Queen Anne—the epoch of
straight lines, clipped trees, and elegant silver ware—and the
great nurserymen of the day were London and Wise, both pupils
of Mr. Rose, who was one of the most celebrated gardeners of his
time. Rose was gardener to the Karl of Essex, by whom he had

118 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

been sent to study gardening at Versailles, and on his return he
was appointed Royal gardener by Charles I. French influence
was now very great, and the works of Quintinye and Le Notre
were translated by Evelyn and London and Wise, so that they
doubtless were standard books of the time in England. George
London had been sent to France for study by Rose, and on his
return he was gardener to the great Compton, Bishop of London.
A few years afterwards he and others took the Brompton Park
Nursery, and in 1694, two of his partners having died and the
other retired, London was left in sole possession, and he took Mr.
Henry Wise into the business. This nursery was over 100 acres,
and was well stocked, and Iivelyn described it as “ the greatest
collection ever seen or heard of in books or travels.’ Bowack
(1705) and Switzer both agree that the stock at a penny a plant
would have produced £40,000. London was an active business
man. He and his partner Wise had a large trade all over
England. In 1696 he went with the Karl of Portland to France,
on an embassy to King William, and visited Versailles, his
observations thereon being given in his translation of M. Quin-
tinye’s work. On the death of King William Mr. Wise was
appointed Royal gardener to Queen Anne, and Mr. London rode .
all over England, visiting all the most remarkable gardens on
his journeys. Mr. Wise survived Mr. London, and, like him,
was a landscape gardener, he having designed the grounds at
Blenheim, amongst others. They translated M. de Quintinye’s
work, and also that of M. Louis Liger, under the title of ‘‘ The
Retired Gardener ”’ (1706), which was no doubt the best complete
work on gardening then extant.

1705. Richard Bradley, F.R.S., who resided at Camden
House, Kensington, was a prolific’ author, who very materially
aided the progress of scientific horticulture. His hobby appears
to have been the growth of succulent plants, but his ‘ New
Improvements of Planting and Gardening ” (1717) went through
several editions, and was for the date a most valuable and
suggestive work. Bradley studied “the motion of the sap,” and
also was one of the first to write on “ the generation of plants in
English,” and it is not too much to say that Bradley did much
to carry on the horticultural enthusiasm that John Evelyn had
originated twenty years before.

1707. Thomas Fairchild has been described as one of the few

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 119

nursery gardeners of his time who united a love of science with
the practice of his art. He was a personal friend of Bradley, in
whose works many of his experiments on sexuality in plants—
then a new study—are first published. A large nurseryman
and florist, he cultivated one of the last vineyards at Hoxton
in 1722.

A flower sermon, for which he left funds, is delivered in St.
Leonard’s Church, Shoreditch, on Whit Tuesday every year.

Fairchild is believed to have been the raiser of the first
known hybrid plant ever raised in English gardens, viz., “ Fair-
child’s Mule Pink,”’ which was presumably a cross between some
form of Pink or Carnation and the Sweet William or Dianthus
barbatus.

1714. John Lawrence studied at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and
was Rector of Yelvertoft, in N orthamptonshire, in 1708.

His book, “The Clergyman’s Recreation’? (1714), went
through several editions and was a practical and valuable book.
He wrote of his own experience, and his works had much
influence at the time they appeared, and Lawrence may stand as
an example of the good teaching that has emanated since his
time from many a rectory or vicarage garden.

1718. Steven Switzer was anative of Hampshire, born about
1665, and he died, aged about 80,in 1745. He wasemployed by
the great firm of London and Wise, and in 1706 he assisted them
in laying out the grounds at Blenheim. He was also kitchen
gardener at St. James’s Palace under Mr. Lowder, afterwards
gardener to the Harl of Orrery in 1724. He was also a gardener
and nurseryman on his own account, and evidently had many
ups and downs in his life, at one time enjoying the society of
“the best men and the best books,” and again reduced to what
he calls ‘‘ the meanest labours of the scythe, spade, and wheel-
barrow.”

His great work is the ‘‘ Iconographia Rustica,’’ in three vols.,
published in 1718, though the first volume had appeared three
years previously (1715) under the title of ‘The Nobleman,
Gentleman, and Gardener’s Recreation.’’ He wrote also “ The
Practical Kitchen Gardener’ (1727) and “The Practical Fruit
Gardener ’’ (1724-31), and several other works; but Switzer and
his works, good though they are, seem to have been over-
shadowed by those of his old employers, London and Wise, and by

120 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the magnum opus of his great contemporary, Phillip Miller, of
the Chelsea Physic Garden.

1724. Phillip Miller, F.R.S. Miller was born in 1691, and
is said by Prof. Martyn to have succeeded his father as gardener
to the Apothecaries’ Company at Chelsea in the year 1722, on
the nomination of Sir Hans Sloane. Miller studied the botanical
systems of Ray and Tournefort, and he visited Holland to study
the garden practice of that land of flowers. Miller wrote a
“‘ Gardener’s Kalendar”’ in 1724.

The first edition of his “‘ Gardener’s Dictionary’? was pub-
lished under the auspices of a society of gardeners, of which
Miller was secretary, in 1724, but it appeared in folioin 1781, and
had passed through seven editions by the year 1759. In the
seventh edition the Linnean system was adopted, and it is
esteemed the most complete, though an eighth was published in
1759 during the author’s lifetime. In 1807, Dr. Martyn, Pro-
fessor of Botany at Cambridge, published an edition in four folio
volumes, which is a useful book of reference even to-day.
Linneus visited the Chelsea Garden and saw Miller in 1736.

There is no doubt that the influence of Miller, added to that
of the Chelsea Garden and his great ‘‘ Dictionary of Gardening,”’
exerted a most powerful stimulus on the garden craft of the
eighteenth century.

1754. James Justice, F.R.S., one of the principal clerks of
session in Scotland, was a gentleman who resided at Crichton,
near Dalkeith, and he was passionately fond of gardening. He
twice went to Holland and once to Italy to study horticultural
subjects, and his collection of Auriculas or “ Bears Ears,” as
they were then called, was very famous. He is said to have
been the first to introduce Pineapples to Scotch gardens.

He wrote “‘ The Scots’ Gardener’s Director” in 1754, which
again appeared in 1764 as ‘‘The British Gardener’s Director,”
and there are several other editions. It is a truly original and
valuable practical work, and was one of the prized possessions of
the poet Robert Burns. One of the earliest of all Scottish
authors on gardening was John Reid, who wrote ‘‘ The Scotch
Gardener” in 1688, 4to. Another edition was published in
Edinburgh as late as 1766, to which is appended a “ Treatise on
Forest Trees,”’ by the Earl of Haddington.

’

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 121

Reid, Justice, Abercrombie, and Nicol worthily uphold the
Scottish garden literature of their day.

1763. Thomas Martyn, F'.R.S., Professor of Botany at Cam-
bridge, translated the ‘“‘ Georgics’’ of Virgil, with notes, and
edited the ninth and best edition of Miller’s great ‘‘ Gardener’s
Dictionary.”

1767. John Abercrombie, born in Edinburgh in 1726, where
his father had an extensive market garden, and he saw the
battle of Preston Pans from his father’s garden walls. He early
came to London, and was gardener to several gentlemen, but
eventually set up as a market gardener between Mile End and
Hackney, afterwards removing to Newington and Tottenham
Court, where he had a seedsman’s and florist’s business. In
1778 he wrote his ‘‘ Every Man his own Gardener,” and paid
Thomas Mawe, the Duke of Leeds’ gardener, twenty pounds to
allow his name on the title page. He afterwards became more
confident of his powers, and published his ‘‘ Gardener’s Pocket
Journal or Daily Assistant,” 1791, which ran through many
editions, and for many years 2,000 copies were annually sold.
He wrote many other works, and was a very practical believer in
tea and tobacco, of both of which he consumed enormous
quantities. There is a tradition that when he went to see
Thomas Mawe he found him so bepowdered and dressed that
he mistook him for his master, the Duke of Leeds. Abercrombie
is said to have been induced to write by Mr. Davis, a London
bookseller, and the celebrated Dr. Oliver Goldsmith, the latter
promising to revise and correct his original MSS., which of
course he did not perform.

1777. Conrad Loddiges. The Loddiges had a celebrated
nursery of exotics at Hackney during the latter end of the
eighteenth and beginning of the present century, and were the
first trade cultivators of Orchids. Their serial work with plain
and coloured plates, ‘‘ The Botanical Cabinet,” extended to twenty
volumes. It was established in 1818.

1789. William Curtis, to whom we are indebted for the
‘* Flora Londinensis” and the still existent and flourishing
‘‘ Botanical Magazine,’’ was born at Alton, in Hampshire, in
1746. Curtis’s father was a tanner, and the son was apprenticed
to his grandfather, who was an apothecary in the same place.
Living near to the old Crown Inn at Alton young Curtis became

122 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

acquainted with John Lagg, the ostler of that establishment, who
was a sober and steady man, with a considerable knowledge of
plants, which he had acquired from reading the works of Gerarde
and John Parkinson! Soimpressed was young Curtis by this
poor man and his books that he took up the study of natural
history and botany especially, so that to the influence of Lage
the ostler we may really be said to owe the origin of the longest
lived and best of all our botanical periodicals. |

Curtis had gardens in Lambeth Marsh and in Brompton, in
which to grow plants for his lectures and demonstrations in the
Chelsea garden. He died in 1779 in his 58rd year, and is buried
at Battersea. It is scarcely too much to call Curtis and James
Sowerby the fathers of pictorial botany and gardening. Edwards
and Andrews also deserve mention for their plates.

1790. Richard Pulteney. Dr. Pulteney wrote ‘“ Historical
and Biographical Sketches on the Progress of Botany,” and
rarely designed to mention garden writers unless, as he says,
eminent for their acquaintance with English Botany, and
amongst those who fulfil his requirements he instances Fair-
child, Knowlton, Gordon, and Miller.

1791. Richard Anthony Salisbury was the first secretary of
the Horticultural Society, and wrote several works and some
valuable papers.

1797. Thomas Andrew Knight, F.R.S., Knight was born
amongst the apple-orchards of Herefordshire in 1759, and was one
of the best horticulturists of his time. In 1804 he was mainly
instrumental in establishing the Horticultural Society, of which he
was afterwards President, and by his enlightened experiments and
writings he exerted much influence on the practice and literature
of horticulture. To Knight and the late Robert Thompson,
author of the well-known ‘“ Gardener’s Assistant,’’ it was due in
a great measure that the Horticultural Society took such a
sreat, and for the whole country such a beneficial, action in the
culture of the best fruit trees.

1803. John Claudius Loudon began to practise as a land-
scape gardener at this date, having been born in Lanarkshire in
1782. Like Tusser and Arthur Young he failed in farming, and
is best known for his works on gardening and trees and shrubs.
His encyclopedias of gardening published in 1827 and his
Arboretum and Fruticetum Britannicum are useful works of

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 123

reference even to-day. A very readable account of his life and
struggles through failing health and ill-fortune is given in his
posthumous work, entitled “Self Instruction for Young
Gardeners.”

Apart from his copious and valuable works on gardening and
domestic architecture Loudon did much to encourage others.
In Mr. John Ruskin’s “ Instructions in the Use of Rudimentary
Series,” he says, ‘‘ Mr. Loudon was the first literary patron who
sent works of mine to be actually set in print, in his ‘ Magazine
of Natural History,’ when I was sixteen.” There can be no
doubt but that Loudon’s works mark a distinct epoch in our
garden literature, just as the establishment of the Horticultural
Society at this period also emphasised a renaissance.

1804-96. The Horticultural Society.—The establishment of
the Horticultural Society in 1804 under the auspices of Sir
Joseph Banks, T. A. Knight, and other eminent scientific and
practical horticulturists gave an impetus to gardening and to
gardening literature that is even yet not exhausted. The
experiments conducted in the Chiswick gardens and the publica-
tion of the sumptuous ‘ Transactions ’’ (10 vols.) and the useful
‘“‘ Journals’’ (of which there are two or three series) naturally
spread the light and colour of progress throughout the country,
and also fostered to a great extent the energies and abilities of
Sweet, Lindley, Dean Herbert, Haworth, Salisbury Sabine,
J. C. Loudon, and other authors during the early years of its
existence. In 1812 the “Transactions’’ began, in 1821 the
Chiswick garden of 38 acres was founded under the auspicious aid
of the then Duke of Devonshire. In the same year the Society
sent out their first plant collector, Mr. John Potts, to Bengal and
China; and about the same time Mr. Reeves, a merchant at
Macao, gave his valuable aid, and through him the Society
introduced the first plant of Wistaria sinensis in 1818, which
still exists in the Chiswick garden.

In 1823 Mr. J. D. Parks also was sent to China, Mr. John
Forbes to East Africa, and Mr. D. Douglas to the United States ;
and in 1824 his travels were extended to Colombia, and Mr. J.
McRae went to the Sandwich Isles. In 1842 Mr. Robert Fortune
went to China and introduced many now popular plants to the
Society’s garden for the first time. And at a later date Mr.
Pearce and Mr. Weir collected for the Society in South America.

194 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At the same time no pains were spared at home, and the best
varieties of hardy fruit trees, figs, and vines were obtained
from the Continent and elsewhere. Even so late as 1868 the
Chiswick garden contained by far the finest and most complete
collection of hardy fruits in existence.

Those who wish to see the vicissitudes through which the
Society has passed from its establishment in 1804 to the year
1863 should refer to “The Book of the Royal Horticultural
Society,” by Mr. Andrew Murray, while its subsequent history
exists in the pages of the Society’s ‘“‘ Journal,”’ the ‘‘ Gardeners’
Chronicle,” and other gardening papers.

1818. Robert Sweet, a gardener who lived at Chelsea, and
wrote extensively of garden plants and greenhouse flowers. His
monographs of the “‘ Geraniacee ” and the ‘‘ Cistinee”’ are well
known, as also his ‘‘ British Flower Garden ”’ in two series—viz.,
(i.) 1823-29; (11.) 1831-88. Both Sweet’s ‘“ Flower Garden”’
and Lindley’s and Kdward’s ‘ Botanical Register’’ appear to
have been modelled on the lines of the older ‘ Botanical
Magazine ”’ of Curtis.

1820. John Lindley, F'.R.S., the son of a nurseryman at
Norwich, who, early attracted to the study of botany and horti-
culture, exerted much influence in his time. He acted for some
years as the Secretary of the Horticultural Society, and was a
voluminous writer. His “ School Botany,’ ‘‘ Theory and Prac-
tice of Horticulture,’ and ‘‘ The Vegetable Kingdom”’ are well
and deservedly known as treating of garden botany in a lucid,
scientific spirit. Heis said to have “raised horticulture from
an empirical art to a developed science ’’ (Haydn).

Dr. Lindley and Mr. John Bateman, F'.R.S., were two of our
earliest and best writers on orchidaceous plants, and did much
to encourage their cultivation. Lindley, with Sir Joseph Paxton,
was also the first editor of the ‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle’ in 1841.
The Lindley Library at the R.H.S. Rooms, 117 Victoria Street,
S.W., is a fitting memorial of him.

1826. B. Maund, an intelligent bookseller living at Broms-
srove, produced ‘‘ The Botanic Garden” (26 vols.) and “ The
Botanist ” (5 vols), with beautiful coloured plates and interesting
letterpress. ‘‘ The Botanic Garden ”’ is a charming work, having
four figures on a quarto page, exquisitely drawn and coloured.

1828-30. §. Felton, author of a very interesting work ‘‘ On

REFERENCE BOOKS ON ENGLISH GARDENING LITERATURE. 125

the Portraits of English Authors on Gardening,” with bio-
eraphical notices. This work is now and then met with bound
up with “A History of English Gardening,’ by George W.
Johnson, and published about the same date, although by
different publishers.

1821. Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert, author of the ‘ Amary]l-
lidacee ’”? and a remarkable paper on “ Hybridisation among
Vegetables.’’ Herbert was ‘a Darwinian before Darwin,” and
his observations are often strikingly original. He was a worthy
successor to Bradley and Fairchild, who had treated on hybridity
a century or so before his time.

1831. Sir J. Paxton. Paxton was a young gardener at
Chiswick, where he deservedly obtained the notice of the Duke
of Devonshire, who made him superintendent of the then cele-
brated gardens at Chatsworth. He was afterwards knighted for
his share in the great exhibition of 1851, which in part is now
existent as the Crystal Palace.

The first edition of his ‘‘ Gardeners’ Dictionary’ was pub-
lished in 1840, and his “‘ Magazine of Botany ’’ was a well-known
illustrated periodical of its time.

1850-85. Thomas Moore, F.L.S., succeeded R. Fortune as
curator of the Apothecaries’ garden at Chelsea. He was an
authority on ferns, and acted with Dr. R. Hogg and the late Rev.
M. J. Berkeley on the Chiswick or Garden Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society. He also acted with Dr. M. T.
Masters for some years as co-editor of the ‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle,”’
and as an authority on garden vegetation had a high reputation.
He edited “ The Florist and Pomologist” for many years, and
also the second edition of Thompson’s *‘ Gardeners’ Assistant ”’
(1877) for Messrs. Blackie and Co. Moore also edited the
‘‘ Treasury of Botany,’’ a valuable work of reference of its kind.

1859. Charles Darwin, F.R.S. Although a biologist rather
than a horticulturist, it would be difficult to name a worker who
has done more to ennoble and enlighten the labours of the
gardener and farmer than Darwin. His views on plant life and
evolution cleared away much that was previously misty and
obscure. The “mules’’ and “ bastard’’ progeny once despised
by some botanists as the cause of confusion were shown by Darwin
to be really links in the great chain of that continual upward
and onward progress so far as plant and animal life is concerned.

1D

126 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

His greatest work, ‘‘ Origin of Species,” and his ‘‘ Animals and
Plants under Domestication ’’ deserve a place in every garden
library.

We may safely say that botany and horticulture after Darwin
have both risen to new heights, and both are now freighted with
far richer potentialities than it was possible for them to possess
before Darwin’s studies were published. Of his great life’s work
it has been truly said that “he turned all the old and ever-
winding streams of thought into one straight and broad and
clean-cut channel.”’

GARDEN LIBRARIES.

By F. W. Bursinas, Esq., M.A., F.L.8., F.R.H.S.
[Read at Chester, August 4, 1896. ]

THE question of garden libraries is complicated by a good many
considerations, but the central fact remains that, wherever there
is a garden, a library of some kind relating to plants and their
health and cultivation is essential. In all cases the books must
be selected according to the trend or genius of the place. In
one garden it will be fruit and vegetables; in another Orchids,
Palms, or Ferns; in another Alpine and hardy herbaceous plants ;
while in another place trees and shrubs will receive attention, and
then the garden library will follow on sympathetic lines. Of
course we must use the library as a walking-stick rather than as
a crutch, but it must exist in all well-cared-for places.

Kven a cottage gardener or a railway porter who cultivates
a bit of embankment will garden all the better if he possesses a
little garden calendar and a cheap garden dictionary.

In all large gardens I believe it would be found to be a good
investment, rather than an expenditure, to provide a common
room for the young fgardeners employed well stocked with
standard works of reference and the weekly gardening journals.
This is done at Kew and Cambridge, and in some of our larger
private gardens; but the garden library is far from being a
universal institution, and its use and influence might be ex-
tended to advantage.

GARDEN LIBRARIES. 127

In America and in Germany the library seems to be thought
as essential to good gardening and profitable land culture as is
here with us the seed-room or the tool-shed ; and in England we
are beginning to perceive the value of technical education and
to recognise the vital importance of the most recent of scientific
discoveries relating to our crops and their diseases, or the soil in
which they grow. Private garden libraries, while most desirable,
really form a part of a much larger and wider question. If
libraries are essential for the garden, surely they are even more
so on the farm.

In the good old times, when we held a practical monopoly of
wheat and wool, the farms brought in plenty of money to tenant
and landlord alike, and so prosperous farms kept up our fine old
English gardens. Nowadays there seems a _ tendency, and
especially near large towns, to turn farms into more profitable
fruit and market gardens, so that the cases are reversed, and the
garden is now often expected to pay its way, and to replace, as far
as possible, the money losses of the farm. Howto make the land
pay is the question of the time. This is a question of great import-
ance to our county councils more especially. Nearly everywhere
they are sending abroad technical instructors to the villages and
country districts, and the good they do might well be largely
augmented by their establishing village club-rooms and libraries,
for it has been well said that a man is not benefited half so much
by what you teach him as he is by what you help him to learn
for himself at the time when it is of highest service to him and
to his country.

But to form libraries we must have good and useful books,
and I shall give a short list of those I believe to be the best of
their kind ; and one of the best ways I know of getting the best
gardening books into the best hands is to award them as prizes
to the cultivators and exhibitors of garden produce at allotment
garden and village flower shows.

GOOD AND USEFUL GARDENING BOOKS.

ELEMENTARY.

The Primer of Horticulture (Macmillan).

Paxton’s Cottage Gardeners’ Calendar (‘‘Gardeners’ Chronicle”’).
Best Fruit Trees for Cottagers (Royal Horticultural Society).

An Encyclopedia of Gardening (Sanders).

Epitome of Gardening (Moore and Masters).

eu ener be ee

BE 2

8

6. Elements of Agriculture (Frean).
7. The Perplexed Farmer (Villes).
8. The Physiology of Plants (Sorauer and Weiss).
9. Theory and Practice of Horticulture (Lindley).
GENERAL WorKES OF REFERENCE.
10. Cottage Gardener’s Dictionary (Bell and Sons).
11. Dictionary of Gardening (Nicholson).
12. Treasury of Botany (Moore and Lindley).
13. English Flower Garden (Robinson).
14. Gardener’s Assistant (Thompson).
15. How to Lay Out a Garden (Kemp).
SpectaL Works OF REFERENCE.
16. Manual of Orchidaceous Plants (Veitch).
17. Orchid Grower’s Manual (Williams).
18. Stove and Greenhouse Plants (Williams).
19. Select Ferns (Williams).
20. Fruit Culture under Glass (Thomson).
21. Vines and Vine Culture (Barron).
22. Manual of Coniferous Plants (Veitch).
23. Hardy Trees and Shrubs (Hemsley).
24. Garden Receipts (Quinn).
25. The Vegetable Garden (Vilmorin), Robinson’s Translation.
NOMENCLATURE.
26. Genera Plantarum (Hooker and Bentham).
27. Index to Genera Plantarum (Durand).
28. Index Kewensis (Hooker and Jackson).
29. Kew Handbooks.
INTERESTING.
30. The Story of the Plants (G. Allen).
31. My Summer in a Garden (C. D. Warner).
32. The Six of Spades (Dean Hole).
33. A Tour round my Garden (A. Karr): Wood’s Translation.
34. Days and Hours in a Garden (E. V. B.).
35. The Praise of Gardens (Sieveking).
36. The Garden that I Love (Alfred Austin).
37. In Veronica’s Garden (Alfred Austin).
38. Gardens and Woodlands (F. J. Hope).

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

First PriIncipyes.

N.B.—JIn all cases it is advisable to ask for the latest editions.

THIRD ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF AND CONFERENCE

ON BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

HELD AT THE CrysTAL PALACE, OcTOBER, 1, 2, 8, 1896.

RARELY, if ever, have we experienced an autumn so unfavour-

able for a Great Show of British-grown Fruit.

lhe frosts of

spring in many places reduced the Apple and Plum crops

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 129

severely, and the abundance of caterpillars and lack of rain
during the early summer added to the misfortune, which was
completed by the altogether phenomenal winds and rains of the
ripening months, August and September. It is calculated that
the winds of September alone must have practically destroyed
half the crops of all standard and bush trees throughout the °
United Kingdom. Yet, notwithstanding these untoward cir-
cumstances, the Show, if somewhat smaller than in 1895 —a
most favourable season—was as large as that of 1894, and the
quality of the fruit was, in almost every section that was fairly
represented, superb. Seldom have finer coloured apples, larger
pears, or better finished grapes been seen, and the quantity and
quality, together with the variety of the sources from which
they came, were certainly sufficient to demonstrate that, even in
the most unfortunate and unfavourable years, our British
erowers can in almost any part of our islands produce fruit
which need not fear—nay, which may fearlessly chalienge —com-
parison with that produced in any quarter of the globe.

The Council of the Royal Horticultural Society are most
anxious to continue this Show annually, but, as has been ex-
plained elsewhere and before, they have no possible means in
connection with the Show of recouping the Society for the
inevitable expense. Its continuance, therefore, from year to
year depends entirely upon those who are interested in the
matter subscribing a sum of not less than £100 every year
towards the Prize Fund. If this be done, Fruit growers may
depend upon an annual Show; if it be not done, the Show must
drop out of existence. Subscriptions (or promises of subscrip-
tions) to the 1897 Show should be sent to the Secretary, R.H.S.
Office, 117 Victoria Street, S.W. The following is the

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE PRIZE FUND, 1896.

B "Sh a.
Balderson, H., Corner Hall, Hemel Hempstead . Le LAO
Brown, Rey. ous , Bedstone Rectory, Bucknell, Salop . OF DFO
Browne, Colvile, Hextable 010 6
Bunyard & Co., George, The Royal Nurseries, Maidstone 25 0 0
Bythway, William, Llanelly . ; : L EO
Chester Paxton Society, Grosvenor Museum, “Chester 010 6
Colman, J., Gatton Park, Reigate . : Dit Di
Cotterell, W., Oxon Hoath, Tonbridge . 0: 35 0
Day, Jas., Galloway House Gardens, Garliestown, NB. 010 6
Digby, J. K. Wingfield, Sherborne Castle, Dorset . L 0 6

130 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dunn, Malcolm, Dalkeith Palace Gardens, N.B

Edwards, R., Beechey Lees, Sevenoaks .

Fennell, Geo., Fairlawn Gardens, Tonbridge . ‘

Fish, D. T., Hardwick House, Bury St. Edmumds

Fletcher, F. J., Lowbrook, Maidenhead . :

Harris, F. Eastnor Gardens, Ledbury

Harrison & Sons, John, Market Place, Leicester

Haywood, T. B., Woodhatch, Reigate :

Hudson, Jas., Gunnersbury House Gardens, Acton

Kay, Peter, Claigmar, Finchley 5

Kemp, A., Coolhurst Gardens, Hor sham

Laing & Sona J., Forest Hill, S.E.

Low & Co., H., Upper Clapton, E.

Lueas, C. ie Warnham Court, Horsham :

MeIndoe, J., Hutton Hall Gardens, Guisborough

Masterson, Tle Weston House Gardens, Shipton-on- Stour
Mills, M., Coombe Gardens, Croydon

Nicholson, J., Sewardstone Lodge Gardens, Chingford .

Orr, HH: A.,; Bedford ; :

Pearson & Sons, J. R., Chilwell, Notts s ,
Peed & Sons, J. ; Roupell Park Nurseries, W. Norwood, S. EK.
Pentney, A., Worton Hall Gardens, Isleworth

Perkins & Sons, T., Northampton . : :

Rivers & Son, T., Sawbridgeworth, Herts

Rogers, J. H. , Glyncoed, Llanelly . ,
Rothschild, Leopold de, New Court, St. ‘Swithin’ s Lane, E.C.
Salmon, W., Elder Road, W. Norwood . : :
Salmon, Mrs. W., Elder Road, W. Norwood .

Sanders, R.C.,; Halton Gardens, Tring .

Schréder, Baron, The Dell, Staines

Sherwood, N.N., Dunedin, Streatham .

Slogrove, William, Gatton, Reigate :

Smith, Martin, R., aien House, mroge Rent

Smith, R., Shrewsbury ‘

Spooner & Sons, 8., Hounslow

Sutton & Sons, Reading

Sydenham, R., Tenby Street, Birmingham

Thomas, Owen, Royal Gardens, Windsor

Tidy, W., Stanmore Hall Gardens, Middlesex

Turton, T., Maiden Erlegh, Reading .

Vokins, W., 62 The Drive, West Brighton

Walker. iy "Ham Common, Surrey

Ward, H. W., Longford Castle, Salisbury
Watkins, John, Pomona Farm, Withington, near Herefor CA
Wells, B., Cr awley : ‘

Wells, W., Bridgen Place Gardens, Bexley ;
Wheeler & Son, J. C., Kingsholm Nursery, Gloucester :
Whiteley, William, Westbourne Grove .

Wilks, Rev. W., Shirley Vicarage, Croydon

Woodward, Geo., Barham Court Gardens, Teston, “Maidstone
Wyatt, A., Hatton, Middlesex

Besides the above, Messrs. James Veitch & Sons,

SOPH HT OOCHOHBHOOHN HON OHMOOOWHMHONANSCOCOHENNOHRHENHORHRCOCONh

~”
.

an

WNOAOCOOCNN NRK NRE NCO oONh

ano on

a

_

a

—
EB ICORP OH HOUTEN OHROCOOUMUHCOMNNWHOH

10
10

cCocoocoooce

Chelsea,

gave Special Prizes for the best flavoured Apples and Pears

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 181

(Classes 186 and 137)—prizes which they repeat at every Meeting
of the Society from July, 1896, to July, 1898. The Worshipful
Company of Fruiterers also offered two Gold Medals ; and a large
Silver Medal was given by the Williams Memorial Trustees.

The Prizes given by Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., of Maid-
stone, were given in celebration of the centenary of the foundation
of their firm, and cannot, therefore, be looked for again, making
it all the more necessary for the friends of British fruit growing
to make up the deficiency for 1897.

The following table may be interesting as comparing the
number of dishes of each fruit exhibited in the three years during
which the Show has been held. In each case only the exhibits
for competition under the schedule have been included, it having
been found impossible to enumerate everything contained in the
miscellaneous exhibits not for competition.

Dishes of | 1894 1895 1896
Apples. ; 3 F EAD 1,027 1,938 | 1,083
Apricots . ; andl 2 | 1 1
Banana . : , : | — 1 —-
Bullace | 5 3 1
Cherries . ‘ : Yon 7 12 6
Damsons . : ; 3 ; 6 | 18 4
Figs. : : : : Ail 4 9 a
Gooseberries . ; 4 1 = a
Grapes. : ; ‘ old 105 oT 135
Medlars . : : a — 2 3
Melons . é ; : FSi — 10 kk
Nectarines : , : heiy'| 15 | 18 4
Nuts -— | 26 19
Passiflora = = | 1
Peaches . ‘ ails 51 | 80 24
Pears ; , ; , a 829 (as 195
Pines : ; ' ‘ aad = | =
Plums : j ; a bal 90 101 38
Quinces . : ‘ ‘ viel 6 | 14 Ly
Tomatos . ; A ata -- 67 2

Total . | 2,148 3,176 2am
Entries for prizes. : 5 | 1,301 iss 1,234
Visitors . : | 23,680 36,293 | 26,499

152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

For the following table we are indebted to the kindness of
the Editor of the Gardeners’ Magazine :—

Varieties.

Cox’s Orange
Ribston Pippin .
King of the Pippins .
Warner’s King . :
Emperor Alexander .
Peasgood’s Nonsuch .
Lane’s Prince Albert
Worcester Pearmain .
Blenheim Orange
Cox’s Pomona .
Lord Derby
Bismarck .
Mére de Ménage
Cellini
The Queen
Golden Noble
Stone’s
Wellington
Baumann’s Red
Bramley’s Seedling
Fearn’s Pippin .
American Mother
Gascoyne’s Scarlet
Lord Suffield
Alfriston . :
Pott’s Seedling .
Gloria Mundi
Margil
Washington
Yellow Ingestrie
Newton Wonder
Court Pendu Plat
Stirling Castle .
Kceklinville'
Tower of Glamis
Sandringham
Sturmer |

Scarlet Nonpareil
New Hawthornden
Golden Spire ;
Mabbott’s Pearmain .
Claygate Pearmain
Kerry Pippin
Beauty of Kent .
toyal Jubilee .
Waltham Abbey Seedling
Brownlee’s Russet
Hollandbury
Annie Elizabeth
Hoary Morning
Hormead Pearmain .
Mannington Pearmain

APPLES.
Dishes. Varieties.
75 | Lord Grosvenor
51 | Rosemary Russet
45 | Belle de Pontoise
41 | Blenheim Pippin
34 | Colonel Vaughan
33 | Grenadier. :
33 | Lady Henniker
31 | Reinette du Canada .
28 | Tyler’s Kernel .
27 | Striped Beefing
27 | Beauty of Hants
22 | Calville Rouge .
21 | Duchess’ Favourite .
21 | Frogmore Prolific
20 | Jefferson .
19 | Melon
‘18 | New Northern Greening
18 | Adam’s Pearmain
18 | Wealthy
17 | Winter Peach
17 ; Winter Queening
17 | Gravenstein
16 | Cornish Gilliflower
15 | Braddick’s Nonpareil
15 | Barnack Beauty
14 | Red Bietigheimer
14 | Manx Codlin
13 | Duke of Devonshire .
13 | Mrs. Barron —« ‘
13 | Tibbett’s Pearmain .
12 | Cockle Pippin
12 | Twenty Ounce .
12 | Winter Ribston
12 | Keswick Codlin
12 | Duchess of Oldenburg
12 | Gold Medal é
11 | King of Tomkins County :
11 | Lady Sudeley
11 | White Apple .
10 | Small’s Admirable
9 | Wormsley Pippin
8 | Cornish Giant .
8 | Searlet Pearmain
8 | Winter Hawthornden
8 | Town Pippin
8 | Minchin Crab
7 | Delphi 5.
6 Silver Russet
6 Seaton House
6 | Dutch Codlin

Spencer’s Favourite .
Autumn Pearmain

Dishes.

WONWNWNWNNWWWWWWwHKwPRPR ER RR REPRE PREP KRONA Ian

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

Varieties.
Allington Pippin
Allen’s Everlasting .
Bedford Foundling
Calville Blanche
Castle Major
Chatley’s Kernel
Dutch Mignonne
Foster’s Seedling
Hambledon Deux Ans
Hambling’s Seedling
James Grieve .
Norfolk Beefing
Okera :
Old Russet
Bow Hill Pippin
Kentish Pippin
Betty Geeson . :
Devonshire Quarrenden
Queen Anne 7
Egremont Russet
Golden Russet .
Schoolmaster
Swedish Reinette
Tom Putt . :
Williams’ Favourite
Wyken Pippin .
Cornish Aromatic
Northern Spy
Yorkshire Beauty
Sam Young
Sir J. Banks
Pigeonette :
Hackwood Beauty

Moor Park
Bullace .

Morello .

Common .
Cheshire
Farleigh

Brown Turkey .
Negro Largo

Dishes. Varieties.
Norfolk Black Jack .
Catshead . :
Wiltshire Defiance
Tibbett’s Incomparable
Lewis’ Incomparable
Withington Fillbasket
Court of Wick .
Monmouthshire Beauty
Silver Pippin

Farmers’ Seedling
Baillie Nelson .

Vicar of Beighton
Brabant Bellefleur

St. Lawrence

Rambour Papelin
Flanders Pippin
Maiden’s Blush

Wadhurst Pippin
Eve . : é
Golden Reinette
Yorkshire Greening .
Stock Liddington
Evan’s White
Galloway Pippin
Scarlet Incomparable
Hanwell Souring
Reinette d’Osnabruck
Murfit’s Seedling
Prince of Wales

oh Fk fed fed fk fk fk ek fed feed fk ek fet ft ek ek ee ee

Total .
APRICOTS.
BULLACES.
CHERBRIES.
5 | Late Duke
|
| Total
DAMSONS.
1 { Prune
1:
1 Total. .
Fias.
4 | Bourjasotte Grise

2

Total®.

Grand Duke Constantine }

Dishes.

peek fe fk pe be fe ek fe ee ee

_
=
@
eat

a)

184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Varieties,
Muscat of Alexandria
Alicante
(sros Maroe :
Black Hamburgh
Madresfield Court
Lady Downes
Foster’s Seedling
Mrs. Pince
Gros Colmar ;
Buckland Sweetwater
Mrs. Pearson
Duke of Buccleuch

Medlars

Hero of Lockynge
Royal Favourite
Countess . :
High Cross Hybrid :

Byron 5
Humboldt.

Walnut.
Kentish Cob
Hazel Nut
Chestnut .
Almond

Passiflora edulis

Sea Eagle. :
Lady Palmerston
Nectarine . :
Lord Palmerston
Golden Eagle
Exquisite .
Salway

Pitmaston Duchess .
Marie Louise
Doyenne du Comice .
Beurre Diel
Durondeau

Louise Bonne of Jerse sey
Duchesse d’Angouléme

Winter Nelis

GRAPES.
Dishes. Varieties.
. 380 | Appley Towers .
24 | Trebbiano.
14 | Mill Hill Black Hamburgh
12 | Muscat Hamburgh
12 | Buhardt’s Tessel
8 | White Frontignan
7 | Miller’s Burgundy
5 Gros Guillaume
4 | Canon Hall Muscat .
3 | Sweetwater
3)
2 otal:
MEDLARS.
MELONS.
2 | Golden Drop
1 | Unnamed .
1
il Total .
NECTARINES.
2 | Victoria
1
Total .
Nots.
7 | Webb’s Prize Cob.
4 | Webb’s Champion Cob
2 | Barcelona.
2
1 Total .
PASSIFLORA.
PEACHES.
6 | Walburton Admirable
3 | Princess of Wales
2 | Bellegarde
2 | Thomas
2 | Late ‘Admurable:
3)
1 Total .
PEARS.
55 { Glou Morceau
40 | Easter Beurre
39 Beurre Hardy
38 | Beurre Superfin
36 Joséphine de Malines
33. Uvedale’s St. Germain
Beurre Clairgeau

Beurre Bachelier

Dishes.

wo
oe ee ee)

pe"

Qo

GREAT EXHIBITION

Varieties,
Beurre Bose ’
Bergamotte Esperen .
Maréchal de Cour
Souvenir du Congrés
Emile d’Heyst .
General Todtleben
Marie Louise d’Uccle
Beurre Rance
Nouvelle Fulvie
Thompson’s .
Brockworth Park
Gansel’s Bergamotte
Hacon’s Incomparable
Van Mons Léon le Clere
Catillac
Brown Beurre
Beurre Baltet Pére
Grosse Calebasse
Princess
Seckle ;

Vicar of Wankneld
Baronne de Mello
Monarch .

Marie Benoist
President Oomonvilie
Beurre d’Anjou
Fondante d’Automne
Beurre Jean van Geert
Chaumontel
Conference

Doyenne Boussoch
Fondante de Thirriott
King Edward :
Madame André rides!
Broom Park

Gilogil

Comte de Plandera
Urbaniste .

Verulam

Magnate

Forelle ;
Duchesse de Bandeau
Bellissime d’Hiver
Beurre Fouqueray
Beurre Alexander Lucas
Prince Napoleon
Passe Crasanne

Belle Julie
Capiaumont

Beurre d’Aremberg
Passe Colmar

Smooth Cayenne.
Charlotte Rothschild

Dishes.

14

WBWwowwmwwmwwwmwwwewwwwwwwwer PR RP OLOMNOTUIAARAAGAANNNNDDOO@S

OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

Varieties.
Beurre Sterckmans
Vineuse

| Nouveau Poiteau

Autumn Bergamotte
Soldat Laboureur

| Triomphe de Vienne
| Zephirin Gregoire. :
_ Huyshe’s Prince of Wales

Flemish Beauty

The Popham .
| Fondante de Richard

| Iris Gregoire
_ Triomphe de Jodoigne

Marguerite Marrillat
Beurre Benoist
Beurre du Buisson
Clapp’s Favourite
Fertility ;
Black Worcester

| Marshal Soult
| Doyenne de Mérode .
| Nec Plus Meuris

Beurre Perran .

| British Queen .

Poire Douce
Prince Consort .
Dr. Trosseau

| Beurre Dumont

Madame Chaudy
Olivier de Serres
Madame Treyve
Beurre d’Amanlis
Beurre de Jonghe

| Directeur Alphand
| Directeur Joubert

Summer Compote
Huyshe’s Victoria

| Ture’s Bon Chrétien.

Benedictine
Comte de Lamy
Green Yair

| Swan’s Egg

Grand Soleil

_ Althorp Crassane
| Williams’ Victoria

Hessle
Stevenstone
Autumn Nelis

Total.

PINEAPPLES.

Black Jamaica .

Total .

Dishes.

RR eR ee ee ee ee EDOM NWONYND

=a)
S|
or

ole

136 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PLuMs.

Varieties. Dishes. Varieties. Dishes.
Coe’s Golden Drop . ; - | _ Impérial de Milan

Monarch . ; : : . 6 | Bray’s Green Gage 1
Bryanstone Green Gage 4 | Wyedale 1
Jefferson . ‘ 3 | Magnum Bonum : aie ite: |
Diamond . : 2 | Cox’s Emperor . . : sala
Belle de Septembre : 2 | Late Transparent Gage 1
Reine Claude de coe 2 | Late Black Orleans . i)
Kirke’s sa pe
Pond’s Seedling 1 | Total -. ‘ i Bigs s)

QUINCES.
Quinces . ; ; : : : 5 : : : ; : me |

TomAtos.
Conference : 3 : . 1 | Early July 1
Total . 2

PRIZE HIST:

Division I.
Fruits grown under Glass or otherwise.
Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.

Class 1.—Collection of 12 dishes of Ripe Fruit ; not less than
6 kinds, nor more than 1 Black and 1 White Grape, or than
2 varieties of any other kind.

First Prize, Williams Memorial Medal and £7. 10s., to Lord
Harrington, Derby (gr. J. H. Goodacre).

Second Prize, £5, to Lady H. Somerset, Ledbury (gr. F. Harris).

Third Prize, £2. 10s., to Sir Joseph Pease, M.P., Guisborough
(gr. J. McIndoe).

The First Prize Collection contained : 2 Pines, ‘ Cayenne’ and
‘Jamaica’; 1 Peach, ‘Golden Eagle’; 2 Melons, ‘ Countess’
and ‘Hero of Lockinge’; 2 Grapes, ‘ Alicante’ and ‘ Muscat
of Alexandria’; 2 Apples, ‘ Cox’s Orange,’ and ‘ Washington’
2 Pears, ‘ Beurré Hardy’ and ‘ Pitmaston Duchess’; 1 Plum,
‘ Monarch.’

The Second Collection contained: 1 Pine, ‘ Smooth
Cayenne’; 2 Peaches, ‘ Nectarine’ and ‘ Lord Palmerston’ ;
2 Melons, ‘ High Cross Hybrid’ and ‘ Royal Favourite’ ;
2 Grapes, ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ and ‘ Madresfield Court’ ;
1 Apple, ‘ Worcester Pearmain’; 1 Pear, ‘ Pitmaston Duchess ’
1 Plum, ‘Coe’s Golden Drop’; 1 Fig. * Brown Wurkey |
1 Cherry, ‘ Morello.’

(awmznboyy swaueplvy ayy uto.,7)
‘(HUOVaOOD ‘H ‘f ‘UN ‘UD) T SSVIO ‘NOILOWTIOO AZIYd ISUIM S.NOLONIVUVH JO THVa GTHL—'CT ‘Sly

A .

[ae ie rare

|

=

is
—
5
io=)
Fa
Zz
=
2)
an)
q
MN
_
=
=
ioe
a
fy
}

EXHIBITION

GREAT

138 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Third Collection contained: 2 Pines, ‘ Charlotte Roth-
schild’; 2 Peaches, ‘Sea Eagle’ and ‘Exquisite’; 1 Melon,
‘Golden Drop’; 2 Grapes, ‘ Foster’s Seedling’ and ‘ Gros
Maroc’; 1 Apple, ‘ Washington’; 2 Pears, ‘ Doyenne du
Comice’ and ‘Triomphe de Vienne’; 1 Plum, ‘ Bryanstone
Gage’; 1 Nectarine, ‘ Orange.’

Class 2.—Collection of 8 dishes of Ripe Fruit; not less than
4 kinds, nor more than 1 Black and 1 White Grape, or than
2 varieties of any other kind. Pines excluded.
First Prize, £5, to W. K. D’Arcy, Stanmore (gr. W. Tidy).
Second Prize, £3, to Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. W. J
Empson).
The First Collection contained: 1 Peach, ‘ Late Admirable’;
1 Melon, ‘ Seedling’; 2 Grapes, ‘Alnwick Seedling’ and
‘Muscat of Alexandria’; 1 Apple, ‘ Ribston’; 2 Pears, ‘ Louise
Bonne’ and ‘ Pitmaston Duchess’; 1 Passifiora edulis.
The Second Collection contained: 1 Peach, ‘Sea Eagle’;
1 Melon, ‘ Hero of Lockinge’; 2 Grapes, ‘Alicante’ and
‘Muscat of Alexandria’; 1 Apple, ‘ Lady Sudeley’; 1 Pear,
‘Durondeau’; 1 Plum, ‘ Jefferson’; 1 Fig, ‘Brown Turkey.’

Class 83.—Grapes, 6 distinct varieties, 2 bunches of each,
both Black and White must be represented.

First Prize, £5, to C. Bayer, Esq., Forest Hill (gr. W. Taylor).

Second Prize, £3, to Messrs. de Rothschild, Acton (gr. G.
Reynolds).

Third Prize, £2, to Lord Harrington, Derby (gr. J. H. Goodacre).

The First Collection contained : ‘ Muscat of Alexandria,’
‘ Madresfield Court,’ ‘Alicante,’ ‘Trebbiano,’ ‘ Gros Colmar,’
‘Gros Maroc.’

The Second Collection contained: ‘Muscat of Alexandria,’
‘Madersfield Court,’ ‘Alnwick Seedling,’ ‘ Alicante,’ ‘ Buckland
Sweetwater,’ ‘Gros Maroc.’

The Third Collection contained: ‘ Mrs. Pearson,’ ‘ Muscat of
Alexandria,’ ‘Mrs. Pince,’ ‘ Lady Downes’ Black,’ ‘Alicante,’
‘Gros Colmar.’

Class 4.—Grapes, 3 distinct varieties, 2 bunches of each.
First Prize, £2. 10s., to Alderman Chaffin, Bath (gr. W. Taylor).
Second Prize, £1. 10s., to Lady H. Somerset (gr. I’. Harris).
Third Prize, £1, to Sir G. Russell, M.P., Reading (gr. F'. Cole).

139

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT.

‘(MOTAVL “AM ‘UN

wo

)

(awznboyy swauepwoy) ey} vnt0.1,7)

‘

J} SSVIO ‘SddVUD OOUVN SOUND AZIUd LSU S,NId4VHO NVNY

eka ——

OT “Old

140 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The First Collection contained: ‘Muscat of Alexandria,’
‘ Madresfield Court,’ ‘Gros Maroc.’

The Second Collection contained: ‘ Muscat of Alexandria,’
‘Gros Colmar,’ ‘ Gros Maroc.’

The Third Collection contained: ‘Muscat of Alexandria,’
‘ Black Hamburgh,’ ‘ Alicante.’

Class 5.—Grapes, Black Hamburgh, 8 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s., to C. Bayer, Esq., Forest Hill (gr. W.
Taylor).
Second Prize, £1, to J. W. Fleming, Romsey (gr. J. Mitchell).
Third Prize, 10s., to Hon. F. W. Buxton, Sawbridgeworth (gr. W.
H. Godden).

Class 6.—Grapes, Madresfield Court, 8 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s., to Alderman Chaffin, Bath (gr. W. Taylor).
Second Prize, £1, to C. Bayer, Esq., Forest Hill (gr. W. Taylor).
Third Prize, 10s., to Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. W. J.
Empson).

Class 7.—Grapes, Gros Colmar or Gros Maroc, 3 bunches of
either.

First Prize, £1. 10s., to Alderman Chaffin, Bath (gr. W. Taylor).

Second Prize, £1, to Lord Harrington, Derby (gr. J. H. Goodacre).

Third Prize, 10s., to Messrs. de Rothschild, Acton (gr. G.
Reynolds).

The First and Third won with ‘Gros Maroc,’ the Second
with ‘ Gros Colmar.’

Class 8.—-Grapes, Alicante, 8 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s., to W. K. D’Arcy, Esq., Stanmore (gr. W.
Tidy).
Second Prize, £1, to Alderman Chaffin (gr. W. Taylor).
Third Prize, 10s., to Mr. J. Bury, Byfleet.

Class 9.—Grapes, Lady Downes (Black), 3 bunches.

First Prize, £1. 10s., to W. K. D’Arcy, Esq. (gr. W. Tidy).

Second Prize, £1, to Mr. A. Kemp, Horsham.

Third Prize, 10s., to Col. Horace Walpole (gr. A. Maxim).
Class 10.—Grapes, any other Black Grape, 3 bunches.

First Prize, £1. 10s., to W. K. D’Arcy, Esq. (gr. W. Tidy).

Second Prize, £1, to C. Bayer, Esq. (gr. W. Taylor).

Third Prize, 10s., to J. W. Fleming, Esq. (gr. W. Mitchell).
The First Prize was won with ‘Alnwick Seedling,’ the

Second with ‘Gres Guillaume,’ the Third with ‘ Mrs. Pince.’

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 141

Class 11.—-Grapes, Muscat of Alexandria, 3 bunches.
First Prize, £2, to W. K. D’Arcy, Esq. (gr. W. Tidy).
Second Prize, £1. 10s., to Sir George Russell, M.P. (gr. F. Cole).
Third Prize, 15s., to F. A. Bevan, Esq., New Barnet (gr. W. H.
Lees).

Class 12.—Grapes, any other White Grapes, 3 bunches.
First Prize, £1. 10s., to Alderman Chaffin (gr. W. Taylor).
Second Prize, £1, to Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. G. Reynolds).
Third Prize, 10s., to Mrs. Wingfield (gr. W. J. Empson).

The First Prize was won with ‘Canon Hall,’ the Second and

Third with ‘ Foster’s. Seedling.’

Class 18.—Figs, 1 dish of one variety.

First Prize, 10s., to T. W. Erle, Esq., Liphook (gr. P. H.
Edwards’.

Class 14.— Collection of Hardy Fruit, not exceeding 50 dishes,
grown entirely in the open.
First Prize, Gold Medal. Withheld.
Second Prize, £3, to Mr. A. Wyatt, Hatton.
Third Prize, £1. 10s., to Lord Foley, Esher (gr. J. Miller).

Class 15.—Collection of Hardy Fruits, not exceeding 36 dishes,
crown partly or entirely under glass to illustrate Orchard House
Culture.

First Prize, £4. 10s., to Sir Joseph Pease, M.P. (gr. J. MceIndoe).
Second Prize, £3, to J. W. Melles, Chingford (gr. Nicholson).

The First Prize Collection contained: 2 Grapes, ‘ Buckland
Sweetwater’ and ‘Gros Maroc’; 2 Figs, ‘Negro Largo’ and
‘Brown Turkey’; 1 Apricot, ‘Moor Park’; 2 Nectarines,
‘Humboldt’ and ‘Byron’; 1 Cherry, ‘Late Duke’; 3 Plums,
‘Magnum Bonum,’ ‘Coe’s Golden Drop,’ and ‘ Bryanstone’ ;
4 Peaches, ‘ Bellegarde,’ ‘ Golden Eagle,’ ‘Sea Kagle,’ and ‘ Ex-
quisite’; 9 Pears, ‘Beurre Superfin’ ‘Doyenne Boussoch,’
‘Beurre Clairgeau,’ ‘ Baltet Pere, ‘ Doyenne du Comice,’
‘Triomphe de Vienne,’ ‘ Pitmaston Duchess,’ ‘ Durondeau,’ and
‘Beurre d’Amanlis’; 9 Apples, ‘ Wadhurst Pippin,’ ‘ Maiden’s
Blush,’ ‘Cox’s Orange,’ ‘ Bietigheimer,’ ‘ Grand Duke Constan-
tine, ‘King of Tomkin’s County,’ ‘ Worcester Pearmain,’
‘Melon,’ and ‘ Calville Rouge.’

The Second Collection contained: 18 Pears, ‘ Marie Louise
d’Uccle,’ ‘Doyenne Boussoch,’ ‘Pitmaston. Duchess,’ ‘ Passe

F

142 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Colmar,’ ‘ Beurre Diel,’ “ Doyenne du Comice,’ ‘ Duchesse
d’Angouléme,’ ‘White Doyenne,’ ‘Triomphe de Jodoigne,’
‘General Todtleben,’ ‘ Durondeau,’ ‘Van Mons Léon Leclere,’
‘Bellissime d’Hiver,’ ‘Uvedale’s St. Germain,’ ‘ Fondante de
Richard,’ ‘ Magnate,’ ‘ Beurre Superfin,’ and ‘ Vicar of Wink-
field’; 17 Apples, ‘Waltham Abbey,’ ‘ Hollandbury,’ ‘ Blen-
heim Orange,’ ‘ Peasgood’s Nonsuch,’ ‘ Lord Derby,’ ‘ Meére de
Ménage,’ ‘ Warner’s King,’ ‘ Emperor Alexander,’ ‘ Alfriston,’
‘Gloria Mundi,’ ‘Tower of Glamis,’ ‘ Ribston,’ ‘ Gravenstein,’
‘Cellini,’ ‘ Worcester Pearmain,’ ‘Cox’s Orange,’ and ‘ Wash-
ington.’

Division II.
Open to Nurserymen only.

Class 16.—Collection of Fruit Trees bearing fruit, in pots.
First, Second, and Third Prizes, Gold, Silver Gilt, or Silver
Medals.
N.B.—Gathered Fruit and Nuts may be placed in the space between
the pots, but will not be taken into account by the Judges.
No competition.

Class 17.—Collection of Hardy Fruits, grown partly or entirely

under glass, to illustrate Orchard House Culture. |
First Prize, Silver Gilt Knightian Medal, to Messrs. G.
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone.

This exhibit occupied a table by itself and was extremely
fine. The centre was formed of little trees in pots—Apples,
Vigs, and Vines—all bearing good crops of fruit. Around the
trees were grouped baskets of beautiful bunches of Grapes—
‘Appley Towers,’ ‘ White Frontignan,’ ‘Gros Colmar,’ and ‘ Gros
Maroc,’ with a few varieties of Peaches, Tomatos, and Figs.
The remainder of the space was occupied with dishes of superb
specimens of Apples and Pears. When all were perfect it is
difficult to specify any, but among the Apples perhaps the most
surprising were ‘Kmperor Alexander,’ ‘The Queen,’ ‘ Warner’s
King,’ ‘ Beauty of Kent,’ ‘Mére de Ménage,’ ‘Twenty Ounce,’
‘Gascoyne’s Scarlet,’ ‘ Belle Pontoise,’ ‘ Calville Rouge Précoce,’
‘King of Tomkin’s County,’ ‘ Washington,’ ‘ Cox’s Pomona,’

tibston,’ ‘Gloria Mundi,’ ‘ Peasgood’s Nonsuch,’ ‘ Mother,’
‘Lady Henniker,’ ‘ Wealthy,’ ‘Sandringham,’ ‘ Lane’s: Prince

143

FRUIT.

BRITISH-GROWN

OF

EXHIBITION

GREAT

iS)

SV

19

‘

LIN

a aS

QnoH

(amenboyy s.lauepavy

quy

HOUO AZINd LSUld §,°

ay} WOT)

09 » duv

ANNE

ere

posers

9)

“SUSsaM —

LT

8

TT

144 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Albert,’ ‘ Fearn’s Pippin,’ ‘ Cox’s Orange,’ ‘ Bramley’s Seedling,’
‘ Akera,’ ‘ Braddick’s Nonpareil,’ ‘ Blenheim Orange,’ ‘ Rosemary
Russet,’ ‘ Tibbett’s Pearmain,’ ‘ Bismarck,’ ‘ Cornish Gilliflower’ ;
and amongst the Pears, ‘ Pitmaston Duchess,’ ‘ Jean van Geert,’
‘Doyenne du Comice,’ ‘Beurre Rance,’ ‘Clairgeau,’ ‘ Marie
Benoist,’ ‘ President Osmanville,’ ‘ Durondeau,’ ‘ Beurre Fou-
queray,’ ‘ Conference,’ ‘ Gilogil,’ ‘ Directeur Alphand,’ ‘ Marie
Louise,’ ‘ Beurre Dumont.’

Class 18.—Collection of not less than 75, or more than 100,
distinct. varieties of Hardy Fruits, in baskets or dishes, grown
entirely in the open air; to be arranged on a table of about
24 ft. by 6 ft. or an equivalent space; Foliage Plants may be
added and branches of any fruit-bearing trees or bushes.

First Prize, Gold Medal (given by the Fruiterers’ Company), to
Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone.

This splendid collection, well worthy of the honour it received,
consisted entirely of magnificent Apples and Pears, with the
exception of two dishes of Grapes, ‘Sweetwater’ and ‘ Miller’s
Burgundy,’ and two dishes of Plums, ‘ Wyedale’ and ‘ Cheshire
Damson.’

Again it is difficult to specify when all were so remarkable,
but amongst the Apples (besides those mentioned under
Class 17) were fine specimens of ‘Lord Grosvenor,’ ‘ Frogmore
Prolific,” ‘Waltham Abbey,’ ‘Annie Elizabeth,’ ‘ Worcester
Pearmain,’ ‘Allington Pippin,’ ‘Cellini,’ ‘Newton Wonder,’
‘Tyler’s Kernel,’ ‘Stone’s,’ ‘ Lord Derby’; and amongst the
Pears, ‘ Baltet Pére,’ ‘ Duchesse d’Angouléme,’ ‘ King Edward,’
“ Louise Bonne,’ ‘ Emile d’Heyst,’ ‘ Marie Louise d’Ucecle.’

Class 19.—Collection of not less than 30, or more than 50,
distinct varieties of Hardy Fruits, in baskets or dishes, grown
entirely in the open air; to be arranged on a table of about
24 ft. by 3 ft. or an equivalent space; Foliage Plants may be
added, and branches of any fruit-bearing trees or bushes.

First Prize, Silver Gilt Knightian Medal, to Mr. H. Berwick,
Sidmouth.

Mr. Berwick staged a grand collection of large and highly
coloured Apples and Pears, mostly in large basketfuls. Amongst
the Apples the most remarkable were ‘ Peasgood’s Nonsuch,’

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 145

‘Cox’s Pomona,’ ‘ Warner’s King,’ ‘Mere de Ménage,’ ‘ Annie
Elizabeth,’ ‘ Blenheim Orange,’ ‘Golden Noble,’ ‘The Queen,’
‘Bismarck,’ ‘ Ribston,’ ‘Jefferson,’ ‘Cox’s Orange,’ ‘ Autumn
Pearmain,’ ‘Hoary Morning,’ ‘Tyler’s Kernel’; and amongst
the Pears, ‘Grosse Calebasse,’ ‘Beurre Hardy,’ ‘ Duchesse
d’Angouléme,’ ‘ Huyshe’s Prince of Wales,’ ‘Clairgeau,’ ‘ Maire
Louise,’ ‘ Van Mons Léon Leclerc.’

Mr. A. Wyatt, Hatton, secured the second prize, a Silver
Knightian Medal, with a fine collection.

Class 20.—Collection of not less than 30, or more than 50,
distinct varieties of Pears, in baskets or dishes, grown entirely in
the open air; to be arranged on a table of about 24 ft. by 3 ft.
or an equivalent space; Foliage Plants may be added and
branches of any fruit-bearing trees or bushes.

First Prize Silver Gilt Knightian Medal, to Messrs. George
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone.

A collection of Pears as large and clean and well coloured as
has probably ever been seen together. The varieties were:
‘ Souvenir du Conerés,’ ‘ Conference,’ ‘Poire d’Auch,’ ‘ Madame
Chaudy,’ ‘ Grosse Calebasse,’ ‘ Brockworth Park,’ ‘ Zephirin
Gregoire,’ ‘Kmile d’Heyst,’ ‘Marie Benoist,’ ‘Princess,’ ‘ Doyenne
du Comice,’ ‘Baronne de Mello,’ ‘Duchesse d’Angouléme,’
‘President Osmanville,’ ‘ Comte de Flandres,’ ‘ Baltet Pére,’
‘Gilogil,’ ‘Jean Van Geert,’ ‘ Brown Beurre,’ ‘Beurre Fouqueray,’
‘Pitmaston Duchess,’ ‘Broom Park,’ ‘Beurre Bachelier,’
‘Fertility,’ ‘Clairgeau,’ ‘Duchesse de Bordeaux,’ ‘ Vicar of Wink-
field,’ ‘Madame André Leroy,’ ‘Marguerite Marrillat,’ ‘Maréchal
de Cour,’ ‘ Beurre Benoist,’ ‘ Vineuse,’ ‘Durondeau,’ ‘ King
Edward,’ ‘Catillac,’ ‘Marie Louise d’Uccle,’ ‘ Fondante de
Thirriott,’ ‘Beurre de Jonghe,’ ‘Beurre Hardy,’ ‘ Magnate,’
‘Bellissime d’Hiver,’ ‘Beurre Superfin,’ ‘General Todtleben,’
Beurre du Buisson,’ ‘ Uvedale’s St. Germain,’ ‘Belle Julie,
‘Louise Bonne,’ ‘ Beurre Diel,’ ‘ Nouveau Poiteau,’ ‘ Marie
Louise.’

My. Berwick, of Sidmouth, won the Second Prize, a Silver
Knightian Medal, with an exhibit which did him the utmost

credit, and would at most Shows have easily secured the premier
position.

146 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 21.—Collection of not less than 30, or more than 50,
distinct varieties of Apples, in baskets or dishes, grown entirely
in the open air ; to be arranged on a table of about 24 ft. by 8 ft.
or an equivalent space; Foliage Plants may be added and
branches of any fruit-bearing trees or bushes.

First Prize, Silver Gilt Knightian Medal, to Messrs. George
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone.

A superb collection of very large, heavy, and highly coloured
fruits. The varieties were ‘ The Queen,’ ‘Gold Medal,’ ‘ Striped
Beefing,’ ‘ Peasgood’s Nonsuch,’ ‘ Waltham Abbey,’ ‘ Bowhill
Pippin,’ ‘ Lord Grosvenor,’ ‘ Cellini Pippin,’ ‘ Tower of Glamis,’
‘King of Tomkin’s County,’ ‘Hambling’s Seedling,’ ‘ Twenty
Ounce,’ ‘ Stirling Castle,’ ‘Wealthy,’ ‘Tyler’s Kernel,’ ‘ Castle
Major,’ ‘ Ecklinville,’ ‘Mére de Ménage,’ ‘New Hawthornden,’
‘Murfitt’s Seedling,’ ‘ Worcester Pearmain,’ ‘Lord Derby,’
‘Baumann’s Red,’ ‘Gloria Mundi,’ ‘Cox’s Pomona,’ ‘Mrs.
Barron,’ ‘ Lady Henniker,’ ‘ Warner’s King,’ ‘ Newton Wonder,’
‘Cornish Giant,’ ‘Royal Jubilee,’ ‘Grenadier,’ ‘ Hormead
‘Pearmain,’ ‘Bismarck,’ ‘Bramley’s Seedling,’ ‘Gascoyne’s
Scarlet,’ ‘ Pott’s Seedling,’ ‘ Bietigheimer,’ ‘Alexander,’ ‘ Winter
Ribston,’ ‘Stone’s,’ ‘Golden Spire,’ ‘Lane’s Prince Albert,’
‘Foster’s Seedling,’ ‘ Washington,’ ‘Belle Pontoise,’ ‘ Manx
Codlin,’ ‘Lord Suffield,’ ‘Farmer’s Seedling,’ and ‘Golden
Noble.’

Mr. John Basham, Bassaleg, Monmouth, received the
Second Prize, a Silver Knightian Medal, for a very meritorious
exhibit, some of the dishes being remarkably fine.

Class 22.-—Collection of fruit-bearing branches or sprays, of
any kind or variety, of various fruit bushes or trees ; to occupy a
table not exceeding 24 ft. by 3 ft.

First Prize, £3; Second Prize, £2; Third Prize, £1.

No competition.
Drvisron III.
Fruits grown im the Open Arr.
Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.

Class 23.—Apples, 24 dishes, distinct, 16 Cooking, 8 Dessert.
The latter to be placed in the front row.

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 147

(Prizes given by Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., the Royal
Nurseries, Maidstone, as Bunyard Centenary Prizes.)

First Prize, £5, to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Second Prize, £4, to J. Colman, Esq. (gr. W. King).

Third Prize, £3, to T. Oliverson, Esq. (gr. W. Lewis).

The First Prize Collection contained: 1,‘ Bramley’s Seedling’ ;
2, ‘Belle Dubois’; 8, ‘Hmperor Alexander’; 4, ‘ Peasgood’s
Nonsuch’; 5, ‘Meére de Ménage’; 6, ‘Lord Derby’; 7, ‘ The
Queen’; 8,‘Golden Noble’; 9, ‘ Beauty of Kent’; 10,‘Warner’s
Kine’; J1)°Stone’s’; 12,‘ Alfriston’; 13,-* Prince Albert’ ;
14, ‘ Reinette du Canada’; 15, ‘Baumann’s Red’; 16, ‘ Cox’s
Orange’; 17, ‘Washington’; 18, ‘Melon’; 19, ‘ Mother’ ;
20; “Browniee’s Russet’; 21, ‘Ribston’; 22, ‘ Bismarck’ ;
23, ‘ Waltham Abbey’; and 24, an unnamed Seedling.

The Second Collection contained: 25, ‘ Hawthornden ’ ;
26, ‘Lord Suffield’; 27, ‘Blenheim Orange’; 28, ‘ Stirling
Castle’; 29, ‘Ecklinville’; 30, ‘Cellini’; 81, ‘ Jefferson’ ;
32, ‘King of the Pippins’; 3838, ‘Worcester Pearmain’ ;
34, ‘Fearn’s Pippin’; 35, ‘Cox’s Pomona’; 36, ‘Irish Giant’
(? Warnevr’s King) ; together with Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 16,
19, 21, and 24, as in the last collection.

The Third Collection contained : 37, ‘Bedford Foundling’ ;
38, ‘Sandringham’ ; 39, ‘ Newton Wonder’; 40, ‘ Golden Spire’ ;
41, ‘Hoary Morning ’; 42, ‘ Mabbott’s Pearmain’; 43, ‘ Duchess’
Favourite’; 44, ‘ Duke of Devonshire’; together with Nos. 2,
Ao, 1, 8, £0) tl 13 1G, Ze 27, 30.32,'a0, 84, 35,-as above.

Class 24.—Apples, 12 dishes, distinct, 8 Cooking, 4 Dessert.

First Prize, £2, to J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq. (gr. W..J.
Pragnell).

Second Prize, £1, to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.

Third Prize, 15s., to Mr. G. H. Sage, Richmond.

The First Collection contained: 45, ‘Gascoyne’s Scarlet’ ;
AG,“ Anmie Elizabeth’ > and .Nos:-1; 4,6, 7, 10; 16, 19,-21, 27,
32, as above.

The Second Collection contained: 47, ‘ Potts’ Seedling,’
and Nos. 8, 4, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 21, 22, 38, 45, as above.

The Third Collection contained: 48, ‘Barnack Beauty’ ;
49, ‘ Tyler’s Kernel’ ; and Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 13, 16, 19, 21, 27, 35,
as above.

148 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 25.—Apples, 9 dishes, distinct, 6 Cooking, 3 Dessert.

First Prize, £1. 10s., to Mrs. Crawford (gr. W. Slogrove).
Second Prize, 15s., to Mr. T. Turton, Reading.
Third Prize, 10s., to C. R. W. Adeane, Esq. (gr. J. Hill).

The First Collection contained: Nos. 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17,
38, 45, as above.

The Second Collection contained: 49, ‘Striped Beefing’ ;
50, ‘ Adams’ Pearmain’; and Nos: 5, 10) 11> 16: 27, $2247eae
above.

The Third Collection contained: 51, ‘Claygate Pearmain’ ;
52. “Tower of Glamis”; and Nos. 4; 5; JO> 11, 1G; ieee
above.

Class 26.—Cooking Apples, 6 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1, to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 15s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 10s., to T. Oliverson, Esq. (gr. W. Lewis).
The First Collection contained : Nos: 2, 8, 4, 6, 10, 11, as
above.
The Second Collection contained: 58, ‘ Belle de Pontoise,’
and Nos. 4, 10, 28, 45, 47.
The Third Collection contained: Nos. 4, 7, 10, 11, 18, 29.

Class 27.—Cooking Apples, 8 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, 10s., to H. H. Hurnard, Esq. (gr. J. Bowery).
Second Prize, 7s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).
Third Prize, 5s., to Mr. G. H. Sage, Richmond.

The First Collection contained: Nos. 3, 4, 18.

The Second Collection contained: 54, ‘ Hollandbury,’ and

Nos. 10, 13.
The Third Collection contained: Nos. 3, 6, 13.

Class 28.—Dessert Apples, 6 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1, to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 15s., to J. Colman, Esq. (gr. W. King).
Third Prize, 10s., to Sir EK. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).
The First Collection contained: 55, ‘ Calville Precox,’ and
Nos. 15, 16, 17, 21, 48.
The Second Collection contained: Nos. 16, 19, 21, 81, 32, 38.
The Third Collection contained : 56, ‘ Cornish Gilliflower,’
and Nos. 16, 19, 21, 32, 33.

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 149

Class 29.—Dessert Apples, 8 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, 10s., to G. H. Field, Esq. (gr. R. Edwards).
Second Prize, 7s., to Mr. F. B. Parfitt, Reading.
Third Prize, 5s., to Mr. A. Kemp, Horsham.
The First and Second Collections contained: Nos. 16, 17, 21.
The Third Collection contained: Nos. 16, 19, 21.

Class 30.—Dessert Pears, 24 dishes, distinct. High quality
to rank before size.

(Prizes given by Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., the Royal
Nurseries, Maidstone, as Bunyard Centenary Prizes.)

First Prize, £6, to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Second Prize, £4, to Col. Brymer (gr. J. Powell).

Third Prize, £3, to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).

The First Collection contained: 1, ‘ Baltet Pére’; 2, ‘ Marie
Louise’; 8, ‘Doyenne du Comice’; 4, ‘ Pitmaston Duchess’ ;
5, ‘Superfin’; 6, ‘Emile d’Heyst’ ; 7, ‘ Marie Benoist’; 8, ‘Beurre
Diel’; 9,‘ Passe Crassane’; 10,‘ Beurre d’Anjou’; 11, ‘ Duron-
deau’; 12, ‘ Vineuse’; 13, ‘ Beurre Hardy ’; 14, ‘ King Edward’;
15, ‘Fondante Thirriott’; 16, ‘ Princess’; 17, ‘ Winter Nelis’ ;
18, ‘Soldat Laboureur’; 19, ‘ Baronne de Mello’; 20, ‘ Louise
Bonne’; 21, ‘Bon Chrétien’; 22, ‘Conference’; 28, ‘ Brown
Beurre’; 24, ‘ Josephine de Malines.’

The Second Collection contained : 25, ‘Beurre Bachelier ’ ;
26, ‘Duchesse d’Angouléme’; 27, ‘Gansel’s Bergamotte’ ;
28, ‘Glou Morceau’; 29, ‘Napoleon’; 30, ‘Thompson’s’ ;
31, ‘Beurre Rance’; 32, ‘Beurre d’Aremberg’; 33, ‘ Easter
Beurre’; 34, ‘Knight Monarch’; 35, ‘Bergamotte Esperen’ ;
36, ‘Zepherin Grégoire’; and Nos. 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 17,
20, 23, 24, as above.

The Third Collection contained: 37, ‘Magnate’; 38, ‘ Sou-
venir du Congrés’; 39, ‘Alexandre Lucas’; 40, ‘ Urbaniste’ ;
41, ‘Maréchal de Cour’; 42, ‘ Beurre Fouqueray’; and Nos.
DO Ome ole onlon | 72024, 26.28) 30.833, oo.

Class 81.—Dessert Pears, 12 dishes, distinct.

First Prize, £2. 15s., to J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq. (gr. W.
J. Pragnell).

Second Prize, £1. 15s., to Mr. John Warren, Crawley.

Third Prize, £1, to Sir W. Geary (gr. W. Cotterell).

The First Collection contained: 48, ‘General Todtleben’ ;

150 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

44,‘ Marie Louise d’Uccle’; 45, ‘ Chaumontel’; and Nos. 2, 3,
4, 6, 8, 11, 20, 26, 41.

The Second Collection contained: 46, ‘Jean Van Geert’ and
Nos, 2, 8, 4,8, 11,18; 25; 27, 28; 33, .89°

The Third Collection contained: 47, ‘Brockworth Park’ ;
48, ‘ Beurre Bosc’; 49, ‘ Van Mons Léon Leclerc’ and Nos. 2,
o4,0, O11, 26-297, 26:

Class 32.—Dessert Pears, 9 dishes, distinct.

First Prize, £2, to J. R. Brougham, Esq. (gr. W. Jones).
Second Prize, £1, to Mr. G. Fennell, Tonbridge.
Third Prize, 15s., to Earl Percy (gr. G. Wythes).

The First Collection contained: Nos. 2, 4, 5, 25, 26, 28, 33,
40, 41.

The Second Collection contained: 48, ‘Nouveau Poiteau’
and Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 28, 25, 88.

The Third Collection contained: Nos. 1, 4, 8, 11, 18, 23, 25,
28, 48.

Class 83.—Dessert Pears, 6 dishes, distinct.

First Prize, £1. 10s., to Mrs. Crawford (gr. W. Slogrove).
Second Prize, 15s., to Hon. W. Lowther (gr. A. Andrews).
Third Prize, 10s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W.
Bannister).
The First Collection contained: 49, ‘ Fondante de Cuerne ’
and Nos. 8, 4, 11, 20, 26.
The Second Collection contained: 50, ‘Hacon’s Incom-
parable’ and Nos. 3, 4, 18, 88, 48.
The Third Collection contained: 51, ‘ Beurre d’Anjou,’ and
Nos. 3, 4, 8, 11, 38.

Class 834.—Dessert Pears, 3 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, 15s., to A. O. Smith, Esq., East Grinstead (gr. C,
Harris).
Second Prize, 10s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 5s., to Mr. J. W. Abrahams, Beckenham.
The First Collection contained: Nos. 4, 8, 438.
The Second Collection contained: Nos. 38, 4, 16.
The Third Collection contained: No. 52, ‘Belle Julie,’ and
Nos. 2, 48.

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 151

Class 35.—Stewing Pears, 3 dishes, distinct.

First Prize, 15s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 10s., to Sir E. G. Loder, Horsham (gr. G. Gold-
smith).

Third Prize, 5s., to Sir W. Geary, Bart., Tonbridge (gr. W.
Cotterell).

The First Collection contained: 53, ‘Grosse Calebasse’ ;
54, ‘Uvedale’s St. Germain’; 55, ‘ Catillac.’

The Second Collection contained: 56, ‘ Bellissime d’Hiver,’
and Nos. 54, 55.

The Third Collection contained : 57, ‘ Verulam’; 58, ‘ Vicar
of Winkfield’; and No. 48.

Class 36.—-Stewing Pears, 1 dish, of one variety.
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to H. W. Stock, Esq., Petersham (gr. H.
Beames).
Third Prize, 3s., to A. O. Smith, Esq. (gr. C. Harris).
The First and Second won with No. 54.
The Third won with No. 55.

Class 37.—Peaches, 3 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1. 10s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, £1, to Col. H. Walpole (gr. A. Maxim).
Third Prize, 10s., to Sir Joseph Pease, M.P., Guisborough (gr.
J. McIndoe).
The First and Second Collections contained: ‘Sea Eagle,’
‘Nectarine,’ ‘ Salway.’

Class 88.—Peaches, 1 dish of one variety.

First Prize, 10s., to R. Sneyd, Esq., Newcastle, Staffs (gr. J.
Wallis).

Second Prize, 7s., to F. Burnaby-Atkins, Esq., Sevenoaks (gr.
A. Gibson).

Third Prize, 3s., to Lady H. Somerset (gr. F. Harris).

The First won with ‘Thomas,’ a variety much grown in
Florida.

The Second dish was unnamed.

The Third won with ‘ Lady Palmerston.’

Class 89.—Nectarines, 3 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, £1. 10s.; Second Prize, £1; Third Prize, 10s.
No competition.

152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 40.—Nectarines, 1 dish of one variety.

First Prize, 10s., to Sir J. Pease, M.P. (gr. J. MeIndoe).

Second Prize, 7s., to Messrs. de Rothschild, Acton (gr. G..
Reynolds).

The First won with ‘ Biron.’
The Second won with ‘ Victoria.’

Class 44.—Plums, 4 dishes of Dessert, distinct.

First Prize, £1, to Sir J. Pease, M.P. (gr. J. McIndoe).
Second Prize, 15s., to Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (er. W. J.
Empson).
The First Collection contained: ‘Coe’s Golden Drop,’
‘ Jefferson,’ ‘Grand Duke,’ ‘ Bryanstone.’
The Second Collection contained: ‘ Coe’s Golden: Drop,’
‘ Jefferson,’ ‘Grand Duke,’ ‘ Kirke’s.’

Class 42.—Plums, 1 dish of Dessert, of one variety, not Gages.

First Prize, 7s., to Lady H. Somerset (gr. F. Harris).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.
Third Prize, 3s., to Lady Fortescue (gr. C. Herrin),

The First, Second, and Third won with ‘ Coe’s Golden Drop.’

Class 43.—Plums, 4 dishes of Cooking, distinct.
First Prize, £1, to Sir Joseph Pease, M.P. (gr. J. McIndoe).
Second Prize, 15s., to Mrs. Wingfield (gr. W. J. Empson).
The First Collection contained: ‘ Diamond,’ ‘ Magnum
Bonum,’ ‘ Pond’s Seedling,’ ‘ Belle de Septembre.’
The Second Collection contained: ‘Diamond’ ‘ Monarch,’
‘Cox’s Emperor,’ ‘ Grand Duke.’

Class 44.—Plums, 1 dish of Cooking, of one variety.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. G. Fennell, Tonbridge.
Third Prize, 3s., to Dowager Lady Freake, Twickenham (gr.
A. H. Rieckwood).
The First won with ‘ Monarch.’
The Second won with ‘Grand Duke.’
The Third won with ‘Impérial de Milan.’

Class 45.—Gage Plums, 1 dish.
First Prize, 7s., to C. R. W. Adeane, Cambridge (gr. J. Hill).
Second Prize, 5s., to Prince Hatzfeldt (gr. J. Gibson),
Third Prize, 3s., to Lady Fortescue (gr. C. Herrin).

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 1538

Class 4§.—Damsons, Prunes, and Bullaces, 4 dishes, distinct.
First Prize, 15s., to Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. W., J.

Empson).
Mr. Empson showed ‘King of the Damsons,’ ‘Common

Damson,’ ‘ Prune,’ ‘ Bullace.’

Class 47.—Morello Cherries, 1 dish.
First Prize, 7s., to Lady H. Somerset (gr. F. Harris).
Second Prize, 5s., to Lady Fortescue (gr. C. Herrin).
Third Prize, 3s., to Col. Horace Walpole, Winchfield (gr. A.

Maxim).

Class 48.—Nuts.

Collection of six varieties, may include
Filberts, Cobs, and Hazel, all in Husk, and Walnuts and

Chestnuts; one dish of each.
First Prize, £1. 10s., to Mr. G. Chambers, Mereworth.

Second Prize, £1, to Mr. T. Turton, Reading.
Third Prize, 10s., to J. Colman, Esq. (gr. W. King).

Class 49.—Quinces, 1 dish.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.
Second Prize, 5s., to J. W. Fleming, Esq., Romsey, Hants (gr.

W. Mitchell).
Third Prize. 3s., to Sir E.G. Loder, Horsham (gr. G. Goldsmith).

Diviston IV.
Single Dishes of Fruit grown im the Open Air.
Open to Gardeners and Amateurs only.

DESSERT APPLES.

Class 50.—Allen’s Everlasting.
Second Prize, 5s., to Hon. F. W. Buxton (gr. G. H. Godden).

Class 51.—Baumann’s Red Winter Reinetie.
First Prize, 7s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Third Prize, 3s., to Messrs. de Rothschild, Acton (gr. J. Hudson)

Class 52.—Braddick’s Nonpareil.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.

154 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 58.—Brownlee’s Russet.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to T. L. Boyd, Esq., Tonbridge (gr. T.
Bennett).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. John Nowell, Abergavenny.

Class 54.—Claygate Pearmain.

First Prize, 7s., to Mr. H.C. Prinsep, Uckfield.
Second Prize, 5s., to H. St.Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr.W. Bannister).
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Class 55.—Court Pendu Plat.

First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. A. Kemp, Horsham.
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. W. Mills, Shoreham, Kent.

Class 56.—Cox’s Orange.
First Prize, 7s., to J. Colman, Esq. (gr. W. King).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to J. W. Fleming, Esq. (gr. W. Mitchell).

Class 57.—Fearn’s Pippin.

First Prize, 7s., to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr.W. Bannister).
Third Prize, 3s., to 0. R. W. Adeane, Esq. (gr. J. Hill).

Class 58.—-Kerry Pippin.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. J. Nowell, Abergavenny.
Third Prize, 3s., to T. Oliverson, Esq., Staplehurst (gr. W. Lewis).

Class 59.—King of the Pippins.
First Prize, 7s., to J. K. Wingfield-Digby, Esq., Sherborne (gr.
W. G. Pragnell).
Second Prize, 5s., to J. Colman, Esq. (gr. W. King).
Third Prize, 3s., to Col. Brymer (gr. J. Powell).

Class 60.—Mabbot’s Pearmain.
First Prize, 7s., to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.

Class 61.—Mannington’s Pearmain.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. J. Turton, Reading.
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Ksq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 155

Class 62.—Margil.
First Prize, 7s., to Sir E.G. Loder, Horsham (gr. G. Goldsmith).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. G. H. Sage, Richmond.
Third Prize, 3s., to H. C. Moffatt, Esq., Ross (gr. T. Spencer).

Class 68.—Mother (American).

First Prize, 7s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to H. C. Moffatt, Esq. (gr. T. Spencer).
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Class 64.—Ribston.
First Prize, 7s., to C. Lee Campbell, Esq., Ross (gr. C. A.
Bayford).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. A. Kemp, Horsham.
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. G. H. Sage, Richmond.

Class 65.—Rosemary Russet.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. J. C. Tallack, Bury St. Edmunds.
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. Startup, Maidstone.

Class 66.—-Scarlet Nonpareil.
First Prize, 7s., to Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. J. Hudson).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. Turton, Reading.
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Class 67.—Sturmer Pippin.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. G. Chambers, Mereworth.

Second Prize, 5s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Third Prize, 3s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. Bannister).

Class 68.—Williams’ Favourite.

No competition.

Class 69.—Worcester Pearmain.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. J. Culton, Dildawn, Castle Douglas.
Second Prize, 5s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.

Class 70.—Wyken Pippin.
First Prize, 7s.,.to Hon. F. W. Buxton (gr. W: H. Godden).

Class 71.—Yellow Ingestrie.

Second Prize, 5s., to H. C. Moffatt, Esq. (gr. T. Spencer).
Third Prize, 3s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).

\

156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 72.—Any other variety.

First Prize, 7s., to H. C. Moffatt, Esq. (gr. T. Spencer).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mrs. Crawford, Reigate (gr. W. Slogrove).

The First won with ‘ Melon.’

The Second won with ‘ Crimson Queening.’

The Third won with ‘ Washington.’

CookING APPLES.

Class 73.—Alfriston.
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs, Newbury (gr. C. Ross).

Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq., Maidstone (gr. G.
Woodward).

Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. J. Nowell, Abergavenny.

Class 74.—Beauty of Stoke.
No competition.

Class 75,.—Bismarck.
First Prize, 7s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq., Maidstone (gr.
J. McKenzie).

Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq., Maidstone (gr. G.
Woodward).

Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. F. B. Parfitt, Reading.

Class 76.—Blenheim Orange.

First Prize, 7s.,to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. Bannister).

Second Prize, 5s., to J. Colman, Esq., Reigate (gr. W. King).

Third Prize, 3s., to Hon. F. W. Buxton, Sawbridgeworth
(gr. W. H. Godden).

Class 77.—Bramley’s Seedling.

First Prize, 7s., to Prince Hatzfeldt, Chippenham (gr. J. Gibson).
Second Prize, 5s., to Capt. Carstairs, Newbury (gr. C. Ross).
Third Prize, 3s., to J. Colman, Esq., Reigate (gr. W. King).

Class 78.—Cellini.
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs, Newbury (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. J. Nowell, Abergavenny.
Third Prize, 3s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).

Class 79.—Cox’s Pomona.
First Prize, 7s., to J. Colman, Esq., Reigate (gr. W. King).
Second Prize, 5s., to
Third Prize, 3s., to Lady Fortescue, Maidenhead (gr. C. Herrin).

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 157

Class 80.—Duchess of Oldenburg.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. J. Nowell, Abergavenny.
Second Prize, 5s., to T. Oliverson, Esq., Staplehurst (gr. W.
Lewis).

Class 81.—Dumelow’s Seedling (syn. Wellington and
Normanton Wonder).
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs, Newbury (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to Lady Fortescue (gr. C. Herrin).
Third Prize, 3s., to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).

Class 82.—Ecklinville Seedling.
First Prize, 7s., to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq., Maidstone (gr. G.
Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to J. T. Charlesworth, Esq., Nutfield (gr. T. W.
Herbert).

Class 88.—Emperor Alexander.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq., Maidstone (gr. G.
Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to F.S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Third Prize, 3s., to Sir E. G. Loder, Bart. (gr. G. Goldsmith).

Class 84.—Gascoyne’s Scarlet.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 3s., to Col. H. Walpole, Winchfield (gr. A. Maxim).

Class 85.—Golden Noble.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to J. T. Charlesworth, Esq. (gr. T. W.
Herbert).
Third Prize, 3s., to F. 8S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).

Class 86.—Golden Spire.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. J. Nowell, Abergavenny.
Third Prize, 3s., to T. Oliverson, Esq. (gr. W. Lewis).

Class 87.—Grenadier.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 3s., to Lady Fortescue (gr. C. Herrin).

Class 88.—Hawthornden (New).
First Prize, 7s., to J. T. Charlesworth, Esq. (gr. T. W. Herbert).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Lady Fortescue, Maidenhead (gr. C. Herrin).
G

158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 89.—Hormead Pearmain.
First Prize, 7s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to. Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.

Class 90.—Lane’s Prince Albert.
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. G. H. Sage, Richmond, Surrey.

Class 91.—Lord Derby.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward). *
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. G. H. Sage, Richmond.
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.

Class 92.—Lord Grosvenor.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. J. H. Salmon, Rowton, Chester.

Class 98.—Lord Suffield.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 3s., to T. Oliverson, Esq. (gr. W. Lewis).

Class 94.—Meére de Ménage.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. T. Turton, Reading.
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).

Class 95.—Newton Wonder.
First Prize, £1 (presented by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons,
Chilwell, Notts), to Messrs. de Rothschild (gr. J. Hudson).
Second Prize, 5s., to Ph. Crowley, Esq., Croydon (gr. J. Harris).
Third Prize, 3s., to T. Oliverson, Esq. (gr. W. Lewis).
Class 96.—Peasgood’s Nonsuch.
First Prize, 7s., to Horticultural College, Swanley.

Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. J. Morter, Upper Norwood.
Third Prize, 3s., to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).

Class 97.—Pott’s Seedling.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. J. H. Salmon, Rowton, Chester.
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Class 98.—Royal Jubilee.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Third Prize, 3s., to Ph. Crowley, Esq. (gr. J. Harris).

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 159

Class 99.—Sandringham.

First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mrs. Crawford (gr. W. Slogrove).
Third Prize, 8s., to F. 8S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).

Class 100.—Seaton House.

Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. T. Turton, Reading.

Class 101.—Spencer’s Favourite (syn. Queen Caroline).
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Class 102.—Stirling Castle.
First Prize, 7s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. Bannister).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. J. H. Salmon, Rowton, Chester.
Third Prize, 3s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).

Class 108.—Stone’s (syn. Loddington Seedling).
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Third Prize, 3s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).

Class 104.—The Queen.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. G. Chambers, Mereworth.
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

Class 105.—Tower of Glamis.
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).

Class 106.—Warner’s King.

First Prize, 7s., to F. 8. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield.
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. T. W. Startup, Maidstone.

Class 107.—Any other variety.
First Prize, 7s., to Mr. W. Mancey, Merstham.
Second Prize, 5s., to F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq. (gr. J. McKenzie).
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).

The First won with ‘ Hollandbury.’

The Second won with ‘Striped Beefing.’

The Third won with ‘ Waltham Abbey.’

a 2

160 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DESSERT PEARS.

Class 108.—DBergamotte Esperen.

First Prize, 7s., to Rev. O. L. Powell, Weybridge (gr. A. Basile).

Second Prize, 5s., to J. R. Brougham, Esq., Carshalton (gr. W.
Jones).

Third Prize, 3s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).

Class 109.—Beurre Bosc.

First Prize, 7s., to Hon. W. Lowther, Wickham Market (gr. A.
Andrews).

Second Prize, 5s., to C. R. W. Adeane, Esq. (gr. J. Hill).

Third Prize, 3s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. H.
Bannister).

Class 110.—Beurre Diel.
First Prize, 7s., to Earl Percy, Brentford (gr. G. Wythes).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. H.
Bannister).

Class 111.—Beurre Dumont.
No competition.

Class 112.—Beurre Hardy.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Hon. W. Lowther (gr. A. Andrews).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. J. Spottiswood, Brighton.

Class 118.—Beurre Superfin.

First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).
Third Prize, 3s., to Sir W. Geary (gr. W. Cotterell).

Class 114.— Bon Chrétien (Williams).
No competition.

Class 115.—Conference.
First Prize, 7s., to J. W. Melles, Esq. (gr. J. Nicholson).

Class 116.—Maréchal (or Conseiller) de Cour.
First Prize, 7s., to Rev. O. L. Powell (gr. A. Basile).
Second Prize, 5s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. H.
Bannister).
Third Prize, 3s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith),

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 161

Class 117.—Doyenne du Comice.
First Prize, 7s., to Col. Archer Houblon (gr. B. Calvert).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to G. H. Field, Esq. (gr. R. Edwards).

Class 118.—Duchesse de Bordeaux.
First Prize, 7s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).

Class 119.—Durondeau.
First Prize, 7s., to J. K. D. Wingfield-Digby, Esq. (gr. W. J.
Pragnell).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Sir W. Geary (gr. W. Cotterell).

Class 120.—Easter Beurre.
First Prize, 7s., to Col. Brymer (gr. J. Powell).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to J. R. Brougham, Esq. (gr. W. Jones.

Class 121.—Emile d’Heyst.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Sir &. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).
Third Prize, 3s., to Rev. O. L. Powell (gr. A. Basile).

Class 122.—Fondante d’Automne.
Second Prize, 5s., to Rev. O. L. Powell (gr. A. Basile).
Third Prize, 3s., to Sir E. G. Loder (gr. G. Goldsmith).

Class 128.—Glou Morceau.
First Prize, 7s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G: Woodward).
Second Prize, 5s., to Sir W. Geary, Bart. (gr. W. Cotterell).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. C. W. Chard.

Class 124.—Josephine de Malines.
First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq. (gr. G. Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Col. Brymer, M.P. (gr. J. Powell).

Class 125.—Louise Bonne.
First Prize, 7s.. to H.H. Prince Hatzfeldt, Chippenham (gr.
W. Gibson).
Second Prize, 5s., to H. H. Hurvard, Esq., Attleboro’ (gr.

J. Bowery).
Third Prize, 3s., to R. Worsley, Esq., Cuckfield (gr. F. Potter).

Class 126.—Marie Louise.
First Prize, 7s., to C. R. W. Adeane, Cambridge (gr. J. Hill).

Second Prize, 5s., to W. A. Cook, Calne, Wilts.
Third Prize, 3s., to Col. Brymer, Dorchester (gr. J. Powell).

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Class 127.—Marguerite Marrillat,
No competition.

Class 128.—Nouvelle Fulvie.

First Prize, 7s., to H. C. Moffatt, Esq., Ross (gr. T. Spencer).
Second Prize, 5s., to Karl Perey, Brentford (gr. G. Wythes).
Third Prize, 3s., to Rev. O. L. Powell, Weybridge (gr. A. Basile).

Class 129.—Pitmaston Duchess.

First Prize, 7s., to Horticultural College, Swanley.

Second Prize, 5s., to W. Mancey, Esq., Merstham.

Third Prize, 3s., to A. O. Smith, Esq., East Grinstead (gr.
C. Harris).

Class 180.—Seckle.

First Prize, 7s., to Capt. Carstairs, Newbury (gr. C. Ross).
Second Prize, 5s., to Col. Archer Houblon, Bishops Stortford.
Third Prize, 3s., to Col. Brymer (gr. J. Powell).

Class 181.—Souvenir du Congrés.

First Prize, 7s., to H. St. Vincent Ames, Esq., Westbury-on-
Trym (gr. W. H. Bannister).

Class 182.—Thompson’s.

First Prize, 7s., to Lady H. Somerset, Ledbury (gr. F. Harris).
Second Prize, 5s., to Col. Brymer (gr. J. Powell).
Third Prize, 3s., to H. St.Vincent Ames, Esq. (gr. W. H. Bannister).

Class 183.—Triomphe de Vienne.
No competition.

Class 184.—Winter Nelis.
First Prize, 7s., to G. H. Field, Esq., Sevenoaks (gr. R.
Edwards).
Second Prize, 5s., to R. Leigh, Esq., Maidstone (gr. G.
Woodward).
Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, Uckfield, Sussex.

Class 185,—Any other variety.

I"irst Prize, 7s., to Mr. W. Sanders, Andover.

Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. Prinsep, Uckfield.

Third Prize, 3s., to Mr. W. Pope, Newbury.
The First and Second won with ‘ Duchesse d’Angouléme.’
The Third won with ‘ Marie Louise d’Uccle.’

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 163

Division V.
(Prizes presented by Messrs. J. Veitch & Son.)

Class 186.—Best Flavoured Apple.

First Prize, 10s., to Mr. H. C. Prinsep, for Cox’s Orange.

Second Prize, 5s., to Mr. 'T. W. Startup, for Ribston Pippin.
Class 137.—Best Flavoured Pear.

First Prize, 10s., to Sir W. Geary, Bart., for ‘ Thompson’s.’

Second Prize, 5s., to Sir W. Geary, Bart., for ‘ Beurre Hardy.’

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS.

Perhaps the finest exhibit of Apples in the wkole Show—
certainly the finest from an amateur—was that of Major W.
Bythway (gr. Mr. Wilkins), of Warborough, Llanelly. It con-
sisted of 100 dishes, and it is hardly too much to say that there
was not one even second-rate dish amongst them—all were
excellent, and many surprisingly so, in cleanness, evenness, size,
and colour. In the face of such a collection it is hardly possible
to consider South Wales a bad district for Apples.

The Gold Medal offered by the Worshipful Company of
Fruiterers, which was withheld in Class 14, was, by permission
of the Company, awarded to Major Bythway for this magnificent
exhibit.

From the Society’s own Gardens came a collection of Grapes,
intended to illustrate the characteristics of the different varieties :
Gros Colmar, Royal Muscadine, Canon Hall Muscat, Gros
Maroc, Mrs. Pearson, Mrs. Pince, Muscat Hamburgh, Golden
Queen, Muscat of Alexandria, Black Hamburgh, Gros Guillaume,
Raisin de Calabre, Dutch Hamburgh, Foster’s Seedling, Black
Monukka, and Alicante. There were also exhibited for the same
purpose about 30 dishes of Pears of the less well-known varieties.

The Horticultural College at Swanley sent a large collection
of fruit and nuts. The fruit was of good quality, but much
alteration was required in the naming of the varieties.

The collection sent by Messrs. Rivers & Son, of Sawbridge-
worth, Herts, was most beautifully set out, having little bush-
trees in pots, in the centre, laden with fruit; and below, small
clumps of different varieties of Apples, Pears, Grapes, Peaches,
and Plums laid out without plates upon a carpet of fresh green
moss.

Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent a magnificent

164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

exhibit, consisting of 100 dishes of Apples, 90 of Pears, 10 of late
Plums, and a few dishes of Figs, Medlars, and Cherries. But
what, perhaps, most attracted the attention of the general public
was the beautiful and exquisitely coloured fruiting sprays of
Physalis Francheti, the new and enlarged ‘ Winter Cherry’ of
gardens, recently brought from Japan by a member of the firm.
Gardeners, however, were at least equally attracted by a tray of
48 simply superb fruits of Cox’s Orange Pippin, the like of which
for culture have seldom if ever been seen.

Messrs. Veitch also contributed a large table of ornamental
fruited and berried plants, for which the thanks of all lovers of
such decorative autumnal subjects must have been most cordially
awarded. ‘They were not only lovely in themselves, but most
instructive ; and it must have come as a surprise to many, if not
to most, that we have such a wealth of beautiful berry-bearing
plants growing in England. The following plants were repre-
sented in the group, the English names being added when

well known :—

Alnus cordifolia. The Heart-shaped Alder.
» pendula.

Amelancluer floribunda. The Canadian Grape Peay.
Arbutus procera= A. Menziesit.

Unedo. The Strawberry Tree.
Asparagus officinalis.
Berberis vulgaris. The Barberry.

o Thunbergit.

of aristata.
a asiatica.

Cerasus lusitanica. The Portugal Laurel.
- laurocerasus. ‘The Laurel.

Colutea arborescens. The Woody Bladder Senna.

Cornus sanguinea atrosanguinea. ‘The Dark Blood-red Dogwood.
» mas. The Cornelian Cherry.

Cotoneaster uniflora

5 Simonsit.

Ee bacillaris.

ms buxtfolia.

i. microphylla.

i horizontals, '

i frigida.
affimis.

99
Crataegus orientalis. The Eastern Hawthorn.
ne Aronia=C. Maura. The Mediterranean Hawthorn.
% qlandulosa=C. flava. The Yellow-berried Hawthorn.
; prunfolia = C. crus-galli.
Mm melanocarpa. The Black-fruited Hawthorn.
rr oxyacantha. The Hawthorn.
= Laelandi.
. cordata. 'The Washington Thorn.
coccinea corallina.

GREAT EXHIBITION OF BRITISH-GROWN FRUIT. 165

Crategus punctata splendens.
orientalis sanguinea.
tomentosa.
pyracantha. The Evergreen Thorn.
es coccinea. The Scarlet-berried Thorn.
Euonynus japonicus. The Japanese Spindle Wood.
if europeus. The Spindle Wood.
ie a fructu-albo. White-fruited Spindle Wood,
Gleditschia triacanthos. The Honey Locust.
Hedera helix arborescens chrysocarpa. 'The Yellow-berried Tree Ivy.
Hippophe rhamnoides. 'The Sea Buckthorn.
Hypericum androsemum. Sweet Amber.
ns pyranudatum. Pyramidal St. John’s Wort.
Ilex Aquifolium flavum. The Yellow-berried Holly.
» Lerado,
Laurus nobilis. The Bay Tree.
Leycesteria formosa.
Magnolia purpurea.
Mespilus germanica. The Medlar.
Pernettya mucronata. The Prickly Heath.
45 + speciosa.
3 angustifolia.
Pterocarya caucasica. The Caucasian Walnut.
Pyrus Malus var. The Fairy Crab Apple.
os » spectabilis alba.
» TLoringo. The Toringo Crab.
,» torminalis. The Wild Service Tree.
coronaria. The Sweet-scented Crab.
» Malus Berlin. Bertin’s Crab.
» salvifolia.
5, Malus mgra.
se Calis.
a » var. The Dartmouth Crab.
» aria. The White Beam Tree.
» floribunda =arbutifolia.
Quercus Ilex. The Evergreen, or Holm, Oak.
Rhamnus cathartica. The Buckthorn.
$5 frangula. ‘The Berry-bearing Alder.
fiosa rugosa alba.
, rubiginosa. The Eglantine or Sweet Briar.
» rugosa.
» simplex.
Sambucus racemosa. The Scarlet-berried Elder.
Skimmia japonica.
A fragrans.
Staphyllea pinnata. St. Anthony’s Bladder-nut.
Styrax japonica. The Twiggy Storax.
», Obassia.
Symphoricarpus racemosus. The Snow Berry.
Trochodendron aralioides.
Viburnum Opulus. The Guelder Rose.
$9 rugosum. The Wrinkled Laurestinus.
Xanthoceras sorbifolia.

Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, showed 150 dishes of very
fine Apples and Pears, and some most interesting little two-year-
old trees of ‘ Bismarck’ bearing wonderful crops of Apples.

166 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messrs. J. Laing & Son filled a large table with boxes and
baskets of Apples and Pears, some of the latter being of great
size and beauty. Grapes were also included.

Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, exhibited very fine Apples and
Pears and some Royal Muscadine Grapes which had been grown
out of doors.

Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons, of Chilwell, Notts, brought only
one variety of Apple, ‘Newton Wonder,’ but of it they had 20
magnificent dishes and three large basketfuls. It isa very fine,
large, solid, late-keeping, cooking Apple of sterling merit.

Mr. J. Watkins, of Hereford, showed a large and interesting
collection of named Cider Apples, most of them being of superb
colour. Although most of them were very inferior as dessert
Apples, they were said to be far more valuable for cider-making
than any of the choicest table fruits (see p. 199).

Messrs. Chas. Lee & Son, Hammersmith, sent a fine collec-
tion of 100 dishes and baskets of Apples and Pears.

Messrs. 8. Spooner & Sons, Hounslow, staged their Apples
and Pears in pyramids. The fruit was clean and of good
quality.

Messrs. J. Peed & Son, Norwood, sent a very interesting
collection of Apples and Pears of fine colour and quality.

Messrs. Gaymer & Sons, Attleborough, Norfolk, sent a large
and varied collection of Cider Apples.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, sent a collection of
Tomatos, chiefly ‘ Young’s Eclipse.’

Messrs. Fellowes & Ryder, Orpington, Kent, exhibited a
magnificent display of upwards of 800 fruits of Tomato ‘ Duke of
York.’ The fruits were all perfectly clean and free from spot,
and remarkably even in size and appearance.

Mr. W. Horne, Perry Hill, Cliffe, Rochester, showed 12
varieties of excellent Apples and Pears.

Mr. B. Wells, Crawley, sent a collection of very fine Apples.

Mr. H. Becker, Jersey, exhibited ‘Royal Jersey Pear-
main,’ a finely coloured Apple, and several other Jersey-grown
fruits.

Mr. Crump, Leamington, showed a new black Grape, ‘ Royal
Leamington,’ a variety with handsome bunches and large dark
oval berries. They were not fully ripe, so that it may possibly

BRITISH FRUIT GROWING FROM A FOOD POINT OF VIEW. 167

prove to be a useful addition to our late-keeping varieties. This
remains to be seen.

Mr. H. A. Orr, of Bedford, exhibited specimens of his most
handy and compact Trays for storing Apples, Pears, &c.

THE JUDGES.

The following gentlemen kindly acted as Judges, and the best
thanks of the Society are due to them for their labours :—Messrs.
H. Balderson, N. Barnes, A. IF’. Barron, W. Bates, J. Cheal,
W. Crump, A. Dean, J. Douglas, T. Glen, C. Herrin, J. Hudson,
W. Jarman, J. MacIndoe, H. Markham, G. Norman, A. H.
Pearson, W. Pope, T. I. Rivers, J. Smith, O. Thomas, J. Watkins,
J. Wright, G. Wythes.

CONFERENCE.
THURSDAY, OcTOBER 1.

The Chair was taken by Mr. George Bunyard, I’.R.H.S., of
Maidstone, at 3.80 P.m., who at once called on Mr. Edmund J.
Baillie, F.R.H.S., F.L.8., of Chester, who read the following
paper :—

THE IMPORTANCE OF BRITISH FRUIT GROWING
FROM A FOOD POINT OF VIEW.

By Mr. Epmunp J. Baruuin, F.L.S.

The subject upon which I have been asked to write a short
paper is one which suggests consideration in a direction some-
what different from that in which, usually, the thoughts of the
Fellows of this Society are invited. The papers read before us
usually deal more or less with aspects of practical produc-
tion, and deal, in the main, with facts bearing upon various
features of horticulture or of botanical science, whilst the paper
I am permitted to read to you to-day treats more of an economic
subject, bearing more indirectly than directly upon the question
of production ; though I wish to show that, if fruit production is
to be what we as horticulturists would wish it to be, we cannot
afford to lose sight of the circumstances connected with the
economic aspect to which I have referred, nor yet of some other
features to which I wish more particularly to direct your
attention.

168 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

+H

In considering all questions bearing upon ‘ life’’ and its
activities it is useful, and indeed necessary, to observe and pre-
serve a proper balance ; in other words, everything must proceed
in relationship to its surroundings, and in a well-ordered state
as in a well-ordered life, or vice versd, right advancement depends
upon right relationship—upon a properly maintained balance.
If by any chance one section of circumstance or one set of cir-
cumstances should receive over-attention, and be forced unduly
out of place, the reaction is the more extreme and the rebound
the more serious. The great law of average will not be despised,
and in the evolution of the world this law acts as an unperceived
safety-valve on the one hand, and as an impelling force on the
other. Thus we are constantly compelled to remind ourselves of
a right relationship between theory and practice; between science
and art; between what is roughly (but probably incorrectly)
called capital and labour; and within the sciences the ‘‘ologies”’
must keep due place side by side with each other. So
following this line of thought into the practical field of bodily
need and human requirements for the daily life, we find the pro-
duction of honey, the preservation of fruit, by bottled process,
by crystallisation, and by evaporation, not only finding a place in
the programme of the annual exhibitions of the Royal Horticul-
tural and Royal Agricultural Societies, but practical demonstra-
tions are given in these departments and in other departments
more or less closely connected with domestic arrangements, and
with household economy. And these have proved features of
interest and instruction, adding emphasis, in a field so practical,
to the great axiom in art principles—testifying to the unity of
art over the wide area of its varied range and the complexities
of its adaptation in the phrase “ Art is one.”’

It is perfectly right to assist education in the matter of pro-
duction in all its varying aspects, for though Nature is helpful
and beneficent, her laws are inexorable, and the successful
culturist must, with his operations, assist, and not attempt to
defeat, her beneficent aims; yet, after all, it will be found
necessary in turn to assist production, or rather the producer, by
turning our thoughts and attention away from the direct question
of practical production itself to that necessary aspect which
produce demands—namely, “ distribution”; for the accumula-
tion of perishable produce necessarily compels the provision of

BRITISH FRUIT GROWING FROM A FOOD POINT OF VIEW. 169

markets, and the attendance of purchasers, in order that money
returns for expended labour may find their way to the pockets of
the fruit farmer. The attendance of purchasers in turn betokens
the existence of consumers, and therefore whilst we educate
persons to produce fruit, we must also educate persons in the
direction of fruit consuming when it zs produced. That briefly
is the field over which my paper would seem to take us this
afternoon, ‘‘The Importance of British Fruit Growing from a
Food Point of View.”

First, then, let us briefly consider what will immediately be
a very obvious fact, namely, that we are dealing with a necessary
requirement of the great human family—Food. There may be
different views as to what may constitute the necessaries and
the luxuries of life. Some people may so distort desire and
indulge appetite as to believe they see wonderful force in the
eccentric expression of the French philosopher who declared
that, if he could have the luxuries of life, those who wanted them
were welcome to the necessaries. This opens up a very wide
question, and one upon which a great deal has been said and
written, sometimes in a spirit of banter, at other times in sober
earnest. On the other hand a learned professor, endeared to all
who have the honour of his acquaintance or the delight of his
friendship, has declared, ‘‘ Give me good bread and pure water,
and I have the necessaries of life; add an apple, and I have its
luxuries.”” This was not spoken in jest, for the same individual
with a noble aim lived for months on a few pence a day to show
to the poverty-stricken people of the Hast End of London that for
the maintenance of life but little was really needed. Not long
ago a discussion was carried on in which some witty jokist
wondered why it was that folk like these did not live on sawdust;
the rejoinder was, I remember, somewhat in these words: “ If
your wooden-headed correspondent likes to live on sawdust him-
self nobody will object; but it is thought by those to whom
he directs his wit that there are other elements in the vegetable
kingdom more suitable as articles of diet.’’ But the letter pro-
duced some other correspondence, pointing out upon what odd
material many of the people of the world found it possible to
preserve existence. All this, however, lies outside the range of
our thoughts to-day.

Food mainly comes, then, from the two kingdoms which we

170 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

broadly designate the animal and the vegetable. I see here an
excellent opportunity for advancing the claims and the ethical
teaching of the Vegetarian and kindred Societies, whose aims are
directed to the inculcation of the notion that the proper food for
man is to be obtained entirely from the vegetable kingdom. But
whilst I wish to be true to myself, and to my principles, by pro-
fessing that I most heartily agree with this doctrine, having put its
ethics into the practice of my own life for over twenty years, still
I must not take up the time of a meeting of this character with
the elucidation or advocacy of the principles of vegetarianism any
more than it serves my immediate purpose. But, according to
the title I have already quoted, we have nothing to do with the
animal kingdom in our consideration and discussion of our
subject, and we may therefore come at once to the region of the
vegetable world, whilst we take a somewhat closer view of all
that it embraces and implies.

The food stuffs from the vegetable world are far more im-
portant than appears without some consideration. The order
Graminew, for instance, dealing with the grasses over the whole
face of the globe, holds a wonderful place in the production of foods
for the human race. There is a remarkably wide range in the
field purely vegetable; thus we may be reminded how we take the
tubers of one family of plants and the tuberous roots of others,
the leaf stalks of some, such as Rhubarb, the flowering stems of
others, and the seed vessels or the fruit of most; and this all
constitutes an interesting subject for closer study ; but to-day we
are speaking of fruit. Now fruit, botanically speaking, I need
not remind you, would include al! the cereals, or the marketable
produce of cereals, such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, and so on, as
well as the legumes and pulses—Peas, Beans, and the like—and
in this relationship, in common with a good number of persons
who have studied dietetics, [ hold that fruit is the highest form
of food for the human family. That is to say, those portions of
plants which do not come into direct contact with the soil or with
manurial agents, but which are borne, carried, developed and
matured in the air and sunlight, and, as a rule, have within
them the vital properties of the renewal of the life of the species
in some form or other. These portions of the plants and trees
about us form a most valuable contribution to man’s physical
needs in the direction of appetite. But to-day we do not take so

‘BRITISH FRUIT GROWING FROM A FOOD POINT OF VIEW. wal

wide a range as this would indicate, for I take it that the word
“fruit,” as generally understood by the popular mind, restricts
us to pomes, drupes, berries, and nuts.

Now, in dealing with the food question, one has to consider
it from various points of view. There is the range over which it
extends, briefly indicated by the divisions into which we classify
members of the animal kingdom as carnivorous, herbivorous,
omnivorous. We know quite well that man is to be found,
practically, in all these divisions; that is to say, there are races
of men who are nearly allied to the carnivora; others, as I have
pointed out to you, are eaters of herbs; whilst the great bulk of
people over the civilised globe, if not omnivorous, are, at any
rate, advocates of a mixed diet, selected from the animal and
the vegetable kingdoms in varying proportions. But we must
not lose sight of the fact that, as a broad principle, the savage
nations are more closely addicted to carnivorous habits, and
there are students—biblical and otherwise—who haye held that
the nearer a man approaches to a state of primitive innocence,
or, indeed, innocence of any kind, the more likely is he to select
his diet entirely from the vegetable kingdom. Whilst, then, it is
an admitted fact—and this is important to our argument—that it
is quite possible to sustain healthy, vigorous, and active life,
physical and mental, upon a diet of herbs and fruits, and whilst
there are thousands of people who adopt this diet as a matter of
principle, there are also millions of people who are in reality, if not
in name, vegetarians simply on account of the economic character
which this system of diet favours. Until recent years almost the
entire labouring population of Ireland and the greater part of
Scotland were largely vegetarians in practice, whilst whole
nations in different parts of the habitable world maintain life
without having recourse to flesh diet at all. I am simply now
speaking of what—I take it—is a neceseary item to prove,
namely, that fruit has a food value that has never been over-
rated, but in the majority of instances is sadly wnder-rated, and
in the actual practice of daily life is, broadly speaking, in this
country hardly realised at all. Now, it would be quite within
my province here to produce statistics to uphold the view I have
just submitted; but anyone interested in this particular aspect of
the question can obtain information from the Vegetarian Society
or from a little pamphlet by Mr. A. W. Duncan, F.C.S., called

172 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

“Foods and their Comparative Values,” from which the following
tables and statistics have been taken :—

CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD.

The letters refer to the authorities for the analyses :—/. B., James Bell; W. B., A. W.
Blyth; A., Konig, mean of 70 analyses ; C., Cameron; H., Otto Hehner ; J., Johnstone.

The other analyses are nearly all taken from Professor Church’s useful work on “ Food”
(published for three shillings by Chapman & Hall), to which the inquirer is referred.

CLASS I— NUTRIENTS.

Division I.—IncomBustTIBLE CoMPOUNDS.

| Quantity foundin | Quantity found in

| plant food | animal food
Group 1. WATER . ‘ : .| Verylarge. | Very large.
Group 2. SALTS— |
Phosphate of lime . : .| Abundant. | Bones large, flesh
| | small.
Chloride of soda 5 | Small. | Abundant.
Potash salts, &c. ; : : Abundant. Small.

Division II.—CompBvustTIBLE CoMpPouNDs.

Quantity found in Quantity found in
plant food animal food
Group 3. CARBON Compounds— |
I. CARBO-HYDRATES— |
Starch : : : 5 Very large. Minute.
Sugar, gum, pectose, &c. . Abundant. In Milk.
Il. Far anp O1L— Nuts, large; fruits Generally large.

generally small.

Group 4. NITROGEN Compounds—
I. Ausumtnorps or Proteids —

Albumin, Fibrin, &c. . . | Cerealsand Nuts, Very large.

large.
Casein, Legumin , .| Pulse large. Cheese and Milk,
II. Non-ALBUMINOIDS — | large.
Gelatin, Ossein, &e. . m None. Bone, skin, &c.

CLASS IIl.—FOOD ADJUNCTS.

Group 1. VonariLE or Essentian Os. , | In Condiments, Spices, &c.

Group 2. Vrcrrasie Acips (citric, tartaric, &c.) | In Fruits, &c.
Group 3. ALKALOIDS ‘ ; ; ‘ . | In Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, &c.

Group 4. ALcoHoL . . . ; . . | In Fermented Liquors.
|

CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD. 173

GRAINS.
Heat-producers
100 Parts contain | Flesh- St: ae Mineral | ae | Wat
arts conta lage perl ee ee are | ee ater
&e.

Wheat, White English a ett Oi 1, .69°0 12 iy 2:6 14:5

Fine Flour, from white soft |
Wheat » WhOrbe | 743 0:8 0:7 0-7 | 13:0
Coarse Bran : BreliasO | 44-0) 4-0 6:0 °|.17:0 | 14:0
Household Flour, J. B. Pek 2 Ouse. abel he Oey 03) LES
Oatmeal, fresh Scotch PGE WP OorOn Or (| S2ak 8) 37 5°0
Bucky beat. husk free 152 63°6 3°4 aa | Qed 13°4
Pearl Barley . . .| 62 |760 | 13 | 11 | 08 | 146
Barley Meal : : cele Nr sge 0 ihe 5%, |, (O02 We tS:0
Rye Flour . 1 20° | LO 16 Oe 323) tod
Maize. : : oO) alba 5:0 2-0 5:0 | 14:5
Rice, cleaned . ‘ : | U5 76:0 0:5 0:5 0-9 14:6

= _BULSE. th
Pee et oot eras 957) Gil 65 | 165
Hemtile, 0 2) \ |. | 940 ' |) 49-0 | FG, | 800 | 6:9 | 14r5
Haricots . : : : | 23°70 | 52:3 | 9:3 2°9 5 oo | Ae)
LE Cae a Eee ie

Walnuts ft f ‘ a eceee-o S97 31-6 ET)
Filberts { {£ : ey OA SLED 28"5 15
Cocoa Nut, solid kernel. | 5°d Sl Tai 309 1:0

toto S
CO O@
Dae
io 2)
(3)

ROOTS AND it UBERS..

Potatos, K. ; ; 5

| LS) 20:6 0:2 1:0 One oar
Turnips, white . ai OED 4:0 O-1 0:8 By 92-8
CEST IM Mie ee 05 | 50 02 | 10 | 43 | 89-0
Parsnips 1-2 Sif, eo 10 56 | 81:0
Beetroot O24) TSA Ort 3°0 09" | 82-2
Jerusalem Artichokes 20 | 144 | 0°5 ala & 20) 18050
Onions : 15 ASS <i) Or 0-5 20) | OE
Radishes, C. 0:5 EO fa 22, 95:0

LEAVES, STEMS, STALKS, AND WHOLE PLANTS.
Cabbage ies) 58 05 1:2 2:0 | 89:0
Sea Kale 2°4 2°8 Sa 0°6 0:9 | }.95°3
Celery 1:2 3°8 ae 0:8 0°79. 1 93:3
Mushrooms 5:0 ao (OF 0°5 90-0
Lettuce 0-7 1:0 0:2 1:0 0°5 | 96:0
Watercress. nore 27 0-5 1°3 O-7,-:), Seal
Trish Moss . 94 | 5a4 14:2 2-2 | 18:8
Rhubarb* . 0-9 271 0°5 £1, | Boek
{+ Fresh kernels. * Contains 0°3 per cent. oxalic acid.

174 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUITS.
Heat-producers
: Flesh- iner: Indi
100 Parts contain fosaend pees im peeves gestible Water
&e.
Apples A 0:4 12:0 1-0 0:4 a2 83:0
Pears . : ; 0°3 11°6 Oss 0-3 ot 84:0
Gooseberries O-4 8°9 1:51 | .0°5 2°7 | 86:0
Grapes f 0-7 Ga 0°8]| 0°4 2°0 80:0
Strawberries, K.. 1:0 6°8 LO; | O38 273.» || Supe
Currants, K. ; , | Op 73 mate | Org. 46 | 848
Cherries ff A... : = 1. OG ay lilies OP) 07 G-L | 80°3
Plums t+ t+ K. : cal OS 11:0 O97. 2 0:7 54 81:2
Peaches + t 0°5 98 OTF 20° 3°4 | 85:0
Bananas 4:8 NE yf 06 | O8 072 | Wag
Figs, Turkey G1, 11659 0-9 2°3 gfe eee ee:
Dates t+ t 66 | 66°3 02 16 5:5 | 20°8
Tomatos . 1°4 8-0 ee 0:8 es 89°8
Vegetable Marrow 0:6 2°6 O02. Ore 1:3. | 94°8
Cucumbers. 0-2 at | O-4 0:5 96°2
MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCE.
Cows’ Milk. 4:0 5:0 atl 0°75 ce 86:5
Cream ; 6-0 20 36°3 0-2 ne 55:0
Skim Milk . ; 4:3 5:5 0-4 0:8 a 89:0
Asses’. Milk, W. B. 1°9 55 1:0 0-4 se 91:2
Goats’ Milk, W. B. on 4:0) 4:2 0°56 iste 875
Human Milk, W. B. 3°0 59 2°9 0°16 4.6 88:0
Butter adie Sone We 9-5. | OFS) S62). |eaded sear > LOO
Condensed Milk, H.** ./| 10:1 | 54:8 94 | 20 iets 23°7
Cheese, double Glo’ster, J. | 38°0 | 22:0 N20. |. case 35°8
Cheese, American, W. B. oe tl 85°4 4-8) 22°6
Hens’ Eges*f . 14:0 | Le Nees 71:7

Mr. Alkert Broadbent, of Manchester, has written an
interesting little book upon “ Fruits, Nuts, and Vegetables,’
from which I have extracted the following particulars, which
will give an idea of the food value of some of the most com-
monly used articles of diet :—

Potatos . .40z.solid foodin 11b. | Cucumber. . 20z.solid food in 1 1b.
Carrots 0 ” ” ” Asparagus ok ” ” ”
Parsnips 05) ‘ af A Cauliflower . 13 .5 a5
Beets . 23 ” ” ” Melon * 3 ” ” ”
Cabbage . 1} ” ” ” Onions . 2 ” ” ”
Spinach . 12 ” ” ” Tomato mp ” ” ”
Celery . hs aes » yy Green Peas .3 3 % a
Lettuce at &y, 9 9

+ Malic acid. t Citrie acid. || Tartarie acid, + + Without stones.

* + Extractives, &c., 2‘0 per cent.
** Mean of 13 analyses,7 brands. Milk sugar, 13°1 per cent. ; cane sugar, 41°7 per cent.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD. 1yV5

Nuts.
Chestnuts. .14}0z. food in 1 lb. Pea -nuts or
Walnutes 4.145 ,; 3 x Monkey-nuts 13 oz. food in 1 lb.
Hazel-nuts .143 ,, ss es Coco-nuts Sito; A Hi

‘SSweetAlmonds 145 __,, 5 >

Fruits, FRESH.

Apples . .20z. food in 1 lb. Gooseberries . 12 0z. food in 1 lb.
Apricots & 2 ”” 9 ” Pears Cv 2 ” ” ”
Blackberries .12 _,, S 3 Pliaigs io h gy ves 05) z3 9
Bananas As rf i Peaches. .. 22 ‘ 5 <
‘Cherries ae A ‘. Raspberries . 1 ‘i ‘ 7)
Cranberries . 3% o a Pr Strawberries .12__,, sf o
Currants . 12 ” ” ” Grapes . 3 ” ” ”
Fruits, DRIED.

Pranes. “+. 'ls-oz. food im PE tb) |) Raisins. < +11 0z-food in 11d:
Pearse. 15) i084, . a Sy tp aladg bk O ied bas A
Apples Sep a ” ” ” Datesas 2 yak ” ” ”
Cherries . . 8 ” ” ” |

All who have been brought up in the country know how
slender a part heavy meals of flesh-meat played in the life of the
farmer’s kitchen as apphed to the broad-shouldered, big-muscled
men who had to be up with daylight and get through a hard,
rough day’s work in harvest, or any other time, when men did
not work so much to the clock as they did with an eye to the
necessities of the occasion. Iam speaking now of perhaps five-
and-twenty years ago, when I was a great deal in the farmer’s
kitchen myself, and I know at those times the “ fleetines’’ from
the cheese-tub, or the milk from the churn, together with bread-
stuffs, formed the chief staple of the morning and evening meals ;
whilst on the dinner-table the Apple-dumpline, made in dishes
that would fill the boiler, formed the first feature towards which
forks and spoons were directed—for knives did not enter very
largely into the table cutlery—and I know this, after the farmers’
men had had a fair turn at the dumpling there was not room
for much more ; and upon diet mainly of this character in many
of the large farm-houses the hard work of ihe long labour day
was carried out ina healthy way by good-hearted, merry, con-
tented fellows, whose very looks were an inspiration. ‘Thus,
then, in actual practice and fact, fruits have for long years past
played an important part in dietetics, and have proved their
value from the point of view which those mostly concerned in

physical endurance would first consider.
H2

176 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Another important element which must have its due place in
our argument is the medicinal value of a diet in which fruits
are largely employed. Of late years it has become fashionable
with the medical profession to suggest the Grape cure, and other
cures of like nature, the basis of cure being found in the fact that
an almost exclusive diet of fruits is needful, or at least beneficial,
to the patient. If time permitted, andif I might venture into
the field of literature and poetry, we should be able to see how
the ‘seers of the past accepted very largely the truth of the
position I have thus briefly put before you, whilst they sang
the praises of the Apple especially, but of other fruits also; and
it would be an easy matter to cull from authentic literary pro-
ductions an anthology which would put every fruit in a place of
prominence in considering the inherent virtues possessed by
each, and in view of such facts it seems pitiable—I had almost
said criminal—that the use of fruits should be restricted to such
a narrowed area of the population.

There is the added evidence of the recognised value of fruit
as a marketable commodity borne out by statistics from a
different source, but readily obtainable by those who desire to
have them, that we, as a nation, pay millions of pounds annually
for the foreign importation of such articles as could readily be
produced at home. Let me be clearly understood. I am not
one of those mortals who, with pessimistic outlook and a
narrowed philosophy, regard every imported article as a bogey.
I realise thankfully the splendid addition to our National
resources of true wealth and health by the Grapes, the Oranges,
Lemons, Apples, and other choice products of nature which
come to us from over the seas; but the fact still remains, that
there is no necessity for us to import, say, a single barrel of
Apples; and whilst I thankfully realise and joyfully admit that
the question of fruit as food is too narrow to be only National,
but wide enough to be gloriously International, yet I also
maintain that there are no fruits for Britishers to compare with
British-grown fruits; so that, even as we stand now as to the
laws of demand and supply, there is room enough yet for the
production of home-grown fruit in much greater abundance than
is at present possible.

There is another aspect which we must not overlook, for
whilst up to this point I have advocated the use of fruits purely

CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD. 177

from a point of view suggesting benefit to the users or the con-
sumers, the production of fruits is the healthiest, happiest
occupation to which man can lend himself. The proper pro-
duction of fruits necessitates also the employment of labour in a
degree which is not approached by agriculture, or by those
methods of culture which are engaged and expended upon the
coarser products, and therefore permitting the employment of
coarser methods. I need not follow this argument further, and
have merely introduced it to strengthen the case from a point of
view which, to my mind, is one of its most important aspects.
There is one other point which I must not altogether omit.
The importance of home-grown fruit will never be rightly
realised until the great masses of the population, especially in
the denser centres, are better educated in questions, first, of
household thrift and economy; and, secondly, in habits of
domestic cleanliness and in the realisation of the importance of
happy, healthy environment; and until, thirdly, they are
schooled and practised in the better methods of cookery, which
would imply and compel the immediate revision of their pre-
conceived notions of the relative values of foodstuffs, and would
introduce them forcibly to the importance of right dietetic
principles as applied to cottage homes and to the needs of the
working population generally. Whether we agree with the
extreme notion that fruit is the most important item in the
dietary list of the people or not, we shall all, I feel sure, agree
upon two points: first, that even in most well-ordered households
flesh foods at present form a too important and constant item of
diet; and, secondly, with regard to the working classes fruit as
food is practically unknown. This is no exaggeration. I have
made personal inquiries. I have had statistics prepared for me
over different districts, and as bearing upon different conditions
of the population, and it is a lamentable fact that when home-
erown fruits have been so plentiful that they have been allowed
either to rot on the trees or spoil upon the orchard floor, there
are cottage homes that have not laid out one penny upon fruit
during the weeks in which it was so superabundant; and if you
ventured down a street crowded with children, little and big, in
various degrees of neglect, and with squalor and thriftlessness
everywhere apparent, a basket of Apples or Plums would make
you the centre of a clamouring crowd. The great advance made

178 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in the so-called education of the people in recent years by our
system of technical instruction and other advanced methods of
modern political economy are doubtless commendable, but even.
with these improved conditions there is yet a lamentable lack of
that better teaching, that higher education, in the particular
direction to which I have endeavoured to draw your thoughts,
and one has only to gain access to the home of an ordinary
working-man, or to become sufficiently friendly to get near him
at his dinner-time, to see upon what sorry stuff he has to bear
the burden and heat of a labour day.

I think that the Royal Horticultural Society, a society which
has done such noble work, and which, with the increased zeal
and enthusiasm of the later years, is so actively promoting fruit:
growing as an important industry, will add still greener laurels
to its wreath, if it will help the work of existing organisations:
bent upon the improvement of the economic aspect of the condi-
tion of the people by advocating methods of instruction in the
arts of cookery—no, indeed, but in the Art of Life—by pointing
out that whilst the Society is engaged in the fair field of nature,
and in the gay gardens of the horticultural world, it estimates—and
estimates rightly—that the production of all that is possible and
beautiful from the realm of nature is, after all, but means to an end.
If we overlook the importance, nay, the sacredness, of the end, our
advocacy of means and method is of little avail. On the one
hand, the claims that we as a Society advocate tend to the
employment of labour in healthy occupation; on the other, the
energies of labour so happily and wisely directed, and so bene-
ficently assisted, have for the ultimate end the healthier, hap-
vier, brighter life of the peoples of the earth, and in this noble
crusade we can well inscribe upon our banners “ Health, con-
tentment, and peace.”’

All this opens up the way to a widely extended programme.
It takes us through the open country, where the gardens and the
orchards are responsive to the activity and care bestowed upon
them. We advise, suggest, and direct as to what may best be
done, and how to do it. We examine, compare, select, and
bestow the mark of praise upon all that seems to us best; but it
would be well if we found it our pleasure, or our duty, or both,
to devise means and methods to help the producer to get over
difficulties which meet him sternly in the face—difficulties of

CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD. 179

carriage, say, and of market methods—which he cannot fight
single-handed, and under the burden of which he cannot make
fair head-way. Then the wide question of education in the
direction of the encouragement of a more general use of fruits
and their proper preparation ; and the side issues to which we
are thus introduced—philanthropical, educational, commercial,
and national—all these come in; and I would fain hope that you
will determine that these considerations are well worth your
closer and more serious attention. Unless we grapple with
them—unless we meet them and try to deal with them
favourably and earnestly—we can never rightly realise ‘ The
Importance of British Fruit Growing from a Food Point of
View.”’

DISCUSSION.

Mr. W. Roupsrtt, speaking as an experienced fruit-grower,
said he always listened with the greatest pleasure and profit to
Mr. Baillie. Alluding specially to Tomatos, he said the fact
that such large quantities were being consumed was something
to be thankful for. Nothing had surprised him so much as the
rapid growth of the taste for that fruit. He remembered the
time when Tomatos were looked upon as very little superior in
flavour to the Potato-apple, but now the demand exceeded the
supply. Of course, he was speaking of sound, ripe fruit, and
not of the rubbish that was put upon the market. With refer-
ence to the views of vegetarians, he could not help thinking that
a Norfolk dumpling was greatly improved by the addition of a
little bit of beef-suet ; and he noticed that vegetarians spoke as
if they eschewed everything but vegetable food, while at the same
time indulging in milk, cheese, and sometimes good beef gravy.
With regard to the planting of Apples, he said his experience
had shown that if they had a fairly good soil and used the Para-
dise stock, they could get a crop the second year after planting,
and might look for an average crop every year after. If one sort
did not bear, another would, and it was only necessary to select
those of good quality. The old varieties were many of them now
out of date, and a nurseryman would be only too glad to obliterate
them from the list altogether. That, however, could not be
done, because gardeners are continually asked by some old-
fashioned persons for a particular variety they were fond of when

180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

boys. With Cox’s Orange Pippin, the American Mother, and
one or two other varieties, they could dispense with the old
Ribston. A dozen varieties of Apples might be grown in an
average garden, but care should be taken that the soil was
not exhausted, as was too often the case, before the planting took
place.

Mr. BasHam spoke of the enormous benefits which would
accrue to the coal-miners and other hard workers in Monmouth-
shire and South Wales if they made a freer use of the Apple.
He considered growers had got beyond the stage of carping
criticism, and he was certain they could outdo the foreigner in
the way of cultivation. Of his own exhibits at the present Show
not a single tree was planted nine years ago, and he was so
satisfied with his experiments that he would continue them.
Most of his exhibits were grown on the Paradise stock, which
was much better than the old Crab-tree stock. A very much
finer fruit was obtained, and they could depend upon it that if
they were to hold their own in face of the large importation of
foreign fruit, they must make up their minds to grow something
superior to the foreign article. If they did that, he had con-
fidence in the future of the British fruit-grower.

Major BytHway, who had some of the finest Apples in the
Show, said he had never grown under giass, and he certainly did
not believe in walls. He considered that South Wales was the
country for Apple-growing, on account of its moisture. America
had the colour, “ but,’’ added the speaker, ‘‘ I beat the Americans
this time. I might say,’ he added, “ that I live in a gale of wind ;
and if I can grow, anyone with the needful enthusiasm and love
for the calling can do as well.”

Mr. A. H. Pearson proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Baillie,
and said that the fruit they saw that day showed that Mr. Byth-
way had the assistance of something other than the gale of wind
which he spoke of. The vote having been carried, thanks were
also accorded to Mr. Bunyard for presiding, and the Conference
adjourned till the following day.

FRIDAY.

In the unavoidable absence of Sir Trevor Lawrence, President
of the Society, through illness, the Chair was taken by Mr.
George Bunyard, I’.R.H.S., at 8.80 p.m., who, after a few words

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 118i

expressive of the general regret felt at Sir Trevor’s absence
called upon Mr. C. W. Radcliffe Cooke, M.P., who read the follow-
ing paper :—

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY.
By Mr. C. W. Rapctirre Cooks, M.P.

{Ir is no doubt in consequence of the public interest I have
taken in the promotion of the cider and perry industry that I
have been honoured with an invitation to read a paper on the
subject before your Society. It is natural that I should be
interested in this branch of agriculture, because I was born and
bred, and have lived most of my life, in one of the most noted
eider-producing counties of England—to wit, Herefordshire,
where cider and perry are the ordinary every-day drinks of the
bulk of the population, and because I have also the distinction of
representing the capital city of my native county in the House
of Commons.

I have long been of opinion that the cider industry is
one capable of considerable development, and from which
farmers might consequently derive more profit than they do
now. [iverywhere, in the remains of once flourishing orchards
and in the clumps and single specimens of great pear-trees, there
is throughout the County of Hereford, as likewise in other cider-
producing districts, ocular demonstration that the industry
was formerly one of great importance, and this at a time when
the taste of theage as regards liquors resembled that of the present
day. That is to say, our orchards were most extensive and at
their best, and the demand for cider and perry greatest, when
the light wines of France and Germany were preferred before
heavier beverages.

Dr. Beale, a distinguished. horticulturist who wrote in the
second half of the seventeenth century, declared that Herefordshire
orchards were “‘ a pattern for all England.” ‘ From the greatest
person,” he says, “‘to the poorest cottager, all habitations are
encompassed with orchards.”” Evelyn, who wrote somewhat later
in the same century, says: ‘“ By the noble example of Lord
Scudamore and of some other public-spirited gentlemen in those
parts, all Herefordshire is become in a manner but one entire

182 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

orchard.” The same Dr. Beale, whom I just now cited, thus
extols the cider which these orchards produced: ‘I must not,”
he says, ‘‘prescribe to other palates by asserting to what degree of
perfection good cider may be raised, or to compare it with
wines, but when the late King Charles I. (of blessed memory)
came to Hereford in his distress, and such of the gentry of
Worcestershire as were brought thither as prisoners, both king,
nobility, and gentry did prefer it before the best wines those
parts afforded ; and to my knowledge that cider had no kind of
mixture. Generally, all the gentry of Herefordshire do abhor all
mixtures.’ The industry of cider and perry making was a profit-
able one throughout the eighteenth and into the early part of the
nineteenth century. About 100 years ago an Irish gentleman,
making a tour through the cider-producing districts, mentions that
at that date good cider fetched from 10 to 15 guineas a hogshead
(of 100 gallons) in the neighbourhood of Ross, and that one farmer
there had sold in one year 50 hogsheads of his own making at
the former figure.

Even so lately as 40 or 50 years ago cider was sold straight
from the press at one shilling a gallon. Now, or until quite
recently, the price of new cider has been from 2d. to 3d. per
gallon—inferior no doubt to that just mentioned, but yet
given away at theprice. Subsequently, the industry declined for
two main reasons. During the French war the price of corn
and meat was very high; and farmers, turning their attention to
corn-growing and cattle-raising, grubbed up their orchards, many
of which, and generally the most prolific, were on plough land;
and as other agricultural produce became more profitable
neglected to keep up such orchards as were allowed to remain.
They also became careless in the making of cider and perry
when these products of the farm were of less value. Then for
the second reason I allege the selfish and suicidal conduct of the
cider merchants and middlemen who, after buying the liquor
from the farmers at a low price, thinned it with water, making, as
the saying went, five hogsheads out of three, and then doctored
and fortified it in order to disguise their malpractice, and make
stuff sufficiently palatable to sell in Bristol and London, which
were the chief centres of the trade. The result of the spreading
abroad of this thin doctored stuff for pure cider was to bring the
drink into general discredit with the public, and ultimately lessen
the demand for it, and injure the trade. Hence also, good

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 183

genuine cider and perry were rarely if ever to be found outside
the cider-producing districts, and even in them the bulk, partly
through carelessness in making and want of cleanliness, and
partly from the inferior quality of the fruit, was hard and acid,
and palatable only to those inured to it.

But although this was the condition to which the industry
was reduced until quite lately, there has always been a prospect,
anda very fair prospect, of reviving it. The soil and climate are
the same as existed in the seventeenth century; the orchards,
though neglected and reduced, are there; and amid a host of
worthless varieties of fruit many sorts of approved excellence are
still to be found. Moreover, the branches of agriculture which
had, so to speak, ousted the cider industry are themselves on
the decline.

Besides, there is this to be said for the cider and perry
industry. It is at the present moment the only agricultural
industry which appears to be capable of development to an
almost unlimited extent, and in which we are not as yet in
any great degree endangered by foreign competition. It is
therefore what I venture to term a hopeful industry; and as it
once flourished in an age when light liquors were preferred to
heavy, there is, in my judgment, every reason to believe that once
the merits of good cider and perry become generally known, the
demand, which is already increasing every day, will ultimately
result in these drinks taking the place, not indeed of good, whole-
some pure beer, but of the many artificial beverages by which
the taste of the public is now so sadly vitiated. It should be
noted, too, that, despite the decline in the industry, it is still one
of much more importance than is generally supposed. The
principal cider- and perry-producing counties of England are
Devon, Hereford, Somerset, Worcester, and Gloucester.

The following table, taken from the latest agricultural returns,
zives the area under orcharding in those counties in the years
1894 and 1895 :—

1894, 1895.

Acres. Acres

Devon shite shee ie si 26,846 eh 26,955
Hereford ... bat ae She 26,278 fe 26,538
Somerset ... as aoe Shs 24,376 ain 24,520
Worcester ... coe aos ve 19,419 ae 19,665
Gloucester... aa par fe 18,126 Ae 18;514
115,045 eee (LLG, 192

Increase in 1895 over 1894, 1,147 acres.

184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

_ Cider is also made in the five neighbouring counties of

Cornwall, Dorset, Monmouth, Shropshire, and Wiltshire. Taking
these counties into account, and omitting some produce made
in Norfolk and Kent, and a little elsewhere, it has been calculated
that the area under orcharding amcunts to about 140,000 acres.
If from this we make a liberal deduction of one-fifth for fruit-
trees other than apples and pears exclusively used for cider- and
perry-making, we shall find the net acreage of cider and perry
orcharding to be 112,000 acres. The authors of that great work,
the ‘‘ Herefordshire Pomona,” give as an average yield (a low
average) of liquor per acre 200 gallons, and the averge price 8d.
per gallon. I consider this considerably below the true figures.
Somersetshire and Devonshire orchards are, as a rule, planted
much more thickly than Herefordshire orchards, and 3d. a gallon
is too low an average price, seeing that good ‘cider fetches from
8d. to 1s. a gallon, and the juice as it runs from the mill 23d.
to 8d. I therefore put the yield as 300 gallons per acre, and the
price 5d. per gallon. The total produce then would be 33,600,000
gallons, and the value £700,000. Mr. Sampson, the late secre-
tary of the National Association of Cider-makers, who is well
acquainted with Somersetshire and adjoining counties, puts the
yield at 55,448,200 gallons, and the value £1,000,000. These
are necessarily estimates, and estimates only, but I have said
enough to indicate that the industry is a considerable one, and,
as I shall presently show, an increasing one.

I must now very briefly describe the liquors themselves and
the process of making them. Cider is the expressed and fermented
juice of the apple, and perry the expressed and fermented juice of
the pear; or, in other and stricter words, they are the vinous
liquors produced by fermentation of the juices of these fruits
before acetous or vinegar fermentation has succeeded. It is not,
however, all apples or all pears whose juice will make good cider
and perry. Go into a Herefordshire fruit-yard when cider-making
is proceeding, and out of the heaps of apples and pears you would
see there you would scarcely find one that you could eat, and
very few tbat you would not at once reject in disgust by
reason of their harshness, tartness, acidity, or astringency.
The experience of all makers in the cider districts of Hngland and
France, where the industry has existed for centuries, points to
the conclusion that good cider and perry possessing the flavour,

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 185

the quality—what old writers term the smartness on the palate—
and the long keeping property which commend the liquor to
cider drinkers can only be made from special varieties of apples
and pears, varieties for the most part too harsh and astringent
for table use, and too small to be saleable for consumption. The
astringency which is the chief characteristic of good cider and
perry fruit is due to tannin, which next to sugar and alcohol
(into which the bulk of the sugar is converted) is the most
important element in the fresh juice. ‘It makes,” say the
authors of the ‘* Herefordshire Pomona,” “the liquor ‘ fine’ more
readily by causing the albumen, the pectine, and the yeast plants
to be deposited, and thus acts indirectly as an antiseptic,
regulates the fermentation, and prevents the after tendency to
ropiness, so apt to appear in the liquor from fruits of great rich-
ness.” French writers and chemists also agree in this opinion.
The process of cider- and perry-making is simple, and resembles
that of wine-making. The ripe fruit is crushed or ground ina
mill to a greater or less degree of fineness. The old-fashioned
mills in which a huge stone roller, or runner as it is called, shaped
like a grindstone, revolves by horse-power in a circular stone
trough grinds the pulp exceedingly fine, and some of the best
cider and perry to be found in the world is made in such mills ;
but the system, though suitable enough on a farm, is too slow for
manufacture on a large scale; and for this purpose a mill some-
thing like a turnip cutter, in which the fruit, after being broken
up by toothed rollers or scratchers, is passed through stone
rollers, is to be preferred, and can be worked either by hand or
by power. The crushed fruit or pomace, as it is sometimes
termed, is pressed through hair or manilla cloths or layers
of straw, and the juice extracted. The juice is then placed in
vats to ferment, and when it has thrown up a crust and thrown
down lees, and is a more or less clear liquid between the two lees,
it is drawn off into casks, in which regular fermentation proceeds.
The process of fermentation I need not describe to this audience.
Suffice it to say that its effect is to render the liquor vinous by
the conversion of the sugar of the fruit into alcohol. The fer-
mentation is the most difficult stage in the process of cider-
making. Hither it is unduly delayed by cold or by a
deficiency of sugar in the fruit or, what is more often the case,
it is too persistent, and continues so long as ultimately to exhaust

186 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

all the sugar in the cider and render it hard; and it may proceed
a stage further, and become acetous, when, of course, the liquor
is ruined as cider and becomes vinegar. Experienced cider-
makers by long practice are enabled by attention to temperature,
by frequent racking, by filtering, and by sulphuring the casks to
regulate the fermentation and stop it at the right point; but their
knowledge is more or less empirical, and not being founded on
scientific principles too often dies with them. What is wanted
in the cider industry is instruction in the scientific principles
which underlie the practice. All manufacturers on a large scale
do as a rule work scientifically, but even they have much to
learn. Great credit is due to the Bath and West of England
Society, and one of the most distinguished of its members, Mr.
Neville Grenville, of Butleigh, near Glastonbury, on whose
estate and at the instance of the Society researches into the
science of cider-making have been conducted under the super-
vision of the eminent chemist, Professor Lloyd. You will find
an exhaustive account of the experiments at Glastonbury written
by Mr. Lloyd in the fifth volume of the fourth series of the
Journal of the Bath and West of England Society, which will
well repay perusal, and for the science and chemistry of the
subject I refer you to that paper.

I think it well, however, to say that there are now what I
venture to term two systems of cider-making originating in the
endeavour to overcome the difficulties of fermentation, especially
the tendency to the conversion of all the natural sugar of the
fruit into alcohol. By the first system, which I call the natural
system, fermentation by any of the means I have mentioned is
checked before all the sugar has been converted into alcohol, and
the resulting liquor is bottled or sent out on draught with a
sufficient portion of its natural sweetness remaining in it to
render it palatable to the general public, who, as all purveyors
know, do as a rule prefer the liquor with some sweetness in it.
By the second system the liquor is fermented to dryness; that is
to say, all the sugar is converted into alcohol, and in order to
render it acceptable it is afterwards sweetened by the addition of
a substance such as saccharin, which will not set up fresh fermen-
tation; and if it has been pasteurised and so rendered flat and
dead, it will have to be artificially aérated or carbonated by the
forcing into it of carbonic acid gas; and if, as is often the case,

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 187

it is wanting in flavour, some flavouring substance is added also.
Both systems have their votaries. The second is the easier of
the two, but-I greatly prefer the first, and it is of cider and perry so
made that I venture to extol the merits as wholesome beverages.

Now having procured our good cider and perry, why do I
recommend them? Because they are natural drinks made from
the juice of ripe fruits without the admixture of any foreign
substance, or of any drug or flavouring, pleasant to the palate,
refreshing, and of low alcoholic strength. Although old cider
and perry, especially perry, may when fermented to dryness con-
tain as much as 10 per cent. of absolute alcohol, this is quite ex-
ceptional. The ordinary cider, such as would be acceptable to the
general public, rarely contains as much as 4 per cent. This was
demonstrated—as I pointed out in a recent letter to the Times,
at the Show of the Bath and West of England Society this year
at St. Albans. A rule having been made that all cider which
did not contain 4 per cent. of alcohol should zpso facto be dis-
qualified, the result was the exclusion of all the exhibits from the
most noted cider-producing counties of England, Devon, and
Hereford, none of which came up to the required standard, while
the strongest cider shown only contained 6°60 per cent. of
alcohol. Indeed, out of a total of forty-seven exhibits tested, no
fewer than thirty-one were disqualified in pursuance of the rule
above mentioned. In the majority of cases the makers, aware
that the general public hke a somewhat sweet liquor of low
alcoholic strength, had stopped fermentation before it had
developed the full amount of aleohol that the drink would have
yielded. I consider therefore cider such as would be readily
saleable on draught or in bottle to be a temperance drink pre-
ferable to all so-called temperance beverages. First, because it
is a natural and not an artificial liquor; and, secondly, because
it contains much less alcohol than has over and over again been
proved to exist in those beverages. The wholesomeness of cider
and perry is derived to a great extent from malic acid, an
acid found in other fruits also. The acid of wine is tartaric acid,
which when combined with lime forms precipitates or insoluble
particles, which are, I believe, the principal cause of gout,
rheumatism, and kindred disorders. Malic acid, in itself a
health-giving product, has no power to form such precipitates,
and it is possibly for this reason that cider is now so often

188 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

recommended for gouty people. Although I am now brought
to the medical aspect of the subject, it is not to be supposed
that I can personally speak with authority thereon. I
can only state facts such as have for generations come under
the observation of residents in cider-producing districts.
For instance, in Herefordshire no single case of true Asiatic
cholera has ever been known, whilst all medical men prac-
tising in the county—and I believe this holds good of other
cider counties as well—know that among the working classes,
whose habitual drink is cider and perry, diarrhoea and such-like
disorders are singularly rare. Stone also and gravel are almost
unknown in the county. A medical man attending the Hereford
Infirmary for many years informs me that during his experience
only two cases of stone had come under his notice, one being
that of a child.

In Normandy, where cider constitutes the staple drink of the
lower classes, gout is said to be unknown save among the
wealthy, who indulge in wine. Gravel and stone in the bladder
are likewise very rare, and medical men are satisfied that the
immunity from both these forms of disease should be placed to
the credit of cider. Medical men, as reported to me by the
patients themselves or their friends, are largely recommending
cider as a remedy for and a preventive against gout and
rheumatism, and lately its action on the digestive organs was
the subject of a paper read before one of the Bordeaux Con-
eresses, by two French physicians, MM. Carrion and Cautru,
who say, as a result of their observations, that sparkling cider is
endowed with the property of prolonging the digestive process,
whilst at the same time it adds greatly to its intenseness. Cider,
moreover, they add, is essentially diuretic, and it also exercises a
favourable influence on nutrition. It would seem, therefore, says
the Lancet, that this old-fashioned beverage may with advantage
be recommended for use at meals to sufferers from that form of
dyspepsia in which the stomach evacuates its contents too
quickly, to the detriment of the thereby overworked intestines.
In addition to the good qualities already mentioned, well-made
cider is reputed to be an efficient corrective of the uric acid
diathesis. I believe this to be a scientific way of describing a
gouty tendency.

A correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, signing himself

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 189

“ Medicus,” having lately stated that the use of cider affected the
teeth injuriously, and that decayed teeth and toothache prevailed
in the cider districts, I made inquiries of a medical man who has
long practised in Herefordshire, as the statement of ‘ Medicus ”’
was diametrically opposed to my own experience. The gentle-
man to whom I wrote replied that ‘“‘ Medicus’”’ was mistaken, no
injurious effect of cider on the teeth having been observed by
him. My informant added that, although mineral acids, such as
sulphuric and nitric, are undoubtedly destructive to the teeth,
fruit acids, the chief of which is malic acid, not only had no such
effect, but were, on the contrary, preservatives of the teeth by
neutralising the alkaline secretions of the mouth.

I may also mention in this connection the fact, without
drawing any strained inference from it, that natives of Hereford-
shire are noted for their longevity. A remarkable instance is
mentioned by old authorities, and to this day the county retains
its reputation in this respect, as in the Report of the Registrar-
General it is one of the four in which the duration of life is
longest.

On the point of the wholesomeness of cider and perry I have
now said enough, and I proceed to consider the industrial value
of the trade. The benefit to the farmer who has orchards is
obvious. In years of abundance, fruit—apples and pears—is too
often left to rot on the ground for want of a demand. When
cider and perry become popular drinks, two courses lie open to
the farmer. He can either sell the fruit to the cider merchant,
or make it himself into liquor, which he can store away until the
season or an opportunity arrives for disposing of it. When he
has the appliances and the skill his most profitable plan will be
to make it into cider and perry, the return from the sale of the
drink if sound and well made being much larger than that he
would receive for the fruit. A gentleman, writing to me this
spring from Kent, where last year they set up a cider-making
plant, says: ‘“‘ How many thousands of pounds should we have
been in pocket if all the Kent apples literally thrown away last
autumn (1895) were now stored in liquid form in the shape of
wholesome cider!’’ But even the sale of the fruit is not such
an unprofitable business, even in years of abundance, when, of
course, the price is low, for the quantity makes up for the reduced
value. I have here a table showing the prices given by cider

r

190 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

manufacturers for cider fruit from the years 1889 to 1895
inclusive, ranging from £5 aton in a scarce year to as low as
20s. a ton when fruit was plentiful. Selected sorts kept separate
fetch 10s. a ton more than the average, and for a few choice
varieties, as the Foxwhelp and the Kingston Black, my informant
tells me he can generally give from 5s. to 6s. per cwt. Also in
comparing cider fruit with other fruit for profit, it must be borne
in mind that the expenses are much less than they are with
choice table or cooking fruit. The former is shaken down, and
is neither handpicked nor packed in hampers. It is also most
frequently now grown in grass orchards, where the under crop of
erass is worth as muchas, and sometimes (because being sheltered
it is earlier) more than, if there were no trees.

Now as to the saleability of cider and perry. All experi-
enced cider-makers who know what they are about will tell you
that they have no difficulty in selling really good, sound liquor.
When introduced into districts where it is practically unknown
except by name, such as parts of the North of England, it
takes well. Being a year or two since in Buxton, I made
inquiries there, and was told by an innkeeper that he had
lately obtained a supply of draught cider from Hereford,
and that in the summer months he found quite as ready a
sale for it among the working classes as for beer, and at the
same price. Perry is less known than cider, though I do
not doubt that much is sold under the name of cider, for some
perry, such as that made from the Longland Pear, is in-
distinguishable from cider. It also mixes very well with cider,
and personally such a mixture is one that for ordinary drinking
I prefer. Perry is also an excellent winter drink, being more
warming than cider. Even in districts where cider-making has
but recently been introduced, as in Kent, there appears to be no
difficulty in disposing of the produce. The same gentleman of
Kent from whom I quoted just now says of the venture in cider-
making lately made there: “In the result we have had several
thousand gallons which we have disposed of locally, proving
beyond question that there is no lack of demand for genuine
cider in our own neighbourhood ; and knowing as much as we do
now, our regret is that we did not make four times the quantity.
Most of it has been sold in casks, none less than ten gallons, and

all at remunerative prices.”’

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 191

It gave me, I must say, much gratification to find in the
letter from which I have just cited the following passage: ‘ The
venture originated from the interest awakened by your letters to
the Times.” In former days both Surrey and Kent were cider-
producing counties, and Dr. Beale, who, as I have said, wrote in
the seventeenth century, speaks of having tasted cider from both
Kent and Essex. In Norfolk cider has been made for genera-
tions. In the case, however, of the Kent cider it is admitted that
the table fruit from which it is mostly made would be bettered
by the admixture of sharper and more astringent vintage fruit ;
and I should recommend the Kent cider-makers to plant a good
selection of such fruit, and in the meantime to improve their
cider, as they already are doing, by the purchase of vintage fruit
from the West country until their own newly planted trees begin
to bear. In further illustration of the increase of the industry in
parts of the country where it has not hitherto formed a branch
of farming or of commercial business, I may instance a gentleman
in Hertfordshire who has set up a cider-making plant, and that
just lately I received a letter from a landowner in Scotland
asking me where he could send his bailiff this season to be
instructed in the business. I have also received several com-
munications from the colonies, some, as in New Zealand, telling
me of establishments already in work there, and others, as in
several of the Australian colonies, asking for information and
instruction.

My own opinion is that there is room in the trade for the
farmer cider-maker and the cider manufacturer. The latter will
probably.in the future make and supply the bulk of the cider
consumed by the general public, who demand, foolishly as I
think, that what they drink, be it beer or cider, shall always be
uniform in quality ; while the former, if he be, as he should be,
instructed in the science of the business, will make the choicer
brands from selected sorts of noted merit, which he will dispose
of to private customers and locally among those who know and
appreciate really good cider. I think the number of these will
increase, and that the day may come when prime cider will on
the tables of the wealthy displace the commoner and often
adulterated sorts of foreign wines, and when country gentlemen,
especially in the cider-producing districts, will take a pride, as
they evidently did in former days, in always having some good

12

- 192 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

samples of the wine of the country wherewith to entertain their
friends.

I said at the beginning of my address that one reason why I
considered the cider and the perry industry to be the only branch
of agriculture capable of almost unlimited development was that,
unlike other products of the farm, such as corn and cattle, we
had not to fear competition from abroad to any serious extent.
I shall be asked to justify that opinion in the face of a con-
siderable importation from America, our only rival worth naming.
In a paper I read before the Society of Arts in 1895, and also,
I think, in my evidence before the Royal Commission on Agri-
culture, I expressed a fear that importations of cider from America
were largely on the increase. And truly, if one were to take for
gospel all that the dealers in American cider report, one would
conclude that the English markets were in immediate danger of
being swamped by their wares. The Board of Trade returns
which have been supplied to me from the Department up to
date for the purposes of this paper do not support this view. The
following are the figures for the last three years and for eight
months of this year, ending August 31 :—

ImpoRTATIONS OF CIDER AND PERRY INTO GREAT BRITAIN FROM THE
UnitTED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN GALLONS.

US. Other

‘ countries.
1893 y . : : 3 5 531,174 20,934
1894 . : . 5 : : 409,447 21,708
1895 3 . : ‘ ; ‘ 579,290 23,900
Kight months ending } 246,881 8,447

August 31, 1896. i

From these it will be seen that in the year 1894, when I and
others anticipated an importation from the United States of at
least a million gallons, the acfual amount fell short of half a
million, and showed a decrease over 1893. Although there was
a substantial rise in 1895, the imports this year exhibit, so far, a
ereat falling off, due in some measure perhaps to the partial
failure of the apple crop in the States last year and the abundant
crop in these islands. I hope, however, that the real reason
why the importation of American cider has not increased to the
extent with which we were threatened is to be found in the
inferior quality of the article compared with that which we
produce at home. I have already mentioned the demand for

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 193

draught cider among the working classes at Buxton. It was
there also that a wine merchant told me that, running short in
the hot summer of 1893 of English cider, he bought American,
but discovered, to his loss, that his customers would not touch it
after English, and so found himself at the end of the season
burdened with forty dozen of unsaleable liquor. The fact is, as
an American writer of a handbook on cider-making says, ‘“ very
few indeed are the American orchards which have been planted
with reference to cider-making.’”’ Consequently, American cider
is, for the most part, made of the inferior grades of table fruit not
good enough to market. In an article on cider-making in the
American Agriculturist for the 8th of last August, the writer
says of American cider, “It is commonly made of refuse apples
of all varieties, little attention being paid to their condition when
taken to the mill, as to degree of ripeness, freedom of insects,
or the proportion of tart to sweet apples. The result is a juice
which quickly begins to ferment, then acidify, being often un-
palatable and insipid.” Ibelieve also that much of the American
cider imported into this country is pasteurised, and so has to be
artificially aérated after its arrival. If not pasteurised, a
chemical preservative, such as salicylic or boracic acid, has to be
added to it in order to enable it to bear the voyage. Some
American cider analysed in the laboratory of the Agricultural
College, Cirencester, was found to be impregnated with salicylic
acid. Jam not sufficiently versed in chemistry or medicine to
say what may be the effect on the human system of continued
doses of these drugs, which form the basis of most of the secret
nostrums sold to cider-makers for the doctoring of the liquor; but
as the object of using them is to make inferior drink or drink
already on the turn pass for good, I think their use should
either be prohibited, as is already the case in some countries, or
that a statement of the kind and quality of the agent employed
should appear on a label attached to the article sold.

My belief, therefore, is that with our abundance of orchards
full of vintage fruit, much of it consisting of varieties of approved
excellence, we ought, if we pay attention to the quality of our
produce, not only to hold our own against our American rivals,
but oust them from those markets in which they may have
already obtained a footing.

I now turn to another branch of the subject—namely, to the

194 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

steps that should be taken in order to secure a regular supply of
good English cider and perry equal to the demand for those
drinks which is increasing day by day, and promises to assume
gigantic proportions. First and foremost we must renovate our —
orchards, destroy the old and worthless trees, and replace them
with better sorts and plant new orchards of the most approved
vintage fruits, which experience has shown to be suited to a
given locality. Because our orchards have been suffered to fall
into decay, and to restore them would be a work from which no
return could be expected for some years, ought we to take no
steps to improve them? Surely not! Forty years ago French
orchards were much neglected. The attention of the Govern-
ment was drawn to their condition, and State assistance was given
towards their renovation. fimilar neglect was about the same
time observable in American orchards, and a writer, James
Thacker by name, urged the necessity of restoring them. His
advice was followed, with the result that a noted agriculturist,
writing in 1871, was able to say, ‘‘ American farmers are now
beginning to recognise the fact that no farm is complete without
a well-selected and well-cultivated orchard.’’ Many English
landlords are replenishing their estates with fruit trees. One
nobleman tells me that he plants 200 young trees annually,
and intends to continue the practice; whilst another, who has
been a great planter all his life, expresses himself as much dis-
heartened by the little care the tenants take of the trees after
he has planted their orchards for them.

Another step necessary is the eradication of insect pests by
sreasing the trees in the autumn and spraying them in the
spring. Many occupiers do pursue these methods now, but with-
out concerted action of all residents in a locality the labour of a
single individual is lost; for, take what steps he may to clear
his orchards, they are always open to infection from the trees
of more negligent neighbours. The failure of the apple
crop this season is due, I believe, as much to the ravages of
insects as to the late frosts which undoubtedly blighted the hopes
raised by a magnificent show of bloom. In Tasmania an Act of
the Legislature has been passed compelling owners and occupiers
under penalties to clear their orchards of destructive insects and
keep their trees in a healthy condition. This Act will be found
summarised in the Board of Agriculture’s Journal for 1894. It

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 195

has already, I am told, worked wonders, and, muchas our people
dislike State interference in their concerns, I think it would be
advisable in the interest of a great and growing industry to ask
Parliament to confer on local authorities powers to deal with
the subject something on the lines of the colonial measure.
Next to the renovation, restoration, improvement, replanting,
and preservation of our orchards of vintage fruit will come
instruction in the science of cider-making, in the scientific
principles underlying the practice, and the reasons why attention,
care, and cleanliness are so essential to the success of the
process. Here, I think, we ought not to depend on the enter-
prise and publhe spirit of private individuals. Not only are such
persons not numerous enough—you may find one in a century or
so—but the matter is of sufficient importance to be dealt with by
the State. In giving my evidence before the Royal Commission
on Agriculture I suggested the establishment at the cost of the
State of at least two experimental fruit farms, with appropriate
buildings, plant, and staff, for the carrying on in them also such
research into the science of cider-making as has been conducted
for some time past on the estate of Mr. Neville Grenville. I
would have one such experimental farm in Herefordshire, from
which the adjoining counties of Gloucester and Worcester would
benefit, and another on the borders of Devon and Somerset for
the cider-making district dominated by those two counties.
When, however, we have done what les in our power or
in the power of the State to secure a supply of good cider
and perry, there will yet remain obstacles in the way of the
distribution thereof to the consumer. Foremost among these is
the cost of carriage. J have been furnished with an exhaustive
table of the rates charged by certain railway companies for the
conveyance of cider in cask. Without troubling you with these
in detail, I may say that, broadly speaking, these rates increase
the cost to the consumer by from 4d. to 5d. a gallon; an enormous
percentage when we remember that few care to pay for the best
draught cider more than 1s. or 1s. 2d. a gallon. In the recent
revision and lowering of rates made by some of the railway
companies, ostensibly for the advantage of agriculturists, no
alteration has, I am told, been made in the rates for the con-
veyance of cider and perry. The matter is, however, under
consideration by the railway companies, who will I hope see

196 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that it will be to their interest, as well as to the benefit of an
important industry, to make a substantial concession. I suggested
to the Royal Commission on Agriculture that the most effective
way of dealing with the subject without constant and expensive
litigation would be for the State to acquire the canals, improve
them, and work them under State control, and so, by competi-
tion, effect a reduction in the rates of carriage by other routes -
and I still think the scheme, though an ambitious one, quite
feasible.

Then the Adulteration Acts require to be more rigidly
enforced than they now are, and possibly also would need
amendment and strengthening. Those who sell American cider,
or who are agents for the sale of it, should be compeiled to state
these facts on their bill-heads, cards, and advertisements. All
admixture of foreign substances with cider and perry should be
forbidden ; or, if that be considered too drastic a provision, it
should be incumbent on all sellers of cider or perry to which
foreien substances, whether preservatives or not, have been
added, to state on the labels attached to the casks or bottles
what those substances are, and in what proportion they have
been used. I doubt if any Acts for the prevention of adultera-
tion will ever be effectively enforced if prosecutions are left to
be instituted by private individuals or by the police. Such a
duty should be undertaken by an association founded for the
protection of the trade against the sale of foreign cider for
English, andagainst the sale of an adulterated for a pure article.
The National Association of Cider-makers, which I had the
honour of founding, would, I hoped, have been sufficiently
supported to be enabled to undertake this duty—a duty neces-
sarily entailing a considerable amount of expense. The financial
position of the Association is not, however, I am sorry to say,
strong enough for the purpose, though I hope, as the industry
develops, the persons engaged in it will be convinced that they
can never effectually cope with practices which bring discredit
on the trade and hinder its development, except through the
medium of some organisation of the kind.

There are many other suggestions, both for fostering the
demand for cider and perry, and for affording increased facilities
for their distribution in the localities where they are now unknown,
which have been brought to my notice by various correspondents.

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY. 197

To deal with all of them, however, in the compass of a single
lecture would be impracticable. That task, therefore, must be
left for another occasion. Meanwhile, I have endeavoured in
this address to deal necessarily in a somewhat cursory manner
with the more important matters relating to the development of
the industry, and if any gentleman wishes to put questions to
me on points arising out of the paper I have now had the honour
of reading, I will do my best to answer them.

DIscussION.

The CHAIRMAN asked how soon young cider-apple trees came
into bearing.

Mr. JoHN WATKINS said that very few sorts of cider-apples
were early bearers, but if a good fruit was wanted it was worth
waiting for. They must all be thankful to Mr. Radcliffe Cooke
for his comprehensive paper. He himself was a cider-maker,
and he found no difficulty in selling his best cider-—the demand,
practically speaking, was unlimited. Of course, in a large
business there was always a certain amount of liquor which had
to be sold at a cheaper rate than the best, but if was not that
class of cider which he wished to develop. If the public required
a good article they should be prepared to pay for it. Much cider
was sold that was quite innocent of apple-juice at all.

Mr. GAYMER expressed the pleasure he had experienced in
listening to the paper. He spoke of some American cider having
been analysed. He would not, he said, state what the result of
the analysis was, but if the public would only have some analysed
—and the cost was next to nothing—they would be surprised at
the result. ©

Mr. Truu asked if an apple could be recommended that would
do for cider as well as for culinary purposes.

Mr. WATKINS said there were several varieties, and promised
to supply a list to the Secretary of the Royal Horticultural
Society. (See p. 199.)

Mr. A. Dean suggested that no licence for alcoholic liquors
should be issued in this country unless the person seeking the
licence would undertake to sell cider. That would put the
brewers on their mettle, especially as they were doing all in their
power to ‘“ tie’’ as many houses as possible.

198 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Rapcuirre CooKE said the question of “tied ’”’ houses
was one he had considered. He had been informed that certain
brewers were going to take up the trade and sell cider as well as
beer.

Mr. Dean: Not their own manufacture ?

Mr. Rapcuirre Cooke replied that he hoped not. He added
that the middleman derived too great a benefit from the cider trade
at the expense of the farmer. At a certain hotel in London he
had to pay 2s. a quart for cider, 7.e., 8s. a gallon! He wrote to
the directors, who said that a mistake had been made—it had
been going on for some years—and the price was reduced to
one-half. In Ross, where they ought to know better, he had
been charged 1s. 6d. a quart; and in another town he had to
pay for American cider at the rate of 5s. 8d. a gallon, although
it was sold to dealers in this country at from 8d. to 10d. a gallon,
and in large quantities at still lower prices.

The CHAIRMAN, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Radcliffe
Cooke, said they were all indebted to that gentleman for the
energetic action he was taking to raise the industry. ~He was
glad to see that Mr. Radcliffe Cooke was going in for a really
good article, for, as had been said, there were some sorts of cider
that should only be approached with prayer and meditation.
He hoped a taste would be revived for a good, wholesome liquor
from which both the health and the pocket of the community
would mutually benefit.

The vote was carried enthusiastically, and the Conference
adjourned.

199

THE CIDER AND PERRY INDUSTRY.

‘OUO POOS JOYOUL ST SOMMUIOY Sop oUIOY *aAITYSpIOJoIOFT Ul Tor Mor puv doszo ype oy], “Av 09 ormsodxa Joye
YSTY oy} puv ‘ouo Youory oyy St UaATS sishTeuv oyy, “qnt{O edoyjoo a oy9 Aq FEgT avok a} Jnoqe olLysplojorayy

“ULUUB OPTAOA 07 sqoaA\s-10941q OY} JO OUTOS TATA paxtuT qsoq o1v Loy anq £ oytINOAR
Toysoo10 MA ‘SuIddrg oy} Jo sury Buyosog orryspaxoyoroyy ‘“qyng woy—: Joplo poos oYVUL 0} UMOUY ore poyeAymo ATTeI

po4se} SuTod 07 10 oyvurITo 09 onp oq Avut AzIsuap
OUT poonporqUr sonora APUVUTION ona, ~

dT Sseyong pure ‘yoo osurig ‘ureutvsag
ood satjorwA Apavy SULMOTL[OF oJ,

“BUIYOOT-OATJOVIYVAIAA “TTA SYOON ‘o[ddv azapro vse ploy
-o10F] PUB Io4{SeONOTLH 4¥ Soztid ysIy poprVae ‘AJOIIVA MOU VW
“TOpld PaIMo[oo-YSty “Joos “YoII V SayV]Y “yooss-10991q V
‘IOplo LOF JSoq OY} JO 9UQ “YooA\S-109}IG VW
‘T[PM SYOOD “Leplo pornoavy-auy soyeyy
“LOPlO YOM SoYVY “JooMs-10}}1q W

‘AyorrvaA ApuvULION ond} Vy

“Laplo pomnoavy-poos suryeur ‘seiddv rapro yseq oy} Jo auQ
" — ‘Topto Suoays TOA B SOYLIY

“INOTOO YSty JO “opto yort ATA VsoyVY *Joo\s-1099Tq YW
“AjatIva plo AIBA W

‘AyorvA APUBULION ond,

SoAoidur Aapio oy, ‘Torveq Ays {Ajorrva pro snowy y
908 UIA] ‘AaIIvA PTO poos y
“Ayotiva APUVULION onIJ,

“IOpPlO JOOMS YOM soyVy “OoMs-1EqJIq W

‘a5¥ YA] “Iaplo potnoavy-ouy soyeyy ‘aumospuvy A104
Serordurt yor a yng “ooMs {0A JOU opto SOYVUT Y [JOM SOOO
‘SUTPCI LOF UVF PUL [[OM SYOOQ “Lopto pornoavy-poos sayeyy
‘o[dde Jepto ssvpo-qsay W “yooMs-10191q V

‘OITYSPlLOJOIOFT UL [TOA yMaz puv dorg
‘YOUSLY ST UdAIS sisA[VUy ‘sotjortva Apuvw4oN ona,

4Soq OY} JO 9UQ “AOpPTO Jo AdjJovIvYO oY} Jo Ar10d soyvy,
“OUTMO}S IOF|

‘sesodand rayjo 107
ssejasn ynq ‘Aai1od A0F SetporIVA 4Soq oY} JO XIS aIv asouy,

Sy IV UAT

0-878
L6-G98
66-TS8

0-498

0-978

8-1€8
68-698
LG-0F8
0-698

0-TLL
0-868
0-082
V-698
0-198
0-198
0-€98
46-098

€1-F18
9-618
96-V&8
99-088
6-6&8
0-198
49-998

O00T ted
197A

0-6E
€8-9E
TL-0T
69-9§
88-97

66-L9
IL-P
86-07

9-66

0-98
69-99
0:16
9-0
OFT
G-8T
0-06
61-06

18-1P

¥:86
66-06
60:66

T-L§
F8-66
69-L6

OO0T aod
“op ‘sqyBs
‘o8e[Ionur

0-08T
L-LOT
96-LET
8&-S9T
GI-LOT

86-001
0-0T
0-611
P-G6L
0-FFT

T6-SOT
0-€61
0-0FT
0-611
8-06
0-L6T
6-861

0-48
0-66
TL-FET

GP-L8
9-0€T

19-611
4-901

0001 10d

aresug

* SUTTPIBG 104S94STAA
UBUIION LO OV oI AA

UBULION 10 plojoro py AIIOQMvIyG

UVUUION 10

e

, Jouley s,ouItyg
" * BUIPTIAA Tehoy
; » WQANIG VsNo0yy
; * *10.P 2TTf@ pa
: * WOVlg uojssury
; : qeig Aqoor
pAlojoleyy ‘outospuvy,
: : : TO4IVD
* » O1AQTIpPNY umnb9a 7
: ona, ‘djoya xo
: * aIA44Q UOjo[SdTy
: * OTA} NOG og

UVULION LO plojyoaoTy ‘AurINg

“ . * poy “eursMop
; : * 99980009
* ureurreveg «11049

UVULION 10 parojotozy A1I0qg

; * x pOpUBI_

* 4 Soyivd-sop-uvpag

: ° 4 OSIIS OTISIV
‘SHIddy wadig

: : * puv[suory
: * pe uoysangy,
: ysenbg uoqudey,
: ; * weg pory
; ‘ * PIPFPTIO
: : * 4JOLOLOOTN
: ‘ * puvplieg
‘suvdg AuUudg

aomnl yso.ay
jo Aqtavis

oyroedg

‘ULNUe,,
eae
‘SHITddv WAdIO CNV SUVaAd AYU

‘SHU ‘SsNpiivA “¢ “ap Ag

200 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

On Saturday, October 8, the Chair was taken by Puinir
Crow .ey, F.L.S., F.Z.8., at 3.80 p.m., who called upon Mr. J.
Watkins, of Hereford.

GATHERING, STORING, AND PROFITABLE UTILISA-
TION. OF “APPLES AND ~ PEARS.

By Mr. Joun Watkins, F'.R.H.S.
[Read October 3, 1896.1

Everyone looking round the grand collection of fruit exhibited
during the last three days at the Crystal Palace, under the
auspices of the Royal Horticultural Society, must be struck by
the fact that our growers know how to, and can, grow as good
fruit as any other growers in the world, and it may well be asked
why we let the foreigner capture our markets. We can grow the
fruit, but this is only one part of the business of fruit-growing for
profit; even of more importance is the subject I have to deal
with, namely, gathering, storing, and profitable utilisation of
this fruit. In dealing with a subject of so much importance as
this, I do so with some diffidence, as I have to follow in the steps
of so many experienced growers, and naturally shall have to
repeat many old and well-known methods and practices. In
some few things some of my experienced gardening friends may
not agree with me, but I ask them to remember that I am
treating my subject from the point of view of how to make the
most money of apples and pears after they are grown, and not
altogether from a gardener’s point of view, who has to consider
what is most suitable for private use, and has not got to keep
profit so much in view. You have all of you heard and read
much of late years on the importance of growing more fruit and
better fruit, and so many and various have been your advisers,
and the advice they have given you, that the inexperienced have
doubtless found some little trouble to sift the grain from the
chaff, some of them even having to give up in despair. I have
known many excellent growers fail to make both ends meet from
ignorance how best to harvest and to turn their apples and pears
into money. A grower can easily throw away all his previous
trouble and expense by the way he performs this last essential
part of fruit-growing for profit.

GATHERING AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF APPLES AND PEARS. 20]

The Time of Gathering Apples.

This to a great extent depends upon the variety, and also the
season and the state of the market, but, as a rule, most large,
early, soft-fleshed apples, such as Heklinville Seedling, Lord
Suffield, and others of the same class, should be gathered early,
before they are fully ripe; they then travel much better. LHarly
dessert apples, on the other hand, are generally best left on the
trees until fully ripe. They then develop their best flavour and
colour. Both should be marketed as quickly as possible after
being gathered. It is wonderful how quickly the early apples
lose their freshness, and, therefore, their marketable value, after
being gathered. If your trees are cropped very heavily, it is a
good plan to thin them very considerably (even to half the crop)
before they are nearly fully grown, and market those picked. It
is more than probable the remaining crop will develop so much
better, that you will make more of it with less strain for the
future welfare of the trees than if you had left the whole crop to
ripen.

The best time to gather mid-season apples depends much on
the season and the siate of the markets. To make fruit-growing
a commercial success, you not only require to study crops and
markets at home, but also the best reports you can get of crops
and prospects abroad. If apples are selling well, and there is a
prospect of heavy importations from abroad, they should be
gathered early and marketed with the early sorts; but if, on the
other hand, English crops are heavy, and there are prospects of
light importations later on, let your mid-season apples stop on the
trees to fully colour and mature, and they will then keep longer
for later markets, and be more attractive when sold if carefully
packed. Last year the general quality of the American and
Canadian fruit was not good; consequently when the glut of our
fruit was over, the English grower, who kept his fruit well, was
rewarded by a large advance in price.

This year, however, there is a prospect of heavy importations
of good fruit from these countries, and I should advise growers
to market early and keep only their best late keeping sorts. It
was stated last month in an American trade paper that Canada
alone will have 1,500,0CO barrels available for export, and that
the United Kingdom is looked upon by exporters as their best

202 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

market. Late apples should always be left as long on the trees
as possible and carefully stored; especially does this apply to a
season of heavy crops. Year after year have I known apples
sold in the autumn with the early or mid-season varieties which,
if kept a month or two longer, would have made fifty or even a
hundred per cent. more money; they also help to glut many an
already over-flowing market, and lower prices of fruit which
must be sold. Besides these reasons, late apples will not keep
fresh and plump if gathered before they are ripe, and must be
marketed with the early fruit, whatever the price. In hot, dry
seasons much fruit ripens prematurely, and often in such a
season there are a great many maggoty fruits, which fall and cause
inexperienced growers to think the crop wants gathering, but
it is better to pick up and market the windfall apples frequently,
and leave the rest to fully mature. It is often wonderful how
late apples will colour up and improve in appearance the last
few days when nearly ripe. The general opinion is that apples
should be perfectly dry when picked, but, from my own ex-
perience of about twenty-five years in marketing and storing
large quantities, I have never found any harm done to the apples
for market purposes if picked when a little damp, so that they
are not very wet and stored so thickly as to heat ; indeed, in many
cases I believe they have kept fresher and plumper, though,
perhaps, at the expense of their best flavour if used for dessert ;
probably I shall not have all gardeners agree with me on this
point, but I speak from my own experience as a grower for
market.

Pears in gathering do not require quite the same treatment
as apples. Early pears should always be gathered for market
before fully ripe, and marketed rather under than over ripe.
Late pears should, like late apples, be left to fully mature on
the trees, or they do not ripen or keep well.

Mode of Gathering Apples and Pears.

You cannot do this too carefully; much loss is incurred by
carelessness in gathering. All fruit should be carefully placed
in the basket (which is preferably lined or padded, and if with
a swing-handle all the better) ; fruit should never be dropped into
the basket, but placed by the hand; every time a fruit drops on
another it not only bruises itself, but bruises the one it falls on.

GATHERING AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF APPLES AND PEARS. 203

If very choice pears or specimen apples are being gathered they
should be gathered into very shallow baskets, better if in single
layers and taken singly out of the baskets. With large crops of
commoner fruit when emptying the fruit out of the basket it
should be let roll out gently and steadied by the hand; in fact it
should always be kept in mind that fruit is easily bruised, and
cannot be too carefully handled. I have often in country dis-
tricts seen pickers (gathering fruit from standard trees) use a
bag slung round their bodies as a receptacle. Nothing can be
worse, as every movement of the picker rolls the fruits against
one another, and bruises them more or less according to the
tenderness of the variety. For dwarf trees of course no ladder
is required, but for standard trees the ladder should be long
and light, so that it can be easily reared by one man. For tall
bushes, pyramids, or young standard trees the best contrivance
I have seen is made by three very light ladders fastened together
at the top by hinges to a piece of iron made in the form of a
triangle. This will stand alone without support, does not break
or bruise the trees, and can be easily shifted round them. A
full description, illustration, and mode of making it was given
by a correspondent in the Journal of Horticultwre of a recent

date.
Stormg.

As I said before, to make the most money of your fruit you
will sometimes want to store it, probably for some months, and
upon the construction of your store or fruit room, to a great
extent, depends the condition and therefore the market value of
your fruit. You may take it as a general rule that apples have
the greatest market value if plump and fresh looking, without a
trace of shrivelling at the time of marketing; but a large pro-
portion of the apples marketed after Christmas are not in this
condition ; hence the more care should be taken that you know
how to properly store if needful.

For high-class or specimen fruit a properly constructed fruit-
room with shelves is necessary: this need not be an expensive
structure, but it should be made so that a low and uniform
temperature can be maintained. It should be made so that it
can be kept quite free from draughts, but capable of being
ventilated when necessary. I find as a rule apples require to
have good ventilation for the first three weeks or a month after

204 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

being gathered; but after this time the more securely they are
kept from the air and draughts the better they will keep.
Apples too are best kept from the light, and darkness does not
interfere with their colouring after being stored. The fruit-room
should be constructed so that it can be kept perfectly frost-proof.
Apples keep best just above but never below freezing point. A
store to answer these requirements can be made in several ways,
one of which is by making your room with double walls, double
windows, and doors. The frost will-‘not pass between two such
walls, even if thin, as the air between effectually stops it; but
creat care must be taken in constructing such a room that the
inner wall does not touch the outer at any point, or the
frost will enter at that point. This construction is for
a store-room above ground. Or the fruit-room can be con-
structed half under ground, the chief drawback to this being
a little more difficulty in ventilation. It is also better if
the room has a rather damp atmosphere, so that it is not
actually wet. A good model of a high-class fruit-room is the
well-known one in the nurseries of Messrs. Geo. Bunyard & Co.
This is built above ground, is of wood, and is thickly thatched,
has double doors, windows with shutters, ventilation being in
the apex of the roof, and it is fitted with shelves: the cost, it is
stated, was about £30. A full description how to make a similar
store was published by Mr. Bunyard in the Royal Horticultural
Society’s Jowrnal, vol. xvii. page 147, and the splendid collection
of fruit shown by his firm at the Temple Show in May last, to which
a silver cup was awarded, had been kept in this room. My own
fruit-room was originally built for a silo, has concrete walls, is
half underground in the side of a bank, it has a packing-room
above, entered from the fruit-room by a trap-door, the two being
parted by a double ceiling to the fruit-room: this latter room is
entered by double doors. I can keep fruit in this room if required
fresh and plump until June, July, or later, and I had over forty
varieties in it in good condition last June, hot as that month
was. Ihave often had specimen fruit from two seasons in the
room at the same time, and can always find fruit to make a fair
display at the Royal Agricultural Society's Show held in June.
The only drawback I find is a little difficulty in getting
sufficient early ventilation, but after the fruit has reached a
certain stage no trouble is experienced. It large quantities of

GATHERING AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF APPLES AND PEARS. 205

fruit have to be dealt with, apples will keep wellif laid on the floor
about 12 or even 18 inches deep, and covered up from the light
(I had over fifty tons in January last stored in this way), or they
ean be packed in barrels which are best laid on their sides after
being filled; but whatever form of store you have keep it at a
low temperature and as close and free from draughts as possible,
giving ventilation only early in the season when the fruit is first
stored. Be sure that the store is frost-proof; but if by any means
the frost does enter do not disturb the frozen fruit until it has
thoroughly thawed ; let it thaw untouched and in the dark, and
your loss may not be so much as you would expect. I have
known apples in a plentiful year kept well in the open air in
heaps, covered up with straw and earth, much the same as
potatos, and come out fresh and plump in the spring (I do not
say the flavour would be first-class). These latter modes are, of
course, for dealing with large quantities of ordinary fruit. A
very ingenious and useful system of storing fruit has been
patented and introduced by Mr. Orr, of Bedford. This consists
of a series of trays into which the fruit can be placed direct
from the tree; and these being formed so that they can be placed
one upon another, a large quantity can be placed in a small
space. With a few slight improvements, and if the question of
cost can be satisfactorily got over, I have no doubt it will be
largely adopted.

In storing take care that none but carefully hand-picked and
sound fruit is stored, or great loss will most likely be incurred.
The less an apple is handled after being picked the better will it
keep, and I find no necessity for following the old-fashioned
method of frequently wiping the fruit to remove the moisture.

Pears do not require quite the same treatment as apples in
storing. To bring out their best flavour they require a rather
higher and dryer atmosphere.

I now come to the most important step of all in connection
with commercial fruit-growing, that is the marketing and profit-
able utilisation of your fruit; here you have to study the different
markets. In certain markets certain classes and sorts of fruit
sell best ; in one market high-class dessert fruit sells best, in
another large cooking apples, in another quality is not so much
consideration as high colour. It is no use sending common fruit
to Covent Garden Market, but there are markets which will take

K

206 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-_

them. Large coarse sorts of apples, such as ‘‘ Catsheads,’’ will
not sell in the London markets, but they will sell well in Wales
or the North. Some sorts, again, are favourites in particular
markets ; that grand dessert apple ‘‘ Cox’s Orange Pippin”’ will
make a high price in London; but send it to Manchester, where
it is not so well known, and it will not sell nearly as well.
‘‘Wyken Pippin,’ a high-flavoured but not very attractive-
looking dessert apple, will sell well in Birmingham (where its
good qualities are well known); but buyers will hardly look at it
in most other markets;, and so I could go on and give other

instances.
Grading.

This most important part of your work—‘ marketing and
utilisation of your fruit for profit ’’—I can almost say, all pivots
round the one word ‘‘ grading.’’ I have been harping on this
string for the last fifteen years or more, and have heard many
others urge the importance of grading. Depend upon it, the
future of the fruit trade of the United Kingdom lies in the direc-
tion of grading. We can, I believe, grow as good fruit as other
countries; then how and why do they beat us? Not by growing
better fruit than we do, but by only sending us the best, in
quantity, and of sorts and qualities which they know suit our
markets, utilising the other classes of fruit for other purposes cr
other markets. Far be it for me to advise anyone to grow
inferior fruits for profit ; but no grower, however proficient, can
grow all best, and it is as important to profitably utilise the
second rate as the best, if you wish the balance sheet to be on
the right side. There is a market for the best, there is
another market for the seconds, and there is a market on
purpose for the thirds; but if you send your fruit, best, seconds,
and thirds, without grading to the market for the best, you will
only realise a third-rate price for the lot; whereas if you had
properly graded this fruit, your best would make the best price
in the market for the high-class, your seconds would make their
value in the proper market, and your thirds could be utilised for
some other purpose.

Apples should always be graded into three classes—best,
seconds, and thirds—and in some cases a fourth class can be
added, namely, extra selected choice or specimen fruits. The
extra selected should make a high price, for high-class cus-

GATHERING AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF APPLES AND PEARS. 207

tomers, special occasions, or decorative purposes. I may mention
that two weeks following during this September I saw sold by
public auction in Hereford Fruit Market (where upwards of 400
lots of fruit were sold each time, good, bad, and indifferent) boxes
of selected specimen apples (Peasgood Nonsuch), containing
only one dozen fruits, at 4s. 6d. and 5s. per box, and that to
dealers, whereas there was plenty of common fruit sold at the
same sum per hundredweight.

The best fruit can be sent to high-class markets packed in
suitable packages: the seconds should go to other markets where
there is a demand for this class of fruit amongst buyers who do
not care to buy the high-priced, but want more for their money.
There are many such markets in our great manufacturing centres;
or they can be used for drying, cider making, jam making, &c.
There is one purpose for which your seconds may be utilised,
viz., drying. Although I have a good pattern of evaporator,
and know others who have used the same kind with success, I
cannot speak from practical experience on any large scale; but I
believe only certain sorts of apples are suitable, and that to
work one profitably it requires doing on a moderately large scale.
There are several purposes for which the thirds can be profitably
utilised. Thousands of tons are used annually by jam makers
for making a cheap mixed jam, which can be sold at low
prices in our great manufacturing districts; and as long as it
is sold for what it is, no fault can be found, as in no other way
can so cheap and wholesome a jam be made. I myself have
sold a hundred tons at one time to one firm for this purpose.
The jam makers will only take good boiling apples—the
sharper and more acid the better. There is another purpose for
which small apples can be used, viz., cider making; but a few
words of warning here: sharp, sour cooking apples will not
make good cider. Soil makes a great difference to the quality
of cider. Ona shallow or gravelly soil good cider cannot be
made even from good cider sorts of apples. I think some of my
Kent friends found out these facts when attempting to utilise
their glut of fruit last year. Most rich, high-flavoured, and
sweet apples make good cider; but the best of our dessert apples
are worth too much money in the markets even to make cider
with, and it would be foliy to use them when as good or better
cider can be made from less costly fruit. I often feel amused

K 2

908 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

when I read the circulars of some cider makers who state they
have cider made from Ribston Pippins, Newtown Pippins, and
other high-class dessert apples. There are plenty of good cider
varieties with the requisite tannin, grown in our cider-making
districts, without having recourse to better sorts; but this is
no reason why the suitable small fruit, not good enough for
market, cannot be profitably used. I am not about to give
you a treatise on cider making, but I may just mention that
large fine fruit from young trees does not make as good cider
as smaller fruit from old trees, and the juice is usually of
lower specific gravity, the reason doubtless being that there is
more water in the juice of the larger fruit, caused by the
sreater activity of the roots of the younger trees. If you cannot
utilise your thirds for any of these purposes do not hesitate to
throw it away rather than mix it with the better class; that is,
if you have no pigs or other stock you can give it to. It will pay
you better to do this.

I may here mention that I sold last season (1895 and 1896)
upwards of 150 tons of dessert and cooking apples and pears, and
made into cider a good many hundreds of tons of cider apples
and perry pears, mostly of the best cider and perry sorts; and
all this fruit was graded for different purposes. For the last few
years I have consigned all my best fruit under my own parti-
cular brand, and it was only a month ago I wrote to the fruit
salesman who sells most of my best in Covent Garden Market,
asking him if he thought that it paid me to grade my apples.
His reply was as follows: ‘‘I am sure it has paid you to grade
the apples; your Pomona brand has only to be shown and the
best buyers are all after it. They know well enough the packing
after I have received one or two lots.”’

Packing.

Pears should be graded the same as apples, but few of the
dessert pears make good perry. Some of our hardy perry sorts,
however, are amongst the best for stewing; one of our oldest
perry pears, the Longland, equals the well-known Catillac for
stewing, with the advantage that it can be stewed whole.

Having dwelt rather long on the importance of grading and
the utilisation of the different grades, I will now turn to the next

GATHERING AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF APPLES AND PEARS. 209

most important subject of packing. Never mix the sorts in one
package. Try and send a fair quantity of each sort or grade to
market at the same time. Mark the best grades with your
particular mark or brand. Whatever your package pack fairly,
but as attractively as possible. Do not be induced to put the
best fruit on the top of the package with inferior beneath, but
have the same class of fruit throughout the packages. I believe
the old system of what used to be called “topping up”’ is not
quite as prevalent as it was some yearsago; butas showing how
deeply rooted it was and the little amount of confidence dealers
had in English packing, I will repeat the following amusing
conversation I had with a fruit dealer a few years ago. (I have
told it before, but think it will bear repeating.) Some few years
aco, when attending Worcester Hop Fair, I happened to notice
what appeared to be a very fine hamper of fruit outside a fruit
dealer’s warehouse. I inquired of him if they were the same
throughout. He said he hardly expected so, they never were.
I then mentioned that I sold all my fruit packed the same from
top to bottom of package. His answer was, “ Excuse me, but I
never take the word of a packer. A grower who does not top up
his fruit deserves to be canonised.’”’ While we have gone on
with this system of unfair packing and inferior grading what
have the Americans, Canadians, and Australians done? They
have captured our markets. The reason of the great success of
American, Canadian, and Australian fruit is that dealers know
any particular mark or brand can be depended on, and they can
sell one, ten, fifty, or one hundred barrels or cases by one sample
barrel or case, and buyers can buy as many as they like and come
again next day and buy more exactly the same. As showing how
much importance is attached to the grading of apples in America
for shipping to our country, I may mention that they have
formed a ‘National Apple-shippers’ Association,’ which lays
down rules for grading and shipping apples ; and I noticed from
last month’s issue of a paper devoted to the trade that the
association at their last meeting amended the rule concerning
the requirements for a No. 1 apple, and, after stating a definite
size for each grade and the varieties to be included in each grade,
it lays down the rule that ‘No. 1 apples shall be at the time of
packing practically free from the action of worms, or defacement
of surface, or breaking of skin; shall be hand-picked from the

910 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tree, and of bright and normal colour and shapely form.” These
are the actual words used.

I am glad, however, to say I believe of late years that our
growers have improved in their packing and grading, and I fancy
that our cousins across the water have got a little more careless,
perhaps thinking they have now got our markets securely ;
but we are not quite beaten yet, and I am glad to think English
apples are more in demand than they were some years back, and
it is for ourselves to say if we can increase that demand.

Last spring a salesman in Glasgow (a town where nearly all
the apples sold are foreign) wrote to me as follows: “I have not
for years known English apples sell so well as they have this
spring,’’ and this was after one of the heaviest crops of apples we
have ever had in this country. As regards the kind of package
used, this to a great extent depends upon the market you are
sending to. I myself am in favour of boxes or barrels, but
whatever the package they are best all of one even size, holding
one definite weight, as buyers or sellers do not care to be
bothered with calculating the contents of various sorts and sizes
of packages unless they are well paid for it.

Extra choice or specimen apples or pears should be packed
carefully, one, two, or three dozen in a box, each apple or pear
carefully wrapped in soft paper, one of the most suitable packing
materials being what is known as wood-wool.

One of the best systems of packing apples in boxes has been
demonstrated to us at several of the Crystal Palace and other
shows by Mr. Archibald Weir, of Ottery St. Mary. Other best
apples, and second-sized pears, are best sold in boxes holding
about 40 lb., or in flats (baskets with lids holding about 40 lb.).
A good deal of fruit in the London markets is sold in bushels
holding about 42 1b. I prefer the flats. Barrels holding either
56 lb. or 112 1b., I think, are growing in favour in the northern
markets.

Common sorts for certain niarkets are usually packed in what
are called pots, open square baskets without lids, holding in
some cases about 84 lb., in others about 112 lb.

In all cases great care should be taken to pack your fruit
firmly. Line the sides of your package well with clean paper,
fold the surplus ends of paper over the fruit, and place another
sheet on the top. ‘Take care the package is well filled. Be care-

GATHERING AND PROFITABLE UTILISATION OF APPLES AND PEARS. 911

ful to place your top layer of fruit to look attractive and catch
the eye; a great deal of difference in the appearance of the fruit
when the package is opened can be made by the care taken in
placing the top layer.

If your package has an open top, and is of wicker-work, some
cross hazel or other pliable sticks protects the fruit, and is much
better than string or cord, which works slack. Fruit loosely
packed always travels badly.

A good deal of the American and Canadian fruit is packed so
firmly that a foot lever has to be used to press the fruit into the
barrels; and although this sometimes indents the fruit, and is
also sometimes from carelessness carried too far, fruit indented
by pressure will often keep well, whereas if that indentation had
been caused by a blow it would soon decay. <A very good system
of packing fruit in boxes or barrels is to nail or fasten on what
will be the lid or top when the package is to be opened, carefully
place the first layer of fruit in the bottom of the package, fill up,
and press in firmly, and then nail on the bottom. When the
package is ready to be opened, what was the bottom of the
package forms the lid, and the top layer of fruit when unpacked
is perfectly level and even, in a way which can be attained by no
other method.

As regards pears, ordinary and second class can be marketed
much in the same way as ordinary apples, but large and choice
fruit requires extra care in packing, and should be packed under
than over ripe. Those from the Channel Islands and the
Continent are usually sold in boxes of a definite size, which take
one dozen large fruits packed in a single layer, one and a half
dozen medium, or two dozen smaller fruit, each box being
marked with the growers’ or packers’ brand, and the number of
pears it contains. Buyers, therefore, know exactly what they
are buying.

DIscuUsSsION.

The Rey. P. CiemEntTi-SmitH, F.R.H.S., said he had had
some experience in packing, and he received fruit from his friends
in Como, Quebec. He rather took exception to forcing apples
into barrels. The way they did it in Canada was to loosen the
rings of the barrel until it was full, and then tighten the rings.
Apples should not have any “ play.’”’ There was a feeling, how-
ever, in Canada that the barrel system was not altogether suc-

912 JOURNAL _OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cessful. He personally preferred the Australian system of
oblong or square boxes.

Mr. Wm. Rovupretu remarked that last year he had a few
tons of apples sent up from one of the fruit districts, and he
particularly requested that care should be taken in packing the
fruit. The fruit was sent in large barrels, containing about
112 1b. The barrels were lined with a thick spongy paper, and
on the top there was a pad of paper with some straw, a wicker
cover being drawn tightly over the whole with strings. The
apples arrived in capital condition, and the only objection to the
wicker top was that it was rather a temptation to the railway
men to open the barrels and occasionally test the quality of the
fruit. Some of the finest fruit was very impatient of bruises.
There was even a difference in that respect between American,
Australian, and English apples. He fancied English apples
were more juicy and more impatient of bruises than the others.
The Blenheim Orange was a favourite apple, and there was an
almost unlimited demand for itin London. There was hope for
all who would take the trouble to grade properly. With
reference to the storing of fruit, Mr. Watkins had stated that
it was better to err on the side of dampness rather than dry-
ness. He wished Mr. Watkins had been more emphatic on that
subject. Generally speaking, gardeners kept their fruit a great
deal too dry, and when it was sent into the house it was often
shrivelled. He remembered when a boy feeling for apples in
the long grass, and he found some Mannington Pearmain in
excellent condition, although they had lain in the snow. Some
varieties would burst with the frost, but Cox’s Orange Pippin,
Sturmer Pippin, and Mannington Pearmain would stand several
degrees of frost without injury. Washington and American
Mother would stand the frost very well, but still it was
important to keep the frost out. If, however, that could not be
done, they should not despair, and if they only refrained from
handling the fruit, their loss from frost would be inconsiderable.

Mr. F. B. Parrirr asked whether apples packed by the dozen
in card-board boxes would find a market in London.

Mr. Watkins replied that such boxes might find a ready sale
among private consumers. He did not think smaller quantities
than two or three dozen would pay for market purposes.

A hearty vote of thanks was then accorded to Mr. Watkins
for his paper, and the proceedings ended.

213

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION AT HAMBURG.

May To SEPTEMBER, 1897.

THE Council of the Royal Horticultural Society having been
requested by the authorities of the Great Hamburg 1897
Exhibition to appoint a Committee in England to further the
interests of the Exhibition, the following gentlemen were
nominated, with power to add to their number :—

ENGLISH COMMITTEE.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Chairman.
Baron Schroder, F.R.H.S.

W. T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., &c.
Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S., &c.

Dr. Morris, C.M.G., F.L.S., &ce.

Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., Secretary.

J. T. Bennett-Poe, Esq., F.R.H.S.
Philip Crowley, Esq., F.L.8., F.Z.S., &e.
Charles Shea, Esq., F.R.H.S.

H. Self Leonard, Esq., F.R.H.S.

W. Marshall, Esq., F.R.H.S.

Harry J. Veitch, Esq., F.L.S.

T. Francis Rivers, Esq., F.R.H.S.
George Bunyard, Esq., F.R.H.S.

Owen Thomas, Ksq., F.R.H.S.

Steps have been taken to make the Exhibition known in the
Colonies; the Secretary of State has written to the Agents-
General commending it to their sympathy and support.

The Exhibition will be open from the beginning of May to
the end of September; but special Competitive Shows will be
held May 1 to 7, May 30 to June 8, July 2 to 6, July 30 to
August 3, August 27 to September 5, September 17 to 30.

It is necessary that all plants to be planted out of doors
should be entered before January 1, 1897.

Besides Flowers, Fruits, Plants, Trees, and Vegetables, all
manufactured articles and implements and art objects having
relation to Horticulture are invited.

The Union Steamship Company and A. Kirsten’s Line of

914 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Steamships will carry all plants and goods to and from the
Exhibition free of charge, and will grant passage to the necessary
attendants at half price.

The English Committee will be glad to do anything in their
power to forward the interests of the Exhibition.

Schedules and Entry Forms may be obtained from Horticul-
twral Hxhibition 1897, 38 Gr. Reichen Strasse, Hamburg,
Germany. 7

Other information will (as far as possible) be supplied from
117 Victoria Street, Westminster, S8.W.; but an envelope ready
stamped and directed should accompany all communications.

W. WILKS, Secretary.

LINDLEY LIBRARY.

A portion of the surplus funds accruing from the great Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition and Botanical Congress, held
in London in 1866, was devoted to the purchase of the library of
the late Dr. Lindley, the eminent botanist, who was for many
years a most zealous officer of the Royal Horticultural Society.

This Library has subsequently been largely added to by
donations and by purchase. Among the donors may be men-
tioned H.M. the Queen, the Bentham Trustees, and other public
bodies.

The books, together with the portraits of several eminent
horticulturists, have been placed in the hands of Trustees,
the Treasurer and Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society
being ex-officio members of the Trust.

The Library is intended especially for the use of Fellows and
officers of the Society; but it may, under certain conditions, be
consulted by others unconnected with the Society.

At the discretion of the Trustees, and under suitable regula-
tions, certain books may be lent for short periods to the Fellows
and others. Application for the enjoyment of this privilege
should be made to the Secretary of the Society.

The Library is open throughout the year, during R.H.S.
office hours, but it may be closed at any time as circumstances
render it necessary to do so.

TRIALS PROPOSED AT CHISWICK, 1897. 915

A Catalogue prepared by Mr. John Weathers is now ready for
the press, and certain sums have been received towards the
expenses of its publication ; but, as these are quite inadequate for
the purpose, further donations are earnestly solicited.

The annual income at the disposal of the Trustees is very
small, and only sufficient to enable them to purchase and bind
the current periodicals and a few standard books.

Donations of books and illustrations of horticultural and
botanical interest, as well as of funds for the maintenance and
development of the Library, will be thankfully received by the

Trustees,
W. CarrutHErs, Esq., F.R.S.

Dr. Ropert Hoae, LL.D.

Dr. Maxwett T. Masters, F.R.S.
Harry J. Veitou, Ksq., F.L.S.
Puinie Crow ey, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.8.
Rev. W. Wiuks, M.A.

TRIALS PROPOSED AT CHISWICK, 1897.

Zonaw PELARGONIUMS.—It is proposed to hold two trials of
these in 1897 :—

(i.) For testing them for out-door summer blooming.

(ii.) For testing them for in-door blooming in November

and December.

Two plants of each variety should be sent in March to
the Superintendent, Royal Horticultural Society Gardens,
Chiswick, carefully distinguishing between those recom-
mended for out-door and those for in-door blooming. Of
any variety good for both purposes four plants should be
sent.

Vionas.—These should have been sent.

GERMAN ASTERS.—Seeds to be sent as above not later than
March 1, 1897.

Annuaus.—Hardy and half-hardy, carefully distinguishing
between the two. Seeds must be sent as above not later
than March 1, 1897.

New Cannas.—One plant of each should be sent as above on or
before February 1, 1897.

216 - JOURNAL. OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FrencH Beans, for forcing.—Seeds to be sent as above on or
before January 1, 1897. Not more than six varieties from
any one grower. The merits will only be considered from a
forcing point of view.

Ontons.—Seeds should have been already sent to Chiswick for
testing autummn-sown varieties.

Poratos.—New early ones only. Tubers to be sent as above by
February 1, 1897.

The object is to test the varieties with a view to determin-
ing the earliest varieties to dig, combined with good cropping
and cooking qualities.

Peas.—New varieties only. Seed to be sent as above on or
before February 1, 1897.

BorEcoues.—Old and new varieties. Seed to be sent as above
on or before February 1, 1897.

Quantities of seeds, &c., to be sent when required for trial
at Chiswick.

Peas, Broad Beans, Dwarf Beans, Scarlet Runner Beans—Half
a pint of seed of each variety.

Cabbages, Kales, Cauliflowers, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Savoys,
Carrots, Celery, Beet, Parsnip, Turnip, Leeks, Lettuce,
Onions, Radish, Parsley—Half an ounce of each.

Potatos—-20 tubers of each variety.

Tomatos—25 seeds of each variety.

Cucumbers, Gourds, Marrows—Six seeds of each variety.
Strawberries—20 runners of each.

New fruits, &c., one or two trees, plants, or bushes of each.

Flower Seeds—Sufficient of each variety of its kind to ensure a
fair trial.

REPORT ON TOMATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896.

OnE hundred and one varieties were sent to the Gardens for
trial, of which twenty-six were carefully selected stocks of older
varieties of proved merit grown for the sake of comparison.
They were all sown on March 2, and the four most promising
seedlings were selected from each sowing. Of these one pair
of each were grown under glass in 10-inch pots, and the other

REPORT ON TOMATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896. 217

pair were planted on a south border outside. The hot, dry
season proved very favourable to both sets of plants, and in
almost every case the growth was compact and fruitful, and
entirely free from disease.

F.C.0.=First Class Certificate. A.M.=Award of Merit.
x xX x =Highly Commended. x x =Commended.

1. Advancer (R.H.S.).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging six fruits in a cluster; medium size, round, smooth,
bright red, solid, excellent flavour.

2. All the Year Round F.C.C. 1895 (Pears, Isleworth).—
Growth compact, very heavy cropper, averaging ten fruits in a
cluster; egg-shaped, smooth, glossy red, solid, and of good
flavour.

3. Aristocrat (Barr).—Same as No. 77.

4. Aurore Boréale (Dammann).—A scarlet form of No. 65.

5. Autocrat (Benary).—Very similar to No. 77.

6. Best of All No. 1 (Sutton).—Growth compact, heavy
cropper, averaging five fruits in a cluster ; large, round, smooth,
deep red, solid, and of fairly good flavour.

7. Best of All No. 2 (Sutton).—Very similar in every respect
to No. 6.

8. Blenheim Orange (R.H.S.).—Growth compact, moderate
cropper, averaging five fruits in a cluster; large, round, smooth,
yellow tinged with red, solid, and excellent flavour.

9. Brookes’ Freedom x x1894 (Barr).—Growth rather loose,
moderate cropper, averaging five fruits in a cluster ; large, round,
dark red, solid, and good flavour.

10. Canadian Express (Carter)—Growth compact, very
heavy cropper, averaging six fruits in a cluster; very large,
slightly corrugated, deep red, solid, and good flavour.

11. Chemin Rouge x x x 1895 (R.H.S.).—Growth compact,
ereat bearer, averaging six fruits in a cluster; moderate size,
round, smooth, bright red, flesh solid, and of excellent flavour.

12. Chemin Rouge (Watkins & Simpson).—See No. 11.

13. Cherry Shaped (R.H.S.).—Growth weak, good cropper,
- averaging nine fruits in a cluster; small, smooth, red, and
pleasant flavour; dessert variety.

14. Chiswick Dessert (R.H.S.), A.M. 1896.—Growth compact,
heavy cropper, averaging eight fruits in a cluster; small, round,
smooth, bright shining red, solid, and excellent flavoured ; dessert
variety.

918 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

15. Comet x x x 1894 (Wrench).—Growth very compact,
creat bearer, averaging eight fruits to a cluster ; moderate size
round, smooth, dark red, solid, and fair flavour.

16. Comet (Watkins & Simpson).—See No. 15.

17. Conference F.C.C. 1889 (R.H.S.).—Growth compact,
heavy cropper, averaging six fruits in a cluster; rather small,
round, smooth, deep red, flesh solid, and good flavour.

18. Conference (Watkins & Simpson).—See No. 17.

19. Conqueror (Benary).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging five fruits in a cluster ; medium size, corrugated, dark
red, solid, and good flavour.

20. Conqueror (Dammann).—Stock mixed.

21. Crimson Cushion (Barr).—Growth compact, moderate
cropper, averaging five in a cluster; very large, slightly corru-
gated, solid, and good flavour.

22. Criterion (Dammann).—Growth compact, moderate
cropper, averaging six fruits in a cluster; medium size, round,
smooth, purple, solid, and good flavour.

93. Currant (R.H.S.).—Growth weak, fair cropper, small,
red, of good flavour, only useful for dessert.

24, Daybreak (Barr).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging five fruits in a cluster; round, smooth, dark red, solid,
and good flavour.

25. Democrat (Benary).—Growth compact, light cropper,
averaging four fruits in a cluster; large, round, smooth, bright
scarlet, solid, and good flavour.

26. Duke of York x x x 1895 (Carter).—Growth compact
and very sturdy, heavy cropper, averaging five fruits in a cluster;
very large, round, smooth, rich scarlet, solid, and good flavour.

27. Karly Ruby (Barr).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging five fruits in a cluster; medium size, slightly corru-
gated, deep red, solid, and good flavour.

28. Empress (Watkins & Simpson).—Growth compact,
moderate cropper, averaging four fruits in a cluster; medium
size, slightly corrugated, deep scarlet, solid, and agreeable
flavour.

29. Encore (Ross).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging five in a cluster; medium size, round, smooth, bright
red, solid, and good flavour.

30. Excelsior x x x 1894 (R.H.S. and Corbett)—Growth

REPORT ON TOMATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896. 219

compact, heavy cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster;
moderate size, round, smooth, deep scarlet, flesh solid, and of fair
flavour.

31. Extra Early (Barr).—Growth very compact, heavy
cropper, averaging four in a cluster; medium size, flattish round,
smooth, solid, and good flavour.

32. Ficarazzi (Benary).—Medium size, very much corrugated,
not worth growing.

33. Ficarazzi (Dammann).—See No. 82.

34, Flambeau (Sutton).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging six fruits in a cluster; medium size, round, smooth,
bright red, solid, and good flavour.

35. Frogmore Selected x x x 1895 (Veitch).—Growth com-
pact and strong, heavy cropper, averaging four fruits in a
cluster; large, usually smooth, deep scarlet, flesh solid, and
excellent flavour.

36. Gleuston Court Seedling (Wright).—Growth compact,
heavy cropper, large, averaging four in a cluster; slightly cor-
rugated, deep red, solid, and good flavour.

37. Golden Egg (Elwell).-Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averagine six fruits in a cluster; egg-shaped, rather small,
smooth, solid, and excellent flavour.

88. Golden King Humbert (Dobbie).—Growth moderately
compact, very heavy cropper ; egg-shaped, smooth, not solid, and
of second-rate flavour.

39. Golden Nugget x x x 1894 (Sutton).—Growth compact,
heavy cropper, averaging nine fruits in a cluster; small, round,
smooth, solid. A fine dessert variety.

40. Golden Nugget (Benary).—See No. 39.

41. Golden Princess x x x 1894 (Sutton).—Growth com-
pact, moderate cropper, averaging four fruits to a cluster;
medium size, round, smooth, solid, and fair flavour.

42. Golden Queen (Benary).—Growth compact, moderate
cropper; averaging four fruits in a cluster ; medium size, round,
smooth, solid, flavour fair.

43. Golden Queen (Sutton).—See No. 42.

44. Golden Sunrise (Barr).—Same as 59.

45. Ham Green Favourite x x x 1895 (R.H.S.).—Growth
moderately compact, fair cropper, averaging five in a cluster ;
deep red, large, smooth, flesh solid, and of good flavour.

2920 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

46. Heinemann’s Earliest (Heinemann).—Growth compact,
moderate cropper, averaging five in a cluster; large, slightly cor-
rugated, deep scarlet, solid, and fair flavour.

47. Ifield Gem (Watkins & Simpson).—Growth compact,
light cropper, averaging three fruits in a cluster; medium size,
round, smooth, deep red, solid, and excellent flavour.

48. Imperial (Barr).— Growth compact, good cropper,
averaging four in a cluster; round, smooth, good shape, deep
scarlet, solid, and rich flavour.

49. Invincible (Hurst)—Growth moderately compact, fair
cropper, averaging three fruits in a cluster; large, round,
smooth, dark red, solid, good flavour. A fine exhibition
variety. |

50. King Humbert (Benary).—Same as No. 88, except that
the fruit is red in colour. |

51. King Humbert (Dammann).—-‘See No. 50.

52. King Humbert Yellow (Dammann).—Stock mixed.

53. Large Early Red (Dammann).—A good stock of this old
and well-known variety.

54. Large Red Olive Cross (Landreth, Bristol, U.S.A.).—
Growth compact, moderate cropper, averaging three fruits in a
cluster; very large, smooth, round, bright red, solid, and good
flavour.

55. Lawrenson’s No. 1 (Hurst).—Growth compact, moderate
cropper, averaging four fruits in a cluster ; large, round, smooth,
deep red, solid, and of good flavour.

56. Lawrenson’s No. 2 (Hurst).—Very similar, if not the
same as Chemin Rouge.

57. Lawrenson’s No. 3 (Hurst).—Growth very short and
compact, heavy cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster;
round, bright red, solid, and fair flavour.

58. Laxton’s Open Air x x x 1894 (Laxton).—Growth
compact, very heavy cropper. <A good selection of the Old
Karly Dwarf Red.

59. Lemon Blush (Benary).—Growth compact and strong,
moderate cropper, averaging four fruits in a cluster; medium
size, round, smooth, yellow tinged with red, solid, and of good
flavour.

60. Long Keeper (Benary).—Growth compact, light cropper,
averaging three fruits in a truss; medium size, round, smooth,
dark purple, solid, and fair flavour.

REPORT ON TOMATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896. DPA |

61. Long Keeper (Barr).—Same as No. 60.

62. Magenta (Dammann).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging six fruits in a truss; medium size, round, smooth,
purplish, solid, and good flavour.

63. Matchless Extra Large (Barr).—Growth fairly compact ;
moderate cropper, large, round, smooth, dark crimson, solid, and
fair flavour.

64. McGregor Seedling (R.H.S.).—Growth compact and
sturdy ; moderate cropper, averaging five fruits in a cluster ;
large, round, smooth, scarlet, flesh solid, and good flavour.

65. Meteor (Dammann).—Growth compact, distinct bold
foliage, moderate cropper, averaging three fruits in a cluster ;
large, corrugated, purplish, solid, second-rate flavour.

66. Meteor Upright (Barr).—Growth compact; heavy
cropper, averaging six in a cluster; medium size, slightly
corrugated, pale red, solid, and good flavour.

67. Mikado Scarlet (Benary).—Growth compact, heavy
cropper, averaging four in a cluster; large, corrugated, solid,
flavour poor.

68. Mikado (Benary).—Stock mixed.

69. Neild’s Seedling (Neild) A.M. 1896.—Growth compact,
great cropper, clusters overlapping each other, averaging six
fruits each ; moderate size, round, smooth, dark red, solid, and
good flavour.

70. New Champion (Dobbie).—Growth compact, heavy
cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster; medium size,
round, smooth, dark red, solid, and fairly good flavour.

71. New Deep Flesh (Barr).—Growth compact; moderate
cropper, averaging five in a cluster ; medium size, much deeper
than wide, smooth, purple, solid, and of good flavour.

72. New Golden (Barr).—Growth compact, good cropper,
averaging five fruits in a cluster ; medium size, round, smooth,
solid, and excellent flavour.

73. Peach (R.H.S.).—Growth compact, light cropper,
averaging six fruits in a cluster; small, round, purplish, solid,
second-rate flavour.

74, Pear-shaped (R.H.8.).—Growth rather weak, heavy
cropper; small, red, of only third-rate flavour. Nota profitable
variety to grow.

75. Perfection, F.C.C. 1884 (R.H.S.).—A well-known variety.

L

222 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

76. Perfection Surpassed (Barr).—Same as No. 75.

77. Ponderosa (Benary).—Same as Nos. 85 and 78, except
that the fruit is a pale red or purple colour.

78. Ponderosa Scarlet (Benary).—Same as No. 85.

79. Prince of Naples (Dammann).—Growth compact, heavy
cropper, averaging six fruits in a cluster; medium size, round,
smooth, dark red, solid, and good flavour.

80. Purple Cross (Landreth).—Growth compact, moderate
cropper, averaging four fruits in a cluster ; large, round, smooth,
solid, fair flavour.

81. Royal Ruby (Watkins & Simpson).—Same as No. 27.

82. Ruby (Dammann).—Same as No. 27.

83. Scarlet Champion (Vilmorin).—Growth compact, heavy
cropper, averaging five fruits in a cluster; large, round, smooth,
solid, and fair flavour.

84. Scarlet Cross (Landreth).—Heavy cropper ; very similar
to, if not the same as, Chemin Rouge.

85. Scarlet Ponderosa (Vilmorin).—Growth very gross, light
cropper, averaging two fruits in a cluster ; immense, corrugated
coarse in all points.

86. Semper Fructifera (Dammann).—Growth compact, very
heavy cropper, averaging over forty fruits ina cluster; small,
pear-shaped, smooth, bright red, solid, and good flavour. A
dessert variety.

87. Soleil d’Or (Sutton).—Gyrowth rather long-jointed, heavy
cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster; round, smooth,
deep golden, solid, and excellent flavour.

88. Sunbeam (Sutton).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging six fruits in a cluster; rather small, egg-shaped, deep
golden, smooth, solid, and rich flavour.

89. Sutton’s Al x x 1894 (Barr).—Growth compact, very
similar, if not the same as Chemin Rouge.

90. Sutton’s Dessert x x x 1894 (Sutton).—Similar in
every respect to No. 89, except in the colour of the fruit, which
is a deep red.

91. Tennis Ball x x x 1895 (R.H.S.).—Growth compact,
heavy cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster; medium size,
round, smooth, deep red, solid, and good flavour.

92. Terra Cotta (Benary).—Growth compact, good cropper,
averaging six fruits in a cluster; medium size, round, smooth,
solid, and fair flavour.

REPORT ON BEETROOT AT CHISWICK, 1896. 293

93. Thick-fleshed (Barr).—Growth compact, good cropper,
averaging four fruits in a cluster; large, rovnd, smooth, deep
scarlet, solid, and pleasant flavour.

94. Three-celled Cross (Landreth).—Growth compact, heavy
cropper, averaging six fruits in a cluster; almost egg-shaped,
smooth, purplish colour, solid, and good flavour.

95. Tip-top (Toogood).—Growth compact, heavy cropper,
averaging six fruits ina cluster; medium size, slightly corru-
gated, deep red, solid, and fair flavour.

96. Trewer’s Incomparable x x x 1895 (Nutting).—Growth
very compact, heavy cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster ;
very similar to Chemin Rouge.

97. Turner’s Prolific x x 1894 (Turner).—Growth very
compact, heavy cropper, averaging seven fruits in a cluster ;
large, shghtly corrugated, dark red, solid, and fair flavour.

98. Two-celled Cross (Landreth).—Same as No. 94, except
that the fruit is a little paler in colour.

99. Yellow Peach (R.H.S.).—Same as No. 73, except in the
colour of the fruit.

100. Yellow Peach (Barr).—See No. 99.

101. Young’s Eclipse (Young & Dobinson), A.M. 1896.—
Growth compact, very heavy cropper, averaging six fruits in a
cluster; medium to large, round, smooth, bright scarlet, solid,
and good flavour. A very promising variety.

REPORT ON BEETROOT AT CHISWICK, 1896.

A cOoLLEcTION of eighty stocks of Beet were sown on June 4, but
owing to the exceptionally dry season the germination was
irregular, the seed coming up on three different dates, causing
the growth to be somewhat uneven. On the whole, however,
the trial proved satisfactory, all the varieties developing some
good specimens, showing the true character of each. The roots
were examined by the Committee on September 17.

A.M.=Awarp or MeEnritT.

1. Arlington’s Favourite (Heinemann).—Roots turnip-shaped,
medium size; flesh red, mottled with white; short dark-green
foliage.

- Oo
as a

994 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

2. Bassano Early Flat Red (Heinemann).—A mangold, or
closely allied thereto. Very large coarse foliage.

3. Bassano Early Flat Red (Dammann).—Roots medium
size, handsome; flesh a deep crimson; foliage bronzy green.
Distinct from and superior to No. 2.

4, Bastian’s Early Red Turnip-rooted (Heinemann).—Roots
of medium size, shapely; flesh red, strongly tinged with white ;
foliage green.

5. Best of All (Sutton).— Roots pyriform, rather small, hand-
some ; flesh deep red; foliage very short, black, and compact.

6. Black Selected (J. Veitch).—Roots pyriform, medium size ;
flesh rich blood red; foliage black.

7. Blood Red or Round Dark Early (Heinemann).—Roots
medium to large; flesh very dark crimson; foliage compact and
very dark bronze. Stock slightly mixed.

8. Chelsea (Heinemann).—Stock mixed.

9. Cheltenham Green-top (Watkins & Simpson) A.M.-—
Roots moderately long, medium size; flesh deep rich crimson ;
foliage short, compact, and deep green.

10. Cheltenham Green-top (J. Veitch) A.M.—See No. 9.

11. Cheltenham Green-top (Yates) A.M.—See No. 9.

12. Cheltenham Green-top (Nutting) A.M.—See No. 9.

18. Chilian (J. Veitch).—The foliage and midribs are of
varied and brilliant colours. Fine for decoration purposes.

14. Covent Garden Red (Watkins & Simpson).—Roots long,
medium size; flesh blood red; foliage short and black.

15. Covent Garden (Barr).—Sce No. 14.

16. Crapandine or Rough Skin (Heinemann).—Roots long,
medium size; flesh dark red; foliage bronzy green.

17. Crapandine (Dammann).—See No. 16.

18. Crown Prince (Heinemann).—-Stock mixed.

19. Dell’s Black-leaved (Heinemann) A.M.—Roots long,
medium size; fine dark crimson flesh; foliage short, compact,
and dark.

20. Dell’s Black-leaf (Vilmorin) A.M.—See No. 19.

21. Dell’s Crimson (J. Veitch) A.M.—See No. 19.

22. Dell’s Celebrated Dwarf (Dobbie) A.M.—See No. 19.

23. Dell’s Black-leaved (Nutting) A.M.—See No. 19.

24. Dell’s Crimson Long Red (Dammann).—Not true to

name.

REPORT ON BEETROOT AT CHISWICK, 1896. 995

25. Dracena-leaved (J. Veitch).—Roots too small for use;
foliage very handsome, highly decorative.

26. Eclipse (Heinemann).—Roots medium size; flesh pale
red; foliage dark green. Stock slightly mixed.

27. Eclipse (Benary).—A coarse form of No. 26.

28. Eclipse (J. Veitch).—Roots turnip-shaped, handsome,
medium size; flesh very dark crimson; foliage bronzy green.
Distinct from Nos. 26 and 27.

29. Kelipse Dark Red Turnip (Vilmorin).—Roots of medium
size; flesh red, with white veins; foliage dark green. Very —
early.

30. Edmand’s Blood Red (Benary).—Turnip-rooted ; medium
size ; flesh deep red; foliage dark green.

31. Edmand’s Early Blood (Heinemann).—Turnip-rooted ;
medium-sized, handsome roots; flesh red; short green foliage.

82. Egyptian Dark Red (Vilmorin) A.M.—-Turnip-rooted ;
medium size, handsome ; flesh very deep crimson ; short, compact
dark green foliage.

33. Egyptian Turnip Earliest Dark Red (Heinemann).—Roots
large ; flesh dark crimson; foliage large and dark green.

384. Egyptian Turnip-rooted (Dobbie).—Roots large; flesh
deep crimson ; foliage bronzy green.

35. Egyptian Turnip-rooted (J. Veitch).—See No. 34.

36. Egyptian Earliest Dark Red (Benary).—Very similar to
No. 84.

387. Egyptian Red Turnip (Dammann).—See No. 34.

38. Erfurt Long Black (Heinemann).—Stock mixed.

39. Erfurt Long Black Red (Benary).—Roots long, large ;
deep crimson flesh ; handsome black foliage. Distinct from No. 38.

40. Erfurt Long Black Red (Heinemann).—See No. 39.

41. Gem (Sutton).—Roots fairly long, handsome, medium
size; flesh deep crimson ; foliage very short and bronzy green.

42. Green-top (Barr) A.M.—See No. 9.

43. Johnson’s Selected (Johnson).—Roots long, medium size ;
flesh deep crimson ; foliage black.

44, Leonetti (Dammann).—Turnip-rooted; medium size ;
flesh deep red ; foliage dark bronzy green.

45. Longdeep Red (Dammann).—Roots long, of great size»
coarse ; too large for table use.

46. Long Smooth Blood Red (Vilmorin).—Roots long, large ;
flesh dark blood red; foliage bronzy green.

226 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

47. Maincrop (Sutton).—Roots long pyriform, medium size ;
flesh nearly black; foliage bronzy green. The darkest fleshed
Beet in the collection.

48. Middleton Park (Watkins & Simpson).—Roots long
handsome, medium size; flesh deep crimson ; foliage black.

49. Middleton Park Favourite (Dobbie).—See No. 48.

50. New Purple (Dobbie).—Roots long, medium size; flesh
very dark red; foliage compact and bronzy green.

51. Non Plus Ultra (Heinemann).—Roots rather long; flesh
dark crimson ; foliage very dark and moderately short.

52. Northumberland Red (Nutting).— Roots pyriform, medium
size ; flesh deep red ; short compact dark foliage.

58. Nutting’s Selected Dwarf (Heinemann) A.M.—Roots
long, medium size; flesh dark crimson; foliage nearly black. A
very good stock of this popular variety.

54. Nutting’s Dwarf Red (Nutting) A.M.—See No. 53.

55. Nutting’s Dark Dwarf Red (J. Veitch) A.M.—See No. 53.

56. Nutting’s Selected (Dobbie) A.MW.—See No. 53.

57. Osborn’s Selected Dark Red (Heinemann).—Roots long,
medium size; flesh pale red ; foliage nearly black.

58. Perfection Dwarf Red (Hurst) A.M.—Roots long, medium
size; flesh deep rich blood red; foliage compact and black.

59. Pine Apple (Dobbie).—Roots rather long, large; flesh
dark red; foliage large and bronzy green.

60. Pine Apple (J. Veitch)—A darker and better form of
No. 50.

61. Pragnell’s Exhibition (J. Veitch).—A very true stock of
this old and popular variety.

62. Pragnell’s Exhibition (Watkins & Simpson).—A very true
stock of this well-known variety.

63. Queen of the Blacks (Heinemann).—Roots long, of nice
medium size; flesh blood red; rather short compact black
foliage.

64. Silver or Seakale (J. Veitch).—In this variety the mid-
ribs of the foliage are large and beautifully white. They are
cooked and served as Seakale, the remainder of the leaves being
sometimes used as a substitute for Spinach.

65. Spinach Beet (Watkins & Simpson).—This variety is
useful for its leaves, which form a substitute for Spinach in hot
dry weather.

REPORT ON POTATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896, 227

66. Spinach or Green Perpetual (J. Veitch).—See No. 65.

67. Strasburg Dark Red (Heinemann).—Roots long pyri-
form, handsome, medium size; flesh deep blood red; foliage
elossy black and compact.

68. Sugar Beet (J. Veitch).—Roots long, large; flesh white ;
ereen foliage.

69. Superb Blood Red (J. Veitch).—Roots long, medium size ;
flesh bright red ; foliage compact and bronzy green.

70. Superb Dwarf Red (J. Veitch).—Roots long, medium
size; flesh deep crimson; foliage short and bronzy green.

71. Sutton’s Globe (Sutton).—Roots perfectly round, medium
size; flesh red; foliage dark green.

72. Turnip-rooted Red Globe (Watkins & Simpson) A.M.—
Roots globe shape, handsome, medium size; flesh dark red;
foliage bronzy green.

73. Veitch’s Superb (R. Veitch).—Roots long, medium size;
flesh deep blood red ; foliage bronzy black.

74. Virtus (Heinemann).—Roots long, medium size; flesh
a rich blood red ; foliage strong and dark green.

75. Victoria (Heinemann).—Roots long, medium size, good
shape; flesh nearly black; foliage dark bronze.

76. Victoria (Dammann).—See No. 75.

77. Whyte’s Early Dwarf Blood Red (Heinemann).—Roots
large, long; flesh dark red; foliage deep greenish black.
Coarse.

78. Yates’ Blood Red (Yates).—Roots long, handsome,
medium size; flesh nearly black; foliage bright bronzy black.

79. Yellow Turnip, or Round Yellow (Heinemann).—Roots
of medium size; flesh yellow ; pale green foliage.

80. Zulu (R. Veitch).—Roots pyriform to long, medium size ;
flesh dark crimson; foliage deep black and very ornamental.

REPORT ON POTATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896.

SEVENTY-THREE varieties of Potatos were grown in the Gardens
this year, including some of the best varieties tried in 1895 for
comparison with the new ones. The dry season suited the crop,
which was, generally speaking, a good one, with comparatively

998 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

little disease. The collection was examined by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee on two occasions: First on July 31, and
again on September 17, the former date being for the early, and
the latter for the later varieties.

F.C.C.=First Class Certificate. A.M.=Award of Merit.

x x x =Highly commended. x x =Commended.

1. Advancer (Carter).—Round ; white, eyes full, heavy crop,
free from disease. Tall robust haulm. Late.

2. Beauty of Hebron (Sutton).—A well-known variety. Crop
excellent, free from disease.

3. Beech Hill Beauty (Briggs)—Round; blue, shallow eyes,
light crop. Many of the tubers split. Free from disease. Tall
haulm. Late.

4. Belle de Fontenay (Vilmorin).—Kidney; white, eyes full,
light crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early. ;

5. Birmingham (Woods).—Same as Sutton’s Satisfaction. A
magnificent crop of fine oval tubers.

6. Bona Fide (Ross).—Round; white, eyes full, good crop,
free from disease. Short haulm. LHarly.

7. Bonus (Ross).—Round; white, eyes rather deep, heavy
crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Larly.

8. Bonnie Blush (Miles).—Oval; white, shallow eyes, good
cro}, free from disease. Short haulm. LTarly.

9. Britannia (Vilmorin).—Round ; white, with full pink eyes,
moderate crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

10. Britannia (Smith & Simons).—Round ; white, eyes full,
heavy crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Late. Distinct
from the preceding.

11. Carmen’s No. 8 (Wrench).—Similar to Magnum Bonum.

12. Cockerell’s Seedling (Cockerell).—A.M. September 10,
1895.—Round ; white, eyes full, fair crop, slightly diseased.
Moderate haulm. Late.

13. Congress (Barr).—Oval to long; white, eyes full, heavy
crop, free from disease. Very tall branching haulm. Late.

14. Conqueror (Carter).—Round to oval; white, shallow
eyes, good crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

15. Duchess of Marlborough (HK. 8. Wiles). — Kidney;
white, eyes full, heavy crop, free from disease. Tall haulm.
Late.

16. Duke of Marlborough (KK. $8. Wiles)—Round; white,

REPORT ON POTATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896. 229

eyes full, moderate crop of small tubers, free from disease.
Late.

17. Duke of York (Daniels)—Oval to long; white, eyes
full, light crop, slightly diseased. Short haulm. Second
early.

18. Early Ashleaf (Sutton).—A good selection of this well-
known favourite old variety. Very short haulm. One of the
earliest.

19. Early Crimson Flour Ball (Daniels).—Round; red,
deep eyes, moderate crop, free from disease. Short haulm.
Karly.

20. Karly Queen (Daniels).—Kidney; pinkish white, eyes
full, heavy crop, free from disease. Similar to Beauty of Hebron,
but a little later.

21. Karly White Kidney (Dean), A.M. September 17,
1896.—Kidney ; white, eyes full, good crop, free from disease.
Short haulm. Second early. Of excellent quality when
cooked. [Mr. Fenn obtained a F.C.C. for Early White Kidney
on August 19, 1873.]

22. Emblem (Ross).—Round to oval; white, shallow eyes,
very heavy crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm. Early.

23. Famous (Ross) A.M. July 81, 1896.—Oval to kidney
shape; white, eyes full, very heavy crop, free from disease.
Moderate haulm. LEarly. The quality was excellent when
cooked.

24. Gibson’s Seedling (Gibson).—Round to oval; white,
eyes full, fair crop, slightly diseased. Moderate haulm. Late.

25. Goldfinder (Carter)—Round to kidney shape; white,
eyes full, heavy crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

26. Hallamshire Hero (Hughes).—Round to oval; white,
eyes full, heavy crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm.
Late. |
27. La Bretonne (Vilmorin).—Long ; white, eyes full, heavy
crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm. Late.

28. Late Perfection (Ridgewell).—Round to oval; white,
eyes full, moderate crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

29. Magistrate (Yates).—Round to kidney shape; white, eyes
full, heavy crop, free from disease. Late.

30. Market Favourite (Hurst)—Round; white, eyes full,
good crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

930 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

31. Marjolin Tetard (Vilmorin).—Kidney ; white, eyes full,
good crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

32. Murphy (Laxton Bros.)—Round; white, eyes rather
deeply set, heavy crop, slightly diseased. Tall haulm. Late.

33. Nonpareil (Carter).—Round; white, eyes rather deeply
set, good crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

34. Perfection (Sutton).—Round ; white, eyes full, fine heavy
crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

35. Pink-eyed Perfection (Wiles)—Round; white, with pink
eyes somewhat deeply set, heavy crop, slightly diseased. Very
strong tall haulm. Late.

36, Pride of the West (Henderson).—Oval ; pink, eyes full,
large tubers, moderate crop, free from disease. Tall haulm.
Late.

37. Pride of Tonbridge (Webber).—A.M. September 10, 1895.
Oval; white, shallow eyes, moderate crop, free from disease.
Short haulm. Late.

38. Priory Beauty (Marsh).—Oval; white, eyes full, heavy
crop, tubers rather small, free from disease. Short haulm.
Karly.

39. Ranger (Ross).—Round ; white, shallow eyes, very heavy
crop, diseased. Short haulm. Early.

40. Reine des Polders 1895 (Vilmorin).—Kidney ; white,
shallow eyes, good shape, moderate crop, free from disease. Tall
haulm. Late.

41. Reine des Polders (Vilmorin).—Round ; white, with pink
eyes. Not the same as Reine des Polders 1895.

42. Reliable (Daniels).—Kidney; white, eyes full, tubers
very large, good crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm,
Late.

48. Rex (Ross).—Round to oval ; white, shallow eyes, heavy
crop, slightly diseased. Tall haulm. Late.

44, Ringleader (Sutton).—Round to oval; white, eyes full,
heavy crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Very early.

45. Satisfaction (Sutton).—Round to oval; white, eyes full,
very heavy crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Late. A
very handsome variety.

46. Saxon (Kent & Brydon), A.M. September 17, 1896.—
Round; white, eyes full, very heavy crop, free from disease.

REPORT ON POTATOS AT CHISWICK, 1896. 9381

Moderate haulm. Late. Of excellent quality when cooked for
the Committee.

47. Seedling from Chancellor (Bingham).—Round; white,
eyes full, very heavy crop, free from disease. Short haulm.
Late.

48. Seedling Surprise (EK. $8. Wiles).—Kidney; white, eyes
full, light crop of small tubers, free from disease. Very tall
strong haulm. Late.

49. Seedling from Duke of York (Morgan Pryce).—Round ;
white, eyes full, heavy crop, free from disease. Tall haulm.
Moderately early.

50. Seedling (Harraway & Scott).—Oval to kidney; white,
eyes full, yood crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

51. Seedling (Leece).—Round; white, shallow eyes, light
crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

52. Seedling (Newland).—Round to oval; white, eyes full,
very heavy crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm. Late.

58. Seedling (Ridgewell).—Same as Magnum Bonum.

54. Seedling (Revens).—Kidney shape; white, eyes full,
light crop. Tall robust haulm. Late.

55. Sutton’s Al (Sutton).—Round ; white, rather deep eyes,
moderate crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

56. Supreme (Sutton).—Round to oval ; white, eyes full, good
crop, slightly diseased. Short haulm. Late.

57. Sutton’s Triumph (Sutton), F.0.0. September 12, 1898 ;
x x x September 17, 1896.—Round; white, eyes full, heavy
crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm. Late. Of excellent
quality when cooked for the Committee.

58. Syon House Prolific (Wythes), A.M. September 10, 1895,
and x x x September 17, 1896.—Round; white, handsome,
eyes full, heavy crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

59. The Canon (Barr).—Round to oval; white, eyes full,
heavy crop, free from disease. Rather short haulm. Late.
[Mr. Dean obtained a F.C.C. for the Canon on Sept. 20, 1892.]

60. The Topper (Gilbert).—Half round to long; white, eyes
full, good crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

61. Triumph (R.H.8.).—Same as No. 57.

62. Triumph (Carter).—A good form of Magnum Bonum.

63. Vale of Cleveland (Johnson).—Round to oval; white,
eyes full, good crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

932 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

64. Veitch’s No. 1 (R. Veitch).—Round ; white, eyes full,
tubers very large, fair crop, much diseased. Late.

65. Veitch’s No. 70 (J. Veitch).—Oval to kidney; white, eyes
full, good crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Early.

66. Veitch’s No. 71 (J. Veitch).—Round; white, eyes full,
heavy crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Moderately early.

67. Veitch’s No. 72 (J. Veitch).—Round to oval; white, eyes
full, very heavy crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm. Late.

68. Ward’s Seedling (Ward).—Round ; pink, eyes full, heavy
crop, free from disease. Moderate haulm. Late.

69. White Beauty of Hebron (Sutton).—Long; white
shallow eyes, heavy crop, slightly diseased. Short haulm.
Karly.

70. White Perfection (Daniels)—Round; white, eyes full,
moderate crop, free from disease. Short haulm. Late.

71. Windsor Castle (Sutton), F.C.C. September 12, 1893.—
Round to oval; white, eyes full, very heavy crop, free from
disease. Moderate haulm. Larly.

72. Wood’s Favourite (Ridgewell).—Round to oval; white,
eyes full, light crop, free from disease. Tall haulm. Late.

73. Wythes’ Seedling Kidney (Wythes).—Kidney; white,
eyes full, good crop, slightly diseased. Rather short haulm.
Karly.

REPORT ON TURNIPS AT CHISWICK, 1896.

SEVENTY-NINE stocks of Turnip-seed were received for trial, and
all were sown on April 22. With two exceptions, all the seeds
germinated freely, and the crops proved a success in spite of
the very dry season. They were examined by the Fruit and
Vegetable Committee on June 15, and again on June 29, to
inspect the later varieties.

A further sowing of all the stocks was made on July 31, with
a view to test their merits for winter use. The germination was
again good, but owing to the very wet autumn most of the bulbs
split, and were useless for trial purposes.

x X x = Highly commended.

REPORT ON TURNIPS AT CHISWICK, 1896. 238

1. All the Year Round (Dobbie). Pyriform, white, short
top, robust; sweet flavour ; late.

2. Black Round (Vilmorin). Same as No. 4; late.

3. Cattell’s Silver Ball x x x (Dobbie). Round, of model
shape, white, moderate top, robust; fine flavour; late. An
excellent hot-weather variety.

4, Chirk Castle (J. Veitch). Deep round, skin black, short
top, very hardy. A splendid winter variety.

5. Dobbie’s Selected Swede (Dobbie). A good form of
Swede.

6. Karly Flat Red Top (Vilmorin). A shghtly later form of
No. 12.

7. Karly White Milan x x x (Vilmorin). Flattish round,
short top ; very good flavour. One of the best early varieties.

8. Early White Milan x x x (R. Veitch). See No. 7.

9. Early White Milan x x x (Sutton). See No. 7.

10. Early White Milan x x x (Dobbie). See No. 7.

11. Karly White Milan x x x (Wythes). See No. 7.

12. Early Red Milan x x x (Vilmorin). Similar in every
respect to No. 7, except in the colour of the bulb, which is
reddish purple at the top.

13. Early Milan x x x (Benary). See No. 12.

14, Early Red Milan x x x (Sutton). See No. 12.

15. Karly Milan Strap-leaved x xx (Dammann). See
No. 12.

16. Karly Red-top x x x (Dammann). See No. 12.

17. Karly Milan x x x (Heinemann). See No. 12.

18. Early Purple Top (Heinemann). See No. 12.

19. Early Red-top Strap-leaved (Dobbie). A somewhat later
form of No. 12.

20. Early Red-top Strap-leaved (Heinemann). See No. 19.

21. Karly Red-top Milan x x x (Dobbie). See No. 12.

22. Early Snowball x x x (Sutton). Round, white, hand-
some, moderate top; superior flavour; early. Stood the hot
weather well.

23. Karly Snowball (Heinemann). A somewhat later form
of No. 22.

24, Karly White Dutch (Dobbie). Round, similar to No. 22,
but hardly as good ; early.

25. Karly White Dutch (J. Veitch). See No. 24.

234 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

26. Harly White Flat Dutch (Dammann). See No. 24.

27. Early White Globe (Nutting). Deep round, good shape,
robust, large top; flavour fair ; moderately early.

28. Early White Stone (J. Veitch). Deep round, hand-
some, robust, moderate top; flavour good; medium early.

29. Extra Karly Milan x x x (J. Veitch). See No. 12.

30. Extra Karly Milan x x x (Dobbie). See No. 12.

31. Extra Early Paris Market (J. Veitch). A slightly later
form of No. 42.

32. Flat Forcing x x x (Heinemann). Round, white,
robust, rather small tops; flavour excellent. Stood the dry
weather well.

33. Golden Ball (J. Veitch). Deep round, good shape, short
tops, robust ; excellent flavour ; late.

34. Golden Ball (Dobbie). See No. 33.

85. Golden Ball Selected (Dobbie). See No. 33.

36. Golden Ball (Yates). See No. 33.

37. Golden Ball (Dammann). See No. 33.

38. Golden Nugget (Barr). This variety failed.

39. Green-top Stone x x x (J. Veitch). Large, round, hand-
some, robust; flavour excellent; medium early. A fine dry
season variety.

40. Green-top Stone (Watkins & Simpson). See No. 89.

41. Golden Stone (Nutting). Round, good shape, short top ;
sweet flavour ; rather late.

42. Half-long White Forcing x x x (Vilmorin). Pyriform,
short top; extra fine flavour. Probably the best early
variety.

43. Half-long White Forcing (Dammann). See No. 42.

44. Harrison’s marble (Dobbie). Not a success.

45. Jersey Lily x x x (Vilmorin). Round, handsome, white,
moderate top; excellent flavour; early. Stood the drought
well.

46. Laing’s Swede (Dobbie). See No. 5.

47. Large White Purple-top (Dammann). A later form of
No. 12.

48. Large White Globe (Dammann). See No, 24.

49. Long Black (Dammann). ‘This proved to be a Cabbage.

50. Long Horn Purple-top (Barr). Pyriform, good shape,
short top; sweet in flavour; early.

REPORT ON TURNIPS AT CHISWICK, 1896. 935

51. Model White (Dobbie). Round, handsome, robust,
moderate top; flavour good; early.

52. New Model (Watkins & Simpson). Round, rather small,
white, good shape, short top; excellent flavour; early. Stood
the drought well.

538. Orange Jelly (Watkins & Simpsen). Round, hand-
some, moderate top; good flavour; late. A fine winter
variety.

54, Petrowski Dark Yellow (Heinemann). The season did
not suit this variety ; the bulbs were small and the flesh hard ;
late.

55. Petrowski (Benary). Round, small, white, good shape,
short top; poor flavour ; late.

56. Prince Engatitschiff (Benary). Flattish round, red,
short top; poor flavour; mid-season or late.

57. Purple-top Munich (J. Veitch). A later form of No. 12.

58. Red Garden Globe x x x (R. Veitch). Round, hand-
some, moderate top; excellent flavour; mid-season or late.

59. Red Globe x x x (J. Veitch). See No. 58.

60. Red Garden Globe x x x (Dobbie). See No. 58.

61. Red Globe x x x (Dobbie). See Na. 58.

62. Red Globe x x x (Watkins & Simpson). See No. 58.

63. Red American Stone (J. Veitch). See No. 12.

64. Robertson’s Golden Ball (Heinemann). See No. 83.

65. Russian Scarlet Flat (Benary). See No. 56.

66. Russian Scarlet Flat (Dobbie)... See No. 56.

67. Strap-leaf Stone (J. Veitch). Round, white, model shape,
short top; good flavour; early.

68. Scarlet Kashmir (Vilmorin). Flattish round, small top ;
flavour poor ; early. :

69. Scarlet Kashmir White-fleshed (Heinemann). See
No. 68.

70. Scarlet Kashmir (Wythes). See No. 68.

71. Scarlet Flat Dutch (Barr). See No. 56.

72. Snowball (Nutting). A coarser form of No. 22.

73. The Cardinal (R. Veitch). Round, scarlet, good shape,
short top; good flavour ; early.

74. White Hard Winter (Vilmorin). Pyriform, handsome,
short top; good flavour, late.

936 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

75. Yellow Flat Purple-top (Vilmorin). Round, good shape,
short top; good flavour ; mid-season.

76. Yellow Malta Flat (Dammann). Round, handsome,
large top; good flavour ; mid-season.

77. Yellow Malta (Dobbie). See No. 76.

78. Yellow Malta (J. Veitch). See No. 76.

79. Yellow Finland (Dammann). JRound, small; not a
SUCCESS.

FOURNAL

OF THE

RoyAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vou. XX. 1897.
Part ITI.

NEW ROSES.
By the Rey. H. J. PeEmBrerton, M.A.
[Read July 14, 1896. ]

How wonderful has been the development of the Rose from the
species with single flowers to the glorious florists’ flowers of the
present day, and with what rapid strides has it advanced even
within the lifetime of several of our rosarians! I have a book
which afforded me considerable assistance in the cultivation of
the Rose some twenty-two years ago, a book which was considered
to be well up to date. In it is found a list of roses for amateurs
possessing small gardens, the leading roses of the day, and
in this list are the following:—Hybrid Perpetuals: Alphonse
Damoizin, Charles Lefebvre, Charles Margottin, Comtesse Cécile
de Chabrilland, Duchesse de Cambacérés, Francois Lacharme,
Général Jacqueminot, John Hopper, Jules Margottin, La Rhéne,
Louise Darzens, Madame Charles Wood, Madame Rivers,
Madame Vidot, Mademoiselle Bonnaire, Prince Camille de
Rohan, Prince Léon, Professor Koch, Sénateur Vaisse. Tea.
scented: Adam, Devoniensis, Gloire de Dijon, La Boule d’Or,
Madame Falcot, Madame Willermoz, Maréchal Niel, Noire,
B

938 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Reubens, Souvenir d’Elise Vardon, Souvenir d’un Ami, Viscom-
tesse Decazes. Well, how many of these are now to be found
in a list of the best roses? Nevertheless I have grown and
exhibited most of them. The advance in new roses has been
so rapid that I venture to think the greater number of these
varieties are unknown to many rosarians of the present day.
Another thing to be noted is that this progression has been more
or less confined to one section ata time. At first it was in the
direction of Hybrid Perpetuals. Then from 1870 to 1880 the
Tea section developed. In 1873 a new race of roses—the
Hybrid Tea—was commenced by the introduction of Cheshunt
Hybrid. The section, however, made but little progress until
the late Mr. Bennett in 1882 and succeeding years brought out
Lady Mary Fitzwilliam, Grace Darling, Viscountess Folkestone,
and others. This rapid development of Hybrid Teas has led the
National Rose Society to classify them as distinct from any
other section of the Rose family.

It is beyond the scope of the present paper to enter into a
discussion as to the definition of an Hybrid Tea, or the wisdom
of according to them a distinct section. But the consideration of
the Hybrid Teas as the third stage in the development of roses,
other than summer-flowering roses, leads on to the next point,
and a very pertinent one. What are the qualities to be sought
for in new roses? In other words, what really constitutes a
good rose? As an exhibitor I might be expected to regard all
roses through a pair of exhibition spectacles, and, if so, all I
should seek for would be form, colour, and size. But for one
exhibitor there are twenty or thirty non-exhibiting rosarians,
and these latter require as essential qualities of a good rose that
it shall be free-flowering, sweet-smelling, and hardy. ‘These
three qualities, together with colour, are to them qualities which
constitute a good rose; form and size are valuable, but inci-
dental. On the whole the Hybrid Teas do most fulfil these
requirements. Raisers of new roses must bring out roses that
will suit the popular taste. We want less of the type of Her
Majesty, Marchioness of Dufferin, and Marchioness of London-
derry—stiff, scentless, and producing few blooms, although they are
handsome when they come—and we want more of the type of La
France, Caroline Testout, Grace Darling, and Marquise de Salis-
bury, which for sweetness, elegance, profuseness, and hardiness are,
I think, unsurpassed. Wealso want a perpetual Crimson Rambler

NEW ROSES. , 289

anda white Mrs. John Laing. As tothe Teas, why is it that Gloire
de Dijon, Caroline Kuster, and William Allen Richardson are such
favourites over and above those varieties which produce magnifi-
cent blooms, such as Comtesse de Nadaillac, Cleopatra, Souvenir
d’Elise, &.? Iventure to think it les certainly not in form,
but in their free-flowering qualities. Therefore I would urge
upon rose-raisers not to concentrate all their energies upon pro-
ducing flowers as large as possible, but introduce anything that
will bloom freely and smell sweet, and if to these they can add
form they may be quite sure of the support of the general rose-
loving public. But one word of warning. Should the new rose,
although vigorous and free-flowering, be under the regulation
exhibition size, be careful not to send it out as a Hybrid Per-
petual, for these of the garden section are prohibited from the
exhibition tables of the National Rose Society in the classes for
garden roses. If sent out as a China or Hybrid Tea it may be
shown; but from the Garden Rose section, however suitable for
the garden the rose may be—like Boule de Neige, for instance—
“all Hybrid Perpetuals are entirely excluded.”

Now as to New Roses: Let us limit ourselves to those sent out
during the last seven years. But to give a complete list of all
the New Roses even in this period would, in the first place, be
of no practical use, and, in the second, I could not afford the
time to compile it. To give an idea of the enormous number
annually thrown upon the market, I may say in passing that
there are classes for new roses in the National Rose Society’s
exhibition schedules, and these new roses are such as are offered
for the first time in the English nurserymen’s lists for the
previous three years. The National Rose Society used to pre-
pare such a list annually, but have now wisely dropped it. The
last of the lists appeared in the report of 1894, and contained no
fewer than 344 “new roses,” giving an average of over 100
new roses sent out annually. What becomes of these new
roses? Hach raiser doubtless sent his new roses out with a
oreat flourish of trumpets, and with a description rich in flatter-
ing adjectives ; but on looking down the list I find only forty that
I can remember ever seeing, and of these, speaking from a limited
experience, not more than fourteen are really worth growing either
for the garden or exhibition. May we not reasonably conclude
that the vast majority are worthless, and that those who sent

B 2

940 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them out are either very inferior judges of the qualities of a rose
or else—— Well, perhaps it would be wiser not to conclude
the sentence. But may I be allowed to beg of raisers, whether
British or Continental, to be very careful, for the sake of their
own reputation, to thoroughly test a new rose before sending
it out.

Having said this much, let me, lest I weary my readers,
come at once to the point as to the best new roses of the
last seven years. I append a list of some of the leading
roses of these years, and propose now to pass a few remarks.
upon some of the best. These remarks are based upon
personal knowledge obtained through the cultivation, as maidens
and cutbacks, of most of the varieties in the lists below, and, with
two exceptions, of all those upon which comment is made.

Doubtless there are several other new roses which rosarians
of a longer and wider experience may think should be found in
these lists, and I should be glad if they will mention them.
But personally I would rather err on the side of omission than
recommend a worthless rose. And may I add that there are
even some roses that would not have found a place in these lists
were it not for the fact that they have received a gold medal
from the National Rose Society ?

Some New Roses of 1889.

Souvenir de 8. A. Prince. . Lea, (G. Prince); Gor
Medal, N.R.S.

Lady Arthur Hill . ; : | HOP... 9( A. Dickson:)

Mrs. James Wilson : . Tea (A. Dickson.)

Maid of the Mist . ‘ . H.T. (Bennett.)

Cleopatra. ; ; . Tea (Bennett.)

J.D. Pawle . . H.P. .(Paul & Son.)

Paul’s Cheshunt Scarlet ‘ (Paul & Son.)

Augustine Guinoisseau . . H.T. (Guinoisseau.)

Gustave Piganeau . ; . H.P. (Pernet et Ducher.)

Some New Roses of 1890.

Dowager Duchess of Marlborough. H.P. (Paul & Son.)
Jeannie Dickson . ; . HP. *(A, Dickson)
Crimson Queen. ; : . HP. (W. Paul & Son.)

NEW ROSES.
White Lady . HP.
Caroline Testout Ear.
Gustave Régis Vn he
Madame Delville . Ee.
Marquise de Salisbury . BLP;
Triomphe de Pernet Pére :

Danemark FT:

241

(W. Paul & Son.)
(Pernet et Ducher.*
(Pernet et Ducher.,
(Schwartz.)
(Pernet.)

(Pernet.)

(Zeiner, Lassen &
Dithmer.)

Some New Roses of 1891.

Mrs. Paul . ; : 3 ere ia bs

Bruce Findlay Jie
Margaret Dickson . Jteliee
Marchioness of Dufferin EP,
Salamander . lel le
Medea . : ; ; Pe pee

Waban . ‘ i ee ke

Mdme. Pernet- Bushee ‘ T

La Fraicheur eT,
Mdme. Joseph Boneaite ELSE;
Kaiserin Augusta Victoria Le Beg

(Paul & Son) ; Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(Paul & Son.)

(A. Dickson) ; Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(A. Dickson) ; Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(W. Paul & Son);
Gold Medal,
N.R.S.

(W. Paul & Son.)
(Wood & Co.)
(Pernet et Ducher.)
(Pernet et Ducher.)
(Bonnaire.)
(Lambert & Reiter.)

Some New Loses of 1892.

Violet Queen FP.
Janet’s Pride (Briar)

Lady Henry Grosvenor. 57 ELE
Mdlle. Germanie Trochon . mead Mel be
Duke of Fife. lpieg
Spenser feller

(Paul & Son.)
(Paul & Son.)
(Bennett.)

(Pernet et Ducher.)

(Cocker. )
(W. Paul & Son.)

Some New Roses of 1893.

Crimson Rambler .

Mavrchioness of Londonderry . Ps
Mrs. Harkness .P.
Captain Hayward . HE:

(Turner) ; Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(A. Dickson), Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(Harkness.)
(Bennett.)

242

Charles Gater FP,
Beauté Inconstante ; , Malt
Marquis de Litta . 1s es
Bridesmaid . : P ; = agen,
Corinna d : : : ae
Maman Cochet . ‘ a Seal Ls

JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(Paul & Son.)
(Pernet et Ducher.)
(Pernet et Ducher.)
(May.)

(W. Paul & Son.)
(Cochet.)

Some New Foses of 1894.

Marchioness of Downshire . Sp Waly ee
Mrs. Sharman Crawford EGE:
Clio... ’ i : Hees
Alister Stella Gray : : eae

Hybrid Sweet Briars, 1st Series

(Dickson) ; Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(Dickson) ; Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(W. Paul & Son.)
(Paul & Son).
(Lord Penzance.)

Some New Roses of 1895.

Mrs. W. J. Grant . lai
*Belle Siebrecht i cies
Marjorie ‘EL, IN.
Helen Keller. HP:

T. B. Haywood ees
Paul’s Carmine Pillar . : . ;

New Lose of 1896.
Mrs. Frank Cant . : a leaker

(A. Dickson); Gold
Medal, N.R.S.

(Siebrecht& Wadley.)
(A. Dickson.)
(A. Dickson.)
(Paul & Son.)
(Paul & Son.)

(Frank Cant. )

New Hybrid Teas of Recent Introduction, suitable for the Garden.

Grace Darling : ;
Viscount Folkstone
Bardou Job .
Augustine Guinoisseau .
Caroline Testout .

Gustave Régis . ; ‘ ° ‘

Marquise de Salisbury . , ° ‘

* Sent out under this name,

(Bennett, 1884.)

(Bennett, 1886.)

(Nabonnand, 1887.)

(Guinoisseau, 1889.)

(Pernet et Ducher,
1890.)

(Pernet et Ducher,
1890.)

(Pernet, 1890.)

NEW ROSES. 243

A Brier DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE NEw ROSES OF THE
Last SEVEN YEARS.

1889.

Souvenir de S. A. Prince.—T. <A pure white sport from
Souvenir d’un Ami. The best of the year. A good rose both
for the garden and exhibition table. No collection should be
without it. It was awarded the Gold Medal by the National
Rose Society, and subsequent experience has fully justified the
award.

Gustave Piganeau.—H.P. Brilliant carmine. A grand
exhibition rose, blooming early, moderate in growth, and for
this reason not suitable for the garden.

Lady Arthur Hill.—H.P. Rosy lilae, a useful addition, free-
flowering, late-blooming, distinct, good form, stands well after
cutting. As an exhibition rose it lacks size, except on maiden
plants.

Augustine Guinoisseau.—H.T. It was, when first sent out,
described as a white La France. This description can hardly be
endorsed. A blush flower, thin, smaller than La France. Not
an exhibition rose; but from its free-flowering quality it should
be in everybody’s garden.

Cleopatra.—T. Cream-coloured, with pale rose shading. A
valuable variety to the exhibitor, if disbudded and thinned out
freely. Very moderate in growth and, with us, delicate.

1890.

Caroline Testout.—H.T. A beautiful terra-cotta pink, more
free-flowering than La France. Always in bloom throughout
the season, early and late. Good for exhibition, better still for
garden ; vigorous; no garden should be without it. In my
Opinion it is one of the best, if not the very best, new rose of
the last seven years.

Jeannie Dickson.—H.P. Silvery rose, quite distinct, having
deep petals, best in bud, rather thin, preferring a cool season.
On cutbacks slightly under-sized for the exhibitor, but grand
blooms have been staged from maiden plants.

White Lady.—H.T. Creamy white, almost white, distinct,
a good grower, deep petals, fine flowers, free-flowering.

244 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Madame Delville.—H.P. Light red, shaded, distinct, flowers
well formed, good depth of petal. Thinned and disbudded it is |
useful for exhibition, and will stand even in a hot tent. Its
freedom in flowering makes it a good garden rose.

Gustave Régis.—H.T. Deep lemon, almost single, deep in
, petal, pretty in bud, very handsome when fully expanded. It is

not sufficiently free-flowering to be strongly recommended for
garden purposes, but it is quite worth growing.

Marquise de Salisbury.—H.T. Brilliant crimson, sometimes
dazzling scarlet. Very free-flowering, semi-double, an acquisition
as a garden rose.

1891.

Marchioness of Dufferin.—H.P. Rosy pink. <A good exhibi-
tion rose ; flowers of great size and substance ; blooms early and
late. Best on maiden plants, Manetti stock. Asa cutback it
makes but poor growth. The thin texture of the petals and
globular shape make it a fair-weather, hot-season rose. It is
not a variety suitable for the garden.

La Fraicheur.—H.T. Silvery rose. Deep-petalled, but thin ;
early. Would be a good garden rose if it had stronger growth.

1892.

Spenser.—H.P. An improved Baroness Rothschild, of the
same shade of colour, but fuller and not so lable to expand. A
useful rose for the exhibitor.

Duke of Fife—H.P. A red Etienne Levet, but not quite so
full. As an exhibition rose it is very treacherous, as it develops
so quickly.

Janet’s Pride.—Sweet Briar. Shaded pink, striped with red.
Very beautiful, summer-flowering, making strong, bushy growth.
It should be planted in shrubberies where it can obtain plenty
of sunshine to ripen the wood.

1893.

Maman Cochet.—T. In shade varying from flesh to salmon
colour, having the form of Catherine Mermet with the substance
of Ernest Metz. It has been good this year (1896), and those
who grow it think highly of it. It evidently rejoices in dry
heat, but whether it will be as good in a less dry summer than
that of 1896 remains to be proved.

NEW ROSES. 245

Crimson Rambler.—Seldom has a rose so soon caught the
public fancy as this. It has found a home in almost every
garden. It is not an English rose, but, I believe, brought over
from Japan. It claims the distinction of being up to the present
time the only rose other than exhibition roses to which the
National Rose Society has awarded the Gold Medal.

Marchioness of Londonderry.—H.P. Ivory white. This is
the other gold medallist of the year. Quite a contrast to the
above. An exhibition rose pure and simple, producing one
bloom of great size and substance on the top of each sturdy
shoot. A hot dry season rose. [From an exhibitor’s point of
view I think it is the best white H.P. we have.

Captain Hayward.—H.P. Crimson, glorious in colour,
handsome for its depth of petal. Considering the dryness of
the season of 1896, it is surprising how such a thin rose could
be exhibited so well as this has been this year.

Bridesmaid.—T. A deeper-coloured Catherine Mermet, dis-
tinct, vigorous ; will probably take a leading position in the Tea

class.
1894.

Marchioness of Downshire.-H.P. Rosy pink flowers of
fair size and good substance, distinct, free-flowering, probably
preferring a cool season. It promises to be a good exhibition
variety.

Mrs. Sharman Crawford.—H.P. Silvery pink flowers of
medium size, somewhat inclined to be thin, but stands well. It
appears to require much thinning and disbudding. This also,
I think, will be best in a cool season.

Clio.—H.P. Flesh colour, most distinct, and for this reason
will probably prove useful to exhibitors ; blooms of good size and

substance.
1895.

Paul’s Carmine Pillar.— Rosy carmine, single, hand-
some, blooming in clusters from lateral shoots, very strong in
growth. It will probably prove a beautiful and useful addition
_ to the garden roses, and is likely to become a general favourite.

W. J. Grant.—H.T. Bright rosy pink, deep-petalled. This
rose, thus named, was exhibited and awarded the Gold Medal of
the N.R.S. in 1892. Afterwards it was sold to an American
firm, who sent it out under another name. Of this rose I have

246 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

had no personal experience, but a superb stand of it was exhi-
bited by the raiser at the Wolverhampton Show in 1892, and
if the rose maintains that high standing it will prove very
valuable.

1896.

Mrs. Frank Cant.—H.P. This variety I have seen
erowing at Colchester. It will, I think, when sent out obtain a
good position as an exhibition rose. It is distinct and of good
form and substance. <A cross between Baroness Rothschild and
Gabriel Luizet.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. WALTER EASLEA said he would like to draw attention to
a few of the newer roses, only mentioning those which Mr.
Pemberton had omitted. He thought Mr. Pemberton’s list was
excellent so far as it went, but he hardly thought that it was
sufficiently extended. He should like to add the following :—

Souvenir de Madame Sablayrolles.—Tea. <A variety of great
excellence. The colour is a rosy salmon, shaded with apricot ;
the buds before expanding are deep chamois yellow. The build
of the flower is of that deep globular kind of which Souvenir
d’Elise Vardon is the type, and it is of a good, sturdy habit. It
is a cross between Devoniensis and Souvenir d’Elise Vardon.

Christine de Noué.—Tea. Deep rosy crimson, deepening in
colour towards autumn. The petal is of good substance, and
the size of flower quite up to exhibition standard. It is a
splendid variety for forcing.

Medea.—Tea. Perhaps the best clear yellow rose sent out
for several years. It reminds one of a finely-formed Cloth of
Gold. It is a first-rate variety for the exhibitor, and is un-
equalled for growing under glass. The habit is vigorous, but
not climbing.

Kaiserin Augusta Victoria.—H.T. A superb rose; perfect
alike in form, habit, and colour. This season has been rather
too hot for it. The colour is of a very pale straw tint, passing
to nearly white. It is very double, produced in clusters on stiff
stems which carry the flowers well up above the foliage, and
the form is of that peculiar pointed kind seen in La France
and Maréchal Niel.

NEW ROSES. 247

Golden Gate—Tea. An American variety with large shell
petals of a lovely cream colour tinged with rose. Perhaps one
cannot call it an exhibition variety, but it certainly is worth
cultivating for garden decoration.

Souvenir de Madame Antoine Levet.—Tea. In the way of
William Allen Richardson, but of dwarf habit. It would make
a splendid variety for massing. The flower is more perfect in
form than William Allen Richardson.

Madame Pernet-Ducher.—Tea. An exceedingly free-bloom-
ing variety. The buds are of a canary yellow colour, but the
expanded flower is almost pure white. A grand garden variety.

Grand Duc A. de Luxembourg.—H.T. This can be best
described as a dark-coloured Viscountess Folkestone. The colour
is rosy red, reverse of petals a brilliant lake, a most peculiar
yet withal attractive combination. It is a variety I can confi-
dently recommend for garden decoration.

Maman Cochet.-—Tea. One of the best Tea roses distributed
for several years. It has been grandly exhibited this year,
nearly every stand containing a specimen. The colour is a
lovely flesh ; outer petals often a deep rose. The great charm of
this variety is its extraordinarily deep petal, surpassing in this
respect any other rose I know of. It is a great advance upon
Catherine Mermet for outdoor cultivation, the eae being
strong with good thick wood.

Corinna.—Tea. Flesh-coloured shaded with rose, suffused with
a warm flush of tawny copper. An exceedingly attractive variety,
and it has been seen in several first-prize stands this year.

G. Nabonnand.—Tea. <A variety of great merit for garden
decoration. It is not very double, but the petal is very large, of
a clear satiny rose shaded with yellow, and the buds are very
handsome.

Madame Jules Finger.—H.T. A seedling from Lady Mary
Fitzwilliam. Colour creamy white; very double, and will, I
believe, make a grand exhibition flower.

Madame Joseph Courbet.—H.T. A very double, bold flower of
Gloire Lyonnaise colour. It is certain to be much sought after
by exhibitors.

Marquise Intaa—H.P. A splendid novelty in the way of La
Fraicheur, but of better growth and deeper colour. The centre
of the flower is of a deep vermilion, merging to carmine rose on

248 SOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the outer petals. In a cool season this rose, I believe, will be
grand for exhibitions.

Souvenir du Président Carnot.—Tea. Colour rosy flesh
shaded with white. Buds long and handsome. A _ grand
wariety for forcing.

Madame Abel Chatenay.—H.T. B novel and charming
colour. The buds are of deep rosy carmine, the expanded
flowers being shaded with salmon. It is freely produced in
large panicles. It appears to combine with its flowers and
growth the good qualities of its parents, Victor Verdier and
Dr. Grill.

Francois Dubrewil_—Tea. Certainly the best red Tea rose yet
produced. The expanded flower is almost as large as a Hybrid
Perpetual, eminently fitting it for exhibition, and the buds are
beautifully fermed, resembling a camellia. It is an excellent
variety for forcing, and has received an Award of Merit from
the R.H.S.

Clara Watson.—Tea. <A seedling of the late Mr. Bennett’s
raising, and a most excellent variety. The growth is strong and
the foliage very handsome. The colour is a beautiful pink
shaded with salmon.

Sylph.—Tea. This splendid novelty was introduced in the
spring of 1895, and this season we find it in several first-prize
stands. A rose to attain this position the second year after
introduction must of necessity be a first-rate variety for the
exhibitor, and I can recommend it with every confidence. The
habit is much stronger than Souvenir d’Elise Vardon, a variety
it somewhat resembles; the colour is white, tinted with violet
and peach—a, beautiful blending of colours.

Madame Eugéne Résal.—China. A seedling from Madame
Laurette Messimy. The flowers are much deeper in colour,
being of a beautiful coppery rose, the base of petals orange
colour. A splendid acquisition for the garden.

249

FERN GENERATION, NORMAL AND ABNORMAL.

By Mr. Cuarues T. Druery, F.L.S., F.R-H.S.
[Read August 11, 1896.]

[This interesting lecture was profusely illustrated with lantern slides,.
which the lecturer most graphically described and explamed as he
proceeded. We greatly regret not being able to reproduce these illustra-
tions, as the lecture is shorn of a very great part of its interest by such
disability.—Eps.]

ALTHOUGH amongst the Fellows of the R.H.S. there are many
who take a delight in the culture of Ferns, both as amateur
growers and as trade producers of the millions which are annually
raised for decorative purposes, there are probably few who have
given the attention necessary to familiarise themselves with the
very peculiar phenomena of their reproduction from the micro-
scopic spores which ferns so copiously produce. I may therefore
be pardoned by the minority who know if, for the sake of the
majority who do not, I endeavour to bring before you to-day
some more or less clear presentment of this phase of fern life.

In the case of flowering plants we are all familiar with the
manner of the fertilisation of the seed and the subsequent pro-
duction of plants thereby. The pollen grains fall upon the
stigma, and emit tubes which pass through its substance untill
they reach the embryo seeds (ovules) already formed in the seed
vessel. These are fertilised by contact thus effected, increase
in size, ripen, and are then scattered abroad in a thousand and
one ways to secure the perpetuation of the species. Falling upon
the soil, they then under congenial conditions burst, send forth
a leaf or leaves into the air and a root into the soil, and are
fairly launched as a fresh generation.

With ferns, however, the process is a very different one and
is carried on in all its initial stages on so microscopic a scale
that its true nature baffled research until 1844, little more than
fifty years ago, when Count Suminski, following up the previous:
discovery by Naegeli of the antheridia, or male vessels contain-
ing the antherozoids or pollen equivalents, upon the under side
of the minute primary leaf or prothallus formed by the spore,
discovered the archegonia, or ovaries, and in a most masterly
series of drawings demonstrated the whole normal process

950 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from beginning to end. JBefore, however, I pass on to this
I propose to make a few preliminary remarks concerning the
distribution of the spores themselves and the actual genesis
of the fern plant, drawing attention to the two very distinct
generations alternately produced, viz. the minute ovary-bearing
generation, or prothallus, and the relatively large spore-bearing
generation, constituting the ferns as popularly known.

The diagrams exhibited show the varied forms of fructifi-
cation on the common polypods in the shape of rounded heaps, on
the hart’s-tongue as long sausage-shaped masses, and on the
lastreas as small patches covered with the characteristic kidney-
shaped cover. The components of these heaps are next shown
largely magnified, viz. the sporangia, or spore capsules, then
the spores themselves, followed by the various stages of formation
of the primary leaf, or prothallus, constituting the first generation,
and the organs subsequently formed on the under side of this,
which by sexual interaction eventually produce the fern as we
know it, or secondary generation.

It is one of the remarkable facts connected with ferns that
the microscopic size of the spore and the minute herring-scale
size of the prothallus it produces are common to all ferns, so
that even the huge, wide-spreading tree ferns, such as the Cya-
theas, Dicksonias, and others, are produced from spores which
are invisible to the naked eye, and by the fertilisation of what
are practically flowers, which are also so small that only prac-
tised vision can detect their existence.

Ferns, however, amply compensate for the diminutive size
of the spores by their enormous numbers. I recently took a fine
specimen of Athyrium filix femina in my collection, a very
fertile variety of the common lady fern, and by counting the
fronds and their divisions, secondary and tertiary, and multiplying
these by the number of spore heaps on each of the minor divi-
sions, these heaps again by the average number of capsules to a
heap, and finally these by the number of contained spores, I
arrived at the immense total of eleven hundred and twenty
millions.

[The lecturer then exhibited a series of six slides, showing
the splendid set of drawings by which Count Suminski illustrated
his discovery, which completed the normal life cycle of the fern
as above described.| Few original discoveries find such a

FERN GENERATION, NORMAL AND ABNORMAL. 251

thorough exponent as was Count Suminski, and when we reflect
that these drawings were published more than half a century
ago, when the facilities for such investigation were certainly less
than at present, our admiration must be increased.

The normal mode of fern-generation has now, I think, been
fairly illustrated, and chronologically we come next to Professor
Farlow’s discovery in 1874 of the first found abnormal method,
called apogamy, because it shortened the life cycle by the
reproduction of the fern from a simple non-fertilised -bud which
formed upon the prothallus in precisely the same spot as the
normally fertilised ovules occupy. Pteris cretica was the fern
upon which this discovery was made, and on further investiga-
tion it was found to do this constantly and not exceptionally.
Professor de Bary followed this up and found that our familiar
erested form of male fern (Lastrea pseudo-mas cristata) did
precisely the same thing, no archegonia being formed on any of
the prothalli examined, so that all the young plants were
asexually produced. The normal form of the same species pro-
duced in his cultures normal plants, but L. Kny has recently
found that it also produces apogamously in some instances.

In all cases of apogamy recorded, with one exception, the
young plants arise precisely as if engendered in the usual way,
and their true genesis can only be verified by previous microscopic
examination, when a small dark spot is seen instead of the
thickened cushion bearing the archegonia, which as appendages
to the ovaries are formed on the under side of the prothallus, as
already mentioned. The first fronds are also identical in form
with normal ones. The single exception occurs in the case of a
prothallus now figured on the screen, which arose in one of my
own sowings of Athyrium filix femima. This, after attaining
an abnormally large size, quite half an inch across, remained
dormant for several months. It then commenced to develop
two horns, as figured, upon each of which, and far away, as will
be seen, from the archegonial site, an ordinary bud appeared.
Both these buds grew as large as pins’ heads, and eventually
developed fronds of some size, the first bearing no less than ten
pair of pinne. In this case, it will be seen, the apogamic
character is accentuated by the distance from the usual genera-
tive point on the under side of the prothallus, and it is further
differentiated by the previous formation of a bulbil (Farlow’s

252 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plants commencing with the primary frond), and by the
advanced stage of development of the first frond of the young
plant itself.

We have now seen that the fern can be developed from the
prothallus both sexually and asexually.

The next discovery, in 1884, was that the prothallus itself
could be generated from the fern plant without the agency of
the spore, and, as the first instance of this came under my own
notice, I will preface its description by describing the slide now
before you, as the study of bulbils led up to it. Bulbils are
direct asexual reproductions on the spore-bearing generation,
though, as we have seen, not confined to it. These are by no
means uncommon, and the slide exhibited shows various types, as
exemplified in Woodwardia orientalis, Camptosorus rhizophyllus,
Athyrium filix femina, Scolopendrium vulgare, Polystichum
angulare, and last, but not least, Aspleniwm bulbiferum, which
is the most familiar of all.

The study of bulbils, as I have said, led to the discovery of
apospory, since a pinna of A.f. f. clarissima, which apparently bore
bulbils, was sent to me for inspection, and on investigation I found
the unusual feature present of an indusium, or spore cover, which
led me to a different conclusion, viz. that they were some form of
transmuted spore-producing energy, and treating them on this
assumption I was at once surprised and delighted to find that
instead of developing ferns of the second generation, as bulbils
always do, they formed prothalli instead. These prothalli then
went through the usual functional process, and only then pro-
duced ferns, the first result being some three hundred specimens
of a fern thitherto unique. Mr. Wollaston then brought forward
a specimen of Polystichuwm angulare bearing prothalli on the
points of the frond divisions, so that in a very brief period two
classes of apospory were found to exist, soral and apical. Follow-
ing up this line of research it has fallen to my lot to discover the
same peculiarity in varieties of Lastrea pseudo-mas, another
form of P. angulare, a. form of Scolopendriwm vulgare, and
another Athyrium, the particular features of several of these
cases being thrown upon the screen for better elucidation. Dr.
Stansfield and Mr. E. J. Lowe have also noted some very
remarkable cases of this, Mr. Lowe’s consisting of Scolopendrium
forms, in which the fronds bear the sexual organs, so that the

FERN GENERATION, NORMAL AND ABNORMAL, 253

two generations are combined in one. Dr. Stansfield’s case is
that of a crested Lastrea, in which apospory and apogamy are
conjoined, the fronds forming a fringe of prothalli and the
prothalli budding out into fronds.

I now show a slide prepared from Prof. F. O. Bower’s
diagram of life cycles, showing how the normal cycle of fern—
spore, prothallus, sexual action, fern—has been found to vary
in the light of the discoveries already cited, but which can now
be extended by Mr. Lang’s discovery on two British species, that
sporangia, or spore heaps, are actually sometimes produced on
the prothallus itself, cutting out the fern proper altogether,
just as correlated apospory and apogamy shorten the cycle in
another way.

We have now seen that variation plays its part in the genesis
of as well as in the form of ferns, as it does in all other things
in nature. We also see that the hard and fast line of alterna-
tion of generation, presumed to characterise all ferns, has been
broken through in numerous instances. As no less than five of
these cases, involving four British species, first came under my
own notice in my very limited collection, it is a fair presumption
that the phenomenon is not extremely rare, and that the exotic
species, if studied, would yield many more examples.

The faculty ferns possess of varying widely in their progeny
is a factor I cannot ignore in a paper like this, especially as the
knowledge acquired of their genesis has led to some very
remarkable results in the way of crossing and hybridising.
Mr. E. J. Lowe has produced some very extraordinary hart’s-
tongues by sowing the spores of widely different forms together,
and he and others have amply demonstrated that under some
circumstances, not yet so clearly understood as they ought to be,
the antherozoids of one prothallus find their way to the arche-
gonia of another, the results being a fern showing the compound
charasters of two parents. Mr. Lowe has satisfied himself that
the characters of several varieties may become blended in one
prothallus, and has exhibited plants showing the blend clearly
enough of some five or six different varieties. The moot point
is Whether this is arrived at by one crossing, z.e. whether the
archegonium is capable of being fertilised from several sources
instead of only one, and this the biologist cannot see his way
so far to accept unreservedly. Simple crossing, however, is an

.C

954 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

indubitable fact, as witness, besides numerous accepted British
examples, that extraordinary hybrid Polypodium Schneiderii,
which to my mind indicates immense possibilities in similar
directions. Mr. Schneider has, indeed, followed up this success
by blending several other species of Polypodium, widely different
from P. vulgare, with crested forms of the latter. He has
kindly sent me fronds of two forms of P. neriifoliwm out of
three he had raised by sowing it with P. v. cristatwm, and another
blend of P. v. grandiceps with P. auwreum. P. nigrescens he has
also crossed with P. v. cristatwm, and obtained a crested plant.
It may, of course, be argued that, as crested varieties originate
spontaneously, they may not be due in these cases to crossing ;
but, quite apart from the fact that until these systematic sowings
were made no crested forms had appeared among the innumer-
able seedlings raised by simple sowings, the characteristic form
of cresting establishes the cross to experienced eyes beyond a
doubt, and in the case of P. Schnerderv this is further established
by the fact that the P. vulgare parent is an inconstant variety,
and throws normal and partially normal fronds, as well as those
finely dissected ones truly characteristic of P. v. elegantissimum;
P. Schneiderii does precisely the same thing, and the dis-
section moreover is exactly that of our British species. The
entire form, in fact, of the one is infused into the other, and
blended with the large size, glaucous hue, large white rhizome,
and general features of the exotic. ‘The most exacting scientist,
therefore, should be as satisfied in this case, as the mere fern
expert cannot fail to be in the others. We have consequently
here a twofold useful field of operations, since itis to be presumed
that the tender character of the exotic is strengthened by the
cross, making it hardier, while there are innumerable exotic
forms which, as decorative plants, would certainly be much
enhanced in beauty by similar alliances.

Finally, apart from crossing, there is the obtaining of new
improved forms by simple selection of the best seedlings, and in
this direction ferns are remarkable for the enormous strides they
take in their progeny when once a decided variation has been
started. I will conclude my paper by exhibiting several slides
exemplifying this by two striking examples, viz. P. ang. divisi-
lobum plumosum densum, Jones and Fox, of which the pedigree
is shown to consist of but two grades from the normal, and

LILY OF THE VALLEY FORCING. 955

Athyrium filiz femina plumosumsuperbumand A. f. f. pl. Drueryir
representing the two finest forms from a batch of plants raised
by myself. The pedigree of A. f. f. plumosum Drueryw, incom-
parably the most beautiful lady fern ever seen, is shown on the
sereen as five generations from the normal, the wonderful break
in the fourth generation being probably unparalleled, at any rate
in its subsequent results. Finally, as a plea for the more
extended culture of our beautiful varietal British ferns I show
you on the screen the presentment of my own fernery, which,
as it constitutes the most eloquent finale I can imagine to my
- lecture, I will allow to speak for itself.

LILY OF THE VALLEY FORCING.

By Mr. T. Jannocn, F.R.H.S.
[Read August 25, 1896. ]

Or the thousand and one plants which readily submit to be
forced into flower out of their ordinary season it may fairly be
doubted if there is one of anything like the universal popularity
which the Lily of the Valley enjoys. Its history as a “ forcer”’
goes back to half a century ago, when clumps of lilies were
grown in Berlin and Hamburg in a small way to get a few
blooms for Christmas and New Year. By 1856 between twenty
and thirty nurserymen in and around Berlin had taken up the
cultivation, but in all cases only on a small scale. In 1859-60
the largest quantity of flowering crowns that any one nursery-
man produced annually was 60,000 ; but this gradually increased
until in 1870 seventy-two acres were under cultivation in lilies
outside the city of Berlin. At the present moment there are on
the Continent and in England many thousands of acres devoted
solely to the production of lily of the valley crowns.

In order to be successful in forcing lilies of the valley the
culture of the crowns demands the first consideration. I have
seen lilies grow in almost every kind of soil and situation, doing
better in some than in others; but experience has taught me
that the best soil for growing crowns for forcing purposes is a
light sandy loam, with a damp subsoil; and the best situation

C2

(956 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘is an open one to the south and west, sheltered, if possible, from
the east and north. In cold and heavy clay land they will
not do well; they will grow, and sometimes produce very strong
crowns, with but few fibrous roots; but such crowns are not fit
for early forcing, as, owing to the nature of the soil, they are
kept growing too long, and do not ripen off early enough.

The ground must be deeply dug and well broken at the
‘same time, working in plenty of old hotbed manure, linings,
rotten leaves, &c., all well decomposed and crumbled to pieces.
This work should be done in the autumn in dry weather, in
order to be ready for planting as soon as crowns can be obtained.
I greatly prefer autumn planting, considering that the sooner
the crowns are in the ground the better. Nothing is more
injurious to the roots of lilies than exposure to sun and wind.
I have been compelled sometimes to plant in March in drying
east winds with bright sunshine, when it has been impossible
to get the roots covered quickly enough to prevent their
getting dry, and the consequences have been disastrous.

The ground having heen prepared, the best and quickest
method of planting is in rows seven or eight inches apart,
the plants being about one inch apart in the rows; paths of
fifteen to eighteen inches wide may be left between every eight
rows for the convenience of weeding. In planting, which is
done by throwing out trenches about five inches deep, take
care that the crowns are not set too deep; they should be
only just deep enough for the tips of the crowns to be level
with the surface of the ground. A good mulching of cow
manure, or, if this cannot be had, well-rotted stable manure,
completes the work, and nothing further is required but keeping
the beds free from weeds and giving them plenty of water in
dry weather during the summer.

If one-year-old crowns have been selected for the start, they
will require three seasons of growth before being fit to be lifted
for forcing. It must not be supposed that so-called one-year-old
crowns are actually twelve months old; they really represent only
four to five months’ growth, the rhizomes beginning to grow in
June or July, forming the crown under ground during the summer.
Thus when they are fit to lift as flowering crowns their actual
age is three and a half years. It is true that by good cultivation
many of these crowns will bloom in two years from the time of

¢

LILY OF THE VALLEY FORCING. AIG

planting, and many growers have been tempted to lift them at
that age; but experience has taught me that the percentage of
flowering crowns is smaller and the increase of planting crowns
less than when they are left a year longer undisturbed. It is
generally understood that liles of the valley must be three years
old before they flower, and that they will then flower every
alternate year. This is the rule, but there are exceptions. By
good cultivation—7.e. high feeding at the proper time with liquid
manure—and if special care is taken to remove the flower as soon
as ever it is open, by pulling its stalk right out of the crown,
such crowns will bloom several years in succession ; and hence it
is obvious that lily crowns can be made to bloom twice within
twelve months, viz. once at their natural time in May, and again
taken up the following autumn and forced into bloom before
January.

To force lilies of the valley successfully it is of the utmost
importance to have well-ripened and well-matured crowns that
have fully completed their growth and are perfectly at rest.
Before they have undergone a period of rest, be it ever so short,
you cannot force them, no matter what amount of heat you may
give them. Much also depends on where and how the crowns
have been grown. The best are undoubtedly those that have
been grown in light sandy soil, heavily manured and well ex-
posed to the sun, as they will complete their growth and go
sooner to rest than those grown in heavy soil and shady places.

Forcing operations may commence about the end of October
or beginning of November; the methods adopted are various,
but for early flowers, in November and December, a close pyro-
pagating or forcing pit is absolutely necessary, in order to main-
tain a moist and even temperature. If pots are used plant about
twelve crowns in a 5-inch pot in the following manner: Place
four crowns in the palm of your left hand, then a layer of soil
on the roots, again four crowns and more soil, and then the
remaining four crowns, keeping the crowns all level; close your
hand and drop the whole into a 5-inch pot, working the soil well
in between each crown, so as to have them equally divided and
all crowns standing level just above the brim of the pot. Give
them a good watering, and plunge the pots in a bed of either
moss or cocoanut fibre ; cover lightly with two or three inches of
clean moss, and close the bed with boards, to keep it perfectly

958 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dark. Bring the bottom heat up to 80° Fahrenheit at once,
and gradually increase to 95° within a fortnight, maintaining a
regular and even temperature the while. Never allow the ther-
mometer to rise above 100° or to fall lower than 80°, or
much harm will be done. Examine the pots daily ; keep a moist
atmosphere; and water (when necessary) with water of exactly
the same temperature as the bottom heat in which they are
plunged. When the crowns start into growth and are about
two inches high, remove the top covering of moss and gradually
inure them to the light, still, of course, maintaining a high
temperature. As soon as the bottom bells begin to open remove
to a cooler temperature and discontinue syringing overhead, as
moisture hanging on the blooms is apt to spot the bells.

Another method, more usually adopted, and which saves
much labour and room, is by planting the crowns an inch apart
in boxes of a convenient size and treating as above.

Still another plan, but one which is not often practised now,
is to plant the crowns in forcing beds thickly together, and when
they have grown two or three inches to transplant them into pots.

It may be here mentioned that actual flowering can be
retarded, when so desired, by the boxes in which the crowns are
forced being removed from the forcing-house into a cooler one of
genial temperature. The heat, however, must be always even
_ and not too low, or else the damp will speedily ruin the flowers.

The foregoing methods refer principally to the early period,
before Christmas; later in the season, and as the spring advances,
forcing is an easier matter. The temperature need not be kept
so regular, and all that is required is warmth and moisture,
which will soon start the crowns into growth. More attention
should at this later time be paid to the hardening off, shading
from bright sunshine, and never allowing them to get dry at
the roots; they should also have more room by planting the
crowns wider apart, as more leaves will now appear than before
Christmas.

Finally, it should be pointed out that if temporary frames are
placed over the beds of flowering crowns out of doors in March
their blooming will be hastened by two or three weeks. Jor this
purpose keeping them close and watering as required are the only
necessary directions.

It is quite immaterial in what soil the crowns are planted for

LILY OF THE VALLEY FORCING. 959

forcing, as absolutely no new roots are formed during this period;
anything, in fact, which retains moisture will do. You cannot
improve the blooms by planting the crowns in the very best of
soil, or by giving them manure water. All the nutriment
required for the development of the flowers is gathered during
the previous growing season, and is stored up in the roots.

Fig. 18.—1iLy OF THE VALLEY (BERLIN vAR.). (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

It is not generally known that forced lilies will bear almost
any rough treatment. They can be pulled out of their boxes or
pots when in full bloom for making up into fancy stands, orna-
mental pots, and nicknacks of any description without flagging
or spoiling. They can be sent by post or rail hundreds of miles,
packed in a little damp moss, when they may be again planted

960 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and will look as fresh asif they had never been disturbed. I once
sent a quantity in an hermetically-sealed box to Pietermaritzburg,

|
par
WSs prhoacnd a peat LG?

Fig. 19.—Liny oF THE VALLEY (pUTCH vAR.). (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

GLADIOLI. 261

where they arrived after their long ocean and land journey as
fresh as if they had only travelled a few miles.

As regards the varieties or “strains’’ best adapted for forcing,
that known as the Berlin is unquestionably the best for early
work. The Dutch and Hamburg ones are good for late forcing,
but my experience is that they do not approach the Berlin strain
for forcing before Christmas. These three varieties are said to
be seedlings, or possibly “sports,” from the common or wild lily
of the valley, on which they are immense improvements. No
amount of cultivation would ever transform the wild plant into
a rival of either the Hamburg, the Berlin, or the Dutch forms.
The difference between the two last-named is plainly seen in the
illustrations of the ‘‘ Gardeners’ Chronicle’’ of March 25, 1876.
(See figs. 18,19.) The Dutch variety is of more spindly growth
than the Berlin, and has, moreover, a weak and drawn appearance.

In conclusion let me say one word on the subject of retarding.
Dr. Lardner once pooh-poohed the idea of a steam ship ever
crossing the Atlantic, and the idea of retarding lily of the valley
crowns may appear just as absurd to the casual observer. That
it is now done, however, both extensively and successfully, is too
well known for me to emphasise. The movement, however, is
still in quite its infancy and cannot become general for some time
yet, so that any lengthened consideration of this phase may
safely be reserved for a future paper.

GLADIOULI.
By Mr. J. Burret, F.R.H.S.
[Read September 8, 1896.]

WITHIN a very short period of time the subject of the present
paper has already had three lectures delivered in this hall, on its
history and cultivation, by three eminent raisers and cultivators
of the flower, so that it might well be asked what more can be
said on the subject by a less experienced grower, like myself,
when such yeterans as the Rev. H. Honywood D’ombrain and
Mr. Kelway, and a clever hybridist like Monsieur Lemoine, of
Nancy, have so ably and fully treated the subject. It is therefore

262 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

my intention to avoid as far as possible going over the same
ground again, and to confine my remarks to what I consider to
be common and erroneous ideas and practices with respect to
gladiolus cultivation.

And first as to the question of soil. Nearly all writers on
the subject recommend a light.sandy soil as being the most suit-
able ; in fact, some go so far as to make this an essential, and
condemn heavy loams as being totally unfitted for the purpose.
On what grounds they speak so decidedly I have never yet been
able to ascertain, but I assume that, as Holland is a great centre
of bulb-growing, and as the soil there is mostly of a light and
sandy nature, the writers in question take it naturally for
sranted that everything of the nature of a bulb or corm requires
a light, sandy, humus soil for its proper development, without
ever putting the matter to the test. I have grown gladioli in all
kinds of soils and mixtures, and after careful consideration have
come to the conclusion that the best results are obtained on a
somewhat heavy yellow loam of an adhesive nature, without any
admixture of sand—a soil which I consider, if anything, even of
too close a texture to grow briar roses in. On such a soil we
are able year after year to keep up a vigorous and healthy stock
of gladioli, and no matter whether the seasons be hot or cold,
dry or wet, we always have a good measure of success in pro-
ducing flowers and corms. Perhaps I ought to have stated
earlier that my remarks have reference to the fine hybrids of
the gandavensis section, and I think it may be taken for granted
that whatever suits these, as regards soil and general conditions,
will also suit the more recent pwrpureo-auratus hybrids and
Saundersi varieties, and these three sections it will, I think, be
admitted contain all the most beautiful late-blooming gladioli
worth cultivating for the beauty of their flowers. ‘The actual
species from which they have been obtained are poor things in
comparison with the fine hybrids produced from them by careful
hybridisation.

In recommending a somewhat heavy loam for choice I know
I shall be told that splendid flowers of gladioli are produced in
soils of a light, sandy, and even gravelly nature. I quite admit
the fact, and I believe that as regards the mere production of
fine flowers it may be done in almost any kind of soil whatever ;
but I should only consider a cultivator really successful when, in

GLADIOLI. 263

addition to fine flowers, he is also able to keep up a healthy
stock year after year, and this is more likely, so far as my experi-
ence goes, to be attained in a good holding loam rather than in
any other kind of soil, at all events so far as the drier and
warmer counties of England are concerned. In the more
northern counties, where the rainfall is excessive and the climate
less warm and sunny, some modification of the foregoing opinion
might be necessary, and a soil of a lighter nature might be
found more suitable. But it is a matter of history how, when a
clever horticulturist like the late Mr. Standish attempted to grow
these flowers on the light sandy soil of Bagshot, he utterly failed to
increase or even to keep up a healthy stock, and their cultivation
had to be abandoned. Monsieur Lemoine, on the other hand, has
told us in his interesting lecture, delivered in this hall, how well
he succeeds with his gladioli in his nursery at Nancy, where the
soil is stiff clay, and from which he distributes his hybrids in such
rapid succession. And although it does not appear that the ganda-
vensis hybrids flourish there on stiff clay, they succeed admirably
with us near Cambridge on a soil closely approaching clay, but
where the drainage is good and the rainfall ight—an average of
about 18 inches a year.

Closely connected with soil comes the question of manure.
Excessive manuring is extremely harmful, and is likely to
generate a disease with which the whole genus is afflicted more
or less, according to the nature of the cultivation given it. Of
this disease I will speak later on; but when I see recommended
layers of six to eight inches of manure, and mulchings of nearly
the same, with frequent doses of liquid manure, I cannot help
thinking it is greatly in excess of any of the requirements of
gladioli in a fairly average fertile soil, and I am sure that a
portion of the manure and liquid would be much more profitably
employed on some of the gross-feeding kitchen garden crops
rather than in encouraging disease among the gladioli. We
mostly grow our bulbs, or rather corms, on ground which has
been well manured for the previous crop, where, for instance,
dahlias or roses have been grown the previous autumn, and this,
we find, produces quite as good results as when we specially
manured the ground for the gladioli alone. An excess of
humus in the soil is distinctly harmful, and the stock will remain
far healthier in what is termed clean soil. Our ground is

264 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

manured with ordinary stable dung; we have at times applied
moderate dressings of bone meal, fish manure, muriate of potash,
and other artificial manures, but all with doubtful results.
We have sometimes given part of our stock a slight mulching
with fresh straw litter, but have generally found those grown
without any mulching to do equally well. We carefully avoid
mulchings of close rank manures, and never apply liquid manure
in any form whatever. Clean cultivation is the best.

Although our average rainfall is so light (not exceeding
18 inches) we rarely ever water the growing plants; in fact,
they seem to prefer a dry spring and a somewhat dry, warm
summer. The hot, dry summer of 1893, for instance, seemed to
suit them to perfection, as the finest growth and flowers we ever
had were produced in the early part of August of that year,
when the plants had very little rainfall and great heat and no
artificial watering. The extreme drought and dryness of the
air during the present summer (1896) has been too great an
extreme on the side of dryness, and the plants suffered during
August for lack of rain and moisture in the atmosphere. Up to
the end of July they never looked better, and were of wonderful
health and vigour, but they appear to require a fair amount of
moisture near the blooming period. That they prefer dry and
warm conditions, rather than those of an opposite nature, seems
to have been noticed by Dean Herbert in the earliest period of
hybrid gladioli. So far back as the year 1847, when writing of
the greater hardiness of psittacinus, one of the parents of the
present race of gandavensis hybrids, he goes on to state that it
suffers much from July rains in many positions.

With reference to the fungus disease which attacks the
corms of these plants, and with which the whole genus appears
to be more or less affected, no remedy for its complete eradica-
tion has yet been found. Various suggestions have been thrown
out, among others that of breeding new races direct from the
species, and some importance is attached to the reintroduction of
oppositiflorus, a plant of considerable vigour. But I am strongly
of opinion that the late Monsieur Souchet, the originator of the
fine gandavensis hybrids, himself used oppositiflorus, or hybrids
from it, in producing his earliest light-coloured varieties, and
any one continuing the work of raising seedlings from them, will
now and again have tall light-coloured varieties springing up,

GLADIOLI. 2965

with their flowers placed in opposite directions to each other,
and all opening nearly at the same time, just like opposztiflorus,
as some few others almost reproduce the typical gandavensis,
although a great many generations removed from it. A gladiolus
with its flowers placed in opposite directions on the spike is a
- poor garden plant, compared to one with its flowers all facing in
one direction, and I have no faith in going back to the species as
a remedy for improving their constitution. As an instance of
this I may mention that a hybrid was given to us for trial, a
cross between a very vigorous variety and Saunders, and this
became so badly diseased the first season we grew it that it died
outright soon after blooming, whilst many of the old hybrids
raised more than twenty years ago, growing in the same bed and
under exactly the same conditions, remained in vigorous health.

There may not be much natural affinity between gladiolus
and potatos, but both are plants more or less affected with
fungoid diseases difficult to combat, and the latter serves the
purpose of a good illustration on this point. Mr. Sutton, in his
interesting lecture on the potato delivered in this hall last year,*
related his experience of crossing varieties of potatos with some
of the species of Solanum, without obtaining any good results
in securing varieties proof against disease. Such, I think, would
be the case with gladiol, if we recommenced afresh from the
species. As in the case of potatos, I would rather look to clean
cultivation, and the selection of vigorous hybrids as parents, and
the raising of young stock to replace worn-out corms, as is
done in the case of most garden plants. My own annual
loss from disease barely reaches 10 per cent. Many people
appear to have an idea that a gladiolus should increase stock in
the same way as a narcissus, by the old bulbs increasing by
natural division; and no doubt to a certain extent this is so;
but this mode of increase eventually wears out, and it is to the
young bulblets which cluster at the base that we must look for
perpetuating varieties for an indefinite period. Otherwise named
collections of gladioli would not exist, where the stock of any
eiven variety could be obtained by the hundred or thousand, as
is the case with many varieties at the present time.

A paper on gladiolus would hardly be complete without some
reference to the various sections of the flower. Many of the

* See #.H.S. Journal, Vol. X1X., Part 2, p. 387.

2°66 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

early varieties are pretty garden flowers; among these may be
mentioned Colvillei and its white variety, known as ‘The Bride,”’
so largely grown for cut flowers ; some few varieties of the nanus
section and of the later summer-blooming ramosus_ section,
followed by the fine hybrids of the Lemoine: and Nanceanus
sections, which, thanks to the exertions of Monsieur Lemoine, have
considerably prolonged the blooming season of gladioli, as they
fill up the gap between the ramosus and gandavensis sections ;
many of both sections exhibit remarkable combinations of colours,
and as they become more and more infused with the gandavensis
blood, to increase the number of flowers opening at the same
time, and to give a more erect habit of holding their flowers up,
instead of looking at the ground, which is the fault of many, I
believe we shall have at no distant date remarkable and new
colours, including all shades of blue, and giving flowers and spikes
equal in size to the fine gandavensis varieties, and, like the
latter, opening a considerable number of flowers at the same time
without loss of constitution. As many of the hybrids of
gandavensis are as yet unrivalled in vigour, size, and beauty of
flower and spikes, I do not fear loss of constitution by an infu-
sion of the good qualities of these into other sections, in order
to obtain a greater variety of novel colours.

HARDY SUMMER FLOWERS.

By Mr. E. Burrett.
[Read October 13, 1896.]

In dealing with this subject I do not propose to extend my
remarks to all the many flowers we are now able to utilise for
summer gardening, but rather to confine myself to the considera-
tion of a few families that have come very prominently to the
front within the last few years, and which make in their several
seasons so gratifying a display. And instead of treating of the
flower garden as a whole I purpose dealing with the garden and
beds in the immediate neighbourhood of the dwelling-house,
severely geometrical with box edgings and tiny gravel paths, or
informal on the turf, as the case may be.

You will doubtless remember that when, some few years ago,

HARDY SUMMER FLOWERS. 267

the demand for hardy flowers caused the geometrical garden to
be filled with them, the planting was not always carried out in
the best of taste. I yield to none in my admiration of hardy
flowers, but it is difficult to appreciate a style that filled small
beds with tall straggling flowers, some of them with only a short
season and whose foliage is quickly over, leaving nothing but a
few bare sticks and dying leaves. Therefore let me say at the
outset, if your hardy flowers can by any means have a position in
isolated beds on turf this is where they are seen at their best ; but
if a geometrical garden exists, and it is the will of the employer
that, although it is to be filled with hardy plants, the pattern is
not to be disturbed, the planting must be carried out with a wise
discrimination and the exercise of taste.

It may be added that the opportunity of filling certain beds
mainly or wholly with one family of plants, and the chance
thereby offered of catering for individual wants, leads to a more
improved cultivation in the case of many things than when they
are crowded together with many other species in the same bed. It
may be also well to note that the greater part of the experience
herein recorded has been gathered in a garden south of the
Thames, fairly well sheltered, the soil being naturally dry and
sandy, with a subsoil of sand very close to the surface. In fact,
I suppose the upper part is really sand improved by cultivation.

Before passing on to the consideration of some specialities let
me offer a hearty tribute of thanks, and in so doing I shall carry
with me the whole of my brother professionals, to those
enthusiasts in the art who by raising so many good things have
helped so much to enrich our gardens. Those of us, for instance,
who remember the phloxes and delphiniums of a quarter of a
century ago, together with the first tufted pansy, and can
compare them in our mind’s eye with the marvellously beautiful
varieties of to-day, are able to appreciate to the fullest extent the.
wonderful improvements that have been effected.

A very valuable point in connection with nearly all hardy
flowers is the ease with which they are propagated, and a small
stock of some-really good thing once acquired we are able to
quickly work up a good number by the aid of cuttings, layers,
or division. Unless an extra large stock is required the two
latter methods of increase are preferable where they can be
practised, especially if the soil is light and it is essential to have

268 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good, strong plants; and in seasons like those of 1893 and 1896
the strongest plants have naturally the best chance.

Touching the planting of hardy things let me advocate the
advisability of a very careful selection in the case of all mixed
beds. There are some hardy plants that go well together, and
that are, in fact, seen to the best advantage when associated with
other things; but there are others, such as megaseas and
saxifrages, and campanulas, that are best alone, and one or two
beds may be reserved for their especial benefit. Taking the
campanulas, for instance, and those members of the family now
generally known under the name of Platycodon, we have a very
fine variety—especially in the different heights and habits of
erowth—and, as the flowering season is proportionately varied,
we may obtain from beds of this one family alone a very interest-
ing and prolonged display.

In the general planting operations those species that are
niost useful, and are as a rule represented by many varieties,
may be roughly divided in the matter of height into three classes,
viz. dwarf, medium, and tall. A short list of the things we find
most useful would include antirrhinums, campanulas, carna-
tions, delphiniums, helianthus, lobelias, gypsophylla, pinks,
pyrethrums, phloxes, pentstemons, poppies, tufted pansies, statice,
starworts, veronicas.
| ANTIRRHINUMS.—The remarks made above as to the nature of

our soil are sufficient to show that the antirrhinum is thoroughly
at home, and it is one of the best and most enduring of hardy
flowers. I have secured thoroughly good strains in the white,
yellow, primrose, scarlet, and crimson shades, and hold fast by
these in preference to the fancy flowers. When old plants
are left they are cut hard back, and the ground being slightly
pricked with a fork a mulching is put on in early winter. A
fair batch of cuttings is put in every year, to ensure retention of
the stock. The first spike of flower is removed directly the
lower blooms show signs of decay, to allow of the more rapid
development of side-growths, and sometimes if the plants are a
bit weakly the centres are pinched out before flowering. It may
be noted here that the prompt removal of all decaying flowers
(with their seed pods) is an important point in the culture of all
hardy plants, in order to secure a lengthened display.

CAMPANULAS.— Let me repeat my recommendation that a

HARDY SUMMER FLOWERS. 269

large bed be set aside for the special benefit of the campanulas,
and if they are well planted, with due regard to their respective
heights and the many different shades of colour, a very interest-
ing display will be the result. True, one does not get in this
family the variety of colour obtainable in many other things,
but they vary from a Cambridge blue to an intense purple, and
the white varieties are very fine.

CaRNATIONS.—These do remarkably well with me; they are
put out quite early in the autumn, and the loss even in the most
severe winters has never exceeded 5 per cent. larly layering is
practised, to secure strong plants, and alike for layering and in
the preparation of the beds I find spent mushroom or peat moss
manure most serviceable, on account of its moisture-retaining
properties when incorporated with the natural soil, and a heavy
mulch of the same material is put on the beds immediately the
planting is finished. Comparison of experience between different
parts of the country shows that varieties vary in point of hardi-
ness in different soils and situations, so that it is impossible to
lay down a hard and fast rule as to sorts which would be
anywhere and everywhere reliable.

DE.pHiniums.—Although, perhaps, the finest of all tall hardy
flowers, they are not naturally successful here—that is to say, I
cannot plant them as I do other things and be confident of good
results in the open borders. The foliage mildews badly and the
flowers are short-lived. They do better on a partially-shaded
border where the natural soil has been replaced by a mixture of
three parts stiff road sidings and one of cow manure.

Sun Frowers.—Of the different forms of helianthus grown I
think the most useful are letiflorus, multiflorus maximus, plenus,
and soleil d’or. Hardly any genus is more easily cultivated
or gives such excellent results with a minimum of trouble. I
find it, however, advisable on our soil to lift them, say, every
third or fourth year, replanting the strongest pieces.

LoBEe1as.—Herbaceous lobelias were formerly only seen in
just a few gardens, but they have advanced rapidly in favour the
last few years, and make very striking beds when planted in bold
clumps on a carpet of pinks, tufted pansy “‘ White Swan,” or the
silvery veronicas. A correspondence as to their hardiness
elicits the fact that it is found necessary to lift them in some
gardens. Here at Claremont, however, I always leave them in

D

270 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the ground, unless their removal is desired to other quarters,
when, if the new position is not ready for them, they are
packed tightly in boxes and placed ina cold frame. Crowns
that remain in the ground get, with the approach of winter, a
heavy mulching of half-decayed leaves.

Panstes.—Of the tufted pansies I cannot speak too highly.
At the time of writing this (early in September) they have been
in flower five months and are still gay. To ensure such an
enduring display on a soil like ours they have to be planted either
(preferably) in autumn or as early in the year as the state of the
sround permits. They have a mulching of peat moss manure
as soon as they are planted, and in summers like 1893 and 1896
one tremendous soaking of water just when the first flowers are
over. An early insertion of cuttings is found advisable—not later
than the end of July. This combined with the prompt removal
of all dying flowers is sufficient to ensure a bright carpet of
flowers from mid-spring until quite the end of summer.

Puuoxes.—It is, I fancy, now generally acknowledged that
all large beds that are over fifteen feet in diameter should be
filled with bold, strong stuff, and possibly a good selection of
the suffruticosa and decussata phloxes in combination would
yield to no flower for an effective and enduring display; the
newer varieties in both sections are simply magnificent. Re-
verting for a moment to the note made above as to the wonder-
ful improvement in the flowers, I brought the other day from a
corner in the pleasure ground a spike of the old white phlox
that has been growing there for years, and compared it with the
new, ‘ Diadem,’’ verily a tribute to the skill of the florist. In
planting a big bed of phloxes bold clumps of the two sections
may be alternated, and then if the top is pinched out of the
earlier varieties directly the flowers are past, smaller side spikes
will be developed and blossom with their later brethren. The
bed for their reception should be bastard trenched and enriched
with good manure. A good mulching is also advisable if the
summer seems likely to prove hot and dry.

PyretHrums.—Both the single and double flowered varieties
are among the most useful of early flowers, and they do well if
siven fairly good treatment in any ordinary border. Yor large
beds a mixture of these with pentstemons, each planted in bold
clumps, is decidedly effective. The old foliage can be trimmed

HARDY SUMMER FLOWERS. O71
!

away a little as soon as the flowers are over, and fresh green
erowth will spring up and serve as an admirable green carpet to
the intervening spikes of pentstemons. Pyrethrums hold out
well in the same spot for several years, but as soon as the tufts
begin to force themselves upward they should be lifted, divided,
and replanted. In the case of pentstemons, when a good strain
has been acquired a batch of cuttings can be inserted in
September and wintered in a cold frame.

AstERS.—Starworts, to give them the most appropriate
English name—for Michaelmas daisies is surely a misnomer in
the case of many varieties—are probably the most easily grown
of all hardy flowers. They will do in almost any soil, although
they are seen to the greatest advantages in one that errs on the
retentive side. Given a judicious selection, there is no class to
equal them in endurance, for they begin flowering before the
end of July, and in a mild autumn I have cut grand flowers in
quantity the first week in December, and plenty of varieties are
available to represent in their respective seasons the whole of the
time between these two periods. As is the case with all the
species already mentioned, marvellous improvement is manifest
in the newer forms of asters; whilst the fact that one of our
leading firms, specialists in starworts, catalogue no less than
100 varieties is sufficient evidence that a splendid selection can
be made, and those of us who have to supply an unlimited
quantity of cut flowers can testify to their enormous value for
this particular purpose. Let me recommend especially “ Purity,”’
cordifolius albus, and “ Diana,” the forms of vimineus and
diffusus, ericoides, and the old Tradescanti. Large beds in
pleasure grounds may with advantage be devoted to this family,
so filling them with the different sections as to secure a pro-
longed display. I should add that with the single exception of
carnations there is no family more susceptible to the attack of
that very obnoxious animal the rabbit than starworts, and it is
useless to plant in any situation that is not thoroughly free from
this pest.

Veronicas.—Both the flowering and foliage sections can be
used effectively in almost any description of bed—indeed, a
mixture of the varieties of longifolia with spicata alba,
Teucrium, prostrata, and repens makes a very charming

combination.
10)

oT? JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GyPSOPHYLLA.—No mention of hardy flowers would be com-
plete that did not include Gypsophylla paniculata, and certainly
the cultivation of no single plant has increased to such an
extent in a given time as this. It has evidently come to stay,
quite as much from its graceful appearance in the garden as
for its immense value in a cut form. Is it quite hardy? I
ask because several neighbours testify to its total loss in the
February of 1895, and I was unable to say if this was altogether
the result of frost, having mulched my crowns heavily early in
the winter.

There are several other families, possibly quite as worthy to
be mentioned in a paper of this kind as those already enume-
rated, notably ponies, irises, and spireas; but their endurance
from a flowering standpoint is not so great, and they are there-
fore not so well adapted for the particular part of the flower
garden under consideration.

Before closing this paper I should like to express the hope
that all who have to do in one way or the other with cottage
shows, gardens, and allotments may give an occasional sugges-
tion as to the increased cultivation of these hardy flowers, with a
hint in the matter of planting, so as to secure a long display of
bloom. So far as my own experience is concerned I have found
that when once the cottager realises this latter point he is only
very anxious to substitute a judicious selection of hardy plants
for the odds and ends of bedding plants he may have been able
to acquire. And how well many of the hardy flowers thrive in
those old cottage gardens! I remember in the course of one or two
rambles along the Surrey lanes looking enviously at occasional
magnificent clumps of fritillarias, day and plantain ilies,
and the like, and later at the really marvellous growth of the
tall autumnal flowers.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Dovanas said he was once in the neighbourhood of
Manchester, and a friend pointed out a phlox which he said hada
grown in the same position for twenty years. A phlox that re-
mained that length of time in one place would not suit him—nor
yet four years. A common way to propagate phloxes was by
division, but this was rather a rough and ready method. He was

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 2738

glad of the reference to carnations. Good-rooted plants he
never knew to die, although many people were afraid to try
them. He saw plants which had been planted out in November
in Northumberland and Durham stand the winter admirably.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
By Mr. W. H. Less.
[Read October 27, 1896.]

My endeavour in writing this paper must be chiefly confined to
the management of plants grown for the production of specimen
flowers; but before considering this I should like to offer a
few remarks on the wonderful progress that has been made
in raising new varieties during the six years which have
passed since the very interesting and exhaustive Conference on
Chrysanthemums held by this Society in November 1889.

Mr. Harman Payne, in concluding a most interesting contri-
bution to that meeting on the history of the plant, made the
following prophetic remark: ‘‘ What surprises are in store for
us in the near future no one can tell, but I venture to predict
there will be many, for the remarkable extension of Chrys-
anthemum growing in all parts of the world must inevitably
lead to much that we can scarcely conceive.’’ How fully this
prediction has been justified is well known to most of us, but a
reference to the lists of varieties published in the Conference
Report will perhaps show better than I can otherwise convey,
the rapid strides that have been made, more especially in the
Japanese section. At that time ‘‘Mme.Clémence Audiguier ”’ was
considered the best Japanese variety, yet in the returns for 1895
it was not even included in the best hundred; in fact, quoting
from an audit, compiled by Mr. C. E. Shea, of the varieties
exhibited last season on the principal prize stands throughout
the country, it was only once shown in a total of 188 varieties,
which plainly shows what an enormous number must have been
introduced, to supersede it to such an overwhelming extent. Of
these 188, only 23 were in commerce previous to 1891.
‘Boule d’Or’ (for a long time a great favourite) is the oldest of

274 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them, having been raised in 1882, but it will scarcely stand the
test of another season. |

Besides those of English origin, Japan, Australia, New
Zealand, and Italy have contributed a share of the improvements,
but the greatest number of good things have come from France
and America. Of the French raisers, Mons. Ernest Calvat
stands a long way first; his novelties sent over during the past
few years have been of the highest excellence, as instanced by
‘* Mme. Carnot,” ‘“‘ Mons. Panckoucke,’’ ‘ M. Chenon de Léché,”’
“ Australian Gold,” and many others. One of the faults, how-
ever, of our foreign friends is that they often choose such
unwieldy names for their seedlings. English raisers, though
they labour under the disadvantage of an ungenerous climate
for seed production, have lately supplied some really first-rate
varieties, and from last season’s experience there seems to be
every promise of the foreigner finding serious rivals in this
country in the raising of new varieties.

The interest in the Chinese or incurved section seems to be
rather on the decline. This may be partly owing to the formal
character of the blossoms, and doubtless also because so many
people fail to produce good flowers, the reason of which is
generally through selecting too early a flower bud, and often
through growing them too strongly, by which means the buds
are apt to come deformed or refuse to develop at all. It is to
be regretted that raisers have not paid more attention to this
class, for the addition of meritorious new ones has been very
limited; in fact, varieties introduced thirty years ago are still
amongst the best, and yet they are well worth growing, as their
perfect contour affords a charming contrast to the beautifully
informal blossoms of the Japanese.

The single-flowered varieties have most deservedly advanced
in popularity, and next to the Japanese they form quite the most
useful group of decorative Chrysanthemums. Tor growing in
small pots they are especially useful; and either in this form or
as cut flowers they lend themselves to all kinds of arrangements,
and will surely increase in popularity as their merits become
better known.

The old reflexed type of flower like ‘Christine’ and its
sports are gradually being driven out of cultivation in face of the
many and various forms of the Japanese; but the best of the

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 275

Anemone-flowered section are pretty, and deserve a place in
large collections, if only to be grown as what are termed “ decora-
tive”’ varieties. Under this latter head are included many very
beautiful varieties, but in private gardens they have been some-
what neglected of late years in favour of the larger flowers.

Early border varieties now form quite an indispensable part
of the flower garden from August to the end of October, and the
recent additions to this class are decided gains both in habit of
erowth and in the colour of the flowers. They well repay care-
ful attention, for they withstand the rains and cold nights of
autumn better than most hardy flowers at that time of the year,
and when frost has ruined all the tender blossoms of other plants,
there can always be found a gathering of Chrysanthemums, often
indeed far into November.

With such a wealth of variety in all sections, one of the
chief difficulties seems to be to decide what not to grow; for the
almost bewildering number of new introductions offered each
season, generally with such tempting descriptions, makes it
troublesome for the grower, who wishes to be up to date, to
keep his collection within any reasonable limits. It has become
more than ever necessary that before a novelty is granted
the honour of a First Class Certificate, it should be proved
to be not merely a good thing, but a distinct gain in every way
on existing varieties, in order that the public may take with con-
fidence anything so recommended. I believe there were not less
than one hundred new Japanese offered for the first time by
English firms last season, and thirty-six were awarded First
Class Certificates.

Turning now to the culture of plants to produce specimen
flowers, I will only notice briefly the routine points of cultivation,
as these are so simple, and so generally known and understood,
that it will be better in following the growth of the plant from
the cutting stage onwards to deal mostly with considerations of
management which are of more interest.

PROPAGATION may commence about the middle of December
with the late varieties, and this work may be continued with good
results up to the end of January, finishing with those which flower
early. It is very important that good sturdy cuttings should be
selected: those of a weakly nature lose so much time in making
up their constitution that they rarely develop first-rate flowers.

276 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A good method of rooting the cuttings is to plant them in light
sandy soil, and after once watering thoroughly, place them under
handlights on a moist bed well up to the glass in a cool green-
house; a temperature ranging between 40° and 50° is most —
suitable. Daily attention must be given, and the frames must
be kept closed to prevent the leaves flagging. Roots will form in
from a month to six weeks, and as soon as this is evident air
must be admitted gradually to harden the tender plants to the
exposure of the house; then the lights may be removed alto-
gether, and an occasional fine spraying overhead will help to
sustain them. When well rooted a shift into 34-inch pots will
be necessary, using soil composed of equal parts loam and leaf-
mould with coarse sand; replace the plants in a good light
position in the cool house where they may have plenty of air on
all favourable occasions. Avoid carefully the extremes of a close
atmosphere or cold draughts, as either condition is detrimental
to the well-being of the plants. The aim must be to maintain a
steady, robust, and uninterrupted growth. arly in March cold
frames will afford sufficient protection if covered so as to exclude
frost, and in genial weather the lights may be removed entirely
through the middle of the day. A further potting into 6-inch
pots must be given as soon as the soil is well filled with roots ; |
the soil at this stage should be of about two-thirds loam and
one-third leaf-soil and decayed horse-manure in equal parts, with
sufficient sand to ensure porosity.

Firm potting is very essential, especially if the loam is of a
light nature; and, unless the weather is very dry and warm, water
will not be needed at the root for two or three days after re-
potting ; frequent damping overhead will, however, be of much
service to the plants. Water thoroughly whenever it is necessary,
and with care, as injudicious watering, I am convinced, is the
cause of many failures. The rule should be never to water a
plant before it requires it, and then give it a good soaking.

Storpinc.—This very important item of management is
actually the timing of the flower-buds, and requires attention
from April onwards. The opinion once held that the best results
were obtained from plants grown naturally, has given way of
late years in favour of pinching the points, at various dates, to.
assist the flower-bud to form at a time most suitable to its finest
development, and it is an undoubted fact that many varieties

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. Vai oy |

require individual treatment to secure first-rate blossoms, and
that no haphazard management will be attended with consistent
success. :

The natural break, which occurs some time during April or
May, according to the variety, is produced by the forming of a
bud in the point of the shoot. ‘This causes several growths to
appear immediately below it, and as we find that the average
plant will perfect three blooms, a like number of these shoots
are allowed to grow on. The next bud which forms is the
‘‘ crown-bud,’’ and on some varieties this will develop the best
flower; but as a general rule if the crown-buds form before the
10th or later than the 25th August, they do not result in good
flowers. In the first case they are too early, dull in colour,
coarse in petal, or in some cases the buds refuse to expand at all.
From a late bud, unless it be in the incurved section, the flowers
are generally too small and thin, with a large disc in the centre.
We have therefore to time the bud to form about the middle of
August. To instance how this may be done take ‘“ Mrs. Falconer
Jameson,” which forms its bud too late; pinch the point away
from the plant on April 10, and the next bud will appear about
August 10, which will perfect a flower of first-rate quality.
“Florence Davis ’’ forms its crown-bud too early and a succeed-
ing one too late; but if pinched on April 15 and the second
crown-bud secured by August 25, the resulting flower will be
good, very different in character to the greenish-looking speci-
mens generally seen. There are some varieties, like ‘‘ Phoebus,”
which form their second crown-buds naturally in good time, and
some even form a third, though these are few: ‘‘ M. Chenon de
Léché”’ and “ Viscountess Hambleden ’”’ are examples.

In the incurved section, “Queen of England,” grown naturally
in our district, will form its crown-bud about August 10, which
is too early for this class; but by pinching the plant on April 10
we anticipate the natural break, hasten the formation of the
crown-bud, and thus allow time for a second crown-bud to |
appear by the end of August, which, under proper conditions,
will result in a well-formed flower.

It will thus be seen that in this important matter of bud
selection we aim at a definite period, extending over a few days
only, in which to secure the bud in order to obtain a flower of
the greatest excellence. A conspicuous proof of this is found in

278 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘* Ktoile de Lyon,” buds of which taken on or about August 12
will yield flowers which are rightly judged coarse, but if not
formed until the 25th the blooms will be of good size and
colour, and of beautifully reflexed form. A few incurved
varieties produce the best blooms from terminal buds, which, as
the word implies, are the last ones formed.

THe Fiyau Portryc.—When danger of frost is past, the
plants are best stood in a sunny position in the open, if possible
sheltered from the north and east; they may be freely syringed
overhead morning and afternoon on fine days, and a firm,
short-jointed growth encouraged as much as possible. By
about the middle of May the pots should be well filled with
roots, and re-petting will be needed into the size in which the
plants are to flower. A 10-inch pot is most suitable for most
varieties, though some few weak growers are best in 8- or 9-inch
ones. The soil for this shift should contain more manure,
though of course how much depends on the quality of the loam ;
if this is of a poor nature, give more than if it is rich and
fibrous. An excellent mixture consists of about three parts of a
good though heavy loam, broken up roughly, the remaining part
leaf-soil and horse-manure ; to this may be added a small propor-
tion of finely ground bones, and old lime rubble and ashes from
burnt garden refuse to keep it porous.

It is a common mistake to mix too great a quantity of strong
manures in the soil; soot in particular I cannot recommend,
except in very small quantities. Itis much better given in a
liquid state later in the season, or sprinkled on the soil as a
top-dressing to be watered in.

In potting make the soil evenly firm throughout; keep the
ball of roots low enough to ensure about half an inch of new
soil covering it, and fill the pots to within 15 inch of the rim.

The summer position of the plants will of course be governed
by circumstances. Itis best to arrange them in rows, about 5 feet
apart and 2 feet from each other in the rows, running north and
south. The object is to give them as much exposure as possible,
in order to obtain a well-matured growth: this is quite as
important in cultivating Chrysanthemums as in the case of fruit
crops. Stakes calculated to suit the ultimate height of the
plants must be given and secured to wires strained from stout
uprights. Syringing overhead may be continued with advantage

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 279

after all bright days until the middle of August, when the heavy
night dews then prevalent will render this less necessary.
Tying of shoots and destruction of insect pests must be promptly
attended to at all times, for if these latter are allowed to remain
on the plants injury will soon result.

FrEepinc.—By the third week in July the pots will be well
filled with roots, and feeding may commence with the use of
soot-water and liquid cow-manure in a weak state. This may
be given at about every third watering, increasing the strength
and frequency of the supplies as time goes on, taking care
always not to overfeed the plants. Change the sort of manure
every week, but in using any of the various excellent chemical
fertilisers remember that a small dressing at frequent intervals
is much better than risking injury to the roots by an overdose.
The various animal manures and soot are best placed in a
coarse hemp bag in the water-tanks to keep the liquid free from
sediment, which, with frequent watering, would soon collect on
the surface of the soil and prevent the free passage of water and
air to the roots. Sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda, if used
at all, should always be given in very weak solution; about half
an ounce to two gallons of water is quite safe. They are
not, however, really wanted unless as a stimulant to backward
plants after housing, to encourage the buds and hasten their
development.

Moderate feeding may be continued until the blooms are half
expanded, but it is well to be guided by atmospheric conditions
somewhat: in dull rainy weather much less is needed than if
hot and dry conditions prevail. Some varieties, too, need less
than others, and a careful study of this will well repay the
cultivator. For example, take the old variety ‘Boule d’Or”’;
grown naturally this is almost a single flower, and to produce it
in good condition it has to be built up by liberal feeding and by
obtaining an early flower-bud. When this latter is secured its
development must be encouraged as much as possible in order to
multiply and strengthen the number of florets. On the other
hand, ‘ Avalanche,’ which is a very double flower and forms its
bud early in August, is spoilt by too strong growing. The aim
in this case should be not to unduly increase the number of
petals by too free a use of manure. Incurved varieties, as a rule,
do not require to be grown so strongly as the Japanese. From

280 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the time the leaves are all fully developed, until the flowers
commence to open, less manure should be given, as there is then
no appreciable extension of growth, and consequently less need of
food supplies; but when the petals begin to unfold feeding will
be necessary at each watering.

A top-dressing of rich soil applied early in August will
greatly assist the plants by encouraging new roots near the
surface : about half an inch pressed on firmly is ample.

Hovusine or Puants.-—Towards the end of September ac-
commodation for the plants under glass must be arranged,
as after this the fast swelling buds are best under cover.
Abundant ventilation will be necessary for the first week, after
which the plants will have become accustomed to their changed
conditions, and air may be admitted according to the outside
temperature. When the blossoms begin to expand the pipes
must be kept warmed slightly, and if damp, foggy weather
prevails, give a little extra heat to dispel the moisture in the
air, and keep a buoyant atmosphere. An average temperature of
53° is best for the opening blossoms, and a little top ventila-
tion should be given constantly unless the nights are very cold.

Less water at the roots will suffice when the plants are
once inside, and if possible a circulation of air amongst the pots
should be encouraged. The opening blooms should be shaded
from bright sunshine, and the shade may be made permanent
after they are half developed.

Before the flowers get too far advanced fumigate thoroughly
on several successive evenings, to destroy all insect pests, as
aphides and thrip do much harm if once allowed to establish
themselves in the flowers.

Insects.—These are more or less troublesome all the season,
but the worst enemy of all is the thrip. These insects are very
minute, and feed on the tender points of the shoots, hence
they often escape notice till much harm has been done.
Crippled leaves, blind points, and most deformities of growth
are due to this, and as they are so inconspicuous, frequently
the injury they have done the plants is the first intimation of
their presence. The best remedy is to dust tobacco powder in
the points regularly, and this at the same time will keep aphides
at bay. Another good method is to use one of the small pneu-
matic spray-diffusers charged with a dilution of some insecticide.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 281

This is an economical plan, and easily applied, but must be
attended to during the whole time that the plants remain outside,
after which fumigation is most effectual.

The leaf-mining grub of the celery fly rarely does much
harm, and earwigs, too, though troublesome, can only be trapped
or removed by hand. A very much worse pest to deal with is a
ereen insect about the size of a small fly, though more compact
in shape, which infests the plants during the latter part of
August and September ; this insect lives on the tender leaves at
the points, and does more mischief than is generally supposed ;
it may be caught by hand, but it is very active, and has been
more numerous than usual this past season (1896).

Ladybirds are amongst our friends. The young larve of these
insects live on aphides, and do no harm whatever to the plants.

DisEAsES.—The only troublesome disease is what is known
as ‘‘damping”’ of the blooms. This is usually most prevalent
after a dull, wet season, and is really the result of badly matured
or too gross growth. It is caused by a combination of a too
liberal use of manures and the restriction of the number of
erowths on the plants to obtain specimen flowers. A good proof
of this is the fact that bush-grown plants are never affected by
the disease, because they have ample outlet for all the food the
roots can supply, no matter how much feeding may be given.
No remedy will entirely check the disease when once’it asserts
itself; all that may then be done to mitigate the evil is to pre-
serve a dry atmosphere, withhold all manures, and keep the plants
as dry at the roots as is consistent with safety. We have turned
plants out of their pots and rubbed off a quantity of feeding
roots near the outside, and even this did not check the trouble;
neither did half severing the shoot nor scraping the bark round
beneath the blossom have any apparent effect. If you take a
shoot from a badly affected plant, you will generally find the stem
hollow and the pith discoloured; I believe that this is decay
being transmitted to the flowers by the sap, and is the sole cause
of the disease. .

Certain varieties are more subject to damping than others,
the most susceptible I know being “ Colonel Smith,” ‘“ William
Seward,” and ‘‘Kda Prass.’’ ‘The practical inference to be
gleaned from this is that in proportion as they exhibit signs of
liability to the disease, so much the less manure does such a

982. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

variety require. The endeavour should therefore be to avoid as
far as possible the cause of the evil by obtaining a steady,
well-matured growth through careful management and moderate
feeding of the plants.

Mildew, which generally attacks the foliage in late summer,
and especially after the plants are placed in the houses, may be
very easily checked by dusting on flowers of sulphur.

Other troubles in this way to which the plants are subject are
not of such serious moment, and generally result from too much
manure being given. Certain varieties lose their foliage, or their
flower-buds decay before they are fully grown, from this cause.
The spot which appears on the foliage of some kinds in late summer
is due to too much atmospheric moisture, and is remedied by
removing the plants inside.

I append short lists of the best varieties in the various
sections in case they may be of interest :—

Best 24 Japanese.
Mme. Carnot.
Mons. Panckoucke.
Viviand Morel.
Ckas. Davis.
Col. Smith.
Kdwin Molyneux.
Pheebus.
Oceana.
Mrs. W. H. Lees.
Mutual Friend.
Thos. Wilkins.
M. Chenon de Léché.
Mdlle. Thérése Rey.

Calvat’s Australian Gold.

Edith Tabor.

Mons. Chas. Molin.

G. C. Schwabe.

Louise.

Chas. Shrimpton.

Reine d’ Angleterre.

Miss Dorothy Shea.
Lady Byron.

Robt. Owen.

Souvenir de petite Amie.

Besi 24 weurved.
Chas. H. Curtis.
Empress of India.
Golden Empress.
Lord Alcester.
Queen of England.
John Lambert.
Alfred Salter.
Princess of Wales.
Miss Hagegas.
Mrs. Coleman.
Miss Violet Tomlin.
Jeanne d’Are.
Robt. Petfield.
Globe d’Or.
Lord Rosebery.
Mr. Jas. Murray.
Mme. Darier.
J. Agate.
Baron Hirsch.
Lord Wolseley.
Lady Dorothy.
Princess Teck.
Hero of Stoke Newington.
D. B. Crane,

SEED-GROWING. 288

Best 12 early border varieties.

Karly Blush. Comtesse Foucher de Caria.

Piercy’s Seedling. Gaspard Boucharlet.

Flora. Lady Fitzwygram.

Harvest Home. Mme. Marie Masse.

Ryecroft Glory. Sam Barlow.

L’Ami Condérchet. Queen of the Earlies.
Best 12 single-flowered varieties.

Jane. Yellow Jane.

Purity. Mayblossom.

Mary Anderson. America.

Miss Rose. Mrs. D. B. Crane.

Mrs. Langtry. Miss Annie Holden.

Mrs. A. EK. Stubbs. Golden Star.

18 decorative varieties in order of flowering from Novenvber to
January.

Lady Selborne. Pallanza.

Wm. Holmes. Tokio.

Elsie. Mrs. Filkins.

Source d’Or. | Boule de Neige.

Elaine. | Golden Gem.

Mdlle. Lacroix. Golden Dart.

Mr. Chas. Shea. L. Canning.

Wm. Robinson. Tuxedo.

Roseum Superbum. | Princess Victoria.

SEED-GROWING.
By Mr. Rosert Fire, F.R.H.S.
[Read November 10, 1896.]

THERE are certain industries which seem to come into the
very closest contact with every individual member of society.
Probably the first of these to arrest our attention will be that
industry by which our people are clothed; but is there not
another of perhaps even greater importance—that by which our

984 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

people are fed? It may not at first sight appear clear that
there can be any very close relationship between the feeding of
a people and the question you expect me to speak upon—namely,
Seed-growing. As we dip, however, a little deeper into what ~
might be termed a rather capacious subject we shall find that
there are few industries—for seed-growing is an industry—
so intimately connected with human welfare, if we consider
health and pleasure to be of primary importance. A recent
writer in the “ Journal of Horticulture’’ says, ‘“‘ The garden con-
tributes enormously to the necessities of life.” The plentiful use
of vegetable products is always looked upon as one of the safe-
guards of health; and may not those floral treasures also
which cheer and beautify the home have a similar elevating
tendency ?

It is hardly possible for us to realise the enormous amount
of vegetable and floral produce that passes through the markets
of our great towns every year; but, even were we in possession of
that information, to get the sum total we must add the private
supplies of the gardens of the cottage and the hall. The figures,
if we did get them, would be simply bewildering, and yet perhaps
ninety per cent. of all this is the direct produce of seeds—most
of the remainder may be described as indirect—hence the
interest all may or ought to have in the production of seeds.
Andwhy? Because every one wishes—or should wish—to have
the best vegetables and the best flowers—vegetables of the
highest nutritive value and of the finest flavour, flowers of the
most perfect form, colour, and sweetness. These things can
only be obtained from the very best strains of seeds, which in
their turn can only be secured by a process of seed-growing to
which it is my purpose to refer.

Seed-growing has, no doubt, been carried on in a way, in all
ages of the world and amongst most nations; but it is only
when it comes into close contact with civilisation that it appears
as a work of acknowledged importance. It is a notable fact
that the taste for a garden and its produce is more and more
marked as we rise in the standard of refinement. To meet the
demands of our own country alone, extensive breadths at home,
on the Continent, and in America are annually devoted to the
production of seeds, and each distinctive climate or soil excels in
the raising of some particular varieties. The extent of the

SEED-GROWING. 985

trade, the countries most interested, and the localities suitable
for individual kinds are too large a part of the subject to deal
with at present, and the difficulty of getting anything like correct
details is wellnigh insurmountable. I propose, therefore, to
confine myself to the more limited sphere of my own work, and
to say something on that division of seed-growing with which I
am more Closely identified. The demand for higher-class seeds
has in recent years revolutionised to some extent the seed trade,
and now nearly every house in the trade has, or is supposed to
have, its own special strains. I will endeavour to give my ideas
as to the principles which should govern the production of high-
class seeds, and also say something of the methods which I
pursue, and which—whether right or iar aera to my mind
given satisfactory results.

At this point it may not be out of place to say that there
are comparatively few people who have taken the trouble to in-
form themselves as to what a seed really is—what a world of
life there is within the little shell by which it is enclosed, what
a power for good or for evil may have been exercised upon it,
as it on the parent plant became a germ of life. Those only
who go in for hybridising, cross-breeding, and raising of new
varieties of plants can realise this to the fullest extent, for as
they watch the development of the seed into the plant, and the
plant into full foliage, or flower, or fruit, there is a little flutter
in the cultivator’s breast until he knows whether (and how much)
success may have crowned his efforts. Dealing, then, with such
interesting subjects on a large scale, and with such teeming
millions of dormant vegetable life, it is of particular moment to
the seed-grower to know not only that his seeds are of pure blood,
but that they are developed in a manner befitting the important
place they are to fill in providing for the pleasure and the sus-
tenance of man and beast.

With such ideas before us let us approach the more practical
part of the work, bearing in mind that the plants we are now
dealing with are in very few ways to be compared with the
originals of their type which may still be found growing wild
in many parts of the world. The improvement which has
been made up to our own time we are expected not only to
maintain but to surpass. This object can be accomplished
by either or both of two different methods, each of which

E

286 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

has some special advantages. I refer to selection and cross
fertilisation.

Seeds, it is true, can be and are in some cases grown by the
ordinary method of sow and reap, sow and reap the same stocks
from year to year, without calling in the aid of either of the —
methods I have mentioned. It will hardly be necessary to point
out that such a course is a mistaken one, but until a large
proportion of our people begin to understand that low-priced
seeds are not necessarily really the cheapest, so long will there
be a demand for seeds thus grown, and given the demand the
supply will quickly come.

I will first speak of seed-growing by selection. In the
raising of new varieties cross fertilisation may be indispensable,
but in the fixing of a type nothing can beat selection.

The term ‘‘ selected seeds ’’ will no doubt be applicable to
various qualities, and these will be of a higher or lower grade
according to the ideas of the grower as to what a “selected”
strain means. One grower may only consider his stock selected
when his seed has been grown from the produce of picked
plants, roots, or bulbs, while another may act upon the principle
(or want of it) that once selected is always selected. My own
idea of “‘ selected seeds’’ is the crop immediately produced by
such plants, roots, or bulbs as have themselves undergone the
process of careful selection during the preceding season. Take,
for example, a crop of beet-root for seed. Where the roots are
wanted for culinary or exhibition purposes every shapely root
is cut or nicked with a knife. The seed produced by the very
finest ranks, as of the highest quality, is reserved specially
for competitors at exhibitions or those wanting very choice
seeds indeed ; and the next quality is a choice strain for more
general use. Each quality is grown together in a block, and
all unshapely roots, or those of inferior flesh, are unhesitatingly
thrown away. Choice carrots are nicked in the same way.
Turnips, leeks, onions, parsnips, and all such crops go through
precisely the same process, with the exception of the cutting.
And I should add that a few of the very best—the créme de la
créme—of each kind are reserved as the foundation for future
work.

Cabbages, kales, parsley, and other such crops growing
above ground, including asters, marigolds, &c., in the floral

SEED-GROWING. 287

department, are staked or marked in a particular way, so that
there may be no difficulty in recognising the higher qualities
when the selecting or seed-saving time comes round. The
harvesters then cut or remove those, and only those thus
marked, without the necessity of themselves having any intimate
knowledge of the qualities of the plant most to be desired.
This process costs time, labour, and incessant care, but the
manifold subsequent advantages may be easily seen. And
between such methods and the haphazard sow and reap a
vast gulf may be discerned, and hence the varying prices for
seeds which may bear practically the same name.

Seed-growing by cross fertilisation—that is, by artificial or
hand fertilisation—I will merely touch on. This method is
adopted when it is desired to cross two varieties each of which
possesses certain good qualities which are lacking in the other,
the object being to combine and reproduce as far as possible in
one plant the good qualities of both parents. It is also practised
on certain classes of plants grown under such conditions or
blooming at such seasons as preclude the possibility of their
being fertilised in the usual way. Many of our choice flowers
would produce little or no seed but for the adoption of this
method. The begonia is a good illustration of this class of
plants, which also includes petunias, primulas, and others.

Heredity is particularly strong in plant life, and all plants
that have been improved and brought by human diligence and
skill to their present state of perfection have a tendency, when
opportunity occurs, to revert to (or towards) their original form,
and this the grower must ever be on his guard to prevent. A
prominent American seedsman says, ‘‘ Eternal vigilance is the
price of safety.”

Some subjects readily yield themselves to the process of
improvement; others, again, are very obstinate. Take, for
example, a variety of calendula to which I have given close
attention for many years with the view of fixing a particular
type. The lemon-coloured variety responds readily, but the
orange has proved a very ungovernable subject. I have re-
peatedly saved seeds from plants bearing flowers of almost
perfect form and colour—every inferior plant being carefully
thrown away. ‘The following season would see from such seed
a batch of plants bearing flowers of all shades from deep orange

E 2

288 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to lemon, and of as varying forms and doubleness. And it may
further be interesting to mention that I have seen the best of
these deep orange flowered plants removed when in bloom to
an isolated position and replanted, and the check caused by .
the removal has influenced the plants to produce flowers of a
lemon colour, which gradually deepened again to orange as the
plants became established.

The French marigold is another illustration of a sportive
plant. Yellow, striped, or crimson flowers may be, and often are,
produced on a plant at the same time, the first more likely when
the growth is slow, the last when growth is rapid. It will be
evident, therefore, that to fix acorrectly and permanently striped
type will demand more than usual care. As a class it rapidly
deteriorates unless the utmost watchfulness is bestowed on its
selection, and some years ago it seemed that the utmost one
could do was to maintain the standard which had been already
achieved. JI appealed to Mr. Dobbie for the light of his lone
experience, and that gentleman assured me he had seen as good
flowers fifty years ago asthen. Cold cheer this for an enthusiast,
but I thought perhaps his memory had failed him. So I set to
work with renewed effort, saved seed from almost every type of
flower, isolated such plants as were pre-eminently good, and now,
after a series of exhaustive experiments through several seasons,
I have the satisfaction of finding myself certainly nearer to the
coveted goal of perfectly striped flowers on plants that never
vary.

M. Vilmorin, of Paris, mentions ssome experiments he made
with the annual Chrysanthemum carinatwm. He sowed seeds
saved from double, semi-double, and single flowers growing on
the same plant, and the results in all cases were thesame. Before
I had read of M. Vilmorin’s trials I had grown plants from seeds
saved in the same manner, and the result only confirms the French
experiments.

The fancy pansy, again, is another plant that will not as yet
come true from seed, however carefully it may be saved to name
or colour. A large number of seedlings were this year grown on
our grounds under the parental names, and looking at the beds
when in full bloom one would have said that the seeds must have
been very carefully mixed. I saw in a Berkshire garden this
season some thousands of seedlings all produced from the seeds

SEED-GROWING. 289

of one variety, and grown in a perfectly isolated position. The
variation was most extraordinary.

The single dahlia may be cited as an example of a flower
that can hardly avoid being self-fertilised ; but what remarkable
variation in colour is to be found in plants produced from the most
carefully saved seed of one variety! True it is that colour is the
most variable feature, but still the form of the flower, the habit of
the plant, and the shape of the leaves are also often very diverse.

I have dwelt longer on this part of my subject than I should
perhaps have done, my desire being to point out some of the
difficulties which beset the path ,of the seed-grower in his
endeavour to produce a stock that will come true to character.
Some buyers naturally expect that, as like produces like as a
general rule, so all their seeds should come perfectly true—that
is, exactly like the parent plants. That golden age may be onits
way, but it has not yet arrived, and until the day dawns they must
grin at and bear a little variation.

Isolation is a word that shouldbe printed in large type in
the vocabulary of every seed-grower. Many subjects come true,
although the various colours may be grown alongside of each
other. Quilled asters and sweet peas may be taken as examples.
Among the former I have never yet had a cross or a sport. On
the other hand, African and French marigolds readily cross
and produce genuine half-breeds.

It is a doubtful question how far the various types of
brassicas will cross with each other. Ordinary garden turnips
have not, so far as I am aware, shown any tendency to cross with
cabbages, sprouts, or kales. I have been conducting some in-
teresting experiments with garden turnips, to ascertain how far
they may be inclined to cross with one another. I planted side
by side two roots of “ Golden Ball”’,and two of ‘ Model White,”
two of “Golden Ball’’ and two of ‘‘ Red} Globe,’ and so on
through all the combinations I could form with eight varieties.
The seeds were carefully saved and sown, but this present
autumn has been against their coming quickly to maturity. I
find, however, that where ‘‘ Golden Ball ’’ and ‘‘ Red Globe ’’ have
been grown together the red variety has given to the yellow a
distinct purple top, and the white-fleshed ‘“‘Red Globe’’ has
become quite yellow in its colour. The ‘“ Red Globe,” again,
seems to have given quite a purple top to “* Model White ;’’ but,

290 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

except a lessening of the purple colour on the top, I cannot see
any change that ‘“‘ Model White” has effected on its companion.
Both, of course, are white-fleshed. ‘ Karly Red Milan ’’ seems to
have changed the character of ‘‘ Model White ”’ to a purple-topped
variety, and ‘‘ Model White’’ to have given its partner a greater
depth of flesh. | Most of the other varieties were more or less
crossed, thus showing the dangers that must be avoided by a
careful system of isolation in order to secure a true strain.

Speaking on this matter leads me on to say that pollen of one
variety of a plant may be more active than that of another
variety. In the year 1895 some bulbs of ‘‘ Cranston’s Excelsior ”’
onion were planted alongside specimens of ‘ Dobbies’ Selected
Red.’ The idea in view was to determine how far they would
cross with each other, and if possible produce a new onion. The
seed saved from “ Excelsior’’ produced plants and bulbs to all
appearance—with only two exceptions—the same as the parent.
The two exceptions were bulbs of a light brown colour. On the
other hand the seed from the red variety gave just the opposite
result. The bulbs resembling the seed parent were very few
indeed, the majority being of a reddish brown colour and much
deeper in form than the red variety that produced them. The
pollen of the ‘‘ Excelsior ’’ variety seems to have almost entirely
overpowered the other. Mr. Martin Smith, the well-known
carnation specialist, finds considerable variation in the powers of
the male parent to reproduce itself. With some varieties, such
as the yellows, the pollen from plants of another colour seems all-
powerful, but, on the other hand, the pollen of yellow varieties
does not seem to have any appreciable effect on varieties of
different colour. (See the ‘Royal Horticultural Society’s
Journal ”’ of August, 1896, p. xlii.)

Where seed-growing is carried on to any great extent it will
be reasonable to expect that certain variations will take place in
the habit, colour, or other qualities of the plant or flower. A
sharp look-out for these “ breaks’? must be kept, and any
tendency to develop in a desirable direction must be encouraged.
Quite new forms, types, or colours may be permanently fixed in
many, or even in most, cases, although it may in some instances
take years to accomplish. “ Antirrhinum Yellow Queen,” which
this year received the x x x after trial at Chiswick, was only
secured after several years of isolation, inbreeding, and selection ;

SEED-GROWING. 991

and I am now working up its counterpart in a pure white by the
same process. In some classes of plants there seems to be
scarcely any limit to the development that may take place, and
sometimes in quite opposite and unexpected directions too.

It is a remarkable fact that throughout both vegetable and
floral life the more highly developed a plant or flower becomes,
the power to produce seed generally becomes less and less, and as
arule the seeds that are produced are not of such high ger-
minating power as those of their inferior brethren. Plants thus
seem to lend themselves to improvement for our benefit, but not
for their own good. Take the pansy as an illustration. The
poorer varieties are literally covered with seed pods, while
many of the high-class florists’ flowers hardly ever produce a
fertile seed at all, and hence the present high value of genuine
fancy pansy seed. In African marigolds and asters of the best
types the seed is scarce, and relatively speaking weak, owing, no
doubt, to the size of the flowers and the consequent crowded con-
dition of the petals. The very finest cockscombs produce very
little seed, while those of inferior form are very prolific.
Brussels sprouts are good examples in the vegetable department.
Where the sprouts are firm and good very few side shoots are
formed to produce seed, while the opposite is the case with an
inferior variety. Cabbages of high quality and great solidity are
poor seeders, for the same reason. It will thus be observed that
in choice seed-growing the cost of production is in inverse ratio
to the quantity of seed obtained.

Before concluding I ought, perhaps, just to notice the belief
that some people have that seed taken from a particular part of
a plant or seed pod will give better results than that taken from
another; for example, they argue that Brussels sprouts seed
should be gathered from the shoots originating in the sprouts
themselves, and not from the centre stem, and that parsley, to be
good, should be taken from the centre stem only. I have been
told that to get marigolds quite double the seeds should be saved
from the three outermost rows of the seed vessel. I need hardly
say that these ideas have been proved to be perfectly unfounded,
and that seeds saved from any part of the same plant will give
equal results. M. Vilmorin, of Paris, is very emphatic on this
point, and no one doubts that gentleman’s authority to speak on
such a subject.

292 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Lona, of Wisbech, said that one of the first and most
important considerations of the seed-grower lies in his choice of
soils, which of necessity must be varied from light to rich loam
and strong heavy soil, in order that he may be successful with
the great variety of plants he will have under cultivation.

Another most important matter is the careful selection of
roots and plants from which the “ stock seeds’’ are to be raised.
This is the foundation upon which he is to work, and precision
as to form, colour, weight, and foliage are very essential points,
in order to obtain stocks of the highest and most desirable type.
All the roots and plants selected must be most carefully trans-
planted at suitable distances, and when the seed produce has
been gathered it is necessary to put it to the test with other
stocks of high repute, by growing fully-developed roots and
plants for comparison.

The several varieties of Swede turnip should be grown
well apart; particular attention must be paid to green and purple
topped varieties to maintain pure stocks.

Mr. Lona said that in some seasons he had seen very peculiar
freaks among the crops of growing Swede turnips. In some
parts of the field may be seen peculiar malformed roots, with a
strong bushy growth of stem andleaves. On examination many
of these plants have a purely purple neck, but for some reason
fail to form a bulb, while on another part of the same field the
whole crop is faultless. Another singular fact is that seed from
the same parcel has been sown the following year, and no mal-
formed roots have appeared, but a crop of handsome-shaped
bulbs, thus showing that it cannot in any way be attributed to
the fault of the seed-grower. This suggests that the soil, atmo-
spheric influence, or some other cause increases the tendency of
the Swede turnip to revert back to the original parent plant,
Brassica campestris, or the wild rape, which in its wild state
may be considered a worthless weed.

The many kinds of garden and cattle cabbages are most
important items in the mind and care of the seed-grower.
Darwin tells us that from an experiment made by planting green
and purple kohl-rabi, borecole, Savoy, and sugar-loaf cabbage
in close proximity, the seeds from them produced mongrel plants

SEED-GROWING. 293

of the most complicated varieties, the result of cross fertilisa-
tion. But from experiments and observations made with several
varieties of cabbage he was of opinion that Brassica oleracea
(cabbage) will not interfertilise with Brassica campestris, the
origin of the Swede turnip, or with Brassica Napus, the origin
of the common turnip in all its varieties. At the same time
it must not be forgotten that in cabbages there is a tendency to
revert back to the typical nature of the plant, unless great care
and selection are exercised, as it is not by mere chance that the
excellent cabbages we see are produced, but by the grower’s
practical experience.

The blooming season is a most important one to the seed-
erower, and claims his attention before the bees can do any
injury. The florist has means within his reach to prevent
hybridising by bees if he wishes. With the open fields the seed-
grower is at a great disadvantage; therefore he must be fully
observant upon his growing crops. To the bees we owe a very
oreat deal, as florists will admit, as we so often see them from the
blooming of the aconite and crocus and all through the summer
laden with yellow pollen, dusty as a miller, and most interesting
if caught and placed under the microscope, to behold their varied
store, gathered from many flowers, easily to be distinguished,
with which they might convey serious unintended injury. There-
fore the watchful eye of the practical seed-grower must be most
vigilant all through his district during the blooming of various
plants, to get all harmful kinds removed, which at times is a
most costly undertaking ; otherwise most serious injury might
be done to his crops, destroying that which has cost him much
labour.

The district in which he resides is famous for its great seed-
srowing industry in every branch; it is there in the months of
May and June, among other things, many hundreds of acres of
mustard can be seen in bloom, extending as far as the eye can
reach. During the last few years the mustard crops have suffered
very much by an attack of a beetle (Phedon beiule), which does
not confine itself to this crop alone. He had seen large fields
wholly destroyed by these pests, clearing the whole of the plants
as they pass from one side of a field to the other, being one black
mass of devouring insects.

294 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL DEMONSTRATION.
By the Rev. Gro. Henstow, M.A., F.L.S., &e.

[Given November 24, 1896.]

ProFEessor Hensxow first drew attention to a hybrid between
Primula obconica (pod-bearer) and the semi-wild form of
P. sinensis (pollen-bearer). Beyond having rather larger flowers
there was no visible character decidedly derived from P. sinensis.
The present plant was raised by Mr. Hyde, of Ealing. It
appeared to be a case of extreme prepotency on the part of the
mother plant. The lecturer alluded to the peculiar property of
P. obcomca in its producing eczema on the hands of some
people. A somewhat analogous result accrues from handling
hyacinth bulbs. In the latter case, however, the result was due
to minute crystals in the cells of the scales.

A collection of gloxinias, all bearing erect, trumpet-shaped
flowers, called for the remark that this form first appeared in
1846, and was knownas G. Fyfiana. The original cross was not
known, but was probably itself a hybrid between G. speciosa
alba maxima and G. cerulescens. It has always been the aim of
florists to convert ‘irregular ’’ flowers (such as gloxinias, pansies,
pelargoniums, &c.) into regular ones, which botanists regard as
having been the primeval form from which irregular ones have
been derived; but perhaps the effort is a doubtful advantage
in the case of the gloxinia. Mr. Henslow advanced his
theory of adaptation to account for the naturally irregular
form of many flowers, viz. that where the lower petal in
front is enlarged such enlargement has been due to the
responsive power of the living protoplasm of the plant to
meet the strain produced by the pressure of the insect upon
it. But where the insect visitor alights only on the stamens
of a flower, as in rhododendrons, amaryllis, veronica, horse
chestnut, &c., then the lower front petal tends to be atrophied
and is reduced in size or vanishes altogether, as in the horse
chestnut. As an illustration of response to strain, if a weight
be attached to a growing stem, just insufficient to break it, the

FLORAL DEMONSTRATION. 295

stem soon acquires sufficient strength to support a very much
ereater weight than it could have borne if it had been left to
erow naturally. When irregular flowers become regular under
cultivation, it is therefore apparently due to the continual ab-
sence of irritation set up by the insects of the country of which
the flower in question is a native. It then reverts to the ances-
tral regular form. Such reversions may also be seen in ternunal
flowers, as of the spikes of larkspurs, foxgloves, horse chestnuts,
&e., as irregular flowers are always more or less vertical, and
mostly closely applied to a stem, so that insects are compelled to
visit them from the front, and to rest on the lower petal, or else
on the stamens.

Mr. Veitch’s display of rhododendrons afforded a subject for
remarks on crossing and doubling. His well-known and beautiful
‘‘oreenhouse’’ forms were raised by hybridising about half a dozen
species from the East Indies. The double or “Balsame-flora”’
section is especially interesting, as having been derived by his
pollinating one particular flower, which had a single subpeta-
loid anther, with the pollen of the stamens in the same flower.
This illustrates the fact that it is impossible to make a double
flower unless nature first puts in an appearance, so to say, upon
which the florist can then work. The exact external conditions
under which “ doubling” arises are not known.

Chrysanthemums afforded an opportunity of remarking upon
the immense changes which the florists have been enabled to effect
since the earliest examples reached England from Japan, in the first
three decades of this century. The “actiniform’’ and ‘‘dragon’s-
mouthed ’’ forms were introduced by Mr. Fortune in 1840. Mr. ©
Henslow explained how the modifications in the structure of the
corollas are produced, giving rise to the astonishing variety now
existing among the flowers of this plant.

Cyclamen illustrated the peculiarity of certain plants in
burying their pods. In the case of Tvifoliwm subterranewm Mr.
Darwin showed that the fruit was capable of absorbing nitro-
genous matters from the soil by means of hairs. It is inferred,
therefore, that cyclamen may do the same. This suggested that
experiments should be made to see if the seeds of the cyclamen
proved to be of a better quality if the pods were artificially covered
and nourished by means of salts, &c., in the soil.

Cephalotus compared with nepenthes illustrated the wonder-

296 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ful power of nature to make very similar structures for effecting
the same purpose, viz. to catch insects, out of totally different
materials ; for while the pitchers of sarracenia and cephalotus
were metamorphosed leaves, that of nepenthes was, according to
Sir J. D. Hooker, a metamorphosed water gland situated at the
apex of the leaf-blade. As a further illustration of the difference
in origin of two similar structures, the tendril of the pea con-
sisted of metamorphosed leaflets, while those of the vine and
the Virginia creeper were made of flower stalks devoid of
blossoms.

A few remarks on the structure of apples, pears, and med-
lars showed that these so-called fruits are mainly composed of
fleshy stem and bases of the sepals welded on to the carpels; the
outer skin of the latter and the inner one of the former being
undeveloped, the internal tissues of both became confluent and
hypertrophied, thus constituting the edible part, the core being
only the inner skin of the carpels.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCKEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
JANUARY 14, 1896.
‘Rev. GeorGE Henstow, M.A., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (42). W. H. Askew, Alfred Austin, Arthur
Baker, Alfred Barker, A. Bateman, Duke of Bedford, Arthur
Boulton, A. E. Brooke-Hunt, Rev. G. R. Browne, Mrs. I’. Caddy,
Chas. Clarke, Wilson Crewdson, W. H. Davis, Seymour Deadman,
R. W. Green, Sir Robert Gresley, Bart., Frank Herring, George
Hodgson, Edward D. Hoyland, William §. Iles, C. EH. Keyser,
L. E. Lambourn, H. Langston, Fred Lee, Sir Alex. Moncrieff,
F.R.S., Mrs. Nisbett, A. W. P. Pike, Miss Fanny A. Pirie, Henry
Pitt, C. B. Powell, Walter Price, F. Randolph-Symmons, Edwin
J. Sanger, Edwin Colby Sharpin, H. W. Simmons, H. Staples,
David Tod, Arthur Veitch, Sir Edmund Verney, Bart., J. C.
Waltham, Charles E. West, Mrs. H. Witham.

Associates (4).—D. R. Carter, W. H. Morter, Z. Novik,
William Peters.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
117 VicrorRIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.
FEBRUARY 11, 1896.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (President of the Society), in
the Chair, and about 200 Fellows present.

The Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting on
February 12, 1895, were read and signed.

il PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following elections took place :—

Fellows (47).—George Abbey, Jun., Miss E. Argles, James
Barnshaw, I’. C. Bause, Mrs. T. Berry, B. G. Berry, James S.
Bird, Miss Bolton, F. W. Capp, Walter Child, W. A. Clark,
D. B. Crane, James Crispin, Jun., Geo. Cuthbert, Dowager Lady
Davis, Herbert Druce, Adam Duncan, Rev. J. C. B. Fletcher,
M.A., James Scott Gordon, William Gunner, J. Hodges, Capt.
Charles Hooper, D. Ingamells, Frederick N. Ingamells (Australia),
Robt. Lebaudy, Lancelot Linley-Cowan (Australia), Mrs. Charles
Lucena, -W. F. Manning, H. Joseph Parks, E. Poole, E. W.
Potter, Wm. Salcombe, John Robert Saw, A. W. Shelliker,
H. J. Sheppard, Mrs. H. F’. Sich, Basil Woodd Smith, G. H.
Smith, H. Frank Tagg, Mrs. Lydia Turner, Francis Wm. Vallis,
George Walker, A. Warburton, Percy Waterer, Mrs. E. Watson,
A. Wells-Ingram, Godfrey Woodstock.

Society affiliated (1).—Bedfordshire Horticultural Improve-
ment Association.

Before beginning the formal business of the meeting. the
PRESIDENT said he believed it would be in accordance with the
feelings of the entire community, and certainly of the Fellows of
the Royal Horticultural Society (having regard to the fact that
Her Most Gracious Majesty was Patron), that they should offer
to the Queen, with the utmost respect, an address of sympathy
at the grievous loss which had befallen her in the death of Prince
Henry of Battenberg. The meeting signified unanimous consent.

Messrs. Arthur W. Sutton and W. Goldring were appointed
scrutineers of the ballot.

A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the retiring members.
of Council, viz.:—Sir John Edwards Moss, Bart., Mr. Owen
Thomas, and Mr. Henry Williams.

To fill the vacancies thus caused, the following gentlemen
were proposed, viz. :—The Rey. G. H. Engleheart, M.A., Thomas
Gabriel, Esq., and R. McLachlan, Esq., F.R.S.

The PRESIDENT, in moving the adoption of the report of the
Council and balance-sheet, which had been sent to every Fellow
of the Society in January, said he only intended touching briefly
on a few points. The Council had circulated a new “ Code of
Judging Rules,’’ which it was considered would be of assistance
to judges and exhibitors at horticultural shows. The ‘ Code”

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. lll

was not considered to be anything more than a beginning, and
they quite expected it would be subject to criticism. They would
be glad to receive any suggestions towards the further improve-
ment of the Code.

With respect to the retirement of Mr. Barron, he was
expressing the sentiments of the whole of the Council when he
said that they all fully recognised his invaluable services, which
had extended over a great number of years. During a disastrous
period in the Society’s history Mr. Barron’s assistance and
advice had been invaluable.

Mr. 8. T. Wright had been appointed superintendent at
Chiswick Gardens ; he had come there with an excellent reputa-
tion, and the Council thought it only fair that he should be
allowed a free hand. They were anxious that the experiments
should be carried on, and that Chiswick should be made a model
horticultural establishment.

The Society’s shows had been very successful, the only draw-
back being that Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales was
unable to be present at the opening of the Temple Show, while
they were similarly disappointed at the Crystal Palace Fruit Show
in the unavoidable absence of the late Lord Mayor. The meetings
held at the Drill Hall had been well supported, and the attendance
had been larger than before. The Vegetable Show at Chiswick
was a disappointment, and he regretted to say that vegetables,
from an exhibition point of view, did not receive the attention
they deserved.

Sir TrEvor also spoke highly of the value of the services of
the Scientific Committee, and the character and punctuality of
the Society’s Journal, which still continued to give great satis-
faction.

It was satisfactory to note that seventy-two provincial
societies had been affiliated, and the number was still increasing.
Some suggestions had been made, continued Sir Trevor, to
make the Society still more provincial, but it was a step that
required much consideration. The disastrous experience at
Liverpool assured them that provincial shows did not pay; the
Council, however, had made arrangements to send deputations
to the exhibitions to be held at York and Chester during the
forthcoming summer,

The PrestDENT concluded by referring to the criticism to

iv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

which the Council had recently been subjected, adding that he
was not sorry that such had been the case, as it showed the
Fellows of the Society were taking a lively interest in the Society.
The Council claimed no exemption from liability to err, but
figures proved that it had of late worked for the welfare of the
Society, as previous to 1889 each year there had been a defi-
ciency, whereas since that date there has annually been a balance
in hand, while the number of Fellows and the circulation of the
Journal had increased correspondingly. He thought this was
sufficient to prove the Council had done something for the good
of the Society, and he hoped to give a satisfactory answer to any
questions that might be asked prior to moving the adoption of
the report.

Mr. Parker seconded the adoption of the report, and said, in
regard to the Jowrnal, the end of the current year would com-
plete twenty volumes, and he hoped they would publish a com-
plete index of the whole, as he felt sure it would be very useful,
and save much trouble when referring to the information con-
tained therein.

Mr. A. H. Suez said he regretted to be compelled to move
an amendment to the resolution. He generally felt it his duty
to support the executive, and he believed the Council had en-
deavoured to do their best for the Society ; but he thought there
were times when they deviated a little from their powers. He
said the Council had acted wlira vires in granting a retiring
allowance to Mr. Barron. It should be remembered that the
Society was a voluntary society, and if any accident happened to
it, he took it that the Fellows would be responsible for the
pension. The report stated that Mr. Barron had had conferred
upon him an Honorary Life Fellowship of the Society, but no
such Fellowship was, as far as he could discover, mentioned in
their charter. If they had elected Mr. Barron an ordinary
Fellow he would have come under Rule 90, and under that rule
it would have been impossible for the Council to have conferred
a pension upon him. He did not accuse the Council of wilfully
doing wrong, but they were bound by their charter. Before
bringing the matter forward he had taken the advice of counsel ;
and his amendment was as follows :—

“An allegation having been made by a Fellow that the
Council may have acted wltra vires to its charter and the bye-

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, Vv

laws by electing Mr. Barron to a Life Fellowship, and that the
form of ballot-paper and mode of election and removal. of
members of the Council is irregular, and a doubt is expressed
that the meeting is incapable to deal with the allegations, it is
expedient that a committee of seven Fellows shall be appointed
to investigate and report on these allegations, and they be
empowered to obtain legal advice on the subject and to report
to an adjournment of this meeting.”

Mr. Smee added that he would, if desired, hand his ‘‘ counsel’s
opinion ”’ to the Council.

The PRESIDENT said they could not accept any such proposal
as that contained in the amendment. The Council had acted in
accordance with the custom that had been pursued ever since he
had had the honour of being connected with the Society, and
he believed it would be a total waste of the time of the seven
members who might be appointed to the Committee, and of the
money which he supposed the Society would have to pay for
counsel’s advice. He sincerely trusted the meeting would, in
the interest and welfare of the Society, give an emphatic negative
to the amendment.

The amendment having been seconded by Mr. Peter Barr,
it was put to the meeting, when only three voted for it. I
was thus lost by an overwhelming majority.

Mr. PetEeR Barr asked several questions in regard to the
Secretary’s salary and duties, and received satisfactory replies
from the Chairman.

Mr. MarsHALt enquired what was to be done at Chiswick, to
which the reply was made that for the first year at least a free
hand would be allowed to the new superintendent.

Mr. R. Dian gaid he noticed that there would be no meeting
of the Floral Committee between an early date in September
and the beginning of October. He thought there should be a
meeting sooner.

The PrEsIDENT promised that the matter should not be lost
sight of. He then formally moved the adoption of the Council’s
report as printed below. The motion was carried.

Vl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1895-96.

The most important work of the Society during the past year,
and that which will have the greatest effect on the Gardening of
the future, is probably the recent publication of the Rules and
Suggestions for Judges and Schedule makers.

In response to a widely-expressed wish the Council in the
autumn of 1894 appointed a Committee to draw up such a Code
of Rules, and it is not saying too much to affirm that no Com-
mittee has (of late years at least) worked harder or devoted more
time to the Society’s interests. The most hearty thanks of the
Society are due to the members of this Committee.

Although actual experience and practice may at first call for
divers modifications and additions, yet the result of their labour,
as now set forth, is one which the Fellows of the Society may
well regard with satisfaction, and which will, it is hoped, form
the foundation of a Code by which all Judging at Shows will be
conducted in years not far distant. The Code is published at
the Society’s office, 117 Victoria Street, S.W., post free, 1s. 1d.

The year has also been marked by the retirement of Mr.
Barron from his long tenure of office as Superintendent of the
Society’s Gardens at Chiswick—a tenure of thirty years as Super-
intendent, and eight years as Foreman—reaching from the
year 1857 to the present time. During those thirty-eight years
Mr. Barron has devoted his best energies and the most valuable
years of his life to the service of the Society, and after due con-
sideration the Council have thought it right to make him a
retiring allowance of two-thirds of his salary, and have conferred
upon him an Honorary Life Fellowship in the Society.

The Council desire on their own behalf, and that of the
Fellows generally, to tender to Mr. Barron their fullest acknow-
ledgment of his faithful and valuable services during the many
years of his work for the Society, accompanied with the hope
that he may long enjoy a well-earned retirement.

In round numbers £1,765 has been expended at Chiswick
this year on the general work and repairs and keeping up of
the Gardens. The receipts from the Gardens by sale of surplus
produce amount to £367, making the net cost of the Gardens
£1,398.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1895-96, Vil

Mr. 8. T. Wright, hitherto of Glewston Court Gardens, Ross,
has been appointed Superintendent.

The Council have thought that for the first year at least it
would be best for Mr. Wright to have a perfectly free hand at
Chiswick, subject to the control of the Council alone. Whilst
therefore expressing their best thanks to the members of the late
Chiswick Board, they have decided not to propose the re-appoint-
ment of that body for the ensuing year.

Certain alterations which they hope to be able to introduce
into the system at Chiswick will develop themselves as time goes
on. It would not be wise to put forth an ambitious programme
until Mr. Wright shall at least have had time to become inti-
mately acquainted with the Garden, its capabilities, and its con-
tents. All practical Gardeners will at once perceive the necessity
of allowing 1896 to be a year of what it is hoped may prove
unpretentious advance and improvement.

Highteen Fruit and Floral Meetings have been held in the
Drill Hall, James Street, Victoria Street, Westminster, besides
the more extended shows at the Temple Gardens on May 21, 22,
and 23; at Chiswick Gardens on September 10; and at the
Crystal Palace on September 26, 27, and 28; and lectures have
been delivered at fifteen of the meetings, exclusive of those given
at the Conferences. The number of awards has been as
follows :—On the recommendation of the Floral Committee,
22 First Class Certificates against 71 in 1894, 174 Awards of
Merit against 225, and no Botanical Certificates against 38. On
the recommendation of the Orchid Committee, 48 First Class
Certificates against 68 last year, 98 Awards of Merit against 134,
72 Botanical Certificates against 21. On the recommendation of
the Fruit and Vegetable Committee, 8 First Class Certificates
against 15, and 44 Awards of Merit against 12 last year.

For the simplification of office arrangements and for economy
in postage expenses, it has been thought weil in future to make
the Society’s year of work begin and end (as far as allowed by
the Charter) with the Annual Meeting in February. For this
purpose all Fellows’ tickets for 1896 will be available for the
January meeting of 1897. The Committees recently appointed
will also continue in office until the same date.

At the request of several amateur growers a Narcissus
Committee has been re-established.

F 2

Vill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Council have also thought it well to make an attempt to
encourage individual research and effort in obtaining new plants:
either by importation or hybridisation, and to this end are offering
the Society’s medals as prizes, particulars of which will be found
in the Schedule of Arrangements, 1896.

The Council desire to draw the attention of all Fellows of
the Society to the more extended use which the Scientific Com-
mittee might be to them if they availed themselves more freely
of their privileges in submitting instances of diseases of or in-
juries to plants, caused by insects or otherwise. The Scientific
Committee is composed of gentlemen qualified to give the best
advice on all such subjects, either in respect to the prevention or
cure of disease. The Committee is also glad to receive specimens
of malformation or other subjects of horticultural or botanical
interest.

The Council wish to express their thanks to the Director of
the Royal Gardens, Kew, for allowing them to consult Mr. Massee,
F.L.S., on the fungoid diseases, &c., brought before the Scientific
Committee, and to that gentleman for his readiness in giving
them the advantage of his knowledge and advice.

The Society’s Great Show held (by the continued kindness
of the Treasurer and Benchers) in the Inner Temple Gardens,
was as successful as ever, and itis a matter of satisfaction to
the Council to find that this meeting is now universally acknow-
ledged to be the leading horticultural exhibition of this country.
The best thanks of the Society are due to all who kindly brought
their plants for exhibition, or otherwise contributed to the success
of this show.

The Exhibition of Vegetables held in the Society’s Gardens
at Chiswick on September 10 was hardly of such practical utility
as the Council had anticipated. Wonderful specimens of culti-
vation were shown, but many of the exhibits were distinctly too
large for table use, and the number of exhibitors was compara-
tively small. It is hoped that whenever another Vegetable Show
may be held this meeting may at least have taught us what to
aim at and what to avoid.

The great show of British-grown Fruit held by the Society
at the Crystal Palace on September 26, 27, and 28, was of even
ereater dimensions and excellence as regards the fruit shown,
and was attended by a far larger number of visitors than that of

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1895-96. 1X

last year. It is needless to enter into details, as full particulars
will be found in Volume XIX., Part 2, of the Jowrnal recently
issued.

As an object-lesson in British fruit cultivation this Annual
Show stands out unrivalled, and is of national importance. But
its continuance year after year is a matter of the gravest concern
to the Council, as it involves a large expenditure without hope
of any return. Arrangements have been made with the Crystal
Palace authorities for the Society to hold a similar show on
October 1, 2, and 8, 1896, but these arrangements are abso-
lutely conditional on a sum of £100 being subscribed by April
1896 to assist with the Prize Fund.

Messrs. H. J. Veitch, T. Francis Rivers, George Bunyard,
Owen Thomas, Geo. Norman (of Mentmore), Philip Crowley,
John Wright, and the Rev. W. Wilks have been appointed a
committee to revise the schedule of prizes, and a circular letter
inviting subscriptions has been issued, but as it is impossible to
send it to all, it is hoped that any who are willing to assist in
the continuance of this show will send their subscriptions to the
Secretary, 117 Victoria Street, S.W.

The Journal of the Society has been continued so as to enable
Fellows at a distance to enter more fully into and reap the
benefits of the study and work of those actively engaged at
headquarters. Vol. XVII., Parts 3 and 4, Vol. XVIIL, and Parts
1 and 2 of Vol. XIX. were issued during the year, and Vol. XIX.,
Part 3, is now almost ready for issue.

An examination in the principles and practice of Horticulture
was held on May 1, concurrently indifferent parts of the United
Kingdom, a centre being established wherever a magistrate or
clergyman, or schoolmaster, or other responsible person accus-
tomed to examinations would consent to superintend one on the
Society’s behalf, and in accordance with the rules laid down for
its conduct. No limit as to the age, position, or previous train-
ing of the candidates was imposed, and the examination was open
to both sexes. One hundred and sixty-nine candidates presented
themselves for examination, and were divided into three classes.
Twelve of the candidates gained 200 marks and more out of a
possible 300 in the first class; thirty-seven gained between 150
and 200 marks in the second class; seventy-three gained between
100 and 150 marks in the third class; and forty-seven having

x PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

failed to obtain 100 marks were not classed. The names and
addresses of the successful candidates, together with the number
of marks assigned to each, will be found in the Society’s Journal,
Vol. XIX., Part 1, 1895, page 1.

It is proposed to hold a similar examination on Wednesday,
May 6, 1896, and candidates intending to sit for it should
apply to the Secretary, 117 Victoria Street, Westminster, during
March.

Acting in conjunction with the Lindley Trustees, the Council
have devoted considerable attention to the Library. All serial
publications have been kept up to date, a large number of valu-
able volumes have been bound, and the following new books,
amongst others, added to the Library, viz.: Sargent’s ‘‘ Forest
Flora of Japan,’’ M. C. Cooke’s ‘“ Introduction to the Study of
Fungi,’ Miller’s ‘‘ Figures of Plants,’ Edwards’ “ Exotic and
British Flowers,’’ ‘‘ Flore de Vile de la Réunion,” ‘“ Flore de
l’Algérie,’’? Miss Amherst’s ‘‘ History of Gardening,” &c.

A sum of £120 has been received for the Catalogue Fund,
which was started in 1894, and the MS. for the Catalogue is
almost ready for the press.

The hearty thanks of the Society are due to the Chiswick
Board and to all the members of the Standing Committees—viz.,
the Scientific, the Fruit and Vegetable, the Floral, and the
Orchid Committees, for the kind and patient attention which
they have severally given to their departments.

The best thanks of the Society are also due to all those who,
either at home or abroad, have so kindly and liberally presented
books to the Library or plants or seeds to the Gardens. A list of
the donors has been prepared, and will be found in the Society’s
Journal, Vol. XIX., Part 8, 1896.

The Council wish to express in their own name and in that
of all Fellows of the Society, their great indebtedness to all
who have so kindly contributed, either by the exhibition of
plants, fruits, flowers, or vegetables, or by the reading of papers,
to the success of the fortnightly meetings in the Drill Hall.

The papers read at these meetings, which have been, or will
shortly be, published in the Jowrnal,* are as follows :—

* Several back numbers of the Jowrnal can still be purchased at reduced
prices. For List, see ‘‘ Arrangements, 1896,” page 14.

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR 1895-96.

xl

Mar. 12. “The Diseases of Tomatos and Vines,” by Mr.
Collenette.
» 26. “ Lifting Large Trees and Shrubs,” by Mr. T. H.
Crasp.
April 9. ‘‘ Campanulas from a Garden Point of View,’ by Mr.
J. Wood.
», 23. “New Primulas,” by Myr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S.

“Culture and Classification of Primulas,’’ by Mr. H.
Selfe-Leonard.

“ The Auricula,” by Mr. James Douglas.

May 14. ‘“ Plants and Gardens of the Canary Islands,” by Dr.
Morris, C.M.G., &e.
June 11. “ Rose Culture under Glass,” by Mr. Frank Cant.
July 9. “Etiolation as a Phenomenon of Adaptation,’ by Mr.
Francis Darwin.
,, 2a “The Carnation in §Scotland,” by Mr. R. P.
Brotherston.
Aug. 18. ‘‘ Hardy Bamboos,” by Mr. A. B. Freeman-Mitford.
» 27. ‘Crotons and Dracenas,” by Mr. C. I’. Bause.
Oct. 15. “Nut Culture in England,” by Mr. 8. Omer
Cooper.
», 29. * Potatos,’’ by Mr. A. W. Sutton.
Noy. 12. “ Substitutes for Larch,’ by Dr. Maxwell T.

Masters, F.R.S., &c.

,, 26. ‘ Asparagus Culture,’’ by Mr. James Mason.

The Council have the sad duty of recording the death of 40

Fellows during the year, and amongst them they regret to find
the names of Lord Aberdare, Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch,
Thomas Baines, Thomas G. Barclay, C. F. Bause, Lady Clarke,
James Crispin, Robert Houlgrave, Prof. Huxley, C. T. Lucas,
G. D. Owen, Charles B. Phillimore, Henry D. Pochin, George
Taber, T. R. Watt, John C. Wicks, and John Wills.

xii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following Table will show the Society’s progress in
regard to numerical strength during the past year :—

DEATHS IN 1894. FELLOWS ELECTED 1894.

£3. 4 £ 3. d.
Life Fellows ...... Wieacete OPO! OFA GOINeAS isd eens Dacian 8 “8-0
4 Guineas ......... Dicaaive 8 6. 10-2 FRR MAE Con 2 DOS sexe 117 12 O
2 Te ree 5 nets. OL 10: “Ona Si de Se aece 25) Caen 242 11 O
1 BoM la aeesisiocwee AGS cccce 16 16 O | Associates......... Wee ee 2 2 0
= | “Atiliated Societies] 4.. .... 1616 “0

40 £56 14 0 Fellows commuted 8...)

—— = £178. 10s. J

RESIGNATIONS. Deduct Loss ......... 196: 47 70
£ 5. gq, | Net increase in Income £191 2 0
4 Guineas ......... Diane Bs COL
2 ere heats ees Dosis 69 6 O
1 a ees 5 eae 6119 O New Fellowsj:&6a i cs cecsenenes 315
= Ha Deduct miei 2 and \ 134
£139 13 0 1B Yer id o\ Piste renee icy ss ‘
Total Loss 134 £196 7 0O Numerical increase ws... 181

A scheme for the Affiliation of Local Horticultural Societies
was put forward in 1890, and 79 Local Societies have availed
themselves of it. The Council express the hope that Fellows
will promote the affiliation of Local Horticultural and Cottage
Garden Societies in their own immediate neighbourhood.

Subjoined is the usual Balance Sheet, with the Revenue and
Expenditure Account for the year ending December 31, 1895.

eon

Xl

"SZUDJUNDDIY pIsa,Lvy) “SOUL AAAUVH ‘9681 'L Aupnune

; f HOLITA ‘H SANVE
MOHPNV) “ormNVOL AWVH (pousig)

‘q001109 oes OY} Puy pue ‘syuNod.V oAOqe oY} poulMvxS OALY OAL

F 6L 986'SF F G6L 986'SF
0.4. ——

Iolo - PSs i “* -soLMSTAO

7 aatage nae a oe 20W10 Deo

—dNVH NI HSVYO “
OL SI 9FI °" pis qUNODDY JUaIING uC te Pee. SS
—INVE € TI #99 Junodoy oinqtpuodxy puv onudaoy
AINNOO GNV NOGNO'T LV HSVO “ rod sv ‘gggt rvak oy} sof oourleg

01-095 5.

0 89L'T 7809 *' OgL'T# ‘stosu0n % ¥z
Cbsq ‘stavq ‘fp oqey ay}
JO T[IM 94} Jo suotstaoid 9y4
03 yoolqns Ayo100g oy3 Aq play

SI WINS SIY} JO “VG “88 ‘ZZO'SF) ere
€ IL G68‘T 2809 “pG 88 SSL‘ZF ‘sjosuog % Fz 0 €& @ eX seh sjqoq peg ssa7
——— sé ae
oe: SLNAWLSAANI F 9 190° GEgT ‘Arenuee 48] ‘courted
Tt 6=ye>-= ‘ a ey sOUvAPe UI —LNNOOOV AONAAGY IVYANAD “
pred (YOIMSIyO) soxey, pue soqviy 0 SLI 9tz Sc "* ON OTLIS “
OL § O31 * ‘9x “SyApy ‘vONporg uepIey ee = ae ee ae sa
00 03 °" awe “ae poyeunse O SI 92 | Pp *
‘SUIPULYS}NO SuUOTIdIJOSqng JenuUYy uy pred ‘9681 ‘SNOILdINOSaNS
—SUOLGHa AUYGNAS 44 | 6 T og se: ** SYOLIGHUO AUWANNS OL
WZ “¢ F ‘Dp oe F ‘? 9 i ? “§ F
‘ID ‘S6gt ‘YHAWADAC WI ‘“LYAHS AONVIVa "IEE

nee SIN A A A | | Pe a, A OO OL oS Be we ae A oo ee ee ae Le

X1V

ROYAL HORTIC@H

ANNUAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

To ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES—

2?

bh)

bb

Salaries and Wages

Rent of Office

Printing and Stationery ..
Journal... eee
Postage: «..

Coal and Gas

Donation to Auriculaand Primula Society
Miscellaneous i:

SHOWS and MEETINGS—

Rent of Drill Hall and Cleaning
Temple Show oe 56
Crystal Palace Fruit Show
Prizes and Medals—
Vegetable Show oo Ae
Rose Show oie 5
Others
Printing, &c.
Labour SAL
Repairs to Tents, Ke. ‘ S03
Superintendent of Flower Shows a

CHISWICK GARDENS—

Rent, Rates, Taxes, and Insurance
Superintendent’s Salary ..

Labour 5
Implements, Manure, Soil, Packing, Ke.
Coal and Coke - eid He
Repairs, Ordinary

Water and Gas

Miscellaneous

BALANCE TO GENERAL REVENUE
ACCOUNT

£ sg. d.

644 14 0
173: Seo
203 4 5
672 14 11
ait 6

416 9
16. 20 ee
150 15 10

£ 3. da.

1,937 ‘0 5&

1,764 12 0

564 1 3

£5,688 2 2

XV

mUNAPR. SOCIETY.

ACCOUNT for the YEAR ending DECEMBER 31, 1895. Cr

Ch St as £ $s. a.

By ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS ... OE 3,354 19 5
5, TEMPLE SHOW Ns gets vie L241b WO aS
» CRYSTAL PALACE FRUIT SHOW ... 2054 O
o. DRILE FALL MEBTINGS. ... ios 27 14 O
; —— 1,47417 9
. ADVERTISEMENTS IN JOURNAL, &c. 209), 8h uh
, SALE OF JOURNAL ~..: ay Abe 52 15 10
» MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS aoe 39 5 10
» DIVIDENDS—
Davis Bequest and Parry’s Legacy 5618 4
Consols, £1,750 A ane at ATL nO
e —_—— ST 19° 4
Interest on Deposits... ise dae of 1243
» PRIZES AND MEDALS Jo she Bos ito |
» CHISWICK GARDENS—
Produce sold ... aes ade eee) (B39. 0 pl
Admissions ... ace i at a.705)0
Miscellaneous cs Naie = 2415 0
epee ao, bib
£5,638 2 2

We have examined the above Accounts, and find the same correct.

(Signed) HARRY TURNER,
JAMES H. VEITCH, } Auditors.

HARPER BROS., Chartered Accountants.
January 7, 1896.

Xvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 10, 1896.
Mr. Horace F. Cox in the Chair.

Fellows elected (41).—S. R. Andrews, Mrs. §. Arnold, Rev.
Ei. Bartrum, Rev. M. C. H. Bird, M.A., Samuel Buston, John O.
Clarke, R. Creighton, Lady Davey, Mrs. G. Daw, John Dew-
rance, H. Percy Dodson, Dr. H. W. Drew, B. H. Emerson, Miss
Kmma Ford, Miss Lucy Ford, C. W. Gale, W. Gurley, Lady
Hall (of Dunglass), Miss Hazeon, Mrs. W. Holborn, G. P.
Mitchell Innes, R. Jones, J. Kitley, J. Curtis Leman, R. Baillee
MacBean, Reginald MacLeod, Martin J. Meyerotte, Hon. Richard
Moreton, A. J. Blackett Ord, J.P., C. Stanley Peach, Basil
Richardson, Hon. Mrs. John Ryder, G. R. Sheath, Rev. T. N.
Hart Smith, Herbert William Symes, William Tapply, T.
Turton, Charles H. Wainwright, Mrs. E. Westray, Edw. Withers,
Charles Wood.

Associates (2).—Mr. Frank Briggs, William Truelove.

Societies affiliated (6).—Aspley Guise Horticultural Society ;
Bournemouth Horticultural Society ; King’s Lynn Horticultural
Society ; Norfolk and Norwich Horticultural Society; Sea Point
Horticultural Society ; Withington Horticultural Society.

A paper on “ The Melon ’’ was read by Mr. James Barkham.
(See page 1.)

GENERAL MEETING.
Marcu 24, 1896.
Mr. GEorGE GorpDon in the Chair.

Fellows elected (18).—Miss Ethel Biggs, R. Stafford Charles,
Mrs. Akers Douglas, Arthur F. Fitter, A. Helsam Jones, T. W.
Howard, Austen Keen, Arthur Kime, T. M. Le Pelly, Alfred
Lodge, G. H. Rolls, Alfred R. O. Stutfield, Hon. Mrs. Tremayne,
John C. Tremayme, Arthur F. Varley, Vyell E. Walker, Charles
Wallington, J. H. Wigginton.

Societies affiliated (2).—Dartmouth and District Horticul-
tural Society ; Preston Horticultural Society.

A paper on “ Summer Saladings”’ by Mr. W. Iggulden was
read in his absence by the Assistant Secretary. (See page 8.)

GENERAL MEETINGS. XVli

GENERAL MEETING.
Apri 7, 1896.
Mr. GEORGE Bunyarp in the Chair.

Fellows elected (17).—Hon. Mrs. Alfred Acland, George
Bick, Rev. W. J. Burdett, Alfred P. Coe, Lady Digby, Mrs.
T. B. Elliott; A. B. Freeman Mitford, J. M. Hawes, R. A.
Hellaby, Mrs. C. L. Lewis, Mrs. Raymond Lluellyn, Miss
Rudduck, Miss Murray Schmitz, Arthur Snell, George Soltan-
Symons, Robert J. J. Stewart, John W. Townsend.

GENERAL MEETING.
Aprit 21, 1896.
Mr. Joun H. FisuHe|r in the Chair.

Fellows elected (16).—Thomas Robins Bolitho, Major Bor-
rowes, Robert Godwin Cheesley, George William Cook, Mrs.
EK. H. Drinkwater, Dr. Richard Freer, M.A., James Furness,
Herbert E. Hall, James Ingle, G. W. Law-Shofield, Charles R.
Paul, Frank A. Rehder, Miss 8. M. Sneyd, Arthur G. C. Stollery,
John Strong, M. D. Warmington.

A paper on “ Pine-apples’”’ by Mr. H. W. Ward was read by
the Assistant Secretary. (See page 16.)

GENERAL MEETING.
May 5, 1896.
Rev. GEORGE HEenstow, M.A., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (19)—Mrs. Ingham Baker, John Char-
rington, Henry F. Elliott, Victor Norman Gauntlett, Mrs.
Alfred Goldsmid, Joseph Groves, Henry Hicks, Alfred H.
Houlder, C. Grey Mott, W. H. Page, Mrs. Parris, Edw. Raw-
lings, T. Molesworth Roberts, Charles §. Robinson, Mrs.
Stansfeld, W. Titt, Miss Laura Warwick, H. H. Williams,
H. H. Wills.

XVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Society affiliated (1).—Yorkshire Grand Gala and Musical
Exhibition.

A short Lecture fon ‘‘The Species and Varieties of
Tulipa ’’ was given by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S. (See page 24.)

THE TEMPLE SHOW, 1896.
May 19, 20, and 21.

By kind permission of the Treasurer and Masters of the
Bench the Society held its Ninth Great Annual Flower Show in
the gardens of the Inner Temple, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Thursday, May 19, 20, and 21, 1896.

The weather during the first day was glorious, and visitors
came in far larger numbers than on any preceding occasion.

About 5 p.m. on the first day their Royal Highnesses the Prince
and Princess of Wales, accompanied by the Princesses Maud and
Victoria, and Prince Carl of Denmark, honoured the Society by
visiting the show unannounced. ‘The Royal party looked through
all the tents, and then spent half an hour or so chatting on the
lawn.

The second day was in comparison quite cold and squally.
Indeed, the wind was at times so violent that the moorings of the
tents—and especially those of the large marquee—were almost
torn from the ground, necessitating the continuous driving in of
holdfasts for the security alike of visitors and plants.

The exhibition itself was quite up to the average. It would
be impossible to give details as to the plants, flowers, fruits, &c.,
shown, so vast was the quantity the tents contained, but the fol-
lowing ground plans will show their general disposition.

The awards of the Council are given below; those of the
Fruit, Floral, and Orchid Committees will be found under the
report of each Committee in their proper order.

The band of her Majesty’s Horse Guards (Blues), under the
direction of Mr. Chas. Godfrey, R.A.Mus., performed during the
afternoon of each day.

"SLOMODT
ee ‘sod ut sauuvqoayr §=“sanddy "SUDWET JIU ‘sasory "SD1UL@0).9 snovanqa tT
eS

S 2 :'00 9 GUVANNG aApUoay > SNOQ ¥ YNITOOD "OD 3% UALUVO > NOS
S a 3 NVNMOVE
S
#5 =e
oa S -v.Lovng 9Q0L | ‘a9 ‘szanbnog ‘sapddy e
s S Ss "SDIUNIAT RN i
5 'Z ‘ON § wa > LLAMA “f ; qwodavy ‘O'H |: SNOG 8 HOLIA A’ £ "800LD10991 0) a ao
B) INdE On & 4 Daa
: ea :'OD ¥ UALAVO Rue
= AH S&S ‘SUOLID.LOIAT 27QD], Sa
a ance > TDATION S
a AWINVAS | :SNOG WSNINUT :@uvHO ‘¢ &
& iq
a)
a <—
*SLaquUnang "SdYyny, ‘saqvjabaA "sLau0rT snosdnqQuayT | ‘8Lauopy snosonqwayT
‘XLHINOY dITAY, IVNOILVN
> UANILAO[ “9 > NOG 9 FAVE > 00 8 YLLUVO >NOS 3 NVWHOVE

"0€~,06 NVId—l ‘ON LNSL—'968l ‘MOHS ATIdW3L

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

xX

"SIUNIT | ‘spiuobhag
“SRUDIT "OP ‘sqneyy ‘sdyny, $n0aIDq LOFT *SUOIZVULD) ‘sun WobLDvjad hea 84 ,
yoouy -xog a 'f
ISNOQ 3 IVEHO ‘(| :NEZOOY INV | :SHVHGV]'g | :SVIDONO( ‘f |: AAISaHOTON'’M) *LLATTD VM
>NOS =
9 TOVd eee ae "S02DUWOT,
<p

:UaaAY Y
SMOTIS A

rR ES

‘a.p ‘suaqunang ‘suvag Youalgy

“€ ‘ON ‘soqnwoy ‘svag ‘suujayy ‘spvrwo7?9
AN3L OL
>SNOG FY NOLLAS
Bx =D)’
*SISOM | cal *SOJDUWLOT,
Pe aad UACAY YF
AY :

SMOTIA A

“smniU ‘sapqgnjabay pup qn ba
-ObMvy ag
:SNOG Weutcats : WONGVY | | ="sSNog : soug
9 DNIV'I ‘f :CIGY “OW | -DNIM ‘SI }AOMTG Tavg| Ao lav” |: LNAOW PReunyie AD) RS ONIVI [| NOLXVT

"O€x,0GT NVId—s ON LN3L—'968lL ‘MOHS J1IdW3L

XXl

THE TEMPLE SHOW, 1896.

Tar WARES

tas and Herbaceous Plants.

Begon

TO TENT NO. 4. (eS

NOG » UNV

‘sprurvoz9 ‘sdyn7

“gov000 hud

"SD1U01 02.9

:SNOQG ® HOLITA ‘f

;° 8

‘souadipy pup snap hpsvyy

‘sunuUobhiniag

‘SV1.L1090)0)
fa y
SDUUD)

NOG 3 TIGNNYV

‘suauony hpLozey

NOG 9 AVM ITY

5°

NOG » TAVd

"SD1UIOTD)

"S7UD
s a -NOS 9 aaa g
Loy == eee
: @UVHO ae
hpwoET "09
“LTad “WW | ay SOVTIIVA
“SDIQINDUIYISIT

-SNOG W NIHOIVG

‘sDYYD ‘SVJ0.4

> OD FY NIaddOd

>NOG 7 HSNaALAO

‘SULIT

-<CVAHNAMUIG 'M YL

"O€x,OLL NVId—'€ ON LN3L—'968L ‘MOHS AIdWSL

J. T. BENNETT-POE:

G. MOUNT:

Streptosolen
Jamesoni.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

XX11

-LD19T
(NASNOE “7

207) NOT
81a

: NOLTAOG
SL

‘sasoay. = NOY
% SONITOOD

‘OP ‘sprg97nD

9 NIHOIVE

‘sunob

SaNvT

2 OD),

TO TENT NO. 5. (es

_ ‘SPLYILO
(@)
5 !UMHAKO *f 0D 3 SIMGT
Se
iss)
Sy ee
- ~ "SPLYILO "SISO ‘OY ‘spiyatg | “snug
S ‘SLUUDD ;
. ’ t > G@IAIFONIM| 2» NOG
> STITOW | >HMO00D |. eee : —
ewe ern > days a Tea
a | STH vale $ SINNVITTIM
a
———————
*hayoory
"SVINDEY qvaidory, | suoupuapopoyy ‘sLaoy *SaSooy
> NOG > NOS 9 -SNOQ 9 UAYALV A ‘£ :NOG 9 NVNHOVE

YY SddlyyO HSNOH MOV

‘spiuobag

:SHNOLP “CFT

a

*sndin90,daugg *sprurxory "SDUDSILP ‘801)0) ‘sudaq

“$SNOQG 9 DNIVI ‘f >SNOS 9 HOLIGA ‘¢

ST A A ARI A SS RE PE ES

——->

af ‘sunipyyyg ‘spryauQ

2'00 % MO'T ‘TH

MAY
Foliage Plants.

. sa)
"SpryalO . oe hg <
= reo!
qe A 0D
‘NEONTT | ygaxyg

*sdayn
Wh ‘SDILDI0IIINO | ‘AP ‘s4a0F ‘sav
‘sa1uonmd

‘NOS NSANVL] :SNOS Y MONOTT
SHUVM “SL

“OvV.xOVL NVId—b ‘ON LN3L—'968l ‘MOHS ATdWSL

XxXill

THE TEMPLE SHOW, 1896.

CHAS. TURNEB:

Roses.

: ‘OP ‘squng abvuog | ., "SUnIpvyv~ ot bs Fry, a
SISO ‘sug. ‘spoLy SUNIL pDIDI : sunuobumag |\'squnr ebmrog |
; :SNOG Nee a Se eer : SNOG te, : ate

NOS ¥ TAVd SMVDAGASTITMA | 2 HOLITA ‘f >SNOG 2 DNIVT » aad *f :SHUNOL “('°H : NOLMOT “MA

ae
ee | |

“SPYYILO

: ‘dW ‘Nomy] :GAW | >NVDIM :x0umg | : SITI | :"qivg ‘AONTUMV'T =

‘SCH SATO “A as TAVG ‘OM VOAEU LT AIS DM

| | fe

"SPYYIlO "SIUDI GT ILD “SPYILO cd

5 OKO) 25 Bn OF ar [URTMOT | : AWOIOL >: NAGUVY OINV.L >SWVITTIIM Z

UHaNVS HiLUOMSHTIUVHYD “iy Lf DOLV IA -Oog HVaIHANVY) cS ia 2 f Ss

"$9802T "9900 UWL SIUWDZIANT 829091) "S980ET

>NOG 93 TOVd ‘WM :NOG 2 SUMATIY ‘090 Y HLINY “tT :ADSWAY “MM

Carnations.

a.P ‘suonu
Log ‘squng abvyog

:NOG 9 HSNaLAYD

"09 x O9L NV1d—'G ‘ON LNAL—"9681 ‘MOHS 3 IdW3L

XXIV

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AWARDS MADE BY THE COUNCIL AT THE TEMPLE SHOW,

1896.

NoTE.—Duplicate Medals are not given to Trade Exhibitors for
flowers and plants exhibited under different heads, but the one award is
made for the sum total. Distinct awards are, however, made for fruit, &c.

Gold Medal.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., for Orchids.
Messrs. Sander & Co., for Orchids.
Messrs. Sutton & Sons, for Vegetables.

Silver Cups.

i
. H. S. Leon, Esq., for Orchids.

. Sir F. Wigan, for Orchids.

. Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for new plants, Azaleas, Cala-

Messrs. Rivers & Son, for Nectarines.

diums, Gloxinias, Japanese plants, &ce.

. Messrs. Cutbush & Son, for Carnations, cut-flowers, &c.
. Messrs. Low & Co., for Orchids, Cannas, &c.

. Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., for Orchids.

. W.S. Ellis, Esq., for Orchids.

. Messrs. Backhouse & Son, for Alpines and Orchids.

. Mr. Chas. Turner, for Roses, Carnations, &c.

. Messrs. W. Paul & Son, for Roses.

. Karl Percy, for Fruit and Vegetables. '

. Messrs. Wingfield, for Vegetables and Fruit.

. Mr. George Mount, for Roses.

. Messrs. Paul & Son, for Roses, Herbaceous plants, &c.
. Messrs. R. Smith & Co., for Clematis.

. Messrs. Peed & Son, for Caladiums.

. Messrs. W. & J. Birkenhead, for Ferns.

. Messrs. Bunyard & Co., for Apples.

Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

Mr. Jas. Cypher, for Orchids.

Messrs. Barr & Son, for Herbaceous plants, &c.
J. G. Fowler, Ksq., for Orchids.

Major Joicey, for Orchids.

Karl Percy, for Orchids.

Martin R. Smith, Ksq., for Carnations.

THE TEMPLE SHOW, 1896. XXV

My. M. Pritchard, for Herbaceous plants.

Messrs. W. Balchin & Son, for Leschenaultias, &ce.

Mr. T. 8. Ware, for Herbaceous plants and Begonias.

Messrs. J. Waterer & Sons, for Rhododendrons.

Messrs. Wills & Segar, for Foliage plants.

Messrs. Perkins & Co., for Bouquets.

Messrs. Kelway & Son, for Herbaceous plants.

Messrs. J. Laing & Son, for Begonias, Gloxinias, Cala-
diums, &c.

Mr. H. B. May, for Ferns and Foliage plants.

Messrs. Cannell & Son, for Calceolarias, Gloxinias, and
Pelargoniums.

Messrs. Jas. Carter & Co., for Calceolarias, Gloxinias, and
Herbaceous plants.

L’ Horticulture Internationale, for new plants.

Messzs. B. S. Williams & Son, for Orchids and Azaleas.

My. J. R. Box, for Begonias.

Silver Gilt Kightian Medal.

Mr. G. Featherby, for Fruits.

Messrs. James Veitch & Son, for Apples.
Earl of Radnor, for Vegetables.

Messrs. James Carter & Co., for Vegetables.

Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.
My. W. Iceton, for Foliage plants.

Silver Flora Medal.
Messrs. James & Son, for Calceolarias.
Messrs. Fromow & Son, for Rhododendrons and Acers.
Messrs. G. Jackman & Son, for Roses and Herbaceous plants.
Mr. W. Rumsey, for Roses.
Messrs. Wallace & Co., for Lilies, Herbaceous plants, &c.
Messrs. Cripps & Son, for Acers.
Messrs. Dobbie & Co., for Herbaceous plants.
Messrs. Cheal & Son, for Herbaceous plants.
Messrs. G. Cooling & Son, for Roses.
Mrs. Wingfield, for group of plants.
Mr. H. J. Jones, for Begonias and Pelargoniums.
W.A. Gillett, Esq., for Gloxinias.

XXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

G. H. Rolls, Esq., for Orchids.
Messrs. Lewis & Co., for Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

Malcolm §. Cook, Esq., for Orchids.

Mr. Geo. Mount, for Apples.

Mr. S. Mortimer, for Cucumbers.

Messrs. Fellowes & Ryder, for Tomatos.
Mr. Fyfe, for Tomatos.

Mr. M. Stevens, for table decorations.
My. J. Prewett, for table decorations.
Horticultural College, for table decorations and Strawberries.
Mr. J. R. Chard, for table decorations.
Mr. B. Ladhamg, for Herbaceous flowers.
C. Tasker, Esq., for Cannas and Roses.
Messrs. A. Roozen & Son, for Tulips.

Mr. H. O. Garford, for floral decorations.

GENERAL MEETING.
JUNE 9, 1896.

Sir Trevor LawrEncz, Bart., in the Chaif.

Fellows elected (50).—F rank H. Anderson, F. G. Arbuthnot,
Miss Backhouse, H. Cary Batten, Robert Beasley, W. H. Broome
Mrs. Austin Browne, Percy G. C. Burnand, George Bryan, Robert
Campbell, M. V. Charrington, Stephenson Clarke, John Cohen,
Frederick W. Coles, Francis A. Cordrey, Tyson Crawford, Roger
Cross, Miss Mathilde Dresden, William Edwards, Admiral
Fairfax, T. Hamilton Fox, J.P., Walter St. John Fox, 8. Grant,
Brindaban C. Ghost, Mrs. Hibbert, Mrs. Ernest Hills, J. Hol-
lingworth, Herbert Jones, Walter Lazenby, James H. Lockley,
Stuart H. Low, A. Maxim, James McCullum, Mrs. McIntosh,
Lady §. Melville, Mrs. Hope Morley, Lord Kdward Pelham-
Clinton, Mrs. C. Rogers, Ferdinand Résing, Harry Sankey,
J.) A. Shaw, Coningsby C. Sibthorp, Mrs. Soames, 8. T.
Spalding, George Stuart, Mrs. G. H. Trollope, Alfred Webster,
John Wells, Richard Whibley, Stephen Withers.

DEPUTATION TO THE YORK GALA. XXVI1L

Society affiliated (1).—Maldon Horticultural Society.

Associate (1).—Frederick Gifford.

The President presented Veitch Memorial Medals to Mr.
F. W. Burbidge, M.A., of Trinity College Botanic Gardens,
Dublin, and to Mr. Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeith Palace Gardens.

Similar awards for services rendered to Horticulture were
made to Mons. H. de Vilmorin, Paris, and to Professor C. §S.
Sargent of the Harvard University, U.S.A., both of whom were
unable to attend.

Professor George Henslow gave a .Lecture (illustrated by
magic-lantern views) on “The Movements of Plants.” (See

page 34.)

———

DERULTATION TO. THE YORK GALA.
June 17, 1896:

A deputation consisting of ten members of the Society was
appointed by the Council to visit the Great Show at York, with
power to recommend Awards, &c., in the same way as is done by
the other Committees of the Society sitting at Westminster or
at Chiswick.

The deputation was composed of Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
President of the Society ; Philip Crowley, EKsq., F.L.S., F.Z.8.,
Treasurer ; W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, Esq., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director
of the Royal Gardens, Kew ; T. B. Haywood, Esq., of Reigate ;
Sydney Courtauld, Esq., of Braintree; Mr. Harry J. Veitch,
F'.L.8., of the Royal Exotic Nurseries, Chelsea; Mr. H. Self
Leonard, of the Hardy Plant Nurseries, Guildford ; Mr. Malcolm
Dunn, of the Palace Gardens, Dalkeith; Mr. James Hudson, of
Gunnersbury House Gardens; and the Rev. W. Wilks, M.A.,
Vicar of Shirley, and Secretary of the Society.

The deputation was received at the railway station at York
on Tuesday afternoon by the Lord Mayor, who extended a wel-
come to the city, and by Sir Joseph Terry, Chairman of the
York Horticultural Committee ; and at 7.80 in the evening the
deputation was entertained at dinner by the members of the
Comunittee.

On Wednesday morning the deputation arrived on the Show
ground a little before 11 o’clock, and at once proceeded to
inspect all the exhibits.

XXVIII PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a group of
plants.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mrs. Tetley, Leeds (gr. Mr. Eastwood), for twelve show
Pelargoniums.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mrs. Gurney Pease, Darlington (gr. Mr. J. McIntyre),
for Ferns.

To Mr. H. Pybus, Monkton Moor, Leeds, for Zonal Pelar-
goniums.

To Sir J. Reckitt, Bart., Swanland Manor (gr. Mr. G. Wilson),
for a group of plants.

To Mr. C. J. Mee, for a group of plants.

First Class Certificate.

To Lelio-Cattleya Gladiator (Lelia tenebrosa 2 x Cattleya
Mendelii 3) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Charlesworth &
Co., Heaton, Bradford.

Award of Merit.

To Cattleya Mossizw Giant (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Low & Co., Clapton.

To Cattleya superforbesii (C. superba @ x C. Forbesii 4)
(votes, 8 for), from Mr. James Cypher, Cheltenham.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘H. Steel’ (votes, 6 for), from
H. Steel, Esq., Tapton Court, Sheffield (gr. Mr. G. Howarth).

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘ H. Mason’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford.

To Papaver orientale ‘ Prince of Orange’ (votes, 8 for,
2 against), from Messrs. Harkness & Sons, Bedale.

To Iris germanica ‘G. Yeld’ (votes, unanimous), from
G. Yeld, Esq., York.

To Dipladenia amcena ‘ Lord Deramore’ (votes, 7 for), from
Lord Deramore, Heslington Hall, York (gr. Mr. J. Hornby).

To Lobelia tenuior ‘ Heaths’ Tree’ (votes, 6 for, 4 against),
from Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham. A plant that may be
useful for baskets in greenhouses.

-

DEPUTATION TO THE YORK GALA. XX1X

Botamcal Certificate.

To Bifrenaria Charlesworthii (votes, unanimous), from T. R.
Jessop, Esq., Roundhay, Leeds (gr. Mr. T. Tyson).

Highly Commended.

A group of 20 Alpine plants (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
J. A. Rodwell, York.

A superb plant of Cycas siamensis (votes, unanimous), from
Mrs. Gurney Pease, Darlington (gr. Mr. McIntyre).

New Rhododendrons (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Anthony
Waterer, Knap Hill, Woking.

A group of Carnations (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Laing & Mather, Kelso, N.B.

A group of Hardy Plants (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Fisher, Son & Sibray, Sheffield.

Grand plants of Hedaroma proliferum, Cycas reyoluta, and
Ixora Pilgrimi (votes, unanimous), from the Marquis of Zetland,
Upleatham (gr. Mr. Nicholas).

Grand plants of Erica ventricosa alba tincta, Phonocoma
prolifera, and Bougainvillea Sanderiana (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. James Cypher, Cheltenham.

Commended.

A box of seedling Begonias (votes, 8 for, 2 against), from
I’. B. Grotrian, Esq., Hessle, Hull (gr. Mr. Murchison).

A Bride’s Bouquet (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Perkins
& Son, Coventry.

A Ball Bouquet (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Perkins &
Son, Coventry.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. T. Tyson, gardener to T. R. Jessop, Esq., Roundhay,
Leeds, for a plant of Oncidium cornigerum (votes, unanimous).

To Mr. T. Tyson, for a plant of Saccolabium guttatum (votes,
unanimous).

To Mr. McIndoe, gardener to Sir Joseph Pease, Hutton Hall,
Guisborough, for dishes of Lemons, Citrons, and Oranges (votes,
unanimous).

To Mr. Nicholas, gardener to the Marquis of Zetland, Up-
leatham, for a magnificent plant of Davallia fijiensis plumosa
(votes, unanimous).

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Mr. J. Snowden, gardener to the Rey. G. Yeates, York, for
a superb plant of Adiantum concinnum (votes, unanimous).

To Mr. 8. Hardcastle, York, for 10 Succulents, very finely
grown (votes, 7 for, 3 against).

After the deputation had finished their work, a luncheon was
given in their honour by the Council of the Gala, ali the
judges being also invited. Sir Joseph Terry, President of the
Gala Committee, was in the chair, and he was supported by the
Lord Mayor and by the Dean of York, by the Sheriff, and other
leading gentlemen of the city and neighbourhood.

In the evening a banquet was given by the Lord Mayor and
Lady Mayoress at the Mansion House, to which all those members
of the deputation who had not already returned to London were
invited.

GENERAL MEETING.
JUNE 23, 1896.
Mr. GrorGE BunyARD in the Chair.

Fellows elected (16).—E. Bertolacci, Alister Clark, Mrs. H.
Gilliat, Samuel Hardy, Oliver F. Hartland, Rev. W. Clarke
Hose, Mrs. J. Godwin King, J. W. Pewtress, W. Pritchard,
F. C. Proctor, D. B. Rapport, J. T. Richardson, Simon Rogers,
William Tarling, Miss F. Hunt Ward, A. F. White.

Mr. Samuel Heaton gave a Lecture on ‘“ Gardeners—Past,
Present, and Future.’’ (See page 40.)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1896.
Dr. M. T. Masrxrs, F.R.S., in the Chair, and six members
present.

The Colouring of Flowers and Fruit.—The following com-
munication was received from Mr. Roupell, of Harvey Lodge,
Roupell Park, in reply to inquiries upon the artificial colouring
of Apples :—‘ The lime used was the best chalk lime, air-slaked.
The lime and soot formed part of the compost with which they
were planted; say, one part soot, two parts lime, two parts

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. XXXI

charred refuse from rubbish heap, and twenty parts ordinary
kitchen garden soil, carefully blended. In this comparatively
dry and warm compost the trees made short growths of well-
ripened wood and bore well the second year. I have since had
lime and soot sown over the trees just before the buds began to
burst in the proportion of two parts lime and one part of soot,
and at the rate of half a pound of the mixture to the square yard.
This served as a protection against the larvee of certain moths as
well asa manure. The soot and lime should be used quickly to
avoid the escape of ammonia. The mixture caused a deeper colour
in Apples and Pears. This was especially so in Lane’s Prince
Albert, Red Joaneting, Mr. Gladstone, Irish Peach, Melon Apple,
Cox’s Orange Pippin, Beauty of Kent, and Peasgood’s Nonesuch.
The pale green varieties, such as Lord Suffield, were, I think,
made to assume a deeper green, just as Grass and Wheat do
when dressed with a similar mixture. My experience is that
Pears and Apples are more highly coloured when grown on a
soil abounding in iron and dressed with lime and soot than in a
soil deficient in iron and lime. Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurré
Clairgeau, Trout Pear, Clapp’s Favourite, Durondeau, Beurré
Rance, Uvedale’s St. Germain, Verulam, Vicar of Winkfield, and
Catillac are deficient in colour when grown on a cold clay soil. I
have also observed that Apples and Pears are more brightly
coloured in a good showery season that in a very dry and hot one,
and that some Apples, such as the Dartmouth Crab and some
astringent cider Apples are red all over or not merely on the
sunny side.’’ With reference to other fruits, Mr. Roupell further
remarks: ‘‘ Black Grapes colour best in partial shade, and white
varieties when exposed to the sun. They then assume an amber
tint. Thomson’s Vine manure intensifies the purple or black of
Grapes. Green Tomatoes become red when ripened in the dark,
and some Apples gathered green become deep yellow and flushed
with crimson, according to the variety in the fruit room.’’ The
Secretary observed that several letters had appeared in the
Gardeners’ Chronicle upon this subject, some writers attribut-
ing the brightening of the colour mainly to “air and direct sun-
light,’ others to the presence of iron, sulphate of iron and soot
being given. ‘The iron helps the colouring by its absorbing
sun heat, and thus rendering the soil warmer.” One writer
observed that of 100 trees of Wellington only one produced

XxXxll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

red Apples, and ‘that tree had soot and iron given to it. With
these, and plenty of ight and sun, I get the best colours I can
wish for.’ The writers generally insist on a warm soil. In
commenting on these experiences, Dr. Miiller observed that it
was theoretically doubtful whether the iron—a common ingredient
in all soils—has any effect, as it enters only to a very minute
extent into the essential parts of plants (the chlorophyll). If it
be applied with lime, then the solution of iron sulphite, under
the influence of the air, is very soon changed into calcium sulphate
and ferric hydrate. The former may then act beneficially as a
“holder ’’ of ammonia, and enhance the activity of the soil. But
since the soot contains ammonia salts (chiefly sulphate), it would
seem that the colouring may be most probably traced to this
ingredient, rather than the iron or lime. It was suggested that
experiments should be tried by using nitrate of ammonia, in the
proportion of 1 oz. to a gallon of water.

Rose Sporting.—Mr. J. Hall, of Cheltenham, wrote to say that
‘“‘in the summer of 1890 a Rose grown on Dartmoor from a slip
of a tree in Torquay bloomed, and on comparing the two the one
from Dartmoor was a deep red orange, the one in Torquay a pale
lemon yellow. ‘The soil in Torquay is the red sandstone ; Dart-
moor is decomposed granite with some peat.’’ Mr. Wilks
observed that the Rose (from the above description) might be
Wm. Allen Richardson, which is of a deep apricot colour, but has
the habit of changing to a pale yellow, so that the soil may not
have been the cause.

Cyclamen Unhealthy.—Mr. Leek, of Bullington House,
forwarded a plant which did not appear to be attacked with any
disease, but had received some check by cold, draught, or other
cause. Mr. Douglas observed that he had experienced a similar
effect in some of his plants. Mr. Leek also sent a Primula,
remarkable for an increased viscidity, but it appeared to be per-
fectly healthy.

Lycaste Skinnert, virescent.—Mr. Sanders forwarded a speci-
men in which the perianth was green. ‘The cause of virescence
is obscure, being permanent on the well-grown green Rose.

Dianthus Attacked by Grubs.—With reference to this subject
brought before the Committee at the last meeting, Mr. Douglas
remarked that he had lost some thousands of plants, and
that the only remedy was to pick out the grubs with a needle.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. XXXili

Dr. Miller observed that it attacks the very youngest plants
when only three or four leaves are present, and especially D.
elacialis.

Peach Tree Guwmnung.—Mr. 8. T. Wright sent a piece of a
trunk badly gummed from Chiswick, saying that it appeared to
have some grubs upon it, but none could be seen. It was for-
warded to Mr. McLachlan for further investigation. Mr. Douglas
observed that when gumming first appears, trenching all round
the roots, with the insertion of fresh loam, checks it at once, but
if it has reached an advanced stage, as in the specimen sent, the
tree must be removed.

Pinus Coultert (macrocarpa).—Dr. Masters exhibited some
handsome cones and foliage of this tree grown at Lord Ducie’s
grounds, Tortworth, Gloucestershire. It is also quite hardy in
Kent. He observed that it was hardier than P. insignis, though
it comes from a lower altitude than the former in California.
P. Coulteri differs from the variety macrocarpa in having curved
spines.

Orchids Monstrous.—Dr. Von Miller sent specimens, draw-
ings of which were shown by Dr. Masters, of flowers of Glossodia
and Caleana, the former having three lips, while the latter had
no lip but a petaloid column, &c.

ScIENTIFIC CommMITTEE, Marc# 10, 1896.

R. McLacutan, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair, and four members
present.

A further specimen of a diseased trunk of a Peach tree was
sent from Chiswick. The bark was covered with exudations of
gum, and spotted all over with the expelled excreta of a small
caterpillar, which was found burrowing under the bark, and pene-
trating only a very short distance intothe wood. The insect was
found to be the larva of Semasia Woberana, the Apple or
Pear tree Bark Moth. It was suggested that a plaster of clay
mixed with paraffin, and applied to the trunk of the trees, might
prove a remedy, or rather a prevention. As the insect never
penetrates to any great depth, it was thought that the trees
would survive many years, even when seriously affected.

XXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Specimens of Carnations sent from Mr. Peters, Givan’s Grove,
Leatherhead, were found to be affected with a fungoid disease
attacking the main stem. They were referred to Dr. Masters for
identification of the fungus, but it was not thought that any
practical remedy could be suggested other than burning the
affected plants, and starting fresh ones on fresh soil.

Mrs. Miller, of Winestead Rectory, Hull, sent blossoms of
Crocus and Hellebores for identification. Mr. Veitch offered to
endeavour to do this.

M. Godefroy Lebeuf, of Paris, exhibited some sprays of
metallised Odontoglossum crispum with foliage of Ivy and
Kuonymus. They were beautifully executed, the natural form of
the flowers being admirably preserved, and the venation of the
leaves perfectly distinct.

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, Marcu 24, 1896.

R. McLacutay, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair, and six members
present.

A letter was read from Dr. Masters respecting the diseased
Carnations submitted to the Committee by Mr. Peters, in which
he stated that the leaves were damaged by a species of eelworm,
and advised that the plants should be burnt, as there was no cure
for them.

Dr. Russell reported that he was about to begin, conjointly with
Mr. Wilks, the planned experiments on the coloration of Apples.
Meanwhile, he had analysed and determined the ammonia in the
soot which is to be used in these experiments, and found it to
contain 4 per cent.

Mr. Colvile Browne, of Hextable, Kent, ‘sent a specimen ex-
hibiting a very remarkable interpenetration of a shoot of a Potato
passing right through the substance of another Potato in an
oblique direction. This is probably due to the formation by the
shoot of a solvent substance, which enables it to soften and
dissolve the tissues with which it is in contact.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTER, APRIL 7. XXXV

ScreENTIFIC ComMITTEE, Apri 7, 1896.

J. T. Bennert-Po#, Esq., in the Chair, and three members
present.

Potato perforated by a Subterranean Stem.—With reference
to the specimen brought to the last meeting, it is said that the
penetration was effected by the secretion of a solvent substance
or ferment. This was the conclusion drawn by M. Prunet
(*« Rey. Gén. de Bot.,” vol. il., p.166,1891). On the other hand,
G. J. Peirce would attribute the penetration to mechanical
pressure, and not to the action of a diastatic ferment (‘‘ Bot.
Feit.” li. 169).

Bitter and Bergamot Oranges from La Mortola.—Mr. Hens-
low exhibited specimens from the Marchese Hanbury. The
former was raised by him from a pip of an Orange from a tree
at Rome, said to have been planted by St. Dominic about .p.
1200, which still exists at the monastery of St. Sabina. It is
supposed to have been one of the earliest trees introduced into
Europe. The Bitter Seville or Bigarade Orange (Citrus vulgaris,
Risso) is believed to have been the first to be cultivated. Mr.
Henslow observed that the so-called “wild Orange”’ used for
stocks in Malta bears a quite uneatable fruit of a similar kind.
The Bergamot is a small Orange (25 to 8 inches in diameter).
The peel is smooth and thin, abounding in essential oil of a
peculiar fragrance, strongly suggestive of eau de Cologne. It is
cultivated at Reggio in Calabria, and is unknown wild. It first
appeared in the latter part of the seventeenth century.—
(“ Pharmacographia,” p. 121.)

Violets.—Mr. Henslow also showed some Violets from Mentone
remarkable for their large size. When dried they were 15 inch
in diameter. They are commonly sold in the Riviera, but are
mostly very deficient in scent. They may be the source of the
Violet Princess of Wales, which is of French origin.

Fasciated Brussels Sprouts.—Mr. Smee sent a very remark-
able specimen. The stem was cylindrical at the base, but
widened out into a broad paddle-shaped and flattened extremity,
covered with minute buds. He also exhibited excellent photo-
graphs of the same.

XXXV1. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, APRIL 21.

Dr. M. T. Mastsrs, F.R.S., in the Chair, and eight members
present.

Primulas, Auricula x Alpine.—Mr. Douglas exhibited a very
interesting collection of hybrid Primulas, between the ‘‘ Show ”
(P. auricula) and the “ Alpine”’ (P. pubescens, according to Mr.
Baker). The former was the pod bearer. They were all raised
from the fruit of one truss, and presented a considerable amount
of variety in the foliage and the colours of the flowers. The
mealiness was much reduced, and indeed nearly absent from
the leaves. Two specimens exhibited curious abnormal con-
ditions upon which Dr. Masters will report. It was stated by
the late Mr. Shirley Hibberd, at the Primula Conference in 1886,
that in his opinion these two classes of Primula would not cross,
but he observed that “no man was so competent” to experi-
mentise upon them as Mr. Douglas. He had thus completely
negatived Mr. Hibberd’s surmise.

The Bardfield Oxlip.—Mr. Henslow exhibited specimens of
this plant received from Mr. J. French, Felstead, Kssex, with
a communication containing his observations on the variations
of plants under the influence of their environments. With
reference to the genus, Primula, he observes: ‘ An instance of
‘bog’ modification is that of the Bardfield Oxlip (P. elatior).
This in bog land would be unrecognisable to the ordinary observer.
There are acres of boggy pastures at Great Bardfield, where
every plant of this species has but one floret to each peduncle,
and a small rosette of leaves resembling Celandine more than
Primrose. The common Paigle (P. veris) lives in the same
meadows unchanged. It is, therefore, clearly in the capacity
of the Oxlip to be moulded by its environment alone.” With
regard to hybridisation, Mr. French notices that while ‘‘ Primroses
seed themselves tolerably well alone, and also remain constant,
or very nearly so [in a garden], as they do in the wild state,
when you put them in company with the Oxlips (unless I am
mistaken altogether in my observations) a different arrangement
will ensue. The Oxlips still remain unaltered, for the Bardfield
Oxlip cannot be changed by crossing, whereas the Primrose
and Paigle are both very unstable; but the seedling Primroses

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, APRIL 21. XXXVI

will gradually (that is in the course of four or five seasons)
very materially change, and that apparently without any fixed
law. The petals may or may not alter their colour or become
foliaceous ; the corolla may put on the form known as ‘hose-
in-hose;’ the peduncle will almost certainly be lengthened, and
the typical Primrose leaf will gradually vanish and give place
to a form intermediate between that of Primrose and Oxlip;
the leaf, in fact, will be the only hybrid feature, so to say, none
of the other changes pointing either to that or any other par-
ticular direction. My impression is that the changes finally
result in sterilisation, and that the plant, if left alone, will never
recover its normal state, but I cannot speak with certainty on
this point. My experience is that the Bardfield Oxlip does not
readily seed itself, but my firm belief is that its pollen readily
fertilises the Primrose, and occasionally, but not often, the
Cowslip. It, in common with the others, is visited by many
sorts of insects.”” Mr. French sent a great variety of blossoms
of Primroses with white and pink corollas, as well as foliaceous
and other modifications; of these he observes, ‘‘ The enclosed
flowers are from Primroses which have seeded in a natural way
in my garden, but the changes have not been developed until the
second or third year has passed. My contention is that the
changes are due in part to cultivation, but very much more to
disturbances initiated by the application of pollen from other
plants, and more particularly from the stamens of the Bardfield
Oxlip, in the company of which they have been grown. It may
be of interest to say that I live on the limiting line of the two
species, the Oxlp and Primrose, and can easily point out the
most northerly Primroses and also the most southern Oxlips,
and at one place there is not a mile between the two;
but the line is absolute, and neither plant intrudes into the
other’s domain.”” Dr. Masters observed that the only change
the Oxlip undergoes in his garden is to sometimes assume a
pink colour.

Wellingtonia, 9 Flowers.—Dr. Masters exhibited shoots of
the Sequoia gigantea with young terminal cones in the flowering
state. They are scarcely a quarter of an inch in length, and
therefore, easily overlooked, but being more globular in form
when once seen, they can be readily distinguished from the leafy
apices of other shoots.

H

XXXVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sirex gigas in Timber.—He also showed a specimen of the
“Hornet Saw Fly’’ from Dropmore. It is rather larger, but
somewhat closely resembles a hornet in appearance. The grub
bores through timber. Mr. Mclachlan observed that it was
formerly much more abundant, having been introduced from
North Europe.

Niphetos Rose, Malformed.—Dr. Masters also exhibited good
examples of a foliaceous calyx in this Rose, the sepals being
converted into large pinnate leaves.

Tyloses in Beech Root.—Dr. Masters exhibited a microscopic
slide showing the cellular growth in the vessels known by this
name. ‘To such an extent had it occurred that the wood showed
a dark brown streak, indicating the position of the vessels con-
taining the tyloses.

Mignonette, Origin of.—Mr. Henslow suggested, from a com-
parison between Feseda odorata and f. Phytewma, a common
species in South France and Algeria, that this latter was the
source of the garden plant. In the original description in
Bot. Mag., A.D. 1790, it is said to be Egyptian, but the garden
Mignonette is not in the Kgyptian nor in North African Floras,
and does not appear to be known wild. The differences between
this and R. Phytewma, as Mr. Douglas observed, are not greater
than between varieties of f. odorata. The wild species, it is
true, has not the scent; still, as Mr. Henslow observed, when a
bunch of the flowers are taken, there is just a faint odour
suggestive of the Mignonette.

Caltha palustris, Honey Glands of.—Mr. Cuthbertson called
attention last year to the apparent absence of these structures
described by Miiller as on the sides of the carpels in his “ Fertilisa-
tion of Plants,’ for that author spoke of a ‘‘ fold’’ on the sides
of the carpels, with a gland in the fold. This has not been seen
in any English plant, but there is a spot where the epidermal
tissue is papillate, suggestive of an abortive gland. Mr. Cuth-
bertson forwarded specimens received from Germany, but still
nothing was present in agreement with Muller’s description, but
only as occurs here.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, MAY 5. XXX1X

ScIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, May 5, 1896.

Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair, eight members, and
Prof. Zacharias, Director of the Botanic Garden, Hamburg,
were present.

Primula, Auricula x Alpine.—Dr. Masters reported upon
two abnormal specimens brought to the last meeting occurring
among the seedling hybrids raised by Mr. Douglas. One was
foliaceous, the corolla, &c., being represented by minute green
leaves. In the other the corolla was only abnormally bent.

Bardfield Oxlup.—With reference to the statement by Mr.
French that this species resisted being crossed by the Cowslip or
Primrose, the Rev. C. Wolley Dod sent specimens from his garden
to show that there was reason to suppose that they were the result
of the Bardfield Oxlip having been crossed by the Primrose.
The foliage sent, however, agreed almost entirely with that of
the Oxlip type, and in one case only of the flowers was there a
slight tendency to produce the inflated calyx tube and the crest
or corona within the corolla tube, characteristic of Primroses
and Cowslips, the total absence of this being a marked feature of
the Oxlip.

Raspberry-stem Borer—Mr. Mclachlan remarked on a
specimen sent by Mr. Pearson, of Chilwell, that the injury re-
sulted in the destruction of the buds, the eggs being hatched in
the flower; but that it was difficult to suggest a remedy. Cart-
grease smeared round the base of the canes, or kerosine emulsion
washed round the stems has been suggested as preventives. The.
erub was that of Lampronia rubiella, a small moth. It formed
the prey of tomtits.

Primula Auricula, x.—Mr. Douglas exhibited plants of
crosses between the pubescent type (the pod bearer) and the
Alpine ; and remarked upon the perseverance of humble bees in
visiting the Auricula ; within a quarter of an hour he had observed
that a bee visited 508 flowers, thus giving two seconds apiece,.
on the average, to each.

Cineraria, Origin of.—Mr. Douglas also exhibited several
sprays of different shades of mauve, from seedlings raised from
the plant at Kew of Cineraria cruenta. He called attention to
the original illustration of this species, and of C. lanata in the.

Botanical Magazine, and considered that the probabilities were:
H 2

xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in favour of C. lanata, or else a cross with this species being the
source of the cultivated forms.

Colouring of Flowers.—Dr. Russell gave some details of a
preliminary experiment with white MHyacinths treated with
various salts to test the influence they might have upon the
colouring of the flowers. The only bulbs obtainable were,
unfortunately, very inferior in quality, as the experiment was
not proposed till too late in the season. On March 6 the bulbs
were treated with the following solutions, all being grown in
water :—Cobalt nitrate, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, man-
ganese nitrate, nickel nitrate, chromium acetate, zinc nitrate,
ammonium nitrate, urea, soluble Prussian blue, coli, and water
alone, distilled. All contained 18 grains to a pint of distilled
water. As the liquids evaporated they were made up with a
stronger solution of 80 grains to the pint. Two plants only
indicated any colour in the flowers. The one treated with nickel
nitrate on March 25 looked very bad, imp and yellow ; the bud,
which would naturally have been green, showed a distinctly pink
colour. The one treated with ferrous sulphate blossomed, and
had also a decidedly pink tinge. All the rest were either more
or less arrested in growth, sickly, or dead. As a preliminary
experiment, and that with unsatisfactory materials, the result,
so far as the above two were concerned, was interesting ; but it
was the general opinion that the solutions were too strong, and
that this would probably account for the injurious effects upon
the growth of the Hyacinths. It is proposed to try further
experiments with white Pelargoniums.

Narcissus, Crosses.— Mr. Engleheart, in describing the various
results of his experience in crossing the Narcissus during the
last fifteen years, observed that the main cross was between the
Trumpet Narcissi (as pod bearers) and the Poeticus. This gave
rise to the Incomparabilis section ; but that among the seedlings
of the cross there would sometimes arise pure Poeticus; the
male was always more or less prepotent, but sometimes the
offspring would show no trace of the female parent. Dr.
Masters observed that the same result sometimes occurred in
other plants. Dr. Zacharias alluded to the case of Strawberries
(‘False Crosses,’ Gard. Chron., 1894, p. 568), and Mr. Henslow
mentioned that when the Rhododendron ‘“ Monarch ’’ (which
contained the species R. jasminiflorum twice, R. javanicum, R.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. xhli

Lobbii, and R. Brookeanum var. gracile) was crossed with R.
malayanum the result was almost pure malayanum.

Larch Disease.—Dr. Masters exhibited a specimen showing
the fungus, Peziza Willkommi, in the fruiting stage. It had
attacked the stem to such an extent that the whole of the wood
had grown excentrically.

Abies amabilis.—He also exhibited a fine spray of this tree
laden with many catkins of a brilliant red and yellow colour.
It had been previously described, from imperfect specimens, as
bearing single catkins only.

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 9, 1896.

Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair, and nine members
present.

Experiments im Colouring Flowers.—As a_ preliminary
experiment, Dr. Russell tested the power of the soil to retain
the various salts proposed to be used in the case of white Pelar-
goniums. He took two glass tubes, 1 foot in length and # inch in
diameter and drawn out at one end. These were filled with soil
from a garden, the amount being 85 cubic inches. He poured in
a solution of sulphate of copper (13 grains to the pint, or +0z. to
the gallon). The water which came through was tested; but
41 pints passed through before any trace appeared, and that
only after one month; 56 grains were held by the soil.
Similarly with sulphate of iron: 3} pints of the solution passed
through before any iron was present in the water. This took
twenty-eight days, so that 47 grains were held by the soil. As
an additional experiment, some of the same soil was saturated by
shaking it with water; it was then put into a tube similar to the
previous ones, and sulphate of copper (13 grains to the pint)
poured on as before ; 2% pints passed through before any copper
was traceable. This took fifteen days, so that 36 grains were
held by the soil. The next experiment was made with ammonium
salts. Ammonium nitrate was poured on the soil (13 grains to
a pint); 4 oz. came through before the ammonium salt was
found. The soil thus retained 2% grains. This took only three-
quarters of an hour. Ammonium chloride.—With this salt,

xii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

5 oz. passed through before ammonia was detected, therefore
the soil held 85 grains. It ran through in half-an-hour. The
significance of these experiments showed that unless the salts
be piaced directly in contact with the roots, it might be retained
in the soil and no result would follow.

Prepotency of the Male Parent.—Mr. Douglas brought a very
interesting communication on prepotency in crossing Carnations
from Martin Smith, Eisq., of The Warren, Hayes, of which the
following is an abstract :—‘ One very strong bit of evidence in
favour [of the male prepotency] is given by the crosses on
‘Germania.’ This is a flower of tremendous individuality, and
if any flower could transmit its peculiarities to its descendants, it
would be this; yet Germania (yellow) is swamped by the
prepotency of the pollen parent in the great majority of cases.
I hardly ever get a yellow worth having; but when I do I find
them, as a rule, pure reproductions on a most feeble scale of the
mother; and I always regard them as products of Germania
fertilised by pollen of flowers on the same plant, or from one in
the immediate vicinity.”’ Mr. Smith sends a table of crosses in
which is Germania (seed parent) x King of Scarlets:—Produce,
two yellow-ground Picotees, one yellow self; Germania x Sir B.
Seymour, all the produce took after the male parent; G. x a
maroon, nearly all the offspring maroons; G. x Mrs. Vernon
Harcourt: offspring, five scarlets and one maroon; G. x Ariadne
gave scarlet, crimson, and rose. ‘“ The strongest evidence on
the other side is afforded by the produce of Madame A.
Warocqué x G. I have at one time or another, since 1892,
saved nearly ninety plants from this cross, and I never raised a
yellow from it; a few buffs and apricots, but never a true yellow,
by far the largest proportions being scarlets, rose, and crimsons.
It seems to me to be easy enough in a cross for other colours to
swamp yellow, but quite another thing for yellow to override
other colours, unless it exists in both parents. The most it
seems able to do is to produce orange and buff.’ In further
illustration of this fact he gives the following cases :—Ruby x G.
gave two rose (no trace of yellow) ; Governor (maroon) x G. gave
one yellow, one buff, two rose, and one crimson; Madame Van
Houtte and Ella Murray x G.: all the offspring took after the
mother. Mr. Smith adds the following interesting fact with
“whites ’”’ :—‘‘ When you cross violent contrasts of colour, such

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. xiii

as purple and yellow, or scarlet and yellow, you are apt to get a
good proportion of whites.’’ He gives as examples :—Corunna
(yellow) x Hayes (scarlet): offspring, two whites, one scarlet ;
Germania (yellow) x purple, gives maroons and whites; G. x
N. Murray (scarlet), four out of five were white ; Lord Sefton x
G. gave four whites, one maroon, three yellow or buff.

Primulas as Skin Irritants.—Myr. Dod observed that besides
the well-known case of P. obconica (which, however, has no
effect upon himself), he finds P. japonica to be very irritating ;
and what is more remarkable, the “‘farina,’’ a secretion of wax
on the surface of the plant, produces the same effect, causing
blisters on the hand.

Cineraria Hybrids.—Mr. Bennett-Poé exhibited a plant of
C. l’Heritieri (2) xa greenhouse variety of C. cruenta, raised by
Mr. Lynch, of the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, and also a
similar cross by himself. The flowers were very different. In
the former they were red, whole-coloured, the petals long and
dependent; in Mr. Poé’s they were white, with tips purple, and
the heads flatter, more resembling an ordinary garden form.

Cytisus scoparius var. Andreanus.—A question having been
raised as to the seed of this variety coming true, Mr. Wilks ob-
served that about one-third came true, but in others the blossom
reverted to those of the Broom, but were larger than on the wild
Broom. Mr. Henslow exhibited sprays from a seedling which
had come true. The plant had been grafted on the common
Broom.

Peas Penetrated by Oats.—Mr. Henslow exhibited a speci-
men—one of many found among Peas—of a Pea which had
been hollowed out by a weevil, and then penetrated by an Oat.
It illustrates, presumably, the remarkable property of penetrating
the soil possessed by Oats, fruits of Krodium, &c., which are pro-
vided with a spirally-twisted hygroscopic awn. This on be-
coming moistened untwists, and so thrusts the lower end down-
wards. In this case it happened to penetrate the hollow Peas.

Garden Hybrids.—Mr. Henslow described some specimens
received from Rey. C. W. Dod, consisting of natural crosses
between species of Polemonium, Papaver, and Heuchera. In
one case, Polemonium flavum x P. ccruleum, the hybrid
scarcely differed from the male parent; but in all the others
the cross was more decidedly intermediate. The following are a

xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

few of the points which showed the proportional intermediate
characters. Taking, e.g., P. ceruleum ; the hybrid: P. reptans;
the length of blades of similar leaves were as 3: 4°5: 5. The
apex of a leaflet—shortly acute; sub acuminate; acuminate.
Anther elongated, golden yellow; shorter, pale yellow; shortest,
white. Size of pollen-grains—2: 1°75: 1:5, &c. With regard
to P. flavum x P. ecceeruleum, Mr. Dod writes: ‘ This is the most
interesting of the many hybrids of Polemonium which come up
in my garden. I have no doubt of the hybrid, because I have
carefully saved seed of P. flavum, and the hybrid has shown
itself among several sowings. It is interesting because in colour
and flower it so nearly follows the pollen parent. The difference
in habit is considerable. P. c. has a perpendicular habit of
_ growth, but the hybrid follows P. flavum in being divaricate at
the base, the hybrid is absolutely barren, though the parents are
both profuse seeders. The hybrid, however, is most prolific in
other ways; for any stump or stalk grows readily and luxuri-
antly.’’ With regard to other characters, the hybrid is more
decidedly pubescent than in the stem, &c., of P. c.; but less so
than P. fl. The petals of P. c. have a round purple ring at the
base of the corolla. In the hybrid this is wanting, as it is also
in P. fl., &e. The cross between Heuchera cylindrica, with
green flowers, and H. sanguinea with crimson flowers, is very
obvious, the hybrid having rose-red flowers. The pollen, unlike
that of the parents, was very bad. Though the leaves resembled
those of the parents in size, the veining agreed mostly with that
of H. sanguinea, the angles between the palmate veins being less
acute than is the case in H.c. In the form of the calyx, the
hybrid also approximated that of H. s. rather than that of
H.c. In Papaver orientale var. bracteatum x P. rupifragum,
this hybrid, though decidedly intermediate, approaches P. rupi-
fragum the nearest. _ Thus while P. or. is hirsute, P. r. is
pubescent. In the cross the hairiness is of an intermediate
character. This is well seen in the calyx by the following pro-
portions :—P. or.: Hyb.: P. rupifragum; stiff curved hairs:
soft curved hairs: tomentose. The peduncle has cords scattered,
as in endogens, in P. orientale; while in the hybrid and in P.
rupifragum the peduncle is much smaller, having the cords in a
ring. The corolla is scarlet in P. orientale; orange in hybrid
and P. rupifragum, &c. Generally speaking, therefore, the

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 23. xly

hybrid is intermediate, but approximates P. rupifragum. With
regard to other hybrid Poppies, Dr. Masters observed that M.
Vilmorin had succeeded in crossing P. orientale with P. somni-
ferum, and also with P. Rheas. Mr. Wilks tried very carefully
to cross a Shirley Poppy with the Iceland Poppy, but the result
was identical with the Shirley strain, except that the influence of
the Iceland pollen seemed to have brought back all the wild black
blood of P. Rheeas, the elimination of which is the distinguishing
mark of the Shirley Poppies, and that to which they owe their
chief beauty.

The Leek.—Dr. Masters exhibited a curious specimen, in
which the leaves were very large, concrescent, and spiral in
growth, forming a large sheet.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JUNE 23, 1896.

Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S,, in the Chair, and three members
present.

Dianthus, Colours of.—With reference to the colours of Car-
nations, Mr. Douglas observed that the yellows are apt to revert
to other colours, and mentioned as an instance 200 seedlings
from a yellow, among which no yellow appeared.

Cabbage Palm Frut.—Mr. J. H. Maiden, successor to Mr.
Ch. Moore, formerly curator for fifty years of the Botanic Garden,
Melbourne, sent some fruit. They are small and globular, about
the size of marbles. The Palm is Livistona australis, described
as a tall and graceful tree, 80 feet in height. They were
forwarded to Chiswick to be grown.

Tomatos, Monstrous.—Dr. Masters exhibited some Tomatos
of the modern globular form, remarkable for possessing small
exserted supernumerary carpels. These had grown on the
placentas in the place of ovules. It was not uncommon in the
old grooved Tomatos (due to the flowers having been synanthic),
but it had not appeared before on the smooth fruit. It was
received from Dickson’s, of Chester.

Pinus Lambertiana.—Dr. Masters also showed a shoot of this
tree, known in California as the Sugar Pine, bearing numerous
orange-coloured male catkins.

xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Curious Moss-growth.—Mr. J. P. Way, of Warwick School,
sent a remarkable specimen, found near the New Forest. It was
of the shape of a double convex lens, about 6 inches across; the
stems all radiating from the middle. It was forwarded to Dr.
Braithwaite, who reports as follows :—‘‘ The moss is Leucobryum
glaucum, common in this state, but very rare in fruit. It grows
under two conditions: (1) In boggy heaths, when it takes a more
expanded form, being always wet ; (2) in woods, where it occurs
in circular patches, beginning of the size of a sixpence, rooting,
and going on increasing to the dimensions of a half-crown. The
branching goes on centrifugally, and the tufts are so dense that
the easiest way for them is to le between the surface of the
ground and the older stems above. Then, probably, after the
first heavy rain the cushion swells up like a sponge, and is torn
away from the earth, to become a white lump when dry, which
is then blown about by the wind, just like the Rose of Jericho,
Anastatica hierochuntica. The plant would not grow again as
a whole, but it throws off small ones, which grow and form new
colonies. (See Br. “ Moss Flora,” page 85.)

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.

JANUARY 14, 1896.

PuHinip CrowieEy, Esq., in the Chair, and eighteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medai.

To Messrs. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, for a collection of 100
varieties of Cooking Apples in splendid condition.

Silver Banksian Medal. |
To Mr. J. Watkins, Hereford, for a collection of new and
little-known Apples, many amongst them being local seedlings.
To Messrs. Laing & Son, Forest Hill, for 86 dishes of Apples
and Pears.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. xlvii

To Messrs. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for 20 dishes of very
interesting and rare varieties of Apples and Pears.

Award of Merit,

To Dessert Apple ‘Lord Hindlip’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. J. Watkins, Hereford. Of medium size, flat at the base,

} \
nally ANN
i ih, I! Mi ih " NN
iin \\\ \\ NAN
one AN
h Ha eh ah Mi ANS
re a u

sit NAAN \
ne \\ ANN
Ae i wi Ki \" \\ \\\\ \
eal My a ua Ih \\ \ N YY AWN

i iN

HK a nN)
rae i Mie teh MN
d an Min it i
! ail bil i
i ail! ' tl th ‘ bri Ni
il HA ahi i
Pan Mal Ce:

i
r \\i
\
NW
i

NN Ne

veal

y Nas 3 i

ik i Hil iis ay) i i i! eH

ei : ee ae

NG hi uit! \ Nt ) ni Ws

TALLINN Mal Mi i ant

Wi a uit ie ve i i i \
\

Ni ‘ it iti i
ij |
ae ss

|
Nh
i}
I ,
hi}
|
|
i
we HH i
Hahei all )
Wh Ahh
My ii
I fi HiT
RUAN
hil ”
if i Hi a
(i se

——
——
=——

Fic. 1.—Appur, ‘Lorp Hinpuip.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

rising into a cone, somewhat shouldered; eye small and de-
pressed ; stalk slender and rather deeply inset ; brightly coloured
with streaks of crimson spotted with russet; of very fine
flavour ; said to be a good bearer; season December, January,
and February. (Fig. 1.)

To Cooking Apple ‘ Royal Late Cooking’ (votes, 14 for), from
Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas).

ICS Ot ke reales) fa
a
Saeds is)
2-4 Oo x
narg ba
o YX x
SG HD bE Aa
&y Si ao nD
a 7) Oo ol. 25
ie) mM fo)
vA Bre Bam
~e Ta as SI
| oepNXe
| is(o) CS Otel Ae a {=
| os 6p)
G el ss pi
Pp a o D may
5 a 2 WO wi
=) ap ©. A 2
ie) 4 HH Q (2)
a Cay id) «>
B i=! eb) | Gb) iad) 4
foe ae B-
iss ae) on
oe ee
<4 on OD. Pa ae
a PHBA
a SBS@o 8a
£3] mM oOo MR ~o
pe ea ho
HA ie c= SOs
7a) oY ap) t=] cd)
A] =) rol
° Sama)
eS m3
go 38 a

5 3 g
OS i= 60 6
ee eo
a + as}

4 Oo a)
SOQ ECE
ecasngd &
snagee
ae asso
o eS

fae 2 4 ee
a el ne be es

a ia on
ee Pos
Sa roer
Badd Am
Hou S$ 5
— ngs
—- UO anaes

= 2
Blip <<. 5 =
noe &
DN Ss Oo Ve

A 2 ao

n a

HD hES
_ = -
Aum Sao

(ML
aes cle oe

oO b>

Sp a Se
—-s CHO
oe ee
aye - = "oD
G~ So “aot.

= ct

SSE
a = ee
ee 2 a> o

Sas

« ©. rt— rp.
SS as te
5 oe. oa
= - oe
go SS
aD) aes
eo) ee ee

SPE re Nee <G- ke:
= ce;
eh anes ee

5 —~ 2
s 42
es eos Se
Asa ae

Sem a O
ee Se. ee
ee eee

O-m TO -4
6 ofa

mo LS

. bl oe |
a ea
—- wm os

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. xlix

rough russet; melting ; of superb flavour and quality for the
time of year; season January and February. (Fig. 3.)
Other Exhibits.

Mr. W. Prior, Bouks Hill, Sawbridgeworth, sent a Seedling

\
\
\ —— ——— =
Ee
—S SEB

LD Li, yj
Yy
Hj
\ WAHT NI
1 |
Wi il
WANA
/ ML)
/ i, \
Mf) HT)
/|
ie
\

/ uF foal
HU een
a

\

il

SSS NAY
Fig. 3.—-Prar ‘ Beurrn Perran.’ (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

Cooking Apple named ‘ Sir Walter.’ Large, roundish ; eye large,
slightly depressed; stalk short in a wide basin; pale green,

1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

slightly sprinkled all over with rough russet; flavour brisk and
pleasant. It was considered a promising variety, but the fruits
were too shrivelled to form a definite opinion, and the Committee
requested that it might be shown earlier next year in better
condition.

Messrs. Cheal & Sons sent Dessert Pear ‘ Marie Guise.’ A
long pear-shaped fruit with very long stalk; eye large and
prominent ; flavour sweet and juicy.

Messrs. Cheal & Sons also sent Dessert Pear ‘ Bergamotte
Collette.’ A round Bergamotte-shaped fruit with a long stalk ;
of good quality for the time of year.

W. Roupell, Esq., Harvey Lodge, Roupell Park, sent Apple
‘Borden Parsonage.’ A good market variety, being a very heavy
cropper and of bright colour. It greatly resembles some of the
old cider Apples of Kent.

A. F. Pears, Esq., Isleworth (gr. Mr. W. Farr), sent a beautiful
dish of Tomato ‘ All the Year Round.’

Messrs. R. Veitch & Son, Exeter, sent Apples ‘ Cornish
Gilliflower,’ ‘D’Arcy Spice’ (excellent), ‘Newtown Pippin,’
‘Winter Warden,’ and ‘Cornish Aromatic.’ ‘ Winter Warden’
is a local Devonshire orchard Apple, a good keeper and cooker ;
strikingly like ‘ Cornish Aromatic’ in appearance, but perfectly
distinct in flavour.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE,
FEBRUARY 11, 1896.

Pu. Crow ey, Esq.,in the Chair, and twenty-three members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

To Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle (gr. Mr. Owen
Thomas), for a collection of 100 dishes of Apples.

To Messrs. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, for a collection of 100
dishes of Dessert Apples.

To A. H. Smee, Hsq., The Grange, Carshalton (gr. Mr.
Cummins), for a large collection of Apples and Pears in superb
condition.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11. li

Silver Kmghtian Medal.

To Messrs. Lane & Sons, Berkhamsted, for 50 dishes of
Apples.

To Messrs. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, for a large collec-
tion of Apples with some baskets of beautiful home-grown
Oranges.

To Messrs. Laing & Son, Forest Hill, for 75 dishes of Apples
and Pears.

To Messrs. Cheal & Son, Crawley, for 90 dishes of Apples and
Pears.

Stilver Banksian Medal.
To the Hon. G. M. Fortescue, Dropmore, Maidenhead (gr.
Mr. Herrin), for a collection of Apples.

Bronze Knightian Medal.
To Lord Foley, Esher (gr. Mr. Miller), for a collection of
Apples, Grapes, and Mushrooms.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. H. Becker, Jersey, exhibited a model of a new system of
glazing with movable glass roofing for greenhouses which
attracted a good deal of attention. Also avery handy and very
cheap box for storing fruit and for ‘ sprouting’ early Potatos.

Mr. J. R. Stevens, Hassocks, sent some pots of his early
forcing Strawberry, named ‘ Stevens’s Wonder.’ Also a box. of
picked fruit of the same.

J. G. Morris, Esq., Allerton Priory, Liverpool (gr. Mr.
Craven), sent some dishes of a rare Apple named ‘Pomeroy of
Lancashire.’ The blossom of the tree is of such a lovely pink
that it is said to be worthy of cultivation for that reason alone ;
it is, however, an excellent cooking variety as well as a good
keeper. Mr. Craven strongly recommends it for gardens in the
North of England.

J. R. Saw, Esq., Bernard Street, Russell Square, sent a
Seedling Apple of the ‘Bess Pool’ type, named ‘ Beauty Pippin.’

H. Balderson, Esq., Hemel Hempstead, sent a Seedling
Apple, called ‘ Scott’s Prolific,’ resembling both ‘ Wadhurst
Pippin’ and ‘ Beauty of Kent.’ Fruit large, flat-sided, conical,
short thick stalk, eye slightly depressed in an uneven depression ;
streaked with red.

li PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle (gr. Mr. Divers), sent
two Apples, together with jars of each in a cooked state (1.)
‘Dewdney’s Seedling,’ and (ii.) ‘Jenkinson’s Seedling.’ The
first was considered so like to ‘ Hollandbury’ as to be practically
indistinguishable from it. The latter was considered an
excellent variety, but very like ‘ Bedfordshire Foundling.’ A
special vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Divers for the pains
he had taken to place the Apples before the Committee in a
fitting manner, the jars of cooked fruit being a most praise-
worthy effort, only that sugar should never be added to cooked
fruit that is sent for adjudication.

Mr. H. J. Sheppard, Bedford, sent a Seedling Apple named
‘Clapham Beauty.’

Messrs. Pearson & Sons, Chilwell, Notts, sent a Seedling Apple,
called ‘ Clifton Seedling.’ The variety was raised in Leicester-
shire, and the original tree, now about twelve years old, stands
in a cottage garden. Fruit from it sent to Messrs. Pearson in
April, 1894, was fine in colour, sound, brisk, and of fair flavour
for dessert, but this season, owing to the enormously heavy crop,
the tree was allowed to carry, the fruit was both smaller and not
of such good flavour.

Mr. Owen Thomas, Royal Gardens, Windsor, sent a new
variety of Cucumber, called ‘ Frogmore Winter Prolific,’ a cross
between ‘Lockie’s Perfection’ and ‘ Rochford’s Market.’ Mr.
Thomas considered it an excellent winter-bearing variety.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, MArou 10, 1896.
T. Francis Rivers, Ksq., in the Chair, and eighteen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—

Silver Banksian Medal.
To his Grace the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Goodwood
(gr. Mr. R. Parker), for a collection of Apples.

First Class Certificate.
To Cucumber ‘ Marvel’ (votes, 11 for), from Mr. §. Mortimer,
Farnham.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. lit

To Dessert Apple ‘ Blue Pearmain ’ (votes, 13 for, 1 against),
from the Society’s Gardens at Chiswick. Of large size; high
conical shape; excellent flavour; good appearance, the skin
being yellow, almost entirely covered with flecks and streaks of
crimson, and these again speckled all over with minute dusty
spots. A very fine late Dessert Apple.

To Cucumber ‘Frogmore Winter Prolific’ (votes, 10 for,

Fic. 4.— Appts ‘Goopwoop Pippin.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

3 against), from Her Majesty the Queen (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas).
A cross between ‘ Rochford’s Market’ and ‘ Lockie’s Perfection.’

Award of Merit.

To Apple ‘Goodwood Pippin’ (under name ‘Lincolnshire
Reinette ’) (votes, unanimous), from his Grace the Duke of
Richmond and Gordon, Goodwood (gr. Mr. R. Parker). The
correctness of the name and its suitability is a little doubtful as
the fruit shown was gathered from a tree in the Duke’s gardens

I

liv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at Goodwood, and is supposed to be of local origin. The tree
is said to be a very old one, probably as much as a hundred years
old, bearing fifteen bushels of fruit last season. It is an excellent
variety for winter use, both for Dessert and for Kitchen purposes.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. Stevens, Hassocks, showed Strawberry ‘Stevens’ Wonder.’

Mr. Watkins, Pomona Farm, Hereford, sent Apple ‘ Adkins’
Seedling’ which had been kept at Chiswick to test its keeping
quality, which appeared to be all that could be desired.

A Pear, resembling ‘ Winter Nelis’ in shape but not in
flavour, being sharper, with a slight touch of acridity, was brought
from Chiswick for name. It was suggested that it might be
‘ Suzette de Bavay.’

Mr. Palmer, Andover, sent Apple ‘Stubbs’ Seedling,’ or
‘Winter Quarrenden,’ a much flattened, bright crimson fruit.

Mr. Owen Thomas, gardener to Her Majesty at Windsor,
exhibited Apple ‘ Royal Late Keeping.’

Earl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), showed a bundle of
fine Asparagus which had been forced with a covering of only
dry leaves in the open air.

Mr. Wythes also showed a fine new Borecole called ‘ Syon
Hardy Sprouting,’ a cross between ‘Asparagus Kale’ and
‘ Cottager’s Kale.’ It was requested that seed should be sent to
Chiswick for trial.

Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, sent two varieties of
Borecole ‘ Barr’s Variegated’ and ‘ Barr’s Exquisite Dwarf
Purple Curled.’ It was requested that seed of the latter might
be sent to Chiswick for trial.

FRvuIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, Marcu 24, 1696.
Dr. Hoaa, in the Chair, and nineteen members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.

To Earl Perey, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), for a most
interesting collection of 24 varieties of Salads.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MARCH 24. lv

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. G. V. de Luca, Hill & Co., 6 Long Lane, Alders-
gate Street, for a new vacuum system of bottling fruits and
vegetables. The system commends itself for its extreme
simplicity and inexpensiveness combined with a perfect result.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. Wythes showed a new Broccoli, ‘ Veitch’s Main Crop,’
of which seed was requested to be sent to Chiswick for trial.

Mr. W. Toughton, Preston, sent Apple ‘La cashire Scotch
Bridget.’

Sir H. Jenkyns, K.C.B., Botley, Hants (gr. Mr. W. Davey),
sent an Apple, a local seedling.

Mr. A. G. Hooking, Oldown House, Almondsbury, sent six
Apples for name. ‘Bess Pool,’ ‘Wyken Pippin,’ ‘ Striped
Beaufin,’ and ‘Round Winter Nonsuch’ were recognised, and
the other two were considered to be probably ‘ Beauty of Kent’
and ‘Blenheim’ or ‘Golden Noble,’ gathered before they were
ripe. |

Mr. Jarman, Chard, sent under the name of ‘ Whiteways
Whimple Wonder’ an Apple recognised as ‘ Granger’s Pearmain,’
a variety which varies almost more than any other, the same
tree producing two distinct forms, one tall and conical, the other
flatand round. ‘The fruits are sometimes russetty all over, some-
times smooth and clear-skinned. It is a strong grower but
generally not a very free bearer.

Mr. W. Batchelor, Harefield Park, Uxbridge, sent an Apple
for name, but it was unknown.

Messrs. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, sent a dish of Apple
‘Wagener.’ They were beautiful to look upon and soft and
tender to eat, with a gently pleasant flavour; decidedly good for
the time of year.

Mr. W. Bull, Ramsden, Essex, sent a seedling Apple named
‘Sunset.’

[I 2

lvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, APRIL 7, 1896.

Puiuip CRowLeyY Esq., in the Chair, and eighteen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To C. J. Massey, Esq., Galloway House, Garliestown (gr. Mr.
James Day), for a small collection of Apples in splendid condition.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. Will Taylor, Hampton, for a small collection of very
large Apples.

Other Exhibits.

Harl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), sent some beautiful
specimens of Fig ‘St. John’s.’

A. H. Smee, Esq., Wallington (gr. Mr. Cummins), sent an
extraordinary fasciated stem of Brussels Sprout, which resembled
an enormous cobra sitting up with hood broadly extended.

The Duke of Richmond, Goodwood (gr. Mr. Parker), sent an
Apple named locally ‘Late Keeping,’ or sometimes ‘ Webb’s
Seedling.’ The tree is about fifty years old, erect growing and
with exceedingly large foliage, and is a fair cropper and fine
keeper, not a single decayed fruit being found at the present date
amongst several bushels of it. It is not an Apple of taking
appearance, being somewhat rough and dingy-looking, but was
for the time of year of very good flavour.

Mr. J. Hopkins, High Cross, Framfield, sent an Apple
supposed to be a local seedling. It was considered so near to
‘ Calville St. Sauveur’ as to be almost, if not quite, identical. It
is a wonderful keeper, but otherwise of little merit.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 21, 1896.

Puintie Crowiey, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson), for a collec-
tion of vegetables.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, APRIL 21. lvii

To Karl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), for a collection
of fruit and vegetables.

To Messrs. G. V. de Luca, Hill & Co., 6 Long Lane, Alders-
gate Street, for a collection of fruits, vegetables, &c., preserved in
their new self-closing bottles. (See p. v.)

Award of Merit.

To Radish, ‘ White Olive-shaped Extra Early ’ (votes, unani-
mous).

To Radish, ‘Deep Scarlet Olive-shaped Extra Early’ (votes,
unanimous).

Both the above had been grown in the Society’s gardens
from seed sent by Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris. The seed was
sown in cold frames on March 5.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Empson for a dish of ‘ Royal Sovereign ’ Strawberry.
To Mr. Wythes for a dish of ‘ Royal Sovereign’ Strawberry.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. Marsh, The Priory, Warwick, sent an Apple which he
proposed to call ‘Countess of Warwick.’ The Committee con-
sidered it identical with ‘ Beauty of Kent.’

The Maharajah of Dinbungah (gr. Mr. H. Thorne), sent two
Specimens of a gourd named ‘ Lagenaria vulgaris clavata.’ They
measured 5 ft. 6 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter.

Mr. Wythes sent two varieties of Broccoli, ‘Suttons’ Late
Queen’ and ‘Bouquet.’ The Committee requested that the
latter might be tried at Chiswick.

C. H. Wright, Esq., Halstree, Oswestry (gr. Mr. Roberts),
sent a collection of Apples.

W. H. Evans, Esq., Forde Abbey, Chard (gr. Mr. Crook),
sent some ‘Sturmer Pippins’ in excellent condition, which had
been simply stored in cases in a cellar. He also sent an Onion
“ Forde Longkeeper ’ in wonderful condition, from seed sown in
the autumn of 1894.

J. B. Fortescue, Esq., Boconnoe, Lostwithiel (gr. Mr. Page),
sent an Apple named ‘ Ironsides.’

Philip Crowley, Esq., Waddon House, Croydon, sent some
specimens of Apple ‘ Bismarck,’ which had been grown under
glass, to show its flavour, which was excellent.

lviii © PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE ComMMITTEE, May 5, 1896.

Puintip CRowLey, Ksq., in the Chair, and sixteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.

To Radish ‘ Bright Red, Olive-shaped, Leafless’ (votes, 9
for, 1 against), grown in the Society’s Gardens from seed sent by
Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris. This variety was very remarkable for
the exceeding smallness of the foliage.

To Rhubarb ‘ Victoria’ (votes, 12 for), from the Society’s
Gardens.

To Rhubarb ‘Colis’ Seedling’ (votes, 10 for), from the
Society’s Gardens.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. W. Meads, gardener to W. A. Henderson, Esq.,.
Bascot Park, Faringdon, for Melons ‘The Countess’ and
‘Sutton’s Scarlet.’

To Mr. Wythes, gardener to Earl Perey, Syon House, for
(i.) Strawberries, (ii.) Peaches, and (iii.) Figs; (i.) ‘Royal
Sovereign,’ (ii.) ‘Amsden June,’ and (iii.) ‘ Brown Turkey.’

Other Exhibits.

Joseph Wheatley, Ksq., Woodlands, Mirfield (gr. Mr. Frith),
sent a Seedling Melon. The Committee were favourably im-
pressed, but desired to see it somewhat later in the season.

From the Society’s Gardens came Radish ‘liver Tender,’
grown from seed, sent by Messrs. Veitch, of Exeter, and
Radish ‘ Express Forcing,’ from seed sent by Messrs. Carter, of
Holborn. The seed had been sown in cold frames on March 5.

A collection of Rhubarb was also shown from the Society’s
Gardens.

Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, sent Strawberries (i.) ‘ Royal
Sovereign ’ and (ii.) ‘ Leader.’

Mr. Wythes brought a new forcing Potato ‘ Wythes’ Seed-
ling.’ Three members of the Committee were requested to take
samples and cook them and report. (See p. lxvi.)

Mrs. Thackwell, Rostellan Castle, Co. Cork (gr. Mr. Sheppard),

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, MAY 19. lix

sent a Seedling Potato, which was dealt with in the same way
as the preceding one. (See p. lxvi.)

Philip Crowley, Esq., Waddon House, Croydon, sent several
varieties of Apples with which he had experimented with a view
to keeping them. One series had been coated with melted
paraffin wax as soon as they had been gathered, and another
series had been packed in cork dust. The waxed ones were
found to be the plumpest, but their flavour was distinctly in-
ferior to those from the cork dust, which were excellent.

H. B. Fisher, Esq., Pitt Place, Chelmsford, sent some
‘ Sturmer ’ Pippins, which had been packed in a case and stored
in a wine cellar. They were very fine indeed, both for flavour
and condition.

Dr. Hogg, 99 St. George’s Road, §.W., brought some Apples
received from Mr. Nelson, of the Botanical Gardens, Melbourne.
They were large, handsome fruits, with very sweet vinous flavour,
somewhat resembling ‘ Wealthy,’ but were considered to be
probably of American origin.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, May 19, 1896.
TEMPLE GARDENS.

Mr. GEORGE Bunyarp, in the Chair, and twenty-eight members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
First Class Certificate.

To Nectarine ‘Cardinal’ as a forcing variety (votes, 19 for,
2 against), from Messrs. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth. Fruits
large, finely coloured, and of exquisite flavour.

Award of Merit.

To Cucumber ‘ Sensation ’ (votes, 9 for, 8 against), from Mr.
Mortimer, Farnham, a cross between ‘Prize-winner’ and
‘ Lockie’s Perfection.’

Other Exhibits.

The Hon. L. O’Brien, Moor Park, Ludlow (gr. Mr. Haggart),
sent an Apple named ‘ Moor Park.’

lx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Mr. Irving, Leigh House Gardens, Datchet, sent a new
Strawberry ‘ Duke of York,’ a handsome. fruit, which it was
requested might be tried at Chiswick.

Mr. T. Bousall, Elmet Hall, Leeds, sent a Broccoli which he
proposed to call ‘ New Late-Keeping Universal.’ The Committee
considered it identical with ‘ Model.’

Mr. Mortimer, Farnham, sent another seedling Cucumber,
‘Mortimer’s Approved,’ a cross between ‘Prize-winner’ and
‘Improved Telegraph.’

Mr. Fyfe, Lockinge Gardens, Wantage, sent a Tomato
‘Dwarf Champion.’ The Committee considered it to be very like
‘ Acquisition,’ and requested that it might be tried at Chiswick.

Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, sent Strawberry ‘ Leader.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE ComMMITTEE, May 28, 1896.
CHISWICK.

Puitip CRowLEY, Esq., in the Chair, and eleven members
present.

The Committee inspected thirty-three samples of Spinach, of
which a report will be found on page 69.
Award Recommended :—
Award of Merit.

To ‘Improved Prickly,’ grown from seeds sent by Messrs.
Watkins & Simpson, Exeter Street, Strand, London.

FRUIT'‘AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 9, as:
Puitir Crowtey, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen’members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.

To Messrs. de Rothschild, Gunnersbury (gr. Mr. Hudson)
for pot trees of nectarines. This was a most interesting exhibit,

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. lxi

as Mr. Hudson had grown the trees of ‘Harly Rivers’ and
‘Lord Napier’ nectarines side by side under absolutely the same
conditions, the trees selected for the experiment being of the
same age from the graft, and of identical treatment from the
very first. The object was to test the relative merits of the
two varieties on the point of earliness, and the result was
manifest, for the fruits on the ‘ Karly Rivers’ trees were fully
ripe ; indeed, a dish had been taken off them on June 2, whereas
the fruit on the ‘ Lord Napier’ was still hard, and wanted yet
at least ten or twelve days more to mature, thus proving
‘ Karly Rivers’ to be under precisely and exactly similar con-
ditions a full fortnight or nearly three weeks earlier than ‘ Lord
Napier.’

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor Castle (gr. Mr. Owen
Thomas), for a collection of twenty-four varieties of early Straw-
berries grown in the open air. The earliest to ripen this year
at Windsor was ‘ Laxton’s No. 1,’ a few of which were gathered
on May 19, and a dishful on May 21. The plants were last
year’s runners, and planted in August on a warm border.
‘Noble’ came in a week later, and ‘John Ruskin’ a few days
only later. ‘ Leader’ is an enormous berry, a strong grower,
and a fine cropper, but it is lacking in flavour.

To Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson), for a collection
of Fruit and Vegetables.

To Messrs. EK. J. Dargeant, Stratton Vineries, Worthing
(gr. Mr. W. Kemp), for a collection of Melons and Capsicums.
Some of the Melons were very remarkable for the amount and
size of the netting, which exceeded anything ever seen in that
way before, though the flavour of the less netted ones was far
better.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To A. J. Howard, Esq., Worton Hall Gardens, Isleworth
gr. Mr. A. Pentney), for a collection of vegetables.

First Class Certificate.

To Melon ‘ Anthony’s Favourite’ (votes, 11 for, 3 against),
from Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson).
To Melon ‘Freston Tower’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr.

lxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Messenger, Wolverstone Park Gardens, Ipswich. It was a cross: |
between an unnamed seedling and ‘ Best of All.’

Award of Merit.

To Melon ‘ Frogmore Orange’ (votes, 9 for, 6 against), from.
Mr. Owen Thomas, Royal Gardens, Windsor.

Other Exhibits.

Mrs. Wingfield sent some fine specimens of ‘ Royal Sovereign ”
Strawberries and ‘ Karly Purple Globe’ Artichokes, very similar
in appearance to the flowerhead of a Cardoon.

Mr. Wythes brought some grand Cherries of a variety called.
‘Shreken’; also Potatos, Peas, and Cauliflowers.

Mr. Corbett, Mulgrave Castle, Whitby, sent a very handsome
new Tomato of excellent flavour called ‘Royal Sovereign.’ It
was requested that it might be tried at Chiswick.

Mr. Thos. Denny, Down House, Blandford, sent a Melon
‘Goodrich’s Nonesuch.’

Mr. Chapman, Colchester, sent some fine Asparagus and
Apple ‘ D’Arcy Spice.’

Messrs. Laxton sent a collection of Strawberries.

From the Karl of Radnor, Longford Castle (gr. Mr. Ward),
came a tray of the following varieties of Peas: ‘Telephone,’
‘ Telegraph,’ ‘ Duke of Albany,’ and ‘ Karly Favourite.’

Mr. Whittaker, Crewe Hall, sent a Melon ‘Crewe Hall
Seedling,’ a cross between ‘ Premier’ and ‘ Hero of Lockinge.’

Messrs. Daniels, Bergholt, sent ‘D’Arcy Spice’ Apple.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE AT CHISWICK,
JUNE 15, 1896.

Puitir Crow ey, Hsq., in the Chair, and twelve members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
First Class Certificate.

To Strawberry ‘ Countess’ (votes, 8 for, 1 against).
To Strawberry ‘ Edouard Lefort’ (votes, 6 for, 2 against).

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE; JUNE 283. lxiii

[Strawberry ‘Auguste Boisselot,’ which was greatly admired
by the Committee, received a First Class Certificate on July 8,

1890.]
(See Report on Strawberries, p. 71.)

Highly Commended (x x.x).

To Strawberries ‘ President ’ ; ‘ Newton Seedling’ ; ‘ Princess
Royal’; ‘ Acquisition.’

To Karly Turnips ‘Long White Forcing,’ from Messrs.
Vilmorin, Paris; ‘Purple-top Milan’; ‘ White Milan.’

To Pea ‘ Bountiful,’ from Messrs. Sutton, Reading.

Commended (x x).

To Pea ‘ Sutton’s Marrowfat,’ from Messrs. Sutton. |

It was resolved that in future trials of Peas the following
older standard varieties should be grown alongside the new ones,
Viz :—

Chelsea Gem. Duke of Albany.
William I. Autocrat.
Sharpe’s Queen. Ne plus ultra.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 23, 1896.

Puiuie Crow ey, Hsq., in the Chair, and nineteen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.
To the Hon. F.J. Savile Foljambe, Osberton Manor, Worksop

(gr. Mr. Crasp), for a collection of 14 handsome Queen Pine-
Apples.

Silver Banksian Medal. -
To Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas)

for a collection of 20 dishes of Strawberries and 20 dishes of
Cherries.

Cultwral Commendation.

To Mr. P. Blair, gardener to the Duke of Sutherland, Stoke-
on-Trent, for magnificent specimens of ‘ Lord Napier’ Nectarines.

lxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Other Exhibits :—

From Her Majesty’s gardens at Windsor also came a box of
Cucumbers ‘Frogmore Prolific,’ and fruits of a new Tomato
‘Royal Windsor,’ somewhat resembling ‘Blenheim Orange,’
which it was requested might be tried at Chiswick. Mr. Thomas
also sent three new Strawberries—1. ‘Sir Trevor Lawrence,’
a large conical wedge-shaped fruit, with a bright fresh flavour.
2. ‘Baron Schroder,’ a roundish fruit of fine flavour, and very
dark colour. 38. ‘ Dr. Masters,’ not unlike ‘ President ’ in appear-
ance, but with a distinct pine flavour, though in the specimens
sent it was rather flat.

With the above, also came a specimen of the ‘Sarda’ Melon,
a variety obtained in Kabul by Dr. Aitchison, F.R.S., of H.M.’s
Bengal Army. Dr. Aitchison, speaking of it as grown in
Afghanistan, says; ‘Sarda keeps well and is exported to India
in great quantity during the winter, where it is much appreciated
by both Europeans and natives. Europeans in India and else-
where have tried to raise from seed the Sarda Melon. This has
always proved a failure, the fruit produced being of a very ordin-
ary form, and never having the flavour of the Afghan fruit. The
word Sarda means cold, and subsequently came to mean the last
fruits of the season left hanging on the trees when the main
crop had been collected. ‘The Melon collected from the plants
that yield the Sarda whilst the season is hot, and there is no
frost, is, comparatively speaking, an ordinary good Melon, but
once the season is ending, and night frosts have set in, and the
plants are beginning to be nipped, the gardeners carefully cover
the fruit to prevent it from being injured by the frosts, and then
collect it when not quite ripe; these fruits ripen very slowly,
will keep through the whole winter, and in flavour seem to
improve the longer they are kept. Itis this treatment, I believe,
that constitutes the difference between the ordinary Melon and
the Sarda, and why gardeners out of Afghanistan and Persia
have not been able to produce the fine flavoured Peshawur
trade article, which, even in the old caravan, now railway, days
were carried in perfection to Southern India.’ The fruit sent
was of a pale white-yellow colour and shaped like a Watermelon,
the flavour being conspicuous more by its absence than anything
else, and the texture was decidedly tough. Mr. Thomas said of

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JUNE 23. lxv

it in a letter: ‘The specimen sent has been ripe for upwards of
a fortnight, and I think, if ripened late in the autumn, the fruit
would keep after being cut for some considerable time, and prove
useful as a winter dessert variety.’

Messrs. Laxton, Bedford, sent two boxes of Strawberry
‘Monarch’; also growing plants of Strawberries ‘Stevens’
Wonder ’ and ‘ Monsignor Dupanloup’ for comparison.

Mr. J. H. Fraser, Annan, sent a Strawberry ‘Thomas
Carlisle,’ the result of a cross between ‘ Dr. Hogg’ and ‘ Vicom-
tesse Hericart.’ The specimens sent were somewhat wanting in
flavour after their journey.

Mr. Wilkinson, Highlands, Minchin Hampton, sent a Melon
‘ Highlands Gem.’

Messrs. James Veitch, Chelsea, sent 17 varieties of Peas,
amongst them a new one called ‘ Pluperfect.’

Messrs. Sergeant, Worthing, sent Melons, Capsicums, and
Cabbages. Amongst the Melons one named ‘Coolgardie’
attracted some attention, being very sweet and luscious in
flavour.

Mr. G. Read, Brentley Park, Burton-on-Trent, sent a new
Melon.

R. Dawes, Esq., Castle Hill, Ealing (gr. Mr. Wickenden),
sent a Tomato ‘Kdmondscote Favourite,’ but it was not con-
sidered to be a sufficient advance on ‘ Blenheim Orange.’

Mr. Kckford, Wem, brought a new Pea named ‘Pioneer.’ It
was requested that it might be tried at Chiswick.

R. Burrell, Esq., Westley Hall, Bury St. Edmunds (gr. Mr.
Bishop), sent two seedling Melons 1. ‘Royal Horticultural
Society,’ an enormous fruit with very deep flesh, a cross between
‘Westley Hall’ and ‘High Cross Hybrid’; 2. ‘ Westley Defi-
ance,’ a cross between ‘ Sutton’s Monarch’ and ‘ Westley Hall,’
a very fine-looking green flesh Melon, with very deep flesh and
good texture, but a trifle wanting in flavour.

From Earl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), came a very
nice new Melon ‘Syon Gem,’ but it was considered rather too small.

Miss R. Cox, Ryde, sent a Strawberry ‘ John Cox.’

Report from Ph. Crowley, Esq., H. Balderson, Ksq., and
Rev. W. Wilks on Potatos, referred to on p. viil.

Both Potatos were cooked in precisely the same way—plain
boiled—on May 6.

lxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

‘Wythes’ Seedling ’—a round Potato, beautiful to look at—
was found when cooked to be soft, sweet, and pasty, not exactly
watery, but very starchy, and by no means an ideal ‘New’
Potato. It might prove good later on, but was as yet hardly
matured.

‘ Sheppard’s Seedling ’—a kidney Potato, very pretty to look
at—proved floury, with a pleasant sweet taste, but by no means
an ideal ‘ New’ Potato.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AT CHISWICK,
JUNE 29, 1896.

Mr. JoHN Wrigut in the Chair, and nine members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Highly Commended (x x x). [See also p. 64.]

To Peas ‘Sutton’s Prizewinner’; ‘ HKureka’; ‘Carter’s
Michaelmas’; ‘Boston Unrivalled’; ‘Hero of Trowbridge’ ;
‘Lord Granby’; ‘The Lord Mayor’; ‘The Gladstone’; ‘Tall
Butter Sugar.’

This last, from Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris, is a novelty in
Peas, as it is cooked exactly as itis gathered, the pods and all
being eaten. A dish of them was cooked for the Committee. The
Peas were decided to be well named, as they tasted exactly as if

butter and sugar had been stirred in amongst them, although
neither had been added. This Pea may be recommended to all
who are willing to try a strange and unusual vegetable which is
far nicer in taste than in appearance.

To Turnips ‘Jersey Lily’; Veitch’s ‘Red Garden Globe’ ;
Sutton’s ‘Early Snowball’; Cattel’s ‘Silver Ball’; ‘Flat
Forcing’; ‘ Green-top Stone.’

Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, sent a box of fruit
and some growing plants of a magnificent new Strawberry named
‘Veitch’s Perfection,’ a hybrid raised by Mr. Seden from ‘ British
Queen’ ¢ crossed with ‘Waterloo’ 9. It was found to be of
marvellous sweetness and flavour, the foliage and flavour being
markedly of ‘ British Queen’ type, and the colour of the fruit
almost as dark as ‘ Waterloo.’ It was unanimously resolved to
recommend a First Class Certificate to this Strawberry at the
next Committee meeting at Westminster.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. Ixvil

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-seven members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a group of
remarkably well-grown Primulas.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Mr. Box, Croydon, for a fine group of Primulas.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for Crotons,
Dracenas, Azaleas, Solanums, and small Orange trees bearing
good-sized fruit in great profusion.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, Norwood Road, S.E., for a
croup of highly-coloured Dracenas, the most beautiful varieties
being Willsii, Alberti, and Bartettii.

Other Exhibits.

From F. W. Moore, Esq., Glasnevin, came two varieties of
hardy Ericas.
Mr. G. McDougall, Ravenna Cottage, Stirling, exhibited
Ferns.
Mr. W. Bull, Chelsea, exhibited Asparagus retrofractus and
Pteris serrulata voluta.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, staged a pretty Rhodo-
dendron named Multicolor Ensign.

FrorRAL CoMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 11, 1896.
W. MarsHatt, Ksq., in the Chair, and thirty-three members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, for alarge group
of Camellias.

lIxviili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Mr. J. R. Box, Croydon, for a group of Primulas in great
variety.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Lord Suffield, Gunton Park, Norwich (gr. Mr. Allan), for
a group of Lachenalia Nelsonii.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for Begonias,
Bertolonias, Crotons, Palms, and Orchids.

To Mr. John May, St. Margaret’s, Twickenham, for a fine
display of Cyclamen ; the plants of dwarf habit carrying large
well-formed flowers of great substance.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a group of Blue
Primroses.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for Bertolonias
Anthuriums, Dracenas, Begonias, Palms, and Orchids.

To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for a group of Cyclamen.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for two boxes of exquisite
Roses.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a group of new
Primulas.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for Snowdrops,
Scillas, Chionodoxas, Primula obconica, and Narcissus.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for Snowdrops, Irises,
Lachenalias, Scillas, and Narcissus.
First Class Certificate.

To Leucoium carpaticum (votes, 14 for), from Mr. T. 8S.
Ware, Tottenham. Flowers borne in pairs on scapes 4 inches
in height; white, each segment tipped with green.

Award of Merit.

To Cyrtanthus parviflorus (votes, 22 for), from HK. H.
Woodall, Esq., Scarboro’ (gr. Mr. Hughes). Bright scarlet
flowers borne in umbels on long footstalks.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. lxix

To Cyclamen Vivid, strain of (votes, 18 for), from Mr. John
May, Twickenham. Plant of dwarf habit; crimson flowers
borne well above foliage.

Other Exhibits.

Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas),
sent specimens of Violet Marie Louise.

Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill House, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson),
staged a small group of Callas, Cyclamen, and Primulas.

Mr. H. Tubbenthal, Charlottenburg, Prussia, sent a collection
of Cyclamen flowers. |

From F. W. Moore, Esq., Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, came
a small group of cut flowers.

Mr. J. Friend, Rooksnest, Godstone, sent a very fine truss of
Rhododendron caucasicum album.

From Mr. John Sim, The Temple, Drumlithie, came a plant
of Asparagus medeoloides major.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, staged Rhododendrons
and Cinerarias.

Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth, sent flowers of Calla ‘ The
Godfrey’ and C. ‘ Devoniensis.’ The Committee asked to see
plants.

From Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, came a plant of
Lowrya campanulata.

Messrs. J. Carter & Co., High Holborn, staged anew Primula
named Carter’s Bouquet.

Tr. W. Bull, Chelsea, sent a collection of Chinese Primulas.

FuoRAL ComMMITTEE, Marcy 10, 1896.

W. MarsuHatu, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-six members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

‘To Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross, for a magnificent
eroup of Camellias.

Silver Gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for a non large
exhibit of Hyacinths and Tulips.
K

Ixx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for Cyclamen grown
in small pots. The plants were of dwarf habit, and carried
large flowers of varied colour and of great substance.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for a very fine group of
Roses.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Major Joicey, Sunningdale Park, Ascot (gr. Mr. Thorne),
for a group of Cyclamen.

To the Earl of Jersey, Osterley Park, Isleworth (gr. Mr.
Hawkes), for a group of Cyclamen.

To Messrs. J. James & Son, Farnham Royal, Slough, for a
eroup of Cinerarias, the plants being of very dwarf habit.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a group of Blue
Primroses.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, for a group of
forcing plants, consisting of Staphylleas, Azaleas, Laburnums,
Crategus, and Lilacs.

To Mr. A. G. Bowles, Hanwell, for a group of Cyclamen.

To Mr. T. 8. Ware, Tottenham, for a display of hardy
flowers, Narcissus, Tulips, Anemones, Scillas, and Irises.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a group of
dwarf Cinerarias.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for Crotons, Cala-
diums, Acacias, Dracenas, Orchids, and small Orange trees in
fruit.

To Mr. J. R. Box, Croydon, for a group of Cinerarias.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for Begonias,
Ericas, Draceenas, Palms, Imantophyllums, and Dendrobiums.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
flowers, Irises, Hellebores, Saxifrages, and Narcissus.

First Class Certificate.

To Asparagus Sprengeri (votes, unanimous), from J. T.
Bennett-Poé, Ksq., Cheshunt. A vigorous growing species of
distinct and graceful habit. Leaves long, narrow, and of a
bright green colour.

tes]

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. lxxi

To Saxifraga (Megasea) Stracheyi (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt. Flowers borne on long racemes,
colour blush white.

Award of Merit.

To Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) Lady Winifred Gore (votes,
20 for), from the Hon. W. F. D. Smith, Esq., M.P., Henley-on-
Thames (gr. Mr. Perkins). Large, deep crimson flowers.

To Lachenalia Cawston Gem (votes, 12 for), from Mr. C. G.
Van Tubergen,jun., Haarlem. Yellowish green. Flowers borne
very freely on stout stems.

To Cupressus Lawsoniana filifera (votes, 15 for), from Messrs.
Paul & Son. A very graceful form with long pendulous growths
of a deep green colour.

To Saxifraga oppositifolia major (votes, 16 for, 1 against),
from Messrs. Paul & Son. Plant of very dwarf habit, with
bright rosy-purple flowers borne in great profusion.

To Pteris Boultoni (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. A very distinct and handsome Pteris with long
fronds and narrow, graceful pinne beautifully crimpled at the
margins.

Cultural Commendation.

To the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Highgate (gr. Mr. Willard),
for a beautiful group of Begonia Gloire de Sceaux.

To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for a remarkably well-grown plant
of Calla Elliottiana.

Other Exhibits.

Her Majesty the Queen, Osborne (gr. Mr. Nobbs), sent a
large bunch of very fine violets.

I’. W. Moore, Esq. Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, sent a very
large truss of the beautiful Rhododendron grande.

W.C. Walker, Esq., Percy Lodge, Winchmore Hill (er. Mr.
Cragg), exhibited an Amaryllis named Claudii.

Dowager Lady Bowman, Dorking (gr. Mr. Cornish), sent
Hpigea repens and hardy Primulas.

W. M. Bullivant, Esq., Eden Park, Beckenham (gr. Mr.
Crosswell), staged a magnificent plant of Cyclamen Giant
White.

K 2

Ixxil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

From B. Hooke, Esq., The Towers, Hillingdon, came a collec-
tion of Helleborus orientalis in variety.

Mr. E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill, exhibited specimens of
Tree Carnation Winter Bride.

Mr. W. Bull, Chelsea, exhibited plants of Nidularium
TInnocentii striatum, Geonoma acaulis, Crinum Mooreivariegatum,
and Croton Prince of Orange. The Committee asked to see the
two first again.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent small plants of
Senecio Greyii, S. compactus, and Olearia nummulariefolia.
The Committee also asked to see these again.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, Marcu 24, 1896.

W. MarsHatu, Ksq., in the Chair, and twenty-five "members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To the St. George’s Nursery Co., Hanwell, for a group of
Cyclamen ; plants of dwarf habit, each carrying large finely-
developed flowers, varying in shades from pure white to deep
crimson.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of hardy flowers
consisting of Primulas, Cyclamen, Irises, Daffodils, and
Fritillarias.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for Boronias,
Dracenas, Hydrangeas, Caladiums, Palms, and Orchids.

To Messrs. J. Carter & Co., High Holborn,’for a very fine
group of Cinerarias. Plants of a dwarf, sturdy habit.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To H. H. Gibbs, Esq., Aldenham House, Elstree, Herts (gr.
Mr. Beckett), for a group of Calla Little Gem.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
herbaceous and Alpine plants.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate,for|Ericas, Palms,
Azaleas Deutzias, Tree Peeonies, and Malmaison Carnations.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MARCH 24, lxxiil

Fic. 5.—FRivTiLuaria pupica. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

lxxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To W. Stacey, Esq., West Drayton, for a small group of
Cyclamen.
To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a group of Amaryllis,
hardy shrubs and Alpine plants.
To Messrs. B. 8. Wiliams & Son, Upper Holloway, for a
eroup of Clivias and hardy Azaleas.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for Zonal Pelar-
goniums.

First Class Certificate.

To Deutzia Lemoinei (votes, 17 for), from Messrs. T. Cripps &
Son, Tunbridge Wells. A very handsome variety of dwarf habit
and exceptionally floriferous. Flowers small, white, borne in
compact trusses.

To Fritillaria pudica (votes, 11 for, 4 against), from Messrs.
R. Wallace & Co. and Mr. T. 8. Ware. The pretty bell-shaped
flowers are of a deep golden yellow, shaded with orange red.
(Fig. 5.)

Award of Merit.

To Anthurium Rothschildianum maximum (votes, 14 for),
from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gr.
Mr. Bain). A very fine variety bearing large spathes, spotted
and marbled with crimson on a white ground.

To Anthurium pumilum (votes, 11 for, 1 against), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A very dwarf compact growing variety,
with small deep-green lanceolate leaves, and medium sized
roundish spathes ; colour scarlet, heavily spotted with crimson.

To Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) Rosalind (votes, 10 for, 4
against), from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. Flowers of
medium size, orange scarlet, running into white, with a green
centre.

To Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) Eros (votes, 15 for), from Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons. Flowers large, white, streaked and flushed
with deep pink.

To Tulipa Hichleri (votes, 8 for), from Messrs. Barr & Son.
Flowers bright crimson, with darker centre.

To Bellis perennis, ‘ The Bride’ (votes, 9 for, 5 against),
from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons. Large white flowers, borne on
stout footstalks.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 7. lxxv

Other Exhibits.

J. T. Bennett-Poé, Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt, sent flowers
of Anthurium Andreanum maximum.

From Mrs. Crawford, Gatton Lodge, Reigate (gr. Mr.
Slogrove), came two seedling Clivias.

Miss B. Tomlinson, Chellaston, Derby, sent one white Rose
blossom—a sport from Maréchal Niel. The Committee asked to

see three flowers.
W. H. Pownall, Esq., Whitford House, St. Margaret’s,

Twickenham, exhibited Camellias.
From Mr. W. Bull, Chelsea, came a small group of Clivias

Imantophyllums.
Messrs. Stroud Bros., Finsbury Park, showed a peculiar

crested form of Pteris serrulata.
From T. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells, came a small group

of hardy flowering shrubs.
Mr. Perry, Winchmore Hill, sent a Fritillaria named

pluriflora.

FLORAL ComMITTEE, APRIL 7, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-one members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, for a fine group

of plants, consisting of Acacias, Rhododendrons, Boronias, Kalmia
latifolia, Ericas, Indian and Ghent Azaleas, Magnolias, and

Palms.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy

herbaceous and Alpine plants.
To Mr. W. Rumsey, Waltham Cross, for pot Roses, with

several boxes of very fine cut blooms.
To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of

foliage and flowering plants.

Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for a large collection of
Roses.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a group of Roses, both
standards and dwarfs, in pots.

To Mr. Frank Cant, Colchester, for Roses.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for an interesting group
of dwarf hardy flowering shrubs, amongst them being Corylopsis
pauciflora, Daphne Genkwa, and Rhododendron racemosum. »

Award of Merit.

To Rose Clara Watson (H. T.) (votes, 15 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt. A vigorous and free blooming
variety of good form. Flowers large, white, flushed with salmon
pink.

To Stock White Forcing Purity (votes, 14 for), from Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, Reading. A variety of dwarf habit bearing large
pure white flowers.

To Polygala chamebuxus purpurea (votes, 10 for, 5 against),
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A very dwarf-growing, hardy,
evergreen shrub. Leaves small, lanceolate, stiff, and deep green
in colour. Flowers small, the outer petals purple, and the inner
ones yellow.

To Arctotis aureola (votes, 10 for, 2 against), from Messrs.
W. Cutbush & Sons. A very old plant with much divided pale
ereen leaves, and large orange-red coloured flowers.

Other Exhibits.

From Wickham Noakes, Esq., Leatherhead, came a large
well-grown Caladium named Noakesi.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, sent Streptocarpus
Blue King and Arisema speciosa.

Messrs. Fellowes & Ryder, Orpington, exhibited a Hippeastrum
named Mrs. Makins.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 21. lxxvli

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, APRIL 21, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Ksq., in the Chair, and twenty-three members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a very large group
of greenhouse and hardy plants, Boronias, Pimelias, Ferns,
Anthuriums, Marantas, Spireas, Callas, and Blue Primroses.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for some exceptionally fine
Roses.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. H. B. May, Upper Edmonton, for a beautiful collection
of Ferns.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a group of herbaceous
plants, hardy trees and shrubs, &c.

To Mr. John Walker, Thame, for a collection of Roses.

To the Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Millmead, Guildford,
for a very pretty group of Alpine plants tastefully arranged
amongst rocks.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for a collection of hardy
flowers.

To Mr. Frank Cant, Colchester, for four boxes of Roses in
excellent condition.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a fine collection
of Gloxinias.

To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for a group of Primula Sieboldi
in great variety.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To F. W. Moore, Esq., Glasnevin, Dublin, for an interesting
eroup of hardy shrubs; amongst them being Prunus Padus
cornuta, Cytisus biflorus, C. monspeliensis, and Pyrus spectabilis
rosea.

To. Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
Clivias, Spireea confusa, Palms, Ferns, and Azaleas.

To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for a group of hardy
shrubs and herbaceous flowers.

lxxVlli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, N., for a group of
double Ghent Azaleas.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To the Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Castle, Grantham (gr. Mr.
Divers), for specimens of Rhododendrons, Magnolias, Amal-
anchiers, Azara microphylla, &e.

To Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, for a
group of Hippeastrums and Tree Peonies.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
flowers.

First Class Certificate.

To Myosotis Rehsteineri (votes, 12 for), from Messrs. Paul &
Son, Cheshunt. A dwarf free-growing species bearing small
pale blue flowers.

To Juniperus communis aurea (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Paul & Son. A pendulous form of the common Juniper
in which the young leaves are heavily tipped with yellow.

Award of Merii.

To Anthurium Rothschildianum elegans (votes, 9 for), from
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gr. Mr.
Bain). Spathe of medium size, colour pale rose, spotted and
splashed with scarlet.

To Wallflower Harpur Crewe (votes, unanimous), from W.
Marshall, Esq., Auchinraith, Bexley, and Messrs. Paul & Son.
Plant of dwarf habit, with small semi-double flowers of a bright
yellow colour.

To Double Cinerarias, strain of (votes, 11 for, 1 against),
from Sir Henry Peto, Bart., Misterton, Crewkerne (gr. Mr.
Button). A very fine strain, with large violet-rose coloured
flowers.

To Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) Viscountess Hambleden (votes,
unanimous), from the Hon. W. F. D. Smith, Esq., M.P., Henley-
on-Thames. A distinct variety with large flowers of fine form ;
colour crimson, shaded with greenish white in the throat.

To Maranta major (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons, Chelsea. A very fine ornamental foliage plant with
large bright green ovate leaves.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, APRIL 21. Ixxix

To Rhododendron Schlippenbachii (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A distinct, new, hardy variety.
Flowers borne in great profusion, colour soft pink, spotted on the
upper segments with crimson.

To Cerasus pseudo-cerasus (Bastard Cherry) (votes, 13 for),
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A very free-flowering hardy
tree, with semi-double pale pink flowers.

To Carnation Countess of Carrington (votes, 13 for), from
Mr. C. Turner, Slough. Large, clear sulphur-yellow flowers.

To Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) Hon. Maurice Gifford (votes,
8 for), from Messrs. B. §. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway. A
very handsome variety bearing large, well-formed flowers of a
deep crimson colour.

To Primula Dr. Jameson (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Silver & Co., Norbury. A dwarf, free-flowering variety, carrying
large purplish coloured flowers.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill House, Ampthill (gr. Mr. W. J.
Empson), for a finely flowered plant of Trillium grandiflorum.

Other Exhibits :—

J. H. Arkwright, Esq., Hampton Court, Leominster, exhibited
a very large flowered Primrose, named Evelyns Beacon.

W. Chadwick, Esq., Arksey Hall (gr. Mr. Butcher), sent
seedling Primrose.

Mr. I. 8. Heward, High Street, Littlehampton, staged speci-
mens of Carnation Lady Edmund Talbot.

Mr. C. J. Van Tubergen, Haarlem, sent Erythronium
Johnsonii. The Committee asked to see this again.

From Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, came a Wallflower
named Eastern Queen.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, sent a plant of Calla
Pentlandii (Laing’s var.).

From Mr. R. Dean, Ealing, came a group of gold-laced
Polyanthus.

Ixxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FrorAL ComMitTTER, May 5, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-six members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for a superb collection of cut
Roses.

Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a group of Anthu- ~
riums, Begonias, Marantas, Boronias, Clianthus, Leschenaultias,
and dwarf Japanese hardy flowering shrubs.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
plants—Tulips, Peonies, Phloxes, and Primulas.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking
(gr. Mr. Bain), for a collection of Anthuriums, including several
new varieties, and some very fine unnamed seedlings.

To W.J. Caparn, Esq., Oundle, Northampton, for a collection
of paintings of Irises and Narcissus.

To Mr. J. Walker, Thame, for a collection of Tulips and
Maréchal Niel Roses.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, for a group of
foliage and flowering plants, Palms, Boronias, Ericas.

To Mr. W. Rumsey, Waltham Cross, for a group of Roses.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of hardy flowers—
Primulas, Dielytras, Irises, Ramondia pyrenaica, Fritillarias,
Tree Ponies.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a group of Roses,
Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Lilacs, and herbaceous plants in great
variety.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a collection of
Tulips and herbaceous flowers.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a group of
plants—Dracznas, Crotons, Pimelias, Gloxinias, Cannas.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
Azaleas, Caladiums, Pandanus Veitchi, and dwarf Cannas.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 5. Ixxxi

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for hardy herba-
ceous and Alpine plants.

To Messrs. Kelway & Son, Langport, for a group of Peonies,
Trises, and Delphiniums.

To Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, for a group of hardy
herbaceous flowers.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for Caladiums, Crotons,
Dracenas, and Anthuriums.

To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for an interesting
exhibit of hardy flowering shrubs.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To S. L. Still, Esq., Lismore, Woodside, Wimbledon Park
(gr. Mr. Curtis), for a small group of Amaryllis, Calceolarias,
Pelargoniums, and Auriculas.

First Class Certificate.

To Posoqueria longiflora (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
W. Balchin & Sons, Hassocks, Sussex. A very old-fashioned
stove plant, bearing in dense clusters pure white, tubular, sweetly-
scented flowers.

Award of Merit.

To Canna Roi des Rouges (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. Bain). Large deep crimson
flowers. A magnificent variety.

To Pteris Drinkwaterii (votes, 14 for), from Messrs. Stroud
Brothers, 182 Green Lanes, N. ‘The divisions of the fronds are
an inch in width and of a bright green colour. A vigorous grower.

To Acer palmatum linearifolium (votes, 8 for), from Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons. A pretty Japanese Maple with finely-cut pale
green foliage.

To Pyrus Malus floribunda Scheideckerii (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross and Messrs. Paul
& Son, Cheshunt. An exceptionally free-flowering, hardy tree.
Flowers larger than the type and of a beautiful rose-pink colour.

To Tulip The Sultan (votes, 10 for, 8 against), from Messrs.
Barr & Son. Colour, very deep maroon.

To Tulipa saxatilis (votes, 15 for), from Messrs. Barr & Son.
Flowers small, the upper portion of each petal pale rose, the
base deep golden yellow.

lxxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Tulipa vitellina (votes, 15 for), from Messrs. Barr & Son.
A variety with large sulphur-yellow flowers.

To Rose Mrs. Frank Cant (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
Frank Cant, Colchester. A cross between Gabriel Luizet and.
Baroness Rothschild. A vigorous-growing variety, bearing large
soft pink flowers.

To Rhododendron Profusion (votes, 7 for), from Messrs. Paul
& Son. <A very handsome, hardy variety. Large rosy-pink
flowers borne in dense clusters.

To Cardamine pratense fl. pl. Miss Jekyll (votes, 11 for),
from Messrs. Paul & Son. A very pretty free-flowering semi-
double form of a pale lilac colour.

To Zonal Pelargonium King of Denmark (votes, 9 for), from
Mr. R. Jensen, Chingford. A distinct variety of dwarf habit,
bearing large semi-double, pale salmon-pink flowers,

Other Exhibits :—

The Director, Royal Gardens, Kew, sent a group of beautiful
and rare Rhododendrons and a very fine collection of Tulips.

From Professor M. Foster, F'.R.S., Cambridge, came a very
interesting collection of unnamed seedling Irises raised by the
exhibitor.

Martin R. Smith, Esq., The Warren, Hayes (gr. Mr. Blick),
exhibited specimens of Malmaison Carnation Nell Gwynne.

A. H. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Carshalton (gr. Mr.
Cummins), sent Ismene Amances.

Mr. W. B. Hartland, Cork, exhibited a small group of Tulips.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, Herts, staged a group
of hardy flowers.

FLorRAL ComMITTEE, May 19, 1896.
TEMPLE GARDENS.
W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-three members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
First Class Certificate.

To Buddleia Colvillei (votes, unanimous), from W. E.
Gumbleton, Esq., Belgrove, Queen’s Town, Cork. The pretty

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 19. Ixxxili

tubular-shaped flowers are borne in long racemes; colour bright
rosy-pink, shaded with white in the throat. A very rare shrub.

To Davallia Truffautiana (votes, unanimous), from M. M.
Linden, Brussels. A handsome species, with long graceful
arching fronds. Pinne deeply cut, and of a light green colour.

To Philodendron Devansayanum (votes, 9 for), from M. M.
Linden. A new and distinct ornamental foliage plant of good
habit, with ovate, leathery, deep green leaves, one foot across by
fifteen inches in length.

To Platycerium Veitchii (votes, 7 for), from Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons, Chelsea. A handsome Stag’s Horn Fern, with large
fronds deeply cut at the apex; colour pale green.

To Alsophila atrovirens (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F.
Sander & Co., St. Albans. A strong growing variety with
massive fronds of a deep green colour; pinnez much divided and
beautifully crinkled.

To Phenix Rebelenii (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F.
Sander & Co. A distinct and very graceful Palm. Fronds two
feet long ; colour deep green.

To Calamus ciliaris (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F.
Sander & Co. A very beautiful Palm with small deep green
fronds. A handsome table plant.

To Anthurium Triumphans (votes, 8 for), from Messrs. J.
Laing & Sons, Forest Hill. A very fine variety. Spathe large,
of a soft pink colour.

Award of Merit.

To Malmaison Carnation Lady Grimston (votes, unanimous),
from Martin R. Smith, Esq., The Warren, Hayes (gr. Mr. Blick).
A handsome variety with large flowers. The ground colour is
ereamy white, flaked with crimson.

To Malmaison Carnation Lord Rosebery (votes, unanimous),
from Martin R. Smith, Esq. (gr. Mr. Blick). Flowers of good
form, and of a deep crimson colour.

To Border Carnation Mephisto (votes, 7 for), from Mr. J.
Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookham. Flowers large and sweetly
scented; colour deep crimson.

To Border Carnation Mrs. Eric Hambro (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. J. Douglas. A very large pure white-flowered variety.

To Clematis Crimson Beauty (votes, 10 for), from Messrs. G.

lxxxly PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Jackman & Son, Woking. A distinct and free-blooming variety.
Flowers tubular, colour crimson, shaded with purple.

To Adiantum lineatum (votes, unanimous), from M. M.
Linden. A new Fern of dwarf habit. Fronds deeply cut, colour
bright green with silver veins.

To Bertonerilla Mdlle. Jean Linden (votes, 5 for), from M. M.
Linden. An ornamental foliage plant. Leaves small, silvery
grey in the centre, margined with dark green and heavily studded
with silvery grey dots.

To Caladium Duchess of Teck (votes, 7 for), from Messrs. J.
Peed & Sons, West Norwood. A very dwarf-growing variety.
Leaves creamy-white, margined with green.

To Begonia Queen of Begonias (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
J. R. Box, Croydon. Flowers large, double, and of fine form ;
colour bright orange.

To Hybrid Tea Rose Grand Duc A. de Luxembourg (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross. A
handsome variety, of good form; colour deep rose, tinted with
orange.

To Iris australis (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Kelway
& Son, Langport. Flowers deep purple. Very distinct.

To Single Pyrethrum Golconda (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Kelway & Son. Flowers of medium size; colour crimson
scarlet.

To Begonia Souvenir de Jean Bart (votes, 6 for), from Messrs.
F. Sander & Co. A distinct variety of the Rex section. Leaves
large, the central portion silvery grey with a broad margin of
bronzy green and dotted with silvery grey spots.

To Begonia Pride of Castlewellan (votes, 5 for), from Messrs.
F. Sander & Co. A handsome foliage Begonia, dark green
ground heavily blotched with silver.

To Sonerila Silver Queen (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
F. Sander & Co. Leaves silvery grey with very fine veinings.

To Hypericum Moserianum tricoler (for forcing purposes)
(votes, 7 for), from Messrs. F. Sander & Co. A dwarf variety
with long arching shoots. Leaves pale green, margined witli
bright red.

To Trollius caucasicus Orange Globe (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, Hants. A magnificent
variety with large deep golden yellow flowers.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, MAY 19. lxxxv

To Rhododendron H. M. Arderne (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt. A hybrid from R. Fortunei.
Flowers pink, tinged with white. Sweetly scented. A distinct
and handsome variety.

To Rhododendron Helen Paul (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Paul & Son. Flowers borne in large trusses, colour soft
pink margined with rose-pink.

To Canna Madame Pichou (votes, 10 for), from Messrs. Paul
& Son. <A dwarf-growing variety with flowers of medium size,
colour yellow, spotted and splashed with crimson.

To Begonia Duchess of Fife (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
J. Laing & Sons. Flowers large, single, with deeply serrated
margins; colour pale pink. A magnificent variety.

To Gloxinia Stanstead Gem (votes, 9 for), from Messrs. J.
Laing & Sons. Flowers large, erect; colour deep violet purple,
margined with white.

To Carnation The Gift (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C.
Turner, Slough. Flowers of good form, yellow ground flaked
with crimson.

To Malmaison Carnation Little John (votes, 6 for), from Mr.
C. Turner. A magnificent variety with large bright red flowers.

To Carnation Loveliness (votes, 9 for), from Mr. C. Turner.
A very bold, free-flowering variety. Flowers large, petals smooth,
colour soft pink.

To Carnation Cardinal Wolsey (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. C. Turner. A distinct and beautiful variety. Flowers
large, orange yellow ground flaked with crimson scarlet.

To Gloxinia Adela (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons. Flowers of medium size, crimson, margined with white.
Throat sulphur yellow spotted with crimson.

To Phyllocactus Ovis (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. A very handsome variety. Flowers large,
colour pale rose-pink.

To Phyllocactus Elatior (votes, unanimous) from Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons. Flowers very rich scarlet tinged with
purple.

To Phyllocactus Ena (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. Flowers large, semi-double, orange scarlet with
purple edges.

To Phyllocactus Eurasian (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.

L

lxxxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

J. Veitch & Sons. A very fine variety. Flowers large, orange
scarlet suffused with magenta-purple.

To Caladium Silver Cloud (votes, 7 for), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. Leaves of medium size, creamy white ground
suffused with green and margined with a deeper shade.

To Caladium Sir Julian Goldsmid (votes, 5 for, 4 against),
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. Leaves large, the ground white
suffused with red and blotched with crimson.

To Caladium Duchess of Connaught (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. Leaves of medium size, pale
green suffused with pink.

To Azalea mollis hybrid Mons. Desbois (votes, 8 for), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A very fine improvement on the
type. Flowers large, colour bright orange. Very floriferous.

To Azalea Diamond (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. A large-flowered hardy variety. Flowers
borne in dense clusters, colour blush white, the upper petals
blotched with crimson.

Other Exhibits.

J. T. Bennett-Poé, Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt, staged a
group of well-flowered Streptosolen Jamesoni.

From R. Irwin Lynch, Hsq., Botanic Garden, Cambridge,
came an interesting group of cut flowers.

Mr. A. Rhodes, Swincars, Guisley, Leeds, sent Forget-me-not
Princess Victoria.

Mr. T. S. Boulton, 17 Tyrrell Road, East Dulwich, staged a
pretty Fern named Pteris Boultoni, which received an Award of
Merit on March 10, 1896.

From Mr. G. Stevens, Putney, came two varieties of Car-
nations.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 9, 1896.

W. Marsuatu, Esq., in the Chair, and thirty members present.

Awards Recommended : —
Silver Gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Kelway & Son, Langport, for a magnificent group
of hardy flowers consisting of Peonies, Gaillardias, Delphiniums,
Irises, Pyrethrums, and Campanulas.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. Ixxxvii

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for hardy flowers in
great variety, with plants of Styrax Japonica and Syringa
japonica and a fine collection of dwarf-growing Cannas.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a group of hardy
flowers—Peonies, Hemerocallis, Cannas, Irises, Phloxes and a
large collection of Roses,

Silver Flora Medal.

To Lord Aldenham, Aldenham House, Elstree (gr. Mr.
Beckett), for a superb collection of Streptocarpi.

To Mr. G. Prince, Oxford, for a beautiful collection of Roses.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
foliage and flowering plants—Caladiums, Bertolonias, Crotons,
Azaleas, and Gloxinias.

To The Guildford Hardy Plant Co., Millmead, Guildford, for
a pretty group of hardy plants—Cypripedium spectabile,
Saxifrages, Heucheras, Dianthus, Ferns, &c.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for a large group
of Malmaison Carnations.

To Messrs. G. Cooling & Sons, Bath, for a group of old-
fashioned and other garden Roses.

To Mr. C. Turner, Slough, for a group of Carnations.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for hardy flowers.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a group of dwarf-
growing Cannas.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a group of plants
consisting largely of Orchids, Dracenas, Palms, Gloxinias, and
Aralias.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes), for
a group of Malmaison Carnations. Plants of dwarf, sturdy habit,
with large flowers of great substance.

To A. J. Howard, Esq., Isleworth (gr. Mr. Pentney), for a
group of Tree and Border Carnations.

To Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, for a group of
Trises, Calochortus, Ixias, and Liliums.

To Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, for a group of hardy
flowers, amongst which were Ponies, Phloxes, Irises, Campanulas,
and Liliums.

L 2

Ixxxvilll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, for a group of Roses.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of dwarf-
growing Cannas in great variety.

To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, for a group of herbaceous
flowers.

To Mr. B. Ladhams, Southampton, for a very fine group of
unnamed seedling Pinks.

To Mr. A. Waterer, Knap Hill, for two boxes of unnamed
seedling Rhododendrons.

First Class Certificate.

To Brodiza Howelli lilacina (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
R. Wallace & Co., Colchester. A very pretty, free-flowering
hardy bulbous plant. Flowers borne in umbels, colour bluish-
lilac tipped with white.

To Eremurus robustus (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. Flowers borne on spikes 8 to 9 feet in height,
the upper half covered with lovely soft pink blooms from 1 to 2
inches in diameter. The plant is hardy, but the young growth
is very liable to he killed by frost in early spring, and then the
whole plant usually dies.

Award of Merit.

To Border Carnation Nabob (votes, unanimous), from
Martin R. Smith, Ksq., Hayes Common (gr. Mr. Blick). Flowers
large, of good substance ; colour pale terra-cotta.

To Border Carnation Her Grace (votes, unanimous), from
Martin R. Smith, Esq. Flowers large, of good form, and of a
pretty shade of pink.

To Clove-scented Carnation Admiration (votes, unanimous),
from the Duke of Marlborough, Blenheim, Woodstock (gr. Mr.
Whillans). Flowers very large; colour rich golden yellow.

To Brodiza ixioides erecta (votes, 13 for), from Messrs. R.
Wallace & Co. A distinct and handsome variety, with clear
golden yellow flowers.

To Peony Margaret Attwood (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. R. Wallace & Co. Flowers semi-double, white with
yellow disc.

To Prony The Mikado (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. R.
Wallace & Co. A distinct single-flowered variety, with large,

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. lxxxix

deep rose-coloured flowers with a mass of petaloid anthers in the
centre.

To Pelargonium Persimmon (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
Ladds, Swanley. A sport from EK. Perkins. Plant of dwarf
habit, carrying very large trusses of bright scarlet flowers, the
upper petals blotched with crimson.

To Delphinium Geneva (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Kelway & Son, Langport. Flowers semi-double ; colour sky-blue,
the inner petals mauve.

To Delphinium Albert Edward (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Kelway & Son. Flowers semi-double; colour deep
violet blue shaded with purple.

To Begonia phosphorescens (votes, 11 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate. A very dwarf and exception-
ally free-flowering tuberous bedding variety. Flowers bright
scarlet.

To Heuchera micrantha (votes, 17 for, 5 against), from Messrs.
W. Cutbush & Sons. A beautiful rock plant bearing long
branching spikes, with small blush-coloured flowers.

To Iris pallida foliis variegatis (votes, unanimous), from The
Guildford Hardy Plant Nursery, Millmead, Guildford. A
variegated form, of dwarf habit, with lilac-blue flowers.

To Canna Austria (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch
& Sons. Flowers deep golden yellow Slightly spotted with
crimson.

To Carnation Virgo (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C. Turner,
Slough. Flowers soft yellow tipped and splashed with rosy pink.

To Carnation Delos (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C. Turner.
Flowers large, well formed ; colour crimson scarlet.

To Carnation Ness (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C. Turner.
A very handsome variety, with large deep crimson flowers.

To Rosa rugosa (Roseapples) (votes, 11 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt. Flowers large, semi-double ;
colour bright rose. Very distinct.

To Rosa rugosa fimbriata (votes, 9 for), from Messrs. Paul
& Son). A very handsome semi-double variety. Flowers large,
blush-pink, with beautifully fimbriated margins.

To H. P. Rose Royal Scarlet (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Paul & Son. Flowers single, clear scarlet.

To Canna George Paul (votes, 12 for), from Messrs. Paul &

XG PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Son. Plant dwarf habit, with bronzy green foliage, and large
orange scarlet flowers.

Cultural Commendation.

To J. 'T. Bennett-Poé, Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt, for a
very large plant of Carpenteria californica covered with blossoms.

Other Exhibits :-—

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gr.
Mr. Bain), sent a very fine collection of named Pentstemons.

J. T. Bennett-Poé, Esq., Cheshunt, showed specimens of
Linaria macedonica.

G. Yeld, Esq., Clifton Cottage, York, staged a very nice col-
lection of Seedling Irises and Hemerocallis.

From J. P. Morgan, Esq., Roehampton (gr. Mr. McLeod),
came three dwarf Caladiums.

C. F. Thompson, Esq., Llandaff, Swansea, sent a group of
cut flowers.

Mr. Neave, Hampton Court House Gardens, Hampton Court,
showed a tree Carnation named Agnes.

From Mr. J. Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookham, Surrey,
came a collection of Carnations. .

Mr. A. Young, Oxted, Surrey, sent specimens of a Geranium
named Louisa Churchill.

Messrs. W. Balchin & Sons, Hassocks, Sussex, staged Carna-
tion Mrs. Kate Balchin and Posoqueria multiflora.

Mr. G. Stevens, Putney, sent three Seedling Carnations.

From Mr. R. Dean, Ealing, came Campanulas and Antir-
rhinums.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 238, 1896.

W. MarsHattu, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To H. V. Machin, Esq., Gateford, Worksop, for a beautiful
collection of Roses.

To Mr. H. Eckford, Wem, Salop, for a very large assortment
of Sweet Peas.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JUNE 23. XCl

To Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, for a group of
flowers consisting of Lilies, Irises, Brodizas and a very fine dis-
play of Calochorti.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of Statice
profusa and 8. Butcheri. Plants of dwarf habit with fine clear
foliage and large panicles of flowers.

To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a group of hardy
flowering shrubs, amongstthem Hscallonia Philippiana, a slender-
erowing variety bearing small white flowers in great profusion,
Andromeda speciosa cassinefolia and Cornus stricta.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
flowers.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, Herts, fora group
of hardy flowers.

First Class Certificate.

To Astilbe chinensis (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain). A very
eraceful plant bearing large branching panicles of small blush-
pink sweet-scented flowers.

To Anthurium Lawrenceanum (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart. A superb variety with large pure white
spathes.

To Anthurium Andreanum Kelly’s var. (votes, 5 for), from
Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans. A very fine variety with
large salmon-red spathes.

Award of Merit.

To Carnation Hope (votes, 7 for, 5 against), from J. Wynne
Ffonlkes, Esq., Chester. Plant of good habit with pure white
flowers.

To Asparagus tenuissimus albanensis (votes, 7 for), from
Messrs. F’. Sander & Co. A very graceful variety of dwarf habit
with long narrow pale green leaves.

To Geum Heldreichi (votes, unanimous), from Mr. A. Perry,

x¢cli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Winchmore Hill. Flowers of medium size, colour bright orange
red. Very distinct.

To Canna Italia (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch &
Sons, Chelsea. A magnificent variety with large deep yellow
flowers blotched and streaked with orange red.

To Calochortus Eldorado, strain of (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. R. Wallace & Co. A magnificent strain with
large flowers of great substance; colours varying from pure
white through various shades of pink and salmon to deep
purple.

To Chrysanthemum frutescens nivale compactum (votes,
unanimous), from Mr. H. B. May, Upper Edmonton. A dwarf
free-flowering Marguerite. Flowers of medium size, pure white,
and borne well above the foliage.

To Iris Kempferi Chiyo (votes, 8 for), from Messrs. Barr &
Son. Large lavender flowers shaded with blue.

Other Exhibits.

Mrs. North, Avery Hill, Eltham, Kent (gr. Mr. Abbey), sent
a new Pansy named Colonel North.

H. Grinling, Esq., Stanmore, sent a well-grown plant of
Gloxinia Mrs. Grinling with large bright crimson flowers.

From W. G. Soper, Esq., Harestone, Caterham Valley,
Surrey, came specimens of Dimorphotheca Ecklonis. A very
pretty plant bearing sweet-scented Marguerite-like flowers ;
colour white, the under surface of the petals suffused with blue.
The Committee asked to see this again, with a note as to its
hardiness or the reverse.

Allan Chandler, Esq., Haslemere, sent a Delphinium named
HKthel Hutchinson.

C. F. Thompson, Esq., Llandaff, Swansea, sent a group of
cut flowers.

Mr. John Hazelby, Station Road, Hampton, staged a small
group of Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums.

From Mr. J. Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookham, came a few
choice Carnations.

Messrs. Ivery & Son, Dorking, staged two well-flowered
plants of Clematis Lady Ashcombe.

Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, sent a group of Antirrhinum
Yellow Queen and Auricula-eyed Sweet Williams.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14, X¢Clli

From Messrs. R. Gibson & Son, Tunstall Road, Sunderland,
came a small plant of a Calceolaria named Gloriosa.

The Sunset Seed & Plant Co., San Francisco, exhibited a
new Sweet Pea named Red Riding Hood.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, sent a few Tuberous
Begonias.

Mr. A. Perry, Winchmore Hill, staged a small group of hardy
flowers.

Messrs. HK. Sarjeant & Co., Stratton Vineries, Worthing, sent
a very pretty group of Seedling Coleus.

Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, submitted a new
Carnation named Miss C. Measures.

Prizes.

Class 4.—Collection of Hardy Flowers, distinct kinds, not
less than 18 bunches; open: 1st, £3, Mr. M. Prichard, Christ-
church; 2nd, £2, Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden.

Class 5.—Twelve bunches of Hardy Flowers, distinct kinds ;
amateurs: 1st, £2, Mr. Herrin, Dropmore, Maidenhead ;
2nd, £1. 10s., Mr. Sage, Ham House Gardens, Richmond.

Class 6.—EHight bunches of Hardy Flowers, distinct kinds ;
amateurs: Ist, £1. 10s., Miss Debenham. St. Peter’s, St.
Albans.

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
JANUARY 14, 1896.

Harry J. Vertcu, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-one members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr..W. H. White), for a
remarkable group of Orchids, the centre figure of which was a
superb plant of Lelia Gouldiana: and among other fine
specimens were Odontoglossum coronarium miniatum, Lycaste
plana Measuresiana, Cypripedium x Laurebel, and a good repre-
sentative collection of varieties of Lelia anceps and species of
Masdevallias.

XCIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for an extensive
group of Orchids, including some new hybrid Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
fine group of Orchids, chiefly hybrids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W.H. White), for a marvellous specimen of Lelia Gouldiana
with twenty-five spikes. A cultural award.

To Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow,
Cheshire (gr. Mr. H. Holbrook), for a very fine and interesting
collection of Cypripediums in fifty varieties, made up of thirty-
six hybrids and fourteen species. Also Lelia x Finckeniana and
its reputed parents L. albida and L. anceps Sanderiana.

To Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, N., for
a group of Cypripediums, Calanthes, &ce.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of
Orchids.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell (gr,
Mr. Chapman), for a group of Orchids in the centre of which was
a fine example of Vanda Amesiana with ten spikes of flowers.

To Sydney Courtauld, Esq., Bocking Place, Braintree (gr. Mr.
A. Wright), for a group of Masdevallias.

First Class Certificate.

To Cattleya Trianz alba (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Wm.
Bull, King’s Road, Chelsea.

To Phaio-Calanthe x Sedenii albiflora (P. grandifolius 9 x
C. x Veitchii ¢) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea.

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium x Minnie Ames (C. Curtisii 9 x C. con-
color 3) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St.
Albans. Flowers cream-white, tinged with rose.

To Cypripedium x Calypso, Stand Hall variety (votes,
unanimous), from Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield,
Manchester (gr. Mr. R. Johnson). A fine variety, nearest to
‘Cookson’s var.’

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. XCV

To Lelio-Cattleya x Cicero (C. intermedia 9 x L.-C. x elegans
Turnerii g) (votes, unanimons), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq.
Elstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr. Bond). The plant resembles

| .
vol a
\ WH AM
\\ Mey
Yj YY, Z,

| yh

Fie. 6.—‘ Carrirya Percrvartana,’ Incram’s var. (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

some of the dwarf forms of L.-C. x Schilleriana, but has the
front lobe of the crimson labellum formed like that of C. inter-
media.

To Cattleya Percivaliana, Ingram’s var. (votes, 9 for, 3

X@V1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

against), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Godalming (gr. Mr.
ow. Bond). (Wig. 6.)

To Vanda x Charlesworthi (? V. Bensonii x V. cerulea)
(votes, unanimous), from Baron Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr.
Mr. H. Ballantine). Flowers rather smaller than V. ccerulea,
white, slightly veined with lilac.

To Cypripedium x Kuryades, spotted var. (C. x Leeanum ¢

“Stig
\ " ae ee Al UY)
Ose
dl Ye aN

SZ

B24 SIF

easy en,
\ WDE VINER
WH Ubirs » S
a\
S \,
“i 4

Fic. 7.—Cypripepium x Euryapes. (Journal of Horticulture.)

x (©. Boxallii g) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea. (Fig. 7.)

To Cypripedium x Euryades, purple variety (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea.
In this the showy white and purple upper sepal had the colour

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JANUARY 14. X¢evil

suffused over its lower half; in the one previously named the
white sepal had distinct purple and brown spots.

To Cypripedium x Schrédere candidulum (C. x Sedenii can-
didulum ¢ x C. caudatum Wallisii ¢) (votes, 7 for, 1 against),
from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Oncidium cheirophorum, from R. I. Measures, Ksq.,
Camberwell (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman).

To Masdevallia polysticta, and M. p. purpurea, from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. H. White).

To Masdevallia striatella, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

To Masdevallia ludibunda, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

To Masdevallia abbreviata, from Sydney Courtauld, Esq.,
Bocking Place, Braintree (gr. Mr. A. Wright).

To Masdevallia caloptera, from Sydney Courtauld, Esq.

To Lycaste trifoliata, Lehmann, from the Honble. Walter
Rothschild (gr. Mr. E. Hill). The species is closely allied to
that form of L. lanipes known in gardens as L. Cobbiana, but it
invariably produces three broad plicate leaves to each of the long
thin pseudobulbs.

Cultural Commendation.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. H. White), for a
large specimen of Lycaste plana Measuresiana.

To C. B. Powell, Esq., The Old Hall, Southborough, Tun-
bridge Wells (gr. Mr. Dupont), for a grandly-flowered specimen
of Angreecum sesquipedale.

To Earl Cowper, Panshanger, Herts (gr. Mr. Jas. Fitt), for
a, stand of Calanthe x Bella.

Other Exhibits.

John Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate (gr. Mr.
Whiffen), showed various Cattleyas and Leelias.

W. C. Walker, Esq., Winchmore Hill (gr. Mr. G. Cragg),
showed Oncidium Cebolleta.

A. Warburton, Esq., Vine House, Haslingden, sent a hybrid
Cypripedium, which the Committee pronounced to be C. x Juno
(C. callosum x C. Fairieanum).

Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham, sent hybrid Cypripediums.

XCV1lll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID CoMMITTEE, FeBrRuary 11, 1896.

Harry J. Vertcu, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-one
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
~ Silver Flora Medal.

To Baron Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine),
for a magnificent specimen of the fine blotched Odontoglossum
crispum nobilius, with seventeen very large and handsome flowers
on a spike.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
fine group of Orchids.

To Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a group of showy
Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Elijah Ashworth, Ksq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire
(gr. Mr. Holbrook), for a large and interesting collection of cut
flowers of Orchids. 3

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. H. White), for a group of Masdevallias, Cypripediums, and
hybrid Dendrobiums.

To T. Gabriel, Esq., Elmstead, Leigham Court Road,
Streatham (gr. Mr. Guyett), for a bank of fine specimens of
Coelogyne cristata.

To R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell
(gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman), for a group of Cypripediums and other
Orchids.

To Messrs. B. 8. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, for a
eroup of Cypripediums.

To Messrs. Low & Co., Upper Clapton, for a collection of
Phaleenopsis, &c.

Award of Merit.

To Masdevallia x Shuttryana, Chamberlain’s var. (M. Shuttle-
worthii x M. Harryana) (votes, unanimous), from the Right
Honble. Joseph Chamberlain, Highbury, Moor Green, Birming-
ham (gr. Mr. Burberry). This form was raised at Highbury,
and its large mauve flowers with yellow tails showed it to be
very superior to the original form.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY lI. XC1xX

To Cypripedium villosum (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White),
and from R. I. Measures, Esq,, Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell
(gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman).

To Houlletia tigrina (votes, unanimous), from the Honble.
Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill). The
specimen shown had two spikes of two and four large flowers
respectively.

To Masdevallia x Henrietta (M.ignea x M. Shuttleworthi)

ai
Fic. 8.—Cypripepium x‘ JAMES BucxineHam.’ (Journal of Horticulture.)

(votes, 10 for, 2 against), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A very pretty hybrid
of a peculiar Indian yellow tint.

To Odontoglossum Rossii rubescens (votes, 11 for, 9 against),
from Frau Ida Brandt, Villa Brandt, Riesbach, Zurich.

To Dendrobium x pallens (votes, unanimous) (D. Findlay-
anum x D. x Ainsworthii), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A charming hybrid
with ivory-white flowers slightly tinged with pink.

To Cypripedium x James Buckingham (C. x enfieldiense x

6} PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

C. bellatulum) (votes, 12 for, 7 against), from A. J. Hollington,
Hsq., Forty Hill, Enfield (gr. Mr. Ayling). A fine flower of the
Chas. Rickman type. (Fig. 8.)

Botanical Certificate.
To Maxillaria porphyrostele, from F. W. Moore, Esq., Royal
Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin.
To Dendrobium fragrans, from Messrs. Low & Co., Clapton.
A small white species.
To Dendrobium speciosum, from Walter C. Walker, Esq.,
Percy Lodge, Winchmore Hill (gr. Mr. Geo. Cragg).

Cultwral Commendation.

To K. H. Woodall, Esq., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough
(gr. Mr. Hughes), for a fine specimen of the orange-coloured
Odontoglossum retusum.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W.H. White) for a splendid specimen of Pleurothallis Roezlii,
with many racemes of large purple flowers.

Other Exhibits :—

Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire
(gr. Mr. Holbrook), sent a fine specimen of Cypripedium x
Leysenianum (C. barbatum Crossii x C. bellatulum).

The Right Honble. Joseph Chamberlain (gr. Mr. H. A. Bur-
berry) showed Dendrobium x Andromeda (D. x Cassiope x D. x
Leechianum). A pretty hybrid, like a large D. x Cassiope,
raised at Highbury, Birmingham.

Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (gr.
Mr. R. Johnson) showed several rare Cypripediums.

A. J. Hollington, Esq., Forty Hill, Enfield (gr. Mr. Ayling),
sent Cypripedium x Annie Ayling (C. Curtisii x C. concolor),
and C. x Mrs. Fred Hardy (C. superbiens x C. bellatulum).

Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham, showed Phaleenopsis x
Veitchiana (P. Schilleriana x P. rosea) which first appeared as
a natural hybrid and has now been verified by artificial hybridisa-
tion. Messrs. Heath also showed Cattleya Triane Ernestii and
Phalenopsis Schilleriana.

A. H. Milton, Ksq.,Clifton (gr. Mr. Murrell) showed Dendrobium
Wardianum and D. W. album growing together as imported.

Major Mason, The Firs, Warwick, showed varieties of Cattleya
Triane.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. Cl

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, MarcH 10, 1896.

Harry J. Vertcu, Esq., in the Chair, and sixteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. H. White), for an extensive group of rare Orchids in flower.

To Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester
(or. Mr. R. Johnson), for a fine display of Dendrobiums in
bloom.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
very fine group of Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Baron Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine)
for hybrid Calanthes, Odontoglossum Pescatorei Veitchiana O.
crispum Rex, O. coronarium, «ce.

To Mr. James Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group of finely-
bloomed Dendrobiums.

To W. Vanner, Esq., Camden Wood, Chislehurst (gr. Mr.
Robins) for a group of Orchids.

To Chas. Winn, Esq., The Uplands, Selly Hill, Birmingham
(gr. Mr. Armstrong), for a collection of Dendrobiums, chiefly
hybrids.

To Messrs. Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of Orchids.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a group of
Orchids.

First Class Certificate.

To Cymbidium x Lowio-eburneum (C. eburneum ? x C. Low- -
ianum ¢) (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White). This is the reverse
cross to C. x eburneo-Lowianum, plants of which were also
shown. The present hybrid had ivory-white flowers with clear
purple markings on the lip.

To Epidendrum x elegantulum (EK. x Endresio-Wallisii ¢&
x KE. Wallisii 2) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch
& Son, King’s Road, Chelsea. This pretty hybrid is in habit likea

M

cli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dwarf E. Wallisii, and its flowers are equally large.

Sepals and

petals whitish at base, the rest yellow closely freckled with purple-

a

i

i
"

ae ill

Fia. 9.—EPIDENDRUM x ELEGANTULUM.

(Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

brown. Lip white, yellow at base, and with a few rose spots

on the blade. (Fig. 9.)

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. Cill

To Odontoglossum crispum Arthurianum (votes, 10 for,
1 against), from W. Vanner, Esq., Camden Wood, Chislehurst
(gr. Mr. Robins). A finely-spotted form of the O. crispum
apiatum class. (Fig. 10.)

To Miltonia x Bleui aurea (votes, unanimous), from Mr.

Fic. 10.—OpontTocLossum crisPpuM ARTHURIANUM.
(Journal of Horticulture.)

A. A. Peeters, St. Gilles, Brussels. A large flower with some
clear yellow markings at the base of the lip.

Award of Merit.

To Zygopetalum Perrenondii (Z.intermedium x Z. maxillare
Gautierii) (votes, unanimous), from Mr. A. A. Peeters, Brussels.
A fine hybrid with greenish sepals and petals, barred with brown,
and large violet-blue lip.

To Dendrobium x Specio-Kingianum (D. speciosum x D.

MZ

Civ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Kingianum) (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White). A pretty plant, resem-
bling a very large D. Kingianum albidum.

To Dendrobium x Clio (D. x splendidissimum grandiflorum
x D. Wardianum) (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart. (gr. Mr. W. H. White). This resembled a very large
D. x Schneiderianum.

To Leelio-Cattleya x Doris (L. harpophylla 2? x C. Triane ¢)
(votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, '
Wylam, Northumberland (gr. Mr. Wm. Murray). Flowers
like L. x vitellina, Indian yellow, with purple band on the
lip.

: To Dendrobium x Doris (D. x Ainsworthii Leechianum 92
x D. moniliformeg) (votes, unanimous), from Norman C.
Cookson, Esq. Flowers of D. x Cassiope class, but larger.

To Dendrobium x Kenneth (D. Bensonie g x D. Me-
Carthie ¢) (votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq.
Flowers white with a maroon and yellow base.

To Dendrobium x Dulce, Oakwood var. (votes, 8 for, 7
against) (D. aureum x D. Linawianum). A pretty hybrid likea
clear pink-tinted D. x Ainsworthii.

To Dendrobium x Cassiope virginale (votes, 7 for, 3 against),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq. A large and clear white form,
with light purple base to the lip.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Doris, var. Xantho (L. harpophylla g
x C. Trianz 2 ) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons. This is the reverse cross of Mr. Cookson’s L.-C. x Doris,
which it resembled, except that it had yellower flowers, and the
purple marks on the lip were very obscure.

To Cattleya Trianze Crawshayana (votes, unanimous), from
De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. 8. Cooke).
A very large form, with glowing ruby-red labellum.

Botanical Certificate.

To Dendrobium glomeriflorum, from Messrs. I’. Sander & Co.,
St. Albans.

To Dendrobium Kingianum, from C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham
Court, Horsham (gr. Mr. Duncan).

To Dendrobium velutinum, from W. Vanner, Esq., Camden
Wood, Chislehurst (gr. Mr. Robins).

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 10. CV

Cultural Commendation.

To Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, Hast Sheen (gr. Mr.
W. H. Young), fora noble plant of a fine variety of Miltonia
Roezlii, with twenty-eight flowers, some of the spikes bearing five
blooms.

To C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr. Mr.
Duncan), for a fine specimen of Dendrobium Kingianum.

To Welbore S. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr. Mr.
Masterton), for a grand plant of Celogyne cristata alba.

Other Exhibits.

Klijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow (gr. Mr.
Holbrook) showed Dendrobium x Findlayano-Wardianum.

The Honble. Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr.
K. Hill), showed Cypripedium x Morganie.

J. W. Arkle, Esq., Holly Mount, Derby, sent Cattleya Trianz
Arkleana. 3

C. J. Crosfield, Esq., Gledhill, Sefton Park, Liverpool (gr.
Mr. Thos. Barkley), showed Cattleya Triane alba, var. Mrs. C. J.
Crosfield.

Mr. A. A. Peeters, Brussels, showed several forms of Miltonia
x Bleni.

R. I. Measures, Eisq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell, showed
Cypripedium x Woottonii (C. callosum x C. bellatulum), and C.
x Winnianum (C. Druryi x C. villosum).

The Honble. Mrs. Packenham, Fordingbridge (gr. Mr. A.
Church), sent varieties of Cattleya Triane.

Mr. Wm. Bull, Chelsea, showed Lycaste Skinnerii alba and
Cattleya Trianee Gemna.

K.de Q. Quincey, Eisq., Oakwood, Chislehurst, showed Cattleya
Triane, Quincey’s var.

A. Warburton, Esq., Vine House, Haslingden, sent Dendro-
bium nobile.

Pantia Ralli, Hsq., Oatlands Park, Surrey, showed Sobralia
species and two Odontoglossums.

FE’. W. Moore, Esq., Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin, sent Oncidium saltabundum.

G. W. Rowe, Esq., Claremont Drive, Timperley, sent Den-
drobium nobile Amesie,

CV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OrcHID ComMITTEE, Marcu 24, 1896.

Harry J. VertcuH, Esq., in the Chair, and sixteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
fine group of Orchids in flower.

To Fred. Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr.
Mr. T. Stafford), for a group of Dendrobiums.

To Messrs. Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of Orchids.

To H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr. R.
Aldous), for a fine group of Orchids.

To Mr. Wm. Bull, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a group of
Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a group of
Orchids in flower.

To Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford, for a col-
lection of Orchids in flower.

First Class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum x excellens, Rosslyn var. (votes, unani-
mous), from H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr. R.
Aldous). A noble flower, fine in shape and colour, and other-
wise interesting, as it is the plant on which the supposition of
the natural hybrid origin of the species was proved; it being
raised from seed by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons.

Award of Merit.

To Odontoglossum crispum Evelina (votes, unanimous), from
Baron Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine). A
handsome form with clear white flowers evenly blotched with
purple-brown, after the manner of O. ¢. leopardinum, which
this excels in size and shape.

To Dendrobium x dulce picturatum (votes, unanimous),
from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam, Northumber-
land (gr. Mr. Wm. Murray). A remarkable bizarre, or striped
form of the D. x dulce exhibited at the last meeting.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MARCH 24, GV1L

To Dendrobium x Murrayii (D. albo-sanguineum @ x D.
nobile ¢ ) (votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq,.,
Oakwood, Wylam (gr. Mr. Wm. Murray). This is the reverse
cross to that originally named D. x Murrayii, but practically the
same. Flowers large, pure white, with purple disc. Stems
thick, like D. albo-sanguineum, though growing like D. nobile.

To Odontoglossum x Coradinei, Rosefield var. (votes, unani-
mous), from De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr.
Mr. §. Cooke). One of the best and largest of its class.

To Odontoglossum x Humeanum excellens (votes, unani-
mous), from H. Mason, Esq., Bankfield, Shipley, Yorks. A
large and richly coloured variety.

To Odontoglossum x Ruckerianum, Mason’s var. (votes,
unanimous), from H. Mason, Esq., Bankfield, Shipley, Yorks.
A fine form, with flowers prettily spotted with purple and tinged
with rose.

To Cattleya Schrédere caloglossa (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. This form has the usual
light-coloured flowers, but the lip is rich crimson with broad
blush-white margin.

To Cattleya Triane ‘Reine des Belges’ (votes, unanimous),
from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. 4H. White). A magnificent variety, with large flowers, the
lip being broad and finely fringed; in colour, violet-tinted
crimson with lavender margin.

To Odontoglossum x Wilckeanum Cooksonii (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans. A very large
form with broad bands of brown on the yellow segments.

To Cypripedium hirsutissimum Stand Hall var. (votes, 8 for,
1 against), from Thos. Statter, Esq,, Stand Hall, Whitefield,
Manchester (gr. Mr. R. Johnson).

Botamecal Certificate.

To Maxillaria lepidota (votes, unanimous), from Welbore §.
Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr. Mr. Masterton).

Cultural Commendation.
To Welbore 8S. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking, for a plant
of Odontoglossum crispum with a branched inflorescence bearing
sixty-five flowers.

CVIlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To H. Mason, Esq., Bankfield, Shipley, Yorks, for Odonto-
elossum x Humeanum excellens.

To Fred. Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr.
Mr. T. Stafford), for a finely flowered specimen of Dendrobium
x Schneiderianum.

To H. T. Pitt, Esq. (gr. Mr. Aldous), for a fine specimen of
Odontoglossum x Wilckeanum with nineteen flowers.

Other Exhibits.

R. I. Measures, Hsq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell (gr. Mr.
H. J. Chapman), sent Cypripedium x Woottonii (C. callosum x
C. bellatulum), and C. x Olenus.

J. Hawthorn Kitson, Esq., Elmet Hall, Leeds, showed
Odontoglossum x Andersonianum Kitsonii fine in form and
marking.

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Hlstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr.
T. W. Bond), exhibited Cattleya Lawrenceanum x Mendelii
which the Committee decided was C. x Wm. Murray previously
shown by Norman C. Cookson, Esq.

Messrs. Garraway & Co., Durdham Down, Bristol, sent an
Orchid resembling Aérides crispum Warnerii but with white
flowers showing traces of abnormal development.

Mr. H. A. Tracy, Amyand Park, Twickenham, showed
Dendrobium Devonianum, Phalenopsis Stuartiana and Eria sp.

Pantia Ralli, Ksq., Ashtead Park, Surrey, showed Phaius
Manni.

J. T. Gabriel, Esq. (gr. Mr. E. Ranson), showed a large
flowered Dendrobium Wardianum.

OrcHiD ComMMITTEE, APRIL 7, 1896.

Harry J. Verrcu, Esq., in the Chair, and fourteen members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Baron Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine),
for a collection of rare Orchids.
To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Son, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
very fine group of Orchids.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 7. cix

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for an extensive group
of Dendrobiums, Cattleyas, &c.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. McArthur, Maida Vale, for a group of Orchids, in
which was Platyclinis glumacea with 800 flower spikes.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a group of
Orchids.

To W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Staffs (gr.
Mr. W. Stevens), for a collection of Odontoglossums.

CX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Messrs. Linden, 1|’Horticulture Internationale, Pare
Léopold, Brussels, for a group of Odontoglossums.

To Mr. Gulzow, Bexley Heath, for a collection of Cattleyas,
&¢., in which was a very fine C. Triane alba.

To Walter C. Walker, Esq., Perey Lodge, Winchmore Hill
(gr. Mr. Geo. Cragg), for a good group of Orchids.

First Class Certificate.

To Dendrobium x Clio, Tyntesfield variety (D. x splendi-
dissimum grandiflorum ¢ x D. Wardianum ¢) (votes, unani-
mous), from Fred Hardy, Esq., Ashton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. T.
Stafford). A very fine hybrid with an affinity to D. Wardianum
in the rich colour of the flower. The segments were ovate
oblong, nearly equal, rich purple-crimson with white margin.
The lip coloured like D. Wardianum, but in form narrower and
longer. (Fig. 11.)

To Cypripedium Exul, Joicey’s variety (votes, unanimous),
from Major Joicey, Sunningdale Park, Sunningdale, Berks (gr.
Mr. Fred J. Thorne). A very large and handsome variety in
which the upper and lower sepals and the petals were heavily
tipped with pure white.

To Diacrium bicornutum (votes, unanimous), from Major
Joicey, Sunningdale Park.

Award of Merit.

To Lelio-Cattleya x highburyensis (Cattleya Lawrenceana ¢
»x L.cinnabarina ¢) (votes, unanimous), from the Right Honble.
Joseph Chamberlain, Highbury, Moor Green, Birmingham (gr.
Mr. H. A. Burberry). <A pretty hybrid with flowers of a reddish
yellow hue tinged and veined with purple. In form resembling L.
x Latona.

To Cattleya x Lawre-Mossie (Cattleya Lawrenceana 9 x C.
Mossie g¢) (votes, unanimous), from R. Brooman- White, Esq.,
Arddarroch, Garelochhead (gr. Mr. Roberts). In form and
colour like C. Lawrenceana, but with larger lip.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Sir Wm. Ingram (Cattleya aurea x L.
purpurata) (votes, unanimous), from C. L. N. Ingram, Hsq.,
Elstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond). The flower
resembled a richly coloured L.-C. eximia, but the petals showed
traces of yellow.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 7. Cx

To Cattleya x Wm. Murray, var. fulgens (C. Lawrenceana 9
x C. Mendeliig) (votes, unanimous), from C. L. N. Ingram,

Esq., Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond). A very rich crimson
purple variety.

To Stanhopea Wardii superba (votes, unanimous), from the
Honble. Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill).
A very handsome yellow variety spotted with purple, with large
maroon blotches at the base of the lip. |

To Odontoglossum x spectabile (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Linden, lHorticulture Internationale, Parc Léopold,
Brussels. A form of O. x excellens.

Botameal Certvficate.

To Eriopsis rutidobulbon, from the Honble. Walter Roth-
schild (gr. Mr. E. Hill).

To Chondrorhyncha fimbriata, from J. T. Gabriel, Esq.,
Streatham Hill.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. McArthur, Maida Vale, for Platyclinis glumacea, with
about 300 flower spikes.

To Walter Cobb, Esq., Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr. Howes), for
Odontoglossum luteo-purpureum var.

To W. Thompson, Esq., Stone, Statfordshire (gr. Mr. W.
Stevens), for Odontoglossum triumphans, with fine branched
spike of many flowers.

To Major Joicey (gr. Mr. Fred J. Thorne), for Dendrobium
atroviolaceum with several spikes.

To J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr.
Mr. Davis), for Dendrobium thyrsiflorum with over thirty
flower-spikes.

Other Exhibits :—

A. H. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Carshalton (gr. Mr. Cummins)
showed Cymbidium Lowianum viride.

Mr. H. A. Tracy, Amyand Park Road, Twickenham, showed
a fine form of Cymbidium Lowianum.

R. I. Measures, Esq., Camberwell (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman),
sent Cypripedium x Quies (C. Hookere@? x C. Curtisiig) and
Dendrobium albo-sanguineum.

exll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charles Young, Esq., The Thorns, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. Ryder),
sent Cattleya Schrédere.

Mr. J. W. Moore, Eldon Nursery, Bradford; Thos. Statter,
Ksq., and T. B. Haywood, Esq., showed Dendrobium Hilde-
brandii album.

Fred Hardy, Ksq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. T.
Stafford), showed Dendrobium x Clio album, D. x Venus, and
D. Falconerii gigantum.

ORCHID CoMMITTEE, APRIL 21, 1896.

Harry J. Veircu, Ksq., in the Chair, and fifteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
very fine group of rare Orchids in flower.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. H. White), for a fine collection of Orchids, including some
large specimens of Masdevallia Armini, M. caudata, &c., covered
with flowers.

To Welbore S. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr. Mr.
Masterton), for a group of Odontoglossums, «Kc.

To R. Brooman-White, Esq., Arddarroch, Garelochhead (gr.
Mr. Roberts), for three dozen fine cut spikes of varieties of
Odontoglossum crispum and O. Andersonianum.

To H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr. Aldous),
for a fine group of Orchids.

First Class Certificate.
To Epidendrum x Endresio-Wallisii superbum (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea.

This had the sepals and petals of a purple colour tipped with
white. Lip violet and white.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, APRIL 21. X11

Award of Merit.

To Dendrobium x Wiganize (D. nobile @ x D. signatum ¢)
(votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., and Messrs.
Jas. Veitch & Sons. This pretty hybrid was first raised in the
gardens of Sir Frederick Wigan, who previously exhibited an
immature plant. Flowers somewhat resembling those of D.
Hildebrandii; cream-white or sulphur-yeliow with maroon dise
to the lip.

To Cypripedium x Schofieldianum (C. hirsutissimum 9 x C.
bellatulum ¢) (votes, unanimous), from G. W. Law-Schofield,
Esq., New Hall Hey, Rawtenstall, Manchester (gr. Mr. Shill).
Resembling C. x Olenus but with larger petals, cream-white,
spotted purple.

To Cattleya Schréderze eximia (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea. A distinct
pink variety with rose purple base to the lip, in which also
appeared a glow of dark orange.

To Vanda Parishii Marriottiana (votes, unanimous), from
H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr. Aldous). The
rose-purple form of the type.

To Odontoglossum crispum, Arddarroch variety (votes, unani-
mous), from R. Brooman- White, Esq., Arddarroch, Garelochhead
(gr. Mr. Roberts). <A finely-blotched variety of the O. ¢. apiatum
class.

To Odontoglossum Andersonianum candidum (votes, unani-
mous), from R. Brooman-White, Esq. (gr. Mr. Roberts). A
peculiar white unspotted variety.

To Odontoglossum Andersonianum, Arddarroch variety (votes,
unanimous), from R. Brooman- White, Esq. (gr. Mr. Roberts). A
singular variety with cream-white flowers spotted uniformly with
red-brown over their whole surface.

Botanical Certificate.

To Dendrobium carinatum, from F. W. Moore, Esq., Royal
Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin.

To Epidendrum arachnoglossum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White).

To Sarcochilus Hartmanni, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
(gr. Mr. W. H. White).

To Angrecum metallicum from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons,
Chelsea. |

GXiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cultural Commendation.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. H. White), for
Cymbidium tigrinum and Dendrobium capillipes.

Other Exhibits.

C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr. Mr. Dun-
can), sent some fine Odontoglossums.

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. S.
Cooke), showed two fine forms of Odontoglossum Andersoni-
anum.

Mr. Jas. Douglas, Great Bookham, Surrey, showed Phaius x
Cooksonil.

Mrs. Briggs, Bury Bank House, Accrington, sent Dendrobium
Devonianum.

W. G. Ledger, Esq., Wilton Road, Wimbledon, sent Dendro-
bium lingueforme.

F. M. Burton, Esq., Highfield, Gainsborough, showed Cypri-
pedium x highfieldense (said to be C. Druryi g x C. Lawrence-
anum ¢ ), but in which no trace of C. Druryi appeared.

J. Bradshaw, Esq., Southgate (gr. Mr. Whiffen), showed
Cattleya Mossie.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, sent a group of Orchids.

Mr. Giilzow, Bexley Heath, staged a group of Orchids.

Malcolm S. Cooke, Esq., Kingston Hill, exhibited a group of
Orchids.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, exhibited a group of
Orchids.

OrcHID CommITTEE, May 5, 1896.

Harry J. VertcH, Esq., in the Chair, and fourteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
magnificent group of Orchids, the centre of which was composed
of numerous varieties of Cattleya Schrédere.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MAY 5. CXV

Silver Flora Medal.

To Baron Schroder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine),
for a group of choice Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To J. T. Bennett Poé, Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt, for a stand
of fifteen finely-flowered plants of Cattleya citrina.

To Sir Weetman Pearson, Bart., M.P., Paddockhurst, Crawley
(gr. Mr. Capp), for a group of Orchids made up of three fine
specimens of Cattleya Lawrenceana, some well-grown Dendro-
bium nobile, and Cattleya Schrédere.

To Welbore 8. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr. Mr.
Masterton), for a group of Odontoglossums.

To R. Brooman-White, Esq., Arddarroch, Garelochhead
(er. Mr. Roberts), for a collection of Odontoglossums.

To J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate (gr. Mr.
Whiffen), for a group of Orchids.

First Class Certificate.

To Vanda teres gigantea (votes, unanimous), from Baron
Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine). A well-
marked and constant variety ; very strong in growth, and bearing
stout spikes of flowers, much larger than the type, and very fine
in colour.

Award of Merit.

To Dendrobium thyrsiflorum Lowii (votes, unanimous), from
Baron Schroder (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine). The flowers are wholly
cream white with the exception of an orange streak on the lip,
which is spoon-shaped and narrow. It may be classed with that
form of D. thyrsiflorum figured in the ‘“‘ Lindenia” as D. Galli-
ceanum.

To Chysis x langleyensis (C. x Chelsoni x C. bractescens),
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s
Road, Chelsea, S.W. A fine hybrid with flowers like C. bractes-
cens, but with the segments tipped with rose colour.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Eudora (L. purpurata @ x C. Men-
delii ¢) (votes, 6 for, 4 against), from C. L. N. Ingram, Ksq,,
Elstead House, Godalming. This bears much resemblance to
L.-C. x eximia, but as shown was smaller.

i
Cxvl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘ Princess”’ (votes, unanimous),
from W. Vanner, Esq., Camden Wood, Chislehurst (gr. Mr. W. H.
Robbins). A fine flower in every respect; the sepals each
bearing one large irregular blotch, and all the segments being
marked with purple at the back.

To Miltonia Roezlii album, ‘‘ Cobb’s”’ var. (votes, unanimous),
from Walter Cobb, Esq., Dulcote, Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr. J.
Howes). A very large form without the purple markings of
the type. ;

To Odontoglossum Hallii grandiflorum (votes, unanimous),
from C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court, Horsham (gr. Mr.
Duncan). A very large form of the O. H. xanthoglossum class.

To Lelia purpurata, ‘‘Grimston”’ var. (votes, unanimous),
from 'T'. Fielden, Esq., Grimston Park, Tadcaster (gr. Mr.
Clayton). A large variety with very fine dark lip.

Botanical Certificate.

To Bulbophyllum tremulum, from C. J. Lucas, Esq. (gr. Mr.
Duncan). <A curious little species with the feathery lip of
B. barbigerum. Imported from Koorg, India.

To Catasetum macrocarpum, from the Honble. Walter
Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill).

To Stenoglottis longifolia, from Messrs. F. Sander & Co.,
St. Albans. |

To Eria bractescens, from Messrs. F. Sander & Co.

To Catasetum stupendum, from Sir Weetman Pearson,
Bart., M.P., Paddockhurst, Crawley (gr. Mr. Capp).

Cultwral Commendation.

To EK. H. Adcock, Esq., Ribblesdale, Dorking (gr. Mr. J.
Green), for asingle plant of Cypripedium bellatulum with ten
flowers.

To C. Young, Esq., The Thorns, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. S. J.
Ryder), for Odontoglossum polyxanthum, with a six-branched
spike of twenty-seven flowers.

Other Exhibits.

W. A. Bevan, Esq., Coombe Court, Kingston, sent a finely
spotted Odontoglossum Pescatorei.

J. Forster Alcock, Esq., Northchurch, Berkhampsted, sent
Lacna bicolor and Cattleya citrina.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MAY 19. CXVll

A. H. Smee, Esq., The Grange, Wallington (gr. Mr. Cummins),
sent Oncidium varicosum Rogersii, with very fine bulbs and a
very strong inflorescence.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co. staged an effective group of Orchids.

Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester
(gr. Mr. R. Johnson), showed Lelio-Cattleya x highburyensis.

Messrs. W. 8. Lewis & Co., Southgate, sent Odontoglossum
Pescatorei Lewisii and other Orchids.

OrcHiIp CommitTEE, May 19, 1896.
TEMPLE SHOW.

Harry J. Verrcu, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-one
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
First Class Certificate.

To Odontoglossum crispum augustum (votes, 11 for, 5 against),
from Messrs. Linden, |’ Horticulture Internationale, Pare Leopold,
Brussels. A very fine dark purple blotched variety resembling
O. c. Frantz Masereel, but an improvement on it in every way.
This plant was sold during the show for 350 guineas. (Fig. 12.)

To Cattleya Mossize Arnoldiana, Low’s var. (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton. <A very large white
Mossi, with pure pink feather on each petal, and with purple
veining on the lip. ;

To Cattleya Luddemanniana Ernestii (votes, unanimous),
from H. §. Leon, Esq., Bletchley Park, Bletchley (gr. Mr. A.
Hislop). This is the finest and darkest-coloured form of the
plant, known in gardens as Cattleya Speciosissima.

To Lelia purpurata Lewisi (votes, 12 for, 6 against) from
Messrs. W. L. Lewis & Co., Southgate, N. This is the nearest
approach to a wholly white L. purpurata, there being no colour,
even in the labellum, other than an obscure yellow tint and some
very fine dark lines at the base of the lip.

Award of Merit.

To Lelia purpurata ‘Arthur Wigan’ (votes, unanimous),
N

CXVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

from Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen, Richmond
(gr. Mr. W. H. Young). A rose-tinted variety of the L. p.
Russelliana class.

To Oncidium varicosum giganteum (votes, unanimous), from
Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr. Mr. W. H.
Young). The largest and best O. varicosum which has yet

appeared.
To Odontoglossum crispum ‘ Victoria Ellis’ (votes, unani-

Fic. 12.—OpoNTOGLOSSUM CRISPUM AUGUSTUM. (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

mous), from Welbore §. Ellis, Ksq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr.
Mr. Masterton). A very handsome variety of the O. c. guttatum
section.

To Cypripedium x Cowleyanum Anna Louise (C. Curtisii 9 x
C. niveum?) (votes, unanimous), from G. W. Law-Schofield,

ORCHID COMMITTEE, MAY 19. Cxix

Esq., New-Hall-Hey, Rawtenstall, Manchester (gr. Mr. Shill).
A fine hybrid with large white flowers, the petals and face of the
labellum tinged with rose, and the petals and upper sepal spotted
purple.

To Cattleya Mossize ‘ Beatrice’ (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr. Mr. W. H.
Young). This was a large and richly coloured variety.

To Cattleya Mossize ‘Chas. Ingram’ (votes, unanimous),
from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr.
T. W. Bond). A very large and finely formed flower with blush-
white sepals and petals, and lip with bright yellow throat, and
purple-crimson marking on the front.

To Odontoglossum crispum Lowi (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton. This was a heavily blotched
variety of the O. c. apiatum class, but with smaller flowers.

To Odontoglossum x expansum (votes, 12 for, 5 against), from
M. Jules Hye-Leysen, Coupure, Ghent. <A _ pretty flower,
evidently of hybrid origin, with much resemblance to O. crispum
leopardinum, but with lip and crest of O. x Wilckeanum albens.

To Miltonia vexillaria Coeneana (votes, unanimous), from M.
Jules Hye-Leysen. A large form with rose-pink flowers having
some radiating crimson lines on the white base of the lip.

To Cypripedium x gigas Corndeanii (votes, 11 for, 6 against),
from T. W. Swinburne, Esq., Corndean Hall, Winchcombe. This
plant on this, as on a former occasion, was exhibited as C. x
Corndeanii with a reputed parentage C. Lawrenceanum 2 x C. x
Sedenii 4. It was considered to be identical with a form of
C. x gigas (C. Lawrenceanum @ x C. Harrisianum 3), and the
award was made on condition that the erroneous record was
abolished and the suggested one adopted.

Botanical Certoficate.

To Epidendrum hastatum, from Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare
Lawn, East Sheen (gr. Mr. W. H. Young).
_ Yo Mieracyllium gemma from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St.
Albans.

Cultural Commendation.

To His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, Trentham (gr. Mr. P.
Blair), for Odontoglossum crispum, bearing six spikes of flowers.
N 2

CXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Special Awards by the Council for Orchids :—
Gold Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr
W. H. White).

Silver Cup.

To H. 8. Leon, Esq., M.P., Bletchley Park, Bucks (gr. Mr
A. Hislop).

To Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr. Mr.
W. H. Young).

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Upper Clapton, N.E.

To Messrs. Charlesworth & Co., Heaton, Bradford.

To Messrs. Backhouse & Son, York.

To Welbore 8. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr. Mr.
Masterton).

Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

To Mr. James Cypher, Queen’s Road, Cheltenham.

To J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, Woodford.

To Major Joicey, Sunningdale Park, Berks (gr. Mr. Thorne).
To Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. G. Wythes).
To Messrs. B. 8. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, N.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JUNE 9, 1896.

Harry J. Vertcu, Ksq., in the Chair, and fifteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Baron Schréder, The Dell, Egham (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine),
for a group of rare Orchids, including Lelio-Cattleya x eximia,
L.-C. x Canhamiana, Cypripedium Stonei platytenium, Sobralia
xantholeuca, S. macrantha Kienastiana, some noble forms of
Odontoglossum crispum, &c.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
very fine and well-arranged group of Orchids.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. CXXxi

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for an extensive
eroup of Orchids.

To H. T. Pitt, Esq., Rosslyn, Stamford Hill (gr. Mr. Aldous),
for an excellent group of Orchids.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a very fine group
of Cattleya Mossize and other showy Orchids.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. 4H. White), for a very interesting group, in which were many
rare specimens of Masdevallias, Epidendrum Brassavola, H.
prismatocarpum, Luisia Amesiana, Leelio-Cattleya x Arnoldiana,
&e.

To Welbore 8S. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr. Mr.
Masterton), for a collection of well-grown Odontoglossum crispum.

To Messrs. B. 8. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, N., for a
group of Orchids.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. W. L. Lewis & Co., Southgate, for a group of
Orchids.

First Class Certificate.

To Miltonia vexillaria ‘Memoria G. D. Owen’ (votes, unan1-
mous), from Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr.
Mr. W. H. Young). A noble variety and the best of that section
which includes M. v. superba and M. v. Leopoldii. Flowers
light magenta, the base of the lip being decorated with a broad
triangular blotch of several merging lines of dark blood-red
colour... (Fig. 13.)

Award of Meritt.

To Catasetum x splendens leucanthum (votes, 7 for, 5 against),
from the Honble. Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring. The
flowers of this natural hybrid between C. Bungerothii and C.
macrocarpum were very large, ivory white, with emerald green
base to the lip.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Pytho (L.-C. elegans ? x C. Loddigesii 3 )
votes, 6 for, 4 against), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead
House, Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond). A pretty hybrid, in-
clining towards L.-C. elegans, but with larger, wavy, purple-rose

lip.

CXXil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Mardellii (Cattleya labiata Ludde-
manniana ¢ x L.-C. x elegans ¢) (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans. This pretty hybrid was
originally raised by Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons and now re-
peated by Messrs. F. Sander & Co.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘ Lord Sherborne’ (votes, unani-

Fig. 13.—Muntonia vexiuuartA ‘Memoria G. D. Owen.’ (Journal of
Horticulture.)

mous), from Welbore 8. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking (gr.
Mr. Masterton). A fine form of the O. ¢. guttatum class.

Botamcal Certificate.

To Chondrorhyncha albicans, Rolfe n. sp., from the Honble.
Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. EK. Hill).

To Peristeria aspersa from Messrs. F’. Sander & Co.

To Pleurothallis tribuloides, from Messrs. I. Sander & Co.

To Epidendrum fragrans, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
(gr. Mr. W. H. White).

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JUNE 9. CXXli

To Saccolabium miniatum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
(gr. Mr. W. H. White).

To Pogonia Lewisii, from Messrs. W. L. Lewis & Co.,
Southgate, N.

Other Exhibits.

The Honble. Walter Rothschild (gr. Mr. E. Hill) showed
various Spathoglottis and Ceelogyne tomentosa.

Sir Chas. Strickland, Bart., Hildenley, Malton, Yorks (gr. Mr.
Smith), sent examples of his hybrid Cypripedium (C. concolor
Regnierii x C. bellatulum),.

A similar cross came from Mr. J. Keeling, of Sheffield.

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq. (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond), sent Lelio-
Cattleya x Regalis (L. purpurata? x C. Mendelii ¢), and L.-C.
x Electra (L. elegans Turnerii x C. Loddigessii).

Holbrook Gaskell, Esq., Woolton Wood, Liverpool, sent
Cypripedium x Ledouxie.

Alfred Warburton, Esq., Vine House, Haslingden, near Man-
chester, sent Lelia tenebrosa ‘ Victor Warburton,’ resembling
in some respects L. t. Walton Grange var., but smaller.

F. W. Moore, Esq., Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin, sent Masdevallia fragrans.

T. W. Swinburne, Esq., Corndean Hall, Winchcombe, sent a
fine selection of varieties of Cypripedium bellatulum, &c.

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr.
S. Cooke), showed two fine specimens of Odontoglossum
crispum.

Walter Cobb, Esq., Dulcote, Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr. J.
Howes), showed varieties of Lelia purpurata and Cattleya
Mossiez Wagnerii, Cobb’s var., in which a trace of pink
appears.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JUNE 23, 1896.

Harry J. Verrcu, EKsq., in the Chair, and fourteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. H. White), for a remarkable group of Orchids, in which were

CXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a splendid specimen of Renanthera Storiei ; a fine plant of Rhyn-
costylis retusa, with twelve spikes ; large specimens of Miltonia
vexillaria, Masdevallias, KEpidendrum Frederici-Gulielmi, &c.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
very fine group of Orchids, including Leelio-Cattleya x Can-
hamiana alba, L.-C. x Eudora (C. Mendelii x L. purpurata),
Cypripediums, Phalenopsis, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

'l'o His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, Trentham (gr. Mr. P.
Blair), for a very fine plant of Odontoglossum crispum, ‘ Duke of
Sutherland,’ a noble form, with three spikes of very large white
flowers. The plant had been cultivated at Trentham for over
twenty years.

First Class Certificate.

To Cypripedium superbiens (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White).
A fine plant with nine flowers.

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium x Neptune (C. x Io grande? x C. Roth-
schildianum ¢) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F. Sander &
Co., St. Albans. A fine hybrid with a resemblance to C. x
Massalanum.

Botanical Certificate.

To Cirrhopetalum nutans, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr.
Mr. W. H. White). A compact-growing species with numerous
umbels of small white flowers.

To Gongora maculata, from W. G. Soper, Esq., Harestone,
Caterham Valley, Surrey.

Other Exhibits.

W. J. Thomson, Esq., Ghyllbank, St. Helen’s, showed
Renanthera Storiei.

W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Staffordshire
(gr. Mr. W. Stevens), sent the large and richly coloured Lelia
tenebrosa gigantea and Odontoglossum x Coradinei expansum.

Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen, Richmond
(or. Mr. W. H. Young), showed Miltonia vexillaria Chelsoniana,
a variety very much resembling Baron Schréder’s M. v. radiata.

NARCISSUS COMMITTEE, MARCH 24. CXXV

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, showed good varieties of
Cattleya Mossie, and a plant of the singular, greenish-flowered
Dendrobium chloropterum, an Australian species.

H. Grinling, Ksq., Harrow Weald House, Stanmore, showed
Cattleya Warscewiczii, &c.

J. B. Walmsley, Esq., Liverpool, sent a spike of Aerides radi-
cosum album.

Mr. N. Blandford, Bitterne, Southampton, showed Cattleya
Warscewiczil.

Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans, sent a fine selection of
Orchids in flower.

Welbore S. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking, exhibited a
collection of Odontoglossum crispum.

Walter C. Walker, Esq., Percy Lodge, Winchmore Hill (gr.
Mr. Geo. Cragg), contributed a collection of Cattleyas, Stanhopea
Wardii, &c.

NARCISSUS COMMITTEE.
Marcu 24, 1896.

J. T. Bennett Poi, Esq., in the chair, and nine members
present.

Mr. Cornhill exhibited a double seedling Ajax.

Mr. Hounslow exhibited a seedling Ajax very much like a big
Princeps.

The Rev. G. H. Engleheart, Appleshaw, Andover, exhibited
a fine collection of seedlings, including crosses between most of
the different forms of Narcissi.

Prizes.

Class 3. Six varieties of Narcissus, distinct, five blooms of
each, grown in the open air without protection. Polyanthus
excluded. Amateurs. First Prize, 10s., to J.T. Bennett-Poé,
Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt.

Class 4 B. Seedling Narcissus not yet in commerce, raised
and shown by an Amateur, and not having yet received a Prize at
any R.H.S. Show. Polyanthus excluded. First Prize, 10s., to
the Rev. G. H. Engleheart, for Narcissus seedling No. 478.

@XXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Narcissus ComMiTTEE, APRIL 7, 1896.

J. T, Bennetr-Pok&, Esq., in the chair, and nine members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Gilt Flora Medal.

To Rey. G. H. Engleheart, for a seedling Narcissus, ‘ White
Queen.’

First Class Certificate.

To Narcissus poeticus ‘ Dante’ (Poeticus ornatus x poetarum)
(votes, unanimous), from the Rey. G. H. Engleheart, a very beauti-
ful early flowering variety, having a well-formed perianth and
highly coloured corona. (Fig. 14.)

Award of Merit. .
To ‘Petrarch’ (Ornatus x Recurvus) seedling No. 359
(votes, unanimous), from the Rev. G. H. Engleheart.

Prizes.

Class 8.—Twenty-four varieties of Narcissus, distinct, five
blooms of each. Polyanthus excluded. Amateurs. First prize,
£1. 10s., to J. T. Bennett-Poé, Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt.

Class 4 (D).—Twelve varieties of White Ajax, distinct, not less
than three nor more than five blooms of each. Polyanthus
excluded. Amateurs. First prize, £1, to Rev. G. H. Engleheart,
Appleshaw, Andover.

Class 5.—T'welve varieties of yellow and bi-colour Ajax, dis-
tinct, not less than three nor more than five blooms of each.
Polyanthus excluded. Amateurs. First prize, 15s., to J. T.
Bennett-Poé, Esq., Holmwood, Cheshunt.

Class 6 (F). Seedling Narcissus, not yet in commerce, raised
and shown by an Amateur, and not having yet received a Prize
at any R.H.S. Show. First prize, 10s., to Rev. G. H. Engle-
heart.

Other Exhibits :—

Double Ajax raised by Mr. Cornhill, Seedlings raised by Mr.
Cammell, Seedlings N. Dubius (? crossed with Triandrus) from
Professor M. Foster, and a very varied and beautiful collection of
Seedlings raised by Mr. Engleheart, many of which had not
been shown before.

NARCISSUS COMMITTEE, APRIL Tid CXXVil

” \
»
Y; ) | } Fh
Vy } ! 2
, \\

Fig. 14.—Narcissus Porticus ‘Danre.’ (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

CXXVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Narcissus CoMMITTEE, APRIL 21, 1896.

J. T. Bennett-Pok, Ksq., in the chair, and twelve members

present.
Awards Recommended :—

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Rev. G. H. Engleheart for stand which included, among
many others, ‘ Silver Star,’ ‘Carmen,’ and ‘ Spitfire.’

The Committee desired to see again flowers shown by Mr.
Cammell.

Prizes.

Class 6.—Hight varieties of Yellow and Bi-colour Ajax, dis-
tinct, not less than three nor more than five blooms of each.
Polyanthus excluded. Amateurs. First prize, 10s. to A.
Kingsmill, Esq., Harrow Weald.

Class 7.—EHighteen varieties of Narcissus, Ajax excluded,
distinct, not less than three nor more than five blooms of each.
Polyanthus excluded. Amateurs. First prize, £1, to A.
Kingsmill, Esq., Harrow Weald.

Class 8 (L).—The best stand of new seedling Narcissi, not yet
in commerce, raised from seed by the exhibitor, not less than
twelve varieties, distinct, not more than six blooms of each, and
not more than one-third of the total number of varieties shown
to be of the Ajax section. Polyanthus excluded. Open. Prize,
£5, given by Miss Willmott, to Rev. G. H. Engleheart, Apple-
shaw, Andover.

Class 9 (M). Seedling Narcissus, not yet in commerce,
raised and shown by an Amateur, and not having yet received
a Prize at any R.H.S. Show. First Prize, 10s., to Rev. G. H.
Enegleheart.

Narcissus CommiTtEE, May 5, 1896.

Rev. G. H. Engleheart in the chair and four members present.
Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.

To Narcissus Philip Hurt from the Rev. G. H. Engleheart.
Prize.

Class 6 (Q). Seedling Narcissus, not yet in commerce,
raised and shown by an Amateur, and not having yet received a
Prize at any R.H.S. Show. First’ Prize, 10s., to Rev. G. H.
Eneleheart.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIKTY.

GENERAL MERTING.
JULY 14, 1896.
Rev. W. Wiuxs, M.A., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (20).—Edwin Bostock, Mrs. Covell, Rev.
Canon Cromwell, A. Douglas, Miss A. F. A. Harley, William A.
Holmes, A. Lister, Col. Charles Lyne, Rev. Gerald Moor, Lady
Stafford Northcote, William U. Nunns, Mrs. Golding Palmer,
Captain W. C. Partridge, Sir Weetman D. Pearson, Bart., M.P.,
Mrs. Peers, William B. Reid, A. J. Rhodes, Richard Rigg, Col.
A. R. Savile, James Sendall.

A Paper on ‘New Roses,” by Rev. J. H. Pemberton, was
read by the Assistant Secretary.

GENERAL MEETING.
JULY 28, 1896.
Dr. Maxweut T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair.

Feliows elected (6).—Joseph A. Arkwright, Mrs. Edward Ind,
J. N. Paxman, Earl of Pembroke, A. F. Theakston, Mrs.
Wakefield.

A Lecture on “ Cacti’’ was given by Mr. E. B. H. Chapman.

CXxXxX PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

DEPUTATION TO CHESTER SHOW.
Avucaust 5, 1896.

THE Committee of the Chester Horticultural Show having in-
vited the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society to visit their
exhibition, the following gentlemen were appointed a deputation
for the purpose :—

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., President, R.H.S.

Philip Crowley, Esq., F.L.8., F.Z.8., &c., Treasurer, R.H.S.

Charles E. Shea, Esq., Member of Council.

Thomas Statter, Esq., Member of Council.

George Bunyard, Ksq., Member of Council.

F. W. Burbidge, Esq., M.A., F.R.H.S.

T. Francis Rivers, Esq., F.R.H.S.

George Paul, Esq., F.R.H.S.

Mr. James McIndoe, F.R.H.S.

Rey. W. Wilks, M.A., Secretary, R.H.S.

The deputation reached Chester on Tuesday afternoon,
August 4, and was received at the railway station by the Sheriff
of the city; J. Wynne-Ffoulkes, Esq., Hon. Sec. of the Chester
Committee ; George Dickson, HKsq. ; and other leading members
of the ancient city. Carriages were in waiting to convey the
deputation to the Grosvenor Hotel, with the exception of the
President, who was to be the guest of the Duke of Westminster
at Eaton.

At 6 o’clock the Chester Committee entertained the deputa-
tion at dinner, the Mayor of the city presiding, in the unavoidable
absence of the Duke through illness.

At 7.80 a conference was held at the Town Hall, the Mayor
again kindly presiding in the Duke’s absence. The papers read
at the conference by Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., the Very Rev.
the Dean of Rochester, and F. W. Burbidge, Esq., M.A., Curator
of the Botanic Gardens of Trinity College, Dublin, will be found
on page 77 et seq.

On Wednesday morning the deputation assembled at the
showground on the Roodeye at 9.45, and by 10 o’clock all was
ready for them to begin their work. The awards made will be

found below.

DEPUTATION TO CHESTER SHOW. CXXXI

After the deputation had finished their work they were
(together with the Judges of the Show) entertained at luncheon
about 1.30 p.m., his Worship the Mayor again presiding,
supported by the Sheriff and principal inhabitants of the city.

His Worship, after giving the usual loyal toasts and express-
ing the regret of all present at the Duke’s illness and consequent
absence, bade a hearty welcome to the deputation, to which Sir
Trevor Lawrence, President of the Royal Horticultural Society,
responded. ‘Success to the Show’’ was proposed by the Rev.
W. Wilks, Secretary, R.H.S., and responded to by the Mayor.
J. Wynne-Ffoulkes, Esq., Hon. Sec. of the Chester Show, gave
“‘The Health of the Judges,’’ which having been responded to
by Mr. John Wright, of the Journal of Horticulture, the pro-
ceedings terminated, some of the deputation returning to
London at once, others dispersing north and west.

Awards :—

Gold Medal.

To Dicksons, Chester, for a collection of Plants, Flowers,
Fruits, and Vegetables.

Silver Cup (value £10. 10s.), most kindly presented by
Thomas Statter, Esq., of Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester,
and a member of the Council of the R.H.S., was awarded to his
Grace the Duke of St. Albans, Bestwood Lodge, Notts (gr. Mr.
Edwards), for a Group of Plants arranged for effect.

Suver-gut Flora Medal.
To Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a group of
Caladiums, Nepenthes, Rhododendrons, &c.
To Messrs. James Cypher, Cheltenham, for a group of Plants.
To his Grace the Duke of St. Albans, Bestwood Lodge,
Arnold, Notts (gr. Mr. John Kdmonds), for a group of Plants.
To Messrs. T. 8. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of Begonias.
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To his Grace the Duke of Westminster, Eaton (gr. Mr.
Barnes), for a collection of Fruit.
To the Karl of Harrington, Elvaston Castle, Derby (gr. Mr.
Goodacre), for a collection of Fruit.
Sulver-gilt Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, for a collection of Sweet

Peas, Violas, and Phloxes.
uM 2

@XXXli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Mr. R. Hartland, Cork, for double Begonias.

To Messrs. R. P. Ker & Son, Aigburth, Liverpool, for Crotons.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a group of
Orchids.

To T. H. Sykes, Esq., Cringle House, Cheadle (gr. Mr. J.
Roderick), for a group of Plants.

To Mrs. Gurney Pease, Woodside, Darlington (gr. Mr.
McIntyre), for a group of Plants.

To Messrs. Fisher, Son & Sibray for a group of Plants con-
taining many hardy shrubs.

To Messrs. Cannell & Son, Swanley, for Dahlias, Cannas,
and Cockscombs.

To Messrs. Peed & Sons, Streatham, for Caladiums.

To Messrs. Birkenhead, Sale, Manchester, for Ferns.

To Mr. H. Brownhill, Sale, Manchester, for Begonias and
Chrysanthemums, coronarium varieties.

To Mr. James Cypher, Cheltenham, for specimen stove and
greenhouse Plants.

To Messrs. J. Cowan & Co., Garston, Liverpool, for a group
of Tea Roses.

Silver Knightian Medal.

To Sir J. Pease, Bart., Hutton Hall (gr. Mr. MeIndoe), for a
collection of Fruit.

To the Earl of Carnarvon, Highclere (gr. Mr. Pope), for a
collection of Vegetables.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. M. Campbell, Blantyre, for a group of Carnations.
To Messrs. Eckford, Wem, for Sweet Peas.
To Messrs. Hugh Low, Clapton, for a small group of
Orchids.
To Mr. C. Parker, Quarry Cottages, Waverton, for a Cottager’s
Collection of Vegetables.

Highly Convmended.
Four specimen Crotons, from T. S. Timmis, Esq., Allerton,
Liverpool (gr. Mr. Cromwell).
A collection of Vegetables, from Lady Theodora Guest,
Henstridge (gr. Mr. Wilkins).
A collection of Vegetables (Cottager’s), from Mr. Alex.
Maclean, Chester.

DEPUTATION TO THE CHESTER SHOW. CXXXill

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. John Thompson, gardener to Wm. Pritchard, Hsq.,
Little Neston, Chester, for Muscat of Alexandria Grapes.
To Mr. F. Harris, gardener to Lady Henry Somerset, for
Cherries Bigarreau Napoleon.

First Class Certificate.

To KEriconema ‘Fascination’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. A plant having a very great
resemblance to a Bertolonia, with creamy green leaves with
white venations.

To Saraceina Sanderiana (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Sander & Co., St. Albans. The pitchers of this beautiful plant
are densely netted with transparent crimson.

To Watsonia iridifolia ‘Arderne’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Wallace & Co., Colchester. Like a giant and erect
Freesia, having leaves and growth very similar to a Gladiolus,
with a spike of pure white Freesia-shaped blooms.

Award of Merit.

To Oncidium Jonesianum flavens (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Cypher, Cheltenham. The sepals of thig variety were
of a primrose colour, faintly spotted with pale green.

To Begonia ‘ Queen Victoria’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Sander, St. Albans. Of the foliage section, having leaves
with an exceedingly dark centre, with a broad green and silver
band and a narrow dark edge.

To Lihum speciosum album novum (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Wallace, Colchester. A very large and strong
form of L. Kreetzeri album.

To Caladium ‘Lady Moseley’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. Large bright rose-
coloured leaves clearly margined with green. A decided im-
provement on ‘ Mrs. P. Morgan.’

To Begonia ‘Princess Charles of Denmark’ (votes, unani-
mous), from Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. Of the foliage
section, pale pinkish violet in the centre, with a border of silver
and green.

To Begonia ‘Beauty’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. T. 8.
Ware, Tottenham. Single-flowers of medium size, but of great
substance, pure white edged with deep cerise.

CXXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

To Begonia ‘ Miss Emily Childs’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham. Very large double flowers of a
fiesh-white, like a large blush Camellia.

To Rondeletia brilliantissima (votes, unanimous), from
Dicksons, Chester. Flowers of a soft terra-cotta or strawberry
colour, with a bright orange eye.

To Tomato ‘ Royal Windsor’ (votes, unanimous), from Dick-
sons, Chester. A bright, clear yellow fruit, with reddish flush
on the cheek. Of the Blenheim Orange type.

GENERAL MEETING.
Aveust 11, 1896.
Dr. MaxwEwu T. Masters, F.B.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (8).—John Carder, H. Disney, M.D., A.
Drury, J. Hill, EK. P. King, H. Lake, Capt. R. Peel, A. W. Lyme.

Mr. C. T. Druery, F.L.S., gave a Lecture (illustrated by
magic-lantern views) on ‘Fern Generation, Normal and
Abnormal.”’

GENERAL MEETING.
Auaust 25, 1896.
Dr. Maxweut T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair.

Fellows elected (9).—Mrs. Abbot, F. J. Baker, Francis Frew,
W.G. Holmes, David Houston, Mrs. Louis, Malcolm MacGregor,
Frank A. S. Welstead, A. N. Young.

Society affiliated (1).—Weston Bamfylde and District Horti-
cultural Society.

A Paper on “ Forcing Lily of the Valley,’ by Mr. T. Jannoch,
was read by the Assistant Secretary.

GENERAL MEETING.
SEPTEMBER 8, 1896.
Mr. Gro. Bunyanrp in the Chair.

Fellows elected (9).—James M. Allan, Miss E. Beck, Julius
Creese, C. Orchard, J. P. Page, Montague Price, Vincent Provost,
Edmund de Q. Quincey, H. H. Raschen.

Associate (1).—Mr. W. Harrison.

A Lecture on the ‘ Gladioli’’ was given by Mr. J. Burrell.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 14. CXXXV

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.
JuLY 14.
Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.§8., in the Chair.

Picea Alcockiana, Foliaceous Cones.—Mr. Meehan, of Ger-
mantown, Philadelphia, sent specimens showing the bracts of
the cones becoming leaf-like, with the following observations :—
“Tt represents a great strugele between the effort to make a cone
and a branch. I have numbers on several plants. In some
cases the branch, and in others the cone, nearly wins. The
specimens are certainly due to the conditions of environment.
There are about a dozen plants from 2 to 3 ft. high. Trans-
planted in the spring of 1895, it was with difficulty we got them
through the drought and torrid heat of that exceptional season,
the growth being but an inch or two. Other species of the order
planted with them died absolutely.”

Caladium, Variegated Leaf.—Mr. Philip Crowley, of Waddon
House, Croydon, sent a very curious example of dissociation of
colour. The leaf was mainly of a pale pink colour, but one
quarter, sharply marked off by two lines at right angles to each
other, was white with green veins. The suggested interpreta-
tion was that the plant which bore it was a cross between two
plants having the above peculiarities respectively, and that the
parental characters had become suddenly dissociated.

Crinum capense, var.—Rev. W. Shirley, of Southwick Par-
sonage, Fareham, sent a flower which proved to be a pale variety
of this species. He remarks that he has succeeded in crossing it
with C. Moorei as the male parent, having raised four plants, but
was unable to effect a cross the reverse way.

Parrot Tulips not Seeding.—In response to an inquiry from
the Secretary, Mr. Barr writes:—‘‘We have been making
inquiries over Holiand, and are informed that the Dutch
growers do not remember to have ever seen seed to ripen on
these Tulips.”’ It was suggested that it would be worth while
experimenting with them next year to see if seed could be pro-
cured by artificial pollination.

Fungus on Primula.—a curious fungus (Physarum gyroswm)
upon leaves of a Primula was sent by Mr. W. Hall, the super-

CXXXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

intendent of parks, Sunderland. It was forwarded to Kew for
further investigation.

Wild Chamomile fatal to Lambs.—It was reported from the
Duke of Bedford’s Woburn Estate that this very common plant,
Matricaria chamomulla, had proved highly injurious to sheep
and lambs, several having died in consequence of having eaten it.
The plant has never been suspected of having dangerous qualities,
though the flowers are naturally rather acrid and bitter, in con-
sequence of the presence of the essential oil which they contain.
If the report be true, it may be suggested that the intense heat
of the early summer may have intensified these properties, as
is well known to be the case with Artemisias, &c., in sub-tropical
countries.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, JULY 28.
Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair.

Primula with Myzxogastres.—The following report was
received from Kew with reference to the specimen exhibited at
the last meeting :—‘‘ The organism is one of the Myxogastres
(Physarum gyrosum, Rost). It is not a parasite, and will do no
injury unless it occurs in immense quantity, when it might be
washed away by spraying. The early or plasmodium condition
develops in darkness, and finally creeps up anything, organic or
inorganic, for the purpose of forming its spores in a position
where they may be readily dispersed when mature by wind and
rain.”

Pelargoniums treated with Salts—Notes were compared as
to the conditions of the three sets of white Pelargoniums under
experiment. Mr. Henslow said that in his case all the plants
treated with the salts, though perfectly vigorous, had failed up
to the present time to develop any flowers, the trusses perishing
when about half-an-inch long, but that they were now begin-
ning to form well. On the other hand, the two plants not
treated with salts had flowered well the whole time. Mr.
Wilks and Dr. Russell, both alike, had all the plants flowering ;
but up to the present time there had been no effect upon the
blossoms.

Deodar with Cones.—Myr. Henslow recorded the somewhat
unusual fact that one tree out of four, planted about forty years

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 14. CXXXV1i

ago in his garden at Drayton House, Maling, had six cones upon
it at the present time.

Tomatos, Diseased.—Mr. Hillier, of Bariton, near Petersfield,
forwarded some Tomatos which had failed to colour properly at
the base. They were forwarded to Kew for examination, whence
the following report has been received :—‘“‘ The fruit has ripened
unevenly, due probably to a disturbance in some part of the
plant, presumably the root, which, however, is not forthcoming
for examination.”

Grapes, Blighted.—Mr. Messenger, of Woolverstone, Gardens,
Ipswich, sent a bunch showing some affection to the stalk and
leaves. It was sent to Chiswick for investigation.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
sun 14. 1896.

Puinie Crow ey, Esq., in the Chair, and nineteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To H. H. Gibbs, Esq., Aldenham House, Elstree (er. Mr. E.
Beckett), for a very fine collection of vegetables.

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a large collec-
tion of fruit.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mrs. Abbot, South Villa, Regent’s Park, N.W. (gr. Mr.
Kelf), for beautiful boxes of Peaches ‘ Dymond,’ ‘ Royal George,’
and ‘ Dr. Hoge.’ These were exhibited to show what excellent
fruit can be grown with care within the metropolitan district ;
and great credit is due to the grower.

To Messrs. Johnson & Son, Boston, Lincolnshire, for a col-
lection of Peas.

First Class Certificate.
To Strawberry ‘ Veitch’s Perfection’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. See page Ixvi.

CXXXVlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Award of Merit.

To Melon ‘ Barkham’s Scarlet’ (votes, 14 for), from Mr. J.
Barkham, Longford House, Ryde. A scarlet-flesh fruit, beauti-
fully netted, and of good flavour.

To Pea ‘ Boston Unrivalled’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Johnson, Boston. See page 67.

To Melon ‘Effingham Perfection’ (votes, 11 for), from G.
Hatfield, Eisq., Morden Hall, Surrey (gr. Mr. Alderman). A
hybrid from (Hero of Lockinge x Wm. Tillery) x Windsor
Castle. The Committee suggested that this Melon was worth
sending up to them again.

Other Exhibits.

J. G. Morris, lisq., Allerton Priory, sent Tomato ‘ Frogmore
Selected.’

Mr. W. Carmichael, Kdinburgh, sent four seedling Straw-
berries: (1) ‘ William Carmichael’ (‘ Waterloo’ x ‘British
Queen’); (2) ‘Prince of Wales’ (‘ Waterloo’ x ‘ British
Queen ’); (3) ‘Princess of Wales’ (‘ Latest of All’ x ‘Frogmore
Late’), of very good flavour, greatly resembling ‘ Latest of All’ ;
(4) ‘Queen of Denmark’ (‘Frogmore Late’ x ‘ Waterloo’), a
smaller berry than the preceding, but of very good flavour. Mr.
Carmichael was invited to send plants to Chiswick, where it was
considered that greater justice might be done to the varieties
than is possible by growing them so far north as Edinburgh.

The Marquis of Abergavenny, Hridge Castle (gr. Mr. Wilson),
sent a Melon‘ Eridge Perfection,’ a hybrid from ‘ Longleat
Perfection’ x ‘Irogmore Seedling.’ A white flesh fruit,
wonderfully juicy and refreshing, but slightly lacking in
flavour. ,

R. Burrell, Ksq., Westley Hall, Bury St. Kdmunds (gr. Mr.
A. Bishop), sent a Tomato ‘A1’ x ‘Conference.’ Also a very
sweet green flesh Melon. Also fruiting sprays of a small early
Plum laden with fruit. It was thought to be the true
Myrobalan Plum, and the Committee asked to see some of the
fruit when ripe.

Earl Perey, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes), sent
two hybrid Melons: (1) ‘Syon Gem’ (‘Syon House’ x ‘ Hero
of Isleworth’); (2) ‘Syon Queen’ (‘Hero of Isleworth’ x
‘Syon House’).

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 28. CXXX1x

W. H. Willis, Esq., Lennox Lodge, Shanklin (gr. Mr. May),
sent a Melon ‘ Lennox Beauty.’

Mr. W. Palmer, Andover, sent a Cucumber ‘ Palmer’s
Graceful.’

Mr. Owen Thomas, gardener to Her Majesty at Windsor, sent
a Melon ‘The Lady.’

Mr. F. G. Foster, Brockhampton, Havant, sent a Tomato
‘Brockhampton King.’ It was requested that seed might be
sent to Chiswick.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, JULY 28, 1896.

Puinre Crow ey, Ksq., in the Chair, and fourteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Suver-giut Knghtian Medal.
To Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for a magnificent collection
of 125 dishes of fruit.

Silver Knightian Medal.

To Mrs. Abbot, Regent’s Park, for very fine specimens of
Peaches and Grapes grown within two miles of Charing
Cross. It was considered that great praise was due to the
erower. |

First Class Certificate.

To Gooseberry ‘Langley Beauty’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. A hybrid between
‘Yellow Champagne’ and ‘ Railway.’ The berries were very
large, of a buff yellow colour, semi-transparent, somewhat hairy,
and of delicious flavour. It combined the size of ‘ Railway,’ a
large greenish fruit, with the fine flavour and upright growth of
the little “Yellow Champagne.’

Award of Merit.

To Red Currant ‘ The Comet’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr,
H. Becker, Jersey. The bunches were six, some even eight,
inches long; the berries very large, dark red, transparent, and as
many as twenty-eight on a bunch. It was suggested that a bush
should be sent to Chiswick.

cxl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Gooseberry ‘Langley Gage’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. A hybrid between
‘Pitmaston Greengage’ and ‘Telegraph.’ The berries were
in size between medium and small, silvery white, transparent
and of very fine flavour; an enormous bearer.

Other Exhibits.

Peaches and Nectarines were brought from the Society’s
Gardens.

J. R. Walker, Esq., Gilgarran, Cumberland (gr. Mr. Kydd),
sent a Melon, ‘ Blenheim Orange’ x‘ Spring Bank Scarlet.’

R. Burrell, Esq., Westley Hall (gr. Mr. Bishop), sent Melons,
‘Westley Defiance’ and ‘Dr. S. Burrell’; the latter, a cross
between ‘ Westley Hall’ and ‘Emerald Gem,’ was a very fine
fruit, beautifully netted, very sweet and juicy, and of fair flavour.
Also a Tomato, which was of that bluish-scarlet colour which is
not considered desirable.

W. H. Evans, Esq., Forde Abbey, Chard (gr. Mr. John
Crook), sent some Gooseberries, one of which, of unknown name,
was considered a very good fruit.

Mr. W. Handysides, Newcastle, sent a Tomato which had
resulted from an attempt to cross a Tomato with the pollen of an
Aubergine ; no trace, however, of the Aubergine pollen influence
appeared in the fruit.

Sir Matthew Wilson, Bart., Eshton Hall, Leeds (gr. Mr.
Temple), sent a Melon, ‘ Kshton Hall.’

Karl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), sent a Melon
‘ Syon Gem.’

Sir Joseph Pease, Bart., M.P., Hutton Hall, Guisborough
(gr. Mr. McIndoe), sent some trees in pots of a new Japanese
Plum called ‘ Burbank,’ to show its marvellous bearing
capacity, the young plants carrying fruit on every twig of last
year’s wood, and even down to the very soil in the pots.

Messrs. Cutbush & Sons, Highgate, sent two Tomatos, one
scarlet, ‘The Cropper,’ somewhat resembling ‘Challenger’ ;
the other, ‘ King of the Yellows,’ yellow, with a scarlet flush on
the skin; of magnificent flavour. It was suggested to send seed
to Chiswick.

Messrs. Hurst & Son, Hounsditch, sent Brydon’s new Pea
‘Pierremont Seedling.’ It was of darker colour than, but

?

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 11. exli

otherwise very like ‘ Daisy.’ It was requested to send seed to
Chiswick.

Messrs. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, brought a very
refreshing and pleasant-flavoured white Grape, ‘ Gradiska,’ not
sufficiently known in this country. It was raised by M. Robert
in 1851 at Angers, and it ripens, under the same treatment,
three weeks or a month earlier than Black Hamburgh.

Mr. Saltmarsh brought fruiting sprays of Myrobalan Plum
in order to prove the identity of that shown at the last meeting.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE AT CHISWICK,
JuLy 31, 1896.

Puintip Crow ey, Esq., in the Chair, and eleven members
present.

The Committee inspected 101 varieties of Tomatos under
trial, of which a report will be found on page 216.

Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.
To Potato ‘ Famous’ (votes, unanimous).
To Tomato ‘ Nield’s Seedling ’ (votes, unanimous).
To Tomato ‘ Young’s Eclipse ’ (votes, unanimous).
To Tomato ‘ Chiswick Dessert ’ (votes, unanimous).
See Tomato and Potato Reports, pages 216 and 227.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, AuGusT 11, 1896.

Puinire Crow ey, Esq., in the Chair, and thirteen members
present.

Avrards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, for a collection of

40 dishes of hardy fruit.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a collection of 26

dishes of hardy fruit.

cxlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

© Award of Merit.

To Melon ‘ Harris’s Favourite’ (votes, 7 for, 2 against), from
Philip Crowley, Esq., Waddon House, Croydon (gr. Mr. Harris).

To Apple ‘Cardinal,’ syn. ‘Peter the Great’ (votes, 7 for,
1 against), from Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone. A fruit
of peculiar shape, having, for its size, a very broad fiat base, rising
immediately to a very pointed cone, with the eye only slightly
indented on the apex. Of medium size and good flavour when
eaten fresh from the tree. The skin is streaked and splashed
with rosy pink on a primrose ground. Stalk set in a wide,
shallow depression. A small grower and prolific bearer.

To Pear ‘ Aspasie Aucourt’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Bunyard & Co. Fruit bluntly pyriform, with eye and stalk both
deeply inset. Of medium size, yellowish green when ripe,
melting, and of sweet, refreshing flavour. <A good early pear,
succeeding best on the Pear-stock, and bearing freely.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. J. Pownall, 5 Moss Street, Prescot, Lancashire, for 13
- very large firm, blood red Onions named ‘ Failsworth Red.’

Other Exhibits.

W. Davies, Esq., Amberley Court, Stroud (gr. Mr. E.
Butcher), sent Peach ‘Princess of Wales,’ and ‘ Madresfield
Court ’ Grape. .

Mr. W. Palmer, Andover, sent Cucumber ‘ Palmer’s
Graceful.’

Mr. W. Batchelor, Harefield Park, Uxbridge, sent a group of
Japanese Wineberries (Lwbus phemcolasius), to which a First
Class Certificate was granted in 1894 ; also a fine dish of Runner
Beans named ‘ Best of All.’

Mr. James Nash, Belvedere Nursery, Wimbledon, sent
Nectarine ‘ Victoria.’

Messrs. Hurst & Son, Hounsditch, sent a fine Pea named
‘Captain Cuttle.’ It was requested to be tried at Chiswick.

Mr. Wythes, Syon House, sent Melon ‘ Syon Gem.’

Mr. 8S. T. Gissham, Scorrier, Cornwall, sent a seedling
Melon.

Mr. A. Alderman, Dorking, sent Melon ‘ Effingham Perfec-
tion.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, AUGUST 25. Cxllil

The Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Highgate (gr. Mr. Willard),
sent a seedling Melon.

F. C. Carr Gomm, Esq., Slough (gr. Mr. Reid), sent Melon
‘ Wellbank Seedling.’

Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, sent Pear ‘ Précoce de
Trevouf.’

Mr. H. Kempshall, Lamport Hall, Northampton, sent a dish
of large Potatos. The Committee considered it to be a form of
‘Magnum Bonum.’

Fruit AND VEGETABLE CommitTTEE, AuGust 25, 1896.

Puitre CrowueEy, Esq., in the Chair, and fourteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.
To H.M. the Queen (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas), for 50 dishes of
very fine fruit.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for 100 dishes of fruit.

Silver Knightian Medal.

To Earl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), for 50 dishes
of hardy fruits.

To P. M. Grahame, Esq., Hurst Side, West Molesey (gr.
My. G. Elliott), for 6 bunches of ‘ Madresfield Court’ Grapes
and 6 bunches of ‘ Gros Maroc.’

Bronze Knightian Medal.

To Lord Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford (gr. Mr. Walters),
for a collection of Peaches and Nectarines.

To C. J. Massey, Esq., Galloway House, Garlieston, N.B.
(or. Mr. Day), for a collection of hardy fruit.

To W. R. Cookson, Eisq., Bracknell (gr. Mr. T. Dennis), for
three very large and well-coloured bunches of ‘ Muscat Ham-
burgh’ Grapes.

To Messrs. S. Spooner & Sons, Hounslow, for 40 dishes of
hardy fruits.

Award of Merit.

To Pea ‘ The Gladstone ’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. W.G.
Holmes, Seed Merchant, Tain, N.B. See p. 67.

cxliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. T. H. Crasp, Osberton, Worksop, for very well-
coloured ‘ Ferdinand de Lesseps ’ Grapes.

Other Exhibits.

From the R.H.S. Gardens came Peaches ‘ Gladstone’ and
‘Desse Tardive’; also Grape ‘San Antonio.’ The Committee
requested the Grape to be shown later.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons sent Plum ‘ Webster’s Gage’ and
Apple ‘ Antonifka.’

Sir J. W. Pease, Hutton Hall, Guisborough (gr. Mr. McIndoe),
sent Japanese Plum ‘ Burbank.’

Mr. O. Thomas, Royal Gardens, Windsor, sent Melon ‘ The
Duchess’; also Plum ‘ Windsor Early.’ The Committee requested
orafts of the latter to be sent to Chiswick.

Mr. J. Johnson, Duffield, Stoke, sent Apple ‘ Johnson’s
Seedling.’ The Committee requested it to be ssnt again when
riper.

Mr. H. Becker, Beresford Street, Jersey, sent a dish of Pears
‘Dr. Jules Guyot’; also Apple ‘ Jersey Beauty.’ The Committee
considered that the former was not true to name, and that the
latter was identical with ‘ Yorkshire Beauty.’

Mr. T. H. Crasp, Osberton, Worksop, sent some remarkably
fine Tomatos, with fruiting stems to show the plant’s prolific
habit. It was suggested by the Committee that seed should be
sent to Chiswick.

Mr. Wythes, Syon House, sent Melon ‘ Syon Gem.’

C. T. Cayley, Esq., Leigham Court, Streatham (gr. Mr.
Poulson), sent Melon ‘ Improvement.’

Mr. 8. Cole, Swallowfield Park, Reading, sent Melon
‘Swallowfield Park Favourite.’

Messrs. Harrison & Son, Leicester, sent a collection of
24 varieties of dwarf Beans.

Mr. J. Clark, Abbeywood, Kent, sent Tomatos ‘ Abbeywood
Scarlet ’ and ‘ Abbeywood Crimson.’

Messrs. R. Veitch & Sons, Exeter, sent Carrot ‘ New Inter-
mediate.’

Mr. A. Findlay, Maresfield Park, Uckfield, sent a dish of
Peaches named ‘ Maresfield Park Seedling,’ the skin and flesh
being of a dark blood red.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8. exly

Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, sent Japanese
Plum ‘ Burbank.’

Messrs. Watkins & Simpson, Strand, sent Raspberry ‘ Steel’s
Favourite.’

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8, 1896.

PuHinie Crowntey, Hsq., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Knightian Medal.
To Lord Foley, Esher, Surrey (gr. Mr. Miller), for 48 dishes
of fruit.
To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for 100 dishes
of Apples and Pears.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson sent Tomato ‘ Young’s Eclipse.’

Miss McRonald, North Gate, Chichester, sent Tomato
‘McRonald’s Golden Dessert.’

The Lady O’Hagan, The Priory, Highgate (gr. Mr. Stuart),
sent a remarkable bunch of ‘ Bergamotte d’Esperen’ Pear,
having 35 fruits growing in a single cluster.

Messrs. Carter & Co., London, sent a large collection of
Cabbages and Kales.

Lord Hastings, Melton Constable, Norfolk (gr. Mr. Shingler),
sent a new black Grape named ‘ Lady Hastings.’ The Com-
mittee requested it to be sent again, with particulars as to its
origin, &e.

Mr. A. W. Partridge, Saham Toney, Norfolk, sent Apple
‘Saham Toney.’

The Karl of Lathom, Lathom House, Ormskirk (gr. Mr. B.
Ashton), sent Melon ‘ Karl of Lathom,’ which was over-ripe.

F. Foljambe, Esq., Osberton Hall, Worksop (gr. Mr. T. H.
Crasp), sent Melon ‘ Osberton.’

Earl Perey, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), sent Melon
‘Thames Bank.’

Messrs. Hi. J. Sarjeant & Co., Stratton Vineries, Worthing,
sent some handsome Aubergines.

N

exlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

W.H. Evans, Esq., Forde Abbey, Chard (gr. Mr. Crook},
sent a seedling Apple of beautiful colour. The Committee
requested it to be sent again later.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, sent a beautifully
curled Parsley ‘ Kynsford Beauty.’

= = a

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE AT CHISWICK,
SEPTEMBER 17, 1896.

Puiuip Crow ey, Esq., in the Chair, and ten members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Award of Merit.

To Potato ‘ Saxon.’

To Potato ‘Early White Kidney.’ [A Potato of this name
was certificated in 1873.— EHds.]|

To Beet ‘ Nutting’s Selected Dwarf.’

To Beet ‘ Egyptian Dark Red.’

To Beet ‘Cheltenham Green-top.’

To Beet ‘ Turnip-rooted Red Globe.’

To Beet ‘ Dell’s Celebrated Dwarf.’

To Beet ‘ Perfection Dwarf Red.’

See Report on Beet and Potatos, pp. 223 and 227.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
JULY 14, 1896.
W. MArsHALL, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for a collection of

Ivies.

Silver Flora Medal.
To A. F. Hayward, Esq., Winchester, for a beautiful collec-
tion of paintings of Roses and Pansies.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY 14. exlvil

To Mr. M. Prichard, Christchurch, for a group of hardy
flowers.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for Carnations.

To Messrs. R. Hartland & Son, Cork, for double tuberous
Begonias.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for a group of shrubs
and hardy plants.
To Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, for a group of
Calochorti and Lilies.
To Mr. W. Rumsey, Waltham Cross, for Roses.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for Sweet Peas.
To Mr. F. C. Foster, Havant, for Sweet Peas.

First Class Certificate.

To Adiantum Bessonianum (votes, unanimous), from James
O’Brien, Esq., Harrow-on-the-Hill. A vigorous growing variety
of good habit, somewhat similar to A. Pacotti. Fronds deep
green and slightly fringed.

To Lilium concolor (votes, 7 for, 6 against), from Messrs. R.
Wallace & Co., Colchester. A dwarf variety of slender growth.
Leaves small, lanceolate, light green. Small orange scarlet
flowers spotted with crimson.

To Clethra canescens (votes, 16 for), from Messrs. J. Veitch &
Sons. A rare and very handsome free-flowering, hardy shrub ;
with deep green lanceolate leaves. Flowers small, borne on long
racemes ; pure white and sweetly scented.

To Didymocarpus malayanus (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. <A very pretty new species. A stove
or greenhouse plant of dwarf habit with ovate leaves, the central
portion of which is glaucous, running to a deep green towards the
edges and covered all over with silvery hairs. The pale yellow
tubular flowers are borne in clusters of twe or three on peduncles
5 or 4 inches high.

Award of Merit.
To Carnation ‘ Alice Mills’ (votes, unanimous), from E. C.
Sharpin, Esq., Bromham Road, Bedford. Flowers yellow,

striped and edged with deep rosy red. <A grand variety.
N2

exlviil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Carnation ‘Mrs. Mackrae’ (votes, unanimous), from
Martin R. Smith, Esq., The Warren, Hayes (gr. Mr. Blick).
Flowers bright scarlet, flushed with rose.

To Carnation ‘Blushing Bride’ (votes, unanimous), from
Martin R. Smith, Esq. (gr. Mr. Blick). Flowers of medium size,
of a delicate pale pink.

To Carnation ‘Dick Donovan’ (votes, unanimous), from
Martin R. Smith, Esq. (gr. Mr. Blick). Flowers very large,
petals round, smooth, pure white. An excellent variety.

To Carnation ‘Golden Eagle’ (votes, unanimous), from
Martin R. Smith, Esq. (gr. Mr. Blick). Flowers large, yellow,
striped and edged with rosy pink.

To Carnation ‘Boreas’ (votes, unanimous), from Martin R.
Smith, Esq. (gr. Mr. Blick). <A fine border variety, with large
deep crimson flowers of good substance.

To Carnation ‘ Voltaire’ (votes, unanimous), from Martin R.
Smith, Esq. (gr. Mr. Blick), and Mr. J. Douglas, Great
Bookham. Flowers large, pale yellow, flaked and edged with
rosy red.

To Gaillardia ‘ Mrs. Sage’ (votes, unanimous), from the Earl
of Dysart, Ham House, Richmond (gr. Mr. Sage). A hand-
some variety with large, well-formed flowers; the disc rich
golden yellow surrounded by a bronzy crimson zone.

To Tea Rose ‘ Francis Dubrieul’ (votes, 14 for), from Messrs.
W. Paul & Son, Waltham Cross. Flowers of medium size; rich
crimson shaded with rose towards the centre.

To Tea Rose ‘ Empress Alexandra ’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. W. Paul & Son. A handsome salmon rose variety of
good form and substance.

To the strain of Streptocarpus pulchellus (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A very fine strain with large
richly coloured flowers.

To Carnation ‘ May Queen’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C.
Turner, Slough. A very pretty variety, with large sulphur-
yellow flowers edged with rosy purple.

To Carnation ‘Primrose League’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. C. Turner. A magnificent variety. Flowers large, clear
primrose, splashed with rosy purple.

To Picotee ‘Clio’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C. Turner.
Flowers very large, white, margined with deep rose.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY 14. exlix

To Sweet Pea ‘ Lady Grisel Hamilton’ (votes, 15 for), from
Mr. H. Eckford, Wem, Salop. A variety with pale lavender
flowers.

To Sweet Pea ‘ Queen Victoria’ (votes, 9 for, 7 against), from
Mr. H. Eckford. Flowers creamy-white, tinged with pink.

To Sweet Pea ‘Prince Edward’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. H. Kekford. Standards orange-red, wings rose, shaded with
purple.

To Gloxinia ‘ Mrs. F. T. Edridge’ (votes, 10 for, 9 against),
from Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill. Flowers large,
erect ; deep velvety purple, edged with violet.

To Carnation ‘Jim Smyth’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
H. G. Smyth, 21 Goldsmith Street, Drury Lane, W.C. A
maenificent border variety with large bright scarlet flowers.

To Canna ‘Ami Jules Chrétien’ (votes, 8 for, 7 against),’
from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley. Large orange
scarlet flowers, flushed with salmon pink.

To Cenna ‘Aurore’ (votes, 15 for), from Messrs. H.
Cannell & Sons. Plant of dwarf habit, with very large bright
orange scarlet flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Edwin Bostock, Esq., Tixall Lodge, Tixall, sent a specimen
of Frangipanni— Plumeria rubra.

H.R.H. the Duchess of Albany, Claremont, Esher (gr. Mr.
Burrell), sent sprays of a somewhat rare ornamental hardy tree
named Pterocarya caucasica.

J. G. Mortlock, Esq., Meldreth, Royston, Cambs. (gr. Mr.
Maurer), sent some Rose trees which had been budded in the
last winter, with a view to saving a season, and were now coming
into blossom. A very interesting experiment.

A. Pears, Esq., Spring Grove, Isleworth (gr. Mr. Farr), sent
an unnamed Caladium.

Mr. C. Dymott, Southampton, sent a new late show Pelar
geonium, ‘ Harry Dymott.’

Messrs. 8. Rogers & Sons, Whittlesea, Peterborough, sent
Picotee ‘ Border Queen.’

From Messrs. Frewer Bros., Stowmarket, came three varieties
of Begonias.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, staged a group of
flowers.

cl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. W. Smart, Welton, Lincoln, sent two single Chrysanthe-
mums.
From Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, came a beautiful
collection of Water Lilies.
New Carnations were also exhibited by—
1. C. W. Troughton, Esq., 6 South Row, Blackheath.
2. F. G. Leman, Esq., South Carey House, Castle Carey,
Somerset.
. Allan Chandler, Ksq., Bunch Lane, Haslemere.
K. C. Sharpin, Eisq., Bromham Road, Bedford.
My. E. Trollope, Whitchurch, Oxon.
. Mr. G. Radford, Colton, Rugeley.
Mr. J. Douglas, Edenside, Great Bookham, Surrey.
. Mr. H. W. Weguelin, Teignmouth, Devon.
. Mr. C. Berwick, Sidmouth.
. Mr. C. Noble, Bagshot.

ODA AaAew

[nt
=)

ROSE SHOW.

Hysprip PERPETUALS.

Class 1. Twenty-four single trusses, distinct. Amateurs.
First, Silver Cup, or £4, to T. B. Haywood, Esq., Woodhatch,
Reigate (gr. Mr. Salter); second, £2, to C. J. Grahame, Esq.,
Wrydelands, Leatherhead.

Class 2. Twenty-four single trusses, distinct. Open. First,
£3, equal, Mr. G. Mount, Canterbury, and Messrs. Paul & Son,
Cheshunt.

Class 8. Twelve single trusses, distinct. Amateurs. First,
£1.10s., to Rev. W. H. Jackson, Bedford (gr. Mr. Bonnett) ;
second, £1, to R. EK. West, Ksq., Wray Park, Reigate.

Class 4. Twelve single trusses, distinct. Open. First,
£1.10s., to Mr. G. Mount; second, £1, to Messrs. Paul & Son.

Class 5. Six single trusses, distinct. Amateurs. First, £1,
to John Bateman, Esq., Rosevale, Archway Road, N.W.; second,
15s., to Rev. A. Foster-Melliar, Sproughton Rectory, Ipswich.

Class 6. Six single trusses of any one variety. Amateurs.
First, £1, to Rivers H. Langton, Esq., Raymead, Hendon ;
second, 15s., to Rev. W. H. Jackson (er. Mr. Bonnett).

Class 7. Twelve distinct, three trusses of each. Open.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, JULY 28. cli

First, £2. 10s., to Mr. G. Mount; second, £1. 10s., to Messrs.
Paul & Son.

Class 8. Twelve single trusses of any one variety. Open.
First, £1. 10s., to Mr. G. Mount; second, £1, to Messrs. Paul &
Son.

TnAS AND NOISETTES.

Class 9. Twenty-four single trusses, not less than twelve
varieties or more than three trusses of any one variety. Amateurs.
First, Silver Cup, or £4, to O. B. Orpen, Esq., West Bergholt,
Colchester ; second, £2, to Rev. A. Foster-Melliar.

Class 10. Twelve single trusses, not less than nine varieties,
or more than two trusses of any one variety. Amateurs. First,
£1. 10s., to A. Chandler, Eisq., Bunch Lane, Haslemere.

Class 11. Six single trusses, not less than four varieties.
Amateurs. First, £1, to R. E. West, Esq.; second, 15s., to Rivers
H. Langton, Esq.

Class 12. Six single trusses of any one variety. Amateurs.
First, 21, to O. G. Orpen Esq.; second, 1lds., to Rev. W. H.
Jackson (gr. Mr. Bonnett).

Class 18. Twenty-four distinct single trusses. Open. First,
£8, to Messrs. D. Prior & Son; second, £2, to Messrs. Paul &
Son.

Class 14. Twelve distinct, three trusses of each. Open.
First, £2. 10s., to Messrs. D. Prior & Son; second, £1. 10s., to
Messrs. Paul & Son.

Class 15. Twelve single trusses of any one variety. Open.
First, £1. 10s., to Messrs. Paul & Son ; second, £1, to Messrs. D.
Prior & Son.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, JULY 28, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Hsq., in the Chair, and twenty-three
members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham, for a very large group of
flowering and foliage plants—Caladiums, Crotons, Palms, Ferns, ©
Bamboos, and single and double Begonias.

clii PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Mr. T. 8. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of hardy
flowers.
To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a collection of
Cactaceous plants.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Mr. J. Walker, Thame, for a group of Dahlias and Sweet
Peas.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for a collection of
hardy flowers.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
plants.

To Mr. R. Jensen, Mansfield Hill, Chingford, for a group of
Zonal Pelargonium ‘ King of Denmark.’

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Webb & Brand, Saffron Walden, for Hollyhocks.

Award of Merit.

To Campanula pyramidalis compacta alba (votes, 10 for,
3 against), from Harl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr.
Wythes). A very compact growing variety, bearing stout much-
branched spikes with pure white flowers.

To Hollyhock ‘ Ovid’ (votes, 11 for, 8 against), from Messrs.
Webb & Brand. A handsome variety, with large deep rose-
coloured flowers.

To Delphinium Zalil (votes, 17 for), from Messrs. Barr &
Son. Soft sulphur yellow flowers on long spikes.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. H. J. Hughes, Whitchurch, Salop, sent a group of
Carnations.

From Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, came a small group
of hardy flowering shrubs.

Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, sent Begonia ‘ Maréchal
Niel.’

Mr. J. Hazelby, Hampton, brought a group of Ivy-leaved
Pelargoniums.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, sent Tuberous
Begonias.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 11. eli

Messrs. J. Carter & Co., High Holborn, showed a Petunia
named ‘ Queen of Roses.’

Messrs. T. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells, sent specimens of
Salisburia adiantifolia variegata and Hypericum aureum.

Mr. C. Turner, Slough, sent a Cactus Dahha named ‘ Cedric,’
which the Committee asked to see again.

Prize.
Class 3.—Collection of Cactaceous plants. Prize Silver Flora
Medal, to Mr. Pritchard, 78 Godwin Road, Forest Gate, I.

FLORAL ComMiItTTEE, Auaust, 11, 1896.

W. MarsHAtt, Ksq., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Kelway & Son, Langport, for an immense variety
of Gladiol1.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a large group of
Caladiums, Bamboos, and Gladioli.

Silver-giult Banksian Medal.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of hardy
flowers.

Silver Flora Medal.

To F. Reckitt, Esq., Caenwood Towers, Highgate (gr. Mr.
Burt), for a group of Crotons, Dracenas, Caladiums, Lilies, and
Campanulas.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for 24 varieties of
Cockscombs.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gy.
Mr. Bain), for a collection of Gladioli and Crinums.

To Sir Weetman Pearson, Bart., Paddockhurst, Crawley (gr.
Mr. Capp), for a group of Carnations, Hollyhocks, Asters,
Coreopsis, and Solidagos.

To P. Purnell, Esq., Woodlands, Streatham Hill, S.W., for a
group of Begonias, Petunias, Balsams, and Ferns.

cliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
Caladiums, Palms, Ferns, Tuberous Begonias, and Orchids.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
flowers.

To Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for a group of Roses, Gail-
lardias, Phloxes, and Coreopsis.

To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for hardy
flowers.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for a collection of
Dahlias and ornamental Crab-apples.

first Class Certificate.

To Nymphza Robinsoniana (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
de Rothschild, Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr. Mr. Hudson).
Flowers large, deep crimson, shaded with rose towards the centre.
An exceptionally fine variety.

To Nymphea marliacea carnea (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. de Rothschild. Flowers white suffused with pink.

To Phyllostachys Kumasasa (votes, 4 for, 1 against), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. Plant of bushy habit, with small
deep green leaves and reddish coloured stems.

To Bambusa palmata (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons. A very graceful hardy plant with bold bright
ereen foliage.

Award of Merit.

To Gladiolus Nanceianus ‘Jean Dibowski’ (votes, 14 for),
from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., and Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons.
A very distinct variety with large crimson flowers spotted with
creamy white.

To Gladiolus Lemoinei ‘ Kmile Augier’ (votes, unanimous),
from Sir Trevor Lawrence. A very handsome variety. Flowers
canary-yellow suffused with a deeper shade and blotched with
crimson.

To Streptocarpus ‘Mrs. Heal’ (Veitch’s hybrid 9 x 8.
Wendlandi 2) (votes, 11 for), from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A
magnificent form with large finely formed flowers; colour deep
violet blue, throat claret, spotted and striped with yellowish
white.

To Gladiolus ‘ Senateur Volland’ (votes, unanimous), from

FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 25. ely

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. Flowers bluish lilac striped with
creamy white.

To Gladiolus ‘Deuil de Carnot’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. Flowers borne on slender spikes ;
colour deep maroon striped with scarlet.

To Abutilon ‘Silver Queen’ (votes, 10 for, 2 against), from
Mr. Sharp, Avenue End, Fareham. A dwarf-growing variety
with much cut foliage ; colour creamy white blotched with green.

To Pentstemon ‘ President Carnot’ (votes, 9 for, 5 against),
from Messrs. Barr & Son. Very large deep crimson flowers
with a white throat.

To Gladiolus ‘ Baxter’ (votes, 7 for), from Messrs. Kelway &
Son, Langport. Large deep maroon flowers shaded with purple.

To Gladiolus ‘ Carlyle’ (votes, 9 for), from Messrs. Kelway &
Son. Flowers bright red ; centre white flaked with crimson.

To Gladiolus ‘Penn’ (votes, 6 for, 3 against), from Messrs.
Kelway & Son. Large bright crimson flowers suffused with rosy
purple towards the centre.

To Sidalcea malveeflora Listeri (votes, 11 for), from Mr. A.
Lister, Rothesay. A variety (said to be new) with soft pink
flowers.

To Clematis Viticella alba (votes, 183 for), from Messrs. Paul
& Son. Flowers small, white flushed with rose.

Botamecal Certificate.
To Calypsyche aurantiaca (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., St. Albans.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. Burt, gardener to I’. Reckitt, EKsq., Caenwood Towers,
Highgate, for a very large specimen of Cycas revoluta.

Other Exhibits.

Philip Crowley, Esq., Waddon House, Croydon (gr. Mr.
Harris), sent a specimen of Amorphophallus campanulata.

T. Hamilton Fox, Esq., Keston, Kent, sent very fine blooms
of a Clove Carnation ‘ Arthur Soames.’

Messrs. de Rothschild, Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr. Mr.
Hudson), sent a beautiful collection of hardy Water Lilies.

Mr. C. Reynolds, Coolhurst Farm, Horsham, exhibited Dahlias

Mr. G. Kirlew, Warthill, York, sent some Carnations.

elvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. J. Wallace, Beecheroft, Streatham, sent blossoms of
Chrysanthemum ‘ Lord Dalmeny.’

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, staged a group of cut
flowers.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, AuGusT 25, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and thirteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a very large and

well-crown collection of Nepenthes, including such varieties as
Mastersiana, mixta, Rafflesiana, Hookeriana and elongata.

Selver-gult Flora Medal.
To Messrs. H. Cannell and Sons, Swanley, for Asters grown
from home-saved seed, the flowers being large and of good sub-

stance and of many colours.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, for a collection of Asters.
To Mr. T.S. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of hardy flowers.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, fora group of Lilies
and Tigridias. ,

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
hardy flowers.

Bronze Banksvan Medal.

To Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, Herts, for a group

of Begonias «ec.
Award of Merit.

To Gladiolus ‘Atlas’ (votes, 9 for), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain). <A
srand variety with very large flowers of a delicate white suffused
with rose and splashed with a deeper shade.

To Gladiolus Lemoinei ‘ Fustell de Coulanger’ (votes, 6 for),
from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. Bain). lowers large,

FLORAL COMMITTEE, AUGUST 25. elvil

borne on very stout short spikes; colour rosy carmine blotched
with white in the throat.

To Lobelia ‘Carmine Gem’ (votes, 5 for), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. Bain). A very distinct variety of L.
cardinalis with large bright carmine flowers.

To Campanula ‘ Profusion ’ (C. carpatica alba ? x C.isophylla
alba ¢ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. K. H. Jenkins, Hampton
Hill. A distinct variety with flowers of a pale blue colour. If
the parentage of this plant is correctly recorded, it is a curious
example of two white flowers producing a blue progeny.

To H. P. Rose ‘Mrs. Rumsey’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. W. Rumsey, Waltham Cross. A vigorous growing variety,
said to be mildew-proof. Flowers of good form and a lovely
shade of bright pink.

To Caladium ‘Donna Carmen Macedo’ (votes, 12 for), from
Messrs J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill. Leaves heart-shaped, of
good size; colour dull red with prominent green veins.

To Begonia ‘ Louise Closon Improved’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Laing & Sons. A very fine ornamental foliage
Begonia with large, deep, velvety brown leaves blotched with
rosy purple.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘ Miss Webster’ (votes, 9 for), from
Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay. <A free flowering variety of
eood habit. Petals large, broad, and pure white.

Other Exhibits.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain), staged
a collection of Gladioh and Pentstemons.

From Mrs. Elhott, Clifton Park, Kelso, came a small group
of Carnations.

Lord Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford, Kent (gr. Mr. Waliers),
exhibited Gloxinias.

W. B. Monck, Esq., Coley Park, Reading (gr. Mr. Booker),
sent Chrysanthemum ‘ James Booker.’

From T. W. Girdlestone, Esq., Sunningdale, Berks, came a
beautiful collection of Single Dabhlias.

Captain Holford, Westonbirt House, Tetbury (gr. Mr.
Chapman), sent a Begonia named ‘ Captain Holford.’

Mr. H. Becker, Jersey, staged a fine specimen of Amaryllis
belladonna gigantea.

Simm

elviil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Marcham, Spring Grove, Isleworth, sent a Coleus named
‘ Golden Feather.’

Mr. W. Potten, Cranbrook, sent a seedling Helianthus.

Mr. Hazelby, Hampton, staged a group of a very dwarf-
growing Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums, P. Moxoni.

FLORAL COMMITTEE AT CHISWICK, SEPTEMBER 1, 1896.
JOHN FRASER, Eisq., in the Chair, and six members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Highly Commended (x x x).

To the strain of Pentstemons (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain),
A remarkably fine strain with very large flowers, the colours
ranging from pure white through many shades of pink and rose
to deep crimson.

To the strain of Zinnia elegans (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Vilmorin & Co., Paris. Plants of vigorous compact
habit and very floriferous. Flowers large, double, and of varied
hues.

To Antirrhinum ‘ Scarlet’ (votes, 4 for), from Messrs.
Vilmorin & Co. Plants of very dwarf habit with medium-sized
spikes of large bright crimson flowers.

To Antirrhinum ‘ Yellow Queen’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay. Plants of good habit with
large spikes of clear canary-yellow flowers. It stands drought
well.

To Chamepeuce Sprengeri (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Barr & Son, Covent Garden. <A very handsome Thistle-like
plant of dwarf habit suitable for bedding purposes. Leaves long,
narrow, bright green with a glaucous grey midrib ; undersurface
white.

To Dwarf Chrysanthemum China Aster ‘Claret’ (votes,
unanimous), from Mr. Heinemann, Erfurt. Plants of dwarf,
sturdy habit, with deep crimson, medium-sized flowers. Height
6 inches. |

To China Aster ‘Cinnabar Carmine’ (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. Heinemann. Plants of dwarf habit and very floriferous;
flowers large ; colour rich carmine. Height 7 inches.

“FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8, elix

To Comet China Aster ‘Giant White’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Dobbie & Co. A magnificent variety with large
well-formed pure white flowers borne in great profusion.
Height 14 to 16 inches.

Commended (x x).

To China Aster ‘Triumph’ (syn. Peony-flowered ‘Tom
Thumb’) (votes, unanimous), from Mr. Heinemann. A lovely
variety of dwarf habit and very floriferous, some plants having
as many as nine large fully expanded blooms out at one time;
colour scarlet changing to crimson. Height 5 inches.

To Dwarf Chrysanthemum China Aster ‘Fiery Scarlet ’
(votes, unanimous), from Mr. Heinemann. A very free-flowering
variety with large flowers, colour bright scarlet tipped with
crimson. Height 6 inches.

To Dwarf Chrysanthemum China Aster ‘ Rose’ (votes,
unanimous), from Mr. Heinemann. Plant of loose, straggling
erowth; flowers large; colour bright rose. Height 8 inches.

To Comet China Aster ‘Light Blue’ (votes, unanimous),
from Mr. Heinemann. Plant of erect, sturdy habit, with very
dark green foliage ; flowers ight blue shaded with violet. Very
floriferous. Height 6 to 9 inches.

To Victoria China Aster ‘White’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. Heinemann. Flowers well formed, white tinged with green
in the centre. Very floriferous. Height 10 to 12 inches.

To Victoria China Aster ‘White turning to Azure Blue’
(votes, unanimous), from Mr. Heinemann. A very pretty
variety. Flowers large, white running to a pretty shade of blue.
Very floriferous. Height 10 inches.

To Dwarf Chrysanthemum China Aster ‘ Purplish Violet’
(votes, unanimous), from Mr. Heinemann. A distinct variety
with large purplish violet flowers. Height 6 inches.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8, 1896.
JOHN FRASER, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty members present.

Awards Recommended :—
Sulver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Messrs. J. Burrell & Co., Cambridge, for one hundred and
sixty-eight spikes of Gladiolus.

lf

rs

A
a

clx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Silver-gut Banksian Medal.

To Mr. Darnell, Devonshire House, Stamford Hill, for
Crotons.

To Mr. 8. Mortimer, Farnham, for Show and Cactus Dahlias.

To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for Show, Single, and
Cactus Dahlias.

Silver Flora Medal.

To Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes),
for a superb and very large group of magnificent Nepenthes,
together with foliage and flowering plants.

To Mr. J. T.. West, Tower Hill, Brentwood, for Show,
Pompon, and Cactus Dahlias.

To Messrs. R. Wallace & Co., Colchester, for a group of Lilies,
Gladiolus, Montbretias and Tigridias.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a group of
Crotons, Pandanus, Bertolonias, Streptocarpus, Gloxinias, and
Odontoglossums.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for Cactus and Decorative
Dahlias.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To F. Reckitt, Esq., Caenwood Towers, Highgate (gr. Mr.
Burt), for a group of Crotons, Caladiums, Palms, and ferns.

To T. W. Girdlestone, Esq., Sunningdale, Berks, for forty-
eight varieties of new Single Dahhas.

To Mrs. Salmon, Elder Road, West Norwood, for bouquets
and vases of flowers.

To Mr. J. H. Witty, Nunhead Cemetery, S.E., for early
flowering Chrysanthemums.

To Messrs. H. Jones & Son, Shrewsbury, for Dahlias arranged
in vases.

To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Rothesay, for Asters and
Marigolds.

To Mr. T. S. Ware, Tottenham, for Chrysanthemums and
Lilies.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Mr. W. Salmon, Elder Road, West Norwood, for a group
of hardy flowers.

First Class Certificate.
To Lobelia ‘Carmine Gem’ (votes, unanimous), from Sir

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8. elxi

Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford Lodge, Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain).
See page clvil. 1

To Polypodium neriifolium cristatum (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. A vigorous growing variety
with long arching deep green fronds, beautifully crested at the
points.

To Acidanthera bicolor (votes, unanimous), from Messys.
J. Veitch & Sons. A very handsome bulbous plant, carrying
long spikes of creamy white flowers blotched with crimson.

To Aralia triloba (votes, unanimous), from Mr. W. Bull,
Chelsea. A very graceful plant with long narrow bright green
leaves.

Award of Merit.

To Begonia odorata rosea plena (votes, unanimous), from
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. Bain). A sweet-scented
variety with pretty rose-pink flowers.

To Single Dahlia ‘Trilby’ (votes, unanimous), from T. W.
Girdlestone, Esq. Flowers small, deep velvety crimson, heavily
tipped with pink.

To Single Dahlia ‘Jeanette’ (votes, unanimous), from
T. W. Girdlestone, Esq. Flowers blush-white margined with
crimson.

To Single Dahlia ‘Folly’ (votes, unanimous), from T. W.
Girdlestone, Esq. Flowers small, pink, edged and suffused with
rose.

To Single Dahlia ‘ Polly Eccles’ (votes, unanimous), from
T. W. Girdlestone, Esq. Flowers rich orange-yellow flushed
with crimson.

To Single Dahlia ‘Naomi Tighe’ (votes, unanimous), from
T. W. Girdlestone, Esq. Flowers deep golden yellow shaded
with crimson.

To Helianthus annuus ‘ Wantage Star’ (votes, unanimous),
from Lord Wantage, Lockinge Park, Wantage (gr. Mr. Fyfe).
Flowers deep golden yellow. Very floriferous.

To Adiantum Capillus-Veneris cuneiformis (votes, unani-
mous), from Lady Emily Foley, Stoke Edith Park, Hereford (gr.
Mr. Ward). A distinct variety, with long pendulous fronds of a
pale green colour. A useful basket plant.

To Dracena Warreni (votes, unanimous), from J. Warren,
Esq., Hand Cross Park, Crawley (gr. Mr. Offer). <A distinct and

elxii © PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

handsome variety. Leaves long, narrow, and of a rich bronzy
purple, beautifully margined with deep rose pink.

To Campanula Balchineana (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
W. Balchin & Sons, Hassocks, Sussex. A very bushy variety
with glaucous green leaves margined with white. Flowers
small pale blue.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Mrs. Leopold Seymour’ (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley. A very
beautiful variety. Flowers yellow, outer petals suffused with
rosy pink.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Harry Stredwick’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons. Flowers large with long and
twisted petals ; colour deep maroon.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘ Mrs. Gordon Sloane’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons. Flowers bright rosy carmine.

To Pompon Dahlia ‘Adrienne’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. C. Turner, Slough. Flowers small; colour bright red tipped
with yellow.

To Pompon Dahlia ‘ Phryne’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. C. Turner. Flowers canary-yellow tipped with reddish
brown.

To Pompon Dahlia ‘Dagmar’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. C. Turner. Flowers deep crimson. A handsome variety.

To Pompon Dahlia ‘Guinevere’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. C. Turner. Flowers yellow, heavily tipped with orange
scarlet.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘ Iona’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. C.
Turner. Flowers large ; petals sharply pointed ; colour orange
buff.

To Show Dahlia ‘ Daniel Cornish’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. J. T. West. Flowers very large, of good form ; colour bright
red flushed with orange.

To Show Dahlia ‘Mabel’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr. St.
Pierre Harris, Orpington, Kent. Flowers large; colour rosy
purple splashed with crimson.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Starfish’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., Salisbury. Flowers clear
orange yellow. )

To Cactus Dahlia ‘ Cinderella’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. Flowers of good form ; colour
reddish purple.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8. elxili

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Flossie’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co. Flowers large; colour orange
scarlet heavily shaded with purple.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘ Cycle’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Keynes, Williams & Co. Flowers large and of good form ; colour
bright crimson scarlet.

To Gladiolus ‘Apollo’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Burrell & Co., Cambridge. A magnificent variety with large
flowers ; colour pale salmon-pink streaked with purple.

To Gladiolus ‘ Alicia’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Burrell & Co. Flowers large ; colour delicate blush striped with
rosy purple.

To Gladiolus ‘Painted Lady’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Burrell & Co. A very handsome variety with large
flowers ; colour pale pink suffused and streaked with rosy pink.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Fantasy’ (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. Burrell & Co. A distinct variety with long, narrow,
sharply pointed petals ; colour rich orange scarlet.

Other Exhibits.

Lord Wantage Lockinge Park, Wantage (gr. Mr. Fyfe),
sent a small collection of Sunflowers.

W. H. Evans, Esq., Forde Abbey, Chard (gr. Mr. Crook),
sent some Nerines.

The Earl of Dysart, Ham House, Richmond (gr. Mr. Sage),
sent specimens of Aster ‘J. Harris.’

Mr. Alderman, Sparken, Worksop, sent a very pretty Cactus
Dahlia named “‘ Alderman’s Favourite.”

Mr. C. Holden, Hinckley, sent a group of trained Ivy-leaved
Pelargoniums.

Mr. B. Ladhams, Southampton, sent a small group of
Heliopsis and Pinks.

Mr. J. W. Perry, Hockley, Essex, sent some Dahlias.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, exhibited a group of
Begonias, Gaillardias, and Phloxes.

Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, sent Centaurea
americana.

Messrs. T. Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells, sent a Decorative
Dahlia named ‘ Persimmon.’

Mr. J. Green, Dereham, sent two Seedling Dahlias.

elxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
JULY 14, 1896.

Harry J. Vertcu, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Award of Merit.

To Cattleya Mossiz ‘Brilliancy’ (votes, 8 for, 6 against),
from Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton. A very dark and
brightly coloured variety.

To Zygopetalum grandiflorum (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White).

Botanical Certificate.

To Catasetum Russellianum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
er. Mr. W. H. White).

To Masdevallia Carderii, from the Honble. Walter Roth-
schild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. HE. Hill).

To Masdevallia corniculata, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
(er. Mr. W. H. White).

To Oncidium virgulatum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White).

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. E. Hill, gr. to the Right Honble. Lord Rothschild,
Tring Park, Tring, for a fine example of Cattleya Warscewiczii
Shuttleworthii, with six handsome flowers on a spike.

To Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for Cologyne
Sanderiana, with six spikes.

Other Exhibits.

The Right Honble. Joseph Chamberlain (gr. Mr. Burberry),
Thomas Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (gr.
Mr. R. Johnson), and C. J. Lucas, Esq., Warnham Court,
Horsham (gr. Mr. Duncan) sent several varieties of Cattleya
Warscewiczii and other Orchids.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., exhibited a group of Cattleya
KJdorado and other Orchids.

W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Stafford (gr. Mr.
W. Stevens), sent several Odontoglossums.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JULY 23, elxv

Reginald Young, Esq., Sefton Park, Liverpool, called the
attention of the Committee to a list of hybrid Cypripediums
arranged on an excellent system for keeping records in future.

J. Wilson Potter, Esq., Parkhill Road, Croydon, sent Aéranthus
erandiflorus, with several spikes of large white flowers.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam, Northumber-
land (gr. Mr. W. Murray), showed Phaius Humblotii and
P. Henryii, the latter of a clear light rose colour.

Edgar Cohen, Esq., Hall Road, St. John’s Wood (gr. Mr. A.
Vass), showed Cattleya Mendelii ‘ Mrs. EK. Cohen,’ a pretty white
form with rose spot on the lip.

Reginald Young, Ksq., Fringilla, Linnet Lane, Sefton Park,
Liverpool, sent blossoms of Cypripedium Stonei candidum and
of C. x Harrisianum superbum.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, sent Spathoglottis
plicata Micholitzii, a purple flowered dwarf-growing variety.

The Right Honble. Lord Rothschild (gr. Mr. EH. Hill) sent
Cattleya labiata Gaskelliana alba.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, JULY 28, 1896.

Harry J. VeitcuH, Esq., in the Chair, and eleven
members present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Thomas Cripps & Son, Tunbridge Wells, for an
excellent group of Disa grandiflora.

First Class Certificate.

To Cattleya x Atalanta (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J.
Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. Sepals and petals rose-veined with
purple. Lip (resembling that of C. Leopoldii) bright magenta
purple.

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium x Harrisander (C. x Harrisianum x C.
Sanderianum) (votes, unanimous), from W. C. Clark, Esq.,
Orleans House, Sefton Park, Liverpool. A distinct hybrid with
greenish white upper sepal ornamented with feathered chocolate

yf

A

£ af

elxyi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

purple lines and dots. Petals brownish rose, with blackish
purple spots. Lip shining dark-red brown.

To Masdevallia x Ajax (M. x Chelsoni x M. Peristeria)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea.
Flowers yellow with purple brown tails and numerous purple
papille on the surface. Lip purple.

To Odontoglossum aspidorhinum (votes, 7 for, 2 against),
from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. H. White). A species with graceful racemes of rather small
yellow and brown flowers with comparatively large panduriform
white lips blotched with purple. Allied to O. Sanderianum and
O. constrictum.

Botanical Certificate.

To Dendrobium curviflorum (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking. A species with
compressed growths and curiously boat-shaped white flowers,
with a yellow blotch on the lp.

Other Exhibits.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., also exhibited Maxillaria
Hiibschii ; Masdevallia infracta purpurea (a pretty plant bearing
twenty flowers) ; Dendrobium revolutum, the flowers of which
had been open more than three months; and Cypripedium x
Chas. Steinmetz (C. philippinense x C. Lawrenceanum).

Walter C. Clark, Esq., Sefton Park, Liverpool, exhibited
Cypripedium x Mabellie (C. superbiens x C. Rothschildianum).

Major Mason, The Firs, Warwick, sent a flower of Cymbidium
Payrishil.

Walter Cobb, Esq., Dulcote, Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr.
Howes), exhibited his large deep rose-coloured form of Miltonia
vexillaria.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, exhibited Cypripedium
x Brysa (C. Boissierianum x C. x Sedeni candidulum).

Messrs. Lewis & Co., Southgate, N., sent Cattleya granulosa
Schofieldiana.

Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited Cypripedium
x A. de Lairesse, C. x Patersoni, C. x A. R. Smith, C. x
Massaianum, C. x Lord Derby, Calanthe x Laucheana, Acro-
pera luteola, Aganisia ionoptera, Pholidota obovata, &c.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, AUGUST 11. elxvil

OrcHID ComMMITTEE, AuGcustT 11, 1896.

Harry J. Verrcu, Esq., in the Chair, and fourteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road,
Camberwell (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman), for a group of Orchids, in
which the genus Masdevallia was well represented.

First Class Certificate.

To Cattleya x Hardyana splendens (votes, unanimous), from
Baron Schréder, The Dell, Staines (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine).
This is a fine variety, the large labellum resembling that
of a good C. Dowiana, and the sepals and petals that of C.
Warscewiczil. Its scent was also very fine.

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium x Excelsior Mars (C. x Harrisianum x C.
Rothschildianum) (votes, 7 for, 6 against), from Messrs. F.
Sander & Co., St. Albans. A pretty hybrid of the C. x Massaianum
class, but with more distinct chocolate spotting than in others
of its class.

To Lelio-Cattleya x elegans Cawenbergiana (votes, unani-
mous), from Sir Frederick Wigan, Clare Lawn, East Sheen (gr.
Mr. W. H. Young). A large rose-tinted variety in which the
base and the greater part of the side lobes of the lip are
white.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Seraph (L.-C. x elegans@g x C.
citrina 3) (votes, unanimous). A singular hybrid having short
cylindrical pseudo-bulbs, much swollen in the middle and rather
erect and stiff foliage. The inflorescence is ascending, and the
general form of the flower as in L.-C. x elegans, but smaller in
size. The sepals and petals were yellow; lip rose-crimson in
front and white at the base.

Botancal Certificate.
To Masdevallia anchorifera, from R. I. Measures, Ksq., Cam-
bridge Lodge, Camberwell (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman).
Other Exhibits.
Baron Schréder (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine) showed Leelio-

elxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cattleya x Sedeni (L.-C. x elegans x C. superba); L.-C.
x elegans, Veitch’s variety; and L.-C. x elegans Morreniana.

Sir Frederick Wigan (gr. Mr. W. H. Young) showed Lelio-
Cattleya x elegans with ten flowers on a spike.

Sir William Marriott, Down House, Blandford, sent Cattleya
x Marriottiz (C. Eldorado x C. Warscewiczii). The plant had
a five-flowered inflorescence, the flowers resembling those of
C. Eldorado splendens, but slightly larger.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, staged a good group of
Orchids of the season.

A. Sington, Esq., Chapel-en-le-Frith, sent Cypripedium x
Singtonianum (C. x vexillarium x C. barbatum Warnerii), which
closely approaches some of the forms of C. barbatum; anda
spike of Lelia crispa.

Pantia Ralli, Esq., Ashtead Park, Surrey, showed Sobralia
Lowii and Odontoglossum aspidorhinum, Ralli’s var. The
variety served to show the absolute distinctness of the species,
the large white crimped lip being profusely spotted with rose-
crimson, and totally unlike O. constrictum, O. Sanderianum, and
others whose flowers the species more nearly resembles in its
poorer forms.

Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire,
showed a splerdid form of Cattleya labiata Gaskelliana alba,
and Cattleya x Kienastiana (C. Luddemanniana x C. aurea).

Reginald Young, Esq., Fringilla, Linnet Lane, Liverpool
(gr. Mr. Poyntz), sent blossoms of Lelia crispa Buchaniana,
Lelio-Cattleya x elegans Turneri, L.-C. elegans Houtteana, and
Cattleya velutina.

A. H. Milton, Esq., White Ladies Road, Clifton, sent Cattleya
Loddigesii and a striped form of Cattleya labiata Gaskelliana.

OrcHID CoMMITTEE, AuauST 25, 1896.
Harry J. Verrou, Esq., in the Chair, and six members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford (gr.
Mr. Davis), for an excellent group of Orchids.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, AUGUST 25. clxix

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a fine group of
Orchids.

Furst Class Certificate. |

To Lelio-Cattleya x Brymeriana (L.-C. x amanda x C.
Warscewiczii) (votes, unanimous), from Col. Brymer, Ilsington
House, Dorchester (gr. Mr. Powell). The general appearance of
the five-flowered inflorescence of this hybrid was that of a large
and richly coloured Cattleya maxima, but the labellum was
more ample than in that species, and had a closer network of
bright purple.

Award of Merit.

To Cycnoches maculatum (votes, unanimous), from the
Honble. Walter Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill).
A fine specimen of this rare old species, the drooping raceme
being 15 inches in length.

To Miltonia Schréderiana var. (votes, unanimous), from the
Honble. Walter Rothschild (gr. Mr. E. Hill). The major
variety, with growths as strong as Odontoglossum Harryanum, and
much resembling it, was shown.

To Miltonia candida grandiflora (votes, unanimous), from
Major Joicey, Sunningdale Park, Sunningdale (gr. Mr. Fred. J.
Thorne). The plant was a fine variety with three strong spikes.

To Stanhopea eburnea (votes, unanimous), from Major
Joicey. This rare old species bore white flowers with purple
markings on the lip. For comparison the newer white S. Lowii
Amesiana was shown.

To Lelia monophylla (votes, unanimous), from Major Joicey.
A strong plant with many orange scarlet flowers was shown, one
inflorescence bearing two blooms.

To Dendrobium longicornu (votes, unanimous), from W.
Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Staffordshire (gr. Mr.
W. Stevens). The specimen sent was a large one covered with
flowers, and well represented the pretty species.

To Celogyne Micholitzii (votes, unanimous), from T. B.
Haywood, Esq., Woodhatch, Reigate (gr. Mr. Salter). A fine
species bearing some resemblance to C. speciosa.

Botanical Certificate.
To Bulbophyllum species, Borneo, from the Honble. Walter

elxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Rothschild, Tring Park, Tring (gr. Mr. E. Hill). An extra-
ordinary species with creeping rhizome, very rudimentary
pseudo-bulbs, fleshy ovate leaves, and flowers of the size of those
of B. Lobbii. The colour was yellow with closely set chocolate
lines. The curious hinged lip was prolonged in front to a
narrow tongue which, when it tipped forward, curved under the
mentum formed by the base of the lower sepals.

To Catasetum callosum, from Messrs. Hugh Low & Co.,
Clapton.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. W. Stevens, gardener to W. Thompson, Esq., Walton
Grange, Stone, for Lelio-Cattleya x elegans Cawenbergiana,
with two spikes.

To Mr. W. H. White, gardener to Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., for Habenaria carnea and H. ec. nivosa.

Other Exhibits.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H.
White), exhibited an interesting group of Orchids in which were
fine specimens of Eria stellata, Kpidendrum alatum, E. Four-
nierlanum, Habenaria carnea and its white variety, Maxillaria
fucata, Rhyncostylis retusa, Cypripediums, &c.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, sent Lelio-Cattleya x
Clonia (C. Warscewiezil x L.-C. elegans).

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, showed Lelio-Cattleya
x Gottoiana.

Messrs. B. 8. Williams & Son, Holloway, sent Brassia
brachiata.

Reginald Young, Esq., Liverpool (gr. Mr. Poyntz), showed
Cypripedium x Ashburtoniz expansum, Cookson’s variety, and
C. x Atropus.

Major Joicey, Sunningdale Park, Sunningdale (gr. Mr.
Fred. J. Thorne), showed a fine Anguloa eburnea, Odontoglossum
aspidorhinum, and other Orchids.

Mr. J. W. Moore, Bradford, sent Cymbidum aloifolium.

Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (gr.
Mr. R. Johnson), sent Leelio-Cattleya x Schilleriana, Statter’s
var., L.-C. x elegans Johnsoniana, and Cypripedium x ‘ Excel-
sior’ (C. Rothschildianum x C. x Harrisianum).

ORCHID COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 8. elxxi

ORCHID COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER 6, 1896.

Harry J. Verrcu, Esq., in the Chair, and thirteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal. —
To Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, King’s Road, Chelsea, for a
group of Orchids in which were Lelio-Cattleya x callistoglossa
ionescens, L.-C. x Nysa, L.-C. x Pallas, Sobralia x Veitch, &e.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. B. S. Williams & Son, Upper Holloway, for
a group containing Pachystoma Thompsonianum, Pescatorea
Lehmannii, P. Klabochornm, and other rare species.

First Class Certificate.

To Lelio-Cattleya x ‘Charles Darwin’ (L.-C. x elegans x
C. maxima) (votes, unanimous), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq.,
Klstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond). This was the
plant which was given an Award of Merit on August 27, 1895,
but which being much improved now received the higher award.

To Leelio-Cattleya x ‘Clive’ (Li. preestans x C. Dowiana) (votes,
8 for, 1 against), from Norman C. Cookson, sq., Oakwood,
Wylam-on-Tyne (gr. Mr. W. Murray). This plant very much
resembles L.-C. x Ingramii (L. Dayana x C. Dowiana) first shown
by Mr. Cookson at the Society’s Meeting, August 29, 1893, and
the L.-C. x Broomfieldiensis shown in August 1894.

To Arachnanthe Lowei (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
B.S. Wilhams & Son, Holloway, N. The plant bore the usual
long raceme of flowers with the yellow basal ones, which it is
said are the only ones that can be set for seed.

To Miltonia spectabilis Moreliana, ‘ Dulcote variety’ (votes,
8 for, 1 against), from Walter Cobb, Esq., Duleote, Tunbridge
Wells (gr. Mr. J. Howes). A very large and richly coloured
variety.

Award of Merit.
To Maxillaria striata grandiflora (votes, unanimous), from
Tessrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans. Flowers of the M. grandi-
flora form, whitish, striped with chocolate and purple.

To Cattleya bicolor Lewisii (votes, unanimous), from Elijah

Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire (gr. Mr.

elxxil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Holbrook). Sepals and petals emerald green; lip white with
rose tint at the base beneath the column.

To Lelio-Cattleya x ‘Bryan’ (C. Gaskelliana x L. crispa)
(votes, unanimous), from Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood,
Wylam (gr. Mr. Wm. Murray). A pretty flower with some re-
semblance to L.-C. x exoniensis.

To Cattleya x ‘ Kuphrasia’ (C. Warscewiczii 2 x C. superba 3)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, King’s
Road, Chelsea. A fine hybrid with bright rose-coloured sepals
and petals, and a labellum as showy as that of C. Warscewiczii ;
bright purple crimson in front, chrome yellow in the centre, and
with dark red lines radiating from the base.

To Lelio-Cattleya x elegans Oweniz (votes, 8 for, 1 against),
from Thomas Statter, Ksq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester
(gr. Mr. R. Johnson). The flowers were of a uniform rosy
crimson with white base to the lip.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. Ballantine, gr. to Baron Schréder, The Dell,
Staines, for a fine plantof the pretty Sophro-Cattleya x Veitchiana,
which had previously received a First Class Certificate.

Other Exhibits.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam, showed two
plants of Cattleya x Hardyana (C. Warscewiczii x C. Dowiana),
in which the Costa Rica form of C. Dowiana was used instead
of the Columbian. The hybrid differed in form from the im-
ported variety, but was, in its immature state, lighter in colour.
This cross effectually proves the hybrid origin of the imported
forms of C. x Hardyana.

Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow (gr. Mr.
Holbrook), sent a fine form of Cattleya x Hardyana and a pale
variety of Cypripedium x Mabellianum.

G. O. Sloper, Esq., Westrop House, Highworth, Wilts, sent
Cypripedium x polystigmaticum.

Walter Cobb, Esq., Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr. J. Howes),
showed Odontoglossum Oerstedii major.

Welbore 8. Ellis, Esq., Hazelbourne, Dorking, sent Oncidium
panduratum (Rolfe), with brown flowers somewhat resembling
those of O. anthocrene, and Stanhopea oculata.

G. Shorland Ball, Esq., Ashford, Wilmslow (gr. Mr. Hey),
sent Cypripedium insigne Balliw, a yellow form with a very faint
indication of the usual spotting on the upper sepal.

EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GENERAL MEETING.
OcTOBER 18, 1896.

Mr. Jas. Douauas in the Chair.

Fellows elected (26)—John Stanhope Arkwright, Lord
Henry Bentinck, M.P., W. Bowles, John Brydon, William
Bythway, George Culver, John Ettle, Frank Harris, Prestley
Hogbin, John H. Knowles, Mrs. H. B. Langham, C. J. Mee,
N. M. Mitra (India), Miss S. Morris, M. 8. Morrison, Mrs. W.
J. Noy, Charles Oliver, Felix B. Parfitt, B. C. Roberts, J. D.
Robertson, William Shingles, Walter P. Smith (South Africa),
Richard’ §. Smith (South Africa), W. Troughton, A. W. G.
Wright, and Daniel Yeoward (Fiji Islands).

A Paper on “ Hardy Summer Flowers,” by Mr. E. Burrell,
was read by the Assistant Secretary. (See p. 266.)

GENERAL MEETING.
OctTOBER 27, 1896.
Mr. C. E. SHEA in the Chair.
Feliows elected (14).—Joseph H. Annear, Austin Campbell-
Johnston (California), Mrs. A. Cates, James D. Stretch-Dowse
(Jamaica), Thomas Duck, Frank Hannaford (Australia), W.

Jude, Charles J. Langley, Alfred P. Puckridge, Willott Rice,
F

clxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mrs. Arthur Shanks, Miss Tilley, George Sherman, and W. H.
Young.
Society affiliated (1)—Much Hadham Horticultural Society.
A Paper on “ Chrysanthemums,’ by Mr. W. H. Lees, was
read by the Assistant Secretary. (See p. 278.)

GENERAL MEETING.
NovEMBER 10, 1896.
Rev. W. Wiuks, M.A., in the Chair.
Fellows elected (6).—Cesar Czarnikow, A. Dale, Sir Charles
Elliott, Rev. H. F. Goffe, William Laing, and W. J. Townsend.
Society affiliated (1).—National Cactus Society.
A Paper on ‘‘ Seed-growing’’ was read by Mr. R. Fife. (See
p. 288.)

GENERAL MEETING.
NovEMBER 24, 1896.
Mr. C. E. Suea in the Chair.

Fellows elected (11).—Frau Ida Brandt, William Bygrave,
Thomas B. Gabriel, Henry T. Julian, Frederick Langford,
KE. A. Merryweather, Mrs. Batten Pooll, Alfred E. Prince, A.
Richards, R. G. Thwaites, and the Hon. Frederic Wallop.

The Rey. Prof. Henslow gave a Conversational Lecture on
some of the most interesting plants exhibited. (See p. 294.)

GENERAL MEETING.
DECEMBER 15, 1896.
Dr. E. Bonavia in the Chair.

Fellows elected (21).—Mrs. Annesley, Mrs. Arber, Miss E.
Boodle, A. J. Carter, Mrs. E. B. Foster, W. H. Gray, W. Green,
W. G. Hatch, Rev. E. W. Jones, H. Morris, W. Murton, J. G.
Neame, J. F. C. Phillips, Edgar Price, Asher Rake, David
Saunders, Mrs. Sheppard, W. G. Soper, Thomas Taylor, Mrs. E.
Thwaites, and J. T'. West.

Associate (1).—Chavrles Forbes.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 138. clxxv

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE,
OcToBER 18, 1896.
Dr. Bonavria in the Chair, and five members present.

Vines Diseased.—The following communication has been
received since the last meeting from Mr. Messenger, Woolver-
stone Gardens, Ipswich :—‘ I enclose a bunch of Black Alicante
Grapes and two leaves, one of Black Alicante, the other of Gros
Colmar. I am desirous of knowing the cause of the discolora-
tion of the stem, footstalk, and berry, and why the leaves are
dying at one particular place ; and, further, what remedy I should
apply.’ The following report has been received :—‘‘ The
foliage, leafstalk, and also stalks and some of the berries appear
to be infested with fungi, which I believe to be Peronospora
viticola, which I have seen attack vines in the same way as
those received. The leaves first develop whitish patches and then
dry up, and the leafstalks are similarly affected. It would be
advisable to thoroughly scrub or paint the interior of the house,
limewash the walls, and remove the surface of the border, to
eradicate any germs. It would also be advisable to see that the
border is sweet and properly drained.’’—S. T. W.

Potatos Diseased.—Samples were received from Mr. H. 8.
Bartleet, F.R.H.S., of Severndroog, Shooter’s Hill, characterised
by having spots within them. They proved to be a form of the
ordinary potato disease, Peronospora infestans.

Monstrous Structures.—Mr. C. Browne, of Hextable, Kent,
forwarded a fasciated form of Campanula, probably the result
of over-nutrition; a three-sided French Bean pod, due to the
union of three carpels out of the typical number five; and a
double Apple, the result of synanthy, or the union of the carpels
of two flowers combined.

Apple with Red Flesh.—My. Henslow showed specimens of
the red Apple, known as ‘“‘ The Ten Commandments,”’ described
in Dr. Hogg’s ‘‘ Fruit Manual.’’ The name is derived from the
ten red spots of the fibro-vascular cords passing through the
apple, the flesh of which is more or less of a crimson hue

throughout. It is a Herefordshire apple, and according to Mr.
F 2

elxxyl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. T. Wright, superintendent of Chiswick Gardens, is more elon-
gated than usual. It was received from Zeals (a village on the
borders of Wilts and Somerset), where there are two trees near
each other, very old, and 9 feet in circumference at a height of
3 feet from the ground. Nothing is known of the history of these
trees. The question was raised as to the form of the apple being
due to the locality where the tree grew, as Mr. Bailey has lately
published a book* showing how different kinds of apple trees,
though raised from grafts, often produce the same form of fruit
when growing in the same States of North America. Mr.
Wright informed Mr. Henslow that the importance of knowing
the locality in England whence an unnamed apple was received
had been already felt by himself, as it had also been by Dr. Hogg.

Experiments with Salts and Pelargonia.—The following re-
ports were received from the Rev. W. Wilks and Dr. Russell. The
general result of the action of salts used upon the white flowers
was 721, but with cobalt an effect was noticeable on the leaves,
in that the fibro-vascular cords remained of a dark colour,
the interstices being yellow-green. This was the case with Mr.
Wilks’s plant, and to a less extent with Mr. Henslow’s. They
had pursued the same course as described by Dr. Russell, but with
no other positive result. All the plants flowered well, and were
perfectly healthy.

Dr. W. F. Russell reported as follows :—

‘‘Ten white Pelargoniums were received from Messrs. Cannell
& Sons. They were all strong, healthy plants. Experiments
commenced on June 20. All the plants were taken out of their
pots, the soil gently shaken off, and then repotted. ‘T'wo of the
plants were repotted in ordinary good soil, the others in soil
which had been thoroughly drenched with a solution of one
of the following salts, all of them being of the same strength, viz.
18 grains to the pint: sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper,
nitrate of cobalt, nitrate of nickel, acetate of chromium, sulphate
of manganese, nitrate of zinc, and chloride of ammonium. They
were kept in a conservatory and were watered with the respective
solutions, containing 65 grains to the pint. It was found that
the lime in the water used was precipitated by the sulphates, and
so carried down some of the metal; consequently, on June 30,
the sulphate of manganese was changed for the chloride, the

* «The Survival of the Unlike,” p. 99.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 158. elxxvii

sulphate of iron was changed for perchloride of iron, and the
sulphate of copper was dissolved in distilled water. The plants
were watered to the same extent that they would have been
under ordinary conditions of growth. August 1.—All the plants
are now in flower. All the flowers are quite white, and all the
plants are quite healthy. September 1.—All the plants are
quite healthy, and there is no visible difference between them.
October 1.—All the plants are quite healthy, and still there is no
visible difference between them.”

The Rev. W. Wilks reported thus:—“On June 24 ten
plants of a white-blooming Zonal Pelargonium were received.
They were all treated exactly as described in Dr. Russell’s report.
After the plants were repotted they were for four days placed
under the stage of a close fern house, and then brought up on
to the stage of a very light and airy greenhouse, where they have
stood till this date, October 13. At the commencement plants
1, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 were somewhat stronger than 2, 6, 9, and 10,
9 and 10 being the two to which nothing was added, and which
have been watered with ordinary water. Each plant has had
about 20 pints of fluid. Results :—None of the plants flagged
at all from the repotting, beyond losing one or two of the
lower leaves. All have bloomed well throughout the whole
of the season, and are still carrying fine trusses. No. 1 lost one
limb from mildew, but this was probably the resuit of pure
accident, and should not be attributed to the special treatment.
It has since made new growth, which is stronger and more
vigorous, and the foliage distinctly larger than any of the others.
Nos. 2, 8 are rather stronger, and the foliage darker than the
remainder. No. 7 has every leaf showing all the veins and fibres
dark green and the interspaces clear pale yellow; the leaves are
also somewhat small, but otherwise they are crisp and look
perfectly healthy. The colour of the flowers does not appear to
have been in any case or in the smallest degree affected.”

“The numbers refer to the different salts with which the
respective plants were watered, viz.: 1. Ammonium sulphate ;
2. Zine nitrate; 38. Copper sulphate; 4. Chromium acetate;
5. Manganese chloride ; 6. Iron perchloride; 7. Cobalt nitrate ;
8. Nickel nitrate.”

tev. W. Wilks’s Experiments with Apples.—Three young
Cox’s Orange Apple trees were chosen, situated on one border, a

elxxvili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

distance of eight yards separating each tree from the next. Tree A
was dressed with 1 lb. of soot on April 1, May 1, June 1 and 15,
July 1 and 15, August 1 and 15. Tree C was, on the same
dates, dressed with 25 0z. of sulphate of ammonia. The dressing
was scattered on the ground within compass of the spread of the
tree’s branches, and the ground was then immediately raked
over hardly, so as to stirthe surface. Tree B was undressed,.
but similarly raked on each occasion. The fruit was gathered
on September 21, and on examination on October 12 it was
found that the produce of tree C was very slightly the highest
coloured, no difference whatever being apparent between the
produce of A and B. It was decided to continue this experiment
next year, 1897.

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27, 1896.

Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., in the Chair, and five members
present.

New Carnation Disease.—Mr. Douglas exhibited specimens
of Carnation plants badly attacked by a species of bacterium,
giving a silvery appearance to the leaves. It had previously
proved to be very destructive in America, and it is probable that
it will now be so here. If the leaves are cut away when first
attacked the disease may be arrested, but the only remedy if it
be more severe is to burn the plants. The fungus attacks the
middle of the leaf, and then spreads both ways.

Chrysanthemum Malformed.—Mr. Jenkins, of Hampton, sent
a specimen of ‘Madame Desgranges’ in which the white ray
florets were almost entirely suppressed. The flowers sent were
borne by one plant only, which was growing in the same pot
with another of the same name; but while all the flowers on the
one plant were malformed, all on the other were very good. No
disease being apparent, it appeared that the latter plant had
withdrawn the nourishment from the soil at the expense of the
former, which was consequently starved.

Primula obconica cross.—Dr. Masters exhibited a truss and
leaf of a plant raised by himself by crossing P. obconica with
LP. sinensis (wild form). The offspring, beyond a slight decrease

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10. elxxix

in hairiness, could not be distinguished from the female
parent.

New Palm.—He also showed a photograph of a Palm new to
cultivation, received from the late Baron von Miller, who wrote
as follows :—‘‘In 1892 I described the ‘ Beatrice Palm,’ then
discovered by Mr. Eugéne Fitzalan on Mount Elliott, in
N.E. Queensland (Pitychosperma Beatrice). It is allied to
P. Alexandre, but is remarkable for the wide enlargement
towards the base of the stem, with step-like processes. It differs
also in the much less hardness of the stem, and in the leaves
being almost straight to the summit, besides in having smaller
fruits and other minor characteristics.”

Curious Melon.—He also showed a photograph of a Melon
fruiting from the unusual position of the “collar,” zc. at the
junction between the root and the stem.

Nitragin.—lt was suggested that this new material, con-
taining bacteria for fertilising the soil where leguminous plants
are crown, should be experimented with at Chiswick.

Hypertrophy of Tropeolum.—Dr. Masters also showed a
dense globular mass of abortive shoots which had grown at the
base of the stem, probably in consequence of some injury to the
collar. Such abnormal outgrowths are not uncommon in
Pelargonia, which are allied to Tropzolum.

SCIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1896.

R. McLacutay, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair, and five members
present.

Carnation Disease.—In reference to the diseased Carnations
exhibited on October 27, Mr. J. Douglas wrote saying the
disease was caused by Bacteriwn Dianthi, Arthur, and that the
disease was known in the United States as bacteriosis. Mr.
Massee, of Kew, says, ‘‘ Plants, if strong and healthy, may be
kept free from the disease by keeping the foliage dry, and pre-
venting the presence of aphides. Overhead spraying should
be done only occasionally on bright days, the water containing
only a small amount of ammoniacal copper carbonate.”’

Abnormal Cattleya.—Mr. E. St. John Tucker, Sydenham,
_ sent a pseudo-bulb of Cattleya labiata autwmnalis, which instead

elxxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of developing a flower had produced six sheaths, one within the
other, from the apex of the pseudo-bulb. Mr. Tucker thought a
maggot might have been the cause of the freak, but beyond a
small hole in the outer sheath there were no signs of insect
attack.

Fertilising Bee of Catasetum tridentatum, Hook.—Specimens
of this bee, which had been sent to Kew by Mr. Hart, of the
Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, were exhibited. They were of a
metallic shining emerald-green colour, and somewhat larger and
rounder than an ordinary house fly. The name of the bee is
Chrysantheda mtida. It is a native of S. America.

Mustard Beetle.—A box of living beetles known as Phedon
cochleartie was exhibited. These beetles devour crops of
mustard in the eastern counties, and are very destructive.

Swede Turnip with “ Fingers and Toes.’-—Mr. Jas. Long,
of Wisbech, sent a specimen of Swede affected with this
myxomycetous disease, Plasmodiophora Brassice. It was stated
that there would be a group of fifty or sixty plants affected with
the disease in a crop of several acres, and no particular notice
was taken. In fact, the diseased plants were allowed to produce
seeds, which afterwards developed healthy plants.

Colour Hxpervments.—It was decided that Dr. Russell,
Professor Henslow, and the Rev. W. Wilks should use some
of Judson’s dyes, with a view to their absorption by the roots
of Hyacinths under experiment.

SCIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24, 1896.
A. B. MicHasrt, Esq., in the Chair, and four members
present.
Award Recommended :—
Botanical Certificate.

To Primula sinensis (wild species improved). Votes,
unanimous. From EK. Hyde, Ksq., Kaling.

The Recent Differentiation of the Wheat Mildews.—The
following interesting communication was received from Dr.
Plowright :—

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24. elxxxi

“ On the Recent Differentiation of the Wheat Mildews.—We
are all familiar with what is known to us in Great Britain as the
Wheat Mildew par excellence, Puccima graminis. Curiously
enough during the past season (1896) it has been practically
absent from our corn fields. The only specimens I have seen
have been upon T'riticum repens, and on barley. These were
only found after careful searching in the immediate neighbour-
hood of one of the few barberry bushes growing semi-wild in a
hedge a few miles from King’s Lynn. Not more than a dozen
barley plants affected with the fungus could be found, and they
were within a yard or two of the ecidial host plant. During
the last year or two Professor Eriksson, of Stockholm, working
in conjunction with Dr. E. Henning, has succeeded in eluci-
dating the morphology of the fungi which produce the so-called
‘rust’ of wheat. Rust, of course, is a collective name applied
to any wredo with a yellow or orange colour occurring upon
cereals generally. We have hitherto recognised a Puccinia on
wheat and other grasses, characterised by the yellow colour and
profusion of its uredospores, and have known it as P. rubigo-
vera or P. stramunis. From the investigations of the above
botanists it is clear that there are two distinct and well-marked
species confounded under these names. They now call them
P. glumarum, Schinn, and B. dispersa, EK. and H.

“ Puccuma glumarum is the most important from an economic
point of view, as it is apt to attack not only the leaves and
sheaths of the wheat plants, but also the glumes, and,as a
natural sequence, the grain itself. When this is the case the
uredospores constitute the old Trichobasis or Uredo glumarum,
and may be readily enough seen by pulling apart the glumes
of the affected ears. They look as if a little golden dust had
found its way into the ear, some of which adheres to the glumes,
while some is dusted upon the young kernel. That the
‘rust’ was injurious to wheat when it attacked the ear has
been known to agriculturists for long, and it is only under
these circumstances that rust does our wheat crops any appre-
ciable amount of harm. This rust, it should be remarked, is
quite distinct from the rust which does so much injury to the
wheat-grower of Australia. To us the injury consists in a
dwarfing of the affected kernels which the wredo and its asso-
ciated teleutospore cause. On the leaves of the wheat the

elxxxli PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

uredospores of P. glumaruwm make their appearance very early
in the life of the plant; in early winter it may be found, but
especially in spring. The quantity of these uredospores is very
ereat, and the rustiness of the plants very striking; but, strange
to say, our wheat-growers do not look upon it with much dis-
favour at this season, for itis often said to do more good than
harm by checking the too luxuriant growth of the plant. But
we may be sure that whatever good it may effect in this direction
is more than counterbalanced by the injury it does the grain
itself later on in the year. The wredo is very conspicuous,
because, although the spore beds are very minute, yet they are
crowded in great numbers upon long discoloured stripes on the
ieaves. ‘The spores themselves are yellow and round.

“The popular name suggested is that of ‘ Yellow Rust,’ and
it ig a very expressive one. Puccinia dispersa, on the other
hand, as its name implies, has its uredospore beds scattered
over the surface of the leaves. The spore beds are larger and
brown, or yellowish brown in colour. Seen side by side when
fresh these two species can be instantly recognised by the naked
eye. Professor Hriksson has been kind enough to send me
specimens of both species, and during the past autumn I have
given some little attention to the matter. Doubtless P. dispersa
has hitherto been regarded by usinits wredo stage as P. graminis,
while its teleutospores have been confused with those of P.
glumarum. Nor is this last mistake surprising, for between
the teleutospores of P. glwmarwm and those of P. dispersa very
little morphological difference exists. They are alike in form,
in colour, in size, and in the fact that they both germinate in
autumn. LP. dispersa, however, occurs more frequently scattered
on the leaves, while P. glwmarwm is in lines upon the sheaths.
Unfortunately, however, P. dispersa also sometimes occurs on
the sheaths, but its spore beds are larger. My attempts this year
to get the teleutospores of both species to germinate have been
unsuccessful, nor have I been more fortunate in getting P.dispersa
to produce its eecidiospores on Anchusa vulgaris, although small
bundles of affected wheat leaves have been for the past two
months placed in contact with young plants of Anchusa grow-
ing in the open air. In Sweden P. glwmarwm appears to be
generally the more frequent, but Professor Eriksson tells me
that this year P. dispersa is more abundant than he has ever

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 15. elxxxiil

hitherto known it. He considers P. dispersa to be commoner in
warmer climates, and considers its profusion this year to be due
to the greater heat and dryness of the earlier part of the year.
He has proved by experimental culture that the ecidiospores of
P. dispersa occur on Anchusa vulgaris, but the life history of
P. glumarum, as far as this stage is concerned, is at present
unknown. The three fungi above referred to—Puccimia grams,
P. glumarum, and P. dispersa—may, as has been suggested, be
popularly and appropriately designated the black rust, the yellow
rust, and the brown rust.”

Blenheim Apple Sport.—Mr. Wootton, of Byford, Hereford,
sent an Apple two-thirds of the surface of which was dark
crimson, the remaining part uncoloured, the junction between
the colours being sharply defined. The colour was confined to
the epidermis alone. It was thought that it might have been
crossed with the pollen of some dark-skinned variety; but Mr.
Wootton reports that the neighbouring apple trees are a Ribston
and a King of the Pippins; but several stocks of bees are very
near. A similar apple appeared on the same tree in 1895.

SCIENTIFIC CoMMITTEE, DECEMBER 15, 1896.

Dr. M. T. Mastsrs, F.R.S., in the Chair, and four members
present.

Primula sinensis and Hybrid.—My. E.. Hyde, of Ealing, ex-
hibited at the meeting held on November 24 three fine plants of
an improved form of P. sinensis, raised from an originally wild
plant. They closely resembled drawings of this species when
first introduced about 1820. A botanical certificate was unani-
mously awarded to Mr. Hyde for them. He also showed a hybrid
raised between this species (male) and P. obconica (female), in
which the form of the umbel, as well as that of the leaf, more
resembled those of P. obconica. The segments of the petals.
were flat and not reflexed, and but slightly cusped. These
differences, however, were not considered to be sufficiently pro-
nounced to be regarded as well-defined intermediate characters,
so that it was apparently a case of prepotency on the part

elxxxivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of the female parent (P. obconica). Dr. Masters gave an
interesting account of the introduction of the wild plant into
England. Dr. Henry first pointed it out to him at Kew
among a collection of dried plants, which he had made in the
mountains of Central China. Dr. Masters was thus enabled to
recognise it growing in the gardens of Appley Towers, Isle of
Wight, the seed having been sent over by one of the family.
Thence it passed into the hands of Messrs. Sutton, who have
tried to cross it, but hitherto it has appeared to resist all attempts.
Further particulars will be found recorded in the Gardeners’
Chronicle, January 26 and November 23, 1889, November 15,
1890, and in Mr. A. W. Sutton’s paper on Chinese Primulas,
Journal B..S., 1891, vol. xiii. p. 99.

Catalpa bignonioides.—Dr. Bonavia exhibited specimens of
these curiously-winged seeds, but they did not appear to have
been fertilised, as no embryo could be detected in them. The
seed vessel, which is rarely seen in this country, is nearly a foot
in length.

Canker in Apple Trees.—Dyr. Masters exhibited specimens of
this common disease, which hag hitherto baffled investigations
as to its cause, but the examples shown bore numerous red
fructifications of the fungus Nectria ditissima bursting through
the bark.

Pinus Balfoureana var. aristata.—He also showed specimens
of the cones of this Pine, which is a native of the alpine regions
of Colorado. They were received from Mr. A. D. Webster. The
shoots bearing the young cones bore short stout leaves, unlike
those of a vegetative shoot, on which they were longer and more
slender, though Dr. Masters observed that the anatomical
peculiarity of having a single resin canal is the same in both.
The scales of the ripe cone have the external bracts terminating
in an awn-like tip, which doubtless suggested the varietal name.

Tomato Fruits Diseased.—He also brought some fruits badly
diseased. It appeared to be an advanced stage of the “ yellow
spotted ’’ form.

Tlex othera Fruit.—Dr. Masters also showed a fruiting branch
of this Japanese species of Holly. It has not been seen before
in this country with berries.

Celery Decayed.—Mr. Messenger, of Woolverstone Gardens,
Ipswich, forwarded two large plants with the interior leafstalks

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13. elxxxv

much decayed. No fungi had been found in similar instances,
and the general belief was that the plants had been earthed up
(and perhaps bound up) too early, so that growth was hindered,
and wet having penetrated produced the decay.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE.
OcToBER 138, 1896.

Puitie Crow EY, Esq., in the Chair, and nineteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :
Gold Medal.

To Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson), for an enor-
mous exhibit of magnificent garden produce.

Silver-gilt Knghtian Medal.

To Earl Perey, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), for 100 dishes
of Apples and Pears shown in perfect condition.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. James Hudson, gardener to the Messrs. de Rothschild,
Gunnersbury House, for a basket of superb ‘Newton Wonder’
Apples, gathered from a tree planted only in 1894.

To Mr. James Hudson, for five excellent dishes of Peas,
‘William I.’ and ‘ Sutton’s Bountiful,’ sown July 20; ‘ Empress
of India,’ sown July 10; ‘ Veitch’s Criterion ’ and ‘The Duchess,’
sown July 11.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. Wythes brought some bunches of a small variety of
Banana, and a Potato—‘Syon Maincrop’—raised by crossing
‘Sutton’s Seedling’ and ‘Prime Minister.’ The Committee
requested that sets of the Potato should be sent to Chiswick
for trial. |

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, sent a basket of
Tomato ‘ Young’s Eclipse.’

elxxxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. J. Basham, Bassaleg, Newport, sent a very interesting
exhibit of very highly coloured ‘ Gravenstein’ Apples. It was
stated that Mr. Basham had two trees of ‘ Gravenstein,’ one of
which produced the ordinary pale-skinned form, occasionally
dotted and streaked with a little crimson, and the other always
bore exceedingly highly-coloured fruits, like the sample sent.
The Committee advised the propagation of the variety if it
continued constant.

Mr. W. Shingler, Melton Constable, sent a new black Grape,
a sport from ‘Muscat Hambro,’ called ‘Lady Hastings.’ The
Committee considered it a promising variety, but the bunch
exhibited was not quite in condition and appeared to have been
cut some time.

A. Waterhouse, Esq., Yattenden Court (gr. Mr. Maher), sent
three new Grapes: (1) ‘Black Diamond,’ a seedling from ‘ Gros
Maroc’; berries of splendid colour, but somewhat lacking in
flavour : (2) ‘ Red Sweetwater,’ raised from ‘Black Hambro’ x
‘Alicante;’ of a pale red colour, sweet and _ refreshing:
(3) ‘Yattenden Court,’ from ‘Gros Maroc,’ resembling but
hardly equal to ‘ Black Hambro.’

W. Roupell, Esq., Roupell Park, S.W., brought a basket of
Dessert Tomato, ‘Yellow Acorn.’ The fruits were exceedingly
clean and well-grown, and of a beautiful yellow ; the flavour also
for the time of year was excellent, but the Committee considered
it too near to ‘ Yellow Plum’ and ‘ Golden Nugget’ to warrant
an award.

Mr. G. Fulford, Damerham, sent a seedling Melon, ‘ Countess’
x_£Dickson’s Exquisite.’

Mr. R. W. Green, Wisbech, sent Potato ‘Green’s Surprise.’
The Committee asked that sets should be sent to Chiswick.

Captain Carstairs, Welford Park, Newbury (gr. Mr. Chas.
Ross), brought a handsome Pear, ‘The Popham ’—apparently
(to judge by its appearance) a cross between ‘ Beurré Diel’ and
‘Duchesse d’Angouléme,’ and possessing the sweetness of the
latter and the grittiness of the former. Also an Apple, ‘ Ross’s
Pearmain,’ a seedling from ‘ Golden Reinette ’—long yellow fruits
streaked with red. Also Apple ‘Surprise,’ a seedling from
‘Northern Spy ’—a very promising fruit with smooth, clear skin,
somewhat like a pale ‘ Worcester Pearmain,’ but of good quality
and delicious flavour, sweet and brisk. An Award of Merit was

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13, clxxxvil

proposed for it, but, the voting being equal for and against, the
Chairman gave his vote against, saying, it would be better to
bring it up again next year. Mr. Ross subsequently said that
he had raised a great many seedlings from ‘ Northern Spy,’ but
that all had come crabs except this one.

Mr. Freer, New Brompton, sent two green and white Vegetable
Marrows of Brobdingnagian proportions, one weighing 754 lbs.,
the other 645.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford (gr. Mr. Bain), sent a
dwarf Celeriac with variegated leaves.

Mr. Harris, Croydon, sent Melon ‘ Harris’s Favourite.’

Mr. Geo. Lovelock, Normanton, Stamford, sent a reputed
seedling Apple, but the Committee considered it to be ‘ Cellini,’
or so near to it that it was practically the same.

R. L. Proudlock, Esq., Curator of the Government Botanic
Gardens, Ootacamund, India, sent a jar of Jelly made from fruit
of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. The jelly was found exceedingly
sweet, and the flavour somewhat like apple jelly with a soupcon
of guava flavour, but hardly so good as jelly made from English
medlars, which is similar but not so sweet.

Mr. J. C. Tallack, Livermere, Bury St. Edmunds, sent Apple
‘Beauty of Livermere’—a seedling of much beauty, but of
hardly sufficient flavour and quality for dessert purposes. The
colour is so high that in many cases it passes into the flesh of
the fruit, which is of medium size, full at the base, and has a
deeply depressed eye. Its colour is sure to make it sell well in
the market. |

Messrs. J. Laing, Forest Hill, sent the Pear referred to above,
named ‘The Popham,’ also Apple ‘ Kandil Sinap,’ a fruit much
in the way of ‘ Pidgeonette,’ very juicy but lacking in flavour ;
also Apple‘ Sir Joseph Banks,’ a handsome fruit of the Blenheim
type, but somewhat dry and mealy.

Messrs. Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, sent an Apple which they
proposed to call ‘St. Edmund.’ It was of remarkably. fine
flavour, though somewhatdry. It was very highly coloured, but .
with a sort of hazy bloom over the surface, and, if it will keep,
will prove of value. It was requested that it might be shown
later under a different name, there being already an apple of very
different character named ‘ St. Edmund’s Pippin.’

The following resolution was proposed by Mr. Wythes and

elxxxVili PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

seconded by Mr. Chas. Ross, and carried unanimously amid
acclamation: ‘That a vote of thanks be accorded to Philip
Crowley, Esq., Chairman; and to the Rev. W. Wilks, Secretary,
as an expression of complete confidence in the absolutely fair
and honourable way in which they conduct the work of the
Committee.” :

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27, 1896.

H. BaupDERson, Esq., in the Chair, and seventeen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Banksian Medal.

To F. Foljambe, Esq., Osberton, Worksop (gr. Mr. T. H.
Crasp), for a group of 24 melons.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. T. H. Crasp, for 8 superb bunches of Grape ‘Golden
Queen’ — a variety raised by the late Mr. John Pearson, of
Chilwell, Notts, by crossing ‘ Alicante’ with ‘ Ferdinand de
Lesseps,’ ‘F. de Lesseps’ being itself a hybrid of Mr. Pearson’s,
obtained from crossing ‘ Royal Muscadine’ with the American
‘Strawberry’ Grape. The berries of ‘Golden Queen’ are
remarkably long and of a full yellow colour, with a beautiful
bloom ; juicy and of good flavour, but not in this respect equal to
‘Mrs. Pearson,’ which was raised from exactly the same cross.

Other Exhibits.

Earl Percy, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), sent Melon
‘Syon Favourite,’ obtained from ‘Syon House’ x ‘Hero of:
Isleworth.’

EF. Foljambe, Esq., Osberton, Worksop (gr. Mr. T. H. Crasp),
sent two seedling Melons, ‘ Gateford Hill’ and‘ Osberton.’ They
both appeared to be promising varieties, but the Committee con-
sidered it too late in the season to offer a fair opinion upon them.
Mr. Crasp also sent a fruiting spray of Vanilla aromatica,
one of the orchids whose fruit pods supplies the vanilla of
commerce.

W. H. Evans, Esq., Ford Abbey, Chard (gr. Mr. J. Crook),

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27. @lxxxix

sent a seedling Apple of remarkably fine colour and appearance,
which would doubtless sell well as a market fruit, but was con-
sidered rather mealy.

W. R. Banks, Esq., Kingston Lacy, Wimborne (gr. Mr. E.
Menzies), sent an excellent seedling Apple, but not sufficiently
distinct from ‘ Wellington.’

Mr. C. Stubbington, Brookside, Botley, Hants, sent a seedling
Grape, said to be quite as hardy as ‘ Sweetwater,’ twice as vigor-
ous, and an enormous cropper. In appearance it was very like
‘Royal Muscadine.’ Alsoa dish of beautiful Apples, said to have
been grown from a pip. Whether this were so or not the Com-
mittee considered the fruits identical with ‘ Cox’s Orange.’

Mr. George Lee, Clevedon, sent an Apple which he stated he
received some years ago from the R.H.8. under the name of
‘Amasa,’ together with the information that it had been ‘ brought
home by an officer in the army.’ It was recognised as the apple
now known under the name of ‘ Colonel Vaughan.’

Mr. A. Dale, Akeson, Harrogate, sent a seedling Apple, ‘ Clair
Pippin,’ a very nice fruit, but of hardly sufficient distinctive
character of its own.

From the Society’s Gardens came ‘ Self-Blanching’ Celery,
from seed supplied by Messrs. Barr. It was considered a good
dwarf red celery, with thick fleshy stalks, but the specimens
shown had not blanched themselves. Also the Variegated
Celeriac exhibited by Sir Trevor Lawrence at the last meeting.
Also ‘Polish Short Stem’ Red Cabbage, from seed sent by
Messrs. Vilmorin.

The Rev. Gordon Salmon, Overton Vicarage, York, sent three
fruits of ‘Pitmaston Duchess’ Pear, ‘crossed on ‘‘ Doyenné du
Comice.”’ The three fruits weighed 3 lbs. 100z., and were
remarkable in that even experts were doubtful (until informed)
whether they were ‘Pitmaston Duchess’ or ‘ Beurré Diel,’ the
shape and appearance of the fruit having apparently been altered
by the ‘Comice’ stock. The flavour also was found to be less
acid and astringent than ‘ Pitmaston’ usually is.

K. J. Vokes, Esq., Kingsworthy, Winchester, sent some seed-
ling nuts, weighing about + oz. each. ‘The seedling tree sprang
up in a crevice in a brick wall three feet from the ground, and has
this year produced fruit. The nuts were like large Kent cobs, but
had a very thin shell, which could be easily broken.

G

Cxe PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1896.

PHILIP CROWLEY, Esq., in the Chair, and ten members present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver Knightian Medal.

To C. Bayer, Esq., Tewkesbury Lodge, Forest Hill (gr.
Mr. Taylor), for a collection of 12 varieties of Grapes which had
all been grown in one house. They were ‘Mrs. Pince,’ ‘ Black
Hamburg,’ ‘Mrs. Pearson,’ ‘Gros Maroc,’ ‘Gros Colmar,’
‘Muscat of Alexandria,’ ‘Gros Guillaume,’ ‘Trebbiano,’
‘ Alicante,’ ‘ Foster’s Seedling,’ ‘ Lady Downe’s Black,’ ‘ Alnwick
Seedling.’

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Dobbie & Co., Orpington, Kent, for a collection
of Vegetables.

Other Exhibits.

Edmund Lord, Esq., Belmont, Rawtenstall (gr. Mr. J.
Wright), sent a Black Grape which was not recognised by any
of the Committee. It had extraordinarily long and large oval
berries, and made a very handsome bunch; but it was badly
coloured, almost half of each berry being whitish green. The
flesh was crisp and refreshing, but devoid of flavour. It was
considered that, notwithstanding its handsome size, it was not, in
the condition shown, a desirable novelty, but it was suggested
that if it were grown with more heat it might improve. Eyes
were requested to be sent to Chiswick to test this idea.

Messrs. W. & J. Brown, Stamford, sent two seedling
Apples—(1) ‘ Toogood’s Seedling,’ probably a cross between
‘Wellington’ and ‘Hawthornden,’ the former of which it
greatly resembled, except in the eye and in having a softer
flesh ; (2) ‘Lavender’s Seedling,’ which somewhat resembled
‘Wyken Pippin’ in appearance. It was said to keep well till
March or April, and if this prove to be the case the Committee
thought it might be valuable. They desired to see it again in
March.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24. exci

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CoMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24, 1896.

PHiLtre CROWLEY, Esq., in the Chair, and nineteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Knightian Medal.

To Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas),
for a group of 12 splendid Pines.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Peed & Sons, Norwood, for a collection of Fruit.
To Chas. E. Shea, Esq., Foots Cray, for 12 dishes of beautiful
Apples, 2 of Pears, and one of very fine Medlars.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Lieut.-Col. Vernon, Uxbridge (gr. Mr. Batchelor), for a
small collection of Fruit, the effect of which was spoilt by being
staged on patches of shavings coloured with the crudest dyes.

Award of Merit.

To Apple ‘Clapham Beauty’ (votes, unanimous), from Mr.
H. J. Sheppard, Bedford. Fruit of medium size, flat, greenish
yellow, brightly streaked with crimson on the cheek; eye large,
set in a very shallow basin ; stalk thin, set in a depression ; flesh
white, very melting, sweet, and juicy. A very distinct and, for
the time of year, very good dessert apple.

To Apple ‘ Livermere Favourite,’ as a market variety (votes,
7 for, 5 against), from Mr. J. C. Tallack, Bury St. Edmunds. A
medium-sized, very brilliantly coloured fruit, said to be a
wonderful bearer, and would no doubt, sell well in the market, on
account of its appearance, but as a garden fruit, where flavour
and quality stand for more than appearance, it could hardly be
recommended.

To Apple ‘St. Martin’s’ (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
_ Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth. Fruit medium size, conical ;
skin inelined to russet, but flaked all over with crimson; small
eye, set in a rather deep basin; stalk short, set in a wide but
deep depression; flesh yellowish and of rich flavour. This
will probably prove an acquisition amongst late-keeping dessert

Apples. (Fig. 20.)
G 2

CXCll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. Owen Thomas (gr. to Her Majesty the Queen),
Windsor, for a very fine box of Cucumbers, ‘ Frogmore
Prolific.’

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Rivers sent a new Apple, called ‘ Brook’s Hill Pippin,’
a very tall conical fruit, having a very pretty eye, which with its
depression occupies the whole of the summit of the cone; skin a

full yellow with a few streaks of red; stalk very short in a deep
depression.

eo
ij Hy He \

Hl |
i iy
vt

EEE ——

Fig. 20.—aprLE ‘st. MARTIN’s.’ (Journal of Horticulture.)

From Earl Perey, Syon House (gr. Mr. Wythes), came a
dish of Artichokes, ‘ Vilmorin’s White.’ The tubers were
exceptionally long, as well as white, some of them exceeding
6 inches.

Mr. Owen Thomas sent from Her Majesty’s Gardens at
Windsor a dish of superb yellow Tomatos, ‘ Royal Windsor.’
It was requested that seed might be sent to Chiswick.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 15. CXClll

Messrs. B. Hurst & Son, Burbage, Hinckley, sent a fruit of
Apple ‘ Bismarck,’ probably the largest ever seen, exceeding
18 oz. in weight and 15 inches in circumference, and very
highly coloured.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 15, 1896.

Puiurp Crow ey, Ksq., in the Chair, and twenty-one members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Silver Knightian Medal.
To Messrs. Rivers & Son, Sawbridgeworth, for 60 dishes
of Apples and Pears.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Lord Wantage, V.C., Lockinge Park, Wantage (gr. Mr.
Fiffe), for 56 dishes of Apples, 4 dishes of Pears, 1 dish of
Grapes, and 1 of Tomatos.

[The Council, on the report of the Chairman, awarded a
Silver Knightian Medal for this Collection of Fruit).

To Messrs. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for 56 dishes of
Apples.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. James Smith, gardener to the Earl of Rosebery,
Mentmore, for an exhibit of Grapes, ‘Lady Hutt,’ ‘ Appley
Towers,’ and ‘Black Morocco.’ They had been grown in the
same house as some ‘Gros Maroc’ and ‘Mrs. Pince,’ but
whereas these two were long past their best and quite shrivelled,
the three varieties shown were in excellent condition—sound,
plump, and fresh. ‘ Lady Hutt’ isa round white grape, not very
unlike the ‘ Duke of Buccleugh’ in appearance ; sweet and pleas-
ant to the taste, and very juicy for the time of year. ‘ Black
Morocco’ has large, long, oval berries, coloured at the apex,
but fading away to green at the stalk; flesh firm and somewhat
crisp, but with a slightly pleasant, refreshing flavour. ‘ Appley
Towers’ isa black grape of very great promise, probably the
finest flavoured late grape we have. The berries are of no

Cxcivy PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. "=~"

Tet

great size, black, oval, juicy, refreshing, and of splendid flavour,
with a tinge of Muscat in them.

To Mr. W. Farr, gardener to A. Pears, Esq., Spring Grove,
Isleworth, for a large basket of Tomatos, ‘ All the Year Round,’
magnificently grown.

Other Exhibits.

Lord Suffield, Gunton Park (gr. Mr. Allan), sent 3 fruits of
a new Pear, ‘ President Barabe,’ which would undoubtedly have
obtained an Award of Merit had the regulation 6 fruits been
shown. ‘Two of the fruits were below and one above medium
size. It was like a late Bergamotte, both in appearance and
quality and flavour. Hye very large and open on a flat surface,
no depression roundish; skin yellow, covered all over with
russet. Stalk short and stout, in a very slight depression.
Like most Bergamottes it was a trifle gritty, but melting and.
juicy ; nevertheless with a very fine flavour. A very promising
new fruit.

Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill (gr. Mr. Empson), sent a grape
under name ‘ Mrs. Wingfield,’ which the Committee considered.
to be identical with the ‘Black Morocco,’ mentioned above.
Mr. Empson also had an Apple, ‘ Beauty of Ampthill,’ brilliantly
coloured and of fine appearance, but somewhat lacking in
flavour; also some very large red Capsicums, ‘ Codina’s
Mammoth.’

Captain Carstairs, Welford Park, Newbury (gr. Mr. Chas.
Ross), sent 5 seedling Apples—(1) ‘Freedom,’ a seedling from
‘ Welford Park Nonsuch’ and not very unlike ‘Lady Henniker.’
(2) ‘Mrs. Phillimore,’ said to have been raised from ‘ Lord
Burghley,’ but might have been taken for a cross between
‘Cox’s Pomona’ and ‘ Gravenstein;’ a large angular fruit with
five prominent ridges; tender, sweet, and of good quality, but.
lacking in flavour. The Committee asked to see it earlier in
the season next year. (8) ‘ Elsie,’ a seedling from ‘ Peasgood.
Nonsuch,’ but very like a reversion to the old ‘ Pearmain.’ (4)
‘ Ross’s Pearmain,’ from ‘ Golden Reinette ;’ and (5) ‘ Opal,’ of
unknown origin. They were all of appropriate size for dessert.
fruits, and mostly of good appearance, but wanting in flavour.

Mr. T. W. Thornton, Beckenham, and Messrs Silber &
Fleming, 57 Wood Street, London, the makers, both sent

SPECIAL PRIZES FOR DESSERT APPLES AND PEARS. CXCV

specimens of paper plates recommended for the exhibition of
Apples and Pears. They are very inexpensive (4s. 6d. a 100),
light and indestructible.

Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor (gr. Mr. Owen Thomas),
sent some Tomatos, ‘ Frogmore selected.’

HK. W. Till, Esq., Eynsford, Kent, sent an Apple recom-
mended for Cider, ‘ Winter Quoining.’ The tree had been
planted in 1839 in a Cottagers’ Allotment garden, and is still
thoroughly healthy, with a trunk 4 feet in circumference, and
yields an average crop of 13 bushels a year.

SPECIAL PRIZES FOR DESSERT APPLES AND PEARS.
For Amateurs and Gentlemen’s Gardeners only.
THE VEITCH PRIZES FOR FLAVOUR.

With a view to the formation of a definite list of the best-
flavoured varieties of British-grown apples and pears for dessert
at all seasons, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, in the
summer of 1896 placed a sum of £60 at the disposal of the
Council, who, in conjunction with the donors, drew up and
sanctioned the following scheme, commencing with the Society’s
first meeting, in July 1896, and continuing till the last meeting,
in June 1898, the Temple Shows only being excepted :—

SPECIAL RULES AND CONDITIONS.

1. No exhibitor may enter more than three distinct varieties in each
or either class at each meeting.

2. Six fruits (neither more nor less) of each variety must be shown,
the judges being at liberty to cut any three of them they please.

3. Every exhibitor must guarantee that the fruit he exhibits in these
classes has been grown entirely out of doors. He should also state on the
name card “ Wall tree,” “ Bush,” or “ Standard,” together with the aspect—
north, east, south, or west—the nature of the soil; the county; and, when
known certainly, the stock on which the tree is grafted.

4, The judges are requested to allot twelve points to a perfect dish of
fruit—perfect in flavour, in quality, in appearance, and in size—distributing
the points in the following proportions :—

For flavour . ; : ; : 6 paints.
For quality . ; : ! : 2) tp
For appearance. : : ‘ a ess

For size. f F ‘ A ; ay $53

CXCVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

By “quality” is intended the meltingness and smoothness (absence of
grittiness) of the flesh, or (as, for example, in the case of early Apples) its
crispness and juciness.

By “appearance ” is intended colour and beauty of outline and shape.

By “size” is intended such as invests the fruit ‘“ with the greatest value
for table use.” ‘‘ Enormous specimens should not be preferred, as, beyond
a certain point, size becomes a defect in dessert fruits.”” Vide R.H.S. Rules
for Judging, &c., 1896 Code.

5. When several exhibits of the same variety are shown by several
exhibitors, and the flavour and quality of two or more of them are found
to be equal, the judges are directed in such case to award the prizes
according to the demands of “ appearance” and suitable “ size.”

6. The first and second prizes are not to be awarded to the same
variety at the same meeting.

7. An exhibitor having won the first prize may not compete again
during the year with the same variety, but the same variety exhibited by
different exhibitors may take the first prize at any or all the meetings, and
similarly with the second prize; nor may an exhibitor who has won a
second prize take another second prize with the same variety; but an
exhibitor having taken a second prize may take a first prize with the same
variety at any subsequent meeting.

8. The prizes will be withheld if the fruits shown are considered
wanting in sufficient flavour for dessert, or not fair specimens fit for table.

9. In all other respects the general rules will apply.

The following is a table showing the results obtained up to
January 1, 1897, giving all the varieties shown for these prizes,
but only mentioning the names of the winning exhibitors :—

Date | Apples Winner Pears Winner
|
1896 |
July 14 | — ~—— Citron des Carmes, | O. Thomas

2nd Prize only

Jwy 28 | _— —- Little William . .| No Prize
Aug.11| Irish Peach, Ist . .|O. Thomas. | Jargonelle, Ist . .| W. King
led Astrachan, 2nd .| C. Browne . —— a=
Worcester Pearmain . -— -= _

' Summer Queen . 4 a --- —
Duchess of Oldenburg — a= _-
Cassell’s Rosemana . — —- =
Aug.25, Worcester Pearmain,|C. Browne’ .| Beurré de l’Assomp- | G. Norman

Ist tion, lst
Duchess’s Favourite,|G.Wythes .| Williams’s Bon Chré- | G. Wythes
2nd tien, 2nd F
Devonshire Quarrenden — Doyenné Boussoch . —
_Lady Sudeley . ' — Beurré @’Amanlis —-
Irish Peach ; ; ~- Peach Pear : ‘ —
Yellow Ingestrie | — — i

Red Astrachan . : — ies —
Kerry Pippin . °| — | — aos

Date |

1896
Sept. 8) Benoni, 1st

Oct.

Oct.

Oct.

Nov.

10

SPECIAL PRIZES FOR DESSERT APPLES AND PEARS.

Apples

Worcester Pearmain,
2nd
Gravenstein : =
Kerry Pippin .
Ribston
Cox’s Orange, Ist
Ribston, ond
Worcester Pearmain .
Margil ‘ :
Sir J. Banks a
King of the Pippins .
Scarlet Golden Pippin
Duchess’s Favourite .
Gravenstein

Cox’s Orange, Ist
Ribston, 2nd
American Mother

Cox’s Orange, Ist

Ribston, 2nd
American Mother
Cox’s Orange, Ist
Ribston, 2nd

Cornish Aromatic
Fearn’s Pippin

King of the Pippins .

Cox’s Orange, 1st

De Neige, 2nd
Ribston

Margil

Blenheim Orange
Lemon Pippin :
King of the Pippins .
Livermere Favourite .
Melon Apple

Cox’s Orange, Ist

Winner

Pears

exevil

Winner

ee

J. Powell
C. Herrin

H. C. Prinsep
T. W. Startup

G. Wythes
C. Herrin

G, Woodward

C. jigccia

J. W. Herbert
G. Woodward

C. Herrin
W. 4H. Divers .

W. King

Blenheim Orange, 2nd | J. Powell

Reinette du Canada .
Claygate Pearmain .
Lady Henniker .
McLean’s Favourite
Mannington Pearmain
Ribston : Be

. Souvenir du Congrés,

1st

Williams’s Bon Chrétien
Louise Bonne .
Thompson’s, Ist.
Beurré Hardy, 2nd
Louise Bonne
Virgonia (Virgouleuse)
Welbeck Bergamotte .
Brockworth Park
Marie Louise
Fondante d’ Automne
Gansel’s Bergamotte .
The Popham
Fondante de Thirriot
Doyenné du Comice, 1st
Thompson’s 2nd.
Beurré Superfin .
Marie Louise
Duchesse @’ Angouléme
Seckle
Fondante d’Automne
Doyenné du Comice,
lst
Beurré Superfin, 2nd .
Beurré Diel :
Conseiller de la Cour. 1
Beurré d’Anjou, Ist
Knight’s Monarch, 2nd
Beurré Diel
Soldat Laboureur
Marie Louise
Brown Beurré .
Glou Morceau
Beurré du Buisson, Ist
Knight’s Monarch, 2nd
Beurré d’Anjou .
Glou Morceau
Epine Dumas
Joséphine de Malines
Winter Nelis' . ;

Winter Nelis, 1st
Glou Morceau, 2nd
Joséphine de Malines
Prince Consort .
Doyenné d’Alencon
Bergamotte d’Espéren
Nouvelle Fulvie .

C. Herrin

. | Beurré d’Amanlis, 2nd | F. Harris

—

W. Cotterell
W. Cotterell

C. Herrin
J. Powell

G. Woodward
G. Woodward

C. Herrin
R. Maher

W. H. Divers
O. Thomas

J. Powell
W. Cotterell

CXCVill PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLORAL COMMITTEE.
OcToBER 18, 1896.

W. MarsHatzt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-eight members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Siver-giult Banksian Medal.

To the Hon. H. H. Aldenham, Aldenham House, Elstree (gr.
Mr. Beckett), for a very fine display of Perennial Asters (Michael-
mas Daisies).

Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons, Crawley, for a collection of

Dahlias.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. H. B. May, Upper Edmonton, for a group of Adiantum

Farleyense.
To Mr. G. Prince, Oxford, for a collection of Tea Roses.

Bronze Flora Medal.

To Messrs. de Rothschild, Gunnersbury House, Acton (gr.
Mr. Hudson), for a group of Perennial Asters (Michaelmas
Daisies), which had been grown from cuttings inserted in a cold
frame in May.

To Messrs. Barr & Son, Covent Garden, for a group of hardy
flowers.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Mr. W. Wells, Redhill, for a group of Chrysanthemums.
To Mr. T. 8. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of Chrysanthe-
mums, Asters, and Nerines.

First-class Certificate.

To Pteris Childsii (votes, unanimous), from Mr. T. Childs,
New Eltham. A very handsome fern of bushy habit with pale
green fronds, the pinne broad, much divided and beautifully
crested.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13, CXC1xX

To Aglaonema Curtisii (votes, 6 for, 2 against), from Messrs.
J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. A beautiful new aroid from Malaya.
The leaves are broad, stiff, deep green with blotches and veinings
of a glaucous hue.

Award of Merit.

To Salvia splendens grandiflora (votes, unanimous), from Sir
Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Dorking (gr. Mr. W. Bain). Plant of
good habit and very floriferous. Flowers borne on long spikes,
colour bright scarlet.

To Lobelia Gerardi (votes, 10 for, 7 against), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. Bain). The deep blue flowers are
borne on stout spikes.

To Begonia metallica Regina (votes, 7 for, 1 against), from
Baroness Burdeit-Coutts, Holly Lodge, Highgate (gr. Mr. J.
Willard). A distinct variety, the leaves being blotched and.
marbled with creamy white and pink.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Ophelia’ (votes, 20 for), from Mr. C.
Turner, Slough. A bright scarlet variety with sharply-pointed,
petals.

To Pompon Dahlia ‘ Geraldine’ (votes, 12 for), from Mr. C..
Turner. Flowers yellow, heavily tipped with orange red.

To Pompon Dahlia ‘Clarissa’ (votes, 17 for), from Mr. C.
Turner. A very fine sulphur yellow variety.

To Cactus Dahlia ‘Mrs. Kingsley Foster’ (votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons. Flowers golden yellow, suffused
with orange red towards the centre.

To Single Dahlia ‘Miss Kathleen Goschen’ (votes, 10 for,
lagainst), from Messrs. J. Cheal & Sons. Flowers of good form;
centre of petal white margined with rosy purple.

To Single Dahlia ‘Miss Hudson’ (votes, 11 for), from Messrs.
J. Cheal & Sons. Flowers of medium size, pink striped with
white.

To Asplenium Herbstii (votes, unanimous), from Mr. H. B.
May. A very handsome dwarf variety, with dark green fronds.

To Nerine ‘Novelty’ (votes, 12 for, 5 against), from Mr. T. 8.
Ware. Flowers large, bright rose, borne in dense clusters on
long spikes.

To Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘Madame Gustave Henry’
(votes, unanimous), from Mr. W. Wells. A very handsome variety
with large creamy-white flowers.

ce PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. J. Mansell, Somerset Place, Guernsey, sent six varieties
of Nerines.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, sent a Coleus named
‘Captain Holford.’

From Messrs. R. Veitch & Co., Exeter, came Polygonum
amplexicaule oxyphyllum and Fuchsia triphylla hybrida. The
Committee asked to see a plant of the latter.

Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, sent Chrysanthemums.

From Messrs. Vilmorin, Paris, came a beautiful collection of
seedling Begonias.

Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, sent a small group of
Dahlias, Chrysanthemums, and Asters.

Mr. H. F. Rosoman, Sholing, sent a seedling Chrysanthemum
named ‘Beauty of Sholing.’ The Committee asked to see it
again.

Mr. E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill, exhibited a Chrysanthe-
mum named ‘Golden Sheaf.’

From Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead, came two new Chrysanthe-
mums.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, OCTOBER, 27, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-three members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Earl Perey, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes),
for a group of well-grown Codizeums (Crotons) in great variety.

Silver Flora Medal.

To A. Pears, Esq., Green Bank, Isleworth (gr. Mr. Farr),
for a collection of Chrysanthemums.

To Messrs. J. Laing & Sons, Forest Hill, for a group of
Kiricas, Cyclamen, Orchids, Dracznas, Palms, &c.

To Mr. A. Waterer, Woking, fora group of Picea pungens
glauca, and Pernettyas.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27. CCl

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor (gr. Mr. Thomas), for
a group of winter-flowering Zonal Pelargoniums.

To H. J. Elwes, Esq., Colesborne, Andoversford, Gloucester
(gr. Mr. Lane), for a group of seedling Nerines, comprising
several unnamed varieties of much promise.

To Mr. Wells, Earlswood, Redhill, for a group of Chrysan-
themums.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
Crotons, Dracenas, Orchids, and Saintpaulia ionantha.

First-class Certificate.

To Sarracenia Sander (S. Drummondi alba x §. Cookiana)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans.
A distinct and handsome variety with large pale green pitchers
with purple veinings.

Award of Merit.

To Nerine flexuosa major (votes, 11 for, 1 against), from
Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain). A very
free-flowering variety of dwarf habit. Flowers bright pink
striped with lilac, borne on stout scapes.

To Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘Elsie Teichmann’ (votes,
14 for), from C. EH. Shea, Esq. The Elms, Foots Cray, Kent.
A magnificent variety with large flowers of great substance; the
long incurving florets are white suffused with cream.

To Incurved Chrysanthemum ‘Mr. James Murray’ (votes,
12 for), from Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead. A fine variety with
large rosy lilac flowers of good form.

To, Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘ Australian Gold’ (Calvat’s)
(votes, 15 for), from Mr. W. Wells and Mr. W. J. Godfrey,
Exmouth. A handsome variety with large canary yellow
flowers.

To Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘Pride of Exmouth’ (votes,
11 for), from Mr. Godfrey and Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons,
Swanley. Flowers very large, white shaded with rosy lilac.

To Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘Mrs. J. M. Lewis’ (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons and Mr. Wells.
A fine variety with large cream-coloured flowers.

ecil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘Mrs. Oporto Tait’ (votes, 11
for, 6 against), from Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons. Deep golden
yellow flowers of good form.

Other Exhibits.

J. H. Arkwright, Esq., Hampton Court, Leominster, sent a
very fine Primrose named ‘Evelyn Arkwright. The Com-
mittee asked to see this again.

Chrysanthemums were exhibited by—

(1) Dowager Lady Freake, Fulwell Park, Twickenham (gr.
Mr. Rickwood).

(2) Mr. Jenkins, Hampton Hill.

(3) Mr. Rosoman, Sholing.

FLORAL CoMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Ksq., in the Chair, and eighteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :-—

Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham, for a collection of Chrys-
anthemums, Crotons, Dracznas, and Ferns.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. de Rothschild, Gunnersbury Park, Acton (gr.
Mr. G. Reynolds), for a group of Lycoris aurea.
To C. E. Shea, Esq., The. Elms, Foots Cray, Kent, for a
collection of Chrysanthemums.
To Earl Percy, Syon House, Brentford (gr. Mr. Wythes),
for a group of Chrysanthemums, with Ferns and small Palms.
To Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth, for a oes of Chrys-
anthemums and Carnations.
Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mr. T. 8S. Ware, Tottenham, for a group of Chrys-
anthemums.
Bronze Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, for a group of
Chrysanthemums, Gloxinias, Palms, and Ferns.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10. CClii

Award of Merit.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Madame Paul Lacroix’ (votes, unani-
mous), from Mr. P. O. Knowles, Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames.
A large-flowered variety, with broad petals, sulphur yellow
suffused with creamy white.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Mr. H. H. Gardiner’ (Japanese
Anemone) (votes, 10 for), from H. H. Gardiner, Esq., Nettlebed,
Henley-on-Thames (gr. Mr. Ely). A distinct and handsome
variety, with large rosy-purple ray florets. Disc large, colour
purple and yellow.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Ma Perfection’ (Incurved Japanese)
(votes, unanimous), from Mr. H. J. Jones, Lewisham. A very
handsome variety, with large pure white flowers.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Mrs. C. Orchard’ (votes, 7 for), from
Mr. H. J. Jones. A magnificent variety, with large sulphur
yellow flowers.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Duke of Wellington’ (Japanese) (votes,
8 for, 1 against), from Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead. Flowers
large, bronzy yellow.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Mignonnette’ (Decorative) (votes,
unanimous), from Mr. R. Owen. A very free-flowering variety,
of good habit of growth. The small, globular, canary-yellow
flowers are composed of slender thread-like florets.

Botanical Certificate.

To Amorphophallus variabilis (votes, unanimous), from
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. (Fig. 21.)

Other Exhibits.

Miss A. 8. Ridge, Englefield Green, Staines, sent some
Chrysanthemums.

From C. F. Thompson, Esq., Llandaff, Cardiff (gr. Mr. T.
Manns), came two varieties of Chrysanthemums.

Mr. J. W. Rawlins, Blyth Hall Gardens, Rotherham, sub-
mitted a stand for supporting and draining a flower pot.

CC1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Fig. 21.—-AMORPHOPHALLUS VARIABILIS. (Jowrnal of Horticulture.)

FLORAL COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24. CCV

FLORAL COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24, 1896.

W. MarsHatt, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Flora Medal.
To Mr. R. Gilzow, Bexley Heath, for fifty varieties of
beautifully coloured Dracenas.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To C. EK. Shea, Esq., The Elms, Foots Cray, Kent, for
Chrysanthemums.

To W. F. Darnell, Esq., Devonshire House, Stamford, for a
group of Crotons, Palms, Aralias, Ferns, and Chrysanthemums.

To W. Bryant, Esq., Stoke Park, Slough (gr. Mr. D. Kemp),
for a very fine group of single-flowered Primulas.

To the Dowager Lady Freake, Fulwell Park, Twickenham
(gr. Mr. A. Rockwood), for a collection of Chrysanthemums.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of
Cyclamen and Carnations.

To Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead, for a collection of Chrysan-
themums.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, for a group of
Chrysanthemums, Gloxinias, and Coleus.
To Mr. W. Wells, Earlswood, Redhill, for a collection of
Chrysanthemums.

First-class Certificate.
To Dracena Broomfieldii (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
F. Sander & Co., St. Albans. <A distinct and handsome variety.
Leaves eighteen inches long, narrow, bright green, striped and
margined with white.

Award of Merit.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Mrs. Joseph Thompson’ (votes, unani-
mous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Dorking (gr. Mr. W.
Bain). A magnificent variety with large pure white flowers.

To Sonerila ‘ Leopold II.’ (votes, unanimous), from Sir Trevor
Lawrence (gr. Mr. W. Bain). A pretty variety with small deep

H

cevl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

green leaves studded with silvery grey spots. Rosy-lilac flowers,
borne in great profusion.

To Chrysanthemum ‘C. A. Owen’ (Japanese) (votes, unani-
mous), from Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead. Flowers large, deep
golden yellow suffused with bronze.

To Chrysanthemum ‘Miss Louise D. Black’ (incurved)
(votes, 9 for, 8 against), from Mr. W. Wells, Redhill, and Mr. W.
J. Godfrey, Exmouth. Flowers of medium size, deep orange
suffused with brown on the outer petals.

To Rhododendron ‘Cloth of Gold’ (R. Lord Wolseley x
R. Teysmanni) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.J. Veitch & Sons,
Chelsea. A very handsome variety. Canary-yellow flowers,
borne in large clusters.

To Begonia‘ Ensign’ (B. Tuberous variety x B. socotrana)
(votes, 11 for, 4 against), from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. A
beautiful winter-flowering Begonia. Rich rosy-red flowers, semi-
double, freely produced, and of good form.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Gem of Earlswood ’ (Pompon Anemone)
(votes, unanimous), from Mr. Wells. Flowers of medium size,
guard petals rosy pink, cushion golden yellow.

To Chrysanthemum ‘ Golden Elsie’ (votes, unanimous), from
Mr. B. Ladhams, Southampton. A sport from Elsie. A very
beautiful, bright yellow, free-flowering variety.

Cultural Commendation.
To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a very fine
specimen of Cephalotus follicularis.

Other Exhibits.

Edmund Hyde, Esq., Castle Bar, Ealing (gr. Mr. Holloway),
exhibited Primula sinensis (wild type). Also a supposed cross,
named P. ‘Edmund Hyde,’ obtained between P. sinensis and
P. obconica. The Committee asked to see this again.

From F. W. Moore, Esq., Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin, came Buddleia madagascariensis.

Messrs. Fisher, Son & Sibray, Sheffield, sent Rhododendron
‘Countess of Derby.’

Chrysanthemums were exhibited by—

(1) Lieut.-Col. Vernon, Harefield Park, Uxbridge (gr. Mr.
Batchelor).

(2) Mr. J. Selden, Eversley Park Gardens, Winchmore Hill.

FLORAL COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 15. -eevll

(83) Mr. T. Todman, Dafforne Road, Upper Tooting.
_ (4) My. H. Becker, Beresford Street, Jersey.

(5) Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley. —

(6) Mr. T. 8. Ware, Tottenham.

FrorAL COMMITTEE, DECEMBER 15, 1896.

W. Manrsuact, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal.

To Messrs. H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, for a group of
Primulas and Zonal Pelargoniums.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Dorking (gr. Mr. Bain), for
a collection of Anthuriums.
To A. Pears, Esq., Spring Grove House, Isleworth (gr. Mr.
Farr), for a group of Poinsettia pulcherrima.
To Messrs. W. Paul & Sons, Waltham Cross, for a group of
Roses.

Silver Banksian Medal.
To Mrs. Wingfield, Ampthill House, Ampthill (gr. Mr.
Empson), for a group of table plants.
To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of
Cyclamen.
To Messrs. W. Cutbush & Son, Highgate, for a group of
‘Skimmias and Orange trees in pots.

Bronze Banksian Medal.
To Mr. Wells, Earlswood, Redhill, for a group of
Chrysanthemums.
To Messrs. J. Peed & Sons, West Norwood, for a group of
foliage and flowering plants.
To Messrs. Young & Dobinson, Stevenage, for a group of
Chrysanthemums.

Award of Merit.

To Rhododendron nobilius (R. Teysmanni x R. Javanicum)
H 2

GCVlil PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

(votes, 13 for), from Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. A
magnificent variety, with large deep golden yellow flowers
produced in dense trusses.

To Rhododendron ‘Little Beauty (R. Monarch x R.
malayanum) (votes, 8 for, 1 against), from Messrs. J. Veitch &
Sons. A distinct variety, with small bright red flowers.

To Tree Carnation ‘Julian’ (votes, 11 for), from Mr. J.
Douglas, Great Bookham. Flowers large and massive, colour
deep crimson.

To Japanese Chrysanthemum ‘Christmas Gold’ (as a
market variety) (votes, 10 for), from Mr. P. Ladds, Swanley. A
free-flowering variety of good habit. Flowers bright golden
yellow.

To Carnation ‘W. Robinson’ (votes, 12 for), from Messrs.
Carne & Clarke, March. A grand variety, with bright scarlet
flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Mr. F. Kitley, Lyncombe Vale, Bath, sent Pteris tremula
petroselina.

From Mr. G. Ringham, Wrotham Park, Barnet, came a new
Abutilon named ‘ Countess of Stafford.’

Messrs. Crane & Clarke, March, sent Carnations ‘ Deutsche
Brant’ and ‘Madame D. Albertina.’ The Committee asked to
see these last again.

Mr. T. §8. Ware, Tottenham, sent Narcissus and Christmas
Roses.

Mr. E. H. Jenkins, Hampton Hill, sent Carnation ‘ Winter
Bride.’

Messrs. J. Sander & Co., St. Albans, sent Begonia ‘ Winter
Favourite.’

Chrysanthemums were exhibited by—

(1) C. W. Bond, Esq., Boxhurst, Dorking.
(2) C. F. Thompson, Ksq., Llandaff, Cardiff.
(3) Mr. R. Owen, Maidenhead.

(4) Mr. W. J. Godfrey, Exmouth.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 13. eclx

ORCHID COMMITTEE.
OcTOBER 13, 1896.

Harry J. Verrcu, Esq., in the Chair, and fifteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—

Gold Medal.

To J. Gurney Fowler, Esq., Glebelands, South Woodford
(gr. Mr. Davis), for a splendid specimen of Vanda Sanderiana,
with eight growths, bearing together eleven spikes, numbering
in the ageregate 127 flowers.

Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a very fine group
of rare Orchids in flower.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester,
(gr. Mr. Johnson), for the white Cattleya Warscewiczii ‘ Countess
of Derby,’ which had previously received a First-class Certificate.

To C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming (er.
Mr. T. W. Bond}, for a group of hybrid Orchids, raised in his
gardens.

To Messrs. B. 5. Williams & Son, Holloway, for a group of
Orchids.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a selection of
Orchids in flower.

To Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, for a group of Orchids.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya labiata, var. ‘Mrs. E. Ashworth’ (votes, 7 for,
5 against), from Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall,
Wilmslow, Cheshire (gr. Mr. Holbrook). Sepals and petals pure
white ; lip purple with a broad white margin.

To Cattleya Dowiana, Wheatley’s variety (votes, unanimous),
from I’. Wheatley, Esq., Ringmore, Teignmouth. A fine variety,
with white sepals and petals, in which a very faint trace of
yellow appeared.

@CGx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To Cattleya x‘ Apollo’ (C. Mossiz 2 x C. Aclandiz ¢) (votes,
unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. This
fine hybrid had flowers nearly as large as those of C. Mossie,
and intermediate in shape between that species and C. Aclandiz.
The sepals and petals were pinkish buff, lightly veined with
purple, and bearing a few irregular purple blotches. The broad
scoop-shaped lip was rose purple in front, the side lobes being
white with dark rose edge. The centre was streaked and tinged
with yellow.

To Cattleya x ‘Triumph’ (C. Luddemanniana ? x C. Lawren-
ceana ¢) (votes, unanimous), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq.,
Elstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond). A pretty
hybrid, with flowers of a light rose colour.

Award of Merit.

To Cattleya x ‘Eclipse’ (C. maxima 2 x C. Skinnerii ¢) (votes,
unanimous), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House,
Godalming (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond). The flowers resembled a
small C. maxima, but the lip partook of C. Skinnerii in form.

To Cattleya x ‘Jupiter’ (C. Lawrenceana? x C. Warscewiczil
var.) (votes, unanimous), from C. L. N. Ingram, Esq. The
flower much resembled a light variety of C. labiata Lud-
demanniana.

To Cypripedium Charlesworthii, Low’s var.(votes, unanimous),
from Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton. A form with dorsal
sepal over 3} inches broad.

To Comparettia speciosa (votes, unanimous), from A. H.
Smee, Ksq., The Grange, Carshalton (gr. Mr. Cummins). The
plant bore three spikes of soft orange-red flowers.

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. A. Nash, gr. to J. C. Ramsden, Esq., J.P., Willing-
hurst, Shamley Green, Guildford, for a fine plant of Vanda
cerulea, with two spikes bearing together twenty-five flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons showed Leelia x Clarinda (L.
Perrinii ? x L. pumila ¢); and Cattleya x Minucia (C. Loddigesii 9
x C. Warscewiczii).

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq. (gr. Mr. T. W. Bond), sent Leelio-
Cattleya x‘T.W.Bond’(C. labiata autumnalis 2 x L. purpurata ¢);

ORCHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27. CCxl

L.-C. x ‘Firefly’(L. Dormaniana ? x C. Bowringiana 3); and L.-C.
x Andreana (C. bicolor 2 x L. x elegans ¢).

T. W. Swinburne, Esq., Corndean Hall, Winchcombe, sent a
good Cypripedium Charlesworthii and a malformed C. insigne.

J. Charlton Parr, Esq., Grappenhall Heyes, Warrington
(gr. Mr. Masterton), sent Cypripedium x polystigmaticum.

G. Shirland Ball, Esq., Ashford, Wilmslow, Cheshire (er.
Mr. Hay), sent a fine flower of Cypripedium insigne Sandere.

Thos. Statter, Esq. (gr. Mr. R. Johnson), showed Cattleya
bicolor cerulea and Cattleya x ‘ Prince of Wales.’

De B. Crawshay, Esq., Rosefield, Sevenoaks (gr. Mr. 8S.
Cooke), exhibited Odontoglossum Uro Skinnerii album with pure
white labellum and greenish sepals and petals. The variety
seems to be a hybrid, and a full account of its history is given
an the Orchid Review, November 1896, p. 339.

OrcHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27, 1896.

Harry J. Verrcu, Esq., in the Chair, and sixteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Gold Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a splendid group
of Orchids in flower, in which rare species and hybrids were well
represented.

Silver Flora Medal.

To R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell (gr.
Mr. H. J. Chapman), for an extensive group of Orchids in
flower.

To Thos. Statter, Ksq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester
(gr. Mr. R. Johnson), for a collection of varieties of Dendrobium
Phalznopsis, Cattleya Dowiana aurea, Cypripediums, &c.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To M. Georges Mantin, Chateau de Bel-Air, Olivet, France,
for a group of six varieties of Cattleya x Mantinii (C. Bowring-
jana 2 x C. Dowiana ¢); Lelio-Cattleya x Belairensis (C.

cCxXll PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Bowringiana 2 x L. autumnalis ¢), an extraordinary hybrid
with a general resemblance to a large drooping-flowered L.
autumnalis ; Lelio-Cattleya x Behrensiana, and L.-C. x B.
inversa, and Cypripedium x Boncardii (C. superbiens 2 x C.
barbatum ¢), a form of C. x superciliare.

Bronze Banksian Medal.

To H. J. Elwes, Esq., Colesborne, Andoversford, for an interest-
ing collection of botanical Orchids, among which were Cycnoches
Loddigesii, Dendrobium Aphrodite, Habenaria Susanne, H.
decipiens, Pleione Wallichiana, P. lagenaria, Arundina chinensis,
Saccolabium bigibbium, Acampe papillosa, and a singular
unknown Cirrhopetalum.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya labiata ‘R. I. Measures’ (votes, unanimous), from
R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Camberwell (gr. Mr.
H.J.Chapman). A pure white variety, with well-defined bright
pink veining on the lip.

To Cattleya x ‘Le Czar’ (supposed natural hybrid C. labiata x
C. granulosa) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Linden, Brussels.
A near ally to C. x ‘ Victoria Regina,’ but with larger flowers
and a more pronounced isthmus connecting the posterior and
anterior parts of the labellum.

Award of Merit.

To Lelio-Cattleya x ‘ Elvira’ (C. Triane ? L.-C. Schilleriana 3)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea. A very
singular hybrid, with much of the form and thick texture of
L.-C. Schilleriana, but larger and broader in all its parts.

To Cypripedium x ‘Regina’ (C. x Leeanum @ x C.
Fairieanum ¢) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Veitch. A
pretty flower with a general resemblance to C. x Arthurianum,
but with the upper two-thirds of the dorsal sepal pure white,
with purple lines at the base.

Cultwral Convmendation.
To M. Georges Mantin, Olivet, France, for Cattleya x
Mantinii nobilior.
To Mr. W. Lane, gr. to Miss D. Smith, King’s Ride, Ascot,
for a splendid specimen of Cattleya Bowringiana, with fine large
spikes of flowers.

‘ORCHID COMMITTEE, OCTOBER 27, CCXill

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, sent a group of Cattleya
labiata and other Orchids.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited a group of
Orchids.

Messrs. B. 8. Williams & Son, Holloway, sent a group of
Orchids.

Sir Wm. Marriott, The Down House, Blandford (gr. Mr.
Thos. Denny), showed Cattleya x‘ La Belle’ (C. Warscewiczii
x C. Harrisonie ¢) and Cypripedium x Marriottianum (C.
Spicerianum @ x C. niveum ¢).

Fred. Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. T.
Stafford), showed Cattleya x Hardyana, Wrigley’s var., C. x
Massaiana (C. aurea marmorata), Pleione maculata alba, and
Lelia pumila.

Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, showed Phaius x
Ashworthianus (P. Mannii @ x P. maculatus 3), with yellow
flowers closely approaching those of P. maculatus, and having
yellow spots on the leaves similar to that species. Also Cattleya
labiata ‘The Bride’ and C. 1. ‘The Pearl,’ both with white
sepals and petals and coloured lip.

H. Shaw, Esq., Heathfield, Birch Vale, Derbyshire (gr. Mr.
J. Cliffe), sent Cattleya maxima var.

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming (gr. Mr.
T. W. Bond), showed Leelio-Cattleya x Callistoglossa Ingramii,
a very richly coloured variety.

Walter C. Clark, Esq., Sefton Park, Liverpool, showed
Cypripedium x (C.argus Moensii ¢ x C. x vexillarium ¢).

8. G. Lutwyche, Esq., Beckenham (gr. Mr. Paterson), showed
various Cypripediums, &c.

C. J. Crossfield, Esq., Liverpool, sent a fine form of Cattleya
labiata.

@CX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10, 1896.

Harry J. Vertcu, Esq., in the Chair, and thirteen members
present.

Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a remarkable
group of hybrid Orchids, in which thirty-two distinct and showy
kinds were staged.

Silver Banksian Medal.

To W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Stafford-
shire (gr. Mr. W. Stevens), for a group of Odontoglossums
and Cattleyas.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for an excellent
group of Orchids.

First-class Certificate.

To Cattleya maxima alba (votes, unanimous), from Hamar
Bass, Esq., Byrkley, Burton-on-Trent (gr. Mr. J. Hamilton). A
fine pure white variety.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Nysa superba (L. crispa x C. Warsce-
wiczii ¢) (votes, 11 for, 1 against), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons, Chelsea. A fine hybrid, with a general resemblance to
L.-C. x Exoniensis, but an improvement on that variety.

Award of Merit.

To Cypripedium ‘Fred Hardy’ (votes, unanimous), from
Fred Hardy, Esq., Tyntesfield, Ashton-on-Mersey (gr. Mr. T.
Stafford). This seemed to occupy to the species C. Charlesworthii
the same position that C. Lawrenceanum Hyeanum does to its
type, viz. a variation in which nearly all colour but white and
green is suppressed. Petals and lip yellowish green, upper sepal
white with a faint lilac tinge at its base ; staminode white
with a yellow boss in the centre.

To Odontoglossum crispum ‘Golden Queen’ (votes, unani-
mous), from W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stowe,
Staffordshire (gr. Mr. W. Stevens). Flowers pale yellow spotted
with brown.

ORCHID COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 10. CCKYV

Cultural Commendation.

To Mr. H. Ballantine, gardener to Baron Schréder, The Dell,
Staines, for a grand specimen of Cymbidium Tracyanum, with
eighteen flowers on a spike, each flower six inches across.

To Mr. Hyslop, gardener to H.§. Leon, Esq., Bletchley Park,
Bletchley, for a fine plant of Lelia pumila with eleven large
flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, showed a group of
Orchids.

Mr. R. Gilzow, Bexley Heath, exhibited a group of Dendro-
bium, Phaleenopsis, &c.

J. Hawthorn Kitson, Esq., Elmet Hall, Leeds (gr. Mr. T.
Bonsall), sent a fine form of Odontoglossum Uro-Skinnerii and of
Cattleya Bowringiana.

Messrs. Jas. Garaway & Co., Clifton, sent a curiously double
form of Cattleya labiata.

G. W. Law-Schofield, Esq., New-Hall-Hey, near Manchester
(gr. Mr. Shill), showed a fine pan of Celogyne (Pleione) macu-
lata alba, with thirty flowers; also a number of coloured
drawings of rare Orchids.

H. H. Bolton, Esq., Height Side, Newchurch, Manchester
(gr. Mr. Eastwood), sent a large variety of Cattleya labiata.

H. Shaw, Esq., Heathfield, Birch Vale, Derbyshire (gr.
Mr. Cliffe), showed a hybrid Cypripedium near to ©. x
‘Kuryale.’

Messrs. EF’. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited Calanthe x
albata (C. veratrifolia x Cooksonii). A very singular hybrid with
white flowers, and intermediate between the evergreen Calanthe
and the deciduous section.

Frau Ida Brandt, Riesbach, Zirich, sent a very brightly
coloured Odontoglossum Krameri and O. cristatellum.

Col. Wilson, Hillside, Allerton, Liverpool (gr. Mr. T. Healey),
sent Cypripedium x (C. bellatulum 2 x C. callosum ¢).

C. L. N. Ingram, Esq., Elstead House, Godalming, Surrey
(gr. Mr. T. W. Bond), exhibited Lelio-Cattleya x ‘ Meteor ’
(L. pumila Dayana? x C. Bowringiana¢), L.-C. x ‘ Homere’
(L. Perrinii? x C. Percivalianag), and L.-C. x ‘ Minerve’
(L. Perrinig x C. Lawrenceana ¢).

€CXV1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ORCHID CoMMITTEE, NovEMBER 24, 1896.

Harry J. VertcH, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-two members
present.
Awards Recommended :—
Silver Flora Medal.
To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for a remarkable

Fig. 22.—soPHRO-CATTLEYA x ‘cCALYPSO.’ (Gardeners’ Chronicle.)

eroup of Orchids, principally home-raised hybrids, among which
were set four different crosses of Cypripedium Fairieanum.
Silver Banksian Medal.

To Baron Schréder, The Dell, Staines (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine),
for a collection of choice Orchids, including Sophro-Cattleya x
‘Calypso’ (fig. 22), Odontoglossum Pescatorei Schréderianum,
O. x Wilckeanum Godefroyanum, &c.

To Messrs. F. Sander & Co., St. Albans, for a group of Orchids.

First-class Certificate. ;
To Odontoglossum x Hallii-crispum (O. Hallii leucoglossum

ORCHID COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24. CCXViL

x O. crispum Cooksonii) (votes, 11 for, 5 against), from Norman
C. Cookson, Esq., Oakwood, Wylam, Northumberland (gr. Mr.
Wm. Murray). Aremarkable hybrid, with creamy white flowers
blotched with brown, and with the peculiar crest of O. Hallii in
a marked degree.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Decia alba (votes, unanimous), from

Fig. 23.—cyPRIPEDIUM X ‘BARON SCHRODER.’ (Journal of Horticulture.)

Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea. A charming form with
white sepals and petals; lip light lavender with an indescribably
beautiful network of silvery white. This plant also won the
medal for the best Orchid raised in England and not shown
before 1896.

To Cypripedium x ‘ Baron Schréder’(C. x cenanthum super-

€CGXVlll PROCEEDINGS. OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

bum ¢ x C. Fairieanum ¢) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs.
Jas. Veitch & Sons. This is the finest of the Fairieanum crosses
which has yet appeared. Dorsal sepal white, with a green tinge
at the base, and about fifteen dotted lines of purple radiating
from it. The rest of the flower yellow with spotting and lines
of chocolate colour. (Fig. 23.)

Award of Meritt.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Tiresias (C. Bowringiana 9 x L-C. x
elegans Turneri ¢ ) (votes, unanimous), from Messrs. Jas. Veitch &
Sons. This in form and colour resembled in a great degree
C. Bowringiana, but the flowers were larger and the lip less
convolute than in that species.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Apollonia (? L. purpurata x C. Dowiana)
(votes, 2 for, 7 against). This resembled L.-C. x ‘ Pallas.’
Sepals and petals light rose colour; lip dark crimson purple.
Flower very fragrant.

To Lelia x Juvenalis (L. Perrinii g x L. pumila ¢) (votes,
unanimous), from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking
(gr. Mr. W. H. White). A very beautiful flower resembling a
very large L. pumila prestans.

To Sophro-Leelia x Marriottii (8. grandiflora 2 x L. flava ¢)
(votes, 12 for, 4 against), from Sir Wm. Marriott, Down House,
Blandford. This singular hybrid resembles a strong-growing
Sophronitis and bore a three-flowered inflorescence of orange-
scarlet flowers, with the form of a narrow-petalled S. grandiflora,
but with the narrow, crimped front lobe to the lip, as in L. flava.

To Leelio-Cattleya x Schilleriana, Ashworth’s variety (votes,
unanimous), from Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall,
Wilmslow, Cheshire (gr. Mr. Holbrook). A very large and finely
coloured form.

To Cattleya labiata, Ashford variety (votes, unanimous), from
G. Shirland Ball, Esq., Ashford, Wilmslow, Cheshire (gr. Mr. A.
Hay). A very dark and brightly-coloured variety.

Botanical Certificate.
To Acanthephippium javanicum, from F. W. Moore, Esq.,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin.
Cultwral Commendation.
To Mr. Hughes, gr. to EK. H. Woodall, Esq., St. Nicholas

ORCHID COMMITTEE, NOVEMBER 24, ccxix

House, Scarborough, for a grand specimen of Vanda cerulea
with seven growths and five magnificent spikes of flowers.

Other Exhibits.

Frau Ida Brandt, Riesbach, Ziirich (gr. Mr. Schlecht), sent
flowers of Oncidium Forbesii, Odontoglossum Insleayii splendens,
Brassavola cuspidata, Vanda cerulea, &c.

W. Thompson, Esq., Walton Grange, Stone, Staffordshire
(gr. Mr. W. Stevens), showed Odontoglossum x plosanins and @
number of coloured drawings of Orchids.

W. Bryant, Esq., Stoke Park, Slough (gr. Mr. Kemp), showed
a very fine form of Cattleya labiata.

Walter Cobb, Esq., Dulcote, Tunbridge Wells (gr. Mr. J.
Howes), sent the yellow Cypripedium insigne Sanderianum and
Siparis longipes.

Admiral Cator, Hazelwood, King’s Langley (gr. Mr. G.
Day), exhibited Cymbidium cyperifolium.

Reginald Young, Esq., Sefton Park, Liverpool (gr. Mr.
Poyntz), showed varieties of Cypripedium insigne, &c.

Walter C. Clark, Esq., Sefton Park, Liverpool, sent Cypri-
pedium x polychromium (C. x politum ¢ x C. superbiens ¢).

H. Worthington, Esq., Abbey Lawn, Whalley Range, Man-
chester, sent Catasetum x splendens Worthingtonianum ; white
with purple base to the labellum, and purple spotted sepals and
petals.

Norman C. Cookson, Esq. (gr. Mr. Wm. Murray), showed
Cypripedium x Chapmanii (C. Curtisii @ x C. bellatulum ¢).

Miss Boberts, Loughborough Road, Brixton, sent a collection
of coloured drawings of Orchids.

Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart. (gr. Mr. W. H. White), showed
Sobralia Lindenii. Flowers white with purple veining on the
labellum.

G. Shirland Ball, Esq. (gr. Mr. A. Hay), showed Cattleya
labiata alba.

R. I. Measures, Esq., Cambridge Lodge, Flodden Road,
Camberwell (gr. Mr. H. J. Chapman), showed Cypripedium x
‘Regina’ (C. x Leeanum @ x C. Fairieanum fo) 3 Cie x
Kdwardii (C. superbiens x C. Fairieanum); C. x Olenus (C.
bellatulum x C. ciliolare); and Lelio-Cattleya x Sallierii (L.
purpurata x C. Loddigesii).

CCxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Orcuip ComMITTEE, DECEMBER 15, 1897.

Harry J. Vertcou, Esq., in the Chair, and twenty-one members
present.

Awards Recommended :
Gold Medal. .
To Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr.
W. H. White), for a magnificent group of Orchids, composed in
part of the handsome Burford hybrid Calanthes, and part of
rare and interesting species of other classes.

Silver Flora Medal.

To J. T. Bennett Poé, Ksq., Holmwood, Cheshunt (gr. Mr.
Downes), for avery fine group of Orchids, in which Zygopetalum
Mackaii and other showy species were well represented.

To Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, S.W., for an ex-
cellent group of Orchids, principally home-raised hybrids.

First-class Certificate.

To Lelio-Cattleya x Rosalind (C. Triane ¢ x L.C. Dominii ¢)
(votes, unanimous), from Messrs. J. Vetch & Sons. One of
the finest hybrids of the year. Flowers equal in size to a
good C. Triane. Sepals and petals white; the latter flushed
with rose-pink, except on the margin. Lip yellow at the base,
with white veining running into the rich crimson-purple colour
of the front lobe.

To Lelia pumila alba, var. ‘E. Ashworth’ (votes, unanimous),
from E. Ashworth, Esq., Wilmslow, Cheshire. The first true
albino of the species, that previously shown as L. prestans alba
being white with purple marking on the lip.

Botanical Certificate.
To Bulbophyllum auricomum, from Sir Trevor Lawrence,
Bart., Burford, Dorking (gr. Mr. W. H. White).
To Platyclinis uncata, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.
To Brassavola, from Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.

Cultural Commendation.
To Mr. W. H. White, gr. to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart.,
3urford, Dorking, for a large specimen of Maxillaria lepidota

with about 100 flowers.

SPECIAL PRIZES FOR NEW PLANTS, 1896. CCxxi

Other Exhibits. |

Baron Schréder, The Dell, Staines (gr. Mr. H. Ballantine),
exhibited a collection of cut spikes of rare Orchids, among which
were Odontoglossum crispum Schréderiana and a number of the
best varieties of Lelia anceps.

Messrs. F’. Sander & Co., St. Albans, exhibited a good group
of Orchids.

Messrs. Hugh Low & Co., Clapton, showed an interesting
group of Orchids.

Major Joicey, Sunningdale Park, Sunningdale (gr. Mr.
Fred. J. Thorne), sent two finely-flowered examples of Dendro-
bium Johnsonie.

Major Mason, The Firs, Warwick, showed Cypripedium
insigne giganteum, which is the largest of its kind yet shown.

Elijah Ashworth, Esq., Harefield Hall, Wilmslow, Cheshire,
also showed the same variety, which, it was stated, had been
previously exhibited as the Harefield Hall variety.

G. Shirland Ball, Esq., Ashford, Wilmslow, Cheshire (gr.
Mr. A. Hey), sent Cypripedium x Leeanum magnificum and
C. x Swinburnei magnificum.

Messrs. Heath & Son, Cheltenham, sent a spike of Zygopeta-
lum, said to be from Z. Mackaii x Odontoglossum sp., but
which differed but slightly from some forms of Z. Mackaii. The
labellum, however, was almost wholly white, with but few purple
spots, and its wavy edge and some other minor details seemed to
indicate that a cross had been effected.

J. W. Temple, Esq., Leyswood, Groombridge (gr. Mr. E.
Bristow), staged a fine example of Lelia anceps Amesiana.

F. C. Jacomb, Esq., Cheam Park, Cheam (gr. Mr. Turner),
showed Odontoglossum x Andersonianum leucochilum, in
which the lip was entirely of a cream-white colour.

Thos. Statter, Esq., Stand Hall, Whitefield, Manchester (gr.
Mr. R. Johnson), sent Cypripedium x Lucianianum superbum,
C. x Annamense, and C. x Robertii.

8. G. Lutwyche, Esq., Eden Park, Beckenham (gr. Mr. T.
Paterson), staged a small collection of hybrid Cypripediums.

H. B. Boardman, Esq., Thorn Leigh, Burton, Westmoreland,
sent Cattleya labiata and hybrid Cypripediums.

J. Bradshaw, Esq., The Grange, Southgate (gr. Mr. Whiffen),
staged a small group of Orchids,

t

CCXXIl PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Herr Otto Froebel, Zurich, sent Cymbidium giganteum,
Odontoglossum x Coradinei, and Cypripedium x Leeanum var.

F. W. Moore, Esq., Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin,
Dublin, sent flowers of Maxillaria setigera.

SPECIAL PRIZES FOR NEW PLANTS, 1896.

With the hope and object of encouraging individual effort
and original research the Council in 1896 offered twelve medals
—six for Introduced Plants and six for plants of Home Pro-
duction. ;

Owing to insufficiency of competition (in several of the classes
there were absolutely no entries, and in others only one or two
at most) the judges appointed to deal with these classes were
only able to award the medal in one class, as below :—

Class M.—The best Orchid raised in this country not pre-
viously shown at any of the Society’s meetings.

OPEN.
Silver-gilt Banksian Medal. :
To Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, for Leelio-

Cattleya x Decia alba. See p. cexvii.

DONORS OF PLANTS, SEEDS, &c., TO THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS
AT CHISWICK DURING THE YEAR 1896.

Apcock, G. H., St. Geelong. Flower seeds.

ARKWRIGHT, J. H., Hampton Court, Leominster. Primroses and Fern
spores.

bine s Sons, Covent Garden. Vegetable and flower seeds.

BATCHELOR, W., Harefield Park, Uxbridge. Alyssums and Dahlias.

BECKETT, E., Aldenham House, Elstree. Calla Little Gem.

BEDDOME, Colonel, Sispara, West Hill, Putney. Amaryllis, Billbergia
nutans, &c.

BENARY, E., Erfurt. Vegetable seeds.

BINGHAM, W., Holy Moon Side, Chesterfield. Seed Potatos.

BRISscOE-[RONSIDE, H., Burgess Hill, Sussex. Chrysanthemum seed.

Brown, E. G., Stamford Road, Fulham. Ricinus seeds.

BROWNING-HALL, Miss, Algiers. Flower seeds, &c.

BUNYARD & Co., G., Maidstone. Fruit trees, &c.

3;URKBIDGH, F. W., Trinity College, Dublin. Seeds of Cordyline indivisa.

CAMPBELL, ©. LEB, Glewston Court, Ross, Tomato seed and fruit-tree
scions,

DONORS OF PLANTS, SEEDS, &C., TO THE SOCIETY'S GARDENS. GCXXill

CARTER & Co., J., High Holborn. Vegetable and flower seeds.

CHILD, W., Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcester. Draczna nigro rubra
and Nephrolepis Duffi.

CocKER & Sons, J., Aberdeen. Violas.

Cooper, W., Sunninghill, Ascot. Trebbiano Grape cuttings.

CoURTAULD, 8., Bocking Place, Braintree. Orchids and Ferns.

CREWDSON, W., The Barons, Reigate. Orange-tree scions.

CROWLEY, PHILIP, Waddon House, Croydon. Dracznas, Anthuriums, &c.

CUTHBERTSON, M., Rothesay. Violas.

DALE, A., Harrowgate. Tomato seed.

DAMMANN & Co., San Giovanni, Naples. Vegetable seeds.

DEAN, Rev. E., Abinger Hammer, Dorking. Violas.

DIRECTOR, Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. Flower seeds.

DIRECTOR, Royal Gardens, Kew. Collection of plants and seeds.

DoBBIE & Co., Rothesay. Vegetable and flower seeds, &c.

Dop, The Rev. C. WoLLEY, Edge Hall, Malpas. Poppy seed.

Dovua.Las, JAMES, Great Bookham. Carnation, Picotee, and Polyanthus
seed.

EpGAR, J. 8., Rockhampton, Queensland. Grevillea Banksii.

ELWELL Bros., Enfield. Tomato seed.

FARR, W., Spring Grove, Isleworth. Crotons, fruit-tree scions, and
Tomato seed.

FAWCETT, W., Public Gardens, Jamaica. TFern spores.

FINCHAM, HENRY, Cranbrook, Kent. Tomato seed.

FLoYER, Mrs., Hermit’s Hill, Burghfield, Mortimer R.8.O., Reading.
Aristolochia seeds.

FORBES, JOHN, Hawick. Collection of Violas and Phloxes.

Foster & Co., Filmer Road, Fulham. Phosphamo manure.

FRASER, J. H., Scott’s Street, Annan. Strawberry plants.

FRASER, J., South Woodford. Bouvardias, Cyclamen, and fruit trees.

Gipson, A., Cheddar, Weston-super-Mare. Seed Potatos.

GREEN, JOHN, Dereham. New Dahlia.

GUILDFORD HARDY PLANT NuRSERY, Millmead, Guildford. ‘Tritoma
caulescens. ;

HAGG@ART, A., Moor Park, Ludlow. Chrysanthemum cuttings.

HARRISON & Sons, Leicester. Vegetable seeds.

HAWKES, J., Osterley Park Gardens, Isleworth. Cyclamen seed, &c.

HAyYwoopD, T. B., Reigate. Chrysanthemum cuttings.

HEINEMANN, F., Erfurt. Vegetable and flower seeds.

HEYWORTH, Colonel, Wittenham, Ashford. Apple-tree Crimson King.

HOGBIN, PRESTLY, Enys, Penryn, Cornwall. Seeds of Magnolia Lennei.

HoiMEs, W.G., Tain. Vegetable seeds.

Hupson, J., Gunnersbury House Gardens, Acton. Asparagus deflexus.

Hurst & Sons, Hounsditch. Vegetable seeds.

Hutton, A. W., Oxford Road, Chiswick. Flower seeds.

JONNSON & Sons, W. W., Boston. Vegetable seeds.

LAMB, J., Burton Joyce, Notts. Pink Albino.

LANDRETH’S SEED ESTABLISHMENT, Bristol, Penna, U.S.A. Tomato seed.

LAWRENCE, Sir TREVOR, Bart., Burford, Dorking. Calla Elliottiana and
flower seeds.

LAXTON Bros., Bedford. Strawberry plants and vegetable seeds.

LEE & Son, C., Ealing. Collection of Peach and Nectarine trees.

LEMOINE, M.V., Nancy. Collection of Pelargoniums.

LETELLIER & FILS, Caen, Calvados, France. Strawberry plants.

LIDSTONE, W. A., Slough. Seed Potatos.

LLEWELYN, Sir Joun T. D., Bart., Penllergaer, Swansea. Rhododendron
and Azalea seeds.

aT ; . H., Technological Museum, Sydney. Livistona australis

seeds).

CCXX1V PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mars, T., Warwick. Seed Potatos.

MARSHALL, W., Bexley. Montbretias, &c.

MARVIN, F. W., Raglan House, Hereford. Chrysanthemum cuttings.

MASTERS, Dr., Ealing. Flower seeds, &e.

McCuuRE, T., Hartley Grange, Winchfield, Hants. Vegetable seeds.

McRONALD, Miss, Chichester. Onion seed.

MOLYNEUX, E., Swanmore Park, Bishops Waltham. Chrysanthemum
cuttings.

MorRGAN, HUNGERFORD, Priory Park Road, Kew. Delphinium seed.

MULLER, The late Baron Sir F. von, Melbourne. Flower seeds.

NIELD, Mr., Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. Tomato seed.

NuTTING & Sons, 106 Southwark Street, S.E. Vegetable seeds.

OAKES, H. P., Nowton Court, Bury St. Edmunds. Bulbs.

ORCHARD, C., Bembridge Harbour Gardens, I.W. Peas.

PAUL & SON, Cheshunt. Fruit trees.

PEARSON & SON, Chilwell, Notts. Fruit trees.

POLLETT, H. M., Bickley, Kent. Peas.

POWELL, T., Barberton, 8. Africa. Orchids.

PRYCE, MORGAN, Elsham Hall Gardens, Lincoln. Seed Potatos.

RIVERS & SON, T., Sawbridgeworth. Fruit trees.

Ross, C., Welford Park, Newbury. Seed Potatos.

SAVAGE & WALKER, Quebec Road, Norwich. Manure “ Vitaline.”

SIBBALD, T., Bishop Auckland. Violas.

Sim, G. E., 85 Guildford Street, W.C. Cypress Vine seed.

SmitH & Co., R., Worcester. Fruit-tree scions.

Smi1tTH & SIMONS, Buchanan Street, Glasgow. Seed Potatos.

SToKEsS, W. J., Hilperton Marsh, Trowbridge. Peas.

SuTTON & Sons, Reading. Vegetable seeds.

SYDENHAM, R., Tenby Street, Birmingham. Broccoli seed.

THOMAS, OWEN, Royal Gardens, Windsor. Fruit-tree scions.

THOMPSON, W., Ipswich. Flower seeds.

THORNE, Mr., Sunningdale Park, Sunningdale. Cyclamen.

TooGgoop & Sons, Southampton. Tomato and Vegetable Marrow seeds.

VEITCH & Sons, J., Chelsea. Vegetable seeds, fruit trees, and other
plants.

VEITCH & SON, R., Exeter. Vegetable seeds.

VILMORIN & Co., Paris. Cannas, vegetable and flower seeds.

WALLACE & Co., R., Colchester. Erythroniums.

WARD, A., Stoke Edith, Hereford. Seed Potatos, &c.

WARD, H. W., Longford Castle Gardens, Salisbury. Peas.

WARD, Mrs., Sutton Court Road, Chiswick. Vegetable Marrow seeds.

WATKINS, J., Hereford. Fruit-tree scions.

WATKINS & SIMPSON, Exeter Street, Strand. Vegetable seeds.

WILES, E. S., The Rookery, Down, Farnborough, Kent. Seed Potatos.

WILKS, Rev. W., Shirley, Croydon. Crinums and flower seeds.

WITH’s CHEMICAL Co., The Barton, Hereford. Liquid manure compound.

WyTHES, G., Syon House Gardens, Brentford. Dracznas, vegetable
seeds, &c.

YATES, G. & W., Cheltenham. Vegetable seeds.

Youne & DoBINSON, Stevenage. Tomato seed, Chrysanthemum and
Coleus cuttings.

INDEX.

The Botanical Names are printed in italics.

Abies amabilis, xli
Acer palmatum linearifoliwm,|xxxi
Acidanthera bicolor, clxi
Adiantum Bessonianum, exlvii
a lineatwm, |xxxiv
Aglaonema Curtisit, excix
Alsophila atrovirens, 1xxxiii
Amorphophallus variabilis, . ccili
(fig-)
Annual General Meeting, 1896, i
Anthurium pumilum, lxxiv
” Rothschildianum,
lxxiv
Apple, Blue Pearmain, liii
, Cardinal, exlii
» Clapham Beauty, cxci
» Goodwood Pippin, liii
,, Livermere Favourite, cxci
» Lord Hindlip, xlvii
» Prizes for flavour, cxcv
» Royal Late Cooking, xlvii
» St. Martin’s, exci (fig.)
Ten Commandments, elxxv
Arachnanthe Lowi, elxxi
Aralia triloba, clxi
Arctotis aureola, |xxvi
Asparagus Sprengeri, \xx
i tenuissimus albanensis,
x¢ci
Asplenium Herbstit, excix

Bambusa palmata, cliv

Barfield Oxlip, xxxvi, xxxix
Beetroot at Chiswick, 223, cxlvi
Begonia metallica Regina, cxcix
Brodieas, \xxxviii

Brussels Sprouts, Fasciated, xxxv
Buddleia Colvillet, \xxxii
Bulbophyllum tremulwm, exvi

Cabbage Palm Fruit, xlv
Calamus ciliaris, 1xxxili

Calochortus, xcii

Caltha palustris, honey glands of,
XXXVIil

Carnations, Ixxxiii, lxxxix, cxlviii

New disease of, clxxviii
Catalpa bignonioides, clxxxiv
Catasetum splendens leucanthum,
CXX1

tridentatum,
Fertilising
Bee of, clxxx

” 2)

Cattleya Apollo, ccx

RA Atalanta, clxv

w Doniana, Wheatley’s var.,

ccix

8s Kelipse, ccx

3 Kuphrasia, clxxii

» Hardyana splendens, elxvii

, Jupiter, ccx

Py Lawre-Mossie, ex

as Le Czar, ccxii

* maxima alba, ecxiv

a Mrs. E. Ashworth, ccix

» Percwaliana, Ingram’s var.,

x¢ev (fig.)

2p R. I. Measures, cexii

a Triane alba, xciv

» Lriumph, ccx

Wm. Murray fulgens, cxi

Cerasus pseudo-cerasus, 1xxix
Chamepeuce Sprengert, clviii
Chamomile fatal to Lambs, cxxxvi
Chester Show, 1896, cxxx
Chrysanthemums, Cci, ccili, ccvi

a and their Cul-
ture, 273

bs Malformed,
elxxviili

Cider and Perry Industry, 181
Cineraria, hybrids, xliii

x Origin of, xxxix
Circumnutation, 34

GCXXV1

Cirrhopetalum nutans, exxiv
Clethra canescens, exlvii
Celogyne Micholitzii, clxix
Colouring of Flowers and Fruit,
xxx, xl, xlivclaxvi
Comparettia speciosa, ccx
Cucumber, Frogmore Winter Pro-
lific, lili

Marvel, lii

a Sensation, lix
Currant (Red) “ The Comet,”’ cxxxix
Cyclamen, Unhealthy, xxxii
Cycnoches maculatum, clxix
Cymbidium Lowio-eburneum, ci

Cypripediwm Baron Schréder, ccxvii

(fig.)
or Calypso, xciv
9 Charlesworth, ecx
5 EKuryades, xcvi (fig.)

Excelsior Mars, celxvii
€ Fred Hardy, ccxiv
. Harrisander, clxv
55 James
xcix (fig.)
:, Minnie Ames, xciv
9 Regina, cexii
s Schridere
dulum, xevii
Cyrtanthus arovflorus, \xviii
Cytisus Scoparius Andreanus, xliii

Dahlias, clxii, excix
Davallia Truffautiana, \xxxiii
Delphinium Zalil, clii

Dendrobium Clio, Tyntesfield var.,

ex (fig.)
+ curviflorum, clxvi
- longicornu, clxix

a specio-Kingianum, Ciii
i thyrsiflorum Lowi,

CXV
s Wigania, exiii

Dendrobiums, Mr. Cookson’s, civ
Deutzia Lemoinei, \xxiv
Dianthus attacked by grubs, xxxii

“- Colours of, xlv
Didymocarpus malayanus, exlvii
Dracena Broomfieldii, ecv

EHpidendrum elegantulum, ci (fig.)
Eremurus robustus, )xxxviii
Kriocnema “ Fascination,” cxxxili

Fern Generation, normal and ab-

normal, 249
Floral Organs, Movements of, 38
Fritillaria pudica, \xxiv (fig.)

Buckingham,

candt-

INDEX.

Fruit for Cider and Perry, 181, 199
» gathering and storing, 200
» Importance of British, 167
» Show, 1896, 128

Fruits, Dehiscence of, 39

Garden Craft, 89

» libraries, 126
», literature, 100
Gardeners past, present, and

future, 40
Geotropism, 34
Geum Heldreichit, xei
Gladioli, Culture of, 261
Gloriosa, 37
Gooseberry Langley Beauty, cxxxix
as Langley Gage, cxl

Hamburg Exhibition, 213

Hardy Summer Flowers, 266
Heliotropism, 35

Hornet Saw Fly, xxxviii
Horticultural Examination, 58
Questions
set at, 62

9 ”

Houlletia tigrina, xcix

Hydrotropism, 35

Hypericum Moserianwm tricolor,
Ixxxiv

Ilex othera, clxxxiv
Irises, 26

Juniperus communis aurea, 1xxviii
Lelia Juvenalis, eexviii

»» monophylla, elxix
” pumila alba, E. Ashworth,”

CCxx

» purpurata Lewisii, exvii

“a 1 Arthur Wigan,
CXxvii

Lelio-Cattleya Apollonia, cexviii
ms Bryan, elxxii
e Brymeriana, clxix
” Cawenberghiana,
elxvii
hs Chas. Darwin, elxxi
‘ Cicero, xev

#5 Clive, clxxiv

a Decia alba, ecxvii
4 Doris, civ

if Elvira, cexii

e Kudora, exv

yh Highburyensis, cx
a Mardellii, cxxii

7. Nysa superba, cexiv
pS Owenie, clxxii

INDEX. CCXXxVil
Lelio-Cattleya Pytho, cxxi Odontoglossum eaxcellens, Rosslyn
- Rosalind, ecxx var., Cvi
5 Seraph, elxvii 4 Halli crispum, eexvi
Pe Sir W. Ingram, cx ee retusum, C
= Tiresias, ccexviii 4 spectabile, cxi

Larch disease, xli

Leek, Curious, xlv

Leucoiwm carpaticum, |xviii
Lilium concolor, exlvii

Lily of the Valley forcing, 255
Lindley Library, 214

Lobelia Gerardi, excix
Lycaste trifoliata, xevii

Male parent, Prepotency of, xlii
Maranta major, |xxviii
Masdevallia Ajax, elxvi
#9 Henriette, xcix
9 Shuttryana, xeviii
Mazxillaria striata grandiflora, clxxi
Melons, 1
» Anthony’s Favourite, ]xi
» Barkham’s Scarlet, exxxviii
, Canker in, 7
» Effingham Perfect’on,
CXXXVill
» Freston Tower, lxi
» Frogmore Orange, lxii
» Harris’s Favourite, exlii
» Insects, 7
» Planting, 3
» Setting fruit, 5
ye oil for, 3
5» Sowing seeds of, 2
» Syringing, 6
» Temperature for, 6
» Varieties, 8
Watering, 5
Mignonette, Origin of, xxxvili
Miltonia vexillaria memoria G. D.
Owen, cxxi
Moss-growth, Curious, xlvi
Myosotis Rehsteineri, \xxviii

Narcissus Crosses, xl |
- Petrarch, exxvi
$ poeticus Dante, exxvi (fig.) |
Nectarine, Cardinal, lix
Nerine flexuosa major, cci
Nymphea Marliacea, cliv
nf Robinsoniana, cliv

Odontoglossum aspidorhinum, elxvi |
» crispum Arthurianum,cili |
(fig.) |
% », augustum, cxvii (fig.) ©
s ,» Evelina, cvi |
¥s », Golden Queen, ccxiv

Oncidium Jonesianum flavens, exxxiii
Oranges from La Mortola, xxxv

Peach-tree gumming, xxxiii
Pear, Aspasie, cxlii
» Beurré Perran, xlviii
Pears, Prizes for flavour, cxcv
Peas at Chiswick, 64
» Boston Unrivalled, exxxviii
», Penetrated by oats, xliii
», he Gladstone, exliii
Phato-calanthe and Sedeni albifiora,
XCiIV
Philodendron Devansayanum, |xxxiii
Phenix Rebelent, 1xxxiii ‘
Phyllocactus, lxxxv
Phyllostachys Kumasasa, cliv
Picea Alcockiana, foliaceous cones,
CXXKV
Pine Apple, Culture of, 16
Ra Insects, 23
=A Potting, 20
A Soil for, 19
F Temperature, 21
“A Varieties, 23
Pinus Balfouriana aristata, elxxxiv
» Coulteri, xxxill
» Lambertiana, xlv
Plants, Climbing, 36
és Movements of, 34
Platycerium Veitchi, 1xxxiii
Pleurothallis Rezlu, ¢
Polygala Chamebuxus
Ixxvi
Posoqueria longiflora, \xxxi
Potatos at Chiswick, 227
Primula Auricula x Alpine, xxxvi,
XXXI1X
Ps obconica cross, clxxvili
sinensis hybrid, ¢lxxxii

purpurea,

”

_ Primulas as skin irritants, xliii

a Fungus on, CxXxxv, CXXxvl
Pteris Boultont, 1xxi
», Childsi, exeviii
» Drinkwatert, 1xxxi
Ptychosperma Beatrice, clxxix
Pyrus Malus floribunda Scheideck-
eri, IXxxi

Report of Council, 1895-96, vi
Rhododendron Little Beauty, ceviii
F nobilius, cevil
Schlippenbachii,\xxix

CCxxviii

Roses, new, 237
, _ Niphetos, Malformed, xxxviii
» Revival of the older, 53
» Show, 1896, cl
» Sporting, xxxii
Royal Horticultural Society, 77

Salads, Summer, 8
Salvia splendens grandiflora, excix
Sarracenia Sandere, cci

a Sanderiana, cxxxiii
Saxifraga Stracheyt, 1xxi
Seed-growing, 283
Sleep of Plants, 38
Sophro-Cattleya

(fig.)
Sophro-Lelia Marriottii, cexviii
Spinach at Chiswick, 69
Stanhopea eburnea, clxix
Wardti superba, exi

Strawberries at Chiswick, 71 .

Calypso, ccxvi

% Countess, Iii

% Edouard Lefort, 1xii

‘ Veitch’s Perfection,
CXXXVli

Temple Show, 1896, xviii

INDEX.

Tendrils, 37
Thaumotropism, 38
Tomatos at Chiswick, 216

= Monstrous, xlv
Tropsolum, Hypertrophy of, elxxix
Tulipa Hichleri, \xxiv

» sacatilis, xxxi

» vitellina, lxxxii

| Tulips, 24

» Parrot, not seeding, cxxxy

Turnips at Chiswick, 232

Vanda Charlesworthii, xevi
Veitch Prizes for Flavour, exev
Vernation, 37

Vines, Diseased, clxxv

Watsonia iridifolia ‘ Arderne,”’
CXxxlii
Wellingtonia, Female flowers of,
XXXVil

Wheat mildews, Recent differentia-
tion of, elxxx

York Gala, Deputation to, xxvii

Zygopetalum Perrenondi, ciii